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oH J. Stay seudp.

London Published by Baldwin, Gadock & doy, Paternoster Row No VISIE2L.

rome!

Boe

ied

o A a

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

OF |

BRITISH PLANTS,

‘ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIONS TO EACH OTHER,
AS POINTED OUT BY
JUSSIEU, DE CANDOLLE, BROWN, X&c.
INCLUDING
THOSE CULTIVATED FOR USE;

WITH

AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY,

IN WHICH THE TERMS NEWLY INTRODUCED ARE EXPLAINED,

ILLUSTRATED BY FIGURES.

BY

SAMUEL FREDERICK GRAY,

Lecturer on Botany, the Materia Medica, and Pharmaceutic Chemistry.

VOL. I.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY,
PATERNOSTER-ROW,.

a)
AF

at

«¢ —————. Was every fauitering fongue of man,
Atmicaty FaTner, silent in thy praise,

Thy works themselves would raise a general voice,
Ey’n in the depths of solitary woods,

By human feot untrod; proclaim thy power,

And to the choir celestial Ture resound,

Th’ eternal Cause, Support, and End of all.”

THomson.—Summer.

C, Baldwin, Printer,
Wew Brilge-street. London.

hal Fade + ne se. aon CP, oh “as obs. wees ~1% of Rist:

: Y \ot ee wns) us. Acted Cz"

Foe. 1114 ay oe 24 - Gro 5M een,
4D: eK ar —(\ nets — earth i

TO
THE MOST REVEREND
CHARLES,
BY DIVINE PROVIDENCE,

LORD ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY,
PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND, AND METROPOLITAN,
THIS WORK
IS DEDICATED BY
HIS GRACE’S

MOST DEVOTED AND HUMBLE SERVANT,

THE AUTHOR.

** Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow;
they toil not, neither do they spin: and yet I say unto
you, that even Solomon, in all his glory, was not arrayed
like one of these.”

Jesus in Matthew.

PREFACE.

A VARIETY of methods haye been adopted by authors
for the arrangement of plants, in order that the knowledge
mankind possesses of them may be more readily communi-
cated to students in botany. The ancient authors consi-
dered only the uses of plants, and arranged them accord-
ingly into timber or fruit trees, corn, pulse, culinary and
medicinal plants, those used for dyeing, for garlands, for
spinning or other mechanical purposes, and ie like; while,
as a kind of supplementary knowledge, those whose pro-
perties rendered them deleterious to man himself or to the
animals bred or domesticated by him were considered under
the title of poisons; and those which impeded the growth
of the plants cultivated by him were arranged under the
general name of weeds; while the great mass of vegetables,
to which neither usefulness nor harm could be attributed,
were slighted, and indeed entirely neglected, unless any of
them presented a phenomenon that struck forcibly on the
attention, as the apparently sensitive property of the mimosa,
or the water-dropping faculty of the nepenthes distillatoria.
Succeeding authors have been more philosophically inclined,
and have wished to bestow an equal degree of attention
upon all the productions of the Almighty Creator, to the
end that those now esteemed as useless may be pointed out
for future investigation. The botanists of this school have
given us general or local catalogues of plants, arranged
either in the alphabetic order of their names, or according
to the periodical time of their flowering, or partly from the
whole period of their growth in the open air and partly
from the contrivances they require to produce an artificial

Vi PREFACE.

temperature similar to that of their native climates. None
of these arrangements, however, afford any means by which
a student, in possession of a plant unknown to him, can
discover its situation in the catalogue; and, of course, he
is necessitated to have recourse for this purpose to the
instruction of a living master, who may not always be at
hand.

With the view, therefore, of enabling a solitary student
to refer an unknown plant to its congeners, Lobel discarded
every other consideration than the structure of plants, par-
ticularly of their flowers, that being the period when they
principally attract our attention. On this foundation, he
investigated the natural affinities of plants to each other,
and arranged those known to him in between forty and
fifty families, beginning with the grasses; and gave a list
of those belonging to each family, but without determining
any common character by which the plants of each family
may be known; leaving this decision, in respect to the
plants not noticed by him, to the intelligence and acumen
of the student. Cesalpinus, Ray, Tournefort, Hermann,
Boerhaave, and other authors, who were trained in the
schools of logic and of the mathematics, have endeavoured
to supply this deficiency, and to exhibit the marks or
characters by which the several natural families may be
recognized, and have further attempted to arrange these
families in a regular series, so that the student, instead of
relying upon his own conceptions of the affinity of a plant
with those known to him, may, from a consideration of its
structure when in a perfect state, refer it to its proper
family, and ascertain its name if already known, or have,
in the other case, a well grounded assurance that it has not
hitherto been described or named by authors.

The first scientific botanists, in consequence of their
attempts to employ none but very obvious characters, could
only attain their end by using a multiplicity of them, and
this necessitated an intricate arrangement. Succeeding
authors attempted simpler methods, by choosing a few par-

PREFACE. Vil

ticular organs, common to the greater part of plants; and
collecting together, in classes and subdivisions, the several
plants which agreed in respect to the structure or number
of these chosen organs, without any regard to the affinity a
more accurate observation of the whole structure of the
plant might develope. Of these mere artificial methods,
as they are termed, Rivinus, professor at Leipzig, was the
introducer, and he took his primary divisions from the
regularity or irregularity of the corolla, or what is com-
monly called the bloom, and the number of parts into
which it is cut, and subdivided each of these primary
divisions in a uniform manner, according to the nature of
the fruit. In this system he was followed by Hebenstreit,
Knaut, Ludwig, and Ruppius. The botanists of this school
considered the method of Rivinus in its proper light, as
being merely a ready means of determining the family, or
what is now called the genus, to which any plant belongs;
and, therefore, contented themselves with following it up
to that point, leaving the further knowledge of plants to be
sought for in the authors who have arranged their works
by the natural affinities of plants, or other considerations.

The want of the power of locomotion, by which plants
are most evidently distinguished from the generality of
animals, and the consequent inability of approaching
each other, if the organs of reproduction were seated in
distinct individuals and the analogy of animal generation
strictly observed, while, at the same time, they are, from
the same immobility, liable to a variety of accidents, which
animals elude by the. power of changing their place,
rendered neGessary the adoption of peculiar contrivances
to preserve and multiply the species in which some analogy
may be observed with those of animals, more apparent
however than real.

The prurient mind of Linnzeus, so visibly exhibited in
his mode of describing bivalve shells, was struck by the
sreat difference between animals and vegetables in this
respect; and he immediately applied himself to arrange

Vill PREFACE.

plants by those organs that appear to be analogous in their
functions to the sexual organs of animals. Assuming the
flowering of plants to be what he poetically terms their
nuptials, he likened each separate flower to a bridal cham-
ber, and formed his primary divisions from the number of
the male organs presént in each flower, and his subdivisions
were formed from the number of the female organs which
were also present in the same chamber: the Omniscient
Creator having lessened the chances of failure arising from
the immobility of plants by multiplying the points of union,
and increasing the number of the organs, especially of the
male. As Linneus considered not only the number of
these organs, but in many cases their situation, connection,
and proportion, he has departed from the simplicity which
ought to form the basis of an artificial system and was so
strictly observed by Rivinus, and has rendered his system
as intricate as some of those who endeavoured to place
kindred plants together. His successor in the chair at
Upsal, Thunberg, has therefore endeavoured to simplify
his method, but with considerable opposition. While
Ludwig, in the second edition of his Genera, and Hill,
along with the primary divisions of Rivinus taken from the
corolla employed those of Linnezus for their subdivisions,
but have not met with any followers.

The novelty of the Linnzean method, the distinction of
the species being always taken from the variations to be
observed in the plant itself, together with the industry of
Linneus and his followers in extending his catalogue, and
forming, as it were, a new science, that of the nomenclature
of plants, instead of the old botany, which, as we have said,
principally devoted itself to the uses of plants, all contributed
to give an eclat to his system, and to extend its influence
beyond its proper limits. So that instead of being taught
to use this method only as a finder, or as an index to the
authors who wrote on the natural history of plants, the
student was led to believe that this was the only arrange-
ment that ought to be adopted in all works that treat of

PREFACE. I

plants: and there have not been wanting authors who have
even written works upon gardening, or the materia medica,
arranged on the Linnean system.* ‘This undue extension
of the sexual method is contrary even to the declared
opinion of Linneus himself, who expressly says, he con-
sidered it only as a temporary substitite until the natural
method, or that which considers the mutual affinities of
plants, be so far improved as to admit of a clue being ap-
plied to it, by which the student may investigate the place
of a plant in the method without any other help.

* Thus the Linnzan botanists committed the same error as the gram-
marians and the philologers have frequently done in the composition of
dictionaries, vocabularies, and etymologicons, from not considering the
different uses of the various methods. Some interpreting dictionaries are
arranged by roots, as those of Scapula, Mair, Salmon, and for most of the
Oriental languages, to the great hindrance of the young student; while,
on the other hand, Gesner, Johnson, the Della Crusca, and the French
Academy, have given us critical dictionaries, in the alphabetical order of
the words, and have thus deprived themselves of the great help they might
have deduced from the method of the roots, or the vocabulary form.

If these authors had reflected upon the subject, instead of blindly follow-
ing the track of some preceding author, who had perhaps a different object
in view, they would certainly have discovered that, for interpreting an
unknown language into a known, the alphabetic order either of the initial
or terminal letters was indeed the most proper, because the letters of the
word are, by hypothesis, the only guide. Whether the initial Jetters, as
used in most cases, or the terminal, as adopted in the Coptic dictionaries,
be the most proper, may admit of some dispute, the latter has the advantage
of exhibiting the sense attached to the various terminations more clearly
than the former. When the words of a known language are used to find
the corresponding words in one that is unknown, the vocabulary form has
the advantage of bringing together all those words that would denote nearly
similar ideas, Whether this form, or the alphabetic order be adopted, this
is the proper part of a double interpreting dictionary, to produce examples
from the classic writers in the less known tongue, as authority for the use
of those words; and not, as. was absurdly done by Ainsworth, in the
unknown—known part, since, in reading a foreign work, the context
will enable the reader to choose the proper signification if the word be
ambiguous; whereas, in writing a foreign language, we have occasion for
examples to guide us in our choice of nearly synonymous words. The
utility of the method of roots, for a critical dictionary, and the difficulty of
using one on this plan for interpretation, is surely self-evident.

x PREFACE.

Linnzus, considering only the external appearance of
the flower and fruit, despaired of finding this clue; but the
favourers of the older arrangements have bestowed so much
attention in examining the internal organization of plants,
particularly of the fruit and seed, and various organs, which
were neglected by the Linnean nomenclators, that this
-desirable point is now attained. The present work exhibits
the results of the latest investigations into the mutual
affinities of plants; and the synopsis of the subdivisions
attached to the several divisions furnishes a clue which will
enable a student to trace the connexion of the several parts,
and their dependence upon each other. When the author
considered the great pains which had been taken with many
of the families, and especially with those, which, from their
not plainly exhibiting the sexual organs, were huddled
together by Linnzeus in his twenty-fourth class, which
contains probably far more plants than all his other
twenty-three classes put together; and that there had not
yet appeared in this country any detailed account of these
researches, he was led to engage in preparing this system
for the use of the English students of this delightful species
of knowledge.

An essential difference exists between the mere deter-
mination of the name of plants, and the study of their
affinities to each other. ‘The nomenclature of plants re-
quires the study of so many only of their organs, and such
a slight consideration of these as may suffice to determine
the difference that may exist betwixt any two plants that
might otherwise be confounded. The scientific study of
their affinities requires, on the contrary, the whole of their
organization to be kept in view, and the changes it may
undergo during their natural life; hence there arises a
necessity for a more accurate discrimination of the various
forms of their organs than is required for the nomenclature
only. The botanists of the natural school have, therefore,
been led to invent a far greater number of terms than were
introduced into use when Linneeus wrote his Philosophia

PREFACE. xi

Botanica. Whatever opinion may be entertained of the
necessity of increasing the number of substantives to denote
the several organs, and their principal variations, instead
of using the old substantives with the addition of appropriate
sane cies to limit their signification, yet as these new sub-
stantives are used by the greatest part of modern authors,
and have not yet been eee nined in our language, there
appeared a necessity of prefixing an introduction to botany,
principally for the purpose of giving a connected view of
the anatomy of vegetables, according to the latest views of
Mirbel, De Candolle, and other eminent botanists... The
figures annexed to this part of the work have been very
carefully selected, with a view of comprising as much
information as possible in a small compass.

In consequence of the addition of this introduction, this
work contains all that is necessary for the student of English
botany, unless he is desirous of verifying his first steps in
the science by a reference to the figures of plants. The
very high price of Sowerby’s English Botany, which is
seldom to be procured for less than fifty guineas, rendering
it inaccessible to the generality of students, it has een
judged preferable to refer to Gerarde’s Herbal as edited
by Johnson, and the Theatre of Parkinson, either of which
may be purchased at a very moderate price; and their
figures, although only wood cuts, will give a good idea of
the plants. Some may prefer the figures of those parts
only which characterize the genera, and of these the
cheapest is Tournefort’s Institutiones Rei herbarie, whose
genera in general correspond with those of Ray. But
these helps desert the student when he attempts the study -
of the plants which were called by the ancient botanists,
on account of their not bearing flowers, imperfect plants;
and by Linnezeus, because he could not detect in them the
presence of the sexual organs, which his preconceived
opinion required to be present in all plants, cryptogamia,
that is to say, secret marriages. Should the student en-
deavour to penetrate this, the higher botany, and wish for

XU PREFACE.

the help of figures, he will require either the Historia
Muscorum of Dillenius, the Hydrophyta Danica of Lyng-
bye, the System der Pilze und Schwamm of Esenbeck, or
Sowerby’s English Fungi, according to his peculiar views.

With the view of assisting those students who have been
accustomed to use the Linnzean mode of investigating plants, :
there is prefixed to the second volume, which contains the
perfect, or phenogamous, plants, an analytical guide to the
families, according to the number of the sexual organs.

It remains then only to say a few words respecting the
index. In general, the Latin generic names only have
been quoted, but when a genus contains a great number of
species, as agaricus, lichen, conferva, rosa, juncus, and some
others, the trivial names are referred to, or the second word
of the specific difference, if the plant had no name given to
it by the old botanists. In a few cases, when the second
word was an adjective, agreeing not with the generic name,
but with a following substantive, this adjective is omitted,
and the governing substantive inserted, as bryum perangustis
crebrioribus foliis, &c. of Dillenius in Raii Synopsis, is
referred to in the index under Bryum foliis.

As to English names, a considerable number of new ones
have, for the sake of system, been given to the genera of
plants; in forming the majority of which, the form and
fashion of our ancient names have been as closely adhered
to as was possible; but, in some instances, Anglicized Latin
names are used: these, however, ought to be regarded as
only temporary. In regard to the manner in which com-
pound English names are inserted in an index, a considerable
difference is observable in authors. Some few insert them
as they are spoken, as plough mans’ spike nard under P,
evening prim rose under E. Other authors seem to consider

-spike nard and prim rose as generic names, and place them
under S and P. Some carelessly insert them without any
regular rule, so that a person is frequently obliged to search
for all the words of which a name is composed before he
finds the reference. ‘To avoid this, a general rule has been

PREFACE. Xl

laid down, and they are inserted under their last word,
even when the composition is not apparent at first sight,
as tur-nep, the nep which is round as if turned in a lathe,
so pars-nep, that which from its size requires to be chopped
_ or divided into parts to fit it for eating, as schoolboys are
said to parse their lessons, when they divide them gram-
matically. Pars-ley is, by an error only referred to under
ley. It signifies an herb to be chopped, alluding to its use
in sauces and stuffing. ‘The ley being only another spell-
ing of lea, grass, as in the song—

Over the water and over the leas
but, in parsley, is used for herb, as Virgil, on the contrary,
uses herba for grass :—

In molli consedimus herba.—Buc. 3, 55.

An index of the authors mentioned in the Introduction,
and a very copious index of the botanical terms, are sub-
joined to the first volume. It was at first intended to omit
the references to those terms which are self-evident to an
English reader, but, upon considering that foreigners might
have occasion to ascertain their meaning, they have been
inserted, omitting however those English terms which vary
but slightly in their termination from the corresponding
Latin terms.

I have now to return my thanks for the kind assistance
I have received, and particularly to A. B. Lambert, R.A.
Salisbury, and A. H. Haworth, Esqrs. Messrs. E. and J.
Bennett, and Mr. Deer. The death of Sir Joseph Banks,
during the printing, has, to my great regret, prevented me
from a similar acknowledgement, as a slight return for
the many advantages I have received from the use of his
Library and Herbarium : and has also been a cause of great
delay, in being obliged to wait the arrival of another copy
of Ksenbeck’s work from Germany, that those interesting
plants the fungi might be arranged according to the latest
improvements.

Principio, genus herbarum, viridemque nitorem,
Terra dedit circum colleis; camposque per omneis
Florida fulserunt viridanti prata colore:
Arboribusque datum est variis exinde per auras
Crescundi magnum immissis certamen habenis.

Ut pluma atque pilei primum, seteque, creantur
Quadrupedum membris, et corpore pennipotentum 5
Sic nova tum tellus herbas, virgultaque, primum
Substulit; inde loci mortalia corda creavit,
Multa, modis multis, varia ratione, coorta.
Lucretius, V. 781—790.

"THE GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS,

According. to their mutual relations, with the number of

species in cach genus.

PLANTA CELLULOSE.
1A, PL, CELL. APAYLLE®.

lL, Aydrophyte.

Bos Vasinaria. jesse}. . ee i
2s Oscillatonigyaes 3s 2 we. 5

Sp adidas i oavesisnase t ache F< 3
Pepin seo urdoante sees. 9

Pe PONVOLAT TA so Calta Ae «dats < 4

WE SCV LOS May 6 Eh eicnds soe 5

Be ie Gif ania ssc otise Lae 2

Wo yee Bemaniay : cities) cee. 2

BS YO BYOB S oo ointerayay es «defn of
BOS MA NUCH END icy ode neichss cheibt « 13
HE @odhim ie cite 56 BeBe cis 2

EB. 12. Fragillaria ..........-. 3
13. Biddulphia ........... 3
14, Diatoma ........ ... 46/2

Bo Pr ANCA ysis ayeiasecto » o's » 2
RG. COnjusatayedsscait- sini. 7
Bie OROASNIStiisise/aie k's tele: ~ 1
PEST AN ATOINA sata siareiejes s|s'e' » 1
19) Seppenhinania,s./:.. 24. 2

G. 20. Hydrodictyon,........,..4

Bl. 21. Chetophiora .:..j05/ «sia ¢ sq i
22, Leathesia . ese... Riot file's 1
23. Myriodactylon.......... 2
24, Draparnaldia .......... 2

Sa CONTENT VA ite pfakt- -'S EF - 55
2. Thalasstophyte.

A. 26, Mesogloja ¢....-¢:.000:- i
21. Bulbochwte ».......---. t
28. Ectocarpus ..........:- 6
29. Callithamnion .......... 17
302) Ceranaram «s,s 2/3/0)22 » loi68 3
aD ae OUEST Ass.) ole yaa Gis oe id S) 3
So, BOLTICHIUS sob slercie's seek o od
33. Batrachospermum ...... 2

B. 34. Cladostephus,.... Rajuaise ) o
35, Sphacelaria ..........6. 5
BO.) Wists) y0j2 ic tcje}osis( t= shals SOUe
Pag LLULCHINISE A), y scoir] ne « shES © 17
38, Vertebrata: os sialessvisa sf

©. SO Saale) Veiase celeste eS
402. Corallinay os ooo 5 eas eres
De AU ZOnaniginse sence oi senio 2
AD: Dictyotatwaccs.: sionduiies &
43, Dictyopteris..... Sieidatatbe
EK, 44. Asperococcus .........- i
AS Wiel oie enn kee Be 12
AG. Scytosiphon ........... 9
AT Palmela ic cae ee wisttetie Rc z
48>" Mervretia oi. cic ecisie cherie)
AQ OV IVI aE Oe SR eG
#50) Carrodorus. cack eee ecin. ©
SU WINOStOC! ya ieiaerils aeyece a
G, 92:) Alevonidiamy cos seer ol
D3e PHIM atia cieicya ciaieie stores i
S47 Sponge ewe uae. erclefapi 2
He 552) Paphiarr ise janie cif eiatapes cdo
DGO- SCP la natalalciejsseleiseieliavek ci)
Dey SPONSE sre mjeclefeynicierelelie 14
35) MEL Ai olejajeteleseierais eis < 2
©, 59: \ Devesseriajosreuisne aoie « Bs
60, Odonthalia ........ ase |
61. Sphzerococcus .......... 15
62.) Gigartina: .6).00.0..40 . sais eS
63:) Gastridjume). csc. dele ws le
ae GA asciatarevse. ce). cfs cor!
63," La maymria’s s/s <s.ec os. '+ cs 4
66. Phasgonon\ 32). .2....... 2
Gi Chonda ee cite ctelovenmigs 2
682) Chondanta tcc sie sick I
69. Sporochnus ..........0. 2
TO. Desmarestia .....0c0c% ip 4
CATA TAY hh eee ess ag shefedel el se
72. Himanthalta...... Watagetace i
1327, COTVANE evel fee iclatee eee Siew nian
74, Fucus..... AIRC AV Eee cach sMistatels 3
Hos) EAI YS) os s.5 0) 5/00 wislatele’sillcd
FOurMachkiataerss,< mospcass sale O
77, Baccalaria.,....... eraped sie 2
18. Siliquaria, occ. 45° noo. i
49; -Burcellarian’..ssericctes ol

3.. Homothalamea.

A. 80, Placynthium ...... eiefe) i

GENERA.

XVI
81. Enchylium ............11
82. Scytenivingehs aise eases 1
85. Mallotiamiy sc sock «cisco 2
84. Lathagrium............ 4
85. Leptogium ......... meres
86. Polychidium .......... 6
Sis (WSWe «ci sicveresctate osinicde
C. 88. Cornicularia .......... 6
89. .Ramalina” 2's... eece &
OOS Al ect Onia “eiiesisistee s sicsies O
4. Cenothalamee.
A. Ql. Stereocaulon.......... 2
OA WSidivmi(. ieeieejesie > ae atera
3s BROMVCeSh niejeinvisle cle . 3
Bos Oe) OTANI be i caticie) ce Wats Ger |
Oo Cladonia ene. ce. eet O
DGrEelOp oUt cigs siete
Bio Saree) Gesdshandd sa |
98. Scyphophora......... 17
OO) Pyenothelia cacjesiccice~ o
oe OO MBivenitiauas ccvcws sce s site: L
Dato toccella’..c. wi eecsee sO
102. Nephroma ........ oh60
TOS) Peltidea’ sein. aes soe soot
LO4. “Solonina jet eeceasie cise 2
TOR a Strcta, ccs. ie A Se
HOGS Cetraniay S42 cc.c fe </s See 6
HOW “Borrera ce. cece eset t
TOSS iy SCiate, locals ccns © 2
TOSS Parmelia nar esse cise octets 31
ee A Oo Pe Soromace ness elie «steele 8
PS Placodiumy cesccc. acta ele 9
ATOM NOC A ee eee eae 35
MS WRceOlaria. castsctee cee So)
Uil4) Mepidoma, . <2). seis. sels ld
nner ear oe oso ct olaveetes 58
BP. WW6s" Gyro phora oe ssi scare 9
Goh Am tho nia eer cerctsa/er sda a)
Mice SWORE Heks sadbiage Pode 8
Bie CIOL oA coltumy. ccs cciies - mes
OO} GE hacotrumy <2): see. ene II
121. Strongylium ........... 3
5. Idiothalamee.
192. Spherophoron ........ 8
123. Rhizomorpha.........- il
Beso wMiarolaniacec. cosets Seles oo,
Giieh we yrenilasc see. Ae ae yc
126:, Dhelotnemads. oes sce bie
TRON Davee eee oe avert
De eSsWeyopileay nc sce ccleler- A
JAC Ontos AB Bab aee Sac 6
130. Inoderma..... poonotcod 2
131. Endocarpon....... Sesiole
ity GIS (Che WiGaisepbodadesbooe 8
135. Aly xonia. 22.20 a. ae
1342 Hysterina 3 -.s.e..<.- 12
6. Sarcothalamee.
A S58 (ACHATUINY oo ee. ° - Sarees ae

136.
157.
138.
139,
140.
141,
142,
143,
144,
145.
146.

od

147.

148.
. 149,
- 150,

ga

151,
152,
153.
154,
155,
156.
157,
158.
159.
B. 160.

161.
- 162.
. 163.
164,
165.
F. 166,

167.
168.
169.
170.
Wien
B. 172.
173.
174,
175,
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181,
. 182.
183.
184,
185.
186.
187.
188,
189.
190.
NON
E.: 192.

Hypoderma ...........
Hysterium .......cccee
Miylania os. osc scene
Hypoxylon.......0----
Peripherostoma........1
Boronia es (e055 oes
INeManiaie ss snus «cise
Cucurbitaria’ cca... se
Engizostoma ........-- &
Circinostoma.......... 6
Exormatostoma.......-10
AStomaiis cisavcblelseiacioce:
Spheria....... -36
Dhelebolus*oo. scite eee

chs)
Hom rt pet OV OY) GO

e@accwece

Nemaspora......--.2:
T. Protomycee.

RRC w tela sta oe ae eats eeleterg

AMTCHMNM Becisaas saoounS 21

Ustilazo circ. oeinecleieniy
Uredove rsa cccc sence O
Allbugo secs case .3
Ccemurus........ Siete D.
Diceomas eee. cea: 9
Puceinia ee eee.

Podisoma ,.....-...-.-
Busidiunmms os ooe ao eee.
Stilbospora............
Xyloma.......
Gymnosporangium ,....
Areritateic eee oatei
Fusarium se 5e0 s. oe 8.

eeeeesse

5
1
3
2
5
1
1
1
2

8. Nematomycee.
Acremoniym .......... 2

Epochniumsa es gee. 1
Trichothecium. ....... get
Sporotrichum.......... 5
Byssocladium........-- A
Haplaria..... 66 Soca. td
Acrosporium ........-- 1
Mairgania\ Sei yeke.eteet 2
Botry tise slesloereer 1
Stachylidium ....-..... 2
Bolyactisie ey oeertc. terete 1
Penicillum....... honoo =
LMS NSA S beacoaacde A
IERIE MT etersercte selever = 1
Rubigo...... Acgodonpo - 3

Cladosporium ..

Helmisporium ......... 2
Heliocosporium...... vou
Monilias e090. rene 5 i
Morulas i Rbdcoonesud 1
Racodium 22-6eee cea. 1
Dematinmizde sas. - <= 0! |
ARISE A hoa ouiddouade I
Typhoderma .......... 4
Xylostroma.......+---- 1

Trichoderma....

GENERA:

F, 193. Thamnidium ........:. 1
194. Mucor....... Selle aire 5
TSS eASCOPRONS —. 6-210 «sie ae
196. Pilobolus, <3.) ..02506.. 1

Gale eeranum. 5 ..0cee.- 1
MOR Wsavia nc. vesicle estscces BD

199... Coremiums foe. ere
200 Cephalotrichum........ 1

i OU s. SUD UE ey. .'s tere tase

9. Gasteromycec.

A, 202. .Burotium’:<25...0.000. 1
203. Athalium .......... Beier L
204, Lignidium ........... 1
205.. Spumaria....... 00.006. 1
206. Strongyliem ........... I
2UT., Lycogala’: .. oi. .e0 doe +

B. 208. Myrothecium.......... 1
209, Dichosporum .......... 1
QO, Micea~ 2. CHEE sods. 2

Ait. Donnoediie os. se. 2

€. 212. Didymium -........ Malai! @
hoes Pidermaty ceca h. ol ot - 1
214. Cionium ...... Bias eetar 6
Nae -EAAYSATUMMV Sees Bate o vores oT
216, (beans. .ijc66 sen 2
ide CHEBEAT DUS Bip s eee. 2

DD: 20S .. Drichia, Ves. veee. 8
| Oe ee A

ai eeeO. eribaria Gtk ei seer. S
221. .Dictydium '.......5.... 2

¥F. 222. Stemonitis........... ..4

G, .223.. Craterium Vf)... .04.5.- 3
224.. Pyxidiam4i.62.0.005.. 1

Hi. 225. Onygenaissss. ow. .-- I

J. 226. Spherobolus .......... 1

K.. 227.. Scleroderma ........... 4
228. Ilypogeum... ........ 1
Poe SOWISA. eo nlemclee = sem - S
230. Lycoperdon ..... soe sie. 7
PEG ERSERUN So 5.0:0 mses des’ 6
232. EH ObSStOMai. 2. «ic. 0.6 see 1

Maen Seton LULOSEOINE”<)5,0)- 0:5 «/01e%5)< 1

M. 234, Polyangium ..........- i

De 235.) Cyathus). 2.0.2.0. 4

10, Sarcothecee.

A. 236, Erysibe....... acdooher 10
231, Thanatophytum........ 1
238. Sclerotium ........ sdbo

Bes) PaO MEN oo lenseles soieiere OD

€. 240. Tremella Ader aisisieisiaet= 1
241. Gyraria .......... Coeu
242, Coryne.........- Pope ues

11. Hysmenothecee.

A, 243. Amanita .......... Sea te)
DAATEN AGIMALD « </s\c\eiere/oiwle'e) (61 = 3
245. Lepiota.......... siateial sae
246. Gymnopus...... stele atats 36
241. Omphalia .,. Spcrana! ts:

VOL. I.

248.
249.
250.

251.

Pleuropug e222. 202. 5
Crepidopus............ 5
Alpus. |. Ss ceeiee meee
Resupinatus ........... 1

ee ee

B.252) Russias ee ee a
253. Mycena........ Sa. ces Se 1T
254. Micromphale.......... 8
255. Lactarius..............19

€.°256.) Pratella ooo oo ei
257. Cortinaria ..... eice ccleD
258.. Pronulusoe. cccisin ssn 10
259) ‘Coprinuss ste Sees ie

D. 260. Asterophora...2....... 1

E. 261. Merulius........ atte cat
262. Cantharellus........ 5
263., Corniolaesetre A. Sie, 2
264. Serpuldjuetea..oe el
269., Gomphusetekemt se 2 1

F. 266. Dedalea ........ Aah cae

G., 267). -Poriagiateeeene. es 5
268. Boletusiiicecee. 2ee.. 17
269., Grifolagis hati £58. 6
210, |Coltaiciag sient Lee. . 3
ZU], Strighiay 00s. eee oie UL
272. Albatrellos:: ..2..0¢2.. 2
273. .Polyponuse:sai2).2.4\.5 1

H, 274. Suillus ws). 3222 Siete ce
275,. Binuzaus ihe) ie, | J
276. Leccinum ...... 2S Sc
277. Fistulinai eon)... 2 stele «

4... 278; Sistotnémarieets OF 8. 2
209., Cerrena, 2x ee) 7
280; Xylodonwetnss 22k’: 2

K,. 281. Hydnum..... eetasls
282.. Dentinum.: 22625 ...08.. =
283. Auriscalpium.......... 1
284. Steccherinum .......... 3
285. OdontiatineelLe 28 52 2
286. Hericium.....,.... Seren |

lie 287 -"Craterella eens Nee |
288. Stereum ...... Be ae oe 5
289. Corticium ..... svetatole eiaver ee
290: Menismasjceeeeenee ts oy 2

M. 291. Corynoides ............ &
292. Ramaria o.cescccesn: ene
293. Clavaria ....... ee Ona 12

N. 294. Geoglossum...........- 9
205. Mitrulay sore bees cate pe
296; 'Leotia so 85. ees ceca. SZ
251) Welotimese e223 fee 3
298: Relhanum..........-c0 2

G. 299. Morchella.....0....2. 4
300. Helvella® sc... 36032: Snare |
301. Spathularia............ 1

53028 SUCCSi ate cece
303. atellatia ...cse4< ccc... 2
SOA PeZigaa so eee Nea. 14
305. Geers Scabodapsodd 8
306. Scodellina .........«...10
307. Calycina .....- oreeted
308 .. 6

. Dasyscyphus. ......2.
b

Xvi

he

Sao WIRICCARGLUS Hs itis wleiel ore ©

309. Macroscyphus.......,.. 8
310. Hymenoscypbus........ 9

i310. Ascobolus... 2265. 00'. 1

12, Lytotheceaz.

312: Batarrea eee
313, Ithyphallus............
S145 Phalius. {eres oo... 2

= =

1B. Pu. CELL, FOLIOS,

13, Hepatice.

SUS. Riccianesc)s:
316, Targionia...... sieretele
317. Sphzrocarpus,.......0%
ALS Ainthoceros ety.) iit.
319. Marchantia......... aes
S20 SrOZZIUS wri cee velsiclerele
321. Cyathophora ........0-
322. Staurophora ....-..0+..
324,
325,

Pallavicintus'oi4).052 2.
Herverus ...ccccsceeaes
SSO OUW EXUDE cialsisieiiclineislsiestctals
327. Blasia . Me ai etele
828. Maurocenius.........:.
$29, Salviatus sec. ote. c
330. Pandulphinius ..... sites
331,.Marchesinus ...... eee-
332. Cavendishia...... SAG
333, Martinellius .........-.
Sak. Mylius. aieect.. s+
335. Nardius ...... Cee ea
336, Jungermannia........ 239
$37.) Bazzaniusiieots wo...
338, .Scalins oer. oo. Were)
SSO Ceswisitei tes cdetecitere es 1
340, Herbertus,...,..eo.0+-- 4

GO phe CO DO me OO me tt et OD DO OD ee = 00 0D 0 Be mt

GENERA.

341.
342,

343,
344,
345.
346,
347,
348.
349.

' 350.

351,
352,
353.
354.
355.
356.
357,
358.
359,
360.
361.
362,
363.
364.
365,
366,
367.
368,
369,
370.
role
372.
Silise
374,
375,

Lippius..... decee
Kantius,)..- tees ontien. 1

14. Musci.

Andrea. . 2. e\seer test 14
Spagnum,............. 4
Phaseum.tceeact. eee LL
Schistostega,......... Soe
Anictangium .......... 2
Gymnostomum ,........14
Diphyscium...........

Tetraphiss.j00.8...26%
Splachnnmit.saes3. 222

Conostomum .,........

Polytrichum) ook. che. 9
Cinclidotus ,..... eS aie 1
Tortula...... otetete\ ofetetetoi= ll
Encalyptarcitctd. «tea. « 3
Grimmia,. /seish ees «7

Pterogonium .......... 3
Weeissiaycesu.te Ye ed 18
Dicranumee..s23. 82. 24
Trichostomum...... Fe een
Leucodon........ pastnoo 1
Didymodon,..... overs 8
Funariay wend. Ces. . 3
Zygodon iiweshis oes. « 1
Orthotrichum.,........10
Neckerasievsdin's. (200. 2
Anomodony , 32/4). L280... 2
Daltoniaiiass. eee. 2
Fontinalis..c. 602)... aye | 3
Buxbaumia........ MSS ill
Bartramiane cjckt 4a! 46
Hookeriasnsd2..aee .. a
Hy paumyasekie. ie... 60
Bry Uae wesw oth Stes. eo

GENERA.

2, PLANTS ENDOGENE,
2 A, PL. END. CRYPTOGAMZ.

1, Filices.

Osmund aySwis be gk Ba
Sercrach wee oe. 8 poliaae
SP OlY NOCH eel. oe tes ete.e
J:\3) DICT CTT este Ah ie a igs
MRO CLONLERIS lok eycs 2! ocicrs =
Athyrium ....... obec dee
ASpLeMyuMns:. S58 oe Be
Seolopendrium..........
BPEMECHHUM se acces tee es.

ROFsSteranmraly tno stoiinis.
G. 11. Pteris. Oy a) CS Oe

12.. Adiantum ....... <inclokg n'y
SRMOOUSIA: wciteiecc ssc ees
14. Trichomanes............
15. Hymenophylium ........
16. Bostrichium ............
Ophioglossum ....... wees

OD beet
7

—

pet 0 bet bet peel te et et et et OD HD Op ee fe

.

a
~

<

;

2. Lycopodiacee.

HGS Vy.COPOUIttH.© tiee,.5:-'.c.- 5 5
Oe Bernmhandiaccss cece. eS
ZOSMSOCLES Sas eck en. ae cee > 1

. 3, Marsileacee,
lo btlaLidy ttc ss tie salcciee. | L

4, Equisetacee.

22. Equisetum...... SY oneHee T
5, Charadee.
OL OUALE sree cae ee Se Bt cicthel 5

2 B. Pu. END. PHENOGAMZ,

6. Fluviatiles.

24, Zannichellia wo. 02. 202. ed
2b. RUpPia wsrteds - fF = 020 1
26. Potamogiton............14
UPHOSLELAS ee ss cece tens ee 1
1. Aroidea.
Be ATUN seer ceceaa eee. b
_ %*. Lemnadee.
SE MOMTNG iso cocivin a acc A
8. Typhacee.
29. Sparganium ............ 2
et sO uo IATA ese a oe yee 1
playin liareiisisiictecicins ccve s' 3
9, Cyperacee,
PMap re fi, WATER 2 a'c alc ninlele Diels) wisiene 25
Der ASNIS EAN orn schaialel'e si slelleioiclare 34
BAM MODTESLA MS site dicc oe o\e ies 1
B. 35. Cyperus.... 2

oanacenocoecea

XLx

36. Cladium.....
37, Chetospora
38, Rhyncospora
BO. SCN eg th ka nays b sin
-) SOMES ee ey oe ain oats ll
AT” Bleccltaris, Gate. weno 2
AZ. Ksolepisyitadc cee we con. OS
1
5

P20 e2cB ove o8

eee onee secs e

i]
2
NASORS Ong
2

, 43, ‘Trichophorum..........
Ad, Eriophorum .

10. Graminee.
A, 42*.Nardus

Bog BOO this saungn yh
43% Ophiurus.......s+000- 2
AA* Hordeumis.sice ne sccees 2
_ Ad, ZCOCTILON seeeee eres een 5
TAG. (Secate ve cncciem scene tue
47, Bl ymusprcicitele &obe sve sieie: ace 3
, AS) Lolium. sive... 3

AQ?" ASropyrum soe ces stoke 5
50: "Triticum’..... 00204 ete q
B. 51.‘ Cynodon 1.22.0 oe} 1
C. 52." Sclerachloas fei 208s 4 1
53. Megastachya »..3:...... 1

LS i &-(ay OS splat bern A tee 20
SR Brizat 2 ersten Ape eh ied
56." Enodium evi cseseaeee Ll
57, Melica......<.:% Ge pve ae
585 EPLOgda 156 slslasiaueintiovncs.- 1
59. Brachypodium........ -- A
60. Schenodorus — ..... 62.0 5
61. Ae Nea EPeaVadsoe 5 5
62. Bromusteesae. seks os.c3. 7
63.. Festuca o..csss 00 ‘Beeo a 10

* BA. Vil pia). 5s beret :-4i-10 . &
G5... Gly Geriaspdticiwenth «2p 1
66, Dactylis.. .. ai: piesa 28 sja1-f- 1,
Bil., Koeleria. (cs adtinsevesal- a |
68. Cynosurus.....2.2..¢05. 1
G9: Sesleria.c:. cae mek of ag. 1
70. CHYYSUTUS...... sieie0\s'e ais. Ab
D. 71. Avundo:.. >, mais. seg. L
Be. 502... Drisetum. 3. ppt. seed
43. Danthonia. ssccees coe sk
TA: Avenoinniewh. Es... 65: 7
75. Arrhenatherum ....... aioe
76; ‘Catabrosia sc) hte. see. !
CAT aTANTW ata Meakin ES a 4
78. ‘Anthoxantitim | ; sievete sues 1
18 *, Hierochloa revavicoesees |
79 Hol Cus Mtvsttacprnicta)>\ sits reer
80. Deschampsia....is--..-- 2
81. Corynephorus.....:. Popresh 1
F. 82:3. Chilochloai. :. 66 ee cs 0-6 22 A
SS Philenm yeas vacce celeste 3
SAS TP halamisis cielccielectisieielcleeiereit a
85, Alopecurus ........-+-.. 6
SGssPsammaenaestecle seca cters ate 1
Sie. Spawtiniaie:). i) cleccieisee -\<'- 1
SSAA Vila sispelecerclersiocc ele chels lon eb

89. Agrostis .. ..-.seeesesce 3
90. ApRld vascccccesvoeceecs 3

b 2

xx

nim

B.
Cc.

OF Agranlos. ey. b4.... ..-°38
92, Achnatherium.......-.. 1
93. Calamagrostis.......... 2
94. Gastridium ............ I
2
1

95, Polypogon.......-eee-

96. Lagurus.......... year aesa)
OT. Stipac. vii... e ec eeee 1
98. Milium....... Lee sete ls tai

wok
99) Mildrd to. oe. emer aes t

100. Digitaria.......-.-+++- Q

POLS *Setaria <5... «02, cus hago.

102. Fehinochloa Beare. ead 1
11. Restiacee.

103. Eriocaulon .......-->

12. Juncee.

{OP Neovis 2... eee - nee. b
105. Juncus ......---+> cee
W06. Tazula ss. cmeaase von - ©
4070 Adama “cose ancve cae: 2
1S. Colchicacee.

408. Tofieldia...... aa PPI |
109. Colchicum ....

14. Liliacee.

110, Tulipa.....-.-s-sbeeee 1
LIL, Fritillaria ............. 1

15. Asphodelee.

112. Phalangium......--..-- 1
113. Muscati ....--+++s eee A
114. Hyacinthus ....+-++--- 1
115. Honorius ....-- state aisie Bae
116. Scilla.....-...cerseeeee
117. Ornithogalum.......--- 2
118. Gagea ..--.eeeee ee reeee 1
119. Moly...-.--eecceocseee 1
120. Allium....0..0se000-.- 7
121. Cepa....seeceeeerreees 5

16, Asparagee.

bo

122, Asparagus ....02++eeees

17. Smilacee.

123, Paris.......-ccescccees
124. Convallaria......e+c+--
125. Polygonatum ....--+-.-
126, Ruscus. ccccccccccevcs

pe OD pe pow

GENERA:

18. Tamacee.

197. Ramus, jcecach cas ans ok oe

19, Amaryllidee.

128. Narcissus........--.0.. 2
T29 Ajax sasuciemjevecictate 2
130. Leucojum............
1S}.) Galanthus sic.acece.

20. Iridee.

132. ‘Crocus ia ccvecis gee cit ieee hee
133. Trichomema...... .... |
134. Iris ..... m0 3

2). Orchidee.

135. Loroglossum .....-..-. 1
136. Acenas s. s)ossh ese woe |
137, Anacamptis......
Pe ORCINUS! ciciolatdscielercicinie(atcie

139. Ophtysicdtcsssdcones es o

140. Gymnadenia .......... 1
TAL. Bntatieus Qui. oe. oe nes
142. Platanthera....... Ba 1
143. Herminium ...........-
B. 144, Goodyera...../12....5- 1
C.. 145. Spiranthes 2.000%. 22. 1
146. Neottias ic BE - kets 1
147. Lastera........ 0 A
148. Cephalanthera ........ 3
149, Epipactis...%......... 2
150, Cypripedium........ bie
De Y5ts Psendorchis, cas vieiceidse
152. NaTaSASR iS cle wiec acs sie. i
153. CorallorhtZa (ic.c ons sce. 1
22, Alismacee.
154.. Sagittaria..iviuiJ..02.. 1
155: Alismageeie. eee cn 3 1
156. Damasonium! .......... 1

23, Butomacee.
157. Butomus ...2.0.-0.2050. 1

24, Juncaginee.
158. Scheuchzeria .......-046 1

159. Triglochin......-.. piste eine
25, Hydrocharidee.
160, Hydrocharis ....... tree A

161, Stratiotes,...csce-ror b

GENERA.

3. PLANT EXOGEN#,

3 A. Pu. ex, MONOCHLAMYDE,

1. Abietidee,

. Pinus seeeseooenevecroe
Abies eeceseeaesceeeseceaenese oe
RAT UX Goi atelsteaeitue <tlent.

2. Cupressidee. ~°

Juniperus
3. Taxidee.

ARAKI oc cine o,0,0 deh obese

4. Salicine,

eb Salix osc vec eetese eres
POPWUS! 2. ease le» slate as

5. Betulidee.

6. Corylidee.

eanprnysie ee tics bole, «A oh-ie, «
SCOR VIUS |. ieeiemciae «is
Quercus

13. Fagus .......: we sitolel=
14, Castanea ..0....ccccecee

7. Myrice.
15,

Myrica........

eee eserves

T*, Empetridee.
15*. Empetrum .. 22.2. ...086

8. Ulmacee.
BOSCO miss BGS is Biceiecdisrotee

9. Urticacee.

To Lapalusy.:... .
SEM Cas o's cose cw cceisesieca'e
19. Papietariawie wicsceccces
QOS CAaNNaDIS's0..¢0,,,010:0 e1,00
Da OMEENIUNY sss be ce cesncce

10. Euphorbiacee.

exreceecs

22, Galarheeus, ....cecccccce

23. Esula e@eeodgeron: ¢eee0e 08.0
GA Characias 2 eos sb fas.
25. Chameesyce'.,... 000.006
26. \Mercunialisy(s <6 2:66!s diss «
ie PSUR US Helios ej claelciccivieie we'c

11. Aristolochia,
28.

DO! SASAVUM Acs) cislelsieigiels's viaiete

12, Santalacee.

30. Thesium Forveovse GO oG00,

be eet De ee

Aristolochia. .......cc00

1
i

1

oom

4

=m 0

bes me pet OD)

it

m= 0D 09

A,

AT.

. Spinachia ......
Pig s Wit) BIDS eh aise clejegsle efor = | a
. Chenopodium
». Salicormiae.cs cts sian: 4
- Salsola

xxi

13. Eleagnec,
Hippophae ............ 1
14. Thymelke.
Daphne . hese. 3

15. Polygonee.

Bistontae ye. cacti wctac'e 2

. Persicaria...... spo estar: 9

Polygonum ........,.... 1

Fagopyrum....... coesae 3
Lapathum............,.11

«© Acetosaisadd sot 3. 0<s.2 Mme

Oxyria.......

winaws sinwee

16. Chenopodee.

PBI oo acct Ga caved semen dl

etal eee oo oree sae

>

17. Amaranthidee,

Amaranthus ............ 1

3 B. PL. EX, COROLLIFLORA.

48.
49,
50.

51,

52.
53.

54.
55.
56.
57,
58.
59,
60.
61.
62.
63.

63%.Samolus..........0.2.
63* *,Glaux 35 255.

64,
65.
66.
67,
65.

18. Plantaginidee.

Plantagocg.').204 ...5.... 3
Arnoglossum.......... -. 6
Asterogeum ............

19, Littorellidee,
Littorella’, ost ae.

20. Staticine.

Statices ti ato seac MER. 3
Limonium .............. 2

hoo

21. Primulacee,

Centunculus ...,......0.
Anagallis .....
Trasekia si. oles eee ee
Lysimachia .,...........
Naumburgia.........0..
Numularia..............
FLOttOnianss ore 0523: - ee.
Triendtalis, osed0.56 obib.
Pecimula: 2 oocastt. Ia.
Cyelamen .

trast Jeon ped He feed feet feet ed DD emt DO aed

22, Rhinanthucee,

Werontea eos a csc ses
Sibthorpia.........
Euphrasia
Odontites ...c.......3... 1
Bantsidies de sceecet en ee

we

Tor.

‘he: 162.

103.
1O4.
103,

106.
107.
ros.
E09.
EEO.
HEY.

. Utricularia

. Verbascum

GENERA.

Rhinanthussy sees. «sss A

hal Bee WELT) EZ ee NI

Melampyrum ........ de
23. Orobanchee.

"@robanehe’ oo ck. secs.

Dathreat ott. fds. 0s eyeie

24. Lentibularie,

eoreaceeec see

Pinguicula

ercreccereenree

25. Scrofularine.

RPORTHTOSC Nicene site elcveseyo's chay~
PS YENOLULAELA Ts crsielcheecsieiviel
$8. Hl atimepsctes Obes siete =
SMeay MDa agian. 6:5) oss .iaiege
. Antirrhinum....... oraexs
} ‘Grontium:..,.,... sive eine ini 2

Digitalis...

26. Solanee.

HY OSCYAMUS sso. ae

~ Nicotiana. cl. ide aciclece
SCR AML OMIM nas iis\cc sia

INAT OMA ieee cle « serehers tthe ae
Duleamara o.45 care. stare cs.
DOIN UME ra csie:s)< ee lsise's
Lycopersicon... .eceee-

27. Gentiane.

. Pneumonanthe ........

le AMicetre ae crates es ele cles
Kpythaliaves 288....-..
Erythrea...... S300 7.0
Franquevillia

, Chiorage sk ieee. . eet
SUS WER tat Hatstialdes ait talee. +
. Limnanthes..... .

eeece

Menyanthes. coi. 64... 36

28. Polemoniacee.
Polemonium ...ccecece

- 29,-Vince.
VWincawe

30. Convolvulacee:

Calystegia ....... bb ear
CONVOLVUIUS . s,m se eiele
CUsSCuta eer oleate |e
Cassytha

31. Boraginee.

Miyasatisneeoh 20.0.5...
Cynoglossum 4.0: s sie
Omphalodes ...... 00.06
ISOKEAGO Oe occ. calc»
ES PETUS Oyo riorelestefole <<) a\0»
BAUSTOSSS, haven orale legis «

I
2
4

[Ne]

112. Anchusa ..... tof she ae 1
i13. Pulmonagiae ass.) See Q
114. Mertensiage. se 4. ft .cA. 1
115. ASgonychon .......... 2
116, Lithospermum ........ 1
117. Symphytum.. .xstp=in. 2
LS) Echoes yes eue kl aale io
32, Labiate,
119, Lygopasniee go. i
120.: Mentha ees wey 12
Ii. Pulesiumwsss. cee. I
322. Bugulabyarh Moco! 4A
123. Chameedrys. . 0. cae sen - 3
1g4, Scorodonia ..2..-. 22... 1
125, Lavandulapy, &...). <5)... 1
126. Nepetays. occ oasb cee 1
127... Betonrca: J .icuticath oe el
L265 Stacnysieeeccane Bb8 By
129. Trigepeoleiety. 0.000052. 1
130. Eriostomum .........-. |
13]. Glechoma;: .. oc cspecsp 2
P25, Limi umlgercessc ec Cewao 5
133. Galeobdolon .......... 1
134. Galeopsis ot oc cnj-a- ogy 5. G
Fab. iCardidica oo yasceekeede. L
136. Ballote oo cae aie E
3%. Marrubium, .\..asoed- 1
133. OFiganum’ o. aw aectaxo i
NO. May Onallaeereeidsls sis .ds ce 2
TAO. Thyinmasse ee so reese) A
14]. Acynos.......... Tree cs 1
142, Calamintha........ Rea)
143. Satureja ....... pe sase fee,
144, Clinopodium .......... I
VAG C Melissa, ... s.crevais ate. ph 1
146, MelittisaR$......... 2
BAT.) Saliva eee roast awe= E
1482 *Sclareasi3%... psc Sisley |
149. Horminum ...... aisayers cape
1502 Brunella ae ance 1
151. Scutellaria ... 23. oleae
33. Pyrenacee.
B52. WERDEN ee oo aaicie senor og E
34, Oleine. -
153, Ligustrum .....2.0.0.- I
: 35. Fraxineé.
154, - Fraxinus Po 22 io0s4 ve: 1

3 C.. PxL..Ex. CALYCIFLORE.

155,

156,
157.
158,
159.
169,

36. Ericine.

Menziesia pop eee eee ee ae
Phyllodoce. 2.22 ..2...- 1
Eremoeatlisey ieit% coe: . 2
Gy psocallis,........-.+0.- 1
Oana scr etee etehere eisverstere 1
ANd rOMed ae weeiaiss « ais verte} §

161.
162,
163.
165.
166.

» £67;

168.
169,
170.

Ale
172.
173.
174.

» It.

~ 176;

TT
178.
179,
180.
181,
182,
183.
184,
185,

. Achyrophorus.........
. Hypocheris,......... Ae
ay SUIFICANIS ciate bis).
eh VATEA, «.. Riel stshye'e Aaalereibie) «
» Pianists Sjo0328k ..2et..
PO EACMMINEHT A. . c0.510 5 uleie,s.0 +

pwAnceram win Gut 22h,

+ Girsiam: 6/08/02. 3°
. Bennettia ........... oe
s‘Carlinaxeiges . sheers

PEIACEA sey9, 0:0 teisled olc'aeiiio'c
. Hippophestum........
- Polyacantha ..........
. Leucantha

> Helianthus eho.
» Bidens Lee os5<

oA ACE CUM suet isoicls 6s « 3
. Artemisia.....

GENERA.

AGDUENSHeesotsicos kee. 1
Wi veeMTST yt aiai noes sisicic
Chamecistus ...........
EV GOMA jeaisfeclociaicle cine. 4
PROHESCS catereieielamsieiaaele id
EPYPOPILYS) ceiclon es vase. tT

tm 09

37. Vaccinee.

Waceiminme se. 2 occ « 9
Vitis-Idwa ........ See suck
Oxycoccus ............ 1

38, Campanulacee.

Campanula...
Legousia ...... ya600 6 Ob 2
HAV CCUM! sc 65 cele « i
JAS OEE CEs aes AABShionse 1
MoOveliay. caeesee eden 2

39. Composite.

MAPSANAN iit ccarciciccsis «' E
IATMOSEMIS sete cass o ie |
Chondrillaysd2.4. 223, «
Prenanthes
WEQCENG ay ee nc rays Sia aictalic
SOMCHUS ys eine 6
evachimissesss cade ol
GREDIS eee wascincves'«
Barkhausia..,........-
Taraxacum ,....... Yeas

Tragopogon ,.......
Cichorium ........
Onopordum............

Serratula..,.....s.0
Silybum.. evre280 oa8ea%80
Carduus .....

Oye See tabs GeeBbeodor
EADS Sclie owe woes eos 0+

eeeseeceosaen

Calendula wii bese.

Chrysanthemum, .......

fe ee OD et ae tee at Pt at Dt et DD Ft es DD DD OO at sO HO 00 OE

>

Se

Q

ow

216.
217.
218.
219;
220.
221.
222.
223.
224,
225.
226.
227,
228.
229,
230.
231.
232.
233.
234,
235,
236.
23 U2
238.
239:
240.
241,
242.

243.
244,
245.
246.
247.

248.
249.
250,

251.
252.
253.
254,

255.
256,
257.
258,
250)

XXIil

Leucanthemum ........
yTeCneuM! 6. ccs «cc. s
Matricaria ...... Aadiads
Chamomilla..,.........
Bellis wo Mteole
Chamzmelum,.........
Marutarj eet ra: «scene
Anthemits YOl SIP. i028
Achillea Seon ees te
Antennaria.....
Gnaphalium ...........
INLET Akos bid ndpdinnoecd
ConyzZaeecese ons deccs ©
Pulicaria...... etelcre
PO ete Se atetn
BErithers eyes. OS

Eurybia ...... sdn6064

Solidago .......scseeee
IB TISENOM Wl sss se'e ol sae a
Trimorpha ....... apis

Chrysocoma..........

Doraentenm is. eee |
Cineratia wees sses ee
SenecrOw tices ers oc aitia
ERUSSIIAEO Mere wierals crease!
Petasites eae soe.
Eupatorium............

ps pet pee CD et ee at Pat red me beet OO) Peet TOO OD Pat OO ee et 0

40. Dipsacee.

Dipsacus ...... Jae biiele « ie
Galedragon......,s9.. asic. 1
Succisaic gece sg hes8 dyer od
Columbaria .....0s...°1
Scabiosa ........ seas.) 2
Al, Valerianee.
Valeriana...........0.. 4
Centranthus............ ]
Valerianella ........... 2
42. Rubiacee.
Sherardia; 2S ey. «Oe 2}
JS) UGE ipadrib berms 2
Galium...... cinco hee
Rubia ees 2
43. Caprifoliacee.
Thinnweareee Re 22: 4 desi iat
Mylosteon....:. ape. 1

Periclymenum ......... 2

Viburnum c5 se 0 cb ee. ]
Opulus...... SEES Sepone
Sambucus: i300 ct te oc. 2
Cornus ...... adie cs eteiaeie 2

Hederayre str ns. sore, 1
44, Loranthidee.

Wiscum 4. Goede lees Deel

is ARO Reas vee MER i

x

. Daucus.....
» SATCU S bears ip alee oho 0G 08°
oi MORES. ow waldath idan.
GAUGAMIS Voccicmeek ce ae

SSAMUISCUS vals oi cleleaiove

oo MV EDRIS cbs ciedasereis\s eis oie
- Cherophyllum ....
- Drepanophyllum ......

- Hydrocotyle...... :
S"Oleuty ft are. acoge sone
. Phellandrium..... Rees
- (Enanthe
. Echinophora

. Pimpinella

. Conium

GENERA.

45. Umbellifere.

POVSERIT rears aspie °
Cerefoliman sind. scaials -

SCANGUXS i cet s ss Mosse ms

Sium

Crithimitnscoccs eee. tee

Trinia

ween ae ee er ere cee

ee es

Ll ell ell oe Se ol) a ell, eel ele Meo SO oe No)

288: Buntumyeessisscsese ee
289. Hgopodium ieee
2905 (Can iimm ek ates: oiaiaet «
Me WU CUII er es cers eines oheieie'e's
Oo Zo VS OSTI GUM ‘efemiole ccla'e es =
293. Pseudospermum.......- |
2942 "hibanotisay secscecss} L
295° ‘Thysselinum.........+.. }
296. Inmperatoria ¢......--.. I
OTR Me elveays ss asc cen 1
298, Archangelica .......... 1
299. Spondylium............ ]
300. ‘Pordylium............. 2
301. Coriandrum... ........ 1
302. Pencedanum........... 1
303... Pastinnceaees cay ess . - 1)
304. Silaus . moleleiclateie'ts 1
305. Petroselinum.......... 1
306: Apinm (ost nimgttadcics:s, I
30%." Feniculummoecs-.cecs: 1

- SHYTNIUM wens sce. fl

309. Bupleurum....2.....-.- 1
NO Ne OS talus tees caer is = 2
SUN. EMMOTUN Ly. ek se 6
46. Saxifragee.
S12: Robertsania, ...93- . tee» « 6
SS: Ay data csies copes ew. L
314. Miscopetalum.......... ]
ERE CT: St Oa sis eke Sages e << 1
SONS ARMOCAT As) oobke sis e(ee oa 25
317. Chrysosplenium .... .. 2
47. Crassulacee.
St8. Umbilicus ....... yoeene z
ROE Gulch iarateenejsle ats cpetarstc\or 1

320.

Sedum ..

321. Sempervivum ...... 2. 1
48, Portulacee. :
$22. Montia.., ated «seeks 1
AQ, Paronychidee.
. 323. Scleranthusnjece ee cee © 2
$24, Adenarituny a vee «ese I
B. 325. Ilecebrum..... ge ae OL
326. Corrigiolay cs, oo). <e-5« 1
327. Herniania... nei. eee Zz
328, Polycarpon.... .-.. 62,20. 1
C. 329. Larbrea.. .essecb. ale sito
50. Grossularie,
SBOP HUIDES: csehicte an sD
51. Cucurbitacee.
33) Bryonia ...s0 oedo =e nee
332, Cucumis..... re Gaon ae 2
333. Cucurbilarss oud yess oes j
52. Salicarie.
334.. Lythrum ese eae. 2
335,. Portulaisnuoeee. eee
53. Tamaricine.
336... Tamarixiisegaatks soe. 2
_ 54. Ceratophyllee.
337. Ceratophylum ........ 2
55, Haloragee.
338. Callitniche oust aee-. 2
339. .Hippuris ...icdo-2- sles. - I
340. Myriophyllum.. ...... 2
56. Onagrarie.
A. S4)s;:Cincwarg.iea Lath Oe e.. 3
B. 342. Cinotherays: aces 885... 1
343. Chamznerion .......... 1
344, Epilobium .........5.. 7
57. Pomacce.
345. Pyrus..... Sielsipie < aime = « &}
B46. Crates jes ciswns - ice ce 2
347. Mespilus.....cesssees- 3
58, Rosacee.
BAG,” Rosa, « sane, deckian obeca zo
59. Agrimoniacee.
349, Poteriumicciceccesccss« |
350. Sanguisorba ........-- oh
351, Alchemilla) 205% . fois. - 4
352, Agrimonia .......... aq.
60. Dryadee.
303.) Diyas yapisaerete cai 1
S04) Geum sa cece eles ci areas
355. Sibbuldiaits Wevesseoss«! &

GENERA.

356. Potentilla............
357, Fragaria
398. Rubus 7705. S00...

61. Ulmarie.

359. Spirsea..

eceeeeecerzeoas 3

62. Drupacee.

ae. Gerasys ete. gna
) 36). Pronasi i022 reget eB |
63 Leguminose.

Pa 062s Wlex< -. Se mebes aie
363. Genista o.oo. ve wee 4
364. Ononis .......... steer i
365, Anthyllis........ Zecesa ll

B. 366. Trifolium............ res)
367. Melilotus eT. v2. 1
368. Medicago.......... case
369. Trigonella ............. 1
SHOLOEORUS: So cnes cert yo caine
371. Glycyrrhiza............ 1

C. 372. Oxytropus .......... see
ave, Astrapalus 02... se. 2

D. 374, Lathyrus .............- 7
SS IVOPISUEcc.ses seis tta tees! oe
SIG*Orobuss.e s+ cecess see
Ble WIGMAsE a cipcaceorouoeLcs

K. 378, Ornithopus.. ....... . 1
379, Hippocrepis .......... 1
380, Onobrychis...........- 1

64, Celastrine,
381. Staphylea ....3........ I
382. Evonymus ............ i
AO MMLeK. atelauiaee cate ose cite =.

65. Rhamnee.

38S.) RAMUS .j6. ates oceo sas 2
3 D. PL, EX, THALAMIFLOR &.

66: Geraniece,

A. 384. Eroditm...........:.. 4
385. Geranium ..... Srelausteveinre “13

B. 386. Impatiens .......:....

C587 Oxalisi tives ccccccecs's 5

67. Hypericinee.

388. Androsemum.......:.. 1

389. Hypericum..... ceodnog! Wy
68, Acerinee.

SOON A Cem eee elas a bea ae
69. Tiliacee.

S91. Tilia. ce. er Oe etry is we
10, Malvacee.

BO22 Mal vay ie coe sielgs oiseiwaareiee

393-. AlthBai.. seas ces cae e
VOL, Ta

394,

XXV

Lavatera ss. ese ecese |
7). Linee.

805) Pitti’. . cian ca stann, 5
12. Caryophyllee.

A. 396. Saponaria ........4... 1
397. Dianthus. ..5..n.t.<... 5
398. Cucubalus ............ 3
S99. Silene . . . .sja-,.45% cceee 8

. 400. Lychnis ........2.0<0, 6

B. AOI. Buffonia ......;.. eeece 1
A402. Willisellus ............ |
A403, Sagina .ia...ciecssser. 3
404, Spergnla ide Rojsas eee OF
405. Cherleria.....2.:...... lL
AO6, Arenaria.....esscccees BD
407. Alsinella.....c.secee.. 3
408. Holosteum ......... ae |
A409, Stellaria........-...- 16
A10, Meenchia......sicssa.- |

13. Cistinee.
All, Helianthemum....:.3.. 7
74. Frankeniacee.
Al2, Frankenia .......3.::% 2
75, Droseracee.
413. Droseta .....2.0 0% CAS |
716. Resedacee.
AYA.” Reseda. o:< ajc/e.0aiaie spoevens 2
“77, Polygalea.
A415. Polygala.......sss0055 2
18. Violacee.
Al6. Viola......... eet oer ey |
19, Parnassie:
ALT. Parnassia ...-.scccsss. L
80. Crucifere.

A. 418. Cardamine........ Mass oe
A419.” Arabis':’.'s:c:, +) cessvsige ss 6
420, Turritis .... 2.0. ce cceee 1
421. Barbarea............:5 2
422, Nasturtium............ 4
A423, Sisymbrium:........... 3
494, Erysimum ;............ 3
A25. Cheiranthus..2.--...02% 1
426, Matthiola ..:<........5 2
AQ7. Hesperis .... +------ aol

B. 428. Brassica .::3.---.200%% 5
429. Sinapis...:.--see+e20 5

C. 430. Raphata’ ios sob bi veo
431, Raphanistrum ......... 2

D. 432. Cakile .2.:..2s0-e20c0% 1
A433, Crambe..... Was sate ais i]

E, 434, Coronopus ..--+-ese88 z

€

XXVI

F. 435.
G. 436.
A437.
438,
439,
440.
AAl.
449,
443,
444,
445,
446,

447.
448.

449,
450.
451.
452.

453.

GENERA.

WSAtIS | 5.00 oo ese stores 1 Ab4.. Nymphaea .....6...005 1
Mela wre os. 1 ui
Thiaspi .......... selalshal na 84. Berberidee.
Nasturtiolum..... .... 1
Teesdalia -........200- 1 A55. Berberis.......-. «.:. 1
Thenisiiieccts ifs. <6) 1 A456. Epimedium............ 1
Lepidium ,...........- 5
Cochlearia............ 4 85: Ranunculacee
Subularia ............. 1
Draba see cots sie! ereenteb nt Ag ABD oy AC ESR AI Sie Shes ames co taie 1
Camelingd "foe sis'sie:s eserese 1 ADS. Peoniaen see ei csetacce ieee 2
Alyssum ......2..000.. 1 B. 459. Consolida............. 1
A A60. Aquilesia .... 052% sae 1
81. Fumaridee. 461. Helleborus chances Oe 2
Fumaria te cfs. o's, «sje mcs 462. Trollius ...,.....-crees 1
Gory dans eee cciaiecsieie 3 AGS. Caltha « . ocineiae-te - otethe 3
Gi, 464." Bicaria. 2.05.8 ieh «hee 1
82. Papaveracee. 465. Ranunculus...........+ 13
Chelidonium .......... 2 466. Batrachium......-..... 5
Glauciamy ee coos on Save ose 3 A67, Myosurus..... ......-- 1
Cerastites oor. ook seseie 5 PD. 468. Adonis... .. «met. feele 2
ia PAVED ore eutewre/areletays 2 A69. Anemonanthiwa........ 3
ATO. Pulsatilla, .....5.. 02. 2% 1
83. Nymphacee. 471. Thalictrum............ 4
ANNE ore de + e/a cele 2 k, 472. Clematis oo exten e tees |b

XXVIi

TOTAL NUMBERS.

Fam. Gen. Spec.
Cellulose ........ 14 375 1936
Endogene ......- 26 166 ATT
Exocene .«....... 50 AT4 1218

126 1015 3631

KXVII

*¢ Call the vales, and bid them hither cast
Their bells, and flow’rets of a thousand bues,
Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers use
Of shades, and wanton winds, and gushing brooks;
On whose fresh lap, the swart star sparely looks,
Throw hither all your quaint enamelled eyes, '
That on the green turf suck the honied showers,
And purple all the ground with vernal flowers.”

Min.Ton:

INTRODUCTION

TO

BOTANY.

1. On the Use of Botany.
Tue use and pleasure of studying botany have been so’

long acknowledged, that it may seem perfectly superfluous
to discourse upon that subject; but a slight sketch of the
use and pleasure accruing by this study is here given, in
order to convince those students, who have not yet reflected
upon the subject, that in bestowing their time, their labour,
or their money, upon the acquirement of this science, they
will not court an ungrateful mistress, but one who will
amply reward them for the pains they take in acquiring
her.

The greater part of those who study botany, are persons
of the medical profession, and of course the use of botany
in medicine is the first to be considered. It will therefore
be necessary, before any further progress is made, to advert
to the great difference between practising in large cities
and sea-port towns on the one hand, and in country vil-
lages on the other. To the former merchants resort, and
the warehouses are filled with the choicest drugs of foreign
regions; the poverty induced by the vicissitudes of com-

“merce requires alleviation from the charity ot the rich, hos-
pitals and dispensaries arise, and become medical schools.
The time of the practitioners being fully occupied by the
denseness of the population, they find it more convenient
to use the drugs in the warehouses, than to collect them-
selves the indigenous productions of the surrounding coun-
try; hence they regard with indifference whether the drug:
be native or foreign, and this indifference, or rather pre-
ference for foreign drugs, passes of course into the phar-
macopeeias published in those cities.

VOL, f. B

$

2 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

But these commercial ideas have less force in the country.
There the practitioner has more time on his hands; in his
rounds to visit his patients, he can collect the herbs pro-
fusely scattered in his path,,and although his education at
the hospitals in town naturally influences him in his choice,
yet if prudence has any share in his character, he must be
struck with the impropriety of neglecting the resources
freely offered by nature to his possession for purchased ones.
It is a favourite axiom with botanical physicians that where
nature produces diseases, there she also produces the reme-
dies for them, and they adduce in proof of this dogma, the
growth of scurvy grass, and other antiscorbutic plants in
those cold climates where scurvy reigns as an epidemic; of
pepper and other spices in hot countries where the stomach
is liable to torpor, and requires an extraordinary stimulus to
promote its healthy action; as also of calamus aromaticus
in those humid situations which are liable to intermittent
fevers; and of sarsaparilla and guiacum in the regions, sup-
posed to be the native seats of the venereal lues, and where,
according to a Spanish traveller, d’ Aranda, in his account
of South America, it is a sporadic disease. Without abso~
lutely professing a dogma, which has much appearance of
truth in it, there can be no doubt but that the remedies ne-
cessary for most of the diseases that afflict human nature
may be found at the country practitioner’s own door, or
very near at hand. ‘That he may be enabled however to
make use of them, it is necessary he should know them well,
the more especially as many plants are so much alike, that
it requires attention directed to proper characteristics to
distinguish them. Now botany is that science which enables
us to distinguish plants from one another, to assign to them
their proper names, and to declare their several uses;
without which last part, although too often neglected by
the general botanist, it would be a barren study.

Another part of medicine, in which the use of botany
is evident, too frequently happens, in consequence of the
similitude of plants to one another, so that those ignorant
of the means of distinguishing them are led to use a plant
of such powerful action on the human frame as to kill, or
very violently affect, the unfortunate person who has mis-
taken it for some nutrimental vegetable, especially foreign-
ers, who use a greater variety of vegetables than ourselves.
Yet even among us, the instances are not rare in which
hemlock has been mistaken for parsley, the roots of wild

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 3

cicely, or cow-weed, for parsneps, dog’s mercury for a
spinage-herb, the berries of nightshade for esculent ones,
and more especially the deleterious mushrooms for those
that are eatable with some degtte of safety, for, in truth,
all are to be held as of doubtful salubrity. Now the skilful
botanist, who can determine from the remains of what has
been taken the cause of the symptoms, has an evident ad-
vantage in respect to the mode of treating his patient, over
one who is ignorant of the cause, and must therefore pre-
scribe at random. And if the practitioner can thus save
one fellow-creature from the grave, and restore him to his
friends, far more a dear relative, a cherished companion,
this alone would amply repay him for the study of this
science. And it is on this account, that the Society of
Apothecaries of London, to whom the legislation have
lately committed the examination of persons intending to
practise as apothecaries, have given public notice, that they
expect the applicants for a license to be competent in me-
dical botany. ;

As to the economical or general use of botany, although
it be of course more varied than the medical, less need be
said about it. Our houses are principally built and fur-
nished from the vegetable kingdom of nature; and this is
also the case with ships and other vessels: plants furnish
us with a very considerable part of our clothing; this
clothing, and the ornamental drapery of our houses, is
dyed of various colours by different vegetables. Hence
the study of that science which exhibits these various uses
cannot but be instructive to all.

The diet of mankind is, in the warmer regions of the
earth, almost entirely vegetable; as the climate becomes
colder, more and more animal food is taken, until in the
cold regions of the North, man becomes nearly a carni-
vorous animal. But vegetables are never entirely disused
by him; hence a knowledge of them is of universal use,
more especially to travellers, who may thus instruct a whole
nation in the use of plants abundantly produced in their
country, yet either disregarded by them, or even consi-
dered as deleterious, although in fact one of the agreeable
luxuries of the table: nor is this an idle supposition. The
embassy sent from Bengal to Thibet observed in their route
the strawberry growing plentifully in the woods; on de-
siring their conductors to gather some, they were informed
that it was a poisonous berry: this naturally enough pro-
duced some hesitation, lest they might be deceived by a

B2

4. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

mere resemblance of that delicious fruit; but, upon investi-
gation of the botanical characters of the flower, its identity
was confirmed, and the natives were highly pleased to have
their supposed poisonous berry shown to be one of the
most pleasant and wholesome fruits.

But the most striking use of botany is when famine is
apprehended ; for although direct experiments may enable
a person to discover what plants are wholesome and nu-
tritive from those which are not, yet these experiments re-
quire time when none, particularly in cases of shipwreck,
can be spared, and from the greater number of poisonous,
or, at least, medicinal plants of very violent operation, the
experiments would, if not guided by botanical analogies,
be highly dangerous, and inevitably fatal in many cases.
But by knowing the botanical characters of those families
of plants which abound in edible fruits, or are remarkable
for any other dietetic articles, considerable advantages will
be gained, and unknown articles may be freely used with
little apprehension of danger. ‘This is a species of know-
ledge less cultivated in the British islands than it ought to
be, especially considering the maritime situation which
leads so many of their inhabitants to embrace a seafaring
life, and become exposed to the dangers of shipwreck upon
uninhabited coasts; and where the dauntless energetic
spirit of our youth impels so many to engage in distant
expeditions, and the unfortunate issue of some of these
expeditions, for what mortal can always command success,
plunges them into distressful circumstances in a foreign and
perhaps inhospitable country.

Another use, if I may so express myself, is the con-
templation of the beauties of nature; and in this respect
botany yields to no other branch of human knowledge,
and in one respect surpasses most in that, while wealth
may exhibit its splendour in collecting living plants, yet
the study is also compatible with the most humble fortunes,
and may be*made to beguile the tedious hours of conva-
lescence, while it need not confine the sufferer to his room,
but will even entice him forth to breathe the dewy incense
of the morn. Few are the studies that require so little
apparatus, or less trouble to produce a collection, which
will lie in a small compass, and will afford an agreeable
exhibition to friends and visitors.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 5

2, The Rise and Progress of Botany, particularly in England.

The modern botanists, whoyare overwhelmed with the
continually increasing number of new plants offered to their
view, and the necessity of learning the ever-varying no-
menclature, are accused, perhaps with some justice, of
paying less attention to the uses of plants than they ought ;
and, on the other hand, the ancients seem to have had no
other idea of botany than as being the knowledge of the
grains, pulse, potherbs, &c. of use in domestic economy,
or of those plants which chance, or experiments made in
the great hierarchal colleges of Persia or Egypt, had shown
to be of use in the cure of the sick and hurt; for it ap-
pears by the Greck authors, whose writings have survived
the barbarism which took place in Europe on the sub-
version of the Western Empire by the northern nations,
that it was the intention of the early Greek writers, in their
botanical works, rather to relate the uses or culture of
plants, than to describe them so that posterity might be
enabled to recognize them whenever they were met with.

Hippocrates the Coan, the venerable father of medicine,
the lineal descendant of that Esculapius whom the erati-
tude of mankind had raised to divine honours, is the oldest
author we possess, being born about four hundred and fifty
years before Christ. ‘Those who are versed in the history
of medicine, well know the valuable use he made of the
cases recorded in the temples of his ancestor, which were
the public hospitals of antiquity, especially in respect to
the prognosis of diseases. He has mentioned, in his the-
rapeutic writings, the uses of about two hundred and forty
plants; and he would have merited still more the thanks
of mankind, if he had carefully described them, so that
we might be certain of the species of plants which he in-
tended by those names.— This task he seems to have left
to Cratevas, of whose knowledge in botany he makes the
most honourable mention. ‘The less of the works of Cra-
tevas is much to be deplored, as they probably contained
the description, or at least place of growth, of the plants
mentioned by Hippocrates.

The expansion of the human intellect which took place
in consequence of the freedom of opinion that was allowed
in Athens, under the mild but firm government of Pisis-
tratus, by which the factious demagogues and the priest
of that city were restrained from persecuting every man

6 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

whose abilities were superior to their own, caused that city
to become the focus of literature and science; and the
writings produced in that short space of time still remain
the noblest monuments of the powers of the human mind,
for they have commanded the admiration of succeeding
ages, and left nothing for future writers to do but to imi-
tate, as far as is possible, their excellencies. In the schools
which were then established, that of the peripatetics, whose
founder was Aristotle, was the one that, cultivating natural
history, of course merits most notice in a history of botany.
Aristotle, the son of a perfumer, who were in those days
the dispensers of compound medicines prescribed by lay
practitioners, had, from his well-merited reputation, been
raised to be the tutor of Alexander the Great; and, on. his
pupil becoming possessed of the treasures collected by the
Persian monarch, he formed the project, among other vast
schemes of literary renown, of writing a complete history
of natural substances from actual observation, or the rela-
tion of the numerous collectors which his influence over
his former pupil enabled him to employ; and took the
zoological and meteorological parts under his own imme-
diate care; and his History of Animals, although little re-
garded in the schools engaged in teaching the elements of
knowledge, is a splendid monument of his abilities.
_. The mineralogical and botanical part of this general
history of nature was entrusted to his pupil Theophrastus,
who also succeeded to the’ professorial chair in the public
school. A work of Theophrastus on minerals, and two on
plants, have, after a very narrow escape from oblivion,
descended to our times. He treats his subject generally
in a philosophical manner. In his book on the causes of
plants, he considered the propagation, culture, qualities,
and uses of plants in general; but very few are described
by him in a particular manner, as he supposes the reader
to be either acquainted with them, or to be informed by

a master. In his larger work, entitled, the History of —

Plants, he mentions about five hundred plants, and begins
with the organization, generation, and propagation of
vegetables. In the third and fourth books he goes on to
treat largely upon trees; then follows his observations
upon timber and choice of it. The sixth book is on shrubs,
thorny plants, roses, and other ornamental plants usually
cultivated in gardens. In the seventh he treats upon
kitchen-garden plants, and those that grow wild. In the
eighth upon grain of different kinds, upon which he is very

sf

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 7
copious. The ninth and last book is upon gums, exuda-
tions, and the means of obtaining them. It is much to
be lamented, that neither Aristotle nor Theophrastus,
whose mental abilities were of the first order, perceived the
advantages that would accrue from a detailed description
of natural substances, by which a student deprived of the
vivd voce instruction of a master might be enabled to re-
cognise them.

he next author that occurs is Dioscorides. As a phy-
sician, the object of Dioscorides being only the materia
medica, he discusses each article used by medical practi-
tioners in a separate chapter, and comprises the whole in
five books ; in which, although the order is not very exactly
kept, the vegetables are treated of as they are aromatic,
alimentary, and medicinal. For the precedence of the
aromatics two reasons may be given: one, the usual pre-
ference given to objects of luxury above those of use; and
the other, that the perfumers were the apothecaries of
ancient times, and naturally affected those substances which
formed the principal articles of their trade, especially when
we consider the much greater use of perfumed oils and
ointments by the ancients than by the moderns. His de-
scriptions are chiefly respecting the colour, size, mode of
growing as compared with other plants then well known,
and therefore left undescribed. ‘Thus he says: Hyssopus
is well known to all; and then having compared origanum
to hyssop, he compares centaurium minus, tragoriganum,
serpillum, marum, polycnemon, symphytum petrseum,
ageratum, papaver erraticum, to origanum; so that the
knowledge of all these plants are made to depend upon that
of hyssop. Jn like manner ocimum is made a type for the
knowledge of the first: sort of calamintha, acinum, oci-
moides, crinum, solanum, mercurialis, and heliotropium ;
although by the lapse of years, the ocimum of Dioscorides
is now become uncertain, and of course the knowledge of
the other plants is rendered unattainable.

Although Columella and Cato among the Romans wrote
‘on Husbandry, yet none of their works can be said to be
botanical. Pliny the elder, who commanded the Roman
fleet stationed in the Bay of Naples, and who perished in
the year of Christ 71, in an attempt to explore an eruption
of Mount Vesuvius, is the only author of that nation whose
writings can be said to belong to the scope of our work.
In his Historia Mundi, a vast encyclopedia, scarcely less
varied than the world itself, he has treated from the 12th

8 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

to the 27th book upon plants, as well philosophically as
historically, medically, economically, magically, &c. A
great part of his work is nearly the same as Dioscorides,
who, however, is never quoted by name, and therefore,
considering the candour with which Pliny names the writers
from whom his book was extracted, there is reason to
think that Dioscorides and Pliny wrote about the same
time, and both made use of the same author, either Sextius
Niger, or Diodorus, or Julius Bassus, but more probably,
as it would appear from certain passages in Dioscorides,
of Niger. Pliny, however, was a mere compiler, and
whatever knowledge of plants he might have acquired in
his walks in the physic garden of Antonius Castor, it is
certain that none of it appears in his work, which exhibits
only a collection of memorandums badly translated from
the Greek, in which, for want of critical and botanical
knowledge, numerous mistakes are evident. The design
of the work was grand, but far too vast to be accomplished
by any one man, and especially by one immerged in public
business. The order in which he has disposed his subjects
is very confused. ‘The great value of Pliny’s work, there-
fore, consists in his having preserved to us the remains of
ancient knowledge on the subject, and especially the ap-
plication of it to the arts of life in those remote times, so
that he may be considered as the historian of ancient bo-
tany; and to his indefatigable industry we owe the names
of several hundred substances not mentioned by those other
ancient writers whose works have been preserved ; although
it must be confessed, that much of this knowledge is of little
use, as the substances denoted by those names are un-
known for want of descriptions.

The next writer that occurs is Apulejus. This author,
who lived in the second century, was born at Madura in
Africa, which was then a kind of university. He afterwards
studied at Carthage and Athens, and for some time applied
himself to the profession of the law in Rome; but marrying
a rich widow, he retired from the bar, and wholly gave
himself up to philosophy and the practice of physic. He
is well known as the author of ** The Golden Ass,” one of
the few works of amusement, or what is called light read-
ing, that have descended to us from the ancients. But the
work which entitles him to our notice is his book, De
Herbis, sive de Nominibus et Virtutibus Herbarum. In
this work he gives the synonyms of 130 medicinal herbs in
Greek, Latin, Egyptian, Punic, Celtic, Dacian, and of

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 3}

some in the oriental languages, which he had acquired in
his travels. After these names he adds a short description
of the plant, the place of growth, and the properties of
it. Some of the critics have supposed that this work is
supposititious, and written long after his time. Johnson,
who edited the second edition of Gerarde’s Herbal, imagined
it was the translation of a work written by some physician
of Constantinople in the eighth century, but Fabricius
thinks this conjecture is not probable; indeed internal evi-
dence seems against it. Apulejus was a heathen priest,
well read in his religion, and much attached to it, as well
by natural inclination as from the persecutions he suffered
from the Christian relations of his wife, who accused him
of magic, and of obtaining her hand and fortune by sor-
cery ; now the work is filled with those modes of exhibiting
remedies, which, although only intended by the practitioner
to aid their operation by the power of fancy, are usually
considered by others as superstitious, and even magical.
Galen, who was born about 133 years after Christ, was
contemporary with Apulejus, and became so celebrated as
a physician and medical writer, as to have entirely ruled in
the schools of medicine, to the exclusion of almost every
other author. His industry in acquiring a knowledge of
the materia medica, including medical botany, was very
great, as he sailed to Lemnos to investigate the terra
Lemnia in its native bed, to Cyprus to visit the mines and
collect cadmia, pompholyx, dipbryges, chalcanthum, and
other minerals; as also to Cilicia, Phoenicia, Crete, and
Egypt. His writings are as remarkable for their diffuse
style, and his continual digressions, as those of Pliny are
for their conciseness; and it is not easy to say which is
the most tiresome to the reader, or requires the steadiest
attention to peruse. Galen principally treats of plants in
the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of his work, On
Simples, in which he mentions the uses of about 450 me-
dical plants. He also occasionally treats of several others
in different parts of his works. It was his great object to
account for their effects from the second and third qualities,
as they were called; that is to say, from the degree of their
dryness or moisture, and heat and coldness, of each of which
he distinguishes four degrees. In his introduction, he
writes against those authors who had attempted to describe
plants, and thinks the knowledge of them is better acquired
by tradition. When we consider the great authority which
the writings of Galen bore in the schools of medicine for

10 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

so many centuries, we need not wonder at the loss of these
writers thus branded as nearly useless.

_. The Greek writers, Oribasius, Actius, Egineta, who suc-
ceeded Galen, were such servile copiers of him, that they
merit not notice. At length, after the lapse of a few cen-
turies, the Arabs, inspired by the zeal of a new religion,
burst from their sandy deserts, and over-run the west of
Asia, the north of Africa, and south of Europe. As soon
as they had formed regular establishments, they began to
attend to the sciences, and translated the most popular
Greek authors.

In this they differed from the later Greeks, that being
devoid of that superstitious veneration which the Greeks
possessed for the writers of their golden age of literature,
they did not confine themselves to the knowledge that had
been delivered by those writers, but added much of their
own. ‘To them physicians were indebted for the introduc-
tion into practice of berberries, camphire, cloves, wall-
flower, cassia fistula, galangals, hyssop, kermes, lavender,
mace, manna, Persian manna, mezereon, myrobalans, nut-
megs, nymphea, rhubarb, opium, sugar, gum sandarac,
red sanders, sebestens, senna, tamarinds, hops, and zedoary.
‘Though some of these medical plants have fallen into de-
suetude, others still remain, and form some of the prin-
cipal instruments of physicians to this day. Among these
Arab writers Serapio stands pre-eminent, although Rhazis,
Avicena, Actuarius (who wrote in Greek), and Mesue,
must not be forgotten; and it may be also mentioned, to
the honour of the Arabs, that it is to them we are indebted,
if not for the invention, yet for the introduction of chemical
medicines into practice, so that we may easily estimate
the great improvements of which they were the introducers. —

The writings of Galen, and of his Greek and Arabian
disciples, were the only ones taught in the medical schools
of Europe, through the medium of wretched translations,
from the seventh to the fifteenth century. As to those
parts of natural history, not comprised in the multifarious
materia medica of this period, the knowledge of them was
at the lowest ebb. What little was known was a mixture
of extracts from Pliny, and the relations of travellers who
endeavoured to give a wonderful cast to the most common
appearances ; who explained the mercantile names of articles
by some fancied etymology. and then invented a tale to
support the interpretation. In short,-in the natural his-
torians of this lopg period, as Hildeguard, Syl!vaticus,

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. i

Glanville, and others now almost forgotten, the mixture of
truth and falsehood is at least in equal parts, as the authors
wrote down whatever they found in others, without exer-
cising any critical acumen to distinguish the truth.
__A book under the name of Macer’s Herbal seems also
to haye been common in England before the invention of
rinting. Ovid praises the poetry of Macer, a medical
writer on herbs; but as it is impossible he could mean the
barbarous leonine verses in which this book, De Naturis,
Qualitatibus, et Virtutibus Herbarum, are written, it is
generally allowed to be a pseudonymous work, and accord-
ingly it is ascribed by some to Odo, or Odobonus, said to
haye been a French physician. It was translated into
English by Mr. John Lelamar, the master of Hertford
School, who lived about the year 1373. At the first in-
vention of printing two editions of it were published, and
it is surprising that so paltry a work, which treats only of
88 plants, should have been translated or commented upon
by the great Dr. Linacre, one of the medical ornaments of
the reign of Henry the Eighth, and who obtained from
that monarch the establishment of the College of Phy-
sicians.

While these inferior works engrossed the public atten-
tion, the writings of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny,
the true fathers of natural history, and in particular of
botany, were utterly neglected, and indeed scarcely known.

It was not until 1468, or the year after, that Pliny’s
History of Nature was first printed; and from this author
Isidore and Platearius was speedily compiled, a German
work with the title of The Book of Nature,-which treats
of animals and plants; of which latter 176 kinds are no-
ticed, and many of them figured. This work is supposed
by Seguier to be the first book on plants with wood-cuts: it
was published between the years 1475 and 1478.

As the Greek language was but little understood in
Western Europe, till the conquest of Constantinople by a
people of a different religion drove the Greeks into Italy ;
and as this emigration was speedily followed by the inven-
tion of printing, the learned emigrants, who were obliged
to exert themselves to maintain their former station in so-
ciety, endeavoured to render the Greek authors fashionable
in the West.

Of the Greek naturalists, Dioscorides was the first
printed, with a Latin translation by Barbarus, a Venetian no-
bleman, who died at the early age of 29. This work was

12 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

brought out in 1478, and was followed in 1483 by an edi-
tion of Theophrastus, with a Latin translation by ‘Theodore
Gaza, a Greek emigrant, which is still esteemed the best.
The translation of Dioscorides by Matthiolus, first printed
in 1554, supplanted that by Barbarus, and run through
seventeen editions, 32,000 copies being said to be sold before
the year 1561; but the edition of Caspar Bauhin, in 1598,
is now esteemed the best. .

The publication of these fathers of botany was followed
by that of a host of commentaries upon them, whose au-
thors endeavoured to find the plants of Syria and Egypt
in Germany, forgetful of the difference of climate; and
thus, instead of dilucidating the author, they merely mis-
lead their followers. Even now, after the labours of Rau-
wolf, who travelled in Syria, Babylon, and Egypt, m the
sixteenth century; of ‘Tournetort, who travelled also in
Greece, Crete, &c.; and of Sir James Edward Smith; it
does not appear, that of the 700 medical plants mentioned
by Dioscorides, more than 400 can be said to be properly
ascertained.

These translations of the ancients were followed in 1484,
at which time Richard the Third reigned here, by a fa-
mows herbal, printed at Mentz, under the title of Herba-
rium; and this was followed the next year by the Ortus
[z7.e. Hortus] Sanitatis, ascribed to Cuba, a physician,
first of Augsburgh, and afterwards of Frankfort. The
wood-cuts with which they are adorned, or rather dis-
fienred, are rude, and seldom have much resemblance of
the thing which they profess to illustrate.

Although printing was introduced into England in the
reign of Henry the Seventh, yet no works on botany, in
the English language, were produced in his reign, although
hunting and angling had occupied the labours of the press.
It was not indeed till 1516, the seventh of Henry the
iighth, that the Grete Herbal, with cuts, appeared. This
book was very popular, and went through several editions.
There is no author’s name to it, but it was probably made
up from the French translation of the Hortus Sanitaiis,
with some alterations and additions. It mentions more
than 400 vegetables, or their products, and of these about
150 are English, but they are no ways distinguished from
the exotics. The cuts are smaller than those of the Hortus,
but equally rude and inaccurate.

Whuile the mere English reader was obliged to content
himself with this miserable compilation, Otho Brunsfel and

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 13

others were studying botany practically in the fields, and
endeavouring, as we already said, to reconcile the plants
of Germany to the descriptions of Dioscorides. Brunsfel’s
work was published in 1530, and Cordus, another writer
on the same subject, in 1535. The learned Gesner bestowed
part of his attention upon botany, and first proposed to
denominate all plants which have the same flower and fruit,
however different they may be in other respects, by the
same common name; or, in modern lJanguage, to found
the genera upon the fructification alone. The plants of
Germany were, however, still further examined by Leonard
Fuchs, a physician, and professor at Tubingen. His
History of Plants is adorned with 510 of the most beauti-
ful and correct outlines that have ever been cut in wood.
The draughtsmen employed were Henry Fullmaurer and
Albert Meyer, and the wood-engraver was Vitus Rudolph
Speckle; all whose portraits, in half-lengths, are given at
the end of the work, as Fuchs’, in full length, ornaments
the back of the title. The author had good reason to be
proud of his artists. His great error was in applying the
names of Dioscorides to the plants of Northern Europe ;
nor was he Jess an admirer of Hippocrates and Galen,
whose medical writings he vigorously defended against, all
opposers.

Although the Great Herbal was the only botanical work
published in England during the reign of the eighth
Harry, much attention was given to agriculture and
kitchen-gardening. One of the judges (Fitzherbert) did
not disdain to write on Husbandry. A committee of privy
council, the prototype of our present Board of Agriculture,
was appointed to obtain slatistical accounts of the king-
dom, Anne of Cleves, when transformed by act of Par-
liament from the wife into the sister of Henry, endeavoured _
to forget the slights of the monarch in the cultivation of
vegetables. And it is probable, that some of the kitchen-
gardeners at Chelsea are the descendants of the Flemish
gardeners, whiom her real brother sent over to manage her
garden there.

The reign of Edward the Sixth was distinguished by
the publication of Turner’s New Herbal; in which the
alphabetical arrangement of former authors was still fol-
lowed. ‘Turner was born at Morpeth in Northumberland,
and educated at Cambridge, about 1538. He complains
much of the ignorance of natural history that then pre-
vailed in England, even in the universities. ** Being then,”

14 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

he says, “a student of Pembroke Hall, where I could
learn never one Greke, neither Latin, nor English name,
even among the physicians, of any herbe or tree, such
was the ignorance at that time; and as yet there was no
English Herbal, but one” (the great Herbal just men-
tioned) * all full of unlearned cacographies, and falsely
naming of herbs.” He went into holy orders, and was a
celebrated preacher as well as a physician, and lived for
some time in Germany, where his fondness for botany led
him to have a botanic garden at Weissenberg; and also
in Italy, where he procured the foundation of a public
botanic garden to be attached to the university of Bologna.
-After which he returned to England, and being made
Dean of Wells, divided his time between that place and
his house in Crutched Friars, London. He had a botanic
garden not only at Wells, but also at Kew. His attain-
ments in science were not confined to Botany alone, but
extended to the knowledge of birds and fishes, in which
respects he assisted his friend Gesner in his Historia Ani-
malium, and also paid attention to mineral waters, of
which he published a small tract, annexed to his Herbal ;
to say nothing of his numerous religious books, and his
collation and correction of the Bible.

The complete edition of Turner’s Herbal, which was
originally published in three parts, was printed at Cologne
in 1568, embellished with upwards of 400 figures, which
had been used for the octavo edition of Fuchs; and about
90 new figures, making in all 502. In the Dedication he
mentions his contemporary botanists of England, viz. Dr.
Clement, Dr. Merdy, Owen Wooton, and Mr. Falconer,
who appears to have had a hortus siccus of foreign as well
as Enelish plants. ‘Turner was the introducer of lucerne
into Eneland, by the name of horned clover; and
throughout the whole of his Herbal he appears to have
exhibited uncommon diligence and great erudition, and
fully to deserve the character of an original writer. Our
English herbalists, Gerarde, Johnson, and Parkinson, do
not appear to have been sufficiently just to his merits; but
Ray was very sensible of his worth, styling him a man of
solid erudition and judement.

Botany was also pursued at the same time in Germany
by Tragus, who published in 1552; and in the next year
Dodoens, a Fleming, began to publish his Herbal, which
was the first in which the alphabetical lists of plants were
exchanged for some gross arrangement. In the ‘present

8

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 15

ease, the plants were divided into six books: the first, a
farrago of very dissimilar plants in alphabetical order: the
second, flowers and umbelliferous plants: the third, medi-
cinal roots, purgative plants, climbers, poisonous plants,
ferns, mosses, fungi: the fourth, grain, pulse, grasses, wa-
ter and marsh plants: the fifth, edibles, gourds, esculent
roots, olera, thistles, and spinose plants: the sixth and
last, shrubs and trees. Certes a most confused arrange-
ment, but it showed the value of bringing the history of
plants which resembled each other near together.

Soon after the accession of Elizabeth, Dr. William Bul-
lein published his “‘ Bulwark of Defence against all Sick-
nesse, Suvarnesse, and Woundes that doe daily assaulte
Mankinde.” He was, like Turner, a clergyman as well as
a physician. Notwithstanding his high reputation, he
underwent much prosecution from the brother of Sir
Thomas Hilton, who accused him of murdering that gen-
tleman, who had been the patron of Bullein, and who had
died of a malignant fever.: Although his innocence was
fully manifested, his prosecutor arrested him for a debt due
to the deceased, and flung him into prison, where he wrote

_a great part of his medical writings. In one of the parts
of this collection of his writings he enumerates the virtues
of British simples, partly from preceding writers, and partly
from his own experience. On one point he is very pa-
triotic, and he vindicates the fertility and climate of England
with much ardour.

Contemporary with Turner and Bullein was Dr. Thomas
Penny, who was not only a botanist of repute, but was one
of the first Englishmen who studied entomology. He pub-
lished no works cf his own, but he furnished Gesner,
Clusius, and Camerarius, with many communications re-
lating to English botany; and his papers, which he left
to Turner and Mouffet, formed the basis of the Theatrum
Insectorum of the latter.

Lobel, although a Fleming, passed the greater part of
his life in England, where he was afterwards appointed
botanist to King James the First. He published, con-
jointly with Pena, the first edition of his Adversaria, in.
1570, which afterwards underwent several improvements.
In this work, the arrangement proposed by Dodonzeus
was much improved, and an attempt made to form a na-
tural arrangement in forty-four tribes; at the head of each
of which is given a list of the plants belonging to it. He
begins with the grasses, of which he describes a number of

16 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

new species: to each species he adds the Greek, German,
Dutch, French, and English name; the description, whieh
is frequently obscure and insufficient; the time of flower-
ing, and the places in England where some of the rarer
plants are to be found. To these are annexed figures. As
Lobel had carefully studied the ancients, and had spent
much time in practical botany, exploring Franee, Switzer-
land, part of Germany and Italy, and various parts of
England, the Adversaria is a work of much merit, and
abounds with a deal of curious information. In 1576 he
published “ Observationes, sive Stirpium Historie, cui
annexum est Adversariorum Volumen,” with 1486 figures.
Some additions were afterwards made to these figures, and
they were printed separately in music quarto, with an index
in seven languages, which rendered them a popular book «
for many years. Lobel mentions several English botanists,
as Edward Saint Loo, Esq. of Somersetshire ; Mr. Nas-
myth, a surgeon; Mr. De Franqueville, a merchant, par-
ticularly fond of flowers; Mr» Hugh Morgan, apothecary
to Queen Elizabeth ; and Mr. Wm. Coys, of Essex. Alk
the three last had good gardens; that of Mr. Coys was
well stored with exotic plants; and under his care, in 1604,
the yucca first flowered in England. Lobel’s daughter
married a Mr. James Coel, of Highgate, and, from the
frequent mention that Lobel makes of that place in his
last work, the “ Illustrationes,” it is probable that he
spent the evening of his life with his son-in-law.

Hitherto only the appearance of plants, as they appeared
to 2 common observer, or their uses, or some equally un-
scientific arrangement, had been followed, but, in 1583,
Czesalpinus, an Italian physician, published his book De
Plantis, in which he laid down the basis of a philosophical
division of them, according to their fruit and seed, and
which has been since extended and corrected by Ray,
Hermann, Boerhaave, and Gertner. This system of Cz-
salpinus, although the first scientific one, is still valuable,
and merits attention. A few years after the publication
of Cesalpinus’s work, namely in 1597, was published the
first edition of Gerarde’s Herbal. This work is in the
main a translation of Dodoneus. Gerarde, although the
Master of the Chirurgeons’ Company, was not sufficiently
versed in Latin to make this translation himself, and-
thereof altered a manuscript translation of one Dr. Priest,
which the latter had intended to publish, but died before
he accomplished his purpose; and his papers falling inte

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 17

the hands of Gerarde, they were transposed from Dodo-
nzus’s arrangement of his subject into that of Lobell, and
published by Gerarde without any acknowledgement of
Dr. Priest’s labour in the translation; indeed he speaks
in his Preface of Dr. Priest’s translation as having perished,
although both Lobell and Johnson affirm that he used it
himself with no other alteration than the above-mentioned
change of order in disposing the chapters, and some addi-
tions. For the embellishment of the work, the publisher
procured from the Continent the wood-blocks that had
been used in the printing of Dodonzus, Lobell, and Clusius.
Lobell was extremely angry at Gerarde having adopted
his method, at which we may be surprised, since it un-
doubtedly may be considered at this time of day as an
acknowledgement of his superiority over the order, if order
it can be called, of Dodonezus; perhaps the real cause
of Lobell’s anger was, that Gerarde’s work being in
English, had a preferable sale to that of his own works in
Latin, and might thus injure his purse, however the com-
plaisance of Gerarde might flatter his self-love.

The reign of James the First seems not to have been
favourable to botanical studies, as no works of any con-
sequence were published in his reign in England; but Basil
Besler, an apothecary at Norimberg, published the Hor-
- tus Eystettensis, or account of the plants im the bishop’s
garden there, with 1083 figures on copper, digested ac-
cording to the order of their flowering; a superb work for
the time. And in 1623 Caspar Bauhin, professor of ana-
tomy and medicine at Basil, published his invaluable Pinax,
the labour of forty years, in which he collected the various
names which all’ the preceding authors had given to the
then known plants; so that this work has ever since formed
a repertory, by which, on knowing the name, that any
one old author has given to a plant, we are enabled, with-
out any trouble, to discover it in the works of other writers ;
and this book is of course indispensable in a botanical li-
brary of any extent.

Two authors distinguish the unfortunate reign of the
first Charles, namely, Johnson and Parkinson. Johnson
was a physician, but, during the civil wars, he became a
lieutenant-colonel on the king’s side, and died of the
wounds he received in a saliy from Basing-house. His
first botanical publication was the “ Iter Cantianum, or a
Journey into Kent in Search of Plants.” Then followed
his list of the plants growing upon Hampstead Heath,

VOL, I. c

18 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

which has ever been one of the favourite resorts of the
London botanists. His great work was a new edition of
Gerarde’s Herbal, with numerous additional articles, by
which it included in all 2850 plants, with 2730 figures.
As this work included foreign plants as well as native ones,
he published, in the next year, his “ Mercurius Botani-
cus,” which exhibited a list of the plants he found ina
botanical excursion to the west of England; so that he
was the first author who began to distinguish the native
plants from the others.

Parkinson published his ‘* Paradisus,” or Flower and
Fruit Garden, in 1629, a work which shows, that at this
time the gardens of our forefathers were far better stocked
than we imagine. His profession of an apothecary, or, as
it is now called, that of a chemist and druggist, taking up
much of his time, and the time necessary for cutting a new
set of figures, delayed the publication of his general his-
tory, or Theatre of Plants, which is more extensive than
those of Gerarde or Johnson, as it contains 3800 plants,
with 2786 figures. The descriptions are new, and the
whole has a true botanical cast, whereas both Gerarde and
Johnson were intended more for mere medical use.
_ The reign of the second Charles was extremely favour-
able to the knowledge of plants. Gardening and planting
were in high vogue, and among the authors in this depart-
ment Evelyn stands pre-eminent: in 1658 he published his
French Gardener; in 1664 his Sylva, or Treatise on
Forest-trees, to which his Kalendarium Hortense, the first
specimen of this kind, was annexed as an appendix; and
in a fourth edition he also added Pomona, or a Treatise on
Fruit-trees; in 1675 his Terra, or a Philosophical Dis-
course on Earth. But this reign is still more remarkable
for the attention paid to British botany. In 1650 Dr. How
made the first attempt to give, in his Phytologia, a com-
plete list of the British plants, of which he enumerated
1220. A still larger list was afterwards given by Dr. Mer-
rett, in his Pinax, published in 1667;. a very useful work,
which included not only 1400 British plants, but also
mentioned the animals and minerals then known to be
produced in these islands. Three years. afterwards the
celebrated Ray, who had already entered upon his career
of natural history, by publishing, in 1660, his Catalogus
Plantarum circa Cantabrigiam nascentium, extended his~
Catalogue to a general one of the British islands, and
enumerated only 1050 species, rejecting many of those

8

>

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY: 19

mentioned by How and Merrett, as being either mere va-
rieties, or foreign plants, unjustly called British.

Ray gave a new character to botany, and by his illus-
trating every part of natural history, has left behind him
a series of works which kas rendered his name equally dur-
able with the science and the Latin language. He merits
therefore peculiar notice, particularly as his life shows that
riches are not necessary to acquire the highest honours in
science, since his own origin was of the most, humble de-
scription. He was born in 1628 at Black Notley, near
Braintree in Essex, where his father was a blacksmith, and,
as usual in the country, probably a farrier. Being in-
structed in Latin in the grammar-school of Braintree, he
went to Cambridge when 16 years of age. At 21 he was
there chosen minor-fellow of Trinity College; at 23 was
made Greek lecturer; at 25 mathematical lecturer; and at
27 humanity reader. These early appointments show the
epiuon his fellow-collegians entertained of his abilities.
No establishment for the study of natural history was then
formed at Cambridge, although Oxford already possessed
a botanic garden. Mr. Ray, therefore, collected a few of
his associates, and formed a small society for this purpose.
In December, 1660, being then $2, he entered the church ;
but in September, 1662, on refusing to subscribe an opi-
nion, that an act of parliament could render an oath not
binding upon those who had taken it, he was superseded
in his college appointments, and deprived of all hope of
church preferment. One of his fellow-students, Mr. Wil-
loughby, took him several journeys, engaged him as tutor
to his children, and upon his death left his MSS. upon
birds and fishes, as also his two sons to his care, with an
antiuity of 60/.a year. ‘The small patrimony he received
from his father he settled, at his marriage, upon his wife,
by whom he had four daughters, three of whom survived
him. He died 17th January, 1706, at his native place
(to which he retired some years after Mr. Willoughby’s
death), in the same humble state as he began life.

Besides his two catalogues already mentioned, he pub-
lished at different times,

A Catalogue of Plants observed in his travels.

A new Method of Plants.

A History of Plants, in three large volumes, folio, in
which upwards of 17,000 plants are enumerated, and the
@reatest part-accurately described, -

C2

20 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

A Methodical Synopsis of British Plants, of which he
gave himself two editions, and a third was published after
his death by Dr. Dillenius.

An emendated Method of Plants, concerning which I
shall hereafter speak more at large. .

A controversial tract respecting the two contemporary
systems of Rivinns and ‘Tournefort.

A Synopsis of Quadrupeds and Serpents.

A Method of Insects. ‘ |

These works are all in Latin, by which means they are
unfortunately Jess known in their own country than they
are on the Continent: and to this list may be added,

The editing of Willoughby’s History of Birds, in Latin;
and also translating and publishing it in English. —

The editing of Willoughby’s History of Fishes, in
Latin.

He left in manuscript an unfinished Historia Insecto-
rum, which was published by Dr. Derham, who, after a
long trouble, succeeded in obtaining from the bookseller
in whose hands they had been lodged, Ray’s Synopsis
Avium, and his Synopsis Piscium; both which Derham
published. ‘To this list might be added several philological,
moral, and theological works; a volume of ‘Travels, and two
volumes of his Correspondence, which Derham and Scott
have given to the world: but enough has been said to
prove his indefatigable industry.

To prosecute the history of botany since the time of
Ray, in the same ample manner as I have dwelt upon
the infancy of it, which is always the most interesting por-
tion of the history of any science, would take up too
much time. The remainder, therefore, can only be sketched
by a hasty outline.

In 1677 Dr. Plott gave the first natural history of a
small local district, by publishing his Oxfordshire, which
was succeeded two years afterwards by his Staffordshire:
these still remain very favourable specimens of this species
of literature, and have not been exceeded. ~

Sir Hans Sloane, Petiver apothecary to the Charter-
House, and the elder Martyn Professor of Botany at
Cambridge, were the principal disciples of Ray in this
country. The French botanists mostly followed Tourne-
fort, and the Germans Rivinus, or some of the modifica-
tions of his systematic arrangement, until a new adventurer
appeared in the world of science, who was destined to effect -

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 21
a great change in botany, and who disputed the palm of
victory with the celebrated Haller. What man, either of
letters or science, has not heard of Haller? In poetry,
devotion, anatomy, physiology, botany, literary history, he
had few equals, perhaps no superior.. In respect to botany,
he was a follower of Ray, upon whom he bestows the
highest praise, and attempted to render his arrangement
still more natural than it is, using the simpler method of
Ruppius as a finder, in consequence of the abstruseness of
his own system. Unfortunately his labours were confined
to the plants of Switzerland, while his competitor embraced
the whole extent of nature, and each edition of his Cata-
logue was printed upon an expensive scale, in two elegant
folio volumes, which rendered their circulation very con-
fined, while his edition of Ruppius did not display the cha-
racters of the genera: otherwise the superiority of his own
system, and the easiness of Ruppius’s as an auxiliary,
would have smothered the Linnean botany in its birth.

Hitherto the names of plants had remained nearly sta-
tionary, and if any alteration was attempted the name
quoted by Caspar Bauhin, in his Pinax, was annexed as the
common repertory of botanists. ‘The uses also of plants
had never been neglected. Another point was to use the
words of the language, whether of the Latin or the vulgar
tongue, in their usual signification. ‘To these Ray had
added a fourth, namely that to excite inquiry, he gave
lists of such plants as were only imperfectly known to him.

Linnzus violated these old rules by degrees, as his sys-
tematic arrangement of plants became more and more in
use. He changed the names of plants with the utmost
unconcern; he neglected almost entirely the detail of the
uses; and as to the language, he scrupled not to change
the terms used in describing plants, and to affix new signi-
fications to well-known words. Another peculiarity in
Linneeus’s writings is, that he does not give any lists of
these natural substances of which he had only an imperfect
knowledge; so that a person is apt to suppose them more
perfect than they really are.

Let it not however be thought, that some very great im-
provements were not introduced by him, particularly in
the typographical execution of his works. His taking the
characters of the families, from the same parts, although
carried by him to excess, as being extended to the whole
grand division, now called phenogamous plants, instead of
being changed in each class according to circumstances, is

22 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

a great improvement. His distinction of the species beng
formed from characters visible in the plants themselves,
instead of the place where found, their size compared with
others, or their use, is a still greater improvement. If we
compare his manner of printing the synoptic tables of
the genera, prefixed to each class, with the tables of Ray,
or Knaut, the superiority of his method will be evident.
The same superiority exists in the manner of printing the
few descriptions he has published. By always observing
the same order in treating of the several parts, breaking
the description into short paragraphs, and using a different
type for the leading word of the several divisions of a
paragraph, the eye of a person accustomed to bis works
glances immediately to the information that is required.

These real improvements, added to the industry which
he manifested in publishing the successive improvements
of his system, and the cheapness of his works, in, which
the expense of figures was avoided, brought ‘his system
into vogue, particularly in Germany and England, it being
a striking feature in the national characters of their inha-
bitants to prefer the works of foreigners to those of their
countrymen.

In France, however, although he was followed by many,
yet the greater national pride prevalent there forbade them
to discard their own ‘Tournefort to oblivion. Linnzeus had
pronounced the discovery of the natural arrangement of
plants, as attempted by Ray, to be nearly hopeless; but the
French botanists did not so easily despair; Adanson, Ber-
nard Jussieu, his nephew Anthony Jussieu the present
professor at Paris, Lamarcke, and still more lately De
Candolle, the present professor at Geneva, have again at-
tempted this task, and have certainly carried it ta.‘a degree
of perfection, as may be seen in this work, in which the
plants of the British islands are arranged according to the
latest improvements of these celebrated botanists.

The authors since Ray may seem, perhaps, to be passed
over in too rapid a manner; but when we consider, that
since his time the uses of vegetables have been almost en-
tirely neglected, and that the Linnean school has princi-
pally supplied us with authors who have new arranged,
and new named old things; so that they have plunged us
again into the same chaos, from which we were rescued by
C. Bauhin in his Pinax, the notice taken of these name-
setters and rangers, as Hooke would emphatically call
them, is fully sufficient for their merit. A few demand

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 93

our thanks, particularly those who have investigated the
imperfect or cryptogamous plants, as Micheli, the liver-
worts and fungi; Persoon, Link, and Esenbeck, the fungi;
Dillenius and Hedwig, the mosses; Gertner, the fruit of
plants. Of living British authors I purposely abstain from
any mention, or I would bestow the proper meed of praise
upon R. Brown, R.A. Salisbury, Goodenough, Dillwyn,
Turner, and many other successful investigators of nature.

- Having thus brought the history of botany to the pre-
sent time, the following chronological epitome will exhibit
a clear view of its progress since the invention of printing,
and also a succinct list of the principal authors, and parti-
cularly of those relative to English Botany, or the esta-
blishment of the natural system, in the order of their
publication.

Epwarp IV.

1468. Pliny first printed. flee :
1471. Crescentius. Opus ruralium Commodorum. First
- dated edition. :

1475. Buch der Natur printed. First wood-cuts of natural

history.
1477. Pemilice MaboO De Virtutibus Herbarum. Printed,
1478. Dioscorides translated and printed.
1483. Theophrastus translated and printed.

Epw. V. and Ricu. III.
1484. Herbarium, published at Mentz.

Hewry VIL.

1485. Printing introduced into England by Caxton.
Cuba? Ortus Sanitatis.

Henry VIII.

1516. Great Herbal. Latin names alphabetical. The first

4 English herbal.

1528. Lucius Apulejus. De Virtutibus Herbarum. Printed
with Galen’s works.

1530. Brunsfels. Herbarium. Restores practical Botany in
Europe.

1534. Judge Fitzherbert. Husbandry.

1535. Valerius Cordus. Dispensatorium. First pharma-
copaeia.

1541. Gesner. Historia Plantarum. Proposes genera by

» the fructification.

1605.

1611.
1612.

1616.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Fuchs. Historia Plantarum. 516 fig. outlines only,
but beautiful.
Epwarp VI.

Matthiolus. Commentarii in Dioscoridem.

. Turner. New Herbal.

Tragus. De Stirpibus. 567 figures.
Serapio. De Simplicium Historia. Printed.
Dodoens. Frugum Historia. :

ELIZABETH.

Miraldi. Secretorum Enchiridion.

Bulleyn. Castle of Defense against Sicknesse.

Dr. Penny, first British entomologist.

Turner. Herbal. Completed, with figures from
the small editions of Fuchs.

Lobel and Pena. Adversaria. The first arrange-
ment of plants.

Lyte. Herbal. A translation of Dodonzus. 1050
plants.

Dodoens. Herbal, completed and all the parts -
published together with 1305 figures.

Cesalpinus. De Plantis. The first strict logical
system.

Newton. Herbal to the Bible.

Tabernemontanus. Kreeuterbuch, begun.

. Columna. Phytobasanos.

Mountain. Gardeners’ Labyrinth. The first Eng-
lish book on Gardening ?

Gerarde. Herbal.

Imperati. Historia Naturalis.

Schwenckfeld. Stirpium, &c. Silesie Catalogus.
The first Flora of any country.

Clusius. Rariorum Plantarum Historia. This au-
thor is highly esteemed for ihe purity of his Latin.

JAMEs I.

Clusius. Exoticorum Libri decem.

Lobel. Adversariorum altera pars.

Clusius. Cure posteriores. /

Besler. Hortus Eystettensis. 1083 figures on cop-
per. The first superb work in botany.

Columna. Ecphrasis.

C. Bauhin. Prodromus Theatri Botanici, 1st edit.

1623.
1629.

1632.

1633.
1634.

1643.

1648.

1650.

1652.
1655.
1656.

1658.
1659.
1660.

1664.

1665.

1667.

1669.
1670.

1672.
1673.
1675.

~

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 25

C. Bauhin. Pinax Theatri Botanici, Ist edit. An
immense collection of synonyms.

Cuar.es I.-

Johnson. Iter Cantianum. The first account of a
_ herborisation in England. .

Parkinson. Paradisus terrestris. The first catalogue
of common garden plants.

Johnson. Ericetum Hampstediense. The first ca-
talogue of a small botanizing ground.

Gerarde’s Herbal. 2850 plants.

Mercurius Botanicus. The first sepa-
ration of British plants from foreign ones.

Parkinson. ‘Theatre of Botany. 3800 plants, with
new figures, cut in England.

Bobart. Hortus Oxoniensis. The first catalogue of
a British botanic garden. _

Marceraff. Historia Brasiliz.

Cuartes II.

How. Phytologia. 1220 plants. The first attempt
at a complete list of British plants. ©

J. Bauhin. Historia Plantarum.

Culpeper. The English Physician. 1st edition.

Lobel. Stirpium Ilustrationes, a How.

Cole. The Art of Simpling.

Tradescant. Museum. The first catalogue of an
English collection. :

Browne. Hortus Oxoniensis.

Lovell. Pambotanologia. 1st edition.

Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Cantabrigensis. 626

_ plants. The first work by Ray.

Evelyn. Sylva, with Kalendarium Hortense. The
Jirst Gardener’s Calendar.

Turner. British Physician.

Lovell. Pambotanologia. 2d edition.

Merrett. Pinax Rerum Britannicarum. 1400 plants.

Willisell mentioned by Merrett as an active collector.

Morison. Hortus Blesensis.

Ray. Catalogus Plantarum Anglie. 1050 plants.

Grew. Anatomy of vegetables begun.

Morison. Plante umbelliferee. The first monograph.

Ray. Catalogus Stirpium externarum.

Malpighi. Anatome Plantarum.

1682.

1684.
1685.

1686.
1688.

1689.
1690.

1691.

1692.
1693.

1694.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

. Plot. Oxfordshire. The first natural history of an

English county.

Van Rheede. Hortus Malabaricus begun.

Plot. Staffordshire.

Kvelyn. ‘Terra.

Morison. Historia Plantarum. Tom. i. The first
general history in a systematic order, and with
copper-plate figures. Note, The first volume on
trees still in manuscript.

Wheeler’s Journey into Greece. An attempt to in-
vestigate the plants of the ancients in their native
soil.

Ray. Methodus nova Plantarum.

Dr. Tancred Robinson mentioned by Ray.

Sibbald. Scotland.

Glen. A herbarium of 600 plants, with this date, men-
tioned by Dr. Pulteney as being still in existence.
Abercrombie. Ars explorandi medicas Plantarum

Facultates ex solo Sapore.

James IT.

Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. i.

Knaut. Plante Hallenses.

Ray. Historia Plantarum. Tom. i. 16,000 planis
in systematic order.

Fasciculus Stirpium post Catalogum observa-

tarum.

Wiuram III.

Magnol. + Prodromus Historie Plantarum.

Ray. Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum. First
edition. 1050 plants.

Doody and Lawson mentioned by Ray.

Rivinus. Introductio in Rem herbariam.

—- Plante monopetale irregulares.

—- Plante tetrapetalee irregulares.

Plukenet. Phytographia.

Glen. 4 herbarium of 660 plants, with this date,
mentioned by Dr. Pulteney as still remaining.

Petiver. Museum.

Ray. Synopsis Quadrupedum.

Dale. -Pharmacologia. First edition.

Sherard, now known.

Tournefort. Elemens de la Botanique.

Peachy. Compleat Herbal.

1696.

1699.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 27

Ray Synopsis. Second edition.

_ Sloane. Catalogus Plantarum Jamaice..
Plukenet. Almagestum.

Morison. Historia. Tom. iii. a Bobart.

_ Rivinus. Plante pentapetale irregulares. |

1700.

1702.
1703.

1704.
1705.

1707.
1708.

1709.
1710.

Lihwyd. Lithophylacium Britannicum.
Plukenet. Almagesti Mantissa.
Leigh. Lancashire,

ANNE.

Petiver. Gazophylacium.

Ray. Methodus emendata.

Plumier. Nova Genera Plantarum.

Ray. Historia Plantarum. 'Tom. iii. 11,300 plants:

Plukenet.. Amaltheum.

Plumier, Fougeres de ? Amerique.

Sloane. Hi istory of Jamaica.

Lecaan. Advice to the Army, on the Sodriish and
Portuguese plants.

Robinson. Westmoreland.

Nay. Historia Insectorum.

Dr. Richardon, Mr. Brewer, and Mr. eee, men=
tioned by Ray.

Johren. Hodegus Botanicus. The Pe. Bmp! « at
an anal ytical : method of plants.

Boerhaave. Index Plantarum Lugduno-Batavorum.

. Salmon. Botanologia, or English Herbal.

- Morton. Northa amptonshire.

. Ray. Synopsis Avium et Piscium.

Petiver. Figures to Ray’s British Plants.

Bradley, now ) known.

Georce J.

. Knaut (Filius). Methodus Plantarum Genuina.

Bradley. Succulent Plants.

. Tournefort. | Institutiones, a Jussieu.

. Ruppius. Flora Jenensis. First edition.
Bla. Botanick Essays.

. Scheuchzer. Agrostographia Helvetica.

Dillenius. Catalogus Plantarum circa Gissam.

. Magnol. Novus Caracter Plantarum. Contains

a calycine method.

. Knowles. Materia Medica Botanica, im Latin

VETSES»

28 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

1723. Blair. Pharmaco-botanologia. Begun.
1724. Ray. Synopsis. Third edition. A Dillenio.
1725. Sloane. Jamaica. Vol. ii.

Douglas. Amaryllis, or Guernsey Lily.
1726. Martyn. Plante officinales.

Ruppius. Hora Jenensis aucta.

GeonrceE II.
1727. Threlkeld. Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum.

Boerhaave. Historia Plantarum in Horto Lug-
duno-Bativorum.
Martyn. Methodus Plantarum Cantabrigensium.
Hales. Vegetable Statics.
1728. Knowlton and Miller begun to be known.
Bradley. Dictionarium Botanicum.
Kempter. History of Japan, translated.

1729. Micheli. Nova Plantarum Genera. ‘

1730. Hebenstreit. Definitiones Plantarum. The genera
of Rivinus.

Catesby. Carolina.
Miller. Gardeners’ Dictionary. First edition.

1732. Dillenius. Hortus Elthamensis.

Tournefort. History of Plants, translated by Mar-
tyn.
Tanieus. Florula Lapponica.
1735. ————— Systema Nature. First edition.
1736. ————- Came to England.
—— Fundamenta Botanica.
Bibliotheca Botanica.
—§|—— Musa Cliffortiana.
1737. ————_ Flora Lapponica. First edition.
——— Genera Plantarum. First edition.
Critica Botanica.
——— Hortus Cliffortianus.
Blackstone. Harefield Plants.
Dale. Pharmacologia. Second edition.
Blackwell. Herbal.
Ludwig. Definitiones Plantarum. First edition.

1738. Deering. Nottingham Plants.

1740. Van Royen. Flore Leydensis Prodromus. Con-
tains his System, and is said to have been written
by Linneus.

174]. Dillenius. Historia Muscorum.

Linneus made Professor at Upsal.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 29

1742. Haller Enumeratio Stirpium Helveticarum.

1744. Wilson. Synopsis of British Plants. Vol. i. 4
translation of Ray’s Synopsis, slightly altered from
Tournefort.

1745. Linneus. Flora Suecica.

‘Needham. Microscopical Discoveries.
Parsons. Theatre of Seeds.
Ruppius. Flora Jenensis, a Hallero.

1746. Blackstone. Specimen Botanicum. Contains the
habitats of rare Britisn plants.

1747. Short. Medicina Britannica.

1748. Heister. Systema Plantarum. A near approach to
the present natural system; but the trees separated
from the herbs.

1749. Linneus. Materia Medica. First edition.

Ameenitates Academice. First edition

begun.
1750. Ehret and Trew. Centurie. Begun.
Hughes. Barbadoes.
1751. Fulham-garden very full of plants.
Linneus. Philosophia Botanica. First edition.
Forster. Flora Americe Septentrionalis.
Sauvages. Methodus Foliorum.
1752. Sir Hans Sloane died.
Newton. Compleat Herbal.

1753. Linnzus. Species Plantarum. First edition.
Alston. T'yrocinium.

1755. Miller. Figures to his Dictionary. Begun.
Ellis. History of the Corallines.

1756. Browne. Jamaica.
Sheldrake. Herbal. —

1757. Kniphoff. Herbarium vivum. Begun and carried
on to 12 centuries. First publication of dried
specimens.

1758. Borlase. Cornwall.

1759. Stillingfleet. Miscellaneous tracts.

B. Jussieu arranges the garden at Trianon. Founda-
tion of the present natural system.

Georce III.

1760. Solander to England.
Lee. Introduction to Botany. First edition.
Flora Danica. Begun by Oeder.

1761. Scheeffer. Fungi. Begun.

30

1762.
1763.
1764.

1766.
1767.

1768.

1 769.

1770.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Hudson. Flora Anglica. First edition. -

Martyn. Herbationes Cantabrigenses.

Lyons. Plante Cantabrigenses.

Adanson. Familles des Plantes. 4
Oeder. Elementa Botanica.

Berkenhout. Botanical Lexicon.

Crantz. Institutiones Rei Herbarie.

Catesby. Hortus Europse Americanus.

Present taste of planting.

Gmelin. Historia Fucorum.

Hill. Hortus Kewensis. tags
Haller. Historia Stirpium Helveticarum.

ae.

‘Miller. Gardener’s Dictionary, sth edition, altered

to the Linnean system.
Wallis. Northumberland.
Haller. _Nomenclator Stirpium Helveticarum.
Plukenet. Opera. ;
Hill. Herbarium Britannicum.
Alston. Materia Medica.
Berkenhout. Outlines. Vol.ii. Vegetables. |
Weis. Plante cryptogamice Gottingensis.
Milne. Botanical Dictionary.

. Necker. Methodus Muscorum.

Weston. Universal Botanist.
Warner. Woodford Plants.
Milne. Institutes of Botany.

. Cook’s Second Voyage began.

Haller. Bibliotheca Botanica.

. Cullum. Specimen Flore Anglice. Left imperfect.

Curtis. London plants.

Hill. Vegetable System. The largest work on bo-
tany, 26 vols. folio ; left unfinished in 1775.

Forskahl. Flora A¢eyptiaco- Arabica.

Weston. English Flora.

Jenkinson. British Plants.

Rose. Elements of Botany.

Builiard. Flora Parisiensis. Begun.

Cook’s Third, or last Voyage, begun.

Withering. Botanical Arrangement. First edition.

. Curtis. Flora Lofidinensis. Begun.

Linneus’s System of Botany illustrated.
Lightfoot. I'lora Scotica.. Begun.
Robson. British Flora.

Jacob. Feversham Plants.

1778.

1779.

1780.

1781.

1782.

1783.

1784.

1785.

1787.

1788.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY: 31

Boutcher. Forest-trees. .

Hudson. Flora Anglica. Second edition.

Lamarck. Flore Francoise. First edition.

Walcot. Flora Britannica.

Giseke. Index Linneanus in Plukenetum et Dil-
lenium.

Bulliard. Herbier dela France. Begun.

Weston. Supplement to English Flora.
Lestiboudois. Botanographie Belgique. First edi-
tion. Recommended ly y De Candolle to students.

Linneus Filius. Supplementum Plantarum.

Methodus Muscorum illustrata.

Pulteney. Review of Linnzus’s Writings.

Bergius. Materia Medica ex Regno vegetabili.

Broughton. Enchiridion.

Batsch. Elenchus Fungorum. Begun.

Lamarck. Encyclopedie Methodique, Botanique.
Begun.

Bulliard. Plantes veneneuses.

Forster. Additions to Warner’s Waadtord Plants.

Hoffmann. Enumeratio Lichenum.

VHeritier. Stirpes nove. Begun.

Pallas. Flora Rossica.. Begun.

Jones. Religious Use of Botanical Philosophy.

Bolton. Filices Britannicz. Begun.

Rosseau. Letters on Botany, translated by Martyn.

Cavanilles. _Monadelphia. Begun.

Dickson. Plantze cryptogamic Bri itannicee. Beeun.

Hoffmann. Historia Salicum.

Relham. Flora Cantabrigensis. Begun.

Curtis. Botanical Magazine. Begun.

R.W.D. Principia Botanica, Newark.

Happe. Botanica Pharmaceutica. Begun.

Withering. Botanical Arrangement. Second edi-
tion by Stokes.

Hedwig. Descriptio Muscorum frondosorum.
Begun.

Hoffmann. Vegetabilia cryptogamica. Begun.

Linneus. Families of Plants, translated by the
Litchfield Society.

L’Heritier. Geranologia. Begun.

Bolton. Funguses about Halifax. Begun.

Gertner. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum.
Tom. i.

~ Roth. Flora Germanica. Beeun.

32 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

1789. Cullen. ‘ Materia Medica.
Smith. Icones Plantarum.

Jussieu. Genera Plantarum, secundum Ordines

naturales.
Aiton. Hortus Kewensis. ‘First edition.
Leers. Flora Herborniensis.
Donovan. On the minute Parts of Plants.

1790. Pulteney. Progress of Botany in England.
Bolton. Filices Britannice. Part ii.
Curtis. Brompton Garden. First edition.
Sowerby and Smith. English Botany. Begun.
Allen. Exotic Plants at Kew. Begun.
Swayne. Gramina pascua.

Donovan. Botanical Review.
Lamarck. Illustrations des Genres. Begun.
Loureiro. Flora Cochin-chinensis.

Necker. Elementa Botanica.

Tode. Fungi Mecklenburgenses.
Woodville. Medical Botany. Begun.

1791. Cavanilles. Plante Hispanicee. Begun.
Transactions of the Linnean Society. Begun.
Darwin. Botanic Garden.

R. A. Salisbury. Icones Stirpium.

Gertner. De Fructibus, &c. Plantarum. Tom. ii.

Schkuhr. Botanisches Handbuch. Begun.
1792. Linneus. Ordines naturales, a Giseke.
Collectio Epistolarum.
Martyn. Flora Rustica. Begun.
Saunders. Introduction to Botany.
‘frattinick. Flora Austriacee sicca. Begun.
1793. Coyte. Ipswich Garden. ;

Milne and Gordon. Indigenous Botany. Left am-

perfect.
Martyn. Language of Botany.
Murray. Apparatus Medicaminum.
Paulet. ‘Traite de Champignons.
Rousseau. Lettres sur la Botanique.
1794. Goodenough. British Species of Carex.
Haworth. Mesembryanthemum,
Meyrick. Miscellaneous Botany.
Sibthorp. Flora Oxonienses.
Wade. Plantse Dublinenses.
1795. Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. i.
Stackhouse. Nereis Britannica.
Velley. Marine Plants of England.

1796.

1797.

1798.

1799.

i800.

1801.

1802.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Oo

Donn. Hortus Cantabrigiensis. First edition.

Withering. Botanical Arrangement. $d edit. 4 vols.

Gmelin. Systema Nature. A

Martyn. Language of Botany.

Persoon. Observationes mycologice.

R. A. Salisbury. Prodromus Horti Chapel Allerton.

Sowerby. Fungi. Begun.

Bridel. Muscologia. ‘Part [ i

Freeman. Gelber: British Plants. No. I.

Andrews. Botanists’ Repository. Begun.

Lambert. Genus Cinchona.-

Miller. Gardeners’ Dictionary, by Martyn. Begun.

Persoon. ‘Tentamen Dispositionis Fungorum.

Roth. Catalecta Botanica. Begun.

Willdenow. Species Plantarum, Begun.

Abbot. Flora Bedfordiensis.

Sole. Menthe Britannice.

Dryander. Catalogue of Sir Joseph Hosits Library.

Acharius. Lichenographize Suecice Pr pleas.

Bulliard. Champignons de la France.

Symons. Synopsis Plantarum Britannicarum.

Thompson. Botany displayed.

Roxburgh. Coromandel Plants. Vol. ii.

Ruir and Pavon. Flora Peruviana et Chilensis.
Begun.

Bas Botanical Magazine. Begun.

Hull. British Flora. First edition.

Lady C. Murray. British Garden.

Hunter. Analogy between vegetable and animal
Parturition.

St. Pierre. Etudes de la Nature.

Hull. Elements of Botany.

Smith. Flora Britannica. Tom.i. et i.

Compendium. First edition.

Forster. Plants about Tunbridge Wells.

Hedwig. Species Muscorum, a “Schweegrichen.

Persoon. Synopsis Fungorum.

Dillwyn. British Conferve. Begun.

Redoute. Les Liliacées. Begun.

Schkuhr. Carex.

Trattinick. Genera Plantarum Methodo naturali
disposita.

Turner. Synopsis of British Fuci.

Historia Fucorum. Begun.

VOL. I, “wy

1803.

- Haworth. Miscellanea naturalia.

1804.

1805.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Schkuhr. Manuale Botanicum, a Schweegrichen.
Acharius. Methodus Lichenum.
Dubois. Plantes d’Orleans.

Vaucher. Conferves d’Eau douce.

Kerner. Genera Plantarum Iconibus illustrata.
Begun.

Lambert. Pinus.

Mirbel. Histoire des Plantes, d’apres Jussieu.

Brotero. Flora Lusitanica.

Wade. Plants of Ireland.

Gaudin. Etrennesde Flora. No. I. Carex.

Knox. Gramina Britannica. :

Smith. Flora Britannica. ‘Tom. iii.

Turner. Muscologia Hibernica.

Trattinick. Fungi Austriaci cera expressi.

Thunberg. Flora Japonica.

Rudge. Icones Plantarum Guianz. Begun.

Winch. Botanists’ Guide through Northumber-
Jand and Durham. Vol.i.

R.A. Salisbury. Paradisus Londinensis. : Begun. |

1806.

Turner and Weston. Botanists’ Guide through
England. | :

Persoon. Synopsis Plantarum. The most numerous.
collection of phenogamous species hitherto published.

Sims and Keenig, Annals of Botany. Begun.

Palisot de Beauvois. Aitheogames, seu Musci et
Lycopodia.

De Candolle and Lamarcke. Flore Francoise.

Willdenow. Principles of Botany, translated.

Gertner. Supplementum Carpologie.

Geoffroy de St. Hilaire. Familles Naturelles.

——— Piantes de la France.

Begun.
Ds Sends and Lamarcke.. Synopsis Flore Gal-
ice. . *.
Lois. Flora Gallica.
Sibthorp and Smith. Flora Greca. Begun.
Barbier. Pharmacologia.
Smith. Introduction to Botany.
R. A. Salisbury. The generic Characters in the

English Botany (by Sir J. E. Smith), collated
with those of Linnzeus.

Swartz. Synopsis Filicum.

*1307

1808.

1809.

1810.

1811.

* 1812.

1813.

1814,

1815.

1816.

1817.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. $5

Humboldt. Geographie des Plantes.

— and Bonpland. _ Plantes Equinoxiales.
Begun. !

Galpine. Compend. of British Botany.

Richard. Analyse du Fruit.

White. Indigenous Grasses of Ireland.

Hull. British Flora. Second Edition. Vol. i.

Knight. Horticultural Essays. Begun. Protea.

Bonpland. Melastoma. :

Freeman. British Plants. No. II.

Acharius. _Lichenographia.

Boderd. Cours de Betanique medicale.

Brown. Prodromus Florze N. Hollandize.
‘Mougeot and Nestler. Stirpes cryptogamic Vo-

geso-Rhenane. Begun.

Lejeune. Flore de Spa. Begun.

Persoon. Nove Lichenum Species.

Schweegrichen. Supplementum Muscorum.

Gaudin. Agrostographia Helvetica.

Palisot de Beauvois. Agrostographie.

Haworth. Synopsis Plantarum succulentarum.

Hooker. British Jungermannize. Begun.

De Candolle. ‘Théorie de la Botanique. First.
edition. é

Davis. Welsh Botanology.

Hoskert. Flora Glottiana, z.e. Glasgow Plants.

Hooker. Pomona Londinensis.

Sprengel. Introduction to cryptogamous Plants,
translated.

Tupper. On the Probability of Sensation in Vege-
tables.

Dunal. Solanum. |

Bonpland. Jardin de Malmaison, Begun.

Brown. Botany of Terra Australis.

Knight. Pomona Herefordiensis.

Hooker. Flora Londinensis. Begun.

Mirbel. Elemens de Botanique.

Seringe. Saules de la Suisse.

Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. Nova Plantarum
Genera et Species. Begun.

Keith. System of Physiological Botany.

Forster. Flora Tunbridgensis.

Lamouroux. Polypiers coralligenes flexibles.

Agardh. Synopsis Algarum.

D2

36. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

1817. Purton. Midland Flora
Ordeyno. Flora Nottinghamiensis.
Nees von Esenbeck. Fungi.
Redoute. Les Roses.
1818. Hooker and Taylor. Muscologia Britannica.
De Candolle. Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale.
Begun.
1819. De Coanolt. Theorie de la Botanique. Second
edition.
Richard. Fruits and Seeds, translated by Lindley.
Lingbye. ‘Tentamen Hydrophytologiz: Danice.
Haworth. Appendix to Succulents, &c.
Scot and Jameson. Herbarium Edinense.
Bridel. Supplem. Muscorum recentium.
1820. Lindley. Roses.

3. Explanation of the Terms used in Botany.

PLANTS, VEGETABLES, Plante, vegetabilia ; in compo-
sition—phytos,— Lotanos,— botane.

1. Species.

Tree, Arbor, in composition—dendron. A plant with a
single woody stem, growing at least three times as high as
a man.

Small tree, Arbuscula. A tree which does not grow
above five times as high as a man.

Shrub, Frutex, Arbustum, Fruticulus. A plant with a
woody stem, not growing three times as high as a man,
and branched very near the ground.

Bush, Dumus, Dumetum. A low shrub much branched
at the bottom.

Under shrub, Suffrutex. A woody plant, without buds,
which is not an arm’s length in height.

‘Herb, Herla. A plant with a soft stalk of the same
consistence as leaves, and renewed every year, at Tees the
part above ground.

2. Containing Pace

Elementar y parts, Organa elemeniaria, Partes similares.
Small parts, common to the whole vegetable, and appearing.
to be the erganic elements of which the vegetable is com

posed.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ‘37

Membranous texture, Contextus, Complexus membranaceus.
A tissue of membranes-united together, either cellular or
vascular.

Cellular texture, Compleaus cellulosus, Tela cellulosa, Com-
plexus utricularis. A membranous tissue composed of cells,
which do not communicate with each other, and resemble
soap-suds. Pl. 1. fig. 5. c,d.

Cells, pores, vesicles, bladders, Cellule, Utriculi. The
void spaces in the cellular texture. They vary in respect to
their sides, a, or form, b.

a. 1. Simple cells, Cellule simplices. The sides trans-
parent.

a. 2. Dotted cells, porous cells, Cellule punciate. The
sides have opake dots, like glands, which are probably
pores: Pl. 1. fie 5: eh, 4. x

a. 3. Streaked cells, Cellule lineate. The sides have

transverse streaks, of a glandular appearance, which are
probably slits. Pl. 1. fig. 5. g.h.
. b.1. Regular cells, Cellule regulares, Contextus globu-
laris, Tela vesicularis: Cells exhibit a hexagonal section in
every direction; forming the principal mass of the paren-
chyme. Pl. 1. fig. 5. d.

b. 2. Tubular cells, Cellule elongate. C. tubulose, Tubi
parvi, Utriculi fibrosi, Complexus cellulosus lignosus, Tela
elongata, Tela alveolaria. Long cells, closed at each end;
forming the wood and ribs of plants. Pl. 1. fig. 5. g.

b. 3. Necklace cells, Cellule meniliformes, Cellule preca-
torie, Vasa moniliformia, Vasa precatoria, Vasa vermicularia,
Vasa intercepta. Oval cells, dotted, separated from one
another by partitions, resembling the beads of a necklace;
forming the knots and joints of plants, and their roots.
They are intermediate between cells and vessels, and may
be referred to either. |

Vessels, Vasa, Tuli. Void spaces in the membranous tex-
ture, open at their extremities: they differ in use, as they
convey the sap, a. or other fluids, b. c.

a. Sap vessels, Vasa lymphatica, Lympheductus, Vasa
pneumatica. ‘These are either:

a. 1. Dotted vessels, Vasa punctata, Vasa porosa. Pl. 1.
fig. 5..h. ‘

a. 2. Streaked vessels, Vasa lineata, Trachee spurie,
Vasa fissa, Vasa scalaria, Vasa annularia. hese differ
from cells only by their length.

a. 3. Air vessels, Spiral vessels, asa spiralia, Trachea,
Vasa pneumato-chymifera, Pneumatophora. Tubes com-

38 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

posed of an elastic membrane rolled up like the spring of
a bell into a cylinder, abundant in young shoots; supposed
to convey air. PI. 1. fig. 5.1. ae

a. 4. Mixed vessels, Vasa mixta. Tubes of a mixed
nature, in some parts dotted, in others streaked or spiral.

b. Vasa adducentia spiralia, Vasa chymifera, Vasa hydro-
Ae The spiral thread forming the air vessels; consi-

ered by Hedwig as a distinct species of vessels itself.

c. Proper vessels, Vasa propria, Receptacula sucet proprii.
Cavities dispersed in the cellular texture, closed on all
sides, and filled with some peculiar juice.

c. 1. Bladdery reservoirs, Receptacula vesiculosa, Glan-
dule vesiculares. Spherical bladders, usually contain essen-
tial oils, dispersed in the parenchyme of the leaves, or
‘bark. .Myrtus communis, Citrus Aurantium.

c.2. Blind reservoirs, Receptacula ceeciformia, Vitte.
Short tubes, filled with essential oils, as in the bark of the
seeds of umbelliferous plants.

c. 3. Milk vessels, Turpentine vessels, Receptacula tu-
bulosa, Vasa propria solitaria. Single tubes in the cellular
texture, filled with a milky, or turpentine juice.

c. 4. Fascicular reservoirs, Receptacula fascicularia, Vasa
propria fascicularia. Bundles of small parallel tubular
cells, filled with a peculiar juice; as in the bark of apo-
cinez.

c. 5. Accidental reservoirs, Receptacula’ accidentalia.
Accidental cavities, into which the juices formed in other
parts has filtrated: in the coniferze the turpentine frequently
bursts its own vessels, and penetrates the pith and sap-
vessels.

Tubular openings. Open spaces of the pith, Lacune,
Cavitates aéree, Vasa pneumaiica, Receptacula aérea acci-
dentalia. Cavities filled with air, frequently found in the
cellular texture, formed by rupture or absorption.

1, Irregular, L. trregudares. Found in the middle of the
fleshy parts of plants. Pl. 1. fig. 5. k. | :

2. Vistular, L. fistuiose. Occupy the centre of the stalk,
and render it hollow like a flute. Graminexe. _

3. Regular, L. regulares. Occupy the centre of the stem
of water plants, the cells being disposed in a regular order.
Scirpus.

4. Cellular, L. cellulares. Large cavities, of which the
sides are themselves composed of cellular texture. Spar-
ganium.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 39

Fibre, Fidra. A collection of vessels and tubular cells
fastened together, so that they can be detached from the
surrounding cellular texture in long threads; their princi-
pal use is to direct the flow of the juices. Pl. 1. fig. 5. e.

Nerves, Nervi. Fibres visible on the external surface of
the plant or its leaves.

Fleshy parts, Parenchyma. A pulpy substance, formed
of soft cellular texture; common in leaves and fruits.

Cuticle, Skin, Epiderma, Epidermis, Cuticula. 'The fine
membrane, usually transparent, which covers the whole
surface of the plant.

Vasa exhalantia. The lines separating the fleshy part
from which the cuticle has been removed into hexagonal
spaces.

Articulation, Articulatio, Junctura. A part in which,
ata determinate period, the plant may be separated into
two or more pieces, without much violence.

Joint, Articulus. The interval between two ar ticulations.

Cicatrix, Cicatricula. The mark remaining at the arti-
culation after a joint has been detached.

Knot, Nodus, Geniculum. ‘The swelling of ie texture
of the plant, forming a protuberant ring. “Grasses. Pinks.

Internodium. The space between two knots.

Nodosity, Nodositas. A concretion formed by vegeta-
tion, and occasioning a swelling, or tumour, as in the
leaves of whit are called Junci articulati.

Pores, Port. Very small openings, in the membranous
texture, visible by the microscope.

Insensible pores, Pori inconspicui, Port cellulares. Pores
supposed to exist, although invisible, and to be the organs
of insensible perspiration.

Cortical pores, Port corticales, Stomatia, Glandule corti-
cales, Port elongati, Pori magni, Port evaporatorii, Pori
epidermidis, Glandule miliares, Glandule epidermoidales.
Oval pores, very visible with a lens, on the surface of the
fleshy parts which are above ground: appear to be the
organs of exhalation, and perhaps of the inhalation of
watery vapour, but do not admit the passage of coloured
fluids.

Spongiole. Organs like a sponge, capable of taking up
coloured fluids, although no pores can be observed with
the highest magnifying powers. Lemna, Pandanus, Stig-
mata of flowers.

Glands, Glandule, in composition — aden, — adenos.
Organs for the purpose of secreting peculiar liquids, and _

40 INEFRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

tubercles resembling these organs, although they do not
realiy secrete any liquid.

1. Cellular glands, Glandule cellulares, Glandul@ excre-
toric. Formed of cellular texture without any communi-
cation with vessels. Nectaries of flowers.

2. Vascular glands, Glandule vasculares, Gl. secretori,
Gl. urceolares. Formed of cellular texture, traversed by
vessels, Ovary of the cobza, ‘Tubercles on the petiole of
drupacee.

Hairs, Pili, Villi. Small, tender, hairlike appendages,
composed of one or more cells projecting from the texture
of the plant.

1. Glanduliferous hairs, P2li glandulifert. Supporting
glands on their tip. Cicer arietinum, Croton penicillatum.

2. Excretory hairs, Pili eacretorizi. Placed on glands
serving as excretory ducts. Urtica urens, Malpighia urens.

3. Pili lymphatici. Not connected with any gland; seem
mere organs of evaporation.

Organic parts, Partes organice, Organa composita, Or-
gana. Parts composed of the former; and generally visible.

1. Organs of vegetation, Organa nutritiva. Necessary to
the growth and life of the individual, as the root, stem,
bud, and leaf

2. Organs of reproduction, Organa reproductiva. Ne-
cessary for the reproduction of the individual, or life of
the species, as the flower, fruit, seeds, buds, &é.

Organs of fructification, Organa fructificationis. Organs
of reproduction by means of fecundation; as the. flower,
fruit, seed.

Organs of germination, Organa germinationis. Organs
of reproduction without fecundation ; as germens, gongyli,
propagines, and conidia.

' §, Accessory organs, Organa accessoria. Not found in
all plants, seated upon the other organs, as thorns, prickles,
cirri. .

3. Contained Juices.

Sap, Alimonia, Humor, Lympha. A watery liquid newly
absorbed, and not yet much changed by vegetation.

Cambium. The mucilaginous juice, already changed,
traversing the membranons texture, from which the new
parts are formed ; is perhaps a liquid gum.

Juice, Suécus: Any liquid that can be pressed out of a
plant: they vary in different plants.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 41

Nectar. Juices secreted by glands placed upon the organs
of fructification.

Glaucous bloom, Pollen giaucum. Pruina. A substance
like wax, upon certain leaves and fruits, to preserve them
from moisture.

Milk, Lac. An emulsive liquid, usually white and opake.
, 4, Race.

Primitive, Plante primigenie. Species originally created,
and not formed by crossing from others.

Mule, Aybride. Species not originally created, but
formed by the pollen of one species being absorbed by the
female organ of another species. Veronica hybrida, Pri-

mula cortusoides, Delphinium hybridum, Sorbus hybrida.
5. Consistence.

Spumescent, Plante spumescentes. Like a scum. Spu-
maria Mucilago.

_ Gelatinous, ~ gelatinose. Like jelly. Tremella.

Fungous, fungose. Solid, elastic, soft. Boletus igniarius. —

Corky, suberose. Solid, elastic, hard. Many Fungi.

Fleshy, carnose. Thick, juicy, but firm. Tuber ciba-
rium.

Membranous, memlbranacee, memlranose. In a thin
flake, flexible, rather juicy. Many ulvee and fuci.

Leathery, corzacee. ‘Tough, flexible, rather thick.
Many fuci. ;

Horny, cornee. Dry, hard, compact, flexible, semi-
transparent. _Many fuci.

Crustaceous, crusiacee. Dry, hard, friable, in form of
acrust. Lepraria, Variolaria.

Filamentous, jilamentose. In long, slender threads,
either simple or branched. Conferva.

Her es herbacee. Stem and branches do not form
a solid wood, but perish after a few months’ vegetation,
and are covered with a bark, usually green, of the same
consistence as the leaves.

Woody, lignose. Stem and branches at first weak like
herbs, but form a solid wood, and vegetate for several
years.

Succulent, swcculente. Thick, juicy, with much cellular
texture, and few fibres. Sedum, Sempervivum teciorum.

Milky, Jactescentes. Containing a milky juice. Kuphorbia,
Lactuca virosa, Sonchus.

r.

AZ INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

©
6. Duration.

Once-fruiting, Plante monocarpice. Bearing fruit only
once in their life.

1. Ephemeral, ephemere, fugaces. Lasting only a few
days, or even hours. Tremella, many fungi.

2, Annual, annue. Lasting near a whole summer.
Hordeum. )

3. Biennial, liennes. Producing leaves only the first
year, and flowers and fruit in the succeeding. Verbascum
decurrens, CEnothera biennis.

4. Slow growing, perennes. Being several years before
they flower, and dying soon after. Agave.

Many-fruiting, polycarpice. Bearing fruit several times
during their life. .

_ 1. Perennial, perennes, restibilia, rhixocarpice. Dying
down to the ground every year, and in the following pro-
ducing new flowering stems. Aster.

2. Arborescent, cawlocarpice, fruticose. The stem itself
lasts during the life of the plant. ‘Trees, shrubs.

7. Mode of production.

Seed-bearing, Plante seminifere. Bearing seeds. Most
plants.

Gongyliferous, gongylifere. Bearing gongyles or spores.
Mosses, Algz.
~ Stool-bearing, Stolonifere. ‘Throwing out stools, stolones,
which take root. Pilosella.

Runner-bearing, viticulose. Throwing out runners,
viticule, sarmenia, or fiagella, which take root from space
to space.

Shoot-bearing, surculifere. Throwing out shoots, sur-
culi, from the crown of the root, which may be separated,
and will then produce a new plant. Oliva europea.

Propaculifere. Throwing out a shoot terminating by a
leaf-bud, which, when separated from the original plant,
will grow. Sempervivum. ?

Bulbous, lalbose. Furnished with a bulb, under ground,
Pagiene up leaves anda stem. Lilium, Tulipa, Allium,

epa.

Bulbilliferous, bullillifere, sobolifere. Producing small
bulbs, bulbilli, propagines, bacilli, soboles, sautella, on the
axille of their branches, or leaves, or elsewhere, above
wround, Crinum bulbiferum, Allium.

3

‘

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 43

{| Wild, sylvestres, agrestes. Growing without the assist-
ance of man.
Cultivated, sattve. Sown, or planted by man.

8. Mode of Growth. »

Stemless, Plante acaules. Growing without any stem.
Plantago lanceolata, Bellis perennis.
Stalked, cawlescentes. Growing with a stem. Most
plants.
_, { Outside-growing, exogene. Growing by their bark,
and in arborescent plants depositing layers of-woods in-
ternally.
Inside-growing, endogene. Growing by their summit
ye not increasing in diameter, the outside being the
older.

9. Repetition of flowering.
Once bearing, Plante unifere. Bearing flowers once a
year only. Most plants.
Twice flowering, lifere. Bearing flowers twice a year.

Monthly, multifere. Flowering several times in a year,
as in some roses,

10. Position of certain Parts.

Root-flowering, Plante rhixanthe. 'The flower growing
on the root.

Stem-fruiting, caulocarpe. The fruit growing on the
stem.

Calicostemones. ‘The stamens growing on the calyx.

Gynandrous, gynandre. ‘The stamen growing on the
- pistil.

Calyx-flowering, calyciflore. The corolla growing on
the calyx.

Thalamifiora. The corolla growing on the receptacle.

11. Sex. i

Neuter, Plante neutre, ageniea, azame, gynecie. In
which sexual organs have not been discovered. Fungi,
lichens.

Cryptogamous, crypiogame. The sexual organs difficult
- to be discovered from their small size, their form, or situa-
tion. Mosses. ©

Phenogamous, phenogame. ‘The sexual organs very
distinct and visible. Lily, Rose.

4A, INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

' § Unisexual, unisecuales. Having the organs of one
sex only, on the same root.

Male, mascule, idiogyne. Having the male organs only
on the same roof. ¥

Female, femine. Having the female organs only on the
same root. ;

Bisexual, Lisexuales. Having the organs of both the
sexes on the same root.

Androgynous, androgyne. Having male and female or-
gans on the same root, but not in the same flowers. Morus,
Betula, Pinus, Cucumber.’

Hermaphrodite, hermaphrodite. Having male and fe-
male organs not only on the same root, but also in the
same flowers. The generality of plants.

Polygamous, polygame. Having on the same root some
flowers with the organs of both sexes, and others with those
of only one.

Necessarily polygamous, polygame necessarie. Having
on the same root imperfect hermaphrodite flowers which
are barren from a defect in their female organs, and feniale
flowers which are the only fruitful ones.

Superfiuously polygamous, polygame superflue. Having
on the same root perfect hermaphrodite flowers, and also
fruitful female flowers.

Uselessly polygamous, polygame frustanee. Having on
the same root perfect fruitful, fruitful hermaphrodite flowers,
and imperfect or barren females.

4] Monoicous, monoice. All the roots of the same species
are alike in respect to the sex of the flowers.

Dioicous, diotce. Having in the same species two kinds
of roots, which differ in regard to the sex of their flowers.

Trioicous, ¢rioice. Having in the same species three
kinds of roots, which differ in regard to the sex of their
flowers. Ceratonia, Ficus.

" 12. Cotyledons.

Acotyledon, Piante acotyledonee. Without any coty-
ledons. Fungi, Lichens.

Monocotyledon, monocotyledonee. With only one coty-
ledon. Grasses, Palms, Liliacese, Orchideze.

Dicotyledon, dicotyledonee. With two cotyledons. La-
biatee, Ramunculacese, Cruciferae, Leguminosz. |

Polycotyledon, polycotyledonee. With many cotyledons.
Pinus, Abies, Ceratophyllum. :

INTRODUCTION TO BODANY. — 45

4] Dermoblaste. The cotyledon formed of a membrane
that bursts irregularly. Fungi? |

Nemoblaste. The cotyledon threadshape. Mosses,
Ferns.

Plexeoblaste. The cotyledons come out of the ground
in two lobes, which change to leaves different from the
common leaves.

Geoblasta. The cotyledons remain under ground, Peas,
Grasses.

1. Rhizoblaste. ‘The embrio throws out a root.

2. Arhizoblaste. The embrio has no root. Parasitie

lants.

Spheroblaste. 'The cotyledons do not divide into two
pieces, but come out of the ground like small balls with
fooistalks. Juncus bufonius.

. 13. Surface.

Smooth, Plante leves. Without any ane
Fumaria vulgari is, Adoxa Moschatellina.

Bald, glabre. Without any downiness. Ruscus aucu=
leatus, Opulus palustris.

Polished, /evigate. Bald and smooth. Veronica fonti-~
nalis, ee rubra.

Shining, ducide. Polished and reflecting light like pos
lished eal or a varnished substance. Aram maculatum,
Chenopodium murale.

Rough, aspere. Rubia tinctorum. Galium uncinatum.

Nipply, papulose. Having round protuberances, filled
with a fluid. Mesembryanthemum papulosum.

Glutinous, sticky, glutinos@, viscose, Covered with a
substance sticking to the fingers. yoscyamus niger,
Silene Anglica.

Powdery, pulverulente. Covered with a dust which
comes off easily. Primula farinosa.

Glaucous, glauce. 'The dust with which tee are COs
vered is of a sea-green colour. Chlora perfoliata, Fu-
maria officinalis, Crambe maritima.

Downy, pubescentes. With short, soft hairs, not very
close. Galium verum, Circze ieedtianies Althzea officinalis.

Velvety, velutine. With soft, close, short hairs, of an
equal length. Digitalis purpurea. * :

Hairy, pilose. “With scattered, long, soft hairs. Figo:
scyamus niger, Githago segetum, ie seven Pilosella.

Villous, villose. W ith numerous soft hairs. Veronica
officinalis, Geranium pratense, Lychnis dioica.

2Q

“a /

46 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Silky, sericee. With long, soft, brilliant hairs, lying
flat. Absinthium vulgare. }

Woolly, lanate. With long hair, lying flat, and more
or less clotted, like coarse cloth.

Clothlike, nappy, tomentose. With close hairs, more or
less matted, like fine cloth.

Hispid, hispide, hispidose. With rough hair.

Hispidulous, hispidule. With hair rather rough.

Hirsute, hirsute, hirtuose, hirte. With rough, pricking
hair. Borago officinalis.

Strigose, sérigose. With stiff, long hair, swelled at
their root.

Echinate, echinate, spmellose. With points, spinelle,
stronger, thicker, and harder than hairs. Dipsacus fullo-
num, D. laciniatus.

Prickly, aculeate. With woody points adhering only to
the bark, and easily broke off. Rosa.

Thorny, spinose. With points growing out of the wood
of the plant. Ulex Europzus, Prunus spinosa.

14. Stations.

Land, Plante terrestres, terranee.

Sand, arenarie, salulose. Psamma arenaria, Ulex.

Rock, saxatiles, rupestres, petrose. Sedum.

Gravel, glareose. Aira flexuosa.

Wall, ruderales. On walls and ruins. Chenopodium
murale, Urtica dioica, Parietaria officinalis.

Cavern, cavernarie. In caves and mines. Byssus,
Boletus.

Clay, argillose.

Chalk, cretacee. Hippocrepis comosa, Caucalis dau-
coides, orchideee.

Granitic, granitice.

Slate, schistose.

Limestone, calcaree.
- Garden, hortenses. Lamium amplexicaule, Galium unci-
natum, Alsine media. These are usually called Weeds.

Vineyard, vineales. Aristolochia infesta.

Field, agrestes. Growing in arable land. Chrysanthe-
mum segetum, Githago segetum.

Fallow land, arvenses. Growing in fallowed fields. Me-
Jampyrum arvense, Aphanes arvensis, Acetosa repens.

Meadow, prafenses. Growing in grass-land. ‘Trifolium
pratense, Ranunculus acris.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 4:7

Woodland, sylvatice, nemorose. Anemone nemorosa,
~ Paris quadrifolia, Adoxa moschatellina.

Shady, wnbrose. Most woodland plants.

Open ground, campestres, aprice. Artemisia campestris,

-Draba verna, Echium vulgare. i

Hill, colline. Dianthus collinus, Daphne cellina.

Mountain, montane, alpestres.. Valeriana montana.

Alpine, alpine. Bartsia alpina, Thalictrum alpinum.

Snow, glaciales, nivales. Growing among the snow and
ice of high mountains. Gentiana nivalis.

Cold country, frigide, hyperboree. Growing only in
cold countries. Linnea borealis, Saxifraga Grcenlan-
dica. P

Salt, saline, salse. Growing in soils impregnated with
salt, or Glauber’s salt. Salicornia, Salsola.

Freshwater shore, /ittorales, riparte. Eupatorium can-
nabinum, Scutellaria, Lythrum.

Saltwater shore, maritime. Glaux maritima, Limo-
nium commune. Hippophae rhamnoides.

q Water, aquatice. As the following:

Sea, marine. Fucus, Ulva, Zostera marina.

Lake, lacustres. Isoetes Pilularia, Scirpus lacustris.

Spring, fontinales. Veronica Beccabunga, Sisymbrium,
Nasturtium.

River, fluviaizles, fluviales. Potamogeton, Platanaria
natans.

. Sunken, submerge, demerse, immerse. Growing under
water. Conférva Aigagropila, Myriophyllum spicatum.

Emerging, emerse.. Rising above the surface of the
water in which they grow. Hottonia palustris, Myriophyl-
Jum verticillatum.

Floating, fluitantes. Rooted in the ground, but the
leaves, &c. floating, Potamogeton lucens.

Swimming, natantes. Not rooted in the ground, but
floating freely. Lemna.

Marsh, palustres, paludose. In marshes and still waters.
Chara, Pheilandrium divaricatum, Menyanthes.

Bog, uliginose. Vaccinium uliginosum, Pinguicula.

Moss, torfacee. In peat mosses. Sphagnum palustre.

{ Amphibious, amphilie. Growing indifferent on land
er in water. Cicuta virosa, Apium graveolens.

{| Parasitic, epiphyte. Growing upon other plants,

Palse parasitic, psendo-parasitice. Not hurting the plant
en which they grow. Mosses.

48 INTRODUCTION-TO BOTANY.

‘True parasitic, parasitice. Growing at the expensé of
the plant on which they fix themselves.
1. On the root, epirhize. Orobanche, Hypopithys
lutea.

2. On the bark, corticales. Many lichens.

3. On the wood, epixylonee. Most hypoxylez.

4, On leaves, epiphylle. Uredo, Aicidium, Puccina.

{ Subterranean, subierranee. Growing under the ground.
Tuber cibarium.

{ Growing on dead animals, epixoarie.

15. Country.

Native, indigene. Natural to the soil on which they
grow, whether wild or cultivated.
Foreign, exotice. Brought from foreign countries.

16. Feri ility.

Fertile, plant@ fertiles. Producing fruits; Female, Her-
maphrodite, and polygamous plants.

Barren, steriles. Not producing fruit ; Male and neuter
plants. .

ROOT.

Radix,—rhizos, That part of the plant, which is usually
buried in the earth, and absorbs the nutriment of the plant.

1. Species. ‘

Root, Radix. A root of the common sort, and of a large
size.
Rootlet, Radicula. A smaller root than common.
Radicelle, Radicella. ‘The new roots when first emitted
in germination.
o. Paris:

Main root, Radix, Descensus, Truncus subterraneus. The
part next the stem, not yet divided into radicles.

Radicles, Radicule. ‘The ramifications from the main
root. 2

Head of the root, Caput radicis. The part which touches
an herbaceous stem.

Extremity of the root, Cauder radicis. That part of a
main root not branched, which is further from the stem.

Fibres, Filrille. The fine hair-like extremities of the
radicles. Pl. 2; fig. 1. ¢.c; 11. d.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 4S

Reot stigmata, Stigmata radicis, Spongiole radicales,
Ore radicum. . Spongioles at the end of the root; very
visible in lemna and pandanus. .

Tuber, Tuberculum. A thick, solid part, usually filled
with feculze, placed either upon the reot, as in turneps.
earthnuts, filipendula, or on those lower branches of the
stem which are subterraneous and rootlike, as in the po-
tatoe.

Exostosis. A tuber of a woody consistence, not con-
taining fecule. Cyperus disticha.

Ampulle. Hollow globular bodies found on the roots
of some water plants. Utricularia.

3. Siluation.

Subterraneous, Radix subierranea. Most roots.

Exposed, aeria. Growing upon some part exposed to
the air. Viscum.

Aquatic, aquatica. Growing in the water. Lemna,
Utricularia, Trapa natans.

A. Substance.

Woody, Radix lignosa. All trees, shrubs, and under-
shrubs.

Fleshy, carnosa. Thick, juicy, mostly formed of cellular
texture. Iris palustris, Beta vulgaris, Solanum tuberosum.

5. Form.

Threadshape, Radix filiformis. Lemna.

Fibrous, jibrosa. ‘The threads being of some thickness.
Cepa esculenta, Ranunculus flammeus.

.Thongshape, flagelliformis. . Long, supple, slende;v.
Arenaria maritima, Carduus arvensis.

-Cordshape, funiliformis. Of thick fibres like ropes.
Palms, Pandanus, Dracena.

Spindleshape, fusiformis. Simple, long, swelled out in
the middle, and small at each end. Raphanus sativus.

Turnep shape, napiformis. Simple, globular. Brassica
macrorhiza,

Conical, conica. Gradually decreasing from top to bot-
tom, Daucus vulgaris.
_ Cylindrical, teres. Dictamnus albus.

Roundish, subrotunda, Bunium majus, B. minus.

Tuberous, tuberosa. In thick fleshy masses. Cyclamen,
Solanum tuberosum, Bryonia dioica.

VOL, I. E

.

50 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Scrotiform, scrotiformis, testiculata. Formed of two
roundish lumps connected together. Orchis maculata,
O. militaris. PI. 2. fig. 1.

1. The old tuber, Tuberculum senior. That part of the
serotiform root which supported the stem of the former
year. Pl.2, fig. 1, d.

2. The new tuber, Tulberculum junior. ‘That part of the
scrotiform root which would have supported the stem of
the next year. PI. 2, fig. 1, b.

Handed, palmata. ieaeeenss flat, divided by a few
‘slight slits so as to resemble an open hand. Orchis macu-
Jata, Satyrium nigrum.

Fingered, digitata. Tuberous, divided by deep slits sO
as to resemble fingers. Dioscorea alternifolia.

Grumose, grumosa. Tuberous, and resembling a col-
lection of small seeds. Neottia abortiva. Pl. 2, fic. 3

Knotty, xodosa, moniliformis. Composed of evened or
knots connected together in strings. Avena elatior nodosa.
Pl 2. hie. 5.

Filipendular, filipendula. In threads having tubercles at
their ends.

Jointed, articulata. Appearing as if composed of several
joints. Gratiola officinalis. Pl. 2. fig. 4.

Kneed, geniculata. Jointed and bent at each joint.
Gratiola officinalis.

Bent, contorta. Bent in various directions. Bistorta
major.

‘Truncated, bitten, ¢runcata, premorsa. Appearing as
if the end was bitten off. Scabiosa succisa, Leontodon au-
tumnale. PI. 2. fig. 7.

f
6. Division.

Simple, Radix simplex. Carota vulgaris, Brassica ma-
crorhiza.

Branchy, ramosa. Subdivided into radicles. Most trees
and shrubs.

Fasciculate, fasciculata. Divided to the head into several
long fleshy parts, connected together in a bundle. Aspho-
delus ramosus. PI. 2. fig. 9.

Capillary, capillaris. “Composed of many fine threads.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, and most grasses.

Comose, comosa. Garnished with numerous capillary
ramifications. Rhododendron, Erica.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 51

7. Surface.

Seal-like, Radix sigillata. Having at certain distances
scars resembling impressions of seals, these being the places
where herbaceous stems have formerly grown. Polygona-
tum vulgare. PI. 2, fig. 11, b.

Bladdery, wtriculosa. Waving small bladders which
appear to serve the purposes of leaves. Utricularia.

Scaly, squamosa. ‘These scales are abortive leaves.
Lathrza squamosa, Oxalis vulgaris. Pl. 2, fig. 10.

Toothed, dentata. Furnished with appendages like
teeth, which are abortive leaves. .Cardamine amara, Adoxa,
Dentaria pentaphylla.

8. Duration.

Annual, Radix annua. Dying with the year.
Biennial, Liennis. Lasting a second year.
Perennial, perennis. Lasting more than two years.

9. Growth.

Perpendicular, Radix perpendicularis. The principal
root growing right down into the ground. Daucus, Fraxi-
nus, Quercus.

‘ Horizontal, horizontalis. Growing level with the ground.
Iris, Anemone nemorosa, Oxalis vulgaris. Pl. 2, fig. 4.

Creeping, repens. Growing horizontally, but sending
off shoots and stalks. Mentha, Achillea millefolia. Pl. 2,
fio. 4; pl. 8, fig. 9.

Progressive, progrediens. Extending itself one way, and
dying away in another part. Polygonatum vulgare, Bis-
torta major, Anemone nemorosa, Allium nutans. Pl. 2,
fic. 2, 4, 11. |

Sucker-bearing, stolonifera. O&nanthe fistulosa, Fra-
garia.

Bulb-bearing, lullifera. Having a bulb, or onion, at
the top. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus. Pl. 2, fig. 8; pl. 3,
fig. 1, 2, 3, 4.

Sprouting, dwrionifera. Bearing eyes or asparagi. Aspa-
ragus officinalis, Solanum tuberosum. PI. 2, fig. 2.

A

5g INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

STEM.

Caulis. Truncus ascendens, Adscensus,—caulon. The
support of those parts of the vegetable which usually appear
above ground, and bear the flowers and fruit.

1. Species. ;

Trunk, Truncus. That part of a tree which is naked,
and without branches.

Head, Cymus. ‘That part of a tree where the stem is
divided into branches.

Straw, Culmus. The cylindrical, usually hollow, stem
of a grass, with solid knots at certain distances. “Triticum,
Avena.

Reed, Calamus. A simple stem, more or less hollow,
without knots. Juncus.

Root-sucker, Surculus. A branch springing from the
root, capable of being separated, and of becoming a new
individual. Rosa.

Stool, Stolo. A branch from the head of the root, bend-
ing down, taking root, and emitting leaves here and there.
Pilosella.

Runner, flagellum, Sarmentum, Viticula. A naked
branch lying on the ground, taking root with a tuft of
leaves at certain distances. Fragaria vesca.

Offset, Propaculum. A runner terminated by a leaf-bud
capable of taking root when separated. Sedum, Semper-
vivum. :

Rhizoma. Caudex descendens. A subterraneous, or su-
perficial shoot, which emits radicles. Iris, Filices.

Base of the bulb. Lecus. The flat plate of a bulb,
throwing out radicles beneath, and from its upper surface -
the leaves and flowers. Cepa esculenta, Hyacinthus.

Bulbo-tuber. Combus. A solid tuber placed on the
neck of the plant, and frequently covered with the base of
the leaves. Pl. 2, fig. 8. Crocus sativus.

Crown, Caudex. ‘The part of an annual stem that re-

mains attached to a perennial root, and throws up the
next season a fresh stem.

2. INTERNAL Parts.

Pith, Medulla. The fine cellular texture, usually white,
contained in a cylindrical cavity in the centre of the stem

of dicotyledon plants, and seeming to nourish-the young
shoots. Pl. 1, fig. 2, itok.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. é 53

Medullary canal, Canalis medullaris. ‘The cylindrical
cavity containing the pith.

Medullary sheath, Vagina medullaris. ‘The internal rank
of fibres immediately next to the pith.

Medullary rays. Silver grain. Radi. Productiones. In-
sertiones medullares. Vertical flakes, similar to the pith,
pushed out towards the circumference; appearing, in a
transverse section of a stem, like the spokes of a wheel.
Pl. 1, fig. 2, e. It is in the direction of these rays that
wood, however hard, may be easily riven.

Ligneous portion. Corpus ligneum. Lignea portio. ‘The
part of a stem between the pith and the bark, by which the
juices pass from the root to the leaves. Pl. 1, fig. 2, b to i.
In monocotyledon plants it composes the whole of the
stem. PI. 1, fig. 4, a to d.

Wood, heart, Lignwm, — sxylon. ‘That part of the
ligneous portion of a stem which has acquired its utmost
hardness: in dicotyledon plants it forms the centre of the
stem, in monocotyledon plants the circumference.

Alburnum. Alburna. That part of the ligneous portion
of a stem which has not acquired its utmost hardness, and
is generally of a paler colour than the rest.

Woody layers. Spurious grain. Straia lignea. Invo-
lucra lignea. Zones formed round the pith or centre of
a stem, appearing in a transverse section like concentric
circles, usually supposed to denote the growth of each suc-
cessive summer that the plant has existed. Pl.1, fig.2,b,¢,h.

Bark, Cortex, — derma. A part of the stem (and root)
of dicotyledon plants, which encloses the woody portion,
separating easily at certain seasons, or by maceration, and
through which the juices of the piant do not pass in going
from the root-sponges to the leaves. Pl. 1, fig. 2, a, b.

Cortical layers, Strata corticalia. ‘The layers, or con-
centric circles to be observed in the bark. Pl. 1, fig. 2,
a,.b; c, d. f

Inner bark. Bast. Liber. ‘The internal cortical layers,
which may be easily separated from the others. Pl. 1,
fig. 2, b to d.

Corky substance, Stratum cellulosus, Complexus cellulosus,
Parenchyma. A layer of cellular tissue, lying on the out-
side of the cortical layers, and in some plants very thick.

Epidermis, Epiderma. A membrane which covers every
part of the plant as well as the stem. , i

54 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

3, Duration.

Annual, Caulis annuus. From: annual roots, and those
biennials which do not throw up the stem till the second
year.

Perennial, perennis. ‘The stem of trees, shrubs, and
undershrubs.

4. Consistence.

Woody, Caulis ligneus. Lasting many years, forming a
solid wood.

Herbaceous, herlaceus. Of a softer nature.

‘Succulent, szcculentus. Orobanche major, Sempervi-
vum tectorum.

Pithy, medullaris. Filled with pith. Helianthus annuus,
Sambucus humilis.

Spongy,-spongiosus. FVilled with a compressible, elastic
tissue, which retains moisture like a sponge. ‘Typha lati-
folia, Zea Mays, Hypericum elodes.

Solid, plenus, solidus. Having no internal cavity. Zea
Mays, Orchis maculata, Saccharum officinale.

Hollow, fistwlosus. Having in its middle, a cavity, either
continued uninterrupted through the whole length, or
parted in cells by midriffs. Equisetum, Gramineze, Orchis
latifolia. Sonchus arvensis.

5. Form.

Cylindrical, Caulis cylindricus, teres. Long, the trans-
verse section being circular; nearly the same size throughout
the greatest part of its length. Chenopodium spinaci-
folium, Abies, Stramonium foetidum.

Lengthened, virgatus. Long, straight-lined, and weak;
growing narrower from the bottom to the top. Campanula:
esculenta, Reseda salicifolia, Althea officinalis.

Flagelliform, fiagelliformis. Thin, and supple like a
thong. Vinca major, Clematis Vitalba, Rubus saxatilis.

Melon-shaped, meloniformis. Cactus Melocactus, Eu-
phorbia cucumerina.

Compressed, compressus. Flattened on two opposite
sides, Poa compressa, Cactus Opuntia.

Two-edged, anceps. Compressed with two sharp edges
like a dagger. Androszemum officinale.

Leaf-like, phylloideus. Flattened and herbaceous like
leaves. Cactus Phyllanthus, Platylobium scolopendrium.

Obtuse-angled, oltusé angulatus. When it has angles
which are obtuse. Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis,

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. : 55

Acute-angled, acui@ angulatus. When it has angles
which are acute. Hypericum quadrangulare, Lathyrus
pratensis.

Three-sided, irigonus. When it has three faces, and of
course three corners. Carex acuta, Scirpus sylvaticus.

Four-sided, tetragonus. When it has four sides. Mentha
sativa, Lamium album, and other labiatez.

Five-sided, pentagonus. Cactus pentagonus.

Six-sided, hexagonus. Cactus hexagonus.

Three-cornered, triangularis.

Four-cornered, guadrangularis: and so onwards.

Three-edged, triqueter.

Four-edged, ¢etraqueter : and so onwards.

- Angular, angulosus. When the angles are not, or can
not be counted. Polygonatum vulgare, Solanum nigrum,
Achillea millefolia.

Jointed, articulatus. Formed of joints connected endways
with each other, with or without knots. Fucus articulatus,
Equisetum, Viscum album, Graminez.

Knotted, nodosus. Having swellings or knots at certain
distances. Many of the graminez, Persicaria acris.

Kneed, geniculatus. Jointed and bent at each joint.
Alopecurus geniculatus, Geranium sanguineum, Stellaria’
media, Spergula arvensis.

Stipiform, stipiformis. Stem of a dicotyledon plant,
growing like those of palm-trees; with a bunch of leaves
at top, and bearing the marks where the old leaves have
fallen off: Statice fasciculata, Brassica oleracea capitata.

6. Strength and thickness.

Stiff, Caulis rigidus, strictus, rigens. Straight, not easily
bent, although it be slender. Bistorta major. Bupleurum
rotundifolium.

Brittle, fragilis. Stiff, and breaking as soon as it is at-
tempted to be bent. Sonchus oleraceus, Geranium Ro-
bertianum.

Sarmentose, sarmentosus. Woody, and climbing or
rampant. Hedera communis, Vitis vinifera, Rubus fru-
ticosus.

Weak, debilis. Too feeble to keep upright. Ivasekia
alpina, Geranium lucidum, Sedum dasyphyllum.

Slender, gracilis. Long in comparison with its thick-
ness. Orchis maculata, Stellaria holostea.

Threadshaped, jfiliformis. Zanichella palustris, Hydro-
cotyle vulgaris.

Hairlike, capillaris. Eleocharis acicularis.

56 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

7. Number. be)

Single, Caulis unicus. ‘When ‘the root produces only
one stem. :
- Many, multiplex. When the root produces several
stems.

8. Composiiion.

Very simple, Caudis simplicissimus. When it has no
branches whatever, Fritillaria tessellata, Bistorta major.
Orobanche major.

Simple, simplex. Without any large branches, but with
some weak ones only. Verbascum decurrens, Swertia
perennis.

Branchy, ramosus. Divided into branches.

Very branchy, ramosissimus. ucubalus bacciferus,
Ulex Huropeus. ’

Shrubby, decompositus. Branched from near the root,
so as to have scarcely any main stem. Ulex Europzus.

Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and subdivided into
two parts at each division. Stramonium feetidum, Viscum
album.

Three-forked, trichotomus. Divided and subdivided into
three parts at each division. Mirabilis Jalapa.

Continued, imteger. Growing up from ‘the root to the
top of the plant hke an axis from which the branches
spring out. Abies excelsa, Abies pectinata.

9. Direction of the main Stem.

Upright, Caulis verticalis, perpendicularis, erectus. Grow-
ing perpendicular to the horizon. Mentha sylvestris, An-
drosemum officinale. Abies.

Oblique, obliquus. Growing sloping to the ‘horizon.
Poa annua.

Curved, curvatus, arcuatus... Forming a curve.

‘Tnclined, tnclinatus. Growing in a very marked curve,
bending to the ground.

Nodding, nutans, cernuus. The top inclining to the
ground. Polygonatum vulgare, Cedrus.

Ascending, ascendens. Forming a curve, bending up
towards the sky. Veronica spicata, Trifolium pratense,
Circzea alpina.

Procumbent, procumbens, prostratus, humifusus. » Spread
upon the ground, and not striking root. Polygonum avi-
culare, Herniaria hirsuta, [lecebrum verticillata,, Are-
naria rubra. Uva-ursi buxifolia.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 57

Creeping, repens, reptans. Spread upon the ground, and
striking root in it. Veronica officinalis. Glechoma the-
deracea, Potentilla reptans. .

Climbing, scandens. Incapable of keeping itself upright
without support, but raising itself by laying hold of other
bodies. .

a. by its own twisting. Cuscuta minor, Fagopyrum ca-
rinatum, Convolvulus sepium.

b. by tendrils. Vitis vinifera, Pisum.
~.c. by holdfasts. Hedera communis.

d. by the twisting of the leaf-stalks. Clematis Viticella.

Twining from left to right, volubilis sinistrorsum. T.u-
pulus communis, ‘T’'amus communis.

Twining from right to left, volubilis dextrorsum. Con-
volvulus sepium, Phaseolus vulgaris.

Flexuose, flexuosus. Bent in various irregular directions.
Aristolochia, Serpentaria, Solidago flexicaulis.

Tortuous, tortuosus. Bent many times in different di-
rections. Cuscuta minor, Cakile maritima.

Straight, rectilineus, rectus. Without any bending.
Lilium album, Rumex aquaticus, Verbascus decurrens.

10. Clothing and appendages. _

Leafed, Cauwlis foliatus. Furnished with leaves,

Leafless, aphyllus. Without leaves. Cassytha major.

Sealy, squamosus. Furnished with leaves like scales.
Orobanche major. Neottia abortiva.

Sheathed, vaginatus. Clothed with sheaths formed by
the bottom part of leaves. Graminez.

Stipuled, sézpulutus. Furnished with stipules. Vicia
sativa, Lathyrus aphyllus.

Winged, alatus. Furnished lengthways with membra-
nous or leafy expansions. Verbascum decurrens, Sym-
phytum officinale, Lathyrus latifolius, Onopordum vul-

are. Carduus palustris.

Tendrilled, cirriferus. Furnished with tendrils. Vitis,
Bryonia dioica.

Rooting, radicans. ‘Throwing out roots by which it fixes
itself. Hedera communis, Bignonia radicans.

Naked, nudus. ‘Without leaves, scales or tendrils. Tees-
dalia irregularis.

-Bulbiferous, ludbiferus. ‘Throwing out bulbilli which
fall off and take root. Cardamine bulbifera.

11. Surface.

Smooth, Cazlis levis. Tamus communis, Carduus are
vensis, Fagus sylvatica.

5S INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Bald, glaler. Illecebrum yerticillatum, Vinca major,
Cusenta. Oenanthe fistulosa. Imperatoria major.

Smoothened, levigatus. Geranium lucidum.

Shining, lucidus, Lysimachia nemorum.

Powdery, pulverulentus. Covered with a powder pro-
duced by itself. Primula farinosa.

Glaucous, glaucus. ‘The dust is of a sea-green colour.
Oenanthe fistulosa, Angelica sylvestris, Cucubalus in-
flatus.

Dotted, punctatus. Sprinkled with dots, either sunk in,
or projecting, or only spots of colour. Hypericum per-
foratum.

Spotted, maculatus, maculosus. Marked with spots.
Phlox maculata, Conium maculatum.

Rough, asper, scaler. Equisetum hyemale, Melampy-
rum arvense, Jasione montana, Sphondylium vulgare,
Lychnis plumaria. |

Warty, verrucosus. With small callous excrescences.
Eyonymous verrucosus.

Tubercular, dwberculatus. With small protuberances.
Genista pilosa, Malpighia tuberculata.

Streaked, striatus. With small raised lines lengthways.
Aristolochia infesta, Acetosa pratensis, Erysimam cor=
difolium. Orobus tuberosus.

Grooved, sulcatus. Grooved lengthways. Chara his-
pida, Equisetum hyemale, Lampsana communis, Co-
nium maculatum.

Wrinkled, rimosus. Ulmus campestris, Castanea vesca.

Corky, swberosus. Covered with a bark of the nature of
cork. Quercus Suber, Ulmus suberosa.

12. Villosity.

Downy, Caulis pubescens. Orobanche major, Digitalis
purpurea, Ornithopus perpusillus, Sempervivum tectorum,
Saxifraga eranulata. me

Velvetty, velutinus. Cotyledon coccinea.

Hairy, pilosus. Clinopodium vulgare, Ranunculus acris,
Erodium cicutarium, Agrimonia vulgaris.

Villous, villosus. Veronica montana, V. agrestis, Cala-
mintha vulgaris.

Silky, sericeus. Protea argentea, Aster sericeus.

Woolly, lanatus. Stachys Germanica, Marrubium vul-
gare, Carlina vulgaris. 2S

Tomentose, tomentosus. Verbascum decurrens, Gera-
nium rotundifolium.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 59

Hispid, hispidus, hirsutus, hirtus. Galeopsis nodosus,
Scabiosa arvensis, Sinapis arvensis, Geranium dissectum.
Spinose, spinellosus, echtnatus. Dipsacus fullonum.

13. Armature.

Prickly, Caulis aculeatus. Arms affixed to the bark.
Rosa rubiginosa, R. centifolia, Rubus fruticosus.
Thorny, spinosus. Arms affixed to the wood. Genista
Anglica.
BRANCHES.

First branches, Ramus. First divisions of the stem.

Second branches, branchlets, twigs, Ramuli. First di-
visions of the branches.

Third branches, small twigs, Ramunculi. Second divisions
of the branches.

1. Attachment.

Alternate, Rami alterni. Shooting out singly in different
directions at nearly equal distances. Alcea rosea, Rhamnus
catharticus.

One rowed, secundi. Shooting out on one side only.
Algee varie.

‘Two-rowed, distichi. Ranged in two opposite rows.
Ulmus vulgaris, Abies Canadensis.

Opposite, - opposit?2. Growing in pairs from opposite
points. Fraxinus, 4ésculus Hippocastanum.

Crossing, decussati. Growing in pairs which cross each
other at right angles. Syringa vulgaris, Acer major.

Whorled, verticiliati. Placed in circles round the main
stem. Equisetum fluviatile, Abies pectinata, Pinus syl-
vestre.

Scattered, spars?. Placed without any determinate or-
der. Usually owing to abortion.

2. Direction.

Erect, Rami erecti. Growing almost perpendicular to
the horizon. Salsola fruticosa, Euphrasia officinalis, Po-
pulus fastigiata. .

Closed, appressi. Converging very close to the main
stem. Genista tinctoria, Populus fastigiata.

Inflected, introflexi, incurvi. Anastatica Hierunchita, &c.

Open, patentes, patuli. Forming with the main stem
an ple of about 45°. Galium vulgare, Erysimum offi-
cinale. :

/

60 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Very open, patentissim?. Growing at right angles with
the stem. Asparagus officinalis, Arctium major, Pyrus
sylvestris.

Divergent, divergentes. Very open and _ verticillate.
Abies.

Arm-like, brachiati. Yery open and crossing each other
in pairs. Melampyrum cristatum, Hypericum crispum.

Divaricated, divaricat?. Very open and growing in many
different directions. Rumex pulcher, Teucrium fruticans,
Cichorium sylvestre, Ranunculus hederaceus.

Diffused, diffust. Growing without any order. Cam-
panula hederacea, Fumaria officinalis, Geranium dissectum.

Bent outwards, reflexi, recurvati. Bent with the con-
vexity upwards. Equisetum sylvaticum, Larix Europea.

Hanging, penduli. Falling below its origin perpendicu-
larly towards the earth. Salix Babylonica, Betula alba,
Fraxinus excelsior pendula.

Bent back, retroflecti, refracti. Bent back upon them-
selves. Rumex pulcher, Dulcamara flexuosa.

Thorn-ended, Spinescens. Ending in a thorn instead of
a bud. Ononis arvensis, Hippophae littoralis.

OUTLINE OF THE RAMIFICATIONS.

Rounded, Ramificatio subrotunda. Malus communis.
Flat-topped, corymbosa, fastigiata Linnzeus. When the
ramifications end all at the same height from the ground.
Dodartia Orientalis, Pinus Pinea. -
Pyramidal, pyramidalis. Spread horizontally, and grow-
ing smaller as they approach the top. Abies pectinata.
Fastigiate, fastigiata Mirbell. All the branches growing
close to the stem, and their divisions pointing to the sky.
Populus fastigiata, Quercus fastigiata.

~

LEAF SCAR.
Cicatricula. A mark left on the stem by the jointed
leaves, when they fall off.

REMAINS OF LEAVES.

Reliquie foliorum. Ramenta. The remains of leaves
which remain attached to the stem, after the death of the
principal part.

oan CUSHION. at

Pulvinus. A small protuberance, frequently found under
the leaf scar. .

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 61

PROJECTURES.

Projecture. Small rising edges, which beginning at the
setting on of a leaf, are prolonged upwards and downwards.
Leguminose. .

LEAVES.

Folium, in composition —phyilum. Expanded organs
generally attached to the stem, fiat, green, horizontal, formed
for imbibing and exhaling different jluids.

1. Situation.

Seed, Folia seminalia. Placed immediately below the
plumulc, formed of the cotyledons which rise above ground.
Raphanus sativus.

Root, radicalia, fundi. Growing from the top of the
root. Alisma major, Taraxacum officinale, Drosera ro-
tundifolia. Pl. 8, fig. 5, e.

Stem, caulinaria, caulina. Growing on the stem.

Branch, ramealia, ramea. Growing on the branches.

Joint, articulares. Growing from the knots or joints of
the stem or its branches. Graminee, Dianthus.

Inferaxillary, inferaxillaria. Growing under the branch.
Tilia, Aster Chinensis.

Flower, floralia. Growing at the bottom of flowers,
and not differing from the other leaves. Periclymenum
perfoliatum. ‘These are not to be confounded with bractee.

: 2. Disposition.

In whirls, Folia verticillata, stellata. More than two
leaves growing at the same height on the stem. Hippuris,
Asperula odorata, Spergula arvensis. Pl. 6, fig. 6.

By threes, ¢erna. Forming a whirl of three leaves.
Lysimachia vulgaris, Verbera triphylla.

By fours, guaterne. Valantia cruciata, Rubia tinctorum.

By fives, guia. Myriophyllum verticillatum, Galium
Witheringii.

By sixes, sena. Galium uliginosum.

By eights, octona. Asperula odorata. PI. 6, fig. 6.

{ Opposite, opposita. Two by two, on opposite sides of the
stem. Veronica officinalis, Labiatee, Gentianee. Pl. 6, fig. 8,

Crossed, decussate... Opposite, the pairs placed near to-
gether, and crossing each other. Hypericum quadrangu-
Jare, Euphorbia Lathyris. ,

62 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Alternate, alterna. One by one by spaces along the
stem. Gramineze, Acetosa vulgaris, Hesperis matronalis,
Rosa, Pyrus.

Spirally, spiralia. Alternate in two, three, or more pa-
rallel series round the stem. Abies Picea, Lycopodium
abietiforme.

Orderless, scattered, sparsa. Growing without any re-
gular order. Antitrhinum majus, Hedera communis, Re-
seda salicifolia.

Two-ranked, disticha. With their points of attachment,
and their direction on two opposite sides. Ulmus cam-
pestris.

-q Distant, remota. Placed at a greater distance from one
another than usual.

Crowded, approximaia, conferta. Placed at a less dis-
tance from one another than usual. Daphne sempervirens.

Tile-like, imbricata. One covering another like the tiles
of a house. Saxifraga oppositifolia, Sedum acre, S. ru-
pestre.

Roselike, rosaceous, voselata. Alternate, numerous,
crowded, and diverging, so as to appear like a double rose.
Sempervivum tectorum, Saxifraga pyramidalis.

Crowning, coronantia. Roselike, and terminating the
stem or its divisions. Palme, Filices arboree, Carica
Papaya.

4 In bundles, fasciculata. Several leaves from the same
point. Berberis vulgaris, Larix. REIL S

Twin, geminata, bina. In bundles of two leaves each.
Galanthus nivalis, Atropa lethalis, Pinus sylvestris, P. ma-
ritima.

In bundles of three, ¢erna. Pinus Teda, P. palustris.

In bundles of five, guina. Pinus Strobus, P. Cembro.

3. Attachment.

Squatted, Folia sessilia. Growing without any footstalk.
Mentha sylvestris, Androseemum officinale, Genista, Te-
lephium.

Decurrent, decurrentia. Sessile, and the lower part of
the leaf extended along the stem. Symphytum officinale,
Carduus lanceolata. Pl. 6, fig. 11.

Embracing, amplexicaulia. Embracing the stalk, by an
enlargement of their base. Silybum Maris, Papaver som-
niferum. PI. 6, fig. 7.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 63

Perfoliated, perfoliata. Having the disk pierced by the
stem. Bupleurum perfoliatum. PI. 6, fig. 10.

Grown together, connata, coadnata. Opposite or whirled
leaves sessile and conjoined together by their lower part.
Dipsacus fullonum, Saponaria ofiicinalis, Lychnis plumaria,
Periclymenum perfoliatum. PI. 6, fig. 8.

Sheathing, vaginantia. The base enveloping the stem
like a sheath. Orchis latifolia.

4, Direction.

Reversed, Folia deviata, obliqua, adversu. When the
upper surface of the leaf is not turned from the ground.
Lactuca virosa, Allium obliquum.

q One-rowed, wnilateralia, secunda. When they, grow
all on one side. Convallaria multifiora.

Two-sided, Lilateralia. When they grow on two oppo-
site sides. ‘Taxus baccata, Abies taxifolia.

q Adpressed, appressa. When the face of the leaf is
applied close to the stem. Buchnera gesnerioides.

Erect, erecta. Forming an acute angle with the utmost
part of the stem. ‘Typha latifolia, Sagittaria, Pinus syl-
vestris.

Inflected, inflexa, incurva. Bent inwardly, Araucaria
excelsa, &c.

Open, patentia, patula. Forming an angle of about
45 deg. with the upper part of the stem. Veronica fonti-
nalis, Antirrhinum vulgare.

Very open, patentissima. Forming an angle of about
90 deg. with the stem. Glechoma hederacea, Cucubalus
bacciferus, Androsemum vulgare.

Reflected, reflexa, recurva. Bent down towards the
ground. Bryum pellucidum, Pulicaria uliginosa,

Hanging, dependentia, demissa. Growing down perpen-
dicular to the ground. Laureola sempervirens, Convol-
vulus sepium.

Lying down, humifusa. Growing flat on the ground.
Bellis perennis. é

q Floating, yatans. Lying flat on the water. Pota-
mogeton natans, Nymphea alba, Nuphar luteum.

Sunken, sulmersa, demersa. Growing in the water.
Hottonia palustris.

Emergent, emersa. Rising by their footstalk above the
water. Sagittaria sagittifolia, Alisma major.

64 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

5. Substance.

Herbaceous, Folia herbacea. Green and soft. Spinachia
oleracea.

Membranous, membranacea, membranosa. Soft, supple,
very thin. Most plants. Yl

Paper-like, papyracea. ‘Thin, dry, may be bent like
paper. Draceena terminalis.

Scarious, scariosa. Thin, dry, semitransparent. Pota~
mogiton crispum.

Soft, mollia. Altheea cfficinalis.

Leathery, coriacea. Viscum album.

Stiff, vigida. Arundo arenaria, Ruscus aculeatus, Pinus |
sylvestris.

Fleshy, carnosa. ‘Thick, and formed of a cellular tissue
resembling the pulp of an apple. Lemna, Sempervivum
tectorum.

Succulent, succulenta, succosa. ‘Thick, and formed of a
cellular tissue resembling the pulp of a plum. Sedum re-
flexum, S. dasyphyllum.

q Hollow, cava. Having an internal cavity. ‘Goan es-
culenta.

Pitchershaped, wtricularia. Hollow and bellied’ out
like a pitcher. Aldrovanda.

Bilocular, bilocularia. Hollow and divided into two
parts by a partition. Lobelia Dortmanna.

Many-locular, locwlosa. Hollow and divided into several
parts by partitions. Juncus articulatus, &c.

6. Formation.

Petiolean, Folia petiolanea. Formed from. footstalks.
Mimosa suaveolens, Mimose of New Holland.
Ramean, sameanea. Formed from branches. Ruscus
aculeatus. 4
7. Production.

Flowerbearing, Folia florifera. Producing fiowers.
Lemna, Xylophylla falcata. Pl. 8, fig. 3.
~ Rooting, radicaniia. Producing roots. Asplenium rhi-
zopbyllum. .

Thornbearing, spinifera. Producing therns. Solanum
Pyracantha.

Proliferous, prolifera. Producing other leaves. Lemna.

Poa

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 65

8. Figure.
Round, Folia orbicularia. Outline resembling a circle.

Hydrocotyle vulgaris.

Rounded, subrotunda, rotundata. Approaching to a
round figure. Lysimachia repens, Mentha rotundifolia,
Marrubium vulgare, Corylus sylvestris.

Oblong, oblonga. Longer than broad, the ends being
rounded. Carlina vulgaris, Inula dysenterica.

Elliptic, edliptica Mirbel, ovalia Linnzeus, once and a
half or twice as long as broad, with rounded ends equal to
each other. Convallaria majalis, Hieracium repens.

Oval, ovalia Mirbel, ovata Linneeus. Resembling elliptic
~ leaves, the lower end larger than the other. Hernaria
glabra, Vinca major, Alsine media, Androseemum vulgare.

Reverse oval, olovalia. Resembling elliptic leaves, but the
upper end larger than the other. Samolus Valerandi, Vitis
Idzea punctifolia.

Parabolic, parabolica. Oblong, diminishing insensibly
to its end, which is obtuse. Amaranthus minor.

Wedgelike, cunearia. Enlarging from the base to the
end, which is very obtuse, or even truncated. Galarhceus
helioscopius.

Fanshaped, flabelliformia. Wedgelike, rounded at the
top. Salisburia aspleniifolia.

Lanceshaped, lanceolata. Longer than broad; diminish-
ing each way from the middle. Daphne florida, Plantago
lanceolata, Salix alba.

Spatulashaped, spathulata. Drawn in at the bottom,
broad and round at the top. Bellis perennis, Silene par-
viflora, Montia fontana.

Three-cornered, triangularia. 'The face has three straight
sides. Atriplex hortensis, Betula alba, Chenopodium
urbicum.

Four-cornered, quadrangularia. The face has four
straight sides. Trapa natans.

Rhombic, rhombea. The leaf is four-sided, the opposite
ones being parallel. Hibiscus rhombifolius. ;

Trapezoid, trapexoidea. The leaf is four-sided; the op-
posite sides, or at least two of them, are not parallel. Po-
pulus nigra.

Scalelike, squamiformia. Partly embracing the stem,
short and broad, like a scale. Orobanche major.

q Long, elongata. Long and narrow; to which belong
the five following ones.

VOL. i. F

66 INTRODUCTION’ TO BOTANY.

Linear, linearia. Long, not.above one twelfth of an
inch broad; with the sides parallel, from: bottom. to top.
Lolium perenne, Taxus baccata, Juncus bufonius,.Poa an-
nua.

Ribband, fascialia, graminea. Like linear leaves, .but
much larger. ‘Typha latifolia. ;

Awlshape, subudata. Linear at the bottom, but becoming
narrower by degrees, and ending ina point. Ulex Europeus,
Juniperus communis.

Hairlike, capillaria. Very fine, and very. flexible, re-
sembling hairs. Asparagus tenuifolius.

Needlelike, acerosa, acicularia, setacea. Long, fine, staff,
and sharp, resembling bristles or needles. Asparagus
acutifolius, Juniperus communis.

~¥ Dissimilar, dissimilia. Of different figures on the same
plant. Quercus nigra, Broussenetia papyrifera,: Dorstenia
arifolia, Boehmeria, Ludia heterophylla.

9. Form or Substance.

Cylindrical, Folia cylindrica, teretia. Long, and like a
rod. Sedum album, Cepa tenuifolia.

Half-cylindrical, hemicylindrica, hemicylindracea, \semi-
cylindrica. Long, one face being flat, the other::convex.
Isoetes, Pinus sylvestris, Typha angustifolia.

_ -Pipelike, fistulosa. Cylindrical and hollow. _Cepa:escu-
lenta, Allium oleraceum.

Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways, so that they
are much thicker than broad. Mesembryanthemum ‘do-
labriforme.

Very much compressed, compressissima. So much flat-
tened sideways, that the sides appear like faces. Iris, many
lycopodia.

Swordshape, ensiformia, gladiata. Rather thick in the
middle, sharp-edged, and narrower from their bottom to
their point. Iris, and many iridee.

Sabreshape, acinaciformia. Fleshy, and: flattened: so as
to have two edges, one thick and blunt, the other. sharp,
-bent backwards. Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme.

Adzeshape, dolabriformia. Eleshy, nearly cylindric-at
bottom, flat at top with two edges, the one straight and
thick, the other circular, broad,-and cutting. _Mesem-
bryanthemum dolabriforme.

‘Tongue-shape, linguiformia. Fleshy, long, convex ‘be-
low, blunt at top. Sempervivum tectorum.

INTRODUCTION ‘TO ‘BOTANY. O87

' sGibbous, giblosa. ‘Fleshy and raised. up in’a hunch upon
both surfaces. Crassula Cotyledon, Sedum dasyphyllum,
S. Anglicum.

Deltoid, deltoidea. Short, narrow at the two ends, hav-

‘ing three faces. Mesembryanthemum deltoides.

_ Three-sided, ¢riquetra, trigona. Long, prismatic, having

“three faces. Butomus umbellatus, Asphodelus luteus. —

Four-sided, tetragona. Long, prismatic with four faces.

“Gladiolus tristis.

10. Bottom.

Heartshape, Folia cordiformia, cordata. Longer than
broad, parted at bottom into two lobes. Tamnus com-
munis, Erysimum cordifolium, Tilia Europzea, Nymphea.

Oblique heartshape, oblique cordata. Heartshaped, with
the point on one side. Begonia obliqua.

Kidneyshape, reniformia, renaria. Rounded and. divided
into two broad obtuse lobes. Asarum Europzum, Gle-
choma hederacea. .

Halfmoonshape, semilunata, lunata. Rounded and. di-
vided into two narrow lobes. Hydrocotyle lunata. *

-Arrowshape, sagittata. Bottom lengthened inte two
sharp-pointed lobes, not or but little spread out. Sagittaria
sagittifolia, Fagopyrum esculentum.

Halbert-shape, hastata. Bottom prolonged into two
lobes spread out wide apart. Arum maculatum, Elatine
hastata.

q Unequal at bottom, last inequalia. Bottom length-
ened more on one side than the other. Stramonium feeti-
dum, Ulmus campestris. | 1

Narrowed at bottom, lasi attenuata. Becoming narrow
at bottom. Polygonum aviculare, Hieracium sylvaticum,
Chenopodium.

11. Poiné.

Sharp, Folia acuta. The two edges forming an acute
angle. Epilobium angustifolium, Ek. hirsutum, Scrophu-
laria nodosa.

Pointed, acuminata. The two edges change their di-
rection when they approach each other, and are prolonged
beyond the place where they would otherwise meet. Cornus
mascula, Corylus sylvestris, Cerasus racemosa.

Cuspidated, cuspidata. Long, narrowing by degrees,
ending in a sharp hard point resembling awlshape leaves,
but much larger. Bromelia Ananas.

F 2

~ 68 INTRODUCTION TO: BOTANY.

. Dagger-pointed, mucronata. Finishing in a narrow
point. Sempervivum tectorum, Amaranthus minor.

Hooked, wncinata. Ending in a crooked point or hook.
Mesembryanthemum uncinatum.

Obtuse, obtusa. Rounded at top. Berberis vulgaris,
- Corrigiola littoralis.

Bluntly notched, retusa. Ending in a*blunt notch. Vitis-
_ Idea punctifolia, Amaranthus lividus.

Notched, nicked, emarginata. Ending in a sharp notch.
Asarum Europzeum, Buxus sempervirens. Pl. 5, fig. 15.

Truncated, truncata. Ending abruptly by a transverse
line. Aloe retusa.

Bitten, premorsa. Ending as if bitten by the teeth.
- Caryota urens.

Three-toothed, ‘ridentata. Ending in three teeth. Saxi-
fraga tridentata, Genista tridentata.

Five-toothed, guinquedentata. Hydrocotyle tridentata,
Saxifraga ascendens.

Reverse-heartshape, obcordata, obcordiformia. Oblong
~ and parted at the end into two rounded lobes. Leaflets of
Oxalis vulgaris.

q Circinated, circinata, apice cirrosa. Lengthened out at
the end into a long point rolled upon itself. Gloriosa
superba.

Ascidiated, ascidiata. Ending in.a hollow vase, ascidium,
covered with a moveable cover. Nepenthes distillatoria,
N. phyllamphora.

12. Contour.

Not in the least notched, Folia integerrima. ‘The edge
being without the least incision whatever. Lysimachia re-
pens, Periclymenum vulgare, Androseemum vulgare.

Crenate, crenata. ‘The edge cut into small rounded
parts. Chamedrys palustris, Betonica officinalis, Marru-
bium vulgare, Glechoma hederacea, Caltha palustris, Po-
pulus tremula.

Doubly crenate, duplicato-crenata. ‘The crenules of the
edge crenulated alse. Chrysosplenium alternifolium.

Reversely crenate, olcrenata. ‘The edge cut into sharp
_ points, separated by rounded sinuses. Theophrastus Ame-
ricana.

Serrate, serrata. The edge cut into teeth, serrature
sharp-pointed and inclined to the tip of the leaf. Scro-
phularia aquatica, Vaccinium montanum, Viola odorata,

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 69

Evonymus Europzeus, Acer Pseudoplatanus, Viburnum
Lantana. PI. 6, fig. 2.

Doubly serrate, ” duplicalo-serrate. The serratures of
which are also serrate themselves. Ribes rubrum, Ulmus
campestris, Corylus Avellana.

Toothed, dentata. The edge cut into teeth, hie do
not incline either to the tip or bottom of the leaf, Tus:
silago vulgaris, Senecio vulgaris, Erysimum cordifolium,
Sinapis alba.

Denticulated, denticulata,? When the teeth or serratures

Serrulated, serrulata. are extremely small. Lactuca
virosa, Circzea Lutetiana, Inula dys senterica, Senecio Doria.

‘Gnawed, erosa. The edge cut into small unequal parts,
as if eaten by an insect. Senecio Doria, Sinapis alba.

Sinuated, stvuata. ‘The edge cut into rounded jags, se-
parated by sinuses also rounded. Stramonium feetidum,
Carduus natans, Quercus longeva, Onopordium vulgare.
Pl. 4, fig. 8.

Violon-shaped, panduriformia. Oblong, with a rounded
sinus on each side. Rumex pulcher, Convolvalas pandu-
ratus. Pl. 4, fig. 9.

Repand, sinuolata, repanda. When the sinuses are very
shallow. Solanum nigrum, Inula dysenteria, Chrysople- .
nium oppositifolium, Alnus glutinosus.

Angulous, angulosa. The edge having several anoular
jags, whose number is indeterminable. Stramonium feeti-
dum, Tussilago vulgare, Chelidonium glaucum, Ficaria
verna. PI. 6h fie. 7.

Five-aneled, quinque-a angulata. Pelargonium peltatum,
&e.

ane septem-angulata. Hibiscus Abelmoschus,
&e.

Fringed, vane Bordered with straight hairs like eye-
lashes. Taneas pilosus, Sempervivum tector um, Eremocallis
glomerata. Pl. 4, fig. 9. ‘i

13. Edge.

Callous, margine calloso. Covered with small hard tu-
mours. Saxifra aga Cotyledon.
Gristly, cartilasineo. Hard, elastic, and of some other
colour than green. Vitis Tdeca punctifolia. Pl. 4, fig. 6.
Thorny, spinoso. Armed with hard prickles. Agave
Americana, Carduus lanceolatus, Silybum Mariz, Carlina
vulgaris. Pl. 6, fig. 9.

70. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY:

Rolled up, revoluéo, Rosmarinus officinalis, Andromeda.
polifolia, Oxycoccus palustris, Eremocallis glomerata.

14. Incisions.

Cut, Folia incisa Mirbel, lobata De Candolle. With
deep incisions on the edges, the size and form being left.
undetermined.

Jagged, laciniata. ‘The incisions irregular.

Feather-cut, pinnaticisa. Incisions. disposed sideways
like the feathers’of a quill.

Lyrate, /yrata. Feather-cut leaves, the side lobes being
much smaller than the end one. Barbarea preecox, Baas?
sica Eruca, Geum urbanum, Raphanistrum vulgare. Pl. 4,.
fig. 10.

ees runcinata. Feather-cut leaves, the side lobes:
sharp-pointed and bent towards the stem like a hook.
Taraxacum officinale, Sonchus arvensis, S. oleraceus, Pre-
nanthes muralis, Hypocheris radicata. Pl. 4, fig. 11.

Kared, auriculata. Having two small lobes at their base.
Salvia officinalis.

q Lobed, lobata Mirbel, partita De Candolle. The
incisions penetrating more than halfway, into the face of
the leaf, but not reaching the middle rib so as to separate
the. parenchyme of the leaf into segments.

Two-lobed, liloba, bilobata. Bauhinia porrecta.

Three-lobed, triloba. Anemone hepaniees Opulus pa~
lustris, Ribes alpinum. PI. 6, fig. 18.

Five-lobed, quinqueloba. Veronica hostile Cym-
balaria hederacea, Acer majus, Bryonia officinalis, Ribes.
rubrum. PI. 5, fig. 6.

Seven-lobed, septemloba. Malva sylvestris.

Nine-lobed, novemlola. Alchemilla vulgaris, A. hybrida.

Many-lobed, multiloba, &c.

q Split, fissa. Cut leaves like the lobed, but ‘the incisions.
are straight.

Two-cut, lifida.

Three-cut, érifida. Chameedrys officinalis, Mespilus
monogyna.

Four-cut, quadrifida.

Feather-cut; pinnatifida. Mirbel, pinnatipartita De Can-
dolle: Divided sideways. into shallower or deeper lobes,
the. parenchyme of the leaf: not being. interrupted by
the divisions. Polypodium vulgare,.. Silybum.Mariez,.Co-
ronopus coadunatus. PI. 4, fig. 13.

INTRODUCTION: TO: BOTANY: Ti

Pedately cut, pedatifida. Cut into two. lobes, and:each
of these divided. into segments:on the:side:next the division. .
Helleborus niger, H. foetidus. Pl. 5, fig. 1.

Comblike, pectinata, Feather-cut leaves, the lobes being
straight and placed parallelly like the teeth of a comb.
Lavandula dentata, Achillea pectinata.

q Parted, . partita: Mirbel,. secta: De Candolle: Side
incisions. penetrating to. the middle rib of the leaf the pa-
renchyme being interrupted by the division ; and the lon-
gitudinal incisions beyond two-thirds of the face.

Two-parted, bipartita. Divided into: two, by a very déep
longitudinal incision. Bidens tripartita, Passiflora incar-
nata.

Five-parted, quinque-partita. Ipomea quinque-loba. -

Many-parted, mu(ti-partita.. Consolida regalis, Trollius:
Europeeus.

Palmate, palmata. Many-parted leaves, with longitu-
dinal divisions like fingers: Ipomea quinque-loba, Passi-
flora cerulea. PI. 5, fig. 7.

Forked, dichotoma. Ceratophyllum demersum.

Feather-parted, pennatipartita Mirbel, pinnalisectus De
Candolle. Cut sideways to the middle rib of the leaf, the:
parenchyme being interrupted by the divisions. Valeriana
Sibirica, Polypodium unitum.

Twice feather-cut, Bipennaticisa..The segments:of the
leaf cut again in a similar manner.

Twice feather-parted, Bipennatipartita.

Thrice feather-cut, T7ipennaticisa. The secondary: seg-
ments cut again ina similar manner.

15. Composition.

Compound... Folia composita.. Footstalk not, divided,
but bearing several leaflets.

One leafletted, unifoliaia. A jointed footstalk. bearing
only one leaflet. Citrus Aurantium, Rosa simplicifolia,
Hedysarum. vespertilionis,.&c. Analogy,. and the joint
of the footstalk, causes these to be considered as compound
leaves:

Fingered, digitata, palmata De Candolle. Leaflets: ter-
minating the’ common: footstalk, like fingers; instead of
being placed on the side.

Two-fingered, lidigitata, digitata-lifoliolata, binata Lin-
nus. No example known. Zygophyllum Fabago, quoted
by Linnzeus,.is.one-paired.

72 INTRODUCTION TO- BOTANY.

Three fingered, tridigitata, digitata trifoliolata, ternata
Linnzeus. Menyanthes trifoliata, Oxalis vulgaris. Pl. 5, °
fig. 9.

oR our-fingered, quadridigitata, digitata quadrifoliolata.
Marsilia quadrifolia.

Five-fingered, quinquedigitata, quinata Linnzeus. Po-
tentilla reptans, Rubus fruticosa, Lupinus albus.

Seven-fingered, septemdigitata. AAsculus Hippocastanum.
Pi. 5, fig. 8.

Nine-fingered, novemdigitata. Sterculia feetida.

Many-fingered, multidigitata. Lupinus varius.

Vertebral, vertebrata Mirbel, lomentacea De Candoile.
Leaflets nar rowed at distances, me at each narrowing there
is a joint. Cussonia spicata, Citrus Aurantium. PI. 5,
fig. 10. .

Pinnate, pinnata. Leaflets disposed upon two sides of a —
foostalk.

Three-leafletted, trifoliolata. Dolichos, Hedysarum gy-
Fansy bro oy tee Ps.

Paired, conjugata, opposite-pinnata. Leaflets in pairs.

One-paired, Unijuga, conjugata Linneus. One pair
only of leaflets. Zygophyllum Fabago, Lathyrus pratensis,
L. sylvestris.

Two-paired, lijuga. Mimosa nodosa.

Three-paired, tryuga. Orobus tuberosus, Vicia lathry-
roides.

Four-paired, quadrijuga. Cassia longisiliqua.

Five-paired, guinguejuga. Cassia occidentalis.

Many- paired, multyuga. Orobus sylvaticus, Vicia multi- —
flora. Pl. 4, fig. 15.

Alternately disposed, foliols alternatim positis. Leaflets
alternate, instead of being opposite and in pairs. Potentilla
rupestris.

Abruptly terminated, abruple pinnata, abrupte terminata,
pari-pinnala. Leaflets in pairs, without an odd leaflet, or
tendril, at oad end of the footstalk. Orobus tuberosus.
Pl. 4, fig. 1 5.

With an odd leaflet, fodiolo impart, impari-pinnata. Pin-
nate, terminated by an odd leaflet. Asplenium saxatile,
Fraxinus excelsior, Cardamine impatiens, Erodium cicuta-
rium, Rosa. Pl. 4, fig. 14.

Terminated by a tendril, cirrho terminato.. Pinnate, ter-
minated by tendrils instead of an odd leaflet. Fumaria
claviculata, Vicia, Pisum sativum, Lathyrus odoratus.

‘

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 73

Interruptedly pinnate, foliolis interruptis, interrupte pin-
nata. Leaflets alternately large and small. Solanum tu-
berosum, Agrimonia vulgaris, Spirzee odorata, Sp. vul-
garis, Potentilla anserina. PI. 4, fig. 14.

Decreasingly, pinnate, foliolis decrescentibus. Leaflets
diminishing in size as they approach the top. PI. 4, fig. 17.

Decursively pinnate, foliolzs decursivis, decursive pinnata.
Footstalk winged by the prolongation of the bottom of the
leaflets. Melianthus major.

4] Twice compounded, decomposiia. Second degree of
composition; the common footstalk divided into secondary
ones. —

Fingered-pinnate, digitato-pinnata, conjugato-pinnata.
Secondary footstalks, arising from the end of the common
footstalk. :

Two-fingered-pinnate, Jzdigitato-pinnata. Secondary
footstalks, two in number. Mimosa purpurea. Pl. 5,

» 14.
sai bigeminata, lbiconjugata. ‘Two secondary
footstalks, each of which have one pair of leaves. Mimosa
Unguis cati. PI. 5, fig. 12.

Trigeminate, tergimina, tergeminata. ‘Two secondary
footstalks, each of which have one pair.of leaves, and a
third pair of leaves is borne at the parting of the two se-
condary footstalks. Mimosa tergimina.

Three-fingered pinnate, éridigitato-pimnata, ternato-pin-
nata. ‘The common footstalk has three secondary foot-
stalks from its tip, all of which have leaflets attached on
their sides. Hoffmanseggia.

Four-fingered pinnate, quadri
pudica.

Many-fingered pinnate, multzdigitato-pinnata.

Bipinnate, lipinnata, duplicato-pinnata. ‘The secondary
footstalks, to the sides of which the leaflets are attached, are
placed on the sides not the tip of the main footstalk. Ca-
rum officinale, Fumaria officinalis. Pl. 4, fig. 16.

Biternate, liternata, duplicato-ternate. ‘The common
footstalk is parted into three secondary footstalks, each of
which has leaflets. Fumaria bulbosa, Cicuta virosa, Im-
peratoria major.

Pedate, pedata. The common footstalk is parted at top
into two diverging branches, bearing leaflets on that side
only which is next the fork. PI. 5, fig. 2.

4] Thrice compounded, swpra-decomposita. ‘Third degree

digitato-pinnata. Mimosa

746 INTRODUCTION: TO BOTANY: .

of composition: the primary footstalk divided into secon-
dary footstalks, and those into third-rank footstalks.

Triternate, ¢riternata. The: primary: footstalk dimicied
into three, and each of these into three others; all the nine:
bearing three leaflets each. Epimedium alpinum, Crith-
Ah maritimum, Smyrnium vulgare, Actzea spicata. Pl. 6):

g. 1

* 'Tripinnate, tripinnatas The common footstalk has on
its sides secondary footstalks, and these have also on their:
sides third-rank footstalks, to the sides-of which leaflets are
attached. Daucus vulgaris, Phellandrium aquaticum, ‘Tha-
lictrum minus.

The leaflets of compound leaves admit most of the
characters of simple leaves.

16. Expansion.
Flat, Folia plana. Most plants.

Convex, convexa. ‘The upper face convex, the lower”
concave. Ocymum Basilicum majus.

Concave, concava. The upper face concave, the lower.
convex, Drosera rotundifolia, Umbilicus pendulinus, Saxi-
fraga oppositifolia.

Grooved, channelled, canaliculata. Long, with a hollow
channel throughout their” whisle length. “Lygeum Spar-
tum, Salsola decumbens, Pinus sylvestris.

Keeled, carinata? Grooved, with a projection on the
under surface the whole length, like the keel ofa vessel.
Sparganium erectum, Tragopogon pratense, Stellaria ho-
lostea! Narcissus biflorus, Ajax fenestralis.

Folded, plicata. Having several folds lengthways. Ve-
ratrum album, Althea officinalis, Malva sylvestri is.

Puckered, crispa. Wrinkled irregularly over the whole
surface. Rumex crispus, Mentha crispa, Malva crispa,
Hypericum crispum.

Bullate, bullata. With the upper surface raised up in
bubblelike or conical tubercles, which are hollowed on the
under side. Lamium Orvalla, Ocymum Basilicum majus. |
PI.6; fig. 2.

Wrinkled, rugosa. With the veins sunk in a little, so
as to form a faaben of wrinkles. Salvia officinalis, Sco= -
rodonia solitaria, Marrubium vulgare.

Waved, undulata. The edge rising and falling alter-
nately in roundish folds like waves. Persicaria acris, Bis+
torta major, Jasione montana, Inula pulicaria.

INTRODUCTION: TO: BOTANY: 1&

Capped, cucullata.. Rolled up lengthways like a cornet.
Geranium cucullatam, Plantago maxima.

17. Nervature..

Ribbed, Folia nervata, nervosa. With one or more ribs.
Linum perenne, Plantago media, P. lanceolata, Opulus:,
palustris.

One-ribbed, uninervia,.uninervaia.. With only one rib.
Linum perenne.

Three-ribbed, érimervia. With three ribs extended
lengthways the leaf, from the base. Saponaria, officinalis,
Linum usitatissimum. PI. 5, fig. 16.

Five-ribbed, quinquenervia. With five ribs, lengthways
the leaf, from the base. Gentiana lutea.

Seven-ribbed, sepiem-nervia.. Alisma major.

Nine-ribbed, movem-nervia.. Melastoma grandiflora..

Many-ribbed, multinervia.. Cypripedium ferrugineum.
Pl..4, fig. 2.

Triple-ribbed, ¢riplinervia. The rib is tripled, throwing
out two side-branches a little above the base of the leaves.
Melastoma multiflora. PI. 6, fig. 3. ;

Quintuple-ribbed, guintupli-nervia.. With. four side:
branches. Melastoma discolor.

Multiple-ribbed,. multipli-nervia. With many side
branches. Hydrogeton fenestralis.. Pl. 5, fig. 15.

{| Straight-ribbed, rectinervia, penninervia. Ribs running
in a straight line. Alnus. glutinosa, Castanea vesca,, Car-
pinus ulmoides. PI. 4, fig. 4.

Curve-ribbed, curvinervia, converginervia._ Ribs describe
acurve. Plantago media. PI. 5, fig.15; Pl..4, fig, 2.

Parallel-ribbed,. parallelinervia. Ribs keep at an equal
distance from one another. Cratzegus alpina, Alnus glu-

_tinosa, Castanea vesca, Carpinus ulmoides.

Diverging-ribbed, diverginervia. Ribs spread out as they
go from base to tip. Opulus palustris, Alchimilla: vulgaris.
PL. 6, fig. 16.

Star-ribbed, stellinervia, peltinervia. Ribs run from the-
middle of the leaf to the circumference. Hydrocotyle vul--
garis; Ricinus communis. PI. 6, fig. 9.

q Nervato-veined, nervato-venosa. Ribs divided several:
times, and divided into veins, Tropzeolum majus.

Ribless, innervia.. The ribs being enveloped with pa-
renchyme do not. appear: externally, and. the leaves: are
considered. as:being without ribs;, Sempervivum tectorum.

76 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

- Veined, venosa. With veins appearing on the surface
of the leaf. Androseemum officinale, Lithospermum offici- —
nale, Vitis Idaea punctifolia.

Parallel, paralleli-venosa. Musa Sapientum.

Diverging-veined, divergi-venosa. Salisburia asplenii-
folia.

Reticulate-veined, veticulato-venosa. The veins anasto-
mosing in all parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxi-
folia, Salix aurita, Salix reticulata.

Veinless, aventa. Limonium commune, Lithospermum
arvense, Arenaria maritima.

18. Ribs or veins.

Straight, nervis vel venis rectis. Ribs or veins running
in a straight line. Betula. Castanea vesca.

Curved, curvis, convergentilus. Running in a curve line
so as to meet at each end. Plantago media.

Featherlike, penna/is. A main rib throwing out branches
on each side, which keep parallel to one another. Castanea
vesca.

Footlike, pedatis. Two main ribs throwing out branches
on the side next to each other. Helleborus foetidus. Pl. 5,
fig. 1.

Handlike, palmatis. Several main ribs thrown out from
the insertion of the leaf, and tending to the circumference.
Vitis vinifera.

Shieldlike, peliatis, stellatis. Several main ribs thrown
out from the insertion of the petiole, in the disk of the
leaf. Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI. 6, fig. 9.

Netted, reticulatis. Ribs and veins anastomosing in all
parts. Stachys Germanica, Uva-ursi buxifolia, Salix aurita.

19. Surface.

Pierced, Folia pertusa. Pierced with large holes irre-
gularly distributed, Menispermum fenestratum.

Fretted, cancellata. Having no parenchyme, but only
nerves and veins which anastomose and form an open net-
work. Hydrogeton fenestralis. Pl. 5, fig. 15.

Furrowed, sulcata. Digitalis ferruginea, Asphodelus
luteus. + |

Streaked, striata. Scirpus maritimus.

Even, /evia. Convallaria majalis, Nymphea.

Smooth, glalra. Tamnus communis, Androseemum —
officinale, Linum usitatissimum, Reseda salicifolia, Acer
Pseudo-platanus.

‘

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. a dt

_ Shining, lucida, nitida, splendentia. ‘Tamnus communis,
" Vitis Idzea punctifolia, Silybum Maris, Hedera communis,
Prunus Lauro-cerasus, Ficaria ranunculoides.

Dotted, punctata. Anagallis Phoenicea, Thymus cam-
pestris, Calamintha vulgaris, Hypericum perforatum.

Rough, scabra, aspera. Lithospermum officinale, Ja-
sione montana, Ulmus campestris, ‘Tordylium maximum.

Papulous, papulosa. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

Papillous, warty, papillosa, verrucosa. ‘The surface co-
vered with round firm eminences.

Glutinous, viscous, glutinosa, viscosa. Nicotiana gluti-
nosa, Inula viscosa.

20. Villosity.

Downy, Folia pubescentia. Cynoglossum officinale, Al-
thzea officinalis, Geranium molle, Circea Lutetiana.

Velvetty, velutina. Cotyledon coccinea.

Hairy, pilosa. Scorodonia solitaria, Antirrhinum spu-
rium, Daucus vulgaris.

Villous, villosa. Valantia cruciata, Epilobium hirsutum.

Silky, sericea. Potentilla anserina.

Woolly, lanata. Stachys Germanica, Verbascum de-
currens. 3

Cottony, ¢omentosa. Geranium rotundifolium, Onopor-
dum acanthium.

Floccy, floccosa. Covered with hair matted together,
which come off in small lumps. Verbascum floccosum.

Hispid, hispida. Galeopsis nodosa, Pulmonaria offi-
cinalis, Borrago officinalis, Lycopsis arvensis.

Spinellose, spinellosa, echinata. Helminthia echioides.

21. Colour.

Green, Folia viridia. As in most leaves.

Coloured, colorata. Of another colour than green.
Atriplex hortensis rubra.

Glaucous, glauca. Brassica oleracea, Stellaria holostea,
Arenaria rubra, Sedum dasyphyllum.

Spotted, maculata. Orchis mascula, Persicaria maculosa,
Pulmonaria officinalis, Hieracium murorum. ;

Variegated, variegata. Amaranthus tricolor, Silybum
Marie.

Banded, fasciata. Phalaris arundinacea picta.

Differently coloured, discolorta. ‘The two faces of the leaf
are of different colours. Cymbalaria hederacea, Lemna
polyrrhiza, Oxalis purpurea.

8 INFRODUCTION ‘TO ‘BOTANY.

‘Zoned, zonata. Having coloured bands disposed ‘round
-a‘central point. Gerami um zonale.

22. Petiolation.

Nearly sessile, swbsessilia. ‘The footstalk of the leafvery —
sshort. Epilobium angustifolium, Buxus sempervirens.
Footstalked, petiolata. The footstalk «very distinct.
-Pyrus, and most plants. PI. 6, fig. 9.

Peltate, peltata. ‘The leaf attached to the leafstalk by
its lower surface, and not by itsedge. ‘Tropzeolum majus,
‘Hydrocotyle vulgaris. PI1.6, fig. 9.

23. Duration.

Fugacious, Folia fugacia, caduca.* Falling soon :after
their first appearance. Cactus Opuntia.

Annual, decidua, annua. Falling off in autumn. Pyrus,
Esculus, and most plants which are natives of temperate
climates.

Evergreen, persistentia, sempervirentia, perennia. Keeping
on the plant for more than a year. Daphne sempervirens,
Vinca major, V. minor, Uva-ursi buxifolia, Hedera com-
munis, Pinus, Taxus.

24.. Time of appearance.

Anticipating the flowers, Folia proteranthea. Coming
out before the flowers appear. _ Most plants.
Accompanying the flowers, synanthea. Coming out at
the same time as the flowers.
Succeeding the flowers, hysteranthea. Coming out after
the flowers have begun to appear. Amygdalus communis,
Tussilago vulgaris.

25. Disposition during sleep.

‘Connivent, somno conniventia. Simple leaves, opposite,
turned up at ‘night, and applied against the stem by the
upper face. Atriplex hortensis.

Including, zncludentia. Simple leaves, alternate and ap-
plied against the stem. ‘Sida Abutilon.

Surrounding, circumsepientia. Rolled inwards, and sur-
rounding the young shoots. Malva Peruviana.

Sheltering, munientia. Bowing towards the earth, and
forming..a shelter above the lower flowers. Impatiens pa-
lustris.

Conduplicant, conduplicantia. Opposite and brought up
so as to be applied to each other by their upper surface.

»INTRODUCTION TO ‘BOTANY. “79

“Cradling, involventia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf
Bead their ‘tops towards each other'so as to: forma cradle
which hides the flowers. 'Lotus ornithopodioides.

Diverging, divergentia. The leaflets of a trifoliolated leaf
rise up and come near each other by their base, but further
‘separated by their tips. Melilotus.

Hanging, dependentia. ‘The leaflets of a compound leaf
fall below their footstalk, and turn their tip to. the ground.
Oxalis.

Turning, znvertentia. ‘The leaflets turn half round on
their footstalk, so that the upper face of the leaflets is turned
where the lower face was, and vice versa. Cassia.

Tiling, wmbricantia. The leaflets, directing their tips
towards the top of the leaf, apply themselves to the foot-
stalk, and cover one another.’ “Mimosa pudica.

‘Bent back, retrorsa. The leaflets, directing their tips to
‘the base of the leaf, apply themselves to the footstalk, and
cover one another. Galega Caribzea.

LEAFSTALK.

‘Petiole, Petiolus. The support of the leaf, connecting it with
the stem, or root.

Simple, Petiolus: simplex. Without. any division or joint.
Pyrus.

Compound, compositus. Divided into petiolules « or partial
footstalks, which bear the leaflets. Epimedium alpinum.
PI. 6, fig.1; Pl. 4, fig. 16.

‘| Jointed, articulatus. Appearing as if formed of pieces
connected together lengthways, by having at its point of
attachment, or at the places where it is onde: a. swelling,
or contraction, or a change of direction, of eaten Or its
substance. Rodinia Pseudo-acacia, Gleditsia. Pl. 4, fig. 16.

Jointless, znarticulatus. Without any joint. Umbelli-
ferze. ;

4, Primary, common, primarius, communis. Common to
several leaflets, or to several secondary leafstalks. Pha-
seolus. Pl. 4, fig.15 and 16; PI. 6, fig. 1.

Secondary, secundarius. First division of the primary
leafstalk.

Partial, proper, partial, proprius. Peculiar to one leaflet.

q Two-forked, dichotomus. Divided and:subdivided into
secondary, &c. leafstalks by being split each time into two.

80 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Three-forked, érichotomus. Divided and subdivided into
secondary, &c. leafstalks by being split each time into
three. Epimedium alpinum. PI.6, fig. 1.

{| Tendril-bearing, cirriferus. Bearing tendrils. Smilax
-horrida. PI. 8, fig. 2.

Tendril-like, cirriformis. ‘Twining like a tendril. Fu-
maria capreolata, Clematis orientalis. PI. 6, fig. 14.

Stipuled, stipuliferus. Leafstalk, or the primary leaf-
stalk, if compound, furnished at the bottom with stipules.
Rosa, Ononis, Mespilus Germanica, Oxalis corniculata.

Stipellated, stipellati. Secondary, &c. leafstalks fur-
nished at their base with small stipules.

Gland-bearing, glanduliferus. Furnished with glands.
Opulus palustris, Prunus.

Margined, winged, marginatus, alatus. Furnished with
expansions on the sides. Pisum Ochrus, Citrus Aurantium.

Sheathing, vaginans. Forming a sheath round the
stem or scape. Graminez, Cyperacee, Umbelliferee. PI. 4,
fig. 1.

”Convolute, convolutus. Resembling a lamina rolled
round the stalk. Graminez.

Tubular, éululatus. Forming a tube sheathing the stem.
Cyperacez.

Inflated, izflatus. Hollow and swelling. ‘Trapa natans.

Locular, doculosus. Hollow and divided by partitions.
Eryngium corniculatum.

Thorned, spinescens. Ending in a thorn. Robinia
Halodendron.

Beside these characters, it is necessary to attend to the
form of the leafstalk, whether cylindrical, clubshape,

rooved, compressed, depressed; to its length compared
with that of the leaf; and to its length in respect to our
common measures.

LIGULE.

Ligula, Collare. A membranous appendage surmounting
the sheathing petiole, at the junction between the sheath

and the blade of the leaf.

Uncut, Ligula integra. Poa pratensis.

Cleft, jissa. Phleum crinitum.

Torn, lacera. Milium lentigerum.

Fringed, ciliata. Holcus Janatus.

Truncated, éruncata. Avena fatua.

Acuminated, acuminata. Phalaris paradoxa.
Scalelike, squamiformis.. Poaarenosa. Pl. 4, fig. 1.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. $1

STIPULE.
Stipula. 4 leaflike appendage accompanying the proper
leaves of the plant.

1. Atiachment to the plant.

Cauline, Stipule caulinares. Attached to the stem ra-
ther than to the leaves. Rubiacexw, Malvacez, Lathyrus
aphyllus, Alnus glutinosa.

Amplexicaul, amplexicaules. Embracing the stem. Car-
damine impatiens, Morus, Ficus.

Sheathing, vaginantes, tubulose. Forming a tube round
the stem. Polygonez, Alchemilla vulgaris.

Hypocrateriform, /ypocrateriformes. Forming a tube
round the stem, terminating at top by an enlarged flat rim.
Polygonum orientale, Platanus.

Inferaxillary, inferaxillares. Attached to the stem below
the leaves. Berberis, Ribes spinosum.

Intermediate, zntermedie. Growing upon the stem be-
tween opposite leaves. Coffea. In the rubiacee they
unite with the leaves in forming a whirl, and appear to be
really abortive leaves.

Lateral, /aterales. Placed on the stem on each side of
the base of the leafstalk. ‘Tilia, many leguminose, Alnus
glutinosa.

Ambiguous, amligue. Attached nearly equally to the
stem and to the leaves. Polygoneze, Lotus siliquosus.

{| Petiolar, petiolares. Attached on the leafstalk, Rosa,
Mespilus, Ononis.

Marginal, marginales, adnate@. Attached along the sides
of the leafstalk. Rosa canina, Piper nigrum, Nympheza.

Detached, solute. Attached to the leafstalk by their
base only.

Anterior, anteriores, intrafoliacee. Joined at their base
only to the anterior part of the leafstalk, free at their upper
part, and so forming a lamina placed between the stem and
the leafstalk. Melianthus, Trifolium pratense, Illecebrum
verticillatum, Arenaria rubra.

Petiolular, petiolulares. Growing at the base of the
leaflets of a compound leaf, upon the petiolules. Dolichos.
Pl” 5, tig. 15.

2. Number.

Single, Siipule solitarie. A single stipule to each leaf.
Berberis. In ruscus the solitary stipule appears to be an
YOL. I. G

82. INTRODUCTION, TO, BOTANY.

abortive leaf, and the apparent leaf in reality a metamor-
phosed branch. |

Twin, gemine. ‘Pwo:stipules to each leaf. Almost all
plants that have stipules.

8. Connexion.

Distinct, Stipule.distincte. Separated from one another
throughout their whole length. Almost every plant, that
has stipules.

Conjoined, connate, connate. Joined one to the other.
Melianthus,, Humulus.

4, Nature.

Leaflike, Sdipule foliacee. Resembling leaves in: colour
and consistence. Agrimonia vulgaris, Lathyrus. aphyllus,,
Lotus corniculatus.

Membranaceous, membranacee. Polygonum amphi-
bium, Herniaria glabra, Corrigiola.

Scarious, scariose. Thin, dr ys semitransparent. Poly-
gonum aviculare, Ilecebrum verticillatum, Erodium cicu-
tarium, Potentilla fruticosa.

Spinescent, spinescentes. Becoming spines, or thorns.
Berberis vulgaris, Ribes spinosum. PI..6, fig. 16.

Very small, minute. Gleditsia triacanthos, Ceratonia,
Siliqua.

5. Figure.

Rounded, Stipule subrotunde. Spirea odorata.

Oval, ee Erodium cicutarium, Trifolium pratense,
Astragalus elycyphyllos. _

Semioval, semiovales. ‘Trifolium procumbens, Medicago
sativa.

Rather heartshaped, sulcordiformes, subcordate. Gera-
nium inquinans, Lotus tetragonolobus.

Obliquely heartshaped, oblique-cordate. Pisum sativum.

Half-heartshaped, semi-cordiformes. Mespilus Pyra-
cantha.

Kidneyshape, renarie, reniformes. Salix capreea.

Halfmooned, lunate, semi-lunate. Agrimonia vulgaris,
Mespilus digyna, Crateegus Crus galli.

Sagittate, sagittate. Galea officinalis.

Semi- -sagittate, semi-sagiitate. Vicia multiflora, Vicia
sativa, Lathyrus odoratus, Lathyrus. annuus, Lathyrus
sylvestris, Orobus vernus.

2

INTRODUCTION. TO BOTANY. 83

Lanceolate, lanceolate. Viola odorata, Hippocrepis
comosa.

Linear, limeares. Pyrus sylvestris, Pyrus communis,
Trifolium arvense.

Awishape, subulate. Rubus Ideus, Lathyrus Nissolia,
Cytisus Laburnum.

Bristlelike, se¢acee. Populus tremula.

Edge und incisions.

Uncut, Stipule integre. Polygonum amphibium, La-
thyrus aphyllus, Trifolium procumbens.

Toothed, dentate. Mespilus digyna, Medicago poly-
morpha, Pisum sativum, Vicia sativa.

Pinnatifid, pinnatifide. Viola tricolor, Viola grandi-
flora.

Jagged, laciniate. Medicago orbicularis, Medicago
coronata.

Torn, lacere. Ulecebrum verticillatum, Arenaria rubra.

Fringed, ciliate. Persicaria maculosa, Cardamine impa-
tiens, Trifolium procumbens.

Duration.

Fugacious, fugaces. Falling off before the leaves. Tilia,
Gleditsia, Ficus Carica.

Deciduous, caduce, decidue. Falling with the leaves.
Most plants.

Remaining, persistentes. Remain after the falling of the
leaves. Coccoloba pubescens.

The stipules may also have the other characters of the
leaves, of which they are in fact a species.

SHEATH.

Vagina. <A portion of certain leaves, surrounding the
stem, and considered by some botanists as a kind of pe-
tiole.

Not cut, Vagina integra. Forming a perfect tube. Cy-
peracee.
Shit, fissa. Slit down lengthways. .Graminez.

OcREA.

A membranous sheath, not completely surrounding the
stem. Polygonez. Some look upon it as a stipule.
G2

84 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

RETICULUM.
A fibrous sheath at the base of the leaves of the palmee.

PERICLADIUM.

A hollow part of the base of the leaves which surrounds
the branches or peduncles. Umbelliferz.

PHYLLODIUM.
A greatly expanded petiole of compounded or deeply

cut leaves, which assumes the appearance of a real leaf.
Sunk leaves of the Alismaceze, Bupleurum, Batrachium.
Some botanists call these, petiolaneous leaves, folia petio-
lanea.
SUPPORT.

Stipes, Peridroma, Rachis. ‘The petiole of a fern, dif-
fering from the proper petiole, as bearing the fructification
as well as the leaf, or leaflets.

STIPELLE.

Stipella. A kind of stipule placed at the base of the
leaflets on the common petiole. Phaseolus.

HyPorpHyLuiuM.

A small sheath, representing the true leaf, having
branches at the axille similar to leaves. Asparagi.

VAGINELLE.

Vaginella. A small membranaceous sheath, embracing
the base of bundles of leaves. Pinus, Larix.

AURICLE.
Auricula, Amphigaster. A kind of stipule accompanying
the leaves of the jungermanniz.
VESICLES.
Fesicula. A hollow enclosed part, full of air, found on
the leaves, Fuci; or in the petiole, Trapa natans.
GoBLET.

Ascidium, Vasculum. A kind of cup formed either by the
leaf being rolled up and the edges soldered together, Sar-
racenia; or by the concavity of the leaf itself, Cephalotus;
or by a peculiar hollowing out of the extremity of the main
rib, Nepenthes.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 85

Cover.

Operculum. A moveable leaflike expansion, which covers
the goblet. Sarracenia, Nepenthes.

BUTTONS.

Gemme. The rudiments of young shoots, either naked or
surrounded with peculiar coverings.

Species.

Bulb, Bulbus. ‘Thick, placed on the roots. Liliacez,
Asphodelez.

Bulbille, Budbillus. Small, growing on different parts,
above the ground, falling off and taking root. Lilium
bulbiferum.

Bud, Gemma. Growing on the stem or its branches,
not falling off, but expanding itself on the place. Most
trees in temperate and cold climates.

Eye, Turio. Growing om the root, smaller than the
bulb. Arum Italicum, Asparagus officinalis, Solanum tu-
berosum.

Sobole, Soboles, Bacillus. Growing in the pericarpium,
instead of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum.

Bus.

Tuberose, Bullus tuberosus, solidus. Uniform in its
texture, without concentric coats or scales. Colchicum
autumnale,- Crocus, Gladiolus, Fumaria bulbosa.

Coated, tunicatus. Enveloped with coats. Fumaria
bulbosa.

Scaly, squamosus, tmbricatus. Composed of straight
scales or tiles overlaying one another. Lilium, Saxifraga
granulata.

Formed of coats, tunicosus. Composed entirely of fleshy
coats, one surrounding the other. Cepa esculenta.

{| Aggregated, compositus, aggregatus. Composed of

5 . e 5 .
several cloves, or bulbuli, Allium sativum.

Bou LBiLiE and SoBo.e.

Scaly, Bulbillus squamosus. Lilium bulbiferum.

Solid, ¢uberosus, solidus. Crinum Asiaticum.

{| Axillary, axillaris. Growing at the setting on of the
leaves. Lilium bulbiferum.

Pericarpial, pericarpialis. Growing in the pericarpium.
in the place of seeds. Crinum Asiaticum.

86 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Floralis, jloralis. Growing in the place of the flowers.
Allium arenarium, A. carinatum.

Bup and Turto.

«Naked, Gemme nude. Without any perule. Hippo-
phae littoralis.

Perulated, perulate. Covered with a perule. Daphne,
Syringa, Malus, Ficus, Pinus.

{ External, externe. Appearing above the surface as
soon as it begins to be formed. Daphne, Fraxinus, Pyrus,
Pl. 3, fig.5 and 6.

Internal, interne. Hidden in the stem until it is de-
veloped. Dircza, Robinia Pseudo-acacia.

{| Simple, simplices. Exhibiting the rudiments of only
one branch. Fraxinus, Ficus, Alnus, Carpinus.

Composite, composite. Containing under a single pe-
rule, the rudiments of several branches, distinct even before
their shooting. Pinus maritima.

{| Leaf-bearing, foliifere. Producing a shoot of leaves
only. Terminal bud of daphne florida, Populus, Alnus.

Flower-bearing, florifere. Producing flowers only.
Daphne florida, Populus.

Mixed, mixta, foliifiortfere. Producing both leaves and
flowers. Syringa. PI. 3, fig. 5.

€ Sessile, sessiles. Growing upon the stem without any
footstalk.

Pedicelled, pedicellate. Growing upon a small excre-
scence or support. Alnus communis.

PERULE.
Perula, The cover of a bud.

Simple, Perula integra. Formed of one piece, and
therefore torn when the bud shoots. Persicaria and other
polygonee.

Scaly, squamosa. Daphne, Syringa, Malus.

Petiolane, petiolanea. Formed of enlarged and abortive
leaf-stalks. Juglans.

Stipulane, st7pulanea. Formed of stipules. Persicaria,
Carpinus, Ficus.

VERNATION.
Vernatw, Disposition of the leaves, &c. in the bud.

Revolute, Vernatio revoluta, revolutiva. The two edges
of the leaves rolled to the outside. Persicaria maculosa,
Carduus, Tussilago. PI. 3, fig.10 and 20.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. "BT

Involute, involute, invelutiva. The two edges rolled to
the inside. Periclymenum perfoliatum, Viola, Pyrus,
Populus. PI1.3, fig-9,18 and 19. _

Convolute, convoluta, convolutiva. "The leaves rolled on
one only of their edges. Aster, Solidago, Berberis. Pl. 3,
fig. 8 and 16. .

Bent, curvativa. The leaves being very large the rolling
up is but slight.

Circinate, circinata, circinalia. Rolled up on their main
rib from the tip to the base. ‘The ferns.

Conduplicate, conduplicata, conduplicativa. Rolled up
lengthways, and placed side by side. Tilia, Rosa, Cerasus,
Corylus, Quercus. Pl. 3, fig. 11. ,

Riding over one another, equitantia, equitativa, amplexa.
One leat folded lengthways receives into its folding ano-
ther leaf folded in the same manner. Carex, Poa, Heme-
rocallis, Iris. Pl. 3, fig, 12, 17, and 21.

Mutually riding, se invicem equitantia, semt=-amplexa, ob-
voluta. One leat folded lengthways receives into the fold
only the half of a leaf folded in the same manner. Salvia, .
Marrubium, Saponaria, Lychnis. Pl. 3, fig. 14.

Opposite, se invicem spectantia, imbricativa, imbricata.
Two leaves opposite to each other, and slightly folded
lengthways touch one another’s edges. Syringa, Ligustrum.
Pls; lig:'13.

Folded, plicata, plicativa. Folded in small folds length-
ways like a fan that is shut up. Opulus palustris, Acer,
Vitis, Althzea, Crateegus, Alnus glutinosa. PI. 3, fig. 15.

Inflected, inflexa, replicativa, reclinata. Folded from tip
to base. Cyclamen, Aconitum, Anemone Hepatica, Pul-
satilla vulgaris.

Applied together, adpressa. Faces of the leaves flat, and
close to each other. Amaryllis. :

- GLANDS.
Glandule. Organs of secretion.

Miliary, Glandul@ miliares. Visible by the microscope.
Leaves of the grasses, larix, pinus, and almost all the parts
of plants which are exposed to the air.

Bladdery, vesiculares. Leaves, calices, corollze, pistils,
fruits, cotyledons of most aurantiacez.

Globular, globulares. Anthers of cardiaca.

Utricular, wériculares. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

88 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Papillary, papillares. Satureja hortensis, Horminum
Pyreniacum.

Cupshape, cyathiformis. Leafstalks of amygdalus Per-
sica, Cerasus hortensis, Ricinus.

{| Sessiles, sesstles. Mimosa Julibrissin.

Footstalked, pedicellate. Rosa, Amygdalus, Croton pe-
nicillatum.

{| Stem, caulinares. Upon the stem.

Leafstalk, petiolares. Opulus palustris.

Leaf, foliares. Pinguicula, Drosera, Amygdalus.

Stipular, séipulares. Prunus Armeniaca.

Calycine, calycine. Malpighia.

Corolla, epipetalee. Delphinium, Berberis.

Staminal, epistaminales. Geranium, Dictamnus albus.

HAIRS.
Pili. Threadlike organs growing upon different parts of a

plant, and appearing to be excretory ducts.

Simple, Pili simplices. Without branches, Borrago,
Urtica dioica.

Awlshape, subulati. Borrago laxiflora.

Headed, capitati. Swelled to a head at their top. Dic-
tamnus albus.

Nailshape, claviformes. Swelling into a club from the
base to the summit. Dictamnus albus.

Jointed, articulat?, Marked at certain distances by lines
in rings, which mark the places of internal partitions.
Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonicus.

Beadlike, moniliformes. Jointed, with the joints nar-
rowed. Mirabilis Jalapa.

Pointed, mucronati, Having a very small fine point at
top. Dictamnus albus.

Two-forked, lifurcati. Ending in a fork of two teeth.

Three-forked, ¢rifurcati. Ending in three teeth.

Branchy, ramosi. Lavendula Spica, Turritis verna.

Starred, stellati, Producing simple branches which di-
verge from a common centre. Althea officinalis.

Bottle-brush like, aspergilliformes. Producing simple
branches disposed round a common axis. Marrubium
peregrinum.

Two-pointed, bi-acuminati. With two points tending

opposite ways, and appearing fixed by their middle. Lu-

pulus communis,

cs

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 89

Dotted, punctati, Brunella ovata, Lychnis Chalcedonica.

Gland-bearing, glanduliferi. Rosa maxima, Croton pe-
nicillatum. These are identical with footstalked glands.

Perforated, perforatz. Perforated at top. Urtica dioica.

Based, lasilati. [Raised upon cellular nipples. Lupulus
communis, Urtica dioica.

Sessile, squat, sessiles. Growing on a flat surface. Mal-

ighia.

a Cobweblike, arachnoides. Long and crossed like a
spider’s web. Sempervivum arachnoides. _

Flock-like, floccost. Resembling flocks of wool. Ver-.
bascum floccosum, Solanum marginatum.

In rows, seriales. The stalk-hairs of veronica bibarbata,
and of alsine.

Perpendicular, perpendiculares, patenti. Growing up-
right. Geranium Pyreniacum, Hieracium aurantiacum,
Crepis foetida.

Ascending, ascendentes. Directed towards the top of the
part on which they grow. Cerastites macrocephala.

Descending, turned backwards, descendentes, reflexi.
Directed towards the bottom of the part on which they
grow. Bromus dumetorum, Veronica spicata, Geranium
dissectum.

Appressed, appress?. Applied close to the part on which
they grow, throughout their whole length. Malpighia,
Stem hairs of cerastites macrocephala.

ARMS.

Arma. Woody excrescences, sharp-pointed, attached on
various parls of the plant.
1. Species. 5
Prickles, Aculez. Adhering to the bark only of the plant.
Rosa, Rubus. PI. 6. fig. 17.

Spines, thorns, Spine. Adhering to the internal tissue
or wood of the plant. Prunus, Ribes spinosum.

2. Situation.
Stem, Aculei (vel spine) cautini. Growing on the stem.

Cactus, Gleditsia ferox, Rosa, Rubus.

Terminal, terminales. Growing at the end of the
branches. Elaeagnus.

Leaf, foliares. Growing on the leaves. Solanum Me-
longena, Silybum Marie.

90 ‘INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Lieafstalk, petiolares. Growing on the leafstalks. Cha-
meerops humilis.

Axillary, axillares. Growing at the setting on of the
leaves. Citrus Medica, Celastrus multiflorus.

Infraxillary, inferaxillares. Growing below the setting
on of the leaves. Ribes spinosum. PI. 6, fig. 16.

Superaxillary, superaxillares. Growing above the setting
on of the leaves. Gleditsia triacanthos. Pl. 4, fig. 16.

Involucral, involucrales. Growing on the involucrum.
Silybum Mariz, Centaurea benedicta.

Pericarpial, pericarpiales. Growing on the pericarp.
Allamanda cathartica.

8. Grigin.

Stipulean, Aculei stipuleani. Growing near the leaves,
and appearing to arise from stipules changed. Berberis,
Ribes spinosum. Paliurus aculeatus.

Petiolean, petioleanit. Arising from leafstalks changed
into arms. Miniosa verticillata.

Foliolean, folioleant. Arising from leaves changed into
arms. Chameerops humilis.

Ramean, rameani. Arising from branches changed into
arms. Prunus spinosi, EKleagnus angustifolia.

4. Direction.

Bent upwards, Aculec infleci. Bent and pointing to the
upper part of the stem, or branch. Rosa muscosa, Mimosa
cineraria.

Bent downwards, reflex?. Bent and pointing to the
lower part of the stem, or branch. Rubus fruticosus, Rosa
rubiginosa, R. canina. ;

5. Form.

Awlshape, <Acule: subulati. Rosa villosa, Robinia
Pseudo-acacia.

Bristlelike, setacei. Very slender, Rosa spinosissima,

Conical, conici. Zanthoxylum Clava-Herculis.
~ ¥ Straight, rectilinei, recti. Rosa spinosissima.

Bent, curvi. Rosa muscosa, R. rubiginosa.

6. Simplicity.

Simple, Aculei simplices. Cactus, Celastrus.

Branched, ramosi. Gleditsia horrida.

‘Two-parted, lipartiti. .

Three-parted, ¢ripartiti. Berberis vulgaris, Ribes syl-
vestris. P1.6, fig. 16.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. O]

Many-parted, multipartiti. Divided to the base.
Feather-cut, pinnatifidi. Disposed on two opposite sides.
Carduus. Centaurea.
7. Number. .

Single, Aculet solitarii. Insulated from one another.
Euphorbia cucumerina.

Bundled, fasciculatt. Several coming out from the
same point. Cactus cylindricus, C. heptagonus, C. Peru-

vianus.
TENDRILS.

Cirri, Capreoli, Claviculi. Threadlike appendages twisting
round other substances, by means of which the plants are
supported and raised above the ground.

1. Sttuation.

Axillary, Cirri axillarii. Growing in the setting on of
the leaves. Passiflora.
Opposite to the leaves, Oppositifolii. Vitis vinifera.
Pl. 6, fig. 18.
2. Origin.

Petiolean, Cirri petioleant, petiolares. Resulting from the
change of a leafstalk. Fumaria vesicaria, Pisum sativum,
Lathyrus latifolius. Pl. 4, fig.17; Pl. 6, fig. 14.

Leaf, foliares. ‘The leaf itself is lengthened, and forms
a twining appendage. Methonica superba.

Stipulean, st7puleani. Resulting from the change of
a stipule. Smilax horrida, S.herbacea. PI. 8, fig. 2 a.

Leaf-rib, nervales. ‘The main rib of the leaves length-
ened into twining appendages. Nepenthes.

Pedunculean, pedunculeant. Resulting from the change
of a flower-stalk. Vitis vinifera, Passiflora. PI. 6, fig. 18.

Corolla, corollares. ‘The petals lengthened into twining
appendages. Strophanthes.

3. Simplicity.

Simple, Cirri simplices. Single undivided threads. La-
thyrus Aphaca, Vicia lathyroides, Bryonia officinalis.

Two-cut, lifidi. Divided in two branches. Vitis, Ervum
‘tetraspermum. PI. 6, fig. 18.

Three-cut, trifidi. Bignonia Unguis cati.

“Many-cut, multifidi, ramosus. Vicia multiflora, Cobea
scandens. Pl. 4, fig. 17.

4
92 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

SuckERs.

Haustoria. Tubercles placed on the stem, fastening it

to another plant, and also serving to extract nourishment
from the supporting plant. Cuscuta.

Ho.prasts.

Fulcra. Tubercles serving to fasten a plant to other
bodies, but not organized so as to extract nourishment from
the support. Hedera communis, Fucus.

FLOWER.

Flies, in composition, —anthos. A temporary fart of a
vegetable, tn which the fecundation of the ovules take place;
and which consists essentially of the sexual organs.

1. Siduaiton.

Root, Flores radicales. Proceeding from the crown of
the root. Colchicum autumnale, Primula, Bellis, Sarra-
cenia purpurea. PI1.8, fig. 5, b.

Stem, caulinares. Proceeding from the stem. Cuscuta,
Vicia sativa.

Branch, rameales. Upon the branches. Daphne florida,
Cucubalus bacciferus, Pyrus.

Terminal, ferminales. From the tip of the stem and
branches. Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Eremocallis glomerata,
Pastinaca. ;

Leaf, foliares. Upon the leaves. Xylophylla montana,
Ruscus aculeatus. PI. 8, fig. 3.

Petiolar, petiolares. Upon the footstalks of the leaves.
Hibiscus moschatus. - .

Axillary, azillares. From the arille, or angles made by
the leaves with the stem or branches. Polygonatum vulgare,
Veronica fontinalis, Chamedrys officinalis, Stramonium
foctidum, Vinca, Spartium scoparium, Vicia sativa.

Extra-axillary, extra-arillares, laterales. Growing on
the outside of the axille. Solanum nigrum, Physalis,
Capsicum.

. Super-axillary, superaxillares. Growing above the axille
of the leaves. Boraginez. ;

Opposite to the leaves, oppositifoli. Growing from a
point diametrically opposite to the setting on of the leaf.
Duleamara fiexuosa, Sium nodiflorum, Tordylium maxi-
mum, Phellandrium divaricatum, Batrachium heterophyl-
lum, Erodium cicutarium, Vitis vinifera.

=

=

i
ietiopocrio€ TO BOTANY. | 93

Interposed, inderpositivi, intrafoliaca. Growing between
‘a pair of opposite leaves, and alternately with them. Stel-
laria aquatica, Arenaria lateriflora, Asclepias Syriaca.

By the side of the leaves, laterifolii. Growing on the
sides of leaves which are not opposite. Solanum Bonari-
ense, Atropa physaloides.

2. Attachment.

Peduncled, Flores pedunculati. Borne on a peduncle.
Cerasus. PI. 8. fig. 2, 5, 6.

Sessile, sessiles. Not having any peduncle. Daphne
florida, Salsola decumbens, Erythrea vulgaris, Cactus
Opuntia.

3. Disposition.

Alternate, Flores alterni. Not placed opposite to each
other. Vinca, Passiflora.

Opposite, oppositz. Placed opposite to each other. Num-
mularia repens, Bugula arvensis.

Scattered, spars?. Daphne florida.

One-rowed, wnilaterales. All placed on one side of the
peduncle or support. Digitalis purpurea, Scorodonia so-
litaria.

Facirg one way, secundi. When they not only come out
on one side only of the support, but also all face one way.

- Polygonatum vulgare.

Two-rowed, disticht. When they grow in two rows op-
posite to each other. Triticum monococcum, T. Spelta,
Zeocriton distichon.

Four-rowed, éetrastichi. When they grow in four
rows, two rows on one side of the support, and two on the
other. Hordeum tetrastichum.

Six-rowed, hexastichi. In six rows. Hordeum hexa-
stichum.

Spiral, spirales. Disposed in a spiral line round the
support. Neottia.

4. Position.

Upright, Flores erecti. Directing themselves to the sky.
Colchicum, Crocus, Vinca minor, Ericala verna, Thalictrnm
flavum.

Drooping, nodding, cernuz, nutantes. Inclining to the
earth. Galanthus nivalis, Fritillaria tessellata, Cypripe-
dium ferrugineum, Linnea borcalis, Viola odorata, Geum
rivale. .

94 -INTRODUCTIO¥ TO BOTANY.

Hanging down, penduli. Hanging perpendicularly to-
wards the ground. Impatiens palustris.

5. Number.

Unique, Flos unicus. Only one flower on the plant.
Tulipa Gesneriana, Narcissus majalis, Sarracenia pur-
purea.

Single, Flores solitarit. Flowers many, but only one in
a place. Stramonium foetidum, Vinca, Vicia lutea.

By twos, Linati, bint geminait. Flowers many, growing
only two together in a place. Chamedrys palustris.

By threes, éernati. Flowers many, growing three to-
gether. Chameedrys officinalis, C. laciniata.

Aggregated, aggregati, congesti. Collected into a bundle.
Polygonum aviculare, Trientalis Kuropzea, Cuscuta minor,
Malva vulgaris, Buxus sempervirens, Ulmus campestris.

Compound, composiéi. Several flowers borne on the
same peduncle in a regular manner. Salix, Graminee,
Labiate, Umbelliferee, Composite. $

6. Perfection.

Complete, perfect, Flores. completi, perfecti. Composed
of the organs of both sexes, with two covers, the outer
usually green, herblike, the inner of a finer texture, and.
coloured. Viola, Rosa canina. PI. 9, fig. 10,12; Pl. 10,
fig. 15.

cree. incompleti. Wanting either the organs of
one or both sexes, or one or both of the covers. Hyaein-
thus, Narcissus, Galanthus, Crocus, Lupulus communis,
Cannabis sativa, Cucumis sativus.

q Regular, regulares.. When they may be divided from
the centre, in three'or more parts perfectly alike in all re-
spects. Tulipa. Pl. 9, fig. 9.

Uniform, wniformes. When they may be divided bya
longitudinal section into two parts perfectly alike. La-
biate, Cruciformes. PI. 10, fig. 8.

Irregular, difformes, irregulares. When they cannot be
mentally divided into two or more parts perfectly alike.

7. Sea.

Hermaphrodite, Flores hermaphroditi. Containing the
organs of both the sexes. Lilium, Tulipa, Dianthus, and
most plants. Pl. 8, fig. 4; Pl. 9, fig. 7, 9,12; Pl. 10,
fig. 1, 2, 5, 13, 15.

INTRODUCTION? TO. BOTANY. 95.

Male hermaphrodites, hermaphrodite masculi.. Apparent
hermaphrodite flowers, in which, however, the female or-.
gans. are too imperfect: to perform their proper office.
Musa Paradisiaca.

Female hermaphrodites, hermaphroditi feminei. Appa-
rent. hermaphrodite flowers, in which, however, the male
organs are too imperfect to perform their proper office.
Musa Paradisiaca.

Unisexual, unisexuales: Some of the flowers containing
the organ of the male sex only, and others.that of the
female. WLupulus communis, Cannabis sativa, Cucumis:
sativus..

“Male, masculz.. The: flowers which contain. the male
organs only.. |

a ela feminei.. The flowers which contain the female
organs only.

Neuter, newtr?, agami. Flowers in which the sexual or-
gans have disappeared, or become too imperfect to perform
their office, in consequence of monstrosity. Opulus palus-
tris, Hortensia, Saccharum officinale.

q] Fruitful, fertiles. Flowers which are succeeded by:
seeds. This includes the hermaphrodite, female herma-
phrodite, and female flowers.

Barren, steriles. Flowers which are not succeeded by
seeds. ‘This includes the male, male hermaphrodite and
neuter flowers.

8. Stamens.

One-stamened, Flores monandri. Having only one anther
in each flower. Hippuris, Salicornia, Valeriana rubra.

Two-stamened, diandri. Waving two anthers in each
flower. Jasminum, Syringa, Olea, Veronica.

Three-stamened, triandri. Having three anthers in each
flower. Most cyperacee, most graminee, Iris, Gladiolus.

Four-stamened, fetrandri. Plantagineze, Labiate, most
rubiacee. Pl. 9, fig. 17.

Five-stamened, pentundri. Most plants. PI. 9, fig. 12;
pl: 10, fig. 17.

Six-stamened, heaandri. Asparagi, Liliaceae, Asphodelez,
Narcissus, Crucifere.

Seven-stamened, heptandri. Trientalis, AZsculus Hippo-
castanum, Saururus. :

Eight-stamened, octandri, Fagopyrum esculentum, Eri-
cine, Acer, Epilobium.

Nine-stamened, enneandri.. Butomus,, Laurus, Rheum’
Rhaponticum.

96 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Ten-stamened, decandri. Many caryophyllee, most le-
guminose. PI. 10, fig. 5. “7

Dodecandrous, dodecandri?. Having not less than twelve,
nor more than nineteen anthers in each flower. Reseda,
Sempervivum, Lythrum spicatum.

Icosandrous, zcosandr?. Having twenty stamens, at least,
inserted on the sides of the calyx. Rosacee, Pomacez.

Polyandrous, polyandri. Having twenty stamens, at
least, not attached to the sides of the calyx, but at the bot-
tom, under the ovary. Ranunculaceze, Papaveraceze. PI.10,
fig. 15.

“aq Gynandrous, gynandri. When the male organs are
seated on some part of the female. Orchideae, Aristolochia.

q Isostemones. ‘The stamens equal in number to the pe-
tals, or lobes of the corolla. Umbellifere. Pl. 10, fig. 17.

Anisostemones. ‘The stamens not equal in number to the
petals, or lobes of the corolla.

Meiostemones. ‘The stamens fewer than the petals, or
lobes of the corolla. Veronica.

Dyplostemones. ‘The stamens twice as many as the petals.
Sedum, Caryophyllee.

“Polystemones. ‘The stamens much more numerous than
the petals. Ranunculacez, Papaveracee.

| Didynamous, didynami.. ‘Two of the stamens longer
than the others. Labiate.

Tetradynamous, tetradynami. Four of the stamens
longer than the others. Crucifere. PI. 10, fig. 1.

4 Symphyostemones. Stamens soldered together.

Monadelphous, monadelphi, cylindrobasiostemones. Fila-
ments soldered together ina tube. Malvaceze, Jatropha.
Pl. 11, fig. 14.

Diadelphous, diadelphi. Filaments in two divisions.
Fumaria, most leguminose, but in the latter one of the fila-
ments remains separate. Pl. 10, fig. 9.

Polyadelphous, polyadelphi. Filaments soldered together
in three or more bundles. Hypericum. PI. 10, fig. 15.

Syngenesious, syngenes?, symphytantheri, cylindrantheri,
synantheri. Anthers soldered together. Composite,
Viola.

Eleutherantheri. Anthers not soldered together. Most
simple flowers.

9. Pistils.

One-styled, Flores monogynit. When each flower has
only one style. Cruciferse, Lilium. ~

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 97

Two-styled, dayni. When each flower has only two
styles. Most graminez.

Three-styled, trigynt. When each flower has only three
styles. Dianthus.

Four-styled, tetragyni. Potamogeton.

Five-styled, pentagynt. Silene.

Six-styled, hexagyni. Damasonium.

Seven-styled, hepiagyni. Septas.

Twelve-styled, dodecagyni. Sempervivum.

Many-styled, polygyni. Anemone, Alisma.

10. Multiplication.

Flores multiplicati. Ylowers which have more petals
than is natural to them in a wild state.

Double, duplicati. The petals are twice, thrice, or four
times as many as are natural.

Full, pleni. The petals are in very great number, and
ve stamens are wanting. Ranunculus Asiaticus flore

eno.

Semidouble, mzltiplicati Mirbell. The number of the
petals is increased, but part of the stamens still remain.
Hyacinthus orientalis flore duplicato, Ranunculus Asiaticus
flore duplicato. Rosa.

{{ Petaloid, petaloidet. Becoming double by the change
of part or all the sexual organs into petals.

Multiplied, mzltiplicati De Candolle. Becoming double
by the increase in number of the parts of the corolla, or of.
the sexual organs changed into petals.

Changed, permutati. The abortion of the organs of one
or both sexes produces a remarkable change in the form or
dimension of the floral covers.

{| Calycinarti. Petals increased by the parts of the calyx
being changed into them.

Corollarii. Petals increased in number.

Staminarii. Stamens changed into petals.

Pistillarti. Pistills changed into petals.

Perigoniaru. Perigonium changed into petals, or the
calyx changed into petals, and the petals themselves mul-
tiplied. }

Androgynari. Sexual organs changed into petals with-
out any alteration in the floral covers.

Corniculate, corniculati, antherogem. Anthers changed
into hornshape petals. Aquilegia vulgaris corniculata.

Semi-staminarii. Part of the stamens changed into petals.

VOL. I. H

\

98 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Hemigomarvi. Part of the organs of both the sexes
changed into petals. '

Andropetalariit. Petals increased in number, and the
stamens changed into petals; the pistil remaining un-
changed.

Olopetalarit. The floral coverings changed either entirely
or in part, and the stamens and pistils changed into petals
or petaloid lobes.

Agynarit. The floral covers and changed stamens form
the entire flower, the pistil being wanting.

Anandriarii. The multiplied floral covers and pistils.
form the entire flower, the stamens being wanting.

{| Bractearii. Changed flowers in which the change has
taken place in the bractez.
Calycinarit. Flowers changed in respect to the calyx.
Corollarti. Flowers changed in respect to the corolla.

Perigoniarii. Flowers changed in respect to the peri-
gonium, or single floral cover.

q| Ligulifert.. Compound flowers whose tubular flowrets.
are changed into ligulate fowrets. Aster Chinensis flore
pleno.

Tuliferi. Compound flowers whose ligulate flowrets are
changed into tubular flowrets. Aster Chinensis flore pleno.

4 Hen and chicken, childing, proliferi. When another
flower, or a leaf-bud grows out of the centre of a flower.
Anemone, Dianthus, Rosa, Bellis.

11. Envelopes.

Naked, Flores nudi. Having neither calyx nor corolla.
Arum maculatum, Fraxinus excelsior. {

Perianthei. Having a calyx or corolla, or both. Liliacez,
Labiate, Boraginee, Cruciferee, Carophylle. P1.9, fig. 12.

Petaloid, petaloidei, corollati, bracteati. Having a corolla,
and consequently a calyx. Primulacee, Boraginese, Ca-
ryophyllez. Pl. 9, fig. 10, 12, 13, 14 and 15.

Apetalous, stamineous, apetali, staminez. Not having
any corolla. Junces, Polygonee.

§] Glumaceous, g/wmacei. Sexual organs enclosed in
glumes instead of a calyx or corolla. Graminee. Pl. 11,
fig. 12 to 19.

Bracteated, lracteati. Sexual organs accompanied with
prac: Origanum, Convolvulus sepium. Pl. 7, fig. 5
and 6.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 99

Spathaceous, spathati, spathacei. Sexual organs accom-
panied with a spathe. Arum maculatum, Calla, Palme,
Narcissus. PI. 7, fig. 12.

Involucrated, involucrati. Sexual organs accompanied
with an involucrum. Daucus vulgaris, Anemone, Ammi
majus. Pl. 7, fig. 1.

Cupped, cupulati. Sexual organs accompanied with a
cupula. Cupressidez, Corylidez.

12. Time of flowering.

Springtide, vernal, Flores vernales, verni. Flowering in
the spring of the year, that is in England, in April and
May. Primula veris, Draba verna.

Summer, estivales. Flowering in summer, that is, June,
July, and August. Most plants. Saey

Autumnal, aulumnales. Flowering in autumn, that is,
September and October. Crocus -serotinus, Colchicum
autumnale.

Winter, hyberni, hybernales, hiemales. Flowering in
winter, that is, from the beginning of November to the end
of March. Galanthus nivalis, Helleborus niger.

q Early, precoces. Flowering earlier than those of the
same division. Daphne florida, Cornus mascula.

Late, serotint. Flowering later than other plants of the
same division.

13. Opening and shutting.

Meteoric, Flores meteorict. Influenced by the weather
which accelerates or retards their opening or shutting.
Calendula pluvialis, Oxalis versicolor, Sonchus Sibiricus,
Anagallis Phoenicia.

Equinoctial, equinoxiales. Opening and shutting at
certain hours.

Ephemeral, ephemeri. Remaining open a few hours
only, and then either fall off; or close never more to open
again. Convolvulus purpureus, Cistus, Cactus grandi-
florus.

Periodical, periodic? Opening and shutting for several
days successively. Ornithogalum umbeillatum, Mesembry-
- anthema.

Day, diuyni. Open and shut in the course of the day.
Anagallis arvensis, Calendula arvensis, Cistus.

Morning, matutini. Opening in the morning. Cicho-
rium sylyestre, Leontodon officinale, Nymphzea alba.

H 2

100 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Noon, meridiani. “Not opening until the middle of the
day. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, M. nodiflorum.
Night, nocturni. Open late in the evening, and close
again in the morning. Mirabilis Jalapa, Geranium triste,
Silene noctiflora.
14. Paris of a flower.

Sexual organs, Genitalia, — gonoi. The parts of the
flower appropriated to the reproduction of the species;
which include the pistil, stamens, and gymnostemium, and
are essential to the very being of a flower.

Pistil, Pointal, Pistillum, — gyne, — gynos. The female
organ of the plant, seated in the centre of the flower, and
most commonly single. Pl. 9, fig. 7, b; pl. 10, fig. 1, a,b;
5ev3.1651 395 C5i1 Ty a

Chive, Stamen, — stemon. ‘The male organ of the plant
surrounding the pistil, and most commonly five in number.
BS, jae. 7,.c3ph 10, figalsy'es 5, c)3 /65.d)3)\93, ab:

Gymnostemium, Columna. An organ found only in some
few plants, and formed by a union of the male and female
organs, into a single columnar mass. Orchidex. | Pl. 12,
fig. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.

Floral integuments, Covers of the sexual organs, Te- .
gumenta, Integumenta floralia, Perigynandra. The parts of
the flower which cover and defend the sexual organs, at
least while young; usually two, but one or even both are
wanting’in some plants: they comprise the corolla, calyx,
and perigonium.

Bloom, Blossom, Corolla, Aulewm, Perigynandra interior.
The internal integument when there are two; it is usually
of a fine texture and gay colour, does not remain and ad-
here to the fruit, and is inserted on the receptacle either
conjointly with the stamens, or at the same point. PI. 9,
fie 105/015) 12 5 pl.10, fie. bsubys, Syibs Gssdis By Ae: Te 7

Empalement, Flower-cup, Calyx, Thalamus, Perianthium,
Perigynandra exterior. ‘The external integument when —
there are two; it is usually of a coarse texture and green
colour; it frequently remains after the flowering is over,
and adheres to the fruit, and is always perfectly distinct
from ‘the stamens. Pl. 9, fig. 10; 12-a; 13; pl. 10,
fig..8 a;.15.

Perigoniim De Candolle, Perianthium Mirbel, Brown,
Calyx Jussieu. ‘The integument of a flower when there is
but one, whatever may be its appearance. Convallaria,
Lilium, Hyacinthus, Tulipa, Aristolochia, Daphne semper-

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 101

virens, Juncus: but Link and others with more propriety:
restrict the term perigonium to those single integuments of
flowers whose appearance renders it doubtful whether they
ought to be considered either as a calyx or corolla, or as
a union of the two soldered together, the inner surface
having the characters of a corolla, and the outer of a calyx:
and as to the others, they consider them either as calyces
or corollee, according to circumstances.

Receptacle of the flower, Seat of the flower, Receptacu-
lum floris, Sedes floris, Torus,—clinium,—thalamum. That
part of the flower on which the sexual organs and corolla
are placed, and which is surrounded by the calyx; being
an enlargement of the peduncle. Pl. 10, fig.4e; 6f;
pl. 11, fig. 12 a.

Nectary, Nectarium. Glandular organs which in some
flowers are situated on the receptacle, or base of the pistil,
and secrete peculiar juices. Menyanthes nymphoides, Scro-
phularia sambucifolia, Scutellaria alpina. PI. 11, fig. 5,
4, 12 b.

q Flowret, Flosculus. A small flower considered as part
of a larger compound flower. Umbelliferee, Composite.

15. Modes of Composition.

In catkins, amentaceous, Flores amentacei, in julos col-
lecti. Disposed on bracteze on a common axis. Betula,
Salix, Pinus, Quercus. PI. 7, fig. 5 and 6; pl. 10, fig 18.

Spiked, spicatz. Sessile on a common axis. Triticum,
Chenopodium spinacifolium, Plantago.. PI.7, fig.3; pl. 8,
fig. 1.
Peiiekcd. in bunches, racemosz. On single-flowered pe-
dicells upon a common axis. Ribes rubrum, Cerasus ra-
cemosa, Borago officinalis. Pl. 8, fig. 6.

In panicles, paniculate, paniculati, yubati. On branched
pedicells upon a common axis. Avena sativa, Juncus acu-
tus. PI. 8, fig. 7. rae

In thyrses, in thyrsos collecti. Ina close, oval panicle.
Syringa vulgaris. Pl. 7, fig. 4.

Irregularly wmbelled, corymbose, corymbost. In umbels
whose peduncles are irregularly branched. ‘Achillea mille-
folia, Cardamine pratensis, Iberis umbellata. PI. 7, fig. 2.

Cymose, cymosi. In umbels whose peduncles are branched
twice, and irregularly. Sambucus niger, S. humilis, Cornus.
sanguinea, PI. 7, fig. 8. .

102 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

In bundles, fasciculate, fasciculati. Grouped. together
very close, and nearly of the same sie cial Dianthus bar-
batus, D. Carthusianum. PI. 7, fig. 10

In umbels, umbellated, wmbedlatt. On peduncles divided
once or twice, the branches of each division being of equal
length. Umbellifere. PI. 7, fig.1 and 9.

In whirls, verticillate, vertici//ati. Attached in a ring
round their support. Hippuris vulgaris, Myriophyllum
verticillatum, Damasonium Dalechampii, Lapathum aureum,
Ilecebrum verticillatum. PI. 8, fig. 4

In half whirls, semiverticil/ati.. In a half rmg. <Acetosa
pratensis, Lapathum acutum.

In heads, in capitulos collecti. Collected into a dense
round head. Cephalanthus, Jasione montana. PI. 7, fig. 7.

In glomerules, iz glomerulos collect. In small heads,
ee along the stem, or uniting together to form a larger

ead, Blitum capitatum.

In calathides, compositi, in calathides collecti. Sessile, m
a flat or hemispherical head. Composite. PI. 9, fig. 19.

q Flosculous, flosculosi. In calathides, the corollze of all
the flowers being tubular. Carduus, Centaurium.

Semiflosculous, semiflosculosi, pleni. In calathides, the
corolle of all the flowers being ligulate. Leontodon,
Hieracium,

Radiated, radiati, In calathides, the corolle of the
centre flowers being tubular, and those of the circumference
ligulate, Aster, Helianthus. Or although tubular yet
larger. Scabiosa. Also in umbels, cymes or corymbi,
the flowers towards the circumference being enlarged.
Caucalis, Heracleum, Coriandrum, Iberis.

‘FLOWER-BUD,

Alabastrum. ‘The flower previous to its full opening.

Disposition of its contents.

Simple, 4stivatio Linnzeus, Prefoliatio Richard, simplex.
When the integuments of the future flower are all ‘disposed
in a uniform manner.

_ - Compound, composita. When the calyx i is disposed dif-

ferently from the corolla, or the external divisions of the
perigonium from the internal. Dianthus, Tradescantia
Virginica.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 103

§ Valvular, valvaris, valvata. When the petals, or other
parts, only touch each other at their edges. Composite,
Araliacez.

Induplicativa. When the petals, or other parts, only
touch other, and are then folded inwards. Clematides
viticelle.

Twisted, obvoluta, contorta. When the petals, &c. are
placed obliquely, and cover one another spirally. Dian-
thus, Apocynie. a
_ Alternate, alternata, alternativa. When the petals, &c.
are placed in two or more rows, so that each petal of the
exterior rows coyer two halves of the petals of the interior
rows opposite to them. Liiliacez.

Quincuncial, guincuncialis. When there are five pieces,’
two interior, two exterior, and a fifth, one side of which
covers the interior pieces, and the other side is covered by
the exterior. Calyces of rosee and dianthi.

Covering, vexillaris. When one of the pieces, folded
inwardly on the middle rib, encloses all the others which
are placed*opposite to each other. Leguminosz.

- Snail-like, cochlearis. When one of the pieces, being
larger than the rest, and bent in a curve, covers all the rest.
Aconitum, many labiate.

Tiled, imbricata, imbricativa. When the pieces are in
diverse series, and the exterior series being smaller than
the interior, cover them only at the base. Involucra of
many of the compositz, petals of double peionies.

Calycular, calycularis. The pieces being in two series,
the external covers only the base of the internal. In-
volucra of the seneciones.

Enveloping, convolutiva. When each exterior piece in
succession is bent so as to cover all the pieces within it.
Petals of cheiranthus, and of many other crucifere.

Rumpled, plicativa. The pieces are folded, or rumpled
up without any apparent order. Corolle of the papavera-
ceze, Cistus, Punica.

These are the principal variations that have been hitherto
noticed, but the study of the flower-bud is still in its in-
fancy, although of great use in ascertaining the natural
affinity of plants.

104 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

\

SUPPORTERS OF THE FLOWER.

Fulera floris. Distinguished from the stem and its branches
by not bearing any leaves like those of the other parts of
the plant.

Species.

Scape, Scapus.. A supporter of the flower arising im-
mediately from the crown of the root, and appearing like a
need stem. Plantago, Hyacinthus, Tulipa, Cepa. PIl.8,

~5G =

oF lower-stalk, Peduncle, Pedunculus, — pes, — podos,
— pus. A supporter of the flower growing out of the stem,
or its divisions. Most plants, all trees. Pl. 8, fig. 2.

Spadiz. A supporter accompanied with a spathe.
Arum maculatum. Calla Atthiopica. Pl. 7, fig. 12 ¢.

Anthurus. Long peduncles bearing flowers in bundles.

Receptacle of the flower, Clinanthe. Receptaculum floris,
~ Clinanthium, Phoranthium, Thalamus, Amphantium. ‘The
enlarged tip of a peduncle, supporting several sessile
flowers. Compositee, Dipsaceze, Dorstenia, Ficus.

Rachis, Axis, Receptaculum filiforme. An elongation of
the supporter bearing several flowers, either sessile, or
upon pedicells. Gramineee. Pl. 8, fig..1, 6 and 7.-

Pedicell, pedicellus. ‘The last divisions of a branched
support, to which the flowers are attached.

ScAPE.

Simple, Scapus simplex. Plantago lanceolata, Taraxa-
cum officinale, Hieracium repens, Statice pulchellum. Pl. 8,
fir..5 c. ‘

“Branched, ramosus. Limonium vulgare, Alisma major.

| Intrafoliaceous, intrafoliaceus. Growing among the
root-leaves. Hyacinthus, Plantago, ‘Taraxacum officinale,
Bellis perennis.

Extrafoliaceous, extrafoliaceus. Springing from a dif-
ferent point than the root-leaves. Convallaria majalis,
Limodorum purpureum.

{| Cylindrical, cylindricus. yacinthus- nutans, Tulipa,
Butomus umbellatus, Taraxacum officinale, Bellis perennis.

Half-cylindrical, hemicylindricus. Flat on one side, con-
vex on the other. Convallaria majalis, Hyacinthus Ori-
entalis, Allium ursinum.

Compressed, compressus. Pancratium declinatum, Ama-
ryllis longifolia.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 105

Two-edged, anceps. Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis,
Leucojum vernum.

Cornered, angulosus. Triglochin palustre, Allium ur-
sinum.

Three-sided, tragonus. Alisma major, Sagittaria aquatica.

Pipey, fistulosus. Cepa esculenta, ‘Taraxacum officinale.

Bellied, ventricosus. Swelled out in one part of its
length. Cepa esculenta.

{| Scaly, squamosus. Clothed with scales, or rudiments
of leaves. Tacalagh vulgaris, Petasites vulgaris.

Sheathed, vaginatus. Enveloped among leaves, or clothed
with a sheathing petiole. Musa Paradisiaca.

4] One-flowered, “wnzflorus. Ajax fenestralis, Cyclamen.
Pl. 8, fig. 5.

Many-flowered, multiflorus. Hyacinthus nutans, Buto-
mus umbellatus, Primula elatior.

PEDUNCLE.

Cylindrical, Pedunculus cylindricus. Statice pulchellum,
Atropa lethalis, Ranunculus acris.

Grooved, sudcatus. Ranunculus repens, R. bulbosus.

-Threadlike, filiformis. Vicia tetrasperma, Fuchsia coc-
cinea.

Hairlike, capillaris. latine hastata, Erica vagans, Bi-
dens tenella.

Cornered, angulatus. Paris quadrifolia, Ranunculus
bulbosus, Vicia multiflora.

Three-sided, trigonus. Loranthus Stelis. a

Four-sided, te¢ragonus. Convolvulus sepium.

Kneed, geniculatus. Pelargonium.

Thicker at top, apice incrassatus. Convolvulus arvensis,
Solanum Melongena, Tragopogon porrifolium, Arnoseris
pusilla. ~

Much thinner at bottom, apice attenuatus. Hieracium
paniculatum.

| Stiff, rigidus, strictus. 'Tropseolum majus.

Weak, delilis. Ribes oxyacanthoides.

Nodding, nutans. ‘The end inclining to the ground.
Atropa lethalis, Aquilegia vulgaris, Ribes spinosum.

Hanging down, pendulus. Inclining perpendicular to
the ground. Cytisus Laburnum, Ribes rubrum.

Turned, backed, refractus, retroflectus. Changing its di-
rection suddenly, asif bent by force. Stellaria aquatica,
Spergula arvensis.

106 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Spiral, heliacal, spiralis, heliacalis. Bent round like a bell-
spring. Vallisneria spiralis foeminea. PI. 8, fig. 5 b.

q Very long: > longissimus. When its length is very great,
Garaparel with that of the plant. Vallisneria spiralis
foeminea, Stellaria holostea, Geranium sanguineum, An-
themis montana.

Very short, drevissimus. Vallisneria spiralis mascula,
Stramonium footidum, Cuscuta minor, Galium rubrum,
Ulmus campestris.

| Simple, undivided, simplex. Asarum, Vallisneria,
Viola canina.

Compound, compositus. earn RoR Cerasus racemosa.
Ph. 7, fig. 1, 2,4, 8; pl. 8, fig. 2,6 and 7.

‘Two- forked, dichotomus. “Divided and subdivided inte
two partial peduncles, or pedicells. Dianthus caryo-
phylleus, Cucubalus inflatus, Stellaria holostea, Evonymus
Europeeus.

{| One-flowered, unzflorus. Asarum, Atropa lethalis,
Glaucium luteum, Papaver somniferum.

Two-flowered, liflorus. With two flowers on each pe-
dunele or pedicell. Geranium pheum, G. pratense.

Three-flowered, ¢r?florus. Convolvulus farinosus.

SPADIX.

Simple, Spadix simplex. Arum, Calla. Pl. 7, fig. 11
and 12.

Branched, ramosus. Phoenix dactylifera.

{| Cyliadrical, cylindricus. Calla sir

Spherical, sphericus. Pothos.

Egashaped, ovoideus. Artocarpus incisa.

Clubshape, claviformis. Arum maculatum, A. Italicum.

Compressed, compressus. Zostera marina.

Straplike, linearis. Zostera marina.

€| Fleshy, carnosus. Arum maculatum, Calla Adthiopica.

Pipey, fistulosus. Arum Dracunculus.

{ Naked at top, apice nudus. Arum maculatum, Calla
fAthiopica. PI. 7, fig. 11 and 12.

CLINANTHE.

Flat, Clinanthium planum. Matricaria vulgaris, ‘motile
riullcfol, A. sytvestris, Dorstenia.

Concave, concavum. Ambora.

Convex, convexum. Carthamus tinctorius, Krigeron
Canadense, Leucanthemum vulgare.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 107

Conical, conicum. Bellis perennis, Chamemelum ar-
vense, Helenium quadridentatum.

@ Dotted, punctatum. Marked, after the fruit has sepa-
rated, with points, which distinguish the places where the
fruit was attached. Taraxacum officinale, Leucanthemum
vulgare, Inula grandiflora, Senecio vulgaris, Bellis perennis.

Pitted, scrobiculatum. Covered with small holes in
which the flowers are lodged. Erigeron Canadense, Anten=
naria montana, Tussilago vulgaris.

_ Honeycombed, favosum, alveolatum. Hollowed out in
angular, regular pits, like those of a honeycomb. Crepis
tectorum, Barkhausia foetida, Onopordum vulgare, Dor-
stenia.

q Villous, villosum. Andryala, Lagasca mollis.

Hairy, pilosum. Absinthium vulgare.

Bristly, setosum. Covered with long, straight bractez,
or setz. Carduus, Centaurea, Carthamus, Arctium majus,
Maruta foetida. |

Chaffy, paleaceum. Covered with membranaceous or
scarious bracteae, or chaffs. Bidens tripartita, Anthemis
arvenis, A. tinctoria, Achillea sylvestris, A. millefolia,
Scabiosa. i

Tubercled, tuberculatum. Gnaphalium luteo-album,
Filago filiformis, F. vulgaris, Conyza squarrosa.

' Nippled, papillous, papzllosum. Inula grandiflora, Puli-
caria uliginosa..

Naked, nudum. ‘Taraxacum officinale, Hyoseris minima,
Artemisia vulgaris. ~

Axis.

Simple, Axis simplex. Plantago, ‘Trasus sylvaticus,
T. chlorostachyos.

Branched, ramosus. Dactylis glomerata, Alisma major.
_¥ Straight, rectus. Triglochin palustre, Plantago.

Bent, flexuosus. Bromus dumetorum, Dactylis glome-
rata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne.

{| Cylindrical, cylindricus. Zea Mays foeminea.

‘Threadlike, filiformis. Carex sylvatica, Phleum pratense.

Hairlike, capillaris. Briza media, B. maxima, Apera
effusa.

Three-sided, trigonus. Alisma major. *

Four-sided, tetragonus. Salvia pratensis, S. verticillata.

Spearshape, lanceolatus. Cycas.

Compressed, compressus. Cycas.

108 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Jointed, articulatus. Composed of joints, placed end to
end. ‘Triticum, Secale, Hordeum, Lolium, alone

Vertebrated, vertebratus. Jointed, and the joints easily
separating from one another when the seed is ripe. Adgilops
ovata.

_ Toothed, dentatus. Jointed, the joints bearing alternately
to the right and left, and leaving between each a shelf on
which the flowers are affixed. ‘Triticum, Lolium,

{| Membranaceous, membranaceus. Paspalum membra-
naceum.
Fleshy, carnosus. Bromelia, Ananas, Musa.

COMPOUND FLOWERS.

1. CaATKIN.

Amentum, Catulus, Julus, Nucamentum. The flowers borne
upon bractee which are themselves borne upon an axis.

Male, Amentum masculum. Waving only male flowers.
Betula, Taxus, Corylus.

Female, faemineum. Betula, Taxus, Corylus.

{ Simple, simplex. The flowerbearing bracteze are borne
immediately on the axis. Populus, Salix. PI. 7, fig. 5 and 6.

Compound, compositum. ‘The flowerbearing bractez are
borne upon short branches springing from the axis. Jug-
lans regia.

q Single, solitarium. Betula alba, Cedrus, Larix, Salix,
Capreea.

Grouped together, agglomeratum. Male flowers of pinus
sylvestris, P. maritima.

q Globular, spherical, globosum, sphericum, globulosum.
Platanus, Male flowers of taxus communis. '

Egeshape, ovoideum, ovatum. Female flowers of larix,
cedrus, alnus glutinosa, salix capreea. |

Cylindrical, cylindricum. Male flowers of fagus sylva-
tica, corylus sylvestris, betula alba, juglans regia.
q Slender, gracile. Male flowers of fagus pumila, salix
alba. .

Thick, crassum. Male flowers of juglans regia, salix
caprea.

Growing narrower, altenuatum. Diminishing in thick-
ness towards the end. Castanea vesca.

{| Compact, compactum. Axis covered with flowers quite
close to each other. Betula, Platanus, Salix capreea.

6

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. nS

Interrupted, interruptum. Flowers formed into groups
at a distance from each other along the axis. Quercus
longeeva, Q. Cerris, Q. fastigiata. _

{| Upright, erectum. Salix triandra, S. caprea, S. pruni-
folia, Pinus, Abies, Cedrus.

Drooping, pendulum. Betula alba, Populus, Corylus.
Pay, te. 5. i

q] Naked, nudum. Flowers attached immediately upon
the axis, and not accompanied with bracteze. Quercus,
Castanea vesca.—These are in strict language spikes, but
their analogy to other plants obliges botanists to consider
them as naked catkins.

SPIKE.

Spica, —stachys. The sessile, or nearly sessile, flowers are
borne immediately upon an axis.

Male, Spica mascula. Carex pilulifera, Trasus chloro-
stachyos.

Female, foeminea. ‘The same plants.

| Simple, simplex. ‘The axis having no branches.
Plantago, Orobanche, Verbascum decurrens, Heliotropium
Indicum, Hyoscyamus niger, Phyteuma spicata.

Branched, compound, composita, ramosa. The axis is
divided into branches, and these branches entirely covered
with sessile or nearly sessile flowers. Chenopodium spina-
cifolium, Heliotropium Europzeum, Sempervivum tectorum.

Spikeletted, spzculata. Composed of several small spikes,
sessile or nearly so, and pressed close to the axis. Carex
divulsa, C. muricata, Lolium perenne. PI. 8, fig. 1.

Paniculated, paniculata. ‘The branches of the axis dis-
posed like a panicle. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla,
Mentha rotundifolia, M. viridis.

Fingerlike, digitata. Axis divided to the bottom: into
several branches, not afterwards divided. Trasus digitatus,
Andropogon Ischezmum, Chlora scoparia, Heliotropium
Indicum.

§| Terminal, ¢erminalis. ‘Triglochin, Musa, Persicaria
amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Verbascum
decurrens, Hyosgyamus niger, ’umaria lutea, Reseda lutea,
Agrimonia vulgaris.

Nearly terminal, swbapicilaris. When the top of the
stem, or scape, without any branches or leaves, is prolonged
a little beyond the spike. Acorus aromaticus.

Axillary, axillaris. Melilotus officinalis.

110 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Opposite to the leaves, oppositifolia. Fumaria officinalis.

€ Cylindrical, cylindrica. Trasus pendulus, Typha, -
Female flowers of zea mays, Loroglossum hircinum, Bis-
torta major, Verbascum decurrens. f

Eggshape, ovoidea. Luzula campestris, Persicaria am-
phibia, Poterium minus, Trifolium pratense.

Oblong, ol/onga. Luzula spicata.

Slender, gracilis. Listera ovata, Persicaria acris.

Threadlike, filiformis. Verbena officinalis, V. triphylla.

Thick, crassa. Typha latifolia, Female flowers of zea
mays, Orobanche major.

Four-cornered, guadrangularis. Melampyrum cristatum.

Compressed, compressa. Flattened on the sides. Tri-
ticum cristatum.

€ Loose, open, /ara. Platanthera bifolia, Melampyrum
arvense, Fumaria officinalis.

Close, compact, compacta. ‘The flowers pressed close
towards each other, and hiding the axis entirely.. Typha
latifolia, Trasus pendulus, Orchis maculata, Persicaria
amphibia, Bistorta major, Plantago media, Mentha sylves-
tris, Phyteuma spicata, Trifolium arvense, Melilotus offi-
cinalis.

Interrupted, inferrupia. Flowers placed on the axis in
groups, or whirls at some distance from each other. Pota-
mogeton compressum, Damasonium Dalechampii, Lavan-
dula Tragi, Mentha rotundifolia, Lythrum spicatum.

With fiowers in whirls, verticiliiflora. Composed of
flowers in whirls. Lythrum spicatum, Mentha rotundi-
folia, Myriophyllum spicatum.

1. Whirls distant, verticillis distantibus, v. remotis. Ata
good distance from one another. Rumex palustris, Pule-
gium aromaticum.

2. Whirls slightly distant, verticillis approximatis, v. re-
motiusculis. At a small distance from one another. Mentha ™
viridis. .

3. Whirls crowded, verticillis confertis. Not sensibly
distinct one from another. Rumex maritimus, Mentha
sylvestris.

Rolled up, circinalis. Rolled up on es Heliotropium
_Europzum, Hyoscyamus niger. PI. 7, fig. 3.

{ Leafy, folzata. Rhinanthus glaber, Odontites rubra,
Hyoscyamus niger, Orontium arvense.

Crowned, comosa. Terminated at top by leaves, or large
bractez. Salvia Horminum, Lavandula Steechas, Euchomis
regia, Bromelia Ananas.

=-

a

a (TT

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 111

Bracteated, bracteata. Orchidee, BAe ees crista~
tum, M. arvense, Lavandula.

Spathed, spathata. Vallisneria spiralis foemina, Arum,
Calla.

Involucrated, involucrata. Having an involucrum at
bottom. Brunella vulgaris. .

{| Upright, erecta. 'E riticum, Triglochin palustre, Per-
sicaria amphibia, Bistorta major, Lavandula Tragi, Reseda
lutea.

Hanging, pendula. Trasus pendulus, Musa, Hura cre-
pitans.

Besides these distinctions, there are also to be considered,
the number of the spikes, their disposition relative to mls
other, and the insertion of the flowers in each spike.

SPIKELETS.

Spicule, Locusta. The smail spikes which are the divisions
of a compound spike, or panicle. PI. 8, fig. 1.

These admit most of the distinctions of the simple spike.

RaceME.

Bunch, Racemus, — botrys. The flowers are borne upon
pedicels, which are generally y single-flowered, and these
again upon an axis.

Simple, Racemus simplex. The axis having no branches.
Actea spicata, Cerasus racemosa. PI. 8, fie. 6

Branched, ramosus. The axis branched. ‘Fagopyrum
esculentuin. Borrago officinalis, Acer campestre.

4] Upright, erectus. Acer campestre, Scrofularia nodosa,
S. aquatica, S. scorodonifolia.

Hanging, pendulus. Berberis vulgaris, Cerasus racemosa,
Acer majus. PI. 8, fig. 6.

q] Axillary, Eien. Acer majus, Cerasus racemosus,
Orobus sylvaticus. PI. 8, fig, 6.

Opposite to the leaves, oppositifolius. Herniaria glabra,
Phytolacea.

- There must: alsogbe noticed, the number of the racemes,
and their position in respect to one another.

112 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

PANIcLr.

Panicula, Juba. The flowers are borne upon peduncles which
are variously branched, and seated upon an axis.

Terminal, Panicula terminalis. Bromus, Juncus acutus, —
Arbutus serratifolia. . ;

Not quite terminal, swlapicularis, lateralis. Juncus con-
glomeratus, J. effusus.

Axillary, axillaris. Nepeta melissefolia.

{| Very much branched, ramosissima. A great number
of ramifications on the axis. Juncus effusus, J. sylvaticus,
Lapathum obtusifolium.

Open, loose, Jaxa, effusa. The secondary, third, &c.
peduncles are long, flexible, distant from one another, and
inclined at the tip. Bromus arvensis, Avena sativa, A. fatua,
Yucca gloriosa. PI. 8, fig. 7.

Divaricated, divaricata. Ramifications separate from
one another in every direction. Juncus pilosus, J. sylva-
ticus, Prenanthes muralis, Gypsophila paniculata.

Spread open, patula. Secondary peduncles very open,
but not inclined. Prenanthes muralis.

Pyramidal, pyramidalis. Becoming smaller, from the
base to the top. Yucca, Agave.

Closed, coarctata. Ramifications upright and pressed
close to the axis. Achnatherium lanceolatum, Hypericum
montanum.

Leafy, folizta. Ramifications intermingled with leaves.
Rumex oppositifolius, Rheum undulatum.

THYRSE.
Thyrsus. 4 panicle of flowers very closely compacted, so

as to form an oval head. —Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum
vulgare, Vitis vinifera, Aisculus Hippocastanum.

CoRYMBE.

Irregular umbell, Corymbus. The flowers are borne upon
secondary peduncles, which, although springing from dif-=
ferent points of the main peduncle, are themselves of such
different lengths as to raise the flowers nearly on a level.

Simple, Corymbus simplex. The pedicells springing im-
mediately from the main peduncle. Scilla bifolia, Ledum,
~Cardamine. |

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 113

Branched, ramosus. ‘The main peduncle divided into
secondary and third peduncles. Achillzea crithmifolia.
Pl. Thies 2: 3

4] Close, coarctatus. The peduncles are brought close to
each other. Achillea millefolia, Sedum triphyllum, Mes-
pilus monogyna, Cratzegus terminalis, Pyrus aucuparia.

Loose, daxus. ‘The peduncles are far apart from one
another. Ornithogalum umbellatum.

_¥ Regular, regularis. The peduncles are so proportioned
that all the flowers are on a regular height, either flat or
convex. Achillea millefolia. Pl. 7, fig. 2.

Irregular, irregularis. The peduncles are of such dif-
ferent length, that the flowers are of an irregular height.
Many of the radiated composite.

The loose and irregular corymbi degenerate into panicles.
The simple corymbi are only depressed racemes; in
many of the cruciferze the original corymbus lengthens out
into a raceme. ’
Muscarium.

A corymbus of flowers not all on the same level.—Eu-
patorium.
CYyME.

Cyma. The main peduncle throws out secondary peduncles
from one and the same point, and these separate again into
pedicels which spring from different parts of the secondary
peduncles, and raise the, flowers nearly to the same height.—
Sambucus, Cornus, Erythreea vulgaris, Nerium Oleander.

The variations of it are nearly the same with those of
the corymbus.
BUNDLE.

Fasciculus. The flowers are upright, grouped parallelly
together very close, and are all nearly of the same height.—
Dianthus barbatus, D. Carthusianorum.

The variations. are but slight, and easily made out by
analogy.
UMBEL. us

~Umbella. The flowers are borne upon peduncles springing
_ from the same point, the branches being of an equal length.

Simple, Umbella simplex. The peduncle only once di-
vided into rays. Butomus umbellatus. Pl. 7, fig. 9.
VOL, 1. I

{14 ‘INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Compound, composita. The rays of the peduncles are —
again subdivided. Daucus vulgaris, Pastinaca, Ammi and
many other umbellifere. Pl. 7, fig. 1. g

q Naked, nuda. Without any involucra at the base of —
the rays. Solanum nigrum, Pimpinella major.

Involucrated, involucrata.. With involucra. Daucus —

vulgaris.
Spathed, spathata. Proceeding froma spathe. Allium. —
@ Rounded, spherica. Forming a spherical. head of —
flowers. Allium letum. Cepa esculenta. f i
Convex, convexa. Forming a rounded surface. Asclepias
Syriaca, Daucus hispida. 4
Flat, plana. Forming a flat surface. Sphondylium vul- —
gare, Fceniculum vulgare, Imperatoria major.
Concave, concava. Forming a concave surface. Daucus
vulgare when in fruit. i
@ Loose, axa. The peduncles at some distance from ©
each other. Athamanta latifolia. .
Close, coarctata, densa. ‘The peduncles very near each ©
other. Cepa vulgaris, Daucus vulgaris, Hydrocotyle vul- —
garis.
{ Few-rayed, pauciradiata, depauperata. Having only a
few rays. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Scandix vulgaris.
Proliferous, prolifera. If one or more of the peduncles ©
of a simple umbel throw out one or more umbellules. Hy-
drocotyle vulgaris. ‘
@ Like-flowered, uniform, szmiliflora. All the flowers, —
alike. Sium verticillatum, Imperatoria major. |
Unlike-flowered, radiant, diversiflora, radians. The ~
flowers in the centre regular, and those in the circumfe- ~
rence irregular, the outside petals being larger than those ~
towards the centre. Tordylium officinale, Coriandrum —
sativum. .

UMBELLULE.

Umbellula. 4 small partial umbel, being part of a large |
umbel, and formed by the secondary rays.—Daucus vulgaris, ©
and many other umbelliferse. Pl. 7, fig. 1. ‘

Bovoguet.

Sertulum. 4 simple umbel in which the peduncle is only
once divided into rays—Buttomus umbellatus. Pl. 8, fig. 2.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 115

Heap.

Capitulum, Glomus, Glomerulus, Corymbus Pliny, Caput
florum,—cephalum. Flowers collected into a ball, and
so close together that at a distance they might be taken
for a single flower.

Naked, Capitulum nudum. Cephalanthus. :
Tnvolucrated, zmvolucratum. Gomphrena elebosa, Jasione
montana. PI. 7, fig. 7.

ComMPouND FLOWER.

Calathide, Flos compositus absolute compositus, Antho-=
dium, Cephalanthium, Calathidis. Sessile flowers, or
nearly sessile, upon a clinanthe, surrounded by an involucrum.

Radiated, Calathidis radiata. Having tubular flowrets
in the centre, and ligulate flowers at the circumference.
Calendula, Helianthus, Bellis, Chrysanthemum.

Flosculous, flosculosa. All the flowrets tubular, both in
the centre and the circumference, Carduus, Centaurea,
Cynara.

Semiflosculous, semzflosculosa, ligulata. All the flowrets
ligulate. ‘Taraxacum officinale, Lactuca, Sonchus.

{ Open, aperta. ‘The involucrum open, so that all the
flowrets are visible. Carlina, Hieracium, Helianthus and
the other compositze, Scabiosa, Dorstenia.

Half open, semi-aperta. "The involucrum brought partly
over the flowers so as to hide them in some degree. Am-
bora. ;

Closed, clausa. ‘The involucrum brought entirely over
the flowers, so as to leave only a very small opening, and
thus hiding them entirely. Ficus.

4 One-flowered, uniflora. Echinops. ‘This is considered
as a compound flower from the analogy of its other parts
to those of compound flowers in general.

Few-fiowered, pauciflora. Knautia.

Many-flowered, multifiora. Helianthus annuus, Eu-
phorbia, Ficus, Dorstenia.

Disk, Discus. The flowrets composing the central part
of a compound flower. :

Rays, Radi. The flowrets composing the circumference
of a compound flower,

Ine

116 ‘ INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

BRACTER.
Leaf-like organs accompanying the flowers.
| Frorat Lear.

Bractea. Teaf-like organs, placed near the- flowers, and
frequently very slightly differing from the common leaves.

Rounded, Bractea subrotunda. Salix viminalis.

Heartshape, cordiformis, cordata. Melampyrum crista-
tum, Salvia pratensis, S. bicolor, Lactuca virosa.

Spearshape, lanceolata. Orchis morio, O. mascula,
Orobanche major, Melampyrum arvense, Mentha rotundi-
folia, Ribes alpina.

Awlshape, sululata. Cephalanthera ensifolia.

Bristlelike, setacea. Mentha viridis.
- Keeled, carinata. Gomphrena globosa.

Fringed, ciliata. Mentha viridis, Calamintha vulgaris,
Brunella vulgaris, Carpinus ulmoides.

Thornlike, spinescens. Salsola decumbens.

Palmate, palmata. Fumaria bulbosa, Anthyllis vulne-
raria.

Feather-cut, pinnatijida. Melampyrum vulgatum.

Comblike, pectinata. Melampyrum cristatum.

€| Crowning, coronans. Forming a crown above the
flowers. Fritillaria imperialis, Kucomis regia. .

Coloured, colerata. Melampyrum cristatum, Salvia ne-
morosa.

Flower-bearing, florifera. Bearing the flowers. Populus,

: : 2)
Corylus, Salix, Larix, Cupressus. Pl. 7, fig. 6.

BRACTEOLE.
Bracteole. Smaller floral leaves attached to the divisions of
an assemblage of flowers.
‘ Tur.

Coma. An assemblage of floral leaves crowning the tip of
some spikes or racemes.—Salvia Horminum.
SPATHE.

Spatha, Calopodium, Valva. 4: leaflike organ, which at

Jirst envelopes the flowers, but afterwards opens and lets
them escape.

Common, Spatha communis. Enclosing seyeral flowers.
Arum, Phoenix.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 117

General, generalis. Enclosing several flowers, each fur-
nished with its particular spathille. -

Particular, propria. Enclosed in a larger spathe.

{| Hoodlike, cuculliformis, convoluta. Rolled up like a
cornet. Arum. PI. 7, fig. 12.

One-leated, monophylla, univalyis. Formed only of one
piece. Arum, Calla, Phoenix, Chameerops.

Two-leaved, diphylla, bivalvis. Formed of two pieces.
Allium oleraceum, A. carinatum.

Many-leaved, polyphylia. Caryota, Corypha.

{ Tearing, ruptilis. ‘Tearing instead of opening regu-
larly. Ajax fenestralis, Narcissus majalis.

€| Two-flowered, liflora. Narcissus biflorus.

Many-flowered, multiflora. Arum, Calla, Narcissus Jon-
quilla, N. Tazetta.

{| Blossom-like, petaloidea. Soft and coloured like a
blossom. Calla Adthiopica.

Leaf-like, herbaceous, foliacea, herbacea. Similar in sub-
stance and colour to leaves. Gladiolus communis.

Membranaceous, membranacea. Allium.

Woody, lignosa. Having the consistence and structure
of wood. Phoenix dactylifera.

§| Fugacious, fugax, caduca. Falling off soon after it
opens. Allium letum.

Lasting, persistens. Continuing until the fruit is ripe.
Arum Calla.

SPATHILLES.

Spathille. Smaller spathes enclosed in a larger one.

INvoLUCRUM.

Involucrum. 4 collar of one or more bractee placed under
ihe flower.
Single-flowered, Involucrum uniflorum. Placed under
only one flower. Anemonanthea nemorosa.
Many-flowered, multiflorum, commune. Placed under
several flowers. Umbelliferee, Composite, LKuphorbia,
Ficus. ?
{| Umbel-flowered, wmlelliferum. Surrounding the bot-
tom of an umbel. Androsace, many Umbelliferee.
_ General, generale. Surrounding the bottom of a com-
pound umbel. Daucus vulgaris, Tordylium officinale.
Particular, proprium. Surrounding the bottom of an
umbellule. Daucus vulgaris, Ammi majus.

+4

118 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Halved, dimdiatum. Only surrounding one half of the
peduncle. Petroselinum yulgare.

Turned back, reflecum. ‘Turning over from the top to
the bottom. Meum Athamanticum.

@ Calathide-flowered, calathidiflorum. Surrounding a
clinanthe and resembling a basket. Composite.

Globular, globulosum, globosum. Achilleea sambucina,
Centaurea nigra. ‘ .

Pitchershape, wrceolatum. Swollen at bottom, con-
tracted at top, and dilated at its orifice like the calyx of a
rose. Crepis biennis, Cirsium palustre.

Reverse topshape, oliurbinatum. Swolien and rounded.
at bottom, growing narrow to the top. Carthamus tinc-
torius. A

Bellshape, campanulatum. Lampsana lyrata, Chryso-
coma Coma aurea.

Hemispherical, hemisphericum. Like a bason, Matri-
caria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria.

Egelike, ovoidewm. Cirsiym lanceolatum, Artemisia vul-
garis, Tagetes patula.

Reverse conical, olconicum. Growing narrower from
the bottom to the top. Aster fruticosus, Anthemis clavata.

Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Long, and nearly cylindrical.
Senecio vulgaris, Achillea millefolia.

Cuplike, cupulare. Trimorpha alpina, Achillea syl-
vestris.

Contracted, coarctatum. Becoming much narrower to-
wards its orifice. Centaurea, Carduus.

Open, patens, planiusculum. Chamomilla vulgaris, Leu-
canthemum vulgare.

One-leafed, monophyllum. Of one single piece. Tagetes
patula. .

Many-leaved, polyphyllum. Of several pieces. Taraxa-
cum vulgare, Cynara Scolymus, Aster Chinensis.

Simple, stmplex. Of a single piece, or rather of several
pieces disposed in a single row. _Urospermum picroides.

Double, calyculate, calyculatum. Having an outer row
of bracteze which compose a second involucrum. Crepis
biennis.

Tiled, zmbricatum. Achyrophorus imbricatus, Carduus,
Centaurea.

Leaflike, foliaceum. The bracteze that form the invo-
lucrum are,large, thin, green, like the generality of leaves.
Silphiunr perfoliatum, Carthamus tinctorius.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 119.

Scarious, scariosum. 'The bractese that form the invo-
lucrum are thin, dry, semitransparent. Xeranthemum,
Gnaphalinm Steechas, G. dioichum.

Squarrose, squarrosum. Composed of stiff bracteze, close
together, the upper part bent back. Cnicus cernuus, Car-
duus pycnocephalus, Cynara Cardunculus.

Spinous, spzmosum. The bracteze are armed with spines.
Hippophestum vulgare, Silybum Mariz, Onopordum vul-

are.

Burlike, fish-hooked, lappaceum, hamosum. The bractez
bend down at the tip like a fish-hook. Arctium.

INVOLUCELLE.

Involucellum. The bractee that are attached to umbellules,
or the partial divisions. of compound flowers that have an
_ involucrum attached to the whole assemblage.

CALYCULE.

Calyculus. An involucrum that is attached to a single
flower, and adheres by its base to the true calyx.

CoLuar.

Collare. The involucrum of an umbel when composed of a
single row of bractee, placed in a whirl.

PERICLINE.

Common calyx, Periclinium, Calyx communis, Perigy-
nandra communis, Periphorantium. The involucrum of a
true compound flower, surrounding the clinanthe. Compo-
site.— The same as the involucrum calathidiflorum, men-
tioned in the preceding page. -

CUPULE.

Cupula. An envelope containing the female flowers, never
perfectly closed, and remaining attached to the fruit.

One-flowered, Cupula uniflora. Ephedra, Taxus bac-
cata, Pinus, Abies, Larix, Juniperus, Cupressus, Thuya,
Corylus.

Two-flowered, liflora. Fagus sylvatica.

Three-flowered, triflora. Castanea vesca.

§] Double, duplex. The inner woody, one-flowered; the
exterior succulent, one or two-flowered, at first only a
slight embossment, but grows larger, and assumes the form
of a berry. Taxus baccata. .

120 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

The principal distinctions of the cupule must be taken
from its appearance in the fruit.

In general the cupule is very different from the common

leaves, but there is a regular series of changes from the
- cupule of the corylus avellana, which resembles two leaves
united together by their edges, through the quercus com-
posed of small scales or bracteze soldered together by their
jower part, and scarcely differing from some involucrums,
and the ephedra, in which the sheaths at each joint are
evidently opposite leaves soldered together, approaching
near the fruit, and composing a series of cupules set one
within another; and so on to the cupule of pinus, abies, &c.

GLUME.

Bale, Calyx, External glume, Gluma, Calyx, Gluma ex-
terior, Gluma calycinalis, Tegmen, Lepicena. The ex-
ternal common involucrum of the flowers of the grasses,
situated at the botiom of the locusta.

Cupule-like, Gluma cupuliformis. Having the appear-
ance ofa cupule. Alopecurus agrestis.

Involucrated, imvolucrata. Surrounded by an inyolu-
crum. Cynosurus cristatus. |

4 One-flowered, unifiora. Alopecurus agrestis, Oryza
sativa, Hordeum, Zeocriton.

Two-flowered, liflora. Panicum, Holcus mollis, H. la-
-natus, Aira caryophyllea.

Three-flowered, triflora. Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Many-flowered, multiflora. Briza, Cynosurus, Festuca
fluitans, Lolium, Avena, Bromus, Secale.

{ Longer than the glumelle, glumeild longior. Avena
fatua, A. sterilis, Achnatherium lanceolatum.

Shorter than the glumelle, glumelld brevior. Bromus
arvensis, Secale cereale.

q One-spathelled, waispathellata, unipaleacea. Formed
of only one spathelle. Eleocharis palustris.

Two-spathelled, lispathellata, bipaleacea. Formed of
two spathelles. Bromus, Triticum, Avena, Secale.

Spathelles.

Valves, Glumes, Chaffs, Spathelle, Valvule, Glume,

Paleze. The pieces that compose the glume.

Opposite, Spathelle opposite. Two pieces, attached
opposite each other at the same height. Triticum, Secale,
figilops. Pl. 12, fig. 12. :

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 121

_Conjointed, connate, coadunate, coadnate, coalite. Two
pieces, attached opposite to each other, and joined by
their edges. Alopecurus pratensis, A. agrestis, A. bul-
bosus.

One-sided, unilaterales. Attached side by side, on one
side only of the axis, at the same height. Hordeum.

Alternate, altern@. When the two spathelles are at-
tached on opposite sides of the axis, but with one rather
‘higher than the other. Agrostis canina, Phleum, Phalaris,
Briza, Melica, Bromus, Avena. Pl. 12, fig. 14.

{ Similar, szmilares. When both the upper and lower
spathelles are alike.

Dissimilar, dissimilares. When the spathelles are dif-
ferent. Bromus, Vulpia, Festuca.

{] Equal, equales. Spathelles of equal length. Triticum,
Secale, Hordeum, Phalaris.

Unequal, znequales. _Arrhenatherum elatius, Panicum,
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Lolium temulentum.

€ Herbaceous, herlacee. Milium effusum.

Membranaceous, membranacee. Arrhenatherum elatius,
Melica nutans.

Scarious, scariose. Phalaris Canadensis.

Thick, crass@. 'Tripsacum hermaphroditum.

Leathery, cortacee. Bambusa arundinacea.

Ribbed, nervate, nervose. With rising ribs. Paspalum.

Spined, spinellose, echinate. 'Tragus racemosus.

“| Rounded, subrotunde. Paspalum.

Ovales, ovales. Melica nutans.

_Lanceolate, lanceolate. Daciylis glomerata, Bromus
dumetorum, Achnatherium lanceclatum, Avena.

Linear, lineares, Oryza sativa.

Awlshape, subulate. Hordeum, Secale.

Bristlelike, setacee. Zeocriton secalinum.

Concave, concave. Hollowed like a spoon. Briza minor,
B. major, B. media.

Compressed, compresse. Folded in two, lengthways.
Phleum pratense, P. nodosum. 7

Keeled, curinate. Dactylis glomerata, Phalaris.

Boatlike, naviculares. Concave, and compressed side-
ways. ‘Triticum estivum, Phalaris.

Not cut, integre. Without teeth or notches. . Briza.

Two-teethed, bidentate. Triticum hybernum.

Four-teethed, guadridentate. Pommereulia. ;

Pointed, mucronate. Dactylis glomerate, Phleum pra-
tense, P. nodosum, Digitaria.

122 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

@ Awned, aristate. Furnished with awns. Secale.
Unarmed, mutice. Without awn, or point. » Briza.

GLUMELLE.

Stragule, Corolla, Interior glume, Glumella, Stragula,
Gluma interior, Gluma corollina, Perigonium. The i-
ternal particular involucrum of the flowers of the grasses,
similar in structure to the glumes, but peculiar to each
flower, and situated next the sexual organs.

One-spathelluled, Glwmella unispathellata, unipaleacea.
Composed of one piece only. Agraulis caninus, Alope-
curus. Pl. 12, fig. 13, 14, and 19.

Two-spathelluled, lispathellulata, bipaleacea.. Composed
of two pieces. Bromus, Avena, Secale, Briza..

Spathellules.

Valves, Spathelles, Chaffs, Spathellulee, Valvulze, Spathelle,
Glumz, Pale. The pieces that compose the glumelle.

Similar, Spathellule similares. When both spathellules
are alike.

Dissimilar, dissimilares. When the lower spathellule is
different from the upper.

gq Two-rowed, distiche. Briza, Bromus.

Tiled, imbricate. Briza, Bromus.

Conjoined, connate, coadnute, coalite. Alopecurus
agrestis, A. pratensis, A. bulbosus.

Rounded, subrotunde. Briza.

Oval, ovales. Melica nutans.

Lanceolate, lanceolate. Bromus, Avena.

Truncated, truncate. Phleum.

Concave, concave. Briza, Melica nutans.

Compressed, compresse. Oryza sativa.

Boatlike, naviculares. Triticum estivum, Secale cereale,
Phalaris Canariensis. .

Uncut, intesre. Briza. ve

€ Membranaceous, membranacee. Melica Altissima.

Leatherlike, coriacee. Olyra pauciflora, Stipa.

Ribbed, nervate@, nervose. Secale cereale. Pl. 12, fig. 12-

Two-teethed, lidenitate. Agraulis caninus, Bromus ar-
vensis, Achnatherium lanceolatum, Aira caryophyllea.

Four-teethed, gquadridentate. Achnatherium_ lanceola-
tum.

{| Pointed, mucronate, Uniola.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 123

Awned, aristate. Alopecurus, Apera effusa, Agraulus
caninus, Holcus, Avena, Hordeum, Triticum, Secale,
Bromus. Pl. 12, fig. 14 and 17.

Awns.

Aristee,— athera. 4 stiff hair, or threadlike point, in-
serted on the spathelles and spathellules, and not appearing
io be the continuation of a rib or nerve, but arising sud-
denly from the back or end.

Straight, Ariste rectilinee, recte.

Kneed, geniculate. Bent in the middle, Avena.

‘Twisted, torse. Avena, Agraulus caninus. Pl. 12, fig. 14
and 17.

Jointed, articulate. Stipa.

Featherlike, plumose. Stipa pennata.

q| From the tip, apiculares. From the tip of the glumes.

Below the tip, subapiculares. Pl. 12, fig. 16.

Dorsal, dorsales. From the back of the glumes. Avena,
Agraulus caninus. Pl. 12, fig. 17.

From the base, basilares.

@ Persistent, persistentes. Avena.

Falling off, caduce. Stipa.

Bristles.

Sete, —cheeta. A stiff hairlike point, inserted on the spa-
thelles and spathellules, being a visible continuation and
elongation of a rib or nerve. Pl. 12, fig. 12.

The bristle admits the same distinction as the awn, and

- has been generally confounded under the same name.

LopicuLe.
Nectary, Glumelle, Corolla, Lodicula, Glumellula, Glu-

mella. An involucrum formed of very small petaloid scales
attached to the receptacle of the graminee with the sexual
organs, and surrounded by the glumelle.

One-paleolated, Lodicula wnipaleolata. Composed of a
single paleole.

Two-paleolated, bipaleolata. Of two paleoles. Avena,
Bromus, Triticum, Secale. Pl. 12, fig. 15.

Three-paleolated, tripaleclata. Of three paleoles, Ram-

-busia arundinacea.

124 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Paleoles. -

Scales, Paleolee, Squamee. The pieces that compose the
lodicule.

Egeshape, Paleole ovate. Secale cereale, Triticum
estivum. Pl. 12, fig. 15.

Lanceolate, lanceolate. Bambusa arundinacee.

Awlshape, subulate. Arrhenatherum elatius, Milium
effusum.

‘Truncated, truncate. Melica nutans.

Bunched, gibbose. Brachypodium pinnatum.

{| Velvety, villose. Elymus giganteus.

Fringed, ciliate. Secale cereale, Triticum sestivum.

The bristles that accompany the ovary of some cype-
racee, Pl. 12, fig.13, and the inflated nectary of others,
Pl. 12, fig. 18, which afterwards covers the akenium, are
considered by some botanists as lodicules.

CALYX, 3 ,

Empalement, Flower-cup, Perianthium, Perigynandra ex-
terior, Thalamus. The outer cover of the flower, defend-
ing the blossom if there be any, and the sexual organs ; or
a coarse, green, single cover.

1. Composition.

Gamo-sepaled, one-leafed, Calyx monosepalus, gamosepa-
lus, monophyllus. Formed of one piece, however deeply it
may be divided. lLabiatee, Hyoscyamus, Dianthus, Cucu-
balus, Leguminosee. PI. 9, fig. 12, 13, 14, and 15; pl. 10,
fig. 7, 8, 11, and 14.

Two-sepaled, two-leaved, disepalus, diphyllus. Com-
posed of two pieces. Papaver, Fumaria, Impatiens pa-
lustris. ,

Three-sepaled, three-leaved, trisepalus, triphyllus. Tra-
descantia, Ficaria.

Vour-sepaled, four-leaved, tetrasepalus, tetraphyllus.
Cruciferze, Epimedium, Sagina.

Five-sepaled, five-leaved, pentasepalus, pentaphyllus.

Six-sepaled, six-leaved, hexasepalus, hexaphyllus. Ber-
beris vulgaris.

Many-sepaled, many-leaved, polysepalus, polyphyllus.

All calyces that are adherent to the ovary, or which
support the corolla or stamens, or which accompany a ga-

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 125

mopetalous corolla, are gamosepalous, and of course per-
sistent. It is very rare that a calyx which is not gamo-
sepalous is persistent.

| oe Regularity.
Regular, Calyx regularis. When all its parts’as taken
from the centre of the flower are perfectly alike. Cucubalus,
Adonis, Androsemum, Tormentilla.

Trregular, irregularis. When the several parts are not
all alike. Salvia, Delphinium, Tropzolum.

3. Form.

Tubular, Calyx tubulatus. In form of a tube.

Pipelike, twbulosus. ‘The tube very long, and narrow at
top. Primula, Stramonium, Nepeta longiflora, Silene,
Dianthus.

Conical, conicus. In form of a cone. Stachys coccinea,
and many labiate.

Topshape, pearshape, ¢urbinatus. Conical, but slightly
contracted towards the orifice. Spireea trifoliata.

Swollen, inflatus.. Membranous and dilated like a blad-
der. Rhinanthus glaber, Cucubalus inflatus, Anthyllis
Jeguminosa.

Pitchershape, urceolatus, ventricosus. Swollen in the
middle, contracted towards the top, the limb spread out.
Hyoscyamus niger, Rosa.

Cupshape, cupularis. Very short and quite open. Citrus
Medica, Verbena glomerata.

Cylindrical, cylindricus. Formitg a pipe which is nearly
equal throughout its whole length. Dianthus.

Clubshape, claviformis, clavatus. ‘Tubular, long, and
swollen at top. Silene latifolia.

Bellshape, campanulatus. Hollow, and becoming more
and more open from its bottom to the top. Statice pul-
chella, Melittis grandiflora, Cucubalus bacciferus.

_Compressed, compressus. Large, and flat as if squeezed
sideways. Rhinanthus glaber, Pedicularia palustris

Prismatic, prismaticus. Having longitudinal angles and
flat surfaces. Stramonium foetidum, Pulmonaria officinalis.

Angular, anguiosus. Having longitudinal angles. Pe-
dicularia sylvatica, Silene latifolia.

Ribbed, costatus. With raised ribs. Pedicularia pa-
lustris, Thymus campestris, Lychnis segetum, Silene co-
nica, 8. nutans, S. quinquevulnera,

x

126 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY:

Furrowed, sulcatus. Calamintha vulgaris.

Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation, re-
sembling the spur of a cock. Delphinium, Tropzeolum.

Two-lipped, lilabiatus. With two principal divisions,
one above, the other below; not quite equal, and open so
as to resemble two lips. Salvia, and many other labiatze.

Calyculate, calyculatus. Having a calycule, cr involu-
crum resembling a second calyx. Calluna sagittzfolia,
Linnea borealis.

4, Limb and edge.

Not cut, Calyx integer. Having neither teeth nor lobes,
used indefinitely in opposition to toothed or lobed.

Truncated, truncatus. Appearing as if cut off across.
Fissilia.

Torn, erosus. Edge uneven, as if bitten by some insect.
Chenopodium spinacifolium.

Crenated, crenatus. Guarea trichilioides.

Toothed, dentatus. With slight angular cuts.

Fine toothed, denticudatus. With very slight angular
cuts.

Three-toothed, tridentatus. 'Triphasia, Cneorum.

Four-toothed, guadridentatus. Ligustrum, Cornus.

Five-toothed, guinquedentatus. Stachys and many other
labiatee. Coriandrum, Dianthus, Cucubalus, Silene.

Divided, zncisus, divisus. . Split, lobed, or parted, used
in opposition to not cut.

q Cut, fissus. Divided, the incisions reaching to the mid-
dle of the length of the calyx; the divisions being narrow.

Two-cut, lifidus. Divided into two divisions. Utricu-
laris, Pedicularia palustris, Verbena nodiflora.

Three-cut, érifidus.

Four-cut, quadrifidus. Rhinanthus, Reseda salicifolia.

Five-cut, guinquefidus. W1yoscyamus niger, Cucubalus
bacciferus, Rosa.

Six-cut, sexfidus.

Eight-cut, octofidus. 'Tormentilla.

Ten-cut, decemfidus. Potentilla, Fragaria.

Twelve-cut, duodecemfidus. Peplis.

Lobed, lobatus. Divided into cuts, but the divisions
aré broad.

Two-lobed, bilobatus.

‘Three-lobed, trilobatus, &c.

{| Parted, partitus. Divided, and the incisions reaching
nearly to the bottom.

am S
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 127

Two-parted, lipartitus.. Orobanche.

Three-parted, ¢ripartitus. Alisma major, Sagittaria
aquatica. ai

Four-parted, quadripartitus. Veronica officinalis, Ery-
thalia campestris.

Five-parted, guinquepartitus. Digitalis speciosa, Oron-
tium majus, Borrago officinalis.

Many-parted, pluripartitus. ‘The number. of divisions
not being required. to be exactly expressed, or being really
indefinite.

5. Length, in relation to the corolla.

Long, Calyx corolla longior. Longer than the corolla.
Lychnis segetum, Stellaria media, Arenaria rubra, A, te-
nuifolia.

Equal, corolla equals. Stellaria. vulgata.

Short, corold brevior. Shorter than the corolla, Dianthus,
Stellaria arvensis.

6. Attachment.

Adherent, Calyx adherens. United throughout its whole
een to the ovary. Composite, Myrtus, Agrimonia,

rus.

‘Stcior. superus. United to: the ovary, but with the
limb free. Punica granatum.

Semi-adherent, semi-adherens, semt-inferus. ‘The calyx
adhering to the ovary only part of its length. Limosella
aquatica. .

Not adherent, free, inadherens, liber, inferus. The calyx
totally detached from the ovary. Labiate, Caryophyllee,
Fragaria, Rubus, Rosa.

7. Colour.

Coloured, Calyx coloratus. Of some other colour than
green. ‘Tropzolum, Andromeda polifolia, Fuchsia, Punica
Granatum.

Blossomlike, petaloideus. Aquilegia.

Doubtful, ambiguus. Appearing like a calyx externally,
and like a corolla internally. Grewia.

8. Duration. "
Fugacious, Calyx fugax, caducus. Falling off as soon as
the flower opens. Papaver, Epimedium. |

Deciduous, decidwus. Falling off after the fecundation
of the ovules, at the same time with the corolla. Acta
spicata, Chelidonium majus, Cruciferze, Berberis.

~

128 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Persisting, persistens. Remaining after the flowering is
over. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Labiate, Hyoscyamus niger,
Boragineze, Convolvulus, Androseemum officinale, Cucu-
balus bacciferus, Saxifraga, Rubus.

Withering, marcescens. Persisting, but withering and
becoming dry. Anagallis, Rhinanthus, Rubus.

Enlarging, acrescens. Persisting, and continuing to
grow and increase in ‘size along with the fruit. Physalis
Alkekengi, Fissilia disparilis, Heisteria coccinea. ‘

Induvial, induvialis. Persisting and enclosing the fruit.
Physalis; Rosa.

; SEPALES.

Leaves, Sepala, Phylli, Folivli calycini. 'The distinct seg-

ments into which the calyx is divided.

Upright, Sepala erecta. Parallel to the axis of the
flower. Primula, Nicotiana, Krythreea vulgaris, Cheiran-
thus, Silene, Dianthus.

Contiguous, contigua, conniventia lateraliter, clausa.
Placed side by side, without any considerable intervals.
Raphanus, Cheiranthus.

Imbricated, imbricata. Covering one another by their
edges. Convolvulus, Thea. -

Connivent, conniventia. Converging together at top.
Trollius Kuropzus.

Diverging, spreading, pateitia, patula, divergentia. Se-
parating from one another, and placed nearly parallel to
the base of the fower. Borrago officinalis, Hydrophyllum,
Reseda, Adonis, Nigella, Ranunculus acris, R. repens,
Lychnis segetum, Saxifraga aizoides.

Turned back, reflected, reflexa, deflecta. ‘Turned over
outwards, so as to show their internal surface. Ranunculus
bulbosus, R. flammea, Androseemum officinale, Ginothera
biennis, Cerasus hortensis. —

Rolled over, revoluta. ‘Turned over, and rolled up.
Proteaceze.

Rolled inwardly, zmvoluta. Valeriana rubra.

q Equal, equalia. All of one size. Primula, Borrago
officinalis, Adonis, Ranunculus, Nigella.

Unequal, inequalia. Of different sizes, Salvia, Erythralia
campestris, Androseemum officinale, Tormentilla, Poten-
tilla.

The lobes, segments, and teeth, admit of similar distinc-
tions to the sepales.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 129

COROLLA.

Blossom, Bloom, Auleum, Perigynandra interior. The
internal integument of the sexual organs, when there are
two; or a fine and coloured single integument of the same
texture as the stamens, and either inserted along with
them on the receptacle, or bearing them itself.

1. Insertion.

Hypogynous, Corolla hypogyna. Growing out from
below the ovary, whether the ovary be sessile. Cheiran-
thus, Crucifere; or seated on a gynophore, Dianthus,
Silene, Cucubalus, and other caryophyllee, Cleome. Pl. 10,
fig. 4, 6. .

Perigynous, perigyna. Growing out from the inteznal
surface of the calyx. Campanulacez, Salicaria, Rosacez.

Epigynous, epigyna. Growing from the top of the ovary.
Composite, Caprifoliaceee, Rubiacex, Umbeilifere.

2. Structure.

Polypetalous, Corolla polypetala. Composed of several
separate pieces, or petals. Umbelliferae, Cruciferae, Cary-
ophyllez, Saxifrageee, Rosaces, Pomaceze, Dryadee, Le-
guminosze. °
_ Gamopetalous, monopetalous, Corolla gamopetala, mono-
petala. Composed of only one piece, surrounding the
sexual organs on every side, the several divisions or petals
being soldered together. Labiatze, Borraginez, Apocynez,
Composite. PI. 9, fig. 10, 11,12; 13, 14, 15, 20, 21.

q Regular, regularis. Borrago, Convolvulus, Aquilegia,
Cruciferee, Carophylleae, Rosaceze, Dryadese, Pomaceze.

Irregular, irregularis. Labiatee, most leguminosz.

3. Composition.

Two-petaled, Corolla dipetala. Formed of two pieces.
Circeea.

Three-petaled, tr7petala. Formed of three pieces. Alisma,
Sagittaria.

Four-petaled, tetrapetala. Of four pieces. Cruciferae,
. Chelidonium. f \

Five-petaled, pentapetala.. Umbelliferee, Adonis, Ra-
nunculus, Caryophyllez, Rosa.

Six-petaled, hexapetala. Berberis, Anona.

Kight-petaled, ectopetala. Nigella Hispanica.

VOL. I. K

130 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. i

§ One-petaled, monopetala, unipetala. A single petal
not entirely surrounding the sexual organs, as in the gamo-
petalous corollz. Amorpha.

4. Form.

Crosslike, Corolla cruciformis. Regular and composed
of four petals with long claws, and the expansion open,
disposed in accross. Cruciferz.

Roselike, rosacea, roselata. Regular and composed of
three, four, or five petals, with short claws, and diverging
from one another. Rosacee, Dryadex, Chelidonium,
Papaver.

Clovegilliflowerlike, caryophyllata. Regular and com-
posed of five petals, the claws being very long, but sur-
rounded and hidden by the calyx. Dianthus, Silene.

Butterflylike, papilionacea. Composed of five petals, of
three different forms and sizes, and to which peculiar
names have been assigned. Leguminose.

1. The standard, Vexillum. The large wide petal,
usually turned back, that overtops the others. ~

2. The two wings, dle, Talare. The two side petals.

3. The keel, Carina, Scaphium,—tropis. Formed of the
two lowermost petals usually turned up at their tip, and
either touching each other, or soldered together.

Irrecularly many petaled, polypetala anomala. Com-
posed of irregular petals, but not butterflylike. Aconitum,
Delphinium, Tropzolum, Viola.

Tubulate, ¢ubulata. Monopetalous, regular, with a tube.
Many labiate.

Tubulous, /ubulosa. Monopetalous, regular, with a tube
longer than the diameter of the tube. Hamelia, Spigelia
Marylandica.

Bellshape, campanulata, campaniformis. Monopetalous,
regular, in form ofa bell. Atropa lethalis, Pneumonanthe
vulgaris, Vitis-Idza punctifolia, Campanula urticifolia.

Globular, globosa, globulosa. Andromeda polifolia.

Eggshape, ovata. Arbutus, Eremucallis glomerata,
Menziesia polifolia.

Pitchershape, wrceolata. Vaccinium montanum.

Clubshaped, claviformis, clavata. Erica pinea, E. ce-
rinthoides.

Funnelshape, infundibuliformis. Nerium Oleander, Ni-
eotiana Tabacum.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 131

Oldfashion-salvershape, hypocrateriformis. The tube
long, the limb regular and spread out flat, or nearly so.
Vinca, Phlox, Ericala verna. a"

Gobletshape, cyathiformis. ‘Tube long, slightly dilated
at top, the limb regular and upright. Symphytum tube-
rosum.

Wheel-like, rotata. Tube very short, limb regular,
open, flat, with broad divisions. Borrago officinalis, Ver-
bascum decurrens, Physalis Alkekengi.

Starlike, stellata. "Tube very short, limb regular, open,
flat, with pointed divisions. Galium verum, Valantia cru-
clata.

{ One-lipped, wniladiata. Monopetalous, irregular, the
lower part of the limb prolonged beyond the rest. Acanthus.

Scooplike, digulata. One-lipped, the lip very long and
straight. Taraxacum officinale, Helianthus, and many
other composite.

Two-lipped, Lilabiata. The limb split on the sides into
two lips, of different forms. Labiate, Rhinanthus, Pedi-
cularis. | .

Gaping, ringens. The two lips being placed apart re-
semble the throat of an animal. Salvia officinalis, Lamium
album, Dracocephalum, Stachys.

Masklike, personata. ‘The two lips are closed by an in-
ternal projection of the throat of the flower, called the pa-
late, palattwm. Orontium majus, Antirrhinum vulgare.—
Some include under this irregular monopetalous corollz of
yarious anomalous forms.

Turned over, resupinata. ‘Two-lipped, and appearing at
the first view, as if the lips had changed their usual places.
Ocymum Basilicum, Plectranthus punctatus.

5. Appendages.
Appendiculated, Corolla appendiculata. Having an

elongation or additional part, more than the ordinary form
of petals, either at the base, Hypericum Agyptiacum, or
at the summit, Silene.

Hooked, uncinata. “With an appendage like a hook,
placed at the top of the petals. Heisteria coccinea, Xime-
nia aculeata.

Glanduliferous, glandulifera. With glands. Statice mo-
nopetala, Ranunculus, Berberis.

x2

138 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

6. Colour.

Red, Corolla rubra. Rosa Damascena, Dianthus Caryo-
phyllus ruber.

Reddish violet, rubro-violacea. Lythrum spicatum, Ce-
losia cristata.

Violet, violacea. Aconitum Napellus, Campanula Car-
pathica.

Bluish-violet, c@ruleo-violacea. Convolvulus tricolor,
Cyanus vulgaris, Cineraria amelloides.

Blue, cerulea. Pneumonanthe vulgaris, Delphinium
erandiflorum.

Bluish-green, ce@ruleo-viridis.

Green, ‘viridis.

Greenish-yellow, viridi-lutea. Hedera communis, Acer

majus, Silene parviflora.

Yellow, lutea. Ranunculus longifolius.

Yellowish-orange, /uteo-aur antiaca. Calendula officinalis.

Orange, aurantiaca. 'Tropeeolum majus.

Reddish-orange, rwbro-aurantiaca. Salvia coccinea, Pa-
paver erraticum.

{ White, alla. Parnassia palustris.

7. Duration.

Persisting, withering, Corolla persistens, marcescens.
Lasting after the fecundation of the ovules, but in a wi-
thered state. Trientalis Europza, Erica, Campanula,
Corrigiola, Trifolium procumbens, Cucumis.

Passing away, decidua, transiloria. Falling soon after
the fecundation of the ovules. The generality ‘of flowers.

Fugacious, fugax, caduca. Falling off as soon as the
flower is completely open, or even before. Actza, Thalic-
trum, Chelidonium corniculatum, Glaucium violaceum,
Cerastites macrocephala, Peplis Portula.

_ FBErats.
Petala. The several pieces into which the corolla is

divided.

ie Position.

Opposite, Petala oppositiva, ¢ caly lyct opposita. Placed be-
fore the divisions of the calyx. - Berberis, Epimedium.

Interposed, alternate, inter rpositiva, calyct alterna. Al-
ternating with the divisions of the calyx. Cruciferae, Rosa,
and most plants.

i
INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.. 138

2. Attachment.

Clawed, Petala unguiculata. Attached to the other
parts of the flower by a long claw. Cheiranthus and other
cruciferse, Dianthus and other caryophyllez, Statice pul-
chellum.

Sessile, sessilia. "The claw very short. Vitis, Elatine,
Gypsophila.

3. Direction.

Bent inwards, Petala infleca. Curved towards the centre
of the flower. Astrantia major.

Involute, involuta. Bent and rolled from the top towards
the centre of the flower. Ancthum graveolens.

Upright, erecta. Placed parallel to the axis of the flower.
Geum, Hermannia.

Incumbent sideways, lateraliter incumbentia. Covering
the sides of one another. Ovxalis versicolor, Hermannia.

Open, spreading, patentia. At right angles with the
axis of the flower. Rosa, Fragaria, Geum urbanum.

Bent back, reflexa. “Turned over from the centre of the
flower. Aralia arborea. .

One-sided, wnilateralia. Inclining to one side of the
flower. Cleome.

Ascending, ascendentia. Inclining to the top of the
flower. Cleome.

4, Form.

Roundish, Petfala subrotunda. Silene latifolia, Ranun-
culus bulbosus, Potentilla fruticosa, Fragaria vesca.

Oval, ovalia. Statice pulchellum, Linum usitatissimum.

Elliptic, ellipticum. Saxifraga decipiens.

Lanceolate, lanceolata. Hypericum montanum, Saxi-
fraga sarmentosa.

Linear, inearia. Fraxinus Ornus, Chionanthus, Hama-
melis Virginiana.

Spatulashape, spathulata. Dictamnus albus, Cleome
pentaphylla.

Wedgeshape, cunearia. Linum Austriacum.

Heartshape, cordiformia, olcordiformia. Heartshape,
the notch being at top. Parnassia palustris, Geranium
Pyreniacum, Cerastium arvense, Stellaria holostea, G4no-
thera odorata. ©

Concave, concava. Parnassia, Tilia Europea, Ruta
graveolens. x

_ Boatshape, navicularia. Cookia punctata.

134 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Helmetshape, galeiformia. Hollow, arched, and open
in front. Aconitum.

Cornetshape, cucudliformia. In the form of a cone. Del-
phinium, Aquilegia.

Spurred, calcarata. Prolonged at bottom in a hollow
point, like the spur of a fowl. Viola.

Two-lipped, lilabiata. ‘Tubular with a limb having two
lips. Nigella, Helleborus, Isopyrum.

Mis-shapen, difformia. Irregular, and not to be com-
pared to any known form. Epimedium.

Unequal, inequalia. Different, either in form, or size,
or in both. Anona, Viola, Pisum, and other leguminosee.

Conjoined, coadunata. Joined and soldered together by
their edges, but so feebly that they may be separated with-
out any visible tear in the texture. Statice monopetala,
Fissilia disparilis. This junction is sometimes by. their
tips, Vitis; or their base, Oxycoccus palustris.

| Radiating, radianiia. ‘The petals next the circum-
ference of an assemblage of flowers larger than those next
the centre. ‘Tordylium.

5. Edge.

Wavy, Petala undulata. Geranium pheum, Lager-
strzemia. :

Gnawed, erosa. Glaucium luteum, Frankenia leevis.

Crenated, crenata. Dianthus Caryophyllus, Linum usi-
tatissimum.

Toothed, dentata. Dianthus barbatus, D. capitatus,
Silene Lusitanica.

Fringed, fimbriata. Cucubalus fimbriatus.

Lashed, ciliata. Edged with fine jags or hairs like the
eyelashes. Tropzolum, Ruta.

Notched, emarginata. Cheiranthus sinuatus, Geranium
sanguineum, G. dissectum, Agrostemma coronaria, Dian-
thus prolifer, Rosa rubiginosa.

6. Division.

Jagged, Petala laciniata. Cut into slips. Reseda, Di-
anthus plumarius.

Two-cut, lifida. Draba verna, Cucubalus inflatus,
Lychnis vespertina, L. diurna, Silene conica.

Three-cut, frifida. Hypecoum procumbens.

Four-cut, guadrifida. Lychnis plumaria.

Two-parted, lipartita. Silene nutans, Stellaria aquatica,
S. media.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 135

LAcINULE.
Lacinula. A smali claw or appendage to the petals.

Uncut, Lacinula integra. Astrantia, Sanicula.

Bent, iflexa. CEnanthe.

Hooked, uwneinata. ‘Torilis, Sphondylium.

Straight, recta.

Oblique, obliqua. Cherophyllum.

Linear, linearis. Bulbocastanum.

Linear pointed, linearis acuta. A®thusa tenuifolia.

Linear blunt, /inearis obtusa. AXthusa elata.

Furrowed, sulcata. Tragium.

Notched, emarginata. Cnidium.

Streaked, striata. Selinum.

Channelled, canaliculata. Sanicula.

Waved, undulata. Athamanta.

Dilated, dilata. Athamanta.

Narrowed, angustata. Pimpinella minor.

Awlshape, sululata. CEnanthe.

Long, longa. As long as the petals themselves. Astrantia,
Sanicula.

Crenulated, crenulata. Peucedanum.

Wavy-crenulated, wndulato-crenulata. Heracleum.

Apiculate, apiculata. Witha point. Heracleum.

Toothed, denticulata. Astrantia, Sanicula,

Blunt, obtusa. Conium, Apium.

Three-pointed, éricuspidata. Astrantia.

TuBE.
Tubus. The lower part of a gamopetalous corolla.

Pl. 8, fig. 4.

Straight, Tulus rectilineus, rectus. Not having any
curvature. Vinca, Hamelia.

Cylindrical, cylindricus. Mirabilis Jalapa.

Threadlike, gracilis, filiformis. Plumbago rosea.

Bellied, ventricosus, inflatus. Erica inflata, E. ventricosa.

Clubshape, claviformis, clavatus. Spigelia Marylandica.

Prismatic, prismaticus. Hamelia.

With an internal appendage, interne appendiculatus.
Furnished with an appendage (nectary, Linnzeus) in the
interior part of it. Hydrophyllum, Lithospermum tenui-
folinm, Cuscuta.

{i Bent, curvatus, ercuatus, curvus. Martynia, Nepeta
longiflora.

136 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Compressed, compressus. Many of the labiate. Justicia
quadrifida.

Bunched, giblus, gilbosus. Having externally a kind of
bunch, holigne like a : pocket on the tactics Orontium ma-
jus, Valeriana Cornucopiz, Martynia.

Spurred, calcaratus. Having a hollow elongation like
the spur of a fowl. Valeriana rubra, Linaria. Pl. 9,
fig. 11 a.

Split, jissus. The tube is split down lengthways, so
that it may be spread ont flat without tearing. Goodenia,
Lobelia.

THROAT.
Faux. The orifice of the tube.

Circular, Faux circularis. Phlox, Mirabilis.

Cornered, angulatcz. Having a determined number of
angles. Tastes rosea.

Dilated, dilatata. Larger than the tube itself. Mirabilis
Jalapa, Niaebiane Tabacum. PI. 9, fi fig. 12 and 138.

Contracted, contracta. Smaller than the tube. Verbena
officinalis, Serofularia lutea, Vinca resea.

Obstructed, olsiructa. Furnished with hairs, lashes,
glands, or other appendages that block up the entrance.
“Verbena multifida, Erythalia pulchella.

Villous, villosa. Obstructed by hairs. _ Verbena multi-
fida, Thymus.

Lashed, ciliata. Obstructed by stiff hairs like the eye-

‘lashes. Erythalia pulchella, E. campestris.

Bunched, giblifera. Obstructed by bunches; the throat,
being enlarged and dilated in some parts, rises up in
bunches which are hollow, and open beneath. Lycopsis
arvensis, C ynoglossum officinale, Borrago, Anchusa. PI. 9,
fig. (0 a.

“Horned, el ifera. Obstructed by hollow horns,
open beneath, like the bunches just mentioned. Symphy-
tum tuberosum.

Flakey, lamellifera. Furnished with lamellar appen-
dages. Nerium Oleander.

Naked, nuda. Without any hairs, bristles, bunches,
or the like. Nicotiana Tabacum, Cerinthe major, Phlox.

PALaTe.

Palatium. An internal swelling of the throat, being the
two lips of a masklike flower.—Orontium majus, Linaria. _

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. er.

Crown.

Cup, Corona. A cuplike appendage, placed on the throat
of the flower.—Silene, Narcissus.

OrRBICULUS.

A circular swelling of the base of the corolla, surrounding
the sexual organs.—Stapelia.

Lime.

Limlus. The upper expanded part of a gamopetalous
corolla.

Folded, Limbus plicatus. In regular folds like a fan.
Convolvulus, Pneumonanthe vulgaris.

Twisted, toréus, contortus. The divisions of the limb
are cut obliquely, and cover one another, before the open-
ing of the flower, by twining round the axis of the flower.
Nerium Oleander, Vinca, and other Apocynee.

Upright, erectus. Parallel to the axis of the flower.
Hydrophyllum, Cynoglossum officinale, Cerinthe.

Spreading, patens. Forming a right angle with the
tube. Verbena multifida, Anchusa Italica, Nerium Olean-
der, Chironia, Centaurium.

Turned back, reflexus. ‘Turned over outwardly. Cycla-
men, Dulcamara flexuosa, Asclepias, Oxycoccus palustris.

Revolute, revolutus. Rolled over outwardly. Cestrum
cauliflorum, C. fastigiatum, C. odontospermum.

Upper Lire. ,

Labium superius. ‘The upper division of a two-lipped
gamopetalous corolla.

Spread forward, Labium superius porrectum. Carried
out in the fore-part, in the same direction as the tube.
Monarda, Phlomis Leonurus, Galeopsis nodosa.

Ascending, ascendens. Following at first the ‘direction
of the tube, and then rising up. _Nepeta longiflora, Stachys
annua, Betonica officinalis. Pl. 9, fig. 13.

Turned back, reflectum. Turned over on the tube.
Plectranthus punctatus. Pl. 9, fig. 15.

Turned in, infleclum. Turned inwards on the lower lip.
Brunella. :

Sicklelike, falcatum. Bent like a reaping-hook. Salvia
bicolor. S. pratensis.

138 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Arched, fornicatum, galeatum. Bent and hollowed within.
Pedicularia palustris, Phlomis, Lamium, Galeopsis.

Compressed, compressum. Folded in two lengthways,
and flattened sideways. Rhinanthus, Pedicularia palustris,
Many salvie, Many phlomides, Trichostema.

Flat, planum. Melittis grandiflora.

Uncut, infegrum. Molucella leevis.

Notched, emarginatum. Lycopus.

Split, fisswm. Euphrasia officinalis, Salvia bicolor, Ne-
peta longiflora.

Parted, partitum. Divided to the very orifice of the
tube. ‘Teucrium, Lobelia Cardinalis. L. syphilitica.

Lower Lip.

Labium inferius. 'The lower division of a two-lipped
gamopetalous corolla.

Longer than the upper, Lalium inferius superiore longius.
Molucella levis, Phlomis Zeylanica.

Shorter than the upper, inferiore lrevius. Phlomis Leo-
nurus.

Prolonged, porrectum. Melampyrum vulgatum, Salvia
bicolor, Molucca leevis.

Fallen down, demissum. Eriostomum Germanicum.
PI_ 9, fig. 13,

Turned back, reflecum. ‘Turned over backwards upon
the tube. Chelone barbata.

Turned in, znflexcum. Bent inwards towards the orifice
of the tube. Plectranthus punctatus. Pl. 9, fig, 15.

PERIGONIUM.

Perianthium, Calyx. The integument of a flower when there
is but one, and its appearance renders it doubtful whether
it ought to be esteemed a calyx or a corolla.

‘This admits all the Various distinctions of both calyx
and corolla.
GALEA.

The upper hollow part of the perigonium of the orchideze.

Liv.

Lalellum. ‘The lower spread out part of the perigonium
of the orchidee; which is sometimes divided into two dis-
similar parts.

Epichilium. The upper part of the labellum.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 139

Hypochilium. ‘The lower part of the labellum.
Spur, Calcar. A hollow spur formed by an elongation
of the labellum.
PERULE.

Perula. A hollow part, often resembling a spur, formed
of two elongated and soldered sepales. Orchidez.

STAMENS.

Chives, Attire, Stamina,—stemon. The male organ of the
plant, usually placed next within the corolla, and im-
mediately surrounding the pistill.

1, Origin.

Hypogynous, Stamina hypogyna, receptaculo inserta.
Exserted from the receptacle, either below the ovary, or
even with its bottom. Graminese, Cruciferee, Ranuncu-
laceze.

Perigynous, perigyna, calyct inserta. Exserted from the
internal surface of the floral integument, above the part
where it is detached from the ovary. Thymelex, Rosacee,
Leguminose, Myrtacez.

Epigynous, epigyna, pistillo inserta. Exserted from the
pistill itself. Aristolochia, Umbelliferz.

{| Immediate, zmmediata. Exserted from the receptacle,
calyx, or pistill. Cruciferze, Rosacese, Umbellifere.

Mediate, mediata, epipetala. Exserted from the co-
rolla, and therefore judged to have the same insertion in
respect to the ovary as the corolla itself. Labiate, Cam-
panulaceze, Composite.

2. Number.

Definite, Stamina definita. ‘The number constant and
not exceeding twelve. 1 Hippuris, 2 Syringa, 3 Iris,
4, Plantago, 5 Lonieera, 6 Lilium, 7 Aésculus, 8 Fuchsia,
9 Butomus, 10 Saxifraga, 11 not yet discovered, 12 Ha-
lesia.

Indefinite, zmdefinita. More than twelve, and not usually
counted, or constant. Papaver, Ranunculus, Rosa.

3. Connexion.

Distinct, Stamina distincta, discreta. Not united together
either by their filaments, or their anthers. Lilium, Ra-
nunculus. |

140 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Conjoined, coalita, connata. United together, either by
their filaments or their anthers. Malvaceze, Composite.

G Adelphous, adelphica, udelpha. The filaments united
together into an androphore.

Monadelphous, monadelpha. Having a single andro-
phore in a flower, carrying several anthers. Malvacez,
Meliacee. ;

Diadelphous, diadelpha. ‘Two androphores in each
flower, each carrying several anthers. Fumaria, Monniera.
—But Linneus has applied this term to the lezuminose,
in which nine of the stamens have their filaments united
into an androphore, and the tenth is distinct. Pl. 10,
fig. 9, a, b.

Triadelphous, ¢riadelpha. Three androphores, each car-
rying several anthers. Hypericum A%gyptiacum. Pl. 10,
fig. 15.

Pentadelphous, penéadelpha. Yive androphores. Mela-
leuca hypericifolia. ;

Polyadelphous, polyadelpha. Several androphores. Me-
laleuca.

| Syngenesous, syngenesa, syngenesica. Several stamens
joined by their anthers. Most composite, Lobelia, Viola.
Pl.11,. fig..27.

4, Proportion. a

Equal, Stamina equalia. All of the same length. Bu-
tomus, Lilium, Borrago, Ledum, ‘Tribulus.

Unequal, inequaltia. Some longer than the others.
Labiate, Cruciferee, Oxalis, Lychnis, Silene, Gypsophila.

Didynamous, didynama. Four in number, two longer
than the other two. Labiate. :

Tetradynamous, éefradynama. Six in number, of which
four are longer than the others. Crucifere. PI. 10, fig. 1.

5. Disposition.

Oppositive, Stamina oppositiva, petalis opposita. Placed
opposite to the lobes of the corolla, or of the perigonium.
Lilium, Morus, Urtica, Statice, Primulaceze, Loranthese,
Vitis.

Interpositive, interpositiva, petalis alterna. Placed be-
tween the divisions of a corolla, Boragineze, Umbellifere ;
or of a simple perigonium, Eleeagnus.

q Distant, distantia. Lycopus.

Close, approximata. Touching the sides of one another.
Solanum, Borrago.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 141

Coherent, coherentia. Fastened to one another, either
by crossed hairs, or by a glue. Lycopersicon esculentum,
Calluna sagitteefolia, Viola.

Crowded, conferta. Numerous and squeezed close to-
gether. |

Agglomerated, agglomerata. Collected together into a
ball. Anona triloba.

Tiled-like, imbricata. Disposed in rows, one covering
another like the tiles of a roof. Liriodendrum tulipifera,
Magnolia.

In stages, sertalia. Disposed in stages of circular rows.
Daphne, Passerina.

6. Length, in relation to the floral integuments.

Exserted, Stamina exserta. Coming out beyond the
orifice of the floral integuments. Plantago, Mentha,
Lycium Europeum, Scabiosa, Fuchsia. PI. 9, fig. 12.

Included, znclusa, non exserta. Shut up in the floral in-
teguments, and not appearing outwardly. Jasminum,
Syringa, Verbena officinalis, Leguminosz. PI. 10, fig. 8.

7. Direction.

Bent inwards, Stamina inflera. The top bent in towards
the centre of the flower. Salvia, Dictamnus, Gypsophila
fastigiata.

Upright, erecta. Keeping of itself in the direction of
the axis of the flower. Tulipa, Lilium, Nicotiana. Pl. 10,
fig. 5.

Spreading, patentia. Standing horizontally in respect to
the base of the flower. Pyrola minor, Hedera communis.

Bent back, reflexa. Bent outwards. Urtica, Parietaria.

Hanging down, pendentia. Hanging downwards through
weakness. Graminez, Clerodendrum infortunatum.

Sidelying, wnilateralia. UWanging on one side. Pyrola
rotundifolia, Salvia, Amaryllis formosissima.

Ascending, ascendentia. Rising towards the upper part
of the flower.. Salvia, Teucrium, Phlomis, and most la-
biate.

Declining, decumbentia, declinata. Inclining towards the
lower part of the flower. Amaryllis formosissima, Heme-
rocallis fulva, Asculus Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus.

142 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

8. Abortion.

Antherless, inantherata, castrataz. The filaments being
without anthers. Many filaments of sparmannia Africana,
two filaments of gratiola officinalis, and the greater part of
the orchidez.

Merely rudimental, rudimentarta. So very imperfect,
and so small, that it is only by analogy that their nature
can be determined. Orchideze, Salvia, Collinsonia Cana-

densis.
9. Parts.

Anther, Summit, Anthera, Capitulum, Theca, Capsula,
Apex, Testiculus, Testis, Spermatocystidium. ‘The upper
part of the stamen usually at the top of it, and containing
the fecundating powder, in two distinct cells. Pl. 11,
fig. 15, 16, 19, and 20.

Cells, Loculi, Thece. The two cells that contain the
fecundating powder. PI. 11, fig. 20.

Lobes, Loli. ‘The cells when they are perfectly distinct
and at some small distance from each other.

Connective, Connectivum, Filamentum Link. A fleshy
part that connects the lobes; or that part of a jointed fila-
ment which is immediately next the anther.

Basillary appendages, Sete. Small threads formed by
the elongation of the cells in their lower part.

Fecundating powder, Pollen. The powder contained in
the cells of the anthers, and which is composed of globules.

Globules, Utriculi. Small bladders appearing like dust,
forming the substance of the pollen.

Fovilla. The fine substance, imperceptible to the naked
eye, which the pollen discharges on the moist surface of the
stigma.

Filament, Thread, Filamenta, Pediculus, Capillamentum,
Stipellus,—nema. ‘The footstalk raising the anther, from
the receptacle or corolla. ;

Androphore, Androphora, Columna, Fasciculus, — adel-
phia. Vilaments soldered together in one or more bundles.

Antherbearing joint, Articulus antheriferus. That part
of a jointed filament that is next to but below the anther.

Terminal appendage, Appendix terminalis. 'That part
of a jointed filament that is above the anther.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 143

FILAMENT.

1. Form.

Flat, Filamentum planum. Allium fragrans, Koempferia,
Fissilia, Heisteria coccinea, Hermannia denudata.

Petal-like, petaliforme. Broad, thin, flexible and co-
loured like a blossom. Kcempferia, Maranta arundinacea,
Calothamnus.

Two-edged, sword-edged, anceps. Canna Indica.

Awlshape, sululatum. ‘Tulipa, Butomus, Acer majus.

Wedgeshape, cuneiforme. ‘Thalictrum petaloideum.

Nailshape, claviforme, clavatum. Thalictrum atro-pur-
pureum.

Cylindrical, cylindricum. The generality of plants.

Threadlike, capillare. Graminez, Plantago.

| Knobbed, torulosum, nodosum. With swellings at a
small distance from one another. Sparmannia Africana.

Crenate, crenatum: Marked on the internal edge with
wrinkles lying across, and forming creases.

Kneed, geniculatum. Bent like a knee or elbow joint.
Mahernia pinnata.

Appendixed, appendiculatum. Having an appendage,
which does not seem to belong to the filament, but to be
an extraneous addition. Borrago, Zygophyllum.

Spiral, spirale, tortum. Bent likea bellspring. Hirtella.

2. Base.

Enlarged, Filamentum dilatatum. Ornithogalum _palli-
dum, Campanula, Geranium pratense, Tamarix Gallica.

Arched, fornicatum. Enlarged and concaye. Aspho-
delus, Campanula.

Pa 7 78

Sharp, Filamentum acutum. Lilium, Tulipa, Scutellaria
alpina, Ternstromia.

Blunt, oltusum. Anona triloba.

Headed, capitatum. Swelled into a head. Dianella,
Cephalotus. .

Notched, emarginatum. Having a re-entering angle at
the tip. Allium letum.

Two-forked, lifurcatum. Brunella, Crambe.

Three-pointed, éridentatum, tricuspidatum. Allium por-
raceum.

Prominent, prominens. Lengthened out beyond the an-
ther. Paris quadrifolia, Anona triloba, Ternstromia el-
liptica.

144 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

4. Surface.

Velvetty, Filamentum villosum. Laurus Persea, Gual-
teria.

Bearded, larbatum. Hairy in some parts and not in
others. Anthericum, Anagallis, Verbascum.

Glandbearing, glanduliferum. Dictamnus albus.

5. Motion.

Elastic, Filamentum elasticum. Springs back again after
it has been forcibly bent.

Irritable, zrvztabile. Moving at the moment of fecunda-
tion without any apparent mechanical force. Berberis,
Ruta, Parnassia.

ANDROPHORE.

Simple, Androphorum simplex. In a single body without
any branches whatever.

Divided, divisum. Parted into several filaments at top.
Hypericum Kgyptiacum, Melaleuca. Pl. 10, fig. 15; pl. 11,
fig. 14.

ence, ramosum. Divided and subdivided. Ricinus.
Pl. 11, fig. 16.

Solid, sodzdum. In a solid mass. Hura crepitans,
Stylidium.

Thick, crassum. Hura crepitans.

Slender, gracile. ‘Typha.

Cylindrical, cylindricum. Stylidium, Xylophylla, Hura
crepitans.

Pillarlike, columnare. Rising upright in the centre of
the flower like a small column.

Tubular, tululosuwm. Malvacee. PI. 10, fig. 13.

Split, jissum. Tubular, and split lengthways. Most.
leguminose. PI. 10, fig. 9, a; fig. 12.

Sheathing, vaginans. Tubular, and forming a sheath
round the pistill. Malvacee. Pl. 10, fig. 13.

Ringlike, annulare. Anacardium occidentale.

Blossomlike, corolliforme. Gomphrena globosa, Guarea
trichilioides.

Crenate, crenatum. Crenated on its edge. Gomphrena
globosa.

Hoodlike, cuculliferum. Furnished with appendages in
form of hoods. Asclepias.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 145

ANTHER.

1. Attachment.

Sessile, Anthera sessilis. Without any filament or an-
drophore... Aristolochia, Grevillea.

Adnate, adnata. Annexed to the filament throughout
its whole extent, and consequently without any particular
connective. Asarum, Soldanella, Podophyllum peltatum,
Ranunculus. Pl. 11, fig. 18.

Jointed, articulata. ‘The union of the filament and an-
ther having some change of form, colour, shape, or other
visible mark. Salvia, Scutellaria.

| Lateral, /ateralis. Fastened on one side of the fila-
ment. Canna Indica.

Terminal, ferminalis. Fastened to the end of the fila-—
ment. Cyperacez, Datura, Raphanus, Cleome.

| Base-fixed, basifixa. Attached by one end, which is
looked upon as the base of the anther. Irideze, Composite.

Middle-fixed, medifixa. Attached by the middle. Lilium.

{| Immoveable, zmmolilis. So solidly attached to the
filament that it cannot be moved without injury. Com-
posite, Limnanthes peltata.

Moveable, molzlis. Attached by a single point which
acts like a hinge. Lilium, Limodorum.

Turning, vacillans, versatilis. Long, fastened by its
middle, and moveable. Lilium, Tulipa, Amaryllis.

{| Opening inwards, adversa, antica, introrsa. The suture
of its valves turned to the centre of the flowers: Most
plants. :

Opening outwards, inversa, postica, extrorsa. The suture
of its valves turned towards the circumference. Iridex,
Cucumis. Most ranunculacee.

2. Direction.

Upright, Anthera erecta. Long, fastened by its base,
and holding itself parallel to the axis of the flower. ‘Tulipa,
Solanum, Cink panties | ;

Lying along, incumbens. Fastened by its middle, so that
its lower half is close to the filament. Amaryllis formo-
sissima, Hypopitys lutea. mt

Flat, horizontalis. Lying across the filament. Lilium.

VOL. I. L

146 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

3. Form,

Globular, Anihera glolulosa. Mercurialis, Juniperus.

Mis-shapen, difformis. Of an irregular.or singular form.
Justicia hyssopifolia, Commelina tuberosa.

Twin, didyma. With two rounded lobes united by a
small point. Chenopodium, Spinacia, Mercurialis, Eu-
phorbia.

Ege-like, ovoidea. Fuchsia.

Oblong, oblonga. Ledum, Lilium, Sparganium erectum.

Lanceolate, Junceolata. Cerinthe major.

Linear, linearis. Campanula.

Awlshape, subulata. Borrago officinalis.

Threadlike, filiformis. ‘'Ternstromia.

Arrowheadlike, sagittata. Crocus, Limnanthes peltata.

Heartshape, cordiformis, cordata. Ocymum basilicum.

Kidneyshape, reniformis. Glechoma hederacea, Lavan-
dula, Digitalis.

_ Shielded, peltata. Broad, and fastened to the filament
by its centre.

Compressed, compressa. Flattened sideways. Iris.

Four-cornered, tefragona. Tulipa.

q Straight, recta, rectilinea. Without any windings. Tu-
lipa, Borrago.

Bent, arcuata. 'Trollius Europeus.

Twisted, ¢orsa. Bent in a spiral form. Erythrea vul-
garis.

Winding, sinuosa. Long, linear, and zig-zag. Cucumis,
Cucurbita.

{| Truncated, truncata. Appearing as if its top had been
cut off.

Pointed, acuta. Borrago, Cerinthe.

Two-cut, bifida. Having a fork at one or both ends.
Many graminez, Sparganium erectum.

Two-horned, licornis. Having two diverging horns
formed by its pointed lobes. Arbutus, Vaccinium monta-
num, Pyrola, Many erice.

Four-horned, quadricornis. Gualteria procumbens.

Appendixed, appendiculata. Nerium Oleander, Centaurea
collina, Inula grandiflora.

Awned, aristata. Furnished with appendages like awns.
Euphrasia officinalis, Vaccinium uliginosum, Andromeda
polifolia.

Crested, cristata. Furnished with appendages like crests. _
Erica triflora, E.comosa. PI. 11, fig. 21.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 147

Tailed, caudata. Furnished with appendages like a tail.
Stehelina.

Opercular, opercularia, operculiformis. Shutting up, like
a lid, the cavity in which the pollen is contained. Serapias,
Neottia, Limodorum.

4. Proportion.

Shorter than the filament, Anthera filamento brevior
Lilium, Fuchsia.

As long as the filament, jilamenti longitudine. Herman-
nia denudata.

Longer than the filament, filamento longior. Cerinthe
major.

{ Unlike, Anthere dissimiles. Different in the same
flower. Cassia. ‘

5. Surfaces.

Smooth, Anthera levis. The greatest part of flowers.

Bald, glabra. Orobanche major.

Downy, pubescens. Digitalis ferruginea.

Shaggy, hzspida, hirta. Lathrea simplex.

Fringed, ciliata. Orobanche minor, Brunella, Lavan-
dula, Galeopsis segetum,

Bearded, larbata. Having a tuft of hairs in some pecu-
liar part. Pedicularis, Acanthium, Carpinus.

Glanduliferous, glandulifera. Having glands. Cardiaca
vulgaris, Marrubium Hispanicum, Molucella levis.

6. Lobes.

One-lobed, Anthera uniloba. Pinus, Larix, Cupressus,
Juniperus, Thuya.—In pinus, larix, abies, the anthers ap-
pear to be two-lobed, because, as they are fixed two together
upon scales that appear like filaments, they resemble the
two lobes of a singie anther; but their analogy to other
plants show that they are two single distinct anthers.

Two-lobed, lilola. ‘The generality of plants. Pl. 11,
fig. 15, 19 and 20.

Many-lobed, multiloba. ‘Taxus.

"7. Cells.

One-celled, Anthera unilocularis. Cycas, Larix, Cu-
pressus, Juniperus, ‘Thuya.
Two-celled, lélocularis. Orchis, Ephedra.
Four-celled, guadrilocularis. Most plants.
Many-celled, multilocularis. ‘Taxus.
L2

148 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

q Fertile, fertilis, fecunda. Containing pollen. Most
plants. : |
- Barren, sterilis. Not containing pollen. Five stamens
out of the ten in musa, 3 out of 6 in cassia grandiflora,
9 out of 10 in Bauhinia, 5 out of 8 in fissilia disparilis.

8. Opening.

By slits, Anthera fissuris dehiscens. Most plants.

‘By pores, poris dehiscens. Arum, Galanthus, Solanum,
Pyrola, Humulus.

One-holed, wnzforata.

Two-holed, liforata. Solanum. PI. 11, fig. 26.

By a cover, operculo dehiscens. Brosimum.

By valves, valvulis dehiscens. Berberis, Epimedium.—
The number of valves is to be mentioned.

Three-valved, trivalvis.

Four-valved, guadrivalvis, &c.

On the fore part, parte antica dehiscens. Opening by the
part looking towards the centre of the flower... The gene-
rality of anthers.

On the hind part, parte postica dehiscens. Opening by
the part looking towards the circumference of the flower.
Tris, Calycanthus.

By the tip, apice dehiscens. Galanthus, Solanum, Erica,
Ephedra.

By the base, bast dehiscens. Pyrola.

Lengthways, longitudinaliter dehiscens. ‘The opening of
the valves parallel to the sides of the lobes. Lilium, Tulipa.

Cross-ways, ¢ransversim dehiscens. The opening of the
valves running from one side to the other. Lavandula.—
This expression is not to be taken strictly, as the appear-
ance arises only from the divergence of the lobes.

LoBEs.

Confluent, Lobi confluentes. Uniting so as to appear
only a single lobe. Plectranthus.

Distinct, distincti. The contour of each being well
marked. Lilium, Tradescantia Virginica.

Near together, approvimati. Touching each other, but
perfectly distinct. Lilium, Acetosa pratensis.

Parallel, paralleli. When they run together for some
length, without altering their distance. Koempferia, Anona —
triloba. i!

Superimposed, superpositi, Placed one upon another. —
Monarda. ‘

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 149

Diverging, divergentes. When they are nearer together
at one end than at the other. Digitalis.

Distant, remoti. Kept at a distance from one another,
either by the filament, Begonia dichotoma; or by the con-
nective, Salvia, Melissa grandiflora.

Two-sided, lilaterales. Separated from one another by
being placed on different sides of the filament. Kcemp-
feria, Begonia dichotoma, or of the filament, Tradescan-
tia Virginica.

| Alike, semiles. Not differing from one another. Most
flowers. .

Unlike, disstmiles. Most salvize.

CoNNECTIVE.

Long, Connectivum extensum. Of a notable length.
Salvia, Melastoma.

Loose, /axum. Separating the lobes so that they do not
touch. Melissa grandiflora.

Contracted, contractum. Very short, and the lobes close
together. Lilium.

None, nwllum. ‘The anther being inserted immediately
_ upon the filament, or some part of the flower. Graminez,
Aristolochia, Acetosa pratensis.

POLLEN.

Powdery, Pollen pulverulentum. Composed of many
distinct utricles, like a fine dust.

q Elastic, elasticum. Lengthens when pulled, and con-
tracts itself again. Orchis, Limodorum.

Horny, corneum. In a hard mass, flexible like horn.
Asclepias.

- Grumous, grumosum, granulatum. Composed of many
corpuscles united together, and placed on a receptacle;
these corpuscles, attached to an axis, are squeezed together
_ so as to form an ovoid mass, parted in two by a longitudinal
groove. Orchis, Ophrys, Satyrium. PI. 12, fig. 9 and 10.

Lobed, lobatum. ‘The pollen mass is divided into several
lobes. Limodorum.

Synstigmatic, synstigmaticum. The pollen mass is ter-
minated below by a thread having at its end a corpuscle
which adheres to the stigma. Many orchidee and ascle-
piadee.

{ Sea-green, slaucum. Some irides.

Whitish, allidum. Acteea spicata, Salvia formosa.

Yellowish, flavescens. Impatiens palustris.

156 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Yellow, flavum. Lilium album.
Sulphur-colour, sulphurewm. Pinus.
Orange-colour, auwrantiacum. Lilium croceum.
Blue, ceruleum. Epilobium angustifolium.

UTRICLES.

Ageglutinated, Utriculi agglutinati. Connected together
by a moist humour. Serapias.

Tied, ligati. Attached by threads. Azalea viscosa,
(E£nothera. .

€ Smooth, leves. Asphodelus fistulosus, Vicia hirsuta.

Shaggy, hispidi. Covered with fine points. Malva mi-
niata, Cucurbita esculenta.

Thorny, muricati. Covered with points, strong in pro-
portion to their size. Hibiscus Syriacus.

€ Globular, spherici. Phleum nodosum, Malva miniata,
Hibiscus Syriacus, Cucurbita esculenta.

Egglike, ovoidei. Impatiens Balsamina.

Oblong, oblongi?. Anethum segetum.

Nearly cylindrical, sulcylindrict. Cerinthe major.

Kidneyshape, reniformes. Commelina tuberosa.

Angular, angulati. 'Tropzeolum majus.

Three-lobed, tri/obi. Serapias longifolia.

Four-lobed, guadriloli. Azalea viscosa.

Twelve-sided, dodecaedri. Geropogon.

Twenty-sided, zcosaedri. ‘Tragopogon..

EXHAUSTED ANTHER.

Anthera deflorata. The state of its cells after the emission
of the pollen.

PISTILE,

Pointal, Pistillum, — gyne, — gynos. The female organ of
the plant, placed in the centre of the flower.

Parts.

Ovary, Germen, Ovarium. The lower part of the pistill,
containing the ovules. PI. 11, fig. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 12.

Ovules, Ovula, Ova. The rudiments of future plants,
not yet impregnated. PI. 11, fig. 4.

Podogyne, Podogynium. A narrow pedicell, on which
the ovarium is sometimes placed. Papaver, Robinia.

Gynobasis. The bottom part of the style, when it is
swelled, and distinguishable from the other. Pl. 11, fig. 2.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 151

Style, Stylus, Tuba, Vagina. An elongation of the
ovary supporting the stigma. PI. 11, fig. 2, 6, 7, and 9.

Collectors, Collectores. Branches of the style, or hairs,
serving to irritate the anthers, cause them to discharge the
pollen, and at the same time to collect it.

Summit, Stigma. The part of the pistill which is spread
out, generally on the top of the style, to receive the fecun-
dating powder of the anthers, Pl. 11, fig. 2, 6, 7, 8,9,
and 10.

Cornua. ‘The branches of the stigma.

Styliscus, Chorda pistillaris, Vasa adducentia aure semi-
nalis. Fibrelike vessels passing from the stigma to the
ovules. PI, 11, fig. 4.

Ovary.

Single, Ovarium unicum. Convolvuli, Cruciferee, Papa-
weracess)+ Pl. 11,,fe.6 and 7...

Manifold, multiplex. Several in the same flower., La-
biatee, Ranunculacee. PI. 11, fig. 2 and 3.

4] Free, calict inadherens, liberum, superum. Not having
any adhesion to the calyx or perigonium; being attached
to the flower by its bottom only. Lilium, Labiate, Cruci-
ferze, Papaveracee, Ranunculacee, Leguminose. PI. 10,
fig. 1 and 4.

Semi-adherent, semi-adherens. Connected to the calyx
or perigonium at bottom, but not in its upper part. Saxi-
fraga granulata, S. ceerulea.

Adherent, adherens, inferum. Enveloped within the ca-
lyx, or perigonium, only the limb of the calyx surmounting
the whole. Narcissez, Jridee, Rubiacee, Caprifoliacee,
Unmbellitere. ;

{| Raised, sublatwm. Placed on a gynophore, or nar-
rowed into a podogyne. Most caryophylleze, many legu-
minose.

Sessile, sessile. Having neither gynophore nor podo-
gyne. Lilium, Prunus, Saururus.

| One-celled, wniloculare. The interior cavity not di-
vided by any partition. Anagallis, Dianthus, Amygdalus,
Juglans.

Celled, pluriloculare. The interior cavity divided into
two or more cells. Lilium, Rhododendron.

{| Two-celled, biloculare. Divided internally into two
cells, either by a general partition, Cheiranthus, or two
partial ones, Syringa, Ruellia.

152 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Half-two-celled, sub-biloculare. With partitions that do
not entirely join, but leave a small interval between them.

Three-celled, friloculare. Lilium, Tulipa, Convolvulus,
Euphorbia. |

Four-celled, quadriloculare.

Many-celled, multiloculare. Citrus Medica, Cassia fistula.

Gaping at top, hiulcum. Open at top while the plant
isin flower. Parnassia, Reseda, Datisca.

* {| One-styled, monostylum. Having only one style.
Convolvulus, Cynoglossum, Prunus, Rosa. ~

Two-styled, distylum. Apium, Dianthus, Saponaria,
Gypsophila.

Three-styled, tristylum. Acetosa scutata, A. pratensis,
Hypericum perforatum, Silene, Cucubalus, Arenaria.
Pl. 11, fig. 6.

Four-styled, tetrastylum. Spinacia.

Five-styled, pentastylum. Statice pulchellum, Lychnis,
Agrostemma, Cerastium, Spergula, Linum.

Many-styled, polystylum. Phytolacca, Illicium.

Style-less, acephalum. Not having any styles. Labiatez,
Ochnacee.

The form of the ovary admits most of the distinctions
of the pericarpium.

The number of the cells, and the number or position of
the ovules, are not the same in the ovary as in the ripe
fruit, on account of the abortions that take place.

STYLE.

Single, Stylus unicus. When there is only one style to
one ovary, Lilium, Centaurea, Composite, Citrus; or to
many ovaries, Labiate, Boragineee, Apocynee.

Many, multiplex. Many styles upon a single ovary.
Phytolacca.

None, zllus. Peeonia, Crambe maritima.

4 ‘Terminal, terminalis. On the geometric summit of -
the ovary, which in this case is also the organic summit.
Liliaceze, Apocynese, Crucitere.

Lateral, lateralis. When the organic summit on which
the style is placed is on the side in respect to the geometric
summit. ‘Thymelec, Rosacee.

Basilary, Casilaris. The organic summit on which the
style is placed is confounded with the base, and conse-
quently opposite to the geometric summit. Artocarpus
incisa, Hirtella Peruviana.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 153

Receptacular, receptacularis. Placed upon the receptacle
instead of the ovary. Borrago officinalis, Anchusa, Sym-
phytum.

Gynophorian, gynophorianus. Growing out of a promi-
nent receptacle or gynophore. Scutellaria, Gomphia.

{| Very long, longisstmus. In respect to the ovary. Zea
Mays, Tamarindus. PI. 11, fig. 9.

Very short, brevissimus, Asarum, Aristolochia.

Included, inclusus, non exsertus. Not appearing above
the opening of the floral integuments. Narcissus, Verbena,
Syringa. :

Exserted, exserted. Rising above the opening of the
floral integuments. Salvia bicolor, Centranthus marinus,
Fuchsia. Pl. 8, fig. 4; pl. 9, fig. 9.

{] Cylindrical, cylindricus, teres. Cynoglossum linifo-
lium, Hypopitys lutea.

Hair-like, capillaris. Cucubalus bacciferus.
| Thread-like, filiformis. Vicia tetrasperma, Helesia te-
traptera.

Awlshape, subulatus. Slender, and growing narrower
from the base to the tip, which ends in a point. Allium
album.

Three-sided, ¢rigonus. Lilium bulbiferum, L. croceum,
Ornithogalum luteum, Pisum.

Swordshape, ensiformis. Canna.

. Clubshape, claviformis, clavatus. Leucojum estivum.

Conical, conzcus. Lecythis.

Topshape, turbinatus. Viola Rothomagensis.

Pipey, tubulosus. Long and hollow along its whole
length. Lilium.

Funnelshape, znfundibuliformis. ura crepitans.

Petal-like, petaliformis. ‘Thin and coloured like a blos-
som. Iris.

€ Bald, glaber. Lilium.

Velvetty, villosus. Statice pulchella, Echium vulgare.

Bearded, barbatus. Salvia formosa.

. ¥ Upright, verticalis. Relative to the ovary. Lilium,
Nicotiana, Vinca rosea.

Straight, rectilineus, rectus. Without any bending. Li-
lium, Nicotiana, Convolvulus inflatus, Vinca rosea.

Bowed, arcwata. Amaryllis, Pisum, Phaseolus.

Ascending, ascendens. Departing in an irregular flower
from the axis, and growing up towards the top. Salvia,
Lamium, Scutellaria alpina, ‘Teucrium.

154 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Declining, declinatus. Growing down towards the lower
side of the flower. Hemerocallis fulva, Amaryllis, Zésculus
Hippocastanum, Dictamnus albus.

Spiral, spzralis. Bent ina spiralform. Glycine.

Bent inwards, inflexus, incurvus. Bent towards the
centre of the flower. Grevillea, Vicia tetrasperma.

. Bent outwards, reflexus. Bent from the centre of the
flower.

Kneed, geniculatus. Bent suddenly, so as to form an
angle, more or less acute. Geum urbanum. ,

{ Simple, simplex. Without any division whatever.
Cepa esculenta.

Cut, fissus. Divided lengthways in the upper part.

Two-cut, bifidus. Salicornia.

Three-cut, trifidus. Gladiolus communis, Ixia Chinensis,
Tris.

Five-cut, quinguefidus. Hibiscus.

Many cut, multifidus. Lavatera, Malva.

Parted, partilus. Divided more than halfway down.

Two-parted, bipartitus. Limeum, Casuarina.

Three-parted, éripartitus, &c. ‘.

Two-forked, dichotomus. Forked, and each branch
forked again. Cordia, Varronia.

{] Falling off, caducus. Withering as soon as the fe-
cundation Is effected, and leaving no vestige on the fruit.
Scilla, Prunus, Amygdalus.

Persisting, persistens. Not falling off as soon as the fe-
cundation is effected. Ornithogalum, Anagallis, Pulsatilla
vulgaris, Geranium, Cruciferze, Buxus.

Increasing, accrescens. Persisting, and continuing to
enlarge. Pulsatilla vulgaris, Clematis, Geum.

STIGMA.

Single, Stigma unicum. Only one stigma to each style.
Primula, Raphanus, Cleome.

Double, duplex. ‘Two stigmas to each style. Triticum,
Convolvulus sepium, Dianthus.

Triple, triplex. Iris, Gladiolus, Ixia, Crocus, Rheum
Lapathum, Silene. ‘

Quintuple, quintuplex. Hibiscus, Campanula aurea.

Sextuple, sextuplex. Aristolochia infesta.

Multiple, multiplex. Empetrum, Nigella Hispanicum,
Lavatera Malva.

4 Terminal, éerminale. Placed at the end of the style.
Lilium, Tulipa, Mirabilis Jalapa, Vinca.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 155

Lateral, lateralis. Placed on the side of the style or
ovary, Platanaria natans, Ranunculacee, Caryophylie,
Platanus. |

Opposed, adverswm. Turned from the centre, and facing
the circumference of the flower. Cucurbitacez.

Facing inwards, inversum. Several in each flower, turned
to the centre. Ranunculaces, Saxifragee.

Anterior, anterius. In an irregular flower, facing the
fore part of the floral integuments. Orchidez.

Sessile, sesszle. Cleome, Parnassia.

{i Fleshy, carnosum. Thick, strong, and juicy. Li-
lium.

Blossomlike, petaliforme. Having the appearance of a
petal. Iris.

{ Globular, globosum. Mirabilis Jalappa, Primula,
Hottonia, Linnea, Limosella.

Headed, capitatum. Thick, more or less rounded.
Atropa lethalis, Vinca.

Hemispherical, hemisphericum. Hyoscyamus aureus,
Tournefortia mutabilis, Hibiscus Syriacus.

Conical, conicum. Heliotropium.

Kgelike, ovoideum. Genipa.

Clubshape, clavatum, claviforme. Jasione montana,
Cinchona, Epilobium tetragonum.

Arrowhead-like, sagittatum. 'Thalictrum elatum.

Linear, lineare. Sparganium erectum, Campanula,
Dianthus, Silene.

Awlshape, subulatum. Hippuris vulgaris, ‘Tripsacum
dactyloides, Castanea vesca.

Threadlike, filiforme, capillare. Zea Mays, Casuarina.

Angular, angulosum. Muntingia.

Three-cornered, ‘rigonum, triquetrum. Tulipa sylvestris,
Albuca major, Peganum.

Four-cornered, éetragonum. Ludwigia.

Five-cornered, pentagonum.

Dilated, dilaiatum. Spreading out in a plate from the
centre to the circumference. Rumex scutatus, Orobanche
major, Hura crepitans.

Orbicular, orliculare. Round and flat. Berberis, Ly-
thrum spicatum.

Bucklershape, peléatum. Fixed upon the ovary or style
by its centre, and spread out into a large surface. Sib-
thorpia Europea, Arbutus Unedo, Pyrola minor, Stapelia,
Sarracenia, Hypopitys lutea.

156 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Radiated, radiatum. Base enlarged into a buckler, limb

forming rays. Papaver somniferum, P. erraticum, Mym-
hea.

Starlike, stel/atum. Cut into lobes like a star. Asarum,
Pyrola uniflora, Garcinia.

Umbilicated, wmlilicatum. Having a depression in the
centre. Hura crepitans.

Funnelshape, infundibuliforme. Koempferia longa.

Perforated, perforatum. Pierced with a hole in the
middle. Lilium, Viola Rothomagensis.

Folded, plicatum. Limnanthes plicata.

@ Hooked, uncinatum, hamatum. Bent at the end like
a hook. Verbena glomerata, Colutea.

Pointed, acutwm. Leucojum estivum, Salix viminalis.

Blunted, obtuswm. Allium porraceum, Tulipa sylvestris,
Physalis Alkekengi, Andromeda, Brassica, Crambe Tar-
tarica. 4

Truncated, éruncatum. Maranta.

Nicked, emarginatum. Butomus umbellatus, Lathraea
simplex, Jasione montana, Cheiranthus fruticulosus, Circeea.

Halfmoonlike, semilunatum, lunatum, lunulatum. Fu-
maria lutea.

4, Toothed, dentatum. ura crepitans.

Fine-toothed, denticulatum. Fumaria sempervirens.

Crenated, crenatum, crenulatum. With rounded cuts.
Crocus sativus, Pyrola.

Fringed, ciliated. Furnished with fine hairs on the
edge. Acetosa scutata, Sanguisorba media.

{ Simple, simplex. Not divided. Pedicularia palustris,
Borrago officinalis, Centranthus marinus.

Divided, divisum. Divided more or less deeply.

Jagged, laciniatum. Xylophylla.

Two-cut, lifidum. Most labiatee, Compositee, Salix alba.

Three-cut, ¢rifidum. Narcissus, Phlox, Polemonium,
Cneorum.

Four-cut, guadrifdum. Plumbago, Heliotropium Eu-
ropzeum.

Many-cut, multifidum. Crocus multifidus, ‘Turnera.

Two-lobed, lilobatum. Divided into two large segments.
Glaucium luteum, Scrofularia sambucifolia.

Three-lobed, trilobatum. Lilium, Tulipa, Campanula.

Four-lobed, quadrilobatum. Parnassia, Chameenerion
spicatum.

Five-lobed, quinquelolatum. Moneses grandiflora, Mat-
thiola sinuata.

a

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 157

Parted, partitum. When it is difficult to determine
whether the stigma be cut or lobed.

{| Two-flaked, lilamellatum. Composed of two flakes.
Gratiola, Iris.

Sheathing, vaginans. Composed of two flakes, one
sheathing the other. Sideritis.

{ With a ring of hairs, annulo villoso instructum. Lo-
belia.

With a glandular ring, annulo glanduloso imstructum.
Tournefortia mutabilis.

With a membranaceous border, limlo membranuceo in-
structum. Vinca rosea.

With a membranaceous pitcher, urceolo membranaceo in-
structum. Sceevola.

q Upright, erectum. Long, and in the direction of the
axis of the flower. Statice pulchella.

Oblique, obliquum. Not in the direction of the axis.
Actea.

Twisted, fortum. Bent like-a corkscrew, or twisted
pillar. Nigella Hispanica, Begonia.

Bent inwards, inflecuwm. Maranta, Goodenia.

Revolute, turned outwards, reflecum, recurvum. Bent
towards the circumference of the flower. Many campanule,
Acer majus, Chamzenerion spicatum.

q Bald, glabrum. Castanea vesca.

Velvety, velutinum. Glaucium luteum, Hyoscyamus
aureus.

Downy, pubescens. Acer majus, Platanus.

Villous, villosum. Tripsacum, Graminez, Myriophyllum
spicatum.

Hairpencil-like, penicilliforme. Covered with hairs col-
lected together like a painter’s brush. Triglochin mari-
timum, Oxyria rotundifolia.

Bottlebrushlike, aspergilliforme. Hairs disposed in

-whirls round an axis, like a bottlebrush, holywater sprinkle,

or gunbrush. Arundo vallatoria, Many other graminez.
Feathery, plumosum. THairs placed along the sides like
the vanes of a feather. Avena elatior, and many other
graminee. Pl. 11, fig. 7.
Granular, granulosum. Covered with small nipplelike
rains. Mirabilis Jalapa, Convolvulus inflatus, Hibiscus
osa-Sinensis, H. Syriacus.
Viscous, viscosum. Nicotiana fruticosa.
Furrowed, sulcatum. Salix rosea, Musa.

158 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

The colour of the stigma ought also to be observed.
It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the style
and the stigma, especially when the stigma is lateral as in

colutea.
GYNOSTEMIUM.

Column, Columna, Pistillum antheriferum. 4 sexual organ
formed by the union of those of the two sexes into one co-
lumnar mass. PI. 12, fig. 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8.

‘

Parts.

Filaments, Synema. The part that appears to support
the male organs.

Stigma, Gynizus. The moist and viscous surface of the
female organ. PI. 12, fig.2a; 4b; 6c; 8d.

Rostellum. An elongation of the stigma above the
gynizus, frequently covering it. Pi. 12, fig. 6 e.

Caudicle, Caudicula. The pedicell, or solid filament,
that carries the pollen masses. PI. 12, fig. 1 b3; 5 a.

Retinacle, Retinaculum. 'The globular, viscous body to
which the caudicles are attached, and by which the pollen
masses are connected together. PI. 12, fig.1 a; 5 b.

Clinandrum. ‘The cavity in the upper part of the gym-
nostemium above or behind the gynizus, in which the an-
thers or pollen masses are lodged. PI. 12, fig.2,e; 4 f.

Locellus. ‘The particular cavity in which each anther or
pollen mass is lodged. PI. 12, fig. 2 e.

Pollen mass, Anther Linnzeus, Massa pollinica, Anthera.
The whole mass of pollen, or naked anther. Pl. 12.
fig.l c,d; 2e; 4f.

Massula. ‘The two separate pieces of which each pollen
mass is composed in some genera. Pl. 12, fig. 9 and 10.

Septulum. 'The division between the two locelli. Pl. 12,
fig. 2 f; 4g. {

Proscolla. The glandular swelling at the top or middle
of the rostellum, secreting a viscous humour, which enables
the pollen masses to slide down, when the clinandrium
opens. PI. 12, fig.2 c; 5b.

Staminodium. Appendages which appear to be abortive
anthers. Pl. 12, fig. 2d; 3e; 4e;6f¢g.

Bursicle, Bursicula. The end of the rostellum forming
a hollow in which the retinacle nestles. Pl. 12, fig. 2b; 4a.

As this construction is found only in the orchideze, it 1s
needless to mention the several variations; the principal

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 159

ones will occur in the explanation of the twelfth plate—
The Orchidee are the 21st family of the second series, and
are described in vol. ii. p. 197 to 215.

RECEPTACLE OF THE FLOWER.

Receptaculum, Torus, Sedes floris, 'Thalamus, Discus, —
thalamum—clinium. The expanded point of the peduncle
Srom which the several parts of the flower arise.

Contracted, Receptaculum contractum. ‘The dimension
being small.—The limits of the receptacle are the points
from whence the corolla arises, if there is one, or the
sexual organs, if there is not any corolla.

Dilated, dilatatum, latum. Potentilla.

Fiat, planum. Potentilla.

Hollow, cavum. Rosa.

Convex, convexum. Rubus.

Prominent, with a gynophore, prominens, gynophoratum.
Having a prominent projection, or gynophore. Cleome,
Reseda, Dianthus, Silene.

GYNOPHORE.

Carpophore, Gynophorum, Carpophorum. 4 prominency
arising from the receptacle, supporting the pistill.

One-styled, Gynophorum monostylum. Supporting a
single ovary. Cleome, Dianthus, Silene.

Many-styled, polystylum. Myosurus, Ranunculus, Gom-
phia nitida.

Stamen-bearing, staminiferum. Supporting the stamens
also. 'Thalictrum, Cleome pentaphylla, Silene, Passiflora.

Blossom-bearing, corolliferum. Supporting the petals
also. Dianthus, Silene.

{| Conical, conicum.
Cylindrical, cylindricum.
Hemispherical, hemisphericum.

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the gyno-
phore and the nectary.
Disx.

Discus. A protuberance on the receptacle of the flower,
from whence the petals and stamens arise. Rhamnus.

160 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

GOoNOPHCRE.

Gonophorum. An elongation of the receptacle of the
flower, from whence the stamens and pistills arise. Anno-
nace, Magnoliacez.

ANTHOPHORE.

Anthophorum. An elongation of the receptacle of the
flower, arising from the bottom of the calyx, and throwing
out by the petals, stamens, and pistills. Caryophyllez,
especially in Silene.

‘THECAPHORE.

Thecaphorum, Basigynium. A gynophore from whence
only one ovary arises. Phaca, Cleome.

PoLyPHORE.

Polyphorum. A gynophore from whence several ovaries
arise. Fragaria.

NECTARY.

Nectarium. A glandular organ, situated upon the receptacle
of the flower, distilling peculiar juices.

Position.

On the receptacle, Nectarium epiclinum. 'To which be-
long the following variations :

Gynobasic, gynobasicum. Growing under the ovary,
and not extending beyond it. lLabiate, Ruta, Cneorum
tricoccum.

Epigynophoric, epigynophoricum. Placed under the
ovary, on the top of the gynophore. Cucubalus.

Contracted, contractum. Under the ovary, and not
wider than it. Aurantiaceze, Cneorum tricoccum.

Marginal, marginans. Broader than the base of the
ovary. Menyanthes, Boraginee, Rhamnus. Pl. 11. fig. 5.

Adherent, adherens. 'The edge extends along the surface
of the ovary, and is united with it throughout its whole
extent. Lycium, Physalis Alkekengi, Convolvulus—some-
times this nectary can only be distinguished from the ovary
by its different colour, and glandular appearance.

Half-adherent, semi-adherens. ‘The edge adheres only -
to the bottom of the ovary, and is free at the upper part.
Melampyrum, Scrofularia. © ,

Free, lilerum. 'The edge not connected with the ovary.
Menyanthes.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 16L

One-sided, unilateral. Attached to one side only of the
ovary. Melampyrum arvense, Saxifraga sarmentosa.

Peristomic, peristomicum. Spread over the receptacle,
as far as the place from whence the stamens arise. Sapin-
dee, Myrtez, Rosaceze, Leguminosae. — ‘This nectary is
found only in flowers whose calyces are gamosepalous and
stamens perigynous, or in those which have only a single
floral integument of one piece; and seems to push the
stamens towards the opening of the calyx or perigonium.

Periandric, periandricum. Placed round the stamens.
Xylophylla montana. — Found only in monadelphous
flowers.

Peripetalic, peripetalum. Surrounding the corolla. Chi-
ronia frutescens.

q Epigynous, epigynum. Placed upon the ovary.
Cornus, Rubiaceze, Umbelliferae, Cucurbita esculenta.

Crowning, coronans. Forming a crown upon the ovary.
Composite, Astrantia-— When this nectary is situated on
the junction of the ovary with the calyx, it is difficult to
distinguish it from a peristomic nectary. Campanula.

Expanding, expansum. Extended upon the top of the
ovary. Saxifraga hypnoides.

2. Form.
Gynophore-like, Nectarium gynophoroideum. Rising up

the ovary, like a gynophore. Creorum tricoccum, Zygo-

phyllum Morgsana, Corchorus hirsutus.—This is usually

of a closer and more glandular texture than a true gyno-
hore.

Disk-like, discoidewm, disciforme. Flat, orbicular, and
serving as a basis for the ovary to rest upon. . Gratiola
officinalis.

Ringlike, annularium. In form of a ring. Scrofularia
sambucifolia, Cestrum, Polemonium vulgare, Chironia
frutescens, Passiflora cerulea. Pl. 11, fig. 4.

Sack-like, sacelliforme. Forming a purse in which the
ovary is placed until it is fully grown. Balanites Augyp-
tiaca.

Scale-like, squamiforme. In the form of a scale. Gre-
villea.

Bunched, gillosum. Swelled out upon one side. Salvia.

Beaked, rostratum. “Lengthened out in a beak upon
one side. Scutellaria. Pl. 11, fig. 12.

Fine-toothed, denticulatum. The edge divided into small
teeth. Datura, Tatula.

VOL. I. M

162 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Sinuated, sinuatum. Cut into sinuses, the divisions not
being very deep. Cobea scandens. -

Lobed, lobatum. Cuts very deep.

Two-lobed, lilobatum.

Three-lobed, ¢rilobatum. And so forth.

3. Duration.

Persisting, Nectarium persistens. Remaining after the
ripening of the fruit. Cobea scandens.

Vanishing, evanescens. Becoming smaller as the fruit
ripens, and disappearing at last. Saxifraga hypnoides.

NECTARIFEROUS FLAKES.

Lamine nectarifere, Glandule@ nectarifere. Smal
rounded flakes, performing the office of nectaries. Coty-
ledon and some other crassulaceze, Crambe, Biscutella and
other cruciferee, Hypericum igyptiacum, Xylophylla
montana, Jatropha pandureefolia.—‘Tilia alba.

APPENDAGES TO THE FLOWER.

Nectaria Linneus, Appendicula florum. All those ano-
malous integuments or organs, not included in the before-
mentioned parts; some of which appear to be abortive organs ;
others to be destined for the secretion of peculiar juices; and
a third set to be formed for the sake of variety, and of afford-
ing means to distinguish the several races and families of
vegetables ; so that a polytheist who should consider the work
of creation to be performed by subordinate agents, under the
anspection of The Supreme, might reasonably infer them to be
mint marks for each agent to recognize his own handywork.

Spur, Calcar, Productum, Nectarotheca,—centhrum. A
hornlike or tubular projection of one of the floral integu-
ments; as of the calyx, Balsamine; of the corolla, Linaria;
or of the perigonium, Orchidez: it generally contains a
nectariferous gland.

Bunch, Giblositas. A very short and obtuse spur. _

Cornet, Hood, Helmet, Cornu, Capulum, Galea. Broad”
spurs resembling the articles mentioned.

Perapetalum, Nectarilyma. Any appendages attached
to the corolla or its petals. - Menyanthes.

Peraphyllum. Any appendages attached to the calyx,
Scutellaria; or to the perigonium, Soda.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 163

~Crown; Cup, Corona, Scyphus, Paracorolla. A kind of
corolla placed within the real corolla, or corollalike perigo-
nium. Narcissus.

Parapetala. Apparent petals seated within the true pe-
tals. Helleborus.—They appear to be abortive stamens.

Parastades. Barren filaments, composed of cells in
divers rows, situated between the petals and the stamens.
Passiflora, Sparmannia.

Nectaristigmata. Coloured spots at the base of the
petals. Papaver. ;

Scales, Sguame. Small appendages to flowers.

Periphyllia, Appendices. Scales surrounding the ovary.
Graminee.

Lamelle. Scales, or petal-like appendages upon the
corolla. Silene, Nerium, Oleander.

Parastyli, Prosphyses. Abortive or imperfect pistills,
mixed with the perfect ones.

Paracarpium. An abortive or imperfect ovary; or that
part of a male flower where the ovary would be placed, if
it were hermaphrodite.

Parastamina. Abortive stamina, or parts which resemble
stamina, but do not perform their office.

Perisporum. Filaments surrounding the ovary. Cype-
raceza.

Lepisma. A membranaceous or slightly fleshy scale at
the base of the ovary. Ponia, Aquilegia vulgaris: these
appear to be in some cases abortive stamens, in others ex-
pansions of the receptacle, which latter sometimes entirely
surround the ovary. Pzeonia Moutan papaveracea.

Sarcoma. A fleshy part, of various shape, either sur-
rounding the ovary, or placed near it. Cobeea.

Urceolus, Perigynium. A small cartilaginous, or mem-~-
branaceous bladder, surrounding the ovary, and open at
top, to let the style pass through. Carex. Some call this
a nectary, although it does not secrete a nectareous juice;
others a corolla, although it is seated within the stamens;
others a capsule, although it is no part of the pistill or
fruit; others a lodicule.

Hood, Siylotegium. A hollowing out of the united fila-
ments of the stamens, covering .the ovary like a hood.
Asclepiadeze.

Saccus, Corona, Stylotegium. Filaments of the stamens
united together. Stapelia.

Horns, Cornua. The hornlike appendages by which
the stylotegium is terminated. Stapelia.

M 2

164 ' INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

_ Beak, Rostrum. Cornu clavatum. The upright points
of the horns. Stapelia.

Wing, Ala, Appendix. A compressed appendage on the
back of the stylotegium. Stapelia.

Tongues, Lingule. Appendages from the bottom of the
stylotegium, alternating with the horns, and resting upon
the corolla. Stapelia. :

Shield, Scutum. A circular disk surrounding the stylo-
tegium. Stapelia.

FRUIT.

Fructus,—carpon. The ovary arrived at its maturity.

General Distinctions.

Simple, Fructus simplex. Coming from a single ovary.
Cerasus.

Compound, compositus, multiplex. Arising from several
ovaries, all belonging to the same flower. Rubus.

Ageregated, aggregatus. Arising from several ovaries
originally belonging to different flowers. Morus.

{| Autocarpicus. Growing without adhering to any organs,
or being covered by them.

Heterocarpicus. Conjoined to other parts that alter its
appearance.

Pseudocarpicus. Hidden by the surrounding parts, which
appear to constitute the fruit itself.

{| Gymnocarpicus. Naked, without any cover. Cerasus.

Angiocarpicus. Enclosed in a cover, either a cupule, Quer-
cus; aggregated bractee, Pinus, Larix; or an involucrum,
Composite.

Carpelle, Carpellum, Chorion. The separate parts of a
compound fruit arising from each ovary. ft

Carpidium. ‘The separate fruits, in an aggregated fruit,
that arise from each flower.

Pericarp, Pericarpium, Conceptaculum seminum. "That
part of the fruit that contains the seeds.

— Induvie, Induvie florales, Folliculi. Parts of the flowers

that remain and accompany the pericarp.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 165
‘PSEUDOSPERMIC FRUITS.

Naked ‘seeds, Fructus pseudospermi, Fructus carceru-
lares, Semina nuda. Simple fruits, not opening of them-
selues when ripe, containing only a single seed, or at most
but few, and having the pericarp so exactly joined to the
seed, that the latter appears to have only its own covers.

CaRIopsis.

Seed, Grain, Cerio, Cerium. Fruit simple, dry, one=
seeded, with the pericarp strictly united to the proper covers
of the seed. Graminex. PI. 13, fig. 1,2 and 3.

Globular, Cariopsis glolulosa. Panicum Italicum.

Roundish, swbrotunda. Zea Mays, Holcus succulentus.

Oblong, oblonga. Triticum.

Grooved, canaliculata. Hollowed out in a_ groove.
Triticum, Secale, Avena, Hordeum.

q Beaked, rostrata. Having a kind of beak or point at
top, the remains of the style. Phleum pratense. _

Two-beaked, lirostrata. Having two points or beaks at
top. Briza, Ehrharta panicea.

q Enveloped, induviata, glumelld tecta. Enveloped in a
persistent glumelle. Oryza sativa.

Naked, nuda. Zea Mays.

AKENIUM.
Seed, Achena, Achenium, Akena, Acenium, Cypsela.

Fruit simple, one-seeded, usually dry, the pericarp more or
less intimately united with the proper covers of the seed, and
with the tube of the calyx. Composite. PI. 13, fig. 4, 5, 6.

Eeclike, Akenium ovoideum. Balliera.

Reverse egglike, olovoidewm. In form of an egg, the |
small end being the basis. Hippophestum vulgare, Ono-
pordum vulgare, Polymnia.

Topshape, turbinatum. Galardia, Agriphyllum, Galin-
saga triloba.

‘Three-sided, érigonum. Baltimora.

Compressed, compressum. Flattened sideways. Careopsis,
Zinnia, Silphium, Bellis.

Bent, curvatum. Tragopogon pratense, Calendula.
Angular, angulatum. Sigesbeckia.
Winged, alatwm. Having a thin, broad edge. Achillea

millefolia, Ximenesia encelioides.

166 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

{ Drupe-like, drupeolatum. Having a succulent sarco-
carp resembling that of a drupeole, Clibadium. i

{| Pappous, papposum, lanuginosum. The edge of the
top having hairs or bristles, the remains of the limb of the
calyx. Taraxacum vulgare, Lactuca, Carduus, Senecio,
Inula, Aster. :

Awned at the tip, apice aristatum. Having awlshape
awns at the tip. Coreopsis, Bidens.

Two-horned, licorne. _Having two hornlike points at
top. Silphium.

Chaffy at the tip, apice paleaceum. Having at top small
scales or chaffs, not sufficiently numerous to form a pappus.
Helianthus.

Two-chaffed, Lipaleaceum.

Three-chaffed, tripaleaceum.

Fringed at the tip, apice ciliata. With hairs like eye-~
lashes. Echinops.

Margined at top, apice marginalum. Having a mem-
branous ring round the edge of the tip. Cotula, Tanace-
tum Matricaria vulgaris, Anthemis tinctoria, Pyrethrum
inodorum.

Notched at top, apice emarginatum. Silphium Encelia.

Narrow-necked, colliferum. Narrowed at top, and sur-
rounded by a pappus. Taraxacum.

Bald. unarmed, caluum, muticum. Having neither pap-
pus nor any other remains of the calyx. Lapsana com-
munis, Hippophestum vulgare, Tanacetum, Artemisia,
Anthemis, Leucanthemum vulgare.

The calyx sometimes forms a double crown of two dif-
ferent kinds.

Collum.

Stipes, Pedilis. The narrow elongated tip of the akenium,
destined to support the pappus.

Pappus.

Lanugo. The liml of the abortive calyx that surmounts
the akentum in many plants. PI. 13, fig. 5.

Sessile, Pappus sessilis. When the limb of the calyx
which forms the pappus is not contracted at bottom.
Hieracium, Sonchus, Centaurea, Carduus, Senecio, Eri-
geron Cineraria. PI. 13, fig. 5.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 167

Pedicelled, pedilaius, stipitatus. When the pappus is
placed upon an ovary that is contracted and drawn out
into a pedile or stipes. ‘Taraxacum vulgare, Tragopogon,
Lactuca. "

Simple, szmplex, pilosus, pilaris. ‘The hairs which form
the pappus appear to the naked eye to have neither teeth
nor branches. Lactuca, Sonchus, Centaurea, Erigeron,
Senecio. ‘

Feathery, plumosus, ramosus. ‘The hairs having other
hairs upon them. ‘Taraxacum vulgare, Achyrophorus ra-
dicatus, Urospermum picroides.

Silky, sertceus. Composed of soft, brilliant hairs, like
silk. Lactuca, Sonchus.

Bristly, seéosus. Composed of stiff hairs like hog’s
bristles. Hyoseris hedypnois, Arctium major.

Chafi-like, paleaceus. Composed of small narrow chaffs.
Cyanus vulgaris, Phrygia nigra, Bidens tripartita.

Equal, zqualis. All the hairs are of equal iength. Most
Papp j

Unequal, inequalis. Some of the hairs longer than the
others. Picris hieracioides, Serratula tinctoria, Cyanus
vulgaris, Onopordium vulgare. |

Wanting, nullus. The calyx has no pappus. Lapsana,
Tanacetum.—This is only used when the plant has a con-
siderable analogy to those that are pappose.

CRrEMOCARPIUM.

Fruit, Polakena, Polachena, Carpadelium. Fruié semple,
composed of two ceils, or coques: united, and shut up in the
calyx, but separable lengthways when ripe. Umbelliferee.

Pl. 13, fig. 7 and 8.

Spherical, Cremocarpium sphericum. Coriandrum sa-
tivum.

Ellipsoid, ellipsoideum. Carum officinale, Aithusa tenui-
folia.

Egglike, ovoideum, ovatum. Bupleurum.

Oblong, oblongum. Myrrhis odorata.

Awlshape, subulatum. Sandix vulgaris.

Orbicular, orbiculare. 'Tordylium.

Compressed sideways, wtroque latere compressum. Carum
vulgare, Apium, Smyrnium vulgare.

Compressed on the two faces, uirdque facie compressum.
Cicuta, Smyrnium vulgare.
Angulet, angulosum. Smyrnium yulgare, Myrrhis odo-
rata.

168 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Winged, alatum. Laserpitum triquetrum.

Crowned, coronatum. The limb of the calyx left and
forming a crown on the summit. Qinanthe, Coriandrum
sativum. !

q Indivisible, impartilile. When the fruit of an umbel-
liferous plant is not separable into two cells—Sanicula
Marylandica—A very rare case, referred here by analogy.

Two-partible, bipartibile. Partible into two cells. Most
umbelliferze.

Latuscules.

Latuscule. The external surface of the cells, or coquess
opposed to that by which they are united. PI1. 13, fig. 7 d.

Convex, Latuscule convexe. Bolax, Cachrys.

Turgid, turgide. Smyrnium.

Contracted, covtracte. Pimpinella, Sison.

Bent in and wrinkly, ntroflexo rugulose. Hasselquistia.

Flattened, explanaie. Spread out into a membranaceous
margin.

q Uncut, integre. Mulinum.

Nicked, emarginate. Pastinaca, Heracleum Sphon-
dylium.

Winged, alate. Imperatoria, Angelica.

Crenulated, crenulate. Hasselquistia.

Toothed, denticulate. Hasselquistia.

Thickened, incrassate. 'Tordylium.

Ringed, annulate. Cachrys dichotomum.

Sinuatedly lobed, sinwato-lobatea. Artedia.

Glochidated, glochidaie. Drusa.

Commissures.

Commissure. The internal faces of the cells, or coques,
which are next to each other, before the fruit is parted,
PlidS, fig. 7c, ¢.

Flat, Commissure plane. Aithusa.

Streaked, striate. Exoacantha.

Convex, convere. Angelica.

Ribbed, costate. Fischera.

Concave, concave. Hollow, with a membrane spread
over it. Coriandrum sativum.

Furrowed, sulcate. Cherophyllum.

Holed, forate. Coriandrum testiculatum.

Smooth, equabiles.

Transversely wrinkled, transversim suguloso-lamellate.
Artedia.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 169

Raphe.

The line of junction of the two cells, or coques, of a cremo-
hey carpium.

Plain, Raphe simplex. Cachrys odontalgica.

Straight, rectzlinea.

Narrowed, attenuata.

Acute, acuta.

Blunt, obtusa.

Thickened, incrassata.

Ribbed, costata. Coriandrum sativum.

Waved, undulata. ‘Tordylium.

Wrinkled, rugulosa. Cachrys microcarpa.

Sinuatedly waved, sinuato-undulata. Artedia.

Toothed, denticulata.

Bristly, setosa. Scandix.

Marginal, marginalis. Imperatoria.

Nearly axile, swbaxilis. The cells being contiguous to
each other by their fiat sides, either about the middle of
the commissure or behind the axis. Mulinum.

Lateral, /ateralis. ‘The axis being in the narrowest part
of the fruit, which is compressed sideways. Hydrocotyle,
Smyrnium.

Spermapodium.

The axis that is between and supports the two cells, or coques
of a cremocarpium of the umbellifere; usually 2-parted at
top. PI. 13, fig. 7 a.

Spermapodophore.
Spermapodophorum. The thickened bottom part of the
avis. Pl. 13, fig. 7 f. A
Vallecules.

Vallecule. Depressions between the ribs, strie, &c. of the
eelds, or coques, of a cremocarpium. PI. 13, fig.7 e.

Flat, Vallecule plane.

Convex, convexe.

Acute, acute.

Obtuse, obtuse.

Smooth, equabiles.

Polished, l@ves.

Streaked, striate.

Wrinkled, ruculose.

Waved, undulate, Coriandrum sativum.
Scrobiculate, scrobiculate. Hydrocotyle, Solandra.

170 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Reticulate, retzculate. Hydrocotyle, Solandra.

Warty, verrucose. Odontites, Ammi Copticum. .

{ One-vittated, wnivittate. With one vitta under each
vallecule.

Two-vittated, bivittate.

Many-vittated, multivittate. Chzrophyllum.

Without vittee, evittate. AXgopodium.

@ Thorny, muricate. Odontites, Ammi Copticum.

Hairy, pilose.

Roughish, hispidule. Anisum, Bubon Macedonicum.

Downy, pulescentées. ‘Tragium.

Villous, villose. Libanotis.

Clothlike, tomentose. rioclaia.

Bristly, selose. 'Torilis.

Prickly, aculeate. Caucalis.

Hooked, hamose. Sanicula.

Glochidated, glochidate. Daucus.

Ribbed, costate. Anisum.

Winged, alate. Laserpitium.

Vitte.

Bands or channels filled with an aromatic resin, or oil, con-
tained in the cells, or coques, of a cremocarpium.

In the external integument of the cells, Viti integumento
externo, epicarpice. Physospermum, Cuminum, Anisum.

In the internal integument, integumento interno, endo-
carpice. Pleurospermum, Cachrys, Coriandrum sativum.

In the proper membrane of the albumen, membrana
allumini propria, epispermio. Agasyllis, Ferula.

In the cortical or corky substance, substantid corticals
vel suberosd, mesocarpio. Phellandrium. .

@ Dorsal, dorsales. In the vallecules of the latuscules.
Siler, Cuminum. In which case, the cells being embossed,
the vittse have been confounded with the ribs.

Commissural, commissurales. In the commissures. Most
umbelliferous plants; Coriandrum sativum has only these,
wanting the dorsal.

{ From the stylopodium (or calyx) to the base of the
fruit, a stylopodio (vel calyce) ad basin, Adthusa.

From the tip of the commissure, in an acute angle,
ex apice commissurarum sub angulo acuto, conjugate. Sphon-
dylium. ;

From the tip of the commissure, distant bent, ex apice
commissurarum, distantes incurve. WHeracleum.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 171,

{ Bowed, arcuate. /Ethusa.
Elliptical, edliptice. 'Tordylium Syriacum.
Concentric, concentrice. ‘Tordylium Apulum.
Excentric, excentrice. Ferula nodiflora.
Simple, szmplices. Anethum.
Double, duplices. Athamanta.
Multiple, multiplices. Ferula.
Anastomosing, anastomosantes. Ferula Tartarica.
4 Undivided, integre.
Jointed, articulate.
Necklaceshape, moniliformes.
Antenneformes. Like the feelers of insects. Ammi
Boeberi.
Filis succosis muscorum similes. Like the succulent
threads of mosses. Ferula, Peucedanum Ruthenicum.
Partitioned, septulis distincie. Cuminum.
Waved, undulata. Agasyllis Caucasica, Cachris latifolia.
Linear, lineares.
Acute, acuta.
Acuminate, acuminate. Coriandrum sativum.
Narrow, attenuate. Pastinaca.
Blunt and clubshape, obtuse claviformes. UHeracleum
sphondylium.
Tubular, éwlulose. In most umbellifere.

Solid threadlike, solide filiformes. Myrrhis, Caucalis.

PoLaKENA.

Fruit, Polachena, Carpadelium. 4 cremocarpium com-
posed of more than two cells, or coques. Araliacez.

CARCERULE.

Carcerula. Fruit simple, not opening, nor adhering closely
to the proper coals of the seed ; being neither a cariopsis nor
an akenium.

Globular, Carcerula globulosa. Lagetta.

Roundish, subrotunda. ‘Ternstromia punctata.

Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Zostera marina.

Reniforme, reniformis.

Orbicular, orbicularis. Neurada prostrata.

Three-cornered, trigona, triqueter, triangularis. Fago-=
pyrum esculentum, Rumex, Rheum. :

Four-cornered, fetragona. Halesia tetraptera.

Compressed, compressa. Flattened on two opposite sides.
Fraxinus, Ulmus.

172 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Depressed, depressa. Flattened downwards. Neurada
prostrata. :

Tongueshape, linguiformis. Compressed and drawn out
like a tongue. Fraxinus.

Winged, alata. Extended out into a wing.

One-winged, monoptera, unialata. Fraxinus.

Winged at top, epipierata. Fraxinus, Casuarina.

Winged all round, peripterata. Ulmus, Paliurus.

Three winged, tripfera. Rheum, Polygonum emargi-
natum.

Four winged, ¢etraptera. Combretum laxum.

Five winged, pentaptera. Combretum secundum.

{| Adhering, adherens. United to the calyx. Trapa
natans, Halesia tetraptera.

Free, inadherens. Not united to the calyx. Rumex,
Rheum Polygonum, Ternstromia.

Induviated, imduviata. Covered by a persistent calyx.
Salsola Fragus.

{| One-celled, wnilocularis. Scirpus, Polygonum, Salsola.

Two-celled, lilocularis. Circzea ovalifolia, Ternstromia
punctata.

Many-celled, multilocularis. Punica Granatum.

{| One-seeded, monosperma. Rumex, Salsola.

Two-seeded, disperma. Circeea ovalifolia.

Three-seeded, trisperma, &c.

Many-seeded, polysperma. Ternstromia punctata.

CystTip1UM.

Utriculus. Fruit one-seeded, not adhering to the calyx,
pericarp scarcely visible, umbilical cord distinct. Amaran-
thaceee. PI. 13, fig. 9 and 10.

SACELLUS.
Fruit consisting of a seed covered with a membranaceous
envelope. Soda. PI. 13, fig. 12 and 13.
'THECIDION.

Thecidium. Pericarp dry, hard, crustaceous. Polygo-
num. Pl. 13, fig. 6.
ACHENA.

Pericarp leatherlike, not woody, not adhering to the seed.
Cyperacez. PI. 13, fig. 15 and 16.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 173

CaTOCLESIUM.

Pericarp leatherlike, not woody, covered by the enlarged,
but not fleshy calyx. Chenopodium. PI. 13, fig. 18 and 19.

SPHALEROCARPE.

Sphalerocarpium. Pericarp leatherlike, not woody, co-
vered by the calyx become fleshy. Blitum.

ScLERANTHE.

_ Scleranthum, Dyclosium. Fruzt consisting of a seed
united with the bottom part of the hardened perigonium.
Mirabilis Jalappa. Pl. 13, fig. 20 to 23.

SAMARA.

Pterides, Pteridium. Fruit few-seeded, membranaceous,
much compressed, one or two-celled, not opening, frequently

enlarged on the edges into a wing or appendage. Fraxinus.
Pl. 13, fig. 24, 25 and 26.

GLANS.

Calybion. Fruzt fleshy and feculent, one-celled, one-
seeded, pericarp adhering closely to the seed, fastened by its

basis into a kind of leatherlike cup, cupule, formed of the
scales of the involucrum.

Open, Calylion apertum. Pericarp not totally hidden
by the cupule. Quercus longeva. Corylus sylvestris.
Pl. 14, fig. 2.

Closed, clauswm. Pericarp totally hidden. Fagus syl-
vestris, Castanea vesca. PI. 14, fig. 4.

{| One-corned, uniglans. Cupule containing only one
pericarp. Corylus sylvestris, Quercus. PI. 14, fig. 1.

Three-corned, ¢riglans. Castanea vesca.

4 Opening, dehiscens. Cupule opening by valves, like
a capsule, when ripe. Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvestris.

Not opening, indehiscens. Cupule remaining closed
when ripe. Taxus, Ephedra.

Drupelike, drupaceum. Cupule formed of two substances,
the inner woody, the exterior juicy so as to resemble a
drupe.

Cupule, when in frutt. Vide p. 119.

_ Spheerical, Cupula spherica, giobosa. Castanea vesea.

Hemispherical, hemispherica. Quercus longeva. PI. 14,
fig. 2.

174 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Ovoid, evordea. Ephedra.
§ Upright, erecta. The orifice turned towards the point
opposite to the base of its support. ‘Taxus, Ephedra.
Reversed, esupinata. Fixed so that the orifice faces the
base of its support. Podocarpus.

For the characters of the pericarp, reference may be
made to akenium.
Nucu.e.

Nucula, Nux. Fruit one-celled, one-seeded, not opening
when ripe, with a long covering, the pericarp only slightly,
or not distinct from the seed; frequently sunk in an involu-
crum. Corylus sylvestris, Corylus tubulosa. Pl. 14, fig. 4.

XYLODIUM.

Fruit like a nucule, but without a cupule, and borne upon a
Jleshy support. Anacardium. PI. 14, fig. 7.

CARCERULUS.

Bacca sicca, Capsula indehiscens. Fruit not opening, dry,
many-celled, many-seeded. ‘Tilia. Pi. 14, fig. 8 and 9.

AMPHISARCA.

Capsula indehiscens. Fruit not opening, dry, many-celled,
woody on the outside, pulpy internally. Adansonia. PI. 14,
fig. 13.

GYNOBASIC FRUITS.

Fructus gynobasici, Cenobionares, Cenobia. Fruits simple,
Lut composed of four or more cells, eremi, so far apart that
they appear like so many separate fruits ; but are all borne
upon a gynobasis, more or less dilated and being the base of a
single style. Pl. 14, fig. 16 to 20.

Two-celled, Cenobium bieremum. Cerinthe.

Four-celled, guadri-eremum. Labiatee, Boraginee.

Five-eremed, quinque-eremum. Gomphia nitida. Pl. 14,
fig. 16.

Six-eremed, sex-eremum, &c.

Evremes.

Globular, Eremi giolulost. Collinsonia Canadensis,
Salvia officinalis.

Ellipsoidal, ellipsoidei. Salvia Hispanica, S. bicolor.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 175

Ovoid, ovoidei.. Lithospermum officinale, AXgonychon
arvense, Cerinthe major.

Reverse ovoid, obovorde. Gomphia nitida. Pl. 14, fig. 16.

Three-sided, érigont. Molucella levis, Lamium album.

q Leathery, coriacet. Phlomis fruticosa.

Crustaceous, crustacet. Salvia officinalis.

Boney; stonelike, ossei, lapide?. Lithospermum officinale,
fEgonychon arvense.

Drupe, drupeolati. Prasium majus.

| One-celled, uniloculares. Labiate, Borrago officinalis, ©
Gomphia nitida. Pl. 14, fig. 16.

Two-celled, Liloculares. Cerinthe major, C. minor.

{| One-seeded, monospermi. Labiatee, Gomphia. Pl. 14,
fig. 16.

Two-seeded, dispermi. Cerinthe major, C. minor.

SARCOBASIS.

Fruit formed of a very large, very fleshy gynobasis, bearing
Jive or more eremi, which were always very distinct. Och-
nacez, Simaroubez, Castela. Pl. 14, fig. 16.

MicroBasIis.

Exostylus, Polexostylus. Fruit formed of a very small,
slightly fleshy gynobasis, bearing four eremi, but slightly
parted when m flower. Labiate, Boraginee. Pl. 14,
fig. 17 to 20. |

SUCCULENT FRUITS.

Fructus succulenti, Fructus carnosi. Fruits having a
_ soft or pulpy sarcocarp, containing also only a few seeds, and
not opening when ripe. Pl.15.

Drvpe.

Stone fruit, Drupa, Prunus. Fruit simple, fleshy, con-
taining a single boney or woody cell. Pl. 15, fig. 1.

Flesh, Caro. The sarcocarp, or pulpy part surrounding
the stone.

Stone, Pyrena, Nucleus, Ossiculus. The boney or woody
cell, in the middle of the drupe, being the endocarp or
panninterne.

Shell, Putamen. The boney or woody part of the stone.

176 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Spheerical, Drupa spherica. Prunus Mahaleb, Cerasus
racemosa. 4g

Rounded, swbrotunda. Prunus spinosa, Amygdalus Per-
sica, Juglans regia.

Ovoid, ovoidea, ovata. Amygdalus communis.

hree-sided, érigona. Cocos nucifera.

One-furrowed, unisulcata. Daphne florida, Amygdalus.

q Large, magna. Cocos nucifera.

Small, parva. Daphne florida, Rivinia.

Utricular, wtricularis. Very small, and having only
a simple, membranous pannexterne. Chenopodium.

Pulpy, pulposa. Sarcocarp pulpy. Cerasus hortensis.

Fleshy, carnosa. Sarcocarp fleshy. Amygdalus com-
munis, Juglans.

Thready, filrosa. Sarcocarp thready. Cocos nucifera.

Juiceless, dry, carcerularis, exsucca. Pannexterne and
sarcocarp dry, so thin and closely united with the stone.
that they can scarcely be distinguished. Ceratophyllum
cornutum, Poterium minus.

q Adherent, adherens. Juglans.

Free, inadherens. Cocos, Prunus, Amygdalus.

Pannexterne.

Persistent, Pannexterna persistens. Cocos nucifera.
Falling off, caduca. Falling off when ripe, and leaving
the stone. Juglans regia.

Stone.

Globular, Putamen globulosum, globosum. Cerasus.

Ovoid, ovoideum. Cocos nuciferum.

Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Cornus mas.

Compressed, compressum. Prunus domestica.

Lobed, lobatum. Guettardia speciosa.

@ Valveless, evalve. Olea.

Two-valved, bivalve. Prunus, Amygdalus, Juglans.

Three-valved, trivalve, &c.

Furrowed, sulcatum. Cornus sanguinea, C. mas.

Engraved, scrobiculatum. With deep furrows, Amyg-
dalus Persica.

Dotted, punctatum. Amygdalus communis.

{ One-celled, uniloculare. Amygdalus, Juglans.

Two-celled, biloculare. Cornus sanguinea, Zizyphus.

Three-celled, érilocudare. ‘Trixis palustris.

Four-celled, guadriloculare. 'Tectona grandis.

Six-celled, sexloculare. Guettarda speciosa.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 177

{| Boney, ossewm. Cocos nucifera, Cornus sanguinea,
Amygdalus, Mespilus. . ‘ exshavy. aah 'O)
Paperlike, chartaceum. Areca Faufel. :
Membranaceous, membranaceum..Pheenix dactylifera.
{| One-seeded, monospermum. Juglans.
Two-seeded, dispermum, &c.

1 ' Druproxe. ss}
Drupeola. 4 drupe smaller than a pea:

UtrRicLe.
Utricula. An utricular drupe. Chenopodium.
Not.
Nux. Fruit containing a stone, the sarcocarpe being rather
soos, than fleshy. Juglans regia, Amygdalus. PI. 15,
g.2.

Rind, Naucum. The leatherlike sarcocarpe of a nut.

NUCULANE.

Nuculanium. Fruit fleshy, not crowned by the lobes of
the calyx (the ovary not adhering to it) and containing
several distinct. stones. !

Pips, Pyrene, Nucule. ‘The small stones included in.a
nuculane. |
Pome:

Pomum, Melonida, Pyridion, Melonidium, Antrum.
Fruit fleshy, crowned by the limb of the calyx, containing
several cells, disposed round the axis of the fruit. Pl. 15,
fic. 12 and 13. :

Spherical, Pomum sphericum. Pyrus aucuparia.
- Roundish, subrotundum. .Pyrus sylvestris.
Ellipsoid, ellipsoidewm. Mespilus Oxyacantha.
Topshape, turbinatum. Pyrus sylvestris, P. Cydonia.
{| Cartilagmous-celled, Jloculosum. . Panninterne thin
cartilaginous, with a fleshy sarcocarp. ' Pyrus sylvestris.
Woody-celled, nwculosum. Panninterne woody or boney.
Mespilus Germanica, M. digyna.

PYyRENARIUS.

7 woody-celled pome. Mespilus. Pl.15, fig. 16.

VOL. TI. N

178 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

_

BaLausra.

Fruit adherent to the calyx, crowned by its lobes, having
« hard, leatherlike bark, with rather irregular cells containing
seeds like nuts. Punica Granatus. PI. 15, fig. 17.

Malicorium. The boney seeds of the punica granatus.

PrEpo.
Peponida, Peponium. Fruit fleshy or pulpy, bearing the

seeds towards the circumference, which is harder than the

centre, the latter being frequently empty. Cucurbita. Pl. 15,
fig. 21.

Globular, Pepo sphericus, globosus. Cucurbita esculenta,
Bryonia ruderalis. ,
Oblong, ob/ongus. Cucumis sativus.
Bottleshape, lageniformis. Cucurbita lagenaria.
Spindleshape, fusiformis. Cucumis chate.
Reverse topshape, obturbinatus. Sicyos angulata.
Kidneyshape, reniformis. Elaterium.
Curved, curvatus. Cucumis flexuosus.
{ One-celled, uwnilocularis. Sicyos angulata.
Three-celled, trilocularis. Bryonia ruderalis, Cucumis
prophetarum.

Ten-celled, decemlocularis. Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita
esculenta.

In general a pepo has originally six or ten radiant par-
titions, three or five of which, taken alternately, have pla-
centaria ; but these characters are only visible in the ovary :
after the fecundation the barren partitions are absorbed,
and frequently the placentarian partitions also.

HESPERIDIUM.

Aurantium, Bacca corticata. Fruit fleshy, divided inter-
nally into several membranaceous cells, which may be divided
without any tearing, pannexterne tough, covered with vesi-
cular glands. Citrus, Limon. PI. 15, fig. 23.

BERRY.

Bacca. Fruit fleshy, without any stone, not included im
ihe preceding kinds of fruit. Pl. 17, fig. 1, 2, 4 and 5.

True, Bacca vera. Cells none, seeds not disposed in any
order. Atropa Mandragora. PI. 17, fig. 11.

False, spurza. Divided into cells with seeds disposed
in a regular order. Ribes. PI. 17, fig. 4 and 5.

a

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 179

{ Globular, spherica, globulosa. Ruscus aculeatus, Aspa-
ragus officinalis, Empetrum nigrum, Vitis, Ribes rubrum.

Ellipsoid, ellipsoidea. Ribes alpinum, Coffea Arabica.

Topshape, turbinata. Psidium pyriferum.

Discoid, discoidea. Phytolacca.

q Adherent, adherens. United with the calyx, Ribes ;
or with the perigonium, Musa.

Free, inadherens. Not united to the calyx, or perigo-
hium. Asparagus, Physalis, Vitis.

4 Crowned by the calyx, coronata calyci. Bearing at
top the limb of the calyx. Ribes.

Crowned by the stigma, coronata stigmate. Bearing at
top the stigma. Nymphea.

{| Barked, corticosa. The pannexterne strong, thick, dry
or but slightly succulent. Citrus, Arbutus serratifolia.

Gourdlike, cucurlitina. Barked, thick, round, and like
a pumpkin. Crescentia Cujete.

Camare-like, camarea. Having, like a camare, a furrow
lengthways, and on the inside a placentarium corresponding
with that furrow. Actea.

{| One-celled, unilocularis. Cucubalus bacciferus.

Two-celled, bilocularis. Ligustrum vulgare. |

Three-celled, érilocularis. Asparagus officinalis, Andro-
gzemum officinale.

Four-celled, guadrilocularis. Paris quadrifolia.

Five-celled, guinguelocularis. Arbutus, Cookia punctata.

Many-celled, multilocularis. Citrus.

| Nuculaneous, 2zwculosa. Contains nucules. Sambucus
nigra, Ilex vulgare. PI. 15, fig. 3 and 4.

Two-seeded, disperma. Berberis.

Few-seeded, oligosperma. Asparagus.

Many-seeded, polysperma. Paris quadrifolia, Solanum,
Vaccinium, Citrus, Ribes, Atropa lethalis.

ACINOS.
A very soft berry, full of juice, transparent, one-celled,
with boney seeds. Vitis vinifera. Pl. 15, fig. 3 and 4.
ACROSARCUM.

Bacca infera. A berry crowned by the limb of the calyx.
Ribes spinosum. |

N 2

180 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

~» CAPSULAR FRUITS. © ic} i?

Fructus capsulares, Fructus dehiscentes. Fruits dry,
many-seeded, and opening of themselves when ripe.

Fouuicue.

Folliculus, Conceptaculum. Fruit membranaceous, uni-
valve, lung, and opening ly a longitudinal suture. Asclepia-
dex. Pl.17, fig. 12.—'They are never found single, unless
by abortion.

Cylindrical, Folliculi cylindracet. | Ceropegia.

Bellied, ventricosz. Asclepias Syriaca, Plumaria.

Swollen, zzflati. Asclepias fruticosa.

Spindleshape, fusiformes. Nerium Oleander. N. Zey-
lanicum, Asclepias niger.

{| Upright, erecti. Nerium Oleander.

Spreading, divergentes, divaricati. ‘Taberneemontana,
Vinca major, Cameraria, Asclepias nigra.

CAMARE.

Camara. Fruit more or less membranaceous, two-valved,
always several united together proceeding from a single
flower, each containing one or more seeds attached to the in-
ternal suture. WRanunculacee. Pl. 17, fig. 13, 14, 15, 16,
17 and 19.

Deltoid, Camare deltoidee. ‘Triangular, Ranunculus
bulbosus.

Cod-like, leguminiformes. Delphinium, Aconitum.

Swollen, twrgide. Poeonia.

Compressed, compresse. Alisma major, Helleborus vi-
ridis.

Winged, alate. Liriodendrum tulipifera.

Beaked, rostrate. Helleborus, Sempervivum.

Tailed, caudate. Clematis recta, Atragene, Dryas.

q Upright, erecte. Aconitum, Delphinium, Sedum.

Spreading, divergentes. Pceonia.

In whirls, verticillate. Poeonia, Clematis, Sempervivum.

Tiled-like, imbricate. _Liriodendrum, Magnolia.

Soldered together, coadunate. Rubus.

{ Dry, sicce. Ranunculus, Trollius; Aconitum.

Drupelike, drupeolate. Potamageton, Rubus.

{ One-seeded, monosperme. Anemone, Adonis, Ranun-
culus, Rubus.

Many-seeded, polysperme.. Delphinium, Poeonia, Aco-
nitum, Trollius, -

a

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 181

{Opening inwardly, intus. dehiscentes. Aconitum,
Trollius Europzeus, Poeonia. PI. 17, fig. 18.
- Opening outwardly, extus dehiscentes. Magnolia.

Not opening, indehiscentes. Ranunculus, Liriodendrum.

HeEMIGYRUS.

_ Fruit woody, opening on one side, one or two-celled, each of
which are one or two-seeded. Proteacex.

Cop.

Legumen. Fruit irregular, -membranaceous, two-valved,
rarely three or four-valved, with a pistillary cord divided into
two branches running parallelly along the upper suture, so
that the seeds are attached along this suture, alternately to
one and the other valve, Leguminose. PI. 16, fig. 1, 2.

i

Ovoid, Legumen ovoideum. Lotus hirsutus, L. Greecus.

Halfmoonlike, semilunatum. Cynometra.

Sabreshape, acinaciforme. Bent like a sabre. Phaseolus
lunatus, Dolichus ensiformis. ‘

Oblong, oblongum. Ulex Europeus, ‘Trifolium repens.

Cylindrical, cylindricum. Cassia Fistula.

Nearly cylindrical, cylindraceus. J.otus corniculatus.

Linear, /ineare. Lathyrus gramineus, Indigofera.

Compressed, compressum. Pisum sativum, Lathyrus
aphyllus.

Inflated, inflatum. Membranaceous, dilated, filled with
air like a bladder. Colutea.

Swollen, éurgidum. Swelled out, but not membranaceous,
Genista Anglica, Ononis.

Bowed, arcuatum. Ornithopus.

Bent, curvatum, recurvaium. Astragalus glycyphyllus,
Medicago falcata. :

Spiral, spirale. Medicago sativa, Scorpiurus vermicu-
lata.

Strombus-like, cochleatum, strombuliforme. Bent in a
long spiral like the shell so called, Medicago strombulifera.
M. polymorpha.

Four-sided, tetragonum. Dolichos tetragonolobus.

-Four-winged, tetrapterum. Lotus siliquosus.

Top-winged, epipterum. Securidaca volubilis.

Reverse-crenated, olcrenalum. Bisserula pelecinus.

Jointed, articulatum. Formed of pieces, united endways
to one another, each containing a single cell. Ornithopus,
Scorpiurus, Hedysarum.

182 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Knobby, zodosum. Swollen at certain distances. Scor-
piurus. .

Beadlike, moniliforme. Divided by contractions into
sthall round pieces placed close together, like the beads of
a necklace. Ornithopus perpusillus, Hedysarum monili-
forme.

Vertebrated, vertebratum. Jointed, the joints parting
from one another when ripe. Ornithopus scorpioides, He-
dysarum Canadense. PI. 16, fig. 6.

Carcerular, carcerulare. Dry, not opening, resembling
acarcerule. Cassia Fistula, Securidaca volubilis.

Transversely divided, phragmigerum. Divided into two
or more one-seeded cells by transverse partitions. Cassia
Fistula. Pl. 16. fig. 1h

Drupe-like, drupaceum. Pannexterne succulent and
fleshy, panninterne woody. Detarium, Geoffrzea.

Induviated, induviatum. Enveloped in a persistent calyx.
Trifolium repens.

Channeiled, canaliculatum. Having two edges, that form
a groove along the placentarium-bearing suture. Pisum
Ochrus.

{ One-celled, uniloculare. Pisum, Lathyrus, Genista.

Two-celled, lileculare. Astragalus.

Many-celled, mudtiloculare. Cassia Fistula. Pl. 16,
fig.1. :

"a Opening, dehiscens. Opening when ripe. Genista.

Keeping closed, indehiscens. . Cassia Fistula, Securidaca
volubilis. Considered as legumes by analogy. Pl. 16, fig. f.

One-seeded, monospermum. Medicago lupulina, Secu-
ridaca volubilis, Pterocarpus.

Two-seeded, dispermum. ‘Trifolium fragiferum. Vicia
hirsuta, Arachis hypogeea.

Few-seeded, oligospermum. Vicia vulgaris.

Many-seeded, polyspermum. Lathyrus, Ornithopus per-
pusillus, Genista Hispanica.

LoMENTUM.

A legumen divided into tuo or more one-seeded cells by
transverse joints. Hippocrepis. PI. 16, fig. 6.

Pop.

Siliqua. Fruit dry, two-valved, bearing the seeds on the
éwo sides of a placentarium dilated into a longitudinal par-
dition, Cruciferse. Pl. 16, fig. 8, 9 and 11.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 183

Four-sided, Siligua tetragona. Brassica orientalis, Ery-
simum alpinum.

Linear, linearis. Arabis hirsuta, Cheiranthus cuspidatus.

Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea. Brassica oleracea, Chei-
ranthus annuus.

Cylindrical, cylindrica. Barbarea vulgaris.

Awlshape, subulata. Sisymbrium officinale.

Swollen, ¢urgida.. Raphanus sativus. .

Brawny, éorulosa. Sinapis alba, Brassica, Raphanus,
Arabis major.

Compressed on each face, utraque facie compressa. Fiat-
tened in the direction of the valves. Arabis major.

Beaked, rostrata. ‘Terminated by a beak formed by the
elongation of the partition. Sinapis alba, S. nigra, Rapha-
nistrum vulgare. Pl. 16, fig. 9 and 11.

{ Spurious, spuria. Having the seeds attached to the
edges of the valves, instead of the edges of the partitions.

Ruellia.
Poucun.

Silicula. A siliqua less than four times as long as it is
broad. ‘Thiaspi. Pl. 16, fig. 14, 15 and 16.

‘Carcerular, Silicula carcerularis. Coronopus coadunata,
Crambe, Bunias. fs

Four-cornered, guadrangularis. Bunias Erucago.

Nicked, emarginata. Iberis, Thlaspi campestre.

Two-horned, licornis. 'Thlaspi ceratocarpon.

Reverse-heartshape, olcordiformis. ‘Teesdalia irregularis,
Thlaspi perfoliatum, T: cuneatum.

Beaked, rostrata. Bunias Balearica.

Elliptic, edliptica. Draba verna, Lepidium latifolium.
Pl. 16, fig. 15.

Oval, ovalis. Alyssum argenteum.

Orbicular, orbiculata. Lunaria annua, Alyssum cam-
pestre. ‘

Twin, didyma. Biscutella didyma, B. laevigata, B. leio-
carpa.

Globular, globulosa. Cochlearia officinalis, Myagrum
saxatile, Crambe maritima.

Inflated, inflata. Camelina sativa.

Compressed sideways, utroque latere compressa. 'Thlaspi
arvense, Isatis tinctoria, Coronopus coadunata.

Compressed on the faces, wtraque facie compressa. Lu-
naria, Alyssum campestre.

Winged, alata. Bunias Erucago.

184 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

_ Jointed, articulata. .‘ Myagrum perenne. Sey
Drupe-like, drupeolata. Pannexterne succulent, and
panninterne woody. Crambe maritima.
}

Pyxis.

Pyxidium, Capsula circumscissa. Fruit dry, globular,
opening of itself into two hemispherical valves, by a trans-
verse horizontal suture. Pl.16, fig. 19 and 20.

Amphora. The lower valve, attached to the peduncle.
Cover, Operculum. The upper valve which is detached
when ripe. |

Globular, Py«is globulosa. Anagallis pheenicea, Centun-
culus minimus.

Roundish, sulrotunda. Gomphrena globosa.

Cylindrical, cylindrica. _ Lecythis.

Ovoid, ovoidea, ovata. Hyoscyamus niger, Plantago.

§ One-celled, wnilocularis. Centunculus, Anagallis. Le-
cythis.

Two-celled, bilocularis. _Hyoscyamus, Plantago.

{ Two-seeded, disperma.' Arnoglossum lanceolatum.

Many-seeded, polysperma. Plantago major, Centunculus.

DIERESILE.

Dieresilis, Sinochorium, Sterigmum, Capsula dissepi-
mentis valvaribus. Fruits dry, capsular, regular, many-
celled, cells formed of re-entering valves, and ranged round a
central axis. Malvaceze, Galium. . Pl. 16, fig. 24 and 25.

Two-celled, Dieresilis dicocca. Galium, Acer.

Three-celled, tricocca. ‘Tropzeolum majus.

Four-celled, tetracocca. Clerodendrum infortunatum.

Five-celled, pentacocca.. Geranium. :

Six-celled, hexacocca. 'Triglochin maritimum, Lavatera
arborea.

Many-celled, polycocca. Alisma major.

{| Starry, ste//ata. Cells pointed and diverging. Altheea,
Damasonium Dalechampii.

Ovoid, ovoidea. Helicteres Baruensis.

{| Adherent, calyci adherens. _Rubiacee.

Free, calyci non adherens. Lavatera arborea.
4] Axilled, axilata. The cells disposed round an axis,
which, when they fall off, is left standing. Geranium,
Lavatera arborea, Cynoglossum. |

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 185

Berrylike, laccata. Pannexterne succulent at first.
Clerodendron infortunatum, Sapindus. jie

Cenobionare, cenobionaris. ‘The cells, differing slightly
from eremes, are attached to an axis which supports the
style. Cynoglossum officinale, C. montanum.—These fruits
are intermediate betwixt cenobions and dieresiles.

Coques.

Hemispherical, Cocca hemispherica. Lineum Africanum.
Three-sided, ¢rigona. Knoxia stricta.
- Compressed, compressa. Alisma major.

Spiral, spiralia. Helicteres. 5

One-celled, unilocularia. Alisma major, Galium, Althea,
Lavatera.

Many-celled, mzultilocularia. Tribulus terrestris.

Not opening, indehiscentia. 'Tropzeolum majus. —

Opening, dehiscentia. Geranium. a

Winged, alata. Acer.

REGMA.

Elaterium, Capsula di-, tri-, vel multi-cocca. Fruit with
sides frequently embossed, formed of several livalve cells dis-
posed round an axis, and not adhering to the calyx. PI. 17,
fig. 17, 18 and 19.

Two-celled, Regma dicoccum. Mercurialis.

Three-ceiled, tricoccum. Euphorbia, Ricinus, Croton.

Five-celled, pentacoccum. Dictamnus albus.

Many-celled, polycoccum. ura crepitans.

@ Round, rotundatum.

Twin, didymum. Mercurialis.

Discoid, discoideum. ura crepitans, Bradleya.

Lobed, lobatum. Dictamnus albus.

DyYPLOTEGIA.

Capsula infera. Fruit dehiscent, adherent to the calyx.
Campanulacez, Orchidez.. Pl. 16, fig. 25.

CaPpsuLeE.

Capsula. Fruit dry, opening when ripe, not belonging to
the former kinds. Pl. 16, fig. 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 and 30.

Podlike, Capsula siliqueformis. Chelidonium majus
Corydalis, Hypecoum, Cleome.

Pouchlike, szliculeformis. Bocconia.

Brawny, torwlosa. Chelidonium majus, Hypecoum.

Cylindrical, cylindrica, Silene alpina, Arenaria tenuifolia.

186 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Nearly cylindrical, cylindracea, subcylindrica. Aloe per-
foliata. s

Three-sided, irigona. Iris, ‘Tamarix.

Four-sided, tetragona. Erysimum officinale.

Five-sided, pentagona. Oxalis.

Six-sided, hevagona. Fritillaria imperialis, Yucca dra-
conis.

Linear, linearis. Chelidonium majus, Glaucium luteum.

Spherical, globular, spherica, globularis. Asphodelus
luteus, Antirrhinum repens, A¢sculus Hippocastanum, Stel-
laria holostea.

Roundish, subrotunda. Scrofularia aquatica, S. scoro-
donifolia, Buxus sempervirens.

Ovoid, ovordea. Digitalis speciosa, Verbasum thapsoides,
Scrofularia nodosa, Polemonium vulgare, Cucubalus in-
flatus.

Reverse ovoid, olovoidea. Anthericum annuum, Spi-
ranthes autumnalis.

Topshape, ¢urbinata. Lilium Martagon.

Reverse topshape, olturlinata. Digitalis purpurea.

Ellipsoid, eddipsoidea. Acanthus mollis, Silene latifolia,
Lythrum spicatum.

Compressed, compressa. Rhinanthus glaber, Veronica
arvensis, V. verna, Melampyrum cristatum.

Flattened, depressa. Illicium anisatum.

Radiating, radians. With many cells disposed in rays.
Illicitum anisatum.

{| Reverse heartshape, obcordiformis, obcordata. Veronica
officinalis, Sibthorpia Europea.

Halfmooned, semilunata, lunata. Melampyrum cristatum.

Orbicular, orbicularis. Rhinanthus glaber, Sibthorpia.

Elliptic, edliptica. Veronica multifida.

{| Three-winged, triptera. Dioscorea sativa.

Five-winged, pentaptera. Evonymus latifolius.

Six-winged, hexaptera. Fritillaria imperialis.

4] Blunt-pointed, obtusa. Antirrhinum minus, Evony-
mus latifolius.

Pointed, acuta. Scrofularia aquatica, S. scorodonifolia.

Truncated, truncata. . Nemesia.

Notched, emarginata. Euphrasia officinalis.

One-headed, monocephala. Coming from an ovary which
has only one organic summit. Rhododendron, Silene.

‘Two-headed, beaked, dicephala, lirostris. Coming from
an ovary that has two organic summits. Saxifraga.

Three-headed, tricephala. Buxus.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 187

Many-headed, polycephala. Coming from an ovary that
has many organic summits. Nigella Hispanica.
Dieresilean, partible, dieresilea, partililis. The cells
formed of re-entering valves, separate when ripe, into
‘many open coques, which only differ from those of the
dieresiles because they do not separate completely after
they have opened. Rhododendron, Kalmia, Linum pe-
renne.
Two-parted, Lipartililis. 'Two-coqued, dieresilean. Di-
gitalis, Scrofularia.
Three-parted, tripartililis, &c.
Etairion-like, eferionea. _Many-headed, nearly com-
pletely divisible into several camare-like lobes. Illicium
anisatum, Thea viridis. .
{ One-celled, unilocularis. Glaucium violaceum, Papa-
ver, Viola, Silene.
Two-celled, lilocularis. Veronica, Digitalis, Scrofularia,
Antirrhinum, Glaucium luteum, Saxifraga, Lythrum.
Three-celled, ¢rilocularis. Lilium, Tulipa, Iris, Allium,
Juncus, Campanula. PI. 16, fig. 23 and 24, .
Four-celled, guadrilocularis. Epilobium.
Five-celled, guinquelocularis. Rhododendrum, Oxalis,
Evonymus.
Six-celled, sexlocularis. Asarum, Aristolochia.
Many-celled, multilocularis. Nigella Hispanica, Linum.
§ One-valved, follicleshape, umnivalvis, folliculiformis.
With a single valve, whose edges being turned over form
a suture, like that of a follicule. Avicennia.
Several valved, plurivalvis. Used in opposition to one-
valved.
Two-valved, Jivalvis. Veronica, Syringa, Ruellia.
Three-valved, trivalvis. Viola, Tulipa, Glaucium vio-
- laceum, Polemonium. . ;
* Four-valved, guadrivalvis. Epilobium.
Five-valved, qguinquevalvis. Rhododendrum, Evonymus.
Many-valved, multivalvis. Nigella Hispanica, Illicium.
{| One-seeded, monosperma. Plumbaginez.
‘Two-seeded, disperma.
Three-sided, trisperma. Montia, Claytonia.
Four-seeded, tetrasperma. Melampyrum cristatum. M.
arvense.
Few-seeded, oligosperma. Koelreuteria.
Many-seeded, polysperma. Lilium, Nigella, Silene, Epi-
lobium, Saxifraga.

s

188 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. =

q Adherent, adherens, infera. United to the calyx, or
perigonium, which covers it entirely. Campanulacez, Iris,

Semi-adherent, semi-adherens. United at bottom with
the calyx. Samolus.

Free, inadherens, supera. Not united with the calyx or
perigonium. Lilium, Papaveracee, Caryophyllee.

{ Opening outwards, exterius dehiseens. Lilium, Orchis, ©
Convolvulus, Oxalis.

Opening inwards, interius dehiscens. Opening in the
centre, which can only take place in many-headed capsules.
Nigella Hispanica, Saxifraga. Pl. 16, fig. 24.

Opening by the teeth, dentibus dehiscens. Statice, Pri-
mula officinalis, Silene.

s Opening by cracks, jissuris dehiscens. Canna, Epiden-
ron.

Opening by holes, foraminibus dehiscens. Antirrhinum,
in which the holes are irregular, and produced by the rup-
ture of the sides of the pericarp. Papaver, in-which the
holes are regular, and produced by the gaping of the upper
part of the valves. Ledum, Campanula. Pl. 16, fig. 31.

Opening at top, apice dehiscens. Antirrhinum majus,
Papaver.

Opening at bottom, last dehiscens. Ledum, Campanula
rigida, Fumaria bulbosa. Pl. 16, fig. 25.

Septifragal, sepiifraga. Opening opposite the partitions.
Saxifraga, Ipomeea purpurea. PI. 16, fig. 29.

Septicidal, septicide. Opening between the cells, the
cells parting from one another, the partition splitting into
two flakes, one of which remains attached to each valve.
Rhododendrum Ponticum. Pl. 16, fig. 27.

Loculicidal, loculicida. Opening in the middle of the
cells. Iridex. PI. 16, fig. 26.

If a one-celled capsule, having parietal placentaria,
opens so as to divide the latter longitudinally, the dehiscence
is analogous to the septicidal; but if it divides into two or
more valves, each furnished with a parietal placentarium
in its middle, the dehiscence is analogous to the loculicidal.

COMPOUND FRUITS.

Fructus etzrionares, Fructus chorionares. Fruit com-
posed of several simple fruits united together.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 189

DovusiE FoL1iee.

Bifolliculus. Follicula. Fruit composed of two long mem-
branaceous, univalve pericarpiums, each opening by a longi-
tudinal suture. Asclepiadee. PI..17, fig. 12.

ERryTHROSTOMUM.

Syncarpa, Eterio. Fruit composed of several small berry-

like utricles, seated upon a scarcely apparent polyphore.
Rubus. PI. 18, fig. 8. 4

BaccaLauRIvs.

' Fruit analogous to the erythrostome, but the pericarps are
Sewer, and not so close. Drymis.

ASIMINE.

Asimina.. Fruits analogous to the erythrostome, but the
Jleshy carpelles are more or less soldered together. Anona.
Pl. 18, fig. 21.

ErerRi0n.

Eteerio, Plopocarpium. Fruit composed of several ca-
mares, united together round a real or ideal axis. Crassu-
lacese, Aconiti, Spires. Pl. 17, fig. 17,18 and 19.

Spherical, Ete@rio sphericus, globosus, capitatus. Ras
nunculus bulbosus, Magnolia, Liriodendrum.

Nearly ovoid, subovotdeus. Rubus.
_ Dishlike, discoideus. Alisma major.

Spikelike, spiciformis. Myosurus minimus.

_ Berrylike, laccatus. Composed of juicy camares which
unite together as they ripen, and form a kind of berry by
their union. Anona, Rubus.

m Induviated, znduviatus. Enclosed in the persistent calyx.
osa.
“| Three-camared, tricamarus. Veratrum album, Aco-
nitum lycoctonum.
Four-camared, ¢etracamarus. Potamogeton natans.
Five-camared, pentacamarus. Pzeonia, Clematis erecta,
Sedum.
Many-camared, polycamarus. Ranunculus, Magnolia,
Lyriodendrum, Rubus.

190 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Hip.

Cynarhodon. Fruit composed of several small utricles
enclosed in the calyx, which grows fleshy after the fecunda-
tion is over. Rosa. Pl. 18, fig. 2.

AMALTHEA. ~

Fruit similar to the hip, but the calyx does not become
fleshy. Agrimoniaceze. PI. 18, fig. 3.

PoLyYCHLORION.

Polychlorio, Polychorionides, Polysecus. Fruit com-
posed of several cariopsides or akenia united hasis on a
receptacle. Ranunculaceze, Dryadex. PI. 18, fig. 4.

AGGREGATED FRUITS.

Fructus aggregati. Fruits composed of many simple
pericarpia united together, the form of which is concealed or
altered by the floral leaves, which frequently grow larger
after the fecundation, and unite with some part of the fruit.

SonoseE.

Syncarpa, Sorosus. Fruit composed of several fleshy
utricles, united together by succulent floral leaves. Pl. 18,
fig. 6, 8.

Oblong, Sorosus oblongus. Morus.

Oval, ellipsoideus. _Artocarpus incisa.

Ovoid, ovoidews. Bromelia Ananas.

The nature of the pericarpia and the floral leaves must
be noted.

Fic.

Ficus, Syconus. Fruit composed of several carcerules or
drupeoles, united upon a fleshy and succulent involucre. Pl.18,
fig 11.

Flat, Syconus planus. Dorstenia.

Hemispherical, hemisphericus. Ambora.

Pearshape, pyriformis, turbinatus. Ficus carica, Ambora.

Spheerical, sphericus, globosus. Ficus.

The form and nature of the pericarpia must be noted.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 191

Cone.

Strobile, Conus, Strobilus. Fruit composed of many
membranaceous utricles, concealed in the axille of very large,
dry bractee, disposed in the form of a cone. Pl. 18, fig. 12.

Roundish, Strobilus subrotundus. Cupressus semper-
virens, Juniperus communis.

Conical, conicus. Pinus sylvestris.

Ovoid, ovoideus. Pinus Pinea.
Cylindrical, cylindraceus. Abies pectinata, Pinus Stro-
bus.

{ Berrylike, Laccatus. Bracteze juicy, and unite with
one another. Juniperus communis.

Bractean, bracteanus. Strobile formed of bractez only
Alnus glutinosa, Juniperus communis, Thuya.

Pedunculean, pedunculeanus. Strobile formed of pe-
duncules. Pinus, Abies, Cedrus, Larix.

Cupule.

Ovoid, Cupula ovoidea, ovata. Pinus.

Angular, angulosa. Juniperus communis, Cupressus
sempervirens.

{| Woody, lignosa. Pinus Pinea.

Membranaceous, membranacea. 'Thuya occidentalis.

Boney, ossea. Schubertia disticha.

{| Upright, erecta. ‘Thuya, Cupressus, Juniperus.

Reversed, resupinata. Abies, Pinus, Larix, Cedrus.

§| Winged at bottom, Aypopterata. Pinus, Abies, Larix,
Cedrus.—At first sight the cupule appears winged at top,
because it is reversed, but it is enchased in a prolongation
of the wing, which only grows at the bottom, and falls off.

Winged all round, peripterata. Thuya occidentalis,

{| Headed, capitata. Limb swelled into a head. Larix.

Two-horned, Licornis. Limb prolonged into two small
diverging horns. Pinus.

Oblique, ob/iqgua. Limb oblique and jagged. Cedrus.
The form, &c. of the utricles should be remarked.

GALBULE.

Nut, Nux, Pseudocarpium, Galbulus. 4 kind of cone,
in which the bractee are enlarged at top, form a sphere, and
scarcely open when ripe. Cupressus. PI. 18, fig. 15.

192 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

ARCESTHIDE.

Berry, Bacca, Pseudocarpium, Arcesthida. 4 cone whose
bractee are fleshy, and do not separate when ripe. Juni-
perus.

PERICARP.

Pericarpium, Conceptaculum seminum. That part of

the fruit that contains the seeds.

1. Surface. | gait

Smooth, Pericarpium leve. Asphodelus, Cerefolium syl-
vestre, Sisymbrium absinthioides, Malus. |

Bald, glaber. Pastinaca, Coriandrum.

_ Shining, lucidum, nitidum.. Lithospermum officinale,

Onopordum vulgare, Isatis tinctoria.

Rough, scabrum. Aigonychon arvense, Cuminum.

Dotted, punctatum. Ceratophyllum, Citrus Medica,
Mespilus Germanica.

Warted, verrucosum. Tragopogon undulatum, Eu-
phorbia verrucosa.

Veiny, venosum. Koelreuteria, Staphylea pinnata.

Wrinkled, rugosum. Geranium Robertianum, Melilotus _
officinale.

Striated, striatum. Anethum graveolens.

Furrowed, sulcatum. Tragopogon pratense, Carum
officinale, Myrrhis odorata, Meum Athamanticum.

One-furrowed, wnisulcatum. _Amygdalus communis.

Two-furrowed, Lisulcutwm. Veronica officinalis.

Three-furrowed, trisulcatum. Ornithogalum pyramidale.

Four-furrowed, guadrisulcatum, and so on.

2, Pubescence.

Velvetty, Pericarpium velutinum. Amygdalus Persica,
Characias purpurea.

Downy, pubescens. Digitalis speciosa, Aquilegia vulgaris,
Amygdalus Persica.

Hairy, pilosum. Geranium pratense.

Villous, viliosum. Peeonia officinalis.

Woolly, lanatum. Alyssum clypeatum.

Nappy, fomentosum. Amygdalus communis.

3. Arms. ;
Scaled, Pericarpium squamosum. Sagus, Calamus Ro-

tang.

Thorny, muricatum. Arbutus serratifolia, Canna Indica.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 193

Hooked, lJappaceum. Furnished with hooked points,
like the involucrum of arctium lappa. Sanicula Europea,
Myosotis Cappula.

Spinous, spznellosum, echinatum. Stramonium foetidum,
/Eschylus Hippocastanum, Cucumis prophetarum.

4, Substance.

Membranaceous, Pericarpium membranaceum. Salsola
Tragus, Colutea. |

Paperlike, chartaceum. Amnagallis phoenicia, Cerefolium
sylvestre, Coriandrum.

Leatherlike, cortacewm. Helianthus annuus, Trapa na-
tans, Lupinus, Arachis hypogzea.

Crustaceous, crustaceum. Dry, thin, and brittle. Pas-
serina.

Woody, lignosum. Lecythis, Cassia Fistula, Hymenza
Courbaril.

Corky, swberosum, fungosum. ‘Ethusa cynapium, Ra-
phanus sativus. -

Pulpy, pulposum. Ribes, Vitis, Rubus.

Fleshy, carnosum. Malus.

VALVES.

Valve, Valvule. The pieces camposing the sides of
some pericarps, which open when ripe, and separate. P1.16,
fig. 8, 14,15 and 29.

Longitudinal, Valve longitudinales. ‘The suture perpen-
dicular to the base of the pericarp. Cheiranthus fruticu-
losus, Ruellia ovata.

Transverse, transverse. The suture parallel to the base
of the pericarp. Anagallis arvensis, Hyoscyamus.

Re-entering, introflexce. Edges bent .mwards towards
the centre of the pericarp. Colchicum, Rhododendrum.

Re-entering conjointly, conjunctim introflexee. The
contiguous re-entering valves united together in that part
which penetrates within the pericarp. Rhododendron
Ponticum.

Re-entering distinctly, Ha rer The con--
tiguous re-entering valves not united together in that part
which penetrates into the pericarp. Colchicum.

Parting, Lipartibiles. Splitting when they open into two
parts lengthways. Veronica, Digitalis speciosa, Nicotiana.
-——These bipartible valves are ‘evidently composed of two

YOL. 1. )

194 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

valvules united by their contiguous edges; nevertheless
custom compels botanists to look upon them as a single
valve.

Elastic, elasiice. Dentaria, Cardamine impatiens. Ri-
cinus. PI. 16, fig’ 8.

Partition-bearing, septifere. Ruellia ovata.

Seed-bearing, seminifere, placentifere. Gentianeze.

Flat, plane. Lunaria, Alyssum clypeatum.

Concave, concave.. Alyssum utriculatum.

Boatlike, naviculares. Keeled like a boat. Ruellia ovata,
Subularia aquatica, Isatis tinctoria. —

Keeled, carinate. Lepidium, Isatis tinctoria.

Cover-like, oferculares.. Like the cover of a bowl. Plan-
tago, Anagallis, Centunculus. PI. 16, fig. 17. :

SUTURES.

Suture. The line of junction between two contiguous
valves.

Prominent, Suture prominentes. Placed upon an ele-
vated surface.

Winged, pteroidee. The elevations extended into wings.
Evonymus latifolius.

Sunk, vecesse. Placed at the bottom of a channel of
greater or less depth. Rhododendron.

PARTITIONS.

Dissepimenta, Lignum intergerinum, Distinctio.— The
doublings of the panninterne of the pericarpium which divide
ats cavity into two or more cells.

Longitudinal, Dissepimenta longitudinalia. Extending
from the bottom to the top of the pericarp, parallel to the
axis. Lilium, Ruellia ovata, Thlaspi, Cheiranthus.

Cross, ¢ransversalia. Extending from side to side, pa-
rallel to the plane of its base. Cassia Fistula.

Indeterminate, vaga. Without any determinate di-
rection. Many partitions of punica granatum.

False, spuria. Formed only of cellular tissue. Glaucium
luteum.

€/-General, generalia. With edges that reach the in-
ternal surface of the pericarpium all round, so that each of
them divides the cavity into two parts. Plantagineze, Cru-
ciferee, Astragalus, Cassia Fistula.

Partial, partialia. With edges that reach the internal
surface of the pericarp on one side only, and on the other

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. aS

side touch a placentarium, or some other partition; so that
each partition, taken separately, does not divide the hollow
of*the pericarp into two cells. _Syringa vulgaris, Citrus,
‘Nigella Hispanica.

4 Complete, completa. Dividing the cavity of the peri-
carp completely, by being either a general partition itself,
Cheiranthus, or if partial, by touching some other par-
tition.

Incomplete, incompleta. Only dividing the cavity in-
completely, being partial partitions that do not touch one
another, nor abut upon a placentarium. Papaver.

*Y Valvean, valveana. Formed by the expansion of the
substance of the valves, and remaining fixed to them, when
the pericarpium splits open.

Median, mediana, medivalves, valvis contraria, valvis me-
dio septiferis. Valvean and arising from the middle of the
valves. Lilium, Syringa, Acanthaceee, Polemonium, Heli-
anthemum.

Marginal, marginalia, valvis ulroque margine introflexo
singulis Poca lin constitutentibus, vatvares. Wa alvean, and
forined by the edge of the valves, which turns into the
interior of the pericarp, towards a real or imaginary cen-
tral axis. Antirrhinum, Rhodedendrum, Astragalus.

Two-flaked, bilamellares. Marginal, and formed by the
union of the edges of two contiguous turned-in valves,
which separate when the fruit opens. Digitalis, Rhodo-
dendrum.

Placentarian, placentariana. Produced by the expansion
of the placentarium, or its lobes, so as to reach the internal
surface of the pericarpium, or its sutures, and separate
when the fruit is ripe. Plantaginese, Cruciferee, Punica
Granatum, Cucurbitaceee.

Interposed, interpositiva, valvis margine appositis angulis
dissepimenti. Several placentarian partitions diverging
from the centre of a many-valved pericarpium to the su-
tures, so that they alternate with the valves. Convolvu-
laceze.

Obsutural, obsuturalia. The placentarian partitions
applied only to the sutures, and not fastened between the
edges of the contiguous valves. Convolvulus.

Opposite, oppostliva, valvis contraria. ‘Lhe edges of the
~placentarian partitions applied to the middle of the valves.
Paullinia pinnata.

Parallel, parallelica, valvis parallela. The placentarian
partition expanded parallel to the valves of a bivalve peri-

o 2

196 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

carpium, and joining by its edges the two opposite sutures.
Cruciferee. . ea,

Doubtful, ambigua. Connected with the centre and
sides of a pericarp that does not open; and whose origin,
therefore, cannot be determined exactly. Citrus.

Fixed, jiza. ‘ Remaining immoveable, and attached as
usual when ripe; which seldom takes place except in inde-
hiscent pericarpiums, or those that open by pores or slits.
Antirrhinum, Campanula, Papaver, Nigella Saxifraga.

Free, litera. . Formed of a placentarium that becomes
free by the dehiscence of the pericarpium. Plantagineze.

Persisting, persisteniia. Remaining in their place after
the opening of the fruit, Crucifere.

Meeting, olcurrentia. Partial partitions meeting together,
and dividing the cavity of the pericarpium into several
cells. Acanthaceee, Antirrhinum, Convolvulacese, Saxi-
frageze.

Whirled, vertzcillata. Several partial partitions disposed
in the pericarpium like the spokes of a wheel. Convolvu-
laceee, Rhodoracez, Aurantiacez.

Seed-bearing, seminifera, placentifera. Carrying the
seeds. Ruellia, Nymphea, Helianthemum.

The distinctions are usually taken from their appearance
after the pericarpium has split open; but this is frequently
a bad guide to their original formation.

SEPTUM.

A Partition that is longitudinal. Lilium, Cruciferae.
Pl. 16, fig. 8, 14 and 15.

PHRAGMA. -

A Partition that is transverse. Cassia Fistula. Pl. 16,
fig, 1.

PLACENTARIUM. \

Placenta, Trophospermum, Spermophorus, Colum, Re-
ceptaculum seminum. That part of the pericarpium to which
the seeds ave attached. PI. 17, fig. 4, 5.

Fleshy, Placentartum carnosum. Vaccinium, Ruta, Saxi-
fraga granulata.

Corky, sulerosum. Centunculus, Anagallis, Hyoscya-
mus, Nicotiana, Stramonium.

Leatherlike, coriacewm. | Papaver, Begonia.

~ Woody, lignosum. Swietenia Mahogani.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 197

{| Honeycombed, alveolatum. Centunculus, Anagallis.

Tuberculated, iubercudatum. Stramonium.

Villous, alesse Cucubalus, Silene.

{ Partitioning, septiforme. Enlarged into a partition.
Plantaginee, Cruciferee. ‘This is the same as the placen-
tarian partition, but considered in another light. _

Globular, sphericum, globosum. Centunculus minimus,
Anagallis phcenicea.

Cylindrical, cylindraceum. Lychnis, Silene, Cerastium.

Threadlike, filiforme. Velezia.

Awlshape, subulatum. Dodecatheon, Dianthus.

Three- sided, ér?gonum, triqueter. Polemonium vulgare,
Dodonzea viscosa.

Four-sided, tetragonum, tetraqueter. Adoxa tuberosa.

Five-sided, pentagonum, ia Swietenia Maho-
gani.

Lobed, lolatum. Forming thick projections within the
cavity of the pericarp. Rhododendrum, Cucurbitacez.

Radiating, radiatum. Rhododendrum, Cucurbitacee.

€ Central, centrale. Placed inthe centre of the peri-
carpium. - Antirrhinum, Campanula, Saxifraga.

Axile, axile. Growing up from the bottom to the top
of the pericarpium, in the direction of its diameter. Lilium,
Digitalis, Polemonium.

Apicilar, apicilare. Placed at the top of the cavity of
the pericarpium. Umbelliferze.

Basilary, basilare. Placed at the bottom of the cavity of
the pericarpium. Berberis, Chrysosplenium.

Fixed at bottom, lasifixum, liberum. Attached only to
the bottom of the cavity of the pericarpium when ripe.
Primulacee, Silene.

earn sessile. Fixed at bottom without any footstalk.

-Footstalked, pedicellatum.

Parietal, purietale. Attached to the sides of the cavity
of the pericarpium. Ribes, Punica Granatum.—An axile
placentarium in a multilocular ovary, sometimes becomes
a in consequence of the absorption of several of the
cells

One-sided, unilaterale. Attached to one side only of
the pericarpium. Many apocynee, Actzea, Leguminose.
Pl. 16, fig. 2. |

Two-sided, bilaterale. Ribes. Pl. 17, fe 4 and 5.

Three-sided, trilaterale, and so on.

Valvular, valvare. Attached to the valves of a dehiscent
pericarpium. Orchis, Bixa, Orellana.

198 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

MWiddle-valved, medivalve, mediis valvis adnatum. Fixed
along the middie line of the valves. . Lathreea, Parnassia.

Sutural, oblsuturale, suture applicatum. Applied over
against the sutures. Asclepias, Argemone.

Marginal, marginale. . Fixed solidly either to the edges
of the valves, or of the partitions when these latter are not
themselves formed of an enlarged Lonnie nis en Cino-
thera, Leguminoseze.

Partitional, septile. Mixed to the panna Ruellia,
Helianthemum mutabile, | Papaver, Ginothera.

Fastened; adnatuni. Vixed throughout their whole
length, either to the internal surface of the per icarpial ca-
vity, Orchideze, Lathrea; or to the edges of the partitions,
Tile or the central axis, Ixia Chinensis; ; or the edges
of the valves, Viela.

oe iiberum. ‘Totally detached from the pericarp, and
not adhering to any, part when it opens. Plantaginee.

«|, Dwe-parted, bipartilum. Divided into td branches.
Rives, Bixa Orellana.

Lhree-parted, dripartium. Orchideee, Passiflora.

}our- parted, ‘quadr ipartiuium. Parnassia palustris.

Five-parted, quinguepartitum. Argemone Mexicana.

Many- -parted, mullipartitum. Papaver, Punica.—These
divisions of the placentarium are usually fastened to the
sides of the pericarpial cavity, but sometimes they are only
attached to the pericarpium by their extremities, as in the
portulacez.

q ‘Two-parting, bipartibile. Splitting, when ripe, into
two seed-bearing portions, which remain fixed, either to
the edges of the valves, Leguminose; or to the partitions,
Ruellia.

Three-parting, tipartilile. \ Splitting when ripe into’
three seed- bearing portions, which remain attached to the
edge of the partitions. Lilium, Koelreuteria.

_ Four-parting, &e.

Remaining, persistens. Not splitting when ripe, but re-
maining whole, Digitalis, Polemonium, Rhododendrum,
Swietenia Mahogani.

{| One-ribbed, uninerve.

Two-ribbed, Linerve.

Taree peed trinerve.

-Many-ribbed, multinerve.

The: position of the placentarium may be discovered in
dry pericarps when the seeds are loose, or have even been

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY, 199

taken out, by the scar or hollow in the panninterne, as that
covering is always interrupted at the place where the pla-
centarium is connected with the sarcocarp to which it is
always united.

-

Ribs of the placentarium.

Collected, Nervi colligati Collected into a single mass
by cellular tissue. Lilium, Rhododendrum, Silene.

Distinct, distincti. Forming separate cords. Portulaca,

eee aula, iniervalves. Placed i in the sutures between
the valves. Crucifere.

Axile, circumaxiles. Surrounding a central axis which
separates when the fruit splits open. Epilobium, Ciino-
thera.

UmeprticaL Corp.

Funiculus, Funiculus umbilicalis, Podospermium. A
vascular cord, that fastens the seeds to the pericarpium.

Threadlike, Funiculus filiformis. Cheiranthus, Alyssum
campestre, Ribes spinosum glabium, Cassia Fistula.
Hooked, uncinatus. Weaniids, Ruellia, Justicia, Bar-
leria. .

-Pappus-like, pappiformis. Formed of silky threads
united into a pappus. Asclepias Syriaca, A. nigra. Pl. 17,
fio. 12.

CELLS.

Loculi, Loculamenta, Thece. The hollow spaces in the

pericarpium formed by the doubling of the panninterne.

Coour.

Coccum. 4 cell that opens elastically by a membra-
naceous spring, placed at the loitom. Kuphorbiacee.

RETINACLES.

Retinacule. Crooked points growing from the placenta-
rium, close to the seeds, but not serving to supper them.
Acanthaceee. PI. 16, fig. 21.

PANNEXTERNE.

Pannexterna, Epicarpium. The external skin of the
epicarpium..
PANNINTERNE.
Panninterna, Endocarpium. The internal skin of b the
pericarpium, which in celled fruits forms the partitions by its
doublings.

200 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

FLEesH..

Caro, Sarcocarpium. The more or less fleshy substance
which in some fruits is placed between the pannexterne and
panninterne, and is always intimately connected with the
placentarium.

Pup.

Pulpa. The soft and half-liquid substance, found in the
cells of some fruits, surrounding the seeds.

InNDUVIz.

Induvie florales, Folliculus. Those parts of the flower
that remain after fecundation, and accompany the fruit.

Calycine, Induvie calycine. Arising from the calyx.
Labiate, Rosa.

Perigonal, perianthiance, perigonales. Arising from the
perigonium. Basella, Salsola tragus.

Glumellar, ¢/umelleane. Arising from glumes. Oryza.

{| Free, libere. Not united to the fruit. Labiate,
Rosze.

Adherent, adherentes. United with the fruit. Basella.

Induviated fruits always proceed from a single flower,
whose ovary or ovaries did not adhere to the calyx; and
are thus distinguished from covered or angiocarpic fruits.

SEED.

Grain, Corn, Vegetable ege, Semen, Granum, Ovum,
—spermum. The fecundated rudiment of a new plant con
tained in the fruit. ;

1. Stlaation in the ‘fruit.

Upright, Semen erectum. The hile being placed directly
above the placentarium, is the lowest part of the seed in
the pericarpial cavity. Ranunculus, Berberis.

Rising, ascendens. The hile being on a level with the
placentarium, or nearly so, is situated a little above the
lowest part of the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Malus,
Mespilus.

Reversed, hanging, resupinatum, pendens, pendulum. The
hile being below the placentarium, is the highest part of
the seed in the pericarpial cavity. Fraxinus, Asclepias,
Umbellitere, Myriophyllum. PI. 13, fig. 24. |

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 20k

Hanging, pendens, pendulum. Attached to the sides of
the pericarp by its funicular cord only. Ceratophyllum
cornutum. :

Appendent by the end, appendens ab extremilate. ‘The
hile being on a level with the placentarium, or nearly so,
is placed below but near the uppermost part of the seed.
Prunus, Amyedalus. Pl. 15, fig. 1.

Appendent by the middle, appendens a medio. ‘The hile
being on a level with the placentarium, or nearly so, is
placed in the middle of the side. Quassia Simarouba.

_Shieldlike, peléatum. Hanging by the middle, which is
connected by a large surface to the placentarium. Ruta,
Plantago stricta.

Falling, cadens. The hile being opposite to the upper
part of the pericarpial cavity, and the placentarium seated.
in the lower part, the umbilical cord is forced to elongate
itself to reach the level of the hile, and to pass over one of
the sides of the seeds. Piumbaginee. PI. 13, fig. 17.

Horizontal, horizontale. ‘The seed being flat, or long,
is fastened to the placentarium by-its edge, or one of its
ends, in a plane parallel to the base of the fruit. Lilium,
Cucumis prophetarum. Pl. 15, fig. 21.

Nestling, scattered, Semina nidulantia, vaga. Placed
without any order, like eggs ina nest. Nympheea.

Spread, perfusa. Spread over the whole surface, either
of the valves, Butomus, Gentiana; or of the partitions,
Plantaginee, Papaver.

In rows, serialia. Disposed in rows. Tulipa, Lilium,
Polemonium.

Tiled-like, imbricata. Asclepias, Cobea scandens.

Enchased, placentario semi-inclusa. Fixed single in the
pits of an alveolar placentarium. Primulacee.

Footstalked, Semen funiculatum. Vastened by an um-
bilical cord.. Plumbagineze, Magnolia.

Sessile, sessi/e. Attached to the placentarium without
any umbilical cord. Plantagineze, Primulaceze.

4 Naked, nudum. The seed expanding after fecunda-
tion, and not the ovary, the latter is ruptured and the seed
protrudes, Leontice; or the pericarpium opening, the seed
is exserted and hangs by its umbilical cord, Magnolia.

202 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

bai 2, Form.

Globular, Semen spher icum, globosum. Brassica, Sian iss
Pisum sativum, Vicia sepium.

Globulous, globulosum. Globular, and also small.

Nearly globular, subglobosum.

Roundish, subrotundum. Asparagus officinalis, Ausculus

Hippocastanum, Vicia lutea.
_ Cubical, cubszcum. Vicia lathyroides.

Ellipsoid, ellipsordeum. Once and a half, or twice as
long as broad, equally round at each end, a swelled in-
sensibly i in the middle. Quercus longeeva.

Egglike, ovoideum. Once and a half, or twice as long
as broad, round aft each end, the one Baal sharper than the
other. Nymphasa, Ribes spincsam glabrum, Aconitum,
Cocos nucifera.

Tearlike, lachrymeforme. The small end sharper than
in the egglike, and frequently compressed. Pyrus, Malus,
Amyg edalus, Linum. -

Elliptic, e/dipticum. Sisymbrium latifolium, Isatis tinc-
toria.

Oblong, oblongum. At least twice and a half as long as
broad, and rounded at each end. Phoenix dactylifera,
Lonicera Zeylanica.

Topshape, furdinatum. Conical with a round base; the
cone at least once and a half as high as broad. Bixa.

Straight, reciilineum, rectum. Cheerophyllum aromati-
cum, Hieracium glaucum.

Kidneyshape, reniforme. Papaver somniferum, Acer
majus, Many malvaceze, Silene, Phaseolus.

Bent, curved, arcualum, curvatum. Slightly bent. Ero-
teum Wadutaniee Tournefortia mutabilis.

Much bent, recurvum, recurvaium. Bent so that the two
ends nearly meet. Potamogeton.

Folded, replicatum. Folded in two, so that the two
halves are close together, and even united. Alisma inajor,
Damasonium Dalechampii, Sagittaria.

Compressed, compressumt. Broader than thick. Fraxi-
nus, Vicia vulgaris, Cucurbita esculenta.

Orbicular, orbiculare. The edge circular. Carex di-
vulsa, Ervum lens.

Lentilshape, lenticulare, al tacit: -compr essum. Convex

on both se with a sharp edge. Carex muricata, Ama-
ranthus mino

INTRODUCTION. TO BOTANY. . 203

Discoid, discoideum. Thick, with two flat parallel faces,
anda bluntly rounded edge. Dioscorea, Strychnos Nux-
vomica,. ;

Flat, planum. Lilium, Tulipa.

Angular, angulosum. Waving prominent corners upon
its surface. Trasus sylvaticus, Cepa esculenta, Rumex,
Fagopyrum esculentum, Primula.

Three-cornered, érzgonum, triquelrum. Rumex, Rheum,
Fagus sylvestris.

Your-cornered, delragonum, &c.

Sawdust-like, scoliforme. Fine, long, like sawdust.
Orchideze, Rhododendron. ,

Grooved, canaliculatum. Hollowed out into a gutter
lenethways. Pheenix dactylifera.

3. Surface.

Bald, Semen giabrum. Asparagus officinalis, Nymphea,
Brassica, Adsculus Hippocastanum.

Smooth, /eve. Nymphea, A’sculus Hippocastanum.

Balched, levigatum. Geranium Robertianum, G. molle,
Melampyrum arvense.

Shining, nilidum, lucidum. Polygonum aviculare, Ama-
ranthus minor, Nymphee, Linum usitatissimum, Spartium
scoparium, Adsculus Hippocastanum.

Streaked, sériatum. Lysimachia stellata.

_Furrowed, sulcatum. Digitalis speciosa, Viburnum fa-
rinosum.

Networked, reficulatum. Geranium rotundifolium, G.
dissectum, G. columbinum.

Wrinkled, rugoswm. Damasonium Dalechampii, Aco-
nitum, Cymbalari ia hederacea, Elatine hastata.

Pitted, scrobiculatum. With irregular pits. Arum Ita-
licum, Datisea cannabina.

Honeycombed, alveolatum, faveolatum. With pits, placed
regularly. Antirrhinum, Papaver. ‘

Rough, scabrum. Ruta graveolens, Primula veris.

Dotted, punctatum. Covered either with rising points,
Cyclamen vernum, Anagallis Phoenicia, Geranium cclum-
binum; or with coloured dots, Clausena.

Tubercular, tuberculatum. With elevated lumps. Vicia
lathyroides. |

Warty, carunculatum. With spongy or pulpy excre-
scences. Chelidonium majus, Ricinus.

B04 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Furnished with an operculum, operculatum. Having
an operculum, or embryo-cover, placed over the radicular
extremity of the embryon, and falling off when the seed
germinates. Phoenix dactylifera, Asparagus officinalis.

Villous, villoswm. Roellia cristata, Murraya exotica.

Woolly, lanatum. YWombax, Gossypium.

Edged, marginatum. With a prominent narrow edge.
Spergula pentandra, Matthiola sinuata.

Fringed, cilialum. Edged, and the edge cut into fine
jags like eyelashes. Limnanthes peltata.

Winged, alatum. Furnished with large thin expansions
of the edges or corners.

One-winged, wni-alatum, monopterum.

Winged all round, peripteratum. Surrounded by the
wing. Veratrum album, Rhinanthus glaber.

Winged at top, epipteratum. Banksia, Bignonia.

‘Two-winged, li-alatum, dipterum.

Three-winged, éri-alatum, tripterum. Moringa, Ptero-
spermum.

Tufted, comatum. With a tuft of hairs or coma, pro-
duced either by an expansion of the seed-covers, Tamarix ;
or by the umbilical cord drying, and splitting into fine
filaments, Asclepias, Epilobium.

Bald-headed, ca/uum. Without any tuft. Vinca.

Drupelike, drupeolatum. Surrounded with pulp and
like a stoue-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Granatus.

Arilled, arillatum. Having an arill. Myristica, Oxalis,
Evonymus.

Parts of the seed.

Seed covers, Integumenia propria seminum, Tunice semi-
nales. ‘The covers that grow along with the ovule, and are
not very distinct until the ovary is ripened into a pericarp:
they comprise the arill, the outer and the inner skin.

The kernel, Amygdala. The seed stripped of its covers,
being either a simple embryo, or an embryo accompanied:
with a perisperm.

ARILL.
Arillus, Calyptra. dn appendage to the hile, usually

forming an expansion-round the seed, which falls off of itself,
and 1s peculiar to a few seeds only.

Complete, Arillus completus. Covering the seed entirely.
Oxalis.

-_

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 205

Incomplete, incompletus. Covering the seed only par-
tially. Evonymus verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens.

q] Cuplike, cupularis. In form of a hollow cup. Evo-
nymus verrucosus, Bocconia frutescens.

Caruncular, strophiolate, caruncularis, strophiolatus.
Formed of one or more caruncles. Polygala vulgaris.

Parted, partitus. Divided into several broad parts.

Three-parted, éripartitus. Polygala vulgaris.

Many-parted, multipartitus. Myristica.

Jagged, laciniatus. Divided into narrow strips. Rave-
nala.

Pulpy, pulposus. Texture cellular, very fine, full of
juice. Bocconia frutescens.

Fleshy, carnosus. Texture thick, juicy, but firm. My-
ristica.

Elastic, elasticus. Extending as the seed enlarges, to
a certain length, then tearing open, and retracting, in con-
sequence of i its tenacity. Oxalis.

‘Tearing, ruptilis. Tearing irregularly when the seed
enlarges. Meliacez.

PELLICLE. 4

Pellicula, Epidermis.. 4 very thin arill which bears the

hairs that accompany some seeds. Bombax, Gossypium.

Turt.

Coma. A small tuft of hairs growing at one end of some
seeds. Asclepias, Kpilobium, Tamarix.

e

SKINS OF THE SEED.

Spermoderme, Spermodermis, Perispermum, Episper-
mum. The coats of seeds in general, surrounding and co-

vering their kernel, including the outer and inner shin, and.
the flesh of the seed.

OuTER SKIN.

Shell, Testa, Lorica. The smooth, scalelike, external.
covering of the kernel, which, notwithstanding its appearance,
eastly unbibes moisture. Pl. 15, fig. 22 a.

Crustaceous, Lorica crustacea. Thin, dry, brittle like a
snail-shell. Papaver orientale, Ricinus.

Bony, ossea, lapidea. Dry, solid, thick, and resembling
a bony or stony ‘substance in its appearance. Nymphaea
alba, Nuphar luteum.

206 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Leatherlike, coriacea. Camellia Japonica, Hura cre-
- pitans.

Fungous, corklike, fungosa, suleresa. Tulipa, Lilium,
Tris. a
Pulpy, pulposa. Juicy externally, giving the seed the
appearance of a stone-fruit. Ixia Chinensis, Punica Gra-
natus, Magnolia. ;

Bladdery, vesicularis. Membranaceous, and much larger .
than the parts they cover. Philadelphus coronarius.

- FLESH OF THE SEED.

Sarcodermis. 4 parenchymatous substance, placed between
the outer and inner skin of the seed, frequently scarcely visible,
but sometimes very apparent. Iris teetidissima.

INNER SKIN.

Tegmen, Endopleura, Tunica interior, Integumentum,
Hiloferus. 4 thin pellicle placed next the kernel, scarcely
separable from the flesh of the seed, and which, notwithstand-
ing its appearance, is not permeable to moisture. Pl. 15,
fig. 22 b.

Membranaceous, Tegmen memlranaceum. Nymphea
alba, Amygdalus, Cerasus, Castanea vesca, Fagus sylvatica.

Paperlike, chartaceum. Dry, smooth, flexible, tough .
like a card or parchment. Pyrus communis,

Leatherlike, coriaceuwm. Cocos nucifera.

Crustaceous, crustaceum. Areca Faufel.

Cobweblike, arachnoideum. Ixia Chinensis.

Partition-bearing, septiferum. Expanding internally in
the form of incomplete partitions, that divide the kernel
into several lobes. Castanea vesca, Juglans regia.

Gummy, gummatum. Covered with a gummy substance.
Pyrus Cydonia.

Distinct, a loricd distinctum. Separable from the outer
skin, without any tearing. Nympheea, Hydrocharidez.

Coherent, lorice coherens. Not separable from the outer
skin without tearing. Citrus, Murraya.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 207

Hite.
Eye of the seed, Base of the seed, Hilum, Hylus, Umbi-

licus, Cicatricula, Fenestra. 4 scar upon the surface of the
outer skin of the seed, which shows the point by which the
umbilical cord fastened the seed to the mother-plant.

The hile is frequently placed in the middle of a spot,
hollow, or elevation, and in describing plants this spot, &c.
is included in the signification of the word hile.

Dotlike, Hilum punctiforme. Cruciferee.

Linear, lineare. Long, narrow, with the sides parallel.
Faba.

Line-like, /ineolare. Resembling a plain stroke. Com-
melina communis.

Orbicular, orbiculare. AXséulus.

Elliptic, ellipticum. Phaseolus.

Heartshape, cordiforme. Areca, Cardiospermum.

Convex, convexum. A4sculus.

Concave, concavum. Cyclamen vernum.

Strophiolate, sérophiolatum. Composed of a row or rows
of tubercles. Polygaleze.

Comose, comosum. Woolly, Polygaleze. ~
Ambiguous, amliguum. Corresponding at the same time
to the two ends of a bent or folded seed.

OMPHALODE.

Omphalodium. 4 protuberant point, usually placed in
the middle of the cicatrix, where the nutrimental vessels en-
tered the seed.

FoRAMEN.

Micropyla. A point near the hile, which appears to be
the place where the fecundating vessels entered the seed.

SPILE.

Spilus. 4 small spot under the first cover of the fruit of
the graminee at the internal base, which appears to be the
real umbilicus or point where the vessels of the pericarpium
enter the spermoderme, which is closely united with the peri-
carp.

PROSTYPE.

Prostypum, Prostypum funiculare. 4 slight elevation
on the surface of the seed-covers, formed by the internal
_ elongation of the vessels of the umbilical cord.

208 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. “

RAPHE.

Rapha. The prominent rib of the prostype that passes
_from the hile to the chalaxe. i

Straight, Rapha rectilinea, recta. Labiatee.

Winding, sinuosa. Passing along in a serpentine line.
Cookia. pi i

{ Simple, simplex. Passing in a single uniform line,
without any ramifications. Labiatz, Most aurantiacez.

Branched, racemosa. ‘Throwing out branches, on each
side, which usually anastomose, and form a _ network.
Amyedala. ,

CHALAZE.

Chalaza, Umbilicus internus. 4 mark on the inner skin,
showing where the umbilical cord pierces it: this point is
usually directly under the hile, but sometimes at a distance,
and connected with it by the raphe.

Tubercular, Chalazxa tubercuiosa. Swelled out in bunches.
Labiate.

Cuplike, cupularis. Dilated within the flesh of the seed
into the form of a cup, or such like vessel. Most auran-
tiacez, especially Citrus Medica, Cookia punctata.

{ Coloured, colorata. Of a different colour than that of
the skin. Citrus Medica.

Not coloured, zzcolor. Phaseolus.

KERNEL.

Nucleus, Amygdala. The internal part of the seed, con-
tained within the skins, and composed of an embryo either
alone, or accompanied with a perisperm.

Coated, Amygdala tunicata. Covered with skins very
distinct from the inside of the ovary. Polygonum, Cino-
thera.
Tegmined, teyminata. Covered with a tegmen. Scirpus,
Heisteria coccinea.

Loricated, loricata. Covered with a lorica. Eroteum
undulatum, Cfnothera.

Naked, nuda, sine tunicd. Naked within the sides of the
ovary. Abietidese, Cupressidez, ‘Taxidez.—

.. ¥ Free, litera. The surface not adhering to the covers
which envelope it. Amygdalus, Phaseolus, Faba.

“INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY: wo | YOR

Adherent, adherens. Adhering to its covers. Gr amines,
Umbelliferee.—This only takes place when there is a peri-
sperm, and in this case the true place of the hile, and con-
sequently the base of the seed, is frequently very difficult to
be ascertained.

{] Single, unica. Only one kernel in a seed. Most
plants. ‘

Double, duplex. ‘Two in each seed. Eriolithus. ~

| Perispermed, perisper mata, perispermica, albuminosa,
endospermica. Having a perisperm. Cyperaces, Graminez,
Rubiaceze, Umbelliferze.

Not-perispermed, aperispermata, exalluminosa, episperm-
ica, epiperispermica. Without a perisperm. Alismacee,
Composite, Faba, Phaseolus.

Tuberous, twberosa. Composed of an uniform mass, with
several germinating points. Aroidez, Calladium.

PERISPERM. »

Perispermum, Albumen, Endospermum, Secundinz in-
terne, Medulla seminis. Cellular tissue accompanying the
embryo in the kernel, but scarcely ever adhering to it, and
having no vascular organization ; furnishing, during germt-
nation, the first nourishment to ihe young plant. Pl. 18,
fig. 20 e; 22.

Central, Perispermum centrale. Forming a mass in the
centre of the kernel, and surrounded by the embryo. Cus-
cuta Europea, Silene, Nyctaginee.

Circumferential, periphericum. Surrounding the em-
bryo, and concealing it. Abietidee, Cupressidez.

One-sided, wnilaterale. Placed on one side, and the em-
bryo on the other. Graminez.

q Dry, siccum, aridum. Graminee.

Mealy, farinosum. Dry, and reducible by trituration
into a fine, soft powder. ‘Triticum, Avena, Secale.

Friable, friabile. Dry, and crumbling by a slight rub-
bing, Piper nigrum, Gunnera scabra.

Oily, oleaginewm. Greasy to the-touch, and yielding oil
by expression. Euphorbiacez, Nyssa sylvatica.

Mucilaginous, muctlaginosum. Having, while moist, the
consistence of a gummy matter slightly wetted. Convol-
vulus.

Pellicular, membranaceous, pelliculare, membranaceum.
Formed of a thin flake or pellicle. Most labiatee, Prunus,
Amyedalus.

VOL. I. P

¢

210 . INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. *

Fleshy, carnosum. Me istiaebideete!

Horny, corneum. ‘Yough, elastic, hard like horn. Palme,
Aristolochia, Rubiaceee.

Leathery, cartilaginous, coriaceum, o clatvieae dense
carnosum. ‘Tough like leather, or a cartilage. Umbel-
liferae.

_ Transparent, pellucidum. Oryza sativa.

‘ Opake, opacum. ‘Triticum.

q eyed. lobatum.

T eee lobed. trifobatum. Coccoloba, Lontarus.

Five-lobed, quinguelobatum. Aquilicia.

Creviced, rimoswm. Having more or less deep incisions,
into which Holds of the: seed-covers are-inserted. _ Uvaria,
Anona.

| Large, axagnum. Relatively to the embryo. Grami-
neze, Umbelliferee, Ranunculacee.

Thick, crassum. Having a notable thickness. Graminee,
Hydrop! ryllum.

Thin, fenue. Labiate, Rosacez, Thymeleee.

{| White, album. In most plants.

Green, viride. Viscum album.

{| Hollow, cavum. Having another internal cavity be-
sides that containing the embryo. Cocos, Myristica.

Wrinkled, corrugatum, contortuplicatum. Folded to-
gether in different senses along with the embryo. Convol-
volus,

Hile-bearing, // iferui wm. Bearing the hile. Abietidee,
Cupressidez, ‘Taxidez. : !

. CHORION.

A pulpy liquor which appears to form the whole substance of
the kernel before its fecundation, and disappears before its
maturity.

AMNIOS.

A transparent gelatinous or emulsive liquor that is not io be
seen before fecundation, in which. the embryo swims, and
which appears to serve for its nourishment; the concrete re-
siduum forming the perisperm. Cocoa.

Naked, Amnics nudum.
Enclosed, incluswm. Enclosed in a sac.

EMBRYO.
Proper seed, Heart of the seed, Corculum, Cor seminis.
The rudiment of the new plant. Pl. 15, fig. 22 d; pl. 18,
fig £201; 92 a.

“INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ail

Not cotyledonic, Embrio acot tyledoneus. Without any
cotyledons, and of course consisting only of a blastéme.
Cuscuta, Canierys.

One-cotyledon, monocot yledoneus, With only one coty-
ledon. Graminese, Liliaceze, Cyclamen Europeus, Zani-
chellia.

Two-cotyledon, dicotyledoneus. With two cotyledons.
Labiate, Composite, Umbelliterse, Cruciferse, Rosaceze,
Leouminosz.

Many-cotyledon, polycotyledoneus. With more than two
cotyledons. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Cedrus, Ceratophyllum.

§| Spherical, globular, sphericus, globulosus.

Ellipsoid, edJipsordeus. Quercus Tongaéva.

Keelike, ovordeus. Juncus, Corylus, Nelumbo.

Conical, conicus. In form of a sugar-loaf, Epilobium
hirsutum. )
Topshaped, turlinatus! Nympheea alba, Scirpus sylva-
ticus.

Threadlike, filiformis. Slender and cylindrical like a
thread. Typha, Allium, Atriplex, Damasonium Dale-
champii.

Spindleshape, fusiformis. Long, and growing narrower
ateach end. ‘Triglochin palustre.

Clubshape, clavt iformis. Hyacinthus nutans.

Mushroomshape, fungiformis. Having a hemispherical
broad head placed upon a cylindrical stem. Musa sapien-
tum, M. coccinea.

Heartshape, cordiformis. Azarum, Aristolochia, Gun-
mera.

Saucerlike, paielliformis. Flagellaria Indica.

Bucklershape, scwufeliiformis. Broad, more or less round,
differs but littie from the preceding. Holcus.

Cylindrical, cy/mdricus. Antirrhinum.

BFeuy cio trochlearis. Cylindrical, very short, narrower
in the middle, like the sheave of a pulley. Commelina
communis.

Lenticular, denticularis. EKrvum lens.

4 Straight, rectilineus, rectus. Neither bent, nor twisted.
Abietideze, Cupressidee, Taxideze, Aroidez.

Bent, arcuatus, curvatus. Vaccinium montanum. Galinm
uncinatum, Papaver.

Bent back, recurvus, recur peuna Bent so that the tip of
the cotyledons either touches the radicle, or apy teenies
very close to it. Nyctagine, Morus.

Pa

212 INTRODUCTICN TO BOTANY. *

Knee-bent, geniculatus. Folded so as to form an angle.
Guettarda speciosa.

Folded, replicatus, conduplicaius. Folded in two, and
the folds brought close together. Alisma, Sagittaria, Da-
masonium.

Ringlike, annularis. Slender, long, bent so that the
cotyledon end touches the radicular. _ Salsola, Silene.

Pill-like, in orbem contractus. Bent so as to form a ball.
Sinapis alba.

Spiral, spiralis, cochleatus. Bent in a spiral. Salsola
tragus, Cuscuta Europea. PI. 13, fig. 14.

Crooked, fieruosus. Bent in different directions. An-
guillaria Bahamensis.

§ Enclosed, reclusus, inclusus. Shut up in the perisperm.
Anagallis phoenicia, Campanula, Galium.

Axile, axilis. Slender, surrounded with a perisperm,
and placed in a straight line from one point to that dia-
metrically opposite. Typha, Plantaginee, Fraxinus, Cam-
panula, Berberis, Saxitragee.

Medial, mediaris. Spread out broad, placed in the
middle of the perisperm, and dividing it into two nearly
equal parts. Cassia Fistula, Ricinus, Hura crepitans.

Central, centralis. In the centre of the perisperm.
Taxus baccata. PI. 13, fig. 22.

Excentric, exceniricus. Enclosed in the perisperm, but
not placed in the centre. Cyclamen.

External, exterior. On the surface of the perisperm.
Scirpus, Graminee, Nympheea.

Peripheric, periphericus, albumine circumpositus. Ex-
ternal, and surrounding the greater part of the perisperm.
Mirabilis, Silene. Very rare.

Nearly peripheric, sulpertphericus. ‘The perisperm that
forms the central part of the kernel throws out the embryo,
which spreads in a very thin flake over its surface. Atri-
plices, Amaranthidee.

Crosswise, transversus. Long, and nearly parallel to
the hile. Asparagus officinalis, Plantaginee, Cyclamen
Kuropzeum, Primulaceze, Polemonium, Many boraginez.

Oblique, obliquus. One end further from the axis of the
seed than the other. Graminee.

On the side, lateralis. Thrust on one side. Graminez,
Polygonum scandens, Cyclamen.

At the base, lasilaris. Placed entirely at the bottom of
the seed near the hile. Cyperaceee, Juncus, Asarum,
Aristolochia, Pedicularis, Umbelliferee, Papaver, Aconi-
tum, Ranunculus.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. : 213.

At the tip, apieilaris. Placed opposite the hile. Col-
chicum.

Vague, vagus. Placed in the perisperm, but neither at
the bottom, top, or side of the seed.

Nestling, nidulatus. Placed in a sac formed by a fold of
the inner skin of the seed. Commelina.

q White, albus, lacteus. Most embryos.

Yellowish, /utescens. Ribes spinosum glabrum.

Green, viridis. Acer majus, Pistachia Terebinthus.

Leadcolour, plumleus. _Adchinops.

Purplish, purpureus. Bidens and Zinnia when the seeds
are fresh.

{| Large-footed, macropodius. ‘The radicle very large,
and bulging out like a head.

Large-headed, macrocephalus. The cotyledons swelled
out into a mass much larger than the other part.

Roots within, endorhizus. Radicles growing from the
base of the embryo and piercing the covers.

Roots without, exorhizus. Radicles completely developed
in the embryo, and only lengthening in germination.

Roots united, synorhizus. Radicle united in some degree
with the perisperm.

CoryLEDONs.

Cotyledones, Lobi, Valvee seminum. The part of the
kernel that forms the first leaves of the plant during germi-
nation. Pl. 14, fig. 12; pl. 15, fig. 19, 22 c; pl. 16, fig. 13.

In one-cotyledon embryos, the cotyledon forming nearly
the whole mass of the embryo, the external characters are
common both to the embryo and the cotyledon, and it is
indifferent whether it be said that the embryo or the coty-
ledon of holcus is bucklershape; but in other embryos,
the cotyledons are in general very distinct.

Fleshy, Cotyledones carnose. ‘Thick, juicy, firm, and
breakable. Corylus, Faba, Amygdalus communis, A.
Persica.

Leaflike, foliacee. Thin, and frequently ribbed like
leaves. Nyctaginez, Tilia, Cassia Fistula, Kuphorbiacez.
Pl. 14, fig. 12.

{ Dotted, punctate. Surfaces with either transparent
points, Aurantiaceze; or coloured ones, Anagallis when
germinating.

Ribbed, zervate. Surface ribbed. Tilia, Mirabilis Jalapa.

Ribless, enerves. Faba.

214 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

€ Large, magne. Relatively to the radicle. Amygdalus,
Faba, Quercus, Castanea vesca.

Middlesize, mediocres. Polygonum, Galium, Pinus.

Small, parve. Orontium majus, Polemonium.

Very small, parvule. Rhododendron.

Long, Jonge. Salsola.

Short, breves. Hopea.

Shortened, ablreviate. Short, but broad.

Broad, latce. In respect to their length. Avicennia.

Narrow, anguste. Salsola, Hieracium, Pinus.

Thick, crass@. AXsculus, Amyedalus, Phaseolus, Quer-
cus, Castanea vesca.

@ Side, laterales. On one side of the blasteme, which
position is peculiar to the one-cotyledon embryos. Gra- _
miuneze.

Opposite, opposite. Placed at the same height on the
blasteme, but diametrically opposite, as in two-cotyledon
embryos. Phaseolus, Faba, Pisum.

In whirls, verticillate. Many, and placed round the
blasteme at the same height. Pinus, Abies, Larix, Cera-
tophyllum.

Contiguous, contigue. ‘Their internal faces closely ap-
plied to each other.. Most two-cotyledon plants, Rosacee,
Leguminose.

Incumbent, imcumbentes. Contiguous and lying upon
one another, the one towards the summit of the seed, the
other towards the hile. Hesperis, Smyrnium.

Accumbent, accumbentes. Contiguous, and lying side by
side. Nasturtium, Cardamine.

Wide apart, divergentes. Separating from one another
by their tips. Delphinium puniceum, Myristica.

Turned back, reficre. Bent, and turning their tip to
the tip of the radicle, Nyctagynez, Dorstenia; and that
either by their faces, « faciebus, Mirabilis Jalapa; or by
their side, a laleribus, Genista Hispanica, Cheiranthus,
Helianthemun.

Rolled lengthways, circinate. Forming a spiral by their
tip being rolled inwards to the bottom. Basella, Anabasis.

Rolled sideways, convulute. Forming a spiral by one
of their sides being rolled inwards. Punica Granatum,
Bil. 15, fig. 1 9:

Riding, se invicem equitantes, olvolute, opposite. The
half of one cotyledon folded sideways receives into the fold.
the half of the other folded in a similar manner. Coldenia
procumbens.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. Z14

Folded together, conduplicate. Applied close to one
another, and folded togther. Avicenna.

Folded up, plicate. In regular folds like those of a fan.
Fagus sylvatica.

Rumpled, conlortuplicate, corrugate. Folded irregularly,
in different directions, like a rumpled stuff. Convolvulus,
Malva, Gossypium.

Joined together, coalite. . United after the seed ripened,
and forming only a single mass. ‘Tropzolum.

Pierced, pertuse. Pierced with large holes. Menisper-
mum fenestratum. :

€ Rounded, orbicudares, subrotunde. More or less
rounded. Acanthaceee, Hura crepitans.

Oval, ovales. Resembling the longitudinal section of an
egg, one end being rounder than the other. Cheiranthus
Cheiri, Amyedalus communis. |

Elliptic, elliptice. One third longer than broad, edge
rounded, the two.ends equal. Quercus longeva.

Kidneyshape, reniformes. Anacardium orientale.

Heartshape, cordiformes. Ixora, Coffea, Phyllis Nobla.

Lanceolate, lanceolate. ‘Two thirds longer than bread,
and ending in an acute angle.

Linear, lineares. Flat, long, narrow, with the sides
nearly parallel. Hieracium glaucum.

Long, elongate. At least twice and a half as long as
broad. Salsola radiata.

Semicylindrical, hemicylindrice. Long, with one face
flat and the other convex. Salsola radiata.

Sickleshape, falcate. Long and bent like a reaping-
hook. Ceratospermum, Hypecoum.

q Alike, similares. “Equal in size and form. Faba,
Amygdalus, and indeed most cotyledons.

Unlike, dissimiles. Differing from one another. ‘Trapa
natans, Ceratophyllum demersum. a

{ Lobed, lobate. Cut to the middle, or even deeper.
Juglans, Hernandia.

Two-lobed, bilolate. Brassica oleracea.

Five-lobed, guinquelobate. ‘Tilia alba.

Feather-cut, pinnatifide. Long, and divided on the
_ sides. Geranium moschatum.

Uncut, integre. Having neither teeth, sinuses, nor lobes.
Most cotyledons.

q Footstalked, petiolate. Narrowed at bottom into a
kind of footstalk. Mirabilis Jalapa when germinating,
A®sculus Hippocastanum, Trapeolum when germinating,
Dorstenia Contrayerva.

216 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Sessile, sessiles. Without any petiole. Most cotyledons.

Jointed, articulate. Narrowed at bottom, and appearing
as if united to the blasteme by a joint. Mespilus Ger-
manica.

Indistinct, confluentes. Not narrowed at bottom, but
confounded together and with the blasteme. Composite,
Nelumbo.

{| Hypogeous, hypogee. Remaining under ground dur-
ing germination. Graminez, Asculus.

Epigeous, epigee. Rising out of the ground during
germination. Abietideze, Faba, Mirabilis.

The other characters of cotyledons are to be sought for
by considering them as leaves.

Primorp1aL LEAvEs.
Folia primordialia. Those small leaves which, besides the
cotyledons, are sometimes visible in the seed.
PILEOLE.

Pileola. A primordial leaf, closed, and covering like an
extinguisher, the other leaves of the sprouting seed. Scirpus.
Pl. 13, fig. 2’c.

Main Bopy.

Corpus Cotyledoneum. The cotyledonary mass formed of
cotyledons closely united together.

SyNzyGIA.

The place where two opposite cotyledons are united.

LosBuLe.

Lobula. That cotyledon of two opposite ones which is
placed farthest from the radicle.

CoLEOPTILE.

Coleophyllum, Coleoptila. 4 small sheath formed by
the cotyledons, and surrounding the base of the plumule. Alis-
macee, Liliaces.

Seep Roors.

Radices seminales, Vasa mammaria: The small vessels
proceeding from the plumule into the cotyledons.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 217

BLASTEME.

Blastema. That part of the embryo that remains when
the cotyledons are taken away.

Lateral, Blastema laterale. The axis on one side relatively
to the mass of the embryo. Graminee.

PLUMULE.

_ Plantule, Plumula. That part of the blasteme that is,
_ destined to rise above ground and form the future plant.

Conspicuous, Plumula visibilis. Visible before germina-
tion, either by the naked eye, Graminexe, A’sculus Hippo-
castanum, Faba, Nelumbo, Ceratophyllum; or by the as-
sistance of glasses. Damasonium Dalechampii, ‘Triglochin
palustre. Pl. 13, fig. 1 e.

Inconspicuous, inviszbilis, inconspicua. Commelina, Cepa
esculenta, Cyclamen Europeeum.

Coleoptiled, coleoptilata. . Enclosed in a_ coleoptile.
Alismaceze, Liliaceze.

Naked, nuda, acoleoptilata. On the surface of the blas-
teme, Without any coleoptile. Graminez, Faba.

Dotlike, punctiformis. So very small, that it appears
like a dot only. Abies.

Tigellated, tigellata. Having a visible tigelle. Faba.

Leaved, foliata. The gemmule so far ‘developed that
small leaves may be seen init. Faba, Ceratophyllum.

CAULICLE.

Cauliculus. That part of the plumule which is seated be-
tween the cotyledons and the radicle.

RaADICcLeE.

Rostellum, Radicula. That part of the blasteme that
forms the future root of the plant; but is generally taken
for all beneath the insertion of the cotyledons.

Visible, Radicula visibilis. Kaba.

Invisible, invisililis. Not to be seen before the seed ger-
minates. Commelina communis.

Coleorhized, coleorhizata. Enclosed in a coleorhize.
Graminee, Tropzeolum majus.

Naked, nuda. Not enclosed in a ah ipodaizes Faba,
Pheenix dactylifera.

Hilebearing, hilifera. The kernel being naked, the ra-
dicle receives its vessels immediately from the umbilical
cord. Avicennia.

Prominent, prominens. Prolonged below the insertion
of the cotyledons. Cheiranthus, Genista.

915 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Drawn in, retracta. Hidden by the cotyledons which
are prolonged below their insertion on the blasteme.
Acanthus, Quercus, Corylus.

qf Slender, graciéis. Cheiranthus fr uticulosus.

Conical, conica. In form of a reverse cone. Taba, La- _

biatae, Cucurbitaceze.
' Roundish, swbrotunda. Nearly globular. Viscum album,
Berberis, Cassia Fistula.

Eggshape, ovoidea. ~- Ribes, Castanea vesca, Glaucium |

luteum.

Clubshape, claveformis. Rhizophora.

Flatted, depressa. Flattened as from top to bottom.
Egle Mar melos, Thea.

Pointed, acuta. Faba major.

Blunt, plied: Cassia Fistula.

Short, Urevis. Shorter than the cotyledons. Cassia
Fistula.

Long, longa. Longer than the cotyledons. Abies, Pinus,
Symploca.

{| Straight, rectilinea, recta. In the same direction as
the axis of the cotyledons. Abietidese, Composite.

Bent back, recurvata. Bent, so that it becomes nearer
to the hile. Genista Hispanica.

Bent backwards, regressa. Bent, but wh the tip point-
ing from the hile. Cornucopize cucullatum.

“Opposite, adversa, obversa, umbilicum spectans. Turned
towards the hile.

Directly opposed, directe adversa. The point of the ra-
dicle turned towards the hile. Fraxinus, Composite, Um-
belliferae, Genista.

Opposed sideways, lateraliter adversa. Radicle turning
its side to the hile. Rosacez, Ricinus.

Inverted, znversa, aversa. Turned diametrically opposite
to the hile. Polygonum scandens, Acanthus, Ceratophyl-
lum cornutum.

Lateral, lateralis. Turned towards-some other point

than the tip or bottom of the seed. Commelina.

Superficial, superficialis. The seed having a perisperm,
the radicle spread on the surface of the kernel. Phoenix
dactylifera, Commelina.

€| High, alta, supera. Turned towards the summit
of the fruit: Borraginee, Prunus, Amygdalus, Ricinus,
Abietidese.

Low, demissa. Turned towards the base of the fruit.
Galium, Polemonium, Plantago stricta.

4

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 219
Centrifugal, centrifuga. Directed horizontally to the
side of the fruit. Ribes, Cucurbitace.
Centripetal, centripeta. Directed towards the centre of
the fruit. Cnothera, Citrus.

CoLEORHIZE.

Appendage to the radicle.. Coleorhiza. A fleshy sac
enclosing the radicle like a sheath. Gramines, Cycas,
Nymphea, Saururus, Piper.

VITELLUS.
i

Any part adhering to the embryo, which is neither cotyle-
don, nor plumule, nor radicle, not extending beyond the seed,
and withering during germination.

Bacillus. A fleshy part growing in the seed of hyacin-
thus instead of the cotyledon, from which it does not seem
to differ.

Blastus. That part of an embryo with a large radicle
that enlarges during germination.

Blastophore. ‘That part that supports the blastus. This.
is usually the vitellus of Geertner.

Epiblastus. An anterior appendage to the blastus of
some graminee.

Rhiziophysis. Appendages prolonged beyond the extre—
mities of the radicles. Nenuphar.

TIGELLE.

Tigella. That part of the plumule which lies between
the collar and the gemmule.

Visible, Tigella visililis. Apparent before germination.
Tropheolum, Faba, Nelumbo, Damasonium Dalechampil.

Inconspicuous, invisibilis. Scarcely developed before the
seed germinates. Allium, Pinus. ;

GEMMULE.

Gemmula. The small bud that is at the end of the
tigelle.

Sessile, Gemmula sessilis. ‘The tigelle being inconspi-
cuous, the gemmule appears as if seated on the collar with-
out any tigelle. Calla Aithiopica.

Pileolated, pileglata. Hidden under a pileole. Gra-
mine, Scirpus.

220 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

CoLuaRr.

Collum, Coarctura, Limes communis, Fundus plante,
Nodus vitalis. The plane interceding between the plumule
and the radicle, which afterwards becomes that between the
root and the stem; or the place where the fibres commence on
the one hand to rise up, and on the other hand to descend.

Ascending, Collum ascendens. Rising out of the ground
in germination, along with the plumule and cotyledons.
Abies, Mirabilis Jalapa, Avicennia.

Descending, descendens. Burying itself deeper in the
ground, during germination, along with the radicle. Da-
masonium Dalechampii.

As it is most frequently impossible to distinguish the
collar while in the seed, from the radicle, it is usually come
prehended under that name.

PLANTULE.
Plantula. The embryo when in a state of germination.

Acrospire, Acrospira. The plumule when it first bursts
out of the seed covers.

Seed leaves, Folia seminalia. - The cotyledons when ex-
panded by germination, and rising out of the ground.

Such are the different varieties of form to be found in
plants, taken in general; but a few tribes of them, such as
ferns, mosses, lichens, alee or marine plants, and mush-
rooms, differ so much in their structure, especially in the
organs destined for reproduction, that they require peculiar
terms to describe their parts.

AGAMOUS AND CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS.

Cormus, Anabasis, Frons. Every part of an agamous or
cryptogamous plant, except the roots or holdfasts, and the
organs of reproduction.

Sporangium, Perisporium. The part that immediately
contains the seeds or sporee, analogcus to the fruit of pha-
herogamous plants.

Spore, Spora, Sporata, Gongylus, Besimen. The repro-
ductive corpuscles of agamous plants, analogous to the seed
of sexual plants

. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 221

FERNS.

Stipes. ‘The stem, or rather leafstalk of a fern, as it is. 7
not alike on every side. PI. 8, fig. 8. sg

Sori. The groups-of capsules, usually seated on the back
of the frons or leaf. Pl. 19, fig. 15.

Involucrum, Indusium, Membranula, Glandule squamose.
A membrane that covers the sori, when young. PI. 19,
fig. 15.

See oale, Capsula. The vessel containing the sporee,
usually torn open when ripe by the force of the elastic ring.
Pl. 19, fig. 15 b, 16 and 17.

Elastic ring, Annulus elasticus, Gyrus, Gyroma. A stron
ligamentous belt surrounding the capsules. Pl. 19, fig. 16
and 17.

LycopropiacEa, &c.

Involucrum. 'The indehiscent envelope of the spori of the
marsileacez. .

Conceptacles, Conceptacula, Nephrosta. The coques that
contain the sori of the lycopodiacee. PI1.19, fig. 3, 6,7
and 11.

Mosses.

Surculus. The stem of a moss.

Perichetium, Perocidium, Perigonium. An involucre
composed of small floral leaves which surround the base of -
the organs of reproduction in mosses. PI. 20, fig. 7, 11.

Pericheetial leayes, Folia perichetialia. Imbricated, leaf-
like organs surrounding the reproductive organs. PI. 20,
fig. 11 a.

pare Fila succulenta. Fistular hairs divided into
cells, intermixed with the organs of reproduction in the
perichetia of mosses. PI. 20, fig.6 e, 11 b.

Urn, Capsule, Urna, Theca, Pyxidium, Capsula, Sporan-
gium, Anthera, Aggedula. 'The fruit of the mosses. Usually
dry, oblong or round, and covered with an operculum,
which separates when ripe by a transverse division. Pl. 20,
fig. 3, 4, 5 g, 9,10, 12, 14, 17. ;

Calpa. ‘The urn of fontinalis.

Pedicell. Seta, Stipes, Pedicellus. The footstalk that
supports the urn. PI. 20, fig. 4, 8 a. :

Gynocidium. A small enlargement at the base of the
pedicell.

Vaginule, Vaginula. A small membranaceous sheath
that surrounds the bottom of the pedicell.

222 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Apophysis, Stroma. A swelling at the base of the urn.
Polytrichum, Splachnum.
- Calypira. The scarious or membranaceous remains of
the perigonium, which is carried up with the urn when the
pedicell lengthens, and which covers the operculum like
a hood, . Pl. 20, fig. 3.
Operculum. A cover that lies over the orifice of the urn.
Pls20;1fes 9.
Conjunctorium. ‘The very small operculum of the Andrza.
Peristome, Peristoma. ‘The edge of the opening into the
urn, which is sometimes naked, sometimes surrounded with
a single or double row of teeth. Pl. 20, fig. 9, 10, 12, 14,
155 16;
Membranula. The fine membrane that supports the
teeth of the peristome. l
Teeth of the peristome, Dentes peristomatis, Blephare,
— pogon. The small jags that sometimes surround the
peristome. Pl. 20, fig. 15, 16.
Barlula. The bearded edge of mosses, formed by the
union of the teeth of the peristome. ‘Tortula.
Epiphragme, Epiphragma. A membrane stretched across
the peristome, which shuts up the urn. Polytrichum.
Pl. 20, fig. 10.
Fringe, Annulus, Fimbria. An elastic toothed mem-
brane, situated under the operculum.
Sporangidium. The panninterne of the urn. PI. 20,
fig. 5.

Columelle, Columella, Sporangidium. A threadlike pil-
lar in the centre of the urn to which the seeds are attached.
Pl. 20, fig. 5 c. ‘

Prosphyses. ‘Threads intermixed with the seeds or spores.

Hepatica, &c.

Capsule, Capsula, Involucrum, Receptaculum. The vessel
containing the seeds or spore. Pl. 19, fig. 20, 21, 23.

Elateres, crinule. ‘The elastic, membranous, twisted
threads that first attach the sporee to the capsule, and when
ripe, by their elasticity, disperse them. Pl. 19,afie.20e.

Raphide: A kind of bivalve pericarpium containing
spore. Anthoceros, Targionia.

Globulus. The globular capsule of the jungermanniz.

Colesula. A small membranaceous bag, containing sporae.
Jungermanniz, Marchantia.

Origoma. A conceptacle placed on the frond, resembling
abasket. Marchantia. PI. 19, fig. 23 b.

he

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. ' 223

LICHENS.

Frond, Frons, Thatlus, Receptaculum universale. The
frond or cormus of a lichen, containing spore or gongyli
dispersed through its substance.

Fibriis, Filrille. The rootlike holdfasts.

Cortical substance, Sxulstantia corticalis. ‘The external
substance of the frond.

Medullary substance, Sulstantia medullaris. The internal
substance of the frond, when it can be distinguished.

Podettum. An elevation of the thallus raising up the
apothecia. :

Podicellum. A very small, short podetium.

Apothecium, Thalamus, Receptaculum partiale. ‘The par-
tial receptacle of the gongyles either sessile or raised upon
‘a podetium, that are placed on the frond.

Apothecia vera, Organa feemina. The apothecia that are
more constant in their appearance, and of which only one
kind are found in the same individual.

Apothecia spuria, Apothecia accessoria, Organa mascula.
The apothecia less constant, and of which several kinds are
sometimes found on the same plant, including cephalodia,
cyphellz, pulvinuli, and perhaps soredia.

Scutelle. Orbicular sessile apothecia surrounded by an
edge similar to the thallus. Parmelia.

Patellule. Orbicular sessile apothecia, with a border
not similar to the thallus. Lecidea.

Lirelle. Sessile, lmear, winding apothecia, opening by
a longitudinal slit. Opegrapha.

Pilidia. Orbicular, hemispherical apothecia, whose sur-
face resolves into a powder. Calycium. :

Orlille. Apothecia placed on podetia, enlarged into a
disk, fringed or radiated on the edge. Usnea.

Peltz. Rather leatherlike apothecia, on the edge of the
thallus, without any edge, or a very narrow one, and co-
‘vered at first with a thin, gelatinous membrane. Physcia.

Trice, Gyromaia. Orbicular, sessile apothecia, with
rising folds in a spiral form, opening longitudinally, and
emitting capsules, or elytra, containing eight spores each.

Manimula. Apothecia which are sessile, but are more
convex than the scutelle or patellule, and have neither
edge or border. Coniocarpon.

Tulercule. Spherical apothecia, which contain within
them agglomerated globular spores. Verrucaria.

DPA INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

Cistule. Globular apothecia, at first closed, and filled

with spores adhering to filaments, afterwards splitting ir-
- regularly. Sphzerophorus.

Cephalodia. Apothecia like the patellula, but with
scarcely any edge, and the disk more convex. Stereo-
caulon.

Globules, Globule. Globular apothecia, falling off and
leaving a hollow wherein it-was inserted. Isidium.

Orliculus. Flat orbicular apothecia, placed in the pe-
ridium of the nidularia.

Stroma. Irregular apothecia in which the spore are
immersed. Spheeria.

Spherules, Spherule. Globular receptacles, opening at
top, and emitting the spore, mixed with a gelatinous pulp.

Cyphelle. 'Tubercles on the lower surface of the thallus,
from the cortical substance, and usually white or pale.
Sticta.

Pulvinuli. Branched tubercles, or shapeless masses co-
hering together, and appearing like little shrubs or globes
formed from the cortical substance of the thallus: they are
usually black or dark green. Parmelia.

Soredia. Whitish powder collected in small heaps, com-
posed apparently of unattached gongyli. Ramalina, Alec-
torla.

Nucleus proligerus, Lamina proligera. A cartilaginous
disk, distinct from the substance of the thallus, scarcely
ever split, but coming out whole from the apothecia, or
sometimes dissolving into a gelatinous substance, contain-
ing spore or gongyli.

Perithecuum. The visible cartilaginous or transparent
skin containing the nucleus proligerus. Verrucaria.—It is
probably present in all apothecia, but in many cannot be
seen.

Thalamia. Apothecia which consist of a nucleus proli-
gerus contained in a perithecium. Variolaria.

Gongyles, Gongyle, Propagines, Propagacula, Spore,
Semina. Opake, globular corpuscles, sometimes nestling
on the surface; still more frequent in the substance, parti-
cularly the cortical, of the thallus; and constantly present,
very copiously in the apothecia. © ers

INTRODUCTION YO BOTANY. aos"

Musurooms.

Stem, Stipes. The round footstalk that supports the
cap of pileiferous mushrooms. Agaricus.

Cap, Pilews. An expansion of the stem, usually hemi-
spherical or conical. Agaricus.

Volva. A membranaceous envelope surrounding the
whole mushroom while quite young, or in the egg-state.
Agaricus. :

Collar, Annulus. A membranaceous envelope covering
the cap while the plant is young, afterwards ruptured and
remaining round the stipes like a collar, either fixed,
Boletus annulatus; or moveable, Agaricus procerus.

Curtain, Cortina. <A kind of thready collar, or network,
which, after the rupture of it by the growth of the plant,
remains attached to the edge of the cap. Agaricus arané
osus, Agarici cortinarii.

HAymenium, Membrana fructificans. The part of the pi-
leus that contains the spore or gongyles.

Gills, Lamelle, Vene. Thin expansions of the hyme-
nium, either single, in pairs, or other determined number ;
sometimes distinct, sometimes anastomosing together.
Agaricus, Merulius.

Tubes, Tubi. Tubular expansions of the hymenium.
Boletus, Poria.

Capsule, Peridium, Involucrum. A dry, membranaceous
hollow vessel, filled with sporze or gongyles. Lycoperdon.

Perithecium. A hard, hollow receptacle, containing a
gelatinous substance filled with thecz.

Capellitium, MHairlike fibres, or elateres interwoven
with sporee into a globular or oval form, and contained in
a peridium.

Slime, Latex. A mucilaginous liquid containing the
sporee floating in it. Phallus, Clathrus.

Vesicles, Vesicule. Collections of spore united together.

Sporidia. Conceptacles containing spore. Puccinia.

Flocct. ‘Tubular threads intermixed with the spore.

-Cisti. Very small round conceptacles containing spore,
borne upon small footstalks. Mucor.

Cistophori. The footstalks that support the cisti. Mucor.

Seeds, Spore, Sporule. The reproductive corpuscles of
mushrooms. ;

VOL. I. 9

226 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

APPENDAGES.

Appendices, Appendicula. Small accessory parts of
planis added to other organs. The following have had
special names given to them.

‘| Wing, Ala. A membranous or leaflike appendage.

Ear, Auricula. A short, roundish appendage, placed on
the side of any part.

Tail, Cauda, — ura. A long, soft, flexible appendage,
placed at the end of any part, like the tail of an animal.

Wart, Verruca. A small, roundish protuberance, rather
soft and compact.

Nipple, Papilla. A small, long, soft, compact protu-
berance.

Papule, Papula. A roundish, soft protuberance, con-
taining a fluid. |

Lens, Lenticula. A roundish or oblong spot on the
smooth bark of young trees.

Pit, Fovea. A slight depression. .

q Fleeciness, Villosity, Villus. Numerous soft hairs,
placed close together. i

Down, Pubes. Soft hairs, not very close to one another.

Rough coat, Hirsuties. Numerous long hairs.

Wool, Wooliness, Lana, Lanugo, —erion. Long, soft
hairs, much interwoven together.

Cotton, Tomentum. Long, crisp hairs, much inter-
woven.

Velvet, Velumen. Very close, soft, short, even-topped
hairs.

Fringe, Cilium. [Rather stiff hairs, placed on the edge
of any part.

Beard, Barba, — pogon. Hairs disposed in a tuft, or in
any regular order.

Awn, Arista, —athera. A stiff hair, or threadlike point
inserted at the end, or on the back of any part, and not
arising from the lengthening out of any rib. _

Bristle, Seta, — cheta. A stiff hair, usually attached to
the end of any part, and appearing to be the prolongation
of a rib.

Crine, Crinus. Stiff hair, like that of horses’ tails, grow-
ing on any part. '

Apicule, Apiculus. A hair, or hairlike point, not very
stiff, but acute and short, placed at the end of any part.

Cusp, Cuspis. A long, needlike, rather stiff termination
of any part.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 227

Mucro. A stiff, straight terminal point to any part.

Hook, Hamus, Rosiellum, Uncus.. A crooked. point.

Glochis. Fine, stiff hair, with branches bent back.

Sting, Sizmulus. Fine hair, rather stiff, causing an itch-
ing when touched. Urtica.

4] Scale, Squama, — lepis. A: small, membranaceous, or
scarious appendage to any part.

Chaff, Paleze. Small scales intermixed among flowrets
or seeds.

Sériga. A narrow, long scale, approaching to a hair.»

CHARACTERS.

The authors of the Linnzan school have introduced
the uses of characters to denote terms that often occur.
The following are those most usually employed, as being
found in most printing-houses, and not requiring any extra
expense of casting on purpose.

©. An annual plant; because the earth takes a year to
perform its motion round the sun.

6. A biennial plant; because Mars takes nearly two
years to perform its revolution. ©

4%. A perennial plant; because Jupiter takes several
years to perform its revolution.

. A tree or shrub; because Saturn takes nearly thirty
years to perform its revolution.

6. A male individual among plants.
¢. A female individual.
%. An hermaphrodite plant,

+. A plant not seen by the: author, and therefore in-
serted with some degree of doubt.

I. II. to XII. are used to express the months in which
the plants flower, beginning with January.

De Candolle has introduced. a greater number of cha-
racters, but as they are not yet current among other writers,
they do not require any notice to be taken of them, espe-
cially as contractions are at all times far superior to cha-
‘racters, and-more convenient for printing.

QZ

228 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

4. On making a Collection of dried Plants, Fruits, and Seeds.

THE most exact description, and the most accurate

‘drawings or engravings of plants, are necessarily imper-

fect; and it is absolutely necessary for a botanist to see the
plants themselves. And as plants soon go out of flower,
and perish, it is also equally requisite to devise some me-
thod of preserving them, or at least their most important
parts, so that they may be re-examined at any subsequent
period, and compared together at pleasure.

For this purpose Botanists have at all times made col-
lections of dried plants, under the name of an herbarium,
or hortus siccus: and since the examination of the fruits
and seeds of plants have been found of such great use in
detecting the natural analogies of plants, there has bee
added to this collection that of fruits and seeds. Z

The drying of plauts is a very simple operation, if the

botanist is provided with plenty of paper, - A plant in full
flower, or if too large, a branch only, is the -most necessary ;
specimen to be kept; but if opportunity will admit, others, é

in various stages of growth should be collected and pre- .

served. a 4

The specimen should be laid down flat upon a leaf of
paper, and spread out so that the several parts may not
cross over each other, nor be put into an unnatural and
forced position. The sheet thus charged with the plant is
then to be placed between several other leaves or sheets of
dry paper, and slightly compressed, either by weights put
upon a board placed over’ them, or by the screw-press,
commonly used for linen. When several plants are laid
down at once, a number of empty sheets, or leaves of paper,
should be placed between each charged leaf; the more’ the
better and the seldomer do they require to be changed,
which must be done every day, or oftener, especially if the
paper is used sparingly. When only a-few specimens are
dried at once, and they are not very succulent, it is suf-
ficient to put them between the leaves of an old book of
sufficient size and thickness. The great point is to prevent
the colours of the flowers from changing, and this is best

obtained by hastening the drying; which, when the botanist

is pressed for time and convenience, is sometimes done by
ironing them over with a hot smoothing iron, such as are

used by Jaundresses, and which can be procured by the tra- -

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 229

veller at most inns, the plant being covered with paper to
protect it from the iron.

Some plants are so vivacious that they continue to grow,
even when dried and placed upon paper; and others are
apt to lose their leaves; the remedy for both these defects is
to dip them for a few minutes in boiling water.

When the plants are dried, they should be placed upon
leaves of paper of a proper size, either foolscap folio, or
demy quarto; which last size is in general sufficient, and
should a long grass occasionally require more room it may
be laid down on a double leaf, and then folded. The
mosses, being almost universally minute plants, require only
an octavo or even duodecimo leaf. The plants are gene-
rally fastened down with paste, gum-water, isinglass-jelly,
or, still better, a mixture of the two latter: other botanists
sew them down, or fasten them by narrow slips of paper
passed through slits made in the leaf. In the first me-
thod, it is difficult to take the plants off for re-examination
and comparison, and paste is apt to attract insects; while,
in the second method, the threads and ends of the slips
catch hold of the plants placed on the sheet below them,
and derange, if not in some measure destroy, these plants:
upon the whole, the fastening of the specimens by slips of
paper glued down at each end seems preferable: to any
other mode, and attended with the fewest inconveniences.

No more than one species of plants should be fastened
upon the same leaf, and the leaf should be subscribed with
its different names, or at least with that of the botanical
author in most repute; to this name should be added the
place and time, where and when it was gathered, or from
whom procured.

Botanical writings being usually arranged either in the
alphabetical order of the names as in dictionaries, or in
what are called artificial systems, according to the differ-
ences observable in any particular set of organs chosen by
the author, as the phanerogamous plants are arranged by
Linneus, according to the number, situation, and con-
nexion of their sexual organs, and the cryptogamous plants
by their general appearance; or, lastly, in the natural
method, founded upon the analogy and relation subsisting
between plants, so far as they have been discovered: so the
specimens thus collected may be arranged in either. While
the collection is yet in its infancy, the alphabetical order is
not improper; as the student advances in the science, the
artificial system adopted as a guide will be found more

g--

230 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

convenient; but he cannot too soon endeavour to become
acquainted with the natural method, and arrange his col-
lection by it: this being the ultimate goal of the science, to
which the two other arrangements are merely subordinate.

Whatever arrangement is adopted, the leaves charged
with the plants of the same genus, or, in other words, which
bear the same common or family name, as the various
kinds of poppy, papaver, mint, mentha, Xe. are to be‘col-
lected together and placed between the fold of a sheet of
paper, inscribed with the common name: when this com-
mon, or generic name as it is called, comprises a great
number of species, as in willow, sa/ix, rose, rosa, the genus
must be divided into sections, and a sheet allotted to each
section.
These genera, or first divisions, are then to be distri-
buted into larger collections, either by their initial letters,
orders, or families, and each of these grand divisions placed
in a kind of port-folio, usually made of strong blue or car
tridge paper, and inscribed with its proper distinction.

Lastly, these port-folios are to be placed methodically
in a cabinet of a proper size, the shelves of which are
either the size of the port-folios, or which will hold two or
more of them. Linnzus and Withering have given sections
of such cabinets, with the shelves placed at different dis-
tances, so as to hold the plants of one of their classes in
the order in which they occur in their systems; but as the
ereater divisions of both the natural and artificial arrange-
ments are very unequal, so that some shelves are ordered
by them to be only two and others fourteen inches apart;
this is very awkward, and it is far better to have the shelves
at equal distances, and to mark, by appropriate labels, the
contents of each shelf.

When, instead of a general collection, the botanist in-
tends cnly a collection of the piants of the country in which
he lives, and there exists any good systematic catalogue of
them, it may be sufficient, if he procure a sufficient number
of folio or quarto volumes of blue or cartridge paper, having
the alternate leaves cut out within an inch of the back, -as
are sufficient for the large plants, and writing the names ‘of
the several species at the head of the pages, allowing one te
each, fills them up as he procures the plants, and dries them:
in ‘many cases, when the plants are not succulent, they may
be put at once in their place. The mosses may havea
similar series of octavo or duodecimo volumes allotted for

i La ‘ Se ae ae
Ee rn gn, Le ier ae Oy

a od

ee ees

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 23

them. In like manner medical students may proceed with
respect to the plants of the materia medica.

Succulent fruits and seeds can only be preserved in spirit
of wine, or saturated brine, changing it when it becomes
‘too highly coloured: the dry fruits and seeds require no
other care thanto prevent the ravages of insects.

Mushrooms may be dried by being buried in ‘very dry |
sand, and placed in a warm situation: but some of these
are so watery, that they cannot be preserved even in this
or any other known method.

To prevent the destruction cf this collection by the in-
sects, which soon begin to attack some tribes of plants,
especially the acrid’ and pungent families of the crucifere
and euphorbiacez, as also the composite and umbelliferze,
the best method seems to be the washing over of the spe-
cimens with a hair pencil charged with a solution of cor-
rosive sublimate in spirit of wine, after which no insect
can touch them: but as foreigners always examine plants|
by their taste, as well as their other characters, it wili be’
necessary to notice this impregnation, either at the com-
mencement of the series, or by annexing some mark‘to
each plant thus treated.

5. On the Names of Plants.

The old botanists, studying things rather than words,
and more engaged in finding the uses of the plants that
grew the most abundantly around them, or were imported
by the merchants, than in forming catalogues to compre-
hend all that nature or the province produced, contented
themselves with the names given to the best known plants
by the peasantry of the country, and which, when we can
discover their true etymology, are ‘usually strikingly signi-
ficative of them, or refer to their use in medicine, economy,
or the arts; and as to the less known ones, they referred
them from their appearance to some of the better known
plants; and if they had occasion to mention them, they
added to the name of the better known plants such short
phrases as they judged necessary to explain the difference. -
By this means each of the well known plants, the rose, rue,
pea, &c. and sometimes the cultivated varieties of them, as
chasselas, muscats, became, to use our modern language,
the type of a genus, the species of which were distinguished
by descviptive phrases, of greater or less length, as the dif-
ferences were more or less distinctly marked, as the white

232 INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

rose, musk-rose, garden-rue, meadow-rue. In some cases,
when the smallness of the plants, as in mosses, or their
common use did not require accurate discrimination, as in

' grasses, these genera were inconveniently long, and they
required a-Rne or two of description for their distinction,
as Gramen paniculatum nemorosum, latiore folio, glabrum,
panicula nutante non aristata (now called schenodorus
elatior, see vol. ii. p.115): but in justice to the old botanists
it must be confessed that these long names, the plants not
being of any use, were to be found only in catalogues;
whilst those which frequently occurred seldom exceeded
two or three words, and most commonly were designated
by a single word.

The distress induced by the conquest of the South of

Europe by the Northern nations having abolished the use
of garlands in feasts, and of course the cultivation of
flowers, there remained only the economical and medicinal
uses of plants to engage persons in the study of them;
hence the appellation of physic-gardens given to the oldest
collections of living plants: but the conquest of Mexico
by the Spaniards having introduced a taste for the cultiva-
tion of flowers from that city, and the novel appearance
of the vegetation of the new Continent a similar taste for
collecting rare plants, the name of physic-garden became
changed into that of botanic- garden.

These new plants requiring new distinctions, they not
being in many cases referrible to European types, and their
native names, either unknown, or barbarous to our ears and
refractory to cur mode of orthography, occasioned bo-
tanists to turn their attention to the forming of a regular

nomenclature. Gesner first proposed that all plants having
similar flowers and fruits should be called by a common
name; a rule which, in many cases, required the disuse of
the old substantives, and the supplying of their place by
adding distinctive phrases to those substantives that were
retained. Rivinus, agreeing with Gesner in the main, first
limited the accompanying discrimination to a single adjec-
tive. Linnzus adopted this restriction of what he called
the trivial name, to a single word; but used, in some cases,
the old substantive denoting the plant in apposition with
the new one, as Triticum Spelta, Artemisia Absinthium.
In a few instances he violated his own rules, and used two
words for his generic or specific name, as Liquid ambar
styraciflua, Ros marinus officinalis, Alisma Plantago aqua-
tiea, Amomum Granum Paradisi, Mimosa Unguis cati.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 238

The regularity of this nomenclature was hailed as a great
improvement, and as a means of fixing the names of plants;
indeed, as long as the Species Plantarum of Linnzus him-
self was considered as the common repertory of botanists,
it was such; and this advantage would have remained if
he had been incapable of error, or botany remained sta-
tionary: but further researches have shown that many of
his species do not agree with the generic character, and
of course they have since been removed to other genera;
-that several are collections of a number of species, or even
of several genera of plants, and of course have been di-
vided; while new plants have been discovered which are
not comprehended in his writings.

The rapidity of these alterations, and the number of the
-works in which they are scattered, exceeding the power of
the enumerators of plants to collect together as fast as they
are proposed, obliges those writers who have occasion to
mention a number of plants, not only to quote once for
all the repertory, or pinax, from whence the generality of
the names they use are taken, whether it be the Species
Plantarum of Linneus, or of Willdenow, the Synopsis
Plantarum of Persoon, the Dictionnaire de la Botanique
of Lamarcke, the Systema Vegetabilium of Roemer and
Schultze, the Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale of De
Candolle, or any other similar work; but also to annex to
the other names not taken from this more common re-
pertory, the bcoks, and frequently the editions, from
whence they are taken, as modern botanical authors often
change the names they have themselves given to plants.
This necessity of quoting the works from whence the
names are taken, because the same name has been used by
different authors, or even by the same author in different
works, or editions, to denote different plants, renders the
supposed advantage of what is falsely called the Linnzan
nomenclature, since Rivinus was the original proposer,
and which appears so brief and regular in theory, not only
a mere nullity in practice, but in reality proves its infe-
riority to the old method of adding specific differences
to the generic name, when this method is corrected by the
canon of Linneus, that the distinctions should be taken
from what may be observed in the plant itself, and not
from its place of growth or other extraneous circumstances,
although the convenience of these being noted as accessories
are acknowledged and used by all; since neither have the

¥

234. INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY.

majority of readers the power of referring to so many
works, some probably very expensive; nor does the mere
quoting of these trivial names, and the works in which
they are used, give the same satisfaction to the reader, as
common types with specific differences, while it is equally
long in reading, although, from the contractions used in
printing the titles of the books, it appears much shorter
to the eye, it is not so easy to remember.

To avoid in part these inconveniences, it has lately been
proposed, when plants are removed from one genus to an-
other, to give the preference, in all cases, to the adjunct
given by Linneus himself, or the first of his followers who
has mentioned the plant, unless this adjunct has been al-
ready applied to some other species in the genus into which
it is removed: but the changes made by Linneeus, and still
more those by his followers, have so embroiled the science,
in applying the names of the older authors to far different
plants than those to which they were originally applied; as
melia, a name given by the ancients to a species of ash, is
applied by them to an Indian shrub; bromelia, another
species of Grecian ash, to an American tree; and gingidium,
the name of a Greek umbelliferous plant, to a plant of the
South Sea Islands; that it would appear necessary to go
still further back, and to establish as a canon, that the
name given to a plant by the oldest author, who has so
described, or otherwise designated the plant, in the lan-
guage in which we speak or write, as to render us certain
of its due application to the plant of which we treat, shall
be esteemed the preferable name for it, although the sub-
stantive should not be the same as the name of the genus
under which it is arranged in the system that may happen
to be in fashion; indeed, if this anomaly should, contrary
to the opinion and practice of Ray, who always used: the
names of the authors whose writings were In common cir-
culation, although the substantive might be different, be
esteemed of any consequence, the method used by Boer-
haave, of connecting the name of the genus when different
from the substantive, by the introduction of the relative
and the ellipsis of the substantive verb, in the manner by
which the synonyms of Ray have been quoted, as for ex-
ample, the adiantum album crispum alpinum of Schwenck-
feld being placed by Ray in his genus, Filix foemina, is
thus quoted in vol. ii. p. 16, Filix feemina que (est) Adi-

~antum album, &c. By this means alone can the perma-

.

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 235

nence of names be secured and joined with the advantages
derived from a systematic arrangement, since it appears of
little consequence to retain the adjective, common perhaps,
as latifolins, multiflorus, and the like, to an hundred
plants, if the substantive, or original generic name, be
alterable at the pleasure of every systematist.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE THE FIRST.

ANATOMY OF THE STEM.

Fig. 1. Platanus orientalis, Salicine. A transverse
section of a young branch, to exhibit the organization,
which is similar to that of the greater part of dicotyledon
trees.

Fig. 2. A magnified representation of a portion cut out
of the above section.

ato b. Bark.

atoc. Outer part of the bark, dry and disorganized.

b toc. The live part of the bark.

cto d. A part of the bark which is continually pushed
to the circumference.

btod. Inner part of the bark, called the /iber or bast.

e. The origin of the medullary radii that fill up the in-
terstices of the wood, and which are formed of the cellular
tissue of the bark. —

f. The extremity of the filaments that form the inter-
stices of the wood.

btoi. The woody mass, composed of three zones, or
layers, b—g, g—h, and h—7,

htoi. The oldest of the three layers.

toh. The second layer.

btog. The third or youngest layer.

b, g, and h. Zones which show the periods when the ve-
getation slackened.

ito k. Pith.

Fig. 3. Ptychosperma gracilis. Palme. Vertical and
transverse section of the stem, to show the difference be-
tween the stems of monocotyledon plants and those of di-
cotyledon plants.

Fig.4. A magnified figure of the same.

ato l. That part of the stem where the hardest woody
fibres are the most closely collected together.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 237

b toc. Fibres less numerous, less thick, less compact,
and less hari.

c to d. Weak fibres at a greater distance from one ano-
ther: in the centre of each of which there is a tube which
has been filled up in the fibres a tol and l toc. The cel-
lular tissue is evidently more considerable in this part than
in the space D toc, and still more than in the space-a to 0,
where the wood predominates.

e. The oldest fibres.

Jf: The fibres of a middle age.

_g. The youngest fibres. ‘This arrangement shows that
the growth of the wood is entirely different from that in
the stem of dicotyledon plants.

h. Union of the woody fibres as they run along the stem.

Fig. 5. Vitis vinifera. Vinifere. A vertical and dia-
metrical section of a young branch magnified.

ato b. Bark.

b to c. Wood.

eto d. Pith.

e. Woody fibre of the bark.

jf: Medullary rays.

g. Cellular tissue, constituting the solid part of the wood.

f. Large porous or slit tubes.

z. A double trachea, or air vessel.

k. Cells of the pith.

i, Porous cells.

238. EXPLANATION OF THE. PLATES,

PLATE THE SECOND.
Roots. —
Fig. 1. Orchis militaris. Orchidee. Root scrotiform.

a. Old tuber, that. sent up and nourished the stem of
the preceding season.

t. New tuber, that sent up and nourished the present
year’s stem.

c. Fibrous radicles.

Fig. 2. Arum Italicum. Aroidee. Root progressive,

tuberous.—a. Turions.

Fig. 3. Neottia abortiva. Orchidee. Root grumous.

Fig. 4. Gratiola officinalis. Scrofularine, Root: hori-
zontal, progressive, jointed, fibrous at the joints. This
root, or rhizoma, formed by the base of the stem, is fre-
quently kneed..

Fig. 5. Arrhenatherum elatius. Graminee. Root knotty,
jointed, comose at the joints.—This root is formed by the
base of the culm, the joints of which are swollen.

Fig.6. Helianthus tuberosus. Composite. Root fibrous
and. tubercular.

Fig.7. Succisa Fuchsii.. Dipsacee. Root bitten, and
having fibrous radicles.

Fig. 8, Ixia polystachia. Iridee. Root fibrous, bulb-
bearing.—a. Bulb placed above, coated.

Fig.9. Asphodelus ramosus. Asphodelee. Root fasci-
culate.

Fig. 10. Saxifraga granulata. Saxifragee. Root co-
mose, bulbille-bearing; bulbilles scaly. :

Fig.11. Allium nutans. Asphodelee. Root progressive,
bulb-bearing at a, seal-like at 4, fibrous at d.

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EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES; 2389

PLATE THE THIRD..
Bulbs.

Fig. 1; Allium sativum. Asphodelee.-- Rodt fibrous,
bulb-bearing; bulb ovoid, rounded, compound, coated.—
a. Cloves. da et: Ss,

Fig. 2. Lilium candidum. Liliacee. Root. fibrous,
bulb-bearing; bulb ovoid, scaly. rs

Fig. 3. Cepa esculenta. Asphodelee. Root fibrous;
bulb-bearing ; bulb roundish, coated.—Cut transversely. to
show the fleshy coats of which it was composed.

Fig. 4. Gladiolus. Iridee. Root fibrous, bulb-bearing;
bulb roundish, tuberous, coated; coats fibrous.—Cut trans-
versely to show the structure of the turion.

Fig. 5. Syringa vulgaris. Jasminee. Branch bearin
buttons; buttons mixed, opposite, covered with a scaly
perule.—Cut transversely to show the thyrse of flowers
formed in the autumnal buttons.

Fig. 6. Daphne florida. Thymelee. Branch with flower-
bearmg buds on the sides, and a leaf-bearing’ bud at the
end; perules scaly. Cut transversely to show the internal
structure of the leaf-bud.

Fig. 7. Hippophae littoralis.. El@agnea. Part of a
young stem, cut vertically.

a. Bark.

b. The second layer of wood in the stem which becomes
the first in the branches.

c. Stem.

d. Branches.

e. The first layer of wood in the stem, which being
formed before the branches does not enter into them.

fer Pith.

Figs. 8 to 21. Represent various diposition. of the leaves
and floral covers in their buds.

Fig. 8. Convolute. Fig. 15. Folded.

Fig. 9. Involute. Fig. 16. Enveloping.

Fig. 10. Revolute. Fig. 17. Riding, alternately.
Fig. 11. Conduplicate. Fig. 18. Involute, oppositely.
Fig. 12. Riding, oppositely. Fig. 19. Involute, alternately.
Fig. 13. Opposite. Fig. 20. Revolute, oppositely.

Fig. 14. Mutually riding. Fig. 21. Riding, oppositely.

240 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE THE FOURTH.

Leaves.

Fig. 1. Poa arenosa. Graminee.

a. Leaf long, linear.

b. Petiole sheathing; sheath slit.

c. Ligule scalelike.

Fig. 2. Plantago. Plantaginee. Leaf oval, rounded,
pointed, many-ribbed.

Fig. 3. Chamzerops humilis. Palm@. Leaves terminal,
crowning, petioled, fanshaped, digitate, folded when young ;
petioles having foliolean spines.

Fig. 4. Podocarpus elongata. Conifer@. Leaf linear.

Fig. 5. Pinus Strobus. Alietidee. Leaves fasciculate,
in fives, needlelike. \

Fig. 6. Vitis-Idea punctifolia. Vacciniee. Leaf oval,
not in the least cut, dotted; edge cartilaginous.

Fig. 7. Sida rhombifolia. Malvacee. Leaf nearly rhom-
boid, lanceolate, toothed.

Fig. 8. Quercus longzva. Corylidee. Leaf oblong,
sinuated.

Fig. 9. Barbarea vulgaris. Crucifer@. Leaf lyrate.

Fig. 10. Salvia officinalis. Laliate. Leaf oval, lanceo-
late, eared, crenulate.

Fig. 11. Taraxacum officinale. Composite. Leaf run-
cinate.

Fig. 12. Solanum pyracanthos. Solanee. Leaf lanceo-
late, nearly pinnatifid, thorny.

Fig. 13. Sonchus fruticosus. Composite. Leaf lanceo-
late, pinnatifid.

Fig. 14. Potentilla anserina. Dryadee. Leaf inter-
ruptedly pinnate, jointless.

Fig. 15. Cassia occidentalis. Leguminosae. Leaf pari-
pinnated, jointed; petiole having a cupshape gland a at
the base. )

Fig.16. Gleditsia monosperma. Leguminose. Leaf
pari-pinnate, jointed ; secondary petioles three-paired ; leaf-
lets many-paired ; spine super-axillary, three-forked.

Fig. 17. Vicia. Leguminose. Leaf impari-pinnate,
jointed, tendril bearing.

Fig. 18. Coreopsis ferulzefolia. Composite. Leaf bipin-
nate, twice compounded, jointless.

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EXPLANATION OF THE. PLATES. Oh)

PLATE THE FIFTH:

: Leaves.

Fig. 1. Leaf pedate. feet

Fig. 2.. Leaf compound, pedate.

Fig. 3. Leaf pedately ribbed.

Fig. 4. Cercis Canadensis. Leguminos@. Leaf eas
heartshape, pointed, wrinkled.

Fig. 5. Fagopyrum esculentum. Polygone@. Leaf heart-
shape, arrowshape. :

Fig. 6. Sterculia platanifolia. Sterculiacee. Leaf five-
lobed.

Mig.7. Passiflora. serrata. Passifloree. Leaf seven-
parted, divisions lanceolate, toothed; petiole glandular ;
glands pedicelled.

Fig. 8.. AAsculus macrostachia. -Acerinee, Leaf. digi-
tate, + seven leafletted, jointed.

Fig.9. Rhus glaucum. Terebinihacee. Leaf three-
leafletted, jointed; leaflets reverse-heartshape.

Fig. 10. Cussonia spicata. .Araliacee. Leaf digitate,
seven 1 leafletted ; leaflets pinnately vertebrated.

Fig. 11. Pzonia officinalis. Ranunculacee. Leaf three-
parted, twice compounded.

Fig. 12.. Mimosa Unguis cati. Leguminose. Leaf bi-
- geminate.

Fig.13. Hedysarum gyrans.. Leguminose. “ Leaf pin-
nate, three leafletted, jointed.

Fig. 14. Mimosa purpurea. Leguminose. Leaf finger
pinnate, jointed; leaflets four-paired.

Fig. 15. Hydrogeton fenestralis. Family. wnknown. Leaf
reverse oval, notched at top, multiple ribbed, veined trans-
versely, cancellated.

Fig. 16. Melastoma elazeagnoides. Melastomee. ‘Leaf
lanceolate, three-ribbed, not-in the least cut.

VOL. I. R

“

Be: EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE THE SIXTH.

Leaves.

Fig. 1. Epimedium alpinum. Berleridee. Leaf thrice
compounded, triternate; leaflets heartshape, fringed.

Fig.2. Melastoma Lima. Melastomee. Leaf elliptical,
pointed, toothed, bullate, rough, quintuple ribbed.

Fig. 8. Melastoma multiflora. Melastomee. Leaf lan-
ceolate, toothed, triple ribbed.

Fig. 4. Erythroxylum cocca. Malpighiacee. Leaf lan-
ceolate, not in the least cut, three-ribbed with veins conti-
nued over the ribs. 2

Fig. 5. Orobanche major. Orobanchee. Leaf scalelike.

Fig. 6. Asperula odorata. Rubiaceae. Leaves in whirls
by nines, lanceolate.

Fig. 7. Glaucium luteum. Papaveracee. Leaves heart-
shape, angular, embracing.

Fig. 8. Silphium perfoliatum. Composite. Leaves tra-
pezoid, toothed, opposite, conjoined.

Fig. 9. Hydrocotyle vulgare. Umbellifere. Leaf orbi-
cular, deeply crenulated, peltate.

Fig. 10. Bupleurum rotundifolium. Umbellifere. Leaf
oval, pointed, perfoliated. :

Fig. 11. Coreopsis alata. Composite. Leaves opposite,
nearly lanceolate, decurrent.

Fig. 12. Persicaria maculosa. Polygonee. Leaf oval,
lanceolate.

-a. Stipule sheathing.

Fig. 18. Passiflora glauca. Passifloree. Leaf three-
lobed, nearly peltate; petiole glandular; stipules cauline,
half-moonlike; tendrils axillary.

Fig. 14, Clematis orientalis. Ranunculacee. Leaves
three-lobed; petioles tendril-like.

Fig. 15. Genista sagittalis. Leguwminose. Branches
two-winged, or three-winged ; leaves oval, sharp.

Fig. 16. Ribes spinosum. Grossularie. Leaf five-
Jobed; spine inferaxillary, three-parted.

Fig.17. Paliurus aculeatus. Rhamnee. Prickle stipulean,
reflected.

Fig, 18. Vitis Virginiana. Vinifere. Leaf heart-shape,
three-lobed; tendril opposite.

SF Shury scusp.

7 Vila ate ate HOG vA Melos bao be i ae
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London, Published by Baldwin, Gadock: & Joy Latemoster Kow Vov 28 21.

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Bi London, Lublished ly Baldwin, Gadock & Joy. Paternoster Kow Nov 1298 21.

Bs ‘ . s
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 4) 243

PLATE THE SEVENTH.

Inflorescence.

Fig. 1. Ammi majus. Umlellifere. Fiowers in a.com-
pound umbell. 7”

a. Involucrum.

£. Involucellum. . i

Fig.2. Achillea crithmifolia. Composite. Calathides

_ disposed in a corymbus.

Fig. 3. Heliotropium Indicum. Boraginee. Spike cir-

‘ cinate ; flowers one-sided.

Fig. 4. Syringa vulgaris. Jasminee. Flowers in a

yise. a"

fig. 5. Populus tremula. Salicinee. iF lowers of the
female plant in a catkin.

Fig. 6. A detached flower of the same, to show the
palmated, fringed bractea upon which it is supported.

Fign he Cephalanthus occidentalis. Ruliacee. Flowers
in a head.

Fig. 8. Sambulus humilis. Caprifolracee. Flowers in
a cyme.

Fig. 9. Allium obliquum. Asphodelee. Flowers in a
simple umbell or bouquet; spathe two-valved; scape three-
sided.

Fig. 10. Dianthus capitatus. Caryophyllee. Flowers in
a bundle.

Fig.11. Arum maculatum. Arozdee. Spadix separated
from the spathe. =

a. Tip clubshaped.

i. Ring of Bicnde about the middle, each terminated by
a filament.

c. Ring of sessile anther s, below the glands.

d. Ring of sessile conglomerated ovaries, at the base.

Fig. 12. The flowers 2 the same, in their spathe.

a. The hoodlike spathe.

£. The lower bellying part of the spathe.

c. The spadix.

R 2

7) EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

%

PLATE THE EIGHTH.

Inflorescence.

Fig. 1. Lolium perenne. Graminee. Spike spikeletted.
Fig. 2. Smilax herbacea. Smilacee.
a. Tendrills stipulean.
b. Umbell simple or bouquet, axillary, Hemmacdited
c. Leaf nearly heartshape, oval, seven-ribbed.
Fig.3. Xylophylla montana. Euphorbiaceae. Flowers on
the edge of the leaf; leaf lanceolate, toothed.
Fig. 4. Monarda didyma. Laliate. Whirl true, many-
flowered, leafed, bracteated.
Fig. 5. Cyclamen vernum. Primulacee.
a. Root tuberous, depressed.
é. Leaves and flowers radical.
Pe c. Scape one-flowered, spiral before the flowering.
d. Flower drooping.
Fig. 6. Cerasus racemosa. Drupacee. Raceme hanging
Fig. 7. Holeus Halepensis. Graminee. Panicle loose.
Fig. 8. Polypodium aureum. Filices.
a. Root progressive.
6. Leaves pinnatifid, bearing the fr uetification upon the
lower face.
Fig. 9.' Pilularia globulifera. Marsileacee.
a. Stem creeping.
b. Leaves threadlike, awlshape.
c. Involucrums globular, closed, axillary.

“Page 244,00

* Bi

- INFLORESCENCE,

DOD

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poster lowNov? 2248.22.

London Lublished by Laldwin, Cadock & Joy, Laterne

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London, Published by Baldwin, Gadock & Joy, Laternoster Kow Nov l7 977.321.

Tk: Au
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. = = @45

oe PLATE THE ‘NINTH.

Flowers.

Fig. 1. Cupressus sempervirens, Cupressidee. Male

catkin, long, composed of about twenty opposite bracteze,

dilated at top into a scale, and having at bottom four glo-
bular anthers, one-celled and sessile, as at a.

_ Fig. 2. A-bractea detached from the male cathin of the
same, and seen from behind, with its four anthers opened.

Fig. 3. The bottle-shape cupule of abe same cut length-
ways, and much magnified.

a. The female flower ; : pereataaia simple, adherent ;
stigma sessile.

Fig.4. The female catkin of the same. The orifices of
the minute cupules are visible among the bractee.

Fig. 5. Larix Europea. <Alietidece. A scale or bractea
of the otaale catkin, having at its base two cupules.

a. The two cupules, bottleshape.

b. The scalelike peduncle supporting the cupules; these
peduncles enlarge after flowering, much more than the
bractea itself.

Fig. 6. Huracrepitans. Euphorbiacee. A male flower
detached from the catkin. |

a. The perianthium.

. Androphore thick, cylindrical, with two rows of an-
thers in whirls.

Fip. 7. Euphorbia Illyrica. Euphorbiaceae. The many-
flowered calathide.

a. Involucrum.

6. Female flower in the centre, formed of a pedicelled
ovary, with three two-lobed stigmata.

c. Male flowers several, composed of a single stamen,
articulated upon a pedicell ; anthers twin.

dg. Filament jointed.

Fig. 8. Hyacinthus cernuus. Asphodelee. Pengoninm
monosepalous, six-parted.

Fig. 9. Ixia Chinensis. Iridee. Perigonium adherent,
lobes spreading, stamens three, style three-cut.

Fig. 10. Borrago officinalis. Boraginece. Calyx five-
“parted, open; corolla wheel-like, five-parted, orifice of the
tube having bosses, a; surrounding it.

Mig.11. Centranthus marinus. ‘Valerianee. The entire

flower; calyx adherent, limb rolled inwards, which be-—

comes a pappus after the flowering.; corolla tubular, spur-
red, \imb irregular; stamen one: style one.

3

ag

ee

2460 0 @~*# EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. |

Fi p12. Echium vulgare. Boraginee. _ Calyx,, five-

rted; corolla irregular, tube short, orifice bellshape,
limb oblique, 5-lobed, lobes unequal; stamens 5; stigma
2-cut.

a. A bractea, or floral leaf.

Fig. 18. Eriostomum Germanicum. Laliate. Corolla
2-lipped, tube short; upper lip or galea ascending, lower
lip bent down.

Fig. 14. Sideritis Canariensis. Labiate. Calyx tubular,
5-toothed ; corolla tubulous, 2-lipped, lips short and equal.

Fig. 15. Plectranthus punctatus.- Laliaie. Calyx five-
toothed, upper tooth the largest; corolla two-lipped,
lying down, upper lip short, turned back, 2-lobed; lower
lip bent in, 3-lobed, middle lobe hollow; stamens lying
down.

Fig. 16. Scabiosa agrestis. Dipsacee. Calathide flos-
cular.

Fig. 17. A central flower of the same; calyx double.

corolla tubular, limb lobed, unequal; stamens 4, exserted.

a. External calyx. bottleshape.

&. Internal calyx, divided into awns.

fig. 18. A flower from the circumference of the same
calathide; having the limb of the corolla much larger;
style 1.

Fig. 19. Andryala cheiranthifolia. Composite. Calathide
semifloscular, cut transversely.

a. Clinanthe hairy, supporting the ligulate flowers 62 8.

Fig. 20. A ligulate flower of the same.

a. Fruit crowned by the calycine pappus.

6. Corolla.

c. Filaments of the stamens.

d. Anthers united together.

e. Style single; stigma two-cut.

Fig. 21. Ximenesia encelloides. Composiie. Calathide
radiated ; clinanthe paleaceous; akenium not pappous.—
A hermaphrodite, tubular flower with the palea.

Fig. 22. A female ligulate flower of the same, magnified.

see A age

FT. Shury serpy.

London, Published by Bakiwin, Gude & Joy, Faternoster Row Nov TT8 21.

EXPLANATION OF THE pane ‘ My
cee 4 na / Soe i G
SPATE THE TENTH. ane a

Parts oft the Flowers, especially the Sewual Or: gans.

Fig. 1. Crambe Tatarica. Crucifere. <A flower from
which the integuments have been pulled off, magnified.

a. Ovary.

b. Stigma sessile.

c. Stamens four, tetradynamous; filaments of the four
longest stamens two-forked at top.

d. Nectaries, two.

Fig. 2.. The entire flower of the same, of iematural size :
calyx 4-sepaled, rather open; corolla 4-petaled; tetrady-
namous.

Fig. 3. Reseda Phyteuma. Resedatee. Petal irregular,
iagged, magnified.

Fig. 4. Gypsophila fastigiata. Car ‘yophyllee. Flower
magnified and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of
the 7 petals and stamens on the gynophore.

a. Calyx.

b. Corolla.

c. Stamens.

d. Ovary.

e. Gynophore.

Fig. 5. Silene bupleurifolia. Caryophyllee. A flower with

the tubular, 5-toothed calyx slit down, and pulled back

that the insertion of the petals may be seen; petals 5,
clawed, also having the limb pulled back to show the fila-
ments.

a. Gynophore from whence grow the petals, stamens, —

and pistill.

b. Petals, the limb two-cut, with a claw appendiculated
_to their tips.

c. Stamens ten, five opposite and five alternate.

d. Ovary with three styles.

e. Calyx slit down.

Fig. 6. Ranunculus bulbosus. Ranunculacee. A Leal
section of the flower to show the insertions of the different
a

a. Calyx.

Lb. Corolla.

c. Nectariferous gland scalelike at the claw of each petal.

d, Stamens indefinite, hypogynous.
| é, Ovary.

Jf. Gynophore.

“848

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
4 AN...) aaah

pericum /Neyptiacum. Hypericinee. Calyx
, corolla 5-petaled. i

a. Bractee two. as

Fig. 8. Robinia hispida. Leguminose. Flower with a
papilionaceous or butterflylike corolla. ;

a. Calyx four-cut, irregular.

b. The standard of the corolla.

c. The wings.

‘d. The keel.

Fig.9. The same, having the calyx and corolla pulled
off, to show the diadelphous stamens, and magnified.

‘a. ‘The tubular androphore, split longitudinally into nine
filaments at top.

_ 0. The single free stamen.

ce. Stigma velvetty.

Fig. 10. Rubus odoratus. Dryadee. (Longitudinal
section of the flower to show the insertions.

a. Gynophore convex.

b. Stamens indefinite, perigynous.

fig. 11. Polygala Heisteria. Polygalee. Calyx five-
parted, lobes equal; corolla monopetalous, irregular, two-
lipped, split above, and rolled up into a tube at bottom.

fig. 12. The tubular androphore, split longitudinally,
embracing the pistill, and divided at top into seven short —
filaments, bearing the anthers. or

“Fig. 13. Malva fragrans. Malvacee. Flower polyan-
drous, monadelphous. .

Fig. 14. Limaria. Personate. Calyx five-parted ; corolla
gaping, spurred at the base, limb 2-lipped; above 2-ctt,
turned back, below 3-lobed ; palate rather prominent in the
throat. ©

‘Fig. 15.» Hypericum quadrangulare. Hypericinee. Calyx
5-cut, lobes uncut; petals 5; stamens indefinite, on three
androphores; “styles three.

Fig.16. Epipactis palustris. Orchidee. Ovary pedi-
celled, not twisted, pubescent; perigonium spread; ° lip
‘erenate, blunt, spurless, as long as the sepales, not clasping ;
‘hypochilium concavely bunched; epichilium inwardly
2-bunched at the bottom.

fig. 17. Selinum caruifolium. Unmlellifere. Flower
magnified. Petals five, bent in at the tip, and appearing

5-pa

“as if notched ; stamens five, alternate; styles two.

Fig. 18. Corylus sylvestris. Corylidee. Male flowers
collected into a catkin,

SEXTAL ORGANS. —

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|

EXPLANATION OF — Re. gan

PLATE THE ‘ELEVENTH. Le IR

Sexual Organs. ms

» Fig. Hy “Myosotis palustris. Bor aginee ar ‘ovary sepa-~
rated from the gynophore, and magnified. —

Fig. 2. Gynophore of the same, also magnified ; and de-
spoiled of its ovaries.

a. The gynophore supporting the style without any in-
termedium.

b. The places from whence the ovaries have been de-

* tached.

Fig. 3. Tournefortia mutabilis.. Boraginee. Pistill cut
vertically. hy

a. The attachment of the ovaries.

The direction of the conducting vessels.

. The nourishing vessels.

ne 4, Scrofularia sambucifolia. Scrofudarinee. Ovary
and nectaries cut vertically.

a. Ovary.
sb. Ovules.

c. Nectaries, opposite.

Fig.5. Limnanthes peltata. Gentianee. Pistill sive
-nearly sessile, in folds; ovary surrounded at bottom with a
lobular nectary.

Fig. 6. Acetosa scutata. Polygonee.. Pistill:magnified.

a. Styles three, diverging, turned back. ©

b. Stigmata three, dilated, fringed.

Fig. 7. Rumex spinosus. Poly ygonee. Pistill magnified.

a. Stigmata three featherlike.

Fig. 8. Cotyledon tuberosa. (dabble Pistills five ;
styles five; nectary’composed of five glands attached to
the base of the ovary.

Fig. 9. Corydalis lutea. Fumaridee, Magnified.

a. Pistill.

b. Calyx two-sepaled; sepales oval,» pointed, toothed,
peltate. ;

ce. Style articulated upon the ovary.

d. Stigma halfmoonshape.

Fig. 10. Sideritis hyssopifolia. Laliate. Pistill mag-
nified.

a. Nectary supporting four ovaries.

b. Style ascending.

c. Stigma composed. of two channelled flakes, the lower
serving as'a sheath for the upper.

250 ; EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig.11. Viola Rothomagensis. Violacee. Magnified.
Pistill surrounded with five stamens united by fringes, two
of the stamens having each a basilary appendage; style
turbinate; stigma globular, perforated, operculated.

Fig. 12. Scutellaria alpina. Laliate. Pistill magnified,
and cut longitudinally to show the insertion of the ovaries
and style.

a. Gynophore, which supports four ovaries.

b. Nectary beaked.

c. Style cut off.

Fig. 13. Asphodelus annuus. Asphodelee. Stamens and
pistills magnified. Stamens unequal, three long, three
short, alternate; filaments fusiform, enlarged, and vaulted
at their base.

a. Anthers heartshape; stigma three-lobed.

Fig. 14. Jatropha pandureefolia. Euphorbiacee. Sta-
mens of the male flowers, having at the base a nectary
composed of five glands.

a. Androphore divided into ten filaments, five long and
five short.

Fig. 15. Tamarix Gallica. Tamariscine, Stamen mag-
nified.

a. Anther.

b. Filament dilated at bottom.

Fig. 16. Ricinus inermis. Euphorbiacee. <A part of the
branched androphore, magnified. -

Fig.17. Borrago laxiflora. Boragine@#. Stamen mag-
nified, as seen sideways.

a, Anther awlshape.

b. Filament appendiculated.

Fig. 18. Begonia dichotoma. Family doubtful. Stamen
magnified, having the filament enlarged at the tip.

a. Lobes of the anther two, adnate on the side, parallel,
distant.

Fig. 19. Zygophyllum Morgsana. Rutacee. Stamen
magnified ; filament appendiculated at the base; appendix
doubly toothed; anther oval, vacillating.

Fig. 20. Tradescantia Virginica, Commelinee. Stamen
magnified ; filament bearded at the base; anther two-lobed,
lobes kidneyshape, adnate laterally, cut transversely to
show the two cells of each lobe.

Fig, 21. Erica comosa. Ericinee. Stamen magnified,
seen sideways; anther having two basilary crests.

Fig. 22. Mahernia pinnata. Tiliacee. Stamen magnified
and seen sideways; anther arrowshape; filament kneed
and glandular in the middle.

|

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, _ 951

Fig. 23. Laurus Persea. Laurinee. Stamen magnified.

a. Glands heartshape, pedicelled.

b. Filament velvetty. ;

c. Anther fixed, opening by four valves, from top to
bottom.

Fig. 24. Scutellaria alpina. Labiate. Stamen magni-
fied ; anther two-lobed, fringed.

Fig. 25. Galeopsis parviflora. Labiate. Stamen mag-
nified ; anthers fringed.

Fig. 26. Solanum. Solanee. Stamen magnified; anthers
two-holed at the tip.

Fig. 27. Cucumis leucantha. Cucurlitaceee. Stamens;
filaments three, distinct at their base, united at their upper
part; anthers soldered, linear, sinuated.

Fig. 28. Scutellaria galericulata. Labiaie. Stamen
magnified.

a. Lobe fringed, single in consequence of the abortion
of the corresponding lobe.

b. Connective bearded.

Fig. 29. Thymus Patavinus. Labiate. Stamen magni-
fied.

a. Part of the filament.

b. Connective.

c. Lobes of the anther divergent.

Fig. 30. Anona triloba. -dnonee. Stamen magnified;
filament truncated at the tip; lobes distinct, adnate, pa-
rallel.

Fig. 31. Melastoma discolor. Melastomee. Stamen.

a, Filament.

b. Connective threadlike, long.

c, d. Lobes distant.

c. The fertile lobe, two-holed at the tip.

d. The barren lobe, of a different form.

252 jj = EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. |

PLATE THE TWELFTH.
Flowers of the Orchidece and Graminee.
Fig. 1. Orchis.

a. Retinacle.

b. Caudicle.

¢. Pollen mass.

d. Pollen mass cut off transversely to show the ‘septu-
lum, cells, and grains, of which it is composed.

Fig. 2. Orchis.

a. Gynizus,

b. Bursicle.

ce. Proscolla.

d. Staminodia, or imperfect anthers.

e. Clinandra filled with the pollen masses.

f- Septulum.

Fig. 3. Cypripedium.

a. Gynostemium.

£. Supports of the anthers.

c. Anthers. *

d. Gynizus.

e. Staminodium.

Fig. 4. Nigritella.

a. Bursicle and rostella.

b. Gynizi.

c. Bursicle cut open.

d. Retinacles.

e. Staminodia.

J Pollen masses in the clinandra.

g. Septulum.

Fig. 5. Loroglossum.

a. Caudicles.

b. Proscolla seated on the rostellum.

Fig. 6. Liparis.

a. Lower lip turned down, and part cut off

b. Gynostemium.

c. Gynizus.

d. Winged edges of the gynostemium.

e. Clinandrium.

Jf and g. Staminodia.

h. Anther.

2 Pollen masses.

Fig. 7. Liparis. The solid pollen mass.

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fs tondon, Published by Baldwin, adock & Joy, Laternoster Kow, Nov SLS20. ee?

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. = 253
Fig. 8. Epipactis.

a. Part of the ovary.

. Gynizus.

. Gynostemium. ~

» Proscolla.

. Filament.

Rostellum.

. Pollen masses.

Anther.

2. Staminodium.

Fig. 9. Epipactis. The granular pollen masses.

Fig. 10. Epipactis. The pollen mass cut. to show the
granules, and magnified.

Fig. 11. Granules of pollen, magnified. :

_ Fig. 12. Secale cereale. Graminee. Axis toothed,
jointed; spathelles opposite, inserted parallelly.

Fig. 13. Eleocharis palustris. Cyperacee. Glume one-
spathelled, one-flowered; glumelle bristlelike, bristles 4,
denticulate; stamens three, attached under the ovary;
stigmata two, featherlike.

Fig. 14. Agrostis rubra. Graminee. Spathelles alter-
nate, lower largest, longer than the spathellules; lower
spathellule 2-cut at the tip, awned below the middle, awn |
twisted; upper much shorter, 2-cut, toothed; stamens 3;
style short, 2-parted, stigmata villous. —

Fig. 15. Hordeum nigrum. Graminee. Ovary ovate:
styles 2; lodicules not cut, bald.

Fig. 16. Bromus mollis. Graminee. Locusta many-
flowered; awns not knee-jointed, subapicular.

Fig. 17. Avena. Graminee. 'The lower spathellule two-
pointed; awn dorsal, twisted.

Fig. 18. Trasus vesicarius. Cyperacee. Spathellules or
lodicules soldered together, persisting, cartilaginous, form-
ing a bottleshape urceolus.

a. Ovary.

b. Style, with its three stigmata.

Fig. 19. Isolepis paniculata. _Cyperacee. Spathelle 1;
glumelle 0; stamens 3; ovary with two styles.

“sig HS aoe

25h EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

y;
PLATE THE THIRTEENTH.

Fruits.

Fig.1. Hordeum Zeocriton. Graminee. Cariopsis mag-
nified, and partly uncoated.

a. Perisperm.

b. Posterior cotyledon saucerlike. :

c. Root mamillee, three, enclosed in a coleorhize.

d. Radicles two, each in a coleorhize.

: Plumule; the gemmule having a pileolar, primordial
leaf.

Fig.2. Embryo of the same, magnified.

a. Cotyledon.

_ b. Root mamillee 3, in their coleorhizes.
- c. Pileolar primordial leaf.

Fig. 3. Oryza sativa. Graminee. Cariopsis cut length-
ways and magnified.

a. Gemmule with its pileole, enclosed in the coleoptile.

i. Radicle in its coleorhize.

Fig. 4. Hieracium glaucum. Composite. Embryo mag-
nified.

Fig. 5. Akenium of the same, magnified ; pappus sessile,

bristled, appearing simple to the naked eye: the pericarp is
cut open, and the seed divided longitudinally.

Fig.6. Polygonum scandens. Polygonee. Carcerule cut
lengthways and dissected. Carcerule boney; seed coated,
upright, perispermed ; embryo 2-cotyledon, lateral, thread-
like, bent; radicle opposite the hile, above.

Fig. 7. Cherophyllum aromaticum. Umlellifere. Cre-
mocarpe with the two coques separated, but remaining sus-
pended to the axis: magnified.

Spermapodium axile, 2-parted at top.
Styles persisting on the fruit. \
Commissures, or the faces applied to each other.
. Latuscule, or face opposite to the commissure.
Vallecules between the ribs of the coques.
Spermapodophore.
. Stylopodium.

Fig. 8. A coque of the same cut lengthways and mag-
nified.

a. Perisperm, horny.

b. Integument of the coque.

¢ Embryo small, basilary.

mAs Ue Ss

R Hudson del.

London, Lidblished by Baldwin, Gadock & Joy, Paternoster Tow:

Nov TITEL,

Tage 254.

J Shiury vcudp

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. <f 255°

Fig. 9. Amaranthus hypochondriacus. -Amaranthidee.
Pyxidium uncovered, and magnified, membranaceous.

Fig. 10. Valves of the same, separated.

Fig. 11. Kernel of the same magnified; perisperm cen-
tral; embryo peripherical, annular; cotyledons semicylin-
drical, incumbent; radicle threadlike, below.

Fig.12. Salsola decumbens. Chenopodee. Periphyllum
magnified, containing the utriculus.

Fig. 13. Perigonium of the same cut vertically, and
magnified, to show the seed.

Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, highly magnified ; thread-
like, rolled in a ball, cotyledons very long, linear; radicle
nearly cylindrical, placed horizontally in the uppermost part
of the seed.

Fig. 15. Carex vulpina. Cyperacee. Persistent spathel-
Jules cut longitudinally and magnified ; akenium pedicelled,
enclosed in the spathellules.

Fig. 16. Akenium of the same cut longitudinally and
magnified; style persistent; embryo at the base of the
seed.

Fig.17. Gomphrena globosa. Amaranthidee. Pyxidium
cut longitudinally and magnified; style persistent; seed
single, inverted, hanging by the umbilical cord, proceeding
from the bottom of the pyxidium.

Fig. 18. Beta vulgaris. Chenopodee. Utriculus enclosed
within the fleshy perigonium, and magnified.

Fig. 19. The utriculus of the same cut transversely and
magnified; embryo annular.

Fig.20. Thesium alpinum. Santalacee. Pericarpium
magnified ; crowned by the persistent perigonium.

Fig. 21. The same cut transversely.

Fig. 22. The seed of the same cut longitudinally and
magnified; embryo straight, central.

Fig. 23. Embryo of the same, highly magnified.

Fig. 24. Fraxinus excelsior. Fraxinee. Samara opened
before it is ripe; two-celled; ovules four, hanging two side
by side in each cell.

Fig. 25. The ripe samara of the same; opened; having
only one seed, pendulous; the others having perished.

‘Fig. 26. Ulmus Americana. Ulmacee. Samara with the
cell opened; seed pendent.

\

256. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE THE FOURTEENTH, |
Fruits.

Fig. i. Quercus longeva. Corylidee. Glands. cut
lengthways, coriaceous, one-celled, one-seeded; seed pend-
run without a perisperm; radicle adverse; cotyledons large,
fles - “SY rie

hy %. The cupule of the same, with two abortive
glands. :

Fig. 3.. Carpinus. ulmoides. Corylidee. Nucule, or
calybion, boney, ovate, angular, with. threadlike, longitu-
dinal ribs.

Fig. 4. Corylus tubulosa. Corylideee. Cupule tubular,
cylindrical, jagged, toothed.

Fig. 5. Corylus sylvestris. Corylidee. . Nucule,, or ca-
lybion, parted lengthways to show the seed; umbilical cord
rising from the base and ascending; seed pendent, -

Fig. 6. Cotyledon-of the same, with the place in which
the embryo is seated.

Fig. 7. Anacardium. officinale. Terebiniacee. Xylo-
dium, or carcerule, seated upon.a fleshy. receptacle. _

Fig. 8. Tilia parvifolia, Tiliacee, Carcerule opened;
cells two-seeded. ey ae

Fig. 9. The carcerule of the same.cut transyersely,, cells
five.
Fig. 10. Asarum Europeum. Aristolochia. . Carcerule
cut transversely ;. cells six; partitions incomplete.

Fig. 11., Carcerule of the same opened, cells four-seeded,
seeds ascending.

Fig. 12. Embryo of tilia_ parvifolia; cotyledons leaflike,
three-lobed, toothed, incumbent.

Fig. 13. Adansonia Baobab.. Malvacee.. Amphisarca |
cut transversely, cells ten.

Fig. 14. A portion of the spongy, farinaceous pulp taken
out of the cells of the same, interwoven with thready
fibres.

Fig. 15. The. point. of the pulp, dissected: to, show. the
seeds,,of the natural size.

Fig. 16. Gomphia nitida. Ochnacee.. Sarcobasis.five-
eremed; gynophore ovoid; eremes one-celled, one-seeded ;
seed straight, coated, without a perisperm; embryo straight,
radicle opposite. yr

a

London, Lublished by Baldwin,Gradock & Soy Laterno.

ster Row Now 1 1822.

Exe

Er ae) hate

PO ack Plate XV.

London, lublished by Baldwoau Gadock & JoyLaternoster Kow. Nov7G8 21. 33]

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 957

Fig. 17. Symphytum officinale. Boraginee. Micro-
basis. Calyx five-parted, one lobe cut away; eremes, or
nuts, four; style persisting. ie

Fig. 18. Cynoglossum levigatum. Boraginee. Internal
surface of one of the cariopsides, nut lodged in the hollow
part of the shield-like cariopsis, or ereme.

Fig. 19. The whole microbasis of the same.

Fig. 20. The. same, with the several cariopsides cut
transversely, nuts immersed in the shield-like eremes.

PLATE THE FIFTEENTH.

Fruits.

Fig. 1. Prunus domestica. Dryadec. Drupe cut length-
ways: umbilical cord passing within the suture to the tip
of the stone; seed pendent.

Fig. 2. Amygdalus nana. Dryadee. Stone of the drupe |

split open; umbilical cord passing within the suture to the
tip of the stone; seed pendent, ovate rounded, acumi-
nated at top, deeply lenticular, pale with painted veins.

Fig. 3. Vitis vinifera. Vinifer@. Acinos cut longitudi-
nally spheerical, free, seeds boney.

Fig. 4. The same, cut transversely. Acinos five-seeded.

Fig. 5. Sparganium ramosum, Typhacee. Drupe juice-
less, bark taken off in part to show the stone, with a small
hole at the tip.

Fig.6. The same: stone cut transversely.

Fig. 7. Vitis vinifera. Vinifere. Embryo taken out of
the seed.

Fig. 8. The seed cut longitudinally, coated, perispermed ;
embryo at the base, straight; radicle opposite.

Fig. 9. The seed cut transversely.

Fig.10. Aquifolium spinosum. Caprifoliacee. Nuculane
with part of the flesh taken away; pyrene four.

Fig. 11. Pyrene of the same, with the seed cut trans- .

versely.

Fig. 12. Pyrus domestica. Pomacee. Pome cut trans-
versely; cells five, two abortive.

Fig. 13. The same cut longitudinally; cells cartilagi-
nous; ovules in each cell always 2, the fertile cells usually
one-seeded ; seeds rather large.

VOL. I. S

‘

258 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 14. Seeds of the same; the covers cut off in part, to
show the kernel.

Fig. 15. Embryo of the same: oovylealonts elliptic, fleshy.

Fig. 16. Mespilus Germanica. Pomacee. Woody celled
pome, or pyrenarius, cut transversely, one of the cells
opened: ovules two.

Fig.17. Punica Granatum. Myrti. Balausta with part
of the rind taken off, crowned by the tube of the calyx;
partitions rid atdrelivntss some longitudinal, some cross-
ways: seeds numerous, drupelike.

Fig. 18. Seeds of the same, of the natural size; drupe-
like, outer skin pulpy.

Fig. 19. Embryo of the same, cut transversely, and much
magnified ; colgcern convolute, leaflike, very thin.

Fig. 20. Seed of the same, cut lengthways, and the em-
bryo “uncovered ; embryo oblong, pointed at each end.

Fig. 21. Cucumus sativus. Cucurlitacee. Pepo cut
transversely; cells three, parted ; placentarium parietal.

Fig. 22. Cucurbita esculenta. Cucurbitacee. Seed cut
longitudinally.

a. Outer skin leatherlike.

b. Inner skin green.

ce. Cotyledon, veiny and wrinkled, on the internal face.

d. Embryo.

Fig. 23. Citrus Medica. Aurantiacee. Hesperidium
ovate, cut transversely ; outer bark glandular; inner bark
spongy; cells nine, each lined with a fine skin, filled {with
a pulpy flesh.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 259

PLATE THE SIXTEENTH.
7, 9 Lindi.

Fig. 1. Cassia Fistula. Leguminose. 'Tip of the legume,
partly opened; legume phragmated, many-celled; cells
one-seeded; placentarium unilateral ; umbilical cord thread-
like; seeds ovoid, compressed.

fig. 2. Genista candicans. Leguminose. Cod, or le-
gume, opened; legume deeply scrobiculate, nearly celled ;
umbilical cords short, from the convex suture, seeds af-

fixed alternately to each valve.
Fug. 3. Seed of the same’ magnified; hile or umbilicus
prominent.

Fig. 4. The same, with the hile facing the spectator, hile
crescentlike, surrounded by a glandular prominent edge.

Fig. 5. The kernel of the same magnified; seed _peri-
spermed;. embryo bent, cotyledons ovate; radicle bent,
centrifugal.

Fig. 6. Scorpiurus sulcata. Leguminose. Legume

jointed, nodose, furrowed, spiral.

Fig..7. Astragalus uliginosus. Leguminose. Legume
cut transversely, two-celled; partition Iengitudinal, valvean,
marginal, —

Fig. 8. Cardamine Greeca. Crucifere. Siliqua, or pod,

when dehiscent. Valves flat, ribless, flown back and roiled”

up spirally; partition very narrow, thin; seeds four in each
cell; umbilical cord fixed alternately to each edge of the
partition.

Fig. 9. Sinapis alba. Crucifere. Siliqua hispid, two-
celled, two-valved; valves marked with three hispid ribs
lengthways; upper joint valveless, sometimes containing
one imperfect seed, or partition produced far beyond the
valves into a swordshape beak.

Fig. 10. Embryo of the same, magnified : cotyledons
rounded, nearly leaflike, the outer involving the interior ;
radicle lying in the furrow of the folding, centrifugal.

Fig. 11. Raphanistrum vuleare. Crucifere. Part of
the siliqua; valveless, many-celled, jointed, becoming neck-

_laceshape; cells boney, separate, in a longitudinal series,
perforated at each end for the passage of the two umbilical
cords, which enter all of them, each cord bearing a seed
in the alternate cells; seeds one in a cell.

Fig. 12. Boney cell of the same cut transversely.

s2

260 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 18. Cotyledons of the same uncovered; radicle in
the furrow of their fold, centrifugal.

Fig. 14. Thlaspi cuneatum. Cruciferae. Silicule ovate,
rounded, compressed, two-celled, two-valved; valves boat-
shape; partitions opposite or contrary to the valves.

Fig.15. Draba verna. Cruciferae. Silicule oval; two--
celled; valves flat; cells many-seeded; partition parallel to
the valves.

Fig. 16. Vella annua. Crucifere. Silicule nearly glo-
bular, with soft bristles, two-celled, two-valved ; partition
parallel to the valves, transparent, bearing three or four
seeds in each cell; style persistent, leaflike. :

fig. 17. Transverse section of the same.

Fig. 18. Anagallis phoenicea. Primulacee. Seed much
magnified, ovate, slightly acuminate on each side, roughly
dotted; hile in the middle of the belly.

fig. 19. Pyxidium of the same when dehiscent.

Fig. 20. Pyxidium of the same magnified, and opened
on one side; placentarium globular, spongy, honeycombed,
free.

Fig. 21. Dianthera Malabarica. Acanthiacee. Capsule
oblong, two-valved, pointed at the tip, two-celled, two-
valved; partition opposite, or contrary to the valves, with
retinacies close to the seeds.

Fig. 22. Serapias Helleborime. Orchidee. Diplotegia
cut transversely, elliptical, sphzerical, one-celled, three-
valved, six-ribbed; placentaria three, on the middle of the
valves.

fg.23. The three alternate, sutural ribs of the same,
remaining after the falling off of the valves.

(Fig. 24. Iris fibirica. Lridee. Diplotegia when de-
hiscent; three-celled, three-valved, loculicidal; valves one-
ribbed, rib prominent; placentarium on the internal edge
of the valves, which re-enter conjointly; seeds numerous,
horizontal, depressed, flat on both sides, one side straight,
the other semicircular.

Fig. 25. Campanula rigida. Campanulacee. Capsule
crowned with the withered corolla; calyx five-cut, segments
turned back, opening by pores at the base.

Fig. 26. Lysimachia quadrifolia. Primulacee.. Capsule
cut transversely and magnified, one-celled, five-valved; pla-
centarium globular, spongy, pitted, free, central.

ig. 27. Capsule of the same when dehiscent, mag-
nified.

om

London, Fublished by Baldwin, Gadock & Joy Latenoster hor yWov 2s. el.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 261

Fig. 28. Saxifraga granulata. Saxifragee. Capsule half
adherent, two-headed, opening in the middle of the head ;
calyx. i Ss
Fig. 29. Ipomea purpurea. Convoluulacee. Capsule cut
transversely, after its dehiscence, three-celled, three-valved,
septicidal; partitions. verticillate, interpositive, persistent ;
placentaria basilary.

Fig. 30. Orontium majus. Scrofulariee. Capsule eut
transversely ; two-celled ; partitions two, valvean, marginal,
-meeting ; placentarium central, two-lobed.

\ Fig. 31. Capsule of the same entire, three-hoied at the

oe

PLATE THE SEVENTEENTH.

Fruits.

Fig. 1. Acteea spicata. Ranunculacee. Berry cut trans-
versely, fleshy, camarelike; seeds in two rows, nearly semi-
circular.

Fig. 2. The same, with part of the covering removed,
to show the seeds lying over one another in two rows.

Fig. 3. The seed cut lengthways; perisperm the shape
of the seed; embryo very small, nearly ovate, at the base.

Fig. 4. Ribes spinosum. Grosswlarie. Acrosarcum, or
berry crowned with the persistent calyx, cut longitudinally;
placentaria two, lateral, opposite.

Fig. 5. The same cut transversely; placentaria lateral,
triple.

Fig. 6. Perisperm of the same cut longitudinally and
magnified, with the umbilical cord, as it passes through the
gelatinous pulp surrounding the seed: embryo very small,
at the tip. .

Fig. 7. Vaccinium montanum. Vaccinie. Acrosarce, oF
crowned berry, spherical.

Fig. 8. The same cut transversely: acrosarce five-celled ;
placentaria central.

Fig.9. Androseemum officinale. Hypericinee. Berry cut
transversely, one-celled; placentaria three, lateral, spongy,
at first solid, but when ripe leaving a vacant space between
their two divisions.

262 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig.10. Mandragora acaulis. Solanee. Berry cut trans-
versely, globular; seeds immersed, towards the periphery,
all around.

Fig. 11. The same, with the pannexterne taken off:
seeds many, kidneyshape; calyx four cut.

Fig. 12. Asclepias nigra. Apocinee. Follicle opened,
one-celled, many-seeded, “dehiscent ; placentarium sutural,
becoming free by the dehiscence; umbilical cord pappus-
like, or seeds comose.

Fig. 13. Veratrum album. Colchicacece. Eteerion three-
camared, camares oblong, slightly compressed, connected
at bottom, separate at top, and ending in a short style;
perigonium six-lobed.

Fig. 14. Camares of the same dehiscent, and emptied of
their seeds.

Fig. 15. Transverse section of the eteerion, towards the
bottom. -

Fig.16. Rhododendron maximum. Rhododendra. Cap-
sule cut transversely, five-celled ; placentarium central, ra-
diating, lobed.

Fig. 17. Caltha palustris. Ranunculacee. Eteerion eight-
camared, camares compressed, spreading horizontally at
to

nape 18. A camare of the same opened ; placentarium on
the edges of the suture.

Fig. 19. The capsule of the rhododendron maximum,
in dehiscence ; cells five, septicidal ; style persistent on the
central placentarium.

Fig. 20. Seed of the same cut lengthways, and magni-
fied; outer coat produced i in a kind of beak; kernel ovate
oblong, shorter than the seed; embryo straight; cotyle-
dons very short.

Fig. 21. Butomus floridus. Butomacee. Dieresile mag-
nified, six-coqued, ovate-beaked, connected together about
half their height, en énitiransldewtis) opening inwards.

Big, 22. One of the coques cut transversely; seeds pa-
rietal, very numerous, small, spread all over the internal
surface of the coque.

Fig. 28. Napzea dioica. Malvacee. Calyx magnified,
five- cut; central axis of the dieresile winged, pyramidal,
furrowed.

Fig. 24. One of the ten coques of the same cut longi-
tudinally, semicircular, tip ending in a bent-back point ;
umbilical cord very small; seed kidneyshape, single.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 263

Fig.25. Lavatera arborea. Malvacee. Fruit cut verti-
cally and magnified: dieresile axile, compressed, 6-coqued ;
coques one-celled, one-seeded; seed peltate; embryo bent;
cotyledons plaited; radicle basilary.

Fig. 26. Ricinus communis. Euphorbiace@. Regma cut
longitudinally and magnified; three-celled, covered with a
pannexterne that separates; coques one-celled, two-valved,
one-seeded; placentarium under the tip; seed coated, ca-
runculated, perispermed, hanging.

a. Perisperm.

b. Embryo two-cotyledon, straight, in the middle; coty-
ledons leaflike.

c. Caruncle.

d. Umbilical cord.

Fig. 27. The same, with one of the coques taken away
from the two others; placentarium central, columnar, three-
sided, with three blunt beaks passing into the cells, regma
covered with soft spines.

Fig.28. The same, cut transversely, showing the three
coques, emptied of their seeds.

Fig. 29. The seed of the same cut across; embryo two-
cotyledon.

Fig. 30. 'The seed cut lengthways; embryo nearly the
size of the albumen.

264 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE THE | EIGHTEENTH. ;
: Fruits.

Fig. 1. Rubus Ideus. Dryadee. Fruit cut lenethways ;
polychlorion succulent, composed of several drupeolated
vakenia soldered together, one-seeded; seed coated, with-
‘out a perisperm, hanging.

Fig. 2. Rosa canina. Rosacee. Hip cut longitudinally;
calyx become fleshy, ovate; utricles in pits on the internal
surface of the hip, the central utricles pedicelled; pedicells
fleshy, yellow, rather hairy; style persisting.

Fig. 3. Agrimonia repens. Agrimonacee. The amalthea
cut transversely; calyx five-toothed, echinated ; seeds three,
ovate, not fleshy, slightly compressed, pointed at top, blunt
at bottom. ;

Fig.4. Ranunculus muricatus. Ranunculacece. The poly-
chlorion formed of many cariopsides, prickly on both sides.

Fig. 5. Cariopsis of the same cut lengthways; embryo
very small, in the base of the seed.

Fig. 6. Fragaria®* vesca. Dryadee. The polychlorion.
Calyx ten-cut; receptacle fleshy, wider than the calyx,
ovate, globular, very large; akenia numerous, small, ovate,
acuminate, slightly compressed.

Fig. 7. An akenium of the same.

Fig. 8. Morus alba. Urticee. The sorose composed of
several fleshy utricles, soldered with the calycine segments

_ of the several flowers.

Fig. 9. A single utricle of the same, with the fleshy seg-
ments of its calyx displayed, magnified.

Fig. 10. An utricle of the same opened and magnified.

Fig. 11. Ambora Tamburissa. Urticee. Sycone, or fig,
cut transversely, to show the several carcerules, immersed
in the internal surface of the involucrum.

Fig.12. Pinus Americana. Alietidee. Strobile egg-
shape; cupules leatherlike, thick, triangular, rounded on
the outer edge.

Fig.13. A cupule of the same; nucules two, winged
upon the outward side.

Fig. 14. Embryo of the same, magnified; cotyledons
four.

Fig. 15. Cupressus sempervirens. Cupressidee. Galbule
ovate, globular; cupule angular, upright, headed, edge of
the head oblique and jagged, centre radiated.

Fig. 16. A cupule of the same.

FER TESTE Pe PA OO Pe igi EN

FRUITS. © age 264,"

J { YW
i,
(A Wa

q London Published by Baldwin, Gadock: & Joy. Paternoster ky Nov.T® D522.

"EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. | 265

Fig. 17. The nucules of the same, as seen on either side,
small, boney, irregularly angular.

Fig. 18. Juniperus Virginiana. Cupressidee. Arcesthide
magnified, ovoid, berrylike, composed of 1-seeded glandes,
soldered along with succulent bracteze: cupules woody,
close.

Fig.19. A single glans of the same, magnified, with
small vesicles at the base filled with turpentine.

Fig. 20. A glans of the same cut longitudinally, and
magnified.

a. Cupule.

b. Pericarpium membranaceous, crowned by the limb of
the calyx.

c. Limb of the calyx.

d. Remains of the stigma.

e. Perisperm.

f. Embryo axile, two-cotyledon.

Fig. 21. Anona squamosa. Anone. Asimine cut trans-
versely, barked, fleshy, composed of several berries; bark
thick, spongy, corklike, covered all over with ovate, oblong,
nipplelike, ascending tubercles; flesh pulpy, divided into
as many cells as there are tubercles in the bark, so that the
fresh and moist fruit may be separated into as many berry-
like lobes.

Fig. 22. Perisperm of the same split lengthways, embryo
very small, near the hile.

Fig. 28. Sced of the same, elliptic, slightly angular,
smooth.

266 _ EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

PLATE THE NINETEENTH.

Filices and Lycopodiacee.

Fig. 1. Lycopodium. Lycopodiacee. Part of a branch
magnified; leaves oblong, linear, much compressed, two-

‘rowed; stipules single, lanceolate; one-sided, tiledlike.

a. Capsular conceptacles, with bractez. asi

i. Another kind of capsular conceptacles, with bracteze.

Fig.2. The second kind of conceptacle, much magnified;
three-lcbed, two-valved, three-seeded.

Fig. 3. A seminule taken out of these conceptacles, and
much magnified.

Fig. 4. ‘The same opened.

a. The lorica.

b. The kernel.

Fig. 5. The first kind of conceptacles much magnified ;
kidneyshape, two-valved, many-seeded.

a. ‘The seminules.

b. The same, very much magnified, to show they are

angular.

Fig. 6. Bernhardia dichotoma. Lycopodiacee. A capsu-
lar conceptacle magnified, three-lobed, three-valved, par-
titions median.

Fig. 7. A branch of the same plant magnified.

a. Capsular conceptacles, with two bractez.

Fig. 8. a. Seminules magnified.

b. The same, very much magnified, to show they are

~ angular.

Fig. 9. Tmesepteris Tannensis. Lycopodiacee. Concep-
tacle magnified, capsular, opening, 2-valved, 2-celled; with
one of the two leaves between which it was placed.

Fig. 10. Lycopodium umbrosum. Lycopodiacee. Con-
ceptacle magnified, capsular, kidneyshape, 2-valved, many-
seeded.

a. Seminules.

Fig. 11. The same very much magnified to show that
they are angular, and collected together by threes or fours
into globules.

Fig. 12. Equisetum palustre. Equisetacee. Spike mag-
nified, with the terminal ament.

a. Involucra.

b. Conceptacles attached to the under side of the invo-
luera.

Fig. 13. A seed? of the same much magnified, with the
hygrometrical threads.

ia vy

FILICES & LYCOPODIACKHS ,

5 @ 7

‘a London Published by Baldwin, Gadock & Joy, Paternoster Row NovZ1T2782t.
ro - y

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 267

Fig. 14. The same, with the threads rolled spirally around
it.

Fig. 15. Aspidium nemorale. Filices. A portion of the
leaf magnified, with a single indusium.

a. Miliary glands.

b. Conceptacles each girt with its elastic, incomplete,
perispheric ring.

c. Indusium kidneyshape, umbilicated, opened on the
sides.

Fig. 16. A conceptacle of the same much magnified,
with its elastic ring and peduncle.

Fig,17. A conceptacle of the same torn open by the
force of the elastic ring when ripe, and throwing out the
seminules.

Fig. 18. Gleichena circinata. Filices. A conceptacle
very much magnified, having an elastic ring completely
surrounding it.

Fig. 19. Schizea dichotoma. lices. A couceptacle
much magnified, having an elastic ring surrounding it at
the tip.

Bie, 20. Marchantia polymorpha. Hepatice. Fructifi-
cation when ripe, and much magnified.

a. Pericheetium split lengthways.

b. Sheath.

c. Pedicell.

d. Capsule opened, valves or teeth turned back.

é. Klastic threads dispersing the seminules.

Fig. 21. A globule or capsule of the same not quite ripe,
and much magnified.

Paraphyses.

Pericheetium.

Sheath, being in fact the detached pannexterne.
. Pedicell.

Capsule or globule.

Fig. 22. A fructification of the same, in its early stage,

and much magnified.

Paraphyses.

The jaggs of the perichetium.

The ovary, according to some authors.
. The style of the same.

e. The stigma of the same.

Fig.23. A part of the frond of the same magnified,
having two origomes.

a. An origome beginning to show itself.

b. Another entirely developed, with lenticular bulbilles.

oS SS

Sse

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268 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

; Fig. 24. Umbell of what is called the male plant of the
same, cut vertically and magnified.

a. The stamens accor ding to some authors, entire, ovoid,
and sunk into the substance of the umbell.

. Other stamens cut vertically, to show their cavity.

c. Small vascular threads of the stamen, e each of which
abut on a mamilla, or nipplelike eminence, on the surface
of the umbell.

Fig. 25. The umbell of what is considered by some as
the male plant of the same; the upper surface slightly
concave, with nipplelike eminences.

Fig. 26. The umbell of what is considered by Some as
the female plant of the ame many-lobed, having the
fructifications, fig. 20, 21 or 22, Thenearh,

PLATE THE TWENTIETH.

Mosses and Lichens.

Fig.1. Tortula muralis. Musci. Entire plant magnified;
the female flower just beginning to appear ; surcule short,
leaves oval lanceolate, terminated with along hair; peri-
cheetium 0; bristle terminal; urn upright, cylindrical.

a. Ovary, according to seme authors.

b. Style.

c. Stigma.

Fig. 2. Fruit of the same, yet young, and magnified.

a. “Calyptr a.

b. Vaginule.

c. Pedicell beginning to lengthen and separate them.

Fig. 3. Fruit of the : same, more advanced in its growth,
the calyptra split lengthways, and ready to fall off.

“the Fig, 4, Entire plant of the same, when the pedicell has
he acquired its full growth, magnified.
: Fig. 5. Urn of the same when ripe, split longitudinally
and highly magnified.

a. The urn whose sides are composed of two flakes, the
external one called sporangium, the internal, sporan-
gidium.

b. Seminules contained in the cavity of the urn.

c. Columella.

i. Operculum of the urn.
. Teeth of the PSE HORE twisted spirally.

a
é
SF. ans a Tote: Ves fettee- 2atez
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:

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. | 269

Fig. 6. The female flower of the same, stripped of the
perichetium, and very much magnified.
a. Ovary.
b. Style.
c. Stigma.
d. Abortive female flowers.
e. Paraphyses.
f. Clinanthe.
Fig.’7. Polytrichum commune. Musci. Proliferous stem _
magnified. ih
a. Bractece united into bellshaped perichetia containing
male fiowers.
Fig. 8. Stem of the same, bearing the fruit, showing the
pedicell, and urn covered with its hairy calyptra.
Fig. 9. Urn of the same, with the operculum taken off:
the whole magnified.
a. Operculum.
i. Peristome with its epiphragm.
Fig.10. Urn of the same, the calyptra, the operculum,
and the epiphragm taken off; the whole magnified.
a. Epiphragm.
b. Seminules dispersing.
Fig. 11. A male perichetium of the same cut vertically,
and very much magnified.
a. ‘The bracteoles.
b. Paraphyses.
ce. Stamens.
Fig. 12. Splachnum ampullaceum. Musci. Fruit mag-
nified.
a. Urn, with the calyptra and operculum taken off.
b. Apophysis very large, cruetlike.
c. Peristome simple, eight-toothed.
Fig. 13. A stamen of polytrichum commune, with two
paraphyses placed on water, and very much magnified.
a. he stamen.
b. Paraphyses.
c. The beak-like opening at the tip of the stamen.
d. The fecundating fluid discharged through the beak,
and floating on the water.
Fig. 14. Grimmia apocarpa. Muscz. Fruit, the calyptra
and operculum being taken off, magnified.
a. Peristome.
Fig. 15. Peristome of the same detached from the urn,
spread out and much magnified, to show the sixteen teeth

270 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 16. Hypnum. cupressiforme. Musci. Peristome
split, laid open, and magnified, to show the fringe and
teeth.—Peristome double; teeth 16, lanceolate; ciliz 16,
opposite, membranaceous, united at bottom; bristles 16,
interposed.

Fig.17. Sphagnum palustre. Musc:. Part of the plant
magnified; surcule branched, leaves oval, blunt, concave,
tiled-like; pedicell short; urn ovoid, upon a disk-like
apophysis; peristome 0.

a. Urn, the calyptra and operculum being taken off.

b. Orifice naked.

c. Apophysis.

Fig.18. Gymnostomum pyriforme. Musci.. Germination
of its seminule, as observed by Hedwig, very much mag-
nified; showing the seminule throwing out a radicle, and
a succulent thread, considered as a cotyledon, which ap-
pears to be jointed, and having nipples which elongate into
branches. |

Fig.19. Variolaria tumida. Lichenes. Entire plant mag-
nified.

a. Thallus thin, crustlike, growing upon trees.

b. Patellules whitish, convex at first, slightly concave
afterwards.

Fig.20. Patellaria ocellata. Lichenes. Entire plant mag-
nified.

a. Thallus adherent to stones, solid, crustlike, wrinkled,
areolated, greyish white.

l. Scutelles black, concave; edge elevated, of the colour
of the thallus.

Fig. 21. Isidium corallinum. Lichenes. Entire plant
magnified.

a. Thallus. .

b. Podetia solid, cylindrical, branched, crowded, whitish.

c. Terminal globules.

Fig. 22. Tips of the podetia of the same.

a. A globule still adhering to the podetia.

). Pitt remaining after the globules have fallen off.

Fig. 23. Cenomyce pyxidata. Lichenes. Entire plant.

a. Podetium proliferous, fistular, funnelshape at top.

Lb. Podetia growing on the edge of the iower podetium.

c. Cephalodium thick, irregular, sinuous, brown.

:

*
aly

Plate XXT.
APHYLLOUS PLANTS.

1

SOO *

London, Published. by Baldwin, Gadock &Joy, Paternoster ow Nov IF1821.
f 4 Z f

5 LAA baw y fe O sean
6 Laks com KALA C10,

AF Z XE TAFION OF Oy ES. !
ae Ke prapi ere OF oe” s 271
P Lantilienns ure Ctbne®@l, ;

PLATE THE TWENTY-FIRST.
Asphyllous Plants.

Fig. 1. Conjugata decimina. Hydrophyie. Two plants

coupled together, and very much magnified. _

| a. The several cells that are coupled together.

b. A cell throwing out a tube to meet that of the op-
posite cell, of the other plant.

: c. Cells in which small grains are to be perceived, dis-
posed in a spiral form, as they appear before the coupling
of the plants.

d. Grains passing out of the cell of one plant into the
_ conjoined cell of the other plant.

- e. The cell that is being emptied.

Ff. The cell into which the grains are passing.

g. Seminules that have arisen from the union of the
grains of the two plants.

Fig.2. A seminule of the same, which has ruptured its
cell, and is in a state of germination.

Fig. 3. Conferva rivularis. Hydrophyte. Part of the
plant very much magnified, as it floats in rivulets: the cells
filled with an immense number of small grains, appearing
to be seminules, which by enlarging rupture the mother
plant and disperse.

Fig. 4. Fucus vesiculosus. Thalassiophyte. Part of the
frond.

a. Tubercles terminal, containing a great number of
ostiolated conceptacles.

l. Mouths, or ostioles of the conceptacles.

c. Starlike hairs sprinkled over the surface of the frond,
called stamens by Reaumur, and considered by him as ex-
cretory organs.

d. Bladders, globular, frequently in pairs.

Fig. 5. A part of a tubercle of the same, containing’ a
conceptacle cut through vertically, and very highly mag-
nified. ‘

a. ‘The conceptacle.

b. Elytrae ovoid, floating in a mucilage.

c. Ostiole, or mouth of the conceptacle. ii

Fig. 6. Spherophoron coralloides. Idiothalamez. A part
of the pliant magnified. A #3

a. Podetium solid, cylindrical, branched.

b. Branches divaricated.

c. A cistule.

272 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 7. A cistule of the same, cut transversely, and very
much magnified.

a. Fibrous fungosity, supporting the seminules.

b. Seminules escaped from the cistule. ‘

Fig. 8. Spheeria stigma. Sarcothalamee. Cut vertically
as it grows within the bark of the hazel-nut-tree, and very
much magnified. A S/T

a. Partition dividing the spherule into two cells.

Fig. 9. Physarum. Fungi. Several plants as they grow
on dead timber, magnified.

a. Peridium cracked at top, showing the internal cells
containing the seminules.

Fig. 10. Puccinia rose. Protomyct. A group of plants
as they grow on the under surface of the leaves of the
rose-tree; very much magnified.

a. Pedicell transparent, swelled out at bottom.

b. Peridium black, oblong, pointed, many-celled, par-
titions transverse.

c. A very young plant.

d. An old plant, the peridium of which is torn, and the
seminules have escaped.

Fig.11. Ceramium polymorphum. Thalassiophyte. Ex-
tremity of a branch very much magnified.

a. Conceptacles globular, solitary, sessile, just under
the tip.

b. Small pappus on the tip of the conceptacles.

c. Extremity of a branch, extending beyond the con-

ceptacle.
d. Barren branch, terminated by two small lanceolate

frondilles.

Fig. 12. Girardia atropurpurea. Hydrophyte. Parts of
the plants, as they float in water, very much magnified.

a. A young filament, having only a dark line, without
any appearance of cells.

b. A filament in a more advanced state of growth, in
which the partitions begin to be visible, with a small rec-
tangular seminule in each.

c. A filament still more advanced in growth, in which
the seminules have changed their position.

d. A filament containing two seminules in each cell.

e. A filament in which the two seminules have changed
position.

jf. A filament in which the cells are become obliterated, °
and being ruptured, let the seminules escape.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 273

Fig. 13. Agaricus coprophilus. Hymenothecee. Plant
cut vertically.
a. Stem pipelike.
b. #Pileus lamellar beneath; gills radiated, scytheshape,
unequal.
c. Umbilicus.
Fig. 14. Part of a gill of the same, very much magnified.
a. Seminules.
b. Fringed edge, taken by Micheli for stamens, and by
Hedwig for stigmata.
c. Seminules separated from the gill, which served them
asaplacentarium. 4.,,....

Fig. 15. Spheria. / Sarcothalamece. A part of the plant
cut vertically, and magnified. Lo f/3
a. Spherules ovoid, enchased inthe stroma. /~

5. Strome upon the bark of a tree.
Fig.16. Calycium spherocephalum. Idiothalamee. En-
tire plant magnified. A. ¢b2
a. Thallus adherent on bark of old trees, very thin,
scarcely visible.
b. Podetion simple, upright, black.
c. Pileus topshape, black. , fh, pe S02.
Fig. 17. Opegrapha. _Idiothalamece. Entire plant mag-

7
~

_ nified.

a. Thallus adherent on the bark of trees, crustlike, flaky,
thin, split, irregular, whitish.

b. Lirelles branchy, black.

Fig. 18. Umbilicaria murina. Coeenothalamee. Entire
plant magnified. hi. EOS

a. Thallus free, membranaceous, leatherlike, wavy,
brown.

b. Gyromes sessile, hemispherical, black.

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a THE
NATURAL ARRANGEMENT

OF

BRITISH PLANTS.

PLANTS.
Narurar BODIES formed of dissimilar parts, of

an organic structure, and although entirely destitute of the
power of voluntarily moving from place to place, or of any
ergans of sensation, yet possessed of a living principle by
which they grow and increase, acquiring nourishment, not
by the ingestion of their food into an internal organ, 7. ¢. a
stomach, the assimilation of one part and the rejection of
the remainder, but by the intus-susception of liquid mat-
ters through a portion of their external surface, generally
by the part, roof, buried in the ground: capable of pro-
ducing other individuals similar to themselves, either by
the thrusting forth and subsequent spontaneous separation
of sporz, gongyli, or turiones, organized from the first
similarly to themselves, and expanding without fecunda-
tion, or by the formation and dispersion of a kind of eggs,
seeds, produced in one set of reproductive organs, the pis-
tills, fecundated and rendered capable of expansion into a
plant similar to its parent by the intromission of a fluid
secreted by a different set of organs, the stamens, placed
either upon another individual, more commonly on the
same but separate, and still more commonly within the
same covers, or flowers. ‘These reproductive organs, when
present, are rarely solitary, usually numerous, in each in-
dividual, and enclosed in two covers, the inner cover, or
bloom, of a gay and lively colour, seldom uncovered. The
T2

276 PLANTS.

seed-bearing, or female organs of Linnzeus, usually occu-

pying the centre of the flower, and single ; the fecundating,

or male organs of Linneeus, generally more numerous,

mostly five, surrounding the females in a circle: neither of

these organs serving for more than a single fecundation and

production of seeds, but withering and falling off, although -
new organs of the same kind are frequently produced on

the same plant in the following years. ‘The fecundation

effected by the motion of the atmosphere, or the passage

of insects, either carrying the fecundating liquid from the.
one organ to the other, or occasioning the approach of the

two organs, and the moisture of the one then causing the

rupture of the other, and the consequent emission of the

fecundating fluid. The seeds sometimes growing until they

become similar to their parent before they fall off and are

dispersed.

Pants are primarily divided into three series.

1, PLANTA CELLULOSE.

Structure cellular; embryo 0, reproduced by spore.

2. PLANTA ENDOGENZ.

Structure vascular; trunk cylindrical, homogeneous, the
centre youngest; embryo undivided ; cotyledon 1; plumule
extra-axile.

3. PLANTA EXOGENZE.

Structure vascular; trunk conical, composed of wood
covered with bark, the outer part of the wood youngest;
embryo divided ; cotyledons 2 or many; plumule axile.

Series I. PLANTA CELLULOSAK.

PLANTS composed entirely of cellular texture, having
neither lymphatic, spiral, nor proper vessels, nor any cor-
tical pores. Corculum simple; cotyledons 0; propagation
mostly gemmaceous. iy

Divided into two subseries: A, aphylleze; B, foliaceze.

4

PLANTA CELLULOSH APHYLLEX. 277
Subseries I. A. PLanrm CELLULOSE APHYLLER.

Fungi and Alge, Linneus. Gyneecie, Stokes. Anandre,
Link.

Planis similar in all their parts, formed into an universal
receptacle, éhallus, or several partial receptacles, thece either
loose, or fastened to the place of growth by peltate or
fibrous holdfasts; absorbing their nutriment by their whole

surface. Propagation by budlike spores, which are gene-
rally enclosed in sporidia, and these sporidia mpee in or
upon the receptacles. ;

FAMILIES.

1. Aquatic or marine: thallus filamentous, or membra-
naceous, often green. Algze.

Thallus tubular; plants aquatic, greenish ;

sporidia in the oe ee “HYDROPHYTA. i.
Thallus fibrous, or netted; plants marine;

sporidia in thecee or in the thallus

THALASSIOPHYT.

2. Terrestrial or parasitical : thallus crustaceous, or leather-
like, green when wet, and grazed; sporidia enclosed in
apothecia of various construction. Lichenes.

Thallus corklike or fleshy ;

apothecia dissimilar, covered SARCOTHALAMEX, 3.
Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike;

apothecia dissimilar, covered .. IDIOTHALAMEA, 4,
Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike;

apothecia dissimilar, naked . CGENO THALAMEZ. 5.

Thallus ieeilicalike or cartilaginous ;

apothecia similar .......0.- HOMOTHALAME/K, 6.

3. Terrestrial or parasitical: thallus threadlike or fieshy,
not green, sometimes wanting. Fungi. :

Thallus 0; sporidia free, naked, or in

a Biuaple theGa or. 3 er suet c 3 PROTOMYCE. 7.
Thallus threadlike, sometimes jointed ;
sporidia attached, naked ...... NEMATOMYCEX. 8.

Thallus 0; sporidia scattered in
a bladder-like theca ......... GASTEROMYCEZ:. 9.

278 PLANTZE CELLULOSE APHYLLEA.
Thallus solid, fleshy; covering

membranaceous: sporidia scattered

within the substance......... SARCO’ fHECER. 10.
Thallus cellular, fleshy ; sporid: a

in oblong thecze on the membra-

maceous covering .......... HYMENOTHECEZ. 11..
Thallus fleshy ; sporidia in longi-

tudinal thecze on the deliquescent

covering) Sa TT. apd LYTOTHECEA. 12.

Fam. I. 1. HYDROPHYTZ. Algarum pars, Linnzeus

and Jussieu.

Thallus tubular, membranaceous, leatherlike or gelati-
nous, continuous or jointed; tubes filled with sporidia;
sporidia globose or elliptical; plant aquatic, rarely marine.

A. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia transverse, in a single
longitudinal row, within the tube. Oscillatorideze.

Threads gelatinous, simple, several to-

gether enclosed in a cylindrical sheath ... Vacinaria. 1.
Threads gelatinous, simple, decumbent,

upon a eelatinous stratum .jlegiti bend sis OSCILLATORIA, 2.
Threads gelatinous, simple, chalet

iteegiramquil*. 4... '.. ASUS Sane BON Sei it - Huma, 4,
Threads gelatinous, tufted, upright,

PRS TAMQUEL 6 Me le ain tee opel bag Evisa. 4.
Threads gelatinous, upright from a

<sommon centre, forming a mass.......-- Rivuwaria. 5.
Threads leatherlike, ee a ‘see. SCYTONEMA. 6.

B. Thallus not jointed; sporidia in many transverse an-
nular series. Bangidew.

Sporzdre elobular.o3.'.. aes ts on @ MOR ARDEA. 73

C. Thalius not lacie sporidia in tufts, on the mside of
the tube. Lemanidex.

Phreads torulose; sporidia elliptical). .... Lemania. 8. *

D. Thallus not jointed ; sporidia scattered in the tube and
branches. WVaucherideze.

Thallus pinnate; branches linear .....+- BRYOPSIS. 9-

\

Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 279
Thallus mostly branched; branches blad-

EE scale eae i Se 5 ola eiagg Freneys gd ~-.. WAUCHERIA. 10.
Thallus entangled, ; in a determinate ne m;
branches clublike . Tk ee oss Ce UE IE bx

E. Thallus jointed, filamentous; filaments flat, brittle.
Diatomidez.

Joints not banded; sporidia in transverse

Bess... « eat Mae oo os weeeeees FRAGILARIA. 12.
Joints banded transversely, with a cen-

Co DS OT a Ss ao es delsige's)' + DEDDULPHIA. PS
Joints banded longitudinally Used) acta etare Diatoma. 14.

F. Thallus jointed, filamentous ; ilernents cylindrical,
coupling. Conjugatideze.

Filamenis parallel; granules es .. Congucata. 15.

Fil. parallel ; aranules 2-dotted . ... ZYGNEMA. 16.
Fil. bent; granules scattered ;
spore elliptical, in the jomt....5 008 .... CHOASPES. 17.
Fil, bent; granules scattered ; ’
spore cruciform, i in the contracted joint ... AGaRpIA. 18.

Fil., bent; granules scattered ;
spore on dede ; the transverse tubes «2. SERPENTINA. 19.
G. Thallus cylindrical, anastomosing, netlike. Wydro-
dictyanideze.

Filaments anastomosing; spore netlike
Hypropicryox. 20.

H. Thallus cylindrical, simple, or br bathe not coupling,

nor anastomosing. Confervider.

Thallus from a common base;

branches pointed, pellucid ..... ... Myriopactyton. 22.
‘Thallus from a common base;

branches obtuse, clublike ..... bite o 6 deta ic uRiA REESE Au: Sem
Thallus from a common axis ..... . CHETOPHORA. 21.
* Thallus uniform, simple or branched .. CoNFERVA. 25.

Thallus difform; branches ee

shaped, jointed .................. DRAPARNALDIA. 24.

280 1.Vaginaria. 1. HYDROPHYTH. Pl. cell. aph.

A. OscmtaroripEx. Thallus cylindrical, tubular,
jointless, membranaceous, gelatinous, or rather leatherlike,
mostly unbranched ; sporidia ringlike, often becoming glo-
bular, in a single, parallel, transverse series within the
tube, so that the tube appears annulated, with a pellucid
border and interstices. ’

Gen. I. 1. VAGINARIA. Sheath-moss.

Threads simple, gelatinous, parallel, decumbent, enclosed
several together in a slippery membranaceous sheath; ends
exserted, radiating, oscillating—Green.

Vaginaria vulgaris. Common. sheath- moss.
Sheath simple or branched, glaucous green, slippery;
threads equal, rings weak. ,

Oscillatoria vaginata, Vaucher, 202.

Conferva vaginata, Dillwyn Syn. 40; Engl. Bot.1995,

Oscillatoria autumnalis vaginata, 4gardh Syn. 107,

Oscillatoria chthonoplastes 8, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 92.

Damp gravel-walks, garden-pots.

Tuft blackish or bluish green; sheath twining, attenu-
ated; when cut or pressed, it divides into smaller plants of
the same kind, these interior plants being thrust out at the
end or bursten sides gives it a branched appearance ;
grows very quickly.—Another species of this genus grows
at the bottom of the sea, where, by fixing the sand, it fa-
vours the deposition of mud. ;

IJ. 2. OSCILLATORIA, Vaucher. Quick-moss.

Threads simple, membranaceous, gelatinous, straight,
decumbent on a gelatinous, slimy bed; oscillating —Plant.
aquatic,

1. Oscillatoria limosa. Mud quick-moss.

Bed blackish green, slippery, very compact; ¢hreads ra~
diating, very long, stiff, straight, bluish green.

Conferva limosa, Roth Catal. 3,197.

Conferva fontinalis,. Dillwyn, 64, partly.

Oscillatoria Adansonia, Vauch. 194.

Oscillatoria limosa, Agardh Disp. Alg. 33.

Bottom of still waters; becoming free in the spring.

Threads entangled; radii an inch long, blunt, oscillate
very lively; rings very close.

Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 2. Oscillat. 281

2. Oscillatoria nigra. Black quick-moss.

Bed black, slippery; threads radiating, very long, stiff,
straight, grayish yellow.

Oscillatoria nigra, Vauch. 192.

Conferva fontinalis, Dillwyn, 64, fig. and partly the description.

Bottom of running waters; becoming free in the spring.

Threads entangled; radii about an inch long, blunt,
oscillating very lively; rzgs rather distant.

3. Oscillatoria tenuis. Slender quick-moss.

Bed green, slippery; threads radiating, short, rather
stiff, straight, light green.

Conferva gelatinosa, omnium tenerrima et minima, aquarum limo in-
nascens, Dillen in Raii Syn. 417.

Oscillatoria viridis, Vaucher 195.

Conferva fontinalis, Roth Catal. 3, 195.

Conferva limosa, Dilhoyn Syn. 30; Engl. Bot. 2058.

Oscillatoria tenuis, Agardh Decad. 2, 17.

Still waters on mud; Summer.
Threads half an inch long, very slender; rigs very close.

4. Oscillatoria tenuissima. Very-slender quick-moss.

Bed velvetty, shaggy, dark green; threads crowded in
ascending tufts, straight, rather stiff, pellucid, very slender.

Conferva tenuissima, Engl. Bot. 2584,

Oscillatoria tenuissima, Agardh Disp. ed. 2,33.

‘Warm springs, as at Bath. '

Beds very irregular; threads about one-hundredth of an
inch in diameter.

f
4

5. Oscillatoria ? ochracea. Ochry quick-moss.

Bed thick, ochre brown, brittle; threads very slender,
yellowish green, incumbent.

Conferva ochracea, Roth Cat. 1,165; Dillw. 162.

Oscillatoria ochracea, Lyngbye Hydr. D. 89-

In chalybeate springs.

Bed thick, slippery, drying to an ochry powder ; threads
slightly bent: rings very close, intermixed with distant
ones. '

Ill. 3. HUMIDA. Humida.

Threads simple, membranaceous, bent, entangled, de-
cumbent, free, not oscillating, nor lengthening.—Damp,.

shady places.

232. 3. Humida. 1, HYDROPHYTZ. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Humida muralis. Wall humida.
Threads green, rather stiff, bent, twining, rather thick,
entangled so as to form a close green matt. .

Conferva muralis, Roth Cat. 3,187; Dillw. 7; Engl. Bot. 1554.
Conferva rigida, Roth. Cat. 1, 165.

Oscillatoria parietina, Vauch. 195,

Oscillatoria muralis, Agardh Disp. 1, 27.

Garden-walls, damp areas; all winter.

2. Humida decorticans. Slip-coat humida.

Threads very slender, bluish green, bent, entangled into
a very close green mat. |

Conferva muscosa confragosa rivulis innascens, Dilien. Musc. 15.

Conferva confragosa, Lightf. Scot. 976.

Conferva violacea, Wudsun Fl. Angl. 592.

Conferva decorticans, Dillwyn, £6.
Oscillatoria decorticans, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 95.

Damp woods and bark of trees; summer.
Threads three times as slender as those of humida muralis.

3. Humida cyanea. Sky-blue humida.

Threads very slender, glaucous blue, covered with a de-
ciduous coat, entangled into a close sky-blue mat.

Conferva cyanea, Engl. Bot. 2578.

Oscillatoria cyanea, Agardh Disp. ed, 2, 33.

Damp walls and stones,

IV. 4. ELISA. Elisa.

Threads simple, rarely adhering to one another, as if
branched, membranaceous, gelatinous, upright, tufted, free,
not oscillating, ner lengthening.

1. Elisa fontinalis. Spring elisa.

Fresh water; threads simple, very slender, nearly hyaline,
rather stiff, upright, short, forming a dark green mat.

Conferva fontinalis fusca omnium minima mollis, Dillen in Raii Syn, 58.

Conferva fontinalis, Fl. Dan. 651; Engl. Bot, 2054.

Oscillatoria fontinalis, Agardh Syn, 110.

Stones and posts in water ; stimmer.

Tufts very small, dark or light-green; threads aggre-
gated, a quarter of an inch long, straight; adheres to paper.

2. Elisa bicolor. Two-coloured elisa.
Fresh water; threads simple, slender, bright green,

weak, very long, forming a bright green fluctuating mat.
Conferva bicolor, Exgl. But. 2288.

Pl. cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTZ. 4. Elisa. 283°

Stones in rapid rivulets.
Rings close, rounded off at each end, leaving peliucid
intervals here and there.

3. Elisa distorta. Mis-shapen elisa.

Fresh water; threads branched, bluish green, rather
stiff, upright, tufted.

Conferya distorta, Engl. Bot, 2577.

Oscillatoria distorta, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 37.

Decayed grass in boggy pools.

Tufts thick, short ; “threads equal, etitanaled' avalee
rather distant.

4, Elisa mirabilis. Wonderful elisa.

Fresh water ; threads rather short, stiff, bluish green,
bending and uniting side by side at the bend entangled
into a piece mat.

Conferva mirabilis, Dilhoyn 96.

Fresh waters.
Rings very close.

5. Elisa genuflexa. Kneebent elisa.

Marine; threads rather short, stiff, pale blue, bending
and uniting side by side at the bend: entangled into a close
mat.

Conferva mirabilis, Engl. Bot. 2219,
On marine plants.
Tufts half an inch high, uniting and divaricating, then

uniting again; covered with a rather hor ny coat; sporangia
as long as broad.

6. Elisa majuscula. Largish elisa.

Marine ; threads very long, yellowish, entangled into a
very dense, cylindrical, oblong, fluctuating mat.

Oscillatoria majuscula, Jurin Alg. Dec. 4, 7.

Oscillatoria eruginosa violacea, Agardh Syn. 109.

Floating in the sea and on zostera marina.

Tufts four inches long and three broad, blunt, brown
or blackish; threads equal; rings very Giese,

8. ramosa. Filaments uniting as if branched, either by
the end, or side by side.
Conferva majuscula, Dillwyn Syn. 40, 15,

284 4. Elisa’ 1. HYDROPHYTZ. Pl. cell. aph.

7. Elisa scopulorum. Rocky-shore elisa.
Marine; threads green, rather stiff, twining, pointed,
very short, forming an upright, close, blackish green mat.

Conferva scopulorum, Weber et Mohr Suec. 195; Engl. Bot. 2171.
Oscillatoria scopulorum, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1,37. in

Rocks, planks, and large marine plants.
Tufts very close, very thin; threads not branched, agelu- |
tinated at bottom; rings very close.

8. Elisa confervicola. Conferva elisa.
Marine; threads simple, verdigris green, rather stiff,
upright, attenuated, short, slightly bundled together.

Conferva marina, parasitica tenuissima et brevissima glauca, Dillen
Musc. 552.

Conferva confervicola, Roth Cat.3,193; Dill. 8.

Oscillatoria confervicola, Agardk Disp. ed. 1, 37.

On cylindrical marine plants; summer.

Threads a line long, in scattered minute tufts, upright,
often hyaline, free at bottom.

9. Elisa xostericola. | Glasswrack elisa.
Marine ; threads simple, brown, rather stiff, upright, —
attenuated, very short, in tufts.

Conferva zostericola, Fl. Dan. 1599, 1.
Oscillatoria Mucor, 4gardh Disp. 3, 27.
Oscillatoria zostericola, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 94.

On Zostera marina. doatis
Tufts brownish, about a quarter of an inch long; threads
very slender.

V. 5. RIVULARIA. Agardh. Rivulet-moss.

Filaments gelatinous, membranaceous, not branched,
straight, attenuated, not oscillating, arising from a com-
mon centre, forming a gelatinous, globular or elongated
blackish green mass.

1. Rwularia atra. Deep-black rivulet-moss.

Marine ; tufts hemispherical, solid, very hard, shining ;
threads straight, pointed, agglutinated at bottom, free at
top, hyaline, greenish.

Tremella hemispherica, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2, 714.

Fucus Tremella hemispherica, Gmel. Hist. Fuc. 225.

Batrachospermum hemisphericum, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2,591.

Chetophora atra, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,43.

Rivularia atra, Roth Cat. 3,340; Engi. Bot. 1798.

Linckia hemispherica, Schumach. Enum. 2, 114. .

Linckia atra, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195.

e

Pl.cell.aph. 1.HYDROPHYT.. 5. Rivularia. 285

Stones and posts in the sea, also on fuci.
Tufts 1 or 2-tenths of an inch in diameter, mostly single.

2. Rivularia natans. _ Floating rivulet-moss.

Fresh-water ; tufts globular, hollow; threads stiff, not
branched, attenuated; sporzdia nearly globular.

Tremella utriculata, Huds. Fl. Angl. 564.

Tremella natans, Hedwig Theor. gen. 2, 218.

Rivularia angulosa, Roth Cat. 3, 340.

Ulva pruniformis, Eng. Bot. 968, not of Linnzus.

Boggy ditches and ponds.

Tufts of various sizes, brownish or greenish; threads
very stiff, attenuated; sheath thin, transparent at the base
of the threads.

3. Rivularia dura. Hard rivulet-moss.

Fresh-water ; tufts globular, solid, hard, green; threads
not branched, straight, agglutinated together at bottom,
free above, awlshape; rings inconspicuous.

Tremella globulosa, Roth Fl. Germ, 3, 551.
Tremella verrucosa, Roth Fl. Germ, 3, 554.
Rivularia dura, Roth Cat. 3, 338.

On aquatic plants; annual; summer.
Tufts the size of a large pin’s head.

7 »
4. Rivularia nitida. Shining rivulel-moss.
Fresh-water ; tufts hemispherical, solid, hard, shining,

black-green; ¢hreads very close, equal, very slender, light

green.

Rivalaria calcarea, Engl. Bot. 1799.

Rivularia nitida, Agardh Disp. ed. |}, 44.

Inundated places and sides of rivers.

Tufts about a quarter of an inch in diameter, often
uniting and forming an uneven bed.

VI. 6. SCYTONEMA. Agardh. _ Leather-thread.

Threads nearly leatherlike, free, not gelatinous, simple
or branched, orange-colour in dark and blackish tufts.—
Inundated places; appearing like lichens, and being per-
haps the young state of some of their families.

a. Branches given out at right angles.

L. Scytonema myochrous. Mouseskin leather-thread.
_ Threads olive yellow, very closely entangled into a
blackish brown mat; branches in pairs, simple, facing one
way; sporidia ringlike.
&

286 6. Scyton. 1. HYDROPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

Conferva myochrous, var. Dillw. Syn. 37; Engl. Bet. 1555.

Scytonema myochrous, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 38.

Caves and sides of rocks.

Tufts green when dry; threads olive-yellow, rather
weak, slightly attenuated, branches coming out at right
angles; sporidia black, rarely globular.

2. Scytonema seriatum. Rowed leather-thread.

Tufts very thickly entangled, blackish brown; threads
slender, purplish brown ; branches in pairs, facing one way ;
sporidia roundish.

Conferva myochrous, Dillw. 19; Engl. Bot. 1555. -

Conferva seriata, Wahi Fl. Lap. 984.
Scytonema myochrous inundatum, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 39.

Alpine inundated places.
Tufts a quarter of an inch thick, wool-like; threads twice

as long.

B. simplex. Tufts brown-green; thread simple, very
rarely emitting branches.

Scytonema myochrous simplex, 4gardh Disp, ed. 1, 38.

$. Scytonema ocellatum. Eyed leather-thread.
Tufts very dense, blackish; threads very slender, orange,
weak; Lranches facing one way, simple; sporidia beadlike.

Conferva acellata, Dillw. Syn. 60; Engl. Bot. 2530.
Scytonema myochrous ocellatum, 4gardh Disp, ed. 1, 38.
Scytonema ocellatum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 97.

Floating wood and fresh-water plants in alpine lakes.
Threads slightly bent; ranches sometimes solitary.

b. Branches rodlike.

4. Scytonema comoides. Wiglke leather-thread.

Tufts loose, iron black; threads bent, hair-brown;
branches single, rather distant, ascending, truncated at the
tip.

Conferva rufa, Roth Cat. 3, 280?

Conferva araneosa, Mohr in Schrad. Journ, 1806, 196.

Conferva comoides, Dill. 27; Engl. Bot. 1700,

Scytonema comoides, Agardh Syn, 112.

Stones on the shores, and marine plants.

Tufts oblong; threads much branched, an inch long;

sporidia beadlike.

5. Scytonema radicans. Rooting leather-thread.
Tufts dark olive-brown, loose; threads creeping, straight,
rather stiff; lranches single, simple, scattered, upright,

blunt, thinner at bottom.
e

Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYT2. 6. Scytonema. 287

Conferva radicans, Diliw. Syn. 57; Engl. Bot. 2138.

Rocks coveted by the sea; August.
Tufts an inch thick; sporidia globular.

B. Banerwex. Thallus tubular, cylindrical, not jointed,
membranaceous, leatherlike, simple or branched; sporidia
elliptical, globular, in several parallel transverse series,
afterwards free, in the tubes.

VII. 7.GIRA RDIA. Girard.
Sporidia spherical.

1. Girardia atrovirens. Blackish-green girard.

Threads branched, stiff; branches coriaceous, scattered,
divaricated ; sporidia 3 or 4, in each transverse series.

Lichen pubescens? Linn. Fl. Suec, 1126,

Conferva atrovirens, Dillw, 25.

Scytonema atrovirens, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 39.

Cornicularia pubescens, Acharius Syn. Lich. 302.

Bangia atrovirens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan..85,

Rocks.

Tufts 3 inches long, black; threads aggregated, upright
at bottom, then decumbent, very much branched; branches
thinner at both ends, spreading.

8. prolifera. Threads hispid, spinulose.

Scytonema atrovirens prolifera, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 89.
Cornicularia pubescens hispidula, 4charius Syn. Lich. 302.

2. Girardia fuscopurpured. Brownish-purple girard.

Threads simple, straight, unequally torulose; sporidia
many in each transverse series.

Conferva fusco-purpurea, Dill. 92. ;

Oscillatoria fusco-purpurea, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 34.

Bangia fusco-purpurea, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 83.

Piles and stones in the sea.

Tufts pendulous; threads aggregate,'a quarter of an inch
long, elastic, blunt; sporidia 4 to 10 in each series.

8. airopurpurea. Threads blackish purple.
Conferva atropurpurea, Dillw. 103.

Conferva trichodes, Ducluz. Essai, 30.

Oscillatoria atropurpurea, dAgardh Syn, 109.

Bangia fuscopurpurea 8, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 83.
On piles, just below the surface of the sea.
Holdfasts fibrous.

288 8. Lemania. 1. HYDROPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

C. Lemanipea. Thallus tubular, cylindrical, not
jointed, torulose, inflated at intervals, cartilaginous, mem-
branaceous, regularly cellular; sporidia in branched, beaded
filaments in pencilshaped tufts, scattered on the inner sur-
face of the tube, afterwards free and filling the tube.

VIII. 8. LEMANIA. B. de St. Vincent. Leman.

Thallus simple or branched, olive green, papillose on the
outside; sporidia elliptical F resh-water.

1. Lemania fluviatilis. River leman.

Threads olive-colour; internodes cylindrical, 5 times as
long as broad; papille mostly 3 together; branches and
second branches narrower at both ends.

Conferva fluviatilis lubrica setosa equiseti facie, Dillen Musc. 7, 47.

Conferva fluviatilis, Lin. S. P.1635; Engl. Bot. 1163.

Polyspermum fluviatilis, Vaucher, 99.

Chantransia fluviatilis, De Candolle Fl. Gall. 2, 50.

Lemania corallina, Bory in Berl. Mag. 1809, 277.

Nodularia, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1809, 9.

Lemania fluviatilis, 4gardhk Syn. 70.

Nodularia fluviatilis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 99.

On stones in rapid rivers; summer.

Aoldfasts callous, blackish; threads numerous, simple
or branched, 6 inches long, each knot is composed of 2 or

3 papillee, brittle when dry.

2. Lemania torulosa. Swollen leman.

Threads mostly simple, narrower at bottom, generally
thicker at top, olive-colour: zméernode about 3 times as long
as broad.

Conferva fluviatilis nodosa, fucum emulans, Dillen Musc. 39.

Conferva torulosa, Mohr in Schrad. Journ. 1801, 324.

Conferva fluviatilis 8, Engl. Bot. 1763,
Lemania torulosa, Agardh Disp. 28.

In mountain-streams.—A doubtful species.

%

D. VaucueripEx. Thallus threadlike, tubular, not
jointed, mostly branched, cartilaginous, membranaceous,
regularly cellular; branches vesicular, clubshape or linear;
sporidia globose, scattered in the tubes of the thallus, or
in the branches or ends of the thallus.

1X. 9. BRYOPSIS. Lamouroux. Moss-weed.
Thallus pinnate, tubular, not jointed, membranaceous,
gelatinous, cellular ; brancnes linear ; sporidia globose,
green, scattered in the stem and branches.—Marine.
%

:

Pi. cell.aphyl. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 9. Bryopsis. 2892

Bryopsis arbuscula. Shrublike moss-weed. ~.

Thallus rather compressed, bright green, branched ;
branches naked at bottom, pinnate at top; lobes numerous, _ .,
long, parallel, linear, opposite. :

Ulva plumosa, Hudson Fl. dagl. 5171; Engl. Bot. 2375.

Bryopsis arbuscula, Lamour. Journ. Bot. 1809, 134.

Fucus arbusculus, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2, 35,

On stones and rocks on the coast.

Thallus 2 inches long; sportdia clustering towards ther

circumference leaving the centre pellucid.

ai

ia

X. 10. VAUCHERIA. De Candolle. Vaucher. ..

Thallus threadlike, tubular, mostly branched above, not, =
jointed, rather stiff, mostly cut, angled; membrane of the -
threads hyaline; sporidia green, minute, globose, scattered “i
in the tube; side-branches vesicular, single or aggregate, ..,
elongating into new individuals, or barren incurved.

a. Vesicles single.

1. Vaucheria dichotoma. Twoforked vaucher.-

Presh-water ; threads large, tufted, upright, forked at -
top; branches long; vesicles globose, scattered, sessile.

Conferva dichotoma, Lin. Sp. Pl. $635; Dillw.15; Engl. Bot. 932.

Ceramium dichotomum, Roth Cat. 3, 119.

Ceramium czspitosum maximum, Roth Cat. 3, 120.

Vaucheria diehotoma, Agardh Syn, 47.

Stagnant waters and ditches; April to August.
Tufts angular, cut, blackish; ¢hreads angular at bottom,....
slippery, a foot long.

Bf!

2. Vaucheria ovata. ‘ Qvate vaucher.
Fresh-water ; threads hairlike, rather forked, tessular,
eduncled, single, globose; peduncles naked, curved.

p gle, &

Ectosperma ovata, Vaucher, 25.

Vaucheria ovata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 63.

Conferva bursata, Muller Nov. Act. Petr. 3,96.

Vaucheria bursata, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,21.

Ditches and stagnant waters; April.

Tufts very dense, floating on water; threads 9 inches -z
long, simple at bottom, twice as long as the vesicles.

3. Viucheria hamata. Hooked vaucher,

Presh-water ; threads hairlike; branches vague; vesicles =
peduncled, solitary, globose; peduncles with a barren hook, 5.
turned back,

VOL. I. gu

200° 10:Vauch. 1. HYDROPHYTZ. = Placell. aphe

- Eetesperma hamata, Vaucher, 26. 4
. Vaucheria‘hamata, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2, 63.

Ditches; April.
Tufts very dense, floating in water; peduncles mostly:
facing one way, 4 times as long as the vesicle.

4, Vaucheria terrestris. Land vaucher.

Land; threads hairlike, ascending, branched ;. ramult
very short, facing one way} vesicles sessile, single, globose.

Ectosperma terrestris, Faucher, 27.

Vaucheria terrestris, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2, 62.

Naked ground, damp.shady places; April and August.

Tufis entangled, very dense; upper branches spreading;:
shorts vesicles in the fork; or at the side of the branches:

5. Vaucheria Dillwyniz. Dillwyn’s vaucher:

Land; threads hairlike,;. flexuous,. branched; vesitles:
nearly sessile, single, globose.

Riccia arachnoidea, Flor. Dan, 1, 890.

Ceramium Dillwynii, Roth Cat, 3, 11:

Conferva frigida, Dillw. 16.

Conferva Dillwynii, Weber and Mohr, in Dillw. 16.

Vaucheria Dillwynii, #l..Dan. 1595, 1.

Damp shady places. | ¢
Tufts very close; threads decumbent, entangled ; vesicles”
rarely peduncled; pedunedes very slight.

6. Vaucheria granulata. Granulated vauchér.
Land; threads branched, creeping, or buried: in’ the
ground; vesicles solitary, globular, terminal.

Ulva granulata, Lin, S. P. 1633.

Tremella granulata, Hudson Fl. Angl. 560; Engl. Bot. 324.

Linkia granulata, Wigg Prim. Fl. Hols, 94,

Ulva radicata, Retz. Prodr. 303.

Waucheria radicata, Agardh Disp, ed. 1, 22.

Vaucheria granulata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 78.

Dried-up ditches on clay; ephemeral; autumn.

Threads very short, green above; vesicles globular, about

the size of mustard-seeds, cracking under the feet.

7 Vaucheria clavata. ; Clubbed vaucher.
Marine ; threads hairlike, branched at the tip; vesicles
solitary, in the clublike tips of the reflex branches.

Eetosperina ‘clavata, Vaucher, 34.

Waucheria clavata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 60.
Conferva dilatata, Ruth Cat. 3, 183.
Conferva vesicata, Muller N. Act. Petw®3, 95.

Salt-water ditches; annual; April and September.

Plcell.aph. 1.AYDROPHYTZE. 10.Vauch. 29%

Tufts very densely entangled, an ell long, floating;
branches divaricating.

8. Vaucheria ornithocephala. _ Birds-head vaucher.

Fresh-water ; threads branched; branches scattered ;
vesicles ovate, obliquely beaked; peduncles perpendicular.

Conferva vesicata, Dillw. 74.

Vaucheria ornithocephala, Agardh Syn. 49.

Ditches ; autumn.

Tufts entangled, floating; threads scattered, rather
straight; vesicles 2 or 4 together, 1-sided, resembling a bird’s
head ; peduncles very short.

b. Pesicles in pairs, with a tarren branch between them. .

9. Vaucheria sessilis. Sessile vaucher.

Fresh-water; threads hairlike, branched ; vesicles sessile,
mostly in pairs, ovate, intermediate barren branch turned
back.

Ectosperma sessilis, Vaucher, 31.
Vaucheria sessilis, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,633 Engl. Bot. 1765.

Stagnant waters and ditches; April. :
Tufis very dense, floating; vesicles sometimes solitary.

10. Vaucheria geminata. Doubled vaucher.

Fresh-water ; threads hairlike, forked; vesicles in pairs,
globose, opposite, on a common horned pedancle; horn m-
termediate, straight.

Ectosperma geminata, Faueher;:29.

Vaucheria geminata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 623 Engl. Bot. 1766.

Stagnant ditches; February.

Tufts very close, floating; peduncles 3 times as long as
broad, horizontal ending in a slightly jointed, barren,
straight point.

11. Vaucheria cespitosa. _ Turf vaucher.

Fresh-water ; threads hairlike, tufted, forked, branched ;
last branches horizontal, facing one way, vesicle-bearing ;
vesicles in pairs, sessile, terminal, with a short, straight,
intermediate point.

Conferva canalicularis, Lin. S. P. 1634.
Conferva fontinalis, Blumenbach in Goett. Mag. 1781, 80.
Ectosperma cespitosa, Vaucher, 28.
Vaucheria cespitosa, dgardh Syn. AB,
Springs, in clayey sofls; April.
u 2

292 10. Vauch. 1. HYDROPHYT. Placell. aph.

Tufis very close, blackish green; ¢hreads light green,
bent at bottom, lying down, above upright; last branches
horizontal, spreading.

c. Vesicles numerous. ,

12. Vaucheria racemosa. Bunch vaucher.
_ Fresh-water ; threads hairlike, forked ; vesicles crowded,
peduncled, in racemes.

Ectosperma racemosa, Faucher, 32.

Vaucheria racemosa, Dz Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 61.

Stagnant ditches; annual; April.

Tufis close, entangled, floating; threads bent, branched;
peduncles coming out at right angles, short, racemose;

vesicles 4, or many, crowded together.

13. Vaucheria multicapsularis. Many-fruited vaucher.

Land ; threads very minute, creeping, much branched;
branches upright, simple, thicker at the tip; vestcles on the
branches, spherical, crowded.

Conferva multicapsularis, Dillwyn. 71.
Vaucheria multicapsularis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 89.

Damp shady places, among mosses.

Tufts small, entangled, irregular; threads appearing as
if stoloniferous; branches sometimes forked; vesicles stuffed
with sporidia, sometimes solitary; sporidia greenish, cylin-
drical, oblong.

/

XI. 11. CODIUM. Stackhouse. Codium.

Thallus threadlike, tubular, continuous, very closely en-
tangled into a forked, spherical, or flat dark green sponge-
like mass; branches horizontal, sometimes clublike at the
tip, or divided, all pointing to the surface of the mat;
sporidia granular, green, in the tubes and branches. —
Marine, dark green becoming white by exposure to the air.

1. Codium subglobosum. Globular codium,
Mass spherical, hollow.

Bursa marina, Rati Syn, 31, 3.

Alcyoninm Bursa, Lin. Syst. Nat.

Spongidiam Bursa, Lamaroux Essai.

Fucus subglobosus, Clemenéi in MSS.

Fucus Bursa, Turner Hist.3,6; Engl. Bot, 2183,
Codium Bursa, Agardh Disp. 24.

Sea coasts.

Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTA. 11. Codium. 298.

2. Codium dichotomum. Two-forked codium,
. Mass nearly cylindrical, threadlike, forked.

Spongia dichotomos teretifolia, viridis, Rati Syn. 29, 3.

Spongia dichotomos compressa ex viride splendens, Rati Syn, 29, 4.

Fucus tomentosus, Hudson Fl. 4ngl. 584; Engl. Bot. 717.

Fucus fungosus, Des Font. Fl. Atl. 2, 428.

Spongidium dichotomum, Lamouroux Essai.

Codium tomentosum, Stackh.in Agardh Disp.

South-west coast; perennial; June and July.

Trunks from a dilated base, many, 6 inches long; fork
obtuse-angled ; branches even-topped, blunt at the tip.

8. marginifer. Mass two-forked, beset all over with
short, horizontal, forked segments.

E. Dratomipex. Thallus threadlike, tubular, flat,
jointed, sometimes united parallelly through their whole
length ; joints often separating but still cohering at the
angles; spordia granular, enclosed in the joints—often pa-
rasitic on marine plants, forming when dry a shining white
crystalline crust.

XID. 12. FRAGILARIA. Lyngbye. Breaking-up.

Thallus threadlike, jointed, flat, not branched, very
brittle; jovzts without any band, separating but cohering
by one of their corners; sporidia granular, enclosed in the
joints.

1. Fragilaria striatula. Streaked breaking-up.
Threads yellowish green, compressed, even; join/s shorter
than broad, in pairs, regularly streaked tranversely.
_ Conferva striatula, Engl. Bot. 1928.
Fragilaria striatula, Lyngbye Hydr Dan. 1&3.
On rocks and marine plants; April.
Threads about a tenth of an inch long.

2. Fragilaria teni@formis. Tapeworm breaking-up.

Threads compressed, pale green, even; joints three times
broader than long, obscurely variegated.

Conferva tenixformis, Engl, Bot. 1883.

Diatoma? tznivformis, dgardh Disp. 35.

On marine plants; February.

Tufts a twelfth of an inch long.

294 12, Fragil. 1. HYDROPHYT. —Pl.celll. aph

.. 3. Fragilaria pectinalis. , Finlike breaking-up.
Threads simple, flat, stiff, narrow, very brittle, growing
_ narrower; joints three times broader than long, pellucid in
the middle.
Conferva pectinalis, Muller in N. Act. Petr. 3,91; Engl. Bot, 1611.

Conferva branchialis, Roth Cat. 1, 186,
Diatoma pectinalis, 4gardh Disp. 35.

On decaying leaves in ditches; March.

XI. 13. BIDDULPHIA. Biddulph.

Thallus threadlike, jointed, compressed; jomés nume-
yous, formed of several longitudinal filaments united to-
gether by a transverse pellucid band; sporidia granular,
purplish, forming a spot under the tranverse band.—Ma-
rine plants, green or white.

1. Biddulphia pulchella. Pretty biddulph,
Threads simple, pale green; joimts nearly as long as
broad, four-cornered, granular, reddish.

Conferva Biddulphiana, Engl. Bot. 1762.

On marine plants; November and December.

Threads half an inch long; sporidia reddish, scattered ;
joints appearing as if furrowed longitudinally, crenate
where they join.

4

2. Biddulphia obliquata. Crooked biddulph.

Threads nearly simple, in tufts, brownish white; soznts.
agoregated, obliquely four-cornered, connected with the
hext by one corner,

Gonferyva obliquata, Engl. But. 1869, left-hand fig.

Diatoma obliquata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 181.

On marine plants.

Joints about as broad as long; granules red or brownish.

8. longa. Joints nearly twice as long as broad.
Conferva obliquata, Engl, Bot. 1869, right-hand fig.

» 3. Biddulphia stipitata. Stipitated liddulph.
_ Threads simple, tew-jointed, inserted laterally on a long,
hairlike stipes; joints twice as broad as long.

Conferva stipitata, Engl. Bot. 2488.

Covering marine plants.

Tufts golden yellow, when dry greyish ; ¢hreads.composed
of 3 to 5 joints, twice or thrice as long as broad, rather
bent upwards.

Plicélleaph. 1. HYDROPHYT. -14,-Diatoma. 295

aan. 14. DIATOMA. De Candolle. ‘Diatome.

Threads jointed, flat, simple, coupled throughout their
whole length; 3 joints separating, but remaining adherent
by their alternate angles, with a longitudinal band formed
by the coupling together ‘of the threads.

A. Diatoma Swartzii. Swartz s diatome.

Presh water; threads light-ereen ; joints half as long:as
‘broad, crenately notched. on: both edges,. when uncoupled
triangular.

'Diatoma Swartzii, Agardh Syn. 118.

Ditches and stagnant waters, among conferve.
Threads very brittle, slimy, when coupled separating
mitten into joints on the least touch.

eH Bistono Jlocculosum. Flocculent diatome.

Fresh-water ; threads hyaline, forming brownish tufts ;
joints rather broader than long, transver sely pinqaliods band
longitudinal, pellucid.

_Conferva flocculosa, Roth Cat. 1,192; Engl; Bot. 1761,

Diatoma flocculosa, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 39.

Tuft small; threads very minute; joints 4-cornered, edge
even.

8. Diatoma tenue. Slender diatome.

fresh-water; threads very small, reddish and brownish ;
joints 8 times as.long as broad, transversely streaked ; band
longitudinal, pellucid.

Conferva flocculosa, FV. Dan. 1487.

Diatoma tenuis, 4gardh Decad, 10.

Diatoma flocculosa 6, Agardh Syn, 120.

In ditches, on confervze.

Threads very minute, stiff, hyaline.

4, Diatoma marinum. Sea diatome,
Marine; threads simple, in tufts, yellowish ; joints half
as long again as broad, with ovate, transverse et anules. mid
Boooe: flocculosum? De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,48. ¢e
Diatoma marinum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 180.
On marine plants ; summer.
.. Tufts small, i brownish; threads very. slender: jents as
long or twice as long as broad. G2

a

oun

oe

€ 296 15.Zygnema. 1. HYDROPHYTZ. Pi. cell. aph.

F. Consucatiwex. Thallus cylindrical, threadlike,
‘tubular, jointed; coupling laterally, either by pushing out
‘a transverse tube from the middle of the joint, or by uniting
at the angles; spore one in each joint.—Fresh-water, green.

XV. 15. ZYGNEMA. Agardh. Zygneme.
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular ; jointed; coupling

-sparallelly by a short traverse tube emitted from the middle

~~<f each joint, through which the granules in the joints of

BS

Re

one plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant,
and there form a single spherical spore; granules form-

is dng spots in each joint.

1. Zygnema pectinatum. Comblike zygneme.
Threads shining, rather longer than broad; spots two,

, oblong or 3- topteds in each joint.

Conjugata pectinata, Vaucher, 77.

Zygnema pectinatum, Agardh Syn. 102.

Conferva pectinata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,56; Engl. Bot, 1610.

On stones, or floating i In running waters.

Tufts light green, crowing blackish ; spore spherical,
lodged in the transverse tube, according to Agardh.

B. confluens. Joints as long as broad; spots dense and
nearly confluent.

Conferva bipurctata, Dillw. 2. "
: 2. Zygnema bipunctatum. Two-dotied xygneme.
*- Threads shining, twice as long as broad; spots 2, stellate.

Conferva Re Gch, Roth Cat. 2, 204; not of Engl, Bot.
Conferva Stellina, Muller in N. Act. Petr. 3,93.
Conferva cruciata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 56.
‘ Conjugata stellina, Vaucher, 75. .
~>Conjagata cruciata, Vaucher, 76.
Zygnema cruciatum, 4gardh Syn. 102.
Ditches and stagnant waters.
Tufts entangled, floating ; spots starlike, radiated or

= angular.

B. gr acile. Joints three times as long as broad; shee 2
roundish.

Conjugata gracilis, Vaucher, 73.

Conferva gracilis, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 55.

Zygnema gracilis? dAgardh Syn. 103.

“" y. unipunctatum. « Joints as long’ as broad; spot 1,

es roundish.

Pi. cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYT. 16. Conjugat. 297

XVI. 16. CONJUGATA. Vaucher. Conjugate.

Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed; couplin
parallelly, by a traverse tube, exserted from the middle of
the joints, through which the granules in the joints of one
plant pass into the opposite joint of the other plant, and
there form an ovate spore; granules forming spiral lines
in each joint.

a. Granules in a single spiral_tline.

1. Conjugata quinina. Roman-five conjugate.

Threads equal, slippery, coupling; joints three times as
long as broad; granules in a single, very close spiral line.

Conferva quinina, Muller N. Act. Petr, 3, 94,

Conferva spiralis, ftoth Cat. Bot. 2,202; Engl. Bot. 1636,

Conjugata quinina, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 27.

Zygnema quininum, Agardh Decad. 2, 26.

Ditches and pools.

Tufts dark green; joints from once and an half to four
times as long as broad; spiral angles acute, like the letter
V often repeated. :

8. porticalis. Spire bent like an arched gateway.
Conferva porticalis, Muller, ut supra.

Conjugata porticalis, Faucher, 66.

Zygnema quininum porticale, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 173.

y- monstrosa. Tule proceeding from the joints uniting
with the tube proceeding from the next joint of the same
plant.

2. Conjugata inflata. . Blown conjugate.

Threads here and there inflated; granuées in a single
open spire.

Conjugata inflata, Vaucher, 68.

Conferva sordida, Roth Fl. Germ. 3, 504.

Conferva inflata, Engl. Bot. 2376.

Zygnema inflatum, Agardh Syn. 101.

Ditches.

Tufts cloudlike, yellowish green; threads very slender ;
joints three times as long as broad, thicker in the middle;
spot rarely obsolete.

\

3. Conjugata longata. Long conjugate.

Threads equal, slippery; joints 6 to 12 times as long as
broad; granudes in a simple, very open spire, forming very
blunt angles.

Conjugata longata, Faucher, 71. : Be
Conferva longata, Dillwyn Syn. AQ,

Conjugata quinina longata, Agardh ‘Disp. ed. 1,27.

“ygnema longatum, Agardh Syn. 101.
Ditches.and stagnant.waters.
Lufts yellowish green; threads very slender.

4, Conjugata tumidula. Swollen conjugate.

Threads here and there swollen; granules......

Conferva tumidula, Engl. Bot. 1670.

Ditches and marshes.

‘Threads very slender, about one 700th of an inch dia-
meter; joints 3 times as long as broad; spore elliptical.—
Perhaps a variety of c. inflata.

b. Spiral lines two in each joint.

5. Conjugatia condensata. Condensed conjugate.
Threads equal ; joints about as long as broad; spiral Lines
very close, two in each joint.

Conjugata condensata, Faucher, 67.
Zygnema condensatum, gardh Syn. 100.

Ditches.
Threads crisp, brittle, harsh ; boone spherical.

6. Conjugata decimina. Roman-ten conjugate.
‘Threads equal; joints 2 or 3 times as long as ‘broad;
spiral lines open, 2 in each joint, crossing each “other.

, Conferva decim!na, Muller N. Act. Petr. 3, 94,
' Conferva nitida, Dillwyn, 4.

Conferva jugalis, Dillwyn, 5,

_Conferva setiformis lubrica,, Roth Cat. 3,26T.

» Conjugata decimina, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 26.
Zygnema deciminum, dgardh Syn. 99.

Stagnant waters.
Threads light green, slenderer than in c. eee spiral

lines like X many times repeated.

%.,Conjugata nitida. Shining conjugate.
Threads equal; joints about as long as broad; spiral. lines
very open, many in each joint.

Conjugata Princeps, Vaucher, 64.

Conferva nitida, Fl. Dan. 819; Engl. Bot. 2357.
Conferva jugalis, Fl. Dan. 883.

Conferva scalaris, Roth Cat. 2,196.

\Conferva, setiformis, conjugata, Moth, Cat, 3, 266.
Conferva multistriata, Roth Cat. 3, 271.
Conjugata nitida, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 26.
Zygnema nitidum, Agardh Decad. 3, 25.

Ponds; August. P
Tufis thick, dark green, floating; threads as thick as a
horse-hair ; ¢ransyerse tubes very short.

XVII. 17.CHOASPIS. ei enis.

Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, kneebent;
coupling at the bend, by a perforation in each joint, which
4ransmits the granules from one plant to the other, where
they form an elliptic spore; granules scattered. — Not

slippery.

Choaspis serpentina. Serpentine choaspis.

Threads slender, stiff, here and there slightly bent, and
coupling; joins four times as long as broad; granules in a
triple irregular series.

Conferva stictica, Engl. Bot. 2463.

Ditches.

Tufts floating, pale yellowish green above, blackish
green beneath; joznts when young pale green.

XVIII. 18. AGARDHIA. Agardh.

Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, bent, ap-
proximating and uniting here and.there with others, the
coupled joints becoming shortened; granules in a single
dine, spore formed in the shortened coupled joints, .cross-
shape.— Bluish green.

Agardhia cerulescens. Bluish agardh.
Threads slender, bent, light purplish blue; joints 6 times
as long.as broad; granules and spores greenish.
Conterva cerulescens, Engl. Bot. 2457,
Conferva conjugata, dgardh Syn. 96.
. Conferva Agardhiana, Wall. in Liljebl. Sv. Fl.ed. 3.
Zygnema? czrulescens, 4gardh Disp. ed. 2, 32.
Boggy pools; July. ey’ ' :
Joints pellucid with a central, slightly spiral, dotted line
of green granules.

XIX. 19. SERPENTINARIA. Serpentinare.
Thallus threadlike, simple, tubular, jointed, knee-bent,
coupling at the bend, by a short transverse tube coming
from the middle of the joints, which receives the granules
from.each plant, and thus forms a globular spore remain-
ing in the middleof the transverse tube; granules.scattered.

' —Slippery,.

~$00 19. Serpent. 1. HYDROPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Serpentinaria compressa. Compressed serpentinare.

Threads brittle, bent, coupling; joints three times as long
as broad; granules in a compressed mass.

Conferva serpentina, Muller N. Act. Petr. 3.

Conjugata serpentina, Faucher, 81.

Conferva genuflexa, Dillwyn Intr. 18.

Zygnema compressum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 171.

Stagnant waters.

Threads as fine as human hair, very brittle; spore glo-
bular, in the transverse tube.

2. Serpentina genuflexa. Knee-lent serpentinare.
Threads brittle, knee-bent, coupling; joints four times as
long as broad, half filled with granules.

Conjugata angulata, Vaucher, 79.

Conferva senuflexa, Roth Cat. 2,199; Engl. Bot, 1914,

Conferva serpentina, Muller N. Act. Peir. 3,92.

Conjugata genuflexa, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 28.

Zygnema genuflexum, dgardh Syn, 98.

Ditches and stagnant waters; spring and autumn.

Tufis dense, floating; threads as thick as human hair,
slightly curved or knee-bent; grauu/es entirely or half filling
the joints; spore globular, in the transverse tube.

G. Hypropictyoniprx. Thallus cylindrical, thread-
shape, tubular, jointed, anastomosing like a net; meshes
many-sided, each side formed of a single joint; spore ? or
embriv? like the parent, reticulated, contained with the
joints.

XX. 20. HYDRODICTYON. Roth. Water-net.

Threads jointed, membranaceous, woven into the form
of a purse-net ; spore? same form as the parent plant, en-
closed in each joint.—Fresh-water; green.

HAydrodictyon utriculatum. Bottle water-net.

Threads united into a tubular net.

Conferva reticulata, Raii Syn, 59,10; Lin. Sp. Pl. 1635; Engl. Bot.
1687.

Hydrodictyon utriculatum, Roth Fl. Germ. 3, 531.

Hydrodictyon pentagonum, Faucher, 88.

Hydrodictyon majus, Roth Cat, 2, 238.

Hydrodictyon tenellum, Roth Cat. 2,239.

Stagnant, or slightly flowing waters; annual.

Plant forms a dense stratum, floating, from 2 inches to
2 feet long; meshes mostly 5-sided, rarely 4 or 6-sided.

Pl. cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYT AL. 21. Cheetoph. 301.

H. Conrervowes. Thallus cylindrical, threadlike,
tubular, jointed, simple or branched, uniform or biform ;
joints pellucid; spore granular, green, scattered in the
joints; fruit external, but the granules often grow in the
joints themselves.

XXI. 21. CHASTOPHORA. Schrank. Chetophore.

Mass threadlike, branched; threads springing from the
axis, jointed, branched, growing slenderer, and ending in
a long transparent hair extended beyond the surface of the
mass; granules in the joints, sometimes growing while still
in the mass.—Reddish.

Chetophora rubra. Red chetophore.
Mass cylindrical, threadlike, forked; threads branched,
jointed, red.
Ulva rubra, Hudson Fl. Angl. 5713 Engl. Bot. 1627.
Rivularia multifida, Weber and Mohr. Reise, 3, 193.
Chztophora rubra, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 42.
Chordaria multifida, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 51.
Rocks on the sea-shore; annual; August and September.
Mass crowded, 3 to 6 inches long, from a callous base;
tip of the branches rather blunt.

XXII. 22. LEATHESIA. Leathes.

Mass globular, leatherlike, gelatinous, brownish ; threads
branched, jointed, springing from a common basis; branches

clubshape, blunt; spores scattered in the swollen joints.—
Marine.

Leathesia tuberiformis. Tuberous leathes.

_Mass globular, rather leatherlike, hollow; outer surface

smooth, brown; ¢dhreads very close, forked, branched;
branches level at the top; tips clubshaped.

Tremella difformis, Lin. Sp. Pl. 1626.
Rivularia tuberiformis, Engl. Bot. 1956.
Nostoe marinum, Agardh Disp. ed. 1,45.
Chetophora marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 193.

On marine plants; annual; summer.

XXIII. 23. MYRIODACTYLON. Des Vaux.
, Myriodactyle.
Mass elongated or globular, gelatinous, light green;
threads branched, jointed, springing from a common basis ;

branches growing finer and ending in a long, hyaline fila-
ment; knots pellucid.

302 23. Myriodact. 1. HYDROPHYTA. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Myriodactylon endivifolium. Endive-leaf myriodactyle.

Fresh-water ; mass light green, long, flattish, solid, pal-
mate, many-cut; lobes roundish, blunt; éhreads very much
' branched ; branches even-topped, spreading.

Tremella palustris gelatinosa, dame cernuum facie, Dillen Muse. 5%.

Conferva gelatinosa, dame cornua reprasentans, Dill. in Rait Syn. 60,
17.

UWiva incrassata, Hudson Fl. Angl. 5723 Engl. Bot. 967.

Batrachospermum fasciculatum, Vaucher, 116.

Rivularia cornudame, Roth Cat, 3, 332.

Rivolaria endivifolia, Roth Cat. 3, 334.

Chetophora endivifolia, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 42.

Ditches; annual; summer.

Mass tufted, 2 inches long; threads nearly parallel; |
branches rather one-rowed, closer above; lower joints five

times as long as broad, upper equal.

3. M: yriodactylon planum. Flat myriodactyle.
Mass flat, orbiculate, centre brown, edge greenish ;
threads concentric, slender, crowded, green. i

Tremella adnata, Lin. S. P. 1672?

Chstophora plana, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 43.

Rocks and stones in the sea; May.

Mass one inch in diameter, pressed close to the rocks

having the habit of a lichen.

MXIV. 24. DRAPARNALDIA. St.Vinc. Draparnaud.

Thallus gelatinous, composed of two kinds of threads’;
primary thread equal, jointed; joints having a transverse
zone; secondary threads pencilshape, in bundles, jointed,
ending in a long, pellucid hair; spores granular, green.

t. Draparnaldia glomerata. Conglomerated draparnaud.

Threads much branched; branches in bundles, many-
eut, pencilshape, pencils mostly alternate, ovate, blunt,
spreading ; jovnis twice as long as broad.

Conferva gelatinosa 8, Hudson Fl. Angl. 598.

Cunferva Chara, Roth Cat. 3, 285.

Batrachospermum glomeratum, Vaucher, 114.

Draparnaidia mutabilis, St. Vincent, Ann de Mus, 12, 4 02.

Draparnaldia glomerata, 4gardh Disp. ed.1, 41.

In rivers; annual; winter and spring.

Tufts four inches long, appearing like a green gelatinous
jelly; threads slender, vaguely branched; joints with a
transverse spore in the middle.

Pl.cell:aph:. 1. HYDROPHYT. 24. Draparn. 308:

2. Draparnaldia plumosa. _ Heathery draparnaud.
Threads very much branched; branches in bundles, many--
cut;, pencilshape, mostly. opposite, lanceolate, acute, up=
right; joits rather longer than broad, with a. transverse
band.

Batrachospermum plumosum, Vaucher, 113,

Conferva mutabilis, Roth Cat. 1, 197.

Draparualdia hypnosa, Sé. Vincent. dnn. Mus. 12, 405,

Draparnaldia plumosa, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 42.

Oh woods and stones in rivers; annual; summer. _

Tufts three inches long; !ast division of the branches:
much the longest.

XXV. 25. CONFERVA.. Pliny. Crowsilk.
Threads uniform, simple or branched, greenish, jointed ;
knots pellucid; spores granular, enclosed in the joints.

a. Plant greenish, sunk, branched.

1. Conferva lubrica. Slippery crowsilk.

Threads very much branched, very slender, minute, ge-
latinous, slippery, green; Lranches divaricating, scattered,
close, awlshape; tip long, transparent; jozmts 2 or 3 times
as long as broad, with a central, transverse band.

Conferva lubrica, Dillwyn, 57; Engl. Bot. 2087,

Draparnaldia tenuis, dgardh Decad, 3, 30.

On wood and stones in rivers or stagnant waters; summer.

Tufts glaucous green, dense, 1 or 2 inches long; threads
weak; flaccid, attenuated.

6. exigua. Threads less than a quarter of an inch long;
joints about as long as broad.
Conferva exigua, Dillwyn Syn. 62.

2. Conferva protensa. Extended crowsilk,

Threads branched, slippery, green; branches diffused,
very long, attenuated; tip pellucid; jozmts rather longer
than broad.

Conferva protensa, Déllwyn, 67.

3. Conferva nigricans. Blackish crowsilk:
Threads forked, rather stiff, straight, thick, equal; branches
distant, long, spreading at bottom; jozis 4 times as long
_as broad.
Conferva nigricans, Roth. Cat.3, 217; Dillwyn, 68.
Ponds.

304 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTZ. Pl. cell.aph.

7 hreads in tufts, 3 or 4 inches long; small branches short,
scattered, greenish black, does not adhere in drying to
either glass or paper, becomes blackish; joints sometimes
contracted alternately,

4. Conferva crispata. Crisped crowsilk.

Fresh-water ; threads branched, crisped, dark green;
Lranches alternate, very remote; joints cylindrical, four or
six times as long as broad, when dried alternately com-
pressed. ;

‘Conferva crispata, Roth Cat.1,178; Engl. Bot. 2350.

Conferva rivularis crispata, 4gardh Syn. 86.

Stagnant pools; July.

Tufts very dense, about 2 feet long; threads very closely
entangled.

5. Conferva flavescens. Yellowish crowsilk.

Fyesh-water ; threads very much branched, bent ; branches
alternate, divaricating ; lateral twigs short, spreading hori-
zontally ; joints cylindrical, 8 or 10 times as long as broad.

Conferva flavescens, Roth Cat. 2,224; Eng. Bot. 2088.

Conferva pennatula, Dillwyn Syn. 64?

Fresh-water ditches; summer.

Tufts very thick; threads entangled, very slender, 9 inches
long; branches attenuated, blunt.

6. Conferva fracta. ~ Broken crowsilk.

Threads much branched, hairlike, stiff, bent; branches
and twigs divaricating, mostly alternate; joimts 4 to § times
as long as broad, becoming oblong.

Conferva bullosa, Lin, Sp. Pl. 1637.

Conferva vagabunda, Hudson Fl. Angl. 601; Dillw. 5.
Conferva divaricata, Roth Cat. 1,179.

Conferva fracta, Fl. Dan. 946; Dillw. 14; Engl. Bot. 2338.

Ditches and pools.
Tufts expanded, very thick, floating, bullated ; threads
% to 4 inches long; Lranches attenuated, tip acute.

@. hirta. Knots obsolete, by reason of the echinelle pa-

rasitic upon them.

Conferva birta, Fl. Dan. 947.
Conferva fracta hirta, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 152.

y. elongata. Marine threads straight; upper branches
very long, simple.

Conferva divaricata elongata, Roth Cat. 1,181.

Conferva fracta elongata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 152,

Plhicell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25: Conferva. 305

0. marina. Threads thicker, greenish yellow.

Conferva fracta marina, Roth Cat, 3,234.
Conferva vagabunda, Roth I'l. Germ. 3, 465.
Conferva refracta, Roth Cat. 2, 193.

7. Conferva flexuosa. Bent crowsilk.

Threads very much branched, rather stiff, dark green;
branches bent, twigs mostly simple, alternately 2-ranked,
spreading ; joits 2 or 3 times as long as broad.

Conferva flexuosa, Fl. Dan. 882; Dillwyn, 10; Engl. Bot. 1944.

Conferva rupestris flexuosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 156.

Salt-water ditches, at the bottom; April.

Threads eutangled, main threads once or twice branched ;
knots dark.

8. Conferva rupestris. ; Rock crowsilk.

Threads very much branched, in bundles, stiff, slender,
dull green ; branches adpressed, nearly 3-forked, blunt;
jomts cylindrical,-4 times as long as broad; knots pellucid.

Conferya marina trichoides, seu muscus marinus virens.tenuifolius, Dil-
fen in Raii Syn. 60. ‘

Cenferva rupestris, Lin. Sp. Pl. 1637; Engl. Bot. 1699.

Conferva glauca, Roth Cat. 2, 208.

Conferva virgata, Roth Cat. i, 195.

Ceramium asperum;. Roth Cat. 2, 1890.

Ceramium rupestre, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 42.

Rocks by the sea; annual. y

Lhreads verdigris green, in very thick bundles, repeatedly
branched from base to tip; joimis, when dry, alternately

compressed.

9. Conferva diffusa. | Diffuse crowsilk.

Threads forked, branched, rather zigzag, stiff, green ;
branches. diffuse, remote; twigs short, approximate, blunt,
joints cylindrical, four times as long as broad; kzots pel-
lucid.

Conferva. diffusa, Roth Cat. 2,207; Engl. Bot. 2289.

Sea-shore:

Base‘calious ; tufts dull green, loosely entangled, 2 to
6 inches long; threads branched from the base, spreading.

10. Conferva glomerata. Gloinerated: crowsilk.

Threads, much branched, rather stiff, green; branches
alternate; twigs short, rather bundled, pencilshape, rather
blunt; joints 4 times as long as broad.

VOL. I. x

$06 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. PI. cell. aph.

Alga sive Conferva fontinalis trichoides, Park. 1261, 1.

Conferva fontinalis ramosissima, glomeratim confesta, Dillen in Ratt
Syn. 59, 8.

Conferya glomerata, Lin. Sp. Pl. 1637; Engl. Bot. 2192.

Conferva cristata, Roth Cat. 1,193.

Conferva canalicularis, Girod Chantr. Conf. 173.

Polysperma glomerata, Vaucher, 99.

Chantransia glomerata, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 51.

Stones in running waters; summer.

Threads aggregate, 3 inches long, crowded, attenuated ;

branches bundled towards the tip, stiff.

11. Conferva letevirens. Light-green crowsilk.
Threads very much branched, rather stiff, bent like a
bow, light green; branches approximate, pointed, twigs

short, alternately, facing one way}; joints 5 times as long »

as broad.

Conferva letevirens, Dillwyn, 48; Engl. Bot. 1854,
Conferva glomerata marina, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 154.

Stones on the sea-shores.
Tufts bushy, light green; twigs pointing many together
all on one side, then several together all to the other.

12. Conferva allida. Whitish crowsilk.
Threads very much branched, in close tufts, greenish
white, rather opake; lranches clustered about 4 together ;
twigs opposite, zigzag, the smallest nearly parallel; joints
4 times as long as broad.

Conferya marina tomentosa, tenerior et albicans, Dillenin Rati Syn.
59, 13.

’ Conferva albida, Hudson Fl, Angl. 595; Engl. Bot. 2321.

Sea-coasts; June and July.

Tufts dull, opake, cottonlike, whitish; threads 3 inches
long, densely interwoven ; éwigs nearly horizontal.

6. protensa. Threads 7 or 8 inches long, rather bushy,
twigs spreading, mostly opposite, straight.

13. Conferva pellucida. Transparent crowsilk.

Threads very much branched, stiff, light green; branches
mostly three together, blunt; jovzts 4 or 6 times as long as
broad.

Conferva pellucida, Hudson Fl. Angl. 601; Engl. Bot, 1716,

Sea-shore. :

Tufts large, green, shining, pellucid, 6 inches long ;
threads naked below, repeatedly branched above, cylin-
drical. i

a IA
SEs eae

Pl.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYT. 25. Conferva. 307

14..Conferva riparia. Bankside crowfoot.

Threads nearly simple below, branched above, yellow
green; branches remote, divaricating, long, mostly simple,
coming out at a rounded angle; jozmts twice as long as
broad; knols pellucid.

Conferva riparia, Dillwyn Syn. 69; Engl. Bot. 2100.

Conferva obtusangula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 159.

Sea-shore, or banks of salt pools.

Tufts thickly entangled ; joints divided in the fork,
rounded.

15. Conferva lanosa. Woolly crowfoot.

Threads branched, very slender, straight, clustered, yel-
lowish green; twigs remote, long; joints lower twice, up-
per 5 or 6 times as long as broad.

Conferva lanosa, Roth Cat.3,291; Engl. Bot. 2099,

Rocks near the sea; summer.

Tufts very close, roundish; threads about three quarters

of an inch long; joimis rather bellied, upper much the
longest.

8. xostere. Threads light green, shining.
On marine plants.

16. Conferva arcta. Contracted crowsilk.

Threads branched, stiff, bluish green; branches rather
spreading; twigs scattered, adpressed; Anots pellucid, con-
tracted; joints, lower as long, upper 8 or 10 times as long
as broad.

Conferva arcta, Dillwyn, 67; Engl. Bot. 2090.

Sea-shores, or on rocks.

Tufts very close, 2 or 3 inches long; branches nearly
parallel.

17. Conferva eruginosa. Coppery crowsilk.
Threads branched, bent, short, verdigris green; branches
scattered, spreading, blunt; joints rather longer than

broad.

Conferva marina capillacea brevis, viridissima mollis, Diéllen Musc.
4, 20.

Conferva zruginosa, Hudson Fl, Angl. 595.
On other marine plarts.
Threads about half an inch long.

x 2

$08 25.Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTA. Pl. cell. aph.

18. Conferva Hutchinsia. Hutchins’ crowsilk.

Threads: very much branched, bent, rather cartilaginous,
brittle, glaucous green ; branches and twigs scattered, smallest
4-rowed, adpressed ; joints torulose, twice as long as broad.

Conferva Hutchinsia, Dilhoyn, 65.

Conferva centralis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 161?

Sea-shores; spring.

19. Conferva nana. Dwarf crowsilk.

Threads pale reddish green, branched, very minute, in
tufts; lranches and twigs alternate, pointed, remote; joints
2 or 3 times as long as broad; knots obscure.

Conferva nana, Dillwyn, 30.

On fontinalis antipyretica, in alpine rivers.
Tufts about half an inch long, pale reddish.

20. Conferva vint. Wine crowsilk.
_ Tufts brownish yellow; threads hyaline, much branched,
entangled; lranches attenuated, acute, twice as long as
broad.
Conferva vini, dgardh Syn. 72,

In Madeira wine.
Tufts cloudlike, floating, an inch broad, brownish yellow ;
threads very slender indeed.

21. Conferva stellaris. Starry crowsilk.

Threads hyaline, arising parallelly from an orbicular
basis, very minute, equal. :

Conferva stellaris, Fl. Dan. 660.

On the inside of glass bottles.

Shoots green, about a line in diameter, edges stellate;
threads about an inch long, branched; branches remote, al-
ternate; joints 4 or 5 times as long as broad.

22. Conferva egagropilaris. Hairball crowsilk.

Threads arising from a common centre, forming a globe,
much branched; branches rather crowded, blunt; joznts
4 times as long as broad; rather swollen above.

Conferva Hgagropila, Lin, Sp. Pl. 1637; Engl. Bot. 1317.

Moor balls.

Bottom of alpine lakes.

Balls dark green, from the size of a pea to 3 inches
diameter, exactly spherical, hollow; branches rather spread-
ing; knots pellucid, when dry contracted.

Pl.cell.aph. 1, HYDROPHYTAE. 25. Conferva. 309

23. Conferva Brownit. Brown’s crowsilk.

Tufts close; threads much branched, rather stiff, short,
green; branches slightly 1-rowed, blunt; joimts 4 times as
long as broad, rather thicker above.

Conferva Brewnii, Dillwyn, 58.

On wet rocks in caves.

Tuft flat cr convex; threads upright, about the eighth
of an inch long, rather thick, resembling those of c. ega-
gropilaris.

24. Conferva velutina. Velvetly crowsilk.

Tuft close, green, velvetty; threads branched, bent, en-
tangled at bottom, rooting, hyaline, at top blunt; joits
longer than broad.

Byssus tenerrima viridis, velutum referens, Dillen in Raii Syn, 56, 1.

Byssus velutina, Lin. Sp. Pl. 1638.

Conferya varia, Roth Cat. 3, 301.

Conferva velutina, Dillwyn, 17; Engl. Bot. 1555.

On the ground in damp places.

Tufts very close; branches alternate, bent, lower distant,
twigs nearly one-rowed, short, bent, blunt, diffuses a sweet
fragrance not only when growing, but also for some time

after being dried.

25. Conferva cryptarum. Cave crowsilk.

Threads green, entangled, much branched; branches
forked, divaricating, pointed ; joints twice as long as broad,
rather gibbous.

Conferva cryptarum, Dillwyn, 59; Engl. Bot. 2588.

Conferva muscicola cryptarum, dgardh Syn. 73.

Caves and caverns.
Branches recurved, entangled; when dry rather stiff,

elastic, pellucid.

26. Conferva umbrosa. Shade crowsilk.
Tuft blackish green, velvetty ; threads entangled, branch-
ed, brittle, branches upright, blunt; joints longer than
broad; those of the tips inflated, as long as broad.
- Conferva umbrosa, Roth Cat. 1, 191.
Conferva arenaria, Roth Cat. 2, 217.
Damp shady places; summer.
Tufts very close; threads short; branches rather crowded.

>

310 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

b. Threads greenish, simple.

27. Conferva? echinulata. Hedgehog-like crowsilk.

Threads simple, very short, blunt, spreading every way
from.a.centre, and forming a globe, glaucous green; joints
as long as broad.

Rivularia echinulata, Engl. Bot. 1378.

Floating on lakes.

Threads rather clubshape; joiits about 5 or 6.

28. Conferva sordida. Dirty crowsilk.
Threads simple, very slender, cobweblike, tenacious, yel-
low green; joints 4 times longer than broad; knots pellucid.

' Conferva sordida, Roth Cat. 1,171; Engl. Bot. 2303.
Conferva calycina, 4gardh Syn. 18?

Stagnant water adhering to grass; April to July.
Mass cloudlike, yellowish green ; threads shining, curved;
hyaline, equal.

8. fuscata. Threads very slender, very closely entangled
into a light brownish cloud.

y. utriculata. Threads very slender; granules collapsed
into several, distinct, oblong globules in each joint; knots
here and there contracted.

29. Conferva floccosa. Flocklike crowsilk.

Threads simple, very slender; joints about twice as long
as broad, hyaline with a pellucid, globular spot in the
centre.

Prolifera floccosa, Vaucher, 131.

Conferva fluccosa, Agardh Dispos, 29.

Ditches and running water.

Tufts straight, 2 or 3 inches long.

30. Conferva fugacissima. Fugacious crowsilk.

Threads simple, very slender, slimy, rather straight ;
joints rather longer than broad, with a granular band in
the middle.

Conferva fugacissima, Roth Cat. 3,176.
Ditches adhering to grasses.

31. Conferva oscillatorioides. Oscillatoria crowsilk.
Threads simple, cobweblike, very slender, very long;
joints longer than broad, with a granular band in the

middle.

Pl.cell. aph. 1. HYDROPHYT. 25. Conferva. 311

Conferva oscillatorioides, Agardh Disp, ed. 1, 29.
Conferva fugacissima oscillatorioides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 137.

Ditches, adhering to grass.

‘

32. Conferva punctalis. Dot crowsilk.

Threads simple, very slender, rather slimy, long; joinés
about twice as long as broad; granules collapsing into a
solitary globule.

Conferva punctalis, Dillwyn, 51.

Conferva brevi-articulata, Mohr in Schrader Journ. 1801, 475.

Ditches and running water.

Tufts about an inch long; threads twice as thick as
c. floccosa, pale yellowish green.

f

33. Conferva xonata. Girded crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, slimy; joints as long as broad ;
granules in a transverse band.

Conferva zonata, Roth Cat. 2, 269.
Conferva lucens, Dillwyn, 47; Engl. Bot. 1655.

Lakes and rapid streams.
Tufts gelatinous; threads 2 to 4 inches long, tapering,
acute.

34. Conferva dissiliens. Parting crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, equal, straight, slimy, brittle;
joints half as long as broad; at length separating from one
another.

Conferva distliens, Dillwyn, 63; Engl. Bot. 4464.
Diatoma? dissiliens, Agardh Disp. ed. 1, 34.

Ditches.
Tufts floating ; joints hyaline, with a transverse or ovate
spot in the centre.

35. Conferva mucosa. Mucous crowsilk.
Threads simple, very slender, slimy, yellowish green ;
joints rather torose, about as long as broad.
Conferva mucosa, Dillwyn, 46.
Stagnant pools.
: Tufts floating; threads straight, 3 inches long, very
slimy.

36. Conferva vesicata. Bladdered crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender; joints here and there inflated,
and proliferous, rather longer than broad. _

312 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTA. Plaeellaph.

Prolifera vesicata, Vaucher, 132.

Conferva vesicata, 4gardh Disp. ed. 1, 30.

Conferva alternata, Dillwyn, 43; Engl. Bot. 2304.

Chantransia vesicata, De Candolle Fl. Fr, 2, 52.

Floating in ditches and rivulets.

7qY 3 .

Tufts closely entangled; threads 6 or 8 inches long;
joints sometimes alternately green and brownish.

6. fusca. Threaés brownish.

Conferva alternata 6, Dillwyn,

37. Conferva capillaris. Hair crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, crisp, proliferous, entangled ;
joints even, about twice as long as broad, alternately com-
pressed when dry; spores scattered, or in an oblong spot.

Conferva fluitans filamentis geniculatis, Dillen Musc. 26.

Conferva capillaris, Lin. S. P. 1636.

Conferva crispa, Dillwyn, 46.

Chantransia crispa, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2, 52.

Stones in rapid rivers.

Threads 8 to 20 feet long, slimy, rough and brittle when
dry.

6. ramosa. Threads proliferous.

Conferva capillaris, Engl. Bot. 2364.
Prolifera crispa, Vaucher, 130.

38. Conferva rivularis. Rivulet crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, straight, very long, dark green;
joints about 3 times as long as broad, alternately com-
pressed when dry; knots pellucid.

Conferva Plinii, Ger. em. 1570,2; Park. 1261,2; Raii Syn. 58,1.

Conferva fluviatilis sericea vulgaris et fluitans, Dillen Musc. 12.

Conferva rivularis, Lin. Sp. Pl. 1633.

Prolifera rivularis, Paucher, 130.

Conferva funiformis, Roth Cat. 1, 169.

Crow-silk. Hairy river-weed.

Running waters: June to September.

Tufts 1 to 2 feet long, fluctuating, loosely entangled ;
threads rather stiff.

£. aculeata. Branches many, very short, acute.

39. Conferva compacta. Compact crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, compactly entangled, dark
green; joints rather longer than broad; alternately com-
pressed when dry.

Pl.cell.aph. 1. AYDROPHYTZE. 25. Conferva. 313

Conferva compacta, Roth Fl. Germ. A9T.

Conferva rivularis, Dillwyn,39; Engl. Bot. 1654.

Rivers and rivulets; June and July.

Threads about 100th of an inch thick, sometimes less.

40. Conferva bipartita. Two-parted crowsik.

Threads simple, slender, very long, densely compacted,
yellow green; joints 2 or 3 times as long as broad; granules
forming 2 transverse bands in each joint.

Caurete bipartita, Didlwyn, 105; Engl. Bot. 2302?
Conferva semistriangulata, Roth,

Salt ditches; July.
Joinis vary fori as long as broad, Eng. Bot. to 3 times
as long as broad, as in Dillwyn.

41. Conferva linoides. Flaxhke crowsilk.

Threads simple, very long, rather thick and stiff, curled,
brittle, loosely entangled, green; jomts as long as broad;
when dry cylindrical.

Conferya palustris seu Filum marinum Anglicum, Raii Syn. 60, 16.
Conferva filamentis longis geniculatis simplicibus, Dillen Musc. 25.
Conferva capillaris, Hudson Fl. Angl. 598.

Conferva Linum, Fl. Dan. 1771; Engl. Bot, 2364.

Conferva Melagonium, Fl. Dan. 1438.

Marsh thread.

Stagnant salt-ponds, and in the sea.

Threads dull green, elastic, slimy, rather even; knofs
pellucid.

8. minor. Threads 3 times slenderer.

Inland ditches.

42. Conferva erea. Brazen crowsilk.
Threads simple, stiff, rather thick, straight, light green;
joints broader than long; knots pellucid.

Conferva erea, Dillwyn, ig Engl. Bot, 1929.

Sea-coasts on wood or stones.
Tufts bright verdigris green, 3 to 5 inches long, fluc-
tuating; granules forming two bands,

8. lubrica. Threads very soft, slippery, glossy.

43. Conferva Melagonalis. Blacksided crowsilk.
Threads simple, stiff, rather thick, straight, dark green ;
jomts cylindrical, 3 times as long as broad.

Conferva Melag?nium, Weber et Mohr. Reise, 194.
Conferva wrea, var. Dillwyn Descripé. 80,

314 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTE. Pl. cell. aph.

Sea-coasts on wood.

Threads 6 to 9 inches long, appearing like polished iron
when in the sea, when dry dark green; lower joints short,
alternately compressed when dry; granules contracting in
drying, and forming a black line on each side of the knot.

44. Conferva tortuosa. Winding crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, rather stiff, curled, twisted,
loosely entangled, dark green; joints cylindrical, 3 times
as long as broad.

Conferva tortuosa, Dillwyn, 46; Engl. Bot. 2220.

Sea-shore, or salt-water ditches.

Tufts rather elastic; knots pellucid.

6. ramosa. Threads with open lateral branches.

45. Conferva ramosa. Branched conferva.

Threads simple, very slender, curled, entangled, even
soft, dark lurid green; joints even, rather longer than
broad.

Conferva implexa, Dillwyn, 46.
Bangia viridis, Fv. Dan. 1601.

Rocks, salt-water ditches, and on marine plants.
Tufts closely entangled; threads rather silky not stiff;
knots and edges hyaline; spores ovate.

46. Conferva nummuloides. Money crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, brittle, yellowish brown; joznts
shorter than broad, becoming close, beadlike, ant nearly
oval.

Conferva nummuloides, Dillwyn, 44.
Fragilaria nummuloides, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 184,

Leaves of fresh-water plants.

47. Conferva Youngana. Young’s crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, in tufts, weak, blunt,
equal, light green; joints as long as broad; knots con-
tracted.

Conferva. Youngana, Diliwyn, 102.
Conferva isogona, Engl. Bot. 1930.

-Sea-shores, on wood and marine plants.
Tufts yellowish green, half an inch long; threads rather

stiff, not aitennnteel

Pi.cell.aph. 1. HYDROPHYTE. 25. Conferva. 315

48. Conferva flacca. Flagging crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, bristlelike, very minute, flaccid ;
joinis rather shorter than broad; Anoés pellucid, contracted.

Conferva flacca, Dillwyn, 49. ’

On stones, or wood in the sea, and on marine plants.

c. Coloured, brownish, marine.

49. Conferva curta. Short crowsilk.

Threads simple, in bundles, nearly cartilaginous, short,
attenuated below, olive brown; joints rather longer than
broad ; knots pellucid, contracted.

Conferva curta, Dillwyn, 76; Engl. Bot. 2084.

On marine plants.

Threads nearly upright, light brown.

50. Conferva flaccida. Flaccid crowsilk.

Threads simple, in bundles, short, flaccid, straight,
broader at bottom, attenuated at the tip, light brown;
lower joints shorter than they are broad; upper longer.

Conferva flaccida, Dillwyn, 6.

On marine plants.

Tufts half an inch long; threads rather cartilaginous.

51. Conferva_fucicola. Fucus crowsilk.
Threads simple, slender, tufted, straight, short, blunt,
tron-brown ; joints twice as long as broad; knots pellucid.

Conferva fucicola, Velley Marine, Pl. 43 Dillwyn, 66.
Conferva ferruginea, Roth Cat. 3, 274.
Conferva fucorum, Roth Cat. 3, 273.

On marine plants.
Tufts half an inch long; threads from a shieldlike base,
tip attenuated, blunt.

52. Conferva scutellata. Saucer crowsilk.

Tufts depressed, peltate, closely entangled, rooted in the
centre; éhreads branched at the bottom; joints as long as
broad.

Conferva scutellata, Engl. Bot. 2311.

Parasitical on the apothecia of himanthalia loreus.

Threads above simple, long; below having a few short
alternate branches, entangled into a dense, viscid, pale ap-
parently homogeneous mass.

$16 25. Conferva. 1. HYDROPHYTA. Pl. cell. aph.

e. Coloured, simple, brittle. Chantransia.

53. Conferva fasciata. Banded crowsilk.
‘Threads simple, slender, slimy, purplish brown; joznts
as long as broad, with a narrow, central, transverse band.
Conferva fasciata, Dillwyn, 23.

On decayed sticks and leaves, in fresh water.
Threads about half an inch long.

54. Conferva lineata. Lined crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, brittle, brown; joznis two or
three times as long as broad, with one or two transverse
lines at uncertain distances from each other; kzots con-
tracted.

Conferva lineata, Dillwyn, 44.

Fragilaria lineata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 184,

Leaves of fresh-water plants.

55. Conferva Borrert. Borrer’s crowsilk.

Threads simple, slender, brittle, palish brown; joints ra-
ther shorter than broad, combined in pairs; spores in the
centre of each joint.

Conferva nummuloides, Engl. Bot. 2287.

On marine plants. ,

Threads short, tortuous, cylindrical, dirty white-—These
three last species, as also c. dissiliens, might be formed
into a very natural genus, bordering upon the diatomidez,
from which they differ by the threads being cylindrical and
solitary.

Pi. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY TE. 317

Fam. II. 2. THALASSIOPHYT/. Lamouroux.
Algarum pars, Linneus and Jussieu. —
Thallus coriaceous, membranaceous, or fleshy; continuous
or jointed; fibrous or cellular; sportdza enclosed in thece,
or immersed in the substance of the thallus.— Plants mostly
marine, olive green or red, absorbing water by their sur-
face in the immersed part, but not transmitting it to other
parts; emit oxygen gas by the action of light.

A. Thallus jointed, membranaceous, tubular ; joints formed
of a stmple tube; sporidia enclosed in thece. Ceramidee.

Thallus olive-green, gelatinous,

TEGM AGOMMNOM AXIS... 7... so ais'e v's s WLESOGLOTAMZO.
Thallus green; secondary branches

simple, bristlelike, swollen at bottom .. BuLBocumreE. 27.
Thallus brownish ;

branches jointed; thece naked......... Ecrocarpus. 28.
Thallus red; knots pellucid ;

Mee Ge IACAG AN, a. sesciioisisjecovess .... CALLITHAMNION. 29.
Thallus red; knots coloured ;

thece involucrated ........:. seeeees se) CERAMIUM. 90-

_ Thallus red; knots pellucid ;

sporidia involucrated ...... » heywaiors qufeso\ GRIRRITSIAN Sly.
Thallus red, gelatinous ;

branches in whirls; thece naked ...... Bornricuivus. 32.

Thallus green, gelatinous ;
branches in whirls; thece naked BarracHosPpeMuM. 33.

B. Thallus jointed, coriaceous, or membranaceous ; main
stem solid, or compoundly jointed ; sporidia enclosed in thece.
Hutchinsidee.

Thallus olive-green ;

branches in whirls; joints simple.... CLADOSTEPHUS. 34.
Thallus olive-green ;

branches 2-rowed; joints compound .. SPHACELARIA. 35.
Thallus red ;

branches scattered; joints simple; .......- Exwisius.- 36.
Thailus red;

branches scattered; joints compound ... Hutcurnsra. 37.
Thallus red, pervaded by a

Centra], jomted axis .......-...++s++, VERTEBRATA. 38.

$18 2. THALASSIOPHYT. — Pi. cell. aph.

C. Thallus with a continued fibrous axis; bark chalklike,
jointed. Corallidese.

Thallus forked ; joints cylindrical ......... Janta. 39.
Thallus three-forked ; joints wedgelike Coratuina. 40.

D. Thallus continutus green or reddish; filres parallel,
diverging from the base; bark chalklike or hairy. Zonaridez.

Thallus ribless, fanshaped ........ -... ZONARIA. 41.
Thalhis ribless, forked. grees eee Dicryota. 42.
Thallus ribbed, forked ........... DicTyopreris. 43.

E. Thallus continuous, cellular, green becoming white ;
bark smooth ; sporidia scattered, immersed. Ulvoidee.

Thallus compressed; sporidia prominent
ASPEROCOCCUS. 44.
Thallus membranaceous, flat; sporid.immersed Uva. 45.
Thallus tubular; sporidia immersed ScyrosiPHon. 46.
Thallus threadlike}solid «23.00 000.008: PaLMELLA. 47.
Dhatlasitlatsyhlestiye:: .. .....</y}esapsvensmoreroe MERRETTIA. 48.
Thalli globular or ovate, aggregated ..... Onrvia. 49.

F. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, fleshy, cellular ; spori-
dia in many immersed beaded filaments. Linkidee.
Thallus long; sporidia elliptic...... Carroporus. 51.

Thallus bullated ; sporidia globular ...... Nostoc. 50. —

G. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, cellular, smooth, olive
becoming black ; sporidia scattered, immersed. Alcyonidee.

Cells 6-edral, long; marine....... ALCYONIDIUM. 52.
Cells long, regular, radiating ........ EPHIDATIA. 53.
Cells iwmneoularse marshy... cgie «cic < paves SPONGILLA. 54.

H. Thallus continuous, spongy, gelatinous, formed of in-
terlaced fibres or spicula yellowish ; sporidia scattered, im-
mersed. Spongidiz.

Thallus branched, solid; fibres entangled .. TupuHa. 55.
Thallus tubular; fibres entangled ........ ScyPHA. 56.
Thallus not branched; fibres entangled .. Sponeia. 57.
Thallus orbicular; fibres radiatel ...... TEvuya. 58.

Pi.cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 319

I. Thallus continued, fibrous, membranaceous or leather-
like, purple or red; sporidia immersed or in thece. Floridex.

Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined ;
sporidia immersed and in tubercles .... DELESSERIA. 59.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, veined ;

thece podshaped, axillary ........... ODONTHALIA. 60.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless ;

thece tubercular ................. SPHHROCOCCUS. 61.
Thallus linear, compressed or round,

much branched; thece tubercular ...... GIGARTINA. 62.
Thallus linear, round or compressed ;

sporidia immersed and in thece ....... GaAsTRIDIUM. 63.

K. Thallus continuous, woody, fibrous, coriaceous; olive-
brown becoming black ; sporidia in thece or immersed. Fu-
coidea.

Ka. Sporidia superficial among gelatinous fibres.

Thallus membranaceous, flat;
fruit scattered ; holdfasts peltate....... ceo. MASE TARY 64:
Thallus \eatherlike, flat;
fruit scattered; holdfasts fibrous ....... Lamrnaria. 65.
Thallus leatherlike, flat:
fruit on the stirps; holdfasts fibrous.... PHasGonon. 66.
Thallus threadlike, tubular, supple ;
sporidia scattered on the surface .......... CHoRDA. 67.
_ Thallus threadlike, solid, branched ;
sporidia scattered on the whole surface... CHorparia. 68.

Kb. Sporidia in scattered, immersed thece.
Thallus threadlike, cartilaginous .... SpoRocHNUS. 69.
Thallus compressed, membranaceous DrsMARESTIA. 70.

Ke. Sporidia in a terminal theca.

Thallus shrubby, compressed .......... Lycuina. 71.,

Kd. Sporidia in thecee, immersed on an apothecium.

Thallus cupshaped ; vesicles 0;

apothecia compressed, forked........ HIMANTHALIA. 72.
Thallus round, forked, ribless ;

vesicles 0; apothecia terminal ............ CERVINA. 73.

320 9. FHALASSIOPHYTA. — Pl. cell. aph.
Thallus confluent, flat, ribbed, forked ;

vesicles innate or 0; apothecia terminal ,..... Fucus. 74.
Thallus confluent, compressed, ribless ;

vesicles innate; apothecia pedicelled...... Hauiprys. 75.
Thallus jeaflike, branched ;

vesicles innate; apothecia terminal ....... Mackata. 76.
Thallus \eaflike, branched ;

vesicles pedicelled, globular .......... BaccaLania. 77.
Thallus confluent; vesicles pedicelled,

podshape; apothecia lateral)... . 0.1.6. SILIQUARIA. 78.

Ke. Sporidia scattered in the swollen. tips of the branches.

Thallus threadlike, forked ........ FurcELLARIA. 79.

A. Ceramipexz. Thallus threadlike, membranaceous,
or leatherlike, tubular, jointed ; joints all formed of a single
tube ; knots generally pellucid ; sporidia enclosed in a naked,
or involucrated capsular theca.— Generally rose-red, rarely
brown or green, mostly marine.

J. 26. MESOGLOJA. Agardh. ? Slime-gut.

Thallus threadlike, jointed, forked; branches springing
horizontally from an imaginary central axis; the whole
forming a branched, threadlike, olive, gelatinous mass ;
inner part very compact, outer looser; éhece ovate at the
end of the threads, surrounded by the swollen beadlike
branches.— Marine.

Mesogloja vermiculata. Wormlike slime-gut.

Mass much branched, cylindrical; branches scattered,
crooked, attenuated, mostly divided; thallus. branched ;
branches alternate; joints rather longer than broad; knoés
contracted.

Rivularia vermiculata, Engl. Bot. 1818.

Sea-shores; July and August.

Mass 4 to 9 inches long, olive-brown, very unequally
branched. It differs from the M. vermicularis of Agardh,
Syn. 126, and Lyngbye Hydr. Dan.165, by the lower joints
deing 3 or four times as long as broad, and the mass not
being so much branched.

‘

Pi. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTZ€. 27.Bulboch. 321.
II. 27. BULBOCHATE. Agardh. Bristle-weed..

Thallus green, membranaceous, much branched, jointed;
branches bristlelike, continuous, bulbous at the bottom,
from the end of the joints; thece ovate, capsular, sessile,
lateral, alternating with the branches.

Bulbochete Rothit. Roth’s bristle-weed.

Thallus branched, flexuous, yellowish-green; branches
bulbous at the base; joimés 3 times as long as broad.

Conferva vivipara, Dillwyn, 59.

Conferva setigera, Roth Cat. 3, 238.

Bulbochete setigera, 4gardh Syn. 71,

Fresh-water plants.

Tufts half an inch long, upright, weak; stem forked ;
branches very slender, simple, straight, very long.

II. 28. ECTOCARPUS. Lyngbye. Brown-weed.

Thallus threadshape, jointed, membranaceous, very
much branched, brown; joinés all simple; knots pellucid;
thece ovate or podshape, on the side or ends of the twigs.
—Mostly marine; threads entangled into a branched tuft..

1. Ectocarpus tomentosus. Woollike brown-weed.

Thallus very slender, very closely entangled into a rope-
like, spongy mass, very much branched; branches vague,
divaricated ; joints 4 times as long as broad.

Conferya marina tomentosa minus tenera et ferruginea, Dillen in Rait
Syn. 59, 15.

Conferva tomentosa, Dillwyn Conf. 56.

Ceramium toumentosum, Agardh Syn. 64.

Ectocarpus tomentosus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 132.

Sea-shores.

Tufts 2 or 3 inches long, very much branched, pale
green ; threads equal; branches spreading; thece capsular,
ateral, podshaped terminal.

2. Ectocarpus littoralis. Shore brown-weed.
Thallus ropelike; threads very slender, entangled ;
branches upright, opposite and alternate; joints as long as

broad.

Conferva marina capillacea longa ramosissima mollis, Dillen in Raié
Syn. 59, 9.
Conferva littoralis, Dillwyn, 31; Engl. Bot. 2290,
Ceramium tomentosum, Roth Cat. 3, 147.
Sea-shores on rocks, shells, or other sea-plants.
Thallus pale green, not spongy, less densvly entangled.
VOL. I. Y

1822 28. Ectocar. 2. THALASSIOPHYT A. Pl. cell. aph.

_$. Eelocarpus granulosus. Granular brown-weed,.
Threads slender, free; branches scattered, .compound,
spreading, with pellucid, taper points; joints as long as
‘broad, becoming tumid, terminal joints the longest.
Conferva granulosa, Engl, Bot, 2351.
Sea-shores; July.
Tufts olive-green, flaccid; lranches various, spreading ;
thece lateral,.scattered, sessile, reverse-ovate.

4. Ectocarpus siliculosus. Pouch brown-weed.
Threads very slender, free; branches numerous, upright,
alternate, awlshape; joznts rather longer than broad.

Conferva siliculosa, Dillwyn, 69; Engl. Bot, 2319.
Ceramium confervoides, Roth Cat. 3, 148.
Ceramium siliculosum, .4gardh Disp. 18.

Sea-shores.

Tufts greenish or yellowish brown, 3 to 6 inches high,
flaccid ; threads membranaceous, not entangled; branches
alternate, nearly upright.

5. Ectocarpus brachiatus. Cross-armed brown-weed.

Threads slender, wavy, entangled; branches very nume-
rous, opposite, crossing each other, widely spread, taper,
‘pointed ; joints cylindrical, about as broad as long.

Conferva brachiata, Engl.Bot. 2571, x
Ceramium'brachiatum, 4gardh Syn. 67 ?

_ Salt-marshes and the sea-shore.
‘Light yellowish-brown, woolly, very soft.

6. Ectocarpus chalybeus. Steel brown-weed.
Threads crowded; branches stiff, ascending; joints three
times as long as broad; c¢hece ovate, racemose.

“Conferva chalybea, ‘Roth Cut. 3,286; Dillw. 91.
(Cenferva,corymbifera, Engl. Bot. 1996.

Ceramium chalybeum, Agardh Disp. 19.

Ceramium pulchellum chalybeum, 4gardh Syn, 69.

Fresh-water. ;
Fufis small, close, 2 or 3 lines broad) threads \irregu-
farly‘branched; Jranches pressed close.

WV. 29. CALLITHAMNION. Lyngbye. Pretty-weed.
Thallus rose-red, threadlike, jointed, very much branch-
ed; joints formed of a single longitudinal tube; knots pel-
lucid ; thece ovate-globular, capsular, naked, nearly sessile,
on the side of the twigs at the tips of the joints——Marine.

Pi. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT ZK. 29. Callith. 32g

1. Callith. purpurascens. Purplish pretiy-weed.

Threads thrice pinnately divided, very slender, membra-
naceous, purplish red ; branches and twigs spreading; knots
contracted; joits 3 times as long as broad.

Conferva marina nodosa, condita montani instar ramosa, Diller
Musc, 36.

Conferva purpurascens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 600; Engl. Bot. 2465.

Conferya rosea, Dillwyn Conf. 17.

Ceramium roseum, Roth Cat. 2, 182.

Callithamnion roseum, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan, 126.

Sea-shore, on stones or marine plants.

Thallus tufted, 2 or $ inches long; branches many, alter-
nate; ; twigs very numerous; capsules on the upper side of
the twigs.

8. rosea. Tuft closer, rose red.
’ Conferva rosea, Engl. Bot. 966.

2. Callithamnion corymbosum. Corymibus pretty-weed.

Thallus branched like network, corymbose, slender,
tufted, rose-colour; branches alternate, many-cut, in bun-
dles; apex 2-cut; joints slightly dilated above, about twice
as long as broad ; knots pellucid; thece ovate, scattered,
peduncled ; peduncles very short.

Conferva corymbosa, Engl. Bot. 2352.
Ceramium pedicellatum, Fl. Dan. 1596.
Callithamnion corymbosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 125.

»-Sea-shores.
Thallus outline round.

8. Callithamnion Borreri. Borrer’s pretty-weed.

Thallus repeatedly branched, hairlike, bright red;
branches all alternate, spreading in 2 directions, Zigzag,
level-topped; joints cylindrical, about twice as long as
broad.

_Conferva Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1741,

Sea-shore; October.

Thallus tufted, about 2 inches high, becomes orange-
yellow by weathering, very slender ; twigs corymbose ; knots
Ei chily contracted. dal

4. Callith. thujoides. Arbor-vite pretty-weed.
Thallus repeatedly branched, very slender, tufted ;
branches alternate, zizgag; side-shoots alternate, .com-
pound; joints very short, cylindrical. ;
Conferva thujoides, Engl. Bot, 2205.
: ¥ 2

$24 29. Callith. 2. THALASSIOPHYT/. Pl. cell. aph.

Sea-coast; September, October. .
~ Thallus tufted, 1 or 2 inches long; joits of the stem +
to 6 times as long as broad, of the twigs only as long.

5. Callith. tetragonum. Four-sided pretty-weed.

Thallus much-branched, red; ‘wigs bundled, short,
spreading horizontally attenuated at bottom, pointed at
the tip ; jozs ovate-cylindrical, twice as long as broad.

Conferva tetragona, Withering Bot. 4,405; Engl. Bot. 1690.

Sea-shore, or parasitical on other sea-plants.

Thallus tufted, 2 or 3 inches long; branches 4-sided,
sides hollowed ; joinis of the twigs about as long as broad;
thece. globular. .

6. Callithamnion telricum. Dirty pretty-weed.

Thallus several times pinnated, brown red, lurid; seg-
ments and lobes alternate; points rather curved; joints
about 3 times as long as broad; thece single, slightly pe-
dicelled.

Conferva tetrica, Dillwyn Conf. 81; Engl. Bot. 1915.

Sea-shore, on stones and marine plants.
Stems many, tufted, 6 or 8 inches high, alternately
doubly pinnate; ‘wigs pinnate; joints equal.

7. Callithamnion Hookeri. Hooker's pretiy-weed.
Thallus very much branched; stem thick, not visibly
jointed, pale reddish-brown; twigs crowded, short, pin-
nate; lobes alternate, jointed; joimts rather longer than

broad.
Conferva Hookeri, Dillw. Conf. 106.

- Sea-shore.

8. Callithamnion jfloccosum. Flock pretty-weed.
Thallus branched, rose-colour; branches alternately pin-
-nated ; segments opposite, pectinated, horizontally recurved ;
lobes pointing one way 3 joints about 3 times as long as

broad.

Conferva Turneri, Engl. Bot. 1637.
Conferva Plumula, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57,425; Diliw. Conf. 50.
Conferva floccosa, Fi. Dan. 828.
Ceramium floccosum, Roth Cat. 2,185.
- Ceramium Plumula, 4gardh Syn, 62.

Sea-shore; May to July.
Thece sessile, globular, on the lobes.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. 29. Callith. 325

9. Callithamnion Turneri. Turner’s pretty-weed.
Thallus pinnated, rose-colour; lobes opposite, simple,
or rather pinnate; joznés 3 times as long as broad.

Conferva Turneri, Dillw. Conf. 100.
Ceramium Turneri, Roth Cat. 3, 128.

Sea-shore, on sea-plants.
Thallus closely tufted, an inch high, upright, linear,
lanceolate.

10. Callithamnion repens. Creeping preity-weed.

d 5
Thallus creeping, closely entangled, branched, minute,
light rose-red; branches and twigs mostly pointing one
way; knots slightly contracted; joints 3 times longer than

broad.

Conferva repens, Dillw. Conf. 13; Engl. Bot. 1608.

Ceramium repens, d4gardh Syn. 63.

Callithamnion repens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 128.

Sea-shore on shells. and marine plants; Autumn.

Tufts rather stiff, brownish red; stem creeping; branches
upright, mostly divided; twigs spreading.

8. tenellum. Thallus light rose-red, flaccid, very slender;
branches simple.

Conferva tenella, Dillw. Syn. 72.
Callithamnion repens tenellum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 128.

11. Callithamnion plumosum. Feather pretty-weed.

Thallus creeping, branched, minute, deep rose-colour;
branches upright, below rather naked, above pinnated;
segments opposite, close; joints twice as long as broad.

Conferva Pluma, Dillw. Syn. 72.

Parasitic on larger marine plants.
Thece globose, mostly terminal.

12. Callithamnion Daviesi7. Davies's pretty-weed.

Thallus branched, tufted, upright, very minute, free,
rose-red ; branches and twigs alternate, scattered, pointed ;
joints 3 times as long as broad.

Conferva Daviesii, Dill. Syn. 13; Engl. Bot. 2329.

Callithamnion Daviesii, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 129.

Sea; on marine plants.

Thallus rarely more than a quarter of an inch long, not
entangled; thece placed in rows along the upper side of
the twigs.

326 29, Callith. 2. THALASSIOPHYTZ. Pl. cell. aph.

- 13. Callithamnion Rothii. Roth’s pretty-weed.
.Thallus forked, branched, tufted, upright, short; tuft
close, scarlet; branches and twigs alternate; joits about
3 times as long as broad.

Conferva pheenicia, R. Brown MSS. With Bot. 4, 165.

Conferva Rothii, Zurton’s Syst. Nat. 6,1806; Dillo, Conf, 733; Engl.
Bot. 1702.

Conferva violtcea, Roth Cat. 1, 190.

Callithamnion Rothii, Lyxgbye Hydr. Dan. 129.

Sea-shore.

Tufts oblong, bright red, when dry crimson or purplish ;

thallus about half an inch high; branches below distant,
above crowded.

14. Callithamnion lanuginosum. Woolly pretty-weed.

Thallus short, slender, mostly branched, light reddish ;
branches simple, upright, scattered, going out horizontally.

Conferva lanuginosa, Dillw. Conf. . i

Callithamnion lanuginosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 131.

On marine plants.
Threads very minute, coming out horizontally from the
base, simple or branched above.

15. Callith. floridulum. Smallflowered pretty-weed.

Thallus short, slender, tufted, entangled, mostly branch-
ed, very light rose-red ; branches scattered, mostly simple,
remote, placed towards the apex; joints about 3 times as
long as broad.

Conferva floridula, Dillw. Syn. 73.

Rocks on the sea-shore.

Threads very fine, about half an inch long; becomes dull

reddish green when dry.

16. Callith. interruptum. Interrupied pretty-weed.

Thallus branched, short, purplish; branches and twigs
alternate; joints dilated above, truncated, about four times
as long as broad; thece lateral, elliptical, with a transverse
separation, on short pedicells.

* Conferya interrupta, Engl. Bot. 1838.

On marine plants.
Thallus dull rose-red, about an inch high.

17. Callith. pedicellatum. Pedicelled pretty-weed.
Thallus much branched, forked, hairlike, red; dwigs
many-cut; joints slightly dilated above, 5 or 6 times as

Plicell.aph: 2. FHALASSIOPHY LE. 29. Callith.. 32%

long as broad; thece@: reverse ovate, pedicelled, solitary;
pedicells short,. in the forks.

Conferva pedicellata, Engl. Bot. 1817; Dilho. Conf, 108..

Sea-shores.

Thallus 2 inches high, forming straight, stiff tufts of a
very pale dull rose- colour.

V. 30. CERAMIUM. Agardh. Horn-weed.
Thallus rose-red, threadlike, jointed, forked, branched’;

joints (solid.?) when magnified coloured in fine network ;

thece ovate, lateral, involucrated with the short branches.

1, Ceramium rubrum. Red horn-weed.

Threads very much branched, red, cartilaginous; twigs
bristlelike, forked at the tip; jozmts evate, about as long-as
broad; knots contracted.

Conferva marina geniculata ramosissima lubrica, longis sparsisve Ta-
mulis, Dillen in Rati Syn. 61, 23.

Conferva rubra, Huds. &l. Ang!. 600; Dillw. Conf. 34.

Conferva nod ulosa, Lightf. Scot. 994.

Conferva flosculosa, Ellis Phil. Tr. 57, 425.

Ceramium virgatum, Roth Cat. 1.

Ceramium elongatum, Roth Cat. 2, 178.

Ceramium rubrum, 4gardh Syn. 60.

Ceramium diaphanum. purpureum, Roth Cat. 2, 228.

Fucus Lagasca, Clem. Ens. 315.

Parasitic on other sea-plants. —
Tufts dark red, becoming yellow by decay; joint pel-
lucid in the centre.

8. maculatum. Thallus small, thin; jorts with a dark
central spot.

2. Ceramium diaphanum. Transparent horn-weed.

Thallus threadlike, very much branched, rather mem-
branaceous, variegated with transparent and purple; twigs
forcepshape at the tip; joints cylindrical, hyaline; knots
elevated, coloured.

Conferva marina nodosa lubrica. ramosissima et elegantissima rubens,
Dillen in Ratt Syn. 62, 25.

Conferva diaphana, Lightf. Scot. 996; Engl. Bot. 1742.

Conferva nodulosa, Huds. Fl. Angl, 600.

Conferva elegans, Roth Cat. 1.

Conferva fastigiata, Roth Cat. 2, 224.

Cenferva globulosa, Roth Cat. 2,233.

Conferva moniliformis, Roth Cat. 2, 236.

Ceramium diaphanum, Roth Cat. 3, 154.

Ceramium forficatum glabellum, De Cand: Fl. Fr. 2; 46.

$28 30. Ceram. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. PI. cell. aph.

‘Sea-coasts on rocks and large marine plants.
Threads divaricated ; joints vary in length; sporidia im-
‘mersed in the joints.
1

8. Ceramium ciliatum. Fringed horn-weed.

Thallus threadlike, forked, slender, very much branched,
variegated, transparent, and pale red; twigs forcepshape
at the tip; joizts cylindrical, hyaline, soatedly longer than
broad; knots fringed, in a single whirl.

Conferva ciliata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57,425; Dillw. Conf. 53; Engl. Bot.
2428.

Ceramium ciliatum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan.121.

Conferva pilosa, Roth Cat, 2, 225.

Ceramium forcipatum ciliatum, De Cand. Fl, Fr. 2, 46.

Sea-shore, on stones and sea-plants.

Thallus tufted; knots red, fringed with short, white,
spreading, pellucid spines; thece aggregated.

VI. 31. GRIFFITSIA. Agardh. Griffiths.

Thallus rose-red, threadlike, branched; branches forked,
whirled, or scattered; joints pearshaped, composed of a
single tube; knots pellucid; thec@ lateral, appearing like
@ young shoot, surrounded by many jointless threads ;
sporidia roundish.— Marine.

1. Griffitsia setacea. Bristle griffiths.

Thallus forked, branched, rodlike, stiff, deep rose-colour,
shining; branches long; joints nearly cylindrical, five times
as long as broad.

Corallina confervoides gelatinosa rubens, ramulis et geniculis peran-
gustis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8.

Conferva marina gelatinosa coralline instar geniculata tenuior, Dillen
Musc. 33.

Conferva setacea, Huds. Fl. Angl. 599; Eng. Bot. 1689; Dillw. Conf.
82,
Griffitsia setacea, Agardh Disp. 28.

Sea-shores; June to September.

Thallus very bushy, becoming orange-coloured by ex-
posure to the air; branches rather obtuse; fruit peduncled.

2. Griffitsia corallina. Coralline griffiths.
Thallus forked, shining, fine golden-red ; joints thickened
above, 4 times as long as broad.

ae

Pl, cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT. 31. Griffit. 329

Corallina confervoides gelatinosa alba, geniculis crassiusculis pelluci-
dis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 34, 8.

Conferva marina, gelatinosa, corallinz instar geniculata crassior, Dil-
ven Musc. 33.

Conferva geniculata, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425.

Conferva coralloides, Lin. S. P. 1636.

Conferva corallina, Lin. Syst. Veg. 973; Dillwyn Conf. 98; Engl. Bot.
3815.

Callithamnion corallinum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 126,
Sea-shore; July.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches high; thece sessile.

3. Griffitsia larbata. Bearded griffiths.

Thallus forked, branched, pale crimson, fibrous at the
tip; ¢wigs opposite, many-cut, very slender; joints thick=
ened above, 5 times as long as broad.

Conferva florifera, Ellis Ph. Tr. 57, 425.

Conferva barbata, Engl. Bot. 1814; Dillw. Syn. 15.

Griffitsia barbata, Agardh Disp. 28.

Sea-shores; July.

Thallus 2 or 3 inches high; lower branches divaricating ;
thece lateral, often sessile.

4. Griffitsia multifida. Many-cut griffiths.

Thallus branched, red; twigs opposite or ternate, dis-
tant, many-cut; joimts cylindrical, 4 or 5 times as long as
broad.

Conferya multifida, Engl. Bot. 1818, not of Hudson; Dillw. Syn. 15.

Griffitsia multifida, dgardh Disp. 28.

Thalli several, 3 to 5 inches high, fugacious rose-colour ;
branches unequal.

5. Griffilsia equisetifolia. Horsetail griffiths.

Thallus very much branched, thick, purplish red;
branches attenuated at both ends; éwigs in whirls, tiledlike,
short, many-cut, covering the stem entirely; joints 3 to
5 times as long as broad.

Conferva imbricata, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603.

Conferva multifida, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603.

Conferva equisetifolia, Lightf. Scot. 984; Engl. Bot. 1479; Dillw.
Conf. 54.

Sea-shore.

Thallus 3 or 4 inches long, branched, bright red when
young; purplish brown when older; Llranches cylindrical,
alternate.

een? a

330 32.Borrich. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.
VII. 32. BORRICHIUS. Borrichius.

Thallus rose-red, threadshape; branches forked, verti-
cillate; joimts cylindrical, composed of a single tube; knods
pellucid; éhece ovate, naked, on the side of the twigs.—
Gelatinous, marine.

Borrichius gelatinosus. Gelatinous borrichius.

Thallus cylindrical, much branched, very gelatinous,
very pale pink; dranches alternate, very numerous, cylin-
drical, blunt, recurved.

Rivularia verticillata, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 1273 Engl. Bot. 2466.

Sea-coasts; July and August.

VIII. 33. BATRACHOSPERMUM. B. de St.Vincent.
Knotweed.

Thallus green or brown, threadlike, branched ; twigs
forked, in whirls; joints cylindrical, composed of a single
tube; knots pellucid; thece ovate, naked, on the side of
the twigs——Very gelatinous, beadlike, appearing like a
dotted picture when dry, in marshes.

1. Batrachospermum moniliforme. Necklace knot-weed.
Thallus much branched, forming tufts, attenuated ;
branches alternate, spreading; ‘wigs in whirls, forked, very

©

close; joints ovate, necklacelike.
Conferva fontana nodosa, spermatis ranarum instar lubrica, major et
fusca, Dillen in Raii Syn. 62, 26.
Chara batrachosperma, Weiss Crypt. Gott. 33, 1.
Chara gelatinosa, Roth Cat. 125.

Conferva gelatinosa, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2, 720; Dillw. Conf. 32: Engl.
Bot. 689.

Batrachosperma ludibunda, B, de S. Vinc. Ane. Mus. 12, 310.
Batrachospermum moniliforme, Roth Germ. 3, 480.
In clear rivulets and springs, on pebbles.

Thallus 1 to 3 inches long; lower joints very long, upper
shorter.

B. purpurascens. Branches more pointed; thallus pur-
plish blue.

y. detersum. Twigs wanting; thallus appearing like
_ naked, knotted threads.
Conferva fontana nodosa, lubrica; filamentis tenvissimis nigris, Déllen
Muse. 39.
Conferva atra, Huds. Angl. 597 ; Dillo. Conf. 11; Engl. Bol. 699.
Ceramium nodulosum, Agardh Dec. 23.
Batrachospermum moniliforme detersum, Agardh Syn. 122.

Pi. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT AL. 33. Batrach. 381

2. Batrachospermum vagum. Vague knot-weed.
Thallus forked, round, equal; dranches spreading ; twigs
in whirls, forked, very close; joints ovate, beadlike.
' Conferva alpina lubrica, filamentis nedosis ezreuleis, Dillen Musc.
Conferva gelatinosa 5, Huds. Fl. dngl. 598.
Chara gelatinosa vaga, Roth Germ. }, 127.
Conferva gelatinosa cerulescens, Wakl, 510.
Batrachosperma turfosa, B. de St. Vince. dnn Mus. 12, 310.
Batrachospermum moniliferme vagum, Roth Cat. 3,482.
Batrachospermum vagum, 4gardh Syn. 123.
Ponds in boggy soils.

' Thallus \ess slimy, stiffer and more slender than the
preceding; not appearing like a row of beads.

_ B. Hurcuinsipex. Thallus threadlike, main stem solid,
continuous, jointed or with an internal jointed axis; jozes
composed of many veins or tubes; iwrgs jointed, joints
simple or compound; knots mostly coloured; sporidia en-
closed in a capsule-like theca. — Reddish or greenish;
mostly marine.

IX. 34. CLADOSTEPHUS. Agardh. Botilebrush-weed.

Thallus olive, branched; main filament solid, jointed ;
twigs jointed, in whirls, mostly simple; joznés simple ; theee
ovate, peduncied, on the side of the twigs.

1. Cladostephus verticillatus. Whirl bottlebrush-weed.

Thallus forked, branched, brownish olive; iwzgs mostly
2-cut, incurved, in regular whirls, short, tiledlike; jornts
broader than long; thece elliptical, oblong.

Conferva verticillata, Lighif. Scot. 984; Dillw. Conf. 55; Engl. Bot
1718.

Conferva myriophyllum, Roth Cat. 3,212.

Cladostephus verticillatus, 4gardh Disp. 26.

Ceramium verticillatum, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 39.

Fucus verticillatus, Wulf. Crypt. Gott. 15.

Sea-coasts.

Main stem very thick, spreading; thece on the twigs. of
the old main stem.

2. Cladostephus spongiosus. Spongy bottlebrush-weed,

Thallus branched, olive-green; éwigs simple, bent. in-
wards, scattered, tiledlike; joints little longer than broad ;
thece reverse-ovate.

Fucus teretifolius spongiosus pilosissimus, Rait Syn. 46.

- Fucus hirsutus, Lin. Mant. 134.
Conferva spongiosa, Huds. Fl. Angl. 596; Dillw, Conf. 42.
Cladostephus spongiosus, dgardh Disp. 26.

Bids rian, ii

$32 34.Cladost. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. PI. ceil. aph.

Sea-shore.
Thec@ on the shorter twigs of the branches.

3. Cladostephus niveus. White bottlebrush-weed.
Thallus branched; branches slender, rather stiff, white;
éwigs in obscure whirls; je2nts as long as broad, dark.

Conferva nivea, Dillwyn Syn. 54; Engl. Bot. 2529; Agardh Disp. 30.
Byssus lanuginosus, Willan Sulph. Wat. 10.

Roots and dead leaves in sulphureous springs.

Thalli very slender; branches very numerous, ringed
with black, mostly covered with a white crust. Perhaps a
thorea; but it is very imperfectly described by authors.

X. 35. SPHACELARIA. Lyngbye. Rust-weed.

Thallus olive-branched, jointed; branches 2-rowed;
joints all compound; sporidia enclosed in the tip of the
branches which become sphacellated and open, rarely in
lateral, ovate, capsular thece.

1. Sphacelaria pennata. Pinnaie rust-weed.

Thallus much branched, slender; branches alternate,
rather bipinnate, lobes 2-rowed, alternate and opposite ;
joints as long as broad.

Conferva ceptuicede Roth Cat. 3, 294.

Conferva pennata, Huds. Fl. Ang I. 604; Dillw. Conf. 56; Engl. Bot.
2330.

Ceramium cirrhosum, Agardh Disp. 21.

Sphacelaria pennata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 195.

Sea-shore, on rocks, corallines, and sea-plants.

Tufts bushy, from one-half to two inches high; threads
olive-brown.

2. Sphacelaria scoparia. Shore rust-weed.

Thallus much branched, stiff; branches in bundles, al-
ternate, nearly bipinnate, Erondedh lobes short, alternate,
2-rowed, pressed close, pointed; joints as long as broad.

Muscus marinus rubens, Ger. emac. 1571; Park. 1296.

Conferva marina pinnata, Dillen in Rati Syn. 59, 14.

Conferva scoparia, Lin. S. P. 1655; Engl. Bot. 1552; Dillw. Conf. 52.
Ceramium scoparium, Roth Cat. 2, 141.

Sphacelaria scoparia, Lyngbye Mydr. Dan. 104, 3.

Sea-shores, on shells and pebbles; all the year.
Thallus dull, olive-brown, 3 to 6 inches high; stems

many, clothed with entangled jointed threads or twigs
clustered.

Bee ACS, re
leaned t
ae
4

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY TK. 35. Sphacel. 338

8. Sphacelaria Mertensit. Merten’s rust-weed.
Thatlus branched, yellowish brown; branches pinnate;

loles mostly opposite, short ; joints half as long as broad.
Conferva Mertensii, Engl. Bot. 999; Dillw. Syn. 79.

Tufts 3 inches high; stems many, cylindrical, pinnate ;

branches short, opposite, 2-rowed, from the base of the
stem; pellucid.

4, Sphacelaria cespitula. Small-tufted rust-weed.
Thallus tufted, very small; branches mostly simple, al-
ternate, long, blunt.

Conferva olivacea, Dillw. Syn. 57.
Sphacelaria cespitula, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 106,
~ On other sea-piants.
Threads about a line high, aggregated, vellowish green.

5. Sphacelaria fusca. Brown rust-weed,
Thallus threadlike; branches distant, mostly alternate ;

twigs spreading, clublike; jozmts transversely banded in the
middle, as long as broad.
Conferva fusca, Huds. Fl, Angl. 602; Dillw. Conf. 95,

Stones and rocks in the sea.
Threads $ or 4 inches long.

XI. 36. ELLISIUS. Ellis.

Thallus rose-red, branched ; main stem solid, continuous,
or slightly jointed; branches and es scattered, jointed ;
joints of the twigs simple, composed of one tube; thece

‘ovate, lateral, or immersed in the tip of the branches. —
Marine.

1. Ellisius glaber. Bald ellis.

Threads much branched, red; stem thick, jointless, net-
like, naked below, very much branched above; twigs
crowded, nearly in whirls, short, alternately branched,
jointed ; joints as long as broad.

Conferva Arbuscula, Dillw. Conf. 85; Engl, Bot, 1916.

Sea-shore.

Thallus tufted, 2 inches high.

7” a
}

884 36. Ellis. 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. Pl.cell. aph.

2. Ellisius coccineus. Scarlet ellis.

Threads much branched, scarlet; stem thick, shaggy,
obscurely jointed ; branches alternately doubly pinnate;
lobes many-cut, tufted, jointed; joimts rather shorter than
broad.

Conferva coccinea, Huds. Fl, Angl. 603; Engl. Bot. 10553 Dillw. Conf,3.

Conferva plumosa, Lightf. Scot. 966.

Sea-shore.

Main stem rough; younger branches bright scarlet; thece
ovate and lanceolate.

8. tenuior. Threads slender, twigs short, and less fea-
thered.

XII. 37. HUTCHINSIA. Agardh. Hutchins.

Thallus rose-red, branched, jointed ; joints with a central
tube, all compound, streaked, or composed of many pa-
rallel longitudinal lines; t¢hece external, ovate, lateral,
or immersed in the tips of the branches. —Marine.

a. Threads pervaded by 4 tubes, veined in network ; branches
long, bristlelike.

1. Hutchinsia elongata. Long hutchins.

Threads much branched, cartilaginous, purple; branches
and twigs bristlelike, long, very slender, stiff; joimés haif
as long as broad; lower joints obsolete, veined in network.

‘Conferva elongata, Dillw. Conf.33; Engl. Bot.4229.

Ceramium elongatum, Roth Cat. 3, 128.

Hutchinsia elongata, Agardh Syn. 54.

Lobster-horn conferva.

Sea-shore; October.

Thallus spreading, 3 to 12 inches high, purplish brown ;
branches and twigs narrower at both ends; joins veiny,
rather straight, angles of the branches rounded.

2. Hutchinsia brachygona. Short-jointed hutchins.
“Thallus diffused, vaguely branched ; branches rather re-

mote, spreading; twigs mostly simple, attenuated ; joits
half as long as broad, veined in network.

Fucus diffusus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 589.

Ceramium brachygonum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 118.

Sea-shore, on the rocks; annual; spring and ‘summer.

Thallus red, when dry blackish, stiff.

Placellwaph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 37. Hutchin. 336
‘b. Thallus tubular, solid ; joints streaked lengthways.

3. Hutchinsia fucoides. Wracklike hutchins.

Threads very much branched, diffused, rather cartilagi-
nous, brownish-black; éwigs horizontally spreading, forked;
Jast twigs alternate, bent inwards, pointed; joznts rather
Jenger than broad.

Conferva fucoides, Huds. Fl. Angl. 608; Dillw. Conf. 153 Engl. Bot.
1743.

Ceramium violaceum, Roth Cat. 1, 150.

Hutchinsia violacea, Agardh Syn. 54?

Sea-shore; July to September.

Thallus very bushy, 3 to 12 inches high; outline orbi-
cular, blackish brown when dry, elastic; joints composed
of a simple series of small oblique veins.

4. Hutchinsia nigrescens. Blackish hutchins.

Threads very much branched, stiff, rather cartilaginous,
brownish black; ‘wigs upright, forked, pointed; joints ra-
ther longer than broad.

Conferya nigrescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602? Engl. Bot. 1717.

‘Sea-coasts.

Thallus closely tufted, 4 to 6 inches high, outline nar-

row wedgeshape; main filament very thick; branches and
twigs straight, upright.

5. Hutchinsia fibrata. a Threaded hutchins.

Threads branched, reddish purple ; branches forked ; twigs
rather bundled; ¢7ps furnished with pellucid jointed fibres ;
joinés of the stem lang, of the twigs as.long as broad. |

-(Gonferva fibrata, Dillw, Syn. 159; Engl. Bot, 2139.
Sea-shore, on marine plants.
Thallus closely tufted, 2 or 3 inches high; end of the

twigs often pellucid, colourless, fringed with many long,
slender, forked, transparent fibres.

6. Hutchinsia urceolata. Pitcher hutchins.

Threads much branched, diffuse, reddish brown; twigs
spreading, short; joints of the stem longer, of the twigs
shorter than broad; veins few; thece pitchershape.

Conferva nigrescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 602?

‘Gonferva urceolata, Dillw. Syn. 156; Engl. Bot..2365.

Sea-shores on rocks, or marine plants.

’

am
)

$36 37. Hutchin. 2. THALASSIOPHY TZ. Pi. ceil. aph.
Thallus slender, bushy, rich red brown, when dry dull

black ; joints of 4 or 6 veins, long near the root but be-
come gradually shorter.

7. Hutchinsia badia. Bay hutchins.

Threads branched, stiff, reddish black; branches long;
twigs short, distant, mostly simple; jois rather longer
than broad.

Conferva badia, Dillw, Syn. 85, not of Agardh?

Sea-shore.

8. Hutchinsia stricta. Stiff hutchins.

Threads branched, stiff, equal, level-topped, tender,
scarlet; lranches forked, nearly upright; joinés about three
times as long as broad.

Conferva stricta, Dillw. Conf. 40.

Hutchinsia stricta, 4gardh Syn. 56.

Sea-coasts. er

Thallus tufted; outline wedgeshape; glossy red when
dried ; threads of nearly equal thickness throughout.

6. diffusa. Threads diffused; outline nearly orbicular,
dull dirty brown when dry.

9. Hutchinsia patens. Spreading hutchins.
Threads branched, slightly diffused, rose-red; branches
scattered, rather spreading; jozts about twice as long as

broad.

Conferva patens, Dillw. Syn, 83.

Sea-coast; on marine plants.

Thallus tufted, diffuse; branches lateral; twigs short,
numerous.

10. Hutchinsia fibrillosa. Fibrillous hutchins.

Threads much branched, red; lranches scattered, rather
truncated, ending in a close pencil and fibres; lower joints
longer than broad, the upper shorter.

Conferva fibrillosa, Dills. Syn. 86.

Hutchinsia fibrillosa, 4gardh Syn. 57,

Sea-shores.

Thallus tufted, spreading, irregularly branched; éwigs
many ; filres simple, tubular, appearing as if jointed ; joints
much longer than broad; thece slightly pedicelled.

Ph, cell.aph. 2. THALASSiOPHY TS. 37. Hutchin. 337

11. Hutchinsia nigra. Black hutchins.

Threads byanchicds reddish* black; branches long; twigs
short, awlshape, Head generally many-cut, nearly pencil-
shape; joints of the oa longer than bread, of the twigs
as long.

nave nigra, Huds. Fl. Angl. 595; Engl. Bot, 2240; Dillw, Syn. 86.
Conferva. atrorubescens, Diillw. Conf. 70.
Hutchinsia atrorubescens, 4garan Syn. 58.

Sea-coasts; July.
Plant black when dry ; joints composed of 8 or 10 veins ;
ihece ovate, sometimes pedicelled.

12. Hutchinsia denudata. Naked hutchinste.

Threads very much branched, spreading, brownish ;
branches scattered, divaricating, long, distant; joints rather
longer than pepe:

Conferva denudata, Dillo. Syn. 85.
Hutchinsia divaricata, dgardh Syn. 59?

Sea-shore.

Thallus 2 to 4 inches long; threads repeatediy branched ;
tranches issue almost at right angles; ‘wigs pointed, very
long, slender.

13. Hutchinsia Griffithsiana. Griffiths hutchins.

Threads repeatedly branched, pale red’; branches spread-.
ing; twigs solitary or cluster ed, very shor t, simple, awl-
shape ; joints as long as broad; thecée on the twigs, some-
times aggregate.

tole te)
Conferva Griffithsiana, Engl, Bot. 2312.

Sea-shores; March.
Thallus 3 or 4 inches high, when dry dark brownish
green, when in decay light green.

14. Hutchinsia byssoides. Byssus hutchins.

Threads more than twice pinnated, weak, red; segments
and lobes alternate; /oles gradually smaller, many-cut,
peneilshape; Jower joints long, upper short; Hicae sessile.

Fucus byssoides, Zr. Lin. Soc. 3, 229.

Conferva ee Engl. Bot. 347; Dillw. 58.

Ceramium molle, Reith Cat. 3,138.

Ceramium byssoides, Agardh Disp, 20.

Hutchinsia byssoides, ¢gardh Syn. 60.

Sea-shore; August.

As = ¢ ore a

Main thread coe jointed,, composed: of many pa-
rallel veins; ¢wigs in bundles, short, rose-red.

VOL. I. Zz

838 37.Hutchin. 2. THALASSIOPHYT&. Pl. cell. aph.

15. Hutchinsia parasitica. Parasitic hutchins.
_ Threads doubly pinnate, rather stiff, brownish red; seg-
ments and lobes alternate; joints not quite so long as broad.

Conferva parasitica, Huds, Fl Angl. 604; Engl. Bot. 1429; Dillw. 87.
Hutchinsia Mostingii, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 116?

Sea-shore; on marine plants. ;
Thallus 1 or 2 inches long, slender; iwigs pointed,
gradually smaller; thece oblong, axillary, pedicelled.

16. Hutchinsia Brodiai. Brodie’s hutchins.

Threads very much branched, purplish black ; branches
long; twigs scattered, spreading, many-cut, in bundles;
joints of the branches obsolete, of the twigs rather longer
than broad.

Conferva Brodizi, Dillw. Conf. 107; Engl. Bot. 2589.

Thallus 1 or 2 feet long, repeatedly and finely branched ;
thec@ \ateral or axillary.

17. Hutchinsia pulchella. Pretty hutchins.

Thallus much branched, round; branches and twigs
ascending, alternate, close, pointed, simple or 2-cut; joints
shorter than broad. ’

Fucus cristatus y, Turner Hist. Fuc. 48.

Fucus cristatus, Engl. Bot. 1925.

Sea-shores.

Thallus 2 or 3 inches high, compressed, repeatedly alier-
nately branched.

XII 38. VERTEBRATA. . Backlone.

Thallus round, forked, branched, smooth; axis central,
jointed; joimts composed of many tubes, with a central
opake spot; thece ovate, lateral, or in the tip of the twigs.

Vertebrata fastigiata. Even-topped backbone.
Threads forked, even-topped ; jozmts half as long as
‘broad, with a central black spot.

Conferva marina geniculata ramosissima lubrica, brevibus et palmatim
congestis ramulis, Dillen in Rati Syn. 61, 24.
Conferva marina, nigra palmata, Dillen Musc. 32.
. Conferva polymorpha, Lin. 8S. P. 1636+ Engl. Bot. 17164; Dillw, 44,
Fucus lanosus, Lin, Syst. Veg. ed. 13, 815.
Ceramium fastigiatum, Roth Cat. 2,175.
Hutchinsia fastigiata, Agardh Syn. 53.

Sea and mouths of rivers; parasitic on fuci.

Pl.cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTE. 38.Verteb. 339

Tufts stiff, close, blackish brown, 2 or 3 inches high, not
adhering to paper; jotzts composed of an internal annular
series of interrupted cells.

C. Coratsipem. Thallus threadshape, jointed; axis
membranaceous, fibrous, continuous; lark cellular, creta-
ceous, jointed ; ‘hece terminal or lateral. Marine.

XIV. 39. JANIA. Teaniered: Jania.

Thallus threadlike, hairlike, forked, jointed; joints cy-
lindrical; axis horny; lark thin, chalky.

1. Jania rubens. Reddish jania-
Joints of the stem roundish, of the forks clubbed; thece

polymorphous, appendiculated, or naked.
Jania rubra, Lamouroux Zooph. 272.
Sea-shores.

8. communis. Branches long; thece 0.
Corallina rubra, Ellis Corall. 64.
0. cristata. Thece appendiculated; appendix truncated.
» Corallina cristata, Ellis Corall. 65.
¢. spermalophoros. Thece very numerous, broad; ap-
pendix long, bristlelike.
Corallina spermatophoros, Ellis Corall. 66.

2. Jania corniculata. Horned jania.
_ Joints of the stem and branches roundish, rather com-
pressed in the upper part, 2-horned.

Corallina corniculata, Ellis Zooph..121 3; Corall. 65.

Sea-shore, and on marine plants.

Appendices or horns at the top of the joints vary much
in length, and are sometimes jointed.

XV. 40. CORALLINA. Pliny. Coralline.

Thallus threadlike, jointed; branches three-forked ; axis
fibrous, horny; lark chalklike, thick, cellular.

1. Corallina officinalis. Shop coralline.
Three-forked, greenish; branches pinnate; pinnules two-
rowed ; joints of the stem rather compressed, wedgeshaped,
ef the twigs cylindrical; thece terminal, capitate.
za

340 40.Coral. 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. Pl. cell. aph.

Corallina, Rati Syn. 33,1.
Corallina Anglica, Ger. em. 1379.
Corallina officinalis, Ellis Zooph. 110; Corall. 24.

Rocks and shells in the sea.

2. Corallina elongata. Long corailine.

Three-forked ; joints of the stem roundish, wedgeshape,
of the branches cylindrical; ‘hece terminal, obtuse er
headed.

Corailina elongata, Ellis Zooph, 119.
Corallina, &c. Ellis Corall. 63, 4.

Sea-shore.

_ 3. Corallina squamata. Scaled coralline.

Three-forked ; joints of the stem round, compressed,
wedgeshape, of the twigs compressed, flat; thece terminal,
flattened, edge acute.

Corallina squamata, Ellis Zooph. 117; Corall. 63.

Corallina abietina, Lamouroux Hist,

Rocks in the sea.

D. Dicryotipex. Thallus continuous, membranaceous
or rather leatherlike, fat, fanshaped or forked; fibres pa-
rallel from the base to the tip, finely reticulated by con-
centric parallel lines; bark chalklike, hairy, cenferva-like ;
sporidia scattered; colour green or reddish, permanent.

XVI. 41. ZONARIA. Draparnaud. Girdleweed.
Thallus flat, fanshaped, ribless; base villous ; sporidia so-
litary in immersed, concentric lines.—Brownish.

1. Zonaria pavonia. Peacock girdleweed.

Thallus flat, leatherlike, fanshaped, simple or lobed,
streaked ; streaks crossing each other.

Facus maritimus gallopavonis pennas referens, Raii Syn, 43,14 ; Ellis

Corall. 88.
Ulva pavonia, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2,719.
Frattinickia pavonia, Web. and Mohr. Ind. Mus.
Zonaria pavonia, Agardh Disp. 20.
Dictyota (Padina) pavonia, Lamouroux Diss.

Rock: on sea-shore.
Fhalli several together from a: central base, spreading

ircularly.

Pl.ecll.aph. 9.THALASSIOPHYT. 41. Zonar. 341

2. Zonaria atomaria. Speckled girdleweed.

Thallus flat, dilated above, fanshaped, palmate; Iobes
linear, slightly divided.

Ulva atomaria, Woodward in Tr. Lin, Soc. 3, 53; ‘Engl. Bot. 419,

Dictyota zonata, Lamouroux Diss, 25, 1.
Zonaria zonata, Agardh Dispos. 20.

Sea-coasts.
Lhallus yellowish brown, edge not cut.

£. ciliata. Lobes slender; edge fringed, serrated.

Dictyota ciliata, Lamouroua Diss.
Ulva atomaria, Engl. Bot. the lower fig.
Ulva serrata, De Cand, Fl. Gall, Syn. 3.

XVII. 42. DICTYOTA. Lamouroux. Dictyote.

Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless, mostly forked,
much branched; sporidia immersed in interrupted series,
or scattered. '

1. Dictyota dichotoma. Two-forked dictyote.

Thallus olive, yellowish, membranaceous, forked; lobes.
linear, not cut.

Fucus membranaceus dichotomus gramineus, Rati Syn. 45, 2.
Ulva dichotoma, Lightf. Scot. 975; Engl. Bot. 174.
Dictyota dichotoma, Lamouroux Diss.

Zonaria dichotoma, 4gardh Disp. 22.

Sea-coast. .

B. inequalis. Last lobes 3 or 4 times narrower than the
primary ones.

y- implexa. Thallus small, lobes very slender, linear,
entangled.

Ulva dichotoma, Engl. Bot. 115, lower fig.
Dictyota implexa, Lamourour Diss.

2. Dictyota liguluta. Tonguelike dictyote-

Thallus flat, membranaceous, reddish, branched ; branches
dilated, rather forked with obtuse angles, terminating with
straplike fringed seements.

Ulva ligulata, Woodward Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,54; Engl. Bot. 420.

Zonaria? ligulata, 4gardh Disp. 21.

Sea-shores.

XVIII. 43. DICTYOPTERIS. Lamouroux. Dictyopiere.

Thallus flat, membranaceous, midribbed, olive-green,
forked, branched; sporidia in clusters; clusters prominent,
scattered, in a line on each side of the midrib.

$42 43. Dictyopt. 2. THALSSIOPHYTA. Pi, cell. aph.

Dictyopteris elongata. Long dictyoptere.

Thatlus linear, membranaceous, pellucid, greenish brown;
midrib slightly prominent, here and there proliferous ; edge
not in the least cut; branches long.

Fucus membranaceus, Stackh. Nereis, 13; Engl. Bot. 1758.

Dictyopteris elongata, Lamouroux Essai.

Sea-shore.

Holdfasis callous; thallus woolly, very thin, when dry
transparent, greenish.

.

E. Utvoiwez. Thallus continuous, membranaceous,
leatherlike or gelatinous, regularly cellular; integuments
smooth, membranaceous; sporidia scattered in the substance
of the thallus, or in prominent spots.—Greenish, either
permanent, or becoming whitish.

XIX. 44. ASPEROCOCCUS. Lamour. = Roughfruit.

Thallus leatherlike, compressed, tubular ? branched,
brownish; sportdia peduncled, in scattered groups on the

surface of the thallus; holdfasts shieldlike.

Asperococcus multifida. Many-cut roughfruit.

Thallus cartilaginous, brownish, repeatedly branched,
rather palmate; doles spreading, linear, various in length
and breadth.

Ulva multifida, Engl. Bot, 1913.

Sea-shore.

Holdfasts shieldlike; thallus 4 or 5 inches long.

XX. 45. ULVA. Linnzus. Laver.

Thallus membranaceous, flat, nerveless, mostly green,
rarely purplish; sé7rps none; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia

4 together, immersed in the substance of the thallus.

1. Ulva lactucefolia. Lettuce-leaf laver.

Thallus bright green, aggregate, oblong, undulated, bul-
lated, below attenuated, above dilated, lobed, crisped.

Ulva marina lactuce similis, Raii Syn. 62,1.

Tremella marina vulgaris lactuce similis, Dillen. Musc. 42.

Ulva Lactuca, Lin. 8. P. 1682; Engl. Bot. 1551.

Green laver, Oyster green.

Stones and shells in the sea; annual.

Thallus pale green, very tender, thin, flaccid.—Salt and
bitterish, eaten stewed with lemon-juice as an antiscorbutic,
but acts strongly upon the bowels. _

Pi.cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 45. Ulva. 343

2. Ulva lalissima. Broadest laver.

Thallus yellow-green, solitary, oblong, very broad, flat,
edge waved.

Ulva latissima, Lin. S. P. 1632.

Sea-shores.

Thallus 2 or 3 feet long, nearly a foot broad, edge waved,
base not narrower.

3. Ulva‘ bullosa. Bullate laver.
Thallus dark green, dilated, at first tubular, then flat-
tened, sinuous, rather plaited, slippery.

Ulva palustris lactuce marine similis, sed multo minor et tenerior,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 63, 6.

Tremella palustris, vulgari similis, sed minor et tenerior, Dillen Musc..
AA,

Ulla bullosa, Roth Cat. 3, 329.

Ulva Lactuca 8, Hudson Fl. Angl. 567.

On aquatic plants in ditches; annual; Sept. to May.
- Thallus solitary or aggregate.

4. Ulva lanceolata. Lance laver..
Thallus pale green, ovate, spearshape.

Ulva lanceolata, Lin. §. P.

Rocks on the sea-shore.

Thallus 9 inches to a foot long.

5. Ulva fasciata. Banded laver.
Thallus green, aggregate, lanceolate, not cut, narrower
at both ends, flat; edge flexuous.

Ulva Linza, Lin. S. P. 1633.
Tremella marina fasciata, Dillen in Raii Syn. 62,33 Musc. 46.

Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, an inch broad.

6. Ulva plicata. Folded laver..

Thallus dark green, connate at bottom, imbricate, plaited,
ovate, blunt.

Lichen marinus, Tabernem. Icon. 814.

Bryon lactucwfolium, Lobel, 2, 247.

Ulva plicata, Flor. Dan. 829. -

Rocks and the sea-shore.

Thalli many, aggregate, umbilicated at bottom, in the
centre.

7. Ulva terrestris, Land laver..
Thallus dark green, aggregate, ovate, crowded, slender,
decumbent, plaited, crisped.

344 45. Ula. 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. P-cell. aph.

Ulva terresiris, Roth Cat. 211.

Ulva crispa, Lightfoot Fl. Scot. 912.

Ulva Lactuea, y, Huds. Fl, Angl. 567.

Damp, shady places.

Thalli many, aggregated, in a crisp and bullated bed.

sg. Ulva umbilicata. Umbilicated laver.
Thallus reddish brown, flat, tiled-like, gregarious, nearly
orbiculate, umbilicated, sessile, longitudinally plaited.

Ulva marina wmbilicata, Dillen in Rait Syn. 63,3
Tremella marina umbilicata, Dillen Musc, 45.

Ulva umbilicalis, Zin. S. P. 1633; Engl. Bot. 2286.
Fucus Tremella umbilicata, Gmel. 219.

Ulva purpurea umbilicata, Agardh Syn. 4t.

On stones, on the sea-shore.

9. Ulva purpurea. Purple laver.

Thallus purpie, flat, solitary, lanceolate; edge not cut,
wavey, Crisp.

Ulva purpurea, Roth Cat. 1, 209.

Ulva umbilicalis 6, Waki. Lapp. 967.

Rock on the sea-shores.

Thallus rounded and contracted at bottom.

10. Ulva edulis. Eatalle laver.

Thallus very dark red, nearly opake, wedgeshape, not in
the least cut, rounded at the tip, narrowed at bottom.

Fucus Scoticus, latissimus edulis dulcis, Raii Syn. 46, 30.

Uiva edulis, De Candolle Fl. Gall. 2,12.

Fucus edulis, Stackh. Nereis Brit. 12; Engl. Bot. 1307.

Fucus dulcis, Gmelin, 189.

Fucus Lactuca, Esper, 64,

Fucus carnesus, Esper, 76.

fucus palmatus 8, Ligatf. Scot. 934.

Halymenia edulis, 4gardh Syn. 35.

Dulse.

Sea-shores.
Odour like tea; eaten raw before dinner.

11. Ulva palmata. Palmate baver.

a hallus een red, pellucid, palmate, not m the least
; lobes oblong , mostly simple.

ieee paeabineihobtes ceranvides, Lait Syn, 46, 29.

Ulva palmata, De Cand. #1. Gall. 2, 12.

Halymenia palmata, dgardh Syn. 35.

Fucus palmatus, Lin. 8. P. 1630; Turner Hist. 115; Engl. Bot. 1306.

Fucus ovinus, Fl. Norv. $6.

Fucus caprines, Fl, Dan: W283

Fucus bullatus, Fl. Dan. TT0.

Fucus rubens, “sper, 75,

Pl.cell.aph. 2.THALASSIOPHYT. 45. Ulva. 346

Rocks on the sea-shore.
Thalli_ gregarious, slenderer at bottom, 2-forked or pal-
mate with 2 or 3 lobes.

8. marginifer. Thallus oblong, mostly simple, edge pro-
liferous.

Ulva caprina, Fl. Norv. 2, 126.

y- laciniata. Thallus finely jagged; lobes linear.

Ulva delicatula, Gunn Fl. Norv. 8.
Fucus delicatula, Fl. Dan. 1190.
Fucus laciniatus, Wahl, 497.

12. Ulva solslifera. Young-bearing laver.
Thailus rose-red, membranaceous, flat, palmately lobed ;
edge proliferous; doles dilated, tip many-cut, toothed.

Fucus soboliferus, Fl. Dan. 1065; Engl. Bot. 2133; Turner Hist. 1,97.
Halymenia sobolifera, Agardh Syn. 36.

Ulva sobolifera, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 27.

Sea-shores.

Thallus 3 to 6 inches long, branched.

XXI. 46. SCYTOSIPHON. Lyngbye. Leathernpipe.

Thallus round, tubular, continuous, even, branched or
simple, leatherlike, membranaceous; sporidia solitary or
crowded, scattered over the whole surface of the thallus;
stirps 0.

a. Thallus green, membranaceous.

1. Scytosiphon intestinalis. Gut leathernpipe.

Thallus light green, membranaceous; tule simple, bent,
wavey, puckered.

Ulva marina tubulosa, intestinorum figuram referens, Raii Syn. 62,4.

Ulva intestinalis, Zin. §. P. 1632.

Conferva intestinalis, Roth Cat. 1, 159.

Scytosiphon intestinalis, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 67.

Staenant fresh-waters, and the sea-shore.

Thaili aggregate, resembles the intestines of animals as
it floats on the water.

B. crispus. Thallas compressed, wrinkled and crisp.
Ulva intestinalis, Roth Cat. 1,159.
Thallus olive green, leatherlike.

2. Scytosiphon compressius. Compressed leathernpipe.

Thallus dark green, membranaceous, round, threadlike,
tubular, branched, compressed; branches scattered, simple,
decumbent.

346 46. Scytosip. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

Ulva compressa, Lin. S. P. 1632; Engl. Bot. 1739.

Ulva marina tenuissima et compressa, Rati Syn. 63, 5.
Tremella marina tenuissima et compressa, Dillen Musc. 48.
Conferva compressa, Roth Cat. 1, 163.

Conferva crinita, Roth Cat. 2,191.

Scytosiphon compressus, Lungbye Hydr. Dan. 64.
Sea-shore.

Thallus polymorphous, narrower at bottom, simple or

branched ; branches narrower at bottom, mostly simple.

b. Clathrata. Thallus green, branched, veined in squares
like casement-windows ; sporidia in each cell.

3. Scytosiphon ramulosus. Small-branched leathernpipe.

Thallus green, membranaceous, tubular, much branched,
rather compressed; branches thickest above; twigs scattered,
very numerous, pointed.

Ulva ramuiosa, Engl. Bot. 2137.

Sea-shore. p

Thalli numerous, aggregated, 2 inches high; branches
awlshaped.

4. Scytosiphon Templetoni. Templeton’s leathernpipe.

Thallus pale green, tubular, hairlike, repeatedly branch-
ed; tranches and twigs alternate, pressed to the stem, at-
tenuated, acute.

Conferva paradoxa, Dillw. Syn. 10; Engl. Bot. 2328.

Sea-shore.
Thallus closely tufted, 4 or 5 inches long, slippery.—It
appears to differ from S. erecta of Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 15.

5. Scytlosiphon clathratus. Window leathernpipe.

Thallus pale green, round, hairlike, tubular, repeatedly
branched; branches and twigs alternate, spreading, diverg-
ing, lying down, pointed.

Conferva clathrata, Roth Cat. 175.

Ulva clathrata, Zgardh Syn. 46.

Sea-shores.

c. Thallus olive, leatherlike ; sporidia scattered, solitary.

6. Scytosiphon foeniculaceus. Fennel leathernpipe.

Thallus olivaceous, leatherlike, round, threadlike, much
branched ; branches and twigs vague, bent, very closely
entangled, attenuated, hairlike.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPH YT. 46. Scytosip. 347.

Conferva foeniculacea, Hudson Fl, Angl. 594.
Ceramium inflexum, Roth Cat. 3,131.
Hippuris setaceus, Barrelier Icon. 1123.
Fucus subtilis, Turner Hist. 2, 34.
Scytosiphon feeniculaceus, Fl. Dan. 1595, 1.
Halymenia feeniculacea, Agardh Syn. 38.
Hutchinsia inflexa, 4gardh Syn. 58.
Sea-shores; annual; spring.
ae aggregate, 6 or 9 inches high, pale yellow or
Olive.

7. Scytosiphon fistulosus. Fistular leathernpipe.

Thallus olive, leatherlike, round, threadshaped, simple,
narrower at both ends.

Ulva fistulosa, Hudson Fl. Angl. 569; Engl. Bot. 642.

Conferva fistulosa, Roth Cat. 3, 169.

Chordaria Filum 8, Agardh Syn. 14,

Scytosiphon fistulosus, 4gardh Disp. 24.

Sea-shores attached to rocks.

Thalli numerous, flexuous, gelatinous; sporzdia four to-
gether, disposed longitudinally.

d. Thallus olive ; sporidia clustered.

8. Scylosiphon filiformis. Threadlike leathernpipe.

Thallus reddish brown, gelatinous, soft, round or com-
pressed; lLranches scattered, mostly simple, long.

Conferva filiformis, Fl. Dan. 1480.

Ulva filiformis, Hudson Fl. Angl. 570.

Ulva purpurascens, Engl. Bot. 641, not of Hudson.

Ulva compressa purpurea, dgardh Syn. 45.

Sea-shores; annual; spring and summer.

Thallus 6 inches high; lranches alternate, rarely slightly
branched.

9. Scytosiphon Turnert. _ Turner's leathernpipe.

Thallus yellowish brown, membranaceous, finely reticu-
lated, round, threadshape, simple, attenuated at bottom,
very obtuse at top.

Ulva Turneri, Dillw. in Engl. Bot. 2570.

Gastridium Opuntia, Lynghye Hydr. Dan. 71.

Sea-shores on rocks and plants; annual; summer.

Thalli aggregate,.1 to 6 inches long, rarely globose ;
sporidia in clusters.

348 47. Palmel. 2. THALASSIOPHYTZ. PI. cell. aph.
XXII. 47. PALMELLA. Lyngbye. Tremlbler.

Thallus cylindrical, simple or branched, solid; integu-
~ ment membranaceous; inside gelatinous, cellular; sporzdia
globular, immersed in the thallus.—Marine.

1. Palmella defracta. Broken trembler.

Thallus threadlike, simple, twisted, elastic, viscid, pel-
lucid; sporidia globular, pale red.

Ulva defracta, With, Bot. Arr. 4,124; Engl. Bot. 1626.

On sea-plants.

Thallus 2 to 12 inches long, 1-8th inch in diameter.

2. Palmella elminthoides. Wormlike tremller.

Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, opake, slippery, rather
blunt; central line dark, parenchymatous; sporidia very
minute, opake.

Ulva elminthoides, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 141.

Rocks in the sea; July.

Thalli aggregated, 4 to 7 inches long, twisted.

XXII. 48. MERRETTIA. Merrett.

Thallus flat, diversely shaped, solid; integuments mem-
branaceous; inside cellular, gelatinous; sporzdza scattered,
immersed.

1. Merrettia adnata. Adnate merrett.

Thallus diversely shaped, gelatinous, wrinkled, brownish
yellow; sporidia globular, brown.

Tremella adnata, Hudson Fl. Angl. 555.

Palmella adnata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 205.

On rocks between high and low water in the sea.

Thallus wrinkled, 3 to 6 inches in diameter, less than a
quarter thick.

2. Merrettia coriacea. Leathery merrett.

Thallus flat, adnate, very wide, indeterminate, smooth,
slippery, dull red; sporzdia globular,

Ulva rupestris, Engl. Bot. 2194.

Upright faces of fells over which water trickles.

‘Thallus 2 or 3 feet wide, resembles a spread-out piece of
very wet reddish or greenish brown washed leather, but 1s
not so tenacious; has been mistaken for flesh.

Pl. cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT Zs. 48. Merret. 349

3. Merretiia alpicola. Alp-loving merrett.

Thallus not uniform, lobes numerous, rounded, wrinkled,
soft, reddish; sporidia very small, reddish. '

Ulva montana, Lightf. Scot. 973; Engl. Bot. 2193.

Palmella alpicola, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 296.

Mountain dulse.

Sides of mountains, among grass and moss.

Thallus deep blood-red or dull green; lobes several,
flattish, rounded, ascending, imbricate, rather leatherlike,

pulpy.—Used to purge calves.

4. Merrettia protuberans. Protuberant merrett.

Thallus thick, gelatinous, fleshy, angular, pellucid, green ;
sporidia large, elliptical, growing protuberant, green.

Ulva. protuberans, Engl. Bot, 2533.

Shady wet places, among mosses; September.
Thallus composed of thick, fleshy, juicy, wrinkled, rough
lobes; sporidia the size of poppy seeds.

XXIV. 49. OLIVIA. Olivi.

Thallus ovate or globular, solid, aggregated into a gela-
tinous or powdery crust; sporzdia globular, immersed, scat-
tered.

1. Olivia boiryoides. Bunch-of-grapes olivi.

Thalli minute, globular, pellucid, green, aggregated inte
a greenish crust. |

Byssus botryoides saturate virens, Dillenin Raii.Syn, 56, 5.

Byssus botryoides, Lin. S. P. 1639.

Lichen botryoides, Acharius Prod. 10.

Tremella botryoides, Schreber Spicil, 140.

Nostoc botrysides, dgardh Syn. 135,

Palmella botryoides, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 205..

Lepraria betryoides, Engl. Bot. 2148.

On the ground, or bark of trees, in damp places.

Thalli the size of maw-seed, solid; stain the fingers when
touched.

2. Olivia ochracea. Okery olivi.

Thallz minute, ovate, oker yellow, aggregated into thin,
scattered, powdery patches.

Lepraria ochracea, Turn. and Bor. Lich, Brit. 1,8; Engl, Bot. 2408.

Trunk of old. trees and on. moss.

350 49. Olivia. 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. Pl. cell. aph.

8. Olivia cinerea. Ashcoloured olivi.

Thalli very minute, roundish, ash-grey, ageregated into
a powder crust.

Byssus saxatilis, Withering Bot. Arr. ed. 2.

Lichen cinereus, With. Bot. Arr. ed. 4.

Limestone-rocks and stones.

4, Olivia nigra. Black olivi.
Thallt very minute, roundish, dull black; ageregated
into a black powdery crust.

Byssus antiquitatis, Lin. S. P. 2 !
Lepraria nigra, Turn, and Borr, Lich. Brit. 1,21; Eng. Bot, 2409.

Tops of oak-posts and old wood.

5. Olivia violacea. . Frolet olivi. .

Thalli minute, ovate, dull red, aggregated into a reddish
crust.

Byssus Jolithus, Lin. S. P. 1638.

Lichen Iolithus, With. Bot. Arr. 4,3.

Lichen rubens, Acharius Meth. Lich. 6.

Lepraria Tolithus, Achar. Meth.8; Engl. Bot.2A471.

St. Winifred’s blood, in the Holy-well, Cheshire.

Bark of trees, rocks and stones in springs.

Crust dull crimson, smells like violets, or orrice-roots.

6. Olivia cruenta. Bloody olivi.

Thallt minute, ovate, red, aggregated into a dark red,
gelatinous crust.

Tremella cruenta, Engl. Bot.

Bottom of walls in damp places.

F. Lincxipex. Thallus continuous ; integuments mem-
branaceous, smooth; inside fleshy, cellular, slippery; spo-
ridia in beadlike filaments sunk in the substance of the
thallus.—Green or brownish, not becoming black.

XXV. 50. CARRODORUS. Carrodori.

Thallus long, branched, brownish; sporidia elliptical, in
anastomosing lines.—Marine, foetid, slippery.

Carrodorus foetidus. Stinking carrodort.
_ Thallus pale olive, branched; branches crowded, acute.
Conferva foetida, Villars Dauph. 3,1010; Dillw. Conf. 104; Engl, Bot.

2101.
Ulva foetida, Vaucher Conf. 285.

Pl, cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT AK. 50. Carrod.. 351

Salt marshes and the sea-shore.

Thallus slippery, flaccid, 2 inches high.

XXVI. 51. NOSTOC. Paracelsus. Nostoch.

Thallus not uniform or globular, vesicular, greenish, ge-
latinous; sportdiu globose, in curved, beadlike threads.—
This genus has much affinity with oscillatoria, but the
threads of that genus radiate, and have no integument
over them.

1. Nostoc commune. Common nostoch.

Terrestrial ; thallus not uniform, solid, plated, wavey;
threads loosely interwoven.

Ulva terrestris pinguis et fugax, Dillen in Raii Syn. 64,11.

Linckia terrestris gelatinosa membranacea vulgatissima, ex pallida et
yirescente fulva, Micheli Nov. Gen. Pl, 126, 1.

Tremella Nostoc, Lin. S. P. 1625; Engl. Bot. 461.

Fucus Tremella Nostoc, Gmel. Hist. Fuc. 222.

Nostoc commune, Vaucher, 222.

Nostoc vulgare, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 992.

Linckia terrestris, Roth Cat. 3, 345.

Alcyonidium Nostoc, Lamourouxr Thal. Ess. 11.

Star-shoot. Star-slough.

Damp, shady, gravelly places; summer and autumn.

Thallus lobed, 2 or 3 inches in diameter; pale green,
mostly seen after rain.

2. Nostoc verrucosum. Warty nostoch.
Thallus rather globose, rather leatherlike, hollow,
plaited; threads very closely interwoven.

Linckia palustris gelatinosa, saxis adnascens, ex obscuro fulva, et con-
cava vesicam referens, Micheli Nov. Gen. Pl. 126, 2.

Nostoc verrucosum, Vaucher, 225.

Tremella fluviatilis, Dillen Mus. 10.

Tremella verrucosa, Lin. §. P. 1625; Hudson Fl, Angl. 565,

Tremella utriculata, Huds. Fl. Angl. 564?

Fucus Tremella verrucosa, Gmel. Fuc, 227.

Linckia verrucosa, Roth Cat. 3, 345.

Rocks and stones in rivers, often floating.

Thaili aggregated; when young solid, smooth, opake,
when old, hollow, yellowish green.

3. Nostoe muscorum. Moss nostoch.

Thallus 2-formed, papillose, tuberculate, rather leather-
like.

Nostoc muscorum, Agardh Syn. 132.
Tremella intestinalis, Fl. Dan. 885.

Damp mossy places.
Blackish green, harder and smaller than n. commune.

$52 5%. Nostoc. 2. THALASSIOPHYT AL. Pl. cell. aph.

4 Nostoc pruniforme. Plumshape nostoch.

Thallus blackish, globose, solitary, solid, leatherlike,
gelatinous, smooth.

Ulva praniformis, Lin. S. P. 1633.

Tremeila pruniformis, Roth Germ. 548.

Linckia prunifurmis, Roth Cat. 3, 343.

Nostoc pruniforme, dgardh Syn. 134.

Adhering to trees, or floating in lakes; summer.

Thallus gelatinous on the inside, coriaceous on the out-
side. 5

5. Nostos sphericum. Spherical nostoch.
Thallus black green, globose, solid, smooth, aggregated.

Ulva pruniformis, Hudson Fl. Angl, 572, not of Eng. Bot.
Conferva Pyrum, Fl. Dan. 660, not of Linnzus.

Nostoc sphericum, Vaucher, 223.

Linkia granulata, Roth Cat. 3, 342.

Lakes and stegnant waters.
Thallus hardish, gelatinous, mostly aggregated, the size
of peas.

6. Nostoc ceruleum. Blue nostoch.

Thallus small, globose, solid, solitary, smooth, pale blue,
shining, pellucid.

Nosioc ceruleum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201.

Ditches and pools on hypni; summer.

Thallus hard, slippery, about a quarter of an inch in
diameter.

7. Nostoc papyraceum. Paper nostoch.

Thallus frothy, gelatinous, slippery, easily parted,
bluish. .

Byssus latissima papyri instar super aquam sparsa, Dillen in Raii Syn.
57, 12; Dillen Musc. 21.

Byssus Flos aque, Lin, S. P. 1637.

Nostoc Flos aque, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 201.

Stagnant waters, floating; spring and summer.
Thallus pale bluish green; when it covers: ponds, they
are said to be in flower.

G. AtcyonipEx. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, olive
green becoming black, cellular; cells membranaceous,
long, hexaedral; sporidia elliptical,scattered in the cells.

XXVIII. 52. ALCYONIDIUM. Lamour. Halcyonide.

Thallus roundish, long, gelatinous, branched, olive-green;
inner cells large, hexaedral, outer cells slender, closed.
— Marine.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT A. 52. Aleyon. 353

Alcyonidium diaphanum. Transparent halcyonide.
Thallus nearly round, branched; branches short.

Fucus spongiosus nodosus, Raii Syn. 49,42; Ger. em. 1570.

Spongia ramosa altera Anglica, Park. 1304,

Alcyonium gelatinosum, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1295.

Ulva diaphana, Huds, Fl. Angl. 5170; Engl, Bot, 363.

Alcyonidium diaphanum, Lamour. Thal. 71. '

Sea ragged staff.

Thallus 6 to 12 inches long; branches irregular, rather
acute; sporidia large, yellowish.

_ B. flavescens. Branches obtuse.
Ulva flavescens, Huds, Fl. Ang!. 570.

XXVIII. 53. EPHIDATIA. Lamourovux. Ephidate.

Thallus sessile, orbicular, lobed, gelatinous, cellular,
greenish; cells long, pentagonal, radiating from a common
point, open at top; sporidia elliptical, enclosed in the cells.
—Fresh-water.

Ephidatia Gibbsii. Gibbs ephidate.

Thallus sessile, thick, slightly lobed, more ox less orbi-
cular, fetid.

Bottom of the reservoir in the Green Park, Mr. Gibbs.

Thallus orbicular or ocblong.—This may be the following
species, but Lamarck describes the cells of spongilla as ir-
regular; or it may be an alcyonella; I could not, however,
perceive any polypi in it, but plenty of sporidia.

XXIX. 54. SPONGILLA. Lamarck. Spongille.

Thallus sessile, polymorphous, irregular, cellular and
lacunose ; ce//s unequal, formed of membranaceous lamin,
scattered without any order; sporidia free, in the.cells.

1. Spongilla pulvinata. Cushion spongille.
Thallus rather incrusting, sessile, thick, convex, slightly
lebed ; lacune longish, scattered.

Spongilla pulvinata, Lam. Hist. 2, 100,
Ephidatia fluviatilis, Lamour. Pol, 6.

Bottom of rivers.

2. Spongilla ramosa. Branched spongille.

Thallus sessile, branched; branches long, roundish, un~
equal, rather lobed.

VOL, 1. ZA

354 54. Spongil. 2. THALASSIOPHY TE. Pl. cell. wr

Spongia ramosa fluviatilis, Rati Syn. 30, 5.
Spongilla ramesa, Lam. Hist. 2, b00.
Spongia lacustris, Lin. Syst. Nat. egos
Ephidatia lacustris, Lamour. Pol. 6.

Bottoms of lakes and ponds.
8. digitata. Thallus digitate, slightly branched.
Spongia fluviatilis ramosa fragilis, Rati Syn. 30, 6.

_y. gracilis. Thallus and branches slender, branched.

Spengia canzlium, Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1, 3826.
Epiidatia canalium, Lamourous, 6.

H. Sponeipiz. Thallus continuous, gelatinous, formed
of interlaced, ane horny fibres or asbestine spiculee,
very porous, ‘absorbing much water; sportdia scattered in
the jelly of the thallus. Yellow or brown, becoming white;
when dry tough and flexible.

RAC, 55. FUP AE Tuphe.
Thallus fixed, roundish, solid, very porous, leaflike;

branches simple or compound; formed of interwoven, bent,

herny, reticulated fibres, without any chalklike matter.

a. Branched, branches simple or compound.

1. Tupha oculata. Eyelet tuphe.

Thallus much branched, soft; branches ey blunt,
dotted with marginal pores.

Spongia oculata, Ellis Corall, 80.

Sea-shore.

Thallus 9 inches high, bottom naked, tough, woody;
above branched.

8. elegans. Thallus pale brown; branches divaricating
and closing together at top; ¢zps blunt, 4 or 5-cut.

2. Tupha stuposa. Towlike tuphe.

Thallus branched; branches towlike, round, covered
with pointed hairs.

Spongia stuposa, Ellzs Zooph. 186,

Spongia cervicornis, Pallas ?

Sea-shore. ’

8. gracilis. Thallus very slender, beautifully white ;
branches ascending, very hairy.

y. damicormis. Thallus palmate, divaricating, like the
antlers of a buck. i

Pl, cell. aph, 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. 55.Tupha. 355

3. Tupha palmata. Palmate tuphe.

Thallus palmate, with fingerlike divisions on the edge,
and small prominent pores irregularly disposed.

Spongia palmata, Ellis Zosph. 189.

Sea-shore.

Texture similar to that of t. oculata, but not so soft when
dry ; pores more numerous, disposed over the whole surface.

4. Tupha coalita. Coalescent tuphe.

Thallus much branched, corky, brittle; branches irregu-
lar, distorted, rather compressed. eee

Spongia coalita, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 1, 3825.

Spongia Lycopodium, Esper, 2, 269.

Sea-shore.

5. Tupha hispida. Hispid tuphe.

Thallus branched; branches long, slender, round, two- '
forked, covered with stiff hairs. :

Spongia hispida, Montague in Wern. Tr. 2, 81.

Sea-shore, aah

Thallus a foot long, or mere.

8. furcata. Thallus with short forked tips.

6. Tupha dichotoma. Two-forked. duphe.

Thallus branched, upright, nearly cylindric, tomentose,
covered with small pores.

Spongia dichotoma, Ellis Zoophk. 181; Lin. Syst. Nat. i, 1299.

Sea-shore.

Thallus brown, long, two-forked, straight, tapering, be-
coming compressed at the fork, but not so much as t. ocu-
lata; branches longer and straighter, texture firmer and
less woody.

7. Tupha digitata. Finger tupie.
. Thallus branched; branches very slender, two-forked,
fingerlike at their tip; surface granulated.

Spongia digitata, Montague Wern. Tr, 2, 84.

Bottom of the sea.

Thallus iron-brown at bottom, above pale yellow, not so
thick as a straw, slightly compressed, tough, flexible.

8. Tupha ramosa. Branched tuphe.
Thallus palmated and fingered round the top.
Spongia ramosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 84,

Dee

856 55.Tupha. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl.cell.aph. |

Sea-shore.
Lhallus 5 inches long, stiff, slightly elastic.

b. Thallus branched; branches leaflike, on the sides or tips.

9. Tupha conica. Conical tuphe.

Branches numerous, short, flattish, from the sides.

Spongia Conus, Montague Wern. Trans. 2, 85.

Sea-shore.

Thallus when a y dark yellowish brown; fexture rather
coarse; outside covered with short buisdles,

10. Tupha lobata. Lobed tuphe.

Branches ovate, clustered.

Spongia lobata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 85.

Sea-shore.

Thallus yellowish brown, 2 inches high; branches ovate
or oblong, from an irregular kind of stem.

11. Tupha perlevis. ; Very-tight tuphe. -

Thallus indeterminate; texture close; surface covered
with blunt nipplelike prominences.

Spongia perlavis, Montague Wern, Tr. 2, 86.

Sea-shore. ;

Thallus yellow, when dry light brown; texture similar
to that of t. tomentosa, equally light, not so soft or crumbly, —
or so pale; nipples 1-8th of an inch long.

12. Tupha aurea. Golden tuphe.

Thallus broad, flat, slightly divided at the tip.

Spongia aurea, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 86.

Sea-shore, covering the stones at low water.

Thallus 2 inches high, 2 or 3 broad, orange-colour, when,
dry brown; not so much divided as Ellis's spongia pro-
Jifera.

13. Tupha rigida. Stiff tuphe.

Thallus blunt, rather flat, spreading, irregular, arising
4rom a basis, generally a short stalk.

Spongia rigida, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 87.

- Sea-shore.

Thallus about an inch high, orange-colour, which it
partly retains on drying if toler ably freed from the paren-
chyme; texture as coarse as that of common sponge.

Pl. cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 55.Tupha, 357°

8. minor. Smaller branches more numerous and distinct,
spreading from a shorter pedicell.

KXXI. 56. SCYPHA. lant Scyphe.

Thallus shooting into tubular processes, either simple or
compound, very porous, formed of interwoven, bent, reti-
culated horny fibres, without any chalklike matter.

1. Scypha coronata. Crowned scyphe.
Lube solitary; tip crowned with radiating spines.

Spongia coronata, Ellis Zooph. 190,

On fuci and other marine bodies.

Thallus above an inch long, yellowish sometimes 2

shining; silvery white, not always crowned but covered.
with spiculee.

2. Scypha botryoides. Bunch-of- grapes scyphe.

Thallus minute, ovate, tubular, in bunches covered with
radiated spines. -

Spongia botryoides, Ellis Zooph. 190.

Sea-shore.

Thallus composed of minute branches, oval like grapes...
each open at the tip, as if tubular.—The spines are the
asterias radiata of Walker.

3. Scypha papillaris. ; Nipple scyphe..
Thallus sessile, flat, spreading with scattered tubular
tubercles.

Spongia papillaris, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 3824.
Rocks rarely left uncovered by the sea.

Thallus soft, yellow; tubercles sometimes tipped with
blue; when dry less soft, brown or gray; surface like gauze.

8B. Sowerbeiz. Tubercles longer and more tiumerous.
Spongia compacta, Brit. Miscell. 1, 42.
Bottom of the sea?

4. Scypha tubulosa. Tubular scyphe..

Thallus tubular, branched, tough; tubes erect, slightly
tapering.

Spongia tubulosa, Ellis Zooph. 188.

Spongia fastigiata, Pallas Zooph. 392.

Sea-shore at very low water, and bottom of the sea.

Thallus 3 inches high and 4 or 5 wide, yellow, when dry
pale brown or dirty white.

$58 36. Scypha. 2. THALASSIOPHYTZ. PI. cell. aph.
5. Scypha foliacea. | Leafy scyphe.

Thallus tubular, much boniprensadl texture fine, inside’
finely reticulated.

Spongia compressa, Fabricius Faun. Green. 448.

Sea-shore.

Thallus an inch long, dull yellow, pendent; from its:
thinness it may be mistaken for a flustra.

6. Scypha levigata. Smooth scyphe.

Thallus soft, compressible, elastic; texture extremely
fine and reticulated. :

Spongia levigata, Montague Wern, Tr. 2, 95.

Bottom of the sea?

Texture extremely fine, equal to ihiat of the sinertidl

spougy part of some kinds of puff-ball.
7. Scypha ovata. Ovate' scyphe.

Thallus ovate, wrinkled, tubular; summit crowned with
spines surrounding the aperture. ;

Spongia Ananas, Montague Wern. Tr, 2, 96.

Sea-shores.

Thallus minute.

8. tomentosa. Thallus clothlike.
Upon cellaria scruposa.

8. Scypha complicata. Complicated scyphe.
Thallus tubular; branches numerous, most intricately
interwoven, and frequently anastomosing.

Spongia complicata, Monéague Wern, Tr, 2,97.
On fuci.

9. Scypha cancellata. Railwork scyphe.

ibres in network, inosculations tuberous, with a pore.

Spongia cancellata, Brit. Misc. 131, not of Gmelin.

Thallus yellowish; fibres horny in railwork with large
interstices.

XXXII. 57. SPONGIA. Aristotle. Sponge
Thallus sessile or pedicelled, of a compact or slightly

lobed indeterminate iorm, composed of interwoven, bent,

reticulated horny fibres, without any chalklike matter.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY TZ. 57. Spongia. $59

a. Thallus peduncled, concave, funnelshape.

1. Spongia infundibuliformis. Funnelshape sponge.

Thallus funnelshape, flexible; surface rather rough, ir-
regular.

Spongia infundibuliformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1296.

Spongia crateriformis, Pallas Zooph. 386.

Sea-shores.

2. Spongia ‘foliesocte _ Leaflike sponge.

Thallus stiff, but not woody, arising from a corky base
and spreading into a cup; edge slightly cut and indented ;
pores fine.

Spongia foliascens, Pallas Zooph. 395.
Spongia Scypha, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 107.

Sea-shores. |

Thallus about 2 inches and a half high; bowl 2 inches
deep, and as wide at top, bottom half an inch wide, pale
brown, impervious to light.

b. Thallus peduncled, fiat, funnelshape, simple or lobed.

3. Spongia cristata. - Crested sponge.

Thallus flat, upright, tender, resembling a cockscomb,
pores in rows, small, slightly projecting, along the top.

Spongia cristata, Ellis Zooph. 186.

Cocks comb sponge, Phil. Tr. 55, 288.

Sea-shore.

Thallus said by Mr. Ellis to have a visible systole of the

water in and out of its pores.

4. Spongia ventilabriformis. Fanshape sponge.
Thallus fanshaped; fibres reticulated, woody ; covered.
with large spongy pores.

at ta Ventilabrum, Zin. Syst. Nat. t, 1296.
Sea-fan sponge, Phil. Tr. 55, 289."

Sea-shore.
Thallus 10 inches high, a quarter of an inch thick in the
widest part, may be seen through if held pretty close te

the eye.

5. Spongia pulchella. Pretly sponge.

Thallus generaily Sates ia and bald; reticulations
fine, smooth, soft.

Spongia pulchella, Brit. Misc, 87.

Sea-shore.

360. 57. Spong. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

Thallus fanshaped, palmated, or digitate; fibres in deli-
cate network, pale brown changing to yellowish or reddish
brown, ccarser and stiffer than common sponge.

~

c. Thallus sessile, simpie or lobed, often erect.

6. Spongia limbata. Loled sponge.

Fibres formed into circular pores resembling lace.
Spongia limbata, Montague Wern. Tr. 2,111.

Sea-shore.
Thallus whitish, firm, elastic, pores very large, circular,
fibres smooth.

7. Spongia fruticosa. Shrublike sponge.

Lhallus tough, elastic, in network; fibres smooth, slightly
connected, distant.

Spongia lichenoides, Pallas Zooph. 378.

Spongia fruticosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 112.

Sea-shore.

Thallus 6 or 7 inches long, and half as wide, irregular,
very light, elegant; flres distant; network very irregular.

8. Spongia fragilis. Brittle sponge.

Thallus brittle, friable, in coarse network; filres wrinkled
as if covered with minute sand.

Spongia friabilis, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 114.

Sea-shores.
Thallus brown, breaking between the fingers and soon
rubbing into a powder like sand with a micaceous lustre.

9. Spongia parasitica. Parasitic sponge.
Thallus coarse; form indefinite, determined by the body

upon which it creeps; fibres imbricated.
Spongia parasitica, Muntague Wern. Tr. 2, 114.
On sertulariae.

10. Spongia fava. Honeycomb sponge.

Thallus irregular, rather hard, brittle, extremely porous.

Spongia fava, Montague Wern, Tr. 2, 115.

Sea-shore.

Thallus 3 inches long, 2 broad, and half an inch thick,
resembling a piece of old worm-eaten cork.

)

«

Pi. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTE. 57. Spong. 361

11. Spongia ; plumosa. Feathery sponge.

Thallus irregular, rather soft, tough when deprived of its
jelly.

Spongia plumosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 116.

Sea-shores.

Thallus $ inches high, 2 inches broad, paler than com-
mon sponge, not so compressible or elastic, resembles com-
pressed tow.

d. Thallus sessile, simple, irregular, creeping on other bodies.

12. Spongia coriacea. Leathery sponge.

Thallus indefinite, wrinkled, cavernous.

Spongia coriacea, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 116.

Thallus 4 inches long, 2 broad, not unlike a piece of
burnt leather.

13. Spongia tomentosa. Clothlike sponge.

Thallus irr egular, soft, brittle, full of pores, interwoven
with minute spines.

Alcyonium ramosum moile, medull@ panis intus simile, Raii Syn. 31,1.

Spongia tomentosa, Lin, Syst. Nat. 1, 1299.

Spongia urens, Ellis Zcoph. 187.

Spongia panicea, Pallas Zooph. 308.

Sponge like crumb of bread, E\lis Corall. 80.

Sea-shores and adhering to fuci.

Thallus orange-colour, softs when dry white, extremely
light, and brittle ; when Broken resembles crumb of bread,
and causes a stinging pain like cowage.

14. Spongia suberosa. : Corky sponge.
Thallus crustaceous, compact, tough, without visible.
pores externally.

Sporgia suberosa, Montague Wern, Tr. 2, 100.

On old univalve ie covering them and filling up the
aperture.
Thallus indefinite, ‘orange-brown turning brown when

dry.

XXXII 58. TETHYA. Lamarck. Tethya.

Thallus tubercular, orbicular, inside fibrous; filres in
bundles, stiff; asbestine, radiating from the centre to the
Bi eaaaierence. scarcely g gelatinous. ;

$62 58. Tethya. 2. THALASSIOPHYTZ. Pi. cell. aph.

1. Tethya verrucosa. Warted tethya.

Thallus globose, externally warted, internally fibrous;
Jjibrous in bundles, stiff, asbestine, radiating.

Alcyonium Lyncurium, Lin. Syst. Nat. 1, 1295?

Alcyonium Aurantium, Pallas Zooph. 357?

Spongia verrucosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2,117.

Tethya Lyncurium, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386?

Sea-shore.

Thallus more than an inch in diameter, yellowish, slightly
compressed, uncoated at bottom where it adheres to the
rock, by which the asbestine spicule are shown.

2. Tethya pilosa. Hairy tethya.

Thallus globose, fleshy, covered with short, thick-set
hair, internally fibrous; fibres in bundles, stiff, asbestine,
radiating.

Tethya | pulvinata, Lamarck Hist. 2, 386.

Spongia pilosa, Montague Wern. Tr. 2,119.

Sea-shore.

Thallus not quite an inch diameter.

8. Tethya ? penicilliformis. Pencil-like tethya.

Thallus yellowish, spreading horizontally; surface tube-
bearing; éwbes upright, white, flexible, fibrous; fibres en-
tangled.

Spongia Penicillus, Montague Wern. Tr. 2, 95.

Sea-shore.

Perhaps only a species of tethya enwr apping a a tubular
sponge.

I. Fuoripex. Thallus continuous, leatherlike or mem-
branaceous, formed of interwoven longitudinal fibres, rose-
red, sometimes growing white in the air; sporidia either
immersed in the substance of the thallus, or in capsular
or tubercular thecze, rarely intermixed with jointed fibres.

XXXIV. 59. DELESSERIA. Lamouroux. Delesser.

Thallus flat, membranaceous, regularly veined ; sportdia
immersed, scattered in the marginal processes of the ribs
and i in roundish spots in the thallus. .

1. Delesseria sanguinea. Blood-red delesser.
Thallus round at ‘bottom, branched; doles distinct, pone.
ovate, simple, not in the least cut.

Pl.cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY TZ. 59. Delesser. 363°

Fucus sive Alga folio membranaceo purpureo lapathe anche figura

et magnitudine, Ratt Syn. 47, 35.
Fucus sanguineus, Lin. Mant. 136; Engi. Bot. i041.
Delesseria sanguinea, (Lanouroilx’ Thal.

Sea-shore.

2. Delesseria sinuosa. Sinuous delesser.
Thallus round at bottom, branched; lobes distinct, oblong,
sinuated, pinnatifid; edge crenated or fringed.

Fucus membranaceus purpureus latifolius pinnatus, Dillen in Rati Syn.
47, 34.

Fucus rubens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 578.

Fucus sinuosa, Jurner Hist. 35; Engl. Bot. 822.

Fucus roseus, Flor. Dan. 652.

Fucus crenatus, Gmel. Fuci, 184.

Fucus Palmella, var. Esper. 42,

Delesseria sinuosa, Lamour. Téal.

Sea-coasts.

Thallus pale uniform red.

6. inerassata. Thallus rather cartilaginous; cilia reverse-
ovate.

y. quercifolia. Thallus lobes rounded; edge naked, with-
out cilie.

3. Delesseria ruscifolia. Knee-holly delesser.

Thallus branched, winged; doles distinct, oblong, ovate,
blunt, flat; edge not.cut; midrib proliferous ; veins pellucid,
chainlike.

Fucus ruscifolius, Turner Lin. Tr. 6,127; Engl. Bot. 1395.
Delesseria ruscifolia, dgardh Disp. 14.

Sea-shore; perennial; Jan. and Feb.
Thallus eet 4 inches long, and a quarter of an inch
wide.

8. minor. Thallus ovate, lanceolate, about an inch and
a half long.

3. Delesseria ligulata. Strap delesser.

Thallus branched below, winged; /obes distinct, linear,
lanceolate, pointed, flat, simple, not ns reticulated ; mzdrib
proliferous.

Fucus Hypoglossum, Wcodward ee Pr. 2, 30; Engl, Bot. 1396.
Delesseria Hy poglossum, Lamour. Zhal.
Fucus ligulatus, Sulander in MS,

Sea-shore; annual; June and July.
Thalius 3 inches long and a quarter wide.

364 59. Deless. 2. THALASSIOPHYT/. Pl. cell. aph.

8. mimor. Thallus very narrow.

Fucus hypoglossoides, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 176.
— y. incrassifolia. Thallus narrow, linear; network scarcely
visible. ;

4, Delesseria alata. Winged delesser.
Thallus winged, repeatedly and alternately branched;
lobes confluent, decurrent, alternately branched.

Fucus dichotomus parvus costatus et membranaceus, Dillen in Rati Syn.
44, 20. :

Fucus alatus, Lin, Mant. 1353 Engl. Bot. 1837.

Delesseria alata, Lamour. Thal.

Sea-shore; perennial.
6. dilatata. Thallus broad; wings broad, waved.

y- angustissima. Thallus very slender; wings very nar-
row, scarcely any.

XXXV. 60. ODONTHALIA. Lyngbye. Sea-tooth.

Thallus flat, membranaceous,, confluent, reddish; midrib
slightly prominent; edge toothed; sporzdia in two lines on
solitary or clustered lanceolate marginal processes ; thece?
pedicelled, wine-glass-shape. ‘The thecz are by some
thought to be parasitic animals.

Odonthalia pinnatifida. Pinnatifid sea-tooth.
Thallus branched, alternately pinnatifid; /w7gs alternate,
toothed at the tip, teeth short.

Fucus dentatus, Lin. Mant. 135.

Fucus pivnatifidus, Fl. Dan. 354.

Delesseria dentata, Lamour. Thal. 36.
Sphezrococcus dentatus, Agardh Syn. 22.
Odonthalia dentata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 9.
Sea-shore; perennial; autumn.
Thallus solitary, about 4 inches long.

XXXVI. 61. SPHAZROCOCCUS. Stackh. Roundfruit.

Thallus flat, membranaceous or coriaceous, confluent,
ribless; sporidia in roundish tubercles; ¢thecé scattered
on the surface, or on the edge.

a. Dromius. Thallus membranaceous, ribless, tubercles flat
on the surface.

1. Spherococcus punctatus. Dotted roundfruit.
Thatlus very thin, membranaceous, palmate, two-forked,
lobes linear, tip two-cut, blunt, edge flat, tubercles oblong.

Pl, cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY TE. 61. Spheeroc. 365

\
Ulva punctata, Stackhouse, Lin. Tr. 3, 236.
Fucus punctatus, With, Bot. Arr. 4,405; Engl, Bot. 1573; Turn, Hist.
rae a

Delesseria punctata, Agardh Disp, 14,

On marine plants.

Thallus delicate pale pink ; sporidia dark red.

2. Spherococcus ulvoides. _ Ulva roundfruit.

Thallus membranaceous lobed; lobes blunt, pinnatifid,
edges not cut; tubercles hemispherical.

Fucus ulvoides, Turner Hist. 80; Engl. Bot. 2154,

Delesseria wlvoides, dgardh Disp. 14,

Sea-coasts/

b. Spherococcus. Thallus slightly ribbed lengthways at
the base, proliferous ; tubercles flat on the surface.

3. Spherococcus rubens. Reddish roundfruit.
Yhallus rather membranaceous, slightly ribbed length-
ways at the bottom, mostly two forked; lobes linear, ellip-
tical, tip round; edge jagged, wavy; surface proliferous ;
tubercles hemispherical.
Fucus membranaceus purpureus varie ramosus, Dillen in Raii Syn.
AT, 36.
Bueus rubens, Lin. S. P. 1630; Engl. Bot. 1053; Turn, Hist. 42.
Fucus epiphyllus, #1. Dan. 708, _
Fucus prolifer, Lightf. Scot. 2.
Fucus laciniatus, Gmel. 182.
Fucus crispus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 580.
Delesseria rubens, Lamour Essai.
. Spherococcus rubens, Agardh Syn. 23.
Chondrus rubens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 18.
Sea-shore; perennial.
Mid-rib visible at the base of the thallus, but is after
wards lost in its substance.

4, Spherococcus laceratus. Torn roundfruit.

Thallus membranaceous, tender, slightly veined, mostly
torked; lobes linear; tip rounded; edge waved and torn;
tubercles hemispherical; sporidia solitary, scattered.

Fucus laceratus, Gmel. Fuci, 179; Turn. Hist. 68; Engl, Bot. 1067.

Fucus crispatus, Lin. Syst, Nat. 2, 718.

Fuens cristatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 103,

Fucus laciniatus 1, With. Bot. drr. 4, 102.
Fucus endivifolia, Light. Scot, 945, -

Rocks and stones on the sea-coast; autumn.

8. papyraceus. Segments and (oles linear.

366 61.Spheroc. 2. THALASSIOPHY T'S. Pi, cell.aph.

y. granatinus. Thallus roundish; segments widen up- .
wards mostly simple, lobed at the end. . ;

0. fimbriatus. Segments linear, proliferous at the edge.

«. elegans. Thallus roundish; segments widening up-
wards; dip repeatedly divided, sinuated.

£. uncinatus. Segments linear; ézp forked, hooked and
cartilaginous.

y. ligulatus. Segments widening upwards; 7p palmate;
lobes simple, oblong, lanceolate.

. mullifidus. Segments linear, repeatedly divided; ex-
treme lobes very numerous, narrow, long, branched.

t. incrassatus. Segments linear, flattish ; 7p forked ; loles
linear, lanceolate, spreading, acute.

c. Thallus ribless, leatherlike ; edge proliferous ; tubercles
flat, on the surface.

5. Spherococcus Sarniensis. - Guernsey roundfruit.
Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous, nerveless, pal-
mately divided; edge proliferous; segments linear; du-

bercles immersed.

Fucus Sarniensis, Turn. Hist. 95; Engl. Bot. 2132.
Sphzroceccus Sarniensis, 4gardh Syn. 16.

Sea-shores.
Thallus purplish red, becoming brown when dry.

6. Spherococcus reniformis. Kidneyshape roundfruit.
Thallus membranaceous, cartilaginous; branches thread-
like; segments dilated, kidneyshape or orbicular; tulercles

hemispherical, immersed.

Fucus reniformis, Zurn. Hist. 109; Engl. Bot. 2116.
Spherococcus reniformis, 4gardh Disp, 16.

Sea-coast.
Thallus thin at the base, compressed, irregularly divided ; :

segments suddenly expanding, thin.

B. tenuis. \Thallus slightly expanded at bottom, edge ir-
regularly ciliated. ,

d. Thallus ribless, leatherlike, forked ; tubercles on the
surface, flat. “

Phycell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT &. 61.S8pheroc. 367

7. Spherococcus Norvegicus. Norway roundfruit.
Thallus cartilaginous, forked, veinless ; segments linear ;
edge not cut; tip y blunt ; tubercles hemispherical.

Fucus Norvegicus, Turn. Syn. 222; Engl. Bot. 1080,
Fucus crenulatus 6, Turn, Tr. Lin. Soc. 17, 131.
Fucus polymorphus, var. Lamour Diss.
Spherococeus Norvegicus, dgardh Disp. 15.
Chondrus Norvegicus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 16.

-Sea-shore; perennial; March.

8. Spherococcus crispus. Crisp roundfruit.
Thallus cartilagmous, forked, crisp, palmate; segments

dilated; edge not cut; iwber Aes solitary, immersed in the
tip of the thallus.

Fucus membranaceus, ceranoides varie dissectus, Raiz Syn. 44, 16.

Fucus membranaceus ceranoides ramosus, per siccitatem obsolete vi-
rescens, Dillen in Raii Syn. 44, \7.

Fucus crispus, Lin. Mant. 134,

Fucus ceranoides, Huds. Fl. Angl. 582.

Fucus polymorphus, Lam. Essai.

ere rococens crispus, 4gardh Syn. 24,

Iva crispa, De Candolle Fl. Tr. 2,15.

Sea-shores; perennial; October to May.
B. virens. Thallus rather membranaceous; segments
widening at top, flattish; doles long, pointed.

y. stellatus. Thallus rather leatherlike; segments widen-
ing at top; 7ip divided into many short, clustered lobes.
Fucus stellatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 53.

d. equalis. Thallus cartilaginous, thick; segments all
equal, linear; doves blunt.

Fucus crispatus, Fl. Dan. 326.

Fucus crispus, Stackh. Ner. Brié. 12.

Fucus foliifer, Esper, 106.

_£. filiformis. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed ; segments

linear, flat; doles long, acute. :

Fucus filiformis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 585.

Fucus ceranoides albidus, ramulorum apicibus stellatis, Dillen in Rati
Syn. 44, 18,

é. patens. Thallus rather cartilaginous, linear, here and
there channelled; angles of the forks spreading.

Fucus patens, Lin. Trans, 3, 173.

n. lacerus. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed ; f very

~ narrow, long, lobed.

~ Fucus lacerus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 11.

8. Sarniensis. Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous ; 3 seg-
ents here and there rather channelled, dilated ; tip round-

ao

368 61.Spheroc. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

t planus. Thallus lentheabitees flat, broad; segments
linear; ¢7p blunt.

e. Mammillaris. Thallus leatherlike, channelled, forked :
tubercles on the surface and edge, nipplelike.

9. Spherococcus mamillosus. Nipple round fruit.

Thallus cartilaginous, forked, long, wedgeshape, chan-
nelled above; segments dilated; edge not cut;. thece nip-
plelike, pedicelled on the surface and edge of the thallus;
pedicells short.

Fucus mamillosus, Good. Tr. Lin, Soc, 6,174; Zurn. Hist. 122; Engl.
Bot. 1054, A

Fucus canaliculatus 8, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583.

Fucus ceranoides ¢, Lightf. Scot. 916.

Fucus ceranoides, With. Bot. Arr, 4, 99.

Fucus alveolatus, Hsper, 139,

Fucus ceranoides 3, Gmel. 115.

Sperococcus mamillosus, 4gardh Disp. 16.

Sea-shores; perennial.
8. linearis. Thallus slender, linear; tip blunt, naked.

y. proliferus. Thallus proliferous on the surface and
edge, wrinkled; ¢wbercles numerous, crowded, oblong, nip-
plelike.

3. echinatus. Segments widening upwards, nearly naked
on one side.

Fucus echinatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 65.

s. incurvatus. Thallus nearly linear, tips rounded; éu-
bercles nearly terminal; peduncles bent inwards.

f. Chondrus. Thallus threadlike ai bottom, wedgeshape
at the typ; tubercles on the edge.

10. Spheroc.membranifolius. Membraneleaved roundfrutt.

Thallus threadlike at bottom and compressed; tip ex-
panded, wedgeshape; segments 2-lobed, forked ; tubercles
globose, peduncled on the base of the thallus.

Fucus membranifolius, Esper, 115; Zurn. Hist. 743 Engl. Bot. 1965.

Fucus rubens, Fl. Dan. 827.

Fucus Palmetta, Gmelin, 22.

Sphzrococcus membranifolius, Agardh Syn. 26,
_Delesseria membranifolia, Lamour. Thal.

Sea-shore; perennial ; winter.

. lacerus. Segments ‘forked; lobes linear; tip acute.
Fucus parvus cauliculis teretibus, summitatibus membranaceis dilatatis
et Jaceratis, Raii Syn. 44,19, excluding Morison’s synonym.
Fucus ceraneides y, Huds. Fl. Angl. 583.
Fucus pseudoceranoides, Gmelin, 119.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY TA. 61. Sphzroc. 369

vy. stellatus. Segments very numerous; tips finely di-
vided.
0. fimbriatus. Segments fringed.
Fucus fimbriatus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 574,
Fucus ceranoides 5, Light. Scot. 916.
s. latifolius. Segments membranaceous, nearly orbicular,
‘many-cut, palmate; lobes short; ¢7p rounded. s

g- roseus. Thallus simple; tip expanded, oblong, simple.

11. Spherococeus Brodici. Brodie’s roundfrutt.

Thallus bottom threadshape, round, branched; tip ex-
panded, oblong, simple or forked; edge proliferous; iu-
lercles spherical, sessile or nearly sessile on the tip of the
segments. ;

Fucus Brodizi, Turn. Hist. 72; Engl. Bot. 1966.

Fucus membranifolius, Lamour. Ess. 21.

Delesseria Brodiwi, Lamour, Thal. 37.

Spherococeus Brodivi, Agardh Disp. 27.

Sea-shores; perennial; March.

Thallus aggregate; tubercles solitary or in pairs.

12. Spherococcus palmatus. Palmlike roundfrutt.

Thallus round at bottom, mostly simple; ¢7p expanded,
‘wedgeshape, palmated; tubercles hemispherical, sessile,
mostly on the edge of the lobes.

‘Fucus Palmetta, Hsper, 40; Turn. Hist. 73; Engl. Bot. 1120, not of
Gmelin,

Fucus Palmetta 6, Lamour. Essai, 19:

elesseria Palmetta, Lamour. Thal.

Sphzrococcus Palmetta, 4gardh Disp. 16,

Sea-shores, on stones or marine plants.

Thallus 2 or 3 inches long; edge not in the least cut:
tubercles superficial, without interwoven fibres.

B. bifidus. Thallus simple; tip, expanded, wedgeshape,
simple or 2-cut. |

Fucus bifidus, Huds, Fl. Angl. 581.

y- crassiusculus. Thallus linear, much and irregularly
divided; ¢ip pointed.

6. linearis. Thallus linear; segments long, simple or

forked; i7p rounded.

13. Spherececcus bifidus. Two-cut roundfruit.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, linear, forked’; segments

divaricating; edges here and there united together by very
VOL, I. 2B

$70 61. Spheroc. 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. PI. cell. aph.

short scattered cilise; tubercles hemispherical, immersed in
the thallus near the edge.

Fucus bifidus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 581; Turn. Hist. 1543 Engl. Bot. 173.
Sphzrococcus bifidus, 4gardh Disp. 16,
Delesseria bifida, Lamour. Thal,

Rocks and plants in the sea; perennial; Sept. to Jan.

@. ciliatus. Thallus linear, fringed along the edge; fringe
minute, toothlike; 7p lanceolate, pointed.

y. decipiens. Thallus irregularly divided; edge here and
there fringed; ¢ip oval and pointed. |

0. subpalmatus. Thallus linear, nearly palmate, rounded
at the tip.

e. sinuosus. Thallus somewhat dilated, slightly sinuated
towards the tip.

é. stipitatus. Thallus nearly cylindrical; tzps either di-
lated and blunt, or narrow and pointed, prolifercus at the
edge.

g. Thallus flat, forked or palmate, fringed; tubercles on
the edge.

14. Spherococcus laciniatus. Jagged roundfruit.

Thallus flat, leatherlike, lobed ; segments dilated up-*
wards; ‘ip palmate, blunt; edge crenated, proliferous;
sporidia in thé thickened edge, or marginal fringe.

Fucus laciniatus, Huds. Fl. dngl. 579; Turn. Hist. 69; Engl. Bot. 1068,

Fucus miniatus, Fl. Dan. 769.

Fucus ciliatus, Gmel. 176.

Fucus crispus, Esper. 18.

Fucus crispatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15.

Fucus laceratus y, Linn, Tr. 3, 156.

On rocks and stones in the sea; February to May.

Thallus aggregated, smaller at bottom.

B. ovalifolius. Thallus proliferous on the edge; marginal
processes elliptical roundish, simple, on short petioles.

h. Thallus flat, pinnately lobed, fringed ; tubercles on the
edge. .

15. Spherococcus ciliatus. Fringed roundfruit.
Thallus flat, membranaceous, cartilaginous, lanceolate,
pinnately divided ; surface and edge fringed; fringe mostly
simple, awlshape, spread; éulercles on the edge.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT &. 61. Spheeroc. 371

Fucus membranaceus rubens angustifolius, marginibus ligulis armatis,
Rati Syn. 47, 33.

Fucus ciliatus, Lin. Mant. 436; Turn. Hist. 70; Engl. Bot. 1069.

Fucus holosetacéus, Gmel. 177,

Fucus ligulatus, Gmel, 178.

Ulva ciliata, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2,13,

Spherococcus ciliatus, Agardh Syn. 28.

Delesseria ciliata, Lamour. Thal.

Dulesh.

Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
_ Thallus 3 or 4 inches long; eaten as a salad either alone
or after being sprinkled before drying with a little alkaline

salt.

8. pinnatifidus. Thallus lanceolate, pinnately divided ;
segments long: » lanceolate, simple.

’

y. palmatus. Thallus lanceolate, rather naked, undi-
vided or palmate.

0. jubatus. Fringes branched.
Fucus jubatus, Linn. Trans. 3, 162.

s. lanceolatus. Thallus linear, lanceolate, very much di-
vided ; fringes divided.
Fucus lanceolatus, With. Bot. Arr. 4, 104.

¢. angustus. Thallus linear, very much divided; seg-
ments nearly hairlike, very slender, compressed.

y. spinosus. Thallus linear, compressed, much and irre-
gularly divided, entirely covered with short, simple, awl-
shape cilia.

XXXVII. 62. GIGARTINA. Plum-weed.

Thallus linear, compressed or cylindrical, very much
branched, nearly of equal thickness throughout; sporidia
in Bee tage tubercles, either lateral or terminal.

a. Gelidium. YFhallus toothed on the edge, fringed ; tu-~

bercles roundish, on the marginal cilie.

1. Gigariinus pistillatus. Pistilled plum-weed.
Thallus cartilaginous, linear, compressed, irregularly
two-forked; twigs “awlshape, rather two-rowed, horizontal;
tubercles on the twigs, olobose.
2B 2

372 62. Gigart. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

Fucus gigartinus, Lin. Syst. Veg. 816; Turn. Hist. 28:3 Engl. Bot. 908,
not of Fl, Dan. ~ ;

Fucus pistillatus, Gmel. 156,

Fucus Oederi, Esper, 135.

‘Ceramium gigartinum, Roth Cat. 3, 109.

Gigartiva pistillata, Lamour. Thal, 46.

Gelidium gigariinus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. Al.

Sphzrococcus gigartinus, 4gardh Disp. 16,

Sea-shore; perennial.

Thallus ageregate; forks spreading.

2. Gigartinus coronopifolia. Swines-cress-leaf plum-weed..

Thallus cartilaginous, flattish, compressed, much and
irregularly branched; ‘wigs two-forked, spreading, alter-
nate, cylindrical; tubercles spherical, on the short hori-
zontal two-rowed cilize.

Fucus corouopi facie, Dillen in Rati Syn. 45, 23.
Fucus coronopifelius, Lin. Tr. 3, 185: Turn. Hist, 1223 Engi. Bot.

44758.
Fucus cartilagineus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 586.
Spharococeus coronopifolius, dgardh Syn. 30, not the synonyms,

Sea-shores; perennial; October.
Thallus deep transparent red, flexuous; lobes slightly
veined and dilated, when barren palmate.

b. Hypnea. Thallus compressed, branched; tubercles
ammersed in the lanceolate compressed twigs.

3. Gigarlina cartilaginea. Gristlelike plum-weed.

Thallus cartilaginous, flat or compressed, naked below,
repeatedly pinnate above; segments horizontal, mostly al-
ternate, linear; ultimate segments very short, blunt; frait-
bearing segments ovate, lanceolate, sharp-pointed.

Fucus cartilagineus, Lin. Syst. Veg. $16; Turn. Hist. 124; Engl. Bot.

VATT. :
Fucus Capensis, Gmel. 157.
Fucus versicelor, Gmel. 158.

Sea-coast; perennial.
Thallus red, purple, greenish, brownish or tawny.

4. Gigarlina cornea. Hornlike plum-weed.

Thallus cartilaginous, horny, compressed, irregularly
branched; Jranches linear, narrowed at each end; pinnate
or bipinnate; segments opposite, spreading, rather blunt.

Fucus flavicans teretifolius ramulis pennatim enascentibus, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 50, A9.

Fucus corneus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 585; Turn, Hist. 251; Engl. Bot, 1970.

Fucus sericeus, Gmel. 149.

Fucus spinosus, Gmel. 161.

Fucus pumilus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 16,16?

Sea-coasts; perennial; May to October.

Pl.cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 62. Gigart. 373

8. filicinus. Thallus very slender; lobes horizontal, di-
lated, very blunt.
; Fucus filicinus, Huds. FU. dngl, 586.
Fucus nereideus, Lightf. 956.
y. pinnatus. Thallus narrow, tri-pinnate; doles nearly
linear, rather blunt.
Fucus pinnatus, Huds. Fi. Angl. 586.
Fucus sericeus, Gmel. 149,
8. reniformis. Branches and {wigs spreading, scattered,
narrow at bottom, tip blunt.

-s, capillaceus. Thallus siender; upper lobes crowded,
bristlelike, nearly upright.

Fucus capillaceus, Gmel. 146,

¢. deformis. Thadllus twisted, irregularly pinnated ; lobes
divaricated, oblong, very short, not divided.

y. pulchellus. Thallus hairlike, compressed, tripinnate ;
lobes linear, clublike, blunt.

9. claviferus. Thallus cylindrical, hairlike, irregularly
divided; twigs reverse ovate; edge with minute scattered
teeth. ;

s. coronatus. Thallus compressed, irregularly branched,
naked. below; having in the middle a few, simple, scattered.
lobes, and at top clusters of short twigs bent back.

5. Gigartina Wigghit. Wiggh’s plum-weed.

Thallus slightiy gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much
and irregularly branched; ‘wigs very numerous, on all
parts, bristlelike, mostly simple, scattered; fruitbearing
twigs lanceolate, compressed.

Fucus Wigghii, Turn. in Lin. Tr. 6,113; Turn, Hist. 102; Engl. Bot.
1165.
Sphzrococcus Wigghii, 4gardh Disp. 17.
Hypnea Wigghii, Lamour. Thal.

Sea-shore; annual; Midsummer.

c. Thallus roundish, branched ; twigs threadlike; thece
globular, on the end of the twigs.

6. Gigartina asparagoides. Asparagus plum-weed.

Thallus slightly gelatinous, cylindrical, threadlike, much
and irregularly branched; éwigs simple, spreading hori-
zontally, bristlelike, 2-roved, opposite, ending alternately
in a spherical theca.

374 62.Gigart. 2. THALASSIOPHYTA. Pi. cell. aph.

__ Fucus asparagoides, Woodw, in Tr. Lin. Soc. 2, 29.
Sphzrococcus asparagoide:, Agardh Disp, 17.
Plocamium asparagoides, Lamour. Thal.

Sea-shore.

d. Thallus threadlike, equal; tubercles lateral, wartlike,
formed of jointed threads.

7. Gigartina fastigiata. Even-lopped plum-weed.

Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike, 2-forked, level-topped,
angle of the fork biuntish, tip acute; éubercles irregular,
hemispherical, sessile, lateral.

“Fucus rorundus, Gmel. Fuci, 110; Engl. Bot.1739; Turn, Hist. 5.

Fucus radiatus, Gooden. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3, 202.

Fucus fastigiatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15.

Fucus caprinus, Fl, Norv. 1, 96.

Chordaria rotunda, 4gardh Syn. 12.

Furcellaria rotunda, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 49.

Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour. Thal.

Sea-shore; perennial; September to February.

Lhallus deep brownish purple, white when exposed to
the weather; ¢ips rather blunt. ,

8. tenuior. Thallus with the extreme segments long and
linear; tips bluntish.

y. fastigiata, Thallus very slender, about 2 inches high.
Fucus fastigiatus, Lin, S. P. 1631.

8. Gigartina plicata. Pleated plum-weed.

Thallus horny, cylindrical, uniform, very much branch-
ed; branches mostly simple, clustered, entangled, horizon-
tal, slightly one-sided; éips blunt; tubercles irregular, he-
mispherical, sessile.

Fucus trichoides nostras aurei coloris, ramulorum apicibus furcatis,
Raii Syn. 45, 26.

Fucus coralloides erectus, Raii Syn. 51, 57.

Fucos plicatus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 589; Turn. Hist. 180; Engl. Bot. 1088,
not of Esper.

Fucus albus, Fl. Dan. 408.

Ceramium plicatum, Roth Cat. 2, 162,

Gigartina plicata, Lamour. Thal. 48.

Sphzrococcus plicatus, 4gardh Disp. 17.

Sea-coast ; perennial; October to April.
Thallus tufied, stiff, wirelike, entangled.

8. elongata. Thallus rather forked ; branches long,
straight, level-topped.

Fucus longissimus, Esper, 44,

Pl. cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTZE. 62. Gigart. $75

9. Gigartina Ceipiesiar Griffith's plum-weed.

Thallus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, forked,
level-topped ; tubercles later al, oblong, embracing the
thallus. i

Fucus Griffitsiz, Turn. Hist. 126; Engl. Bot. 1926.

Sphzrococcus Griffitsiw, 4gardh Urs

Gigartina Griffitsia, Lynabye Hydr. Dan. 43.

Sea-shores ; October to December.

Thallus 2 or 3 inches high, purplish; nae cles composed
of horizontally radiating filaments.

10. Gigartina acicularis. Needlelike plum-weed.

Thallus rather cartilaginous, soft, threadlike, irregularly
dichotomous; branches spreading, pointed ; <wigs scattered,
short, spearshape, horizontal.

Fucus acicularis, Turn. Hist, 126.

Sphwrococcus acieularis, 4gardh Disp. 17.

Sea-shores; winter.

Thallus 2 or 8 inches long; above slightly flattened.

11. Gigartina confervoides. Conferva plum-weed.
Thallus threadlike, much and irregularly branched ;
branches long, mostly simple; twigs scattered, bristlelike,

narrower at each end; /ubercles hemispherical, scattered.

Fucus marinus purpurascens parvus, caule et ramulis seu foliulis tereti-
bus, Raii Syn. 50, 50.

Fucus confervoides, Lin, S. P. 1629; Engl. Bot. 1669; Turn. Hist. 84.

- Fucus elongatus, Fl. Norv.2, 143.

Fucus verrucosus, Huds. Fl. Angl, 383.

Fucus acerosus, Esper, 103.

Fucus longissimus, Gmel. 134.

Gigartina confervoides, Lamour. Thal. 48.

Sphzrococcus confervoides, Agardh Syn. 35.

Sea-shores; perennial; September and December.

B. procerrima. Branches very long, mostly simple, rather
naked.

Fucus teres rubens minus ramosus in longum protensus, Dillen in Rati
Syn, 51, 53.

Fucus procerrimus, Esper, 133.

Fucus longissimus, Wolf. Jacq. Coll. 1, 361.

Ceramium longissimum, Roth Cat. 3, 116.

y.amplexa. Thallus entangled; branches and twigs very

numerous, crowded, twisted.

@. gracilis. Thallus threadlike; tubercles lateral, clus-
tered, minute, flaccid towards the tips.
Fucus gracilis, Stackh, Ner, Brit. 100.

376 6%. Gigart. 2: THALASSIOPHYT2E. Pl. cell aphy
s. albida. Thallus rather compressed, slightly: forked ;

twigs awlshape.
. Fucus albidus, Huds. Fl. Ang, 552. ,
ye verrucosus, Gmel. 136.

¢. inflata. Thallus bent in, near the tip. swollen here
and there with lanceolate, podshape'tumours.

y. geniculata. Thallus bent as if broken at the ae

12. Gigartina Turneri. Turners plum-weed.

Thallus threadiike, pale reddish brown, hairlike, uneven,
much and very irregularly branched; twigs scattered; tu-
- bercles hemispherical, sessile, scattered.

Conferva verrucosa, Turnerii, Engl. Bot. 1688.

Sea-shores; annual; summer.

Thallus 3 inches long.

. Gigartina viridis. Green plum-weed.

Thallis cartilaginous, threadlike, repeatedly and conti-

nually pinnate; branches and twigs opposite; ¢ubercles he-
mispherical, sessile.

' Fucus viridis, Fl. Dan. 886; Engl. Bot. 1669; Turner Hist, 97.
Desmaretia viridis, Lam. Thal: a5.
Chordaria? viridis, Agardh Syn. \4,
Gigartina viridis, Lyngbye Hite Dan. 44.
Sea-shore; annual; spring and summer.
Thallus 1 or 2 feet long, fine orange, growing verdigris:
green.

e. Gigartina. Thalius threadlike, equal ; tubercles round,
amimersed 4 in the twigs.

14. Gigartina, lycopodioides. Wolfs-claw plum-weed.

Thallus threadlike, mostly simple, entirely covered with
threadlike twigs, closely imbricated and slightly forked at
the tip.

Fucus lycopodioides, Lin. Syst. Nat. 717; Turn. Hist. 12; Engl. Bot.
1163.

Conferva squarrosa, Fl. Dan. 361.

Fucus Lycopodium, Stackh. Ner. Brit, 107.

Furcellaria lycopodioides, 4gardh. Syn. 11.

Gigartina lycopodioides, Lyngbye Haas Dan. 43:

Sea-shore.

Thalli aggregate, naked at bottom, above densely imbri-

cated with “simple or pinnated twigs, brownish red growing,
black.

Pl.cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYTZE. 62. Gigart. 377

15. Gigarlina subfusca. Brownish plum-weed.

Thallus threadlike; branches. irregular, many, alternate,
awlshape, spreading; twigs pencilshape, in bundles; tu-
bercles unevenly pinnate, on the tip of the twigs.
those subfuscus, Woodward Lin. Tr. 1, 131; Turn, Hist. 105 Engl. Bot.

Fucus setaceus, Wulff. Cryptog. 40. y

Fucus variabilis, Gooden in Lin. Trans. 3, 222.

Gigartina subfusea, Lamour. Thalas. 48.

Sphzrococcus subfuscus, Agardh Syn. 32.

Sea-shore; perennial; spring.

Thallus very variable in form; twigs often appearing as
if jointed.

16. Gigartina purpurascens. Purplish plum-weed.

Thallus threadlike, soft, cartilaginous, much and irregu-
larly branched; twigs bristlelike, scattered ; tubercles sphe-
rical, solitary, immersed in the twigs.

Fucus teres albus tenuissime divisis, Radi Syn. 50, 51.
Fucus purpurascens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 588; Engl. Bot. 1243; Turn.

Hist. 9.
Fucus tuberculatus, Lightf. Scot. 926.
Fucus corailinus, Fl. Dan. 709.
Fucus capillaceus, Esper, 35.
Fucus acicularis, Esper, 9}.
Gigartina purpurea, Lamour. Thal. 48.
Sphzrococcus purpurascens, 4gardh Syn. 31.
Sea-coast; perennial; summer and autumn.

Thallus 1 foot long, light red, fleshy.
8. cirrhosa. Tips of the twigs twisted spirally.

17. Gigartina capillaris. Hair plum-weed.

Thallus rather gelatinous, threadlike, much and irregu-
larly branched; twigs awlshape, pointed ; ¢ulercles solitary,
imbedded in the twigs.

Fucus capillaris, Huds. Fl. Angl. 591; Turn. Hist. 31; Engl, Bot. 219,

Spheroceccus capillaris, Agardk Disp. 18.
Gigartina capillaris, Lamour. Thal. 48.

Sea-shore; perennial; April, October.
Thallus 6 to 8 inches long, pale pink or crimson.

18. Gigartina furfuracea. ’ Branny plum-weed.

Thallus gelatinous, fleshy, reddish, round; repeatedly
forked; twigs rather flattened, lanceolate, cloven; tubercles
scattered, imbedded in the twigs.

Ulva furfuracea, Turn. in Schad. Journ. 2, 301; Engl. Bot, 1891.

Chondria furfuracea, 4gardh Disp.\8.

378 62.Gigart. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

Sea-shore, or submarine stones or rocks.
Thallus 1 to 3 inches high, more or less compressed,
flattened.

XXXVIII. 68. GASTRIDIUM. Lynebye. Belly-weed.

Thallus threadlike, round, tubular, gelatinqus, cartila-
ginous; ¢ulercles roundish, lateral or terminal; sporidia
in the tubercles and also on the twigs.

a. Laurentia. Thallus compressed ; tubercles terminating
the twigs.

1. Gastridium pinnatifidum. Feather-cut belly-weed,
Thallus compressed, cartilaginous, branched; branches
mostly alternate, doubly pinnatifid; twigs blunt, callous.

Fucus Dealensis pedicularis rubri folio, Dillen in Raii Syn. 48, 37.

Fucus ramosus piperis sapore, Dillen in Raitt Syn. 51, 55.

Fucus pinnatifidus, Huds, Fl. dngl. 581; Engl. Bot. 1202; Turn. Hist.
20.

Fucus multifidus, Hudson, 581.

Fucus corymbifer, Wulff. Crypt. 32.

Fucus corymbiferus, Esper, 94,

Laurentia pinnatifida, Lamour. Thall. —

Chondria pinnatifida, 4gardh Syn. 35.

Gelidium pinnatifidium, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 40.

Pepper dulse. Faminkiren, Ireland.

Sea-shore; annual; autumn.

ei ageregate, yellowish red, diaphanous; ¢as/e hot,
acrid.

B. filicinum. Thallus roundish; twigs cylindrical, thick-
ened upwards, clustered, mostly simple.

Fucus Osmunda, Nereis Brit. 46.

Fucus filicinus, Lightf. Scot. 954, not of Hudson.

y. angustum. Thallus compressed ; twigs clublike, crowd-
ed, mostly simple.

8. tenuissimum. Thallus compressed ; twigs divaricated,
branches very slender.

2. Gastridium obtusum. Blunt belly-weed.

Thallus cartilaginous, cylindrical, threadlike, repeatedly
pinnated; branches generally opposite; twigs cylindrical,
short, spreading, blunt.

Fucus obtusus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 586; Engl. Bot.1201; Turn. Hist. 21.
Fucus spinosus, Wulf.in Jacq. Coll. 3, 156.

Laurentia obtusa, Lamour. Thal.

Chondria obtusa, dgardh Diss. 18.

Pi. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 68. Gastrid. 379

Sea-shores; annual; summer.
Thallus 6 to 12 inches long, twice or thrice pinnate.

8. hybridum. Thallus almost cylindrical, rather cartila-
ginous; twigs slightly attenuated at the bottom, and rounded
at the tip.

b. Gastridium. Thallus even, or unequally contracted into
apparent joints ; tubercles on the sides.

8. Gastridium ovale. Oval belly-weed.

Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, irregularly two-
forked, below naked, covered above on all sides with simple
elliptical twigs.

Fucus ovalis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 573; Engl. Bot. 711; Turn. Hist. 81.

Fucus sedoides, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 67.

Fucus vermicularis, Lightf. Scot, 958.

Gigartina ovalis, Lamour, Thal.

Chondria ovalis, 4gardh Disp. 18.

Submarine rocks; annual; summer.

Thallus 3 or 4 inches high; pale reddish brown.

8. botryoides. Twigs short, nearly globular.
Fucus botryoides, Wulf. in Jacq. Collect. 3, 146.

y. subarticulatum. Twigs long, linear, contracted as if
jointed.

4. Gasiridium teniissimum. Very thin belly-weed.

Thallus gelatinous, threadlike, cylindrical, pinnately
branched ; branches alternate, spreading, mostly simple;
twigs cylindrical, simple, scattered.

Fucus tenuissimus, Gooden. in Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,215; Engl. Bot. 1682;
Turn. Hist. 100.

Ulva capillaris, Huds. 571.

Gigartina tenuissima, 4gardh Disp. 18.

Sea-shore, or on other marine plants; annual; summer.

Thallus pale flesh-colour, tender, 6 to 10 inches long.

5. Gastridium purpurascens. Purplish belly-weed.

Thallus threadlike, branched; branches and twigs two-
rowed, nearly opposite; last ones pinnate; segments small,
opposite. — ‘

Ulva purpurascens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 569.

Gastridium purpurascens, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 69.

Sea-shore; annual; summer.

Thallus 6 to 9 inches high, attenuated at bottom, tubu-
lar, apex acute; branches smaller at each end, spreading ;
segments lanceolate.

380° 63. Gastrid. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.
6. Gastridium dasyphyllum. Thickleaved belly-weed.

Thallus gelatinous, threadlike; lranches irregularly pin-
nate, spreading, mostly simple; éwigs cylindrical, scattered,
narrower at bottom, proliferous.

-Fucus dasyphyllus, Wuodw. Tr. Lin, Soc. 3, 239; Engl. Bot. 847 ; Turn.
Flist. 22.

Gigartina dasyphylla, Lamour. Thal.

Chondria dasyphylla, Agardh Disp, 18.

Sea-shore; annual; summer.

Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, pale red or reddish green.

8. arlaculatum. Thallus jointed.

7. Gastridium clavellosum. Twiggy belly-weed.

Thallus threadlike, cylindrical ; branches many, irregular,
mostly alternate, 2-rowed.

Fucus clavellosus, Zurn. in Lins Trans. 4, 10; Hist. 30; Engl. Bot. 1203.

Gastridium clavellosum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. T0.
Chondria clavellosa, 4gardh Disp. 18.

Sea-shores, or parasitic; annual; summer.
é
8. sedifolium. Twigs oblong, oval, crowded, undivided.

8. Gastridium kaliforme. Kali-like belly-weed.

Thallus threadlike; branches many, irregular, generally
in whorls, contracted as if jointed.

Fucus kaliformis, Woodw. in Lin. Tr. 3,206; Turn. Hist.29; Engl.

Bot. 640.

Fucus verticillatus, Lightf. Scot. 962.

Gigartina kaliformis, Lamour. Thal. 49.

Ceramium tubulosum, Roth Cat. 3, 124.

Chondria kaliformis, 4gardh Disp. 18.

Gastridium kaliforme, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. TO.

Sea-shore; annual; summer.
Thallus solitary; branches opposite, alternate, or in
whorls, slender at bottom, blunt at top.

B. diaphanum. Thailus roundish; twigs long, generally
simple; contractions very slight.

y. nanum. Threads long, jointed; branches and twigs
horizontal.

9. Gastridium pusillum. Dwarf belly-weed.

Thallus cartilaginous, compressed, threadlike, contracted
as if jointed; lranches many, irregular; twigs horizontal ;
bottom slenderest; tips dilated, roundish.

Fucus pusillus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 16; Turn. Hist, 108.

Spherococcus: pusillus,. .dgardh Disp, 17.

Sea-shores; annual; summer.

Pil. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY Ti. 63. Gastrid. $81

10. Gastridium repens. Creeping belly-weed.

Thallus nearly cylindrical, threadlike, solid, contracted
as if jointed, branched, with a network of internal fibres;
branches horizontal, pointed; joints lanceolate, obsolete.

Tremella marina cxspitosa, segmentis tenuibus, Dillen Hist. Muse. 50.

‘Fucus repens, Lightf. Scot. 961.

Ulva articulata 6, Huds. Fl. Angl, 569.

Fucus Opuntia, Gooden. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,219 3 Turn. Hist. 107.
Rivularia Opuntia, Engl. Bot. 1868.

Sea-shores; annual; summer.

B. cespitosum. Thallus entangled, half an inch high;
tip clublike. x

Fucus cespitosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 39. {
Gigartina pilosa, Lamour. Thal.

ce. Lomentaria. Thallus regularly contracted, appearing
as if jointed ; branches verticillate ; tubercles lateral.

11. Gastridium articulatum. Jointed lelly-weed.

Thailus cylindrical, threadlike, tubular, contracted
throughout as if jointed; branches level-topped, 2-forked
or whirled; joints nearly cylindrical, pitchershape.

Corallina lenta purpurea compressa, Raii Syn. 34,9.

Ulva articulata, Huds. Fl._Angl. 560.

Fucus articulatus, Lightf. Scot. 959.

Fucus sericeus, var. Esper, 82.

Gigartina articulata, Lamour. Thal. 49.
‘Czramium torulosum, Roth Cat. 6, 125.

Sea-shores; annual; June and J uly.

8. repians. Thallus slender, creeping, shining.
_ Couferva.reptans, Roth Cat. 1, 186,

d. Plocamium. Thallus compressed, membranaceous,
mostly pinnate ; tubercles lateral.

12. Gastridium glandulosuim. Glandular belly-weed.

Thallus membranaceous, linear, compressed (tubular
Engl. Bot.) branched; branches alternate, decumbent;
iwigs 2-cut, bent inwards.

Fucus glandulosus, Zurn. Hist. 38; Engl. Bot. 2135.

Delesseria glandulosa, Agardh Disp. 14. nt

Thallus 1 or 2 inches long, creeping, vatiously and re-
peatedly branched; sporidia immersed in the oblong, swol-
len twigs. :

$82 63. Gastrid. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

13. Gastridium amphibium. Amphibious belly-weed.

Thallus cylindrical, hairlike, twice or thrice pinnate ;
branches and iwigs horizontal, alternate, ere lan-
ceolate, rolled inwards at the tip.

Fucoides erectum fruticuli specie, summitatibus inflexis, Dillen in Raii

Syn. 38, 4.
Fucus scorpioides, Huds, Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 471.
Fucus amphibius, Huds, ed. 2,590; Turn. Hist.101; Engl. Bot. 1428,

Chondria amphibia, Agardh Disp. 18.
Plocamium amphibium, Lamour. Thal.

‘Sea-shores; perennial; summer.

14. Gastridium coccineum. Scarlet belly-weed.

Thallus compressed ; branches many, irregular; twigs
awlshape, pectinate, on one side.

Muscus marinus rubens pennatus, Rati Syn. ed, 2, 8.

Fucus Piocamium, Gmelin. 16.

Fucus coccineus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 586.

Fucus cartilagineus, @der Enum. 2, 131.

Ceramium Plocamium, oth Cat. 3, 107.

Plocamium vulgare, Lamour. Thal. 50.

Delesseria coccinea, Agardh Disp. 14. ts

Plocamium coccineus, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 39.

e. Rytiphlea. Thallus threadshape ; branches 2-rowed ;
twigs slightly jointed, incurved ; tubercles lateral.

15. Gastridium pinastroides. Pinasterlike belly-weed.

Thallus threadlike; branches numerous; tip rolled in-
wards; éwigs mostly simple, awlshape, scattered, facing
one way.

Fucus pinastroides, Gmelin, 127; Turn. Hist. 11; Engl. Bot. 1042,

Fucus incurvus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 590.

Ceramium incurvum, De Candolle Fl. Gall. 2, 43.

Rytiphea pinastroides, Agardh Disp. 25.

Gigartina pinastroides, Lyngbye Hort. Dan, 45,

Sea-shores; annual; summer.

Thallus 3 to 6 inches high, naked below; twigs very

dense, tiledlike.

f. Ptilota. Thallus cartilaginous, compressed, pinnate ;
sporidia in a globe surrounded with bristlelike involucra.

16. Gastridium plumosum. Feathery belly-weed.
Thallus much and irregularly branched ; . branches pin-

nate; segments opposite, pectinate.

Pl, cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 63. Gastrid. $83

Fucoides purpureum eleganter plumosum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 38, 2.
Fucus plumosus, Lin. Sp. Pl. Turn. Hist, 60; Engl. Bot. 1308.

Fucus pectinatus, Il. Norv. 2,132.

Fucus ptilotus, Fl. Norv. 2, 135.

Ceramium plumosum, Roth Cat. 3,135,

Plocamium plumosum, Lamour. Thal. 50.

Ptilota plumosa, Agardh Syn, 39.

Sea-shores; perennial; June, October.

Thallus 9 to 12 inches Jong; branches 2-rowed; lobes

close together, plumose, reddish growing purplish.

B. capillare. Thallus very narrow, nearly cylindrical,
jointed.
Fucus plumosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 105.

K. Fucorwex. Thallus continuous, leatherlike, carti-
laginous, formed of longitudinally entangled fibres; colour
olivaceous, growing black, flat or threadlike; often inflated
into vesicles; holdfaséts fibrous or shieldlike: sporidia scat-
tered, in the substance of the thallus, or among conferva-
like threads either on the surface or in thecze immersed in
the thallus.

XXXIX. 64. FASCIATA. - Ribband-weed.

Thallus flat, membranaceous, ribless; stirps 0; hold fasts
peltate; sporzdia immersed in superficial mucilaginous
warts, formed of jointed fibres.

1. Fasciata plantaginea. Plantain ribband-weed.

Thallus membranaceous, aggregate, narrow at bottom,
lanceolate, blunt; edge flat.

Tremella marina calendule folio, Dillen Musc. 46,

Ulva plantaginifolia, Wulf. Aquat. 23.

Ulva plantaginea, Roth Cat. 5,326; Engl. Bot. 2136,

Laminaria plantaginea, Agardh Syn. 20.

Sea-shores, parasitic on zostera marina; annual; spring

Thallus 3 to 6 inches high; edge mostly uncut, seldom
toothed. :

x

2. Fasciata attenuata. Narrowed ribband-weed.

Thallus membranaceous, linear, narrower at both ends,
waved, not cut.

Fucus Fascia, Fl. Dan. 768; Turn, Syn. 187.

Laminaria Fascia, dgardh Syn. 19.

Sea-shores; annual; spring.

oie aggregated, 6 to 9 inches high, waved or spirally
twisted.

384 65. Lamina. 2. THALASSIOPHYT As. Pi. cell. aph.

XL. 65: LAMINARIA. Flake-weed.

Thallus flat, leatherlike, ribless;, sttrps roundish; hold-

_ fasts fibrous; sporidia placed horizontally in superficial
mucilaginous warts, formed of jointed filaments.

1. Laminaria membranacea. Memlranaceous jlake-weed.

Stirps roundish, compressed ; thallus flat, linear, lanceo-
late, narrower at both ends; edge cut.

Fucus Phyllitis, Esper, 149; Turn. Hist. 164; Engl. Bot, 1331.

Ulva Phyllitis, De Candolle Fl. Fr. 2,15.

Laminaria Phyllitis, Lamour. Thal, 22.

Sea-shore; parasitical; annual.

Thalli mostly aggregate; edge not cut.

2. Laminaria saccharina. Sugar flake-weed.
Stirps roundish ; thallus flat, lmear, lanceolate, edge not
divided.

Facus lonsissimo, latissimo, crassuque folio, Déllen in Raii Syn. 39, }.
Fucus saccharinus, Lin. S. P. 1630.

Ulva saccharina, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2, 15.

Phasgonon balteiformis, Walk.

Laminaria saccharina, Lamour, Thal. 22.

Sea-shores; perennial: summer.

8. bullaita. Thallus bullated ; edge waved.

Fucus latissimus et Jongissimus, oris crispus, Dillen in Rati Syn. 39,1.

Fucus folio singulari, longissimo, lato,'in medio rugoso, qui balteifermis
-dici potest, Raii Syn. 39,1.

Ulva latissima, Lin. Syst. Nat. 719.

Fucus saccharinus, Fl, Dan. 416; Engl. Bot. 1376.

Ulva mesenteriformis, Ret# Cat. 1, 210.

y. longissima. Thallus oblong, membranaceous, pointed.
Ulva longissima, Fl. Norv. 2,128.

3. Laminaria latissimau. Broadest flake-weed.
Stirps short, roundish; thallus expanded, flat, ribless,
elliptical, orbicular, mucilaginous.

Uiva maxima, Fl. Norv, 2,7.
Fucus saccharinus latissimus, Turn. Hist. 163.
Laminagia saccharina latissima, 4gardh Syn.18.

Sea-shore.

Thalli gregarious, yellowish, nearly as broad as Jong.

3. Laminaria digitata. Fingered flake-weed.
Stirps roundish; ihallus expanded into an oval, heart-
shape, cut in-many short, shallow lobes; edge not cut.

Pi, cell.aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. 65.Lamin. 385

Fucus arboreus polyschides edulis, Rati Syn. 46,31; Park. 1292,2.
Fucus digitatus, Lin. Mant. 134; Turn. Hist. 162; Engl, Bot, 2274.
Fucus hyperboreus, FL Norv. 2,61.

Focus bifarcatns, FL Norv. 1,96.

Ulva digitata, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2, 16.

Laminaria digitata, Lamour. Thal. 22.

Phasgonon esculentam, Walker.

Sea-shores; perennial.

Thalli gregarious.—Eaten as a salad.

XLI. 66. PHASGONON. Walker. Phasgone.

Thallus flat, leatherlike, often ribbed; stirps roundish;
holdfasts fibrous; sporidia placed horizontally in superficial
mucilaginous warts, formed of jointed filaments, placed in
appendages attached to the stirps.

1. Phasgonon bullosum. Bullous phasgone.

Stirps flat, edge waved; thallus expanded, flat, cut in
many swordshape lobes; edges not cut.

Fucus bulbosus, Esper, 123; Engl. Bot. 1760; Turn. Hist. 161.

Fucus polyschides, Lizhtf. Scot. 936.

Fucus palmatus, Gelin, 30.

Ulva bulbosa, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 2, 16,

Pha:gonon Marie, Walker.

Lamioaria belbosa, Lamour. Thal. 22.

St. Marys Thistle. j

Sea-shores.

Holdfasts tuberous, globose, hollow; outside fibrous.

2. Phasgonon esculentum. Eaialle phasgone.

Stirps roundish; middle compressed, pinnately lobed:
lobes many, lanceolate ; thallus expanded, flat, swordshape,
undivided, midribbed.

Facus Scoticus latissimus edulis dulcis, Raii Syn. 46, 30.

Fucus esculentus, Lin. Mant. 135; Turn. Hist. 117; Engl. Bet. Vi.

Facus fimbriatus, Gmel. 200.

Focus tetragonus, Woodw. in Lin. Tr. 3, 110.

Facus pinnatus, FI. Norw. 1, 96.

Phasgonon Scoticum, FY alker.

Laminaria esculenta, Lamour. Thal. 22,

Sea-shores.
Thalli gregarious; holdfasts fibrous.

B. minus. Thallus narrower at bottom.
Fucus teres, Woodx. in Lin, Tr. 3, 140.

¥OL. I. 2.e

386 67.Chorda. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

XLII. 67. CHORDA. Lamouroux. Rope-weed.

Thallus round, tubular, not branched; holdfasts shield-

like; sporidia in clublike threads, scattered on the surface
of the thallus.

1. Chorda filiformis. Threadlike rope-weed.

Thallus round, not in the least branched, narrower at
each end: when old twisted up spirally.

Fucus chordam referens teres prelongus, Raii Syn. 40, 3.

Fucus Filam, Lin. S. P.1631; Turn. Hist. 86; Engl. Bot. 2487.

Fucus Tendo, Esper, 22.

Ceramium Filum, Roth Cat. 1, 147.

Chorda Filum, Stackh. Ner. Brit. Introd. 24; Lamour. Thal. 27.

Chordaria, Link in Schrad. Journ. 1809, 8.

Chordaria Filum, 4gardhé Syn. 13.

Flagellaria Filum, Ner. Brit. ed. 2. Intr. 9.

Sea-laces.

Sea-shore: annual.

Thalli aggregate, from 1 to 20 feet long, often spirally
twisted; ules divided on-the inside; sporidia pearshaped.

2. Chorda tomentosa. Woolly rope-weed.

Thallus cylindrical, not branched, naked at the bottom,
in all other parts covered with a very manifest slippery
downiness, fermed of jointed fibres.

Chorda tomentosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan, 74.

Fucus Filum, var. Engl. Bet. 2487.

Sea-shore.

XLII. 68. CHORDARIA. Link. Thong-weed.
Thallus solid, round, threadlike, branched ; sporidia
scattered in clublike threads on the surface of the thallus.

Chordaria fiagelliformis. Whiplike thong-weed.

Thalius slender, slippery; branches numerous, slightly
2-rowed, very long, simple or forked, blunt.

Fucus flagelliformis, F!. Dan. 650; Turn. Hist. 85; Engl. Bot. 1229.

Conierva dichotoma, Fil. Dan. 358.

Ceramium longissimum, Schum. Enum. 2, 111.

Gigariina flagellifurmis, Lamour. Thal. 48.

Chordaria flagelliformis, 4garah Disp. 12.

Sea-shores.

Thaili aggregate, 6 to 9 inches long.

8. éortilis. Thallus small, slender; branches pinnate;
twigs spreading, clawlike, not branched, close.
Conferva, 1172; Lin. Suec. 4, 36.

Chordaria flagelliformis minor. 4gardh Syn. 13.
Fucus flagelliformis tortilis, Turn. Hist. 85.

Pil. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHY T. 69. Sporoch. 387
XLIV. 69. SPOROCHNUS. Agardh. Sporochnus.

Thallus threadlike, cartilaginaus; branches pinnate ; spo-

ridia scattered in the ovate or globular ends of the twigs -

which end in jointed radiating filaments.

1. Sporochnus pedunculatus. Footstalked sporochnus.

Thallus. cartilaginous, threadlike; branches irregularly
pinnated, mostly alternate, elliptical.

Fucus pedunculatus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 587; Turn. Hist. 188; Engl. Bot.
545. ;

Fucus Gertneri, Gmelin, 164.

Gigartina pedunculata, Lamour. Thal.
Sporochnus pedunculatus, Agardh Disp. 12.

Sea-shores.

2. Sporochnus villosus. Villous sporochnus.

Thallus cartilaginous, threadlike ; Lranches opposite, dis-
tant, pinnate, spreading; twigs elliptical.

Conferva villosa, Huds. Fl. Angl. 603; Engl. Bot. 546; Dillw. 37?

Chordaria? villosa, 4gardh Syn, 14.

Sea-shores; annual.

XLV. 70. DESMARESTIA. Lamouroux. Desmarest.

Thallus compressed, pinnately branched ; twigs slenderest
at bottom; edges serrate; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia
along with jointed threads from the serrated edges of the
twigs. ,

1. Desmarestia aculeata. Prickly desmarest.

Thallus woody at the bottom, cylindrical, very much
branched; branches flat, cartilaginous, linear, ribless, re-
peatedly branched; twigs pinnate; edges spinose; spines
upright.

Fucus angustifolius, foliis dentatis, Rati Syn. 48, 38.

Fucus aculeatus, Lin. S. P. 1632; Turn. Hist. 187; Engl. Bot, 2445.

Fucus muscoides, Gmelin, 130.

Fucus virgatus, Fl. Norv. 45.

Fucus contortus, Esper, 43.

Fucus usneoides, Oeder Enum, 113.

Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour. Thal. 25.

Sporochnus aculeatus, 4gardh Syn, 10.

Desmia ligulata, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 34.

Sea-shores; perennial; winter.

Thallus obsoletely contracted, olive-green becoming
black. :

Zc@

388 70. Desmar. 2. THALASSIOPHYT&. Pl. cell. aph.

2. Desmarestia ligulata. Straplike desmarest.

Thallus flat, nearly ribless, doubly pinnate ; branches
2-rowed, opposite, membranaceous, linear, lanceolate ; edge
serrate with spinous teeth.

Fucus ligulatus, Lightf. Scot. 949; Turn. Hist. 98; Engl. Bot. 1636.

Fucus herbaceus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 582.

Desmarestia ligulata, Lamour. Thal. 25.

Laminaria ligulata, 4gardh Disp. 13.

Desmia ligulata, Lyngbye Aydr. Dan. 34,

Sea-shores; perennial; summer.

Thallus 2 to 3 feet high, delicate, yellow, becomes pale
green, when exposed to the air.

6. angustior. Thallus narrow, trebly pinnate; twigs
scarcely cut on the edges.

y. dilatata. Twigs nearly elliptical, narrowest at bottom.

XLVI. 71. LICHINA. Agardh. Lichen-weed.

Thallus cartilaginous, roundish or angular, branched,
shrublike; sporidia ovate, intermixed with jointed fibres, in
the ovate thecze immersed in the swollen apex of the twigs,
leaving a hole at the top, then dilating and becoming con-
cave.— Has the appearance of a lichen.

1. Lichina pygmea. Pigmy lichen-weed.
Thallus compressed; branches very short, divaricating,
dilated; tubercles globose.

Fucus pygmeeus, Lightf. Scot. 964; Turn. Hist, 258; Engl. Bot. 1322.
Fucus pumillus, Huds. Fl, Ang. 584.

Fucus lichenoides, Gooden. in Linn. Tr. 3, 192.

Gigartina pygmea, Lamour. Thal, 49.

Lichina pygmea, Agardh Syn. 9.

Gelidium pygmeum, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 41.

Rocks below low water; perennial.

Thallus forming very thick tufts, upright, a quarter of

an inch high.

2. Lichina pumila. Dwarf lichen-weed.

Thallus roundish; branches long, nearly cylindrical ; tu-
Lercles elliptical, at the ends of the branches.

Fucus pygmeus £, Turn. Hist. 4,17.

Lichen confinis, char. Prod. 208; Engl. Bot. 2573.

Stereocaulon confinis, Achar. Meth. 317.

Lichina pygmea minor, Agardh Syn, 10,

On rocks in the sea.

Thallus tufted, upright.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT/E. 72. Himant. 389

XLVII. 72. HIMANTHALIA. Lyngbye. Sea-strap.

Thallus egglike, becoming shieldlike, stipitated ; holdfasts
shieldlike; apothecia forked, compressed, arising from the
centre of the thallus ; sporidia intermixed with jointed fibres
in thecze immersed in the apothecia.

_ Aimanthalia elongata. Long sea-strap.

Fucus longo angusto crassoque folio, Rait Syn. 43, 11.

Fucus fungis affinis, Rati Syn. 43, 15.

Fucus loreus, Fl. Dan. 710; Turn, Hist. 196; Engl. Bot. 569.

Fucus elongatus, Lin, S. P. 1627.

Ulva pruniformis, Fl. Norveg. 2, 89.

Sea-shore.

Thallus 2 or 3 inches high; apothecia solitary or aggre-
gate, 1 to 10 feet long; angles of the forks and tips acute.

B. inequalis. Receptacles irregular in breadth ; angles of
the fork and tips blunt.

XLVIII. 73. CERVINA. Horn-weed.

Thallus roundish, forked, with a small black longitudinal
line in the centre; vesicles 0; holdfasts shieldlike; sporidia
intermixed with jointed fibres in thecze immersed in ter-
minal apothecia.

Cervina tuberculata. Tulercled horn-weed.

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, threadlike, irregularly
two-forked; angles of the forks rounded; apothecia oblong,
cylindrical, blunt.

Fucus kali geniculato similis, non tamen geniculatus, Raii Syn. 43, 13.
Fucus tuberculatus, Huds. Fl. Angi. 588.
Fucus bifurcatus, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 109.

Sea-shore; perennial; June to October.

XLIX. 74. FUCUS. Theophrastus. Wrack.

Thallus flat, confluent, forked, mid-ribbed ; vesicles 0
or innate; ho/dfasts shieldlike; sporidia intermixed with
jointed fibres, in roundish theca, immersed in terminal
apothecia.

1. Fucus serratus. Serrated wrack.
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear, forked; edge serrated,
toothed; apothecia flat, linear, slightly pointed.

Fucus sive alga latifolia major dentata, Raii Syn. 42,7.
Fucus serratus, Lin. S. P. 1626.

Sea-shore; perennial; winter and spring.

390 74. Fucus. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.

8. latifolius. Upper lobes ovate, lanceolate, widening
upwards.

yy. integer. Edges scarcely serrate.

2. Fucus ceranoides. Horn wrack.
Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, slightly forked; edge not cut;
_ side branches slender ; apothecia compressed, linear, pointed.

Fucus ceranoides, Lin. S. P. 1626; Turn. Hist. 89; Engl. Bot. 215.
Fucus distichus, Esper, 139.

Sea-shore; perennial; winter.

3. Fucus vesiculosus. Bladdery wrack.

Thallus flat, mid-ribbed, linear, forked; edge not cut;
vesicles spherical, innate; apothecia compressed, elliptical.

Fucus sive alga marina latifolia vulgatissima, Rati Syn, 40, 4.

Fucus vesiculosus, Lin. S. P. 1626. .

Fucus mamillaris, Esper, 118.

Fucus quercus marina, Gmelin, 60.
Fucus divaricatus, Lin. S. P. 1627.

Sea-shore; perennial; winter.

B. inflatus. Thallus inflated at the tip; vesicles long.

Fucus inflatus, Lin. S, P. 1637.

y. spiralis. Thallus twisted, spiral; vesicles 0; apothecia
roundish.

Fucus spiralis maritimus major, Rati Syn. Al, 5.

Fucus spiralis, Lin. S. P. 1627; Engl. Bot. 1685.

8. volubilis. Thallus twisted ; vesicles 0; tips long, pointed.

«. acutus. Thallus narrow; vesicles innate; tips long,
lanceolate, pointed.

é. angustifolius. Thallus narrow; vesicles 0; apothecia
slightly pedicelled, linear, lanceolate, pointed.
Fucus angustifolius, Withering Bot. rr. 92.

n. Sherardi. Thallus narrow, small; vesicles 0; apothecia
short, oblong.

Fucus Sherardii, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 72.

§. lencaris. Thallus narrow, small; vesicles 0; apothecta
long, linear, lanceolate.

Fucus linearis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 578.
Fucus distichus, Lightf, Fl. Scot. 912. “

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT . 75. Halidrys. 391
L. 75. HALIDRYS. Lyngbye. Sea-oak.

Thallus compressed, confluent, forked, ribless ; vesicles 0,
or innate; holdfasts shieldlike: sporidia intermixed with
jointed fibres in roundish thece immersed in pedicelled,
lateral apothecia.

1. Halidrys nodosa. Knobled sea-oak.

Thallus pinnately branched.

Fucus maritimus nodosus, Rati Syn. 48, 4).

Fucus nodosus, Lin. S. P. 1628; Engl. Bot. 570; Turn. Hist. 91.

Halidrys nodosa, Lyngbye Hydr. Dan. 37.

Sea-shore; perennial; winter.

Thallus 3 or 4 feet long, flat; apothecia roundish, mostly
solitary.

8. minor. Apothecia ovate, hardly wider than the pe-
duncle.

y. siliquatus. Apothecia linear, lanceolate.

2. Halidrys canaliculata. Channelled sea-oak.

Thallus compressed, ribless, linear, grooved on one side,
level-topped; edge not cut; tip 2-cut; apothecia oblong,
2-cut, turned.

Fucus pumilus dichotomus, segmentis ex una parte gibbosis, ex altera
excavatis, Rati Syn. 43, 12.

Fucus canaliculatus, Linn. Syst. Nat.116; Engl. Bot. 823; Zurn. Hist. 3.

Fucus excisus, Lin. S. P. 1627.

Fucus rotundus, Esper, 17.

Sea-shore; perennial. :

Thalli aggregate, 2 to 4 inches long.

3. Halidrys Mackai. Mackay’s sea-oak.

Thallus leatherlike, cylindrical, threadlike, forked, level-
topped; éips blunt; vesicles scattered, innate, elliptical,
solitary, wider than the thallus.

Fucus Mackaii, Zurn. Hist. 52; Engl, Bot. 1927.

Sea-shore; perennial; winter.

Thallus 6 to 12 inches high, lower part compressed ;
angles of the fork roundish.

LI. 71. MACKATA. Mackay.

Thallus cartilaginous, rod-like, shrubby; upper part
branched, narrow, roundish compressed, below compressed,
broad, leaflike; holdfasts shieldlike; vesicles 0, or innate
in the branches; sportdia in roundish thece intermixed
with jointed fibres, or in terminal apothecia.

392 76. Mackaia. 2. THALASSIOPHYE&. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Mackaia abrotanifolia. Southern-wood mackay.
Thallus threadlike, compressed, bipinnate; lobes alter-
nately forked, threadlike, spreading, edge not cut; vesicles
innate; apothecia terminal, many cleft.
Fucus abrotanifolius, Lin. S. P. 1629; Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. Bot.
2130.
Sea-shore; perennial; winter.
Thallus 12 to 18 inches long; rough at the base.

2. Mackaiza discors. Discordant mackay.

Thallus round, branched; branches. alternately pin-
nate; lower branches winged, serrated; upper branches
linear ; apothecia terminal, oblong.

Fucus discors, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2,711; Turn. Hist. 252; Engl. Bot, 213k.

Sea-shore; perennial; summer.

Thalli many, crowded, rough.— According to Mrs. Grif
fiths is the young state of the preceding species.

3. Mackaia barbata. Bearded mackay.
Thallus round, very much branched; branches alternate,
threadlike; apothecia oblong, acute, terminal.

Fucus barbatus, Woodw. Tr. Lin. Soc. 3,128; Lurn. Hist. 250; Engl.
Bot. 2170. :
Fucus feeniculaceus, Gmel. 86.

Sea-shores; perennial; summer.

6. granulata. Apothecia linear, tubercular.
Fucus granulatus, Woodw. Tr. Lin, Soc. 3,131.

4. Mackaia fibrosa. Fibrous mackay.

Thallus compressed and woody at the base; branches
9-rowed, long, variously divided; upper branches with
bristlelike twigs, lower branches naked; vesicles roundish,
innate; apothecia cylindrical.

Fucus radicibus arborum fibrosis similis, Rati Syn. 49, 45.

Fucus fibrosus, Huds. Fl. Angi. 515; Eng. Bot. 1969; Turn. Hist. 209.

Fucus setaceus, Huds. Fl, Angl, 575.

Fucus barbatus, Gmelin, 90.

Sea-shores; perennial; Feb. and August.

Thallus 1 to $ feet high.

5. Mackaia mucronata. Stiff-pointed mackay.

Thallus round, warty, very much branched; branches
threadlike, spinous; young branches linear, flat, not cut,
mid-ribbed; ép stiff pointed; apothecia cylindrical.

Pl. cell. aph. 2. THALASSIOPHYT 2. 76. Mackaia. $93

Fucus granulatus, Lin. S. P. 1629; Engl. Bot, 2169.
Fucus mucronatus, Turn. Syn. 73; Hist. 251.
Fucus radicaulis, Vither. Bot, Arr. 4, 111.

Sea-shore; perennial; Feb. and August.

6. Mackaia ericoides. Fleathlike mackay.

Thallus cylindrical and naked at bottom; branched at
the tip; branches variously divided, long; twigs mostly
simple, awlshape, imbricate, spreading; vesicles roundish.

Fucus foliis eric seu tamarisci, Raii Syn. 49, 44.

Fucus ericoides, Lin. S. P. 1631; Engl. Bot. 1968; Turn. Hist, 191.

Fucus tamariscifolius, Huds. Fl. Angl. 576.

Fucus Erica marina, Gmel, 128.

Fucus selaginoides, Lin. Mant. 134.

Sea-shore; perennial; summer.

Thallus reflects bright tints when in a growing state.

LIl. 77. BACCALARIA. Gulf-weed.

Thallus distinct as to its parts; holdfasts shieldlike; stirps
threadiike, much branched; branches mid-ribbed, mem-
branaceous, often pierced with holes, dilated at the tip,
edges serrate; vesicles spherical, peduncled, awnless or end-
ing in a round or dilated awn; sporidia in roundish thecee
intermixed with jointed fibres immersed in axillary, soli-
tary or racemous apothecia.

1. Baccalaria natans. Floating gulf-weed.

Thallus compressed, bipinnated ; branches alternate,
simple; twigs linear, lanceolate, serrated ; vesicles spheri-
cal; peduncles flat; apothecia cylindrical, racemose.

Fucus natans, Lin. S. P. 1628; Engl. Bot. 2114; Turn. Hist. 46.

Sea-shores; perennial; summer.
Thallus alternately bipinnate, twigs blunt, smooth.

2. Baccalaria teres. Cylindrical gulf-weed.

Thallus cylindrical, threadlike, bipinnate; branches al-
ternate, mostly simple; twigs linear, serrated ; vesicles sphe-
rical; peduncles cylindrical. ;

Fucus natans, Huds. Fl. Angl. 572.

Fucus bacciferus, Turn. Syn. 55; Hist. 27; Engl. Bot. 1967.

Sea, floating in large masses; perennial; winter.

8. oblongifolius. Twigs oblong, blunt, large toothed. .

394 78. Siliquar. 2. THALASSIOPHYT. Pl. cell. aph.
LIII. 78. SILIQUARIA. Podweed.

Thallus compressed, ribless, branched ; vesicles pedicelled,
lanceolate, jointed; sporidia intermixed with jointed fibres
in roundish thece in terminal lanceolate podshaped apo-
thecia.

Siliquaria angustifolia. Narrow-leaved podweed.
Thallus branched; branches alternate, 2-rowed ; vesicles
beaked.

Fucus angustifolius vesiculis longis siliquarum zmulis, Raii Syn. 49,39.
Fucus siliquosus, Lin. S. P. 1629; Engl. Bot. 474; Zurn. Hist, 159.
Halymenia siliquosa, Lyngbye Hydr, Dan, 37.

Sea-shore; perennial; winter.

B. minor. Thallus not more than 6 or 9 inches long.
Fucus siliquosus, Stackh. Ner. Brit.

y. denudata. Thallus long, much branched; vesicles 0.

Gk, - “758 FURCELLARIA. Lamouroux. Fork-weed.

Thallus threadlike, forked, level-topped; sportdza im-
mersed in regular lines in the swollen tips of the twigs.

Plagellaria lubricalis. Slippery fork-weed.
Thallus threadlike, forked, angles acute, tips blunt.

Fucus parvus segmentis praelongis teretibus acutis, Raitt Syn. 45, 24,
Fucus lubricalis, Gmelin, 108; Engl. Bot. 824; Zurn, Hist. 6.
Fucus fastigiatus, Stackh. Ner. Brit. 15.

Fucus furcellatus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 589.

Furcellaria lubricalis, Lamour. Thal.

Sea-shore; perennial; Nov. Feb.

6. fastigiata. Twigs compressed, transparent, ovate,
lanceolate, short, pointed.

Fucus sive alga exigua dichotoma, foliorum segmentis longiusculis,
crassis et subrotundis, Radi Syn. 45, 25.

Fucus fastigiatus, Huds, Fl. Angl. 588.

Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour, Thal. -

Fam. III. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZ. Lichenes homotha-

lami. Acharius.

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous or shrubby; sporidia
scattered, innate throughout the whole thallus, or in apo-
thecia of the same colour and substance as the thallus with-
out any proligerous skin or central nucleus.—Terrestrial
or parasitic, perennial, greenish or becoming so when
grazed, absorbing water at the surface and transmitting it
to every part.

Pl. ceil. aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEX. _ 395

A. Thallus gelatinous, when dry cartilaginous ; Colle-
matideze.

Thallus crustlike, slightly figured or

PEEINEUE GN Py ho glo ae we n'a SAILS, PLAcYNTHIUM. 80.
Thallus pleated tile-wise, roundish ; :

loles minute, thick, turgid... «. 2. 2.546% ENcuHyLium. 81.
Thallus rather leaflike, irregular ;

tubes thick, naked, turgid... 2.0.1... 6s ScyTENIUM. 82.
Thallus \eaflike ;

lobes rounded, downy beneath ........ Mattotium. 88.

Thallus \eaflike; lobes naked,
rather membranaceous, blackish green LaTHaGRIUM. 84.
Thallus leaflike; lobes naked,

membranaceous, greyish ..........++ . Leprocium. 85.
- Thallus very finely torn an
S AUTCUICURAS Banana elas in SAMOS PoLycHIpDIuM. 86.

B. Fhallus with a fibrous axis, bark crustlike. Usneadez.

Apothecia shieldlike, terminal, edgeless.... Usnea. 87.

C. Thallus cartilaginous, inside tow-like. Ramalinidee.

Apothecia shieldlike, terminal, nearly

BAB MINISSHA HEY CorRNICULARIA. 88.
Apothecia saucerlike, edged, slightly

pedicelled; thallus nearly solid ......... RaMaLIna. 89.
Apothecia saucerlike, edged, not

pedicelled ; ¢hallus rather pipey...... .. ALECTORIA. 90.

A. CortematTipER. Thallus entirely gelatinous, homo-
geneous; when dry hard, cartilaginous, crustlike, leaflike,
or branched ; apothecia shieldlike, sessile or slightly pedi-
celled, sometimes when dry coloured in the centre. ‘These
ought to be moistened before they are examined, as many
of them have their apothecia of a different colour when

dry.

I. 80. PLACYNTHIUM. Acharius. Placynthe.
Thallus crustlike, slightly irregular or uniform.
Placynthium nigrum. ~ Black placynthe.
Thallus crustiike, nearly orbicular, brown-black; mar-

ginal lobes deeply crenate; central lobes seedlike, slightly
branched ; apothecia at length convex, black, edged.

396 80. Placynth. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZ. Pil. cell. aph.

Lichen niger, Hudson Fl. Angl. 524; Engl. Bot. 1161,
Lecidea corallinoides, Florke, Berl. Mag. 1809, 5.
Lecidea nigra, .dchar. Meth. Lich. 76.

Stereocaulon corallinoides, Hoffm. Fl. Germ, $29.
Collema nigrum, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 628.

On rocks, espcially limestone.

II. 81. ENCHYLIUM. Acharius. : Enchyle.

Thallus plaited tilewise, nearly orbicular, composed of
minute lobes, when moist turgid, very thick.

1. Enchylium microphyllum. Small-leaved enchyle.

Thallus slightly spreading, tilewise, blackish green ; doles
thick, minute, crowded, deeply crenate; apothecia sessile,
crowded, pitchershape, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge
not in the least cut, contracted.

Collema microphyllum, Achar, Lich, Univ. 630.

On the bark of old trees.

,
2. Enchylium fragrans. Sweet-scented enchyle.
Thallus nearly orbicular; doles round, expanded, naked,

edge thick, crenate, ascending ; apothecia scattered, minute,

hollow, dark yellowish brown; edge swollen outwardly,
uneven.
Lichen fragrans, Engl. Bot. 19, 12.
Trunks of trees.
When moistened has a sweet odour.

3. Enchylium crispum. Crisp enchyle.

Thallus nearly orbicular; central lobes rather upright,
granular; lobes of the circumference depressed, large,
blunt, crenate ; apothecia scattered, slightly concave, reddish,
edge granular.

Lichenoides gelatinosum atrovirens, crispum et rugosum, Dillen Musc..
139.
Lichen erispus, Engl. Bot. 834,

Lichen pulposus 8, Berna. in Schrad. Journ. 1799.
Parmelia crispa, Achar, Meth. Lich. 254,

Collema crispum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 100.

Collema crenulatum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 103.
Collema glaucescens, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 105.
Collema pulposum crispum, Achar. Lich, Univ. 652,

On the ground among mosses, and on mountains.

4. Enchylium turgidum. Swollen enchyle.
Thallus irregularly expanded, depressed, slightly lobed
and tiledlike; /oles raised, thick, wartlike, wrinkled, gra-

Pl. cell.aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZ, 81.Enchyl. 397

nulated ; apothecia sessile, pitchershape, dark brown; edge
slightly swollen; outside wrinkled-granular.
Collema turgidum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 634.

On rocks among Mosses.

5. Enchylium tenax. Tough enchyle.

Thallus nearly orbicular, tilewise; doles rather thick,
flat, lying down, nearly round, deeply cut and crenate;
apothecia scattered, immersed in the lobes, concave, reddish,
edge scarcely cut.

Lichen tenax, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4, 249.
Parmelia tenax, Achar. Meth. Lich. 231.
Collema tenax? Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 105.
Collema tenax, Achar. Lich. Univ. 635.

Among mosses on rocks, adhering strongly to them.

6. Enchylium plicatile. Folding echyle.
Thallus round, tilewise; lobes thick, roundish, pleated in
circles, wavey, rather upright, not cut; apothecia scattered
sessile, hollow, colour of the thallus, edge not cut. ;

Lichen plicatis, Achar.in N. Act. Stoch.-16, 11.
Parmelia plicatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 240.
Collema plicatile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 655.

On rocks.

9)

7. Enchylium fluviale. River enchyle,

Thallus slightly cushion-like ; lobes thick, crowded, blunt,
complicately wavey, deeply cut; apothecia near the edge,
slightly globular, colour of the thallus, centre pitchershape ;
edge nearly double.

Lichenoides gelatinosum opuntoides, Dillen in Raii Syn. 72, 58.
Lichen fluviatilis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 536.

Parmelia fluviatilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 249.

Collema fluviale, Achar. Lichen. Univ. 636.

Qn stones under water in rivulets.

8. Enchylinm marginale. Marginal enchyle.

Thallus orbicular, rather stellate, tiledlike; lobes deeply
jagged, narrow, many-cut, winding, rather flat, crenate;
apotiecia marginal and scattered, blackish-brown, edge not
in the least cut.

Lichenoides gelatinosum fuscum, jacob maritime divisura, Dillen.
Miusc. 140.

Lichen marginalis, Huds. Fl. Angi. 5343; Engl. Bot. 1924.

Parmelia melena marginalis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 241.

Collema laciniatum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 100.

Collema melzenum marginale, Achar. Lich. Univ. 637.

On limestone rocks, occasionally overflowed.

398 81.Enchyl. 3. HOMOTHALAME:. Pi. cell. aph.

9. Enchylium fasciculare. Bundled enchyle.

Thallus nearly orbicular, folded tilewise; central folds
upright, winding, anastomosing ; folds in the circumference
rounded, deeply crenate; apothecta marginal, topshape,
bundled; centre rather convex, reddish.

Lichenoides gelatinosum palmatum, tuberculis conglomeratis, Dill.

Musc. 141.
Lichen fascicularis, Lin. Mant. 133; Engl. Bot. 1162.

Parmelia fascicularis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 239.
Collema fasciculare, Achar. Lich. Univ. 639.

On rocks, mountains, and trunks of trees.

6. aggregatum. Marginal lobes very smatl; central lobes
obliterated by the crowded apothecia.

Lichen fascicularis 8, Bern. in Schrad. Journ. 1799,
Collema polycarpon, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 102.
Collema fasciculare aggregatum, Achar. Lich, Un. 640.

10. Enchylium corrugatum. Pursed-up enchyle.

Thallus thick, blackish green, with raised gutlike convo-
lutions.

Lichen corrugatus, Dickson Pl. Crypt. Brit. 4.

Parmelia plocina, Achar. Meth. Lichen, 247.
Collema corrugatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 642.

Mountains and rocks in the sea.

11. Enchylium cretaceum. Chalky enchyle.
Thallus lobed starwise, blackish green ; apothecium cen-
tral, raised, brownish flesh-colour, edge paler, not cut.

Lichen cretaceus, Engl. Bot. 738.
Parmelia cretacea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 248.
Collema cretaceum, Achar. Lich, Univ, 642.

Chalk-pits.

Ill. 82. SCYTENIUM. Acharius. Scytene.
Thallus irregular, nearly leaflike; doles separate, spread-
ing, thick, swollen, naked.

Scytenium palmatum. | Palmate scytene.

Thailus nearly leaflike, brownish blue green; lobes thick,
crowded, palmately cut, jags nearly linear, round ; apothecia
reddish brown.

Lichenoides gelatinosum tenerius laciniatum, ex fusco purpurascens,
Raii Syn. 12, 54. y

Lichen palmatus, Huds. Fl, Angl. 535.

Parmelia palmata, Achar. Meth. Lich, 242.

Collema palmatum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 643.

Upon muddy ground and trunks of trees.

Pi. cell. aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZ. 83. Mallot. 399

IV. s3. MALLOTIUM. Acharius. Mallote.

Thallus \eaflike ; lobes rounded, underneath woolly or
with small fibres.

1. Mallotium Saturninum. Saturnine mallote.

Thallus leaflike, blackish green, beneath sea-green, ra-
ther woolly; /obes oblong, rounded, wavey, not cut; apo-
thecia lateral, raised, flat, red, edge not cut.

Lichen Saturninus, Dickson Pl. Crypt. Bot. 2,21; Engl. Bot. 1980.

Lichen myochrous, Erkh. Pl. Crypt. Dec. 29, 236.

Lichen discolor, Achar.in Nov. Act. Stockh. 16, 16.

Parmelia Saturnina, dchar. Meth. Lich. 221.

Collema tomentosum, Hoffm. Fl. Germ. 99,
Collema Saturninum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 644.

Trunks of trees and rocks.

2. Mallotium Burgessit. Burgess’ mallote.

Thallus leaflike, slightly tiledwise, brownish sea-green,
underneath grows spongy, villous; oles rounded, jagged,
crenular, crisp; apothecia depressed, flattish, brown; edge
crisp, leaflike.

Lichen ornatus, Lin. Suppl. Pl.

Lichen Burgessii, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 827.
Parmelia Burgessii, dchar. Meth. Lich, 251.
Collema Burgessii, Achar. Lich. Univ. 645.

On trunks of trees.

V. 84. LATHAGRIUM. Acharius. Lathagrium.

Thallus leaflike ; lobes nearly membranaceous, weak,
naked, blackish green.

1. Lathagrium nigrescens. Blackish lathagrium.

Thallus \eaflike, membranaceous, nearly one-leafed, or-
bicular, depressed, radiately plaited, round-lobed, blackish
green; apothecia central, crowded, at length convex, red-
dish brown, edge not in the least cut.

Lichenoides saxatile membranaceum gelatinosum, tenue nigrescens,
Dillen in Rati Syn. 12, 53.

Lichen nigrescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 537.

Lichen vespertilio, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 840,

Lichen papyraceus, Wulf, in Jacq. Coll. 3, 154,

Parmelia nigrescens, Achar. Meth. Lich. 227.

Collema vespertilio, Hoffm. Fl, Germ. 98.

Collema nigrescens, Achar. Lich. Univ. 646.

On the trunks of trees, rocks, and stones.

400 S4. Lathag. 3. HOMOTHALAME. Pi. ceil. aph.

2. Lathagrium fiaccidum. Flaceid lathagrium.
_ Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, smooth, blackish green:
lobes separate, reverse ovate, bluntly divided, not jagged,
weak, flexible; zpetfecia scattered, few, rather flat, reddish :
edge thin, not cut.

Lichen nisrescens, Ekrk. Pl. Cr. 10, 98.

Lichen repestris, Seartz Meth. Musc. S7-

Lichen flaccidu:, Achar. N. A. Stockh. 16, 14.

Parmelia flaccida, Achar. Meik. Lich. 229.
Collema flaccidum, Achar. Lick. Univ. 647.

Among mosses on rocks exposed to the drip of water.

3. Lathagrtum_furvum. Dusky lathagrium.

Thallus leafiike. membranaceous, rather wrinkled, folded,
blackish green, granular on both sides; lobes rounded
irregularly, frequently wavey-crisped, not cut; apothecia
scattered, flat, blackish brown, edge not cut.

Lichen granulosus, Fl. Dan. 462.

Lichen furvus, Ackar. N. 4. Stockh. 22, 164.
Parmelia furva, Achar. Meik. Lich. 230.
Collema granulosum, Hoffm. Fi. Germ. 99.
Collema forvem, Ackar. Lich. Univ. 650.

On the bark of old trees, rocks, walls, and wooden roofs.

4. Lathagrium stmuatum. Jagged lathagrium.

Thallus leaflike, membranaceous, tiledlike, congregated,
naked, black; Joles deeply jagged, crisp, toothed; apothecia
scattered, sessile, colour of the thallus, edge not cut.

Lichenoides tenue crispum, foliis parvis depressis, Dillen. Muse. 145.

Lichen sinuatus, Huds. Pl. Aust. 509: Engi. Bot. 172.

Gollema sinuatam, Heffm. Fl. Germ. ddd.

Parmelia scotina sinuata, Achar. Wath. Lich. 257.

Collen2 scotinum sinuatum, 4char. Lich. Univ. 652.

Among grass and moss on the ground.

VL 35. LEPTOGIUM. Acharns. Leptogium.

Thallus \eaflike; lobes rounded, membranaceous, very
tender, naked, greyish green, nearly transparent; apothecia
on very short pedicells.

1. Leptogium tremelloides. Tremelia leptogium.

Thallus \eaflike, membranaceous, very tender, nearly
transparent, lead colour, slightly wrmkled and hollow dot-
ted: lobes oblong, rounded, cut, smooth-edged: apothecia
scattered, with short pedicells, fiat, reddish brown, after-
wards black, edge pale.

Pl, cell. aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZ. 85. Leptog. 401

Lichen tremelloides, Lin. Supp/. Pl. 450.
Parmelia tremelloides, Achar. Bicth. Lich. 224.
Collema plicatum, Hoffm. Pl. Lich. 2,41.
Collema tremelloides, Achar. Lich. Univ. 655.

Ox trunks of trees and among mosses.

2. Leptogium marginellum. Edged leptogium.

Thailus ‘jeaflike, ‘membranaceous, nearly transparent,
slightly wrinkled, sea-green; /oles rather long; edges wavey,
pleated, crisp; apothecia minute, marginal, iron-brown 3
edge pale.

Lichen marginellus, Bern.in Schrad. J. Bot. 1799, 21.

Parmelia margine!lla, Achar. Weth. Lich. 225.

Collema marginale, Hoffm. Pl. Lich. 2,47.
Collema marginellum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 696.

Upon mosses.

3. Leptogium lacerum. Torn leptogium.
Thallus \eaflike, membranaceous, nearly transparent,
slightly wrinkled in network, sea-green; loles small, rather
tiledlike, irregularly jagged, toothed, fringed ; apothecia
scattered, slightly concave, red, edge pale.
Lichenoides saxatile tenue rufescens, Dillen in Rati Syn. 77, 89.
Tremella lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1625.
Lichen tremelloides, Huds. Fl. Angl. 537,
Lichen Tremella, Roth FI. Germ. 503.
Lichen iacer, Engl. Bot. 1982; Achar. Prod. 135.
Parmelia laciniata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 225.
Collema lacerum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 637.

On the ground among mosses.

VII. 86. POLYCHIDIUM. Acharius. Polychide.
Thallus very finely jagged and branched.
1. Polychidium subtile. Fine polychide.

Thallus slightly starlike, jaggs very narrow, linear,
pressed close, ‘<ubdivided, blunt, “radiating, edge smooth;
apothecia central, rather flat, colour of ‘the thallus, edge
thin, not cut.

Lichen subtilis, Schrad. Spic.95; Dicks. Crupt. 4,25; Engl. Bot. 1008.

Parmelia subtilis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 243.

Collema subtile, Achar. Lich. Univ. 659.

On clay and limestone.

Scarcely visible to the naked eye, but grows in patches.

2. Polychidium éenuissimum. Thinnest polychide.

Thallus rather tiledlike: ;aggs minute, linear, many-cut,
unequal, granular, rather pointed, very crowded; apothecia
scattered, “rather flat, reddish, edged.

VOL. I. 2D

402 86. Polychid. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZ:, Pl. cell. aph.

Lichen byssinus, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 442.
Lichen tenuissimus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 12.
Parmelia tenuissima, Achar. Meth, Lich, 244.
Collema byssinum, Zfoffm. Germ. 105.
Coliema tenuissimum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 659.

On gravel-banks, walls, and mosses.

3. Polychidium Schraderi. Schrader’s polychide.

Thallus rather tufted; jaggs linear, fiat, irregularly un-
divided, wrinkled, blunt; edges turned over, slightly cre-
nate; apothccia scattered, colour of the thallus.

Lichen Schraderi, Bern. in Schrad. Journ. WSIS). ce)

Parmelia Schraderi, Achar. Meth. Lich. 243.
Collema Schraderi, Achar. Lich. Univ. 658.

On rocks among MOsses.

4. Polychidiun: muscicolum. Moss polychide.

Thaillus shrublike, cushioned, brownish; lranches cylin-
drical, rather upright, bent, knotted, nearly even-topped,
bluntish ; upothecia nearly terminal, flat, brown, edged.

Lichen Muscicola, Swartz in N. dct. Ups. 4,248; Dicks. Crypt. 2, 8.

Parmelia muscicola, Achar. Meth. Lich. 244.
Collema Muscicela, Acker. Lich. Univ. 660.

On the ground, and mountains among moss.

5. Polychidium velutinum. Velvet polychide.

Thallus cushioned, black ; jaggs cylindrical, very tender,
scarcely branched, bent, interwoven, even-topped; apo-
thecia rather concave, minute, colour of the thallus, pressed
close, edged.

Lichen exilis, Light/. Scot. 894.

Lichen velutinus, 4char. Prod. 248.

Parmelia panneosa, char. Meth, Lich. 246.

Conferva pannosa, Web. et Moukr fteise, 105.

Collema nigrum? Hoffm. Germ. 103.

Collema pannosum, Achar. Lich. Univ. 660, not of Hoffman.

On rocks and mountains among mosses.

6. Polychidium spongiosum. Spongy polychide.

Thallus dark green; jaggs aggregated, branched, gra-
nular, cylindrical, biunt; apothecta scattered, hollow,
brown; outside spongy, pale; edge upright, thin.

Lichen spongiosus, Engl. Bot. 1374. ;

Collema spongiosum, Achar. Lichen. Univ, 661.

Durham; perennial.

Pi. cell. aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZE. 87. Usnea. 403

B. Usneapem. Thallus slightly crustlike, penetrated
by an elastic, central bundle of ducts; apothecia regular,
shieldlike, pedicelled, sometimes proliferous from the edge ;
pedicels central, accompanied with cephalodia and sorediez.

VIII. 87. USNEA. Dillenius. 9 © ¢ Usnea.

Thallus slightly crustlike, rather cylindrical, branched,
mostly hanging down, enclosing a transparent, central,
elastic, threadlike bundle of ducts; apothecia orbiculate,
terminal, shieldlike, eatirely formed of the thallus, and
covered in every part with its cortical substance, keeping
nearly the same colour, circumference without any defined
edge, generally fringed.

1. Usnea florida. Florid usnea.
‘Thallus rather upright, rough, pale grey; holdfasts slen-
der, horizontal; lranches very much spread, scarcely
branched ; apothecta flat, very broad, whitish, fringed ;
fringe radiating, long.
Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus cum orbiculis, Raii Syn. 65, 4.

Lichen floridus, Lin. §. P. 1624; Eng!, Bot. 872.
Usnea florida, Achar, Meth. Lich. 307 ; Lick. Un. 620.

On trunks of old trees and palings.

B. rigida. Thallus long, stiff, straight, very siender,
rather hanging, rough; branches rather long, bent,
branched, twiggy.

y. rubiginea. Thallus rather hairy, rusty red; cpothecia
of the same colour.

2. Usnea plicata. Folded usnea.

Thallus hanging, smooth, pale; branches weak, very
much divided, the last twigs hairlike; apothecta flat, broad,
fringed; fringe very fine, very long.

Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus, Usnea officinarum, Raii Syn. 64,1.

Lichen plicatus, Lin, S. P. 1622; Engl. Bot. 257.

Usnea plicata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 622.

Hairy tree-moss.

From the trunks and branches of trees.

6. comosa. Thallus slightly upright, shrublike, pale
white; side branches very much spread, diffuse, smooth,
much divided; last twigs fibrelike, rather rough, slightly
nodding; cephalodia pale flesh-colour, growing brown.

Lichen comosus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 16,209.
Usnea plicata comosa, Achar. Meth. Lich, 31i; Lich. Univ, 623,

Zp 2 :

404 87.Usnea. 3. HOMOTHALAME. Pl. cell. aph.

y- hirta. Thallus slightly upright, rather shrublike, yel-
lowish grey, much branched, rather powdery, roughish ;
branches much divided, bent, intricate, slender, fibrelike.

3. Usnea barhata. Bearded usnea.

Thallus hanging, smooth, round, rather thick, pale
greenish grey; lranches diverging, frequently fibrelike, hair-
like at the tip, beneath jointed.

Lichen barbatus, Lin. Sp. Pl. 1622; Engl. Bot. 258, fig. 2.

Usnea barbata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 315 ; Lich. Univ. 624,

Qn the branches of old trees.

@. articulata. Thallus bald, grey, branches long, forked,
branched, jointed; joints bellied, separate; last twigs hair-
like, fibrelike.

Lichenoides quod Muscus arboreus nodosus, Raii Syn. 65, 4.

Usnea barbata articulata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 605.
Lichen articulatus, Lin. 8. P. 1623; Engl. Bot. 258, fig. 1.

C. RamauinipEx. Thallus cartilaginous, branched ;
inside stuffed with fibres like tow; apotkecta same colour
as the thallus, formed entirely from it.

IX. 88. CORNICULARIA. Horn-moss.

Thallus cartilaginous, rather solid inside, towlike,
branched, shrublike; apothecia orbiculate, terminal, oblique,
shieldlike, entirely formed of the thallus, similar to its outer
surface, become convex and rather inflated ; edge scarcely
distinct, slightly toothed, at length turned back, slightly
altered in colour.

1. Cornicularia tristis. Dull horn-moss.

Thallus pitch-black, compressed, cylindrical, rather
smooth, 2-rowed, 2-forked; branches even-topped, black
above; apothecia plano-convex, brownish black, slightly
margined, edge not toothed, not cut.

Coralloides corniculatum, fuci tentioris facie, Dillen Musc. 118.
Lichen radiatus, Huds. Fl- Angl, 559; Dicks. Crypt. 9, 25.
Lichen fucoides, Wulf. in Jacg. Coll. 3,

Lichen corniculatus, Lizhif. Fl. Scot. 385.

Lichen rigidus, Wulf. ia Facg. Coll. 2,

Lichen tristis, Engl. Bot. 720,

Lobaria rigida, Hoffm. Germ. 142,

Cornicularia tristis, Achar. Meth. Lich. 300; Lich. Univ. 610.

On rocks. .
Apothecia sometimes radiately toothed, and the branches
tuberculated, toothed.

Pl. cell.aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEA. 88. Cornicul. 405

2. Cornicularia aculeata. Prickly horn-moss.

Thallus bald, chestnut-brown, rather cylindrical, angu-
larly compressed, nakedish; branches and twigs divari-
cated, bent, prickly; apothecia reddish, edge slightly tooth-
ed, turned back.

Lichen aculeatus, Achar. Prod. 215.
Cornicularia aculeata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 502; Lich. Univ. 612.

On dry, sunny mountains.

3. Cornicularia spadicea. Chestnut horn-mess.

Thallus bald, dark bay-colour, flatly compressed, rather
indented ; edges toothed; branches and twigs short, spread-
Ing, Narrow; apothecia spinous, radiated, reddish brown. —

Lichenoides non tubulosum ramosissimum fruticuli specie, rufo-nigres-
cens, Raii Syn. 66, 10.

Lichen Islandicus y, Huds. Angl. 539.

Lichen hispidus, Lightf. Scot. 883; Engl. Bot. 452.

Lichen spadiceus, Roth in Uster Ann. :

Lobaria aculeata, Hoffm. Germ. 142.
Cornicularia spadicea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 301; Lich. Univ. 611.

On open places on rocks covered with earth.

4. Cornicularia bicolor. Two-coloured horn-moss.

Thallus roughish, black, cylindrical, nearly upright,
branched, fibrous; lranches very short, scattered, spread-
ing; tips nodding, greyish brown.

Lichen bicolor, EArh. Beyér.

Usnea bicolor, Hoffm. Germ. 155.
Cornicularia bicolor, Achar. Meth. Lich. 504; Lich. Univ. 615.

Upon rocks among mosses.

5. Cornicularia lanata. Woolly horn-moss.

Thallus lying down, cylindrical, smoothish, forked,
greyish black; branches and twigs variously bent, inter-
woven, forked at the tip; apothecia slightly edged, fiat,
edge naked, granular.

Lichenoides quod Muscus coralloides, lane nigra instar saxis adhzrens,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 65, 8.

Lichens pubescens, Huds. Angl. 562.

Lichen laneus, Ehrh. Pl. Crypt. 1, 70.

Lichen lanatus, Lin. S. P. 1623; Engl. Bot. 846.

Usnea lanea, Hoffm. Germ, 135,

Usnea lanata, Hoffm. Germ. 135.

Usnea pubescens, Hoffm. Germ. 136.

Cornicularia lanata, Achar. Meth. Lich. 304; Lic), Univ, 615,

On dry barren places upon mountains,

406 88. Cornicul. 3. HOMOTHALAMES. Pl. cell. aph.

6. Cornicularia ? pubescens. Downy horn-moss.

Thallus lying down, cylindrical, wrinkled, roughish,
black; ranches interwoven, hairlike, twigs not branched 5
apothecia same colour as the thallus, edge not cut.

Lichen Janatus, Wulf. in Jacq. Misc. 2.

Lichen intricatus, EArh. Crypt. 8,80.

Licsen pubescens, Lin. S. P. 1623.

Usnea intricata, Hoffm. Germ. 136. i

Cornicularia pubescens, Achar. Meth. Lich. 505; Lich, Univ. 616.

Conferva? atrovirens, Dillw. Conf. 25.

Scyionema? atrovirens, Agardh Disp. 59.

On rocks and fells where water drips.

Thalli aggregate, very similar to the preceding; apothecia
rarely to be found; so that it is doubtful whether this and
girardia atrovirens be one species or two.

8. hispidula. Thallus rather stellate, brownish black,
proliferous in whirls, hispid, branchy; branches slightly
radiating, depressed, interwoven, very thin; apothecia
crenate, dark brown.

Secytonema atrovirens prolifera, dgardh Disp. 39.

Cornicularia hispidula, Achar. Lich. Univ. 61T.

X. 89. RAMALINA. Acharius. Branch-moss.

Thailus cartilaginous, inside like tow, rather solid,
branched, jagged, rather shrublike, mostly with soredia;
apothecia saucershape, thickish, footstalked, somewhat shield-
like, flat, edged, entirely formed of the thallus, covered with
a similarly coloured cortical substance.

1. Ramalina fastigiata. Even-lopped lranch-moss.

Thallus compressed, cylindrical, smooth, pitted, branched,
light sea-green ; branches thicker at top, even-topped;
apothecia terminal, shieldlike, sessile, whitish.

Lichen popnlinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 276.

Lichen fastigiatus, Engl. Bot. 890.

Lobaria populina, Hoffm. Germ. 140.

Parmelia fastigiata, dchar. Meth. Lich. 260.

Ramalina fastigiata, dcehar. Lich. Univ. 603.

~ On the trunks of old trees.

2. Ramalina scopulorum. Sea-shore branch-moss.

Thallus compressed, smooth, slightly pitted, branched,
pale grey; branches linear, slender; apothecia pedicelled,
of the same colour.

Lichen calicaris, Lin. S. P. 1613; Engl. Bot. 688.
Lichen scopulorum, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 18.

Parmelia scopulorum, Achar. Meth. Lich, 251.
Ramalina scopulorum, char. Lich. Univ. 604.

On rocks by the sea-side.

Pl. cell. aph. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZ:. 89. Ramalin. 407

B. cornuata. Branches cylindrical, compressed, seldom
divided, bent, knobbed, rather pipey, interwoven.

Coralloides fasciculare verrucosum et veluti siliquosum, Dillen Musc.
119.
Lichen siliquosus, Huds. 7. Angl. 559.
Parmelia siliquosa, Achr. Meth. Lich. 262.
Ramalina scopulorum, cornuata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 605.
On insulated rocks scattered on plains, as the Grey
wethers on Salisbury Plain.

3. Ramalina farinacea. Floury branch-moss-
Thallus cylindrical, compressed, bald, slightly pitted,
stiff, branched, whitish @rey, with soredia; branches linear,
slender ; apothecia scattered, pedicelled, flat, scarcely bor-

dered, whitish.

Lichenoides segmeniis angusttoribus ad margines verrucosis et pulveru-
Jentis, Dillen Musc. 172.

Lichen farinaceus, Lin. S. P. 1613; Engl. Bot. 889.

Lobaria farinacea, Hoffm. Germ. 139.

Parmelia farinacea, Achar, Meth. Lich. 263,

Ramalina farinacea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 606.

On the trunks and branches of trees.

Branches simple or divided, sometimes fringed and
slightly proliferous; sometimes short and slender, or lone
and strong, sometimes hanging; naked or covered with
rather elliptic soredia ; apothecia rarely occurring.

4. Ramalina pollinaria. Powdery branch-moss.

Thallus flat, slightly membranaceous, bald, rather pitted,
white, slightly hoary, jagged ; soredia dilated, flat, powdery;
apothecia “nearly terminal, growing dilated, very ‘large, sea-
green beneath; centre flesh- colour ; edge raised, slightly —
ent inwards.

Lichen pollinarius, dchar in N. Act. Stockh, 18, 263.

Lichen squarrosus, Persoon in Uster Ann. Bot, 14, 35.

Lobaria squarrosa, Hoffm. Germ. 139.

Lobaria dilacerata, Hoffm. Germ. 140.

Parmelia pollinaria, Achar. Meth. Lich. 264.

Ramalina potlinaria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 608.

On rocks and stones, old timber-work and trees.
b)

XI. 90. ALECTORIA. Acharius. Cockscomb-moss.

Thallus cartilaginous, nearly threadlike, inside towlike,
branched, prostrate or hanging; apothecia saucerlike, thick,
sessile, rather flat, bordered, convex, entirely formed of
the thallus, of the same Calcun and substance.

408 90. Alector. 3. HOMOTHALAMEZS. PI. cell. aph.

1. Alectoria jubata. Mane cockscomb-moss.

Thallus cylindrical, slightly shining, livid brown and
black, compressed at the joints; apothecia of the same co-
lour, growing convex, border not in the least cut.

Lichenoides quod Muscus corallinus saxatilis feeniculaceus, Raii Syn.
65,7.

Usnea jubata nigricans, Dill. Musc. 64.

Lichen jubatus, Lin. S. P. 1622; Engl. Bot. 1880.

Usnea jubata, Hoffm. Germ. 134.

Parmelia jubata, Achar. Meth. Dich. 272.

Alectoria jubata, Achar, Lich. Univ. 592.

On the trunks and branches of old trees.

2. Alectoria chalybeiformis. Tron-wire cockscomb-moss.
Thallus and branches rather simple, bent, straggling,
tufted, stiffish, lead black, lying down. -

Lichenoides quod Muscus caule rigido instar fili chalybei, Rati Syn-

65, 2.
: Lichen chalybeiformis, Lin. S. P. 1623.

Lichen jubatus 6, Engl. Bot. 1880.

Usnea implexa, Hoffm. Germ. 134.

Usnea chalybeiformis, Hoffm. Germ. 135.

Parmelia jubata 6, Achar. Meth. Lich. 273.

Alectoria jubata chalybeiformis, Achar. Lich. Univ, 595.

On banks, palings, trees, and rocks.

3. Alectoria sarmentosa. Runner cockscoml-moss.

Thallus rather cylindrical, angularly pitted, two-forked,
pale. whitish, tips much branched, weak, very slender ;
apothecia slightly concave, livid, hoary, afterwards spread
out flat.

Usnea loris longis dichotomis, extremitatibus tenuioribus, Dillen Musc.

Lichen sarmentosus, Achar. Prod. 180; Engl. Bot. 2040.
Lichen dichotomus, 4char. Prodr. 181,

Usnea dichotoma, Hoffm. Germ. 134.

Parmelia sarmentosa, dchar. Meth. Lich. 271.

Ramalina sarmentosa, Achur. Lich. Univ. 595.

On the trunks and branches of trees, and on rocks.

Fam. IV. 4. CENOTHALAME. Lichenes cenotha-
lami, Acharius. Algarum pars, Linnzeus.
Lichenum pars, Jussieu.

Thallus crustaceous or leatherlike; sporidia scattered,
innate in the substance, and in a naked proligerous flake of
a different colour placed upon the thallus, without any
internal nucleus or perithecium.—Thallus perennial, ter-
restrial or parasitic, greenish or becoming so when wetted ;
absorbing water by the surface, and transmitting it to all
parts.

Pi. cell. aph. 4, CENOTHALAMEE, 409

A. Apothecia nearly globose, not bordered, terminating a
solid podetium. Beemycider.

Thallus shrublike, branched, cartilaginous ;

lark crustaceous, unequal.......... STEREOCAULON. 91.
Thadlus rather crustaceous, uniform,

lying close; apothecia at first bordered.... . IsrpruMm. 92..
Thallus crustaceous, uniform, close;

podetia soft; apothecia large ........54.. B£MYCES. 93.

B. Apothecia nearly globose, not bordered, terminating a
hollow, cylindricaé thallus or podetium. Cenomycide.

Thallus cylindrical, soft, awlshape ;

aniiice not periorated” ili 5idi) isle ie oielt CERANIA. 94,
Thallus leaflike, very small; podetia car-

tilaginous, stiff, awlshape ; axille mostly

ACP OR ALCS SE yc ne wie ooo c dansial eveiMave CLapontia. 95.
Thallus leaflike; podetia cylindrical;

apex fringed, radiated, rays fertile ..... HeLopopia. 96.
Thallus leaflike; podetia dilated above,

enplikeseuproper ... ci. oe . SCHASMARIA. 97.
Thallus leaflike; podetia dilated above,

emplike.cenprclosed 3.0.0... si) [éiaid as A ScyPHOPHORA. 98..
Thallus crustlike, uniform;

moaciia. hollow, short. 0.7.2.0. 06) PycNoTHELIA. 99.

C. Apothecia shieldlike, bordered, lateral ; thallus nearly
crustaceous, branched. Evernides.

Thallus compressed, inside towlike;
apothecia sessile, circumference raised .... Evernta. 100.

D. Apothecia shieldlike, bordered; thallus leatherlike,
cartilaginous, leafy. Peltideze.

Apoth, adnate, terminal, ascending ;

thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded........ PEtrIDEA. 103.
Apoth. adnate, terminal, resupinate ;

thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded ...... NEPHROMA. 102.
Apoth. adnate, subcentral, discoid ;

thallus leaflike, lobed, expanded........ Sotorina. 104.

Apothecia sessile, lateral ;
thallus branched, inside towlike ...... .» Rocetua. 101.

Al1OD ° 4, CENOTHALAME. Pl. cell. aph.

Apoth. sessile, oblique, marginal ;

thalius leatlike, smooths... 6.4.24 ... CEeTRARIA. 106.
Apoth. rather pedicelled, free ;

thallus cartilaginous; lobes fringed ..... Borrerta. 107.
Apothecia nearly sessile, edge free;

thal. \eaflike, interspersed with soredia ..... Sricra. 105.
Apothecia nearly sessile, edge tree ;

thal. \eaflike, tips inflated ; soredia 0. ..... Puyscia. 108.
Apothecia nearly sessile, edge free;

thallus leaflike, tips equal; soredia 0 .... ParmeEtza. 109.

EK. Apothecia shieldlike, bordered ; thalius crustaceous,
adnate. Lecideadeex.

Thallus figured, scaly, tiled-like, ;
raised high around the apothecia ....... Psoroma. 110.
Thallus figured, lobed, raised

high around the apothecia ..... vo seee LE LACODIUM. 114 .
Lhallus uniform, raised high

around the apothecia ....... PA teats . Rrnopina. 112.
Thallus uniform, elevated around

the immersed apothecia ............ Urceouartia. 113.
Thallus figured or leaflike ;

apothecia not sunk in the thallus ....... Lepipoma. 114.°

Thallus uniform; apothecia not sunk in Lecipga. 115.

F. Apothecia flattish, plaited, bordered; thallus shield-
like, free underneath. Gyrophoridez.

Thallus leatherlike ;
apoih. meandering plaited .......... GyropHora. 116.

G. Apothecia flaltish, difform, not lordered ; thallus
crustaceous, flat, adnate. Spilomideee.

Apothecia round, black, solid..... ... ARTHONIA. 117.
Apothecia coloured, powdery ......... SpiLoma. 118.

Ei. Apothecia cupshaped, bordered ; thallus crustaceous, or
very thin, Calicideee.

Apothecia nearly sessile...... see bed .. AcoLiumM. 119.
Apothecia stipitate, border prominent PHacotiuMm. 120.
Apothecia stipitate, centre swollen ;

OGM eIO wes. cages ya old va Gp teed SDRONGMEIUM.) 121.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ:. 91. Stereoc. 411

A. Bmomycipem. Apothecia nearly round, not bor-
dered, piaced upon a solid podetium.

Ber git STEREOCAULON. Schreber. Siereocaulon.

Thallus cartilaginous, rather woody, branched, shrub-
like, bark unequal; apothecia topshape, sessile, solid, flat
at top, bordered, becomes hemispherically convex; proli-
gerous fiake thick, covering the apothecium at top, flat,
girt nearly equally with a border formed of the thallus,
then dilated, convex, covering the border, turning over,
coloured ; inside similar, slightly streaked.

1. Stereocaulon paschale. Easter stereocaulon.
Thallus greyish green, branched, granulated, fibrilled ;
branches crowded, much divided, short; apothecia scattered,
terminal, becoming convex, conglomerated, blackish
brown. ;
’ Lichennides non tubulosum cinereum ramosum totum crustaceum, Rait

Syn. 66, 11.

Lichen paschalis, Zin. S. P. 16213; Engl. Bot. 282.

Beomyces paschalis, Wahlenb. Lapp. 450.

Corallinoides paschale, Hoffm. Lich. 25.

Stereocaulon paschale, Achar. Meth. 315; Lich. 581.

On dry hills and rocks on mica or lava.

2. Stereocaulon nanum. Dwarf stereocaulon.

Thallus white, greyish, very slender, thread, branched ;
branches nearly even-topped, flocky, powdery ; apothecia la-
teral, crowded, convex, black brown.

Lichen quisquiliaris, Leers Fl. Herborn, 993.

Lichen nanus, Achar. Prod. 206.

Stereocaulon quisquilare, Hoffm. Germ. 130.
Stereocaulen nanum, Achar. Meth. 515; Lichen. 582.

On the ground, in rocky countries.
Tufts a quarter of an inch high.

II]. 92. ISIDIUM. Acharius. - Isis- lichen.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; po-
detia solid, fertile, rather short; apothecia round, convex,
growing nearly globular, solid, sessile on the top of the
podetia; proligerous flake included in the tip of the podetia,
girt with a border formed of them, convex above, flat be-
neath, coloured, afterwards prominent, bordered, hemi-

spherical; inside similar.

412 992. Isidium. 4. CHNOTHALAME/. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Isidium corallinum. Coral isis-lichen.

Crust tartarlike, afterwards cracked rather chequerlike,
white, rather greyish; podetia become longish, cylindrical,
simple or branched ; ; flake of the apothecia | ‘brownish grey.

Lichen corallinus, Lin. Mant. 131; Engl. Bot. 1541.

Stereocaulon madreporiforme, Hoffm. Germ. 129.

Stereocaulon corallinum, Schrad. Germ.
Isidium corallinum, Achar. Meth. 1533 Lichen, 575.

On rocks and stones.

2. Isidium Westringii. Westring’s isis-lichen.

Crust tartarlike, chequer ed, cracked, unequal, greyish ;
podetia nearly globular, afterwards long, cylindrical, simple
or branched; flake of the apothecia brown.

Lichen punctatus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 3,15,

Lichen Westringii, Achar. Prodr. 88.
Isidium Westringii, char, Meth. 1388; Lich. 517,

On rocks and stones.

3. Isidium coccodes. Lady-bird isis-lichen.

Crust cracked, rather powdery, hoary; podetia nearly
globular, nippleshape, very crowded; flake of the apothecia
brown, greyish hoary.

Lichen coccodes, Achar. Prod. 10.
Lepra obscura, Ehrh. Crypt.
Asidium coccodes, Achar, Meth. 139; Lich. 578.

On the old bark of trees.

Ill. 938. BHOMYCES. Ehrhart. Mushroom-lichen.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate; podelia soft,
solid, fertile; apothecia headed, not bordered, solid, sessile
on the top of the podetia ; proligerous flake covering the
entire apothecium, adnate to it, convex, turned back, rather
thick, coloured; inside similar.

1. Beomyces roseus. Rose mushroom-lichen.

Crust uniform, warty, hoary; podetia very short; apothecia
nearly globular, ‘pale flesh-colour.

Lichenoides fungiforme, crusta leprosa candida CoBitus | et pediculis
incarnatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 10, 40.

Lichen ericetorum, Lin. 8S. P. 1608; Engl. Bot. 572.
Bzomyces roseus, "Achar. Lich. Univ, 572.

On dry clays. b

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 93. Beomyc. 413
2. Beomyces rufus. Red mushroom-lichen.
Crust uniform, wrinkled, granular, powdery, white,

greyish, greenish; podetza short, slightly compressed; apo-

thecia slightly convex, growing conglomerate, reddish
brown.

Lichenoides fungiforme terrestre, capitulis fuscis, Dillen in Raii Syn.
70, 39. “

Lichen byssoides, Lin. Mant, 135.

Lichen peltifer, Wulf.in Jacq. Coll. 3.

Lichen fungiformis, Veber. Fl, Germ. 196.

Lichen rufus, Huds. Fl. Angl, 527.

Bezomyces rupestris, Pers. in Uster Ann. 1,193 Achar. Lich. 573.

Bezomyces rufus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 449.

On gravelly soils, and in the chinks of rocks.

3. Beomyces lignorum. Wood mushroom-lichen.

Crust dark grey ; podetia white, broadest at top ; apothecia
nearly simple, sessile on the crust or on podetia, not uni-
form, brown black.

Beomyces rupestris 6, Achar, Lich. 513; Meth. 522,

B. CenomycipEx. Apothecia nearly round, not bor-
dered, either terminating hollow podetia, or the branches
of the tubular thallus itself...

IV. 94. CERANIA. Acharius. Horn-lichen.

Thallus scarcely any, crustaceous; podetia soft, nearly
solid, slightly branched, branches barren, axille not per-
forated; apothecia round, not bordered, growing convex
and like a head, underneath hollow, attached by the edge
to the podetia, terminal; proligerous flake forming the
upper part of the apothecia, rather thick, coloured, inside
similar, convex turned over the edge and affixed, clothed
beneath by the flocklike skin of the thallus.

Cerania vermicularis. Wormlike horn-lichen.

Podetia awlshaped, seldom branched, small, very white,
slightly pipey, bent, lying down.

Lichenoides tubulatus, nivei feré candoris, ramosus, apicibus recurvis
acutis, Dill. Musc. 91.

Lichen vermicularis, Swart. in Lin. Meth. Musc. 317; Dicks. Crypt. 2.

Lichen subuliformis, Ehrh. 3, 82.

Cladonia subuliformis, Hoffm. Lich. 29.

Beomyces vermicularis, 4ehar, Meth: 359.

Cenomyce vermicularis, Achar. Lich. 566.

On the ground, among mosses and grasses, mostly of
alpine hills. ;

414 95. Cladonia. 4. CENOPHALAMEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

V. 95. CLADONIA. Schreber. Cladonia.

Thallus leaflike, scarcely any; podetia cartilaginous, stiff,
pipey, all pointed and awlshape, branched axille mostly
perforated; apothecia round, not bordered, growing con-
vex and headlike, une naeatli hollow, terminal, fixed by
the edge to the podetia; prodigerous flake forming the upper
part of the apothecium, rather thick, coloured, inside simi-
lar, convex, turned over the edge and fastened! covered
beneath the flocklike skin of the thallus.

1. Cladonta racemosa. Bunched cladonia.

Podetia long, smooth, growing scaly, greenish white, at

length inflated, curved, branched; branches weak, rather
one-rowed ; tips diverging, slightly spinous ; fer tile branehes
with pale brown apothecia.

Lichenoides tubulcsum ramcesum rigidus, majus et crassus, cinereo-
fuscum, Rati Syn. 67, 16.

Muscus coralioides saxatilis, Park. 1310, 1311,

Lichen spinesus, Huds, Fl. dng!. 556.

Cladonia racemosa, Hoffm. Germ, 114

Cladonia spinosa, Hoffm. Germ. Lt4.

Cladonia spinescens, foffm. Germ. 115.

Beomyces spinosus, Achar. Heth. 568,

Beomyces racemosus, Wakl. Lapp. 457,

Cenomyce furcata, Achar. Lich, 562,

On the ground, and the trunks of rotten trees.

Thalius variously formed, se as to be scarcely recog-
nisable.

2. Cladonia furcata. Forked cladonia.

Podetia long, smooth, livid inclining to bay, two-forked,

axillee not per forated ; branches needlelike, bent; tips forked,
diverging; fertile branches with brown apothecia.

Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, ramosus et crustaceum, Rati Syn. 67,

18,
Lichen furcatus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 555,
Coralloides furcata, Bory. Voy: 3.
Cladonia furcata, Hoffm. Gerni. 115.
Beomyces furcatus, Achar, Meth, 337.
Cenomyce furcata, ‘Achar. Lich. 569.

On the ground, in woody heaths.

3. Cladonia subulata. Awlshape cladonia
Podetia long, slender, seldom branched; branches rather
erect; fertile branches headed with brown apothecia.

Pl. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. 95. Cladon. 415

Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, minus crustaceum minusque ramosum,
Raii Syn. 67, 17.

Muscus corniculatus, Ger. em. 1560; Park. 1308,

Lichen subulatus, Lin. S. P. 1620.

Baeomyces subulatus, Achar. Meth. 357.

Cenomyee ecmocyna subulata, -fchar. Lich. 550.

On the ground, on heaths.

4. Cladonia uncialis. Inck cladonia,

Padetia long, bald, pale, two-forked, axille perforated,
open; tips of the branches spreading, short, stiff; apothecia
terminal, brownish.

Lichenoides tubulosum, cauliculis mellioribus et crassioribus, minus,
Dillen in Raii Syn, 67, 2).

Lichen uncialis, Zin. S. P. 1621; Light/. Scot. $80.

Cladonia uncialis, Hoffm. Germ. 117.

Beomyces uncialis, char. Method. 352.

Cenomyce uncialis, Achar. Lich, 558.

On the ground in fields and hills.

8. adunca. Podetia pale or hoary, two-forked, branched;
axillee perforated; tips of the branches radiately spined,
spines hooked; apothecia headlike, pale brown.

Cladenia uncinata, Hoffm. Germ. 116.

Cladonia biuncialis, Hoffm. Germ. 116.

Cladonia ceranoides, Hoffm. Germ. 116,

Cenomyce adunca, Achar. Lich. Univ. 539.

5. Cladonia rangiferina. Rein-deer cladonia.

Podetia long, cylindrical, upright, roughish, greyish,
branched; axillee frequently perforated, branches scattered,
slightly twigged; twigs nearly radiate, tips nodding; apo-
thecia nearly globular, aggregated, brown.

Lichenoides tubulosum ramosissimum fruticuli specie candicans, Raii
Syn, 66, 14.
Coralloides montanum, fruticuli specie ubique candicans, Dill. Muse.
107.
Lichen rangiferinus, Lin. S. P. 1620; Engl, Bot. \73.
Cladonia rangiferina, Hoffm. Germ. 114.
Heomyces rangiferinus, char. Meth. 335,
Cenomyce rangiferina, 4ckar, Lich. 564.

On the ground on high hills.

6. Cladonia pungens. Stinging cladonia.

Podetia grey, two-forked branched, rather stiff, formin
a cushionlike tuft; axille imperforated; tips of the twigs
armed, diverging, brownish.

- Lichen pungens, Achar. Prod. 202.

Cladonia rangiformis, Hoffm. Germ. 114,

Beomyces rangiferinus pungens, Fahl. Lapp, 458.

Beomyces pungens, Achar, Meth. 354,

Cenosnyce furcata pungens, Achar. Lich, 562.

416 95.Cladon. 4. CHNOTHALAMEZE. Pl. cell.aph.

On the ground on high hills.
Podetia rather bald, slightly warty, sometimes scaly.

VI. 96. HELOPODIUM. Michaux. Helopodium.

Thallus leaflike; podetia rather pipey, cylindrical, simple ;
tips split, or radiated, nearly fingerlike, all the rays fertile;
apothecia round, not bordered, grows convex, headlike,
beneath hollow, fixed by the edge to the podetia, terminal ;
proligerous flake forming the upper part of the apothecium,
rather thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, edge turned
over and affixed, clothed. beneath with flocklike skin of
the thallus.

1. Helopodium delicatum. Delicate helopodium.

Thallus leaflike; lobes minute, gnawed, jagged, granu-
lar; podetia bald, granular, pale, divided at the tip;
branches very short; apoihecia conglomerate, brownish
black.

Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm. Lich. 39.

Lichen delicatus, Ehrh. Crypt. 25, 247.

Beomyces quercinus, Persoon in Uster Ann, 7,19.
Beomyces delicatus, char. Meth. 327.

Cenomyce delicata, 4char. Lich. Univ, 569.

On the bark and rotten trunks of trees; also on the
ground.

2. Helopodium leptophyllum. Scale-leaf helopodium.

Thallus leaflike; lobes very small, roundish, net cut and
crenate intermixed ; podetia scarcely branched, rather bald,
pale greenish; apothecium terminal, usually single, reddish.

Cenomyee leptophylla, Achar. Lichen, Univ. 563.

On the ground.

VII. 97. SCHASMARIA. Acharius. Schasmar.

Thallus leaflike ; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cupshaped,
cups open; apothecia round, not bordered, grow convex,
headlike, inflated or hollow beneath, fixed by the edge to
the podetia, terminal; proligerous flake forming the top of
the apothecium, rather thick, coloured, inside similar, con-
vex turned over the edge and affixed; clothed beneath with
the flocklike skin of the thalius.

Schasmaria sparassa. Sprinzkled schasmar.
Thalius leaflike, small, lobed, crenate; podetia long, ra-
ther bellied, granulated, warty, scaly, cupbearing, cups

Phvcell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZS. 97. Schasm. 417

rather saucershaped, irregular, open, toothed; prolific
teeth radiated; apothecia on the podetia; pale brown.

Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, valde crustaceum, ramulis breviori«
bus, et crebrioribus ex acetabulis enascentibus, Dillen in Rati Syn. 68, 26.

Lichen cxspitosus, Lamarck Encycl.

Lichen ventricosus, Hudson Angl. 554.

Lichen squamulosus, Schrader Kr. Saml.

Cladonia squamosa, Hoffm. Germ. 125.

Cladonia coronata, Hoffm. Germ, 125.

Beomyces squamosus, Wahl. Lapp. 456.

Bzomyces sparassus «, 6; y, Achar, Meth. 346.

Cenomyce gonorege blastica, Achar. Lich. 552.

Cenomyce allotropa sparassa, Achar. Lich. 556.

On the trunks of rotten trees.

Podetia rather bald, pale, made rough by numerous gra-
nules and leafy scales; in summer very different, greyish
almost black, with cups at the beginning scarcely cut, and

very small.

VIII. 98. SCYPHOPHORA. Acharius. Cup-moss.

Thallus leaflike; podetia pipey, dilated at top, cup-bear-
ing, or slender, awlshape; cups closed with a midriff; apo-~
thecia round, bordered, growing convex, headlike, hollow
underneath; fixed by the edge to the podetia; proligerous
flake forming the upper surface of the apothecium, rather
thick, coloured, inside similar, convex, turned over the
edge and affixed, clothed underneath with the flocklike in-
tegument of the thallus.

a. Apothecia brown or pale.

1. Scyphophora cespiticia. Tuft cup-moss.

Thallus leaflike, small; jaggs pinnatifid, torn, crisp ; po-
detia very small, smooth, slightly bordered, toplike, cup-
shape, regular; apothecia growing convex, conglomerate,
nearly sessile in the lobes of the thallus.

Lichen symphycarpus, Ehrh. Crypt. 267.

Lichen epiphyllus, Achar. Prodr. 185.

Beomyces epiphyllus, Achar. Meth. 525.

Beomyces epiphyllus, Persoon in Uster Ann, 7, 255.

Cladonia fusca, Hoffm. Germ, 127.

Capitularia cespiticia, Florke in Weber, 2,277.

Cenomyce epiphylla, Achar. Lichen. Univ, 527.

On the ground and rotten trees, also among mosses, and
upon rocks.

kQ
A

VOL. I.

418 98. Scyphoph. 4. CENOTHALAME:. Pl, cell. aph.

2. Scyphophora alcicornis. Elk-horn cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, large, pale, greenish; jags slightly pal-
mate, ascending, repand, toothed, blunt, bent inwards, with
bundles of hairs on the edge; podedia long, toplike, all cup-
bearing, smooth; cups regular, crenate; edge becoming
leafy, and proliferous; apothecia brown.

Lichenoides cartilaginosum, tubulis et pyxidulis exiguis, Dillen in Ratt
Syn. 10, 38. 4

Lichen fotiaceus, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed..1, 457.

Lichen pyxidatus foliaceus, Huds. Angl, ed. 2, 552.

Lichen alcicornis, Lightf..Scot. 372: _ \

Cladonia foliacea, Hoffm. Germ. 123.

Cladonia phyllophora, Hoffm. Germ. 123.

Cladonia cornucopioides, Hoffm. Germ. 123.

Capitularia alcicornis, Florke in Weber, 2, 336.

Beomyces alcicornis, Achar. Meth, 349.

Cenomyce damzcornis, char, Lich. Univ. 530.

Cenomyce alcicornis, Achar. Lich. Univ, 529.

On the ground on heaths and mountainous places.

3. Scyphophora endiviefolia. Endive-leaf cup-moss.

Thallus leaflike, large, sea-greenish ; jags many-cut, bent,
crenate, crisp; podetia toplike, cupshape, seldom branched ;
apothecia reddish. :

Lichen endivifolius, Dickson Crypt. Br. 3, 1%.
Beomyces endivifolius, Achar. Meth. 351.
Cenomyces endivifolia, Achar. Lich, 528.

On the ground, on barren heaths.

4. Scyphophora cervicornis. Stags-horn cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, greyish green; jags upright, many-cut,
narrow, slightly toothed, repand ; podetza cylindrical, short,
bald, livid, afterwards black, all cupbearing; cups small,
regular, dilated, not in the least cut, 'flattish ; proliferous

from the centre; dpothecia marginal, sessile, brownish black,
Lichen cervicornis, char. in Act. Stockh. 22, 342,
Bzomyces cervicornis, Achar. Method. 336.
Cenomyce cervicornis, Achar. Lich. 531.

Upon the ground, on rocks and among mosses.
Cups sometimes simple, sometimes proliferous from the
centre of the midriff; podetia when old leafy.

5. Seyphophora verticillata. Whirl cup-moss.

Thallus leaflike; jags rather upright, crisp, crenately
cut; podetza cylindrical, rather bald, livid greenish, alk
cup-bearing; cups regular, toothed, flattish, then rising
up from the centre, and becoming repeatedly and aggre-
gatedly proliferous; apothecia marginal, brown.

Pl. ceil. aph. 4.CENOTHALAMEZE. 98. Scyphoph. 419

Lichen pyxidatus, Ehrh. Saml. Kr. [
Capituiaria verticillata, Florke in Weber, 2, 285.
Cladonia cristata, Hoffm. Germ. 124... ~

Cladonia pyxidata, Hoffm. Germ. 122.

Cladonia dilatata, Hoffm. Germ. 126.

Pyxidaria nigrescens, Bory Voyag. 3.

Pyxidaria diploca, Bory Voyag. 3.

Scyphophorus verticillaris, Michaux Fl. Amer, Supp.
Bzomyces verticillatus, Wahlenb. Lapp.

Bzomyces pyxidatus apolictus, Achar. Meth. 338.
Bzomyces turbinatus verticillatus, Achar. Meth. 340.
Cenomyce allotropa verticillata, Achar. Lich. 555.

Upon the ground in rocky, woody, and sunny places.

6. Scyphophora pyxidata. -. Box. cup-moss.

Thallus leaflike ; jags crenate, ascending ; podetia all top-
like cupbearing, bald, afterwards granular, warty, rough,
greenish grey; cup regular; edge frequently spread and
proliferous; apothecia brown.

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum cinereum, Raié Syn, 68, 28.

Muscus pyxidatus, Ger. em. 1560; Park. 1308.

Lichen pyxidatus, Lin. S. P. 1619.

Capitularia neglecta, Florke in Weber, 2, 506.

Beomyces neglectus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 454.

Bezomyces pyxidatus, Achar. Meth, 357.

Cenomyce pyxidata, Achar. Lich. Univ. 534.

Cup-moss. Chalice-moss,

On the ground in heaths, and on rocks.

Podetia various, sometimes pale or lead-grey, when old
the edge of the cups becomes powdery.—Emetic in in-

fusion, used as a specific in hooping cough.

7. Scyphophora fimbriata. Fringed cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike; jags small, crenate; podetia long, cylin-
drical, cupbearing, some awlshape, dusty, white; cups
wineglass-shape, regular; edge sometimes not cut, some-
times crenate, at last proliferous; apothecia brown.
Coralloides scy phiforme gracile, marginibus serratis, Dilien Musc, 84.
Lichen fimbriatus, Lin. S. P. 1619.
Lichenoides tubulosum proliferum, marginibus serratis, Dillen in Rait
Syn. 69, 30.
Capitularia pyxidata longipes fimbriata, Florke in Weber, 2, 290.
Cladonia fimbriata, Hoffm. Germ. 122.
Bezomyces iimbriatus, Achar. Meth. 341.

Beomyces pyxidatus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 455.
Cenomyce pyxidata fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 535.

Upon rotten trees, and the ground on rocks and moun-
tains.
2ZE 2

420 98: Scyphoph. 4.CENOTHALAMEZE. Plicell.aph.

8. radiata. Podetia long, powdery, white, cupbearing ;
cups radiated on the edge, rays awlshape, mostly fertile ;
apothecia brown. 7

Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum, pulverulentum et crustaceum, ramulis
ex acetabulis enascentibus minus copiosis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 68, 25.

Lichen radiatus, Schreb. Germ.

Lichen ventricosus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 554.

Capitularia pyxidata longipes radiata, Florke in Weber, 2, 300.

Cladonia radiata polyceras, Hoffm. Germ. 120.

Cladonia radiata furcellato-radiata, Hoffm. Germ, 120.

Beomyces radiatus, Achar. Lich. Univ. 542.

Cenomyce Fadiata, Achar. Lich, Univ. 547.

y- abortiva. Podetia long, powdery, white; tips blunt,
or slightly cupbearing; cups slightly crenate, barren or
fertile; apothecia small, nearly sessile, brown.

Lichenoides tubulosum cinereum non ramosum, Raii Syn. 68, 27.

Capitularia pyxidata longipes abortiva, Florke in Weber, 2, 294.

Cladonia cornuta, Hoffm. Germ. 119.

Beomyces cornutus proboscidalis, 4char. Meth. 344.

Cenomyce cornuta proboscidalis, Achar. Lich. 546,

Cenomyce radiata holoschista, Achar. Lich. 547.

2. filularia. Podetia long, nearly cylindrical, powdery,
white; cups narrow or 0; apothecia sessile, heaped, or
slightly pedicelled, brown.

Lichen Fibula, Achar, Prod. 194.

Capitularia pyxidata longipes Fibula, Florke im Weber, 2,295,

Cladonia macilenta, Fibula, Hoffm. Germ. 127.

Beomyces turbinatus, Fibula, Achar. Meth. 340.

Beomyces bacillaris-apolepta, Achar. Meth, 350.

Cenomyce bacillaris apolepta, Achar. Lich, 542.

Cenomyce allotropa, Fibula, Achar. Lich. 554.

«. prolifera. Podetia powdery, white, cupbearing; cups
proliferous on the edge.

' Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis fusconigris, proliferum,
Dillen. in Rati Syn. 69,34. —

Capitularia pyxidata longipes prolifera, Florke in Weber, 302.

Cladonia pyxidata prolifera, Hoffm. Germ, 122.

Cenomyce allotropa lomagona, Achar. Lich. Un. 555.

ra TGMMOTERG- Podetia long, branched, powdery, white,
branches divided, awlshape, barren or fertile; apothecia
terminal, solitary or conglomerated, brown.

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis fusconigris, Dillen Musc.
81.

Capitularia pyxidata longipes cladocarpa, Florke in Weber, 293.

Baomyces radiatus nemoxynus, Achar. Meth. 342.

Cenomyce radiata nemoxyna, Achar. Lich. 548.

Cenomyce radiata contortuplicata, Achar. Lich, 548.

y. cornuta. Podetia long, awlshape, simple or branched,
powdery, white, sometimes barren. ;

Pl. ceil. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMELE. 98. Seyphoph. 421

Coralloides vix ramosum, scyphis obscuris, Dillen Musc. 90.
Coralloides scyphiforme cornutum, Déllen Musc, 92.

Lichen cornutus, Lin. §. P. 1620, fal
Capitularia pyxidata longipes eornuta, Florke in Weber, 293.
Cladonia cornuta, Hoffm. Germ. 119. ;
Bzomyces cornutus, Achar. Meth, 345.

Cenomyce cornuta chordalis, Achar, Lich. 545,

3. Scyphophora conista. Cone cup-moss.

Podetia nearly topshape, powdery, greenish grey; cups
wineglass-shape, simple, edge rarely cut; apothecta mar-
ginal, nearly sessile, small, brown.

Capitularia pyxidata, Florke in Weber, 287.

On the ground, and rotten trunks of trees.

8. exilis. Lobes of the thallus small, crénate, cut or
somewhat seedlike; podetia short, greyish green; cups cre~
nate or not cut; apothecia very few, nearly sessile, brown.

_ Coralloides scyphis humilibus intus fuscis, Dillen Muse, 14, 11.

Lichen exiguus, Huds. Fl. dngl. 552.

Capitularia pyxidata exilis, Mlorke in Weber, 289.

Cladonia pyxidata exilis, Hoffm. Germ. 121.

Beomyces pyxidatus exilis, Achar. Meth. 358.

‘Cenomyce pyxidata exilis, Achar. Lich. 555.

9. Scyphophora ecmocyna. Long-stemmed cup-moss.

Thaltus \eaflike, jags small; crenate; podetia long, awl-
shape, barren, cupbearing, smooth, livid, brownish; cups
glass-shape, edge fine-toothed, frequently proliferous; apo-
thecia brown.

Cenomyce ecmocyna, Achar. Lich. Un. 549.

On the ground, and rotten trunks of trees.

B. gracilis, Podetia longish, threadshape, very simple,
few, cupbearing; cups narrow, edge small-toothed; apo-
thecia small, sometimes both sessile and podicilled.

Lichenoides pyxidatum cinereum elativs, ramulis pyxidatum desinenti-
‘us, Dillen in Raii Syn. 69, 32.

Lichen gracilis, Lin. S. P. 1619.

Capitularia gracilis chordalis, Florke in Weber, 2, 524,

Cladonia gracilis, Floffm. Germ. 119.

Beomyces gracilis, 4char. Meth. 344.

Cenomyce connuta chordalis, Achar. Lich. 545.

Cenomyce ecmocyna gracilis, Achar. Lich. 550.

-10. Seyphophora oxyceras. Sharp-horned cup-mioss.

Thallus \eaflike, scarcely any; podetia long, cylindrical,
curved, lying down, cupbearing; prolification branched,
awlshape, bald, pale, milky, tips brownish black; cups nar-
row, oblique, edge toothed, radiated and proliferous; apo-
thecia small, brown,

422 98. Scyphoph. 4. CENOTHALAMES. Pl.cell.aph.

Capitularia amaurocrw#a, Florke in Weber, 2, 334.
Bzomyces amaurocreus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 455.
Cenomyce uncialis bolacina, Achar. Eich, 559.
Cenomyee oxycera, char. Lich, 557.

On the ground, on mountains.

8. cladonioides. FPodetia upright, slender, straw-whitish,
slightly forked, branched, bald, unarmed and _ spinous;
cups narrow, edge black, radiated and proliferous.

Capitularia amaurocrea cladonioides, Florke in Weber, 335.
Baomyces gracilis cladonioides, Achar. Meth. 545.

b. Apothecia scarlet, or dark red.

11. Scyphophora bacillaris. Stick cup-moss.

Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply lobed, crenate, rather
naked below; fodetia cylindrical, simple or slightly
branched at the tip, greyish white, granular powdery, very
rarely cupbearing; cups narrow, becoming radiated; apo-
thecia scarlet.

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum exiguum, -fuscovirens, Rati Syn. 70,37.
Lichen macilentus, Ehrh. Crypt. 27, 267.

Lichen tubiformis, Lightf. Scot. 871.

Lichen filiformis, Huds. Fl. Angl. 552; Engl. Bot. 2028.

Capitularia macilenta, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 214,

Bezomyces macilentus, Wahlenb. Lapp. 452.

Bezomyces bacillaris, Achar, Meth. 529.

Cenomyce bacillare, Achar. Lich. 542.

12. Scyphophora digitata. Fingered cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, small; jags expanded, rounded, cre-
nate, greenish yellow, powdery; podetza cylindrical, cup-
bearing, same colour as the thallus, also powdery; cups
narrow, edge rather bent in, proliferous, growing large,
with difform prolifications; apothecia scarlet.

Capitularia digitata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 216.
Cladonia digitata, Hoffm. Germ. 124.

Beomyces digitatus, Achar. Meth. 333.

Cenomyce deformis digitata, dchar. Lich. 539. —

On the trunks of trees, and rotten wood.

@. monirosa. Podetia with branched, fingered, sometimes
barren prolifications of the irregular and extremely small
cups.

Lichenoides coralliforme, apicibus coccineis, Rati Syn. 68, 24.
Lichen digitatus, Lin. S. P. 1620. “5.
Scarlet-headed moss.

13. Scyphophora deformis. | Deformed cup-moss.
Thallus leaflike, small; jags rather broad, deeply cre-
nate, naked underneath; podetia longish thick, rather bel=

Pi.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ.. 98.Scyphoph. 423

lied, sulphur-coloured, dusty, cupbearing; cups narrow,
crenately toothed, ‘afterwards dilated and torn; apothecia
sessile and podicilled, scarlet.

Lichenoides tubulosum minus ramosum, cauliculis crassioribus difformi-
~bus, Raii Syn. 68, 22. .

Lichenoides tubulosum magis ramosum, maxime difforme, Dillen in Raii

Syn. 68,23,

Lichen deformis, Zin. S. P. 1620.

Capitularia crenulata, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 219.

Cladonia deformis, Hoffm. Germ. 120.

Bzomyces deformis, Achar. Meth. 334.

Cenomyce deformis, Achar. Lich. 538.

Upon the ground in mountain woods.

14. Scyphophora coccifera. _ Ladybird cup-mess.

Thallus leaflike, small; jags rounded, crenate, naked be-
neath; podetia long, topshape, naked, warty, rough, pale
yellowish and greyish, all cupbearing; cups glass-shape ;
edge pushed out, fertile; apothecia rather large, growing
podicilled, scarlet.

Lichenoides tubulosum pyxidatum, tuberculis amcene coccineis, Raié
Syn, 69, 35.

Lichen cocciferus, Lin. S. P, 1618.

Capitularia extensa, Flurke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 222.

Cladonia coccinea, Hoffm. Germ. 123.

(ladonia extensa, Hoffm. Germ. 123, --

Bezomyces cocciferus, Achar. Meth, 331.-

Cenomyce coccifera, Achar. Lich. 537.

On the ground on mountains, and sunny, woody hills.

15. Scyphophora asotea. Leafless cup-moss.

Thallus \eaflike, small, jags rounded, crenate, naked be-
neath ; podetia reverse-conical, cupshape, naked, afterwards
warty, rough, grey or greenish yellow; cups regular, glass-
shape, proliferous in heaps from the centre of the midriff;
apothecia of the edges small, sessile, grow slightly podi-
cilled, large, scarlet. ;

Capitularia asotea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 225.

Beomyces caccifera asotea, Achar. Meth. 332.-

Bezomyces coccifera polycephala, Achar. Meth, 332.
Cenomyce coccifera asotea, Achar. Lich. 537.

On the ground, with the preceding. _

8. cornucopioides. Podetia short, cupshape; cups dilated,
from the midriff, edge crisp, leaflike; apothecia slightly po-
dicilled, scarlet, crowned, growing proliferous.

Lichenoides pyxidatum, marginibus eleganter foliatis, Dillen in Ratz
Syn. 69, 33.

Lichen cornucopioides, Lin. S. P. 1619.
Beomyces cornucopivides, Achar. Meth, 533.
Cenomyce coccifera cornucopivides, 4char. Lich. 538.

424 98.Scyphoph. 4. CENOTHALAMEA, Pl.cell.aph.

16. Scyphophora pleurota. Swollenside cup-moss.

Thallus leaflike, small; jags deeply crenate, naked be-
neath; podetia reverse conical, cupshape, powdery, white,
pale greenish; cups enlarged, grow swollen, slightly ribbed ;
edge scarcely cut, afterwards sinuated and radiated; apo-
thecia slightly podicilled, scarlet.

Capitularia pleurota, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 218.
Cladonia incana, Hoffm. Germ. 121.

Beomyces pleurotus, Wahlenb. Lapp, 452.

Bzomyces pyxidatus macroscyphus, Achar. Meth, 338.

On sunny ground, and rotten wood.

17. Scyphophora bellidiflora. Daisy-flower cup-moss.

Thallus \eaflike, small; jags deeply crenate, naked be-
low ; podetza long, cylindrical, stiff, bald, leaflike-scaly, pale,
all cupbearing; cups narrow, edge fertile and proliferous;
apothecia very crowded, conglomerate, scarlet. |

- Lichen bellidiflorus, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 22, 218.
Capitularia bellidiflora, Florke Berl. Mag. 1808,.224.
Bzomyces bellidiflorus, Achar. Meth. 335,

Cenomyce coccocephala bellidiflora, Achar. Lich. 540,

On the ground in hilly and mountainous places.

IX. 99. PYCNOTHELIA. Acharius. Pycnothelia.

Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform; podetia hollow; apo-
thecia round, not bordered, convex, headlike, hollow be-
neath, fixed by the edge, terminal; proligerous flake form-
ing the upper part of the apothecium, rather thick, co-
loured, inside similar, convex, turned over the edge and
fastened, clothed beneath with the flocklike integument of
the thallus.

Pycnothelia papillaria. Papillary pycnothelia,

Thallus nearly crustlike, uniform, granulated, grey; po-
detia bellied, bald, white, simple and branched; branches
short, confluent, nearly equal-topped ; apothecia small, red-
dish brown.

Lichen papillaria, EArh. 2, 105.

Cladonia papillaris, Hoffm. Germ. 117.

Cladonia molariformis, Hoffm. Germ. 117.

Bzomyces papillaris, ¢char. Meth, 324.

Bzomyces papillaris molariformis, Achar. Meth. 325.

Cenomyce papillaria, Achar. Lich. 571.

Cenomyce papillaria molariformis, Achar. Lich. 571.

On the ground upon muddy and dry ground.

x

Pi, cell, aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEAE. 100, Evernia. 425

C. Evernipez, Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched ;
apothecia shieldshape, bordered, lateral.

X. 100. EVERNIA. Acharius. Evernia.

Thallus nearly crustaceous, branched, jagged, angular
or compressed, flat; rather upright or pendulous, inside
towlike ; apothecia saucershape, sessile, raised up around;
proligerous flake forming the centre, thin, concave, coloured,
inside similar, bent in, with a thalloid border exceeding it.

Evernia prunastri. Plum-tree evernia.

Thallus palish white; jags two-forked, many-cut, ascend-
ing almost upright, linear, narrow, flat, wrinkled, hollow;
underneath very white, slightly grooved; apothecia reddish
in the centre.

Lichenoides arboreum ramosum majus et mollius, colore candicante,
Rait Syn, TH, 80.

Lichen arborum, Ger. em. 1377, fig. only.

Lichen prunastri, Lin. S. P. 1614; Engl. Bot. 859.

Lichen stictaceros, Engl. Bot. 1355,

Lichen cerniculatus, Relh. Cantad.

Lobaria prunastri, Hoffm. Germ. 140.

Parmelia prunastri, Achar. Meth. 257.

Evernia prunastri, Achar. Lich. 442.

On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings.

Cephalodia black, sometimes occur in the tips of the jags,

and scattered; soredia white, also found in very old plants.

D. Pe.tivem. Thallus \eatherlike, cartilaginous or
leaflike; apothecia shieldlike, bordered.

XI. 101. ROCCELLA. Imperati. Rock-moss.

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, branched, jagged, cy-
lindrical or flat, erect or pendulous, inside towlike; apo-
thecia saucershape, thick, innate in the thallus; proligerous
flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, cartila-
ginous; inside transparent, similar, girt with a thalloid
border, at last prominent, sessile, and even with the centre,
covering a black, compact, powdery rather lentilshape
mass hidden within the substance of the thallus.

1. Roccella tinctorza. Dyeing rock-moss.

Thallus cylindrical, sea-greenish, rather upright, branch-
ed; apothecia scattered, raised; centre flat, greyish, hoary,
even with the thalloid border.

426 101. Roccel. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE. Pl.cell. aph.

Coralloides corniculatum faseiculare tinctorium fuci teretis facie, Dil-
fen Musc. 120. |

Lichen Roccella, Lin. S. P..1622; Engl. Bot. 211.

Parmelia Roccella, Achar. Meth. 274.

Roccella tinctoria, Achar. Lich. Univ. 439.

On rocks by the sea-side.
Thallus used in dyeing, when ‘moistened with urine or
volatile alkali, to dye a beautiful but perishable purple, and
to give a fine bloom to other colours. — ak tS "
2. Roccella phycopsis. Tanglike rock-moss.
Thallus cylindrical, compressed, rather angular, grey
greenish, very much branched; lranches and twigs nearly
even-topped ; apothecia scattered, centre hoary, flat, at last
naked, black; thalloid border slightly irregular, very small.
Lichen fucoides, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 2, 22.
Roccella phycopsis, Achar. Lich, 440.

On rocks by the sea-side.

3. Roccella fuctformis. Wracklike rockmoss.
Thallus flat, grey, greenish, two-forked, jagged; jags
narrow; apothecia marginal.

re
Lichenoides fuciforme tinctorium, corniculis longioribus et acutioribus,
Dillen Musc. 168.
Lichen fuciformis, Lin. S. P. 1614; Engl. Bot. (28.
Parmelia fuciformis, Achar. Meth. 258.
Roccella fuciformis, Achar. Lich, 440,

On rocks by the sea.

XII. 102. NEPHROMA. Acharius. Kidney-moss.

Thallus \eaflike, leatherlike, membranaceous, expanded,
lobed; underneath free, naked or slightly villous ; apothecia
resupinate, formed above from the lobes of the thallus,
produced, ascending ; proligerous flake kidneyshape, adnate
to the thallus on its under surface, coloured, flat; inside
cellularly streaked; thallotd edge bent inwards, outwardly
close to the apothecia, inwardly more remote, rather raised.

1. Nephroma resupinatum. Down-lying kidney-moss.

Thallus chestnut colour, livid, rather pale, downy, gra-
nular; fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia red.

' Lichenoides saxatile fuscum, peltis in aversa foliorum superficie locatis,

Raii Syn. 17, 91. ; Aah AR ee

Lichen resupinatus, Ein. 8. N. 1615.

Peltigera tomentosa, Hoffm. Germ. 103.

Peltidea resupinata, 4char. Meth. 289.

Nephroma resupinata, Achar. Lich. 522.

On the ground among roots of trees and on hills.
”

Pl, cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE, 102. Nephrom. 427

2. Nephroma parile, Equal kidney-moss.

Thallus livid, brown; beneath naked, rather wrinkled,
blackish; fertile lobes short; flake of the apothecia
brownish.

Lichen parilis, Achar. Prod. 164.
Peltidea parilis, .dchar. Meth. 289.
Nephroma parilis, Achar, Lich, Univ, 522,

Upon mosses, on hills.

XIII. 103. PELTIDEA. Acharius. Shield-moss.

Thallus \eaflike, leatherlike, expanded, nearly adnate,
lobed; underneath woolly, veiny ; apothecia formed under-
neath from the ascending, lengthened, proper lobes of the
thallus; proligerous flake round, adnate throughout, rather
oblique to the thallus; the inward segment slightly elc-
vated, coloured, flat, inside cellular, streaked; thalloid bor-
der thin, elevated, close all round.

1. Peltidea venosa. Veiny shield-moss.

Thallus gray, green, underneath veined ; veins branched,
running about, grey brown; lobes rounded, very slightly
cut; apothecia marginal, flat, round, tumid, dark brown,
rather crenate.

Lichen venosus, Lin. S. V. 16153 Engl. Bot. 887.
Peltigera venosa, Hojffm. Germ. 107.
Peltidea venosa, Achar. Meth. 2823 Lich. 514.

On the ground, on the edges of paths and ditches.

2. Peltidea scutata. _ Buckler shield-moss.

Thallus greyish, underneath whiter, veinless ; lobes
rounded; sinuately cut, crenate, crisp; fertile lobes very
short; apothecia round, ascending, rather flattish, brown,
scarcely cut. Yoh sh

Lichen scutatus, Dickson Crypt. Bot. 3, 18.
Peltidea scutata, Achar. Meth. 285; Lich, 515. .

On the mossy trunks of trees.

3. Peltidea horizontalis. _.» Horizontal shield-moss.

Thallus sea-green,- brown, and greenish, bald; under-
neath very white, networked with black veins; fertile lobes
very short; apothecia terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely
oblong, bay-colour, not in the least cut.

Lichenoides subfuscum, peltis horizontalibus, Dillen Musc..205.
Lichen horizontalis, Lin. Mant. 1,132; Engl Bot. 888.
Peltigera horizontalis, Hoff. Germ. 107.

Pelhtidea horizontalis, Achar. Meth. 288; Lich. 515.

Among mosses on stones in mountain woods.

428 4. Peltidea. 103. CENOTHALAMEZ. Pi. cell. aph.

4 Peltidea aphthosa. Thrush shield-moss.

Thallus livid greenish, smooth; underneath networked
with black veins; cephalodia wartshape, scattered; fertile
lobes rather long, narrow in the middle, edge turned over ;
apothecia terminal, large, ascending, red; thalloid border
turned in, rather torn.

Lichenoides digitatum late virens; verrucis nigris notatum, Dillen
Musc. 207.

Lichen verrucosus, Weber Fl. Germ. 275,

Lichen aphthosus, Lin. S. P. 1616; Engl. Bot. 1119.

Peltigera aphthosa, Ho ffm. Germ. 107.

Peltidea aphthosa, “char. Meth. 287 ; Lichen. 516.

On the ground and mosses in thick woods.

5. Peltidea canina.. Mad-dog shield-moss.
Thallus grey, greenish, rather downy; underneath net-
worked with grey-brown veins; fertile lobes rather long,
edge turned over; apothecia terminal, rather upright, rolled
outwards, reddish; ¢hallozd border thin, slightly crenulated.

Lichenoides peltatum terrestre cinereum majus, foliis divisis, Raii Syn.
716, 87.
” Lichen caninus, Lin. S. P. 1616.
Peltigera canina, Hoffm. Germ. 106.
Peltidea spuria, Achar. Meth, 283.
Peltidea canina, Achar. Lich. 517.
Ashcolour ground-liverwort.
On the ground in woody mountainous places.
- Recommended by Dr. Mead as a specific for the bite of

a mad dog, mixed with an equal weight of pepper.

6. Peltidea crispa. Crisp shield-moss.

Thallus many-leaved, grey, brown, reddish, rather
downy; lobes deeply sinuately-jagged; jags narrow, edge
raised, crisp; fertile lobes very rare, short; apothecia hood-
ed, rolled over.

Lichenoides peltatum terrestre rufescens, Rast Syn. 76, §8.
Lichen rufescens, Necker. Meth.-19.

Peltigera rufescens, Hoffm. Germ. 107.

Peltidea rufescens, Achar. Meth. 285.

Peltidea canina crispa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 519.

‘On the ground among and on stones.

7. Peltidea polydactyla. Many-fingered shield-moss.
Thallus sea-greenish, naked, bald; underneath net-
worked with brown veins; fertile lobes very numerous,
long; apothecia terminal, dark brown; edge hooded, rolled

over.

Pl. cell,aph, 4. CENOTHALAME. 10%. Peltidea. 429

Lichenoides cinereum polydactylon, Dillen Musc, 207.
Lichen caninus 7, Huds. Fl. Angl. 547.

Lichen polydactylus, Neck. Meth. 85.

Peltigera polydactyla, Hoffm. Germ. 106.

Peltidea polydactyla, Achar. Meth. 286; Lich. 519.

On the ground, in woods and coppices.

8. Peltidea pellucida. Transparent shield-moss.
Thallus membranaceous, nearly transparent; fertile
loles long, ascending, doubled.

Lichenoides membranaceum pellucidum, peltis digitatis geminatis, Di/-
ken Musc. 208.

Lichen canious 4, Huds. Fl. Angl. 547.

Lichen eaninus pelucidus, Web. Fl Germ. 270.

Peltidea polydactyla pellucida, 4char. Meth, 281 ; Lich. 520.

On the ground, in woods.

XIV. 104. SOLORINA. Acharius. Buckler-moss.

Thallus \eaflike, leatherlike, expanded, lobed; under-
neath free, veined or fibrillous; apothecia adnate, round,
covered with a coloured thin membrane; inside solid, with
vesicular cells; thalloid border 0.

1. Solorina crocea. Saffron buckler-moss.
_ Thallus \obed, cinnamon coloured, underneath yeilow,
veined ; apothecia swollen, chestnut-colour.

Lichenoides subtus croceum, peltis appressis, Dillen Muse. 211.
Lichen croceus, Lin. 8S. P. 1616; Engl. Bot. 493.

Peitidea crocea, Achar. Meth. 290,

Solorina crocea, Achar. Lich. 149.

On the ground, on rocks and dry, naked, ths places.

2. Solorina saccata. is ee buckler-moss.
Thallus lobed, grey, greenish ; erneath whiter,
fibrilled ; apothecia at last pitted, rather brownish,

Lichenoides lichen facie, peltis acetabulis immersis, Dillen Musc. 221.
Lichen sacchatus, Lin. 8. P. 1616; Engl. Bot. 288.

Peltidea sacchata, Achar. Meth, 291.

Solorina saceata, Achar. Lich. 149.

On shady rocks, and on mosses at the roots of trees.

XV. 105. STICTA. Schreber. Dot-moss.
Thallus \eaflike, leatherlike, cartilaginous, expanded,
lobed; underneath free, villous, interspersed with cyphells,
soredizx, and spots; apothecia bucklershape, lower part
formed of the thallus, affixed and pressed to it by a central
point; proligerous flake forming the centre, coloured, flat,
internally cellular] y streaked; thalloid border exceeding.

430 105.Sticta. 4. CENOTHALAME. Pi.cell. aph.

1. Sticta crocata. Saffron dot-moss.

Thallus pale red brownish, slightly hollowed, large, un-
derneath downy; soredize minute, lemon yellow; jags torn,
lobed; edges powdery, yellow; apothecia scattered, centre
brown black ; thalloid border not in the least cut.

Lichen crocatus, Lin. Mant. 310; Engl, Bot, 2110.
Pulmonaria aurigera, Bory Voy. 3.
Sticta crocata, Achar. Meth. 217; Lich, 447.

On rocks, and the trunks of trees.

2. Sticta aurata. Gilt dot-moss.

Thallus green shining, very broad, underneath downy ;
soredize very small, yellow; jags rounded, sinuated, cut;
edges waved, crisp, bent in, yellow, powdery.

Lichenoides lacunosum rutilum, marginibus flavis, Dillen Muse. 549.
Platisma crocatum, Hoffm. Lich, 2, 52.
Sticta aurata, Achar. Meth. 2173 Lich. 448,

On trees ?

3. Sticta, pulmonacea.. Lung dot-moss.

Thallus fallow, olive, netlike hollowed; underneath vil-
lous; papulz naked pale; jags sinuated, lobed, bluntly
truncated ; apothecia nearly marginal; centre flattish, red ;
thalloid border slightly wrinkled.

Lichenoides peltatum arboreum maximum, Raii Syn. 76, 86.

Muscus pulmonarius, sive Lichen arborum, Park. 1311, desc.

Lichen sive hepatica vulgaris, Park. 1315, fig.

Hepatica terrestris, Ger. em. 1566.

Lichen pulmonarius, Lin. S. P. 1612; Engl. Bot, 572.

Lobaria pulmonaria, Hoff. Germ. 146.

Parmelia pulmonacea, Achar. Meth. Lich, 220.

Sticta pulmonacea, Achar, Lich. Univ. 449.

Lung-wort.

On the trunks of trees, especially on oaks.

Thallus astringent, used in infusion to cure wounds and
ulcers, and esteemed a specific in spitting of blood and
consumption; as a native plant it was despised by the re-
gular faculty, and the cetraria Islandica, as long as it was
esteemed a foreigner, usurped its place; but that being
now found to be a native, has fallen into the like disrepute.

4. Sticta scrobiculata. Pitted dot-moss.

Thallus nearly orbicular, lead grey, very broad; smooth,
pitted, underneath ash-colour, woolly, with white naked
spots; jags rounded, lobed, irreoular, and very slightly
cut; apothecia scattered, centre rather fat, reddish ; thalloid
Dorian slightly crenate.

Pl.cell.aph. 4,CENOTHALAMEZ. 105. Sticta. 431

Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cinereum et sinuatum, inferne scabrum,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 15, 17.

Lichen plumbens, "Roth Bot. Mag. 2.

Lichen verrucosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 545,

Lichen scrobiculatus, Scop. Carn. 1591; Engl. Bot. 497.

Lobaria verrucosa, Hoffm. Germ. 146.

Parmelia scrobiculata, Achar. Meth. 219.

Sticta scrobiculata, Achar, Lich, 453.

On the ground amongst mosses, on rocks and the trunks
of trees.

5. Sticta herbacea. Herbaceous sticta.

Thallus nearly round, slightly membranaceous, smooth,
herbaceous, underneath paler, brown, woolly; spots few,
naked ; jags sinuated, cut, rounded, spreading, slightly cre- ©
nate ; apothecia scattered, centre slightly concave, red;
thalloid border wrinkled, crenulate.

Lichenoides arboreum cinerea virens tenue et leve ubique, scutellis
minoribus, Raii Syn. 73,64, .

Lichen herbaceus, Huds. Fl, Angi. 544,

Lobaria herbacea, Hoffm. Germ. 1AT.

Parmelia herbacea, Achar. Meth, 218; Lich. 459.

On trunks of trees, also among mosses, and on rocks.

6. Sticta limbata. Bordered dot-moss.

Thallus round, sea-green, brownish ; ; lobes round ; soredie
nearly marginal, grey ; uadocneat villous} iC yphels hollow,
whitish ; apothecia with a rust-colour centre.

Lichen limbatus,:Engl. Bot. 1104.
Sticta limbata, Achar. Meth. 280; Lich, 453.

On mossy rocks and the roots of trees.

7. Sticta fuliginosa. Sooty dot-moss.

Thallus round, sea-green, lurid, rough with brown gra-
nules ; underneath areyish, villous; G yphels plano-concave,
whitish; jags round- lobed, very ‘slightly cut; apothecia
scattered; centre rust-coldured and black ; thalloid border
elevated, not in the least cut.

Lichen ambavillarius, Bory Voy. 3, 100.

Lichen fuliginosus, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. 1,13; Engl, Bot. 1103.
Sticta ambavillaria, Achar. Lich. 455.

Sticta fuliginosa, Achar. Meth. 281; Lich. 454,

On the stems of trees and shrubs.

8. Sticta sylvatica. Wood dot-moss.
Thallus large, light brown, rather naked, slightly pitted ;
underneath brow n, ; villous; cyphels hollowed, white, palish
white; jags deeply cut; lobes turmed back, crenate; apo-

thecia ‘tnarginal, centre brown.

432 105. Sticta. 4 CENOTHALAMEZ. PL, cell. aphs

Lichenotdes polyschides villosum et scabram, peltis parvis, Dill. Muse.
199,
Lichen sylvaticus, Engl. Bot. 2298. -
Peltigera sylvatica, Hoffm. Germ. 109.
Sticta sylvatica, Achar. Meth. 231; Lich. 454.

On the roots of trees in forests, or among mosses.

XVI. 106. CETRARIA. Acharius. Cetraria.

Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous, ascending or ex-
panding, lobed, cut; on both sides naked, and smooth;
apothecia shieldlike, obliquely adnate to the edge of the
thallus; lower segment free, upper sessile ; proligerous flake
forming the centre, coloured, plano-concave, inside similar
or cellularly streaked; thalloid border exceeding.

1. Cetraria juniperina. Juniper cetraria.

Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow; jags flat,
ascending, torn crenate, crisp; apothecia elevated, centre
bay colour; thallvid border crenulate.

Lichen juniperinus, Lin. S. P. 1614.

Lobaria juniperina, ZZoffm. Germ. 145.

Cetraria juniperina, Achar; Meth. 298; Lich. 506.
On the stems and branches of shrubs, especially of ju-
niper.

2. Cetraria pinastri. Pinaster cetraria.

Thallus pale yellow, underneath very yellow; jags de-
pressed, round lobed, crenate; edges crisp, powdery, very
yellow.

Lichen pinastri, Scopoli Carn. 1387.
Lobaria pinastri, Hoffm. Germ. 146.
Cetraria juniperina pinastri, Achar. Meth. 298; Lich. 506.

On the trunks of pines, near the ground.

8. Cetraria sceepincola. Hedge cetraria.

Thallus chestnut-colour, underneath livid; jags flat,
ascending, lobed, wavey, slightly crenate; apothecia ele-
eee similarly coloured; ‘¢halloid border wrinkled, crenu-
ate.

Lichen Sepincola, Ehrh. Hanov. Mag. 206.
Lobaria sepincola, Hojffm. Germ. 145.
Cetraria sepincola, Achar. Meth. 297 3 Lich. 507.

On the stem and branches of shrubs in hedges.
4,

Pi. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. 106..Cetraria. 433

4, Cetraria glauca. Sea-green cetraria.

Thallus sea-green, rather shining, underneath brownish
black, sinuately lobed; jags deeply cut, torn, complicated,
ascending; apothecta elevated, bright bay; thalloid border
wrinkled. sie

Lichenovides endiviz foliis crispis splendentibus, subtus nigricantibus,
Dillen Muse. 192.

Lichen glaucus, Lin. S. P. 1615.
Lobaria glauca, Hoffm. Germ, 149.
Cetraria glauca, Achar. Meth, 296; Lich, 509.

On the trunks of trees, and rocks.

B. fallax. Thallus white on both: sides, underneath: fre-
quently spotted with black.

Lichen-glaucus, Wulf..in Jacq, Coll. 4;
Lichen fallax, Weber Fl. Germ. 244.
Lobaria- fallax, Hoffm. Germ, Y49.
Cetraria fallax, 4char, Meth, 296; 4
Cetraria glauca fallax, Achar, Lich. 509.

5. Cetraria nivalis. Snow celraria.

Thallus white, yellowish at bottom, net-worked in holes;
jags rather upright, flattish, deeply and many-cut, torn,
crisp, crenately toothed; apothecia pale flesh-colour; thal-
loid border crenulated.

Liclhenoides lacunosum candidum-glabrum,-ehdivie crispz facie, Dillen
Muse. 162? ,

Lichen nivalis, Lin. S, P. 1612.

Hobaria nivalis, Hoffm. Germ. 145.

Cetraria nivalis, Achar. Meth. 294 ; Eich. 510.

On dry, gravelly, barren soils, especially if alpine:

6. Cetraria Islandica. Iceland. cetraria.

Thallus olive-chestnut colour; whitish bleod-colour at
bottom, underneath whiter; jags rather upright,. nearly
linear, many-cut, grooved, toothed, fringed; fertile jags
dilated; apothecia pressed close, flat, similarly coloured ;
thalloid border elevated, not in the least cut.

Lichenoides rigidum, eryngii foliis referens, Radi Syn. 77, 90.

Lichen Islandicus, Lin. S. P. Y611; Engl. Bot. 1530.

Physceia Islandica, Michaux Fl. Bav, Amer. 2, 326.

Lobaria Islandica, Hoffm. Germ. 143.

Cetraria Islandica, Achar. Meth. 293; Lich. 512.

Iceland moss.

On the ground in dry soils, and mountain woods.

Thallus bitter, but when soaked in water to get rid of
this bitterness, it yields a nutritive farina, forming a jelly
on being boiled in water, recommended in phthisis;. forms
the principal vegetable food of the Icelanders.

VOL. In 2F

434 107. Borrera. 4. CENOTHALAMEA. Pl. cell. aph.

XVII. 107. BORRERA. Acharius. Borrer.
Thallus cartilaginous, jageed-branched ; Jags free, un-

derneath mostly grooved, edge fringed; apothecia shield-
like, thick, formed underneath from the thallus, podicilled:
proligerous flake, forming the centre, coloured, inside simi-
Jar or vesicled; ¢halloid border eievated, bent inwards, ex~
ceeding.

1. Borrera ciliaris. Fringe borrer.

Thallus greenish brown; jags linear, branched, nar-
rowed, tips fringed; underneath whitish, grooved; apo-
thecia nearly terminal; centre hollow, then flat, blaek
brown and grey; thalloid border crenated and fimbriated.

Lichenoides arboreum foliosum cinereum, scutellis nigris, foliorum ex-
tremitatibus hispidis et pilosis, Rati Syx. 73, 07.

Lichen ciliaris, Lin. 8. P. 1611; Engl. Bot. 1352.

Lobaria ciliaris, Hoffm. Germ, 144,

Parmelia ciliaris, Achar. Meth. 255,

Borrera ciliaris, 4char. Lich, 496.

On the trunks of trees, and on rocks.

2. Borrera teneHa. Tender borrer.

Thallus greyish white; both sides naked, similarly co-
loured, rather starlike, jags pinnately cut; tips ascending,
dilated, arched, fringed; apothecia scattered, centre flat,
blackish grey ; ‘hallord border not in the least cut.

Lichen hispidus, Schreb. Fl. Germ. 126.

Lichen tenellus, Scop. Carn. 1406; Engl. Bot. 1351.

Lobaria hispida, Hoffm. Germ. 151.

Parmelia tenella, 4char. Meth. 250.
Borrera tenella, Achar. Lich. 493.

On the trunks and branches of trees, and on palings.

3. Borrera leucomela. Pied borrer.
_Thallus palish ; jags upright, lineay, many-cut, narrowed,
fringed; underneath very white, rather powdery, slightly
grooved; centre of the apothecia flat, black grey; thalloid
lorder fringed.
Lichen comosus, Bory Foy.
Lichen leucomelas, Lin. 8S. P. 1613.
Physcia leucomelos, Michaux Amer. 526.

Parmelia leucomela, dchar. Meth. 256.
Borrera Jeucomela, dchar. Lich. 499,

On the trunks of trees.

Pl. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 107. Borrera. 435

4. Borrera furfuracea. Branny borrer.

Thallus grey, floury ; jags linear, narrow, branched, un-
derneath grooved, naked, wrinkled, violet, blackish; apo-
thecia nearly marginal, cupshape, centre red; thalloid bor-
der thin, slightly bent in.

: Lichenoides cornutum amarum, superne cinereum, inferne nigrem,
Dillen Muse. 157.

Lichen furfuraceus, Lin. S. P. 1612.

Lobaria furfuracea, Hoffm. Germ. 143.

Parmelia furfuracea, Achar. Meth, 254.

Borrera furfuracea, Achar, Lich. 500.

On rocks, and the trunks of trees.

5. Borrera Atlantica. Atlantic borrer.

Thallus pale reddish, downy; jags divaricated, twisted
linear, narrow; underneath grooved; apothecia scattered,
centre brownish black; thalloid border thin, not in the
least cut.

Lichen intricatus, Desfont. Fl. 4étlant. 2, 420.
Parmelia Atlantica, Achar. Meth, Suppl. 59.
Borrera Atlantica, Achar. Lich. 502.

On the bark of trees.

6. Borrera chrysophthalma. Gold-eye borrer.

Thallus yellow, yelklike; both sides naked, alike co-
loured ; jags linear, flattish, pinnately branched ; tips fibril-
lous; apothecia nearly terminal, centre orange; thalloid
border fibrillea, fringed.

Lichen chrysophthalmus, Engl. Bot. 1083.

Platisma armatum, Hoffm. Lich. 2, 43.

Parmelia chrysophthalma, Achar. Meth. 267.
Borrera chrysophthalma, Achar. Lich. 502.

On the trunks and branches of trees.

7. Borrera leta. Pleasant borrer.

Thallus very yellow, jags thin, vaguely branched, com-
plicated, fibrilled, cirreus; apothecia scattered, centre flat,
red; thalloid border not cut, naked.

Lichenoides quod Muscus aureus tenuissimus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 65, 8.
Lichen vulpinus, Lin. S. P. 1623.

Physcia flavicans, De Candolle Voy. Bot. 25.

Borrera flavicans leta, Achar. Syn, Lich, 225.

On the trunks of trees.

XVIII. 108. PH YSCIA. Achard. Physcia.

Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, slightly membranaceous,
flat, expanded, pressed close, round starlike lobed or
many-jagged; underneath fibrillous, jags slightly inflated

2¥ 2

436 108. Physcia. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ.. PI. cell. aph.

at the tip; apothecia shieldlike, slightly membranaceous,
formed underneath from the thallas, free, affixed to the
same by the centre; proligerous jlake forming the centre,
hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely above;
inside similar, streaked, with a few cellules; thalloid border
bent inwards.

1. Physcia physodes. Wracklike physcia.

Thallus slightly stellate, sea-greenish white; jags tiled-
like, sinuate, ‘many-cut, slightly « convex, bald; tips inflated,
ascending; underneath blackish. br own, in naked ; 3 apothecia
red, edge not cut.

Lichenoides ceratophyllon obtusius ef minus ramasum, Raitt Syn, 76, 85.

Lichen physodes, Lin. S. P. 1610; Engl. Boi, 126.

Lobaria physodes, Hoffm. Germ. 150.
Parmelia physodes, Achar. Meth. 250; Lich. 492.

On palings, trunks of trees, and rocks.

2. Physcia diatrypa. Pierced physcia.

Thallus slightly stellate, greenish white; jags sinuated,
many-cut, flattish, smooth, ~ perforated: arid with soredie ;
tips inflated; agean Cain wrinkled, folded, black; inter-
stices white; apothecia pale red; edge not cut.

Lichen pertusus, Schrad. Fl, Germ. 96:

Lichen diatry pus, Achar. Prod. 116; Engl. Bot. 1248.

Lobaria terebrata, Hoffm. Germ, 151.
Parmelia diatrypa, Achar. Meth. 251; Lich: 493.

On the bark of trees.

XIX. 109. PARMELIA. Acharius. Border-moss.

Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, slightly membranaceous,
flat, spread out, pressed out, round and stellately lobed or

many-cut, jageed; underneath fibrillous; jags all equal at
their tips; apothecia shieldlike, sliohtly. membranaceous,
formed underneath from the thallus, free, connected only
by a central point; proligerous flake forming the centre,
hollow, coloured, covering the apothecia entirely at top;
inside aa streaked, with a few cellules; thalloid border
bent inwards.

1. Parmelia glomulifera. Ballbearing border-moss.

Thallus cartilaginous, stiff, round, livid, smooth, inter-
spersed. with blackish. green pulvinuli underneath ochry
white, downy; lobes sinuately jagged; jags angular and
bordered; apothecia reddish chestnut, border wrinkled.

Pl. cell. aph.. 4. CENOTHALAME. 109. Parmelia. 437

Lichenoides subglaucum eumatile, ‘foliis tenacibns, eleganier laciniatis,
Dillen Musc. 197.
Lichen laciniatus, Hudson Fl. Angl. E44,
Lichen mutabilis, Ehrh. Crypt. 5, 50.
Lichen glomuliferus, Lightf. Scot. 853.
Lobaria glomulifera, Hoffm. Germ. 148,
Parmelia glomulifera, Achar. Meth. 218; Lich, 45€.

On the roots and trunks of trees.

2. Parmelia caperata. Caper berder-mass.

Thallus round, pale yellow, greenish, wrinkled, growing
granulated; underneath black, hispid; lobes folded, sinu-
ated, jagged, rounded, slightly cut; apothecia scattered,
rather brown; order bent, not cut, at length powdery.

Lichenoides crusta foliosa, ex cinereo et luteo'virescente, inferne nigra
et Ixevi, Rati Syn. 73, 62.

Lichen caperatus, Lin. 8. P. 1614; Engl. Bot. 654.

Lobaria caperata, Hoffm. Germ. 148.

Parmelia caperata, Achar. Meth. 216; Lich. 457.

On rocks and the trunks of trees.

3. Parmelia Borreri. Borrer’s border-moss.

Thallus round, grey, interspersed with grey-bordered
sorediz; underneath brownish, spongy, -fibrilled; lobes
concreted, folded; outer lobes rounded, deéply crenate ;
apothecia red ; border swollen, bent inwards.

Lichen Borreri, Engl. Bot. 1780.

Parmelia Borreri, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9,148; Achar. Lich. Univ. AGI.

On the bark of trees.

4. Parmelia perlata. Pearl lorder-nioss.

Thallus round, greenish white, naked ; underneath black-
ish brown, rather naked or villous; lobes rounded, cut, flat,
edge slightly folded, not.cut; apothecia red; border thin,
not in the least cut.

Lichenoides glaucum perlatum, subtus nigrum et:cirrosum, Dillen Muse.
147.

Lichen perlatus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 543.
Parmelia perlata, Achar. Meth. 216; Lich, 458.

On the trunks of trees, and recks.

5. Parmelia perforata. Perforated border=moss.

Thallus round, rather sea-green, naked; underneath
black, fibrilled; lobes rounded, cut, flat; edge folded, cre-
nate, fringed; apothecia red, growing perforated ; border
not in the least cut.

438 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAMEAZ. Pl. cell. aph.

Licken melanoleucus, Willd. Bot. Mag. 4,9.
Lichen perforatus, /acg. Coll. 1, 116.

Platisma perforatum, Hoffm. Lich. 13,1.
Parmetia perforata, Achar. Meth. 217; Lich. 459.

On the trunks of trees.

6. Parmelia tiliacea. Lime-tree lborder-moss.

Thallus round, membranaceous, greyish sea-green, rather
hoary; underneath blackish brown; fibrils black; lobes
sinuated, jagged ; outer lobes rounded, crenate; apothecia
brownish ; border not cut.

Lichen quercifolius, (Wulf. in Jacq. Coll, 2,127.

Lichen quercinus, Willd. Fl. Berol. 7,15. -

Lichen tiliacens, Hoffm. Lich. 96; Engl. Bot. 700.

Lobaria tiliacea, Hoffm. Germ. 149.

Parmelia tiliacea, Achar. Meth. 215; Lich, 460.

On the bark of trees.

7. Parmelia corrugata. IVrinkled border-moss.

Thallus round, membranaceous, very thin, wrinkled,
sea-greenish; underneath black, brown, fibrilled; lobes
cut, rounded, loose, folded, winding, not cut; apothecia
winding, red; lorder crenulate.

Lobaria Aeetabulum, Hoffm. Germ. 147.

Lichen Acetabulum, Neck. Delic. ct Meth.

Lichen corrugatus, Smith in Lin, Tr. 1,83.
Parmelia corrugata, Achar. Meth. 215; Lich. 462.

On the bark of old trees.

8. Parmelia olivacea. Olive border-moss.
Thallus round, olive umber, wrinkled, raised, dotted ;
underneath paler, brownish, rough, slightly fibrilled; lobes
radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated, rounded, crenate ;
apothecia flattish, nearly the same colour as the thallus;

border crenulate.
Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, pullum, Rait Syn. 72, 60.
Lichen olivaceus, Lin. S. P. 1610.
Lobaria olivacea, Hoffm. Germ. 150.
Parmelia olivacea, Achar, Meth. 215; Lich. 462.

On the trunks of trees, and wooden palings.

9. Parmelia parietina, Wall border-moss.

Thallus round, very yellow; underneath paler, slightly
fibrilled; lobes radiating, pressed close, flat, dilated at the
tip, rounded, crenate, crisp; apothecta similar in colour;
border not in the least cut.

Pl. cell. aph, 4. CENOTHALAMEZE, 109. Parmelia. 439

Lichenoides crusta foliosa scutellata, flavescens, Rati Syn. 59.
Lichen parietinus, Lin. S$. P. Y6102 |

Lobaria parieiina, Hoffm. Germ. 158.

Parmelia parietina, char. Meth. 213; Lich. 465,

On walls, trunks of wood and stones.

10. Parmelia eleina, _ Olive-brown border-moss.

Thallus round, nearly membranaceous, contiguous, fold-
ed, radiated, olive-brown; circumference lobed, lobes
deeply crenated, flat, nearly truncated; apothecia dark um-
ber; lorder not in the least cut.

Lichen elxinus, Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 425.
Lecanora elieina, Achar. Lich. 429.
Parmelia eleina, Wahlenb, in Achar. Meth, Suppl. 45.

On rocks.

11. Parmelia pityrea. Pine lorder-moss.
Thallus round, grey, powdery ; underneath white; fibrils
black; central jags folded, torn, crisp, edge powdery; out-
ward jags flat, rounded, crenate, hoary; apothecia concave,
black brown, hoary; lorder not in the least cut.

Lichen lanuginosus, Hoffm. Lich. 32.

Lichen pityreus, 4char. Prod. 124; Engl. Bot. 2064.
Lobaria pulveracea, Hoffm. Germ. 153.

Parmelia pityrea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 483.

On the bark of the trunks of trees.

12. Parmelia Clementiana. Clement border-moss.

Thallus round, greyish white, granularly powdery; un-
derneath the same colour; fibrils very small, blackish ; jags
of the circumference flat, deeply crenate, rather naked;
apothecia pressed close, flat, brown black; lorder not in
the least cut. :

Parmelia Clementiana, Turner in Trans. Lin. Soc. 9, 146.
Lichen Clementi, Engl. Bot.

On the bark of oak-trees.

13. Parmelia lanuginosa. Woolly border-moss.

Thallus round, white, slightly brimstone-yellow, pow-
dery; underneath black, bluish, woolly; lobes tiledlike,
flat, rounded, very finely crenated; apothecia red; border
powdery.

Lichen membranaceus, Dickson Crypt. 2,21.
Lichen lanuginosus, Achar. Prod. 120.
Parmelia lanuginosa, Achar. Meth. 207; Lich. 465.

On the ground, and mosses on moist shady hills.

446 110.Psoroma. 4. CENOTHALAME,. Pl. cell. aph.

7. Psoroma muscorum. Moss psorome.

Crust scalelike, brownish livid; lobes irregularly and
deeply torn jagged; apothecia thick; centre flat, obscurely.
blackish red, even with the thalloid border, which after-
wards becomes very small.

Lichen carnosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2,21; Engl. Bot, 1684.

Lichen hypnorum, dchar. Prod. 93.

Parmelia hypnorum, Achar, Meth. 185.
Lecanora hypnorum, Achar. Lich, 417.

Amone and upon rather rotten mosses.
to)

8. Psoroma brunneum. Brown psorome.

Crust tiledlike, granulatedly lobed, liver-grey; apothecia
innate in the crust, very crowded, not uniform; centre ra-
ther convex, brown red; thalloid lorder raised, crenulate,
persistent.

Lichen. pezizoide:, Dicks. Crypt. 1,10.

Lichen multiflorus, Lhrh, Crypt. 156.

Lichen brunneus, Swartz Nov. Act. Upsal. 4,247; Engl. Bot. 1246,

Psora nebulosa, Hoffm. Germ. 166.

Psora brunnea, Hoffm,. Germ. 166.

Parmelia brunnea, Achar. Meth. \86.

Lecanora brunnea, Achar. Lich, 419.

On the ground, and upon rotten mosses.

XXI. 111. PLACODIUM. Acharius. Placodium.

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform,
the circumference figured, radiated, stellate, and slightly
lobed ; apothecia saucershape, thick, adnate, sessile; pro-
ligerous flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured,
covering the apothecium above; inside cellularly stri-
ated; lorder rather thick, formed of the thallus and the
same colour, nearly free. |

1. Placodium epigeum. Ground placodium.

Crust plaited, wrinkled, whitish; circumference smooth,
lobed ; apothecia blackish brown, growing rather conyex
in the centre; thalloid border thin, not in the least cut.

Lichen candicans, Dicks. Crypt. 3,15; Engl. Bot. 1178.

Lichen epigeus, Persoon in Ulst. Ann. 7, 25.

Parmelia epigea, Achar. Meth. 191.
Lecanora epigea, Achar, Lich, 422,

On the ground among the mosses on rocks, -

Pl. cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME-. 111. Placod. 447

2. Placodium lentigerum. Lentil placodium.

Crust slightly tiledlike, white; lobes rather concave,
bent, deeply crenate; apothecta flattish in the centre, red-
dish yellow ; tfalloid lorder raised, tumid, bent in, slightly
crenate.

Lichen lentigerus, Web. Goett. 1923 Engl. Bot. 871.
Psora lentigera, Hoffm. Germ. 164.

Parmelia Jentigera, 4char. Meth. 192.

Lecanora lentigera, Achar. Lich, 425.

On the ground and mosses on mountains.

3. Placodium saxicolum. Rock placodium.

Crust slightly tiledlike, scaly, wrinkled, unequal, pale
greenish; circumference rayed, lobed; apothecia very-
crowded, centre flat, yellowish, pale red, rather ochry;
thalloid border becomes bent, crenate.

Lichen ochroleucus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2.

Lichen saxicola, Pollich Palat. 225; Engl. Bot. 1695.
Lichen muralis, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 11.

Psora muralis, Hoffm. Germ. 157.

Parmelia saxicola, Achar. Meth. 157.

-Lecanora saxicola, Achar. Lich. 451.

On stones, walls, and timber-buildings.

4 Placodium murorum. Wall placodium.

Crust plaited, wrinkled, cracked, yelk of egg yellow;
surface powdery, hoary; circumference rayed, plaited ;
jags linear, convex, cut; apothecia crowded, centre growing
convex. darker; thalloid border not cut, bent.

Lichen candelarius, Zin. S. P. 1608.
Lichen murorum, Hoffm. Lich. 63.
Lobaria saxicola, Hoffm. Germ. 158.
Parmelia murorum, Achar. Meth, 198.
Lecanora murorum, Achar. Lich, 455,

On stones and walls.

5. Placodinm fulgens. Shining-yellow placodium.

Crust almost contiguous, pale-yellowish; circumference
piaited, slightly lobed; lobes bent, flat; cpothecia scattered,
centre very red, plano-convex; ¢halloid lorder at length
bent and crenate, very small.

Lichen fulgens, Swartz in Nov. Act. Ups. 4, 246,

Lichen citrinus, Ehrhart.

Psora citrina, Hoffm. Germ. 165.

Parmelia fulgens, Achar, Meth. 192.
Lecanora fulgens, dchar. Lich, 457.

On the ground on limestone rocks.

442 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

22. Parmelia recurva. Bent-back border-moss.

Thallus stellate, pale, slightly greenish, bearing soredia ;
underneath black, fibrilled, spongy; jags in the circum-
ference many-cut, very narrow, convex, nearly cylindrical ;
apothecia reddish brown; lorder scarcely cut. :

‘Lichen multifidus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 16.
Lichen incurvus,»Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 24.
Parmelia recurva, Achar, Meth. 201; Lich. 499.

On stones and hills.

23. Parmelia sinuosa. Jagged border-moss.

Thallus stellate, pale grey, smooth; underneath black,
fibrilled; jags linear, broader outwardly, sinuately pinna-
tifid, sinuses broad, circular; apothecia flattish, brown ;
Lorder thin, not cut.

Lichen sinuosus, Engl. Bot. 2050.

On walls, rocks, and trunks of trees.

24. Parmelia diffusa. Spread border-moss.

Thallus round, contiguous, wrinkled, folded, pale, grey-
ish, powdery; underneath the same colour, black, fibrilled ;
jags in the circumference separate, flat, rounded, wavey,
deeply crenate; apothecia flat, brownish black; border at
length crenulate, powdery.

Lichen diffusus, Dicks. Crypt. 3,7.

Lichen aleurites, 4char. Prod. 117; Engl. Bot. 858.
Lobaria diffusa, Hoffm. Germ. 156.

Parmelia aleurites, Achar, Meth. 208; Lich. 484.

On joists, planks, and palings.

25. Parmelia conspersa. Sprinkled lorder-moss.

Thallus round, pale, livid, smooth, dotted with black ;
underneath brownish, fibrilled; jags sinuated, lobed,
rounded, crenate, flattish ; apothecia central, chestnut; lor-
der very slightly cut.

Lichenoides imbricatum viridans, scutellis badus, Dillen Musc. 180.
Lichen centrifugus, Lin. S, P. 1609.

Lichen conspersus, 4char. Prod. 118.

Lobaria centrifuga, Hoff'm. Germ, 154.

Parmelia conspersa, Achar. Meth. 205; Lich. 486.

On stones and rocks.

26. Parmelia speciosa. Handsome border-moss.

Thallus stellate, bald, white, rather greyish; underneath
milky, softish; fibrils dark, marginal; jags tiledlike, flat,
cut, branched, crenate, divisions ascending, powdery ; apo-
thecia central, brownish; border bent in, swollen, at length
wrinkled, crenate. Hea

Pl, cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME.. 109. Parmelia. 443

Lichen speciosus, Wulf in Jacq. Coll. 3,139.
Lobaria speciosa, Hoffm. Germ. 153.
Parmelia speciosa, Achar. Meth. 198; Lich. 480.

On the trunks of trees and rocks.

27. Parmelia levigata. Smooth border-moss.

Thallus stellate, smooth, greyish white; underneath
black, fibrilled; jags many-cut, linear, broader outwardly
cut, divaricated, pointed, frequently having soredia in the
circumference; apothecia concave, chestnut; lorder not cut.

Lichen lwvigatus, Engl. Bot. 1852.

On rocks.

28. Parmeiia farrea. Floury border-moss.

Thallus round, greenish, grey, powdery; underneath
whitish, fibrils brown-black ; jags short, deeply crenate,
tiledlike, edges raised, granulated, powdery; apothecia
black, grey, and hoary; lorder bent in, swollen, slightly
hollowed.

Parmelia farrea, Achar. Lich, Univ. 475.

On the ground, on trees, and rocks.

29. Parmelia pulverulenta. Powdery border-moss.
Thallus stellate, greyish white, hoary; underneath black,

woolly, hispid; jags linear, many-cut, separate in the cir-

cumference, flat, pressed close, wavey; tips blunt; apothecta
erey; border not in the least cut, bent.

Lichenoides arboreum et saxatile, crusta foliosa tenni, fusco-virenti
in segmenta latiora plerumque divisa, Dillen in Rai Syn. TA, 74.

Lichenoides arboreum, crusta foliosa informi, scutellis subnigris, limbo
cinereo crispo cinetis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 15, Td:

Lichen stellaris 8 et y, Huds. Fl. Ang!. 534,

Lichen allochrous, Lhrh. Crypt. 19, 187.

Lichen pulverulentus, Schreber Germ. 1123; Engl. Bot. 2063.

Lobaria pulverulenta, Hoffm. Germ. 152.

Parmelia palverulenta, Achar. Meth. 210; Lich. 475.

On the bark of trees.

30. Parmelia cesia. Grey border-moss.
Thallus starlike, greyish white or grey, bearing soredia ;

underneath grey; fibrils black; jags linear, many-cut,

deep, slightly convex, the last jags flat; apothecia slightly
concave, black ; Lorder rather bent inwards.

Lichen pulchellus, Wulf in Jacq. Cull. 2.

Lichen cesius, Hoffm. Lich. 12,15; Engl. Bot. 1052.

Lichen Psora, Dicks. Crypt. 3, 17.

Lobaria cxesia, Hoffm. Germ. 156.

Parmelia cwesia, Achar. Meth. 197; Lich. 479.

On rocks, wood, mosses, and the trunks of trees.

444. 109. Parmelia. 4. CENOTHALAME®. Pi. cell. aph.

$1, Parmelia cycloselis. Circular border-moss.

Thallus round, livid grey; underneath black, fibrilled,
spongy; Jags grown together, tiledlike, rather flat, finger-
like, many-cut, crenately torn, slightly fringed ; edges at
length raised up, crisp rather powdery ; apothecia scattered,
black, brown; lorder raised, not in the least cut.

Lichen subtilis, Persoon, aecording to Achar Syn. Lich. 217.
Lichen dentatus, Persoon, according to Acharius 1. c.
Lichen orbicnlavis, Neckar Meth. 88.

Lichen cycloselis, 4char. Prod, 115; Engl. Bot. 1942.
Lobaria ordicularis, Huffm. Germ. 155,

Parmelia cycloselis, Achar. Meth. 199; Lich. 482.

On the trunks of trees.

KE. Lecipem. Thallus crustaceous, adnate; apothecia
shieldlike, bordered.

XX. 110. PSOROMA. Acharius. Psorome.

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, in-
determinately figured, scaly or tiledlike; apothecia saucer-
shape, thick, sessile, adnate; proligerous flake forming the
centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering the apothecium
above; inside cellular, streaked; border thickish, formed
of the thallus and similar in colour, nearly free.

1. Psoroma cervinum. Stags-horn psorome.

Crust in beds, figured, scaly, rather lobed, chestnut-
colour; apothecia immersed, flattish, brownish black; thal-
lord border at length prominent.

Lichen squamulosus, Achar. Prod. 230; Engl. Bot. 2011.
Lichen cervinus, Persson.

Parmelia peliscy pha, Waklenb. in Achar. Meth. Suppl. Al,
Parmelia squamulosa, Achar. Meth. 181.
Lecanora halophwa, Achar. Lich. Univ. 498.

Lecanora badia, Achar. Lich. Univ. 407.
On walls and rocks, especially limestone.

2. Psoroma crassum. Thick psorome.

Crust scalelike, greenish white and brown; lobes tiled-
like, deeply crenate, waved, irregular; apothecia flat, swol-
len, brownish red, afterwards blackish brown 3; thalloid bor-
der thin, not cut, at last very small.

Lichen laqueatus, Wulf in Jacq. Coll. 3. °
Lichen cartilagineus, Lightf. Scot, 815.
Lichen crassus, Hudson Fl. tngl. 659.
Parmelia crassa, Achar, Meth. Lich. 185.
Lecanora crassa, Achar, Lich. Univ. 19),

On the ground on mountains.

Pl.celliaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE. 110. Psoroma. 445:

_ 3. Psoroma tribacium. Torn psorome.
Crust scalelike, silvery, greyish white ; lobes irregular,
differently shaped, torn crenate, tiledlike; underneath the
same colour, slightly fibrilled; apothecia pressed close,
centre flat, pale circumference at length crenated and
lobed; thalloid border raised, persistent.

Lecanora tribacia, Achar. Lich. Univ, 415.

On the trunks of trees and rocks.

~

4. Psoroma candelarium. Candle psorome.

Crust scalelike, yellow; lobes very crowded, torn-jagged,
tiledlike;. edges granulated, powdery ; apothecia flattish,
similar in colour; ¢halloid border raised, not cut.

Lichenoides: crustosum orbiculis et scutellis flavis, Dillen Musc. 236s.
Engl. Bot. 1794.

Lichen candelarius, Lin. S. P, 1608.

Lichen concolor, Dickson Crypt. 3, 18.

Parmelia candelaria, Achar. Meth. 1ST.
Lecanora candelaria, Achar, Lich. 416.

On the trunks of trees, palings, rocks, and walls.

5. Psoroma polycarpum. Many-fruiled psorome.

Crust composed of conglomerated, granulated, lemon-
yellow lobes; apothecia crowded, bent; centre flat, dilated,
similarly coloured, afterwards pale-red; thalloid border at
length crenulated.

Lichen polycarpus, Ehrh. Crupt. 14, 136.

Verrucaria fulva, Hoffm, Germ. 193.

Parmelia citrina, char, Meth. Lich. 119.
Lecanora candelaria, char. Lich. Univ. 416.

Qn old: wood and the trunks.of trees.

6. Psoroma hypnorum. Hypnum psorome.

Crust scalelike, brownish yellow, flame-colour; lobes
small, roundish, dissimilar, edge granular, crenulate; apo-
thecia slightly membranaceous; centre concave, at length
flat, dilated, bay and black; ¢hadlotd edge raised, bent in,
crenate.

Lychen hypnorum, Fl: Dan. 956; Zngl Bot. 740:

Psora hypnorum, Hoffin. Germ. 166.

Parmelia lepidora, Achar. Meth. 185.
Lecanora lepidora, Achar. Lich. A18.

On the ground, and on rotien moss.

444 110.Psoroma. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE:. Pi. cell. aph.

7. Psoroma muscorum. Moss psorome.

Crust scalelike, brownish livid; lobes irregularly and
deeply torn jagged; apothecia thick; centre flat, obscurely.
blackish red, even with the thalloid border, which after-
wards becomes very small.

Lichen carnosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2,21; Engl. Bot, 1684.

Lichen hypnorum, char. Prod. 93.

Parmelia hypnorum, Achar. Meth. 185.
Lecanora hypnorum, Achar, Lich. AlT.

Among and upon rather rotten mosses.

8. Psoroma brunneum. Brown pserome.

Crust tiledlike, granulatedly lobed, liver-grey; apothecia
innate in the crust, very crowded, not uniform; centre ra-
ther convex, brown red; thalloid border raised, crenulate,
persistent.

Lichen. pezizoide:, Dicks. Crypt. 1,10.

Lichen multiflorus, Arh, Crypt. 156.

Lichen brunneus, Swartz Nov. Act. Upsal. 4,247; Engl. Bot. 1246,

Psora nebulosa, Hoffm. Germ. 166.

Psora brunnea, Hofjm, Germ. 166.

Parmelia brunnea, Achar. Meth. 186.
Lecanora brunnea, Achar. Lich, 419.

On the ground, and upon rotten mosses.

KXI. 111. PLACODIUM. Acharius. Placodium.

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform,
the circumference figured, radiated, stellate, and slightly
lobed ; apothecia saucershape, thick, adnate, sessile; pro-
ligerous flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured,
covering the apothecium above; inside cellularly stri-
ated; lorder rather thick, formed of the thallus and the
same colour, nearly free. |

1. Placodiwm epigeum. Ground placodium.

Crust plaited, wrinkled, whitish; circumference smooth,
lobed ; apothecia blackish brown, growing rather conyex
in the centre; thalloid border thin, not in the least cut.

Lichen candicans, Dicks. Crypt. 3,15; Engl. Bot. 1178,

Lichen epigeus, Persoon in Ulst. Ann. 7, 25.

Parmelia epigea, dchar. Meth. 191.
Lecanora epigea, Achar. Lich. 422.

On the ground among the mosses on rocks. -

Pl. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 111. Placod. 447

2. Placodium lentigerum. Lentil placodium.

Crust slightly tiledlike, white; lobes rather concave,
bent, deeply crenate; apothecia flattish in the centre, red-
dish yellow ; tHalloid border raised, tumid, bent in, slightly
crenate.

Lichen lentigerus, Web. Goeté. 192; Engl. Bot. S71.
Psora lentigera, Hoffm. Germ. 164.

Parmelia lentigera, dchar. Meth. 192.

Lecanora lentigera, Achar. Lich, 425.

On the ground and mosses on mountains.

3. Placodium saxicolum. Rock placodium.

Crust slightly tiledlike, scaly, wrinkled, unequal, pale
greenish; circumference rayed, lobed; apothecia very-
crowded, centre flat, yellowish, pale red, rather ochry ;
thalloid border becomes bent, crenate.

Lichen ochroleucus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2.

Licher saxicola, Pollich Palat. 225; Engl. Bot. 1695.
Lichen muralis, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 11.

Psora muralis, Hoffm. Germ, 157.

Parmelia saxicola, Achar. Meth. 157.

Lecanora saxicola, dchar. Lich. 451.

On stones, walls, and timber-buildings.

4. Placodium murorum. : Wall placodium.

Crust plaited, wrinkled, cracked, yelk of egg yellow;
surface powdery, hoary ; circumference rayed, plaited ;
jags linear, convex, cut; apothecia crowded, centre growing
convex. darker; thalloid border not cut, bent.

Lichen candelarius, Lin. S. P. 1608.
Lichen murorum, Hoffm. Lich. 63.
Lobaria saxicola, Hoffm. Germ. 158.
Parmelia murorum, Achar. Meth, 198.
Lecanora murorum, Achar. Lich, 455,

On stones and walls.

5. Placodinm fulgens. Shining-yellow placodium.

Crust almost contiguous, pale-yellowish; circumference
piaited, slightly lobed; lobes bent, flat ; epothecia scattered,
centre very red, plano-convex; ¢halloid border at length
bent and crenate, very small.

Lichen fulgens, Swartz in Nov. Act. Ups. 4, 246,

Lichen citrinus, Ehrhart.

Psora citrina, Hoffm. Germ. 165.

Parmelia fulgens, Achar, Meth. 192.
Lecanora fulgens, dchar. Lich, 457.

On the ground on limestone rocks.

448. 111. Placod. 4. CENOTHALAMEZK.. PI. cell. aph.

6. Placodium circinatum. Compass placodium.

Crust cracked in beds, greyish white; circumference
rayed, plaited, linear, jagged; apothecia very crowded, at
length angular; centre with innate beds, flat, ‘brown-black ;
thalloid edge nearly even.

Lichen radiosus, Hoffm. Lich. 4, 6:

Lichen circinatus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,253 Engl. Bot, 1941.

Lichen subimbricatus, Relhan Cant. 459.

Lobaria radiosa, Hoffm. Germ. 157.

Parmelia circinata, 4char. Meth, 189.

Lecanora circinata, Achar. Lich, 425.

On limestone..

7. Placodium gelidum. Cold placodium.

Crust cracked, flesh-grey; circumference rayed, jagged ;
central wart brown, radiately wrinkled ; apochecta depressed’
in the centre, red; ¢hallotd border thick, raised, not cut.

‘ Lichen gelidus, Lin. Mant. 1335 Engl. Bot. 699.

Lichen Hecle, Fl. Dan. 470.
Parmelia gelida, Achar. Meth. 188.

to)
Lecanora gelida, Achar. Lich. 428.

On rocks.
Thailoid wart in the centre very singular, it probably
should form a separate genus.

8. Placodium dispersum. Dispersed placodium.
Crust dispersed, granulated, unequal, nearly grey, some-
times very small; apothecia scattered; centre flattish, pale
brown-grey, and black; thalloid border raised, thin, cre-
nulated.

Lichen crenulatus, Dicks. Crypt. 5,9; Engl. Bot, 930.
Lichen dispersus, Persoonin Ulst. Ann, T, 27.
Parmelia dispersa, char. Meth. 169.

Lecanora galactina dispersa, Achar. Lich. 424,

On walls, stones, and limestone rocks.

XXII. 112. RINODINA. Acharius. Rinodine.

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ;
apothecta saucershape, thick, adnate, sessile; proligerous
flake forming the centre, plano-convex, coloured, covering
the apothecium above; inside cellular, streaked; thalloid
border rather thick, colour of the thallus, nearly free.

Bl..cell, aph. 4, CENOTHALAME. 112. Rinod. 449
a. Apothecia naked, black.

1. Rinodina atra. Black rinodine.

Crust indeterminately formed, cracked, eranular, warty,
greyish white; apothecia flat in the centre, afterwards
slightly swollen, black; thalloid border raised, free, at length
bent and crenulated.

_ Lichenoides-crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus
et minoribus, Dillen Musc. 133.

Lichen tephromelas, Ehrh, Crypt.

Lichen ater, Hudson Fl. Angl. 530; Engl. Bot. 949.

Parmelia atra, Achar. Meth. 154.

Lecanora atra, Achar. Lich. 344.

On stones, rocks, and the bark of trees.

Thallus. sometimes whiter, sometimes greyer; apothecia
either very crowded, flat and then convex with the border
not cut; or varying in size, with the border crenate and
bent.

2. Rinodina oculata. : Eyed rinodine.
Crust bald, nippled, branchbearing, black; apothecta
sessile, scattered, some slightly podicelled; centre rather —
concave, black, their proper edge at length bent; ¢halloid
Lorder swollen.
Lichen dactylinus, Wahl. Lapp. 414.

Lichen oculatus, Dicks, Crypt. Brit. 2, 17.
Isidium oculatum, Achar, Meth. 140; Lich. 576.

Forming 4 crust on alpine mosses.

3. Rinodina coarctata. Contracted rinodine.

Crust diffuse, thin, cracked, slightly wrinkled, unequal,
greyish; apothecia black, centre sunk, then raised, flat;
thalloid border raised, bent in, irregular, contracted, pow-
dery.

Lichen coarctatus, Engl. Bot, 534.

Parmelia coarctata, Achar. Meth, Lich. 158.

Parmelia elacista, Achar. Meth. Lich. 159.
Lecanora coarctata, Achar. Lich. Univ, 352.

On stones and brick walls.

4

4. Rinodina periclea. Shielded rinodine.

Crust thin, nearly leprous and dispersed, whitish; apo-
thecia plano-convex in the centre, black, transparent, rough;
thallod border at the base, very small, powdery, becoming
imperceptible. te

VOL. Le ZG

~

450 112. Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAMEA. Pl. cell. aph.

Verrucaria abietina pilularis, Hoffm. Germ. 193.
Parmelia periclea, Achar. Meth. Lich. 156,
Lecanora periclea, Achar. Lich. Univ. 355!

Lichen pericleus, Achar. Prod. 78; Engl. Bot. 1850.
Lichen abietinus, Ehrh. Crypt. 166.

On the bark of fir-trees, and on old posts or palings.

5. Rinodina exigua. Diminutive rinodine.
Crust unequal, dark, blackish grey; apothecia very small,
aggregate, flat, afterwards slightly convex; ¢thalloid border
white, crenulate, growing brownish and disappearing. ;
Lichen exiguus, char. Prodr. 69; Engl. Bot. 1849.

Parmelia exigua, Achar, Meth. 154,
Lecanora periclea exigua, dchar, Lich, 356.

On o!d timber-work, and on the bark of oak-trees.

6. Rinodina privigna. Starved rinodine.
Crust dispersed, pitch-black; apothecia flattish, centre

grows hippled; ¢thalloid border raised, very slightly cut.
Lichen simplex, Davies.

Lecidea privigua, Achar. Meth. 149.
Lecanora milvina privigna, dchar. Lich. 359,

On sand-stone rocks.

b. Apothecia naked, black, when moistened brown.

7. Lecanora sophodes. Grave rinodine.

Crust rather determinately formed, warty granular, grey,
ereenish brown; apothecia aggregated; ‘centre flat, at
fength convex, ‘black, when moistened: brown; thalloid
torder swollen, slightly bent, not in the least cut.

Lichen sophodes, Achar, Prod. 61; Engl. Bot, 1791.
Parmelia sophodes, Achar. Meth, 155.
Lecanora sophodes, Achar. Lich. 556.

On the bark of trees, rotten wood and mosses.

c. Apothecia naked, centre dlack, brown or brownish. °

8. Rinodina badia. Bay rinodine.
Crust spreading, unequal and rather scaly, warty, olive
brown, bald; apothecia pressed close; centre flat at length
slightly convex, brownish black, rather shining; thalloid

Lorder persisting.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. 112. Rinod. 451

Lichen fuscatus, Schrad. Germ. 83.

Lichen piceus, Dicks. Crypt. Brit. 4, 12.

Lichen badius, Achar. Prodr. 67.

Verrucaria badia, Hojfm. Germ. 182.

Lecidea picina, char. Meth. 51. —

Parmelia squamulosa amaura, Achar. Meth, 182.
Parmelia fuscata, Achar. Meth. 189.

Lecanora badia fuscata, Achar. Lich. 407.
Lecanora badia amaura, Achar. Lich. 408.

On stones and rocks almost everywhere.

9. Rinodina ventosa. Blown-up rinodine.

Crust cracked in beds, rather pale; beds convex, plaited,
warted ; apothecia pressed close, at length irregular; centre
flat, swelling, brownish red; ¢hadloid border thin, not cut,
lower than the centre.
_ Lichenoides tartareum lividum, scutellis rufis; margine exili, Dillen
Huse. 133.

Lichen ventusus, Lin. S. P. 1607.

Lichen gelidus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 528,

Lichen flavescens, Jacg. Misc. 2,79.

Lichen cruentus, Weber Goett. 1.

Lichen scopulorum, Fl, Dan. 712.

Verrucaria ventosa, Hoffm. Lich. 27.

Parmelia ventosa, Jchar. Meth. 166.

Lecanora ventosa, Achar, Lich. 399.

On stones and rocks.

10. Rinodina frustulosa. Broken rinodine.

Crust tartarlike, much cracked, variegated black and
white; apothecia flat, pale brown; thalloid border white,
growing convex, blackish brown.

Lichen frustulosus, Dickson Crypt. Br. 3,13; Engl, Bot. 2273. |

Parmelia frustulosa, Achar. Meth, 172.
Lecanora frustulesa, dchar, Lich. 405.

On rocks. |

11. Rinodina effusa. Spread rinodine.
Crust spread, thin, rather powdery, grey, brassy; cpo-
thecia small, pressed close, centre flat afterwards convex,
pale reddish brown; thadloid border thin, soon disappearing.
Lichen salignus, Schrad. Germ. 84.
Lichen effusus, Persoon.
Verrucaria effusa, Ho ffm. Germ. 174.
Parmelia effusa, Achar. Meth. 174.
* Lecanora etiusa, Achar. Lich. 386.
On the hollow trunks of willows.
262

452 112. Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. PI. cell. aph.

12. Rinodina varia. Variable rinodine.
Crust unequal, granulated, rather warty, pale greenish ;
apothecia crowded; centre flat, pale, brownish and varie-
gated; thalloid border raised, rather bent in, afterwards

bent, slightly crenulate.

Lichen varius, Ehrh. Crypt. 1,68; Engl. Bot. 1666.
Verrucaria varia, Hoffm. Germ. 196.

Parmelia varia, Achar. Meth. \78., is
Lecanora varia, Achar, Lich. 377.

On planks, palings, and wooden buildings.

13. Rinodina apochroea. Different-coloured rinodine.

Crust scarcely any; apothecia thickly scattered ina very
thin coat, smooth, sea-green white, naked, frequently with
soredia, centre flattish, pale, yellow, livid brown or black;
thalloid. border thin, rather crenulate, pale yellowish, even
with the centre.

Parmelia sulphureo-nigricans, Florke in Berl. Mag. '809, 197.
Spiloma vitilige, Achar, Lich. 138.

Spiloma sorediatum, Achar. Lich. 139.

Parmelia cerina ravida, Achar. Meth. 115.

Lecanora varia, Achar, Lich. 378.

On timber-work.

14. Rinodina rubricosa. Rudale rinodine.

Crust cracked in beds, slightly granular, whitish; apo-
thecia with the centre flat, rust-colour, afterwards brown;
thalloid border white or yellowish, at last bent.

Lichen ceesio-rufus, Schrad, Germ. 50; Engl. Bot. 1040,,
Patellaria arenaria? Hoffm. Lich. 58,1.

Lichen arenarius, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 4, 23.

Parmelia craspedia, Achar. Meth. 172.

Lecanora craspedia, Achar. Lich. 391.

Lecanora rubricosa, Achar. Lich. 386.

On stones and roeks, especially sandstone.

d. Apothecia always hoary ; centre greyish black, sea-green,
or variously coloured.

15. Rinodina tuberculosa. Tubercular rinodine.

Crust. greyish green, granulated. with nearly globular
warts, circumference fibrous, radiated ; apothecia inter-
mixed; centre rather concave, at last flat, sea-green black,
hoary ; thalloid border raised, thick.

Lichen tuberculosus, Engl. Bot. 1733.
Lecanora (Rinodina) tuberculosa, Achar. Syn, 164.

‘On flint stones.

Plecellvaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZE. 112.Rinod. 453
16. Rinodina glaucoma. _Wall-eyed rinodine.
Crust tartarlike, cracked in beds, even, greyish white ;

apothecia sunk in the crust; centre flat, afterwards convex

nearly globular, sea-green, hoary, at length becomes naked
and black; thalloid border not in the least cut, and when
, old disappears.

Lichen rupicola, Lin. Mant. 132.

Lichen compositus, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 14.

Lichen glaucoma, Engl. Bot. 2156.

Lichen.varians, Davies in Lin, Trans. 2, 18.

Lichen albido cesius, Schrad. Germ. 87.

Lichen sordidus, Persoon in Uster Ann, 7, 26.
Urceolaria tessulata composita, Achar, Meth, 143.
Parmelia glaucoma, Achar. Meth. 161, except var, f.
Lecanora glaucoma, Achar. Lich. 552, except var. f.

On whinstone and other rocks.

17. Rinodina lutescens. — Yellowish rinodine.
Crust spreading, thin, membranaceous, warty, pale,
sprinkled over with a pale yellowish green powder; apo-
thecia scattered; centre plano-convex, slightly bordered,
hoary, upon a flesh-colour, reddish yellow or grey ground $

thalloid border bent.

Verrucaria lutescens, Hoffm. Germ. 195.
Parmelia lutescens, Florke, Berl. Mag. 1807.
Lecanora elatina, Achar. Lich. 387.
Lecanora lutescens, Achar. Lich. 367.

On the bark of fir and other trees.

18. Rinodina albella. Whiting rinedine.

Crust thin, cartilaginous, smooth, milky white; apothecia
scattered ; centre slichtly concave, pale flesh-colour, after-
wards convex, grey, hoary; thalloid lorder swollen, not in
the Jeast cut.

Lichen albellus, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 11,183; Engl, Bot. 2154.
Verrucaria umbilicata, Hoffm. Germ, 171. -
Parmelia albella, Achar. Meth. 163.

Lecanora albella, Achar. Lich. 369.

On the smooth bark of young trees.

e. Apothecia with the centre slightly flesh-colour, pale,
pearly, yellowish, wax-colour or inclining to orange.

19. Rinodina parella. Archel rinodine.

Crust cracked, plaited, warty, very white; apothecia
thick, crowded, mis-shapen by squeezing; centre slightly
concave; thalloid border turgid, not cut, nearly the same
colour as the centre.

454 112. Rinod. 4.CENOTHALAMEZE. Pl. cell. aph-

Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellare, cinereum, Raii Syn.
70, 42, ;

Lichen Parellus, Lin. Mant, 132; Engl. Bot. 127.

Verrucaria parella, Hoffm. Germ. 169,

Parmelia parella, Achar. Meth. 164.

Lecanora parella, Achar. Lich. 370.

Orchal, Perelle. French Rock-moss.

Thallus used in dyeing, giving every tinge of purple and
crimson.

20. Lichen Upsaliensis. Upsal rinodine.

Crust extremely thin, membranaceous, even, greenish
white; centre of the regular apothecia growing dilated,
flat, pale yellowish.

Lichen Upsaliensis, Lin. S. P. 1609; Engl. Bot. 1634.

Lichen pare!lus Upsaliensis, Wahlend. Lapp. 403.

Psora Upsaliensis, Hoffm. Germ. 168.
Lecanora parella Upsaliensis, Achar, Meth. 165: Lich. 371.

On the ground, and encrusting mosses.

21. Rinodina Turneri. Turners rinodine.

Crust leprous, granular, powdery, white, greenish grey ;
apothecia scattered, thick, powdery; centre slightly con-
cave, pale flesh-coloured; thalloid border swollen, not cut,
bent inwards.

Lichen Turneri, Engl. Bot. 857.

Parmelia Turneri, Achar. Meth. 165.
Lecanora Turneri, Achar. Lich. 373.

On the bark of old oak and other trees.

22. Rinodina carneo-lutea. Yellow-flesh-colour rinodine.

Crust thin, smooth, grey-white; apolhecia at first con-
cealed in the crust; centre flat, yellowish flesh-colour ;
thalloid border thin, slightly bent in, crenated.

Parmelia carneo-lutea, Turner in Lin, Tr. 9, 145,

Lichen carneo-luteus, Engl. Bot. 2010.
Lecanora carneo-lutea, Achar. Lich, 374.

On the bark of trees.

23. Rinodina conixea. Cone-tree rinodine.

Crust leprous, powdery, pale grey; apothecia sessile,
centre flat, afterwards convex, pale brownish; ¢halloid bor-
der swelling, raised, powdery, at length nearly obliterated.

Lichen expallens conizea, Achar. Lich. 574,

On the bark of fir-trees, and on oak timber.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME/:. 112. Rinod. 455

24. Rinodina tartarea. Tartar rinodime-

Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerated, greyish white,
apothecia scattered; centre flat but very slightly convex,
wrinkled, pale pearly; thadloid border bent in, afterwards
wrinkled.

Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, acetabilis majoribus luteis, limbis
argenteis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 71, 46.

Lichen tartareus, Lin. S. P. 1608; Engl. Bot, 156.

Lichen saxorum, Fl. Dan. 710.

Verrucaria tartarea, Hoffm. Germ, 173.

Parmelia tartarea, Achar. Meth. 165.

Lecanora tartarea, Achar. Lich, 371.

Cuthbert. Cudbear.

~ On rocks.

Thallus, collected for the dyers, the rocks being scraped.
once in five years; when prepared by grinding and the
addition of ammonia and alum used to dye woollen yarn,
or give a bloom to other colours.

25. Rinodina grandinosa. Hailsione rinodine.

Crust cartilaginous, warty granular; warts rather glo-
bular, bald; apothecta with the centre concave, smooth,
yellowish flesh-colour.

Lecanora tartarea grandinosa, char. Lich. 372.

On the stems of broom.

26. Rinodina frigida. Cold +inodine.

Crust tartarlike, granular, glomerate, greenish white,
forming nipples and thornlike branches; apothecia scat-
tered: centre slightly convex, wrinkled, pale pearl-colour ;
thalloid border bent in, at length wrinkled.

Lichen frigidus, Swartz Meth. Musc.36; Engl. Bot. 1879,

Lichen tartareus frigidus, Wahlen. Lapp. 403.

Lecanora tartarea frigida, dehar. Lich. 672.

Incrusting mosses, on the highest mountains, near the
line of perpetual snow.

27. Rinodina Stonet. Sione’s rinodine.

Crust leprous, tartarlike, granulated, powdery, dirty
whitish ; apothecia scattered, centre wax-colour, half-con-
cealed, afterwards dilated, rather convex; thacloid border
nearly ‘covering the centre of the apothecium, powdery,
bent in.

Lichen hematomma, Ffrh. Beytr. 2,157; Engl. Bot. 486.
Lecidea Stonei, Achar. Meth. 65.
Lecanora Stonei, Achar. Lich. 373.

On brick walls and the bark of trees. é

456 °112.Rinod. 4. CENOTHALAME®. | Pi. cell.aph.

28. Rinodina cerina. Wax-colour rinodine.

Crust slightly granular, grey; apothecia flat in the cen-
tre, then convex, wax-yellow; ihalloid border raised, bent
in, hoary white, at length black.

Lichen cerinus, Dickson Crypt. 3,14; Engl. Bot. 627.

WVerrucaria cerina, Hoffm. Germ. 179.

Parmelia cerina, Achar. Meth. 115.
Lecanora cerina, Achar. Lich. 390.

On the bark of trees and palings.

29. Rinodina stillicidiorum. Icicle rinodine.

Crust granulated rathery powdery, greyish white, green-
ish; apothecia with the centre slightly concave, wax-yel-
low; thalloid order bent in, rather crenated, powdery.

Lichen varius, Dicks. Crypt.

Lichen stillicidiorum, Fl. Dan. 1063. ;
Lichen cerinus stillicidiorum, Wahlen. Lapp. 404.

Verrucaria stillicidiorum, Hoffm. Germ. 179.

Lecanora cerina stillicidiorum, Achar. Meth. 116; Lich. 390.

On the ground, and overlaying rotten mosses.

30. Rinodina salicina. Willow rinodine.

Crust granulated, unequal, dirty yellowish; apothecia -
with the centre flat, afterwards convex, slightly orange- °
colour; ¢halloid lorder thin, slightly crenulated, at length
even, bent.

Lichen salicinus, Schrad. Germ. 82; Engl. Bot, 1305.
Verrucaria salicina, Hoffm. Germ. 191.

Parmelia salicina, Achar. Meth. 113.

Lecanora salicina, Achar. Lich. 400.

On the bark of willow and other trees.
Thallus when moist smells strongly of saffron.

8. microthelia. Crust bald, plaited, warted, nipply yel-
lowish; nipples nearly globular ending in apothecia.

31. Rinodina erythrella. _ Reddish rinodine.

Crust cracked in beds, rather wrinkled, yellowish slightly
greenish ; apothecia at length nearly globular, orange-red,
shining; thalloid border not in the least cut, at last lost
under the increased centre of the apothecia.

Lichen flavovirescens, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2, 25.
‘Verrucaria viridi-rufa, Hoffm. Germ. 179.

Lichen erythrellus, Achar. Prod. 43; Engl. Bot. 1993.
Parmelia eryibrella, dchar. Meth. 174. ~

Lecaniora erythrella, Achar, Lich. 401.

On walls.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 112. Rinod: 457

f. Apothecia with the centre red, scarlet, or purple and
blood-colour. |

32. Rinodina rulra. Red rinodine.

Crust nearly membranaceous, smooth, becoming unequal,
granulated, powdery, white; apothecia crowded, centre
concave, red; thalloid border swollen, bent in, crenulated.

Lichen ulmi, Swartz in N. Act. Upsal. 4,247; Engl. Bot. 2218.
Verrucaria rubra, Hoffm. Germ. 175. |

Parmelia rubra, Achar. Meth. 170.

Lecanora rubra, Achar, Lich. 389.

On the bark of trees, and running over mosses.

33. Rinodina hematomma. Blood-spotted rinodine.
_ Crust tartarlike, glebose, in beds, powdery, brimstone-
colour; apothecia innate, scattered and confluent; centre
very red, slightly bordered, rather convex; thalloid border
powdery, nearly over-run.

Lichen coccineus, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 11,17.
Verrucaria hematomma, Hoffm. Germ. 198.
Verrucaria frondosa, Huffm. Germ. 199.
Lecidea heematomma, Achar. Meth. 63.
Lecanora hematomma, Aehar. Lich. 388.

On stones, and the trunks of oaks.

34. Rinodina porphyria. Scarlet rinodine.
Crust tartarlike, rather solid, granular, powdery, white
and pale; apothecia sessile; centre flat, deep blood-red ;
thalloid border raised, thick, wrinkled, crenulate, remaining.
Lichen coccineus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 8.
Lichen Vahlii, Fl. Dan, 1185.
Lichen porphyrius, Persoon in Uster Ann. 11,17.
’ Lichen hematomma, Wahlenb. Lapp. 406.

Verrucaria porphyria, Hoffm. Germ. 199.
Lecanora hematomma porphyria, Achar. Meth. 653; Lich. 389.

On stones and the bark of oak-trees.

XXIH. 113. URCEOLARIA. Acharius. Pitcher-moss.

Thallus crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ;
apothecia bucklershape ; proligerous flake concave, coloured,
immersed in the crust, inside streaked, cellular; thalloid
edge same colour, sessile, raised.

1. Urseolaria Acharit. Acharius’ pitcher-moss.
Crust slightly regular, smooth, very thin, cracked, pale
pearl-colour; proligerous flake red; thalloid border swollen.

458 113. Urceol. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

~

Lichen Acharii, Wahlend. Lapp. 405; Engl. Bot. 1087.

Lichen lacustris, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 21.

Urceolaria Achzrii, Achar. Meth. 150; Lich. 331.

On stones inundated in winter.

Thallus varies in colour, red, yellowish, or rust-colour ;
apothecia flattish in the centre, rising up when old.

2. Urceolaria cyrtaspis. Short-shielded pitcher-moss.

Crust regular, smooth, very thin, cracked in beds, red-
dish, at last whitish: apothecia becoming elevated; centre
slightly convex, reddish brown; thalloid border even with
the centre.

Lichen punctatus, I, Dan. 468,2; Engl. Bot. 450.
Lichen Acharii cyrtaspis, Wahlen. Lapp. 405.
Urceolaria Acharii cyrtaspis, Achar. Meth, 151.
Lecanora cyrtaspis, Achar. Lich. 597.

On stones.

Thallus with a black border.

§. Urceolaria diamarta. Rusty pitcher-moss.

Crust nearly regular, cracked in beds, slightly wartlike,
red ochre-colour; proligerous flake rather concave, black ;
thalloid border raised, at last bent.

Lichen Sinopicus, Engl. Bot. 1776.

Lichen diamartus, Wahlen. Lapp. 4\4.

Urceolaria diamarta, Achar. Mcth. 1513 Lich. $21.

On rocks and stones.

Confounded with endocarpon Sinopicum.

4. Urceolaria gibbosa. Bunched pitcher-moss.

Crust nipply warted, smooth, whitish, slightly greyish ;
proiigerous flake sunk in the tip of the warts, rather con-
cave, black; ¢halloid border contracted, protuberant, crenate.

Urceolaria gibbosa, Achar. Meth. 1443; Lich. 334,

On stones and mountains.

Warts conoid, bald; border of the apothecia rather sharp,
afterwards thicker, wrinkled.

B. fimbriata. Thallus black, radiated, fringed, covered
with grey warts.
Lichen fibrosus, Engl. Bot. 1732.

Urceolaria fimbriata, Achar. Meth. 145.
Urceolaria gibbosa fimbriata, Achar. Lich. 335.

5. Urceolaria cinerea. Grey pitcher-moss.
Crust cracked in wartlike beds, grey, divided by black ;
proligerous flake immersed in the warts, slightly concave,
black, afterwards elevated ; thalloid border prominent, ra-
ther thick, not divided.

-Plcell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 113. Urceol, 459

Lichen cinereus, Lin. Mant. 132; Engl. Bot. 1721, not 820,

Verrucaria ocellata, Hoffm. Germ. 183.

Urceolaria ocellata, Florke in Ber!. Mag. 1810, 317.

UrceoJaria cinerea, Achar, Meth. 143; Lich. 336. ye

Ate 1 Ray 2 fl ba Pr we
n stones and mountains?

Thallus sometimes white, sometimes smoke-grey; leds

flat or convex; apothecia few, or very numerous, when old

elevated, sometimes with a very small border.

6. Urceolaria scruposa. Rugged pitcher-moss.

Crust wrinkled, plaited, granulated, greyish white; pro-
ligerous flake pitchershape, black; thalloid lorder swollen,
bent in, rather wrinkled, drawn over the centre.

Lichenoides crustaceum et leprosum, scutellis nigricantibus majoribus
et minoribus, var. 8, Dillen Musc. 133.

Lichen scruposus, Schreb. Germ. 1133; Engl. Bot, 266.

Lichen excavatus, Relhan Cant. 426.

Patellaria scruposa, Hoffm. Germ. 186.

Urceolaria scruposa, Achar. Meth. 147; Lich. 338.

_ On the ground, and on stones and rocks.
Proligerous flake has a border of its own.

7. Urceolaria calcarea. Calcareous pitcher-moss.

Crust determinately figured, very thin, rather cracked,
slightly powdery, very white, at last greyish ; Pana
flake minute, rather concave, black, with a little hoary
whiteness ; thalloid border slightly prominent, discoid, thin,
at length separate, not cut.

Lichen calcareus, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12,2, 709.

Verrucaria contorta, Hoffm. Germ. 186.

Urceolaria contorta nivea, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1810.

Urceolaria cinerea, Fl, Dan. 1432.

Urceolaria calcarea, Achar. Meth. 1423 Lich. 340.

Thallus very variable; proligerous flake with a border of

its own.

8. Urceolaria Hoffmanni. Hoffmann’s pitcher-moss.

Crust thin, cracked in beds, smooth, dirty greyish; fer-
tile beds raised in the middle, lead-white; proligerous flake
slightly concave, black, with a greyish hoar; thalloid Lorder
wrinkled, powdery, whiter.

Lichen rupicola, Hoffm. Lich. 1, 97.
Urceolaria contorta, Fiorke in Berl. Mag. 1810.
» Urceolaria Hoffmanni, Achar. Meth. 145 ; Lich. 353.

On stones and rocks of different kinds.

460 113.Urceol. 4: CENOTHALAMEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

9. Urceolaria tessellata. Chequered pitcher-moss.
Crust divided into very crowded beds, flattened, runnin
together, at last cracked in chequers, rather bald, greyish
white, those in the middle fertile; proligerous flake rather
loose, black, with a greyish hoar; thalloid lorder raised,

angular, yasch.
Lichen tesselatus, Engl. Bot. 533.
Verrucaria tessellata, Hoffm. Germ. 185.
Urceolaria contorta tessellata, Florke in Berl. Mag.

Urceolaria tessulata, Achar. Meth. 142.
Urceolaria cinerea tessulata, Achar, Lich. 337.

On rocks and brick walls.

XXIV. 114. LEPIDOMA. Acharius. LTepidome.

Thallus crustaceous, expanded, adnate, figured, leaflike,
towlike; apothecia saucerlike, sessile, entirely covered with
a car tilaginous membrane, including a similar, rather solid
parenchyme, centre even, bordered.

1. Lepidoma candidum. White lepidome.

Crust nearly tiledlike, white, hoary; lobes crenate, com-
plicated, turned back, swollen ; apothecia pressed close,
black, greenish hoary: edge at length waved.

Psora candida, Hoffm. Germ. 164.
Lichen candidus, Weber Germ. 193; Engl. Bot. 1138.
Lecidea candida, Achar. Meth. 19; Lich. 212.

On rocks and rotten mosses.

2. Lepidoma vesiculare. Bladdery lepidome.

Crust nearly tiledlike, brown-black, with a slightish grey
hoariness; lobes not cut, folded, reverse-ovate, bullate ;
apothecia black, naked; at last hemispherical, not bor-
dered.

Lichen ceeruleo-nigricans, Lightf. Scot. 805; Engl. Bot. 1139.
Lichen versicularis, 4ehar. Prod. 94.

Lichen paradoxus, Ehrh. Crypt. 206

Patellaria vesicularis, Hoffm. Lich. 52, 3.

Psora vesicularis, Hoffm. Germ, 163.

Psora paradoxa, Hoffm. Germ. 163.

Lichen graniformis, Ehrh. Crypt.

Lecidea paradoxa, Achar. Meth. 82; Lich. 214.

Lecidea vesicularis, Achar. Meth. 18; Lich. 212.

On the ground in mountainous places.

3. Lepidoma luridum. Lurid lepidome.

Crust tiledlike, greenish brown; lobes round, crenate,
paler underneath; “apothecia flat, at last slightly convex,
black.

Pl.cell.aph. 4, CENOTHALAMEZ. 114. Lepid. 461

Lichenoides pulmonarius saxatilis viridis, foliis vix conspicuis squama-
tim sibi incumbentibus, receptaculis florum nigris, Dill. Musc. 228,
- Lichen luridus, Achar, Prod. 953; Engl. Bot. 1329.

Lecidea lurida, Achar. Meth. 11; Lich. 213.

On rocks.

4. Lepidoma atrorufum. Reddish black lepidome.
Crust nearly of one piece, lobed in beds and tiledlike,
dark brownish grey; lobes at last bent, deeply crenate ;
apothecia pressed close, with scarce any border, flattish, at
length running into one another, blackish brown.
~ Lichen luridus, Vahl. Fl. Dan.

Lichen atrorufus, Dickson Crypt. 4,22; Engl. Bot. 1102.
Lecidea atrorufa, Achar. Meth. 74; Lich. 200.

On rotten mosses on the ground.

5. Lepidoma testaceum. Pearly lepidome.
Crust nearly tiledlike, greyish; lobes thick, crenate
turned back; apothecia marginal, convex, red.

Lichen saxifragus, Smith Lin. Tr. 2.
Psora testacea, Hoffm. Germ. 162.
Lecidea testacea, Achar. Meth, 80.
Lecanora testacea, Achar. Lich. 409.

On stones, and limestone-rocks.

6. Lepidoma scalare. Step lepidome.

Crust nearly tiledlike, pale fawn-colour; lobes slightly
distinct, kidneyshape, rather erect, powder beneath and on
the edge; apothecia flat, bordered, greenish black.

Lichen leucopheus, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 20.

Psora ostreata, Hoffm. Germ. 163.

Lichen scalaris, Achar. N. Act. Stockh. 16.

Lecidéa scalaris, Achar. Meth. 18: Lich. 214.

On the bark of old sapless pines and juniper-trees, and
on the slight coating of earth on rocks.

7. Lepidoma rubiformis. Raspberry lepidome.

Crust nearly tiledlike, lobes rounded, crenate, brownish
livid, underneath white; apothecia hemispherical, conglo-
merate, dark brown, not bordered.

Beomyces rubiformis, Achar. Meth. 324.

Lichen rubiformis, Engl. Bot. 2112.

Cenomyce rubiformis, Achar. Lich. 5-6,

Lecidea rubiformis, Wahlemb, Lapp. 419.

On turfy earth.

1
a

462 114. Lepid. 4. CENOTHALAMEA. Pi. cell. aph.

8. Lepidoma decipiens. Deceiving lepidome.

Crust nearly tiledlike; lobes separate, slightiy shieldlike,
roundish, flesh-colour and brownish, underneath wnitish ;
apothecia marginal, convex, nearly globular, black, hardly
bordered.

Psora decipiens, Hoffm. Germ. 162.

Lichen decipiens, Ehrh. Crypt.; Engl. Bot, 870.
Lichen incarnatus, Thunb. Cap. 176.

Lichen stelatus, Relhan Cant. 430.

Lecidea inearnata, Achar. Meth. 58; Lich. 199.
Lecidea decipens, char. Meth. 80.

On the ground upon limestone-rocks.

9. Lepidoma glebulosum. . Clodded lepidome.

Crust tiledlike, greenish white; lobes small, rounded,
convex ; apothecia convex, brown-red, at least blackish;
edge thin, not cut.

Lecidea testacea, Winch Guide, 2, 42.
Lichen glebulosus, Engl. Bot. 1955.
Lecidea pholidiota, Achar. Syn, Lich, 53.

On quartz-rocks.

10. Lepidoma triplophyllum. Jagged-leaf lepidome.

Thallus greyish fawn; lobes near the centre pressed
close, flattish, irregularly jagged; afterwards rising up in
cylindrical branches, coral-like, very much chawdbd 3 apo~
thecia convex, brownish red.

Lichen microphyllus, Schrad. Germ, 91; Engl. Bot. 2128.
Lecidea microphylla corallinoides, Achar. Meth. 76.
Lecidea thriptophylla, char. Lich. 215.

On old bark of trees.

11. Lepidoma canescens. Grey lepidome.

Crust round, wrinkled, folded, white; circumference
lobed, plaited; apothecia central, plano-convex, black.

Lichenoides cinereum, mere crustaceum, eleganter expansum, Dillen in

Rait Syn. 71, AT.
Lichen canescens, Dicks. Crypé.1,10; Engl. Bot. 582.
Lichen incanus, Relhan Cant. 424.
Lecidea canescens, Achar. Meth. 84; Lich. 216,

On walls and trunks of trees.

XXV. 115. LECIDEA. Acharius. Lecidec.

Thallus variable, crustaceous, expanded, adnate, uni-
form, towlike ; apothecia shieldshape, sessile, entirely covered
with a cartilaginous membrane, including an uniform,
nearly solid parenchyme ; centre even, bordered.

Pl. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 115. Lecidea. 463
a. Apothecia always black, naked.

1. Lecidea atro-alba. Pied lecidea.

Crust spreading, very thin, cracked, black; beds tuber-
cular, whitish ; apothecia plano-convexish, black; inside
of the same colour.

Lichen atro-albus, Lin. 8. P. 1607; Engl Bot. 2336.

Verrucaria atro-aiba, Hoffm. Germ. 182.

Lecidea atro-alba, char. Meth. 45; Lich. 162.

On stones.

Thallus sometimes fringed on the edge.

2. Lecidea_ fusco-atra. Brown-black lecidea.

Crust very thin, black; leds chestnut, flat, bordered,
shining; apothecia slightly convex, black, bordered; inter-
nally whitish.

Lichen fusco-ater, Lin. S. P. 1607.

Lichen dendriticus, Achar. Prod. 17; Engl. Bot. 1734.
Verrucaria fusco-ater, Hoffm. Germ. 18),

Psora dendritica, Hoffm. Germ, 168.

Lecidea fusco-atra, Achar. Meth. 44.

Lecanora fusco-atra, Achar. Lich. 359.

On stones and exposed mountains.

Thallus sometimes fringed, black.

3. Lecidea fumosa. Smoky lecidea,
Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, smooth, grey,
brownish; apothecia sunk in the crust, flat, bordered, after-
wards convex and conglomerated, not bordered, black ; in-
side blackish grey.
Lichen arthroocarpus, char. Prod. (173 Engl. Bot. 1829,
Lichen gibbosus, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 6.
Verrucaria fumosa, Hoffm. Germ. 190.
Lecida cecumena, Achar. Meth. 42; Lich. 157.
Lecidea fumosa, wd4char. Lich. 157.

On stones, and dry, exposed rocks.

4, Lecidea petra. Rock lecidea,

Crust thin, round, very finely cracked, nearly powdery,
white; apothecia innate in the crust, thick, protuberant,
nearly concentric, black; inside same colour; centre sunk
in, edge swollen, raised, rather squeezed up.

Lichen concentricus, Davies Lin. Tr. 2,284; Engl. Bot, 246.

Lichen petraeus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3, 116.

Verrucaria petrea, Hoffm. Germ, 184,
Lecidwa petra, Achar, Meth. 313 Lich. 155,

On stones and rocks.

464 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. Pi. cell. aph.

5. Lecidea confluens. . Confluent lecidea.

Crust tartarlike, rather spreading, cracked in beds, even,
smoke-grey; apothecia sessile, growing irregular, convex,
nearly globular, confluent, black, not bordered; inside the
same colour, with a thin, grey bed under the centre.

Lichen confluens, Weber Germ. 130; Engl. Bot. 1964.
Verrucaria confluens, Hoffm. Germ. 184.
Lecidea confluens, Achar. Meth. 40; Lich. 174, except 6.

On stones and rocks.
Thallus sometimes 0; sometimes coloured ochre yellow.

6. Lecidea limitata. Bordered lecidea.

Crusé thin, rather membranaceous, white, greyish, bor-
dered with black, grows spreading, slightly granular; apo-
thecia flattish, sessile, bordered, black; inside blackish.

Lichenoides leprosum, crusta cinereo-virescente, tuberculis nigerrimis,
Dillen in Raii Syn. 71, 52.

Lichen sanguinarius, Lightf. Scot. 803, not of Linnzus.

Lichen parasemus, -4char.. Prod. 64; Engl. Bot. 1450.

Lichen limitatus, Scopoli, Carn.

Lecidea parasema, Achar. Meth. 35; Lich. 115, except 6.

On the bark of trees, and on timber-work.

7. Lecidea aromatica. Spicy lecidea.

Crust rather cartilaginous, scaly, granular, greyish, glau-
cous; granules flattish, frequently rather tiledlike, crenate ;
apothecia sessile, plano-concave, bordered, growing bent,
ageregated, black; inside solid, similarly coloured.

Lecidea aromatica, Turner in Linn. Tr. 5, 2.
Lichen aromaticus, Engl. Bot. 1777.

On concreted sandy earth, or old flint walls.
Thallus when‘rubbed emits a highly powerful and fra-

grant scent.

8. Lecidea sanguinaria. Bloody lecidea.

Crusé wrinkly warted, whitish grey; apothecia growing
convex, hemispheric, slightly tubercular, black; inside
horny, black, with a lower blood-coloured stratum.

Lichen sanguinarius, Lin. S. P. 1607; Engl, Bot. 155.
Verrucaria sanguinaria, Hoffm. Germ. 194,
Lecidea sanguinaria, dchar, Meth. 59; Lich. 170.

On timber, dry branches, and rocks.

9. Lecidea geochroa. Earth-colour lecidea.

Crust spread, granulated, slightly coherent, whitish, grey
or brownish grey ; apothecia hemispherical, nearly globu-
lar, often crowded, conglomerated, slightly shining.

Pl.cell,aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEM. 115. Lecidea. 465

Lichen muscorum, Lin. Meth. Musc. 36; Engl. Bot. 626.
Lecidea muscorum geochroa, Achar. Lich. 179. ;
Lecidea sabuletorum syncomista, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1808, 309.

On verdant and healthy tufts of mosses.

10. Lecidea miscella. Mixed lecidea.
Crusé tartarlike, broken, cracked; beds wartlike, bald,
wrinkled, cracked, greyish; apothecta deeply sunk, convex,
aggregated, conglomerated, very slightly bordered, black;
inside similar.
Lichen miscellus, Achar. Prod. 62; Engl. Bot. 1831.

Lecidea miscella, Achar. Meth. 62; Lich. 167.
Lichen escharoides? Ehrh. Crypt. 313; Engl. Bot. 1247.

On rocks and turfy ground.

11. Lecidea atro-virens. Greenish-black lecidea.

Crust-spread, thin, black; beds flattish, nearly contigu-
ous, deep yellow; aputhecia plano-concave, black; inside
the same colour.

Lichen atrovirens, Lin. S. P. 1607.
Verrucaria atrovirens, Hoffm. Germ. 200.
Lecidea atrovirens, Achar. Meth. 453 Lich. 163.

On rocks and stones.

8. geographica. Beds yellowish, flat, angular, half co-
vering a blackish underlayer, intersected with black lines,
and with a black border.

Lichenoides nigroflavum, tabulz geographice instar picltum, Dill.
Musc. 126.

Lichen geographicus, Lin. S, P. 1607; Engl. Bot. 245.

Werrucaria geographica, Hoffm. Germ. 199.

Lecidea atrovirens geographicus, char. Meth. 46; Lich. 163.

12. Lecidea silacea. Ochre lecidea.

Crust tartarlike, winding, warted, very red; apothecia
sessile, flat, growing convex, difform, confluent, black ;
inside horny, black.

Lichen silaceus, 4char. Prod. 66; Engl. Bot, 1118.
Verrucaria silacea, Hoffm. Germ, 187.

Lichen Oederi, Weber Germ. 182. =

Lecidea silacea, Achar. Meth. 48; Lich. 164.

On rocks.

13. Lecidea Oederi. Oeder’s lecidea.

Crust bedded, granular, slightly powdery, ochry rust-
colour; apothecia minute, raised; edge swollen, centre
depressed, powdery, black; inside similarly coloured.

VOL. I. 2H

466 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMER. Pl. cell. aph.

Lichen leprosus ruber, tuberculis nigris, Oeder in Fi. Dan, 470.
Lichen Oederi, Achar. Prod. 66; Engl. Bot. 1117,

Lichen czsius ? Dicks. Crypt. 2, 19.

Lichen Dicksoni, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 20.

Lecidea Oederi, Achar. Meth. 49.

Lecidea Dicksonii, Achar. Lich. 165.

On stones.

14. Lecidea flavicunda. Yellow-stained lecidea.

Crust very thin, cracked, pale-yellowish ochry, beds flat ;
apothecia half sunk in ite thallus, flat, scattered, Black!
slightly hoary, inside black, with a transparent horny stra-
tum under the centre.

Lichen cxesius? Dicks. Crypt. 2,19.
Lecidea flavicunda, -4char. Lich. 166.

On rocks.

15. Lecidea alba. White lecidea.
Crust indeterminate, membranaceous, rather cracked,
whitish, sprinkled over with a grey or greenish white con-
glomerated powder; apothecia minute, pressed close, flat,

black.

Byssus candidissima calcis instar muscos vestiens, Dillen Musc. 2,
‘Byssus lactea, Lin. 8S. P. 1639.

Lichen lacteus, Schreber Spic.

Lichen albus, Achar, Prod. 7.

Lepraria alba, 4char. Meth.3; Engl. Bot. 1349.

Lecidea alba, Whenan Lich. 185.

On the trunks of trees.

16. Lecidea citrinella. Citron-yellow lecidea.

Crust leprous, gianularly powdery, greenish yellow ;
apothecia sessile, bordered becoming convex, black; inside
similarly coloured.

Lichen citrinellus, 4char. Prod. 64.
Lichen flavo-virescens, Dicks. Crypt. 3,13.
Lecidea citrinella, 4char. Meth. 47:

On rotten mosses, and the cracks in walls.

17. Lecidea scabrosa. Rough lecidea.
Crust in warty clots, powdery, yellowish grey; apothecia
convex, rough. |

Lichen flavo-virescens, Dickson Crypt. 3, 13.
Lecidea scabrosa, Achar. Meth. A8.
Lecidea citrinella 6, Achar. Lich. 180.

On naked gravelly soils.

Pl. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAMES, 115. Lecidea. 467

18. Lecidea uliginosa. Bog lecidea.

Crust granulated, rather gelatinous, brownish green;
apothecia pressed close, bordered, at last hemispherical,
crowded, black; inside similarly coloured.

Lichen uliginosus, Schrader Spicil. 88; Engl. Bot. 1466,
Lichen humosus, Ehrh. Crypt. 135.

Verrucaria uliginosa, Hoffm. Germ. 190.

Verrucaria humosimilis, Hoffm. Germ. 190.

Lecidea uliginosa, Achar. Meth. 43; Lich. 180.

On the ground in turfy, bogey places.

b. Apothecia black, naked, when moistened reddish or
brownish.

19. Lecidea immersa. Sunk lecidea.

Crust spreading, thin, scarcely lobed, whitish ; apothecia
plano-concave, sunk even into the stone, bordered, black ;
centre rather hoary, when moistened very dark blood-red,
at last slightly convex, inside whitish.

Lichen immersuz, Schrad. Spicil. 1; Engl. Bot. 193.

Lichen calcivorus, HArh. Crypt. 244.

Verrucaria atrosanguinea, Hoffm, Germ. 192, '

Verrucaria immersa? Hoffm. Lich. 12.

Lecidea immersa, char. Meth. 34; Lich. 153.

On limestone.

Thallus almost as hard as the stone itself, although per-
fectly distinct; apothecia fall out in time, leaving their ca-
vities in the thallus, which is very permanent.

90. Lecidea rivulosa. Rivulet lecidea.

Crust cracked in beds, brownish grey divided by black
lines; apothecia sessile, flat, growing convex, bordered, ir-
regular, black; inside whitish; when moistened brown.

Lecidea rivulosa, Achar. Meth, 38.

Lichen rivulesus, Engl. Bot. 1737.

Lecanora falsaria rivulosa, Achar. Lich. 358.

On quartz rocks.

Thallus when moistened umber-brown; apothecia when
moistened brown in the centre, border keeps its own co-
lour; small apothecia are scattered amongst the others.

c. Apothecia black, greenish, grey, hoary.

21. Lecidea allbo-cerulescens. Bluish-white lecideu.
Crust tartarlike, contiguous, even, when old cracked,
whitish; apothecia sessile and elevated, flat, black, with a
bluish bleom ; border free, bent, naked, black.
2H2Z

468 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMER:. Pl, cell. aph.

Lichen pruinosus, Achar. Prod. 77; Engl. Bot. 2244,
_ lichen pruinatus, Dickson Crypt. 3, 15
~Verrucaria albo cerulescens, Hoffm. Germ. 189.
‘Lecidea pruinosa, Achar. Meth. 55,
Lecidea albo-ceerulescens, Achar, Lich. 188.

On rocks and stones.

Thallus varies according to the age of the plant, cracked,
smooth, powdery, or even 0; and in colour white, grey or
rust-colour.

22. Lecidea abietina. Fir lecidea.

Crust spreading, very thin, smooth, ereenish grey; apo-
thecia nearly sessile, flat, black, grey hoary ; edge raised,
swollen.

Lithen abietinus, Achar. Prod. 57; Engl. Bot. 1682.
Lecidea abietina, dchar. Lich. 188.

On the bark of fir-trees, and the dead wood.

23, Lecidea speirea. Veiled lecidea.

Crust tartarlike, not broken, very white; apothecia sessile,
thick, black with a white hoariness, bordered, afterwards
convex, naked, frequently surrounded with a thalloid base
inside black a a greyish bed under the centre.

Verrucaria calcarea? Hoffm. Germ. 135.

Lichen rimosas, Dickson Crypt. 1,12; Engl, Bot. 1736.
Lichen speireus? Engl, Bot. 1542.

Lecidea amylacea speirea, Wahlenb. Lapp. 476.

Lecidea speirea, Achar. Meth, 52; Lich. 184, excl, var. 8.

On stones and rocks.

24. Lecidea margaritacea. Pearly lecidea.
Crust tar tarlike, not broken, whitish green marked with
black; apothecia minute, sunk then rising up, sessile, thick,
with a white hoariness, inside black; border swollen.
Lecidea margaritacea, Achar. Lich. 135,

On rocks. é

925. Lecidea epipolia. Wall lecidea.

Crust tartarlike, spread regularly, cracked in beds,
white; beds swollen, rough; apothecia sessile, hemispheri-
cal, ereyish hoary ; inside black, edge of the base thin,
persistent.

Lichen niveo-ater, Dickson Crypt. 4.
Lichen epipolius, Engl. Bot. 1137.
Lecidea epipolia, Achar. Meth. 653 Lich. 186.

On walls and stones.

Pl. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME, 115. Lecidea. 469

26. Lecidea corticola. Bark lecidea.
Crust rather tartarlike, granularly bedded, rough, very
white; apothecia small, slightly sunk, grey hoary, growing
globular, not bordered, naked, black; inside greyish.
Licken corticola, Achar. Prod. 57; Engl. Bot. 1892,
Lichen albo-ater, Earh. Crypt. 176.
Lichen amylaceus, Ehrh. Crypt. 303.

Verrucaria albo-atra, Hoffm Germ. 193.
Lecidea corticola, Achar. Meth. 53; Lich. 186.

On the bark and trunks of trees.

d. Apothecia brown-black, brownish, or inclining lo brown.

27. Lecidea Lightfootit. Lightfoot’s lecidea.

Crust rather spreading, granulated, greenish. grey; apo-
ithecia pressed close, flat, brown black, inside dirty white;
edges thin, winding, paler than the center.

Lichen Lightfootii, Engl Bot. 1451. |
Lecidea Lightfootii, 4char. Lich. 177.

On the bark of birch trees.

28. Lecidea fuscata. Embrowned lecidea.

Crust leprous, rather powdery, blackish brown; apothecia
bordered, dark red, when old blackish.

Lichen fuscatus, Lamarck Encycl.

- Lecidea obscura, Achar. Meth. 75.
Lecidea fuscata, Achar. Lich, 211.

On stones.

29. Lecidea quernea. Oak lecidea.
Crust leprous, granular powdery, pale yellowish brown;
apothecia rather sunk, afterwards convex, not bordered,

brown and black.

Lichen querneus, Dickson Crypt.1,93 Engl. Bot, 485,
Lecidea quernea, char. Meth. 62; Lich. 202.

On the clefts of the bark of old oaks, and on other lichens.

30. Lecidea viridescens. Greenish lecidea.

Crust thin, granulated floury, coppery green; apothecia
convex, wrinkled, irregular, confluent, brown-black.

Lichen viridescens, Schrad. Germ. 1,883 Engl. Bot. 2217,

Lecidea viridescens, Achar. Meth. 62; Lich. 200,
Lecidea hypnophyla, Winch 2, 37.

On ruins, and decayed mosses.

470 115. Lecidea. 4, CENOTHALAME. PI. cell. aph.

31. Lecidea incana. Silver-grey lecidea.
Crust spreading, leprous floury, soft, uneven light green-
ish grey; apothecia scattered, sessile, brownish; border
not cut, paler.
Byssus pulverulenta incana, farine instar strata, Dillen in Raii Syn.
No
Byssus incana, Lin. S. P. 1639.
Lichen incanus, Achar. Prod. 1; Engl. Bot. 1683.

Palveraria incana, Florkein Berl. Mag. 1807,7.
Lepraria incana, Achar, Meth. 4; Lich, 665.

On the bark of trees, on mosses and the ground,

32. Lecidea vernalis. Springtide lecidea.

Crust very thin, greenish white; apothecia slightly bor-
dered, afterwards nearly globular, crowded, conglomerated,
rusty flesh-colour.

Lichen vernalis, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 12,3,234; Engl. Bot. 845.
Lecidea vernalis, dchar. Meth. 68; Lich. 198, excl. var. £.

On mosses, which it encrusts.

33. Lecidea sulphurea. Brimstone lecidea.

Crust tartarlike, cracked, broken, uneven, smooth, pale
brimstone-colour ; apothecia adnate, flat, scarcely bordered,
brown and hoary, paler in the circumference, grow irre-
gular and convex.

Lichen sulphureus, Achar. Prod. 58; Engl. Bot. 1186.
Verrucaria sulphurea, Hoffm. Germ. 196. -

Lecidea sulphurea, WVahlenb. Lapp. ATT.

Parmelia sulphurea, Achar, Meth. 159.

Lecanora sulphurea, Achar. Lich. 399.

On rocks and stones.

34. Lecidea orosthea. Mountain lecidea.

Crust cracked in beds, uneven, rather powdery, brim-
stone yellow; apothecia small, sessile, slightly convex, not
bordered, nearly the same colour, grow hemispherical, pale
brownish, paler towards the bottom.

Lichen orostheus, 4char. Prod. 38; Engl, Bot. 1549.
Lecidea orosthea, Achar. Meth. 12.
Lecanora orosthea, Achar. Lich. 400.

On rocks.

35. Lecidea decolorans. Bleached lecidea.

Crust granular, greyish white, granules falling into pow-
der; apotkecia flattish, vermillion-red, flesh-grey, livid and
brown, border raised, paler, grows bent.

Pl.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. 115. Lecidea. 471

Lichen muscorum, Weber Spic. 183.

Variolaria tenella, Achar. Lich, 326, the crust only.
Verrucaria decolorans, Hoffm. Germ. 177.
Lecanora minutula, Achar. Lich. 385.

Lecanora granulosa, Achar. Lich. 384.

Lecidea jungermanniz, char. Meth. 7.

Lecidea granulosa, char. Lich. 65.

Lecidea decolorans, Florke in Berl. Mag. 1809, 193.

On rotten moss and wood, and on the ground.

36. Lecidea granulosa. Granular lecidea.

Crust solid, granular, rather nipply; apothecia grow he-
mispherical, wrinkled, blackish brown and black, con-
fluent.

Lichen quadricolor, Dickson Crypt. 3,15; Engl. Bot. 1185.

Lichen escharoides, EArh. Crypt. 313; Engl. Bot. 1247.

Lichen granulosus, Ehrh. Crypt. 145; Dicks. Cr.2

Verrucaria escharoides, Hoffm. Germ. 194,

Verrucaria granulosa, Hoffm. Lich. 2,21.

Lecidea granulosa, dchar. Heth. 67.

Lecanora granulosa aporetica, Achar. Lich, 384.

Lecidea desertorum, Achar. Lich. 168.

Lecidea escharvides, Achar. Lich. 167.

On the ground, in heathy sandy places.

37. Lecidea anomala. : Anomalous lecidea.

Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked, smoothish, grows
uneven, wartlike, greyish white; apothecia pale flesh-colour,
brown and black, flattish afterwards convex; border paler
and at length disappears.

Lichen tricolor, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 20.

Lichen ferruginosus, Zurner in Lin. Tr. 7.

Lecidea hamadryus, Achar. Lich. 672.

Lecanora anomala ferruginosa, Achar. Lich, 281.

Lecanora anomala tenebricosa, Achar, Lich. 382.

On the bark and trunk of trees.

Thallus very variable, and still more the apothecia.

38. Lecidea cyrtella. Convex lecidea.

Crust thin, nearly membranaceous, smooth, whitish ;
apothecia crowded, small, convex and nearly globular, pale
brown, afterwards blackish brown; edge when young
thin, whitish, similarly coloured or disappearing.

Lecidea cyrtella, Achar. Meth. 67.

Lichen cyrtellus, Bngl. Bot. 2155.
Lecanora anomala cyrtella, Achar. Lich. 382.

On the bark of trees.

472 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. Pi. cell. aph.'

39. Lecidea rupestris. : Rock lecidea.
Crust thin, tartarlike, not broken, greyish white; apo-
thecia sunk, flat, bordered, when old convex, border some-
times disappearing, bald, brownish red, inside the same
colour.
Lichen rupestris, Scopoli Carn, 1372,
Lichen calvus, Dickson Crypt. 2,18; Engl. Bot. 948.
Verrucaria rufescens? Hoffm. Germ. 173.

Lecidea rupestris calva, Achar. Meth, 70.
Lecidea rupestris, Achar. Lich. 206, exc. var. 6.

On rocks, especially lime-stone.

* 40. Lecidea luteola. Yellowish lecidea.

Crust thin, whitish, granules nearly globular, pale be-
coming -dirty grey; apothecia sessile afterwards convex,
brownish yellow.

Lichen vernalis, Hoffm. Lich. 5,1; Engl. Bot. 845.

Lichen luteolus, Schrad. Germ. 85.

Lichen porriginosus, Zurner in Linn. Trans, 1, 94.

Lichen rubellus, Ehrh. Crypt. 14, 136.

Verrucaria rubella, Hoffm. Germ. 174.

Verrucaria vernalis, Hoffm. Germ. 175.
Lecidea luteola, Achar. Meth. 60; Lich, 195, a, 8, 7, 9, «, %, excluding

Ny te
On the bark of trees.

41. Lecidea carneola. Flesh-red lecidea.

Crust thin, membranaceous, grey, at length granular,
nearly powdery; apothecia sessile, concave, thick, swollen,
brownish flesh-colour, border similarly coloured, when old
convex.

Lichen corneus, Withering Bot. drr. 4,20; Engl. Bot. 965.

Lecidea cornea, Achar. Meth. 56.
Lecidea carneola, Achar. Lich. 194.

On the scaly bark of trees.

42. Lecidea arcentina. Whitish lecidea.
Crust very thin, naked, whitish ; apothecia flattish, slightly
bordered, purplish wax-colour, brown and black.

Lichen Griffithsii, Engl Bot. 1735.
Lichen corneus, Withering Bot, Arr. 4, 20.
Lecidea Inteola S$ ands, Achar. Lich, 197.

On oak-trees.

43. Lecidea fusco-lutea. Yellow-lrown lecidea.

Crust spread, very thin, membranaceous, whitish and
grey, rather shining, slightly granular; apofhecia super-
ficial, flat, brownish yellow, growing reddish brown; edge
paler, raised, at length bent.

Pi.cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME:. 115. Lecidea. 473

Lichen fusco-Inteus, Dickson Crypt. 2,183 Engi. Bot. 1007.
Patellaria fusco-lutea, Hoffm. Lich. 3, 10.

Parmelia fusco-lutea, Achar. Lich. 180.

Lecidea cinwreo-fusca jungermanniss, Achar. Lich. 203,

Lecidea fusco-lutea, Achar, Lich, 198.

On decayed mosses.

Thallus envelopes the mosses so completely as to appear

branched.

44, Lecidea cesio-rufa. Reddish-orey lecidea.

Crust cracked in beds, wrinkled, greenish grey; apo-
thecia flat, rusty red, edge at last crenated, grows convex,
scarcely bordered, reddish black.

Lichen ferrugineus, Huds. Angl. 526.

Lichen crenularius, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4, 23.
Lecidea crenulata, Achar, Meth. 11.

Lecidea cesio rufa, dchar. Meth. 713 Lich. 203.

On stones and mountains.

45. Lecidea icmadophila. Wel-loving lecidea.

Crust leprous, uneven, slightly granular, greenish-white ;
apoihecia nearly sessile, flat, flesh-colour, afterwards bent,
centre wrinkled; edge thin, scarcely any.

Lichen ericetorum, Zin. 8S. 2.1608; Engl. Bot, 372.

Lichen zruginosus, Scopoli Carn. 2, 361.

Lichen icmadophila, Lin, Suppl. 450,

Lichen elveloides, Weber Gott. 186.

Lecidea icmadophila a, 6, y, Achar. Meth. 583 «, 8, Lich. 191.

On the ground, on mosses, trunks of trees and rotten
wood.

46. Lecidea marmorea. Marble lecidea.

Crust thin, greyish-white; apothecia nearly globular, af-
terwards pitchershape, white, centre flesh-colour, edge
swollen, not cut.

Lichen marmoreus, Scop. Carn. 1579; Evigl. Bot. 739.
Parmelia marmorea, Achar. Meth. 110.
Lecidea marmorea, Achar. Lich. 192.

On decayed mosses.

AT. Lecidea cupularis. Cup lecidea.

Crust rather tartarlike, scarcely divided, greenish-white;
apothecia superficial, pitchershape, white, centre pale brick-
red, externally frequently powdery.

Lichen marmoreus, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 24.

Lichen cupularis, Dicksun Crypé. 2,58; Wither. B. Arr. 4, 23.
Lecidea cupularis, Achar. Meth. 56.

Lecidea marmorea cupularis, Achar. Lick. 193.

On slaty and limestone rocks.

474 115. Lecidea. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. PI. cell. aph.

48. Lecidea alabastrina. Alabaster lecidea.

Crusé thin, smooth, slightly hoary, rather greenish-white;
apothecia plano-convex, not cut, similarly coloured, centre
rosy-white.

Lichen albo-incarnatus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3, 107.

Lichen glabratus, Dickson.
Lecidea alabastrina, Achar. Lich. 190.

On the bark of old trees.

49, Lecidea spheroides. Spherical lecidea.

Crust thin, rather powdery, greenish white; apothecia
not bordered, growing nearly globular, conglomerate, pale
flesh-colour.

Lichen spheroides, Dickson Crypt. 1,9.
Verrucaria congiomerata, Hoffm. Germ. 174.
Lecidea vernalis sphaeroides, Achar, Meth. 68; Lich. 199.

On the bark of old trees.

50. Lecidea rosella. Rose lecidea.

Crust nearly cartilaginous, broken, cracked, frequently
granular and leprous, greenish grey; apothecia plano-con-
vex, rosy flesh-colour, afterwards brownish, edge paler.

Lichen rosellus, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 15.
Lecidea rosella, Achar. Meth. 57.
Lecidea alabastrina 6 and y, Achar. Lich, 199. -

On the bark of old trees.

e. Apothecia pale, yellowish, wax-colour, and nearly
orange.

51. Lecidea melizea. Honey-yellow lecidea.
Crust thin, white, powdery; apothecia plano-concave,
bordered, pale yellow.

Lichen luteus, Dickson Crypé, 1, 11.
Lecidea melizea, Achar. Lich. 194.

On the mossy trunk of trees.

52. Lecidea Ehrhartiana. Ehrhart lecidea.

Crust cartilaginous, cracked, wrinkled plaited, granular,
white, rather greenish; apothecia nearly sessile, flat, after-
wards slightly convex, bent, irregular, conglomerated, pale
yellowish.

Lichen Ehrhartianus, Achar. Prod. 39; Engl. Bot. 1136.

Lecidea Ehrartiana, Achar. Meth. 13; Lich. 191.

On the bark and wood of trees.

Pi. cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 115. Lecidea. 475

53. Lecidea polytropa. Many-coloured lecidea.

Crust nearly tartarlike, cracked in beds; apothecia flat-
tish, lobed, bent, conglomerated, growing nearly globular,
not bordered, yellowish flesh-colour.

Lichen atro-virens, Wolf in Jacq. Coll. 2.

Verrucaria polytropa, Hoffm. Germ. 196.

Lichen varius maculiformis, Wahlenb. Lapp. 403.
Lichen polytropus, Zhrh. Crypt. 294; Engl. Bot. 1264.
Lecanora varia illusoria, Achar. Lich. 380.

Lecidea Ehrhartiana polytropa, Achar. Lich. 192.
Lecidea polytropa, Achar. Meth. 72. "

54. Lecidea lucida. Shining lecidea.

Crust leprous, flocky powdery, lemon-coloured ; apothecia
plano-convex, slightly bordered, pale yellowish.

Lichen lucidus, Achar. Prodr. 39; Engl. Bot. 1550.

Lecidea lucida, Achar. Meth. 143; Lich, 209.

Lepraria Florkeana, Achar. Lich. 663.
Pulveraria albo-flava, Flurkein Berl, Mag. 1807, 10.

On stones and sand-stone rocks.

55. Lecidea atro-flava. Black-and-ye'low lecidea.
Crust thin, spread, slightly granular, black; apothecia
small, crowded, flat, yellow, border raised, not cut, paler.

Lecidea atro-flava, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9,142: Achar. Syn. 49.
Lichen atro-flavus, Engl. Bot. 2009,

On flint stones.

56. Lecidea luteo-alba. Yellow-and-white lecidea.
Crust thin, smooth, white; apothecia crowded, growing

convex, hemispherical, bordered, yelk-colour, inside white.
Lichen luteo-aibus, Turner in Lin. Tr. 7, 92.

Lecidea cinereo-fusca luteo-alba, -4char. Meth. Suppl. 12.
Lecidea luteo-alba, Achar. Lich, 207.

On the dead bark of trees, rarely on stones.

57. Lecidea pyracea. Pear lecidea.
Crust greyish, uneven, afterwards black; apothecia
crowded, at last convex, scarcely bordered, yelk-yellow.

Lichen aurantiacus, Lightfoot Scot. 810.
Verrucaria byssina, Hoffm. Germ. 197.
Verrucaria aurantiaca, Hoffm. Germ. 198.
Parmelia cerina pyracea, Achar. Meth, 176.
Parmelia vitellina byssina, Achar. Meth. 177.
Lecidea luteo-alba papyracea, Achar. Lich. 207.

On the roofs of houses, and lime-stone rocks.

476 115. Lecidea, 4. CENOTHALAMEAK, Pl. cell. aph.

58. Lecidea aurantiaca. Orange lecidea.

Crust cartilaginous, determinately figured, smooth, un-
even, widely cracked, whitish; apothecta crowded, growing
convex, hemispherical, orange-yellow ; border thin, paler,
not cut, at length nearly disappearing.

Lecidea aurantiaca, Achar. Meth. 69; Lich. 204.

On the trunk of the trembling poplar.

F. Gyroenormex. Thallus shieldlike, free under-
neath; apothecia flattish, plaited, bordered.

XXXVI. 116. GYROPHORA. Acharius. Brain-moss.

Thallus leaflike, leatherlike, cartilaginous, shieldlike,
one-leaved, when luxuriant many-leaved, underneath free ;
apothecia nearly saucerlike, sessile, adnate, covered with a
black cartilaginous membrane, including a similar, slightly
solid parenchyme ; centre warty or meanderingly plaited in
circles, and bordered.

1. Gyrophora glabra. Bald brain-moss.

Thallus nearly bald, greenish black, underneath naked,
smooth, very black; apothecta grow convex, wrinkly
folded.

Lichenoides tenue pullum, foliis utrinque glabris, Dillen Musc, 225.

Lichen glaber, Achar. Prodr, 144.

Lichen anthracinus, Jacquin Miscell. 2.

Umbilicaria anthracina, Eoffm. Germ. 111.

Gyrophora anthracina, Achar. Meth, 102.

Gyrophora heteroides «and y, Achar. Lich, 218.

Gyrophora, Achar, Meth. 101. ?

On stones and mountains.

6. polyphylla. Thallus many-leaved, folded, *greenish-
black, underneath black; both sides naked, very smooth.

Lichen polyphyllus, Lin. S. P, 1618; Engl. Bot, 1282.

Unnbilicaria polyphylla, Hoffm. Germ, 109.

Gyromium polyphyllum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 434.

Gyrophora heteroides 6, Achar. Lich. 219.

Gyrophora glabra polyphylla, Achar. Meth, 101.

2. Gyrophora proboscidea. Proboscis brain-moss.

Thallus membranaceous, wrinkled in network, afterwards
rough scaly, olive-grey; underneath smooth, paler slightly
fibrilled ; apothecia topshape, afterwards convex, meander~
ingly plaited. ;

Plitelleaph. 4. CENOTHALAMEA. 116.Gyroph. 477

Lichen proboscideus, Lin. S. P. 1617.

Lichen deustus, Lightf. Scot. 861.

Lichen exasperatus, Gun. Norv.

Lichen mesenteriformis, EArh. Crypt. 89.

Umbilicaria mesenterica, Schrad. Germ. 163.

Umbilicaria corrugata, Hoffm. Germ. 112.

Gyromium proboscideum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 483.

Gyrophora Jacquinia, Achar. Meth. 104,

Gyrophora proboscidea «, 8, and y, Achar, Meth. 1053; Lich. 220.

Upon rocks. :

3. Gyrophora arctica. Arctic brain-moss.

Thallus thick, hard, stiff, with raised dots, wrinkled,
brown-olive afterwards blackish; underneath naked, bald,
pale ochre-yellow, blackish in the middle: apothecia nearly
globular, very much wrinkled.

Gyrophora arctica « and 8, Achar, Meth. 106; Lich. 221.

Gyromium proboscideum arcticum, Washlenb. Lapp. 483.

On alpine rocks.

4, Gyrophora cylindrica. Cylindrical brain=moss.

Thallus rather naked, livid grey, plaited and. lobed,
fringed; underneath smooth, pale with branched fibrils;
apothecia raised, flattish, circularly and meanderingly
plaited.

Lichen cylindricus, Lin. Amen. -4cad.

Lichen crinitus, Lightf. Scot. 360.

Michen proboscideus, Hedwig Crypt.1; Engl. Bot. 522,
Umbilicaria crinita, Hoffm. Germ. 112.

Gyromium cylindricum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 483.
Gyrophora cylindrica, Achar. Meth. 107; Lich. 223.

‘Upon mountains and rocks.

6. fimbriata. Thallus many-leaved, folded up, lobes
round, underneath fibrilled, edge with very close, short,
branched fringe; apothecia saucershape, nearly plain.

Gyrophora cylindrica fimbriata, Achar. Lich, 224.

5. Gyrophora erosa. Torn brain-moss.
Thallus wrinkled, olive-brown ; circumference perforated,

sivelike, irregularly jagged; underneath greyish, bald, ra-

ther granular, slightly fibrilled; apothecta rather convex,
meanderingly plaited.

‘Lichenoides rugosum durum pullum, peltis atris verrucosis, Dillen
Musc. 220.

Lichen torrefactus, Lightf. Scot. 862.

Lichen erosus, Weber Gott. 259.

Unmbilicaria torrefacta, Schrad. Germ. 1, 104,

Umbilicaria erosa, Hoffm. Germ, 111.

Gyromium erosum, Waklenb. Lapp. 482.

Gyrophora erosa, Achar. Meth, 103; Lich, 224; Engl. Bot, 2066,

478 116. Gyroph. 4. CENOTHALAME. Pl.cell. aph.

On mountains.
Fibrils flat like shavings of wood.

6. Gyrophora deusta. Burnt brain-moss.

Thallus rather rough, olive-brown, sprinkled with a
sooty powder ; underneath smooth, hollow dotted, pitted,
naked, similarly coloured ; apothecia flat, plaited in circles,
A iain convex, very meandering.

Lichen flocculosus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 3. SDs

Lichen deustus, Lin. S. P. 1618.

Umbilicaria flocculosa, Hoffm. Germ. 110.

Gyrophora deusta, Achar. Meth. 102; Lich. 225; Engl. Bot. 2483.

Qn stones and rocks.

7. Gyrophora pustulata. Blistered brain-moss.

Thallus nipply, greenish-grey ; underneath deeply pitted,
smooth, naked, pale brownish ; ; apothecia few, flat, bor-
dered; centre rather even, nipply and plaited.

Lichenoides pustulosum cineréum et veluti ambustum, Dillen Musc. 226.

Lichen pustulatus, Lin. S, P. 16173 Engl. Bot. 1285.

Lecidea pustulata, Achar. Meth. 85.

Unmbilicaria pustuiata, Hoffm. Germ. 111.
Gyrophora pustulata, 4char, Lich, 226.

On stones and mountains.

8. Gyrophora pellita. Fleecy brain-moss.

Thallus smooth, siuately lobed, brassy-brown; under-
neath black, fibrilled and clothlike ; apothecia sessile, at
length nearly globular, meanderingly_ plaited.

Lichenoides pullum superne ef glabrum, inferne nigrum et cirrhosum,
Dillen Musc. 226.

Lichen scalopodora, Hkrh. Crypt.

Lichen pellitus, Achar, Pred, 149; Engl. Bot, 931.

Umbilicaria vellea, Huffm. Germ. 113.

Gyrophora pellita, Achar. Meth. 193; Lich. 228.

On stones and rocks. .
Thallus generally many-ieaved, sometimes naked be-
neath.

9. Gyrophora murina. Mouse brain-moss.,

Thallus rather stiff, mouse-colour, underneath brown-
black, rough with raised paler spots; apothecia siaualy
convex, circularly and meanderingly plaited.

Lichen griseus, Achar. in Act. Holm. 1794, 91.

Lichen murinus, Achar. Prod. 143.
Gyrophora murina, Achar. Meth. 110; Lich. 251.

On rocks and mountains.

Pl, cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME. 117. Arthon. 479

G. Sprtomipex. Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate; apo-
theca flattish, irregular, not bordered.

AXVIT. 117. ARTHONIA. Acharius. Sprinkled-moss..

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-
thecia innate, sessile, Sore ei not regular, not bordered,
deep black, covered with a rather car tilaginous membrane;
par enchyme similar, solid.

1. Arthonia Swariziana. Swartz sprinkled-moss.

Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, whitish; apothecia
sessile, rather broad, slightly tumid, roundish, turned
back, irregular, confluent, raised, dotlike, deep black.

Arthonia Swartziana, Achar. in Schrader’s Journ. 1,3,133; Engl. Bot.
2079.

On the bark of trees.

2. Arthonia astroidea. Starred sprinkled-moss.

Crust membranaceous, white, greenish-grey; upoliecia
pressed to the thailus, flat, angular, rather starlike, irre-
gular, deep black.

Lichen astroites, Achar. Prod. 24.

Opegrapha radiata, Persoon in Uster. Ann. 7, 29.
Opegrapha astroidea, Achar. Meth. 25; Engl. Bot. 1847.
Arthonia radiata astroidea, Achar. Lich. 144,

On the smooth bark of trees.

3. Arthonia obscura. Dark sprinkled-moss.

Crust membranaceous, rather olive-colour ; apothecia
small, flat, slightly concave, rather membranaceous, oval,
elliptic, sad kidneyshape, slightly sunk, wrinkled, deep
black.

Lichen obscurus, Achar. Pred. 20; Engl. Bot. 1752.
Opegrapha obscura, Achar. Meth. 22.

Opegrapha reniformis, Achar. Meth. 23.

Arthonia obscura « and 6, Achar, Lich. 146.

On the bark of trees.

» 4, Arthonia lyncea. Lynx sprinkled-moss.

Crust thin, rather tartarlike, even, rather cracked, white ;

apothecia crowded, flat, slightly sunk, roundish oblong ‘ae
bent, black with a grey hoar.

Lichen lynceus, Engl. Bot. S09.
Lecidea lyncea, Achar. Meth, 52.
Arthonia lyncea, Achar, Lich. 147.

On the bark of old trees.

480 117. Arthon. 4. CERNOTHALAMEZE. Pl.cell.aph.

5. Arthona pruinosa. Hoary sprinkled-moss.

Crust thin, rather tartarlike, uneven, smooth, cracked
white ; apothecia flat, sunk, roundish, many-sided, con-
fluent, dark brown, with a greenish-white hoar.

Lichen impolitus, Ekrh. Crypt.; Engl. Bot, 981.

Verrucaria impolita, Hoffm. Germ. 172,

Parmelia impolita, Achar. Meth. 160.
Arthonia prainosa, char. Lich, 1A7,

On the bark of trees, especially oaks.

XVIII. 118. SPILOMA. Acharius. —Spotted-moss.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-
thecia composed of aggregated corpuscules; mass compact,
homogeneous, rather mealy, naked, irregular—Differ from
the nematomyceze by the presence of the thallus, and by
having no flocky threads mingled with the spore.

1. Spiloma tumidulum. Swollen spolted-moss. -

Crust rather cartilaginous, whitish; apothecta crowded,
swollen, oblong, irregular, rough, reddish afterwards black-
ish-brown and slightly hoary.

Spheria gregaria, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 22.

Arthonia tumidula, Achar. in Schrad. Journ. 1,3, 11.

Spiloma fallax, Achar. Meth, 10.
Spiloma tumidulum « and 8, Achar. Lich. 136.

On the bark of trees.

2. Spiloma versicolor. Changeable spolted-mass.

Crust rather cartilaginous, powdery, cracked, greyish
and yellow; apothecia sunk, superficial, roundish, flat, af-
terwards rather convex, confluent, rough, deep black.

Arthonia versicolor, 4char.in Schrad, Journ. 1,39. ~

Spiloma versicolor, Achar. Lich, 138; Engl. Bot. 2076.

On the bark of trees.

B. variolosum. Crust leprous, powdery, greyish, rather
warty; apothecia hemispherical, crowded, rather confluent,
deep black.

Spiloma variolosum, Engl. Bot. 2077.
Spiloma versicolor variolosum, Achar. Lich. 138.

3. Spiloma tricolor. Three-colour spotted-moss.

Crust rather tartarlike, cracked, powdery, white; apo-
thecia roundish, convex, aggregated, confluent, red, when
rubbed yellowish rust-colour.

Spiloma tuberculosum, Engl, Bot. 2556,
Spiloma tricolor, Achar. Lich. 137.

On stones and the trunks of trees.

Pi. cell. aph. 4. CENOTHALAME#. 118, Spiloma. 481

4. Spiloma microclonium. Fine-branched spotted-moss.

Crust very thin, greevish ; apothecia bursting forth, small,
convex, crowded and confluent, slightly branched, deep
black.

Spiloma microclonium, char. Meth. Suppl. 53 Engl. Bot. 2150,

On old wood.

5. Spiioma microscopicum. Microscopic spotted-moss.

Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish ;
apothecia very minute, dotlike, black, lead-cclour when
dry.

Spiloma microscopium, Turner and Borrer in Engl, Bot. 2395,

On timber-work exposed to the air.

Thallus scarcely conspicuous, except by the bluish co-
lour it gives to the wood; apothecia only discernible by a
powerful microscope, yet stain the fingers black.

6. Spiloma dispersum. Scattered spotted-imoss.

Crust very thin, film-like, greenish grey; apothecia dis-
persed, hemispherical, sooty, mternaily yellowisi-green.

Spiloma dispersum, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2598,

On old rails, like a greenish stain.

7. Spiloma decolorans. Staining spotted-moss.
Crust spreading, very thin, membranaceous, greyish
white, when rubbed yellowish-green ; apothecia minute,
flat, confluent, purplish-grey.

Spiloma devolorans, Turner and Borrer in Engl- Bot, 2599.

On the bark of oak, on boarded buildings and pales.

8. Spiloma punctatum. Dotted spotted-moss.
_ Crust thin, rather powdery, white; apothecia scattered,
minute, dotlike, solid, black, with dark-brown hoar.
Spiloma punctatum, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2472.

On old oaks.

GG. Cauicipiz. Thallus crustlike or very thin, uni-
form; apothecia cupshape, bordered, podicilled, including

a naked: powdery mass forming a flat or convex centre, ra-
ther solid internally; sporidia very crowded, among. the
‘powdery mass, accompanied with many twin vesicles, or
scattered, nestling in the consolidated parenchyme of the
swollen centre.— Differ from protomycee by the presence of
_athallus and apothecia; in very young plants the apothecia

are covered with a membrane which soon disappears.

VoL. I. 21

482 119. Acolium. 4. CENOTHALAME SK. PI. cell. aph.
XXIX. 119. ACOLIUM. Acharius. - Acolium.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, ¢dnate, uniform; apo-
thecia cuplike, nearly sessile, cartilaginous, composed of a

compact powdery mass forming a naked centre, the upper —

part flat or nearly globular.

1. Acolium tigillare. Rafter acolium.
Crust in beds, wartlike, rather bald, lemon-yellow; apo-
thecia sessile, deep black, opake, centre flat, border swollen.

Lichen tigillaris, Achar. Prod. 67 ; Engl. Bot. 1530.
Lecidea tigillaris, Achar. Meth, 46; Lich. 164,

‘On old timber-work.

2. Acolium tympanellum. Litile-drum acolium.
Crust cartilaginous, smooth, afterwards rather warty,

ameven, gray; apothecia sessile, black, centre flat, with a

greyish hoar; border thin, even with the centre.
Lichen inquinans, Engl. Bot. 810.
Calicium tympanellum, Achar. Meth. 89; Lich, 233.
On timber-work.
When touched stains the fingers black.

3. Acolium stigonellum. Dimpled acolium.

Crust scarcely cracked, uneven, whitish, or 0; apothecia
sessile, nearly globular, black, bald; centre dotlike, after-
wards flattish, opake; border thin, naked. f

Lichen gelasinatus, Withering Bot. Arr. 4.
Lecidea gelasinata, Achar. Meth. 33.
Spherocarpus sessilis, Ehrh. Crypt. 320.

Spheria sphincterica, Sowerby Brit. Fungi, 386, 1.
Calicium sessile, Persoon Tent. Fung. Suppl. 59.
Calicium stigonellum, Achar, Meth. 88; Lich, 232.

On the bark of oak-trees, and on the crust of porina per-
tusa. :

XXX. 120. PHACOTRUM. Acharius. Phacotrum.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-
thecia podicilled, centre powdery, flat or globular, border
prominent.—The centre of the apothecia sometimes falling
out, they are left hollow. .

1. Phacolrum microcephalum. Small-headed phacotrum.
~ Crust rather tartarlike, not broken, wrinkled, olive-
colour ; apothecia nearly globular, black, shining; centre
depressed, opake; podicils short, similar in colour.

Lichen microcephalus, Engl, Bot. 1865.
Calicium microcephalum, Achar. Syn. Lich, 57, 8.

On oak-wood.

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i

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Pl, cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAME.. 120. Phacotr.. 483°

2. Phacotrum claviculare. —— Nail-head phacotrum.

Crust spreading, granular, slightly powdery, greyish;
apothecia nearly globular, afterwards lentilshape, greyish-
black; podicils cylindrical, thickish, black.

Lichen clavicularis, Engl, Bot. 1465,
Calicium salicinum, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 20.
Calicium claviculare, Achar. Meth. 90; Lich. 234.

On beams, rafters, and the bark of old trees.

3. Phacotrum spherocephalum. Round-head phacotrum.
Crust very thin, smooth, greyish; apothecia nearly lentil-
shape; centre brownish, edge greyish; podicils threadlike,

black.

Coralloides fungiforme arboreum nigrum, vix crustosum, Dillen Musc-

Mucor lichenoides, Lin. S. P. 1655.

Lichen spherocephalus, Swart. N. Act. Ups. 4; Engl. Bot. AlA4.
Trichia lichenoides, Sibth. Oxon. 406.

Clathrus cinereus, Huds. Fl. Angl. 63).

Calicium claviculare spherocephalum, Achar. Lich, 255.
Calicium spherocephalum, Achar. Meth. 91.

On palings.

4. Phacotrum hispidulum. Roughish phacotrum..

Crust thin, greenish; apothecia cupshape, as well as the
centre roughish with a flocklike rust-coloured powder.

Calicium trachelinum hispidulum, Achar. Lich. 237.

On the bark of trees.

5. Phacotrum hyperellum. Bark phacotrum.

Crust cartilaginous, wrinkled in beds, bald, greenish-
yellow; apothecza lentilshape, rust-colour, powdery; podi-
cils thick, cylindrical, pitch-black, thickest at bottom.

Lichen hyperellum, Achar. Prod. 85; Engl. Bot. 1832,

Calicium hyperellum, Achar, Meth. 93; Lich. 237.

On the bark of trees.

Sporidia combined in pairs.

B. roscidum. Crust granularly wrinkled, greenish or
greyish; apothecia lentilshape, with a rust-colour powder,
underneath greyish, afterwards irregular, conglomerated 5
podicils thick, short, biack.

Lichen graniformis, Dickson Crypt.1,10; Engl. Bot, 1464.

Calicium claviculare roscidum, Achar. Meth. 90.

Calicium hyperellum roscidum, .4char. Lich, 238,

On the bark of trees, and timber-work.

212

484 120. Phacotr. 4. CENOTHALAME:. Pl. cell. aph.

6. Phacotrum chrysocephalum. Gold-head phacotrum.
Crust granular, conylomerated, lemon-yellow; apothecia
nearly topshape; centre convex, umber-brown; border
ellow, powdery; underneath naked, black, shining; podi-
cils threadlike, brassy, powdery.

Lichen chrysocephalus, Z'urner in Lin. Tr. 7,88; Engl. Bot. 2501.
Calicium chlorellum elatinum, Achar. Meth. 95,
Calicium chrysocephalum « and 6, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 15; Lich, 239.

On old wood, walls, and the bark of trees.

7. Phacotrum trabinellum. Board phacotrum.

Crust thin, greyish-white; apothecia at last lentilshape,
centre biack-brown, with a grey hoar; border yellow-
green.

Calicium trabinellum, Achar, Meth. Suppl. 15.
Lichen trabinellus, Engl. Bot. 1540.

Calicium claviculare 6 and y, Achar. Lich, 255.
Calicium xylonellum trabinellum, 4char. Meth. 95.
Calicium chlorellum trabinellum, Wahl. Lapp. 487,

On boarded buildings.

8. Phacotrum cantherellum. - Beam phacotrum.

Crust thin, whitish, rather powdery; apothecia lentil-
shape; centre flesh-colour afterwards reddish, with a white
hoar; podicils threadlike, naked, pale, growing brownish
and black.

Lichen cantherellus, Achar. Prod. 85,

Calicium pallidum, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 20.

Caiicium cantherellum, Achar. Meth. 96; Engl, Bot. 2557.
Calicium peronellum, Achar. Meth. 96. :
Calicium cantharellum « and 8, Achar. Lich. 240.

On rotten wood and the bark of old trees.

9. Phacotrum ferrugineum. Rust-colour phacotrum.

Crust thin, granular, tartarlike, rusty-white; apothecia
thick, black, often conglomerate; centre pale rust-colour ;
podicils short.

Calicium ferrugineum, Engl, Bot. 2473.

On pales.

10. Phacotrum eruginosum. Verdigris phacotrum.
Crust thin, tartarlike, rather granulated, verdigris-grey ;
apothecia black, hemispherical, centre very convex, brown-
ish-black ; podicils slender black.
Calicium wruzinosum, Engl, Bot, 2502.

On old boards.

Pl. cell.aph. 4. CENOTHALAMEZ. 120. Phacotr. 485

11. Phacotrum curtum. Short phacotrum.

Crust very thin, filmlike, whitish; apothecia reverse egg-
shape or hemispherical, black; centre covered with black,
loose, powdery; podicils thick, black.

Calicium curtum, Turn. and Borr. in Engl. Bot. 2503.

On decaying wood in shady places.

XXXI. 121. STRONGYLIUM. Acharius. Sirongyle.

Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate, uniform; apothecia cup-
shape, podicilled, cartilaginous; centre swollen, nearly
globular, running over the edge, formed of a compact
powdery mass.

1. Strongylium capitellatum. Headed strongyle.

Crust spreading, powdery, yellowish-green ; apothecia
eae podicils threadlike, very long, bent, greenish-
yellow.

Mucor furfuraceus, Lin. S, P. 1655.

Lichen capitatus, char. Prod. 85; Engl. Bot. 1639.
Calicium sulphureum, Schrad. Krypt.

Calicium furfuraceum, Persoon Tent. Fung. Suppl. 60.
Clathrus virescens, Hudson Fl. dng!. 632.

Trichia furfuracea, Withering Bot. drr. 4, 398.
Calicium capitellatum, Achar. Meth. 98; Lich. 24}.

On stones, the ground, and rotten roots of plants.

2. Strongylium aciculare. . Pin strongyle.

Crust leprous, powdery, pale greenish-yellow; apothecia
hemispherical globular, brown, powdery; podicils slender
at bottom.

Mucor fulvus, Lin. S. P. 1655.

Lichen falvus, Schwartz in N. dct. Ups. 4.

Lichen acicularis, char. Prod. 85; Engl. Prod. 2385.
Calicium aciculare, Achar. Meth. 98; Lich. 242.

On the bark of dry roots and dead branches.

3. Strongylinm debile. Weak strongyle.
Crust membranaceous, very thin, white; apothecia black,
convex; edge turned back; podicils long, slender, wavy,

black.

Coralloides fungiforme arboreum nigrum, vix crustosum, Dillen Muse.
i

18.
Calicium debile, Turner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2462.

On oid timber, especially under thatched roofs.

486 5. IDIOTHALAMEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

Fam. V. 5. IDIOTHALAME. Algarum pars, Linn.
Lichenum pars, Jussieu, Acharius.
Thallus crustlike or leatherlike; sporidia scattered, in-
nate in the substance, and in a nucleus or proligerous flake
covered by the thallus, or by a single or double perithe-
cium.--Thallus perennial, terrestrial, or parasitical ; greenish
or becoming so when wetted; absorbing water by the sur-
face, and transmitting it to all parts.

A. Thallus leatherlike, shrublike; apothecta tubercular ;
perithecitum 0. Rhizomorphide.

Thatlus crustlike, cartilaginous,

branched, shrublike, upright ..... SPHEROPHORON. 122.
avai crustlike, membranaceous,

branched, creeping, prostrate...... RuizomorpHa. 123.
B. Thallus crustlike ; apothecia wartlike ; perithecium

distinct. Variolaride.

Phallus crusthike cy oh. 2% 36%s side OL ARIOUARTAC DLO 4:.

C. Thallus crustlike ; apothecia wartlike ; perithecium
distinct. Porinidee.

Nucleus single ;

perithectum simple, black ............ PYRENULA. 125.
Nucleus simple; perithectum double,

first thick, second membranaceous... THELOTREMA. 126.
Nucleus mostly single, covered ;

Perit hecizime: Simple ges af. feys trancich ol ejrysORUNAA Yel 2 7

D. Thallus crustlike ; apothecia round, not bordered ;
perithecium distinct. Verrucaride.

Thallus cartilaginous, SRM MC

perithecium dotble’ 04 chaae ... LEJOPHLEA. 128.
Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds,

or powdery; perithecitum double........ LitHocta. 129.
Thallus soft, towlike, spongy or

cobwebby ; perithecium double ........ INopERMA. 130.
Thallus leaflike or shieldlike;

perithecium single ..........++.... ENDOCARPON. 131.

Pl.cell.aph.. 5. IDIOTHALAME, AST
E. Thallus crustlike; apothecia flat, bordered, linear.
Opegraphide. .

Peritthectum: simple. 05. 0).)s 06/06 «0's GRAPHIS. 132,
Apothecia hollow, grooved or flat ; :

edges open; peritheclumO....... fe siejo| LE MORIA) Las!
Apothecia slitlike; edges swollen ;
(OSA ACERT OL) Se ere ee sysveiia *ue),e4sis ones EL STERENAY 154:

/

A. Ruizomorruip®. Thallus leatherlike, shrubby;
apothecia tubercular; perithecium 0.

| (et 2 SPEHL-EROPHORON. Persoon. Ball-moss.

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, branched, shrublike;
inside towlike, rather solid; apothecia nearly giobular,
sessile, terminating the branches of the thallus, and formed
of it, which tearing open shows a black, powdery, globular
mass included with it.

1. Spherophoron coralloides. Coral-like ball-mass.
Thallus pale chestnut, scarcely divided ; branches lateral,
long, weak, divaricated, forked, pointed, fibrilled ; apothecia
nearly globular, smooth.
Lichenoides non tubulosum, ramulis scufellis nigris terminatis, Dillen in
Rati Syn. 66, 13.
Lichen globiferus, Lin. Mant. 133. .
Lichen globosus, Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 1, 460.
Lichen fragilis 8, Huds. Fl. Angl. 558.
_ Stereocaulon globiferum, Hoffin. Germ. 151.
Sphzrophoron coralloides, Achar. Meth. 134; Lich. 585.

On mountain-heaths, and on the roots of fir-trees.

‘

2. Sperophoron fragile. Brittle ball-moss.

Thallus greyish, branched ; branches forked, short,
crowded, eventopped, naked, cylindrical, bluntish; apo-
thecia globular topshape, rather warty.

Lichen fragilis, Lin. S. P. 1621.

Lichen cxzspitosum, Roth Tent.

Coralloides fragile, Hoffm. Lich. 2, 34.

Stereocaulon fragile, Hoffm. Germ, 131.

Sphzrophoron fragile, Achar. Meth. 135; Lich. 585; Engl. Bot, 2474.

On stones, and mountains among mosses. v4
3. Spherophoron compressum. Compressed ball-moss.
Thallus whitish, branched; branches compressed, twig-

ged, rather fibrilled, naked; apothecia nearly globular,

rather depressed above, smooth.

488 133.Rhizomor. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZ. a cell. aph.

Lichenoides non tubulosum ramosissimum, fraticuli specie, cinereo-
fuscum, Raii Syn. 65, 10.

Lichen fragilis, Lin. 8. P. 1621; Engl. Bot. 114.

Lichen melanocarpos, Swartz ind. Occid. 147.

Sphzrophoron compressum, Achar. Meth. 1353; Lich. 586.

On rocks and heaths in mountainous places.

II. 123. RHIZOMORPHA. Root-moss.

Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous, cylindrical,
branched repeatedly, creeping, prostrate, inside towlike
fibrous; apothecia giobular, sessile! frequently conglome-
rated, formed of the cortical part of the thallus, opening
irregularly, filled with powder.

1. Rhizomorpha subcorticalis. . Bark root-moss.

Thatllus compressed, blackish-brown, shining; branches
scattered, anastomosing in a network; apothecia conglo-
merate.

Fungoides q. Fungus niger compressus, varie divaricatus et implexus,
inter lignum et corticem, Raii Syn. 15,9.

Lichen aideelus, Humbcldt #l. Frib. 33,

Clavaria phosphorea, Sowerby Fungi, 100.

Rhizomorpha fragilis, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 252.

Rhizomorpha subcorticalis, Persoun Syn. Fung. T04.

On the trunks of dead trees, especially firs; also in

cellars.
Thallus \uminous in the dark, at the ends of the branches.

8. patens. Thallus dilated, broad, compressed.
Rhizomorpha patens, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 392, 1 and 2.

2. Rhizomorpha spinosa. Thorny root-moess.

Thallus cylindrical, slightly compressed, spineus, dull-
brown; branches scattered, frequently anastomosing.

Clavaria hypoxylon, Withering Bot. Arr. A, 404.

Rhizomorpha spinosa, Achar, Lich. 588 ; Sowerby Fungi, 299.

In lead-mines.

3. Rhizomorpha sublerranea. _ Underground root-moss.
Thallus cylindrical, bald, black, very much branched ;
branches and twigs crowded, pointed, free.

Lichen radiciformis, Lin. Syst. Nat. ed. 2, 964.
Usnea radiciformis, Scopoli Diss. 1, 95.
Rhizomorpha subterranea, dchar. Lich. 588.

On half-rotten wood and stones in mines.

4. Rhizomorpha dichotoma. Forked root-moss.
Thallus cylindrical, greenish-brown; branches forked,
spreading, long, cylindrical, naked, free. -

Pl.cell. aph. 4. IDIOTHALAMEZ. 123. Rhizom. 489

‘Clavaria hypoxylon 2, Withering Bot. Arr. 4,404.
Rhizomorpha dichotoma, Achar. Lich, 589; Sowerby Fungi, 298.

In mines. ?

5. Rhizomorpha setiformis. Bristlelike root-moss.
Phallus cylindrical, very slender, black, shining, scarcely
branched, tips divided.

Lichen hippotrichoides, Weber Germ. 231.
Usnea hippotrichoides, Hoffm. Germ. 137.
Rhizomorpha setiformis, Achar, Lich. 589; Persoon Syn. Fung. 105.

On dead fallen fir-leaves.

6. Rhixomorpha tuberculosa. Tubercular root-moss.
Thalius threadlike, slightly compressed, not branched ;
apothecia scattered, globular, acuminated, deep black.

Lichen setosus, Leyser Fl. Halens. 1171.
Hypoxylum loculiferum ? Pulliard Herd.
Rhizomorpha setiformis tuberculata, Achar. Lich. 589.

On woed long kept in cellars.

7. Rhizomorpha Stokesii. Stokes’ root-moss.

Thallus dull foxy-brown, compressed; branches divari-
cated, rounded, blunt.

Rhizomorpha Stokesii, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 430.

On chalk-pits.

Thallus flat, netlike, entangled, sometimes covered with
the chalk.

8. Rhizomorpha Harrimannt. Harriman’s root-moss.

Thallus dull-brown; main stems irregularly angular,
brittle; covering cracking transversely; branches long,
wavy.

Rhizomorpha Harrimanni, Sowerby Eng. Fungi, 431, 1.

In mines.

Thallus resembles bugle-trimming:; inside white, cot-
tony, tough.

9. Rhizomorpha variegata, - Variegated root-moss.
Thallus long, round, nearly of uniform thickness ; :
branches in bundles, lighter coloured; twigs still lighter,

silky.
Rhizomorpha variegata, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 431, 2.

Under ground.
Thallus crowded ; pith scarcely any.

490 123. Rhizom. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

10. Rhizomorpha Martini. Martin’s root-moss.

Thallus brown, brittle, woody, in round threads branch-
ing in all directions, serpentine, hairlike and matted.

Rhizomorpha Martini, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 431, 3.

In mines.

11. Rhizomorpha medullaris. Pith root-moss.

Thallus cylindrical, very much branched, inside snow-
white; cellules yellowish.

Rhizomorpha medullaris, Smith in Lin. Tr, 12.

In an old well upon boards.

B. Varrotarip#&. Thallus crustlike; apothecia wartlike ;
perithecium 0.

TI. 124. VARIOLARIA. Persoon. Smallpox-moss.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, uniform; apothecia
wartlike, formed of the thallus, most commonly soredium-
like, slightly bordered, white; macleus naked and without
a perithecium, compressed, cellular, hidden in the sub-
stance of the wart, and usually covered with the thallus,
sometimes becomes uncovered.— Soredia very numerous.

1. Variolaria velata. Veiled smallpox-moss.

Crust regular, rather cartilaginous, bald, very white,
nearly radiately plaited; apothecta smooth, compressed,
swollen; nucleus rather lentilshape, covered above with a
thin powdery veil.

Parmelia velata, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9, 143.
Lichen velatus, Engl. Bot. 2062.
Variolaria velata, Achar. Lich. 319.

On the bark of trees.

2. Variolaria multipuncta. Dotted smallpox-moss.

Crust rather cartilaginous, cracked in beds, granular,
greyish; apothecia convex, crowded, granulated; nucleus
lentilshape, enclosed.

Variolaria multipuncta, Turner in Lin, Tr. 9,137; Achar. Lich, 321.
Lichen multipunctus, Engl. Bot. 2061.

On the bark of trees.

3. Variolaria globulifera. Globule smallpox-moss.

Crust rather cartilaginous, greyish, sprinkled irregularly
with granules and soredia, uneven; apothecia nearly glo-
bular, bald, becoming depressed above, bearing soredia ;
nucleus concave, enclosed.

Pl. cell.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAME. 124. Variolar. 491

Variolaria globulifera, Turner in Lin. Tr. 9,139; Ackar. Lich. 322.
Lichen globuliferus, Engl. Bot. 2008.

On the bark of trees.

4. Variolaria communis. Common smallpox-moss.

Crust cartilaginous, smooth, whitish, growing uneven
and grey, sprinkled with white, unbordered soredia;
apothecia spheroid, powdery; nucleus rather membrana-
ceous, flattish, pale, at length becoming naked.

Variolaria communis, Achar. Lich. 322.

‘On the bark of trees, old wood and stones.

Thallus nearly insipid, varying from white to grey ac-
cording to the age; soredia nearly globular, convex or flat.

8. orbiculata. Crust thin, granular, rather radiately
cracked, marked with zones, grayish-white; soredia cen-
tral and scattered, flattish, scarcely bordered, similar in
colour.

Verrucaria orbiculata, Hoffm. Germ. 170.

Lichen pallescens? Wulf. in Jacq. Coll, 3.
Variolaria orbiculata, Achar. Meth. 13.
Variolaria communis orbiculata, Achar, Lich. 323.

On wood and barked trees.

y. faginea. Crust rather spreading, bald, wrinkled and
cracked, whitish ; soredia hemispherical, scattered, not bor-
dered, rather solid, powdery, very white.

Lichen fagineus, Lin. S. P. 1608.

Variolaria faginea, Persoon in Uster nn. 7; Achar. Meth, 32.
Verrucaria tubercularia, Heffm. Germ. 170.

Variolaria communis faginea, char. Lich. 323.

On the bark of trees, especially on beech, also on stones.

0. aspergilla. Crust tartarlike, cartilaginous, regular,
greenish; circumference smooth, cracked in rays; soredia
scattered, superficial, flat, very slightly bordered, whiter
than the thallus.

Variolaria aspergilla, Achar. Meth. 13; Lich, 325; Engl. Bot, 2401.

On rocks and stones.

5. Variolaria amara. Bitter smallpox-moss.
Crust wrinkled, cracked, uneven, rather powdery white,
slightly greyish; apothecia pressed close, plano-concave,
bordered, bearing soredia, similar in colour to the thallus.

< Lichen fagineus, Engl. Bot. 1713.
Variolaria amara, Achar. Lich. 324,

On the bark of trees.

492 124.Variolar. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZ. Pi. cell. aph.

Thallus very bitter, like Peruvian bark, not immediately
perceptible, but extremely permanent; nucleus not yet

found.

8. discoidea. Crust powdery, whitish then greyish, naked ;
soredia very crowded, then dilated, wavy, plano-concave ;
_border raised, swollen.

Lichenoides candidum et farinaceum, scutellis fere planis, Dillen Musc.
131,

Lichen discoideus, Engl. Bot. 1714.

Variolaria discoideus, Achar, Meth. 14.

Lichen albescens, Huds. Fl. Angl. 529.

Lichen carpineus, Lightf. Scot. 509.

Variolaria amara discoidea, Achar. Lich. 325.

On the bark of trees.

6. Variolaria lactea. Milky smallpox-moss.

Crust tartarlike, regular, cracked in beds, smooth, milky,
circumference slightly radiated and crenately lobed; apo-
thecia crowded, bordered; above very white, powdery.

Lichen lacteus, Lin, Mant. 132; Engl. Bot. 2410. f

Variolaria lactea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 13 Achar. Meth. 14; Lich. 321.

On rocks and stones.

Nucleus not yet discovered.

7. Variolaria corallina. Coralline smallpox-moss.

Crust tartarlike, cracked, white, frequently nipply,
branched; apothecia hemispherical, rather depressed at
top; nucleus lentilshape, covered above with a thin pow-
dery veil.

Lichen dealbatus, Achar. Prod. 29.

Isidium corallinum, Achar. Meth. 138.

Variolaria dealbata, De Cand. Fl. Fr. 2,525; Engl. Bot. 2519.
Variolaria corallina, Achar. Lich. 319.

On stones and rocks.

Barren apothecia whiter and more convex, contain no
nucleus. ;

8. Variolaria griseo-virens. Greyish-green smallpox-moss.

Crust elliptical, thin, slightly tartarlike, rugged, grey,
scarcely limited; apothecia roundish, narrow-bordered ;
soredia greenish.

Variolaria griseo-virens, Zurner and Borrer in Engl. Bot. 2400.

On the bark of birch and cherry trees.

Pl.cell.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEA:. 124. Variolar. 499

9. Fariolaria cimerea. Grey smatlpox-moss.
Crust round, tartarlike, thin, ash-colour, cracked; cir-
cumference indeterminate; apothecia orbicular, very small.
white, edge raised, soredia white. j
Variolaria cinerea, Engl. Bot. 24) 1,

On whinstone.

C. Poripe. Thallus crustlike; apothecta wartshape;
perithecium distinct.

IV. 125. PYRENULA. Acharius. Nut-moss;

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-
thecia wartshape, formed of the thallus, enclosing or sur-
rounding at the base a single thalamium, with a simple,
thick, black, nippled perithecium covering a globular, cell-
bearing throughout nucleus. :

a. Apothecia open at the mouth, or surrounding a naked’
thalamium.

1. Pyrenula umbonata. Button nut-moss.

Crust tartarlike, regular, very finely cracked, greyish=
red ; apothecia bald, reddish, rather depressed above, slightly
surrounding the rather prominent, nipplelike opening of
the thalamium.

Verrucaria thelostoma, Achar. in Winch, Bot. Guide, 2, 44,

Lichen thelostomus, Engl. Bot. 2153.
Pyrenula umbonata, Achar, Lich. 316.

On whinstone.

b. Apothecia closed, strictly surrounding the prominent
nipple, or thalamium, but without forming a border.

2. Pyrenula tessellata. Tessellated nut-moss.

Crusé tartarlike, uneven, cracked in beds, yellowish-grey ;
apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, closed, strictly
surrounding the prominent part of the thalamium, which
is terminated above by a slightly bordered mouth.

Lichen tessellatus, Engl. Bot. 533,

Werrucaria fuscella viridula, Achar, Lich. 290.

Werrucaria tessellata, Achar. Meth. 1153 Lich, 289,
Pyrenula tessellata, dchar. Syn. 126.

On. brick-walls and stones.

494 125. Pyrenula, 5. IDIOTHALAME, PI. cell. aph.

3. Pyrenula nigrescens. Blackish nut-moss.

Crust tartarlike, slightly cracked, uneven, brownish-
black; apothecia enlarged at bottom, depressed, rather
wrinkled, closed, strictly surrounding the greatest part of
the prominent, nipplelike thalamium.

Lichen umbrinus, Achar. Prod. 14; Engl. Bot. 1499.
Verrucaria umbrina, Achar. Meth, 122.

Verrucaria antiquitatis, Florke in Berl, Mag. 1807, 1, 17.
Pyrenula nigrescens, Achar. Syn, 126.

On stones.

V. 126. THELOTREMA. Acharius. Open-wart-moss.

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate,
uniform ; apothecia wartshape, formed of the thallus, open,
bordered; thalamium single, enclosed in the wart; peri-
thecia double; one halved above, thick, black, seldom want-
ing; the other very thin, membranaceous, sometimes alone,
or broken above; surrounding a compressed, cellular,
slightly streaked nucleus, placed in the bottom of the wart.

1. Thelotrema lepadinum. Barnacle open-wart-moss. -

Crust smooth, whitish; apothecta smooth, nearly conoid,
edge of the opening thin, simple, rather bent inwards, con-
tracted; bottom covered with a membrane which becomes
torn.

Lichen inclusus, Engl. Bot. 678.

Lichen lepadinus, Achar. Pred. 30.
Thelotrema lepadinum, Achar. Meth. 132; Lich. 312.

On the bark of trees.

2. Thel. exanthematicum. Eruptive open-wart-moss.

Crust rather tartarlike, thin, not cracked, greyish: apo-
thecia convex, half sunk, whiter; opening half closed,
radiately cracked, becomes gaping; bottom veiled, yellow-
ish flesh-colour.

Lichen volvatus, Villars Delph. 55.

Lichen exanthematicus, Smith in Lin. Tr.1,81; Engl. Bot. 1184.
Urceolaria exanthematica, Achar. Meth. 146.

Thelotrema exanthematica, Achar. Lich. 313.

On rocks, especially limestone. :
Halit peculiar, but seems most referable to this genus.

3. Thelotrema.ageleum. Inelegant open-wart-moss.

Crust white, rather powdery, or sprinkled with very
small granules or soredia; apothecia pressed close, few;
slightly sunk in the crust.

Pl.cell.aph. 5. 1DIOTHALAMEZ. 126.Thelotr. 495

Lichen argenus, char. Prod, 8.

Lichen agelieus, Achar. Prod. 30; Engl. Bot, 1923.

Urceolaria agelwa, Achar. Meth. 150,

Lecidea argena, Aehar. Meth, 714.

Lecanora verrucosa 8 and y, Achar. Lich. 355,

Thelotrema variolarioides agelaum, Achar. in Act. Stockh. 33, 149.

On the bark of old poplars and firs.

VI. 127. PORINA. Acharius. Callus-moss.

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate,
uniform; apothecia wartlike, formed of the thallus, not
bordered; thalamium one or more, hidden within the sub-
stance of the wart; perithecium simple, very thin, membra-
naceous, transparent ; opening on the surtace of the wart,
coloured, thick; nucleus nearly globular, cellular, vesicle-
bearing. —

1. Porina pertusa. Pierced callus-moss.
Crust smooth, even, greyish white; apothecia nearly glo-
bular, openings many, depressed, black.

Lichenoides verrucosum et rugosum, cinereum, glabrum, Dillen Musc.
128.

Lichen pertusus, Lin. Mant. 131; Engl. Bot. 61T.

Endocarpon pertusum, Wahlenb. Lapp. 459.

Spheria melanostoma, Bern. in Romer Archiv, 4, 10,

Thelotrema pertusum, Achar. Meth. 131.

Porina pertusa, Achar. Lich. 308.

On the bark of the trunks of trees.

9. Porina hymenea. Maidenhead callus-moss.

Crust greyish, growing uneven ; apothecia hemispherical,
at length irregular, angular; openings many, cracked,
widening.

Lichen pertusus, Wulf, in Jacq. Coll, 2, 181.

Lichen hymeneus, Achar. Prod. 80; Engl. Bot, 1731.

Thelotrema hymeneum, Achar. Meth. 133.

Porina lejoplaca hymenea, Achar. Lich. 310.
Porina fallax hymenea, Achar. Syn. 120.

On the bark of old oak-trees.

D. Verrucaripe. Thallus crustlike; apothecia round,
without any border; pertthecium distinct.

VII. 128. LEJOPHLEA. Acharius. Smooth-moss.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, carti-
laginous, membranaceous, not cracked, smooth; apothecia
with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, innate at

496 128. Lejoph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZ. PI. cell. aph.

bottom in the thallus; perithecia double; the exterior ra-
ther cartilaginous, thick, hard, halved, with a nipple or
opening above; the interior very thin, membranaceous,
entirely enclosing a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular

nucleus.

1. Lejophlea punctiformis. Dotlike smooth-moss.

Crust very thin, rather regular, smooth, brownish; epo-
thecia small, hemispherical, nearly globular; mouths
scarcely open; nucleus globular, white.

Lichen punctifermis, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot. 2412, -

Verrucaria punctiformis, Achar. Meth. 119: Lich, 274.

On smooth barks of trees.

2. Lejophlea analepta. Strengthening smooih-mess.

Crust membranaceous, rather irregular, shining, olive;
apothecia nearly sessile, scattered, hemispherical, conoid,
nipplelike; mwcleus compressed, nearly membranaceous,
white.

Lichen analeptus, Achar. Prod. 15; Engl. Bot. 1848.
Werrucaria olivacea, Persoon in Uster Ann. 1, 28.
Verrucaria analepta, Achar. Meth. 119; Lich, 275.

On bark of trees, especially beeches.

3. Lejophlea stigmatella. Small-dot smooth-moss.
Crust thin, cartilaginous, membranaceous, smooth, grow~
sing cracked, whitish ; apothecia small, hemispherical, crowd-
ed, nearly confluent; mowihs extremely small; nucleus
globular, greyish.

Lichen stigmatellus, Achar. Prod. 15; Engl. Bot. 1891.
Werrucaria cinerea, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 28.
Verrucaria stigmatella, .dchar. Meth. 1173. Lich. 276.

On the smooth bark of trees.

4. Lejophlea gemmata. Gemmed smooth-moss.

Crust spreading, thin, smooth, silvery white; apothecia
scattered, hemispherical, nipplelike, shining; nucleus glo-
bular, transparent.

Lichen melaleucus, Engl. Bot. 246:

Verrucaria alba, Schrad. Germ, 109.

Verrucaria melaleuca, Achar. Meth. 117.
Verrucaria gemmata, Achar. Lich, 278.

On the bark of tall trees,

Pl.cell.aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZ. 129. Lithocia. 497
VIII. 129. LITHOCIA. Acharius. Stone-moss.

Thallus crustlike, nearly tartarlike, unbroken, cracked
in beds, or powdery, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia with a nearly globular hemispherical thalamium, in-
nate at bottom in the thallus; perzthectwm double, the ex-.
terior nearly cartilaginous, thick, black, halved above, with
a nipple or mouth; the interior very thin, membranaceous ;
enclosing all around a nearly globular, vesicular, cellular
nucleus.

1. Lithocia Schraderi. Schrader’s sione-moss.
Crust tartarlike, unbroken, whitish; apothecia small,
crowded, sunk, nearly globular; inside dirty-white, trans-

parent.

Lichen Schraderi, Achar. Prod. 13; Engl. Bot. 1711.

Lichen immersus, Hoffm. Lich. 24.

Verrucaria immersa, Persvon in Uster. Ann, 7.

Verrucaria rupestris, Schrader Germ. 109.

Verrucaria Schraderi, Achar. Meth. 114; Lich, 284. “

On limestone and chalk.

2. Lithocia Harrimannu.. Harrimann’s stone-moss.

Crust tartarlike, unbroken, distinctly limited, very thin,
slightly pitted, mouse-colour; apothecia minute, nearly
globular, sunk, nipple conical; inside dirty white.

Verrucaria Harrimanni, Achar. Lich. 284; Engl. Bot. 2539,
On hard grey limestone rocks.

3. Lithocia plumbea. Lead-grey stone-moss.
Crust tartarlike, scarcely broken, regular, very finely
cracked, rather wrinkly, lead-colour ; apothecia nearly glo-
- bular, innate, become depressed above, saucershape; in-
side white.
Verrucaria plumbea, Achar. Lich. 285.
Lichen plumbosus, Engl, Bot, 2540.

On limestone-rocks.

4, Lithocia glaucina. Greenish stone-moss.

Crust cracked in beds, greenish-brown; apothecia hali-
sunk, prominent part hemispherical, afterwards pierced ; in-
side dirty white, transparent.: :

Verrucaria glaucina, Achar, Syn. 94,

On the hardest stones.
VOL, IL. 9 kK

498 129. Lithocia, 5. IDIOTHALAMEM. Pl. cell, aph.

5. Lithocia maura. Blackmoor stone-moss.

Crust tartarlike, thin, smooth, very much cracked, very
deep black ; apothecia minute, nearly. ¢ globular, immersed ;
tip umbilicated, prominent; nzcleus blackish.

Verrucaria maura, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 193 Lich, 291.
Lichen maurus, Engl. Bot. 2456.

On rocks and stones near the seaside. 2

6. Lithocia striatula. . Fine-streaked stone-moss.
_ Crust figured, shrublike, bordered with greenish-black,
beds rather separate, branched, radiating ; apothecia conoid,
afterwards slightly concave above, horicxede nucleus dots
like, transparent.
Verrucaria striatula, Achar. Meth. Suppl. 21; Lich. 293.

B. acrotella Beds of the crust dispersed, irregular,
blackish-brown.

Verrucaria acrotella, Achar. Meth. 123.
Lichen acrotellus, Engl. Bot. 1712.
Verrucaria striatula acrotella, Achar. Lich. 293,

On flint-stones.

IX. 130. INODERMA. Acharius. Tow-moss.

Thallus soft, towlike, rather spongy, or thin cobwebby,
adnate; apothecia containing a nearly globular or hemi-
spherical thalamium, innate ‘at bottom in the thallus; peri-
thecium double, the external rather cartilaginous, i thiek,
black, halved above, with a nipple or mouth; the interior
very thin, membranaceous; including all around a nearly
globular, vesicular, cellular nucleus.

1. Inoderma epigea. Above-ground tow-moss.
Thallus thin, nearly fibrous, uneven, “pale yellowish ;
apothecia very small, globular, sunk; mouth prominent,

inside black.

Spheria epigea, Persoon Syn. Fung. App. 27.
Verrucaria epigea, Achar, Meth. 123; Lich. 295,

On muddy ground.

2. Inoderma byssacea. _ Byssus tow-moss.

Thallus rather leprous, cobwebby, dirty white; apothecia
very small, nearly globular, half-sunk, pierced, inside
black.

Spheria byssacea, Persoon Syn. Fung. Hon 32.
Verrucaria byssacea, Achar. Meth. 116; Lich. 294.

On the trunks of trees.

Pl. cell. aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZE. 131. Endocarp. 499
X. 131. ENDOCARPON. Hedwig. Flidden-fruit.

Thallus crustlike, flat, adnate, rather regular, or leaflike,
and peltate; apothecia composed of a globular thalamium
hidden in the substance of the thallus; perithecium single,
membranaceous, thin, transparent, with a thick, nearly
nipplelike prominent mouth, at the surface of the thallus;
ae enclosing a globular nucleus, nearly similar to the
thallus.

1. Endocarpon sinopicum. Jasper hidden-fruit.

Thallus crustlike, cracked in beds, slightly lobed, green-
ish, rusty, circumference depressed ; mouths depressed,
black.

Endocarpon Sinopicum, Achar. Meth. Supp. 30; Lich. 297.

Lichen Sinopicus, Engl, Bot, 1776, but not the magnified figure.

On slate.

2. Endocarpon smaragdulum. Emerald hidden-fruit.

Thallus crustlike, cartilaginous, rather leaflike, very
small, slightly peltate, flat, pressed close, rounded, not
cut, yellowish-green; mouths depressed, reddish-brown.

Endocarpon smaragdulum, Achar. Meth. Supp. 29; Lich. 298.
Lichen smaragdalus, Engl. Bot. 1512.

On rocks, and in their cracks.

3. Endocarpon tephroides. Ash-colour-hidden-fruit:

Thallus crustlike, membranaceous, spreading, rather
leaflike, unbroken, wavy, frequently tiledlike, cracked, ash-
grey, hoary; circumference .tregular, crenately lobed, un-
derneath black, rather spongy; mouths raised, convex,
black, pierced.

Lichen tephroides, Achar. Prod. 18; Engl. Bot. 2013.

Endocarpon cinereum, Persoun in Uster Ann. 7, 28.
Endocarpon tephroides, Achar. Meth. 129; Lich. 297.

Upon the ground, and on rotten mosses.

4. Emdocarpon polythecium. Many-cased hidden-friit.

Thallus spreading, wrinkled, cracked, dark brownish-
grey, hoary; mouths hemispherical, pierced, afterwards
slightly bordered, crowded, tuberculated.

Lichen fuscellus, Turner'in Lin. Tr. 7,90; Engl. Bot. 1500.

Verrucaria fuscella 2 and y, Achar. Lich, 289 and 675.
Verrucaria polythecia, char. Lich. 288.

On stones, walls, and the ground.
PK

yA

500 131. Endocarp. 5. IDIOTHALAMEK. PI. ceil. aph.
5. Endocarpon Hedwigit. Hedwig’s hidden-fruit.

Thallus nearly cartilaginous, roundish, cornered and
lobed, olive-colour; underneath at the edge paler, grow
blackish, fibrilled; mowths rather prominent, blackish
brown. ;

Lichen trapeziformis, Dickson Crypt. 2,22; Engl..Bot. 595.

Lichen Endocarpon, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 52.

Endocarpon bepaticum « and 6, Achar. Lich. 298, 299.

Endocarpon pusillum, Hedwig. Crypt. 2, 56.

Endocarpon Hedwigii, Achar. Meth. 125; Lich, 298.

On barren heaths and the sides of mountains.

Thallus scarcely discernible except in wet weather, va-
rious in colour, both above and beneath, paler or darker,
olive, rust-colour, brownish, brown, and blackish.

6. Endocarpon lachneum. Woolly hidden-fruit.

Thallus nearly cartilaginous, lobed; lobes aggregated,
rather tiledlike; edge raised, turned over, wavy; under-
neath woolly, black.

Lichen lachneus, Achar. Prod. 140; Engl. Bot. 1698.
Endocarpon lachneum, Achar, Meth, 127; Lich. 299.

On downs and rocks.

7. Endocarpon pallidum. Pale hidden-frutt.

Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, leafiike, pale, green-
ish, crenately lobed, grows irregularly jagged; jags bent,
rather tiledlike; external jags underneath paler, naked;
mouths hemispherical, pale, with a black dot.

Endocarpon pallidum, Achar. Lich, 301; Engl. Bot. 2541,
Endocarpon muscorum, Achar, Lih. 300.

Upon mosses, and rocks barely covered with earth.

8. Endocarpon parasiticum. Parasitic hidden-fruit.

Thallus crustlike, leatherlike, coppery, underneath biack,
fibrilled ; lobes roundish, lobed, flat, smooth, afterwards
convex, wrinkled, cracked, broken; mouths depressed,
slightly bordered, at length convex.

Lichen parasiticus, Engl. Bot. 1866.
Endocarpon parasiticum, Achar. Syn. 100.

Parasitic on parmelia omphalodes.

9. Endocarpon viride. Green hidden-fruit.

Thallus thin, membranaceous, leaflike, roundish, slightly
concave ;- edge not in the least cut, light greenish, under-
neath whitish, naked. F |

Pl. cell. aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMES. 131. Endocarp. 501

Endocarpon viride, Achar. Lich. 300.

On the ground among mosses.
Mouths not yet discovered.

10. Endocarpon miniatum. Scarlet hidden-fruit.

Thallus thick, crustlike, cartilaginous, leaflike, round
peltate, greyish; circumference turned back, bent, plaited ;
underneath smooth, afterwards wrinkled, reddish brown;
mouths small, few, slightly prominent, red.

Lichenoides coriaceum nebulosum cinereum punctatum, subtus fulvum,
Dillen Musc. 223.

Lichen miniatus, Lin. 8. P. 1617; Engl. Bot. 593, |.
Endocarpon miniatum, Achar, Meth, 1273 Lich. 302.

On stones and rocks.

11. Endocarp. leptophyllum. Smail-leaved hidden-fruit.

Thallus cartilaginous, leaflike, round, peltate, black-
brown or rather grayish; circumference turned back, bent ;
underneath smooth, wrinkled rather plaited, black ; mouths
black, slightly prominent.

Lichen leptophyllus, Achar. Prod. 141; Engl. Bot. 2012.
Endocarpon leptophyllum, char. Meth. 127; Lich. 502.

‘On rocks exposed to the drip of water.

12. Endocarp. complicatum. Complicated hidden-fruit.

Thallus leatherlike, cartilaginous, lobed, grey; under-
neath blackish-brown; lobes rather upright, roundish,
plaited, convoluted ; mouths crowded, convex, black.

Lichen polyphyllus, Wulf. in Jacq. Coll. 2.

Lichen amphibius, Wither. Bot. Arr. 4,66; Engl. Bot. 593, 2.

Lichen complicatus, Swartz in N. Act. Ups. 4.

Endocarpon complicatum, Achar. Meth. 123; Lich. 303.

On rocks and stones near the water.

Thallus sometimes simple, approaches nearer to E. We-
beri in habit than to KE. miniatus, although esteemed by
some a variety of the latter; retains its colour when
moistened.

13. Endocarpon Weberi. Weber's hidden-fruit.

Thallus cartilaginous, nearly leatherlike, leaflike, lobed,
greyish-brown-olive; underneath fawn-brown and black ;
each face smooth; lobes jagged, bent, plaited, crisp, hud-
dled, irregular; mouths slightly convex, black.

502 131. Endocarp. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZ:. Pl. cell. aph.

Lichen fluviatilis, Weber Gotting. 265.

Lichen aquaticus, Weiss Crypt. 11; Engl. Bot, 594.
Platisma aquaticum, Hoffm. Lich. 2, 64.
Endocarpon fluviatile, Wahlenb. Lapp. 462.
Endocarpon Weberi, Achar. Meth, 128; Lich. 304.

On rocks and stones under water.
Thallus while wet a fine green ; when dry blackish-brown
or dark green; underneath sometimes deep black.

E. OrscrapHipes®. Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded,
adnate, uniform; apothecia sessile, flat, bordered, linear.

XI. 132. GRAPHIS. Adanson. Trait-moss.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform; apo-
thecia composed of a long thalamium immersed in the
thallus; perithecium single, cartilaginous, halved, lateral,
black, enclosing a linear nucleus on both sides; centre
naked above and below; inside cellular-streaked.

1. Graphis scripta. Written trait-moss.

Crust membranaceous, smooth, rather shining, whitish
and rather greyish, nearly regular ; apothecia slightly raised,
naked, wavy, simple or branched; centre slitlike; ¢halloid
border raised, membranaceous.

Lichenoides crusta tenuissima, peregrinis velut literis inseripta, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 71, 48.

Lichen scriptus, Lin. S. P. 1606.

Opegrapha scripta, Achar. Meth. 30; Engl. Bot, 1813.

Graphis scripta, Achar. Lich. 265. ©

On the smooth bark of trees in woods.

Apothecia resemble Hebrew or Chinese characters.

2. Graphis pulverulenta. Powdery trait-moss.

Crust spreading, membranaceous, whitish; apothecia
slightly raised, wavy; centre grooved, gaping, grey-hoary;
thalloid border raised, slightly swollen.

Opegrapha pulverulenta, Persoon in Uster dnn. 1,293 Engl. Bot. 1754.
Graphis pulverulenta, Achar. Lich. 266.

On the bark of trees.

3. Graphis cerast. Cherry-tree trait-moss.

Crust very thin, grey, greenish, shining; apothecia
slightly raised, straight, long, simple, pointed, nearly pa-
rallel; centre grooved, slightly hoary; thalloid border thin.

Opegrapha cerasi, Fersoon in Uster Ann, 11, 20; Engl. Bot. 2301;
Achar. Meth. 27,
Graphis cerasi, Achar. Lich. 268.

On the bark of cherry and sloe trees.

Pl.cell. aph. 5,IDIOTHALAMEZE. 132. Graphis. 508

4. Graphis betulina. os Birch trait-moss.

Crust very thin, white, bordered, with black; apothecia
sunk, nearly simple, elliptic, long or starlike; centre broad,
flat, rather hoary; thadloid border raised membranaceous.

Opegrapha betulina, Persoon in Ust. Ann. 7, 313 Engl. Bot. 2281;
Achar, Meth. 20.
Graphis betulina, Achar. Lich. 268,

On the bark of birch-trees.

5. Graphis dendritica. Shrublike tratt-moss.

Crust rather cartilaginous, uneven, very white; apothecia
sunk, wavy, branched, black; branches diverging, forked,
pointed; centre broad, flat, naked; lorder of the perithe-
cium scarcely any, thalloid border very slight.

Opegrapha dendritica, Achar. Meth.31; Engl. Bot, 1756.
Graphis dendritica, char, Lich, 271.

On the bark of trees.
Apothecia when moistened becomes transparent, brownish.

6. Graphis serpentina. Serpentine trait-moss.

Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, uneven, wrinkled, |
regular, white and grey; apothecia sunk, long, crowded,
bent, sometimes branched, blunt, grey-hoary; centre
grows flat; thalloid border thick.

Opegrapha serpentina, Achar. Meth. 29: Engl. Bot, 1755.

Graphis serpentina, Achar. Lich, 269.

On the bark of trees.

Halit singular, and quite distinct from G. pulverulenta.

7. Graphis Lyelli. Lyell’s irait-moss.

Crust membranaceous, smooth, pale olive-colour; apo-
thecia crowded, seldom branched, curved, swollen, blunt;
centre broad, convex, grey-hoary; thalloid border thick,
white, powdery.

Opegrapha Lyelli, Engl. Bot. 1876.

Graphis Lyelli, Achar. Syn. 85.

On rugged barks of trees.

8. Graphis elegans. Elegant trait-moss.

Crust round, granular, bald, white; apothecta sunk, scat-
tered, short, straight, seldom branched; edge of the peri-
thecium grooved lengthways.

Opegrapha elegans, Engl. Bot. 1852.

Graphis elegans, char, Syn. 85.

On the smooth bark of young trees.

504 133. Alyxoria. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZE. PI. cell. aph.
XII. 133. ALYXORIA. Acharius.. _ Wide-moss.

‘Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia oblong or long, senciles covered with a blacks carti-
laginous membrane, enclosing a similar, rather solid pa-
renchyme; centre linear, bordered on both sides, hollow,
grooved or flat, open; borders distant.

1. Alyxoria notha. Spurious wide-moss.
Crusi cartilaginous, rather leprous, whitish; apothecia
sessile, scattered, rather roundish or oval, irregular; centre
flat, grows convex, hemispherical, slightly tuberculated,
edge very small.

Arthronia gibberulosa, Achar. Lich. 142.

Opegrapha verrucaroides 6 and 8, Achar. Lich. 244,

Opegrapha Lichenoides, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30.

Opegrapha notha, dchar. Meth. 11; Lich. 252; Engl. Bot. 1890.

On the bark of old elms, fig, and other trees.

2. Alyxoria diaphora. Variable wide-moss.

Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, dirty greyish-white;
apothecia sessile, variable, oblong, rather long, narrow both

ways, opake; centre flat; edges persistent, rather bent.

Opegrapha varia, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30.
Opegrapha diaphora, Achar. Meth. 19; Lich. 254.
Opegrapha diaphora spanista, Achar, Meth. 19; Lich. 254.

On the trunks of trees.

XIII. 134. HYSTERINA. Acharius. Slit-moss.

Thallus crustlike, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform ; apo-
thecia oblong or long, sessile, covered with a black carti-
laginous membrane, enclosing a similar rather solid paren-
chyme:; centre linear, very narrow, slitlike, enclosed on
each side with a swollen, connivent border nearly close.

1. Hysterina nimbosa. Cloudlike slit-moss.
Crust slightly cracked, uneven, very white; apothecia
crowded, small, oval oblong , turgid; centre closed.

Opegrapha notha conferta, vem Meth. 18.
Opegrapha nimbosa, Achar. Meth. 18 ; Lich, 245; Engl, Bot. 2346.

On the bark of trees.

2. Hysterina Persoonii. Persoon’s slit-moss.

Crust tartarlike, smoothish, coherent, uneven, whitish ;
apothecia imate, oblong; centre slitlike, growing wrinkled,
bent, plaited, irregular, slightly running into one another ;
ir regularly slightly gaping.

Pil. cell. aph. 5. 1DIOTHALAMEZ:. 134. Hysterina. 505

Opegrapha rupestris, Persoon in Uster Ann. 11, 20.
Opegrapha Persoonii, Achar. Meth, 17; Lich. 246; Engl. Bot, 2345.

On rocks and walls.

8. aporea. Crust tartarlike, leprous, uneven, powdery;
apothecia roundish, irregular, wavy, plaited, serpentine, in
various manners, gaping.

Lichenis simplicis varietas, Davies Tr. Lin. Soc. 2, 284.
Lecidea privigna, Achar. Mcth. 49.
Opegrapha Persoonii aporea, Achar, Meth. 17; Lich, 246,

y- strepsodina. Crust very thin, scarcely any, smooth,
greyish; apothecia crowded, roundish, irregular, wrinkled
and bordered.

Opegrapha Persoonii strepsodina, Achar. Lich, 247.

On slate-rocks.

8. Hysterina petrea. Rock slit-moss.

Crust tartarlike, cracked in_ beds, dirty-white ; beds
smooth; apothecia sessile, oblong, nearly linear, swollen,
straightish, rather shining; centre slitlike, between raised
edges.

Opegrapha petra, Achar. Syn, 72.

On rocks.

4. Fysterina calcarea. Limestone slit-moss.
Crust tartarlike, powdery, very white; apothecia rather

long, straight, swollen, opake, aggregated in stars; centre
slitlike.

Opegrapha calcarea, Engl. Bot. 1190; Achar. Lich. 250,
On the mortar of old walls, and on limestone.

5. Hysterina macularis. Spotted slit-moss.

Crust regular, uneven, brown-black ; apothecia small,
run together, rcundish, elliptic, growing wrinkled, irregu-
lar; centre slitlike.

Lichenoides punctatum et rugosum nigrum, Dillen Musc. 125,

Lichen rugosus, Lin. S. P. 1607.

Lichen macularis, Relhan Cant. 446,

Opegrapha quercina, Persoon in Uster Ann. 1,31.

Opegrapha conglomerata, Persoon in Uster Ann, 7,31; Achar. Meth.
23.

Opegrapha faginea, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 3}.

Opegrapha macularis, Achar. Lich. 247; Meth. 21.

Opegrapha epiphega, Achar. Meth. 24.

Opegrapha macularis conglomerata, Achar. Lich, 247,

Opegrapha macularis fagiuea, Achar, Lich, 248.

On the bark of the branches of beech and oak trees.

506 134. Hysterina. 5. IDIOTHALAME. Pil. cell. aph.

6. Hysterina herpetica. Eruption slit-moss.

Crust nearly membranaceous, very finely cracked and
wrinkled, rather rough, grey-brown ; apothecia very small,
innate in the crust, crowded, convex, elliptically oblong,
rather long, straight; centre slitlike.

Opegrapha herpetica, Achar. Meth. 25; Lick. 248.
Opegrapha rubella decolorata, Achar. Meth. 21; Lich, 248.
Opesrapha fuliginosa, Persoon in Act. Wetteraw, 2, 44.
Opegrapha rimalis fuscata, Achar. Lich. 261.

On the trunks of trees.

7. Hysterina disparata. Unlike slit-moss.

Crust membranaceous, rather smooth, pale olive, or
brownish with a green or red cast; apothecia various, round-
ish, oblong, longish, straight or crooked; centre slitlike.

Opegrapha rubella, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7,31.
Opegrapha znea, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 31.
Opegrapha viridis, Persoon in Uster Ann, 7,31.
Opegrapha rubella « and $, Achar. Meth. 21, 22.
Opegrapha siderella enea, Achar. Meth. 26.
Opegrapha rubella a, y and &, Achar. Lich. 249, 259.

On the bark of trees.

8. Hysterina vulgata. Common slit=-moss.

Crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, broken, rather
scaly, smoothish, greenish-white ; apothecia sessile, variously
formed, long, cylindrical, wavy, rather shining; centre
slitlike.

Opegrapha vulgata, Achar. Meth. 20; Lich. 250; Engl. Bot. 255,1811.

On the clefts of old trees, especially fir-trees.

9. Hysterina epipasta. Sprinkled slit-moss.

Crust very thin, rather irregular, smooth, grey ; apothecia
innate, slightly raised, very small, convex, wrinkled, opake,
various; the smaller apothecia dotlike; the longer ex-
tremely narrow, crooked, sometimes branched; centre and
edges very slender, scarcely any.

Opegrapha dispers2, Schrad. Krypt. 167. -

Opegrapha epipasta, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 258; Engl. Bot. 1828.

On smooth bark of trees, particularly maple and horse
chestnut-trees.

10. Hysterina microscopica. Microscopic slit-moss.

Crust very thin, rather shining, pale olive; apothecia
rather elliptic, not branched, nearly parallel, growing star-
dike, branched and angular; border very slight.

Pl. cell. aph. 5. IDIOTHALAMEZE. 134. Hysterina. 507

Graphis microscopica, Ehrh. Crypt. 278.

-Opegrapha microscopica, Engl. Bot. 1911.

Cpegrapha epipasta caragane, Achar. Meth. 26; Lich. 258.

On the smooth bark of trees, mostly in company with
lejophlea analepta, gen. 128, 2.

11. Hysterina venosa. Veiny slit-moss.

Crust powdery, white; apothecia close together, branch-
ed, stuffed, prominent, bald.

Opegrapha venosa, Persoon in Act. Wetter. 2,44; Achar. Syn. 334.

On the trunks of beech-trees; always surrounded with
arthonia obscura, gen. 117, 3

12. Hysterina denigrata. Smutted slit-moss.
Crust regular, membranaceous, palish-white; apothecia
sessile, cr owded, rather shining, longish, bent, sometimes
branched; centre slightly channelled.
Opegrapha atra, Persoon in Uster Ann. 7, 30.
Opegrapha denigrata, Achar. Meth, 263; Lich. 259; Engl, Bot. 1753.

Opegrapha denigrata melanochroa, Achar. Meth, 27.
Opegrapha denigrata atra, Achar. Lich. 260.

On the bark of wallnut, ash, oak, and beech trees.

we

Fam. VI. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ. = Fungorum pars,

Linneus. Hypoxylorum pars, De Candolle.
Xylaria, Link. Myelomyci, Esenbeck.

Algarum pars, Jussieu.

Thallus corky, fleshy, or 0; thece mostly immersed in
the thallus or substance of the plant, coriaceous or bony,
of a different substance from the thallus, opening by a re-
gular mouth, sometimes but rarely bursting irregularly;
sporidia ringed, intermixed with a deliquescent, deciduous

pulp. —Grows generally on decayed plants, under the epi-
dermis.

ca Sporidia fixed ; thece opening by a slit; thallus 0.
Hysteridez.

Theca roundish, erumpent;

month valvular ee... eee. te eet ges oe FRCTIDEUMS 41 35:
~Theca long, erumpent; mouth linear HypopeRMa. 136.
Theca long, naked ; mouth linear.... Hystrrium. 137.

508 «6. SARCOTHALAMEZE. —Pl.cell. aph.

B. Sporidia deliquescent ; thece with a mouth or ruptile,
Jixed. _ Spheridee.

Thallus clublike, succulent ;

thece peripherical, horizontal ..... vecce Mvbarra. 188.
Thallus clublike, corky;
thece peripherical, horizontal ........ Hypoxy on. 139.

Thallus hemispherical, sessile;

thece peripherical, horizontal ., PErtrHorosroma. 140.
Thallus cupshape, stipitate ;

thece vertical, immersed .......+...e00+: PORONIA. J41.
Thallus spreading, sessile;

thece vertical, immersed ..+......2.00. NEMANIA. 142.
Thallus spreading, irregular ; .

thece clustered, naked ........... CucuRBITARIA. 143.
Thallus spreading ; thece immersed

in the bark; mouths connivent...... ENGIZOSTOMA. 144.
Thallus 0; thece immersed, has

connivent; mouths erumpent....... CircinosToMA. 145.
Thallus 0; thece immersed,

upright; mouths erumpent ..... . Exormatostoma. 146.
Thallus 0; thece naked;

mouths not.discernible: Facets omic 3's ASTOMA. 147.
Thallus 0; thece naked;

mouths CONSPICUOUS oes sees ececeeceves SPHERIA. 148.

C. Sporidia gelatinous ; thecee globular, projectile ;
thallus cupshaped. 'Theleobilideze.

Thece when mature projected ..... THELEBOLUS. 146.

D. Sporidia threadlike, waxy, persisting ; thece fixed,
with a mouth. Nemasporidez.

Sporidia tendril-like ............5. NEMASPORA. 147.

A. Hystermex. Thallus 0; thece long or round;
mouth opening by one or more slits; sporidia fixed, up-
right; spore oval.

I. 135. ACTIDIUM. Fries. a. Actidium.
Thallus 0; thece round, bursting through the epidermis
of plants; mouth with many radiating slits.

Pi, cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ. 135. Actid. 509

Actidium Esenbeckii. Esenheck’s actidium.
Thece roundish, flat ; mowth with five or six valves turned
back.

Hysterium valvatum, Esenbeck Syst. 1,281.
On decayed wood.

II. 136. HYPODERMA. De Candolle. — Hypoderme.

Thallus 0; thece long, linear, bursting the epidermis;
mouth a simple, linear slit.

1. Hypoderma fraxini. Ash-tree hypoderme.
Thece opake, blackish, ovate oblong, convex; mouth
deep, lips turned back.

Sphzria sulcata, Bolton Fungi, 124; Sowerby Engl, Fungi, 315.
Hysterium fraxini, Persoon Syn. Fung. 100.
Hypoderma fraxini, De Cand. Syn. Fl. Gall, 64.

On the branches of ash and maple.

2. Hypoderma quercinum. Oak hypoderme. -
_ Thece greyish-black, oblong, large, rather bellied, bent;
lips acute, crisped.
Hysterium nigrum, Tode Fung. 1, 5.
Variolaria corrugata, Bulliard Champ. 117.

Spheria collapsa, Sowerby Engl. Fungi, 373.
Hypoderma quercinum, De Cand, Syn. 64.

On dead sticks. 3

3. Hypoderma conigerum. Conebearing hypoderme.
Thece blackish, rather ovate, very small; inside wrinkly,
powdery. |

Hysterium conigerum, Persoon Syn. 102.
Hypoderma conigerum, De Cand. Syn. 824,

On dried strobiles of fir-trees.

4. Hypoderma crispum. Crisp hypoderme.
Thece long, convex, rather bellied ; lips thin, crisp.

Hysterium crispum, Persoon Syn. F. 101.
Hypoderma crispum, De Cand. Syn. 826.* *

On the bark of pine-trees.

5. Hypoderma arundinaceum. Reed hypoderme.
_ Thece oval, depressed, greyish black, granular.
Hypoderma arundinaceum, De Cand. Syn. 825.

On dead stems of arundo vallatoria.

510 136. Hypod. 6. SARCOTHALAMES. Pl, cell. aph.

6. Hypoderma xylomoides. Xyloma hypoderme.
Thece elliptical, flat, shining, black.

Xyloma hysteroides, Persoon Syn. 106.
Hypoderma xylomoides, De Cand. Syn. 823.

On dead hawthorn and laurel-leaves.

Til. 137. HYSTERIUM. Persoon. Hysterium.
Thallus 0; thece long, naked ; mouth a simple linear slit.
—On old dead wood.

1. Hysterium mytilinum. Mussel hysterium.

Thece aggregate, black-green, upright, lenticular,
streaked crosswise, slightly pedicelled.

Hysterium mytilinum, Persoon Syn. 97.

On the bark of abies excelsa.

2. Hysterium pulicare. Flea-brown hysterium.
Thece gregarious, oblong, blunt, streaked, black; lips
blant.

Hysterium pulicare, Persoon Syn. 9S.
Lichen scriptus 8, Lightf. Scot. 2, 801.

On dead branches of oak-trees.

3. Hysterium angustatum. Narrow-mouth hysterium.
Thece crowded, linear, parallel, black; lips sharp. |
Hysterium angustatum, Persoon Syn. 99.

On decayed wood.

B. SpHermex. Thallus fleshy, leatherlike, crustlike,
or 0; ¢hece fixed, roundish, opening by a roundish mouth,
sometimes remaining closed; sporidia long, mostly club-
shape, twisted, deliquescing into a liquid slime; spore ob-
long, ringed.

IV. 138. XYLARIA. Hill. Xylaria.
Thallus long, clubshape, fleshy; ¢hece roundish, in the
circumference of the thallus; mouths circular.

a. Growing on the earth.

1. Xylaria militaris. Soldierlike xylaria,
Thallus yellowish. red, head rough, rather tubercular ;
mouth slightly prominent.

Pl. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMES. 188. Xylar. 511

Clavaria militaris, Lin. 8. P. 1652. j

Spheria militaris, Persoon Syn. 1; Sowerby Fungi, 60.
Among grass and mosses; autumn.

Thallus 2 or 3 inches long, club rarely Z or 3-cut.

2. Xylaria alutacea. Leathery xylaria.

Thallus opake, ochraceous; club smooth; mouth not
prominent.

Spheria aluiacea, Persoon Syn, 2.

Pine-woods; autumn.

Club gradually thickening.

8. Xylaria albicans. 5 Whitish xylaria.

Thallus pale whitish; club and bottom of the stipes
swollen, smooth.

Spheria clavata, Sowerby Fungi, 159.

Woods; autumn.

Thallus hollow, Z inches high.

28. cylindrica. Thallus nearly cylindrical.
Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi, 90.

4. Xylaria agariciformis. Mushroomlike xylaria.
‘Thallus. tuberous at bottom; stipes yellow; club ovate,
dark chestnut, dotted.

Spheria agariciformis, Bolton Fung. 130; Sowerby Fungi, 354.
Spheria capitata, Persoon Syn. 3.

In woods.

Thallus 2-coated at bottom, inside black; stipes rather
twisted.

b. Growing upon dead insects.

5. Xylaria entomorhixa. Insect-rooting xylaria.

Stipes, long, very slender; club spherical, brown, gra-
nulated.

Sphzria entomorhiza, Dickson Crypt; 22; Persoon Syn. 4.

On the dead larve of wasps.

Stipes simple or branched, compressed, 2 inches long.

6. Xylaria apum. Bee xylaria.
Séipes shortish, thick, tuberous at bottom; club granu-
lated, chocolate-brown.
On the pupe of bees.
Stipes an inch long; head a quarter as long, one or two
from the same base.
6

612 139. Hypox. 6. SARCOTHALAME:. Pl. cell. aph.

V. 139. HYPOXYLON. Hypoxylon.
Thallus long, slightly clubshape, or branched; leather-

like; inside blackish; outside whitish; ¢hece roundish;

mouths circular, in the circumference of the thallus.

1. Hypoxylon pedunculatum. Footstalked hypoxylon.
Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald; inside white;
stipes simple, roundish, slender; club ovate, conical.
Spheria pedunculata, Sowerby Fungi, 437.
Clavaria parasitica, Withering Bot, Arr. 4, 397.

On lycoperda.

2. Hypoxylon ophioglossoides. Adders-tongue hypoxylon.
Thallus blackish; inside yellowish green; club ovate,

roundish, thickened.

Clavaria radicosa, Bulliard Champ. 195,
Spheria ophioglosseides, Persoon Syn. 4.
Spheria radicosa, De Cand. Syn. 154.

On heaths and pine-woods ; autumn..
Club sometimes 2-cut.

3. Hypoxylon cornutum. Horned hypoxylon.

Thaltus leatherlike, corky, black, compressed, grega-
rious; base hirsute; tip white, powdery.

Clavaria Hypoxylon, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed, 15, 1013.

Spheria cornuta, Hoffm. Crypt. 4, 11.

Spheria Hypoxylon, Persoon Syn. 53 Sowerby Fungi, 55.

On rotten wood in gardens.

Thece below the tip.

@. cupressiforme. Thallus small; club bellied or round,

pointed.
Spheria cupressiformis, WVoodward in Wither. Bot. Arr. 3,457,
Lichen-agaricus nigricans, cupressiformis, ramosus et non ramosus,
lignis aridis adnascens, Micheli N. Gen. Pl. 104.

y- ramosum. Thallus slender, very much branched.
Spheria ramosa, Sowerby Fungi, 3993.

4. Hypoxylon polymorphum. Very-various hypoxylon.

Thallus leatherlike, corky, black, bald, gregarious; in-
side white, tip yellowish, compressed, branchy, tuberculate.

Clavaria digitata, Fl. Dan. 900.

Spheria digitata, Sowerby Fungi, 69. . ;

Spheria carcharias, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 147A.

Spheria polymorpha, Persoon Syn. 7.

On rotten, decayed wood.

Thallus very variable; tip of the club blunt.

>

Pi. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ. 139. Hypox. 513

8. spathulatum, Thallus slightly compressed, reverse-
conical; s¢zpes very short. _ y

Y- mammillanum. Club bellied, ending in a long barren
point.

5. Hypoxylon digitatum. Fingered hypoxylon.

Thallus \eatherlike, corky, black; inside white; stipes
connate at bottom; tip white, powdery, pointed, naked.

Clavaria digitata, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1010,

Spheeria digitata, Persuon Syn, 7.

On rotten wood.

VI.. 140. PERIPHEROSTOMA. Peripherostome.

Thallus leatherlike, corky, hemispherical, sessile, de-
pressed ; ¢/ec@ in the circumference of the thallus,

a. Thallus naked, free.

1. Periph, concentricum., Concentric peripherostome.
Thallus nearly globose, bald, uneven ;. thece@ immersed,

in concentric strize.
Spheria concentrica, Bolton Fungi, 180,
Spheeria fraxinea, Sowerby Fungi, 160.

On ash and hornbeam trees.
Thallus 2 or 3 inches in diameter.

8. multicapsulare. Thallus small.
Spheria multicapsula, Sowerby Fungi, 436.

2. Periph. fragiformis. Strawberry peripherostome.
Thallus nearly globular, black; surface granulated ;
thece rather prominent, reddish-brown.

Lycoperdon variolosum, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed, 15, 2, 1019.
Sphzria fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 9.

On birch-trees.

8. Peripherostoma fuscum. Brown peripherostome.
Thallus brown, hemispherical, flattened, confluent ; thece
swollen, umbilicated, tubercular.

Spheria confluens, Willd. Berol. 416.

Spheria fragiformis, Hoffm.xcrypt. 1,20.

Spheria tuberculosa, Bolton Fungi, 123; Sowerby Fungi, 374.

Sphevia aciniformis, Sowerby Fungi, 273 ?

Spheria fusca, Persoon Syn. 12.

On the dried branches of hawthorn or of nut-trees..

Thallus conical, scattered, dark opake dull brown; thece
sometimes even, not swollen.

VOL. I. 2

514 140. Periph. 6. SARCOTHALAME®. Pi. cell. aph.

B. depressum. Thallus flattened, rather wrinkled.
y. mequale. Thallus wartlike, unequal, confluent.

4. Peripherostoma confiuens. Confluent peripherostome.
Thallus black, unequal, expanded; thece free above.
Sphezria coherens, Persoon Syn. 11,

On the trunks of beech-trees.

5. Peripherostoma irregulare. Irregular peripherostome.

Thallus irregular, tubercular, black; thece reddish-
brown, irregularly scattered.

Spheria irregularis, Sowerby Fungi, 374.

On rotten wood.

6. Peripherostoma granulosum. Granular peripherostome.
Thallus light, spongy, knoblike, black ; thece immersed ;
mouth level with the surface.

Spheria granulosa, Bulliard Chanip.; Sowerby Fungi, 356.
On dead birch-trees.

7. Periph. multiceps. Many-headed peripherostome.

Thallus flat, black, sooty, irregular, spreading; inside
green; ¢hece with a pointed acuminated mouth.

Spheria multiceps, Sowerby Fungi, 395,

On decayed. sticks.

b. Bursting through the bark.

8. Periph. melogramma. Black-letter periphrostome..
Thallus reverse-conical, soot-black; thece rather pro-
minent.

Spherica ocellata, Persoon Disp. 2.
Variolaria melogramma, Bulliard Champ. 182.
Spheria obducta, Bolton Fungi, 125,
Sphzria melogramma, Persoon Syn. 13.

On branches of beech and birch trees.

9. Peripherostoma ribis. yCurrant-tree peripherostome.
Thallus elliptical, bursting forth across the branches,
brown, grooved.

Sphzria Ribesia, Persoon Syn, 14,
~ On dry branches of red-currant bushes, winter.

Pi. cell.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME/., 140. Periph. 515

10. Peripherostoma sambuci. — Elder-tree peripherostome.

Thallus flat, grayish, soft; outside black; thece pro-
minent.

Sphezria sambuci, Persoon Syn, 15.

On elder-trees.

11. Peripherostoma parallelum. Parallel peripherostome.
Thallus nearly smooth, blackish; thece embedded.
Spheria parallela, Sowerby Fungi, 374, 4.

12. Peripherostoma populi. Poplar peripherostome.
Thallus scattered, orbicular, on poplar leaves.
Spheria populi, Sowerby Fungi. 374, 2.

13. Peripherostoma ulmi. Elm-tree peripherostome.

Thallus scattered, orbicular; on the leaves of ulmus
campestris.

Spheria ulmaria, Sowerby Fungi, 374, 3.
© 14. Peripherostoma depressum. Flattened peripherostome.
Thallus orbicular, flat, black, inside white; thece not
prominent.

Spheria depressa, Sowerby Fungi, 216.
Variolaria punctata, Bulliard Champ. 432, 2.

On rotten sticks.

15. Peripherostoma arundinacea. Reed peripherostome.

Thallus oblong, long, flat, black; thece in a single lon-
gitudinal row.

Spheria arundinacea, Sowerby Fungi, 336.

On the stalks of arundo vallatoria.

VII. 141. PORONIA. Willdenow. Poronia.

Thallus \eatherlike, stipitate, cupshaped; centre orbi-

cular, truncated; thece scattered, immersed vertically in
the thallus.

Poronia Gleditschii. Gleditsch’s poronia.
Thallus cupshape ; stipes sooty; centre snow-white:
thece scattered, like black spots.
Spheria truncata, Bulliard Champ. 127, 2.
Spheria punctata, Sowerby Fungi, 54.
Spheria Poronia, Persoon Syn. 15.
Peziza punctata, Lin. Syst. ed. 15, 1017.
Poronia Gleditschii, Willd. Berol. 400,
Sandy places, on horse-dung, rarely on cow-dung.
2L 2

516 142. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAMEAZ.. Pl. cell. aph.
VHI. 149. NEMANIA. Nemania.

Thallus sessile, spreading, orbicular or elliptical; thece
scattered, immersed vertically in the thallus.

a. Thallus naked, free.

1. Nemania deusta. Burnt nemania.
Thallus broad, thick, wrinkled, spreading, brown ; mouths
prominent.

Hypoxylon ustulatum, Bulliard Champ. 487, 1.

Spheria deusta, Persoon Syn. 16.

Spheria maxima, Webcr Germ. 286; Sowerby Fungi, 338.

Sphevia versipellis, Zode Fung. 2, 55.

On the trunks of trees, in woods; spring.

Thallus centre gray, powdery; limb whitish, at length
bullated, waved, ridged, entirely black.

2. Nemania graminis. Grass nemania.
Thallus black, equal, spotlike.

Spheria graminis, Persoon Syx. 30.

On the withered leaves of grasses.

3. Nemania typhina. — Bullrush nemania.
Thallus dark yellow.

Spheria typhina, Persoon Syn. 13.

On withered leaves of grasses and bullrushes.

4. Nemania serpens. Creeping nemania.
Thallus black, flat, spreading lengthways;. thecee pro-
minent,

Spheria serpens, Persoon Syn, 20.

On oak and beech-wood.

5. Nemania uda. i Moist nemania.
Thallus oblong, aggregate, black ; thece very prominent.
Spheeria uda, Persoon Syn. 33.

On dry oak-wood.

6. Nemania picea. Piichy nemania.

Thallus spreading, irregular, smooth, brownish-black,
pitchy, cracked; thece embedded. .

Spheria picea, Sowerby Fungi, 374, 5.

On the outside of wood.

Pi. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEAE. 149. Neman. 547

7. Nemania immersa. Sunken nemania.
Thatllus spherical, black, penetrating wood in various
directions.

Spheria immersa, Sowerby Fungi, 374, 1.

8. Nemania diffusa. Spread memania.
Thallus spreading, irregular, black.
Spheria diffusa, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 10.

On the bark of dry wood, under the epidermis.

9. Nemania_fuliginosa. Suoty nemania.
Thallus black; ¢hece prominent.
On rotten branches of oak-trees, on the epidermis.

10. Nemania crustacea. Crusilike nemania.

Thallus spread; thece slightly prominent; mozth pro-
minent.

Spheria crustacea, Sowerby Fungi, 372,11.

On the trunks of trees.

b. Bursting forth from under the bark.

. Nemania stigina. Stigma nemania.
Thallus broad, flat, equal, spreading under the epidermis;
inside white, Geis black; mouths immersed, fiattish,
spotlike.
Spheria stigma, Hoffm. Crypt. 1,7.
Hypexylon operculatum, Bull. Champ. 1717.
On dried branches of hawthorn.

12. Nemania decorticata. — Untarked nemania.
Theca inside white, outside black; mouths rather pro-
minent, conical.

Spheeria decorticata, Sowerby Fungi, 137.
Spheria stigma decorticata, Persoon Syn. 21.

On dead branches of hazel.

13. Nemania maculata. ‘Spotted nemania.

Thallus broad, spread, quite fiat, black; thece pointed,
globular, aon with a rust-colour veil.

Spheria cinerea, Sowerby Fungi, 313, 1).

Spheria macula, Tode Meckl. 2, 53.

On dry branches of oak-trees.

Spot black, large; thece wool-like; mouths slightly pro-
tuberant.

518 142. Neman. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ. PI. cell. aph.

14. Nemania lata. Broad nemania.

Thallus scarcely any, spreading; thece black; mouths
rather conical, angular.

Sphzria lata, Persoon Syn. 29,

On dry branches and wood.

15. Nemania quercina. Oak nemania.
Thailus black-brown, nearly orbicular, girt by the epi-

dermis; mouths rather prominent, quadrangular, blunt.
Spheria quercina, Persoon Syn. 24,

On dry branches of oak-trees.

16. Nemania disciformis. Dishlike nemania.

Thallus black, nearly orbicular, flat; mouths sunk, spot-
like.

Sphezria disciformis, Hoffm. Crypt. 1, 15.

On dry branches of beech-trees.

Thallus shining, inside whitish-gray.

17. Nemania ferruginea. Tron-colour nemania.

Thallus brown-black, inside iron-colour, transverse ;
mouths prominent, thornlike.

Spheria ferruginea, Persoon Syn. 35.

On dry branches of: hazel.

18. Nemania cerato-sperma. Horn-seed nemania.

Thallus convex, black, smooth, scattered; mouths spi-
nulous, connate.

Spheria Ceratospermum, ode Meckl. 2, 55.

Under the bark of the dog-rose.

Thalli gregarious; inside white.

19. Nemania protracta. Protracted nemania.

Thallus bursting forth lengthways, protracted, black;
thece globular, approximated in pairs; mouths very short,
blunt, rather wrinkly, angular.

Spheria protracta, Persoon Syn, 34,

‘On the branches of maple-trees.

20. Nemania flavo-virens. | Yellow-green nemania.

Thallus roundish, flattish yet convex, black, inside
greenish, powdery. .

Spheria flavovirens, Hoffm. Crypt. 1, 10.

On dead branches and sticks in woods.

Pl. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ. 142. Neman. 519

21. Nemania levis. Smooth nemania.

Thallus smooth, shining, oblong, black; inside whitish ;
thece ovate.

Spheria levis, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 5.
On hazel-sticks ?

1X. 143. CUCURBITARIA. Cucurbitaria.

Thallus spreading, irregular; thece in tufts, placed on
the thallus.

1. Cucurlitaria berberidis. Berberry cucurbitarta.
Tufts bursting out from the bark, irregular; thallus
thin, blackish; thece mouthless, ovate, cracked.

Spheria berberidis, Persoon Syn. 52.

On the branches of berberry bushes.
Tufts long.

2. Cucurlitaria cupularis. Cup cucurbitaria.
Tufts black; thece wrinkled, mostly collapsed, mouth-
less.

Spheeria cupularis, Persoon Syn, 53.

On the dead branches of lime and hornbeam trees.

3. Cucurbitaria rubra. Red cucurbitaria.
Tufts roundish, pale vermilion-red ; éhallus scarcely any ;

thece collapsed, porringershaped, smoothish, mouthless.
Spheria cucurbitula, Zode Meckl. 38.

On the branches of various trees.

4. Cucurbitaria coccinea. Scarlet cucurbitaria.
Tufts bursting out of the bark, nearly round, scarlet;
thallus scarcely any; thece ovate; mouths blunt.

Spheria coccinea, Persoon Syn. A9.
Sphecria decidua, Tode Meckl, 2,31.

On the bark of beech-trees.

X. 144. ENGIZOSTOMA. — Engixostome.

Thallus scarcely any, filling up the interstices between
the thece which are sunk in the bark, concentrically con-
nivent; mouths circular, connivent.

520. 144. Engiz, 6. SARCOTHALAMEM. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Engizostoma ciliatum. Fringed engixostome.
T hecce black; mouth bristlelike, flexible, diver ging above.
Spheria ciliata, Persoon Syn, 35.

On the branches of elm-trees.

9. Engixosloma corniculatum. Inkhorn engizostome.
Thece roundish, black; souths cylindrical, congregated
into a compact neck; dip umbilicated.
\ Spheeria corniculata, Persoon Syn, 40.

Under the bark of trees.

3. Engizostoma microstomum. Smatl-mouth engixostome.

Thece roundish; disk prominent, flattish, black; mouths
very numerous, growing together into a finely eranular
disk. s

Spheria microstoma, Persoon Syn. 40.
On the branches of plum-trees.

4. Engixostoma leucostomum. — Whitemouth engixostome.

‘inane: whitish; neck truncated, bursting forth: ; mouths,
2 or 3, black, dotlike.

Spheria leucostoma, Persoon Syn. 29.

Spheria marginata, Sowerby Fungi, S72,7.

On the branches of cherry and plum trees.

5. Engizostoma scutellatum. Saucerlike engizostome.

Thallus saucerlike, bursting the bark; éhece bottleshape,
loosely conglutinated, br own,

Spheria scutellata, Persoon Syn. 37.

On the branches of maple.

Thallus at first simple, ‘with a thick, central mouth, then
enlarging and disclosing the thick bottleshape thece.

6. Engizostoma pustulatum. Eruption engizostome.

Thallus blackish-brown, crbicular, plano-convex, con-
tracted above, perforated with a single central, powdery
pore ; ¢hece very smali.

Spheria pustulata, Hoffin. Crypt. 1, 26.

On the trunks of willows.

XI. 145. CIRCINOSTOMA. - Circinostome.

Thallus 0; ihecee growing under the epidermis of plants,
and perforating it, ‘placed in a circle; mouths close to-

gether.

>

Pi. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ. 145. Circin. 521

“1. Circinostoma pulchellum. Pretly circinostome.

Thece close, deep, very much crowded, inclined, black ;
mouths very long, cylindrical, bent.

Spheria RT Cicliy Perseon Syn, 43,

Upon cherry-trees.

Thece ovate, collapsed; mouths pressed together, mostly
flexuous; perforated at the tip.

2. Circinostoma ambiens. Girding cir cinostome.
Thece rather ovate, girt with a white disk.

Spheria ambiens, Persoon Syn. 44.
On hawthorn and beech trees.

3. Circinostoma quaternatum. Quaternion circinostome.

Thece in fours, depressed; mouths very short, blunt,
joined together.

Soiioria quaternata, Persoon Syn, 45.

On dry beech and maple trees.

Thece lying down; mouths bent inwards, very short.

4 Circinostoma conjuncium. Conjoined circinostome..

Thece 3 to 9, depressed; mouths conjoined into a black.
‘shining, umbilicated disk.

Satan conjuncta, Esenbeck Syst. 80.

On the branches of hazel-trees; spring.

5. Circinostoma convergens. Converging circinostome.

Thece ovate, nearly upright ; mouths. straight, cylin-
drical.

Spheeria convergens, Zode Meckl. 2,39; Sowerby Fungi, 374, 6.

On the branches of trees.

Thece scarcely decumbent; mouths converging.

6. Circinostoma umbilicatum. Umbilicated circinostome.
Thece small, crowded, nearly cupshape, rough.
Spheria umbilicata, Persoon Syn. 45.

On hazel-trees.
Mouths rather prominent; ¢ip deeply umbilicated.

XII. 146. EXORMATOSTOMA. Exormatostome.

Thallus 0; thece growing under the epidermis of plants
and perforating it, scattered : ; mouths upright.

522 146. Exorm. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Exorm. rhodostomum. Rosy-mouth exormatostome.

Thece hemispherical, black, barked, aggregated into a
black stratum; (2p flat, perforated, rosy-red.

Spheria rhodostoma, .4/b. et Schw. Fung. 43.

On rhamnus frangula.

2. Exormatostoma tilie. _ Lime-tree exormatostome.

Thece pitchershape, saucerlike, brownish-black ; tip flat,
membranaceous; containing within them an unattached
utriculus.

Spharia tilia, Persoon Syn, 84,

On decayed branches of lime-trees.

3. Exormatosiome tessellatum. Chequered exormatostome.

Thece black, hollowed at the base; mouths dotlike, per-
forating the epidermis in a regular series.

Spheria tessellata, Persoon Syn, 48.

On the bark of trees.
Mouths placed in quincunx, in parallel lines, or in
ellipses.

4. Exormatosioma nebulosum. Cloudlike exormatostome.

Thec@ grey, very minute, forming irregular, interrupted,
blackish-grey spots; mouths prominent, rather acute. .

Spheria nebulosa, Persoon Syn. 31.

Spheria maculans, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 9.

On the stems of large herbaceous plants.

Spots greyish, cloudlike, about a quarter of an inch

broad.

5. Exormatostoma herlarum. Herl exormatostome.

Thece scattered, flat, depressed; mouths short, nipple-
like.

Spheria herbarum, Persoon Syn. 78.

On dry stems of herbs.
Thec@ at first covered, afterwards naked, collapsed.

6. Exormatostoma tubiforme. Tubeshape exormatostome.
Thece hemispherical, brown, on leaves; mouths cylin-
drical, twice as long as the thecze, bursting forth.

Spheria tubiformis, Toede AMecki. 2, 51.

On beech, hornbeam, and birch leaves.

Pl. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEAS. 146. Exorm. 523

7. Exormatostoma barbatum. Bearded exormatostome.

Thece nearly globular, brown, on leaves; mouths eight
times as long as the thece, bristlelike; tips bearded.

Sphzria barbata,> Persoon Syn. 60.

On the fallen leaves of oak-trees.

8. Exormatost. subcorticale. Underbark exormatostome.

Thece depressed, within the outer bark, piercing the
epidermis, when dry collapsed at bottom.

Spheeria subcorticalis, Sowerby Fungi, 296.

On the bark of plants and on rotten sticks.

9. Exorm. subimmersum. Half-sunk exormastotome.
_ Thece globular, black, pushing up the epidermis into a
dark-orey hemisphere.
Spheria subimmersa, Sowerby Fungi, 372, 8.

On the bark of trees.

10. Exormatostoma duplex. Double exormatostome.

Thece globular, within the outer bark, piercing the
epidermis; mouths globular, black.

Spheria duplex, Sowerby Fungi, 375, 4.

On the stems of umbelliferous plants.

XII. 147. ASTOMA. Astome.
Thallus 0; thece naked, innate or free, placed on wood,
mouthless.
a. Growing upon wood.

1. Astoma cylindricum. Cylindrical astome.

Thece extremely small, gregarious, cylindrical, black ;
tipped with a whitish globule.

Spheria cylindrica, Persoon Syn. 93.

On willow-wood.

2. Astoma parabolicum. Parabolic astome.

Thece extremely small, gregarious, conical, cylindrical,
smooth, black, with a livid globule at the tip.

Spheria parabolica, Tode Meckl. 43.

On rotten wood.

3. Astoma subulatum. Awlshape astome.
Thece aggregate, awlshape, yellowish, larger at bottom,

globule at the tip pale, deliquescent.
Spheria subulata, Persoon Syn. 94.
On rotten agaries.

524 147.Astoma, 6. SARCOTHALAMEA. Pl. cell. aph.

4. Astoma solidum. Solid astome.

Thece elliptical, depressed, placed longitudinally, black,
with bent bristles of the same colour.

Spheria solida, Sowerby Fungi, 314.

On stems of herbs.

5. Astoma carbonarium. Carbonaceous astome.

Thece crowded, black, roundish, ovate, rather tubercu-
late; tip nipply.

'Spheria Pulvis pyrius, Persoon Syn, 86.

Spheria Pulvis, Persoon Disp. 51.

On dry wood.

6. Astoma moriforme. Mulberry astome.
Thece aggregate, scattered, black, oval, tuberculate. |
Sphevia moriformis, Persoon Syn. 86.

On dry trunks of trees.

7. Astoma nigrum. Black asiome.
Thece flattish, small, tip indented, black.

Spheria nigra, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 1.

On the decayed stems of umbelliferous plants.

8. Astoma tuberosum. Tuberous astome.
Thece wartlike, outside black, inside white, protruding.
Spheria tiberosa, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 2.
On the bark of plants.

9, Astoma lrassice. Cabbage astome.
1 e ° . o

Thece tubercular, large, black, inside white.

Spharia brassice, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 3.

On rotten cabbage-leaves.

10. Asioma guiteforme. Droplike astome.
Thece black, nearly conical, very minute, brittle.
Spheria Gutta, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 5,

On plants.

b. Growing. upon ihe leaves of plants.

11. Astoma punctiforme. Dotlike astome.

Thece dotlike, scattered, at last collapsed, umbilicated,
rather shining. "

Spheria punctiformis, Persoon Syn. 90.

On oak-leaves.

PI. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEM. 147. Astoma. 525

12. Astoma hedere. Ivy astome.
Thece depressed, cupshape.

Spheria punctiformis 6, Persoon Syn. 99.
Spheria hederx, Sowerby Fungi, 371, 5.

On ivy-leaves.

13. Astoma tofieldie. Tofield-astome.
Thece depressed, partly immersed.

Spheeria tofieldiz, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 3.
On the leaves of tofieldia palustris.

14. Astoma potentille. Potentilla astome.
Thece naked. |

Spheria potentilla, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 2.
On the leaves of potentilla verna,

15. Astoma arbuti, Arbutus astome.
Thecee hemispherical.

Spheria arbuti, Sowerby Fungi, 370, 6.

On the leaves of arbutus.

16. Astoma? lauri. Bay astome.

Thece, conical, penetrating the leaves, and forming a
black ring on the under side.

Spheria lauri, Sowerby Fungi, 371, 4.

On bay leaves.

17. Astoma salicinum. Willow astome.

Thece conical, penetrating the leaves and forming a
black ring on the under side, sometimes dotted in the
centre.

Spheria salicina, Sowerby Fungi, 372, 1.

On willow-leaves.

18. Astomea circumvallatum. Fortified astome.
Thece depressed, blackish.

Spheria circumvallata, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 4.

On oak-leaves.

19. Astoma bifrons. Two-faced astome.

Thece black, penetrating and rising a little above the
surface on both faces of leaves.

Spheria bifrons, Sowerby Fungi, 316,

On holly-leaves.

526 147.Astoma. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ:. Pl. cell. aph.

20. Astoma concavum. Concave astome.

Thece flat, beneath concave, black, on the upper surface
only of the leaves.

Spheria concava, Sowerby Fungi, 317.

On holly-leaves.

21. Astoma pustulatum. Pustule astome.
Thece flat.

Spheria pustula, Sowerby Fungi, 370 and 375, 1.

On the bark of trees.

XIV. 148. SPH/ERIA. Haller. Spheria.

Thallus 0; thece free, placed on the wood, or naked
and attached to it; mouths cylindrical or slightly com-
pressed.

a. Mouth short, or nipplelike.

1. Spheria aurantiaca. Orange spheria.

Thece globular, orange-colour; mouths minute, nipple-
like, blunt, crowded in the middle of a very slender yellow
base.

Sphzria aurantia, Persoon Syn. 68. /

On rotten fungi.

2. Spheria pexizeformis. Cupmoss spheria.
Thece aggregate, red-lead-colour, soft, collapsed, cup-
shape, rather woolly at bottom; mouths small, nipplelike.

Spheria Peziza, Persoon Syn. 66.
Spheria miniata, Hoffm. Germ. 2.

On the trunks of trees.

3. Spheria sanguinea. Blood-red spheria.

Thece aggregated, ovate, smooth, scarlet; mouths blunt,
nipplelike.

Sphezria sanguinea, Sibth. Oxf. 404; Bolton Fung. 121.

Hypoxylon pheniceum, Bull, Champ. 171.

On_rotten wood.

4. Spheria araneosa. Cobweb spheria.
Thece opake, black, nipply, smooth, covered by a very
fine whitish down.

Spheria araneosa, Persoon Syn. 67.
On dry branches of barked trees.
Thece large, sometimes solitary, sometimes aggregated.

Pl. ceil.aph. 6. SARCOTHALAME. 148. Spher, 527

5. Spheria byssoidea. Byssus spheria.

Thece rather large, globular, nippled, girt with a thick
brown down.

Sphzxria byssoidea fusca, Tode Meckl. 2, 10.

On branches of trees.

6. Spheria ovina. Egglhke spheria.
Thece scattered, globular, egelike, covered with a com-
pact white wooliness; mouths nipplelike, blackish.

Spheria mucida 6, Tode Meckl. 2, 16.
Spheria ovina, Perscon Syn. 11.
Spheeria lichenoides, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 12?

On the trunks of trees.

7. Spheria hirsuta. Shaggy spheria.
Thece rather crowded, brittle, black, ovate, with scat-
tered bristle; mouths blunt, slightly angular.

Spheria hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 73.
Spheria terrestris, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 7.

On rotten trunks of trees, and the ground.

8. Spheria lombardica. Explosive spheria.
Thece nearly cylindrical, brownish-black, small, crowd-

ed, upright; mouths very short, nipplelike.

Spheria Bombarda, Persoon Syn. 75.
Nemaspora glabra, Willd. Berl. 1207.

On the trunks of trees.

9. Spheria equina. Hlorsedung spheria.

Thece nearly crustlike, partly immersed; mouths long,
rather oblique.

Spheria fimeti, Perseon Syn. 64.

On cow or horse dung.

10. Spheria stercoraria. Dung spheria.

Thece scattered, orbiculate, convex; mouths nipplelike,
very short.

Spheria stercoria, Sowerby Fungi, 357, |.

On dung.

11. Spheria solitaria. Solitary spheria.

Thece scattered, nearly globular; mouths acute, nipple-
like; on the ground.

Spheria solitaria, Sowerby Fungi, 357, 2.

On the ground.

598 148. Spher. 6. SARCOTHALAMEE. Pl. cell. aph.

12. Spheria coriacea. . Leatherlike spheria.
Thece reverse-ovate, often collapsed at the tip.
Spheeria coriacea, Sowerby Fungi, 371, 1.

13. Spheria rimosa. Cracked spheria.
Thece clustered, reverse-ovate, collapsed at the tip,

conglutinated together; masses cracked.

ro

Spheria rimosa, Sowerby Fungi, 575, 3.

On plants.

14. Spheria rupestris, ~ Rock spheria.
Thece nearly globular, almost loose.

Spheria rupestris, Sowerby Fungi, 371, 2,

On slate.

15. Spheria communis. Common. spheria.
Thece depressed, orbicular becoming cupshape, blackish.
Spheria commanis, Sowerby Fungi, 295,

On walls.

16. Spheria imsidens. Seated spheria.
Thece nearly globular, black, sometimes confluent,
ughish, hard.

Spheria insidens, Sowerby Fungi, 372, 12,

On wood.

17. Spheria rubiformis. Raspberry spheria.
Thece nearly globular, crowded, finely tuberculated.
Spheria rubiformis, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 2.

On wood.

18. Spheria vaccinii. Whortleberry spheria.
Thece ovate, nearly eggshape, acute, crowded.

Spheeria vaccinii, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 1.

On the stems of vitis Idea punctifolia, surrounding them.

19. Spheria viridis. Green spheria.
Thece nearly globular, black, inside green.

Spheeria viridis, Sowerby Fung?, 375, 8.

On wood.

20. Spheria lonicere. Wooodbine spheria.
Thece oval or globular, black; mouths very minute,

nippleshape.

Spheria lonicere, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 6.
On the stems of woodbine.

Pi. cell. aph. 6. SARCOTHALAMEE. 148. Spher. 529

21. Spheria nidula. Nestling spheria.
Thece small, crowded, nearly globular, black; mouths
nippleshape. -

Spheria nidula, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 2.
On the roots of beans.

—

22. Spheria fusca. ~ Brown spheria.
- Thece round, brownish.

Spheria fusca, Sowerby Fungi, 395, 3.

On rotten fir-wood.

23. Spheria claviformis. Nailshape spheria.

Thece ovate, large, outside wrinkled, black; middle coat
white; mouths perforated.

Spheria claviformis, Sowerby Fungi, 337.

On rotten sticks.

24. Spheria Kirlii. Kirby’s spheria.
Thece nearly globular, black.

Spheria Kirbii, Sowerby Fungi, 371, 3.

On the cores of apples.

25. Spheria subsecreta. Nearly-hidden spheria.

Thece orbicular, black, partly immersed, collapsed
above; mouths nippleshape, prominent, lips 4-parted.

Spheria subsecreta, Sowerby Fungi, 313, 8.

On rotten poplar sticks.

26. Spheria longa. Leong spheria.

Thece black, immersed, oblong, small, inside white:
mouth lightish, nipplelike.

Spheria longa, Sowerby Fungi, 393, 4.

On reeds, under the epidermis.

b. Mouths round, as long as the thece.

27. Spheria dryina. Oak spheria.

Thece extremely small, clustered, naked, globular,
black; mouths eight times as long as the thece, bristlelike,
very slender, flexible, drooping.

Spheria dryina, Persvan Syn. 58,

Spheria rostrata nigrofusca, Tode Mecki, 2, 14.

Spheria ciliaris, Sowerby Fungi, 339?

On oak-timber.

VOL. I. 2M

530 148.Spher. 6. SARCOTHALAMESX. Pl. cell. aph.

28. Spheria rostrata. Beaked spheria.

Theceé naked, globular, black, granulated; mouths very
long, bristlelike.

Spheria rostrata, Zode Meckl. 2, 14.

On rotten sticks; July.

*

29. Spheria acuta. Pointed spheria.

Thece naked, gregarious, black, shining, nearly globular ;
mouth bristlelike, thickish, cylindrical.

Spheria acuta, Hoffm. Crypt. 1,22; Sowerby Fungi, 11 .

On decayed herbage under hedges; winter and spring.

30. Spheria curvirosira. Bent-leak spheria.
Thece partly immersed, ovate; mouths cylindrical, bent
obliquely on one side.

Spheeria curvirostra, Sowerby Fungi, 373, 5.

On the stems of herbs.

31. Spheria stylifera. Siylebearing spheria.
Thece mostly collapsed above; mouths clubshape, quite
smooth.

Spheria Gnomon, Persoon Syn, 61; Sowerby Fungi, 313, 6.
On the leaves of the hazel; spring.

32.’ Spheria floriformis. Flowerlike spheria.
Thece gregarious, immersed, large; mowths as long as
the thece; ‘7p plaited, flowerlike.

Spheria floriformis, Sowerby Fungi, 297.

On the bark of hornbeam. .

33. Spheria acuminata. Acuminated spheria.

Thece partly immersed, ovate, conical, black; mouths
conical, pointed, as long as the thece.

Spheria acuminata, Sowerby Fungi, 394, 3.

On the stalks of thistles.

34. Spheria decomponens. Decomposing spheria.

Thece gregarious, immersed, large, globular; mouths
as long as the thecee, slightly prominent.

Sphwria decomponens, Sowerby Fungi, 217.

On sticks destitute of bark. Black, giving the sticks a
charred appearance.

P l.cell.aph. 6.SARCOTHALAMEZ. 148. Sphzr. 531

c. Mouth very broad, compressed.

35 .Spheria compressa. Compressed spheria.

Thece immersed, scattered, elliptical, compressed ;
mouth compressed.

Spheria compressa, Persoon Syn. 54.

On dry wood.

36. Spheria cristata. Crested spheria.
Thecé naked, scattered, globular, black; mouth crested.
Sphezria cristata, Persoon Syn. 54.

On the branches of sloe-trees.

C. THEeLesoLipeEx. Thallus hemispherical; thece im-
mersed, nipplelike, afterwards ejected; sporidia deli-
quescent, gelatinous; spore granular.

XIV. 149. THELEBOLUS. Tode. ' Thelebole.

Thailus hemispherical, bellied, edge not cut; ¢hece im-
mersed ; sporidia gelatinous.

Thelebolus terrestris. Earth thelebole.
Thallus hemispherical, saffron-yellow, congregated on
a yellowish, flocky basis.

Thelebolus terrestris, Albert. et Schwein. Fung. 71.
Peziza hydrophora, Bulliard Champ. 410.
Lycoperdon hydrophoron, Sowerby Fungi, 23.

‘On rotten wood.

D. NemasporipE&. Thallus 0, or spreading; thece im-

mersed in wood; sporidia ejected, waxlike, threadlike,
twisted, persistent; spore granular.

XVI. 150. NEMASPORA. Nemaspore.

Thallus spreading or 0; thec@ immersed.

_ 1. Nemaspora profusa. Spreading nemaspore.
Thece orbicular, depressed, black, immersed, above
yellowish, convex ; sporidia yellow, 2 or 3 from each theca.

Sphezria profusa, Sowerby Fungi, 377.
On the bark of trees and old wood.

Thallus spongy, yellowish, spreading; thece black.
2M 2

532 150. Nemasp. 6. SARCOTHALAMEZ:. Pl.cell.aph’

2. Nemaspora chrysosperma. Gold-seeded nemaspore.
Thece rather conical, truncated; sporidia solitary, golden
yellow.

Spheria cirrhata, Sowerby Fungi, 138.
Nemaspora chrysosperma, Persoon Syn. 80.

Under the bark of the black poplar.

3. Nemaspora composita. Compound nemaspore.

Thece orbicular, depressed, black; mouths many, in a
circle; central mouth largest, the rest small; sporidia yel-
low.

Spheria composita, Sowerdy Fungi, 237.

On sticks, and the bark of trees.

4. Nemaspora dubia. Doubtful nemaspore.

Thece orbicular, rather depressed, black, cottony, soli-
tary; sporidia solitary, yellowish.

Spheria dubia, Sowerby Fungi, 315, 7.

On the stem of vines. ;

5. Nemaspora carpini. - Hornbeam nemaspore.

Thece orbicular, depressed, black, solitary, immersed ;
sporidia black, thick.

Spheria carpini, Sowerby Fungi, 376.

On the bark of the hornbeam.

Fam. VII. 7. PROTOMYCEA. Mycetoidee, Esenbeck.
Fungorum pars, Linneus, Jussieu.
Anandre epiphyte, Link.
Sporidia simple, free, sessile or pedicelled, one or many-
celled, naked or innate on a stroma.

A. Sporidia free, sessile or pedicelled, under the epidermis
of living plants; stroma 0. Cceomider.

Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular;

false peridium tubular, cut....... ....+» Rea@stevta. 151.
Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular ;
false peridium calyxlike, short.......... Asciprum. 152.

Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular,
naked, on the fructification of plants.,.. Ustitaco. 153.
Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular, - ;
naked ; epidermis ruptured ...,........5+. UREDO. 154.

Pl.cell.aph, 7. PROTOMYCEZ:. 538
Sporidia free, 1-celled, globular,

naked ; epidermis builated ......... ... ALBUGO. 155.
Sporidia pedicelled, 1-celled, ovate,

naked ; epidermis ruptured .......... Ca@omurus. 156.
Sporidia pedicelled, 2-celled, ovate, -

naked ; epidermis ruptured ............ Dicroma. 157.
Sporidia pedicelled, many-celled,

naked 's pedicelis tree hdc). 0. WS wh Puccinra. 158.

Spor idia pedicelled, many-celled,
naked ; pedicells conglomerated........ PopisoMa. 159.

B. Sporidia many-celled, free, naked ; stroma 0 ; growing
on decayed vegetables. Stilbosporidezx.
Sporidia spindleshape, pellucid ...... Fusiprum. 160.
Sporidia oblong, blunt. ........ 2» STILBOSPORA. 161.
C. Sporidia budlike, under the epidermis of living plants.
X ylomideze.
Crust cellular, inside pale .......... .. XYLOMA. 162.
D. Sporidia 2-celled, pediceiled ; thece irregular, gelati-
nous, on live plants. G ymnosporangidez.
Erumpent ; ¢hece irregular GyMNOSPORANGIUM. 163.
E. Sporidia 1-celled, free, expanding ; thece free.
Hie eritidez.
- Sporidia globular; thece@ round ...... JEGERITA. 164.
_Sporidia spindleshape; ¢hece globular Fusarium. 165.
: Sporidia 1-celled, Sree.; thece evolute, pedicelled, free.

‘Lubercularideze.

Sporid. globular; thece pedicelled TuBERcULARIA. 166.

A. Caomipem. Sporidia dustlike, free, heaped, sessile
or pedicelled, one or many-celled, growing at first under
the epidermis of living plants, then bursting through it,
naked or covered with a false peridium or theex formed of
the epidermis of the plant on which it grows.

I. 151. ROESTELIA. Link. Restelia.

Sporidia 1-ceiled, free, sessile, globular, heaped together,
girt with a false peridium ; per idiuem irregularly @ olomerated.

534 151. Reestelia. 7, PROTOMYCEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

1. Reestelia cancellata. Rail-like restelia.
Tufts brown, aggregated; thece cancellated, bellied ;
tip closed.

AScidium cancellatum, Persoon Syn. 205.
Lycoperdon cancellatum, Jacq. dustr. 1, 13.
Cancellaria pyri, Sowerby Fungi, 409 and 410

On the lower surface of pear-leaves.

2. Reestelia lacerata. Torn restelia.
Tufts iron-colour, aggregated; thece cancellated, con-
cave; tip toothed; teeth separate, spreading.

JEcidium laceratum, Sowerby Fungi, 318.
fEcidium oxyacanthe, Persoon Syn. 206.

On the lower surface of the leaves of apple-trees, haw-
thorn, and mountain-ash.

§. Reestelia cornuta. Horned restelia.
Tufts brown, aggregate; base reddish; thece long co-
nical, cylindrical; ¢7p toothed, turned back.

Jécidium cornutum, Persoon Syn. 205; Sowerby Fungi, 319.
Lycoperdon corniferum, Fl. Dan, 838.
Lycoperdon corniculatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 20.

On the lower surface of the leaves of wild service.
Leaves spotted red on the upper surface; peridia few
together; sporidia greyish-red.

4. Reestelia berberidis. Berlerry restelia.
Tufts yellowish, round, convex ; thece cylindrical, orange-
yellow; mouth 5-toothed.

f&cidium berberidis, De Cand. Syn. 51.
Lycoperdon poculiforme, Jacq. Coll. 1, 122.

On the lower face of berberry-leaves.

5. Reestelia campanulata. Re Bellshape restelia.
Tufts reddish-yellow, round, convex; thece cylindrical,
bellshape; mouth not cut, yellowish.

JEcidium berberidis, Sowerby Fungi, 397.
ficidium berberidis 6, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 247.

On the lower face of berberry-leaves.

TI. 152. ASCIDIUM. Persoon. Ecidium.

Sporidia 1-celled, sessile, globular, in heaps, bursting
from the epidermis of plants, and girt with a short, calyx-
like peridium or theca formed of it.

Pl. cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEZ. 152. Aicidium. 535

a. Thece crowded together irregularly.

1. Aicidium ranunculi. | Crowfoot ecidium.

Tufts few, peridiated; thece crowded, pale, prominent;
mouths torn, edges turned back.

fEcidium ranunculi, De Cand. Syn. 51.

JEcidium ranunculi acris, Persoon Syn, 210.

On the lower face of the leaves of ranunculus acris, and
ry. bulbosus.

2. Acidium bunii. Earth-nut ecidium.

Tufts ovate or orbicular, bullate, irregular; thece nu-
merous, rather distinct, yellow and orange; mouths scarcely
cut.

AAcidium bunii, De Cand. Syn. 51.

On the leaves of earth-nut.

3. Acidium irregulare. Irregular ecidium.

Tufts brownish, thickish; peridium pale-yellow, at first
cylindrical blunt, then disappearing.

Ecidium irregulare, De Cand, Syn. 5].

On the lower face of the leaves of buckthorn.

4. AXcidium confertum. Crowded ecidium.
Tufts with a whitish edge; /hece crowded, confluent,
white ; mouths toothed; sporidia yellow, become brown.

/Ecidium confertuin, De Cand. Syn. 51.
Aicidium crassum £, Persoon Syn. 208.

On the lower surface of the leaves of ranunculi.

5. Akcidium crassum. Thick ecidium.

Tufis irregularly crowded, thick, convex ; thece pitcher-
shape, orange; sporidia pale-yellow.

JEcidium crassum, Persoon Syn. 208.

On the berry-bearing alder.
y g

6. AXcidium barbaree. French-cress ecidium.

Thece crowded, orbicular; mouths whitish, crenulated ;
sporidia orange-yellow.

J&cidium barbarewe, De Cand. Syn. 51.

On both faces of the leaves of French cresses.

Tufts girt with a brownish margin.

536 152. Aicidium. 7. PROTOMYCEZ. PI. cell. aph.

7. Acidium urtice. Nettle ecidium.

Thecee bellshape, yellow; mouths toothed ; sporidia first
yellow, then red.

Adcidium urtice, De Cand, Syn. 51.

On common stinging-nettles.

8. Ecidium petasitidis. Butlerburr ecidium.
Theew bellshape, light-brown; mouths cracked, turned,
black ; sporidia yellowish.
Ecidium tussilaginis, Sowcrby Fungi, 397, 1.
On the lower face of the leaves of butter-burr.

9. #cidium corni. Vild-cornel ecidium.

Tufts crowded, base orange; ihece yellowish-orange;
mouth not cut?

Aicidium corni, Sowerby Fungi, 397, 3.

On the lower face of the leaves of the wild cornel-tree.

b. Thece in concentric circles.

10. Ascidium clematitlis. Travellers-joy ecidium.
Thece pale-yellow; mouths slightly toothed, at length
vanishing ; sporidia yellow.

AEcidium clematitis, De Cand, Syn. 50.

On the lower face of the leaves of travellers-joy.

Leaves marked with brown spots on the upper face.

11. Acidium asperifoliarum. Asperifolie ecidium.

Thece white, confluent, wineglass-shape, half-immersed,
pale-yellow; speridia yellowish-white.

Aicidium asperifolia, De Cand. Syn. 50.

On the lower face of the leaves of various boraginez.

Leaves hollowed on the upper face.

12. #cidium rubellum. Small-red ecidium.

Thece very small, confluent, partly immersed, pale yel-
low; sporidia yellowish-white.

/Ecidium rubellum, De Cand. Syn. 50.

Aicidium rumicis, Persoon Syn. 207.

On the lower face of great water-dock leaves.

Leaves spotted red on the upper face.

B. sparsum. Spots scattered, on both faces, bordered
with yellow.

JEcidium rumicis, Sowerdy Reeni 8, 405.

Pi, cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCEZ. 152. Aicidium. 537

13. Acidium tussilaginis. Coltsfoot ecidium.
Thece immersed, confluent, very short, white; edge
toothed. ‘.

Ecidium tussilaginis, De Cand. Syn. 50.
Lycoperdon epiphyllum, Lin. 8. P, 1655.

On the lower face of coltsfoot leaves.
Leaves spotted with purple on the upper face.

c. Thece distinct.

14, Aicidium characie. Unsavoury-spurge ecidium.

Thece remote; mouths scarcely cut, turned back ; Spo-
ridia or ange-colour.

Helaivin « euphorbiz-sylvatice, De Cand. Syn. 50.

On the lower face of the leaves of chara acias amygda-
loides, rarely on the upper.

15. Alcidium periclymeni. © Woodbine ecidium.

Thece numerous, first nearly globular, then rather co-
nical; mouths toothed; sporidia orange-yellow.

®cidium perichymeni, De Cand. Syn. 50.

On the upper face of woodbine-leaves.

Leaves spotted with yellow on the upper face.

16. Afcidium violarum. Violet ecidium.

Thece many, close together, rather prominent, whitish ;
mouths toothed ; sporidia orange, becoming brownish.

Aicidium violarum, "De Cand. Syn. 50.

On the stems ana leaves of hearts-ease.

17. “cidium cichoracearum. Succory ecidium.
Thece hemispherical, white; mouths unequally torn;
lobes few, broad, turned back; sporidia yellow.

ARcidium cichoracearum, De Cand. Syn, 50.
fEcidium tragopogonis, Sowerby Fungi, 397, 2
Aicidium tragopogi, Persoon Syn. 211.

On the stems and leaves of yellow goats-beard.

18. Acidium leucospermum. White-seeded ecidium.
Thece cylindrical, prominent, whitish; mouths thick,
mostly toothed; sporidza very copious, white.

Lycoperdon anemones, Pultney in Lin. Tr, 2, 331.
Ascidium anemones, Persoon Syn. 212.
Aicidium leucospermum, De Cand. Syn, 50.

On the lower face of the leaves of wood anemonies.

8. integra. Mouths not cut.

5388 152. Aicidium. 7. PROTOMYCE. Pl. ceil. aph.

19. Heidium punctatum. Dotted ecidiwm.
Thece hemispherical, pale-yellow; mouths not cut; spo-
ridia brown.

fEcidium punctatum, Persoon Syn, 212,
fEcidium anemones, Hojfm. Germ. 2, 2.

On the lower face of the leaves of yellow anemonies.

20. Ecidium rulbi. Bramble ecidium.
Thece flattish, edge white; mouéh orbicular, prominent,

not cut or but slightly toothed; sporidia yellowish-brown.
FEcidium rubi, De Cand. Syn. 50.

On the lower face of the bramble-leaves.

21. Aecidium epilobit. Willow-herl ecidium.

Thece scattered, distinct, white; mou/h torn, expanded,
withering; sporidia orange, becoming brownish.

fEcidium epilobii, De Cand. Syn. 50.

On the lower face of the leaves of squarestalk willow-herb,
rarely on the upper.

III. 153. USTILAGO. Persoon. Smut.

Sporidia \-celled, globular, sessile, free, heaped, spread-
ing, girt with a false peridium or theca, black or brown,
growing on the parts of fructification.

1. Ustilago segetum. Corn-smut.

Black, greenish or brownish, inyolute.

Ustilago segetum, Persoon Syn. 224.
Reticularia segetum, Bull. Champ. 1,90.

On deformed glumes of the grasses.

2. Ustilago utriculosa. Utricular smut.
Blackish violet; sporidia large.
Czoma (ustilago) utriculosum, Esenbeck Syst. 2.

On enlarged fruit of water-pepper.

3. Ustilago violacea. : Violet smut.
Violet ; sporidia minute.

Uredo violacea, Persoon Syn. 225.
Ceoma (ustilago) violaceum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,

On enlarged anthers of the caryophyllez.

Pl. cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCE. 154. Uredo. 539

TV. 154. UREDO. Blight.
Sporidia 1-celled, globular, sessile, free, heaped, spread-

ing, girt with the ruptured epidermis, growing on living

plants. Men

a. Sporidia black or brown.

1. Uredo suaveolens. Sweet-scented blight.

Tufts reddish-brown, flattish, running together.

Uredo suaveolens, Persoon Syn. 221.

On the lower face of the leaves of the common-way
thistle.

Odour grateful.

2. Uredo fale. Bean blight.
Tufts chestnut-brown, scattered, very numerous, round-
ish, irregularly depressed.
- Uredo fabx, De Cand. Syn. 47.
Uredo vicie faba, Persoon Syn. 221.

On the stems and leaves of beans.

3. Uredo cichoracearum. Succory blight.

Tufts brown, distant, small, orbicular.

Uredo cichoracearum, De Cand. Syn. 47.

On both faces of the leaves of dandelion, and similar
plants.

4. Uredo anemones. Anemone blight.
Tufts black, oblong, orbicular. ’

Uredo anemones, Persoon Syn. 223.

On both faces of the leaves of wood anemonies.

5. Uredo lifrons. Through-and-through blight.
Tufts reddish, distant, orbiculate.

Uredo bifrons, De Cand. Syn. 47.

On both faces of the leaves of curled-leaf dock.

b. Sportdia yellowish.

6. Uredo vitellina. Golden-osier blight.
Tufts orange-yellow, convex, orbicular, at last running
together.

Uredo vitellina, De Cand. Syn. 48.
On the lower face of the leaves of golden osier.

540 154. Uredo. 7. PROTOMYCEZE. Pi. cell. aph.
7. Uredo tussilaginis. Coltsfoot blight.

Tufts orange-yellow, rather concentric, running together.
Uredo tussilaginis, De Cand. Syn. 48.

On the lower surface of coltsfoot-leaves.

8. Uredo senecionis. Groundsel blight.
Tufts saffron-colour, oblong or antes tay at length run-
ning together.

Dreds senecionis, De Cand. Syn. 48.
On the lower surface of the leaves of groundsel.

9. Uredo linearis. Linear blight.
Tufts yellow, becoming brown; sporidia rather ovate.

Uredo linearis, Persoon Syn, 216.
Uredo longissima, Sowerby Fungi, 139.

On both faces of the leaves of wheat and other corn.

10. Uredo confluens. : Confluent blight.
Tufts pale yellow, concentric, confluent ; sporidia scarcely
effused.

Uredo confluens, De Cand. Syn. 48.
On the lower face of the leaves of dogs-mercury.

V. 155. ALBUGO. Persoon. Albugo.

Sporidia globular, sessile, 1-celled, enclosed in the bul-
lated epidermis of live plants.— White.

1. Albugo cruciferarum. Cruciferous albugo.
Tufts broad, depressed ; sporidia very copious.
Uredo candidum a, Persoon Syn. 222,

Uredo thiaspi, Sowerby Fungi, 340.
Uredo cruciferarum, De Cand. Syn. 49.

On the lower face of the leaves of cruciferous plants.

2. Albugo tragopogt. Goatsbeard albugo.
Tufis white, scattered, oblong, minute.

Uredo candidum 8, Persoon Syn. 223.
Uredo tragopogi, De Cand. Syn. 49.

On purple goatsbeard.

3. Albugo petroselini. * Parsley albugo.

Tufts scattered, roundish, oblong, confluent ; sporidia
very copious.

Uredo petroselini, De Cand. Syn. 49.

On the stem and leaves of parsley.

Pl. cell. aph. 7. PROTOMYCEZ, 156. Ceeomurus. 541

‘

VI. 156. CHROMURWUS. Link. Ceomure.

Sporidia ovate or globular, 1-celled, pedicelled ; girt with
the ruptured epidermis of live plants..

1. Ceeomurus phaseolarum. Kidney-bean ceomure.
Sporidia ovoid; pedicells rather long; tufts blackish-
red, orbicular.

Uredo appendiculata, Persoon Syn. 222.
Puccinia phaseolarum, De Cand, Syn. 46,

On both faces of the leaves of kidney-beans.

2. Ceeomurus pisi. Pea ceomure.
Sporidia ovoid; pedicelis short; tufts brown, orbicular,
or oblong.

Uredo appendiculata 8, Persoon Syn. 222.
Puccinia pisi, De Cand. Syn. 46.

On the stems and leaves of peas.

3. Ceomurus ficarie. Pilewort ceomure.

Sporidia ovoid; pedicells rather long; tufts brown, con-
fluent; epidermis at first raised, then burst.

Puccinia ficaria, De Cand. Syn. 46.

On the stems, and upper face of the leaves of pilewort.

4. Ceomurus trifolit. Trefoil ceomure..
_ Sporidia ovoid, nearly sessile; éufts reddish-brown, ob-
long, or irregular, bursting the epidermis.
Puccinia trifglii, De Cand. Syn. 46,
On the stems and leaves of several species of trefoil.

5. Coeomurus porrt. Leek ceomure..

Sporidia reverse, eggshape; pedicells rather short; tufts
reddish-brown, oblong, bursting the epidermis.

Uredo porri, Sowerby Fungi, 411.

On both faces of the leayes of leaks.

VIL 157. DICAZOMA. Diceome.
Sporidia ovate, 2-celled, pedicelled, girt by the ruptured
epidermis of the living plant.

1. Dicceeoma persicarie. Persicaria diceome.

Sporidia clubbed; upper cell thick, globular; lower cell
long, slender; pedicells short; tufts red-brown, small; or;
bicular.

542 157. Diceoma. 7. PROTOMYCEM. Pl. ceil. apk.

Puccinia polygoni amphibii, Persoon Syn. 227.
On the lower face of the leaves of narrow-leaved pond-

weed.

2. Diceoma scirpi. Rush diceome-.

Sporidia rather clubbed; upper cell large, globular ;
pedicell short; tufts blackish, roundish, compact.

Puccinia scirpi, De Cand. Syn. 46.

On the decaying stems of bullrushes.

3. Diceoma graminis. Grass diceome.

Sporidia rather clubbed; upper cell large, globular ;
pedicells short; tufts yellow, brown, or black, scattered,
parallel.

Puccinia graminis, Persoon Syn. 228.
Uredo frumenti, Sowerby Fungi, 140.

On the stem and leaves of grasses.

4. Diceoma anemones. Anemone diceome.
Sporidia oblong; cells rounded; pedicells short; tufts
brown, hemispherical, in rows or marginal.

Puccinia anemones, Persoon Syn, 226.
ZEcidium fuscum, Sowerby Fungi, 53.

On the lower face of the leaves of wood-anemonies.

Plants on which this fungus is parasitic have been taken
for a new species of fern, tnder the name of the Conjurer
of Chalgrave’s fern, he having been the first botanist who
observed it.

5. Diceoma menthe. Mint diceome.

Sporidia oblong; cells rounded; pedicells short; tufts
brown, threadlike, rather thicker at bottom; fufts black,
hemispherical, powdery.

Puccinia menthz, De Cand. Syn. 45.

On the lower face of the leaves of several species of mint.

6. Diceoma ribis. Currant diceome.

Sporidia cylindrical, blunt; pedicells short; tufts brown,
orbicular, girt with the epidermis.

Puccinia ribis, De Cand, Syn. 45.

On the upper face of the leaves of red currants.

7. Diceoma aviculare. Knotgrass diceome.
__. Sporidia ovoid, blunt ; pedicells long, flaccid ; tufts brown,
oblong, or roundish.

Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCE. 157. Diceeoma. 543

Puccinia polygoni aviculariz, Persoon Syn, 227.
Puccinia aviculariz, De Cand. Syn. 45.

On the stem and leaves of knotgrass.

8. Diceoma adore. Moscatell diceome.
Sporidia oblong, blunt; pedicells short; tufts brown,
irregularly confluent.

Puccinia adoxe, De Cand. Syn. 45.
On the stem and leaves of tuberous moscatell.

9. Diceoma lbuxi. Boxtree diceome.

Sporidia oblong, lanceolate, cells rather acute; pedicells
long; tufts black, orbicular, convex.

Puccinia buxi, Sowerby Fungi, 439.

On box-leaves.

VIII. 158. PUCCINIA. Micheli. Puccini.

Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled, pedicelled, free, upon
the epidermis of living plants.

1. Puccinia rose. Rose puccini.

Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, pointed ; pedicells
white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom; tufts black, rather
powdery.

Ascophora disciflora, Zode Meckl. 3, 26.
Puccinia mucronata, Persoon Syn. 230,
Puccinia rose, De Cand. Syn. 44.

On the lower face of rose-leaves.

2. Puccinia rubi. Bramble puccini.

Sporidia cylindrical, 3 to 5-celled, bluntly pointed; pe-
dicells white, threadlike, thicker at the bottom; ¢ufts black,
rather powdery.

- Ascophora disciflora 8, Z'ode Meckl. 3, 27.
Puccinia mucronata 2, Persoon Syn, 230.
Puccinia rubi, De Cand. Syn, 44; Sowerby Fungi, 400, 9.

On the lower face of the leaves of blackberry bushes.

3. Puccinia potentille. Cinquefoil puccini.
Sporidia cylindrical, 4-celled, blunt; pedicells white,
threadlike; tufts black, compact.

Puccinia potentille, Persoon Syn, 229,

On dry leaves of vernal cinquefoil.

544 158. Puccinia. 7. PROTOMYCE. Pl. ceil. aph.

4. Puccinia ulmi. Elm puccint.

Sporidia cylindrical, 3 or 4-celled, blunt; pedicells white,
threadlike ; tufts free, black, rather powdery.

Puccinia ulmi, De Cand. Syn. 44.

Qn the lower face of elm-leaves.

5. Puccinia spergule. Spurrey puccine.

Sporidia cylindrical, 3-celled, blunt; pedicel’s white,
threadlike ; ¢wfts compact, brown.

Puccinia spergula, De Cand. Syn. 44:

On the stem and leaves of spurrey.

-

IX. 159. PODISOMA. Link. Podisome.

Sporidia cylindrical, many-celled; pedicells long, united
into a rather gelatinous or fleshy mass, protuberant from
the live branches.

Podisoma juniperi. Juniper podisome.
Tufts yellow, conical. ;

Puccinia non ramosa major pyramidata, Micheli N. Gen. 213.
Clavaria resinosorum, Gmel, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2, 1443.
Puccinia cristata, Schmidel Ic. 3, 254,

Puccinia juniperi, Persoon Syn. 228.

Gymnosporangium conicum, De Cand. Syn, 44.

Podisoma juniperi, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 4.

On the stems of juniper-bushes.

B. StiiposporipEx. Sporidia dustlike, free, naked,
many-celled, growing on wood and other dead substances.

X. 160. FUSIDIUM. Link. Fusidium.
Sporidia spindleshape, transparent, lying down.
1. Pusidium griseum. Grey fusidium.
Heaps grey, thin, spreading.
Fusidium griseum, Link Berl. Mag. 1809, 8,
On oak-leaves.

2. Fusidium eruginosum. Verdigris fusidium.
Heaps verdigris-green, thin, spreading.

Fusidium xruginosum, Link Berl. Mag. 1809, 8.

On dry leaves.

3. Fusidium candidum. White fusidium.
Heaps snow-white, thick, irregalar.

Fusidium candidum, Link Berl. Mag. 4809, 8,

On decayed beech-leaves..

Pl. cell. aph. 7. PROTOMYCEZE, 161. Stilbospora. 545
XI. 161. STILBOSPORA. Persoon. Stillospore.

Sporidia dark-coloured, ringed, in irregular heaps.

1. Stilbospora asterosperma. Star-seeded stilbospore.
Sporidia starlike, 3 or 4-rayed.
Stilbospora asterosperma, Persoon Syn. 96.

_ On the branches of beech, birch, and maple-trees.

2. Stilbospora spherosperma. Round-seeded stilbospore.
Sporidia globular, minute.

Stilbospora spherosperma, Persoon Syn. 91.

On the dry stems of the common bankside reed.

C. XytomipEm. Sporidia budlike, enclosed in a crust ;
crust swollen, variable in shape; inside pale; texture ir-
regular, cellulat, under the epidermis of plants.

XII. 162. XYLOMA. Persoon. Ayloma.
Crust hard, inside fleshy, cellular.

1. Xyloma salicinum. Willow xyloma.
Crust black, shining, thick; inside granular, white.
Xyloma salicinum, Persoon Syn. 103.

On willow-leaves.

Solitary, bossed.

B. confluens. Crust confluent, disk naked.

2. Xyloma acerinum. Maple xyloma.
Crust black, flat, surface rather unequal with winding
lines.

Xyloma acerinum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 5.
Xyloma punctatum, Persoon Syn. 104. ~

On the leaves of maple and sycamore-trees.
Aggregate, orbicular.

B. confluens. Crusts confluent.
Xyloma acerinum, Persoon Syn. 104.

3. Xyloma leucocreas. White-flesh xyloma.
Crust thick, tubercular; inside white.

Xyloma leucocreas, De Cand. Syn. 63.

On the leaves of different species of willow.
VOL. I. 2N

546 162. Xyloma. 7. PROTOMYCEX. © Pl. cell. aph.

4. Xyloma multivalve. Many-valved xyloma.
Crusts dotlike, scattered, slightly convex ; epidermis
raised round the tubercles in many valvelike divisions.

- Xyloma multivalve, De Cand. Syn. 63.
On holly-leaves.

5. Xyloma pexizoides. Pexiza-like xyloma.
Crusts scattered, orbicular, black; afterwards ruptured,
border upright; slightly crenate; centre pale.

Peziza comitialis, Sowerby Fungi, 118.
Peziza viridis, Bolton Fungi, 119, 1.
Xyloma pezizoides, Persoon Syn, 105.

D.. GyMNosporaNGIDEX. Sporidia one-ringed, pedi-
celled; pedicells irregularly grown together into a firm
gelatinous stroma.—On live plants.

XIII. 163. GYMNOSPORANGIUM. Link. Soft-Lail.

Sporidia 1-ringed ; pedicells long; stroma gelatinous.

Gymnosporangium juniperinum. Juniper soft-ball.
Sporidia yolk-of-ege yellow, plaited.

Agaricus membranaceus sinuosus, substantia gelatine, Raii Syn. 2), 3.
Tremella juniperina, Lin, S. P. 1625; Villars Dauph. 3, 1007.
Gymnosporangium juniperum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 6.

On the stem of juniper-bushes.

EK. AicERITADER. Sporidia 1-celled, free, naked, on an
irregular expanded stroma.—On decayed vegetables.

XIV. 164. AAGERITA. Persoon. Egerita.

Sporidia globular, embedded on a round, sessile stroma.

figerita candida. . White egerita.
Tufts snow-white, hemispherical, scattered.

Sclerotium Agerita, Hoffm. Crypt. 9, 1.—
fEgerita candida, Persoon Syn. 684.

On alder-trees; autumn.

XV. 165. FUSARIUM. Link. Fusarium.

Sporidia spindleshape, sessile, diffusible, on a globular
sessile stroma.

(

Pl.cell.aph. 7. PROTOMYCE. 165. Fusarium. 547

Fusarium roseum. Rose-red fusarium.

Stromata gregarious, hemispherical, rose-red ; sporidia
lighter coloured. USE

Fusarium roseum, Link in Berl. Mag. 1809, 10.

On the stems of the malvacez.

F. TupercuLarip&. Sporidia 1-celled, bursting forth
from the top of a free, pedicelled stroma.

XVI. 166. TUBERCULARIA. Tode. ; Tulbercularia.
Sporidia small, globular; stroma wine-glass-shape, pedi-
celled; pedicell short, from an expanded gelatinous mass.

1. Tubercularia granulata. Granulated tubercularia.

Stroma rather globular, nearly sessile, surface granular,
brownish ; sporidia intermixed with flocks.

Tubercularia granulata, Persoon Syn. 113.

On the branches of maple- trees.

2. Tubercularia vulgaris. Common. tubercularia.
Stroma stipitate, thick, pale, furrowed, wrinkled.

Tubercularia vulgaris, Persoon Syn. 112.
Tremella purpurea, Lin. S. Veg. 1004.
“Spheria miniata, Bolt Fung. 127.
Spheria tremelloides, Weis. Obs. Bot. 3, 1.
Clavaria coccinea, Sowerby Fungi, 294.

On the branches of trees.

Fam.VIII. 8. NEMATOMYCE/., Esenbeck. Fungorum
pars, Linneus. Algarum pars, Linneus,
Jussieu. Anandre Mucedines, Link.
Sporidia naked, attached to the thallus; thallus thread-
like, simple or branched.— Plants terrestrial or parasitic,
generally growing in damp places, minute: when put into
water they expand, and may be displayed with ease for
examination.

A. Mucedinee. Thallus flocky, tubular ; sporidia free,

scattered on the surface.
Flocks rather branched ;

sporidia single; pedicells long ...... ACREMONIUM. 167.
Flocks spreading;
spor. loose, oblong; pedic. short ..... EPpocunium. 168.

Qn 2

548 8. NEMATOMYCE. — Pl.cell. aph.

Flocks branched ;

spor. ovate, 2-celled, much scattered TRicoTHEctuM. 169.
Flocks branched, entangled ;

spor. ovate or globose, scattered ... SporoTricHuM. 170.
Flocks branched, radiated ;

spor. small, globular, scattered ..... ByssociaDium. 171.

B. Aspergillideze. Thallus tubular, simple or jointed ;
sporidia scattered, towards the top.

Flocks simple, or slightly branched ;

SPOT. CLO DMIAL, nV MeApS iy, tu. ie ole cise erate Haruaria. 172.
Flocks simple, aggregated, beadlike,

with separated joints ........... ... ACROSPORUM. 173.
Flocks upright, twiglike, forked ;

spor. globular, crowded at top.......... ViRGARIA. 174.
Flocks upright, interwoven, corymbose ;

spor. alobular,) onthe tipssie. som ie st Botrytis. 175.
Flocks upright, branched in whirls;

spor. globular, on the whirls....... STACHYLIDIUM. 176.
Flocks upright, branched at top; =

Shan clobulatiin..ys Ss <.cicl gs sere ne cacts , Poryactis. 177.

Flocks branched at the tip, headlike ;

spor. globular, clustered, on the tip ... PenrcrLLum. 178.
Flocks dilated at the tip, clublike;

spor. globular, clustered, on the tips.. AsPERGILLUM. 179.

C. Erineidee. Thallus fibrous, unbranched, on the epi-
dermis of plants.

Fibres threadlike, twisted ............ ERINEUM. 180.
_ Fibres clublike, twisted ............... Rusieo. 181.

D. Byssidee. Thallus fibrous, free.
Fibres upright, pellucid, crowded ;

spor. in rows, ovate, falling off..... CLADOSPORIUM. 182.
Fibres upright, opake, aggregated ;

spor. oblong clublike, ringed ...... HeELMosporium. 183.
Fibres upright, stiff;

SPOR SPINAL sCMITE ets loyene ee yale e HE icoseorium. 184.
Fibres upright, jointed ;

jolnts ovate? FE ee A a 9g Moni.ia. 185.

Fibres decumbent, jointed ;
joints globular, separating ............4. Toruta. 186.

Pl. cell,aph. 8. NEMATOMYCE&. 549

Fibres entangled, jointless, opake ; f

granules formed of beadlike twigs ...... Racopium. 187.
Fibres decumbent, stiff, opake,

branched ; twigs jointless, persistent.... Drematium. 188.
Fibres decumbent, very slender, opake,

branched ; twigs jointless, deliquescent .... Byssus. 189.
Fibres decumbent, jointed, pellucid,

entangled into a pellicle «0.2.2.0... TYPHODERMA. 190.
_ Fibres decumbent, jointless, entangled
into a leatherlike mass............. XYLOSTROMA. 191.

E. Trichodermideze. Thallus tubular, jointed, entangled
into a globe covering the sporidia. :

Flocks branched ; sporidia globular TricHoDERMA. 192.
F. Mucorides. Thallus tubular 3 spore enclosed in a
terminal, membranaceous, bladderlike sporidium.

Thallus branched at bottom, simple at top;

spor. globose, solitary, terminal...... ‘THAMNIDIUM. 193.
Thallus simple or branched ;
soon meaty @lObWIAR ./. sie. ves bse ole ess Mucor. 194.

Thallus simple or branched ; :

spor. globular, then inverted, bellshape. AscopHora. 195.
Thallus simple, jointless, clublike ;

spor. globular, projected. .........-4- PILOBOoLvus. 196.

G. Isarideze. Thallus tubular ; tubes united at bottom to
form a simple or branched stroma, free at the other end.

Stroma membranaceous, branched ;
jiocks simple; spor. vanishing ......... Crratium. 197.
_ Stroma cylindrical ;
flocks branched ; spor. globular, scattered ... Isaria. 198.
Stroma simple, headed at top;
fiocks pencilshape; spor. scattered...... CoREMIUM. 199.
Stroma simple, threadlike ;
~ flocks entangled; spor. globular, in heads .
CEPHALOTRICHUM. 200.

Hi. Stilbideze. Thallus fibrous, entangled into a gelatinous
stroma ; tip headlike, fleshy ; sporidia scattered.

Stroma simple; head naked, soft ...... STILBUM. 201.

550 167. Acremon. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

A. Mucepinesz. Thallus threadlike, tubular, simple or

branched, mostly jointed, free; sporidia naked, scattered —

on the surface.

I. 167. ACREMONIUM. Link. Clung-mould.

Thallus slightly branched; sporidia single, on long pe-
dicells. :

1. Acremonium verticillatum. Whirled clungmould.
Thallus expanded, white; sporidia in whirls.
Acremonium verticillatum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,15.

On the bark of fir-trees.

2. Acremonium allernatum. Alternate clungmould.
Thallus spreading, white ; sporidia placed alternately.
Acremonium alternatum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,15.

On fir-trees.

II. 168. KPOCHNIUM. Link. Stalked-mould.

Thallt dispersed; sporidia separating, oblong, on short
pedicells.

Epochnium monilioides. Beadlike stalked-mould.
Thalli tufted, white or grey, spotlike, round.

Terula fructigera, Persoon Obs. Mic. 2, 26.
Monilia fructigera, Persoon Syn. 693.
Epochnium monilioides, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 18.

On dried plants and pears.

III. 169. TRICHOTHECIUM. Link. Twin-mould.

Thallus branched ; sporidia ovate, 2-celled, copiously
scattered.

Trichothecium roseum. Rose twinmould.
Thalli white, interwoven; sporidia rose-red.

Trichoderma roseum, Persoon Syn. 231.
-Trichothecium roseum, Link in Berl, Mag. 3,18.

On rotten wood, especially willow and poplar trees.

IV. 170. SPOROTRICHUM. Link. Dust-mould.

Thalli branched, entangled; sportdia globular or ovate,
scattered here and there.

Pl. cell. aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. 170. Sporot. 551

1, Sporotrichum fuscum. Brown dustmould.

Thalli in very thin tufts, brown, lying down; sporidia
small.

Sporotrichum fuscum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12.

On felled timber.

2. Sporotrichum badium. Bay dustmould.
Thali in thin tufts, bay, lying down; sporidia small.
Sporotrichuin badium, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 12.

On the trunks of trees.

3. Sporotrichum stuposum. Towlike dustmould.

Thalli in rather thick close tufts, black-brown, lying
down; sporidia small.

Sporotrichum stuposum, Linkin Berl. Mag. 3, 12.

On the trunks of trees.

4. Sporotrichum aureum. Golden dustmoula.

Thalli in thick tufts, gold-yellow, nearly upright; spo-
ridia minute.

Sporotrichum aureum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 13.

On the trunks of trees.

5. Sporotrichum candidum. White dustmould.

Thalli in thin tufts, snow-white, lying down; sporidia
small,

Sporidium candidum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 13.

On the trunks of trees.

V. 171. BYSSOCLADIUM. Link. Meal-mould.
Thalli branched, spreading in rays; sporidia small, glo-

bular.

1. Byssocladium candidum. White mealmould.

Thalli in thin tufts, snow-white, close, much branched ;
tips pencilshape. OOLEALE

Byssocladium candidum, Link in Berl. Mag. 7,13.

On rotten leaves, and wood.

2. Byssocladium fenestrale. Window mealmould.
Thalli tufted, grey, pressed close, very minute, branched,
bent; lranches spreading ; joints indistinct.

Conferva fenestralis, Dillw. Conf. 94.
Byssocladium fenestrale, Link in Berl. Mag. 7, 36.
Sporotrichum fenestrale, Dittmar in Sturm. Germ, 3,1.

On neglected windows in damp places.

552 171. Byssoclad. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. PI. cell. uph.

3. Byssocladium punctiformis. Dotlike mealmould.

Thalli in tufts, blackish-grey, opaque, pressed close ;
very minute, rather torulose ; “branches slightly one-rowed ;
joints rounded.

Conferva punctiformis, Roth Cut. 3, 220.

On neglected windows.

Thallus rather beadlike, joints as long as broad.

4. Byssus dendritica. Treelike mealmould.
Thalli in tufts, blackish-green, bent; branches slender,
slightly pinnated. ~

Conferva dendritica, 4gardh Syn. 96.
Dematium olivaceum, Albert et Schw. Consp.

On old books in damp places.
Tufts circular, a quarter of an inch in diameter.

B. AspercituipEx. Thallus flocklike, simple or
branched, mostly jointed, tubular, free; sporidia naked,
towards the tip of the thallus.

VI. 172. HAPLARIA. Link. Skein-mould.
Thalli simple or slightly branched, distant; sporidia
globular, crowded in places.

Haplaria grisea. Grey skeinmould.
Thali scattered, simple, 2-cut, forked, grey.

Haplaria grisea, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,11.

On dry leaves of reeds, bur-reeds, &c.

VII. 173. ACROSPORIUM. Esenbeck. Chain-mould.
Thalli simple, aggregated, beadlike at top; joints sepa-
rating by age.

Acrosporium monilioides. Necklacelike chainmould.
Thalli in tufts, snow-white, spreading, powdery.

Acrosporium monilioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14.
Monilia hyalina, Fries Obs. Mycet. 1815, 210.
Botrytis simplex monilis, Alb. e¢ Schw. Consp. 363.

On the leaves of grasses.

VIII. 174. VIRGARIA. Esenbeck. Brush-mould.
Thalli flocklike, upright, stiff; branches forked; spo-
ridia difluent, globular, crowded towards the tips.

*

Pl.cell. aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. 174. Virgaria. 553

1. Virgaria nigra. Black brushmould.
Thali: in tufts, spreading, black, crowded.

Botrytis nigra, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14.
Virgaria nigra, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 14.

On felled trees.

2. Virgaria olivacea. Olive brushmould.

Thali in tufts, spreading, very thin, olive-green, rather
distant.

Botrytis olivacea, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 14.

On felled trees.

IX. 175. BOTRYTIS. Micheli. Grape-mould.

Thalli flocklike, upright, generally entangled at the bot-
tom, much branched; branches corymbose; sporidia glo-
bular, collected about the ends of the branches.

Botrytis allochroa. Shotten grapemould.
Thalli in small tufts, upright, white afterwards reddish ;
sporidia whitish.
Botrytis allochroa, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On dead stalks; autumn.

X. 176. STACHYLIDIUM. Link. Ear-mould.
Thal flocklike, ascending, entangled at bottom; twigs

whirled at top, short, blunt; sporidia globular, crowded
about the whirls.

1. Stachylidium bicolor. Two-coloured earmould.

Thalli in tufts, white, the barren lying down, greenish-
grey; the fertile upright, not branched at top.

Dematium verticillatum, Persoon Syn. 694.

Stachylidium bicolor, Link in Berl. Mag. 3,15.

On the stem of herbaceous plants.

2. Stachylidium terrestre. Land earmould.

Thalli in tufis, spreading, white; the barren lying down,
few; the fertile upright, branched.

Monilia racemosa, Persoon Syn. 692.

Aspergillus terrestris ceespitosus ac ramosus albus, Micheli N. Gen. Pl.

213.
Stachylidium terrestre, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 15.

On the ground.

il. st PECILLO. iak Pexci-malZ
Teak; iackin=. sim: of Drenches, dileed et ip enc
apin Supe DeadE @ oes, wat cece: 2 beet ao oi

1. Pomc: exporsem.. Zzeemiet pencil—mauilc.
Tite Debit, mabe; See ee

XU 1 45PER

1. 4gegils views. Cinmens 2me—mendc.

Ti an Teese te, eee, tet aes, wie= (des
= ies wh, aherwaris cancon.

maple, capitule sieere, oii cen, Bee

5 ee ale

Dhere sane. Lan Sgn. Fee. 2. 18S.

Menile sees Foren Se

Saporilie soe, Let ee Bom Boz. 5, 1

On apps. ant oite gory Puce

Pl. cell.aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ., 179. Aspergil. 555

2. Aspergillus flavus. Yellow knot-mould.,
Thalli in loose tufts, not branched, white, erect; heads
first white, after wards yellow.

Aspergillus flavus, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On dry plants.

3. Aspergillus laneus. Woolly knot-mould.
Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, oe
white, nearly upright; heads yellowish.

Aspergillus laneus, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On rotten fungi.

4. Aspergillus virescens. Greenish knot-mould.
Thalli in close tufts, branched, entangled, greenish,
nearly upright; heads greenish.

Aspergillus virescens, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 16.
On rotten fungi.
&

C. Erineiex. Thalli fibrous, not branched, nor
jointed; sporidia contained in the threads.—On the epi-
dermis lee plants.

XIV. 180. ERINEUM. Persoon. Rust-byssus.

Thalli threadlike, not branched, twisted, short, in tufts
on decaying leaves.

Erineum tiliaceum. Lime-tree rust-byssus.
Thalli in round tufts, whitish-violet, hooked.

Erineum tiliaceum, Persoon Syn. 700.

On the leaves of lime-trees.

XV. 181. RUBIGO. Link. Funnel-mould.

Thalli funnelshape or clubshape, twisted, in tufts on de-
caying leaves.

1. Ruligo faginea. Beech funnel-mould.
Thalli in round or oblong tufts, brown, globularly club-

bed, tip mostly closed ; tufts confluent, pale on the edge. .
Rubigo faginea, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 16.

On beech-leaves; spring.

556 181, Rubigo. 8. NEMATOMYCE. Pl. cell. aph.

2. Rubigo alnea. j Alder funnel-mould.
Thalli in convex tufts, reddish-brown, shining, funnel-
shape, open at the tip.

Rubigo alnea, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 17.
Erineum alneum, Persoon Syn. 701.

On the leaves of black alder.

3. Rubigo acerina. Maple funnel-mould.
Thalli in broad, flattish tufts, reddish-brown, when

young pale.

Mucor ferrugineus, Bull. Champ. 514.
Erineum acerinum, Persoon Syn. 700.

On maple-leaves, that have fallen.

D. BysstpEx. Thailli fibrous, sometimes jointed, mostly
free; sporidia mostly enclosed in the thallus.—On decayed

wood.

XVI. 182. CLADOSPORIUM. Link. Chain-byssus.

Thalli upright, simple or slightly branched, rather trans-
parent, crowded; sporidia in rows on the thalli, ovate,
falling off.

Cladosporium herbarum. Herb chain-byssus.
Thalii in close tufts, light olive-green.

Dematium herbarum, Persoon Syn. 699.
Acladium herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 12.
Cladospermium herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag.7, 37.

On decaying herbs.

XVII. 183. HELMISPORIUM. Link. _Ring-byssus.
Thalli upright, stiff; slightly branched, opake, crowded ;
sporidia oblong, clubshape, ringed, falling off.

1. Helmisporium nanum. Dwarf ring-byssus.

Thalli scattered, forked or simple, slightly knotted;
sporidia nearly cylindrical, scattered on the thalli, scarcely
shorter than them. “i

Helmisporium nanum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 67.

On decaying plants.

Pl. cell. aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. 183. Helmispor. 557

2. Helmisporium velutinum. Velvet ring-byssus.

Thalli spreading, black, forked, rather stiff; sporidia
pearshape, on the thalli, and much shorter than them.

Helmisporium velutinum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 10.

On rotten birch-wood.

XVIII. 184. HELICOSPORIUM. Esenb. Spiral-byssus.
Thalli upright, stiff, seldom branched, opake; sporidia

spiral, distantly kneed, fugacious, interspersed among the
thalli. .

Helicosporium vegetum. Quick spiral-byssus.
Thalli black, distant; sporidia yellowish-green.
Helicosporium vegetur, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 19.

On oak-wood.

XIX. 185. MONILIA. Link. Jvuinted-filre.

Thalli fibrous, upright, in tufts, dark colour, opake,
distinctly jointed, lasting; joznts ovate.

Monilia antenneformis. Feeler jointed-fibre.
Thalti in velvet black close tufts. ;

Dematium anteuneforme, Hoffm. Germ. 13.

Monilia antennata, Persoon Syn. 694,

On trunks of trees, and plants; autumn.

XX. 186. TORULA. Link. Clinging-fibre.

Thalli threadlike, lying down, not branched, often crust-
like, jointed; jozts globular, separating.

Torula herlarum. Herb clinging-fibre.
Thalli black, forming a broad crust.:

Monilia herbarum, Persoon Syn, 693.

Torula herbarum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.

- On the dry stems of large herbs; autumn.
|

XXII. 187. RACODIUM. Persoon. Headed-fibre.

Thalli threadlike, closely entangled, not jointed, branch-
ed, opake; interspersed with granules conglobated from
the beadlike twigs.

Racodium cellare. Cellar headed-fibre.
Thalli greyish-black, entangled into a silky clothlike
substance.

——

558 187. Racod. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. . Pl. cell. aph.

Fungus spongiosus niger reticulatus, doliolis vinosis adnascens, Raii
Syn. BT, 10.

Byssus mollissima, Ehrh. Crypt. 217.

Byssus septica, Roth Germ, 4, 561.

Fibrillaria vinaria, Sowerby Fungi, 432.

Racodium cellulare, Persoon Syn. 701.

Mouse-skin byssus.

On casks in wine-cellars, from the rotten hoops; some-
times entirely covering the cask.

When compressed, resembies the skin of a mouse.—
Used as an excellent styptic.

XXII. 188. DEMATIUM. Link. Star-fibre.
Thalli lying down or ascending, stiff, opake, branched,
not jointed in any part, lasting.

Dematium rupestre. Rock star-fibre.
Thalli black, interwoven, cushionlike.

Byssus petra nigerrima, Dillen in Raii Syn. 517, 8.

Byssus nigra, Hudson Fl. Angl. 606.

Byssus antiquitatis, Weiss Crypt.

Conferva nigra, Roth Cat. 3, 299.

Conferva eburnea, Dillwyn Conf. 101.

Racodium rupestre, Persoon Syn. 701.

Dematium rupestre, Esenbeck Syst. 2,21.

On rocks, especially sandstone.

XXIII. 189. BYSSUS. Micheli. Byssus.

Thalli threadlike, lying or hanging down, very tender,
opake, branched, not jointed in any part; soon melting
away.

Byssus bombycina. Cotlony byssus.
Thalli very long, slender, collected into close flocks, ex--

tremely white.

Byssus bombycina, Roth Germ. 3, 563.
Mucor fugacissima, Schrank Brief, 2, 321.
Byssus floccosa, Schreb. Germ. 144.
Byssus subterranea, Scopoli Carn. 2,411.

On wood, in cellars.

XXIV. 190. TYPHODERMA. Death-skin.

Thalli fibrous, not branched, lying down, Rone en-
tangled into a pellucid rege
5

Pl. cell.aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ, 190.Typhoder. 559

1. Typhoderma Dillwynii. Dillwyn’s death-skin.
Thaili slightly branched ; joints as long as broad; pellicle
olive-green.

Conferva typhoderma, Dillw. Conf. 83.
Conferva atramenti 6, Lingby Hydr. Dan, 165.

On a solution of gum Arabic in water.

2. Typhoderma sanguinea. Bloody death-skin.
Thali branched; branches divaricating ; joints rather
longer than broad; pellicle red, gelatinous.

Conferva sanguinea, Dillw. Conf. 55.

On a solution of isinglass in water.

3. Typhoderma pallida. Pale death-skin.
Thalliforked, bent different ways, even-topped; angles
of the forks rounded ; joints very long; pellicle pale ochry
yellow, gelatinous, leatherlike.

Conferva pallida, Dillw. Conf. 78. 7

4. Typhoderma lactea. Milky death-skin.

Thalli_ branched; joints very long; pellicle gelatinous,
hyaline, dull milky yellow.

Conferva lactea, Dillw. Conf. 79.

XXV. 191. XYLOSTROMA. Tode. Oak-leather.
Thalli fibrous, branched, lying down, not jointed, very
closely entangled into a soft leatherlike mass.

Aylostroma giganteum. Gigantic oak-leather.
Mass very broad, soft, ochre-yellow.

Xylostroma giganteum, Tode Meckl. 1,36; Sowerby Fungi, 358,
Racodium Xylostroma, Persoon Syn. 102.

Dry rot. -

On rotten oak-trees and timber.

The terror of house and ship-owners of late; destroying
them with great rapidity, if built of too young or unsea-
soned timber, and not sufficiently ventilated; destroyed by
green vitriol, sal enixum, common salt, but especially by
the admission of a free current of air.

560 192: Trichoder. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. Pl. cell. aph.

E. TricHopErRMIDEx. Thalli flocklike, tubular, jointed,
entangled into a globule, covering the sporidia; sporidia
globular.

XXVI. 192. TRICHODERMA. Persoon. Hair-skin.
Thalli branched, jointed, entangled, covering the spori-
dia; sporidia globular.

1. Trichoderma viride. Green hair-skin.
Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft; sporidia
green.

Trichoderma viride, Persoon Syn. 231.
Pyrenium lignorum vulgare, Tode Meckl..1, 33.
Sphzria olivacea, Willden. Berol. 416.

On the fallen branches of trees, and stems of herbs.

2. Trichoderma tuberculatum. Tuberculated hatr-skin.

Thalli snow-white, in a nearly orbicular tuft; at first to-
mentose, then tubercular; sporzdia grey.

Trichoderma tuberculatum, Persoon Syn. 234.

On the ground in shady woods; summer after heavy
rain.

F. Mucoripesx. Thalli flocklike, tubular, not jointed
or partitioned; sporidia terminal, membranaceous, bladder- _
like; spore roundish.

XXVII. 193. THAMNIDIUM. Link. Branch-fibre.

Thalli branched at the bottom, branches each ending in
a single spore; sporidium terminal, globular, bursting.

Thamnidium elegans. Elegant branch-fibre.
Thalli white; branches much divided.
Thamnidium elegans, Link in Berl, Mag. 3,31.

On paste.

XXVIII. 194. MUCOR. Columella. Mould.
Thalli simple or branched; sporidia terminal, globular, —
bursting.
1. Mucor flavidus. Yellowish mould.
Thalli branched, rather forked; sportdia globular, first
yellowish, then blackish.
Mucor flavidus, Persoon Syn. 199.
On rotten mushrooms.

Pl. ceil.aph. 8. NEMATOMYCE/E:. 194. Mucor. 561

2. Mucor botrytis. Bunch-of-grapes mould.
Thalli branched, slightly forked ; sporidia globular, white.
Mucor botrytis, Sowerby Fungi, 359.

Mucor erysimi, Sowerby Fungi. 400, 7.
On cruciferous plants.

3. Mucor hydrophora. , Pitcher mould.

Thallt not branched, yellowish; sporidia transparent, at
first oval, growing globular.

Hydrophora minima, Tode Meckl. 2, 5.

Mucor Hydrophora, Persoon Syn. 202.

On decaying beech-trees.

4. Mucor caninus. Dog mould.

Thalii not branched, aggregated; sporidia yellowish,
nearly globular, umbilicated beneath.

Hydrophora stercoraria, Tode Meckl, 2, 6.

Mucor caninus, Persoon Syn. 201.

On dogs’ dung.

5. Mucor murinus. Mice mould.

Thallus not branched, scattered, minute, white, shortish,
stiff; sporidia globular, yellow.

Mucor murinus, Persoon Syn. 201.

On mice-dung.

XXIX. 195. ASCOPHORA. Tode. Bottle-mould.

Thalli simple or branched; sporidia terminal, globular,
turning inside out and becoming bellshape.

1. Ascophora grisea. Grey bottle-mould.
Thalli not branched; sporidia large, blackish-grey.

Ascophora Mucedo, 7'ode Meckl. 1, 13.
Mucedo grisea, Persoon Disp. 14.
Mucor Mucedo, Persoon Syn. 201.

On decayed vegetables, and on rotten wallnut-shells.

2. Ascophora vulgaris. Common. bottle-mould.
Thalli not branched, crowded ; sporidia minute, blackish.
Mucor Mucedo, Lin. S. P.

Mucor Mucedo £, Persoon Syn. 201,

On rotten plants.

XXX. 196.PILOBOLUS. Persoon. . Spring-mould.
Thalli not branched, not jointed, dilated at top, cup-
shape; sporidia globular, springing with a jerk from the
tips of the thalli, _
VOL. I. 20

862 196. Pilobolus. 8. NEMATOMYCE. Pi. cell. aph.

Pilobolus crystallinus. Crystalline spring-mould.
Thalli transparent, clear ; sporidia black.

Pilobolus crystallinus, Persoon Obs. myc. 1,76; Syn. 117,

Mucor urceolatus, Dickson Crypt. 1,25; Sowerby Fungi, 300.

Hydrogora crystallina, Wigg. Fl. Hols, 111.
Mucor roridus, Bolion Fungi, 122.

On dung of various animals.

G. IsartapEm. Thallz tubular, united at bottom into a

stroma, free at the tip; sporidia scattered in the flocklike
heads.

XXXI. 197. CERATIUM. Link. Plaited-tuft.

Thalli not branched, united at bottom into a stroma;

stroma _membranaceous, plaited ; sporidia globular, inter-
spersed, fugacious.

Ceratium hydnoides. Hydnumlike plaited-tuft.
Stroma white, oblique, branched; branches short, obtuse.

Puccinia byssoides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1462,
Byssus fruticolosa, Fl. Dan. 741.

Clavaria Puccinia, Batsch Fungi, 49.

Isaria mucida, Persoon Syn. 688,

Ceratium hydnoides, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.

On rotten wood, especially fir; summer and autumn.

XXXII. 198. ISARIA, Persoon. Club-tuft.

Thalli branched, united at bottom into a stroma; stroma
long, fleshy, clubshape, sometimes branched; sporidia glo-
bular, white, softish, interspersed.

1. Isaria velutipes. Velvet-footed club-tuft.
Stroma simple, clubbed at the top; tips of the thalli
snow-white.

Isaria velutipes, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 20.
Isaria velutina, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 23.

On the larvee and pupz of lepidopterous insects.

2. Isaria crassa. Thick club-tuft.
Stroma not branched, thick, rather conical; pedicell
distinct, bald.

Isaria crassa, Persoon Syn. 687.

On chrysalides covered with earth.

e

| Pi.cell.aph. 8. NEMATOMYCEZ. 198. Isaria. 563

3. Isaria eleutheratorum. Beetle club-tuft.

Stroma threadlike, twisted, slightly compressed, branch-
ed; branches spreading.

Isaria eleutheratorum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 23.

On dead carabideze.

XXXII. 199. COREMIUM. Link. Pencil-tuft.
Thalli pencilshape, united at bottom into a stroma;

stroma not branched, headed at top; sporidia interspersed
among the tip of the thalli.

1. Coremium candidum. White pencil-tuft,
Stroma snow-white: base flocular.

Coremium candidum, Esenbeck Sysé, 2, 24,
Monilia candida, Persoon Syn, 692,

On rotten fruit.

2. Coremium glaucum. Glaucous pencil-tuft.-
Stroma yellowish, short; sporidia greenish.

Coremium glaucum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 19.
Mucor glaucus, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1020.

On rotten fruit.

XXXIV. 200. CEPHALOTRICHUM. = Tangle-tuft.

Thalli fibrous, entangled at bottom into a stroma, at top
into a head; stroma threadlike or awlshape, not branched ;
sporidia interspersed, in the head.

Cephalotrichum nigrescens. Blackish tangle-tuft.
Stroma awlshape, flocklike, black; head globular, brown.
Cephalotrichum nigrescens, Link in Berl, Mag. 3, 20.

On the trunks of trees.

H. Srizipex. Thalli tubular, entangled at bottom
into a gelatinous stroma, at top into a fleshy head; sportdia
interspersed in the head.

XXXV. 201. STILBUM. Persoon: Glance-head.
Stroma not branched ; head rather naked, soft.

1. Stilbum piliforme. Hairlike glancehead.
Stroma slightly bundled, awlshape, black; heads globu-
lar, hyaline, deliquescent.

Stilbum minimum nigripes, Tode Meckl. 1, 11.
Stilbum piliforme, Persoon Syn, 681,

On rotten stems of trees.
Ai 0) 4

564 201.Stilbum. 8. NEMATOMYCEX. PI. cell. aph.

2. Stillum vulgare. Common glancehead.

Stromata cylindrical, thickish, crowded into yellowish
white tufts; Aeads hemispherical, withering.

Stilbum vulgare, Persoon Syn. 682.

On half-rotten stalks; autumn.

3. Stilbum bulbosum. Bulbous glancehead.

Stroma slender, bulbous at bottom, ochre-yellow; head
spherical, white, strewed with a yellowish powder.

Stilbum bulbosum, Persoon Syn. 682.

On rotten plants, in covered situations; autumn after
heavy rains.

Fam. IX. 9. GASTEROMYCE. = Fungorum pars,
Linneus, Jussieu. Gasteromyci, Persoon.

Thallus 0; peridium single or double, membranaceous
or leatherlike, bladdershape; sporidia naked, or intermixed
with fibres, included in the peridium, at first generally liquid.

A. Peridium thin, sessile, wrregular, becoming fibrous, or
skinny ; sporidia in heaps. Spumarideze.

Peridium membranous, globular ;

sporidia naked, conglomerate ..... -... EurRotium. 202.
Per. sessile, outside towlike, ins. flaky ;

sporidia naked, conglobate........... JETHALIUM. 203.
Per. membranous, fibres membranous

at the axillse; spor. in heaps..... »eee. Lignypium. 204.
Per. cellularly fibrous, ascending ;

SPORIAIG AM CADS” .eeicuh re atom eet epue cia . SPpuMARIA. 205.
Per. membranous; fibres upright;

Sporidia in cylinders. ic... dio < tise oi STRONGYLIUM. 206.
Per, membranous, becoming fibrous;

SPOTIATA CLOWUEU. “cis\s'ets cise oes 6 ceveces JuVCOGAUA. 20 t.

B. Peridium thin, sessile, irregular, vanishing in dust ;
sporidia in heaps. Myrotheciadee.

Perid. flattened, branlike, brittle; :

sporidia conglutinated........... » Myroruecium. 208.
Perid. flattened, covered with granules;

sporidia conglobated ...........4. DicHosportum. 209.
Perid. globular or cylindrical, thin;

sporidia heaped .......... OCR Saas a LicEa. 210.
Perid. irregular, very thin, vanishing;

sporidia couglobated, very numerous .. DermopiuM. 211.

Pi.cell.aph. 9.GASTEROMYCE. 565

C. Peridium thin, pedicelled or regular, brittle ; fibres
growing from the base, enclosed; sporidia conglobated.

Physaridee.

Peridium double; columell distinct... Dipymium. 212.

Perid. double; columell 0 ...... weeee DIDERMA. 213.
Perid. single, scaly; col. distinct....... Cronium. 214.
Perid. single, scaly; col. 0....... ... PHysarum. 215.

Perid. single, membranous; col. distinct. LEaANGi1um. 216.
Perid. single, membranous; col. 0 ... Leocarrus. 217.

D. Peridiwm thin, pedicelled or regular, brittle ; fibres
exserted, springing elastically from the base. ‘Trichiadew.

Perid. bursting; fibres ascending in

an irregular mass from the bottom’....... TRicHra. 218.
Perid. vanishing, leaving a saucer ;

Jibres rising elastically, falling off ........ ARCYRIA. 219.

E. Peridium thin, pedicelled, regular, becoming flocklike,

networked. Cribarideze.

Perid. becoming netlike at top ....... CRIBARIA. 220.
Perid. becoming netlike throughout.. Dicrypium. 221.

F. Peridium thin, single pedicelled, vanishing away ; fibres
free, in network, perforated by the stem. Stemonitidee.

Perid. globular or long ........... STEMONITIS, 222.

G. Peridium thin, single, operculated ; fibres 0 or free and
falling off with the sporidia. Crateridee.

Peridium pedicelled ; flocct many ... CRATERIUM. 223.

Peridium sessile; flocct 0 .....++++++ PYXIDIUM. 224,

H. Peridium crustlike, fibrous, single; sporidia naked,
conglobated. Onygenidee.

Perid. globular; pedicells fibrous ..... ONYGENA, 225.

I. Peridium leatherlike, double, outer peridium starlike,

the inner projectile; sporidia naked, conglobated. Sphero-
bolidez.

Perid. globular, sessile .......... SPHEROBOLUS. 226,

566. 9,GASTEROMYCER. —Placell. aph.

K. Peridiwn leatherlike, double; the inner fixed ; sporidia
floccular, conglomerated. Lycoperdex.

Perid. outer warty, rooting;

spor. collected in heaps.....2.ee++» SCLERODERMA. 227.
Perid. outer warty, rootless ;

spor. collected in heaps...+...+.++++- HyPoGEUM. 228.
Perid. outer adnate, splitting in lobes;

spor. pedicelled ......... wey. 0 cetgecenes, DOVISTA. 229.
Perid. outer, falling off like bran;
spor. scattered, crowded......+++++.. LYCOPERDON. 230.

Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate;

inner one-pedicelled or sessile;

mouth 1; spor. pedicelled ......+++.+e0 GEASTRUM. 231.
Perid. outer leatherlike, stellate ;

inner many-pedicelled; mouths

many; spor. pedicelled, from the first.... Poxystoma. 232,

L. Peridium single, leatherlike, mouth cartilaginous, cir-
cular ; sporidia conglobated. 'Tulostomidez.

Peridium globular ......++.seee+++ LULOSTOMA. 233.

M. Peridium single, thin, membranaceous, containing pe-
ridiola, filled with sporidia. Polyangideze. i

Peridiola ovate .s.e+++ssseeeeeee+ POLYANGIUM, 234.

N. Peridium thick, leatherlike, containing peridiola filled
with sporidia. Cyathidee.

Peridium cuplike,open .....+....++.+ CYATHUS. 235.

A. SpumaripE®. Peridiwm single or double, sessile,
spread out irregularly, becoming fibrous or skinny, inside:
smooth or lamellar, membranaceous; columella 0; sporidia

numerous, scattered or placed in lines between the lamine.
—Plant at first liquid, afterwards powdery.

TI. 202. EUROTIUM. Link. Purse-mould.
_ Peridia membranaceous, nearly globular, innate on a
jointed stroma.

Eurotium herbariorum. Herbarist purse-mould.
Peridia dotlike, yellow; stroma whitish.

Pl. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEZE, 202. Eurot. 567

Monilia nidulans, Roth Fl.. Germ. 1, 559.

Stemonitis sulphurea, Roth. Fl. Germ. 1, 443?

Mucor herbariorum, Persoon Syn. 202, 9.

Eurotium herbariorum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.

On dried piants, placed in damp situations, or on recent
plants while being dried, if not changed often enough.

II. 203. ATHALIUM. Link. Froth-mould.

Sporangium irregular; peridia sessile, double; the outer
towlike, vanishing 3 the inner membranaceous, flakey ;
sporidia naked, conglomerate.

fEthalium flavum. Yellow froth-mould.
Peridia yellow; becoming whitish, branny ; sporidia pur-
plish-brown.

Reticularia lutea, Bulliard Champ. 87,380; Sowerby Fungi, 399, 2.
Reticularia carnosa, Sowerby Fungi, 399, 3.

Reticularia cerea, Sowerby Fungi, 399, 4.

Reticularia hortensis, Sowerby Fungi, 391, 1,

Fuligo flava, Persoon Syn. 161,4; Bolton Fung. 134,

/Ethalium flavum, Link in Berl: Mag. 3.

On grasses, fallen leaves, &c.; autumn after rain.
Resembles a froth fallen upon plants; in a few hours it
grows brittle, fibrous, and filled with sporidia.

III. 204. LIGNYDIUM. Link. Leaf-mould.

Sporangium nearly globular, adnate to a membranaceous
stroma; peridium single, membranaceous, bursting, flocks
adherent to the inside: sporidia crowded, among the flocks.

Lignydium griseo-flavum. Greyish-yellow leaf-mould.
Peridia grey; flocks yellow; sporidia brown.

Lignydium griseo-flavum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3, 24.

On the bark of trees.

From one-third to half an inch in diameter.

IV. 205. SPUMARIA. Persoon. Fold-mould,

Sporangium irregular, on a membranaceous stroma; pe-
ridium loose, cellularly flocky; inside with various twisted
plaits arising from the stroma; sporidia heaped in the folds.

Spumaria aba White fold-mould,
Sporangium white; plaits iron-black ;. sporidia brown,
-Reticularia alba, Bulliard Champ. 92.

Spumaria Mucilago, Persoon Syn, 163, }.

On the stem or leaves of plants; autumn.

568 206. Strongyl. 9. GASTEROMYCEK. PI. cell. aph.
V. 206. STRONGYLIUM. Ditmar. Cylinder-mould.

Sporangidium indeterminate in form; peridium simple,
membranaceous; flocks upright, stiff, bundled, ascending
from the bottom; sporidia crowded into cylinders.

Strongylium fuliginotdes. Smokelike cylinder-mould.
Sporangium roundish, rather convex, brown.

Trichoderma fuliginoides, Persoon Syn. 231, 1.
Lycoperdon fuliginosum, Sowerby Fungi, 257.
Lycogala atrum, 41d. et Schwein. Fung. 131.

On rotten trees, and floating timber.

VI. 207. LYCOGALA. Micheli. Blood-mould.

Sporangium globular, or slightly irregular; peridiwm
membranaceous, becoming a mass of fibres; sporidia
crowded.

1. Lycogala punctata. Dotted blood-mould.
Sporangi hemispherical or globular, in tufts reddish
grey-brown both inside and out; surface dotted.

Reticularia Lycoperdon 3, Bulliard Champ. 95.
Lycogala punctata, Persoon Syn, 158, 3.

On rotten trunks of trees.

2. Lycogala turlinata. Topshape blood-mould.
Sporangium topshape, pale, smooth.

Reticularia Lycoperdon 2, Bulliard Champ. 95.

Lycogala turbinata, Persoon Syn. 158, 2.

On rotten wood.

3. Lycogala argentea. Silvery blood-mould.
Sporangium nearly hemispherical, silver-grey, smooth.
Lycogala grizeum majus, Micheli N. Gen. Pl. 216,

Reticularia Lycoperdon, Bulliard Champ. 95.
Mucor Lycogalus, Bolton Fungi, 133.

On rotten trunks of trees.

4. Lycogala miniata. Scarlet blood-mould.

Sporangia globular, aggregated; surface smooth, blood-
red, afterwards brownish; sporidia rose-colour, afterwards.
pale.

Mucor fragiformis, Scheffer Fung. 193.

Lycoperdon Epidendrum, Sowerby Fungi, 52, and 400.
Lycogala miaiata, Persoon Syn. 158, 4.

Lycoperdon variolosum, Hudson Angl. 645.

On rotten trunks of trees; autumn after rain.

Pi. cell.aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEE. 207. Lycogal. 569

6. fuligineum. Sporangium covered with a spongy crust.
Lycoperdon Epidendrum fuligineum, Bull. Champ. 503.

y. marginata. Sporangium blood-red, black at the base.

B. Myroruectavex. Peridium thin, single or double,
sessile, spread out, irregular, falling to pieces and vanishing;
columella 0; flocks 03; sporidia in tufts, afterwards sepa-
rating.—Sporangium at first liquid, afterwards solid.

VII. 208. MYROTHECIUM. Tode. Slime-mould.

Sporangium irregular, flattened, sessile ; peridium simple,
brittle, branlike, at length vanishing; sporidia very small,
globular, at length conglutinated,

Myrothecium inundatum. Inundated slime-moutld.

Sporangium snow-white, irregular, confluent; sporidia
black-green.

Myrothecium inundatum, Tode Meckl. 1, 25.

On rotten fungi; autumn.

VIII. 209. DICHOSPORIUM. Esenb. Double-mould.

_ Sporangium flattened, hemispherical; peridiwm membra-
naceous, covered with a bed of granules; sporidia at first
fluid, then compact, conglutinated.

Dichosporium aggregatum. Aggregated double-mould.

Sporangia crowded; peridia brown; led of granules
snow-white, shining; sporidia black.

Spumaria physaroides, Persoon Syn. 163.

Dichosporium aggregatum, Esenbeck Fungi, 2, 23.

On rotten branches of trees; autumn.

IX. 210. LICEA. Link. Bare-mould.

Sporangium nearly globular, or lengthened into a cylin-
der; peridium thin, membranaceous, becoming cracked ;
sporidia crowded.

1. Licea strolilina. Cone bare-mould.

Sporangia crowded, orbicular or elliptical, smooth,
brown; sporidia ovate, yellow.

Licea strobilina, 416. et Schwein, Fung. 2, 20.

On rotten pine-cones.

570 210. Licea. 9. GASTEROMYCEZE. Pi. cell. aph.

2. Licea fragiformis. Strawberry bare-mould.
Sporangia cylindrical, in hemispherical tufts, at first
fulvous-red, afterwards pale-brown; sporidia brown.

Tubifera ferruginosa, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472, «
Tubulifera arachnoidea, Jacq. Miscel. 1, 144.
Tubulifera Cremor, Gider Fl. Dan. 659.
Stemonitis ferruginosa, Batsch. Fung. 175.
Tubulina fragiformis, Persoon Syn. 198.

On rotten trunks of trees; autumn.

X. 211. DERMODIUM. Link. Flight-mould.

Sporangium irregularly formed; peridium single, mem-
branaceous, very thin, vanishing; sporidia very numerous,
conglomerate.

1. Dermodium inquinans. Dirtying flight-mould.
Sporangium widely expanded, black; sporidia black.
Dermodium inquinans, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.

On the trunks of trees.

2. Dermodium fallax. Deceiving flight-mould.

Sporangium umber-brown; surface warty, celiular ; spo-
ridia in tufts, cylindrical, globular.

Dermodium fallax, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 29.

On the trunks of trees.

C. Puysaripem. « Peridium thin, single or double, re-
gular, mostly pedicelled, skinny, the outer falling into an-
gular pieces; flocci adnate to the base of the peridium, not
extending beyond it; sporidia collected into a ball; colu-
mella mostly distinct,

XI. 212. DIDYMIUM. Schrader. Skin-mould.

Sporangium nearly globose; peridia double, both mem-
branaceous, crustlike, falling to pieces; columella distinct,
nearly globular; sporidia globular.

1. Didymium candidum. White skin-mould.

Sporangia sessile, smooth, globular or rather hemisphe«
rical, snow-white.

Diderma globosum, Persoon Syn. 167.

On decayed leaves; autumn.

Resemble the eggs of insects.

Pl. cell.aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE. 212. Didym. 571

2. Didymium testaceum. Pearly skin-mould.
Sporangia sessile, roundish, hemispherical, flesh-colour,
afterwards whitish.

Didymium testaceum, Schrad. N. Gen. Pl, 1, 25.
Diderma testaceum, Persoon Syn. 167.

On decayed leaves; autumn.

3. Didymium difforme. Irregular skin-mou’'d.

Sporangia sessile, smooth, difform ; outer peridium snaw-
white; inner bluish; sportdia dull-brown.

Reticularia angulata, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1472.

Diderma difforme, Persoon Syn. 167.

On the stems of the potatoe-plant.

XII. 213. DIDERMA. Link. Tall-mould.

Sporangium roundish or globular; peridia double, both

membranaceous, bursting; outer chaffy; columella 0; spo-
ridia crowded.

Diderma muricolum. Vall tall-mould.
Sporangium roundish, lobed, rather angular, sessile;
outer peridium white; inner brown; sporidia black-brown.

Diderma Muricola, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.
Diderma difforme, A/G. et Schwein, Fung. 90,

On mosses.

XIII. 214. CIONIUM. Link. + Flock-mould.

Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium single, mem-.
branaceous, bursting, separating into scales; columella
distinct.

1. Cionium iridis. Flag flock-mould.
Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; peridium grey ; pedivelt
yellow, thickest at bottom.

Cionium iridis, Ditmar in Sturm. Deutsch. Fl. 3,1.

On the leaves of the yellow water-flag ; summer.

2. Cionium farinaceum. _ Floury flock-mould.

Sporangium globular, pedicelled ; pertdium grey ; pedicelt
grey, thickest at bottom. aes

Didymium farinaceum, Schrad. N. Gen. 26.

Trichia compressa, Z'rentepohl in Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 229.
Physarum melanospermum, Persoon Disp. 3.
Physarum farinaceum, Persoon Syn. 175, 15.

On the branches of pine-trees, or the mosses on them.
Sporangia sometimes unite in pairs.

572 214. Cionium. 9. GASTEROMYCE, Pl. cell. aph.

3. Cionium ? muricatum. Thorned flock-mould.
Sporangia sessile, blood-red, globular, woolly, clustered.
Trichia polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 180, part.

On rotten cheese and wood.

4, Cionium? lacteum. Milky flock-mould.

Sporangia crowded, pedicelled, yellowish white, ovate,
woolly; pedicells yellow, thickest at bottom, upright.

Trichia polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 180, part.

On rotten wood and branches.

5. Cionium ? nigrescens. Blackish flock-mould.

Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, whitish, growing black,
globular; pedicel short, thick at bottom.

Trichia spherocarpus, Sowerby Fungi, 240.

On rotten wood and branches.

6. Cionium 2 fulvum. Red-brown flock-mould.

Sporangia scattered, pedicelled, reddish-brown-yellow,
globular ; pedicells long, narrowing upwards, pellucid,
white.

Mucor fulvus, Sowerby Fungi, 400, 4.

On rotten dung.

XIV. 215. PHYSARUM. Persoon. Scale-mould.
Sporangium nearly globular; peridiwm simple, mem-

branaceous, bursting and separating in scales or wartlike

pieces; columella 0.

1. Physarum cinereum. Grey scale-mould.

Sporangia sessile, globular, grey, often confluent; flocci
white; sporidia collected into a globe. -

Lycoperdon cinereum, Batsch Fung. 249.

Trichia cerulea, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 229.
Physarum cinereum, Persoon Syn. 170.

On trunks of trees; autumn.

2. Physarum bivalve. Two-valved scale-mould.
; Sporangia compressed, flexuous, greyish white, long,
sinuous, opening on one side.

Reticularia sinuosa, Bulliard Champ. 94.
Trichia sphzerica 6, Roth Cat. 1, 230.
Physarum bivalve, Persoon Syn. 169.

On dry leaves and branches; autumn.

Pl.cell.aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEZS. 215. Physar. 573

8. Physarum nutans. Drooping scale-mould.
Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey; flocct brown;
pedicell long, slender, weak, brownish.

Spherocarpus albus, Bullard Champ. 137.
Trickia hemispherica, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 288?
Trichia alba, Sowerby Fungi, 259.

Physarum nutans, Persoon Syn. 171.

On the trunks of trees.

4. Physarum sulcatum. Furrowed scale-mould.

Sporangium globular, beneath flattish, grey; flocct brown;
pedicell long, slender, weak, white, furrowed.

Physarum sulcatum, Link in Berl. Mag. 3.

On the trunks of trees.

5. Physarum nigripes. Blackfooted scale-mould.

Sporangia globular, beneath flattish, grey ; flocct brown;
pedicells long, blackish-brown.

Physarum nigripes, Link in Berl. Mag, 3.

On the trunks of trees.

6. Physarum viride. Green scale-mould.
Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, yellowish-
green; pedicells slender, weak, grey.

Spherocarpus viridis, Bulliard Champ. 115.
Physarum viride, Persoon Syn. 172.

On the ground, and on trees.

7. Physarum luteum. Yellow scale-mould.
Sporangia globular, beneath umbilicated, white; flocci
white; pedicedls long, cylindrical, slender.

Sphzrocarpus luteus, Bulliard Champ, 136,
Physarum luteum, Persoon Syn, 172,

On the trunks of trees.

XV. 216. LEANGIUM. Link. Slash-mould.
Sporangium globular; peridium simple, membranaceous,
brittle, bursting starwise ; columella distinct.

1. Leangium stellare. Star slash-mould.
Sporangia pale-brown, beneath umbilicated; lobes of the
peridium turned back ; pedicet/s short.

Didymium stellare, Schrader N, Gen, 25.
Diderma stellare, Persoon Syn. 164,
Leangium stellare, Link Berl. Mag. 3.

On trunks of trees; autumn.

574 216, Leang. 9. GASTEROMYCE. Pi. cell. aphs

2. Leangium floriforme. Flowershape scale-mould.
Sporangia straw-colour, first globular, afterwards stel-
late, spreading ; pedicells long, slender, cylindrical,

Didymium floriforme, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 25.
Spherocarpus floriformis, Bulliard Champ. 142,
Diderma floriforme, Persoon Syn. 164.

On trunks of trees, and on hypna.

XVI. 217. LEOCARPUS. Link. Glance-mould.

Sporangium roundish or ovate; peridium simple, mem-
branaceous, brittle, bursting ; colwmedla 0.

1. Leocarpus vernicosus. Varnished glance-mould.
Sporangium reverse-ovate, shining, brown; pedicells
short, dilated at bottom, membranaceous.

Lycoperdon fragile, Dickson Crypt. 1,25; Sowerby Fungi, 136.
Trichia lutea, Roth Cat. Bot. 2, 330.

Diderma vernicosum, Persoon Syn. 167.

Leocarpus vernicosus, Link Berl, Mag. 3.

On ivy-leaves, and large mosses.

2. Leocarpus parasiticus. Parasitic glance-mould.
Sporangium nearly globular, dull tawny; pedicells cylin-
drical, yellowish-white.

Diderma vernicosum parasiticum, Persoon Syn. 165.
Lycoperdon cylindricum, Withering Bot, Arr. 414,

On grasses and mosses, in clusters.

D. Tricniapem. Peridium thin, single, regular, mostly
pedicelled, smooth, bursting or falling into regular pieces ;
flocct springing out from the bottom of the peridium, and
extending elastically after its destruction ; sporzdia scattered,
among the flocci.

XVII. 218. TRICHIA. Persoon. Hair-mould.

Sporangium determinately figured; peridium membra-
naceous, cracking; jlocci ascending in a winding manner
from the bottom; sporidia angular.

a. Sporangia creeping.

1. Trichia reticulata. Network hair-mould.

Sporangia spreading, yellow; peridium very thin, in ir-
regular network,

Lycoperdon jumbricale, Baisch Fungi, 1, 259.

Trichia reticulata, Persoon Syn. 182,

On the mossy trunks of trees; autumn.

Pi. cell.aph. 8. GASTEROMYCEZ,. 218. Trichia. 575
b. Sporangia round.

2. Trichia varia. ; Various hair-mould.

Sporangia scattered, yellowish, lying down, roundish or
kidneyshape.

Stemonitis varia, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1470.

Trichia varia, Persoon Syn. 181.
Lycogala luteum, Micheli N. Gen. Pl. 216.

On felled trees.

3. Trichia nitens. Shining hair-mould,
Sporangia crowded, sessile, roundish, shining-yellow, or
cinnamon-colour.

Stemonitis favaginea, Gmel: Syst. Nat. 2, 1470.
Lycoperdon favagineum, Batsch Fungi, 1, 253.
Trichia nitens, Persoon Syn. 181.

On rotten fir, or beech-trees; autumn.

c. Sporangia ovate.

4. Trichia ovata. Ovate hair-mould.
Sporangia crowded, sessile, reverse-ovate, opake, ochrey-
brown.

Clathrus turbinatus, Bolton Fungi, 43,7.
Trichia ovata, Persoon Syn. 180.
Lycoperdon epiphyllum, Lightfoot Scot. 1069,

In woods; autumn.
Sporangium exactly reverse-ovate; sporidia stellate.

5. Trichia vulgaris. ; Common hair-mould.
Sporangia scattered, roundish, topshape;. pedicells very
short, blackish.

Trichia nigripes 6, Persoon Syn. 179.
Trichia turbinata, Sowerby Fungi, 85?

On trunks of trees; autumn.

6. Trichia pyriformis. Pearshape hair-mould.
_ Sporangia gregarious, rather scattered, pearshape, yel-
lowish ; pedicells shortish, blackish.

Spherocarpus pyriformis, Bulliard Champ. 129,

Trichia nigripes pyriformis, Persoon Syn. 178.

On trunks of trees.

+

7. Trichia fallax. Deceiving hair-mozld,
Sporangia gregarious, pedicelled, pearshape, beneath
plaited, brown-red, afterwards dull yellow, bursting at the

tip.

576 218. Trichia. 9. GASTEROMYCEM.. Pi. cell. aph.

Mucor miniatus, Jacquin Austr. 299.
Trichia fallax, Mersoon Syn, (TT. :
Spherocephalus fragilis, Sowerby Fungi, 279.

On rotten trunks of trees; autumn. -

8. Trichia rubiformis. Brambleberry hair-mould.
Sporangia pedicelled, cylindrical, purplish ; pedicells short,
forming a membranaceous thallus.

Stemonitis fasciculata, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1468.
Lycoperdon vesparium, Batsch Fungi, 1,254.

‘Lycoperdon favaceum, Schrank Bavar. 2, 667.
Trichia rubiformis, Persoon Syn. 176, 2.

On the trunks of trees in woods; end of summer.

*

XVIII. 219. ARCYRIA. Persoon. Cup-mould.

Sporangia ovate or cylindrical, pedicelled; peridium
membranaceous, upper half vanishing, lower half saucer-
like, persistent; flocct expanding elastically, falling off;
sporidia globular.

1. Arcyria punicea. Scarlet cup-mould.

Sporangia in tufts, dull scarlet, oblong, pedicelled ; flocc
ovate, slightly persistent; sporzda blood-red.

Stemonitis crocata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 220.

Trichia cinnabarina, Bulliard Champ. 121,

Trichia denudata, Sowerby Fungi, 49.

Clathrus denudatus, Lin. S. P. 1649.

Arcyria punicea, Persoun Syn. 185, 5.

On rotten wood ; summer.

2. Arcyria coccinea. Cochineal cup-mould.
Sporangia in tults, scarlet, spherical, pedicelled; jfloccz
fugacious.

Trichia coccinea, De Candolle Syn. Fl. Gall. 55.
On rotten wood.

3. Arcyria hemispherica. — — Hemispherical cup-mould.

Sporangia spherical, depressed, snow- white, pedicelled;
pedicells grey, thick at bottom; sporidia reddish-brown, on
an expanded disk.

Reticularia hemispherica, Sowerby Fungi, 12.
Trichia cinerea ? De Candolle Fl, Gall, 685,

On sticks and rotten wood.

»

Pl. cell. aph. 9.GASTEROMYCEZ. 219. Aveytia, 577

A, Arcyria flava. Yellow cup-mould.
Sporangia scattered, yellow; floccz long, drooping.
Trichia nutans, Sowerby Fungi, 260.

Stemonitis amcena, Koth Cat. Bot. 1, 220.
Arcyria flava, Persson Syn, 184.

On rotten trunks of trees.

Flocci weak, very long, lying down; when young, milk-
white.

5. Arcyria turbinata. Topshape cup-mould.
Sporangia clustered, yellowish-white, globular, sessile.
Trichia turbinata, Sewerby Fungi, 85.

Clathrus turbinatus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 632.

Lycoperdon luteum, ReZhan Cant. 1103.

On rotten wood.

K. Criparipem. Sporangium regularly formed, pedi-
celled; pertdium thin, single, breaking into regular pieces ;
flocei expanding from the bottom, or forming a regular

network; sporidia conglobated, or interwoven among the
flocci.

XIX. 220. CRIBARIA. Schrader. Sieve-mould.

Sporangia globular, pedicelled; peridium breaking above
into regular pieces, remaining entire below.

1. Cribaria vulgaris. . Common sieve-mould.

Sporangia gregarious, globuJar, drooping, brown; pedi-
cells brownish-purple.

Cribaria vulgaris, Schrader N, Gen. 1, 6,

On rotten trees in woods, and on mosses.

2. Cribaria Bulliardi. Bulliard’s sieve-mould.

Sporangia scattered, globular, upright; pedicels white,
pellucid, slender.

Sphzrocarpus semitrichoides, Sowerby Fungi, 400, 5.

On rotten wood.

$. Cribaria rufescens. Reddish sieve mould.
_ Sporangia scattered, reverse-ovate, reddish ; pedicells ra-
ther bent.

-Cribaria fulva, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 5.
Cribaria rufescens, Persoon Syn. 193, 7.

On rotten trunks of trees, near the ground; autumn.
VOL. I. 2P

578 221. Dictyd. 9 GASTEROMYCE. Pl. cell. aph.

XX. 221. DICTYDIUM. Schrader. NerSmoitld.

Sporangia globular, pedicelled; peridium either entirely
or for the greater part breaking off in regular pieces.

1. Dictydium cernuum. Drooping net-mould.
Sporangia gregarious, globular, brownish purple, droop-
ing, umbilicated at the tip.

Dictydium umbilicatum, Schrader N. Gen. 1, 11.
Mucor cancellatus, Batsch Fungi, 2, 135.
Cribaria cernua, Persoon Syn. 189.

Dictydium cernuum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 33.

On rotten wood.

2. Dictydium splendens. Resplendent net-mould.

Sporangia upright, roundish, shining ; pedicells bent,
purplish-brown; sporidia yellow.

Nictydium splendens, Schrader N. Gen. 1.4.

Cribaria splendens, Persoon Syn, 191.

On the trunks of fir-trees.

F. StemoniITIDEx. Sporangia regularly formed, pedi-
celled; peridium thin, single, vanishing away ; flocci free,
netlike, perforated by the stem.

XXI. 222. STEMONITIS. Persoon. Thread-mould.

Sporangium globular or long; peridium membranaceous,
vanishing ; flocci entangled, netlike, perforated by the stem,
diffluent.

a. Flocct in an ovate mass.

1. Stemonitis papillata. _ Papillated thread-mould.
Sporangia scattered, reddish-brown, globular; pedicell
perforating the flocci to the top.

Stemonitis reticulata, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 223.
Stemonitis papillata, Persoon Syn. 188.

On bared branches of oak-trees.

2. Stemonitis ovata. Eggshape thread-mould.
Sporangia scattered, blackish, ovate or roundish; pedicell
perforating half-way through the flocci.

Stemonitis nigra, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1467.
Stemonitis ovata, Persoon Syn. 189.
Stemonitis atrofusca, Persoon Disp, 11,

On rotten wood.

Pl. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEZ. 222. Stemon. 579

b. Embolus. Flocci in a long mass.

3. Stemonitis fasciculata. Bundled thread-mould.

Sporangia clustered, on a shining base, dark-brown, long,
tip drooping; pedicells passing through the flocci, exserted
at the top.

Stemonitis fusca, Roth Cat, Bot. 1, 222.

Trichia axifera, Bulliard Champ. 118.

Stemonitis typhina, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1461.
Trichia nuda, Sowerby Fungi, 50.

Clathrus nudus, Lin. Syst. Veg. 1017.

Embolus lacteus, Hoffm. Crypt. 2,8, when young.

On trunks of trees; autumn.

4, Stemonitis typhina. Bull-rush thread-mould,
Sporangia scattered, cylindrical, blunt, slightly bent.

Trichia typhoides, Bulliard Champ. 113.
Embolus pertusus, Batsch Fung. 1, 263.
Stemonitis typhina, Persoon Syn, 187.

On trunks of trees; autumn.
Sporangia smaller than S. fasciculata; pertdium does not

vanish entirely, some pieces remaining; base none.

G. CRATERIDEZ. Sporangium regularly formed, pedi-
celled, operculated ; peridiwm single, membranaceous ;
Jflocci 0, or enclosed, free; sporidia intermixed with the flocci.

XXII. 223. CRATERIUM. Trentepohl. Pitcher-mould.

Sporangium pitcher or cupshape, operculated, pedicelled ;
peridium membranaceous; operculum flattish; flocct free,
coming out with the sporidia.

1. Crater. leucocephalum. White-headed pitcher-mould.
Sporangium funnelshape, reddish-brown ; operculum pale ;
flocct white; sporidia globular, white.

Arcyria leucocephala, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 6.
Stemonitis leucocephala, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1467.
Trichia cinerea, Roth Cat. Bot. 1, 237.

On mosses.

2. Craterium vulgare. Common pitcher-mould.

Sporangium bellshape, greyish-brown ; mouth expanded ;
pedicell dark-yellow ; sporidia brown.

Craterium pedunculatum, Roth Cat. Bot, 1, 224.

Craterium vulgare, Sowerby Fungi, 239, lowest figure.

Trichia minuta, Relhan Fl. Cant.
Trichia capsulifer, De Candolle Syn. Fl. Gall, 35.

On rotten wood and mosses.
DPag,

580 223. Crater. 9. GASTEROMYCEZ. Pi. cell. aph.

3. Cratertum ovatum. _- Eggshape pitcher-mould.

Sporangium eggshape, truncated, straight, brownish ;
pedicells yellow; sporidia brown.

Cyathus minutus, Sowerby Fungi, 239, upper figure.

On rotten wood.

XXIII. 224. PYXIDIUM. Golblet-mould.
Sporangium ovate, operculated, sessile; operculum large
convex; floccit very few or none.

Pyxidium sessile. Sguatied goblet-mould.
Sporangia egeshape, clustered, yellowish-brown ; opercula
brown.

Spherocarpus sessilis, Bull. Champ. 417; Sowerby Fungi, 258.
Trichia gymnosperma, Persoon Obs. Myc. 63.
Licea circumcissa, Persoon Syn, 196.

On the trembling poplar, under tne bark; autumn.
Sporangia resembles the eggs of insects.

H. OnvGenavEx. Sporangia pedicelled; peridium crust-
like, formed of interwoven fibres; flocci 0; sporidia closely
conglobated.

XXIV. 225. ONYGENA. Persoon. Cap-mould.
Sporangia globular, pedicelled; peridiwm crustlike, brit-
tle, eroues pedicells fibrous ; flocci 0; sporidia conglobated.

Onygena equina. Horse-hoof cap-mould.
Sporangia greyish-brown, hemispherical.
Coralloides fungiforme ex ungula equina, viride rufescens, Dillen Musc.

73.
Lycoperdon equinum, Willdenow Berl. 412; Sowerby Fungi, 292.
Onygena equina, Persoon Syn. 203,

On the hoofs and horns of animals, left on the ground.

I. SpH#ROBOLIDEX. Peridia double; the outer leather-
like, lobed starwise; inner fibrous, fombrannceaae: ejectile ; ;
sporidia naked, closely conglomerated.

XXV. 226. SPH ROBOLUS. Persoon. Spring-bag.

Sporangium globular, sessile; peridia double, outer lea-
therlike, 5 or 6-cut; inner membranaceous, projected elas-
tically; sporidia naked, closely conglomerated.

Pl. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEZ. 296. Spheerob. 581

Spherobolus stellatus. ‘ Starry spring-bag.

Sporangium globular, white, becoming yellow, and after-
wards brown.

Carpobolus albicans, Micheli N. Gen. 221.

Lycoperdon Carpobolus, Lin. S. P. 1654; Sowerby Fungi, 22.

Spheerobolus steltiatus, Zode Meckl. 1,43.

On rotten leaves and wood.

Peridia covered at first with a white wool-like substance.

K. LycoperponipE®. Peridia double, the outer sepa-
rating in scaly, prickly flocci, or regularly formed pieces ;
the inner membranaceous, of interwoven fibres, torn by
the expansion of the flocci.

XXVI. 227. SCLERODERMA. Persoon. Skin-litter.

Sporangia nearly globular, often attenuated below, with
rootlike fibres; peridia double, the outer adnate, warty,
cracked, bursting irregularly ; sporidia collected into heaps,
purplish brown or ferrugineous.

1. Scleroderma citrinum. Lemon-yellow skin-litter.
Sporangia middle-size, roundish, depressed, pale lemon-
yellow, slightly scaly; scales thick.

Lycoperdon defossum, Batsch Fung. 2, 126.

Scleroderma citrinum, Persoon Syn. 153.

Scleroderma Aurantium, Perscon Syn. 153.

Lycoperdon cervinum, Bolton Fung. 162, not of Linnaus.
Lycoperdon Aurantium, Bulliard Champ. 158; Sowerby Fungi, 268,

On the ground and mosses at the roots of trees.
Sporangia 1 or 2 inches in diameter, depressed ; sporidia
purplish-brown.

2. Scleroderma verrucosum. Warty skin-litter.
Sporangia large, roundish, reddish-brown, scaly; scales
small; base pedicell-like, long, rooting.

Lycoperdon verrucosum, Bulliard Champ. 157,
Scleroderma verrucosum, Persoon Syn. 154.
Lycoperdon defossum, Sowerby Fungi, 331, not Batsch,

On the ground at the root of trees.

3. Scleroderma spadiceum. Chestnut skin-litter.

Sporangia globular, depressed, smooth, chestnut-brown,
stemlike basis thickest at bottom, hard, fibrous; sporidia
purplish-brown.

582 227.Sclerod. 9. GASTEROMYCE:. Pl. cell. aph.

Scleroderma spadiceum, Persoon Syn. 155,
Lycoperdon spadiceum, Dickson Crypt. 1, 25.

On the ground at the roots of trees.

4. Scleroderma cepoides. ; Onionlike skin-litter.
Sporangia roundish, depressed, rather smooth, shining ;
stemlike basis short, thickest at bottom, scarcely fibrous.

Lycoperdon cep@ facie, Vaillant Bot. Par. 123.
Tuber solidum, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 407..
Scleroderma Cepa, Persoon Syn. 155, 10.

In woods under oak-trees; August.

XXVIII. 228. HYPOGEUM. Persoon. Hypogeum.

Sporangia globular, rootless; peridia double, the outer
adnate, warty, cracked ; sporidia in heaps, among the flocci.
—Grows under ground.

Eypog@um cervinum. Stag hypogeum.
Sporangium round or oblong; peridium granulated.

Lycoperdon cervinum, Lin. 8S. P. 1653; Sowerby Fungi, 269. Y

Lycoperdastrum tuberosum, arhizon fulvum, cortice duriore crasso et
granulato, medulla ex albu purpurascente, semine nigro crassiore, Micheli
N, Gen. 220.

Hypogeum cervinum, Persvon Dispos. 7.

Scleroderma cervinum, Persoon Syn. 156.

Under ground, near fir-trees. Perhaps a tuber.

XXVIII. 229. BOVISTA. Dillenius. Bull-fist.

Sporangium globular, generally sessile, bottom rooted ;
outer peridium adnate to the inner, separating into lobes,
tip bursting irregularly, vanishing; sporidia pedicelled on
the flocci, brownish-purple.-—Grows on the ground, some-
times half-sunk in it.

1. Bovista plumbea. Lead-colour bull-fist.
Sporangium globular, umbilicated beneath, rooting, lead-
colour.

Lycoperdon ardesiaceum, Bull. Champ. 146.
Bovista plumbea, Persoon Syn. 37, 2.

On fields and grassy places, after rain.
Outer peridium white, becoming lead-colour, vanishing
entirely, except at the base.

2. Bovista nigrescens. Blackish bull-fist.
Sporangium globular or roundish, brownish-black, be-
neath plaited.

5

Pl. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCE. 229. Bovista. 583

‘Lycoperdon arrhizon, Batsch Fung. 239.

Lycoperdon globosum, Bolton Fung. 118.

Lycoperdon Bovista, Lin, S. P. 1653; Sowerby Fungi, 331.
Bovista nigrescens, Persoon Syn. 136, 1.

In shady woods; autumn.

Sporangium an inch and half in diameter.

3. Bovista gigantea. A; Giant bull-fist.

Sporangium globular, pale-whitish; scales scattered,
scarcely distinguishable. ‘

Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch Fung. 135.

Lycoperdon maximum, Scheffer Bau. 4, 130.

Lycoperdon Bovista, Bulliard Champ. 154.

Bovista gigantea, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 34.

In grassy places; autumn.

Sporangium from 5 inches to 2 feet in diameter, at first

white, afterwards reddish straw-colour; root very slender.

XXIX. 230. LYCOPERDON. Tournefort. Puff-ball.

Sporangium nearly globular, often narrowed at bottom
into a stemlike appearance, rooting; peridium mostly spi-
nous or scaly, becoming chaffy, vanishing, bursting at the
tip ; sporidia in heaps, scattered among the flocci, green.—
Grows on the ground.

1. Lycoperdon celatum. Latticed puff-ball.
Sporangium globular, conical at the bottom, plaited,
brownish-grey, scales rather broad.

Lycoperdon gemmatum, Scheffer Fung. 4, 130.

Lycoperdon areolatum, Scheffer Fung. 4, 190.

Lycoperdon celatum, Bulliard Champ. 156.

Lycoperdon Bovista, Persoon Syn, 141.

Spunk.

In grassy places; autumn.

Sporangium about 4 inches in diameter ; the bottom part

prepared by beating is used as tinder.

2. Lycoperdon pratense. Meadow puff-ball.

Sporangium hemispherical, snow-white, soft; warts few,
scattered ; stem very short.

Lycoperdon Preteus cepiforme, Bull. Champ. 143.

Lycoperdon papillatum, Scheff. Bav. A, 127.

Lycoperdon pratense, Persoon Syn. 142, 3.

On grassy hills after rain; summer.

Sporangium about an inch and half broad; sunk in the

ground one half its depth.

584 230. Lycop..9.GASTEROMYCE, Pl. cell. aph.
3. Lycoperdon utriforme. Bottle puff-ball.

Sporangium reverse-ovate, cylindrical, pale smoke-grey,
smoothish; stem not distinct.
Lycoperdon utriforme, Bulliard Champ. 153.

On grass-ground.
4, Lycoperdon excipuliformis. Receiwerlike puff-ball.

Sporangium white, nearly globular, scaly; scales spinous,
scattered ; stem roundish, long, plaited.

Lycoperdon excipuliforme, Scopoli Carn. 163).
Lycoperdon Proteus excipuliforme, Bulliard Champ. 149.
Lycoperdon Proteus, Sowerby Fungi, 332, in part.

In fir-plantations on the ground; autumn.

5. Lycoperdon perlatum. Pearly puff-ball.

Sporangia in tufts, bossed, whitish; slem rather long,
cylindrical; warts compact, round, deciduous, ending in a
point.

Lycoperdon gemmatum, Fl, Dan. 1120.

Lycoperdon Proteus, Bulliard Champ. \A4&.

Lycoperdon excipuli chemici forma, Vaillant Paris, 12, 1a.

Lycoperdon album, totum aculeatum, altiori basi donatam, Micheli N.
Gen. 217.

Lycoperdon perlatum, Persoon Syn. 145.

In woods; autumn.

6. Lycoperdon pyriforme. Pearshape puff-ball.
Sporangia in tufts, pearshaped, bossed, pale smoke-grey ;
scales very thin; roots long, fibrous.

Lycoperdon pyriforme, Scheffer Icon. Fung. 135.
Lycoperdon Proteus ovoideum, Bulliard Champ. 143.

On rotten trunks of trees, seldom on the ground;
autumn.

7. Lycoperdon gossypinum. Cottony puff-bail.
‘Spofangia gregarious, minute, globular topshape, slightly
cottony, pale.
~ Lycoperdon gossypinum, Bulliard Champ. 147.
On rotten trunks of trees.

XXX. 231. GEASTRUM. Persoon. Shell-puff.

Sporangium globular, sessile; outer peridium leatherlike,
expanding and turning back starwise ; inner peridium mem-
branaceous, sessile or pedicelled; apex ending in a cylin-
drical mouth; peduncle simple; sporidia pedicelled upon
the flocci.

Pl. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMY CE. 231. Geastrum. 585

a. Inner peridium pedicelled.

1. Geastrum quadrifidum. Four-cut shell-puff.
Outer peridium four-cut, arched; inner globular, pedi-
celled; mouth blunt, ciliated, greyish.

Lycoperdon fornicatum, Hudson Angl. 644; Engl. Bot. 198.
Geastrum quadrifidum, Persoon Syn. 133.

In pine plantations; autumn.

2. Geastrum stellatum. Starred shell-puff.

Outer peridium many-cut, brownish, outside granular,
rather flat; inner globular, pedicelled, centre flattish ; mouth
broad, conical.

Geastrum coronatum, Persoon Syn. 132.

Geastrum multifidum 6, Persoon Disp. 1, 6.
Lycoperdon volvam explanans, Schmidel Icon. 179.
Lycoperdon stellatum, Sowerby Fungi, 312.

In woods.

8. Woodwardi. Sporangium small, flat above; mouth
acuminated, ciliated; ci/ige and stem long.

Geastrum coronatum Woodwardi, Persoon Syn, 132.

On dry banks, among ivy.

Sporangium dark-brown; does not exceed an inch and
half in diameter.

3. Geastrum pectinatum. Comblike shell-puff.
Outer peridium many-cut, pale, arched ; inner pedicelled,
dark-brown; mouth pointed, conical.

Geastrum muitifidum «, Persoon Disp. 6.
Geastrum pectinatum, Persoon Syn. 132.

In fir-plantations.

b. Inner peridium sessile.

4. Geastrum rufescens. Reddish shell-puff.

Outer peridium many-cut, reddish; inner sessile, bald,
pale. i

Geastrum rufescens, Persoon Syn. 134. !

Geastrum sessilis? Sowerby Fungi, 80.
In fir-plantations.

5. Geastrum recolligens. Retracting shell-puff.

Outer peridium many-lobed, spreading, lobes equal, out-
side yellowish, inside brown; inner depressed spherical,
sessile; mouth conical.

586 231. Geastrum. 9. GASTEROMYCE. Pl. cell. aph.

Lycoperdon stellatum, Bulliard Champ. 238.
Lycoperdon recolligens, Wood in Lin. Tr. 2,58; Sowerby Fungi, 401.

In woods; spring and autumn.
Outer peridium expands with moisture, and contracts
again on drying; contrary to the other geastra.

6. Geastrum cylindricum. Cylindrical shell-puff.
Outer peridium many-cut; inner cylindrical, sessile.
Lycoperdon cylindricum, Withering Bot. Arr. 4, 411.

In fir-plantations.

XXXI. 232. POLYSTOMA. Pill-lox.

Sporangium globular or depressed, sessile ; outer peridium
expanding starwise; inner membranaceous, pedicelled ;
pedicells and mouths many.

Polystoma coliforme. Sievelike prll-box.
Outer peridium many-cut; inner 5 or 6-pedicelled; pe-
cells short; mouths ciliated.

Lycoperdon coliforme, Dickson Crypt. 24; Sowerby Fungi, 313.
Geastrum coliforme, Persoon Syn. 131.

On sandy banks.

L. Tutostomipex. Peridia single, leatherlike; mouth
cartilaginous, circular; sporidia conglobated, scattered
among the flocci.

XXXII. 233. TULOSTOMA. Persoon. Tulostome.

Sporangium globular, pedicelled; peridiwm single, lea-
therlike; mouth single, cylindrical, cartilaginous; sportdia
conglomerated, among the flocci.

Tulostoma brumale. Winter tulostome.
Sporangium whitish; pedicell slightly scaly; peridium
attached to the stem; mouth flattish.

Lycoperdon pedunculatum, Lin. S. P. 1654; Sowerby Fungi, 406.
Tulostoma brumale, Persoon Syn, 139.

Among moss on walls; autumn.

M. PotyaneIpE®. Peridium single, thin, membra-
naceous, bursting irregularly, enclosing many peridiola ;
sporidia grumose, naked, in the peridiola.

XXXII. 234. POLYANGIUM. Ditmar. Bud-mould.

Sporangium roundish, sessile; peridiwm membranaceous ;
- peridiola ovate, inside grumous.

Pl. cell. aph. 9. GASTEROMYCEZ. 234. Polyang. 587

Polyangium vitellinum. Yelk-of-egg budmould.

Sporangia gregarious, yellow; periodola deep reddish-
yellow.

Polyangium vitellinum, Ditmar in Sturm, Germ. 3, 2.

On rotten wood.

N. Cyaruipe®. Peridium single, leatherlike, opening.
at the tip, containing many periodola; peridiola membra-
naceous, or coriaceous; enclosing the sporidia; sporidia
naked, or floccular. |

XXXIV. 235. CYATHUS. Persoon. Cup-mushroom.

Sporangium cupshape, closed at first with an epiphragma,
afterwards open at the top; peridiola lentilshape, nestling,
fleshy, inside woolly; sporidia naked, conglobate, in the
centre of the periodola.

1. Cyathus striatus. Streaked cup-mushroom.
Sporangium reverse-conical ; outside blackish-brown,
shagey; inside pale, streaked.

Peziza que fungus seminifer, externe hirsutus, interne striatus, Raii
Syn. 20, 22.

Peziza lentifera 6, Lin. S. P. 1650.

Peziza striata, Hudson Fl. Angl. 634.

Nidularia striata, Sowerby Fungi, 29.

Cyathus striatus, Persoon Syn. 237,

In woods on the ground; summer and autumn.

2. Cyathus ollaris. Skellet cup-mushroom.
Sporangium bellshape; outside grey or brownish, rather
downy; mouth wide; inside smooth, livid lead-grey.

Cyathus levis, Hoffman Crypt. 2, 31.

Nidularia verrucosus, Bulliard Champ. 164. 2
Nidularia levis? Sowerby Fungi, 31, outside yellow.
Peziza lentifera, Lin. S. P. 1650,

Nidularia campanulata? Sowerby Fungi, 28.

Cyathus Olla, Persoon Syn, 237.

On rotten wood.

3. Cyathus crucibuliformis. Crucibleshape cup-mushroom,

_ Sporangium nearly cylindrical, hard, bald, ochry-yellow ;
bottom woolly, whitish.

Peziza levis, Hudson Fl. Angl. 639.

Nidularia levis, Sowerby Fungi, 30.

Cyathus Crucibulum, Hoffm. Crypt. 2,29; Persoon Syn. 238, 3.

On rotten wood.

Sporangium at first cylindrical, afterwards reverse-conical.

588 235. Cyathus. 9. GASTEROMYCEZ. Pi. cell. aph.

4. Cyathus scutellaris. Saucer cup-mushroom.

Sporangia globular, grey inside pale whitish; peridiola
white, afterwards blackish.

Cyathoides scutellatum, ore crispo, fructibus nigris majoribus, Micheli

N. Gen. 202, 4.
Cyathus scutellaris, Roth Cat. 1,217; Persoon Syn. 239.

Cyathus complanatus, De Candolle Syn. 56?

On the ground, in woods.
Sporangia the size of a large pea, at first globular, then

hemispherical; edge not cut.

Fam. X. 10. SARCOTHECE. Fungorum pars, Lin-
neus, Jussieu. Fungi sarcocarpi, Persoon.
Vegetabilium fungosorum pars, Esenbeck.
Thallus solid, entirely covered with a membranaceous
or leatherlike epidermis; flesh becoming cellular; sporidia
scattered in the substance of the flesh.

A. Thallus solid, globular ; inside smooth. Sclerotidee.

Thallus globular; lasis radiated ....... ErysiBr. 236.
Thallus tuberous; lasis creeping,

FOOUMKe ers ve sem cleeteess vee seeee THANATOPHYTON. 237.
Thallus roundish; basis not ex-
panded .....6e se eee cere ee ee er eeee ScLEROTIUM. 238.

B. Thallus globular ; inside cellular, or veiny. Tuberidez.
Thallus subterraneous; inside veiny ;
sporidia pedicelled .........-. oh reed ... TuBer. 239.

C. Thallus irregular, gelatinous fibrous, cellular ; sporidia
scattered, immersed. 'Tremellidez.

Thallus variously formed ;

spor. in the inside OMY} ears vier elel state's .. TREMELLA. 240.
Thallus dilated, in folds;

spor. internal and external ........ we... GYRARIA, 241.
Thallus caulescent, slightly branched ;

spor. internal and external.............. CoryneE. 242.

A. ScrerotipE®. Thallus variously shaped, mostly
fon? solid, obscurely cellular, covered with an epi-
ermis.

Pl.cell.aph. 10. SARCOTHECEZ. 236. Erysibe. 589

I. 236. ERYSIBE. Rebentisch. Mould-bud.
Thali globular, upon a radiated basis.

1. Erysibe suffulta. Propped mould-bud.

Thali: lentilshape, brown; lasts fibrous, fulcrate, ra-
diating irregularly.

Erysibe suffulta, Rebentisch Fl. Neomont.

Sclerotium Erysiphe coryleum, Persoon Syn, 124,12.
Erysiphe coryli, De Candolle Fl. Gall. 730.

On the lower face of hazel-leaves.

2. Erysibe alni. Alder mould-lud.
Rays many, expanded, very long, free.

Erysiphe alni, De Cundolle Fl. Gall. 730. *

On the lower face of alder-leaves.

3. Erysibe aceris. é Maple mould-lud.

Rays many, long, interwoven into a thin membranaceous
pellicle; ¢had/z at length collapsing and becoming concave.

Erysiphe aceris, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 132.*

On the lower face of maple-leaves, rarely on the upper.

4. Erysibe polygoni. Knot-grass mould-lud.

Rays many, long, interwoven into a membranaceous
pellicle; thalle few.

Erysiphe polygoni, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 733.

On the lower face of knot-grass leaves.

5. Erysibe populi. Poplar mould-lud.

Rays many, interwoven into a slight crustlike pellicle.

Erysiphe populi, De Cand. Fl, Gall. 733.*

On the upper face of black poplar-leaves, rarely on the
lower.

6. Erysile pist. Pea mould-lud.

Rays numerous, very long, very slender, sometimes in-
terwoven into an irregular pellicule.

Erysiphe pisi, De Cand. Fl. Gall, 734.

On the leaves of peas.

7. Erysibe convolvuli. Bindweed mould-bud.

Rays numerous, interwoven into a slightly membra-
nacecus adhering pellicle; ¢hald: scattered, or in rings.

Erysiphe conyolvuli, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 736.

On the upper face of bindweed-leaves.

590 236. Erysibe. 10. SARCOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph.

8. Erysibe berberidis. Berberry mould-bud.
Rays two-forked at the tip.

Erysiphe berberidis, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 737.

On the upper face of berberry-leaves.

9. Erysibe acariforme. Ticklike mould-lud.

Thalli heartshape, brown, rather downy; rays interwoven,
torn, yellow.

Lycoperdon acariforme, Sowerby Fungi, 146.

On rotten wood.

10. Erysibe Sowerbi. Sowerby’s mould-bud.

Thallus nearly globular, brown, woolly; rays very slen-
der, very long, radiately regular, yellowish.

Lycoperdon radiatum, Sowerby Fungi, 145.

On plaistered walls.

II. 237. THANATOPHYTUM. Esenb. Death-mould.
Thallus tuberous, expanded creeping, rootlike.

Thanatophytum crocorum. Saffron death-mould.
Thallus red.

Tuber parasiticum, Bulliard Champ. 81.
Sclerotium crocorum, Persoon Syn. 119.
Thanatophytum crocorum, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 38.
La mort de saffron.

On the bulbs of crocuses, the roots of dwarf elder and
asparagus.

Very destructive to saffron, speedily destroying a whole
plantation of it. The French cultivators trench the ground
very deep round the infected spot, throwing the earth of.
the trench upon it, and no longer cultivate saffron thereon,
as it will remain in the ground for 15 or 20 years.

Ill. 238. SCLEROTIUM. Persoon. Corn-mould.
Thallus variously shaped, mostly globular, without any
expansion.

1: Sclerotium vaporariorum. Stove corn-mould.

Thallus flat, often lobed, rather hard; at first smooth-
brown; when old black, wrinkled.

Sclerotium vaporariorum, Albert and Schwein. Nisk, 13.

On the bark-bed of hot-houses.

Pl.cell.aph. 10.SARCOTHECEZ, 238. Sclerot. 591

2. Sclerotium lacunosum. : Pitted corn-mould.
- Thallus roundish, pitted, black; inside palish.

Sclerotium lacunosum, Persoon Syn. 121.

On the roots of agaricus racemosus, and other plants.

3. Sclerotium muscorum. Moss corn-mould.
Thallus roundish or irregularly lobed, surface tubercu-
lar; inside yellow.

Sclerotium subterraneum muscorum, Vode Mecihl. 3.
Sclerotium muscorum, Persoon Syn. 120, *

On the roots of mosses.

4. Sclerotiwm brassice. Cabbage corn-mould.
Thallus oblong, depressed, black ; inside black, dotted.

Sclerotium Brassicze, Persoon Syn. 122.
On the rotten leaves of cabbage, kept in cellars; winter.

5. Sclerotium varium. Various corn-mould.

Thallus roundish or oblong, rather lobed, slightly wrin-
kled, whitish, becoming brownish-black.

Elvella brassice, Hoffm, Crypt. 2, 18.

Sclerotium varium, Persoon Syn. 122.

On the stems and ribs of cabbages; winter.

6. Sclerotium seminiforme. Seedlike corn-mould.
Thalli gregarious, nearly globular, scrobiculate, blackish-
bay, becoming wrinkled.

Spheria brassicee, Dickson Crypt. 23; Bolton Fungi, 119.
Sclerotium Semen, Tode Meckl. 1,4; Persoon Syn. 123.

On potatoe-stalks rotting in the fields; autumn and
* spring.

7. Sclerotium quercinum. Oak corn-mould.
Thalli scattered, nearly hemispherical, convex, smooth,
dirty white, rather blackish.

Sclerotium quercinum, Persoon Syn, 124,
On dry fallen oak-leaves; summer.

8. Sclerotium scutellatum. Saucer corn-mould.

Thallus rounded, hollowed, black, inside white, slightly
stemmed.

Sclerotium scutellatum, Albert and Schwein. Nisk, 74.

On the branches and leaves of willows.

592 .238. Sclerot. 10.SARCOTHECEZ:. Pi. cell. aph.

9. Sclerotium complanatum. Flattened corn-mould.
Thallus nearly orbicular, compressed, smooth, pale,
slightly stemmed.

Sclerotium complanatum, Tode Mecklen. 5.
On rotten dung and straw; winter.

B. Tuzerwwex. Thallus solid, globular or irregular,
inside cellular or veiny; sporidia scattered in the cells.

IV. 289. TUBER. Matthioli. Truffle.

Thallus globular, irregular, bark thick, cracked, inside.
veiny; sporidia nearly globular, pedicelled, affixed to the
veins. —Subterraneous.

a. Root 0, grows deep in the ground.

1. Tuber cibarium. Food truffte.

Thallus nearly globular, outside black, warty; warts
large, blunt, angular.

Tubera,

Lycoperdon Tuber, Lin. 8. P. 1653.

Lycoperdon gulosorum, Scopoli Carn, 2, 491.

Tuber gulosorum, Wigg Holsat. 109.

Tuber cibarium, Sidthorp Oxon. 398.

Truffs. Truffles.

Subterraneous.

Flavour very grateful in made-dishes; procured by ob-
serving where hogs wish to turn up the ground, and there

digging, or by having spaniels trained to point at them.

2. Tuber moschatum. Musk truffle.

Thallus roundish, smooth, black inside and out; flesh
soft becoming wrinkled; when fresh smelling like musk.

Tuber moschatum, Bulliard Champ. 19; Sowerby Fungi, 426.

Subterraneous.

Used as the former.

b. Root fibrous, grows near the surface. 'Tartufa.

3. Tuber album. White truffle.
Thallus smooth, inside and outside white, afterwards

dull-red with red lines.

Tuber album, Bulliard Champ. 30; Sowerby Fungi, 320.

Lycoperdon gibbosum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 26.

White truffle.

Under ground, near the surface.

Inodorous, becoming yellow, and wrinkly when dry.—
Used for sauce, but inferior to the common,

4

Pl. cell.aph. 10. SARCOTHECES. 240. Tremella. 593

C. Tremetiives. Thallus variously shaped, rather
gelatinous; epidermis thin; inside cellular, fibrous ; sporidia
naked, scattered in the substance, and very copiously on
the outer surface.

V. 240. TREMELLA. Dillenius. Tremelle.

Thallus variously shaped; sporidia scattered in the in-
side only.

Tremella recisa. Cut-off tremelle.
Thallus reverse-conical, umber-brown, inside rather

fibrous.

Peziza granulosa, Persoon Syn. 633, 4.
Tremella recisa, Ditmar Fung.

On dry willow-branches.

VI. 241. GYRARIA. Esenbeck. Gyraria.

Thallus dilated, meandering; sporidia scattered in the
substance, and over the external surface.

1. Gyraria mesenterica. Cawl gyraria.
Thallus roundish, orange-colour ; plaits vertical, twisted.
Tremella mesenterica, Jacq. Miscell, Austr. 1, 13.

On the fallen branches of trees. ;

Becomes hard, but not much smaller when dry.

2. Gyraria ? albida. Whitish gyraria.

Thallus whitish, sessile, rather wrinkled, solid, semi-
transparent, variously shaped, jellylike.

Tremella albida, Huds. Fl. Angl. 565; Engl. Bot, 2117.

Tremella cerebrina, Bulliard Champ. 386.

On half-rotten branches, or wet wood.

3. Gyraria ferruginea. Tron-brown gyraria.
Thalli clustered, rusty-brown, lobed; lobes waved; sur-
face finely pulverulent, granulated ; inside white.

Tremella ferruginea, Engl. Bot. 1454,

On the dead branches of trees.

4. Gyraria intumescens. Swelling gyraria.
Thalli clustered, twisted, swollen, brown, shining, jelly-
like; when dry thin, membranaceous.
Tremella intumescens, Engl. Bot. 1870.
On rotten wood in wet weather.
VOL. I. : 8) -

wa

594 . 241.Gyraria. 10. SARCOTHECE. PI. cell. aph.

5. Gyraria violacea. Violet gyraria.

Thallus roundish, violet, slightly compressed, small, com-
pact, meandering.

Tremella violacea, Relhan Cantab. 442.

On the trunks of pear-trees; winter.

-

6. Gyraria spiculosa. Spicular gyraria.

Thallus flattened, spreading, rather thick, black; nipples
conical, spicular.

Tremella spiculosa, Persoon Syn. 624,

Tremella arborea, Hudson Angl, 565.

On the trunks of trees; autumn.

7. Gyraria auricularis. Ear gyraria.

Thalli in tufts, thin, winding, concave, blackish, beneath
plaited, slightly woolly, olive-grey.

Peziza auriculam referens, Rati Syn. 18, 9.

Tremella Auricula, Lin. S. P. 1625.

Peziza Auricula, Lin. Syst. Veg. ed. 15, 1013.

Merulius Auricula, Roth Germ. 625.

TremelJa Auricula-jude, Persoon Syn. 624,

Jews’ ears.

On the trunks of elder-trees; annual; autumn.

Used in a poultice, soaked in milk or vinegar as an ap-
plication to sore throats, also the infusion strained as a
gargle. .

8. Gyraria foliacea. Leafy gyraria.

Thalli in tufts, entirely bald, thin, plaited wavy, concave,
base crisp, dark red flesh-colour.

Tremella mesenteriformis, Bulliard Champ. 230.

Tremella foliacea, Persoon Syn. 626.

On rotten trunks of trees; autumn.

.

9. Gyraria juniperina. Juniper gyraria.
Thallus brownish-red, sessile, membranaceous, roundish-
earshape.

Tremella juniperina, Lin. S, P. 1625.
On juniper, furze, and.common broom.

10. Gyraria ustulata. Burnt gyraria.
Thallus small, vesicular, slightly gelatinous-fleshy, brown-

_ ish-black ; surface furrowed, furrows winding.
Tremella ustulata, Bulliard Champ. 221.

On half-rotten fleshy fruits.

Pl. cell. aph. 10.SARCOTHECE. 241. Gyraria. 595.

11. Gyraria lachrymalis. Tear gyraria.
Thallus roundish or slightly uneven, peziza-like, shining,
pellucid, yellow.

Tremella deliquescens, Bulliard Champ. 219.
Tremella lachrymalis, Persoon Syn. 628.

On rotten wood.

12. Gyraria cinnabarina. Vermilion gyraria.

Thallus very small, slightly gelatinous, fleshy, bullate,
purplish; surface granular, rough.

Tremella cinnabarina, Bulliard Champ. 218.

On mosses and several other herbs.

VII. 242. CORYNE. Esenbeck. Coryne.

Thallus long, stemlike, slightly branched, thickened ;
sporidia scattered in the cellular substance and on the out-
side.

1. Coryne dubium. Doubtful coryne.
Thallus pale flesh-colour, nearly spatulashape ; tip white,
hoary.-

Tremella dubia, Persoon Syn. 630, 25.
Acrosperma dubium, Persoon Comm. 92.
Tremella (Coryne) Acrospermum, Esenbeck Syst. 2,40.

On the rotten trunks of trees.

2. Coryne clavatum. Clubbed coryne.
Thallus solitary, reddish flesh-colour, clubshape.

Tremella stipitata, Willd. Berol. 420.
Tremella clavata, Persoon Syn. 630, 24.
Acrospermum clavatum, Persoon Comm. 90.

On rotten branches; autumn.

Fam. XI. 11. HYMENOTHECEA. Fungorum pars,
Ray, Linneus, Jussieu. Fungi
clavati et pileati, Esenbeck.
Thalit long or expanded into an hemispherical cap, in-
side cellular or fibrous ; sporidia threadlike, on the whole
surface, or the flat surface of the cap.

A. Hymenium lamellar, gills decaying without changing
colour ; cap fleshy or leathery, juiceless. Agaricidee.

Volva, collar, and radical tuber, distinct AMANITA, 243.
Volva cylindrical ; collar 0 .......... VAGINATA. 244.
292

596 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph-

Volva 0; collar distinct ........ eese.- LEPIOTA. 245.
Stem central, naked; cap convex .... GyMNoPUS. 246.
Stem central, naked; cap concave.... OMPHALIA. 247.
Stem eccentric, naked ........++2- PLEUROPUS. 248.
Stem marginal, naked ............ CREPIDOPUS. 249.
Stem 0; cap sessile ..... ME he ee oes 7 APuUs. 250.
Thallus attached by its back ...... Resuprnatus. 251.

B. Hymenium lamellar ; gills decaying without changing
colour ; cap fleshy or membranaceous, juicy. Mycenadee.

Texture venulose, cellular;

cap fleshy ; ‘stem naked *.....2.% -. 022s EeUSSULA. 252.
Text. fibrous; cap membranaceous ;

stem naked; sporidia short .......... ... Mycena. 253.
Text. fibrous; cap membranaceous;

stem naked; sporidia long ........ MIcROMPHALE. 254.
Text. fibrous; cap funnelshape ;

GUUS MAY. Shel b ees we eee oe. eos AL TARGUS: 25D:

C. Hymenium lamellar ; gills becoming black, powdery ;
cap fleshy or skinny ; texture fibrous. Pratellideee.

Cap thick ; gills persisting ;

sporidia single; collar distinct .......+- PRATELLA. 256.
Cap thin; gills persisting ;

sporidia single; collar fibrous ........ CORTINARIA. 257.
Cap thin; gills persisting ; ;

sporidia in pairs; collar 0............. PRUNULUS. 258.
Cap thin; gills difiluent ; °

sporidia in fours; collar distinct or 0.... Coprinus. 259.

D. Cap beneath lamellar ; gills barren; apex woolly ;
sporidia interspersed in the wool of the cap. Asterophoridez.
Sporidia angular ........+.+..+e+ ASTEROPHORA. 260.

EK. Hymenium veined; veins superficial, distinct ; cap

fleshy. Merulidez.

Stem central; cap round, convex..... Merutius. 261.
Stem central; cap round, concave CaANTHARELLUS. 262.
Stem lateral; cap semicircular ....... CorNIOLA. 263.
Thallus attached by its back.......... SERPULA. 264.

Thallus clubshape, sessile, sides plaited Gomrnus. 265.

Pi. cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ:. 597

F. Hymenium veined ; veins anastomosing ; cap leatherlike,
corky. Dedaleadez.

Cap semicircular... ...+++++e00+++++ DEDALEA. 266.

G. Hymenium tubular; tubes short, persistent, not cut ;
cap leatherlike or woody. Boletideze.

Thallus attached by its back............ Porta. 267.
Traltus semicircular *.’.... o. 0060.3 vs 0) DOLETUS. 268.
Stem lateral; cap semicircular ........ GRIFOLA. 269.
Stem central; cap orbicular, mem-

EAWACEOUS. Soe ss. occa c.c cjaele ose saesg COLTRICIA. 270.
Stem central; cap orbicular, fleshy,

Concave e@eeecene e@eereee en2neeenv0e 080 eeoesee08 STRILIA. 971.
Stem central; cap orbicular, fleshy,
COMMONS 3 oi oo ode, wo of 5 &0'al 41 ele sa? ...- ALBATRELLUS. 272.

Stem lobed; lobes branchlike, porous Potyporus. 273.

Tubes close; stem central;

collar distinct; cap orbicular............ SUILLUS. 274.
Lules close; stem central ;

collar fibrous; cap orbicular.,........... PinUZZA. 275.
Tubes close; stem central;

collar 0; cap orbicular ......... woes. LECCINUM. 276.
Tubes separate; stem lateral ;

collar 0; cap semicircular ......+++... FISTULINA. 277.

I. Elymenium toothed, teeth lamellar, torn ; cap leather-
dike. Sistotremadez.

Stem distinct; cap concave ......++ SISTOTREMA. 278.
Stem 0; cap semicircular............ CERRENA. 279.
Thallus attached by its back ......... XYLODON. 280.

K. Hymenium spinose ; spines not divided. WHydnidez.

Cap regular, fleshy, convex ;

stem central, naked. .......+eeeeeeeees HYDNUM. 281.
Cap regular, fleshy, concave ;

stem central, naked .......-+e0+ee8++ DENTINUM. 282.
Cap regular, membranaceous ; sui

stem lateral, naked.......0.2+2+++ AURISCALPIUM. 283.
Cap semicircular, sessile .....+e+0s STECHERINA. 284.

598 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph.

Thallus on its back, spreading...... .. Ovontra. 285.
Thallus branched or clublike, spinose.. HERicruM. 286.

L. Hymenium smooth, hairy or warty, expanded ; thallus
leatherlike, sometimes capped. Thelephoridez. :

Stem central; cap concave........ CRATERELLA. 287.
Stem eccentric or 0; cap semicircular.. STEREUM. 288.
Thallus attached by its back........ Corric1uM. 289,
Thallus branched, compressed........ MerisMa. 290.

M. Hymenium smooth, expanded ; thallus fleshy, long,

uniform, simple or branched. Clavaridee.

Thallus cartilaginous.or gelatinous... CoRYNOIDES. 291.
Thallus fleshy, cylindrical, branched... Ramania. 292.
Thallus fleshy, clubshape, simple ..... CLAVARIA. 293.

N. Hymenium smooth, expanded ; thallus fleshy, long : tip
expanded, clubshape or capped ; cap smooth. Geoglossidez.

Club compressed, edge prominent.. GEoGLossum. 294,
Club compressed or ovate; edge free .. Mirruxa. 295.

Cap orbicular. .... «_.,.,+,+,</0,,,0's{9! SUE. Gia’ Leora. 296.
Cap hemispherical .... ...:tisidios HeLotium. 297.
Cap conical, «es, e005. 0,0 clea vice RELHANUM. 298.

O. Hymenium smooth, expanded ; thallus fleshy, long ; tip
capped ; cap plaited or cellularly networked. Helvellideze.

Mitre conical above, reticulated.... MorcHELua. 299.
Mitre plaited, distinct ..........--«. HELVELLA. 300.
Mitre compressed, connate to the stem

SPATULARIA. 301.

P. Hymenium smooth, expanded ; sporidia clubshape, mter-
mixed with barren filaments, fixed ; thallus fleshy or waslike,
cupshape. Pezizadeee.

Cup sessile, immersed, dry ............ Sricris. 302.
Cup sessile, dry, edged; edge flat... PaTetiaria. 303.
Cup sessile, Woolly .......00+00000000 00 Peziza. 304.

Cup sessile, soft, fibrous, cellular, naked Ocrosrora. 305.
Cup sessile, hemispherical, spread,

SCaliy %:.)s's.s/c sretalnis «|e ono 1g Mate atatel aie tans ScoDELLIna. 306.
Cup pedicelled, dry, fibrous, woolly

OEMAIG LS wIT oes A see's cows 5 we eee at CALycINA. 307.

Pl.cell,aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEZE. 599
Cup pedicelled, soft, fibrous, cellular,

surface WOOLLY, 40) on ar tree ES eda ayennayrs DasyscypHus. 308.
Cup pedicelled, soft, cellular, slightly
fibrous, scaly or bristly .......... Macroscypuus. 309.

Cup pedicelled, thin, fibrous, cellular,
RM ese ee a vice okie scl siso.o4 AMMTENOSEYRERUS., SUD:

Q. Hymenium smooth, expanded ; sporidia clubshape, inters .
rae with barren filaments, ejectile ; thallus fleshy. Asco-
olideze.

Thallus dishlike or reverse-conical .. AscoBoLus. 311.

A. AcaricipEx. Hymenium lamellar; gills separable
from the cap, not becoming black or juicy; cap thick,
fleshy, or leathery; texture vesicular or cellular.

I. 243. AMANITA. Dillenius. . Amanite.

Volva at first covers the whole thallus; fragments left
on the cap; stem central, bulbose at bottom; cod/ar distinct ;
cap fleshy; gills crowded.— Poisonous.

1. Amanita bulbosa. Bulbous amanite.
Thallus white; cap convex; stem long, slender, bulbous.
Agaricus bulbosus, Scheff. Fung. 241.

Amanita bulbosa, Persoon Syn, 250, 7.

In woods and pastures; autumn.

2. Amanita citrina. Lemon-yellow amanite.
Cap bald, lemon-yellow; gills and stem white.

Agaricus citrina, Scheff. Fung. 20.
Amanita citrina, Persoon Syn. 251.

In woods, on the ground, in sandy soils.

8. mappalis. Cap yellowish, with brownish warts.

Agaricus Mappa, Willd. Berol. 381,
Amanita citrina Mappa, Persoon Syn. 251.

3. Amanita aurantiaca. Orange amanite.
_ Thallus \arge; cap bellshape, orange-red; gills bellied,
gold-yellow ; warts scattered, white; stem white.

Amanita aurantiaca, Bull, Herb. 120; Pers, Syn. 252, 10.
In woods.

600 243, Amanit. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell.aph.

4. Amanita muscaria. Fly amanite.
Stem white; cap orange-red, shining, flattish; warts and
gills white.

Amanita muscaria, Scheff. Fung. 27; Persoon Syn. 253, 11.

Agaricus muscarius, 3,4, With. 218; Sowerby Fungi, 286.

In plantations of firs. “3

“Powder in doses of gr. x. to xxx. with vinegar, cathartic
and sudorific, useful in epilepsy and palsy occasioned by
eruptions which have been improperly repelled; also used
externally sprinkled upon ulcers and gangrene: the juice
rubbed upon bedsteads kills or expels bugs, and mixed
with milk is used in Sweden to kill flies.

@. minor. Thallus small; cap convex, warts generally
wanting. »

5. Amanita umbrina. — Umber amanite.
Stem white; cap flattish, greyish-bay; warts and gills
white.

Agaricus verrucosus, Hudson Angl. 613.
Agaricus maculatus, Scheff. Fungi, 90.
Amanita umbrina, Persoon Syn. 254, 12.
Agaricus muscarivs, var, 6, With. Arr, 219.

In beech-woods.

6. Amanita rubescens. Reddish amanite.
Cap convex, opake, reddish; warts crowded, white;
gills white.

Agaricus margaritiferus, Scheff. Fung. 91.
Amanita rubescens, Persoon Syn. 67.
Agaricus muscaricus, var. 7, Withering Arr, 219,

In beech-woods; autumn.

7. Amanita circinnata. Compassed amanite.

Stem bulbous, rather scaly, reddish ; cap hemispherical,
slightly umbilicated, reddish ; warts oblong, round, whitish ;
gills flattish, whitish.

Agaricus myodes, Scheff. Fung. 261.

Agaricus muscarius, var. 5, Wither. Arr. 4,218.

In‘woods; rare.

8. Amanita aspera. Rough amanite.

Stem long, fibrilled, slightly bulbed; cap fleshy, com-
pact, bossed, reddish grey; warts pointed, rough; gills
crowded, white. Diy

Agaricus verrucosus, Bulliard Herb. 316, warts globular.
Amanita aspera, Persoon Syn. 256,

In woods; late in autumn.
Odour strong.

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEA. 244. Vaginat. 601
II. 244. VAGINATA. Esenbeck. Boot-mushroom.

Stem cylindrical at bottom; volva cylindrical; collar 0;
cap fleshy; gills crowded, equal.—Poisonous.

1. Vaginata livida. Livid boot-mushroom.
Stem long, white; cap bossed, flattish, streaked, livid
lead-colour; gzl/s white. :

Agaricus vaginatus, Bulliard Herb. 512, M.
_ Agaricus plumbeus, Scheff. Fung. 35 & 36.

Boders of shady woods, after long rains.

‘

2. Vaginata spadicea. Dark-bay boot-mushroom.
Stem scaly, brown; cap rather bellshape, bossed, streaked,
brittle, bay; g7//s white.

Agaricus fuscus, Scheff. Fung. 95.
Amanita spadicea, Persoon Syn, 248, 2.

In fir plantations.

$. Vaginata virgata. Stiff boot-mushroom.
Thalli in tufts; cap bellshape, conical, hairy, grey and
black, stiff; géd/s powdery, cinnamon-red.

Agaricus volvaceus, Bulliard Herb. 261.
Amanita virgata, Persoon Syn, 249, 4.

In the bark-bed of hot-houses; summer.

III. 245. LEPIOTA. Persoon. Lepiote.

Stem central; volva 0; collar distinct; cap fleshy; gills
equal in length, or mixed with shorter, juiceless, not varie-
gated.— Wholesome.

1. Lepiota procera. ~ Tall lepiote.

Thallus large; stem bulbous, very long; collar moveable;
cap fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish-grey ; gills very far apart,
whitish.

Agaricus procerus, Scheff. Fung. 22 & 233 Sowerby Fungi, 190.

In woods.

Thallus elegant, esculent.

6. excoriatus. Thallus small, whitish; scales scarcely dis-
cernible. :
Agaricus excoriatus, Scheff. Fung. 18 & 193; Sibth. Ox. 341.

2. Lepiota colubrina. Snake lepiote.

Thallus large; stem rather long, villous, soft; collar
decaying; cap bellshape, scaly, pale; scales large, scat~
tered, reddish; gi//s whitish, free.

602.245. Lepiot. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph.

Agaricus calceolarius, Bull. Herb. 405.

Agaricus colubrinus, Persoon Syn. 258, 2.

In woods, on moist land; autumn.

Stem 3 inches long; cap about 2 broad, brittle.

6. cristata. Thallus small; stem shortish, hollow, light
reddish, bald; ring vanishing; cap bellshape, whitish ;
centre and scales brown; gills free, white.

Agaricus cristatus, Willd. Berol. 1104,
Agaricus subantiquatus, Batsch Fung. 2, 59.

In beech woods, on the ground, or stems.
Stem 2 inches long; cap half an inch broad ; odour heavy ;
taste very ungrateful.

y- pantherina. Stem middling, rather bulbous, slightly
scaly; cap rather fleshy, bossed; scales crowded, dark-
cinnamon, pressed close; gills free, broadish, yellowish.

In pine woods. |

Cap 2 inches broad; collar scarcely any.

3. Lepiota granulosa. Granular lepiote.

Thalli middle-size, several together ; stem scaly, collared ;
cap rather fleshy, bossed, rust-colour ; gil/s crowded, mostly
pale. i

Agaricus granulosus, Batsch Fung. 79 & 170.
Agaricus flavo-floccosus, Batsch Fung. 117.

Agaricus ochraceus, Bull. Herb. 533.

Agaricus croceus, Bolt. Fung. 513 Sowerby Fungi, 19.

In woods, and plantations of firs.
Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines broad, hollow; cap an inch
over. ye

4, Lepiota squarrosa. Rough lepiote.
Thalli in tufts; stem rough, scaled, ochry-brown; cap

fleshy, gills crowded, pale olive.

Agaricus floccosus, Curtis Lond. 264.
Agaricus squarrosus, Willd. Berol. 380.

At the root of oak-trees; autumn.
Stem stiff or ascending; collar small; cap 3 inches broad ;
flesh lemon-yellow; odour fishy.

@. aurivella. Thallus rusty yellow; cap bellshape, scaly ;
‘stem hairy, bent. |

Agaricus aurivellus, Batsoh. Fung. 153. *
Agaricus filamentosus, Scheff. Fung. 209.

Pl. cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEAS. 245. Lepiot. 603

5. Lepiota aurea. Golden lepiote.
Thali in small tufts, large, entirely reddish-brown ; stem
stiff, bald, thickish; collar rather small; cap fleshy, flattish,
slightly scaly or hairy; gills crowded, thin, slightly nicked.
Agaricus aureus, Sowerby Fungi, TT.
In woods, on the ground.
Cap 3 or 4 inches broad; flesh brimstone-yellow; taste
itter.

6. Lepiota polymyces. Many-stemmed lepiote.

Thalli in close tufts; stem collared, conical, greyish-
olive; cap bossed, scaly, greyish-yellow; gills rather decur-
rent, pale-whitish.
_ Agaricus melleus, Bolton Fung. 141.

Agaricus congregatus, Bolton Fung. 140.

Agaricus annularius, Bull. Herb. 540.

Agaricus stipitis, Sowerby Fungi, 101.

Agaricus cumulatus, Withering Arr. 4, 195.

Agaricus polymyces, Persoon Syn. 269.

In woods, at the roots of trees, or on the ground.

Stem solid, elastic; collar thick.

7. Lepiota caudicina. Stem lepiote.
° y ° e

Thalli in tufts; stem scaly, rather slender, cylindrical ;
cap rather fleshy, bossed, bald, cinnamon-colour; gills
slightly decurrent, pale rusty-brown.

Agaricus mutabilis, Scheff. Fung. 9.

Agaricus annularis, Bull. Herb. 543.

Agaricus lignatilis, Bull. Herb. 534, 1.

Agaricus caudicinus, Persoon Syn. 271.

On rotten trunks of trees; autumn.

Cap quite bald, rather slimy; esculent.

8. Lepiota helvola. _ Reddish-brown lepiote.

Thali gregarious, middle-size; stem rather long, cylin-
drical, girt at bottom with a very small collar; cap rather
fleshy, bossed, nearly cinnamon-coloured ; gid/s distant, of
the same colour.

Agaricus hinnuleus, Sowerby Fungi, 173.

Agaricus helvolus, Persoon Syn. 273.

In woods, grassy grounds, and paths.

Cap half an inch over; stem 3 inches long.

604 246. Gymnop. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. Pi.cell.aph.
IV. 246. GYMNOPUS. Persoon. Naked-foot.

Stem central; collar and volva 0; cap fleshy, orbicular,
conyex.— Wholesome.

a. Cap lay, cinnamon, chestnut, reddish or brown.

1. Gymnopus pratensis. Meadow naked-foot.

Thallus brownish-red, rather hard; stem short, rather
thin, smallest at bottom; cap bellshape, bluntly bossed or
flaitish, bald; gi//s thick, distant, decurrent.

Agaricus ficoides, Bull. Herb. 587.

Agaricus miniatus, Sowerby Fungi, 141.

Agaricus fulvosus, Bolt. Fung. 56.

Agaricus pratensis, Persoon Syn. 304.

In meadows, pasture-lands, and grassy hills.

Stem solid; gills rather yellowish.

8. vitulinus. Cap pale-reddish; gills and stem white.

Agaricus oreades, Bolion Fung.?
Agaricus pratensis vitulinus, Persoon Syn. 305.

2, Gymnopus rimosus. Cracked naked-foot.

Stem scaly, hoary, pale; cap conical, cracked length-
ways, rather reddish; gélés broadish, olive clay-colour,
white on the edge.

Agaricus rimosus, Bull. Herb. 599.
Agaricus aurivenius, Batsch Fung. 20, 107.

In grassy woods, on the ground; August and September.

Stem 2 inches long, 2 lines and a half thick, swollen at
top and bottom; cap 2 inches broad, 1 high, dirty; taste
and odour not unpleasant.

3. Gymnopus reflexus. Reflected naked-foot.

Thalli gregarious, ochry rust-colour ; stem long, slender,
fibrous-scaly ; scales turned backwards; cap rather fleshy,
acutely bossed, scaly, ochre-yellow; gills distinct, pale
cinnamon-colour.

Agaricus pilosus, Scheff. Bav. 80?
Agaricus reflexus, Persoon Syn. 311.

On stumps of apple and pear trees.

4. Gymnopus fusipes. Spindle naked-foot.
Thalli in tufts; stem furrowed, bellied, rooted, bald;

cap rather tough, reddish-buff; g7//s distant, reddish-
white.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECEE. 246.Gymnop. 605

Agaricus fusipes, Bull. Herb. 516,
Agaricus crassipes, Scheff. Fung. 88; Sowerby Fungi, 129.

At the foot of decaying trees; autumn.
Stem 4 or 5 inches high, 3 quarters thick; cap 4 to 6
inches over, often slopes very much.

5. Gymnopus radicatus. Rooted naked-foot.

Root long, spindleshape; stem very long; cap fleshy,
bossed, slimy, wrinkled, grey-cow colour or brownish; gills
slightly decurrent, white.

» Agaricus macrorhizus, Persoon Obs. Myc. 1, 47.
Agaricus radicatus, Relhan Cant. 1040; Sowerby Fungi, 48.

In felled woods, at the side of the fallen trees, after rain.

6. Gymnopus pudens. Modest naked-foot.

Root long, spindleshape; stem very long, solid, downy,
rooted, rust-brown; cap rather fleshy, bossed, smooth,
dun-colour; edge villous; g7l/s ascending, white.

Agaricus longipes, Bull. Herb. 232?

Agaricus radicatus pudens, Persoon Syn. 314.

In shady woods, at the foot of trees.

7. Gymnopus velutipes. Velvet stem naked-foot.
Thalli in tufts; stem downy, very dark bay; cap rather
fleshy, turned up, bald, brown; gills bellied, yellowish.

Agaricus velutipes, Curtis Lond.; Sowerby Fungi, 163.
Agaricus nigripes, Bull. Herb, 344.

Tn willow plantations; autumn and mild winters.

Stem 2 inches long, 2-tenths thick; cap 1 inch to 3 inches
over; flesh white.

8. Gymnopus badipus. Bay-stemmed naked-foot.

Stem whitish, fibrilled, bay colour at bottom, rather
tough; cap fleshy membranaceous, bellshape, blunt, bald,
rather rust-brown; gil/s broadish, flat ascending, simi-
larly coloured.

Agaricus badipus, Persoon Syn. 318.

Agaricus caulicinalis, Sowerby Fungi, 163.

In plantations.

b. Cap greenish, yellowish, pale, or light fawn-colour,

9. Gymnopus rutilans. — Brilliant naked-foot.
Stem long, solid, thick at bottom, yellowish; cap fleshy,
flattish, same colour as the stem, mostly spotted red towards
the edge; gills pale.
A

606 10.Gymnop. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. P/.cell. aph.

Agaricus rutilans, Scheff. 218.

Agaricus xerampelinus, Sowerby Fung. 31.

In woods.

Stem 3 inches long, half an inch thick, sometimes bent,
spotted with red; cap 2 inches and a half broad.

10. Gymnopus luridus. Lurid naked-foot.

Thallt rather gregarious; stem solid, slightly scaly,
pale; cap fleshy, rather bent, bald, greenish-grey; g7lls
narrow, yellowish.

Agaricus luridus, Scheff. Fung. 69.

In woods; autumn.

Thallus middle-size; stem rather thick.

11. Gymnopus sulphureus. Brimstone naked-foot.

Thallt gregarious, nearly brimstone-colour, odorous ;
stem long, hollow, bent, pale; cap fleshy, slightly bossed,
bald; gzds distinct, nicked.

Agaricus sulphureus, Bull. Herb. 163; Sowerby Fungi, 44.

In woods, on sandy soils, on the ground.

Stem 4 inches long; cap 3 inches over, dirty yellow;
odour of philadelphus coronarius.

12. Gymnopus odorus. Scented naked-foot.

Stem solid, slightly bent, green or greenish; cap fleshy,
flattish, smooth, greenish ; gil/s crowded, slightly decurrent,
whitish.

Agaricus odorus, Bull. Herb. 146; Sowerby Fungi, 42.

In oak woods, among the fallen leaves.

13. Gymnopus viridis. Green naked-foot.

Stem long, solid, white; cap fleshy, bald, green; gills
white.

Fungus magnus viridis, Raiz Syn. 2, 3.

Agaricus viridis, Withering Arr. 4, 233.

Agaricus ceruleus, Bolton Fung, 12.

In woods; August to October.

Stem 3 inches long; cap 3 inches broad.

14. Gymnopus fertilis. Fertile naked-foot.

Thalli gregarious, large, pale white; stem slightly
bulbous, thickish; cap flattish, same colour as the stem;
gills distinct ; spore copious, brilliant.
‘Agaricus phonospermus, Bull. Herb. 547,

Agaricus pallidus, Sowerby Fungi, 143.

In open spaces in woods.

Cap 3 or 4 inches over.

Pl.cell. aph. 18. HY MENOTHECEZ. 246.Gymnop. 607

15. Gymnopus obesus. Pat naked-foot.
Thalli gregarious; stem bulbous, short, whitish, pale;

cap fleshy, flattish, bent, pale; gills grow chestnut-colou.
Agaricus obesus, Batsch Fung. 216; Persoon Syn. 330.

In pastures among mosses; August.

16. Gymnopus collinus. Hill naked-foot.
Thal rather gregarious; stem long, tough, pale; cap
rather fleshy, membranaceous, blunt, bossed, pale-red,
streaked ; gil/s distant.
Agaricus collinus, Scheff. Fung. 220; Persoon Syn. 330.

Agaricus pratensis, Sowerby Fung. 127?
Agaricus arundinaceus, Bull. Herb. 50.

On grassy hills.

17. Gymnopus peronatus. Shaggy naked- foot.

Thallus pale; stem solid, whitish, rooted, yellow and
shagey at bottom; cap fleshy, thin, convex, slightly bossed,
wrinkled ; gi//s distinct.

Agaricus peronatus, Sowerby Fungi, 37; Persoon Syn. 331, al

In woods among the fallen leaves.

c. Cap shining, scarlet, brownish-red or yellow.

18. Gymnopus ceraceus. Wasxlike naked-foot.

Stem yellow; cap hemispherical, smooth, yellow; gills
watery yellowish.

Agaricus ceraceus, Wulf, in Jacq. Aust. 2,105; Persoon Syn. 336.

On dry hills and edges of woods; autumn.

d. Cap flesh-red.

19. Gymnopus russulus. Rosy naked-foot.

Thallus large; stem solid, short, rose-red; cap fleshy,
slightly convex, granular with small scales; g7//s unequal,
white.

Fungus magnus rubentis seu incarnati coloris, Raii Syn. 3,7.

Fungus minor campestris rotundus, lamellatus, inferne albus, superne
purpureus, Dillen in Raii Syn. 3,9.

Agaricus Russula, Schaff. Fung. 58.

Agaricus integer, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 227.

In woods and pastures under trees; Aug. to November.

608 246.Gymnop. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ.. Pl.cell.aph.

20. Gymnopus purus. — Pure naked-foot.

Thalli gregarious; stem hollow, villous and paler at the
bottom; cap nearly membranaceous, rose-colour, shining ;
gills broadish, veiny at the bottom, pale-rose.

Agaricus roseus, Sowerby Fungi, 72.
Agaricus purus roseus, Persoon Syn. 339.
Agaricus incarnatus, Relhan Cant. Suppl. 2, 1092.

In woods, among dead leaves; November.

6. purpureus. Stem purple; cap hemispherical, purple;
gills three in a set.

Agaricus purpureus, Bolton Fungi, 41.
Agaricus purus purpureus, Persoon Syn. 339, 149, y.

e. Cap more or less violet, purplish or grey.

21. Gymnopus geophilus. Earthloving naked-foot.

Thalh gregarious, rather small; stem nearly cylindrical,
powdery, same colour as the cap; cap bellshape, rather
fleshy, pale-violet; centre brownish; gi//s cinnamon clay-
colo

Agaricus affinis, Sowerby Fungi, 124.

Agaricus geophilus, Persoon Syn. 340.

In woods, on clay-ground.

22. Gymnopus chalybeus. Steel-grey naked-foot.
Stem rather slender, same colour as the cap; cap rather
fleshy, bellshape, rather scaly, at first steel-grey, afterwards
blackish-grey ; gz//s purplish-grey.
Agaricus columbarius, Sowerby Fungi, 161,
Agaricus chalybeus, Persoon Syn, 343.

On grassy hills; autumn.

f. Cap grey, smoke-colour, or blackish.

23. Gymnopus myomyces. Mouse-colour naked-foot.

Thalli gregarious; stem bald, whitish-grey; cap fleshy,
bossed, scaly, grey; gills whitish-grey.

Fungus superficie murini coloris ; lamellis albicantibus, Rati Syn. 5,21.

Agaricus terreus, Sowerby Fungi, 16.
Agaricus myomyces, Persoon Syn. 345,

In pine and beech woods. :
When broken, or rubbed, it emits the odour of burnt

feathers.

Pi.cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECES. 246.Gymnop. 609

24. Gymnopus meleagris. Turkey-fowl naked-foot.
Root networked; stem solid, blackish at bottom; cap
rather fleshy, flattish, scaly; scales scattered, blackish.

Agaricus meleagris, Sowerby Fungi, 171.
Agaricus meleagris, Persoon Syn. 347.

On hot-beds.

25. Gymnopus plumosus. Feathery naked-foot.
Stem long, slender, feathery ; cap hemispherical, feathery

with scales, mouse-colour; gié/s 3 in a set, whitish.
Agaricus plumosus, Bolton Fung. 33; Persoon Syn. 347,

In woods.

26. Gymnopus nebularis. Cloudy. naked-foot.

Thallt gregarious, firm; stem solid, rather bulbous,
greyish-white ; cap thick, bossed, livid-grey ; gills crowded,
slightly decurrent, pale-white.

Agaricus nebularis, Batsch Fung, 193; Persoon Syn. 349.

Agaricus mollis, Bolton Fung. 40.

Agaricus pileolarius, Sowerby Fungi, 6).

Agaricus albellus, Sowerby Fungi, 122. >

In fir plantations; autumn to November.

27. Gymnopus limacinus. Snail naked-foot.

Stem solid, naked, cracked transversely, same colour as
the cap, tip snow-white; cap fleshy, rather narrow, plano-
convex, glutinous, olive-grey, blackish; gz//s decurrent,
white.

Agaricus limacinus, Scheff. Fung. 312; Persoon Syn. 355.

In woods and plantations.

28. Gymnopus brevipes. Short-stemmed naked-foot.

Thalii rather gregarious; stem solid, very short, colour
of the cap; cap fleshy, bossed or rather smooth, grey ;
centre blackish; gzl/s crowded, nicked, grey.

Agaricus brevipes, Bull, Herb. 521; Persoon Syn. 360.

On the ground.

Stem scarce an inch long, inside reddish; cap 3 inches

broad.

29. Gymnopus graveolens. sie Stinking naked-foot.

Thallus heavy; stem solid, ‘vather disposed to split,
whitish; cap fleshy, thick, nearly hemispherical, bald,
smoke-grey ; gills crowded, nicked.

VOL. I. ZR

610 246.Gymnop. 11. HYMENOTHECEAZ. Pl.cell.aph.

Agaricus graveolens, Persoon Syn. 361.

In grassy places, and plantations.

Taste and smeli very disagreeable, also heavy on the
hand.

30. Gymnopus compressus. Flattened naked-foot.

Thallus brittle; stem compressed, rather twisted; cap
thin, flattish, irregular, brown, waxy; gids rather thick, dis-
tant, white.

Agaricus compressus, Withering Arr. 4,218; Sowerby Fungi, 66; Per-
soon Syn. 363. :

On grassy hills; June.

g. Cap white.

31. Gymnopus albus. White naked-foot.

Thallus entirely white, usually solitary; stem thick, short,
nearly upright, rather smaller at bottom; cap fleshy, con-
vex; gills distinct.

ricus virgineus, Batsch Fung. 39.

Mer icus albus, Persoon Syn. 363.

On the ground, in sandy soils.

Esculent.

32. Gymnopus eburneus. Ivory naked-foot.

Thalli gregarious, white; stem long, scaly at the tip;
cap rather fleshy, viscous, plano-convex, edge smooth; gills
rather distant, slightly decurrent.

Agaricus eburneus, Persoon Syn. 364.

In beech woods, rarely among firs; autumn.
Esculent.

B. nitens. Stem rather short.

Agaricus Jozzolus, Scopoli Carn. 2, 431.
Agaricus eburneus, Bull. Herb. 551.
Agaricus nitens, Sowerby Fungi, T1.

33. Gymnopus parasiticus. Parasitic naked -foot.

Taalli rather small, in tufts, parasitic; stem bent, hairy,
solid ; cap bellshape, rather turned back, pale-white; gzdls
distant, thickish, brown.

Agaricus parasiticus, Bull..Herb. 5743; Persoon Syn. 371.
Agaricus umbratus, With Arr, 4, 235.

On rotten fungi.

‘Pl.cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECE. 246.Gymnop. 611

34. Gymnopus pilipes. Hairy-stemmed naked-foot.
Thali in bundles, brown; stem covered throughout with
scattered hairs; cap bellshape.

Agaricus pilipes, Sowerby Fungi, 249.
On rotten fungi.

35. Gymnopus tuberosus. Tuberous naked-foot.

Thalli_ gregarious, small, whitish; stem short, rather
reddish, innate in tubers; cap convex, nippled.

Agaricus tuberosus, Bull. Herb. 256.

Agaricus Amanita, Batsch Fung. 1, 109.

Agaricus alumnus, Bolton Fung. 155.
Agaricus albus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 254.

On rotten fungi; autumn.

36. Gymnopus ramealis. Branch naked-foot.

Thalli gregarious, small, slightly persistent; cap bent,
powdery; cap rather fleshy, hemispherical, whitish; centre
reddish ; gills narrow, crowned.

Agaricus ramealis, Bull. Herb. 336; Persoon Syn. 375. ae

Agaricus candidus, Bolton Fung. 39.

In beech woods, on sticks, after rain; autumn.

V. 247. OMPHALTA. Persoon. Navel-stool.

Volva 0; stem central; collar 0; cap fleshy, orbicular,
funnelshape or umbilicated; edge smooth; gi//s unequally
long, decurrent.—All are supposed to be poisonous,

a. Cap yellowish, pale, liver-brown or chestnut.

1. Omphalia involuta. Involved navel-stool.

Thallus large; cap fleshy, depressed, liver-colour; edge
turned back, downy; y2/ls two-forked, rather porous at
bottom.

Agaricus involutus, Batsch Fung. 1,393 Persoon Syn. 448.

Agaricus contiguus, Bull. Herb. 240; Sowerby Fungi, 56.

On sandy soils, on the ground.

8. truncigena. Thallus small; cap not quite expanded,
sott.
Agaricus cyathiformis, Scheff. Fung. 252.

Agaricus involutus truncigenus, Per Syn. 448.
Agaricus castaneus, var. 2, Withering’ Arr. 4, 198.

DR

612 247.Omphal. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl.cell.aph.

2. Omphalia gilva. . Pale-red navel-stool.

Thalli gregarious, rather large, yellow, ferrugineous,
shining; stem thick, rather tuberous; cap funnelshape,
stiff, edge turned up.

Agaricus infundibuliformis, Bull. Herb. 553.
Agaricus cyathiformis, Vahl, in Fl. Dan. 1011.
Agaricus gilvus, Persoon Syn. 448.

Agaricus flaccidus? Sowerby Fungi, 185.

In fir woods, on the ground.
Thalli usually grow in regular rows.

3. Omphalia gibba. Buncheé navel-stool.
Stem tough, slightly bulbous; cap rather thin, pale, fun-
nelshape, bossed in the centre; gills white.

Agaricus membranaceus, Fl. Dan. 1012.
Agaricus gibbus, Persoon Syn. 449.

In beech and fir woods.

4. Omphalia lobata. Lobed navel-stool.
. Thalli gregarious; stem oblong, thickest at top; cap fun-
nelshape, lobed, chestnut-brown; gills crowded, pale.

Agaricus lobatus, Sowerby Fungi, 186.

On the ground in gardens.

5. Omphalia cochleata. Snail navel-stool.
Thalli in tufts; stems furrowed, red, connate at bottom ;
cap lobed, twisted, reddish-brown; gills serrate, pale.

Agaricus cochleatus, Persoon Syn. 450.
Agaricus confluens, Sowerby Fungi, 168.

At the root of trees.
8. cornucopioides. Stem bent; cap lobed; gills 3 in a

‘set, decurrent.

Agaricus cornucopioides, Bolton Fung. 8.
Merulius cornucopioides, Gmelin Syst. Nat. 2, 1429.

6. Omphalia dryophilus. Grove-loving navel-stool.

Thalli gregarious; stem hollow, yellowish, brilliant; cap
rather fleshy, hemispherical, umbilicated, pale; gz//s pale.

Agaricus dryophilus, Sowerby Fungi, 127.

In fir plantations; autumn.

7. Omphalia farinacea. Mealy navel-stool.

Stem long, ochry-red; cap rather fleshy, umbilicated,
slightly scaly; gals Ae rose-colour, at last mealy.

Agaricus farinaceus, Hudson Fl. Angl. 616; Sowerby Fungi, 208.

In woods, on the ground.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECE. 247.Omphal. 613

8. Omphalia rosella. Rose-bud navel-stool.

Thalli gregarious, small; stem long, pinky-red; cap ra-
ther fleshy, slightly umbilicated, smooth, brown-red; gills
rose-red.

Agaricus rosellus, Batsch Fung. 123.

Agaricus farinaceus rosellus, Persoon Syn, 453.

In grassy woods; end of summer.

9. Omphalia tortilis. Twisted navel-stool.
Stem short; cap brown, streaked, wavy; gills flesh-
colour.

Agaricus tortilis, Bolton Fung. 41.
Agaricus farinaceus tortilis, Persoon Syn. 454,

In shady coppices, on rich mould.

10. Omphalia fragrans. Sweet-scented navel-stool.

Thalli gregarious, scented, brownish-white or pale ;
stem long, solid; cap umbilicated, smooth ; gil/s horizontal.

Agaricus fragrans, Sowerby Fungi, 10.

In meadows.

Scent resembles that of new-made hay.

b. Thallus white.

11. Omphalia virginea. Virgin navel-stool.

Thalli gregarious, white, rather small, pale; cap fleshy,
first convex, then slightly depressed, when full grown with
the edge turned in, streaked ; gi//s distant, decurrent, con-
nected by veins.

Agaricus virgineus, Scheff. Fung. 232; Persoon Syn. 456.

Agaricus ericeus, Bull. Herb. 183.

In meadows, rarely in woods; autumn.

12. Omphalia candicans. Whitish navel-stool.
Thallus tough throughout, shining-white; cap umbili-
cated, very smooth, at first convex.

Agaricus umbilicatus, Bolton Fung. 17.
Agaricus candicans, Persoon Syn. 456.

In woods; autumn.

13. Omphalia tigrina. Tiger navel-stool.

Stem hard, rather scaly; cap fleshy, umbilicated, whitish,
scaly ; scales rather hairy, blackish.

Agaricus tigrinus, Sowerby Fungi, 68 WP ersoon Syn, 458.

Agaricus squamosus, Scheff. Fung. 29 et 30.

On trunks of trees.

614 247,Omphal. 11. HY MENOTHECEZE. Pl.cell.aph-

ce. Thallus blackish, smoke-grey, grey, livid or inclining
fo violet. ‘
14. Omphalia adusta. Burnt navel-stool.
Thallus rather large; stem solid, shortish, grey; cap
fleshy, depressed, olive-erey, afterwards black, as if burnt;
gills thick, palish-white.

Agaricus nigricans, Bull Herb. 379,
Agaricus adustus, Persoon Syn, 459,

In woods, on the ground ; autumn.
In their black state taken for the remains of fires made

by gypsies.
6. elephantinus. Thallus large, at first white.
Agaricus elephantinus, Sowerby Fungi, 36.

15. Omphalia elixa. Sodden navel-stool.

Thallus large; stem solid, rather long; cap fleshy, slightly
depressed, tur “nea back, stiff, blackish-grey ; ; gills pale, ra-
ther deéurrent.

Agaricus elixus, Sowerby Fung. 172; Persoon Syn. 460.

In damp meadows; autumn.

16. Omphalia cyathoides. Cyathus navel-stool.

Roots numerous, fibrous; sfem very long, bulbous; cap
rather thin, at first flattish, then funnelshape, abel brown ; :
gills decurrent, whitish- esr

Agaricus cyathoides, Bolton Fung. 145; Persoon Syme A460.

On an old hot-bed; February.

17. Omphalia tarda. Late navel-stool.
Thallus tough, blackish-brown; stem conical, elastic:
cap funnelshape ; edge turned back, smooth.

Agaricus Infundibulum, Leyser Halens.
Agaricus sericeus, Plan. Erfurt. 73.
Agaricus sordidus, Dickson Crypt. Brit. 1, 16.
Agaricus cyathiformis, Bull. Herb. 575.
Agaricus tardus, Persoon Syn. 461.

In woods on the ground, or on trees; late in autumn.

18. Omphalia amethystea. Amethyst navel-stool.

Thalli gregarious, rather tough, when fresh light violet,
turning areyish; stem long, fibrilled, slender; cap umbili-
cated ; ” gills distant.

Agaricus amethysteus, Persoon Syn. 465; Sowerby Fungi, 187.

On trees, or at their roots, in shady woods; early in au-
tumn.

Pj. cell. aph. 11. HY MENOTHECEK. 248. Pleurop. 615

8. cana. Cap smooth or slightly scaly, pale.
Agaricus inecanus, Bull. Herb. 570.

VI. 248. PLEUROPUS. Persoon. Side-foot.

Volva 0; stem not in the centre of the cap; collar 0;
cap fleshy, depressed, orbicular, oblique; gi//s decurrent.—
Poisonous, or at least suspected. ;

1. Pleuropus orcellus. — Litmus side-foot.

Thalli gregarious; stem pale; cap elliptic or circular ;
gills crowded, flesh-red.

Agaricus orcellus, Bull. Herb. 575; Persoon Syn. 473.

On the trunks of trees.

2. Pleuropus ulmarius. Elm side-foot.

Stem ascending; cap fleshy, very broad, uniformly pale
or marked with stripes; gil/s very broad, slightly nicked,
connected.

Agaricus ulmarius, Sowerby Fungi, 67; Persoon Syn, 473.

On trees, especially on elm trees; autumn.

3. Pleuropus palmatus. Palmate side-foot.

Thalli in tufts; stem nearly straight, whitish; cap and
gills opake, reddish-chestnut.

Agaricus palmatus, Bull, Herb. 216; Persoon Syn. 474.

On trees, or carpenters’ work.

6. rubescens. Thallus reddish throughout.

Agaricus palmatus, Sowerby Fungi, 62.

4, Pleuropus fornicatus. Arched side-foot.

Thallus solitary, compact; stem very short, downy, slightly
eccentric; cap flattish, rather livid; gids distinct, rather
decurrent, brilliant red.

Agaricus carnosus? Bolton Fung. 146.

Agaricus fornicatus, Persoon Syn, AT4.

On trees.

5. Pleuropus inconstans. Inconstant side-foot.

Thallus rather large ; cap rather tough, depressed, whole
or halved, lobed, bent, rather reddish; gills slightly
branched, crisp at bottom, white and rather brilliant-red.

Agaricus flabelliformis, Scheff. Fung. 43 et 44.

Agaricus inconstans, Persoon Syn. 475.

On the trunks of trees.

616 249.Crepid. 11. HYMENOTHECE/. Pl. cellsaph.

VII. 249. CREPIDOPUS. Esenbeck. _Slipper-stool.

Volva 0; stem marginal or 0; collar 0; cap fleshy, de-
pressed, semicircular, oblique; gi//s decurrent.

1. Crepidopus ostreatus. Oyster slipper-stool.

Thalli slightly stipitate, in imbricated bundles; cap con-
vex, grey or brownish, reverse-ovate ; gil/s white, decurrent,
anastomosing at bottom.

Agaricus ostreatus, Curtis Lond. 216; Persoon Syn. 477.

On the trunks of trees.

8. -atro-albus. Thalli in tufts; stem lateral, short, dirty
white; cap fleshy, plano-convex, edge turned over, blackish ;
gills decurrent, veiny, white.

Agaricus nigricans, Fl. Dan. 892.
Agaricus ostreatus, Sowerby Fungi, 241.

2. Crepidopus mollis. Soft slipper-stool.

Thalli gregarious, soft; cap bald, bunched, pale; gilis
watery, brownish.

Agaricus mollis, Dickson Crypi. 1,17; Sowerby Fungi, 98; Persoon
Syn, 480.

On rotten trees; autumn.

3. Crepidopus stypticus. Styptic slipper-stool.
Thalti in close tufts; stem compressed, ascending, dilated
at bottom; cap leatherlike, nicked, rather tough, somewhat
powdery; gil/s very thin, connected by veins, cinnamon-
colour.
sm enuices stypticus, Bull. Herb, 140; Sowerby Fungi, 109; Persoon Syn.
~ On dry trunks of trees; autumn and mild winters.
Taste at first nauseously sweet, afterwards styptic.

4. Crepidopus variabilis. Variable slipper-stool.
Thalli gregarious, stemless; cap rather woolly, white;
gills whitish, afterwards rust-colour.

Agaricus niveus, Dickson Crypt. 1,17; Sowerby Fungi, 97.
Agaricus sessilis, Bulliard Herb. 152.

Agaricus variabilis, Persoon Syn. 483.

Agaricus pubescens, Fl. Dan. 1073.

In damp woods or hedges, upon sticks.

5. Crepidopus epigeus. - Ground slipper-stool.
Cap kidneyshape, brittle, reddish-grey ; bottom villous,
whitish; gi//s distinct, watery, reddish, diverging.

Pl.cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE. 249. Crepid. 617

Agaricus depluens, Batsch Fung. 167.
Agaricus epigwus, Persoon Syn. 484.

In woods, on the ground; rarely on the side of rocks.

8. tremulus. Stem short, slate-grey, downy; cap smooth.
Agaricus tremulus, Scheff. Fung. 53; Sowerby Fungi, 242,

VIII. 250. APUS. Esenbeck. Footless-stool.

Vo'va 0; stem 0; collar 0; cap corklike or leatherlike,
sessile, semicircular.

1. Apus aineus. Alder footless-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, woolly, whitish-grey ; gills. split,
edges turned back, purplish-grey.

Agaricus alneus, Lin, S. P. 1645; Sowerby Fungi, 183; Persoon Syn.
A85. '

Agaricus multifidus, Batsch Fung. 126,
On timber.

2. Apus coriaceus: Leathery footless-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, zoned, woolly, pale; gills slightly
branched, pale, woody.
a Agaricus villosus, lamellis sinuosis et invicem implexis, Raii Syn, 24,
; Agaricus betulinus, Sowerby Fungi, 182, young? Withering Arr. 4, 339.
Agaricus coriaceus, Bolton Fung. 158, old? Persoon Syn. 486.
On dry trunks of trees.
Perhaps a species of dzedalea: is often confounded with
deedalea quercina, 266, 1.

IX. 251. RESUPINATUS. Esenbeck. Turn-over.

Volva 0; stem 0; collar 0; cap membranaceous, orbi-
cular, attached by the back.

Resupinatus applicatus. Applied turn-over.
Cap thin, dark-grey ; gil/s broad, unequal.

Agaricus applicatus, Batsch Fung. 111; Sowerby Fungi, 301.
Agaricus epigzus tephromelas, Persoon Syn, 484.

On rotten sticks.

B. MycenaDEx. Volva 0; stem central, juicy; collar 0;
cap orbicular, thick, fleshy or membranaceous; texture-
vesicular, cellular or fibrous; hymenium lamellar; gills
separable from the cap, juicy, not becoming black when
decaying.

618 252. Russul. 11. HYMENOTHECE:. Pi. cell. aph.
X. 252. RUSSULA. Persoon. Russule.

Texture vesicular or cellular; stem mostly white; cap
fleshy, mostly depressed; gills equal, not terminated by an
annular margin.— Most are poisonous.

a. Cap reddish.

1. Russula rosacea. Rose russule.
Cap plano-convex, rather smooth, rose or pale-red; gills
and stem white. :

Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi, 201.
Agaricus roseus, Scheff. Fung. 58.
Agaricus russula rosaceus, Persoon Syn. 439.

In shady woods.
Thallus smaller than r. emetica; taste sometimes acrid,
sometimes mild.

2. Russula emetica. — Emetic russule.
Thallus acrid; stem white or pink; cap depressed, edge
furrowed, blood-red; gi//s white.

Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi, 201.
Agaricus emeticus, Scheff. Fung. 15.

Agaricus integer, var.3, Withering Arr. 4, 228.
Agaricus russula emeticus, Persoon Syn. 439.

In woods.
A favourite food of snails, so that a perfect specimen is

rarely found.
b. Cap reddish-brown or yellowish.

3. Russula vitellina. Yelk russule.
Thallus small; stem slender, white; cap flattish, pale

yelk-colour; gz//s shining, pinky inclining to yellow.
Agaricus integer, Lin. S. P. 1640; Sowerby Fungi, 201.

Agaricus risigallinus, Batsch Fung. 67.
Agaricus russula vitellinus, Persoon Syn. 442.

In woods.

4. Russula lutea. Yellow russule.
Stem very long, white; cap rather slimy, umbilicated,
pale; gills distinct, yelk-colour.

Agaricus luteus, Hudson Angl. 611.
Agaricus russula luteus, Persoon Syn. 442.

‘In woods.

Pi. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE®. 253. Mycen. 619
XI. 253. MYCENA. Persoon. FMigh-stool.

Texture fibrous; stem long, mostly pipey ; cap membra-
naceous, streaked, pellucid, convex, persisting; gz/Js of the
same colour; sporidia short.—Thalli small, poisonous.

1. Mycena porrea. Leek high-stool.

Thalli_ gregarious, large; stem long, rather downy,
blood-red at bottom; cap rather membranaceous, hemi-
spherical, yellowish ; gz//s same colour,

Agaricus alliaceus, Scop. Carn. 2,454; Sowerdy Fungi, 81.
Agaricus porreus, Persoon Syn. 376.

In woods; autumn.

Odour like garlick.

2. Mycena galericulata. Helmetied high-stool..

Thalli in tufts, scentless; s‘em smooth, rooted, juiceless,
shagey at the bottom; cap membranaceous, bossed, livid-
brown; gills distinct, white.

Agaricus galericulatus, Scheff. Fung. 523; Persoon Syn. 3163 Sowerby
Fungi, 165.

On stumps of willows; autumn.

3. Mycena polygramma. Many-streaked high-stool.

Thalli solitary ; stem tailed, streaked lengthways, sattiny,
grey; cap bellshape, bossed, greyish.

Agaricus polygrammus, Suwerby Fungi, 222; Persoon Syn. 377.

On the ground among dead leaves; autumn.

4. Mycena atro-alba. Pied high-stool.

Stem rooted, pipey, feathery at bottom; cap smooth,
edge whitish, tip black.

Agaricus atro-albus, Bolton Fung. 137; “Persoon Syn. 378.

Agaricus varius, var. 8, Withering Arr, 4, 278.

On the ground ?

5. Mycena flavipes. Yellow-stalked high-stool.

Thalli gregarious; stem iong, rather slimy, yellowish; -
cap bellshape, streaked, whitish-grey ; gills the same colour.

Agaricus plicatus, Scheff. Fung. 51.

Agaricus flavipes, Sibthorp Oxon. 3053; Persoon Syn, 382.

In woods on the ground; autumn.

6. Mycena epipterygia. Top-winged high-stool.
Thalli rather in tufts; stem brimstone-yellow, slimy ;
cap bellshape, smoothish, blunt or slightly bossed, dark-
grey, rather slimy; g7//s distant, white.
5

620 253. Mycen. 11. HYMENOTHECES. Pl. cell. aph.

Agaricus epipterygius, Persoon Syn. 382.
In woods on dead sticks; autumn.

B. nutans? Cap when young nodding, reddish, edge
toothed ; teeth when young surrounding the stem.
Agaricus nutans, Sowerby Fungi, 92.

7. Mycena luteo-alba. Yellowish-white high-stool.

Thallus small; stem threadlike; cap conical, streaked,
yellow; gil/s 3 in a set, white.

Agaricus luteo-albus, Bolton Fung. 38; Persoon Syn. 383.

In woods.

8. Mycena tenera. Tender high-stool. —

Thalti nearly solitary, rust-colour, small; stem rather
long; cap membranaceous, conical, smoothish ; gills distant.

Agaricus tener, Sowerby Fungi, 333 Persoon Syn. 386.

On osier grounds and grassy places; summer and autumn.

9. Mycena atro-rufa. Reddish-black high-stool.

Stem very long, slender ; cap nearly conical, brown, dry,
tough; gills few, 3 in a set, brownish-red.

Agaricus atro-rufus, Bolt. Fung. 52; Persoon Syn. 386.

In dry pastures, and among mosses.

10. Mycena racemosa. Racemelike high-stool.

Stem racemelike; cap membranaceous, nipplelike, grey ;
gills white.

Agaricus racemosus, Persoon Syn, 389; Sowerby Fungi, 287,

In woods.

Stem resembles a raceme of the currant-bush, from
whence the berries have been plucked; branches termi-

nated by hyaline heads which disappear.

11. Mycena Hudsoni. Hudson’s high-stool.

Thallt gregarious; stem hairy, reddish ; cap convex,
whitish, hairy; /a7rs scattered, stiff, red.

Agaricus pilosus, Hudson Angl. 622; Sowerby Fungi, 164.

Agaricus Hudsoni, Persoon Syn. 390.

On holly-leaves.

es

12. Mycena Adonis. Adonis high-stool.

Thalli gregarious; cap smooth, bellshape, whitish rose-
red or green; gills rather hooked, adnate, white.

Agaricus Adonis, Persoon Syn. 391; Sowerby Fungi, 385.

In woods.

Pl. cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECEZ. 253. Mycen. 621

13. Mycena variegata. Variegated high-stool.

Thalli gregarious, rather large; stem white; cap rather

fleshy, bellshape, smooth or nippled, variegated with red-
dish lines; gills hooked, decurrent, white.

Agaricus tentaculatus, Bull. Herb. 560; Sowerby Fungi, 385.
Agaricus variegatus, Persoon Syn, 391.

In grassy places, on the ground.

14. Mycena claviformis. Nail-like high-stool.

Thalli gregarious, minute; stem solid, slender, white ;
cap rather fleshy, nippled, orange or red; gi//s broadish,
white.

Agaricus Clavus, Bolt. Fung. 39; Persoon Syn. 392.

On the ground, or on dead trees; autumn.

15. Mycena strobilina. Cone high-stool.
Thalli gregarious, rather tufted, red; stem solid, tailed
at bottom, hairy; cap bellshape, rather fleshy, smooth.

Agaricus coccineus, Sowerby Fungi, 197. 2
Agaricus strobilinus, Persoon Syn. 393.

On the branches and cones of the Scotch fir.

16. Mycena integrella. Small-entire high-stool.

Thalli small, in bundles, white; stem downy at bottom;
cap membranaceous, hemispherical; gi//s decurrent, rather
distant, mostly entire.

Agaricus integrellus, Persoon Syn. 393.

Agaricus Mycena integrella, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 51.

In shady woods.
17. Mycena corticola. Bark high-stool.

Thallt minute, scattered, brownish; stem rather short,
bent; cap hemispherical, slightly plaited; gz//s hooked,
adnate, whitish.

Agaricus corticalis, Bull, Herb. 519; Sowerby Fungi, 243.

On stumps of trees, in damp weather.

XII. 254. MICROMPHALE. Dimple-stool.

Texture fibrous; stem often pipey; cap membranaceous,
streaked, pellucid; 7p umbilicated; sporidia long.—Thalli
small.

622 254.Microm. 11. HYMENOTHECE:, Pil.cell.aph

1. Micromphale fimbriatum. Fringed dimple-st_ol.

Thallus large; stem slender, short; cap funnelshape,
edge crisp, elegantly lobed, fringed, thin, semitransparent ;
gills 3 in a set, very long, narrow, translucid.

Agaricus fimbriatus, Bolt. Fung. 61; Persoon Syn. 466.

In grass land.

2. Micromphale venosum. Veiny dimp'e-stool.

Stem compressed, blackish, hoary; cap nearly membra-
naceous, tough, ‘veiny, streaked, reddish-brown; gi//s few,
nearly the same colour, glaucous, affixed nearly in a ring.

Merulius foetidus? Sowerby Fungi, 21.

Agaricus venosus, Persoon Syn. A6T.

In woods; August.

Odour like garlick.

3. Micromphale collariatum. Collared dimple-stool.

Thallt in tufts, white; stem blackish; cap deeply fur-
rowed; gil/s annexed to a tube surrounding the stem.

Agaricus Rotula, Scop. Carn. 2, 1569; Sowerby Fungi, 95; Persoon

Syn. 467.
Agaricus collariatus, Vithering Arr. ed. 2.

Merulius collariatus, Withering Arr. 4, 178.

On sticks.
Stem frequently branched repeatedly.

4. Micromphale perforans. Perforating dimple-stool.
Thalli gregarious, persisting ; stem dark bay ; cap flattish,
slightly plaited, very slightly bossed; gills simple, entirely
annexed. e

Agaricus androsaceus, Sowerby fungi, 94; Persoon Syn. 468.

Agaricus perforans, Hoffman Nomencl. 4, 2.

On the leaves of trees, perforating them.

5. Micromphale epiphyllum. Leaf dimple-stool.

Thalli gregarious, minute, white; stem blackish; cap
membranaceous, convex, at length slightly umbilicated ;
gills distant, branched.

Agaricus Squamula, Sowerby Fungi, 93.

Agaricus epiphyllus, Persoon Syn. 468.
Agaricus lacteus, Bull. Herb. 601.

On beech and other leaves; autumn.

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HY MENOTHECEZ. 254. Microm. 623

6. Micromphale fragile. Brittle dimple-stool.

Thalli gregarious; stem pipey, chestnut; cap hemi-
spherical, umbilicated, streaked, rust-colour; gills decur-
rent.

Agaricus fragilis, Scheff. Fungi, 230.
Agaricus Campanella, Batsch. Fung. 74; Persoon Syn. 470.

On the trunks of fir-trees.

7. Micromphale fibulare. Button dimple-stool.

Thatlus small ; stem long, solid; cap umbilicated, smooth,
reddish-ochry ; gids distant, white.

Agaricus Fibula, Sowerby Fungi, 45; Persoon Syn. 471.

On the trunks of trees. :

8. Micromphale ericetorum. Heath dimple-stool.
Thallus gregarious, entirely grey, membranaceous; stem
middle size; gills distant, very broad at bottom.

Agaricus ericetorum, Persoon Syn. 472.

On. heaths and woods on a sandy soil.

XIII. 255. LACTARIUS. De Candolle. Milk-siool.

Texture fibrous; cap fleshy, depressed or fennelshape;
. gills unequal.—Emit a white yellow or red milky liquor ;
they are all usually suspected to be poisonous, but some
are eaten, after they have been thoroughly dressed.

a. Cap whitish.

1. Lactarius piperatus. Pepper milk-stool.
Cap funnelshape, edge spread out, bald, whitish; gills
crowded, forked, white, pale.

Agaricus Listeri, Sowerby Fungi, 104,
Agaricus lactifluus piperatus, Persoon Syn. 429.
Agaricus piperatus, Bolt. Fung. 21.

In woods. ; i
Cap at first hemispherical, flattened ; jwzce very acrid,

pepperlike, does not tarnish steel; when dried, green; flesh
when boiled becomes mild.

b. Cap yellowish.

2. Lactarius torminosus. Bellyach milk-stool. -
Cap umbilicated, zoned, pale ochry-yellow; edge turned
back, downy.

624 255. Lactar. 11. HYMENOTHECE, Pl. cell. aph.

Agaricus piperatus, Withering Arr. 4, 205.
Agaricus torminosus, Scheff. Fung. 12; Sowerby Fungi, 103.
Agaricus lactifluus torminosus, Persoon Syn. 450,

In grassy places, near woodlands.
Juice acrid.

3. Lactarius flexuosus. Bent milk-stool.
Thalli gregarious, bent; stem very short, whitish ;. cap
broad, umbilicated, reddish-yellow, slightly zoned.

Agaricus zonarius, Bull. Herb. 104.
Agaricus lactifluus flexuosus, Persoon Syn. 430.

In mountain pastures, or woods; after rain.

4, Lactarius theiogalus. Brimstone milk-stool.

Thalli small; stem reddish; cap depressed, nearly grown
together, eedgliehe juice yellowish red.

Agaricus theiogalus, Bull. Herb. 567; Withering Arr, 245. \

Agaricus lactifluus theiogalus, Persoon Syn. 431. 3

In woods.
Poisonous; juice does not keep its colour.

5. Lactarius aurantiacus. Orange milk-stool.
Stem long; cap rather narrow, flattish, orange-colour ;
gills slightly decurrent.

Agaricus lactifluus, Bolton Fung. 3.
Agaricus lactifluus ’aurantiacus, Persoon Syn, 432.
Agaricus dulcis, Withering Arr. 4, 206.

In fir plantations.

6. Lactarius deliciosus. Delicious milk-stool.
Cap umbilicated, nearly orange-colour; when dry, dirty
white; gills and juice yellowish brick-red.

Lactarius lateritius, Persoon Disp. Fung. 64.
Agaricus deliciosus, Scheff. Fung. 11; Sowerby Fungi, 202.
Agaricus lactifluus deliciosus, Persoon Syn. 432.

In fir plantations ; September and Getebera
Juice ungrateful, acrid; yet when dressed this mushroom

is highly esteemed.

c. Cap reddish, pink, or buff.

7. Lactarius ruber. ' Red mitk-stool.
Thalli gregarious, large; stem thickish, ochry-red ; cap
flattened, red ochre-colour; g7lls yellowish.

Agaricus lactifluus, Scheff. Fung. 5; Sowerby Fungi, 204.
Agaricus lactifluus ruber, Persoon Syn. A33.

In fir plantations.
Taste at first mild, but afterwards acrid.

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HY MENOTHECEZ. 255. Lactar. 625

8. Lactarius subdulcis. Sweetish milk-stool.
Cap funnelshape, reddish ; gills pale. pink ; juice sweetish.

Agaricus rubescens, Scheff. Fung. 75.
Agaricus lactifluus dulcis, Bull. Herb. 224.
Agaricus Jactifluus subdulcis, Persoon Syn, 433.

In grass ground.

B. cimicarius. Stem longish; cap opake, slightly umbili-
cated, scarcely zoned, buff; gil/s yellowish, rather shining.
Agaricus cimicarius, Batch Fung. 69; With. Arr. 4, 206.

Odour strong, like that of bugs.
d. Cap dark brown, or blackish-grey.

9. Lactarius necans. Destructive milk-stool.
Cap olive-brown; edge woolly, turned in.

Agaricus lactifluus necator, Bull. Herb. 529; Persoon Syn, 435.
In woods; autumn.

10. Lactarius plumbeus. Lead-colour milk-stool.

Stem dark grey; cap very broad, funnelshape, blackish-
grey; gills yellowish.

Agaricus plumbeus, Bull. Herb. 559, 2.

Agaricus Jactifluus plumbeus, Persoon Syn, 435.
Agaricus Listeri, Sowerby Fungi, 245.

In woods.

11. Lactarius luridus. Dark milk-stool.

Stem downy at bottom; cap flattish; edge turned up,
slightly zoned, rather slimy, reddish-grey; gills short,
whitish ; jwzce acrid.

Agaricus fuscus? Scheff. Fung. 235,

Agaricus zonarius, Withering Arr. 4,227 3 Sowerby Fungi, 202.
Agaricus lactifluus luridus, Persoon Syn, 436.

On heaths.

12. Lactarius acris, Acrid milk-stool,

Stem*whitish ; cap not zoned, flattish, rather oblique,
dark grey; gills at first white, then leathery ; jwzce reddish-
white.

Agaricus acris, Bolton Fung. 60.

Agaricus lactifluus acris, Persoon Syn. 437.

In woods.

Juice at first yellowish-white, very acrid.

VOL. I. 25

626 256. Pratel. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph.

C. PrateELLIpER. Volva 0; stem central; collar distinct
or 0; cap orbicular, fleshy or membranaceous; texture
fibrous; hymenium lamellar; gills separable from the cap,
becoming black, watery or powdery; thece single, in pairs
or four together.

“

XIV. 256. PRATELLA. Persoon. Mushroom.

Stem collared; collar distinct ; cap thick, fleshy, smooth,
persistent; gills clouded becoming black, or uniform
watery becoming darker; sporidia single, scattered.— Flesh
wholesome.

a. Cap fleshy ; stem with a collar. .

1. Pratella edulis. Eatable mushroom.

Thalli gregarious, large; stem long, bulbous; collar ma-
nifest; cap snow-white, smooth, or very slightly scaly ;
gills red.

Fungus campestre albus superne, inferne rubens, Radi Syn. 2, 1.

Fungus minor pileolo lato, superne candido, lamellis subtus creberrimis
pallide rubentibus seu incarnati coloris, Rati Syn. 3, 8.

Agaricus edulis, Bull. Herb. 5143; Persoon Syn. AlS.

Agaricus arvensis, Scheff. Fung. 310.

Mushroom. :

In parks and pastures, also cultivated.

Flesh of the cap delicately flavoured; used in cookery,
either eaten by itself, or dried and powdered as a sauce.

2. Pratella campestris. 3 Field mushroom.

Stem short; collar incomplete; cap fleshy, flattish, with
red scales; gills reddish-brown.

Agaricus campestris, Lin. S. P. 1614; Scheff. Fung. 33; Withering
Arr. 4, 266, var. 23; Persoon Syn. 418.

In fields and hilly pastures.

6. vaporaria. Thallus large; stem tuberous, scaly; cap
convex, hairy or scaly, reddish-brown; gil/s brown.

On hot-beds; also cultivated.

Cap very broad, sometimes 9 inches or more across.

3. Pratella eruginosa. Coppery mushroom.

Stem scaly; collar fugacious; cap fleshy, glutinous, cop-
pery; when dry yellowish; gil/s flat, annexed, purple va-
riegated with brown.

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE. 256. Pratel. 627

‘Agaricus wruginosus, Curtis Lond. 309? Persoon Syn, 419.
Agaricus viridulus, Scheff. Fung.1. '
' Agaricus cyaneus, Bull. Herb. 5303 Wither. Arr. 4, 243,
Agaricus politus, Bolt. Fung. 30.
Agaricus Beryllus, Batsch Fung. 213,

In woods, near trees.

4. Pratella lateritia. i _ Brickred mushroom.

Thalli in tufts, large, on trees; stem long, rather solid ;
collar fugacious, blackish; cap fleshy, ra ather slimy, brick-
red; edge yellowish ; gills distinct, slightly clouded;
ereenish-er ey.

Agaricus lateritius, Scheff. Fung, 49,4,53; Persoon Syn. 421.

Agaricus amarus, Bull.. Herd. 30.

Agaricus auratus, Fl. Dan. 820.

Agaricus pomposus, Bolton Fung. 5.

On rotten trees.

Taste bitter.

5. Pratella fascicularis. Buvdle mushy ‘00m.

Thalli small, in tufts; stem hollow, slender; curtain
hairy, blackish; cap rather fleshy, bossed,. ochre-yellow ;
gills clouded, greenish.

Agaricus fascicularis, Bolt: Fung. 29; Persoon Syn. 421,

Agaricus pulverulentus, Bull. Herd, 49,

About trees, after long rain.

XV. 257. CORTINARIA. Persoon. ’ Curtati-stool,

Stem central, generally bulbous; col/ar separating into
threads; cap mostly fleshy ; gills nicked, unequal, at first
uniform coloured, afterwards clouded with br own.—Gene-
rally to be suspected.

1. Coriinaria cyana. Biue cirtain-stool.
Thallus entirely violet, shining ; stem bulbous s, pale below
the bulb; cap fleshy, bald.

Agaricus cyanus, Scheff. Fung. a Persoon Syn. 276.

In woods,

B. cceerulescens. Stem nanos blue; bulb bordeed, pale;
cap fleshy, convex, pale-blue; giéls Bt first pale blue; then
cinnamon-colour:

Agaricus cerulescens, Scheff. Fung. 34.
Agaricus cyanus caerulescens, Persoon Syn. 277.

2s 2

x

628 257. Cortinar. 11. HY MENOTHECE. Pl.cell.aph.

2. Cortinaria violacea. Violet curtain-stool.

Stem bluish; collar rust-colour; cap split, edge violet,
woolly.

Agaricus violaceus, Bolton Fung. 52; Persoon Syn, 277.

On the borders of woods.

3. Cortinaria nuda. Naked curtain-stool.

Thalli gregarious; stem rather long, slenderish, cylin-
drical, naked, pale violet; collar mostly 0; cap fleshy,
lano-convex, edge expanded, changing from violet to
reddish ; gills crowded, pale violet.

Agaricus nudus, Bull. Herb. 439; Persoon Syn. 277.
Agaricus violaceus, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 243,

In fir plantations.

4. Cortinaria cinerea. Grey curtain-slool.
Stem bulbous; cap fleshy, hemispherical, dotted or scaly,
wrinkled, violet-grey ; gills distinct, purplish-brown.

Agaricus violaceus, Scheff. Fung. 3; Withering Arr, 4, 242.
Agaricus violaceo-cinereus, Persoon Syn. 279.

In oak woods.
b. Cap brown-bay.

5. Cortinaria bicolor. Two-colaured curtain-stool,

Stem thick, rather tuberous, woolly, pale violet; cap
fleshy, convex, reddish-brown; edge turned in, rather
woolly; gills pale violet.

Agaricus violaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 209, not of Persoon.

Agaricus bicolor, Persoon Syn. 281.

Blewits.

In woods.

Taste inferior to that of the common mushroom; but
sold for making katsup.

¢. Cap yellowish, or cinnamon-colour.

6. Cortinaria collinita. Glued curtain-stool.

Stem split transversely into cartilaginous, gelatinous
scales; collar nearly vanishing; cap fleshy, bossed, covered
with a viscous slime, drying on it.

Agaricus collinitus, Sowerby Fungi, 9; Persoon Syn. 261.
Agaricus mucosus, Bull. Herb. 549.

In woods.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECEZ. 257. Cortinar. 629

7. Cortinaria glaucopa. _ Blue-footed curtain-stool.

Thallus large; stem rather short, bulbous, thick, bluish ;
cap chestnut or brownish-olive; gil/s bluish clay-colour,
afterwards cinnamon-colour.

Agaricus glaucopus, Sowerby Fungi, 223; Persoon Syn. 282.

Agaricus araneosus, Bull, Herb. 598.

Agaricus varius, Scheff. Fung. 42.

In woods.
Esculent ?

8. Cortinaria callochroa. Fair-coloured curtain-stool.
Stem pale, bulbous; bulb bordered; cap rather broad,
dry, yellow; gills with a fine purple cast.

Agaricus turbinatus, Sowerby Fungi, 102.
Agaricus callochrous, Persoon Syn. 283.

In grassy woods.

d. Cap more or less purplish, livid, red, blood-colour, or
scarlet.

9. Cortinaria sanguinea. Bloody curtain-stool.
Thallus saffron-red ; stem solid, long; cap pink, convex ;
gills distinct.

Agaricus sanguineus, Sowerby Fungi, 43; Persoon Syn. 290;
Agaricus rubens, Bolt. Fung. 36,

In woods.

10. Cortinaria viscida, Viscid curtain-stool.

Thalli gregarious; stem thickest at bottom, inside and
bottom yellow; collar blackish; cap fleshy, first convex,
afterwards depressed, gelatinous, purplish brown; gills
decurrent, branched, rather grey.

Agaricus glutinosus, Sowerby Fungi, 7.
Agaricus viscidus, Persoon Syn, 291.

In fir plantations.

B. atropuncta. Stem thickish, whitish, with black scaly
spots; cap bluntly bossed, viscid; gills snow-white.

11. Cortinaria rutila. Brilliant curtain-stool.

Thalli gregarious ; stem long, scaly, flesh-red ; cap bossed,
livid purple or flesh-red, rather slimy; gi//s simple, de-
current, purplish-brown.

Agaricus rntilus, Sowerby Fungi, 105.
Agaricus gomphus, Persoon Syn. 292.

In fir plantations.

630 257. Cortinar. 11. HY MENOTHECEZ.. Pl. cell.aph.

-&. Cap yellow, rust-colour, cinnamon or chestnut.

12. Cortinaria bulbosa. |. — Bulbous curtain-stool.
~ Thallus bald, large, nearly chestnut; séem solid, rather
long, bulbous, ovate; collar vanishing ; cap bellshape, edge
thin; gills distant.
woaaee bulbosus, Sowerby Fungi, 1303. Pergoon Syn. 295.
In woods.

13. Cortinaria crocea. Saffron curtain-stool.

Thalli gregarious, small; stem rather slender, fibrilled,
yellowish ; collar vanishing; cap rather fleshy, bossed,
slightly woolly, reddish cinnamon, opake; gills saffrotl=
yellow.

Agaricus croceus, Batsch. Fung. 117; Persoon Syn. aut.
Agaricus cinnamomeus, Bolt. Fung. 150,

In woods.

14. Cortinaria cinnamomeus. Cinnamon curtain-stooé.

Stem. rather long, at first slightly bulbous, pale brown;
cap rather fleshy, ‘bossed, bald, shining, cinnamon or pale
chestnut; gills broadish, ciimanionsceds

Agaricus cinnamomeus, Sowerby Fung. 205; Persoon Syn. 298.

In woods.

15. Cortinaria scabra. Rough curtain-stool.
. Thalli gregarious, rather small, greyish-brown; stem
fibrilled, pale, cylindrical; cap scaly ; gills dark-coloured.

Agaricus scaber, Sowerby Fungi, 207 ; Persoon Syn. 301,

In woods.

XVI. 258. PRUNULUS. Cesalpini. Prune-stool.

Stem naked ; collar 0; cap brittle, scaly, membraiaceous ;
gills persisting; sporidia in pairs.

1. Prunulus denticulatus. — Toothed prune-stool.
Thallus rather watery, weak ; stem pipey, brownish; cap

hemispherical, livid purple; gi//s toothed on the edge.
Agaricus denticulatus, Bolt. Fung. 4; Persoon Syn, 425.

In woods.

2. Prunulus gracilis. Slender prune-stool.

Thallus weak, very brittle; stem very long, bald; cap
membranaceous, bellshape, pointed, very soft; gills linear,
blackish-grey. 1

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HY MENOTHECE. 258. Prunul. 631

Agaricus gracilis, Persoon Syn. 425.
In woods, amongst dead leaves.

8. cuspidata. Stem pipey; cap conical, pointed, reddish-
brown; gills rather brown, narrow at bottom.
Agaricus cuspidatus, Bolton Fung. 66.

3. Prunulus papyraceus. _ Paper prunestool.

Stem pipey, whitish ; cap hemispherical, membranaceous,
whitish; gills 3 in a set, distant, pale.

Agaricus membranaceus, Bolt. Fung. 11.

Agaricus papyraceus, Persoon Syn. 425.

In shady places, near oak-trees.

Thallus dry, and feels like paper.

4. Prunulus confertus. Crowded prune-stool.

Thalli numerous, in tufts; stem whitish; cap whitish,
pointed ; gil/s pale brown.

Agaricus confertus, Bolt. Fung. 18; Persoon Syn. 426.

On the bark-bed in hot-houses.

5. Prunulus foenisicii. Haymaking prune-stool.
Thalli gregarious, brittle; stem rather thick, bald; cap
bellshape, brownish-grey; gills slightly bellied, clouded,
umberbrown. .
Agaricus foenisicii, Persoon Syn. 411.

In meadows, after haymaking; also on cowdung.

6. Prunulus ericeus. Heath prune-stool.

Thalli solitary; stem rather tough, long; cap rather
fleshy, hemispherical, slightly nippled, rusty brown; gil/s
rather broad, clouded, black.

Agaricus helvolus, Scheff, Fung. 210.
Agaricus ericwus, Persoon Syn. 413.

On heaths and commons. 5

7. Prunulus varius. Variegated prune-stool.

Thallus small; stem slender, reddish, rather tough; cap
bellshape, shining, pale and livid, variegated; gills varie-
gated, ascending.

Agaricus varius, Bolt, Fung. 66; Persoon Syn, 414,

In grass, among willows.

632 258. Prunul. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ: Pl.cell.aph.

8. Prunulus Boltonii. Bolton’s prune-stool.
Thallus weak; stem rather thickish at bottom; collar
vanishing; cap hemispherical, bossed, pale-yellow.
a Agaricus flavidus, Bolt. Fung. 149; Sowerby Fungi, 96; Persoon Syn.
4,

In meadows, and on cow-dung.

9. Prunulus titubans. Tottering prune-stool.

Thallus small, shining, brittle; stem yellowish; cap bell-
shape, streaked, viscous, rather pale; centre yellow; gills
distinct, pink.

Agaricus titubans, Sowerby Fung. 123; Persoon Syn, 415.

On horsedung.

10. Prunulus extinctorius. Extinguisher prune-stool,

Stem rather bulbous, awlshape; cap bellshaped, whitish,
torn; gills brownish or snow-white.

Agaricus extinctorius, Bolt. Fung. 24; Persoon Syn, AIT.

In sandy ground.

XVII. 259. COPRINUS. Persoon. Dung-stool.

Stem naked, sometimes collared; cap thin, brittle, mem-
branaceous, vanishing : gills unequal, growing watery,
black; sporidia in fours.— Poisonous.

a. Cap slightly fleshy ; gills at last dark grey, spotted

or cloudy.

1. Coprinus semiglobatus. Hemispherical dung-stool.

Stem long, collared;.cap fleshy, hemispherical, rather
glutinous, yellowish; gi//s very broad, horizontal, clouded,
black.

Agaricus glutinosus, Curtis Lond. 69.
Agaricas semiglobatus, Sowerby Fungi, 248; Persoon Syn. 407.
Agaricus virosus, Sowerby Fungi, 480 and 481.

In meadows, pastures, and on dung.
Poisonous, and has caused several fatal accidents by /
having been mistaken for champignons, gen. 246, sp.17. A

2. Coprinus semiovatus. Half-egg dung-stool.
Stem long; collar small; cap bellshape, glutinous, yel-
lowish; gills ascending, blackish-grey, clouded.

Agaricus semiovatus, Sowerby Fungi, 131; Persoon Syn. 408.
Agaricus fimiputris, Bull, Herb. 66.

On cowdung.

Pl. cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE. 259. Coprin. 633

3. Coprinus velutinus. Velvetty dung-stool.

Thalli in tufts, brittle: stem fibrilled, collared; cap he-
mispherical, bossed, hairy or scaly, rust-yellow; gills
crowded, clouded, brown; edge whitish.

Agaricus lacrymabundus, Sowerby Fung. 4).
Agaricus velutinus, Persoon Syn. 408,

In grass-land, or on trees; autumn.

4. Coprinus papilionaceus. Butterfly dung-stool.

Stem furrowed at top, covered with black powder; cap
rather fleshy, bellshape, grey, almost black; gzd/s entirely
adnexed, variegated grey and black; edge whitish.

Agaricus papilionaceus, Bull. Herb. 561; Persoon Syn. 410.
Agaricus acuminatus, Scheff. 202.

In pastures, and grassy woods.

5. Coprinus cinctulus. Girdle dung-stool.

Stem long, pipey, brown; cap convex, reddish-brown,
with a dark ring towards the edge; gills 3 in a set, broad,
black.

Agaricus cinctulus, Bolton Fung. 1523; Persoon Syn. All.

In meadows, and on dunghills.

6. Coprinus cepeestipes. Onion-stalked dung-stool.
Thalh in tufts, entirely yellow; stem bellied, solid at
bottom ; cap bellshaped, streaked; gills free.

Agaricus cepzstipes, Persoon Syn. 416; Sowerby Fungi, 2.
Agaricus luteus, Bolt. Fung. 50.

On dunghills.

B. cretaceus. Thallus entirely white.
Agaricus cretaceus, Bull. Herb, 374.

7. Coprinus ciliaris. Fringe dung-stool.

Thallus large; stem bulbous, collared; cap conical, co-
vered with a snow-white powder, afterwards glutinous;
edge fringed; gills $ in a set, black.

Agaricus ciliaris, Bolt. Fung. 53; Persoon Syn. 416,
- In meadows, and on fresh dunghills.

b. Cap membranaceous, running almost entirely into water ;
gills very thin.

8. Coprinus comatus. Wig dung-stool.
Thalli gregarious; stem very long; collar moveable ; cap
conical, scaly, whitish; scales yellowish; giils crowded, at
first purplish-white.

634 259. Coprin. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ:. Pl. cell. aph.

Agaricus cylindricus, Sowerby Fungi, 189.
Agaricus porceilaneus, Scheffer Fung. 46 & 47.
Agaricus comatus, Persoon Syn. 596.

In grass-ground, gardens, and on dunghills autumn.

9. Coprinus plicatus. | Plaited dung-stool.

Thalli in tufts; cap bellshape, aia brownish grey,
scaly at the tip, edge at last turned up; gills crowded,
broad, at first purplish-brown, hoary.

Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Lond. 101; Persoon Syn. 396.
‘Agaricus fimetarius, Sowerby Fungi, 188. :

In meadows, hedges, and near villages.

10. Coprinus picaceus. Pitchy dung-stool.

Stem very long, bulbous, naked; cap bellshape, very ten-
der, whitish, afterwards breaking into broad scattered
scales; gil/s becoming bare, crowded, umber-brown.

Agaricus picaceus, Sowerby Fungi, 397; Persoon Syn. 397.

Among rubbish, and heaps of rotting plants.

11. Coprinus oblectus. Altractive dung-stool.

Stem collared at the bottom; cap whitish, woolly, va-
nishing; gi//s becoming bare, at first red.

Nua oblectus, Bolton Fung. 142; Persoon Syn. 397.

On dunghills.

12. Coprinus cinereus. Grey dung-stool.

Stem long, scaly; cap conical, furrowed, rather woolly,
ervey; tip Sasetnn livid; edge at last torn, bent in; gills
linear, dotted, slightly bent.

Agaricus cinereus, Scheff. Fung. 100; Persoon Syn, 398.

In gardens and woeds.

6B. tomentosus. Slem short, cylindrical, downy; cap ob-
long, iH iy DUETS then bellshape, torn; gil/s nume-
rous, narrow, pale; edge black.

ae ouentee Bolt. Fung. 156.

y. pullatus. Stem long, bellied, whitish; cap bellshape,

Ale black.

Agaricus pullatus, Bolt, Fung. 20.

In pastures and on dunghills.

3. Coprinus disseminatus. Disseminated dung-stool.

Thalli crowded, small, ephemeral; sdem generally bent ;

cap. half-oval, streaked, plaited, ochry-yellow, growing
grey; gills jiennee Wate aimed: browniehewhitert:

Pl.cell,aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEE. 259. Coprin. 635

- Agaricus coprinus disseminatus, Persoon Syn. 403,

On the trunks of willows, especially when hollow; au-
tumn.

B. striatus. Thallus rather large.
Agaricus striatus, Sowerby Fungi, 166.

14. Coprinus domesticus. House dung-stool.

Cap bellshape, blunt, waved, furrowed, smoke-grey ;
scales branny ; gills crowded, linear, forming a collar,
greyish-red, growing blackish-brown.

Agaricus coprinus domesticus, Persoon Syn, 404.

Agaricus domesticus, Bolt. Fung. 26,

In houses near moist walls.

15. Coprinus pulcher. Flandsome dung-stool.

Thallus tender, ephemeral; stem long, reddish-white ;
cap umbilicated, flattish, plaited; plaits broadish, grey;
gills free, distant, forming a cellar.

Agaricus coprinus pulcher, Persoon Syn. 404.
Agaricus semistriatus, FU. Dan, 1134,
Agaricus plicatus, Curtis Lond.

Tn well-dunged gardens.

16. Coprinus radiatus. Radiated dung-stool.

Thallus very minute, grey, ephemeral; séem threadlike;
cap grows flattish, splitting in rays; centre ochre-yellow ;
gills distant.

_ Agaricus radiatus, Bolt. Fung. 39; Persoon Syn, 407.
Agaricus ephemerus, Bull. Herb. 342.

In grass-land in woods, on horsedung; autumn.
Thallus very tender, blown down by the breath.

D. AsTEROPHORIDER. Volva 0; stem central; collar 0;
cap hemispherical, texture fibrous, beneath lamellar, above
woolly, at length bursting, becoming floccular; gi//s bar-
ren, naked; sporidia stellate, intermixed with the flocci.

XVIII. 260. ASTEROPHORA. Ditmar. Starhead.

Stem central, orbicular; sporidza stellate.

Asterophora lycoperdoides. Lycoperdon starhead.

Stem woolly, greyish; cap woolly, fawn-colour; gills
rather gelatinous, thick, slightly prominent, grey.

Agaricus lycoperdoides, Bull. Herb. 519; Persoon Syn. 325,

On rotten mushrooms, especially omphalia adusta.

Stem above an inch long, rather bent; cap half an inch
over.

636 261. Merul. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph.

E. Merutipex. Volva 0; stem central, lateral or 0;
collar 0; cap fleshy or membranaceous ; hymenium veiny ;
veins superficial, distinct, simple or forked.— None are
poisonous.

XIX. 261. MERULIUS. | Merule.

Stem central; cap orbicular, fleshy, convex.

Merulius aurantiacus. — Orange meru!e.
Stem ochry-yellow-; cap fleshy, woolly ; veins stiff,

orange.
Neanitus aurantiacus, Wulff. Misc. Austr. 2, 107.
Merulius aurantiacus, Persoon Syn, 488.

In grass land.

XX. 262. CANTHARELLUS. Chanterelle.

Stem central; cap orbicular, fleshy or rather membra-
naceous, concave, umbilicated.

1. Cantharellus vulgaris. Common chanterelle.
Thalli gregarious, ‘entirely yelk-yellow; cap fleshy, bald,
depressed.

Agaricus Cantharellus, Lin. S. P. 1641; Sowerby Fungi, 46,
Merulius Cantharellus, Persoon Syn. 488.

In woods.

Esteemed as a sauce; odour like ripe apricocks.

2. Cantharellus lutescens. Yellowish chanterelle.

Stem hollow, yellow; cap umbilicated, bald, yellow; veins
bright grey.

Neagiens cantharelloides, Sowerby Fungi, AT.

Helvelia cantharelloides, Bull. Herb. 473.
Merulius lutescens, Versoon Syn. 489.

In woods; autymn.

3. Cantharellus tulceformis. Trumpet chanterelle.
Thalli gregarious, small; stem yellow, rather thick; cap
nembraunccous, umbilicated, wrinkly, scaly, brown; veizs

straight, yellow, rather grey.
Helvella tubzeformis, Bull. ica AGI.
Peziza undulata, Bolt. Fung. 105.
Merulius tubiformis, Persoon Syn, 489.

4, Cantharellus cornucopioides. Cormicopice chanterelle.
Thalli in tufts, blackish; cap membranaccous, rather
scaly; veins scarcely visible.
if

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECE. 262.Canthar. 637°

Peziza cornucopioides, Lin. S. N.1650; Sowerby Fungi, 74..
.. Merulius cornucopioides, Persoon Syn, 491.

In woods ; autumn.

5. Cantharellus undulatus. - Waved chanterelle.
Thallus pale-livid; cap rather leatherlike, depressed ;
edge upright, waved, crisp, underneath wrinkled. —
’ Helvella crispa, Sowerby Fungi, 75.
Merulius undulatus, Persoon Syn, 493.
In beech woods.

XXI. 263. CORNIOLA. Corniole.

Stem lateral; cap semicircular, nearly membranaceous.

1. Corniola muscigena. Mossborn corniole.
Stem short, rather thick ; cap pale brown; veins

branched.

Helvella dimidiata, Bull. Champ. 1, 290.
Agaricus muscigenus, Bull. Herb. 288.
Merulius muscigenus, Withering Arr. 4, 183,

On hypnum sericeum.

2. Corniola lobata. Lolbed corniole.
Thallus stemless, irregular, brownish; edge variously
lobed, crisp; veins branched, anastomosing.

Helvella membranacea, Dickson Crypt. 1,21; Sowerby Fungi, 348.
Merulius membranaceus, Withering Arr. 4, 184,
Merulius lobatus, Persoon Syn. 494.

In bogs, upon moss; spring.

XXII. 264. SERPULA. Persoon. Ron.
Thallus stemless, affixed by its back.

Serpula destruens. Destroying rot.

Thallus spreading, large, yellowish-red ; edge whitish,
woolly ; veins large, porous, crooked.

Boletus lacrymans, Sowerby Fungi, 113.

Merulius destruens, Persoon Syn. 496.

Upon timber-work, where it joins the walls, in damp
situations.

Appears at first like a byssus; when dry covered with
brown powder; destroyed by spirit of vitriol, and other
corroding substances, In the same manner as xylostroma
siganteum,

Bab

638 265. Gomph..11. HYMENOTHECE:. Pi. cell. aph.

XXIII. 265. GOMPHUS. . Gomphe.
Thallus clubshaped ; sides plaited, veiny; cap- not
distinct.

Gomphus clavatus. Clubbed somphe-
Thalli in tufts, truncated, veiny on the sides.

Clavaria truncata, Schmid. Icon. 3, 237.
Merulius clavatus, Persoon Syn. 498.

In grassy places in woods.

F. DapaLtipE®. Volva 0; stem 03; cap semicircular,”
leatherlike or corklike, sessile ; hymenium veiny; veins
anastomosing and forming a network.

XXIV. 266. D/EDALEA. Persoon. Labyrinth-slool.

Cap semiorbicular, beneath netlike.

1. Dedalea quercina. Oak labyrinth-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, pale woody ; cap wrinkly, bald,
flakes branched, sinuated, sinuses large.

Agaricus quercinus, Lin. S. P. 1644; Sowerby Fungi, 181.
Agaricus labyrinthiformis, Bull. Herb. 442,

Merulius quercinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1431.

Dedalea quercina, Persoon Syn. 500.

Agaric of the ouk.

On the trunks of oak-trees.

Texture delicately fibrous, flexible, and may be readily
cut into slices; used as a styptic to restrain the bleeding
from wounded arteries.

g. dura. Thallus hard, thick, in network like peach-

stones.

2. Dedalea sinuosa. Sinuous labyrinth-stool.
Thatlus downy, knobby, zoned and wavy in ridges ; veins
sinuous, oblong, or irregular.

Boletus sinuosus, Sowerby Fungi, 194,
Deedalea gibbosa 8? Persoon Syn, 501.

On old poplar-trees.

3. Dedalea confragosa. Broken-in labyrinth-stool.
Thallus leatherlike, woody, rough zoned, brown-brick-
red; sinuses labyrinthlike, grey.

Boletus confragosus, Bolt. Fung. 160.
Boletus labyrinthiformis, Bull. Champ. 357,
Dedalea confragosa, Persoon Syn, 501.

On the trunks of trees.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEAZ. 266. Deedal. 639

4. Dedalea angustata. Narrow labyrinth-stool.

Cap flattish, much blotched with dull crimson, lobed,
zoned ; edges sattiny, silvery-brown ; veis olive, long;
narrow.

Boletus angustatus, Sowerby Fungi, 193.
Dedalea angustata, Persoon Syn. 502.

At the feet’of poplar-trees.

5. Dedalea suaveolens. Sweet-scented labyrinth-stool.

Thallus leathery corklike, sessile, bald, slightly reddish-
brown; inside greyish-straw; tubes very long, reddish.

Boletus suaveolens, Bull. Champ. 342.

Deedalea? suaveolens, Persoon Syn. 502.

On the trunks of willows.

G. Botetivem. Volva 0; siem central, lateral, or 0;
collar 0; cap thin, leathery or rather woody, rarely fleshy ;
hymenium tubular; ¢ubes short, not longer than the thick-
ness of the cap, not separable from it, united or distinct,
‘not cut. ~iheit

XXV. 267. PORIA. Persoon. Honeycombl-stool.

Thallus spreading, attached by its back, leatherlike’ or

membranaceous. fe

1. Porta vulgaris. Common honeycomb-stool.

Thallus spreading, inclining backwards, leathery. cork-
like, bristled, zoned, greyish-brown; tubes long, very wide,
grey, honeycomblike.

Boletus Favus, Bull. Champ. $63; Persoon Syn, 542,

On the trunks of trees, and fir-timber in damp-places.

2. Poria cryptarum. Cellar honeycomb-stool.

Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, rather greyish-red,
thin; border above gaping; tubes very long.

Boletus cryptarum, Bull. Champ. 350; Persoon Syn, 542.

Upon beams in cellars.

3. Poria destruens. Destroying honeycomb-stool.
Thallus whitish, spreading ; cap unequal, wavy, wrinkled ;
pores roundish, blunt.

Boletus Destructor, Schrad. Germ. 166; Persoon Syn. 543.
Boletus sebaceus, Leyss. Fl. Halens, 1250.

On timber-work in damp houses.
Substance fibrous, when dry friable; odour heavy, but not
unerateful.

640 267. Poria. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph.

4. Poria spongiosa. Spongy honeycomb-stool.

Thallus leathery, spongelike, sessile, aes tubes
very long, upright; pores minute, round. :
Boletus spongiosus, Bolt. Fung. 16353; Persoon Syn. 543, not of Light-
fvot. .

On trees.

5. Poria medullaris. Crumblike honeycomb-stool.

Thallus spreading, white, hard, flat, crustlike, above
perforated ; tubes oblique and straight.

Boletus Medulla panis, Bolt. Fung. 166; Persoon Syn, 545,

On timber-work as old garden-gates, and old trees,

XXVI. 268. BOLETUS. Dillenius. Bolete.
Cap sessile, semicircular, attached by the side.

1. Boletus cesius. Grey bolete.
Thallus rather small, soft; cap fleshy, bald, streaked,
wrinkled, whitish-grey; pores white.

Boletus albidus, Sowerby Fungi, 226.
Boletus ceesius, Schrad. Germ. 1617; Persoon Syn. 526,

In fir plantations.
Thalli mostly solitary, turn blue when bruised.

2

2. Boletus hispidus. Shaggy bolete.
Thallus rust-red ; cap thick, stiff-haired ; underneath pale.

Boletus hispidus, Bull. Herb. 493; Persoon Syn. 526.
Boletus villosus, JZudson Fl. Angl. 626.

Boletus velutinus, Sowerby Fungi, 345, not of Persoon.
Boletus spongiosus? Lightf. Scet.

On apple-trees.

3. Boletus heteroclilus. Mis-shapen bolete.

Thallus sessile, lobed, irregular-shaped; above villous,
orange-colour; tubes short; pores variously shaped.

Boletus heteroclitus, Bolt. Fung. 164; Persoon Syn, 528,

On the ground.

4. Boletus alneus. _ Alder-tree bolete.

Thallt gregarious, rather tiledlike; cap unequal, rather
woolly, rust-red; pores fawn-colour, shining, afterwards
cinnamon-colour. ~

Boletus radiatus? Sowerby Fungi, 196.
Boletus alneus, Persoon Syn. 528,

On sickly alder-trees.

!

Pl.cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEZE. 268. Boletus. 641

5. Boletus carpineus. Hornbeam lbolete.

Thalli in tufts; cap bald, yellowish, bordered; under-
neath grey.

Boletus carpineus, Sowerby Fungi, 231.

On the trunks of hornbeam.

6. Boletus suaveolens. Sweetscented bolete.

Thallus scented, fleshy, rather corky ; cap slightly woolly,
white; pores large, brownish, some prominent, pointed,
with an unequal surface.

Boletus suaveolens, Lin. S. P. 1646: Persoon Syn. 530,

Boletus suberosus, Bolt. Fung. 162.

Boletus salicinus, Bull. Herb. 340.

On the white willow and other trees; mild winters.

Odour grateful, when dry like that of anise-seeds.

7. Boletus igniarius. Tinder bolete.
Thallus dilated, smooth ; skin wrinkly ; cap hard, blackish

at bottom; edge vermillion red, underneath ochry-yellow.
Boletus igniarius, Lin. S. P. 1645; Persoon Syn, 534.

On the trunks of fir-trees.
When beaten, used for tinder, under the name of amadou.

8. Boletus betulinus. Beech bolete.

Thallus short-stemmed, rather large; cap fleshy cork-
like, kidneyshape, grey-reddish ; beneath whitish.

Boletus betulinus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1436; Sowerby Fungi, 212; Per-
soon Syn. 535.

On the trunks of beech-trees.

Taste acid.

9. Boletus fomentarius. Spunk bolete.

Thallus halved, hard; cap rather 3-cornered, slightly
banded, smoke-grey; pores whitish-grey, becoming rather
rust-colour. ;

Agaricus pedis equini facie, Rati Syn. 22,7.

Boletus fomentarius, Sowerby Fungi, 153; Persoon Syn. 536.

On sickly beech-trees.

When beaten, used for tinder, or quick-match, also to
restrain hemorrhage, instead of the true agaric, deedalia
quercina, genus 266.

VOL. I. ; 27

642 268. Boletus. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl.cell.aph.

10. Boletus applanatus. Flattened bolete.

Thallus dilated, flattish above and below; cap tubercu-
lated, wrinkly, réddish- -grey; pores very minute, white,
becoming reddish-grey.

Boletus Lipsiensis, Batsch Fung. 130.
Boletus fomentarius 8, Persoon Syn. 536.

On dry rotten beech-trees.

11. Boletus dryadeus. Oak boleie.
Thallus very broad, soft; cap rather flattened, wrinkled,
tubercular, brown; zones 0; pores pale.

Boletus pseudo-igniarius, Bull, Herb. 458.
Boletus fomentarius y, Persoon Syn. 537.

On oak-trees.

12. Boletus ungulatus. Hooflike bolete.
Thallus nearly cylindrical, tall, greyish-brown, banded ;
bands prominent; pores flattened, whitish or rust-red.

Boletus Hippocrepis, Schrank Bav. 1731 & 34.
Boletus fomentarius 3, Persoon Syn. 537.

On old willow-trees.

13. Boletus oblusus. Blunt bolete.

Thallus thick, blunt, irregular; cap globular growing
nearly horizontal, smooth, grey, edge and under surface
cinnamon-colour; pores convex, scarcely visible.

Boletus igniarius, Bull. Herb. 361.
Boletus fomentarius ¢, Persoon Syn. 538.

On old willow-trees.

14. Boletus pomaceus. Apple bolete.

Thallus halved, small, grey; cap perpendicular, edge
sharp, bands brownish-grey pores manifest, flat, rust-
colour.

Boletus fomentarius ¢, Persoon Syn. 538.

In orchards, at the foot of the trees.

8. prunastri.. Cap nearly attached by its back, thick,
smooth, truncated.

Boletus prunastri, Persoon Syn. 538.

15. Boletus versicolor. Changeable bolete.
Thalti in tufts, leatherlike; cap thin, blue, zoned of many
colours; pores white.

Boletus versicolor, Lin. 8. P. 1645; Sowerby Fungi, 135; Persoon Syn.
540,

On trees and timber-work; autumn.

Pi.cell.aph. 11. AYMENOTHECE, 268. Boletus. 643

16. Boletus abietinus. Fir bolete.

Thalli crowded, tiledlike; cap spr oe at bottom, thin,
woolly, greyish-white; pores acute, purple-brown.

Boletus abietinus, Dickson Crypt. 3,9; Persoon Syn. 541.

On decaying larch-trees.

17. Boletus citrinus. Lemon bolete.
Thallus halved, tiledlike, een bald, lemon-yellow.

Boletus citriaus, Plan. Erfurt. 26; Persoon Syn. 524,

Boletus caudicinus, Schaff. Fung. 131 & 132.

Boletus sulphureus, Sowerby Fungi, 135.

On willow, old oak, plum and other trees; summer.

When young soft like a custard; on drying exudes
crystals of pure oxalic acid.

XXVIH. 269. GRIFOLA. Micheli. Grifole.
Stem lateral; cap semicircular.
1. Grifolia frondosa. Frondose grifole.
Thallus much branched; caps numerous, halved, smoke
grey:

Boietus entybaceus, Baumgart, Lips. 631.
Boletus frondosus, Dickson Crypt. 1, 18; Sowerby Fungi, 81; Persoon
Syn. 520.

At the foot of oak-trees; autumn.
Eatable, but requires thorough dressing; about a foot
wide.

2. Grifola platy pora. Wide-pored grifole.

Thallus large; stem thick; cap fleshy, corklike, ochre
yellow ; centre scaly, scales umber-brown or blackish;
pores large, bent.

Boletus juglandis,-Scheff. Fung. 101, 102.
Boletus squamosus, Bolton Fung. 17.
Boletus cellulosus, Lightf. Scot. 1052.

On willows and other trees.

3. Grifola cristata. Crested grifole.

Thalli in tufts; stem white; cap fleshy, irregular, rather
turned inwards, greenish ; pores white, growing light ochry.

Boletus cristatus, Schaff. Fung. 316,317; Persoon Syn. 522.

Boletus floriformis, Scheff. Fung. (13.

In shady beech woods.
27 2

644 269. Grifola. 11. HYMENOTHECEAE. Pl. cell. aph.
4. Grifola lucida. Shining grifole.

Stem variously coloured; cap leatherlike, chestnut,
shining, furrowed concentrically; pores small, white.

Boletus lucidus, Sowerby Fungi, 134; Persoon Syn, 522.
Boletus vernicosus, Berg. Phyt. 99.

Boletus laccatus, Timm. I'l. Megap.

Boletus nitens, Batsch. Fung.

On the trunks of oak and other trees.

5. Grifola badia. Bay grifole.
Thalli in tufts; stem short, thick, blackish-grey; cap
bald, tough, bay or chestnut; pores minute, pale.

Boletus durus, Zimm. Fl, Megap. 271.
Boletus badius, Persoon Syn. 523.
Boletus perennis, Batsch Fung. 131.

On rotten willows; autumn.

B. calceoliformis. Cap hollowed in the middle; edge
thin, wavy; tubes short; pores small.
Boletus Calceolus, Bull. Champ. 338.

6. Grifola varia. Changing grifole.
Thallt nearly solitary; stem long, the lower half black;
cap tough, ochry, sometimes circular.

Boletus lateralis, Bolt. Fung. 83.
Boletus varius, Persoon Syn. 524.

On beech and fir trees.

XXVIII. 270. COLTRICIA, Micheli. Coltricione.

Siem central; cap orbicular, umbilicated, membra-
naceous.

1. Coltricta connata. - United coltricione.
Thatlus leatherlike, tough, cinnamon; caps thin, zoned,
velvetty, mostly growing into another.

Boletus perennis, Lin. 8S. P. 16463; Sowerby Fungi, 193; Persoon Syn.
518.

Boletus fimbriatus, Bull. Champ. 332.

Boletus subtomentosus, Bolt. Fung. 37.

In woods on sandy soils, at the foot of trees; autumn.

2. Coltricia nummularia. Moneylike coltricione.

Thallus small, entirely bald; stem slightly eccentric,
black at bottom; cap hard, convex, thin, flat, pale whitish-
brown.

Boletus nummularius, Dickson Crypt. 1, 18 3 Sowerby Fungi, 89; Persoon
Syn. 519.

On sticks in beech woods and fir plantations.

_ Pi. cell. aph. 11. HY MENOTHECEE. 270. Coltric. 645

3. Coltricia leptocephala. Smooth-head coltrictone.

Stem rather eccentric, short, pale; cap flat, thin, above
fawn-colour; beneath white.

Boletus leptocephalus, Persoon Syn. 519; Withering Arr. 4, 346.

On rotten sticks.

XXIX. 271. STRILIA. Micheli. Striglia.

Stem central; cap orbicular, umbilicated, fleshy.

Strilia cinnamomea. Cinnamon striglia.

Thallus cinnamon, brittle; cap concave, villous, centre
funnelshape, reddish-brown; ores ringed.

Boletus cinnamomeus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 14333; Persoon Syn, 515.

Boletus perennis, var. 2, Withering Arr. 4, 349.

In pastures.

XXX. ¢72. ALBATRELLUS. Micheli. Albatrello.

Stem central; cap orbicular, convex.

1. Allatrellus albidus. Whitish albatrello.
Thalli gregarious, whitish; stem rather short, unequal ;
cap bald, fleshy, brittle; pores minute, at last lemon-yellow.

Boletus albidus, Persoon Syn. 516.
Beletus ovinus, Scheff. Fung. 121?
Boletus constrictus, Bolé. Fung.

In fir plantations, on buried sticks; Aug. and Sept.

2. Albatrellus fuligineus. Smoke-grey albatrello.
Thallus nearly leatherlike, soft; cap nearly smoke-grey,
flapping down all round; flesh white, very thin.

Boletus fuligineus, Persoon Syn, 516.
Boletus polyporus, Bull. Champ. 331; Withering Arr. 4, 345.

On the ground, at the foot of palings.

XXXII. 273. POLYPORUS. Persoon. Sponge-stool.

Thallus branched, lobed, every where porous.

Polyporous ramosus. Branched sponge-stool.

Thallus leatherlike, brittle, reddish-yellow, branched,
everywhere tubular; JOranches nearly cylindrical; flesh
whitish; tubes short.

Polyporus ramosus, Bull, Champ. 349; Persoon Syn. 549,

Boletus sulphureus, Sowerby Fungi, 135, lower fig.

In quarries and cellars, on rotten beams.

When dry very friable.

646 274. Suillus. 11. HYMENOTHECEA. Pl.cell.aph.

H. Suriyipex. Volva 0; stem central, fleshy, nearly
lateral; cap fleshy, convex; hymeniuwm tubular; tubes long,
not shorter than the thickness of the cap, united or dis-
tinct from one another, separable from the cap.

XXXII. 274. SUILLUS. Micheli. Porcino.

Stem central; collar distinct; cap circular; tubes ad-
hering together.

Suillus luteus. Yellow porcino.
Cap cushionlike, bellshape, glutinous, livid-yellow, va-
riegated with brick-red spots; pores yellow.

Boletus luteus, Scheff. Fung. 114; Sowerby Fungi, 265? not of Linnaeus.
Boletus annularius, Bull. Champ. 316.
Boletus annulatus, Persoon Syn, 503.

In plantations; autumn.

XXXIII. 275. PINUZZA. Micheli. Pinuzzo.

Stem central; collar fibrous; cap circular; dwhes adhering
together.

Pinuzza flava. ' Yellow pinuzzo.
Cap yellow, centre orange ; flesh white, crisp, firm; tubes
yellow; collar white.

Boletus flavus, Bolt. Fung. 169.
Boletus annularius? Bull. Champ. 332.
Boletus cortinatus, Perscon Syn. 503,

In fir plantations.

XXXIV. 276. LECCINUM. Micheli. Leccino.

Stem central; collar 0; cap circular; tubes adhering
together.

1. Leccinum aurantiacum. Orange leccino.

Stem long, white, with orange-yellow wartlike scales;
cap fleshy, shining, orange-colour; pores minute, white.

Boletus aurantiacus, Bull. Champ. 300; Persoon Syn, 504.

In beech woods; autumn.

Esculent.

@. leucopodium. Stem-scales white; cap flattish, orange
inclining to cinnamon, shining; pores white.

y. rufum. Stem long, wrinkly torn; scales blackish;
cap swollen, plano-convex, reddish-streaked ; pores whitish.
Boletus aurantiacus, Bull, Champ, 489,2; Sowerby Fungi, 110.

Pi. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE. 276. Leccin. 64:7

2. Leccinum scabrum. Rough leccino.

Stem slender, scales blackish ; cap rather wrinkled,
opake, smoke-grey ; pores pale white, depressed round
the stem.

Boletus scaber, Sowerby, 175; Persoon Syn. 505,

In beech woods; autumn.

Esculent; pickled by the Russians and Poles.

3. Leccinum lactifluum. Milk-yielding leccino.

Stem pale-yellow; cap reddish-buff, thick, convex, glu-
tinous, flesh-white ; éubes yellow, filled with a milklike
juice.

Boletus lactifluus, Withering Arr. 4,355; Persoon Syn, 506.

In parks.

4. Leccinum subtomentosum. Rather-woolly leccino.

Thallus middle-size; stem rather slender, reddish in the
middle, or uniformly yellowish; cup cushionlike, plano-
convex, rather woolly, reddish or greyish-yellow; flesh
scarcely altering; pores large.

Boletus subtomentosus, Lin. 8S. P.. 1647; Persoon Syn. 507.

In woods; autumn.

5. Leccinum piperatum. Pepper leccino

Stem yellow at bottom and in the inside; cap rather
thick, cushionlike, bent, cinnamon; pores large, convex,
rust-red.

Boletus piperatus, Sowerby Fungi, 34; Persoon Syn, 507.

In woods.

Taste acrid and burning, like capsicum.

6. Leccinum constrictum. Bound leccino.

Stem smooth, bellied, greyish-white at top; cap broad,
greyish; flesh bluish; pores white.

Boletus cyanescens, Bull. Champ. 319; Withering Arr. 4, 345.

Boletus constrictus, Persoon Syn. 508.

In gardens.

7. Leccinum edule. Eatable leccino.

Stem tuberous, rather bellied, greyish-red, with net-
work; cap cushionlike, very wide, brownish-red; flesh not
changing colour; pores at first stuffed, whitish, grow yellow.

Boletus edulis, Bull. Herb. 494; Persoon Syn. 510.

In woods and heaths; autumn.

Taste grateful, like that of the cocoa-nut,

648 276. Leccin. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. Pl.ceil.aph.

8. Leccinum elephantinum. Elephant leccino.
Stem yellow, short, thick; cap white, convex, very irre-
gular; tubes yellow, short.

Boletus elephantinus, Withering drr. 4, 351.
Boletus edulis elephantinus, Persoon Syn. 510.

In fir plantations.

9. Leccinum luridum. Lurid leccino.

Thallus large; stem long, reddish, networked, rather
bulbous; cap cushionlike, brownish-olive; éwbes equal, red,
afterwards orange. .

Boletus Juridus, Sowerdy Fungi, 250 ; Persoon Syn. 512,

In grassy woods.

10. Leccinum rubeolarium. Measle leccino.

Stem short, bulbous, thick, smoothish, olive; cap cu-
shionlike, nearly hemispherical, olive, slightly woolly ; tubes
plano-convex, dark-red.

Boletus rubeolarius, Sowerby Fungi, 250; Persoon Syn. 512.

In oak woods; autumn. °

XXXV. 277. FISTULINA. Persoon. Pipe-stool.

Stem lateral, naked; cap semicircular; tubes separate
from one another.

Fistulina hepatica. ' Liver pipe-stool.
Thallus fleshy, blood-red; tubes free, growing yellow.

Agaricus porosus rubens, carnosus, hepatis facie, Raii Syn, 23, 12.
Boletus hepaticus, Sowerby Fungi, 58; Persoon Syn. 549.

Boletus buglossum, Fl. Dan. 1039.

Fistulina buglossoides, Bull. Champ. 314.

On oak-trees ; autumn.
Resembles bullock’s liver; esculent and thought to be
equal in flavour to the mushroom.

I. SisrorrEMIDER. Volva 0; thallus leatherlike; hyme-
nium at first meandering, porous, becoming toothed ; teeth
lamellar, torn.

XXXVI. 278. SISTOTREMA. Persoon. Sistotreme.
Stem distinct; cap round.
1. Sistotrema bienne. Two-year sistotreme.

Stem contracted, woolly; cap cuplike, thick, rather rust-
colour; dubes grey, labyrinthlike.

Pl. cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE. 278. Sistot. 649

Boletus biennis, Bull. Champ. 333; Sowerby Fungi, 191?
Sistotrema bienne, Persoon Syn. 550.

On rotten wood and the ground.

2. Sistotrema confluens. Confluent sistotreme.
Thallt gregarious, usually in pairs, white, pale; cap
fleshy, bent, running together; teeth decurrent, whitish.

Hydnoum sublamellosum, Sowerby Fungi, 112.
Sistotrema confluens, Persoon Syn. 551.

In beech woods and fir plantations, on the ground.

XXXVII. 279. CERRENA. Micheli. ) Cerrena.

Stem distinct ; cap semicircular.

Cerrena cinerea. Grey cerrena.
Thallus tiledlike, corklike; cap semicircular, rough, un-
derneath grey. 2

Boletus unicolor, Sowerby Fungi, 325.
Sistotrema cinereum, Persoon Syn. 551.

On trunks of trees.

XXXVIIIL 280. XYLODON. Persoon. Wood-tooth.
Thallus attached by its back; éeeth irregular, cut.

ge’ Xylodon quercinum. Oak wood-tooth.
Thallus bald, pale reddish-grey; teeth thick, irregular,
cut, slightly tiledlike.
Hydnovum candidum, Bull. Herb. 481.

Odontia quercina, Persoon Obs. Myc. 2, 17.
Sistotrema quercinum, Persoon Syn, 552.

On dry oak-sticks.

2. Xylodon digitatum. Fingered wood-tooth.
Thallus white, diverging; teeth fingerlike, crowded.

Hydnum paradoxum, Schrad. Germ. 179,
Sistotrema digitatum, Persoon Syn. 553.

On trees.

650 281. Hydnum. 11. HYMENOTHECES. Pl. cell.aph.

K. Hypyivem. Volva 0; collar 0: cap leatherlike or
fleshy; hymenium prickly; prickles awlshape, not divided.
—None are known to be poisonous.

XXXIX. 281. H¥DNUM. Dillenius. Prickle-stool.

Stem central; cap regular, round, fleshy, convex.

Hydnum imbricatum. Tiled prickle-stool.

Cap umbilicated, umber-brown, scaly; scales thick,
nearly upright, darker.

Hydnum imbricatum, Lin, 8. P. 16475; Sowerby Fungi, 13; Persoon
Syn. 534,

In fir plantations.

Esculent.

XL. 282. DENTINUM. Micheli. Dentino.
; Stem nearly central; cap regular, round, fleshy, umbi-
licated.

1. Dentinum repandum. Spread dentino.

Thallus pale flesh-colour; stem tuberous, rather eccen-
tric; cap wrinkled, bent, slightly lobed, bald; prickles ra-
ther thick, many, compressed.

San repandum, Lin. S, P. 1647 ; Sowerby Fungi, 176; Persoon Syn.
555.
In woods.

2. Dentinum rufescens. Reddish dentino.

Stem rather slender, nearly cylindrical; cap rather thin,
fleshy, slightly woolly, flesh-red; prickles pointed, slightly
compressed, yellowish.

Hydnum rufescens, Bolton Fung, 88; Persoon Syn, 555.

Jn woods. *

XLI. 283. AURISCALPIUM. Earpick-stool.

Stem ‘lateral, naked; cap leatherlike, membranaccous,
nearly round.

Auriscalpium vulgare. Common earpick-stool.
Thallus bay-colour; cap-halved, leatherlike.

Hydnum Auriscalpium, Lin. 8. P. 1648; Persoon Syn. 557.

On the cones of fir; all the year.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEE. 284.Steccher. 651
XLII. 284. STECCHERINUM. Mich. Hedgehog-stool.

Stem 0; cap semicircular, horizontal.

1. Steccherinum ochraceum. Ochry hedgehog-stool.

Thallus spreading, turned back, .rather tiledlike; cap
leatherlike, thin, zoned, ochraceous; prickles minute, yel-
low flesh-colour.

Hydnum Daviesii, Sowerby Fungi, 15.
Hydnum ochraceum, Persoon Syn. 559.

On fir-trees.

2. Steccherinum gelatinosum. Gelatinous hedgehog-stool.

Thallus gelatinous, glaucous white; stem lateral; cap flat
on both faces.

Hydnum gelatinosum, Persoon Syn. 560.

On the branches of firs.

e

3. Steccherinum quercinum. Oak hedgehog-stool.

Thallus large, convex, yellowish-white, leatherlike ;
prickles very long, hanging down in stages.

Hydnum Hrinaceus, Bull. Champ. 34; Perscon Syn, 560.

On old oak-trees.

Esculent.

XLII. 285. ODONTIA. Persoon. Toothless-stool.

Thallus spreading, attached by its back; prickles round.
— Wholesome. n

1. Odontia obtusa. Blunt tosthless-stool.
Thallus white; prickles cylindrical, blunt, villous at the
tip. ‘

Fungoides hamile ex albido livescens, apicibus tenuissime crenatis,
Dilien in Raii Syn. 14,7.
Hydnum obtusum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 562.

On felled trees.

2. Odontia diaphana. Transparent toothless-stool.
Thallus paperlike, transparent; prickles awlshape, scat-
tered.

Aydnum diaphanum, Schrader Germ. 178; Persoon Syn. 563.
On beech-trees.

652 286. Heric. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl. cell. aph.

XLIV. 286. HERICIUM. Persoon. Spine-stool.
Thallus clublike, simple or branched ; ail Comers
every part.— Wholesome.

Hericium coralloides. Coral-like spine-stool.
Thallus large, much branched; branches crowded, bent
in; prickles terminal, rather bundled.

Hydnum coralloides, Sowerby Fungi, 252; Persoon Syn. 252.

In woods, upon oak and other trees.

Esculent.

L. Tuetepnoripem. Thailus leathery, rarely with a
cap; hymenium smooth, hairy or warty, expanded.

XLV. 287. CRATERELLA. Persoon. Crater-stool.
Stem central; cap round, umbilicated or funnelshape ;
centre shaggy.

Cratella caryophyllea. Pink crater-stool.
Thallus varying; cap funnelshape, thin, brown then
purple; edge generally cut, rather crisp.

Craterella ambinda Persoon Comment. 128,
Helvella caryophyllea, Dickson Crypt. 1, 20.
Thelephora caryophyllea, Persoon Syn, 565.

In fir plantations, on the ground.

XLVI. 288. STEREUM. Persoon. Stereum.

Cap semicircular, at length horizontal.

1, Stereum laciniatum. Jagged slereum.
Thallus tiledlike, dark brown; cap thin, jagged, crisp,
beneath rough with nipples crowded together.

Stereum laciniatum, Persoon Obs. Myc. 1, 36.
Auricularia caryophyllea, Sowerby Fungi, 213?
Thelephora laciniata, Persoon Syn. 567.

On trees, near their roots.

2. Stereum rubiginosum. Rusty stereum.
Thallus tiledlike, stiff, rusty chestnut, smooth on both
faces; nipples scattered, ar ee.

Helvella rubiginosa, Dickson Grint 1, 20.
Auricularia rubiginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 26.
Thelephora rubiginosa, Persoon Syn. 567.

On the mossy trunks of oak and other trees.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HY MENOTHECE. 288. Stereum. 653.

3. Stereum ferrugineum. Ferruginous stereum.
Thallus spreading, turned back, rust-colour ; cap thin,
slightly woolly, smoothish; beneath hairy.

Thelephora variegata, Schrad. Germ. 185,
Auricularia tabacina, Sowerby Fungi, 25.
Thelephora ferruginea, Persoon Syn. 569.

On fallen sticks, in woods.

4, Stereum hirsutum. Shagey sterewm.
Thali in tufts, leatherlike, yellowish, shaggy; under-
neath bald.

Auricularia reflexa, Sowerby Fungi, 27.
Thelephora hirsuta, Persoon Syn. 570.

On trees and palings.

5. Stereum mesentericum. Cawl stereum.

Thallus large, leathery, gelatinous; cap horizontal, rather
thin, with impressed zones, woolly, greyish-brown; beneath
turning purple, with scattered, longitudinal folds.

Helvella mesenterica, Dickson Crypt. 1, 20.
Thelephora mesenterica, Persoon Syn. 571.

On trees.

XLVII. 289. CORTICIUM. Persoon. Bark-ear.
Thallus spread, attached by its back, nipply. j

Corticitum quercinum. _ Oak bark-ear.
Thallus attached lengthways, leatherlike, wrinkly, rather
fleshy; edge somewhat turned in; beneath brown.

Auricularia corticalis, Withering Arr. 4,377.
Thelephora quercina, Persoon Syn. 573.

On the branches of oak-trees.

XLVIIL 290. MERISMA. Persoon. Branch-ear.

Thallus branched, leatherlike, compressed, smooth; tip
mostly hairy.

1. Merisma cristatum. Crested branch-ear.

Thallus rather lying down, encrusting, pale; branches
jagged, thickened, wrinkly.

Clavaria laciniata, Sowerby Fungi, 158.

Merisma cristatum, Persoon Syn, 583.

In woods, on the ground.

654 290. Merism. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. Pi.cell. aph.

2. Merisma foetidum. Stinking branch-ear.
Thallus brown-purplish; branches palmate, close; tips
whitish, shining.

* Clavaria palmata, Scopoli Carn. 2, 485.
Clavaria anthocephala, Sowerby Fungi, 156.
Merisma feetiduin, Persoon Syn. 584,

In fir plantations, on the ground.
Odour very disagreeable.

M. Cravaripem. Thallus fleshy, long, uniform, simple
or branched; Aymentum smooth, expanded.

XLIX. 291. CORYNOIDES. Corynoide.
Thallus cartilaginous or gelatinous, compressed ; sporidia
scattered over the whole surface of the thallus.

1. Corynowdes cornea. Horny corynoide.
Thallt_ gregarious, small, glutinous, yellowish; simple or
branched, connate at bottom.

Clavaria cornea, Sowerby Fungi, 40; Persoon Syn. 596.

On trees after rain in autumn, and on timber.

2. Corynoides fubarum. Bean corynoide.
Thallus brownish olive, scaly, divided above; branches
blunt or nicked; scales brown.

Clavaria faba, Sowerby Fungi, 404.

On bean-stalks; autumn.

3. Corynoides farinosa. Metly corynoide.

Thall: pale-yellow, mealy, scattered, branched ; branches
short, scalloped; meal white.

Clavaria farinosa, Dickson Crypt. 2,25; Sowerby Fungi, 308.

On decayed pupz, at the bottom of walls or trees.

4. Corynoides byssoides. ' Byssuslike corynoide.

Thalli snow-white, in tufts, entangled, much and irre-
gularly branched.

Clavaria byssoides, Sowerby Fungi, 335.

On the stumps of old trees.

Pl.cell.aph. 18. HY MENOTHECE:. 292. Ramar. 655

L. 292. RAMARIA. Holmskiold. Ramaria.

Thallus fleshy, cylindrical, branched, generally pipey,
below slender; sportdia scattered on the upper part of the
thallus.—None are poisonous. ,

1. Ramavia ceranoides. Horntlike ramaria.

Thalli in tufts; clubs toothed, or slightly branched, yel-
lowish; branches irregular, brown at the tip.

Clavaria rugosa, Sowerby Fungi, 235.

Clavaria ceranoides, Persoon Syn. 594.

On the ground.

2. Ramaria rugosa. Wrinkled ramaria.

Thallus rather large, whitish, thick, wrinkled, simple or
branched ; branches few, irregular.

Clavaria sugosa, Bull. Herb. 448; Persoon Syn. 595.

Clavaria elegans, Bolton Fung. 115.
Clavaria coralloides, Sowerby Fungi, 278, centre fig. below.

On the ground under trees; September.

3. Ramaria tuberosa. Tuberous ramaria.
Thallus yellowish, scarcely branched, tuberous at bottom.
Clavaria tuberosa, Sowerby Fungi, 199; Persoon Syn. 593.

On the bark of trees.

Tuber inserted into the bark.

4. Ramaria corniculata. Horned ramaria.
Thallus slightly branched, yellow; stem slender, long,
twice or thrice forked; branches acute.

Fungus parvus luteus ramosus, Rati Syn. 16, 15.
Clavaria muscoides, Lin. S. P. 1652; Sowerby Fungi, 157,
Clavaria cornieulata, Persvon Syn. 589,

In wocds, on dry soils.
B. alla. Thallus white.

Clavaria coralloides, Sowerby Fungi, 278, upper figure.

5. Ramaria pratensis. Meadow ramaria.

Thalli in tufts, yellowish; stem short; branches kneed,
spreading; twigs rather even-topped, blunt.

Fungoides coralliforme luteum foetidum et minus ramosum, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 479.

Clavaria fastigiata, Lin. S. P. 1652.

Clavaria muscoides, Fl. Dan. 836.

Clavaria pratensis, Persoon Syn. £90.

Among grass; autumn.

5

656 292.Ramar. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. PJ. cell. aph.

6. Ramalaria coriacea. Leatherlike ramaria.

Thallus soft, leatherlike, flat; grooved, ends fringed, grey
turning dark- he own.

Glavsiie coriacea, Bull. Herb. 452; Withering Arr. 4, 403.

On the ground, in plantations.

7. Ramaria amethystea. Amethyst ramaria.
Thallus brittle, tender, very much branched, smooth,
violet-colour.

Clavaria coralloides, var. b. Bolt. Fung. 113.
Clavaria amethystea, Persoon Syn. 590.

On heaths and woods among fallen leaves; autumn.

8. Ramaria cinerea. Grey ramaria.
Thallus brittle, tender, solid, greyish-brown, branched ;
twigs dilated.

Clavaria coralloides, a, Bolt. Fung. 113.
Clavaria cinerea, Persoon Syn. 186.
Menottes grises. Gantelines.

In woods.
Esculent.

LI. 293. CLAVARIA. Micheli. Club-stool.

Thallus long, cylindrical, clublike, mostly simple; stem
scarcely distinct; sporidia scattered on the tip.

1. Clavaria gracilis, Slender club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white ; club pipey, slightly
thicker at the tip.

Clavaria gracilis, Bolton Fung. 3,13 Sowerby Fungi, 232.
Clavaria eburnea «, Persoon Syn. 603.

On decayed sticks.

2. Clavaria cylindrica. Cylinder club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white; stem long, slen-
der; club rather thick, cylindrical, blunt, pipey.

Clavaria cylindrica, Sowerby Fungi, 90, part only.
Clavaria fragilis, Holmskiold, a—e.
Clavaria eburnea 8, Persoon Syn. 603.

In damp woods.

3. Clavaria solida. . Solid club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white, nearly cylindrical
tapering to a point, solid.

Pl. ceil.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE®. 293. Clavar. 657

Fungoides clavatum incurvum in acutum mucronem productum, Ditllen
in Raii Syn. 14, 3. ~

Clavaria pistillaris, Lin. S. P. 1651.

Clavaria vermiculata, Lightf. Scot. in part.

Clavaria eburnea y, Persoon Syn. 603.

On heaths, and in woods on a dry soil.

4. Clavaria acuta, Pointed club-stool.

Thallus solitary, snow-white; stem cylindrical, long, ra-
ther transparent; club rather conical, pointed, opake,
mealy. .

Clavaria acuta, Sowerby Fungi, 333.

In damp places, on the ground.

5. Clavaria vermiculata. Worm club-stool.

Thalli in clusters, brittle, snow-white, nearly cylindri-
cal, pipey, bent, tapering to a point.

Clavaria vermiculata, Eightf. Scot. in part.

In woods and pastures; autumn.

6. Clavaria fusiformis. Spindlelike club-stool.
Thalli in clusters, crowded, gold-yellow, rather tough,
pointed at each end, cohering at the bottom.

Clavaria fusiformis, Sowerby Fungi, 234; Persoon Syn. 601,
Clavaria fasciculata, Persoon Comm, 73.

On heathy, mossy woods.

7. Clavaria bifurca. Two-forked club-stool.
Thallt_in clusters, yellowish, brittle, solid, bald, simple
afterwards becoming forked; tips pointed.

Clavaria bifurca, Bull. Champ. 207.
Clavaria vermicularis, Lightf. Scot.
Clavaria inequalis ;, Persoon Syn. 601.

In grassy woods, on the ground.

8. Clavaria Ardenie. Lady-Arden’s club-stool.

Thalli scattered, very long, chestnut-brown, hollow ;
base woolly; tip becomes truncated.

Clavaria Ardenia, Sowerby Fungi, 215; Persoon Syn. 599,

On decaying hazel-sticks.

Thallus above a span long.

9. Clavaria Herculeana. Herculean club-stool.

Thallus solitary, large, light chestnut-brown, wrinkled,
solid; tip cut off, depressed.

Clavaria Herculeana, Lightf. Scot. 2, 1056,

Clavaria pistillaris 8, Persoon Syn. 597,

In fir plantations, on the ground.
VOL. I. ZU

658 293. Clavar. 11. HYMENOTHECE/. P1, cell. aph.

10. Clavaria pistillaris. Pistil-like club-stool.
Thallus solitary, large, yellowish-red, thicker at top,
wrinkled, solid; top rounded off.

Clavaria Herculanea, Bull. Herb. 244; Sowerby Fungi, 277.
Clavaria pistillaris, Persoon Syn. 597.

In woods, on the ground.
Taste very bitter.

11. Clavaria erythropus. Red-footed club-stool.
Stem stiff, long, dark-red ; clul cylindrical, short, white.

Clavaria gyrans, Bolton Fung. 112,
Clavaria erythropus, Persoon Syn. 606.

On sticks. Sal

12. Clavaria phacorhiza. Lentil-rooted club-stool.

Thallus threadlike, bent, brown; club pipey; roo¢ lentil-
shape, black.

Clavaria phacorhiza, Sowerby Fungi, 233; Persoon Syn. 607.

On the ground in gardens.

N. GrocuiossipEx. Thallus fleshy, long, expanded at
the top, either clubshaped or capped; cap smooth; hyme-
nium smooth, expanded.

LII. 294. GEOGLOSSUM. Persoon. Ground-tongue.

Thallus clubshape; club fleshy, mostly compressed, short,
edged; edges prominent; sporidia scattered over the whole
surface of the club.

1. Geoglossum hirsutum. Shaggy ground-tongue.
Thalli in clusters, large, black, woolly.
Clavaria ophioglossoides, Sowerby Fungi, 83.

Geoglossum hirsutum 8, Persoon Syn. 608.

In woods and pastures.

2. Geoglossum glabrum. Bald ground-tongue.
Thallus greyish-black, bald; stem rather scaly; club li-
gulate, not glutinous.

Clavaria ophioglossoides, Ehrh. Crypt. 140.
Geoglossum glabrum, Persoon Syn. 608.

On grassy hills; beginning of autumn.

3. Geogl. atropurpureum. Dark-purple ground-tongue.
Thallus bald, dark-purple.

Geoglossum purpurascens, Persoon Comm. 39.
Clavaria atropurpurea, Baisch. Fung. 2, 48.
Geogiossum atropurpureum, Persoon Syn. 609.

Tn grassy places.

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. 294. Geog]. 659

4. Geoglossum viride. Green ground-tongue.
Thaili in clusters, green; stem rather scaly; club blunt.

Clavaria viridis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 2, 1443.
Clavaria serpentina, Schrank Bavar. 2,571.
Geoglossum viride, Persoon Syn. 610,

In woods; autumn.

5. Geoglossum ? herbarum. Herb ground-tongue.
Thalli in clusters, minute, lanceolate, rather tough,
dark-olive.

Acrospermum compressum, Tode Mecklenb. 1, 3.
Clavaria herbarum, Sowerby Fungi, 353; Persoon Syn. 605.
Sclerotium ...... Esenbeck Syst. 1,171.

On dry sticks, covered with leaves.

6. Geoglossum obtusum. Blunt ground-tongue.
Thallt scattered, small, solid, snow-white, bald; club
ovate.

Clavaria obtusa, Sowerby Fungi, 334, 1.

On dead fern-stalks.

7. Geoglossum oblongum. Oblong ground-tongue.

Thalli scattered, small, solid, snow-white, rather woolly ;
club oblong.

Clavaria obtusa, Scwerby Fungi, 334, 2.

On dead fern-stalks.

8. Geoglossum minutum. Small ground-tongue.
Thalli scattered, small; stem pale; club oblong, reddish-
yellow.

Clavaria minuta, Sowerby Fungi, 391.

On the bractez of galedragon pilosus.

9. Geogl. polymorphum. Many-formed ground-tongue.

Thalli scattered, small; stem threadlike, brown; club va-
riously formed, compressed, hollow, blunt.

-Clavaria polymorpha, Sowerby Fungi, 276.

On fallen elm-leaves.

LIII. 295. MITRULA. Persoon. Mitre-stool.

Thallus with a club-head; club conical or ovate, smooth,

edge turned in; sporidia on the whole surface of the club.
2uU 2

660 295. Mitrul. 11, HYMENOTHECEZ. PI. cell. aph.

1. Mitrula Dicksont. Dickson’s mitre-stool.

Stem pale yellow; cap father clubshape, blunt, hollow,
red.

Clavaria epiphylla, Dickson Crypt. 3,22; Persoon Syn. 612.

In turf-bogs, upon half-rotten-leaves.

2. Mitrula Heyderi. Heyder’s mitre-stool.
Thalli scattered, small; club ovate, light chestnut-brown.
Elvella cucullata, Batsch Fung. 189.

Clavaria ferruginea, Sowerby Fungi, 84.

Leotia Mitrula, Persoon Syn. 611.

On fir-leaves; end of autumn.

LIV. 296. LEOTIA. Persoon. | Tein.

Thallus capped, rather gelatinous; cap orbicular, smooth,
edge turned in; sporidia scattered on the gelatinous upper
surface of the cap.

1. Leotia marcida. ; Withered leotia.
Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous; stem very
Jong, narrowed at bottom; cap flattish, turned up.

Phallus marcidus, Fl. Dan, 654, 1,
Leotia marcida, Persoon Syn. 613.

In woods.

2. Leotia tubrica. + Slippery leotia.
Thallus yellowish-green, rather gelatinous; stem cylin-
drical; cap convex.

Helvella gelatinosa, Bull. Herb. 296; Sowerby Fungi, 70.
Leotia lubrica, Persoon Syn, 613.

In woods, after heavy rains.

LV. 297. HELOTIUM. Persoon. _ Head-stool.

Thallus with a cap; cap fleshy, hemispherical, smooth,
edge turned in; sporidia on the upper surface.

1. Helotium aciculare. Needlelike head-stool.

Thalli in clusters, small, white, lasting; cap at first
slightly hollowed.

Leotia acicularis, Persoon Observ. ‘2, 20.

Helvella agariciformis, Sowerby Fungi, 57.

Helotium aciculare, Persoon Syn. 677.

On decayed oak-leaves.

Siem often branched; cap consists of thee each filled
with 3 sporidia.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE. 297. Helot. 661

2. Helotium eruginosum. Brassy head-stoob.

Thalli in clusters, bright green; cap concave, variously
shaped, edge irregular.

Helvella zruginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 347; Persoon Syn. 617,

On decayed wood, which it turns of a light green.

3. Helotium infundibuliformis. Funnelshape head-stool.
Thallus large; stem thick, pale-brown; cap hemispheri-

cal; above blackish, becoming concave; beneath pale.
Helvella infundibuliformis, Scheff. Fung. 217 ; Sowerby Fungi, 153.
In damp shady places.

LVI. 298. RELHANUM. Relhan.

Thallus stipitate; cap conical, belishape, edge curtain-
like, beneath smooth; sporidia on the silky upper surface
of the cap.

Relhanum conicum. Conical Relhan.
Stem cylindrical, pipey, yellowish; cap above brown,
beneath yellow.

Phallus conicus, Fl. Dan. 634.
Helvella Relhani, Sowerby Fungi, 11.
Leotia? conica, Persoon Syn. 613.

On chalk-hills.

O. Hevvenmpes. Thallus fleshy, long; cap mitrehike,
plaited or cellular, like network ; hymenium smooth, ex-

panded.

LVII. 299. MORCHELLA. Dillenius. Morell.

Stem hollow; cap conical, above celluiar in network ;
sporidia over the whole surface.—Wholesome, and fine
flavoured.

1. Morchella esculenta. Eatable morell.
Thallus yellowish; stem filled up; cap contracted at the
bottom.

Fungus favaginosus, Park. 1317; Raii Syn. 11,17.
Phallus esculentus, Lin. S. P. 1648,

Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, left-hand fig.
Morchella esculenta, Persoon Syn. 618.

White morells.

In woods, especially where fires have been made; spring-
When dry, used to flavour soups, as also the following.

662 299. Morchel. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. Pl.cell.aph.

2. Morcheila vulgaris. Common moreil.
Thallus blackish; stem filled up; cap contracted at bot-
tom; cells nearly 4-sided.

Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, right-hand fig.
Morchella esculenta 8, Persoon Syn. 619.

In woods; spring.

3. Morchella patula. Open morell.

Thallus yellowish; stem hollow; cap short, spreading at
bottom; cells rhomboidal.

Phallus patulus, Gmelin Syst, Nat. 2, 1449.

Helvella esculenta, Sowerby Fungi, 51, centre fig.
Morchella patula, Persoon Syn. 619.

In woods; spring.

4. Morchella hybrida. Bastard morell.

Stem very long, cylindrical; cap short, conical; cells
oblong, ribbed with anastomosing veins.

Helvella hybrida, Sowerby Fungi, 238.

In woods; May.

LVIII. 300. HELVELLA. Linnezus. Helvelle.

Thallus plaited; stem hollow ; cap membranaceous,
plaited, sinuated mostly irregular, turned down on all sides;
sporidia scattered on the whole surface.

1. Helvella sulcata. Furrowed helvelle.
Thallus large ; stem ribbed, grooved, whitish ; cap swollen,
free, livid-black.

Fungus terrestris pediculo striato et cayernoso, capitulo plicatili subtus
plano, Raii Syn. 8, 39.

Helvella Mitra, Scheff. Fung. 154; Persoon Syn. 615.

Helvella sulcata, Wilden Berol. 398.

On the ground.

g. Helvella leucophea. Light-grey helvelle.

Stem ribbed, pitted, bellied at bottom; cap free, crisp,
light-grey.

Phallus crispus, Scop. Carn. 2, 475.

Helvella nivea, Schrad. Bot. Journ. 2, 66.

Helvella Mitra, Sowerby Fungi, 39.
Helvella leucophza, Persoon Syn, 616.

In woods, on the ground; autumn.

Pi. cell, aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEZE.. 300. Helvel. 663
3. Heluella albida. Whitish helvelle.

Thallus pale white; stem long, narrow; cap free, rather
swollen.

- Helvella Mitra, Bolt. Fung. 95?
Helvella fuliginosa, Sowerby Fungi, 154.
Helvella albida, Persoon Syn. 616,

In damp shady places.

LIX. 301. SPATHULARIA. Persoon. Spathula-stool.

Thallus with a stem; club compressed, running down
the stem on both sides; sporidia on the upper part of the
club.

Spathularia flavida. Yellowish spatula-stool.

Clavaria Spathula, Dickson Crypt. 1, 21.
Helvella spathulata, Sowerby Fungi, 35.
Spathularia flavida, Persoon Syn. 610.

In fir plantations; autumn.
Grows in clusters; pale white, when dried, becomes
yellowish.

P. PezizapEx. Thallus fleshy or waxlike, hollowed
out like a cup; hymenium smooth, expanded; sporidia
clubshaped, intermixed with barren ovaries as in mosses,

fixed.
LX. 302. STICTIS. Persoon. Sunk-cup.

Thallus leatherlike, membranaceous, dry, sunk in wood,
edge only prominent.

1. Stictis radiata. Radiated sunk-cup.
Edge snow-white, rather mealy, cut in rays, or undi-

vided.

Lycoperdon radiatum, Lin. S. P. 1654,
Lichen excavatum, Hoffm. Lichen. 7, 4.
Sphzrobolus rosaceus, Tode Meckl. 1, 44.
Peziza marginata, Sowerby Fungi, 16.
Peziza stictis radiata, Persoon Syn. 674.

On wood and dry sticks.

2. Stictis ecidioides. fEcidium sunk-cup.
Edge orange-colour; accessory edge white, rather torn,
mealy.

Peziza wcidioides, Esenbeck Syst. 2, 66.
Upon the dead stems of herbs; spring and autumn.

664 302. Stictis. 11. HYMENOTHECEX. Pi. cell. aph.

$. Stictis terrestris. Ground sunk-cap.

Thallus globular, fleshy, when dry leatherlike, smooth
on both sides. 100)

Peziza immersa, Sowerby Fungi, 389.

Sunk in the ground, edge level with the surface.

LXI. 303. PATELLARIA. Esenbeck. Flat-cup.
Thaillus leatherlike, dry, sessile, edged, edge flat.

1. Patellaria populnea. Poplar flat-cup.
Thalli in tufts, rather large; cups when dry wrinkled,
prey.
_ Peziza spherioides, Roth Cat. 1, 239.
Peziza populnea, Persoon Syn. 671.

On dry branches of the trembling poplar; winter and
spring. :

2. Patellaria prunastri. Plum-tree flat-cup.

Thalli in bundles, slightly stemmed, hard, black on
both sides, opake.

Peziza prunastri, Persoon Syn. 673.

On the branches of sloe-trees.

3. Patellaria cartilaginea. Cartilaginous flat-cup.
Thallus cartilaginous, bright scarlet.
Peziza cartilaginea, Sowerby Fungi, 369.

On damp walls, among moss; spring and autumn. —

4. Patellaria rimosa. Cracked flat-cup.

Thallus cartilaginous, white; when old cracked in the
centre.

Peziza rimosa, Sowerby Fungi, 369.

On brown paper, left on a beer barrel in a cellar.

5. Patellaria ommersa. Sunk flat-cup.
Thallus black, sunk in the wood, beneath rather woolly.

Peziza immersa, Sowerby Fungi, 369.
On wood.

LXII. 304, PEZIZA. Pliny. Rough-cup.

Thallus mostly small, sessile; outer surface shaggy, hairy,
woolly or downy.

Pl. cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEE. 304. Peziza. 665

1. Peziza sanguinea. Blood-red rough-cup.
Cups very minute, black, bald, placed on a blood-red

woolly strome.
Peziza sanguinea, Persoon Syn. 657.

On trees and planks.

2. Pexiza cesia. Grey rough-cup.
Thalli crowded; cups grey, cohering on a white woolly
strome.

Peziza lichenoides, Persoon Ic. fung. 29, 31.
Peziza cesin, Persoon Syn. 657.

On oak-branches bared of bark; autumn.

3. Pexiza hemispherica. Hemispherical rough-cup.
Thali gregarious, large, hemispherical; cups internally
white, greenish, externally brown; fairs in bundles. ;

Peziza hispida, Hudson Angl. 6353; Sowerby Fungi, 147.
Peziza fasciculata, Schrad. Journ. 60.
Peziza hemispherica, Persoon Syn. 648.

In woods and moist places, on the ground; autumn.

4. Peziza sulphurea. Brimstone rough-cup.
Thallus sessile, nearly globular, shaggy, brimstone-yel-
low.

Peziza hydnoides, Sowerby Fungi, 178.
Peziza sulphurea, Persoon Syn, 649.

On dry large herbs among dead leaves.

5. Pexiza scutellata. Saucerlike rough-cup.
Thallus rather large, flat, orange-red, externally shaggy ;

bristles diverging, black.
Peziza scutellata, Sowerby Fungi, 24; Persoon Syn. 650.

In the moist parts of rotten trees, or wood.

6. Peziza cerulea. ; Blue rough-cup.
Thallus flat, sessile, blue; edge blunt, hairy ; underneath

black.
Peziza cerulea, Bolt. Fung. 108; Persoon Syn. 650.

In moist places, on trees.

7. Peziza stercorea. Dung rough-cup.

Thalli in clusters, sessile, deep, entirely reddish-brown,
bristly ; Jristles bay, nearly upright.

Peziza scutellata, Bolt. Fungi, 108.

Octospora scuteliata, Hedwig. Musc, 2.
Peziza stercorea, Persoon Syn. 650,

On horse and other dung.

666 304. Peziza. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pi. cell. aph.

8. Peziza argillacea. Clay rough-cup.
Thallus globular, narrow-mouthed, splitting when old,
yellow.

Peziza argillacea, Sowerby Fungi, 148.

On black modelling clay.

9. Pexiza papillaris. Papillalike rough-cup.

Thalli in clusters, flat, reddish-grey, externally hairy,
hairs falling off.

Peziza papillaria, Bull. Herb. AGT ; Sowerby Fungi, 177.

On rotten stumps of trees.

10. Peziza cellularieformis. Cellularia rough-cup.
Thallus large, spreading at top; internally yellow, exter-
nally woolly, wool white.

Peziza cellularia, Sowerby Fungi, 91.
Cellularia cyathiformis, Fl, Dan. 1450.

On timber.

11. Pexiza hybrida. Mule rough-cup.

Thallus hemispherical, inside reddish, outside hairy,
white.

Peziza hybrida, Sowerby Fungi, 369.

On the ground?

12. Pexiza domestica. House rough-cup.
Thalli in clusters, conical; outside hairy, salmon-colour.
Peziza domestica, Sowerby Fungi, 351.

On new-plastered ceilings, or damp walls.

13. Pexiza nigra. Black rough-cup.
Thallus cartilaginous, small, entirely black.

Peziza nigra, Sowerby Fungi, 369.

On old palings.

14. Pexiza equina. Horse-dung rough-cup.
_ Thallus globular, not expanded, dull fox-red; outside
rough hairy.

Helvella equina, Fl. Dan. 779.
Peziza equina, Sowerby Fungi, 352.

On horsedung in damp shady places.

LXIII. 305. OCTOSPORA. Hedwig. Eight-seeds.

Thallus soft, sessile, fibrous-cellular, naked; sporidia
large, with 6 to 8 spore in each.
5

Pl. cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. 305. Octosp. 667

1. Octospora atrata. _ _ Blackened eight-seeds.

Thalli in clusters, hemispherical, hollowed out, black,
edge greyish.

Peziza atra, Persoon Syn. 669.

On rotten trunks of trees; spring.

2. Octospora leucoloma. White-edged eight-seeds.
Thallus very small, flat, scarlet; edge snow-white, jagged.

Peziza cartilaginea, Bolt. Fung. 101.
Octospora leucoloma, Hedwig Musc, 13.

On clay banks, in mossy tufts; spring.

3. Octospora cinerea. Grey eight-seeds.

Thalli clustered, small, grey, rather gelatinous; edge
upright, whiter.

Peziza cinerea, Sowerby Fungi, 634; Persoon Syn. 634.

On rotten trees; spring and autumn.

4. Oclospora hyalina. Transparent eight-seeds.
Thalii in clusters, sessile, whitish, transparent, rather
hairy.

Peziza hyalina, Persoon Syn. 655.
On rotten trunks of trees.

5. Octospora inquinans. Dirtying eight-seeds.
Thali in clusters, large, black, dirtying; at last convex,
reverse conical, outside wrinkled, brownish.

6. Octospora sarcoides. Fleshlike eight-seeds.

Thalli in tufts, fleshy, gelatinous, flesh-red; outside ra-
ther veiny.

Peziza tremelloidea, Bull. Herb, 410.

Peziza porphyria, Batsch Fung. 53.

Peziza hepatica, Batsch Fung. 138.

Peziza sarcoides, Persoon Syn. 633.
Tremella sarcoides, Withering Arr. 4, 84.

On rotten timber; autumn.

7. Octospora lenticularis. Lenticular eight-seeds.

Thallus convex, pressed, light-yellow ; stem scarcely any,
nipplelike, blackish.

Peziza flava, Willden. Prodr. 404.

Peziza aurea, Sowerby Fung. 150.

In woods, upon trees; late in autumn.

668 305. Octosp. 11. HYMENOTHECEX. Pl. cell. aph.

8. Octospora lurida. Dark eight-seeds.
Thallus sessile, greyish white, turned back; edge ochre-
yellow, dark yellow.

Peziza lurida, Persoon Syn. 666.
Peziza pineti, Batsch Fungi, 201.

In fir plantations; on the fallen leaves.

LXIV. 306. SCODELLINA. Micheli. Spread-cup.
Thallus fleshy, membranaceous, brittle, sessile, hemi-
spherical, spreading; outside scaly or mealy.

1. Scodellina leporina. Hares-ear spread-cup.

Thallus rust-colour, long, open on one side, ear-shape,
inside smooth at bottom.

Peziza leporina, Persoon Syn. 6.

In fir plantations.

2. Scodellina onotica. Ear spread-cup.
Thallus one-sided, long, pale-rose, woolly at bottom,
inside plaited, wrinkled.

Peziza leporina, Sowerby Fungi, 19.
Peziza onotica, Persoon Syn. 637.

In woods.

3. Scodellina aurantiaca. Orange spread-cup.
Thali in tufts, one-sided, bent, often split; inside orange,
outside white.

Helvella coccinea, Bolt. Fung. 100.
Peziza coccinea, Bull. Herb. 474.
Peziza Aurantia, Persoon Syn. 637.

At the foot of rotten oak-trees; autumn.

4. Scodellina umbrina. Umber-brown spread-cup.
Thalli large, in tufts, twisted, umber-brown.

Peziza umbrina, Persoon Syn. 638.

In grassy grounds, on sandy soils.

5. Scodellina alutacea. Leathery spread-cup.

Thalli in tufts; outside whitish; inside pale grey; stem
very short, woolly, whitish.

Peziza alutacea, Persoon Syn. 638.

In woods.

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HYMENOTHECE. 806. Scodel. 669

6. Scodellina badia. Bay spread-cup.

Thallus nearly stemless, not divided; edge turned in,
dark brown; externally rather olive.

Peziza cochleata, Bolt. Fung. 99,

Peziza badia, Persoon Syn. 639.

Mushroom flaps.

In woods and damp places.

Dried, and eaten in hashes and soups.

7. Scodellina violacea. Violet spread-cup.
Thallus flat, round, inside violet with black dots; edge
and outside whitish, granulated.

‘Peziza violacea, Bull. Herb, 438; Withering Arr. 4, 390, not of Per-
soon,

On the bark of trees.

&. Scodellina pyxidata. Box spread-cup.
Thalti in small tufts, yellowish white; bottom rather tu-
bercular on the inside.

Peziza Marsupium £, Persoon Syn. 640.
Elvella pyxidata, Scheff. Germ. 230,
Helvella vesiculosa, Bolt. Fung. 175.

In woods; summer and autumn, after rain.

9. Scodellina vesiculosa. Bladderlike spread-cup.

Thalli in tufts, large, olive brown, outside whitish yel-
Jow; mouth slightly connivent; hymeniwm separable from
the outer bark.

Peziza vesiculosa, Sowerby Fungi, 4; Persoon Syn. 641,

On dunghills.

10. Scodellina pustulata. Pustuled spread-cup.
Thallus not divided, brown; outside branny-pustuled.

Octospora pustulata, Hedwig Musc. 6.

Peziza pustulata, Persoon Syn. 646.

Peziza cochleata 8, Batsch Fung. 223.

In fir plantations, banks, and shady places.

Eaten up, while quite young, by some insect or cater-
pillar.

LXV. 307. CALYCINA. Esenbeck. Funnel-stool.

Thallus cuplike, pedicelled, dry, fibrous; surface woolly
or bald: barren ovaries copious.

670 307. Calycin. 11. HYMENOTHECEX. Pi. cell.aph.

1. Calycina firma. Firm funnel-stool.

Thallus rather large, irregular, rather tough, watery,
brown; sfem long, growing black at the bottom; cup glass-
shape, afterwards spreading, turned over.

Peziza ochroleuca, Bolt, Fung. 1053; Sowerdy Fungi, 115.

Peziza firma, Persoon Syn. 658.

On trees in shady places.

2. Calycina citrina. Lemon funnel-stool.
Thalli crowded, of various sizes, entirely lemon-yellow ;
stem thick, short, reverse-conical.

Octospora citrina, Hedwig Musc. 28.
Peziza citrina, Sowerby Fungi, 151; Persoon Syn. 663.

On dry trees and sticks, especially beech.

$. Calycina pallescens. Pale funnel-stool.
Thalli crowded, bald, whitish, afterwards pale brown;
stem rather thick; cup nearly funnelshaped.

Peziza lenticularis, Hojfm. Crypé. 13.
Peziza pallescens, Persoon Sun, 664,

In woods.

4. Calycina herbarum. Herb funnel-stool.

Thaili in clusters, nearly sessile, whitish-brown, grows
convex: stem very short.

Peziza herbarum, Persoon Syn. 664.

On the dry stem of large herbs.

5. Calycina melastoma. Black-mouth funnel-stool.

Thalli scattered or in clusters; large, thick, hard, red-
dish-brown, woolly; inside black, cracked when dry.

Peziza melastoma, Surcerby Fungi, 149.

On the roots of common heath or ling; spring.

LXVI. 308. DASYSCYPHUS. Esenb. Rough-funnel.
Thallus cuplike, soft, fibrous, cellular; surface woolly;
sporidia large, with 6 spore in each.

1. Dasyscyphus pulchellus. Handsome rough-funnel.
Thalli scattered, nearly sessile, woolly, white; centre
orange inclining to scarlet.

Peziza bicolor, Sowerby Fungi, 17.
Peziza pulchella, Persson Syn. 653.

On dry branches of oak-trees, firs, &c.; spring.
Thallus closes up in dry weather.

Pl.cell.aph. 11. HYMENOTHECEZ. 308. Dasych. 671

2. Dasyscyphus virgineus. Virgin rough-funnel.
Thali gregarious, white; stem rather long; cap hemi-

spherical, open, villous.
Peziza nivea, Sowerby Fungi, 65.
Lachnum agaricinum, Retz Scand. ed. 2, 329.
Peziza virginea, Persoon Syn. 653.

On sticks and trunks of trees.

3. Dasyscyphus patulus. Open rough-funnel.
Thalli scattered, villous, white; centre flat, ochre-yellow.

Peziza patula, Persoon Syn. 654.
Peziza Abbotiana? Sowerby Fungi, 389.

On rotten oak-leaves; autumn.

4. Dasyscyphus fuscescens. Brownish rough-funnel.
Thallus very small, entirely brown..

Peziza fuscescens, Persoon Syn. 654.

On rotten beech-leaves in shady places; spring.

5. Dasyscyphus sessilis. Squatied rough-funnel.

Thallus very small; inside smooth, whitish; outside cot-
tony, white.

Peziza sessilis, Sowerby Fungi, 389.

On rotten sticks.

6. Dasycyphus tricolor. Three-colour rough-funneé.

Thallus very small, inside pale yellow; edge thick, out-
side dark grey, white at bottom.

Peziza tricolor, Sowerby Fungi, 369.

On the trunks of trees.

LXVII. 309. MACROSCYPHUS. Esenb. Long-funnel.

Thallus cuplike, soft, cellular, rather fibrous; surface
scaly or slightly bristly ; sporidia with 6 or 8 spore in each,
in a single row.

1. Macroscyphus radicatus. _ Rooted long-funnel.
Thallus brown, hemispherical, bald ; root long, simple.
Peziza radicata, Withering Arr. 4,381; Persoon Syn. 642.

In mountain pastures; spring.

2. Macroscyphus Sowerbei. Sowerby’s long-funnel.
Thall large, in tufts; inside yellowish; outside cottony,
white; root long, thick, cottony, white.

672-309. Macrose. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pi.cell. aph.

Peziza radiculata, Sowerby Fungi, 114.
Peziza Sowerbea, Persvon Syn. 642.

In gardens.

3. Macroscyphus cereus. Waslike long-funnel.

Thalli in tufts, large; stem thick, cottony, reverse-coni-
cal; cup nearly funnelshape, turned back, yellowish.

Peziza cerea, Sowerby Fungi, 3; Persoon Syn. 643.

In hot-houses.

4 Macrosc. acetabuliforme. Eggcupshape long-funnel.

Thallus earthy-brown, eggcupshape, stalked; cup an-
gular on the outside; veins branched.

Peziza Acetabulum, Sowerby Fungi, 59; Persoon Syn. 643,

In shady places.

5. Macroscyphus tuberosus. Tuberous long-funnel.
Root tuberous, irregular; stem very long; cup rather
small, funnelshape, chestnut or bay.

Peziza tuberosa, Dickson Crypt. 2,25; Sowerby Fungi, 63; Persoon Syn.
644.

In woods; April.

6. Macroscyphus perennis. Perennial long-funnel.
Thalli in tufts, stalked; roof tuberous, black, perennial ;
cup funnelshape, reddish brown.

Peziza Tuba, Batsch Fung. 121.
Peziza perennis, Persoon Syn. 644,

In woods; April.

7. Macroscyphus macropus. Long-stalked long-funnel.

Thallus large; stem very long, smooth or pitted; cup
hemispherical, inside mouse-colour, outside grey.

Peziza macropus, Bolt. Fung. 96; Persoon Syn. 645.

In woods; autumn.

8. Macroscyphus coccineus. Scarlet long-funnel.

Thallus stalked, rather large, topshape or funnelshape,
inside scarlet; outside slightly cottony, whitish ; edge ge-
nerally crenate.

Peziza coccineus, Bolt. Fung. 104; Persoon Syn. 652.

Peziza poculiformis, Hoffm. Crypt. 2, 27.

Peziza epidendra, Bull. Herb. 467 ; Sowerby Fungi, 13.

On dry sticks in woods; on mountains on the ground;

March.

.

Pl. cell. aph. 11. HY MENOTHECE. 310. Hymen. 673

LXIX. 310. HYMENOSCYPHUS. Fruit-cup.

Thallus cuplike, thin, fibrous cellular, bald ; sporidia
clubshape, with 8 spore in each, in two rows.

1. Hymenoscyphus rapefor mis. Rapelike fruit-cup.

Thallus waxlike, light brown growing nearly chestnut,
thin, brittle, bald; stem long, with rooting fibres.

Peziza Rapula, Persoon Syn. 654.

On the ground.

2. Hymenoscyphus filuleformis. Buttonshape fruit-cup.

Thallus stalked, cartilaginous, above yellowish white ;
beneath dark brown; stem dark brown.

Peziza Fibula, Bolt. Fung. 176; Persoon Syn. 660.

On elm-trees.

3. Hymenoscyphus tubeformis. Trumpetshape fruit-cup.

Thallus stalked, entirely yellow; stem threadlike; cup
flat-edged.

Peziza Tuba, Bolt. Fung. 1063; Persoon Syn. 660.

On rotten trees in bogs.

4. Hymenose. infundibuliformis. Funnelshape fruit-cup.

Thallus entirely pale brown; stem thickish, stiff, rather
short; cup nearly funnelshape; edge upright.

Peziza Calyculus, Sowerby Fungi, 116; Persoon Syn, 660.

Peziza Infundibulum? Batsch, Fung. 147.

On rotten trunks of trees.

5. Hymenoscyphus fructigenus. Bearing fruit-cup.

Thallt in clusters or scattered; stem long, rather bent,
narrowest at bottom; cup nearly funnelshape, pale brown
grows reddish.

Peziza fructigena, Sowerby Fungi, 117%; Persoon Syn. 660.

On acorns and other fruits; summer and autumn.

Used, in decoction, in hooping cough.

6. Hymenoscyphus radiatus. Radiated fruit cup.
Thallus small, stalked, whitish turning pale brown; edge
toothed; éeeth bristlelike, upright.

Peziza coronata, Bull. Herb. All.
Peziza armata, Roth Cat: Bot. 1, 140.
Peziza radiata, Persoon Syn, 662,
Peziza inflexa, Sowerby Fungi, 306.

In woods, on sticks and stems; summer.
VOL. I. 2x

674 310. Hymen. 11. HYMENOTHECE. Pl.cell.aph.

7. Hymenoscyphus cyathoideus. Cyathuslike fruit-cup.

Thalli in clusters, whitish or pale brown; stem long,
rather thicker at bottom; cup glass-shape, unarmed, rather
slender.

Peziza cyathoidea, Bull. Champ. 256; Persoon Syn. 662.
Peziza solani, Persoon Obs. 2, 80.

On dry stems of large herbs; autumn.

8. Hymenoscyphus tenellus. Very-tender fruit-cup.

Thalli in clusters, very minute, funnelshape, tender,
snow-white growing yellow; stem threadlike.

Peziza tenella, Batsch Fungi, 150,

On dry stems of large herbs; autumn.

9. Hymenoscyphus chrysocomus. Goid-head frutt-cup.
Thalli in clusters, globular becoming flat, dull yellow,
smooth, brittle, thin.

Peziza clirysocoma, Sowerby Fungi, 152.

On bits of wood, especially the under side.

Q. Ascopouiprz. Thallus fleshy; hymeniwm smooth,
expanded over the surface; sporidia clubshape, intermixed
with barren filaments, flung out with force, usually con-
taining three spore in each.

8

LXIX. 311. ASCOBOLUS. Persoon. Spring: cup.

Thallus dishlike, or reverse-conical, fleshy.-—

Ascobolus furfuraceus. Branny spring-cup.

Thalli in clusters, rather concave, greenish ; outside
branlike. ~

Peziza stercoraria, Bull. Champ. 256; Sowerby Fungi, 18.

Ascobolus furfuraceus, Persoon Syn, 676.

On cowdung; late in autumn.

Fam. XII. 12. LYTOTHECES, Persoon. Fungorum

pars, Linn. Fungi pistillares, Wsenb.

Thallus fleshy, clubshape, rising from a volva; hymenium

expanded, superficial, deliquescing into a slime containing
the spore.

Cup hemispherical, above hairy ;
involucrum triple. wis ia ots te she edge DOATARRES. 1312,

Pl.cell.aph. 12. LYTOTHECE. 312. Batarrea. 675

Cap joined to the stem, tuberculate ;

involucrum double ...... eh, Sse UL PAY PH ALLS. 34 3%
_ Cap cellular, networklike, bare ;

RIVOIMGHUMACoOUbIel Hy MEE ee Ue, Puatuus. 314.
I. 312. BATARREA. Persoon. Batarrea.

Thallus stipitate ; volva triple, filled with mucilage; stem
smooth; cap hemispherical, bellshape, with sporiferous
flocks under the crown.

Batarrea phalloides. Phalluslike batarrea.
Thallus brown.

Lycoperdon phalloides, Dickson Crypt. 1,24; Sowerby Fungi, 390.
Batarrea phalloides, Persoon Syn, 129.

On sandy banks.

Stem at first short, then springing up on a sudden to a
foot high.

II. 313. ITHYPHALLUS. Dog’ s-acorn.

Thallus stipitate; volva double, the outer large; stem
networked; cap ovate, tubercled, confluent into the stem ;
indusium O.

Ithyphallus inodorus. Scentless dog’ s-acorn.
Stem cellular; cap ovate, tip blunt, not perforated; edge
undivided.

Phallus caninus, Curt. Lond. 235; Persvon Syn, 245,
Phallus inodorus, Sowerby Fungi, 330.

On rotten wood; autumn.

Ill. 314. PHALLUS. Micheli. Acorn-stool.

Thallus stipitate; volva double, the outer large; stem
networked; cap ovate, not cut, free from the stem, net-
worked; indusium 0.

1. Phallus impudicus. Immodest acorn-stool.

Stem pitted obliquely; cap cellular, perforated at top.

Fyngus phalloides, Raii Syn. 12,8.

Phallus impudicus, Lin. S. P. 1648; Bolt. Fung, 92.

Phallus foetidus, Sowerby Fungi, 242.

Stink-horns.

In shady woods; autumn.

Volua egelike; cap dissolves into a very feetid slime,
containing the spore, greedily devoured by flesh-flies.—

2x 2

676 314. Phallus. 12. LYTOVHECE/E. Pl. cell. aph.

Plant oftener smelt than seen, the fetor being so like that
of carrion causing persons to avoid the spot, yet when
near the nostrils it has only the pungent odour of spirit of
hartshorn; used by some Dutch villagers as a poultice in
rheumatism, but infects the whole house for some days
with its disagreeable odour.

2, Phallus cancellatus. Rail-work acorn-stool.

Stem cylindrical, smooth ; cap networked, not perforated.
Phallus cancellatus, Persoon Syn. 243,

On barren mossy grounds.

Odour like that of the orchidez.

PLANT CELLULOSE FOLIOS. 677

Subseries I. B. PLanr® cELLULOSE FOLIOS.

Muscorum et algarum pars, Linneus. Cryptogamia
monoecia and divecia, Stokes. Cryptogame calyptrate,

Mohr.

Plants having true foliaceous expansions or leaves mostly
distinct, rarely united into a broad herbaceous frond, affixed
to their place of growth by fibrous roots by which they
absorb their nourishment, propagated by budlike spore,
or by seeds which are enclosed in capsules covered with
calyptre.

FAMILIES.

Capsule valvular ; co!wmella 0; oper=
culum 0; seeds with elaters intermixed HEPATIC. 13.
Capsule operculated ; columella distinct ;

CEMEES Oe neh n et) ee anes oN He Mii ae MUSCI. 14.

Fam. I. 13. HEPATIC. Jussieu. Alearum pars, Lin.
Cryplogamia dicecia, Stokes. Calyp-
trate deoperculate, Mohr.

_ Flowers unisexual.— Mate. Anthers oblong or spherical,
networked, bursting irregularly, either pedicelled in the
axille of the perichetial leaves, or sessile on the frond or
on a peculiar receptacle; pol/en granular.—FrEm. terminal,
axillary, lateral or marginal; ovaries many, clustered, sel-
dom more than one fertile, covered with a calyptra ending
in a style, and surrounded generally with a calyx; calyx
single or double, rarely 0, mostly surrounded with peri-
chetial leaves; calyptra bursting and emitting the capsule;
capsule mostly pedicelled, valvular, rarely bursting irregu-
larly; valves 2, 4,8 or 16, equal; columella 0; operculum 0;
seeds ? spherical, intermixed with elaters; elaters membra-
naceous, tubular, containing a single or double helix;
helices twisted spirally. — Plants monoicous or dioicous,
small, frondose or leafy; revive quickly after being dried
by absorption of moisture; Jeaves undivided or simply cut,
ribless, mostly bald; texture loosely cellular ; sporidia bud-
like, roundish or lenticular, scattered on the leaves and
frond, or collected in origomes of various shapes.

G78) 13. HEPATICH. Pl. cell. fol.

A. Fruit solitary ; capsule sessile, bursting ; calyx 0.
Ricciadese.

Phallis star Nees foie. sek ORO SB le ME eres Riccta. 315.

B. Fruit solitary ; capsule sessile, bursting ; calyx 2-valved.
Targionidee.

Calyx closed above) sjo~,. <1. il ose TaRGIONIA. 316.
Calyx perforated at top........ SPHEROCARPUS. 317.

C. Fruit solitary ; capsule pedicelled, linear ; calyx tubular:
Anthoceridee.

Thaillus oblong, lobed ............ ANTHOCEROS. 318.

D. Fruit on a common receptacle ; capsules pedicelled,
roundish. Marchantiadeee.

Recept. crosslike; lobes tubular ;

caps. 4-valved ; origomes moonlike... STAUROPHORA. 322.
Recept. hemispherical ; calyx 0;

caps. many-valved; calyptra tubular CyatTHopuora. 321.
Recept. hemispherical; calyx 0;

caps. 4 or 5-valved; calyptra tubular ... Srrozzius. 320.
Recept. peltate, lobed; calyx tubular ;

capsule Gior 8-lobed. (1.2 2 sanyass .- Marcuantia. 319.

E. Fruié solitary ; capsule pedicelled, roundish; calyx
1-leafed or 0. Jungermannidee.

Capsule bursting irregularly ;

calyx simple; helix double ........ Maurocenivus. 328.
Caps. seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular ;

pedic. jointed; cal. 5-angular ; hel. double

PANDULPHINIUS. $30.

Caps. seeming 4-valved, irreg. cellular ;

pedic. jointless; cal. compressed ;

heliaridouble 5.75 sa. okcreiel ohn og azine CAVENDISHIA. 332.
Capsule 4-valved; calyx 0; \

helix single; calyptra exserted .......... ScaLius. 338,
Capsule 4-valved; calyx 0;

helix double ; perich. leaves distinct........ Crsius. 339.

Capsule 4-valved; calyx 0;
helix double; perich. leaves united .... HERBERTUS. 340.
Capsule 4-valved; calyx double;
heltas Aouble se clo: Sesorstielspa ths Potente tists -Herrere 324.
ie Qallasicetnias

Pl. ceil. fol. 13. HEPATIC/. 679

Capsule 4-valved ; calysx lateral;

helix double; valves of capsule spiral ..... Kanvra. 342.
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx lateral;

helix double; valves of capsule straight .... Lipprus. $41,
Capsule 4-valved ; calyx basillary,

triangular; mouth contracted ;

Meldoublers 2 seco Cet k en ces. « .. MarcuHesinius. 331.
Caps. 4-valved; cal. basillary, com-

pressed; mouth slit; hel. double.... Marvinetiius. $33.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, com-

pressed ; mouth 2-lipped; hed. double ..... Mytius. 334.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate,

immersed; mouth acute; hel. double....... Buasta. 327.
Caps. 4-valved; cal. basillary, ovate,

imbedded ; mou. open, toothed; hel. double Narprus. 335.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, ovate,

exserted ; mo. circular, mostly toothed ;

hetioidoubless 889 2.8 A ght (aoe ewe JUNGERMANNIA. 336.
Caps. 4-valved; cal. basillary, ovate,

exserted ; mo. slit on one side; hel. doub. .. -Bexaeere 337.0"

Caps. 4-valved; ca/. basillary, bell-like,

very short; mo. expanded; hel. doub.-xrimatesees. 326.
Caps. 4-valved; cal. basill. bellshape,

very short; mo. expanded; he/. single, -

EWESYSICHOCIGG SRE, ci coe unten se eigemea s Riccarpius. 323.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basillary, 2-lobed,

short; mouth expanded; helix single,

EMmds smaller) iss sya cts conb crcbaierete ste eee sea Cela as ‘ante, 325.
Caps. 4-valved ; cal. basill. rev. heart-

shape, long; mouth contracted; helix

single, ends expanded..... Wedstaie’d tole oie OALVIATUSS G29.

I. 315. RICCIA. Micheli. Riccio.

Fruit solitary, immersed in the frond, spherical; thallus
reverse-heartshape or forked, radiating from a centre,
grooved on the upper surface.

1. Riccia latifolia. Broad-leaved riccio.
Thallus bluntly nicked at the tips, dotted in network.

Riccia minor latifolia pinguis, aspergine crystallina perfusa, Micheli
Nov. Gen. Pl, 107, 1.
Riccia glauca, Purton Midland Flora, 5.

On damp sandy places; annual; Noy. and Dec.

Morisey

680 315. Riccia. 18. HEPATIC. Pl. cell. fol.

2. Riccia glauca. Greenish riccio.
Thallus oblong, forked, lobes blunt, dotted in network.

Lichen sive Hepatica foliis crassis, ruta muraria# aut chamedryos foliis
laciniatis quodammodo similis, Rati Syn. 116, 1.
Riccia glauca, Lin. S. P. 1605; Engl. Bot. 2546.

On moist sandy heaths; annual.

3. Riccia minima. Smallest riccio.
Thallus forked, lobes pointed, very slightly networked.

Lichen omnium minimus, foliolis scissis, super terram expansis, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 115, 2.

Riccia minima, Lin. 8. P. 1605.

Riccia bifurca, De Cand. Fl. Gall. 1127.

On inundated sandy places.

4. Riccia natans. Swimming riccio
Thallus reverse-heartshape ; beneath ciliated, fibrous.

-Lichen parvus vernus cordiformis, ima parte fimbriatus, lentis palustris
modo aque innatans, Dillen in Rati Syn. 116, 2.
Riccia natans, Lin, Syst. Nat. 2,708; Engl. Bot, 252.

Floating on pools. .
6. ovata. Thallus reverse-ovate, rounded at the tip.

5. Riccia ? spuria. Bastard riccio.

Thallus membranaceous, lobed, pellucid; fructification
beneath the sinuses of the lobes, solitary, exserted, top-
shape, toothed.

Riccia spuria, Dickson Crypt. A, 20.

On turf bogs in mountains.

B. TarcionipeEx. Male....? Fem. Calyx globular,
pitchershape, 2-valved; capsule nearly sessile, enclosed in
the calyx, globular, bursting irregularly at the tip; seeds
and elaters many.—Frondose.

II. 316. TARGIONIA. Micheli. Targioni.
Calyx globular, from the under side of the extremities
of the thallus, closed, becoming 2-valved.

Targionia hypophy!la. Underlying targioni.
Thallus dark-green, oblong ovate, beneath scaly, pur-
plish. .

Lichenastrum capitulo oroboide, Dillen in Raii Syn. 110, 2.
Targionia hypophylla, Zin, S. P. 1603; Engl. Bot. 287.

On heaths and sides of ditches; perennial; March to
May. :

Pl. cell. fol. 13. HEPATIC. 317. Sphzrocarpus. 681
Ill. 317.SPHAEROCARPUS Micheli. Ball-fruit.

Calyx on the upper surface of the frond, topshape,
2-valved ; tip truncated, perforated.

Spherocarpus Michelii. Michel's ball-fruit.
Thallus nearly orbicular; fruit crowded together.

Spherocarpus terrestris minima, Micheli N. Gen. Pl. 4,1.
Sphzrocarpus terrestris, Eng. But. 299.
Targionia Sphzrocarpus, Lin. 8S. P. 1603.

In clover fields on sandy loams.

C. ANTHOCERIDER. Male. Anthers sunk in the thallus.
Fem. solitary; calyx tubular, 1-leafed, tip cut; capsule pe-
dicelled, linear, 2-valved; seeds and elaters numerous, en-
tangled together; orzgomes cupshape, sunk.—Frondose.

IV. 318. ANTHOCEROS. Micheli. Flower-horn.

Calyx tubular; capsule linear, 2-valved.

1. Anthoceros punctatus. Dotted flower-horn.
Thallus undivided, sinuated, edge waved.

Lichenastrum gramineum pediculo et capitulo oblongo, bifurco, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 109, 1.
Anthoceros punctatus, Lin. S. P. 1606; Engl. Bot. 1537.

On moist sandy heaths; perennial; August to April.

e

2. Anthoceros levis. Smooth flower-horn.
Thallus undivided, flat, edge scarcely waved.

Anthoceros levis, Lin. S. P. 1606; Engl, Bot. 1538.

On damp shady places.

3. Anthoceros multifidus. Many-cut flower-horn.
Thallus bipinnately cut, lobes linear.

Anthoceros multifidus, Dickson Crypt. 3,13.

On damp shady places.

D. MarcHantiaDpE®. Male. Anther oblong, imbedded
in a flat, sessile or peduncled fleshy disk. Female. Re-
ceptacle peduncled, peltate; fructification under the recep-
tacle; calyx tubular, 1-leaf or 0; capsule slightly pedicelled,
4 to 8-valved or toothed; seeds globular; elaters narrow at
each end; helices double; buds lenticular, variously en-
closed in origomes.—Plants frondose, networked, areoles
ending in a pore at the top.

682 319. Marchantia. 13. HEPATIC. Pl. cell. fol.

V. 319. MARCHANTIA. Micheli. Marchant.

Mate. Receptacle of the anther peduncled, peltate,
above wrinkled.—Frm. Receptacle of the capsule stellately
lobed, lobes deep; calyx tubular, toothed; calyptra tubu-
lar; capsule globular, tip 5 to 8-lobed, lobes revolute ;
elaters tubular; helices double; origomes tubular, reverse- -
conical.

1. Marchantia latifolia. Broad-leaved marchant.
Thallus oblong, dark green, shining, in network ;
areoles porous; lobes blunt; receptacle ot “the capsule with

round rays.

Lichen petraus latifolius sive Hepatica fontana, Raii Syn. 115, 1.
Marchantia polymorpha, Lin. S, P. 1603; Engl. Bot. 2i9.
Marchantia umbellata, Scop. Carn. 2,354. Male.

Marchantia stellata, Scop. Carn. 2,353. Female.

On damp places; perennial; midsummer.

2. Marchantia minor. Smal! marchant.

Thallus oblong, opake, scarcely in network, lobes blunt ;
receptacle of the capsule with round rays.

Marchantia polymorpha 6, Engl. Bot. 210.

On the sides of houses; perennial; midsummer.

VI. 320. STROZZIUS. Stroxzt.

Dioicous. Maur..... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules
hemispherical; calyx 0; calyptra tubular; capsule globu-
lar, tip 4 or 5-toothed? 4 or 5-valved; receptacle of the
buds orbicular, flattish.— Pedicells from beneath the lobes
of the thallus.

1. Strozzius hemisphericus. Hemispherical stroxzi.
Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, lobed; lobes 5
or 6, blunt; capsules 5 or 6, tip 4 or 5-valved.

Lichen pileatus parvus, foliis crenatis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 114, 2.
Marchantia hemispherica, Lin. S. P. 1604; Engl. Bot. 503.

On banks of rivers and ditches; perennial; Mar. Apr.

2. Strozxius conicus. Conical stroxzi.
Reg ee of the capsules ovate, conical, rather pointed,
nearly 5 or 7-lobed; capsules 5 to 7; tips 4 or 5-valved.

Lichen petrzeus pileatus, Rati Syn. 114,13; Park 1314, 1315.
Marchantia conica, Lin. S. P. 1604.

On damp shady places; perennial; March and April.

»

Pl. ceil. fol. 13. HEPATIC. 321. Cyathophora. 683
VIL 321. CYATHOPHORA. Cupbearer.

Dioicous. Mate.... Fem. Receptacle of the capsules
hemispherical; calyx 0; calyptra tubular; capsules globu-
lar, tip 4 or 5-toothed, many-valved, valves linear; recep-
tacle of the buds orbicular, flattish.— _ Pedicells from beneath
the lobes of the thallus.

Cyathophora angustifolia. Narrrow-leaved cupbearer.

Receptacle of the capsules hemispherical, 4-lobed; cap-
sules 4; thallus membranaceous, semi-pellucid; edge si-
nuated.

Marchantia androgyna, Lin, S. P. 1605.

On damp places.

Wil? 22> STAUROPHORA. Escubeck. Crossbearer.

Monoicous. Mate.... Ferm. Receptacle of the capsules
A-cut, crosslike; calyx 0? capsules ovate, 4-valved, valves
spreading; receptacles of the buds crescentlike, flattish.—
Peduncle of the fruit from the upper face of the thallus,
surrounded by a tubular perithecium.

Staurophora pulchella. - Pretty crossbearer.

Thallus oblong, forked, light green, opake, veinless.

Lichen sive Hepatica lunulata, éx:@uaréuogmos, Raii Syn. ed. 23 Al, 6.

Lichen pileatus parvus, capitulo cricis instar se expandente, Dillen in
Raii Syn, 115, 2. ;

Marchantia cruciata, Lin. 8S. P. 1604.

Staurophora pulchella, Esenb. in Berl. Mag.

On shady places and garden walks; perennial; June to

October.

E. JuNGERMANNIDER. Male. Anther round, sessile, or
globular, pedicelled, axillary. Female solitary: calyx tu-
bular, single, double, sometimes 0; capsules pedicelled,
4-valved, very rarely valveless and bursting irregularly ;
elaters tubular; helzces single or double; duds oblong,
scattered.—Thallus frondose or leafy; areoles not ending
in a pore.

IX. 323. RICCARDIUS. Riccardi.

Dahan 4 Mate. Anihers spherical, on the upper face of
the thallus, imbedded in it, or surrounded by a perithe-
cium. Frm. from near the edge of the lower face; calyx
single, bellshape, very short; mouth expanded, lobed,

684 323. Riccardius. 13. HEPATIC. Pl. cell. fol.

fringed; calyptra exserted ; capsule oblong, 4-valved ;
valves streaked lengthways and crossways; elaters in tufts,
pencilshape, on the tip of the valves ; helices single, spindle-
shape.—Thallus fleshy, ribless, compressed, branched.

®

1. Riccardius multifidus. Many-cut riccardi.
Thaili in crowded tufts, linear, ribless, compressed,
branched pinnately ; calyx marginal ; calyptra tuberculated.

Lichenastrum ambrosie divisura, Dillen Musc. :

Jungermaunia multifida, Lin. S. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 186; Hooker
Jung. 45.

Jungermannia palmata, Hedw. Theor. 159. 4

On moist heaths and ditch sides; spring.

6. sinuatus. Thallus broad, branched; edge sinuated.

Ulva palustris foliis ivee moschate instar divisis, Déllenin Raii Syn.
64, 10.
Jungermannia sinuata, Dicks. Crypt. 2,16; Engl. Bot. 1476.

2. Riccardius pinguts. Fat riccardi.

Thallus oblong, ribless, lying down, above flattish, be-
neath swollen; branched vaguely, edges sinuated; calyx
uuder the edge; calyptra smooth.

Jungermannia pinguis, Lin. S. P. 2, 1602; Engl. Bot. 185; Hooker

Jung. A6.
In moist shady places and shallow pools; summer.

8. angustior. Thallus long, nearly linear, simple or ra-
ther pinnately branched.

3. Riccardius dichotomus. Two-forked riccardt.
Thallus linear, compressed, forked, branched.

Ulva palustris furcata, angustioribus et firmioribus segmentis, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 63,9.
Riccia fluitans, Lin. S. P. 1686; Engl. Bot. 251.

In ditches, stagnant waters, and damp places.

a
X. $24. ~sKE- RB ees Tp MA or cé tie Herbert.
Dioicous. Mar. Anihers roundish, dispersed among
the perigonial scales ; pedicells short ; perigonium-scales
jagged.—F rm. Calyx from the upper surface of the mid-
rib, double; outer short, jagged, herbaceous; inner nearly
cylindrical, membranaceous; mouth cut on one side, ra-
ther toothed ; capsule oblong, 3 or 4-valved ; valves streaked
lengthwise and crosswise; seeds spherical; e/aters long,
attached to the inner valves; helices double, closely twisted.

—Thallus frondose, thin, mid-ribbed.

Pl. cell. fol. 13. HEPATICAL. 324. Herbertus. 685
”. al La LCL aeetey
1 Hlerberts Hibernicus. Trish herbert.
Lhallus oblong, ribbed, forked, edge not in the least di-
vided; outer calyx short, jagged; inner longly exserted,
ovate, cylindrical; calyptra much shorter than the inner
calyx.
Jungermannia Hibernica, Hooker Jung. 78.
Among mosses; April.
Patlavrerirtu,
2. tdonbertus Lyellii, Lyells herbert.
Thali in loose tufts, oblong, ribbed, rather branched,
edge scarcely cut; outer calyx short, jagged, toothed ; inner
longly exserted, cylindrical, slightly plaited ; calyptra rather
longer than the inner calyx.
Jungermannia Lyellii, Hooker Jung. 17.

On bogs; May.

XI. 325. HERVERUS. Herver.

Dioicous. Mae. Anthers-in a perigonium, ovate, sphe-
rical, clustered ; pedicells very short, attached to the mid-
rib.—F'em. Calyx on the lower face of the mid-rib, single,
scalelike, becoming 2-lobed; lobes deeply conduplicate,
fringed; calyptra reverse-ovate, spinous, irregularly torn ;
capsule ovate, 4-valved, valves streaked lengthways and
across, twisted ; seeds spherical; elaters long, on the top of
the valves; helices single, small at each end.—Thallus fron-
dose, mid-ribbed.

1. Herverus furcatus. Forked herver.
Thallus linear, ribbed, forked, membranaceous, above
smooth, beneath and on the edge hairy.

Ulva saxatilis furcata, latusculis et tenerioribus segmentis, Rati Syn.
- 63,8. ~

Jungermannia furcata, Lin. 8. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 1632 ; Hooker Jung.
55 & 56.

On rocks, heaths, and trees; October to May.
8. elongatus. Thallus large, long, streaked.

y- eruginosus. Thalius broad, tip dilated, very blunt.

2. Herverus pubescens. Downy herver.
Thallus linear, ribbed, forked, membranaceous, all over
downy.

Jungermannia furcata, Leers Herborn, 25. i
Jungermannia pubescens, Schrank Salish. 231; Hooker Jung. 13.
Jungermannia tomentosa, Hoffm, Germ, 2, 91.

On wet alpine rocks. :

686 '- 326. Papa. 13. HEPATICAs. Pl. cell. fol.
XII. 326. PAPA. Papa.

Menoicous or dioicous, Mar. Anthers spherical, soli-
tary; pedicells very short, deeply imbedded in the upper
face of the mid-rib. Fem. Calyx on the upper face of
the mid-rib, rather cylindrical; mouth rather dilated, cut,
toothed; calypira exserted; capsule spherical, 4-valved,
valves streaked lengthways and across, bent back; elaters
long, pencilshape, in tufts, attached to the base of the cap-
sule; helices double, much twisted; seeds irregular.—Thallus
rather membranaceous, scarcely mid-ribbed.

Papa epiphylla. Overleaf papa.

Thallus oblong, slightly ribbed, rather membranaceous,
cut here and there, edge not cut, or sinuated; fruit from
near the tips.

Lichenastrum capitulis rotundatis, e foliorum medio enascentibus, Raii
Syn. 110,3.

Jungermannia epiphylla, Lin. 8. P, 1602; Engl. Bot. 711; Hooker
Jung. 47.

In wet shady places; spring and autumn.

B. longifolia. Tha!lus long, simple, or with a few shoots.

Jungermannia endiviewfolia, Dickson Crypt. 4, 19.

Jungermannia epiphylla 6, Lamarcke Encycl. Bot. 3, 286.

y. furcigera. Thallus with narrow-forked shoots at the
tips, twigs forked.

XIV. 327. BLASIA. Micheli. Blasius.

Dioicous. Maur. Anthers elliptical, sessile, 2 or 3, im-
bedded in the upper face of the mid-rib, covered by the
cuticle. Frm. Calyx from the upper part of the mid-rib,
oblong, lanceolate, enclosed in the thallus; mouth acute ;
calyptra enclosed; capsule ovate globular, 4-valved; valves
ovate, streaked lengthways and across; elaters long; helices
double, closely twisted; seeds girt with a pellucid border ;
buds? spherical, gelatinous, enclosed in an ovate receptacle,
placed on the upper face of the mid-rib, and ending in a
long cylindrical tube. — Thallus branched, beneath with
tufted scales.

Blasia pusilla. Dwarf blasius.
Thallus oblong, ribbed, lobed, branched ; beneath scaly,
scales toothed.

Mnium lichenis facie, Dillen Musc. 237.

Blasia pusilla lichenis pyxidati facie, Micheli N. G. P. 14,7.
Blasia pusilla, Lin. §. P. 1605, Engl. Bot. 1328.
Jungermannia Blasia, Hooker Jung. 82, 83, and 84,

On moist sandy alpine heaths; spring.

Pl. cell. fol. 13. HEPATICAS. 328. Maurocenius. 687
XIV. 328. MAUROCENIUS. Mauroceni.

Monoicous. Mars. dnthers spherical, pedicelled, scat-
tered on the upper face of the stem, uncovered.—Frm. Ca-
lyx terrainal, simple, bellshaped, jagged, surrounded by
five bractese; peduncles continued; capsule spherical, very
thin, networked, bursting irregularly ; seeds spherical,
rough ; edaters short; helices double.--Leaves 2-rowed, many-
cut, base parallel to the stem; stzpules 0.

Maurosenius pusillus. Tiny mauroceni.
Stem lying down, nearly simple; leaves bluntly crenated.

Lichenastrum minimum capitulis nigris lucidis, Dillen in Rati Syn.
110, 5.

Jungermannia pusilla, Lin. §. P. 1602; Engl. Bot. 1175; Hooker
Jung. 69.

Jungermannia angulosa, Dickson Crypt. 1,7.

Jungermannia pygmea, Wulf in Berl, Mag. 8,151.

On moist banks in clayey soils; October to May.

Plant matted; roots deep purple; perichetial leaves 0;
odour similar to calamus aromaticus.

XV. 329. SALVIATUS. Salviatt.

Monoicous. Mate. Anihers spherical, olive-green, pe-
dicelled, scattered, axillary; pedicells long, streaked Across.
—Ferm. Calyx terminal or lateral, reverse ovate or reverse-
heartshape, compressed below, triangular; mouth con-
tracted, depressed ; peduncle short; capsule spherical,
4-valved; internal base orbicular; valves regularly net-
worked; seeds spherical, tuberculated; e/aters tubular, at-
tached to the tip of the valves; helix single.—Thallus
creeping, branched; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, 2-cut, seg-
ments unequal, conduplicate, lower segment smallest, sack-
like, pressed close, inflated.

1. Salviatus tamarisci. Tamarisk salviati:

Stem pinnately branched ; leaves upper lobes ovate,
roundish, lower lobes reverse-ovate; st7pules rather square,
nicked, edge turned over; fruit terminal, on the branches;
calyx reverse-ovate, smooth.

Lichenastrum imbricatum, tamarisci Narbonensis facie, Dillen Musc.
13, 31.

Jungermannia tamarisci, Lin. 8. P. 1600; Hooker Jung. 6.

Jungermannia rubiginosa, Neckar Pal. 2, 447.

Jungermannia dilatata, Roth Germ. 3, 406.

Jungermanunia nigricans, Lamarcke Encycl, 3, 283.

On exposed alpine hills.

688 329. Salviatus. 13. HEPATIC. — Pl. cell. fol.

2. Salviatus dilatatus. Dilated salviatz.

Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobes roundish,
lower lobes rounded; stipules rounded, flat, nicked; fruit
terminal; calyx reverse-heartshape, tuberculate.

Lichenastrum imbricatum minus, Raéi Syn. 111,11.
Jungermannia dilatata, Lin. S. P. 1600; Hooker Jung. 5.
Jungermannia tamariscifolia, Engl. Bot. 1086.

On the trunks of trees; winter.

3. Salviatus Hutchinsie. Hutchins’ salviaiz.

Stem branched; leaves upper lobes spinous, serrated ;
lower lobes minute, mostly toothed at the base; st7pules
rounded, ovate, slightly serrate, acutely 2-cut; fraud lateral ;
calyx reverse-heartshape, smooth.

Jungermannia Hutchinsie, Hooker Jung. 1; Engl. Bot. 2480.

On the side of mountain rivulets.

XVI. 330. PANDULPHINIUS. Pandulphini.

Monoicous. Matt. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, soli-
tary in the axille of the perichetial leaves——Fem. Calyx
lateral, ovate or reverse-ovate, slender at bottom, 5-cor-
nered; mouth contracted, elevated, tubular, toothed; pe-
duncle short, jointed; capsule spherical, seeming 4-valved ;
valves upright, irregularly networked ; seeds roundish ;
elaters tubular, membranaceous, dilated at the end, ad-
hering to the tip of the valves; helices double, slightly
twisted.—Thallus creeping; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, two-
cut, segments unequal, conduplicate, lobes rolled in; séi-

pules nicked.
1. Pand. calyptrifolius. Calyptra-leaved pandulphini.

Stem branched; leaves upper lobes calyptriiorm ; lower
lobes bluntly 4-sided, rolled up; calyx oblong, top flat,
5-toothed; mouth minute, contracted.

Jungermannia calyptrifolia, Hooker Jung. 43.

On the stems of dwarf furze, near the ground.

2. Pand. minutissimus. Minutest pandulphini.

Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe hemi-
spherical, lower lobe extremely minute; stipules ovate,
rounded, 2-cut; calyx reverse-ovate, rounded, 5-sided.

Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia omnium minima, seu vix conspicua,
serpylli aut herniaria foliis auritis, floribus ex albo variegatis, vagin4 cor-
diformi Michelii, Dillen Musc. 72, 29.

Jungermannia minutissima, Engl, Bot. 1633; Hooker Jung. 52.

On rocks and trees.

Thalli in tufts like a green stain.

Pl.celi. fol. 13. HEPATICAL. 330. Pandulph. 689

3. Pand. hamatifolius. _Hook-leaved pandulphini.

Stem irregularly branched ; leaves upper lobe ovate,
pointed, tip mostly bent; stipules ovate, acutely 2-cut;
calyx reverse ovate, 5-sided.

Jungermannia hamatifolia, Hooker Jung. 51.

On rocks and trees; March to May.
8. echinatus. Leaves elegantly spinous.

4. Pand. serpylitfolius. Thyme-leaved pandulphini.

Stem pinnately branched; leaves upper lobes rounded,
lower lobes minute; stipules rounded, acutely 2-cut; calyx
broad, reverse-ovate, 5-sided.

Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia minima, foliis auritis, ex rotunditate
acuminatis, punctatis ac veluti perforatis, floribus virescentibus, vagina
cordiformi, Dillen Musc. 72, 39.

Jungermannia serpyllifolia, Dickson Crypt. 4,19; Hooker Jung. 42.

On trees and rocks; male in June; female in April or
May.

8. ovatus. Leaves small, ovate, rather pointed.

XVII. 331. MARCHESINUS. Marchesini.

Monoicous. Mate. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, soli-
tary, in the axille of the perichetial leaves. Frm. Calyx
lateral, sometimes terminal, reverse-heartshape, flattened,
3-sided; mouth contracted, elevated, 4-toothed; peduncle
not jointed, short; capsule spherical, 4-valved; valves re-
gularly networked, turned back; seeds roundish; elaters
tubular, ends dilated, attached to the tips of the valves ;
helices double, loosely spiral—Thallus creeping; leaves
2-rowed. ;

Marchesinius Mackait. Mackay’s marchesini.

Stem irregularly branched; /eaves upper-lobe roundish ;
lower lobe minute; sé7pwles large, rounded, reverse-heart-
shape.

Jungermannia Mackaii, Hooker Jung. 53; Engl. Bot.

On lime-stone rocks and old trees; February and March.

Thalli in blackish green tufts.

XVIII. 332. CAVENDISHIA. Cavendish.
Monoicous. Marr. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, soli-

tary, in the axille of the perichetial leaves. Fem. Calyx

lateral, ovate, narrow at bottom, compressed, becoming
VOL. I. 2Y

\

690 332. Cavendishia. 13. HEPATIC. PI. cell. fol.

cylindrical; mouth truncated, serrate, slit on one side;
peduncle short, not jointed; capsule spherical, seeming
4-valved ; valves upright, irregularly networked; seed
roundish; elaters membranaceous, tubular; /elices double,
loosely twisted; Jeaves 2-rowed, Z-cut, segments unequal,
conduplicate.

1. Cavendishia platyphylia. Broad-leaved cavendish.

Stem lying down, bi-pinnately branched; leaves upper
lobe roundish, ovate, scarcely cut; lower lobe and stipules
straplike, uncut.
s a eae arboris vile facie, foliis minus rotundis, Dillen Musc.

; Jungermannia platyphylla, Lin. S. P. 1600; Engl. Bot. 198; Hooker
Jung. AO

Jungermannia cupressiformis 6, Lamarck Encycl. 3, 383.

On old walls, rocks, and trees, even in towns; March
and April.

@. major. Stem bipinnately branched ; leaves large,
smooth, yellowish green.

y. thujeformis. Stem long, pinnately branched; leaves
smooth, brownish.

Lichenastrum arboris vitw facie, foliis rotundioribus, Dillen Musc. 72,
33.

Jungermannia Thuja, Dicksen Crypt. 4, 19.

Jungermannia platypbylla 6, Weiss Crypt. 126.

Jungermannia cupressiformis y, Lamarck Encyl. 3, 283.

2. Cavendishia levigata. Smooth cavendish.

Siem lying down; branches irregularly pinnate; leaves
9-rowed, unequally 2-lobed, thorny-toothed ; upper lobes
largest, rounded ovate, lower strapshape, flat, pressed
close; stipules oblong, 4-sided, thorny-toothed.

Jungermannia levigata, Schrad. Samml. 2,6; Hooker Jung. 35.

On the ground, in mountain woods.

XIX. 333. MARTINELLIUS. Martinelli.

Monoicous. Marr. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, 2 or
3 together, in the axillee of the leaves. Frm. Calyx ter-
minal, ovate oblong, bottom cylindrical, tip compressed, at
first bent in; mouth truncated, slit on one side; peduncle
long, not jointed; capsule ovate, 4-valved; valves streaked
longways and across; seed spherical; e/aters membranaceous;
helices double; buds attached to the side of the leaves.—
Leaves 2-rowed, undivided, or unequally 2-lobed ; st7pules 0.

Pi. cell. fol. 13. HEPATICAN. 333. Martinellius. 691

a. Leaves 2-lobed, lobes unequal, conduplicate ; fruit
terminal.

1. Martinellius complanatus. Flattened martinelli.

Stem creeping, vaguely branched ; leaves 2-rowed, imbri-
cate above; upper lobe largest, orbicular, lower lobe ovate,
flat; calyx oblong; mouth naked.

Lichenastrum imbricatum majus, Raii Syn. 111, 10.
Jungermannia complanata, Lin. S. P. 1133; Engl. Bot. 2499; Hooker
Jung. 81.

On the trunks of trees; all the year.
Leaves tliat, pale green.

8. minor. Leaves more convex, brownish green.

2. Martinellius resupinatus. Lying-down martinelli.

Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves roundish,
lobes nearly equal, edge not cut; calyx oblong; mouth
toothed.

Jungermannia resupinata, Lin. S. P. 1598; Hooker Jung. 23.

On loamy heaths, under heath; May and June.

3. Martinellius undulatus. Wavy martinelli.

Stem upright, slightly forked; Jeaves lobes roundish,
wavy, lower lobes largest; calyx oblong; mouth naked.

Lichenastrum pinnis auriculatis majoribus et non crenatis, Dillen Musc.
1, 17.

Jungermannia undulata, Lin. §. P. 1598; Engl. Bot. 225; Hooker
Jung. 22.

On wet places, especially alpine; May to July.

4. Martinellius umbrosus. Shady martinelli.

Stem upright, two-forked; leaves lobes serrated at the
end, lower lobes largest, ovate; upper roundish, ovate;
calyx mouth naked.

Jungermannia umbrosa, Schrader Samml, 2,5; Hooker Jung, 24.

On damp mountainous places; April and May.

5. Martinellius planifolius. Flat-leaved martinelli.

Stem upright, slightly branched; leaves nearly 2-parted
at the base, toothed; lower lobe largest, ovate; upper
heartshape, blunt.

Jungermannia planifolia, Hooker Jung. G7.

- On damp places, in mountains.
Fructification unknown.
2yv 2

692 333. Martinellius. 13. HEPATIC. Pl. cell. fol.

6. Martinellius nemorosus. Grove martinelli.

Stem upright, rather forked; leaves seeming 2-lobed,
toothed, fringed, lower lobes reverse ovate, upper nearly
heartshape, blunt; calyx mouth toothed, ciliated.

Lichenasirum auriculatum, pinnis minoribus, crenatis, Dillen Musc. 71>
18.

Lichenastrum auriculatum, pinnulis rotundis, crispum, Dillen Musc. 71,
19,

Jungermannia nemorosa, Lin. S. P. 1598; Engl. Bot. 607; Hooker
Jung. 21.

Jungermannia nemorea, Lin. Syst. Nat. 2,706.

Jungermannia resupinata, Engl. Bot. 2437.

In woods and hedge banks; April to August.

8. purpurascens. Leaves turning purplish.

Lichenastrum auriculatum ornithopodii minoris, pinnulis ciliatis, Dillen
Muse. 71, 21.

Jungermannia purpurea, Engl. Bot. 1023, in part.

Jungermannia cochleariformis, Withering Arr. 3, 858.

y. recurvifolius. Leaves with the lobes turned back.
0. denudatus. Leaves with the lobes scarcely cut.

b. Leaves undivided, toothed ; fruit lateral and terminal.

7. Martinellius asplenioides. Spleenwort martinelli.

Stem ascending, branched; Jeaves reverse-ovate, round-
ish, toothed, slightly bent back; fruit terminal and lateral ;
calyx oblong, mouth slightly fringed.

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, capitulis e foliorum summitate enascen-
tibus, majus, Dillen in Rati Syn, 112, 16.

Jungermannia asplenoides, Lin. S. P. 1597; Engl. Bot. 1061; Hooker
Jung. 13.

In woods and moist shady banks, among mosses.

8. Martinellius spinulosus. Thorny martinell.

Stem upright, branched ; leaves reverse-ovate, bent back,
tip toothed, spinous; fruit lateral and axillary; capsule
roundish; mouth ciliated.

Lichenastrum pinnulis alternis, quasi spinosis, Dillen Musc. 489.

Lichenastrum ramosius, foliis trifidis, Dillen Musc. 489.

Jungermannia spinulosa, Dickson Crypt. 2, 14; Hooker Jung. 1A.

Jungermannia serrata, Roth Cat. Bot. |, 144,

On mountainous places.

The largest and handsomest of the jungermannidee.

B. tridenticulatus. Leaves small, few; tips 3-spined.
Jungermannia tridenticulata, Michaua Bor. Arr. 2, 278.

Pl. cell. fol. 13. HEPATIC 333. Martinellius. 693

9. Martinellius decipiens. Deceiving martinel/i.

Stem upright, bent, scarcely branched; leaves lower
smallest, ovate, not cut; upper rounded ovate or rarely
4-sided, with one or two spinelike teeth.

Jungermannia decipiens, Hooker Jung. 50.

On rocky places and heaths.

XX. 334. MYLIUS. Mylius.

Monoicous. Mar. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered, in the axillz of the perichetial leaves. Frm. Calyx
terminal, exserted, cylindrical, tip compressed, truncated,
2-lipped, slit on both sides, slightly toothed ; peduncle short,
not jointed; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved; valves
streaked lengthways and across; seed spherical; elaters
tubular, on the valves; helices double, closely twisted.—
Leaves 2-rowed. Pa

1. Mylius Taylors. Taylor’s mylius.

Stem upright, scarcely branched; leaves all rounded ;
stipules broad-awlshape ; fruit terminal ; calyx ovate, mouth
ciliated.

Jungermannia Taylori, Hooker Jung. 51,

On mountainous rocks.

2. Mylius anomalus. Anomalous mylius.
Stem lying down, not branched ; /eaves round, or rounded

ovate, or ovate pointed; stipules broadish awlshape.
Jongermannia anomala, Hooker Jung. 34.

On bogs among mosses; October and November.

3. Mylius polyanthos. Many-flowered mylius.

Stem lying down, slightly branched; leaves horizontal,
roundish, roundish 4-sided, flat, sometimes cut; stipules
oblong, 2-cut; fruié lateral, peduncled, from the lower
part of the stem; calyx half the length of the calyptra,
2-lipped, jagged.

Lichenastrum trichomanoides aquaticum odoratum fontis Sanctz Wini-
fridw, Dillen in Rati Syn. 112,118,

Jungermannia polyanthos, Lin. S. P. 1597; Engl. Bot. 2479; Hooker
Jung. 62.

Jungermannia viticulosa 6, Weber Germ, 133.

Jungermannia aquatica, Schranck Bav. 2, 496.

Jungermannia fragilis, Roth Germ. 3, 370.

Jungermannia pallescens, Schrader Samml. 2,17.

On moist and very wet places.

694 334. Mylius. 13. HEPATICA. _Pl. cell. fol.

4. Mylius cunetfolius. Wedge-leaved mylius.

Stem creeping, not branched; leaves rather distant,
wedgeshape, not cut or very bluntly nicked at the tip;
stipules small, ovate, pointed, rough.

Jungermannia cuneifolia, Hooker Jung. 64.

On salviatus tamarisci; gen. 329, sp. 1.

‘Plant extremely minute, like the filaments of a conferva ;
in loose clusters.

XXI. 335. NARDIUS. -. . Nardi.

Monoicous. Mater. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered, in the axillae of the perichetial leaves. Frm. Calyx
terminal, ovate; mouth rather contracted, 4-toothed, im-~
bedded in the perichetial leaves; peduncle long, not jointed ;
capsule roundish, 4-valved; valves furrowed lengthways
and across; seeds spherical; elaters on the valves; /elices
double, closely twisted.— Leaves 2-rowed, uncut.

1. Nardius scalaris. Stair nardi.

Stem creeping, not branchéd; leaves roundish, hollow,
not cut nor nicked; stipules broad-awlshape ; perichetial
leaves united together.

Jungermannia scalaris, Schrader Samml. 2,4; Hooker Jung. 61.
Jungermannia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 605.

Oni hedge-banks, on loamy soil, or woods.

2. Nardius compressus. Compressed nardt.

Stem upright, slightly branched; Jeaves round; upper-
most kidneyshape, pressed close ; stipules only on the shoots ;
calyx oblong.

Jungermannia compressa, Hooker Jung. 58.

In mountain rivulets.

Tufts dense, purplish; roofs scarcely any.

3. Nardius emarginatus. Nicked nardt.

Siem upright, branched; /eaves loosely tiledlike, spread-
ing, reverse-hearted, nicked; calyx ovate.

Jungermannia emarginata, Ehrhart Beitr. 3, 80; Engl. Bot. 1022;

Hooker Jung. 27.
Jungermannia macrorhiza, Dickson Crypt. 2, 16.

In very wet places, or alpine rivulets; early in summer.

6. multifiorus. Capsules 2 or 3 in the same calyx; pe- -
duncles short.

Pl.cell. fol. 13. HEPATIC AS. 336. Jungermannia. 695

XXII. 336. JUNGERMANNIA. Ruppius. Jungermann.

Monoicous. Mate. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered or solitary in the axille of the leaves. Frm. Calyx
terminal or axillary, ovate, cylindrical, mostly plaited ;
mouth contracted, exserted, toothed; peduncle long, not
‘ jointed; capsule ovate or spherical, 4-valved; valves regu-

larly streaked lengthways and across; seeds spherical ;
elaters on the valves; helices double.—lLeaves 2-rowed or
tiledlike; lads at the tips of the branches.

a. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed, 2-cut, lobes unequal,
conduplicate, stipuled.

1. Jungermannia ciliaris. Fringed jungermann.

Stem lying down, pinnately branched; leaves very con-
vex, unequally 2-lobed, lobes ovate, 2-parted, fringed ; cilize
long, slender; stzpules nearly 4-sided, 4 or 5-lobed at the
end, with long ciliz; fruit lateral; calyx reverse ovate;
mouth contracted, toothed.

Lichenasirum scorpioides pulchrum villosum, Déll. Musc. 69, 3.

Jupgermannia ciliaris, Lin. S. P. 160) ; Engl. Bot. 22413 Hooker
Jung. 65.

Jungermannia pulcherrima, Veber Spic. 151.
Jungermannia Leersii, Roth Germ. 2, 402.

On rocks and heaths.

2. Jungermannia Woodsii. Woods’ jungermann.

Stem lying down, 2 or 3-pinnate; leaves very convex,
unequally 2-lobed; upper lobe 2-parted, spinous, toothed ;
lower very minute, oblong, scarcely cut; stipules large,
ovate, 2-parted, spinous, toothed ; spurred on each side of
the base.

Jungermannia Woodsii, Hooker Jung. 66.

On mountains.

b. Stem compressed; leaves 2-rowed, 2 or 4-cut, lobes

equal, stipuled.

3. Jungermannia reptans. Creeping jungermann.

Stem creeping, stellately branched; Jdeaves_tiledlike
above; rather 4-sided, bent in, acutely 5-toothed; stipules
broad, 4-sided, 4-toothed; fruit radical; calyx oblong,
plaited; mouth contracted, toothed.

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, foliolis multifidis, capitulis ex imis
cauliculis nascentibus, Rati Syn. 113, 22.

Jungermannia reptans, Lin. 8S. P. 1599 ; Engl. Bot. 608; Hooker Jung.
45

In woods and shady places.
B. pinnata. Thallus large, branches 2-pinnate.

696 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC. Pl. cell. fol.

4., Jungermannia albescens. Whitish jungermann.

Stem creeping, branched; leaves very concave, nearly
hemispherical; s/ipules ovate, lanceolate, blunt; fruit ter-
minal, on short branches; calyx oblong, ovate; mouth
toothed.

Jungermannia albescens, Hooker Jung. 12. et Suppl. 4. -

On the ground in shady places.

5. Jungermannia barbata. Bearded jungermann.

Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves rounded,
4-sided, 3 or 4-cut; stipules lanceolated, acutely 2-cut, edge
jagged; fruit terminal; calyx ovate; mouth contracted,
toothed.

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie; feliolis multifidis, capitulis e summis
ramulis nascentibus, Dillen in Rati Syn. 113, 21.

Jungermannia barbata, Schreb. Lips. 107; Engl. Bot. 25,1; Hooker
Jung. 10.

Jungermannia quinquedentata, Hudson Angl. 511.

Jungermannia Florkii, Weber et Mohr. Germ. 410.

Jungermannia dichotoma, Schleich. Cent. 2, 57.

Jungermannia gracilis, Schleich. Cent. 3, 6.

Jungermannia quadridentata, Wulf in Berl. Mag. 8,154.

On subalpine rocks and in woods on them; March to
May.

6. minor. Stem elongated at top, ascending; lower leaves
open, upper very closely tiledlike, budbearing.

6. Jungermannia Francisct. Francis’ jungermann.

Stem nearly upright, simple or branched; leaves ovate,
concave, acutely nicked ; s¢7pudes minute, ovate, 2-cut; fruit
terminal, on short branches; calyx oblong cylindrical,
slightly plaited; mouth toothed.

Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel Zcones, 244 et 250.
Jungermannia Francisci, Hooker Jung. 49.

On moist ground ; March to June.

7. Jungermannia stipulacea. Large-stipuled jungermann.

Stem lying down, simple; leaves round; tip acutely
nicked, lobes pointed, straight; stipules large, ovate,
pointed, toothed on one side, near the base; fruit lateral;
calyx reverse-ovate, tip slightly plaited ; mouth contracted,
bluntly toothed.

Jungermannia stipulacea, Hooker Jung. 41,
On shady rocks in woods.

8. Jungermannia lidentata. Two-toothed jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched ; /eaves broad, ovate, decur-
rent, tip 2-cut, lobes very pointed, not jagged; stipules 2

Pl. cell. fol. 13. HEPATICAS. 336. Jungermannia. 697

or 3-cut or jagged; fruit terminal; calyx oblong, nearly
three-cornered ; mouth jagged.

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis, majus, Rati Syn. 113,
19.

Jungermannia bidentata, Lin, S. P, 1598; Engl. Bot. 606; Hooker
Jung. 30,

On moist ground in shady places; March to September.

8. obtusata. Leaves bluntly nicked, blackish green; sti-
pules many-cut.

9. Jungermannia heterophylla. Oddleaved jungermann.

Stem lying down, branched; leaves rounded, ovate, de-
current, tip rarely acutely nicked, mostly bluntly, or undi-
vided; stipules 2 or 3-cut, sometimes rather jagged; fruit
terminal; calyx ovate, bluntly three-cornered; mouth
jagged.

Lichenastrum pinnulis obtusioribus bifidis, minus, Dillen Musc. 488.

Jungermannia heterophylla, Schrad. Jour. Bot. 5,66; Hooker Jung. 31.

Jungermannia bidentata minor, Leers Herbon. 249.

Jungermannia bicuspidata, Engl. Bot. 281, not the syn.

On rocks and the bark of trees; male, November; fe-
male, spring.

c. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed, 2-lobed ; lobes un-
equal, conduplicated ; stipules 0.

10. Junger. cochleariformis. Snailshape jungermann.

Stem lyimg down, scarcely branched; /eaves closely tiled-
like above; upper lobe largest, convex, tip 2-cut, toothed ;
lower lobes oblong, ovate, inflated. Wie

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, praelongum foliis concavis unam par-
tem spectantibus, Radi Syn. 112,17.

Mnium Jungermannia, Lin. S, P. 1579.

Jungermannia cochleariformis, Weiss Crypt. 123; Engl. Bot. 2500;
Hooker Jung. 68.

Jungermannia purpurea, Scop. Carn. 2, 347.

On mountain-bogs.

11. Jungermannia exsecta. Cut-out jungermann.

Stem lying down, scarcely branched; leaves unequally
2-lobed, slightly folded together; lower lobe largest, ovate,
pointed, concave; tip often 2-toothed; upper lobe minute,
toothlike.

Jungermannia exsecta, Schmidel Icon, 241; Hooker Jung. 19.
Jungermanpia globulifera, var. 1, Roth Germ. 3, 381.

On moist bogey heaths.

698 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC. Pi. cell. fol.

12. Jungermannia minuta. Minute jungermann.

Stem upright, rather two forked; leaves horizontally
spread, slightly folded together; upper leaves equally two-
lobed, lower leaves unequally, all rather pointed; fruzé ter-
-minal; calyx reverse-ovate, slightly plaited at the tip;
mouth contracted, toothed.

Lichenastrum, pianulis minutissimis rotundis, Dillen Musc. 69, 2.

Jungermannia minuta, Crantz Groenl. 285 ; Hooker Jung. 44.

Jungermannia rupincola, Schleich. Crypt. exsic.
Jungermannia bicornis, Mohr Crypt. Germ, 423.

On alpine hills among mosses; April to July.

13. Jungermannia Dicksoni. Dickson's jungermann.

Stem ascending, seldom branched; leaves unequally two-
lobed, folded together, lobes narrow, ovate, scarcely cut,
pointed; lower lobe largest; fruit terminal; calyx ovate,
plaited; mouth contracted, toothed.

Jungermannia Dicksoni, Hooker Jung. 48.

On dry rocks, among mosses.

14. Jungermannia obtusifolia. Blunt-leaved jugermann.

Stem ascending, simple; leaves unequally 2-lobed; lobes
folded together, blunt, not cut; lower lobe largest, rather
scymetarshape; upper ovate; fruié terminal ; calyx reverse-
ovate; mouth contracted, toothed.

Jungermannia obtusifolia, Hooker Jung, 26.

On damp rocky places; March and April.

15. Jungermannia albicans. Whitish gungermann.

Stem upright, slightly branched; leaves unequally two-
lobed, lobes folded together; tip toothed, middle, pellucid,
whitish; lower lobe largest, nearly scymetarshape, upper
oblong, ovate, pointed ; fruzt terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate,
cylindrical; mouth contracted, toothed.

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, capitulis e foliorum summitate ena-
scentibus minus, Dillen in Rati Syn, 112, 14.

Lichenastrum foliis variis, Dillen in Raii Syn, 112, 23.

Jungermannia albicans, Lin, S, P. 1599; Eng. Bot. 2240 and 1023,

left-hand fig. ; Hooker Jung. 25.
Jungermannia varia, Lin. 8. P. 1601.

On hedge-banks, in loamy soils.

8. procumbens. Stem lying down; /eaves nearly upright.

Pl. cell. fol. 15. HEPATIC/K. 336. Jungermannia. 699

d. Stem compressed; leaves 2-rowed, equally 8 or 4 cut ;
stipules 0.

16. Jungermannia incisa. Cut jungermann.
Stem lying down, depressed, seldom branched; leaves
rather 4-sided, wavy, 3-cut, lobes toothed in places; fruit
terminal; calyx reverse-ovate; mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia incisa, Schard. Samml. 2,5; Hooker Jung. 10; Eng. Bot.
On bogs, moors, and moist places on mosses.

17. Jungermannia capiiata. Headed jungermann.

Stem lying down, seldom branched; leaves rounded,
4-sided; lower 2-cut; upper 3 or 4-cut; fruié terminal;
calyx oblong, ovate, rather plaited; mouth contracted,
toothed.

Jungermannia capitata, Hooker Jung. 80; Engl. Bot.

On bogs and dry mountainous places.

e. Siem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed, nicked or 2-cut ;
stipules 0.

18. Jungermannia curvifolia. Curve-leaved gungermann.

Stem lying down, branched starwise; /eaves roundish,
very concave, 2-cut; lobes pointed, bent; fruié terminal,
on very short branches; calyx oblong, slightly plaited ;
mouth slightly contracted, toothed.

Jungermannia curvifolia, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15; Engl. Bot. 1304;
Hooker Jung. 16.

Jungermannia birostrata, Schleicher Cent. 3, 59.
On alpine rocks and decayed wood.

19. Jungermannia connivens. Connivent jungermann.

Stem lying down, branched starwise; /eaves round, con-
cave, tip nicked, crescentlike; fruit terminal, on short
branches; calyx oblong ovate; mouth contracted, fringed.

Jungermannia connivens, Dickson Crypt. 4,19; Hooker Jung. 15.

On damp shady places; April and May.

20. Jungermannia byssacea. — Byssus jungermann.

Stem lying down, branchwise; leaves nearly 4-sided,
bluntly 2-cut, lobes pointed; fruit terminal; calyx oblong,
plaited; mouth open, toothed.

Jungermannia byssacea, Roth Cat. Bot. 2,158; Hooker Jung. 12.
Jungermannia bifida, Schmidel Icon, 250.
Jungermannia divaricata, Engl. Bot. 719.

On sand-hills and exposed heaths.
5 |

700 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC. Pi. cell. fol.
21. Jungermannia bicuspidata. Two-pointed jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched starwise; leaves nearly four-

sided, pointedly 2-cut; lobes pointed, straight, not cut;

fruit terminal ; calyx cblong, plaited ; mouth open, toothed.
. Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis minimum, Mazi Syn.

113, 20.

Jungermannia bicuspidata, Lin. 8, P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 2239; Hooker

Jung. 11.
Jungermannia globulifera, Pollich Pal. 3, 182.

Jungermannia spherocephala, Roth Germ. 1,481.
Jungermannia fissa, Scop. Carn. 1345,
Jvupgermannia bicornis, Fl. Dan. 888. 2.

On moist hedges and banks on heaths; Mar. and April.

B. patens. Lobes of the leaves spreading.
In marshy places.

29. Junzermannia Turneri. Turner’s jungermann.

Stem lying down, bent, branched starwise; leaves broad
ovate, acutely 2-parted ; lobes folded together, spinous,
toothed ; fruit terminal; calyx linear, oblong, plaited
lengthways; mouth rather contracted, toothed.

Jungermannia Turneri, Hooker Jung. 29.

On shady banks of mountain rivulets; March.

23. Jungermannia ventricosa. Belhied jungermann.
Stem lying down, slightly branched ; leaves open, nearly
4-sided, bluntly and broadly nicked, sides bent in; fruit
terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, plaited, toothed.

Lichenastrum quod Jungermannia minima repens, foliis bifidis, vagina
florum ventricosa Michelii, Dillen. Musc. 70, 14.

Jungermannia ventricosa, Dickson Crypt. 2,14 ; Hooker Jung. 28.

Jungermannia bidentata globulifera, Weber Goett. 134.

Jungermannia bidentata, Schmidel Jung. 106.

Jungermanpia globulifera, Pollich Palat. 3, 182.

Jungermannia bicornis, Hoffm. Germ, 2, 89.

Mnium fissum, Necker Muse. 237,

On boggy soils, and in woods; winter and spring.

24. Jungermannia excisa. Cut-off jungermann.

Stem lying down, nearly simple; /eaves open, nearly
4-sided, very deeply nicked; fruit terminal; calya oblong ;
mouth slightly contracted, plaited, toothed.

Jungermannia excisa, Dickson Crypt. 3,11; Hooker Jung. 9.
Jungermannia globulifera, Roth Germ, 3, 379. :
Jungermannia Funckii, Mohrh Crypt. Germ. 492.

In moist shady woods and hedge-banks.

B. crispata. Leaves wavy lengthways; lobes unequal,
crisp.

Pl. cell. fol. 13. HEPATICAS. 336. Jungermannia. 701

25. Jungermannia inflata. — Blown-up jungermann.
Stem lying down, simple or branched ; leaves roundish,
concave, acutely 2-cut; lobes straight, blunt; fruié termi-
nal; calyx reverse pearshape; mouth contracted, toothed.

Jungermannia inflata, Hudson Angl. 511 ; Hooker Jung. 38.
Jungermannia bicrenata, Schmidel Icon, 246.
Jungermannia bidentata, var. 2, Withering Arr. 3, 853.

In moist boggy places; all the year.

(26. Jungermannia Orcadensis. Orkney jungermann.
Stem upright, not branched ; leaves closely tiledlike,
upright or spreading, heartshape ovate, flat, tip notched,
edge turned over.
Jungermannia Orcadensis, Hooker Jung, 71,
On moss, at the feet of mountains.

f. Stem compressed ; leaves 2-rowed, undivided ; stipules 0.

27. Jungermannia hyalina. Transparent jungermann.

Stem ascending, bent, forked ; leaves rounded, wavy ;
fruié terminal; calyx ovate, cornered; mouth contracted,
toothed.

Jungermannia hyalina, Hooker Jung. 63.
On bogey places, and rocks near waterfalls; April and
ay.

May

28. Junger. spherocarpa. Round-fruited jungermann.
Stem ascending, not branched ; leaves round; calyx ob-

long, reverse-ovate, cylindrical, 4-cut; capsule spherical.
Jungermannia sphetocarpa, Hooker Jung. 7A.

On bogs; March to May.

29. Jungermannia crenulata. Crenulate jungermann.
Stem lying down, branched; leaves rounded, bordered ;
fruit terminal ; calyx reverse-ovate, compressed, 4-cornered
. lengthways; mouth contracted, toothed.
Jungermannia crenulata, Engl. Bot. 1463; Hooker Jung. 37.

On bogs and wet places; October to April.

6. gracillima. Stem rather slender ; leaves minute, distant.
Jungermannia gracillima, Eng. Bot. 2238.

30. Jungermannia sphagni. Bog-moss jungermann.
Stem lying down, seldom branched; bud-bearing shoots
only stipuled; eaves round; fruet terminal, on peculiar

702 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATIC. Pi. cell. fol.

branches; calyx oblong, smaller at both ends; mouth con-
tracted, slightly toothed.
Jungermannia sphagni, Dickson Crypt. 1,63; Engl. Bot. 2410; Hooker
Jung. 33.
In marshy places, among sphagna; October to April.

31. Jungermannia cordifolia. Heart-leaved jungermann.

Stem upright, bent, forked ; /eaves upright, hollow, heart-
shape, rolled round; fruit terminal and axillary; calyx
oblong ovate, slightly plaited; mouth minute, toothed.

Jungermanpia cordifolia, Hooker Jung. 32.

On moist places in alpine mountains; August to March.

32. Jungermannia pumila. Dwarf jungermann.

Stem ascending, mostly simple; leaves elliptical, ovate ;
fruit terminal; calyx oblong, ovate, pointed ; mouth con-
tracted, slightly toothed.

Lichenastrum trichomanis facie, minus, ab extremitate florens, Dillen
Musc. 70, 10.

Jungermannia pumila, Withering Arr. 3,865; Engl. Bot. 2230; Hooker
Jung. 17.

On alpine rocks and mountains; May and June.

B. nigricans. Stem branched; leaves distant, growing

black.

33. Jungermannia lanceolata. Spearshape jungermann.

Stem lying down, seldom branched; /eaves spreading,
ovate rather rounded ; fruit terminal; calyx oblong, cylin-
drical ; tip depressed, flat; mouth contracted, slightly
toothed.

Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, trichomanis facie, foliolis densius con-
gestis, minus, Dillen in Raii Syn, 112,13.
Jungermannia lanceolata, Lin. 8. P. 1597; Hooker Jung. 18.

On moist places in woods, and trunks of rotten trees.

go. Stem round ; leaves scattered 3 stipules 0.

34. Jungermannia trichophylla. Hair-leaved jungermann.

Stem creeping, irregularly branched; leaves tiledlike on
all sides, in bundles, bristlelike, jointed, spreading, straight ;
fruit terminal; calyx oblong; mouth contracted, fringed.

Lichenastrum trichodes minimum, in extremitate florens, Dillen Musc.
13, 37.

Jungermannia trichophylla, Lin. S. P. 1601; Engl. Bot, 2252; Hooker
Jung. 7.

On turfy heaths, and moist rocks.

Pl. cell. fol. 18. HEPATICAK. 336. Jungermannia, 703

35. Jungermannia setacea. Bristlelike jungermann.

Stem creeping, nearly pinnately branched; leaves tiled-
like on all sides, in pairs, bristlelike, jointed, spreading,
bent inwards; fruit terminal; calyx oblong; mouth open,
fringed.

Lichenastrum multiflorum exile, foliis angustissimis, Dillen Musc. 69, 4.

Jungermannia setacea, Weber Goett. 155; Hooker Jung. 8,

Jungermannia multiflora, Hudson Angl. 510.

Jungermannia sertularioides, Linn, Suppl. 449.

Jungermannia pauciflora, Dickson Crypt. 2, 15.
Jungermannia trichophylla, var. 3, Roth Germ. 3, 366.

On bogs, amongst mosses.

h. Stem round ; leaves 2-rowed, stipuled.

36. Jungermannia tomentella. Fine-downy jungermann.

Stem nearly upright, 2-pinnate; leaves nearly flat, un-
equally 2-lobed, many-cut, hairlike; upper lobes 2-parted,
lower lobes very small; séipules nearly 4-sided, jagged ;
fruit axillary; calyx oblong, cylindrical, shaggy; mouth
open, naked.

Lichenastrum filicinum crispum, Dillen in Raii Syn. 111, 7.
Jungermannia tomentella, Ehrhart Beitr. 2,15; Engl. Bot. 2242;

Hooker Jung. 36. ’
Jungermannia ciliaris, Weiss Crypt. 189.

On moist places; October to March.
i. Stem round ; leaves 2-rowed ; stipules 0.

37. Jungermannia setiformis. Bristleshape jungermann.

Stem upright, seldom branched ; leaves 2-rowed, closely
tiledlike, upright, 4-sided, 4-cut; edge irregularly thorn-
toothed; fruzé terminal and lateral; calyx oblong, plaited ;
mouth open, toothed.

Jungermannia setiformis, Harh. Beitr. 3,40; Hooker Jung. 20.
Jungermannia concatenata, Linn. Lapp.343.

B. alpina. Leaves small; segments not divided.

k. Stem round; leaves 4-rowed; stipules 0.

38. Jungermannia julacea. Cathkin jungermann.
Stem nearly upright, irregularly branched, threadlike ;
leaves 4-rowed, ovate, closely tiledlike, upright, acutely
2-cut; lobes lanceolate, pointed, slightly serrate ; fruit ter-
minal; calyx oblong, plaited above; mouth open, toothed.

704 336. Jungermannia. 13. HEPATICAS. Pl. cell. fol.

Lichenastrum alpinum, bryi julacei argentei facie, Dillen Muse. 73, 38.
Jungermannia julacea, Lin. S. P. 1601; Engl. Bot. 1023 ; Hooker

Jung. 2.
Jungermannia concinnata, Vahlenb. Lapp. 384.

On wet places, on alpine heights.
B. gracilis. Stem long; leaves small, distant.

39. Jungermannia laxifolia. Loose-leaved jungermann.

Siem upright, scarcely branched, threadlike; ¢eaves dis-
tant, 4-rowed, upright, spreading, ovate, slightly keeled,
acutely 2-cut ; fruzé terminal; calyx oblong, slightly plaited ;
mouth contracted, toothed.

Jungermannia laxifolia, Hooker Jung, 59.

In mountain rivulets; April to June.

Perichetial leaves similar to the stem teaves, distant,
often leaving the calyx quite exposed.

XXIII... 337. BAZZANIUS. Bazzanio.

Monoicous. Mate. Anther spherical, pedicelled, in the
axillee of the perichetial leaves—Frm. Calyx from the
under side of the stem, pedicelled, oblong, tubular, narrow
at top; mouth slit down on one side, toothless; peduncle
long; capsule ovate, 4-valved; vaives streaked regularly
longways and across; elaters affixed to the valves; helices
double; seeds spherical.— Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled, lobed ;

lobes equal.

Bazzanius trilobatus. Three-lobed baxzanio.
Stem creeping, bent, slightly branched; leaves tiledlike
above, ovate, convex, bluntly 3-lobed; stipules broad,

4-sided, crenated.
Jungermannia trilobata, Lin. S. P. 1599; Hooker Jung. 76.
Jungermannia radicans, Hoffm. Germ. 2,81; Engl. Bot, 2232.
Jungermannia Donniana, Hooker Jung. 39.

On alpine rocks, of mederate height.
B. minor. Thallus small.

Jungermannia triangularis, Schleichler Cent. 2.
y. minimus. Leaves very minute, indistinct, distant, often

2-toothed.
XXIV... 338. SCALIUS. Scalius.

Monoicous. Mate. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, clus-
tered in the axillz of the perichetial leaves —Ferm. Calyx 0.
calyptra terminal, large, oblong, fleshy, bursting irregu-

Pi. cell. fol. 13. HEPATIC/K. 338. Scalius. 705

larly; peduncle long; capsule ovate, 4-valved; valves re-
gularly streaked lengthways and across; seeds spherical,
clustered, in threes; elaters affixed to the tops of the valves;
helices single, slenderer at each end.—Root fleshy, branch-
ed; stipules 0.

Scalius Hookeri. Hooker’s scalius.

Stem upright; leaves distant, tiledlike, ovate, oblong or
lobed and cornered.

Jungermannia Hookeri, Engl. Bot. 2555; Hooker Jung. 54,

On the sides of ditches; October to May.

XXV. 339. CESIUS. Cesius.

Monoicous. Mate. ?— Fem. Calyx 0; calyptra
terminal, ovate, bursting; peduncle long; capsule globular,
4-valved; valves regularly streaked lengthways and across;
seeds spherical; elaters affixed to the valves; helices double,
rather slender at each end.—Leaves 2-rowed; stipules 0;
perichetial leaves embracing each other, and serving as a
calyx.

Cesius concinnatus. ~ Braided cesius.
Stem upright, branched, top enlarged and compressed ;
leaves 2-rowed, closely tiledlike, compact, upright, hollow,
ovate, nicked; fruzé terminal.
Jungermannia concinnata, Lightf. Scot. 2,186; Hooker Jung. 3.
Jungermanpia julacea, Fl. Dan, 1002.

On barren spongy places on mountains.

XXVI. 340. HERBERTUS. Herbert.

Monoicous. Mate. Anthers spherical, pedicelled, in
clusters, in the axille of the perichetial leaves.— FEM. Ca-
lyx 0; calyptra terminal, ovate; peduncle long; capsule
ovate, 4-valved; valves regularly streaked lengthways and
across; seeds spherical ; elaters affixed to the valves; helices
double, slightly narrowed at each end.—Leaves 4-rowed;
stipules 0; perichetial leaves united at bottom, calyxlike.

Herlertus aduncus. Hooked herbert.

Stem upright, bent, seldom branched; leaves 4-rowed,
scythelike, facing one way, linear lanceolate, 2-parted, lobes
straight, upright, pointed; perichetial leaves upright at the
tip.

VOL. I. 22

706 $40. Herbertus. 13. HEPATIC. PI. cell. fol.

Jungermannia adunca, Dickson Crypt. 3, 12.
Jungermannia juniperina adunca, Hooker Jung. 4.

On shady spots of alpine mountains.
Tufts thick ; leaves yellowish brown.

XXVII. 341. LIPPIUS. Lippius.

Monoicous? Mate. ? Fem. Calyx from the side of
the stem, subterraneous, affixed to the upper edge, cylin-
drical, pouchshaped ; mouth circular, fringed with scales ;
calyptra enclosed ; peduncle jointless, long 5 capsule oblong,
4-valved; valves streaked lengthways and across; seeds
spherical; elaters affixed to the valves; helices double, ra-
ther closely twisted.—Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled.

Lippius viticulosus. Sprigged lippius.

Stem lying down, branched; Jeaves slightly tiledlike,
horizontal, flat, ovate, not cut; stipules broad, ovate, irre-
gularly toothed.

Lichenastrum capitulis nudis, trichomanis facie, foliolis densius con-
gestis, majus, Dillen in Raii Syn. i11,12.

Jungermannia viticulosa, Lin. S. P. 15973 Engl. Bot. 2513; Hooker
Jung. 60.

On mountains on the ground, and on mosses-and other
jungermannidese; spring.

XXVIII. 342. KANTIUS. Kant.

Monoicous? Mate. ? Fem. Calyx from the side of
the stem, subterraneous, affixed by the upper edge, cylin-
drical, pouchshape ; mouth circular, crenated; calyptra
enclosed ; peduncle jointless, long; capsule oblong, 4 valved,
valves spiral, streaked lengthways and across; seeds sphe-
rical; elaters affixed to the valves; helices double, rather
closely twisted —Leaves 2-rowed, stipuled.

Kantius trichomanis. Trichomanes kant.

Stem lying down, seldom branched; Jeaves tiledlike,
horizontal, convex, ovate, sometimes nicked ; stipules
rounded, crescentshape.

Mnium trichomanis facie, foliolis bifidis, Dillen Muse. 31, 6.

Mnium trichomanis facie, foliis integris, Dillen Muse. 31,5.

Mnium Trichomanes, Lin. S. P, 1579.

Mnium fissum, Lin. 8. P, 1579.

Jungermannia trichomanis, Dickson Crypt. 3,8; Hooker Jungs. 79.

Jungermannia scalaris, Schmid. Jung. 20.

Jungermannia fissa, Scopoli Carn. 2, 348.

Jungermannia sphzrocephala, Withering Arr. 3,854.

On moist places in heaths and woods; summer.

Forms large patches of a glaucous green colour.

Pi. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 707

Fam. II. 14. MUSCI. Most botanists. Cryptogame
calyptrate operculate, Mohr.
Flowers unisexual Maur. Anthers oblong, spherical,
networked, bursting irregularly, pedicelled, in the axillee of
the perichetial leaves; pollen granular. —~ Frm. Flowers
terminal or lateral; piséi//s many, clustered, only one fer-
tile, style terminal; stigma expanded; calypira covering
the pistills, bursting across at bottom, rising up with the
capsules; calyx 0; perichetial leaves surrounding the ca-
lyptra; capsule pedicelled, valveless, operculated ; columella
central; mouth fringed, fringe single or double; lid mostly
deciduous ; seeds roundish, attached to the columella;
elaters 0.—Plants small, texture compactly cellular; leaves
mostly with a main rib, undivided or slightly toothed.

A. Peristome 0.

Capsule a-valved .....,:4. 6 eicia iid ois Wel oie ANDREA. 345.
Caps. not cut, sessile; vecept. pedicelled SpHAGNUM. 344.
Caps. not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile ;

didgadwate 2). 38. 5 BS. gadis HUES PHASCUM. 345.
Caps. not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile;

lid deciduous, at last jagged........ SCHISTOSTEGA. 346.
Caps. not cut, pedicelled; recept. sessile ;

lid deciduous; ca/ypira bellsnaped .. ANICYANGIUM. 347.
Caps. not cut, pedicelled ; recept. sessile;

lid deciduous; calypira halved .... GyMNosTOMUM. 348.

B. Peristome single, formed of a membrane only.

Peristome conoid, folded.......... Dreuyscium. 349.

C. Peristome single, formed of teeth or hairs.

Teeth of the_peristome 4......,.... TrErraPHis. 350.
Meet Client Path ee 6s cing eos,ecs wpasyet eo SPLACHNUM. 351.
Teeth 16, cohering at the tip ..... ConosTtomMuM. 352.

Teeth 32, tips joined by a membranePotytricHuM. 353.
Teeth 32, twisted, anastomosing at

| eyovriOvdn es agenesis wo to) an er enna alm CINCLIDOTUS. 354.
Teeth 32, twisted, joined by a mem-
| oy exe Leyapaubntcr eo) RR ec aba bt Tear cite ‘ TortTuta. 355.

Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free ;
calyptra bellshape, or mitrelike, smooth ENcaLypra. 356.
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;
calyptra bellshape or mitrelike, furrowed Grimmta, 357.
22,2

708 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol. -

Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;

calyptra halved; fruat lateral ...... PTEROGONIUM. 358.
Teeth 16, not divided, straight, free;

calyptra halved ; fruit terminal ......... Weissta. 359.
Teeth 16, two-cut, straight, free ..... Dicranum. 360,
Teeth 16 pair, straight, free ;

calypira mitreshape |)... 52... «5 « TricHostomumM. 361.
Teeth 16 pair, straight, free ;

calyptra halved ; fruit lateral.......... Leucopon. 362.
Leeth 16 pair, straight, free;

calyptra halved; fruit terminal ...... Dipymopon. 363.

D. Peristome double ; the internal formed of cilice not
connected together.

Fruit terminal; teeth oblique;

cilie opposite to the teeth ........... .. Funaria. 364.
Fruit terminal ; teeth oblique ;

cilié alternating; calyptra halved........ZYGODON. 365.
Fruit terminal ; teeth oblique;

cilie alternating ; calyptra mitrelike ORTHOTRICHUM. 366.
Fruit lateral; calyptra halved ;

cilie from an interior membrane........ NECKERA. 367.
Fruit lateral; calyptra halved ;

cilia from the side of the teeth..... ... ANOMODON. 368.
Fruit lateral; calyptra mitrelike ;

cilie from the side of the teeth ........ Datronta. 369.

E. Peristome double; the internal either membranaceous, or
formed of connected cilie.

Inter. perist. cancellated; fruit lateral Fontinatis. 370.
Inter. perist. membranaceous, plaited Buxsaumia. 371.
Inter. perist. of 16 equal, 2-cut jags.. BartTRaMia. 372.
Inter. perist. of 16 jags, not cut;

fruit lateral; calyptra mitrelike....¢... Hooxerta. 373.
Inter. perist. of 16 jags, not cut;

fruit lateral; calyptra halved ...... ».... Hypnum. 374.
Inter. perist. of 16 jags, not cut;

fruit terminal; calyptra halved ..... woe terns Bryum. 375.

I. 343. ANDRAKA. Hedwig. Blackmoss.

Capsule 4-valved; valves cohering together at the tip,
by the persistent lid; calyptra torn irregularly.— Plants
alpine, dark brown, nearly black, differ from jungerman-
nidew by the central columella of the capsule.

Phooll fol. 14. MUSCI, 343. Ahdiea! 709

1. Andrea alpina. i Alpine blackmoss.

Stems branched ; leaves obovate, suddenly pointed,
straight, covering the stem on all sides tiledlike; main-rib
none.

Lichenastrum alpinum atro-rubens teres, calycibus squamosis, Dillen
Musc. 506.

Jungermannia alpina, Lin. S, P. 1602.
Andreas alpina, Hedwig Sp. Musc. 49.

On rocks; summer.

2. Andrea rupestris. Rock blackmoss.
Stem branched ; leaves ovate, pointed by degrees; main-
rib none; upper leaves sickleshape.

Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601.
Andrea rupestris, Hedw. S..Musc. 47; Engl. Bot. 1277.

On rocky mountains.

3. Andrea Rothii. Roth’s blackmoss.

Stems almost simple; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, sickle-
like, one-rowed, main-ribbed; perichetial leaves oblong,
ribless; edges turned in.

Lichenastrum alpinum nigricans; foliis capillaceis reflexis, Dillen
Musc, 507. ‘

Jungermannia rupestris, Lin. S. P. 1601.

Andrea rupestris, Turner Musc. Hib. 14.
Andrea Rothii, Mohr. Crypt. Germ. 11; Engl. Bot. 2162.

On alpine rocks.

4. Andrea nivalis. Snow blackmoss.

Stems slightly branched ; eaves loosely tiled-like, lanceo-
late, slightly falcate, one-rowed, main-ribbed ; perichetial
leaves like the stem-leaves.

Andrea nivalis, Hooker in Lin. Tr, 10,395; Engl. Bot, 2507.

On rocks.

II. 344. SPHAGNUM. Dillenius. Bogmoss.

Receptacle peduncled; capsule sessile, not valved; lid
falling off; mouth toothless; calyptra irregularly torn.—
Leaves whitish, with large network, meshes oblong, trans-
versely streaked ; main rib 0: grow in bogs, or water.

© 1. Sphagnum obtusifolium. _.. , > Bluntleaved bogmoss.
Branches swollen; leaves ovate, blunt, closely tiledlike.

710 344, Sphagnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum palustre molle candicans, reflexis
ramulis, foliolis latioribus, Rati Syn. 104, 1. ;

Muscus terrestris vulgatissimus, Park, 1306,

Sphagnum palustre, Lin. 8. P. 1569.

Sphagnum obtusifolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 241.

Sphagnum latifolium, Hedwig. Engl, Bot. 1405,

Sphagnum cymbifolium, Swartz Suec.

In bogs.
Very retentive of moisture, used to pack up live plants
to send to a distance.

B. minus. Stems in close tufts; leaves closely tiledlike.
Sphagnum compactum, Schwegr. Supp. 3.

y. fluilans. Stems very long, slender; Jeaves scattered,
distant. :

Sphagnum latifolium fluitans, Turner Musc. Hib. 6.
Old wives tow. y

2. Sphagnum squarrosum.

Branches. slender at the end; leaves ovate, pointed,
scurfy, turned back.

Sphagnum squarrosum, Weber & Mohr Reise, 2,1; Engl. Bot, 1498.

On bogs.

3. Sphagnim acutifolium. Narrow-leaved bogmoss.
Branches slender; leaves ovate, lanceolate, crowded.

Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum palustre molle candicans, reflexis
ramulis, foliolis angustioribus, Raii Syn. 104, 2.

Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh. Crypt. 72.

Sphagnum capillifeolium, Engl, Bot. 1406.

On bogs.

4. Sphagnum cuspidatum. Pointed bogmoss.
Branches slender; /eaves lanceolate, awlshape, weak.
Sphagnum cuspidatum, Efhrh. Crypt. 2553 Engl. Bot. 2392.

In water, on bogs.

III. 345. PHASCUM. Haller. Squat-moss.

Receptacle sessile; capsule pedicelled; pedicell terminal ;
peristome 0; lid adnate, persistent ; calypira halved.—Plants
often very minute. if

a. Shoots creeping, leafless, jointed, branched.

1. Phascum serraium. Serrated squat-moss.
Shoots branched, leafless, jointed; perichetial leaves lan-
ceolate, serrated, ribless.

Pz. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 345. Phascum. Til

Phascum serratum, Engl. Bot. 460; Dicks. Crypt. 1,1.
Phascum stoloniferum, Dicks. Crypt. 3,7? Engl. Bot. 2006,

‘On shady sandy banks.
Capsules large; seeds about 100 in a capsule, large.

b. Creeping shoots 0; leaves awlshape.

2. Phascum alternifolium. Alternate-leaved squat-moss.

Leaves uncut, lanceolate, awlshape; shoots long.

Phascum alternifolium, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2; Engl. Bot. 2107.

On moist banks.

Perichetial leaves large, long; seeds about 16 in each
capsule, very large, greenish, cornered, without any border.

8. Phascum crispum. Crisp squat-moss.
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, bent, crisp when dry.

Phascum crispum, Engl. Bot. 1680.
Phascum multicapsulare, Engl. Bot. 618.

On banks and fields.

4. Phascum subulatum. Awlshape squatmoss.
Leaves awlshape, bristlelike, straight: main rib disap-
pearing below the point.

Sphagnum acaulon trichoides, Raii Syn. 105, 6.
Phascum subulatum, Lin. 8. P. 1570; Engl. Bot. 2177.

On dry banks.

5. Phascum axillare. Axillary squat-moss.
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, straight; mam rib disap-
pearing below the point; fru becomes iateral.

Phascum axillare, Dicks. Crypt. 1,2.
Phascum nitidum, Hedwig Sé. Crypt. 1, 34.
Phasecum strictum, Dicks, Crypt.3,23; Engl. Bot. 2093.

On moist banks.

C. Creeping shoots 0; leaves ovate ; pedicell immersed in
the leaves.

6. Phascum patens. Spreading squat-moss.

Leaves spread open, narrow, ovate, serrated; main rib
disappearing below the point.

Phascum patens, Hedwig. Crypt. 1,10; Engl. Bot. 1279.

On clay fields.

B. recurvifolium. Leaves very narrow.
Phascum recurvifolium, Dickson Crypt.

712 345. Phascum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

7. Phascum muticum. Unarmed squat-mos.
Leaves ovate, rounded, pointed, concave, connivent, ser-
rated at the point; main rib reaching to the point.

Sphagnum acaulon, foliis in bulbi forma congestis, minus, Dillen.in Ratt

Syn. 105, 8.
Phascum muticum, Sckreb. Phasc. 8,13; Engl. Bot. 2027.

Phascum acaulon #, Lin. 8. P. 1570. as
On moist banks.

6. minus. -Plant very small; leaves uncut.
On banks near the sea.

8. Phascum cuspidatum. Pointed squat-moss.

Leaves ovate, pointed, upright; main rib reaching the
point. :

Sphagnum acaulon, foliis in bulbi formam congestis, majus, Rati Syn.

105, 7. ;
Phascum acaulon, Lin. S. P. 1570.
Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. Phasc. 1; Engl. Bot. 2025.
Phascum Schreberianum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,23; Engl. Bot. 2026.
Phascum curvisetum, Dicks. Crypt.4,23 Engl. Bot, 2259.

On moist hedge-banks.
e. piliferum. Leaves ending in a hair.
Phascum piliferum, Schreb. Phasc. 13; Engl. Bot. 1888.

On barren pastures.

d. Creeping shoots 0; leaves ovate ; pedicells exserted.

9. Phascum bryoides. —— Bryum squatmoss.
Leaves ovate, with a point; capsule elliptical.

Phascum bryoides, Dicks, Crypt.4,10; Engl. Bot. 1280,
On banks, and in fields.

10. Phascum rectum. Straight squatmoss.

Leaves ovate, with a short point; capsule globular; pe-
duncle nearly upright.

Phascum rectum, Withering Arr. 4,771; Engl. Bot. 330,

On moist banks, along with weissia Starkeana.

11. Phascum curvicollum. Bent-necked squat-moss.
Leaves narrow, ovate, pointed; capsule globular; pe-
duncle bent.

Phascum curvicollum, Hedwig Crypt. 1,11; Engl. Bot. 905.
On moist banks.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 346. Schistostega. 713
IV. 346. SCHISTOSTEGA. Mohr. Slate-moss.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal; peristome 0; lid
jagged ; jages fall off.

Schistostega pennata. Feathered slate-moss.

Schistostega osmundacea, Mohr Germ. 92.

oe pennatum, Hedwig Crypt. 1, Crypt. 1,293; Engl. Bot.
2213.

Mnium osmundaceum, Dicks. Crypt. 1,1.

On banks.
V. $47. ANICTANGIUM. Hedwig. Bell-moss.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal; peristome 0; lid
falling off; calyptra bellshape——Leaves without a main rib.

1. Anictangium ciliatum. Fringed bell-moss.
Leaves ovate, longly pointed, points transparent; peri-
chetial leaves fringed at the tip.

Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum saxatile hirsutum incanum, capitulis
virentibus, Rai Syn, 105, 4.

Bryum apocarpum £, Lin. 8S. P. 1579,

Gymnostomum ciliatum, Swartz Suec.19; Engl. Bot. 1179.

Gymnostomum Hedwigia, Hoffman Germ, 2, 28.

Hed wigia ciliata, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 107.

Hedwigia Anodon, Ehrh. Crypt. 192.

Anictangium ciliatum, Hedw. Musc. 40.

Bryum ciliatum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 6.

Fontinalis albicans, Weber Gott. 38.

Phascum piliferum, Withering Arr. 4,786.

On high rocks; autumn.

2. Anictangium wnberbe. Beardless bell-moss.
Leaves ovate, pointed, coloured at the tip; perichetial
leaves serrated at the tip.

Gymnostomum imberbe, Engl. Bot, 2237.
Hedwigia integrifolia, Pal. de Beauv, Prod, 60.
Anictangium imberbe, Hooker & Taylor Musc. 14.

On mountains.

VI. 348. GYMNOSTOMUM. Plain-mouth.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, terminal; peristome 0; lid
falling off; calyptra halved.

a. Stem long, branched.

1. Gymnostomum Lapponicum. Lapland plain-mouth.
Leaves linear,‘ lanceolate, when dry crisp, edges turned
in; perichetial leaves broad, ovate; capsule topshape,
streaked.
5

714 348. Gymnostomum. 14. MUSCI. = Pl. cell. fol.

Gymnostomem Lapponicum, Hedw. Crypi.3.5; Engl. Bot. 2216.
Anictangium Lapponicum, Hedwiz Sp. Musc, 40.
Bryum Lapponicam, Dickson Crypt. 4, 10.

On alpine rocks.

2. Gymnostomum @stivum. Summer plain-mouth.
Leaves lanceolate, when dry twisted, edges turned in ; pe-
richetial leaves broad, ovate; capsule oblong, smooth.

Gymnostomum estivum, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 32, 2.

Gymnostomum Iuieolum, Engi. Bot. 2201; not of Smith FI. Brit.
Gymnostomum itristichon, Wahienb. Lapp.

Anictangium compactum, Schwegr. Suppl, 11.

On wet rocks.

3. Gymnostomum viridissimum. Greenest plain-mouth.
Leaves broad, lanceolate; capsule ovate.

Gymnostomum viridissimum, Enzi. Bot. 1583.

Bryum viridissimum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 9.

Grimmia? Forsteri, Engl. Bot. 2225. -

Bryum Forsteri, Dicks. Crypt.

On trees.

4. Gymnostomum curvirostrum. Bent-beak plain-mouth.
Leaves awlshape:; capsule topshape, ovate, lid obliquely
beaked.

Bryum angustissimis foliis crebrioribus, capitulis erectis brevibus, pe-
dicalis e surculis novis ei longis enascentibus, Dillen in Rati Syn. 99, 38.

Bryum zstivum, Zin. S. P. 1585.

Gymnosiomum carvirostrum, Hedw. Crypt. 2,24; Engl. Bot. 2214.

Bryum palustre, Huds. Angl.ed. 1,411. ~

Bryum stelligerum, Dicks. Crypi?2, 3.

Gymnostomum sielligerum, Engl. Bot. 2202.

Gympostomum zruginosum, Engl. Bot. 2200.

Gymnostomum luteolam, Smiih Fl. Brit. 1163.

Gymnostomum rupestre, Schwegr. Suppl. 11.

Dicranum hyperboreum, Engl, Bot. 2552?

On moist rocks.

b. Stem shori, not branched.

5. Gymnosiomum Griffitsit. Griffiths’ plain-mouth.
Leaves reverse ovate, rounded, networked; main rib not
reaching to the point; fpedicell fleshy, thick; lid hemi-

spherical.

Bryum Griffithsianum, Dickson Crypt. 4,8.
Splachnum Freelichianum, Withering Arr. 794.
Gymnostomum Griffithsianum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1162; Engl. Bot. 1938.

On mountains; summer. :
The appearance is that of a splachnum.

a

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 348. Gymnostomum. 715

6. Gymnostomum ovatum. « Ovate plain-mouth.
Leaves ovate, upright, concave, tip hairlike, main rib
furnished with a granule-bearing membrane; capsule ovate ;

lid beaked.

Bryum ovatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 4.
Gymnostomum ovatum, Hedw. Sp. 31; Engl. Bot. 1889.

On banks and walls.
B. gracile. Capsule oblong.

7. Gymnostomum truncatum. Truncated plain-mouth.

Leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, spreading, nearly flat; cap-
sule topshape; lid obliquely beaked.
_ Bryum parvum, erectissubrotundis majusculis capitulis subfuscis ; foliis
serpilli pellucidis, Dillen in Rati Syn. 93.

Bryum truncatulum, Lin. S. P. 1584,

Gymnostomum truncatum, Hedw. Sp. 30.
Gymnostomum truncatulum, Hoffm. Germ. 2,27; Hngl. Bot. 1975.

On banks and walls. *

B. intermedium. Capsule ovate, long.

Bryum exiguum, erectis parvis subrotundis creberrimis capitulis rufis,
foliolis serpilli angustis pellucidis, Dill. in Rati Syn, 94, 8.
Bryum truncatulum, Ehrh. Crypt. 14.

8. Gymnostomum Heimiz. Fleim’s plain-mouth.

Leaves lanceolate, serrated at the point; capsule ovate,
oblong; did obliquely beaked.

Gymnostomum Heimii, Hedw. Crypt. 1,30; Engl. Bot. 1951.

Gymnostomum obtusum, Hedw. Sp. 2,34; Engl. Bot. 1407.

Bryum Heimii, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 4.

Bryum obtusum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 5.

On moist banks; annual; spring and summer.

9. Gymnostomum conicum. ; Conical plain-mouth.

Leaves oblong, ovate, sharp-pointed ; capsule ovate ;
operculum conical, blunt.

Gymnostomum conicum, Schwegr. Suppl. 9.

In fields.

10. Gymnostomum fasciculare. Bundled plain-mouth.

Leaves oblong, pointed, nearly flat, slightly serrated,
bordered; capsule pearshape; “id flat, slightly nipply.

Bryum Aigypti, Hassel. Lter. 502.

Bryum fasciculare, Dicks. Crypt. 3,3.

Gymnostomum fasciculare, Hedw. Sp. 4,53; Engl. Bot. 1245,
The hyssop that groweth on the wall. English Bible.

716 348. Gymnostomum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

On mountains and barren pastures; winter and spring.
- Abundant on the walls of Jerusalem.

11. Gymnostomum pyriforme, °/°Pearshape plain-mouth.

Leaves ovate, pointed, concave, serrated, not bordered ;
capsule roundish, ovate ; lid convex, beaked, beak short.

Bryum parvun, erectis piriformibus majusculis capitulis, foliis serpilli
pellucidis, Raii Syn. 93, 7.

Bryum pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 1580.

Gymnostomum pyriforme, Hedw. Sp. 38; Engl. Bot. 413.

On wet banks and sides of ditches; winter and spring.

12. Gymnostomum tenue. Slender plain-mouth.
Stem scarcely any; lower leaves very short, ovate, lan-
ceolate; upper linear, lanceolate; all upright, blunt; maz
7ib strong, not reaching the point.
Bryum paucifolium, Dicks. Crypt. 4,7.
Gymnostomum tenue, Hedw. Sp. 4, 1.

Gymnostomum paucifolium, Engl. Bot. 2506.
Dicranum cylindricum, Smith Fl, Brit. 1221.

e

On sandstone rocks and ruins.

13. Gymnostomum Donnit. Donn’s plain-mouth.

Stem very short; leaves awlshape, straight; capsule top-
shape.

Gymnostomum Donnianum, Engl. Bot. 1582.

On rocks.

Appearance very similar to that of weissia calcarea.

14. Gymnost. microstomum. — Small-mouth plain-mouth.

Leaves broad, awlshape, edge turned in above, bent,
crisped when dry; capsule elliptical, contracted at the
mouth; lid awlshape, bent.

Gymnostoinum microstomum, Hedw. Sp. 33; Engl. Bot, 2215,
Gymnostomum rutilans, Hedw. Sp. 3.
Gymnostomum tortile, Schwegr. Suppl. 10.

On banks.
Very like weissia controversa, but distinguishable by the
mouth of the capsule, and short pedicell.

VII. 349. DIPHYSCIUM. Double-hunch.

Capsule valveless, gibbous, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ;
peristome single, membranaceous, conical, truncated, plaited;
calyptra mitreshape.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 349. Diphyscium. - 717
Diphyscium foliosum. Leafy double-hunch.

é Sphagnum acaulon maximum, foliis in centro ciliaribus, Dillen Musc.
253. By

Buxbaumia foliosa, Swartz in Lin. Meth. Musc. 33; Engl. Bot. 329.

Buxbaumia sessilis, Schmidel Buxb. 22.

Phascum montanum, Hudson Angl. 466.

Phascum maximum, Lightf. Scot. 693.

Dicranum foliosum, Mohr. Cbs. Bot, 34.

On low alpine rocks, and in woods; annual; July.

Capsule large, ovate, oblique.

VIII. 350. TETRAPHIS. Hedwig. Four-tooth.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicells terminal; peri-
stome single; teeth four, equidistant, upright; calyptra
mitreshape.

1. Tetraphis pellucida. Transparent four-tooth.

Stems long; leaves ovate, pointed; perichetial leaves lan-
ceolate; capsule cylindrical. 5

Mnium minus non ramosum, angustioribus et pellucidis foliis, Dillen in
Raii Syn. 78, 4.

Mnium pellucidum, Lin, S. P. 1574.

Bryum pellucidum, 4bbot Bedf. 237.
Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. Spec. 45.

On decaying trees, and on mountains.

2. Tetraphis ovata. Ovate four-tooth.
Stem very short; leaves few, linear, slightly thickened
upwards; perichetial leaves ovate, blunt; capsules ovate.

Bryum Brownianum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,7.

Orthotrichum Brownianum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1269,
Grimmia Browniana, Engl. Bot. 1422, very incorrect.
Tetraphis ovata, Hoppe Deutsch. Fl.

On rocks, especially granite.

IX. 351. SPLACHNUM. Linneus. Gland-moss.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ; apophysis
evident; peristome single; teeth 8, double; calypira mitre-
shape, not furrowed.

a. Leaves pointed.

1. Splachnum sphericum. Spherical glandmoss.
Leaves reverse ovate, rounded, pointed, slightly serrate ;
‘apophysis ovate, globular, wider than the capsule.

718 351. Splachnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

Bryum erectis gigartinis capitulis, foliis serpilli pellucidis obtusis,

Dillen in Rati Syn. 93.
Phascum pedunculatum, Huds. Angl. ed. 1, 397.
Splachnum sphericum, Lin, Fil. Musc. 33; Engl. Bot. 185.
Splachnum gracile, Dicks. Crypt. 4,33; Engl. Bot. 1921.
Splachnum vasculosum, Huds. Angl. 469.
Splachnum ovatum, Hedwig S. Muse. 54,83 Engl. Bot. 1590.
Splachnam rugosum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,353 Engl. Bot. 2094,

On the dung of animals on alpine hills.

2, Splachnum tenue. Slender glandmoss.

Leaves reverse ovate, pointed, serrated; apophysis re-
verse conical, narrower than the capsule; columeila ex-
serted.

§plachnum tenue, Dicks. Crypt. 2,23 Engl. Bot. 1133.

Splachnum serratum, Hedwig S. Muse. 8,1.

Splachnum longicollum, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 4.
Grimmia splachnoides, Smith Fl. Brit. 1197; not of Engl. Bot.

On turfy soils, but not on dung, on high mountains.

§. Splachnum mnioides. Mniumlike glandmoss.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, much pointed, concave, not
serrated; apophysis reverse ovate, nearly as narrow as the
capsule.

Splachnum mnioides, Lin. Fil. Musc. 6; Engl. Bot. 1539.

Splachnum urceolatum 6, Wahlenb. Lapp.
Splachnum urceolatum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 2.

Among mosses on high rocky mountains.

6. majus. Thallus pale; stem long.

Bryum ampullaceum, foliis et ampullis angustioribus, Dillen Muse. 345.
Splachnum fastigiatum, Dicks. Crypt. 3,2; Engl. Bot. 786.

Splachnum Brewerianum, Hedw, Crypt. 2,38.

4. Splachnum angustatum. Narrowed glandmoss.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, much pointed, serrated; apo-
physis reverse ovate, rather narrower than the capsule; pe-
duncles scarcely longer than the leaves.

Splachnum angustatum, Lin. Fil. Musc. 33; Engl. Bot. 1132.
On alpine hills, on turf and cowdung.

f

5. Splachnum ampullaceum.. “4-9 Crewet glandmoss.

Leaves ovate lanceolate, ‘pointed, serrated; apophysis
inverted crewetshape, twice as wide as the capsule.

Splachnum ampullaceum, Lin. 8, P. 1572; Engl. Bot. 144.

Splacknum Turnerianum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,33 Engl. Bot. 1116,

On the ground and on dung, on alpine hills.

Pl. ceil. fol. 14, MUSCI. 351. Splachnum. 719

b. Leaves blunt.

6. Splachnum vasculosum. Vasculose glandmoss.
Leaves rhomboid, rounded, blunt; main rib not reaching
the point; apophysis globular, much wider than the capsule.
- Splachnum vasculosum, Hedwig Crypt. 2, 15.
Splachnum rugosum, Engl. Bot. 2094, not of Dickson.
n

On alpine bogs.

7. Splachnum Freelichii. Freelich’s glandmoss.

Leaves ovate, rounded at the points; main rib disappear-
ing ; apophysis reverse ovate, much narrower than the
capsule.

Splachnum Frelichianum, Hedw. Crypt..5, 40.
Bryum reticulatum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 4.
Splachnum reticulatum, Engl. Bot, 2507.

On alpine mountains.

X. 352. CONOSTOMUM. Swartz. Coe nouth,

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 16, equally distant, all united
at the top; calyptra halved.

Conostomum boreale. Northern cone-mouth.
Stem rather short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, kecled,
slightly toothed.

Conostomum boreale, Swartz in Schrad. Journ. 1, 24.
Grimmia Conostoma, Engl. Bot. 1135.
Bryum tetragonum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 8.

On very high mountains.

XI. 353. POLYTRICHUM. Pliny. . <67% Hairy-cap.
Capsule valveless, pedicelled; pedicells terminal; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 32 or 64, equally distant, bent ;
tips united by a horizontal membrane ; calyptra small,
halved.—Leaves generally thick, opake, winged.

a. Calyptra naked.

1. Polytrichum undulatum. Wavy hairy-cap.

Leaves lanceolate, wavy; edge flat, fine-toothed; main
rib winged; capsule cylindrical, bent; did awlshape.

Bryum capitulis oblongis rubentibus, foliis oblongis angustis pellucidis
rugosis, Rati Syn. 95, 15.

Bryum undulatum, Lin. S. P. 1582.

~ Polytrichum undulatum, Hedw. Crypt. 1,163; Engl. Bot. 1220.

Catharinea Callibryon, Ehrh. Crypt. 83.

Catharinea undulata, Wehr et Mohr Reise.

Oligotrichum undulatum, De Cand, Fl, Gall. 1201.

In shady places.

720 353. Polytrichum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

2. Polytrichum Hercynicum. Hercynian hatry-cap.
Leaves lanceolate, stiff, not toothed; sides turned in;
main rib broad, furrowed; capsule oblong, nearly upright.
Polytrichum Hercynicum, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 94; Engl. Bot, 1209.
Catharinea Hercynica, Ehrh. Crypt. 12.

Bryum incurvum, Hudson Angl. 479.
Oligotrichum Hercynicum, De Cond. Fl. Gall. 1202.

On high mountains.

b. Calyptra covered with succulent threads ; leaves not cut;
edges turned in.

3. Polytrichum pilifolium. Hair-leaved hairy-cap.

Leaves lanceolate, awlshape; edges turned in, not cut;
tip hairlike; capsule ovate, bluntly 4-sided, apophysed; lid
conical.

Polytrichum quadrangulare minus, juniperi foliis pilosis, Dillen, Musc.

426.
Polytrichum commune y, Lin, 8. P. 1573. e
Polytrichum piliferum, Schreb. Lips. 74; Engl. Bot. 1199.

On dry sandy heaths; perennial; spring.

4. Polytrichum juniperinum. Juniper hairy-cap.

Leaves lanceolate, awlshape; edge not cut, turned in;
tip pointed, coloured, slightly serrate; capsule ovate, bluntly
4-sided, apophysed; lid conical.

Polytrichum montanum et minus, capsula quadrangulari, Raii Syn.

B04 2
Muscus capillaris sive Adiantum aureum minus, Ger. em. 1559.

Polytrichum commune , Lin. S. P. 1573.

Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw. Spec. 80,18; Engl. Bot. 1200.
Polytrichum juniperifolium, Hoffm. Crypt.

Polytrichum strictum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4,77; Eng. Bot. 2435.
Polytrichum alpestre, Schwegr. Suppl. 97.

On mountain heaths.

5. Polytrichum septentrionale. Northern hairy-cap.
Leaves linear, awlshape, blunt; edge slightly serrate and
turned in, especially near the tip; capsule ovate, rather
cornered, with a minute apophysis; lid conical, pointed.
Polytrichum septentrionale, Swartz Musc. Suec, 9, 18. z
Polytrichum sexangulare, Engl. Bot. 1906.

Polytrichum Norvegicum, Hedi. Spec. 22.
Polytrichum crassisetum, De Cand. Fl. Fr, 1270.

On the highest mountains.

P/. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 353. Polytrichum. 721

c. Calyptra covered with succulent threads ; leaves serrated ;
edges flat.
6. Polytrichum commune. «© Common hairy-cap.
Stem long; leaves spread open, linear, awlshape; edges
flat, serrated : keel serrated at the tip; capsule upright,
4-cornered, apophysed.
Polytrichum vulgare et majus, capsula quadrangulare, Raii Syn. 90, 1.
Muscus capillaris sive Adiantum aureum majus, Ger. em. 1559,
Polytrichum aureum majus, Park. 1052.
Polytrichum commune, Lin. §. P. 1573; Engl. Bot. ti97.

Polytrichum juccefolium, Ekrh. Crypt. 214.
Great golden maiden hair. Golden locks. Goldilocks.

On heaths.

8. attenuatum. Stem short; leaves short; edge trans-
parent; capsule bluntly quadrangular; apophysis indistinct.
Polytrichum attenuatum, Menzies in T. L. 8.4, 723 Engl. Bot. 1198.

Polytrichum formosum, Hedw. Spec. 92.
Polytrichum gracile, Menzies in T. L. 8. 4,733 Engl. Bot, 1827.

Polytrichum longisetum, Swartz Musc. Suec. 103.
Polytrichum aurantiacum, Hoppe,

7

7. Polytrichum alpinum. Alpine hairy-cap.

Stem long, branched; leaves spread open, awlshape
lanceolate ; edge flat, serrated ; keel serrated at the tip;
capsule nearly « ovate ; apophysis indistinct.

Polytrichum alpinum, Lin. §, P.15933; Engl. Bot. 1905.
Polytrichum sylvaticum, Menzies in T. L. S. 4, 83.
Polytrichum aureum, Swartz Musc. Suec. 16.

On subalpine hills.

8. Polytrichum urnigerum. Urnbearing hairy-cap.

Stem long, branched; leaves slightly spreading, lanceo-
late, pointed ; edge flat, serrated ; capsule upright, cylin-
drical; apophy ysis 0.

Polytrichum ramosum, setis ex alis urnigeris, Dillen. Musc. 427.
Polytrichum urnigerum, Lin. 8, P. 1573; Engl. Bot, 1218.

On the sides of mountain streams.

9. Polytrichum aloides. Aloe hairy-cap.

Stem short; deaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; edge flat,
serrated especially at the tip; keel serrated at the end ;
capsule nearly upright, cylindrical; apophysis 0

Polytrichum parvum aloes folio serrato, capsulis oblongis, Dillen. Musc.
A429, :

Mnium polytrichoides 6, Lin. 8. P. 1577.

Polytrichum aloides, Hedwig. Crypt. 1,14; Engl. Bot. 1649.

Polytrichum rubellum, Menzies 7. £,S.2,79; Engl. Bot. 1939,

On moist heaths.
WOL. f. Sie

722 353. Polytrichum. 14. MUSCI. _—P. cell.. fol.

'B. Dicksoni. Pedicells very short; stems branched.

Polytrichum Dicksoni, Zurner M. Heb. 90; Engl. Bot. 1605.
-y nanum. Stem short; capsules nearly upright, almost
globular.

Polytrichum capsulis subrotundis, calyptra quasi lacerd coronatis, Rati
Syn. 91, 3.

Polytrichum nanum, Hedw. Crypt. 1,13; sae Bot. 1625.

Polytrichum subrotundum, Menzies in 7. L. S. 4, 695 Fchi Bot. 1624.

Polytrichum pumilum, Swartz M. Suec. 9, 19,

XII. 354. CINCLIDOTUS. Pal. de Beauvois. Net-tooth.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal; per?-
stome single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, anas-
tomosing at the bottom ; calyptra mitreshape.— Fruit on
such short branches as "scarcely to leave room for more
than the perichetial leaves.

Cinclidotus fontinaloides. ; Fontinalislike net-tooth.

Fontinalis minor, foliis triangularibus minus So DISET capitulis in
summis ramulis sessilis, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 19, 2.

Fontinalis minor, Lin. S. P. 15713; Engl. Bot. 557.

Trichostomum fontinalcides, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 36.

Cinclidotus fontinaloides, Beauv. Prod. Ath. 28.

On stones and wood in rivers; perennial; May to Aug.

XIII. 355. TORTULA. Hedwig. /*%? —Screw-moss.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicell terminal ; peristome
single, toothed; teeth 32, threadlike, twisted, nite at .
bottom by a tubelike membr ane; calyptra halved.

1. Tortula rigida. Stiff screw-moss.

Stem scarcely any 5 leaves spread open, oblong, Stith;
edge much turned in, main rib broad; capsule oblong
lid conical, pointed.

Bryum acaulon, erice tenuifolia Gerardi folio, Dilien Musc. 388.
Tortula rigida, ‘Swartz M. Suec, 40.

Barbula rigida, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 65.

Bryum rigidum, Huds. Angl. 477; Engl. Bot. 180.

On rocks, clay-banks, and chalk-cliffs.

2. Tortula muralis.~ Wall screw-moss.
Stem short; leaves spread open, linear, oblong ; edge
turned over; main rib produced beyond the leaf into a
white hairlike point; capsuée oblong ; lid. conical, pointed.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 355. Tortula. 723

Bryum minus, erectis minus falcatis capitulis, foliis latiusculis congestis,
in pilum canescentem desinentibus, Raii Syn, 94, 11.

Bryum murale, Lin, S. P. 158),

Tortula muralis, Hedw. Spec. 123; Eng. Bot. 2033.

Barbula muralis, Moug. et Nestl. 127.

Tortula estiva, Bridel.

On walls and stones; perennial; winter and spring.

3. Tortula ruralis. Country screw-moss.

Stems long; leaves oblong, keeled, spread open, bent
back; main rib ending in a Jong, usually transparent, ser-
rated point; capsule oblong; lid awlshape; feeth of the
peristome only united at bottom.

Bryum majus, erectis falcatis capitulis, foliis latiusculis extantibus, in
pilum canescentem desinentibus, Raii Syn. 94, 10.

Bryum rurale, Lin. S. P. 1581.

Tortula ruralis, EArh. Crypt. 184; Engl. Bot. 2070,

Barbula ruralis, Hedw. Sp. Muse. 121.
Syntrichia ruralis, Bridel.

On banks, trees, and roofs.

4. Toriula subulata. Awlshape screwmoss.

Stem very short; leaves oblong, lanceolate, pointed ; main
rib protruded, often forming a point; capsule cylindrical ;
lid conical, awlshape; teeth of the peristome united nearly
to the end.

Bryum erectis longis et acutis falcatis capitulis, calyptra subfusca, foliis
serpylli pellucidis, Rati Syn. 92, 3.

Bryum subulatum, Lin, 8. P. 1581.

Tortula subulata, Hedw. Spec. 122; Engl. Bot. 1101.

Barbula subulata, Moug. et Nestl. 126.
Syatrichia subulata, Bridel.

On banks; perennial; winter and spring.

5. Tortula cuneifolia. Wedge-leaved screw-moss.

Stem scarcely any; leaves broad, reverse ovate, concave ;
main rib protruded, forming a rather long and slightly
serrated point; capsule oblong; lid with a short beak;
teeth of the peristome united only at bottom.

Bryum humile, pilis carens, viride et pellucidum, Dillen. Musc. 386.

Tortula cuneifolia, Roth Germ. 3,213; Engl. Bot. 1510.
Bryum cuneifolium, Dickson Crypt. 3, 7.

On banks, and in sandy fields.

6. Tortula stellata. Starred screw-moss.
Stem scarcely any; leaves ovate, concave; main rib pro-
truded; capsule ovate, streaked ; lid beaked.
Za Q

724 355. Tortula. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

Tortula stellata, Engl, Bot. 2384.
Bryum stellatum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 6.
Barbula agraria, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 6.

On banks and the edges of rivulets.

7. Tortula tortuosa. Frizzled scréw-moss.

Stem long, branched; leaves linear, awlshape, keeled,
wavy, when dry twisted; capsule cylindrical; lid beaked.

Bryum trichoides longifolium, crassiusculis cauliculis ; capitulis erectis
aduncis acutis, Dillen. in Rait Syn. 98, 35.

Bryum tortuosum, Lin. §. P. 1583.

Tortula tortuosa, Hedw. Sp. M. 124; Engl. Bot. 1708.
Barbula tortuosa, Schwegr. Supp. 33.

On limestone rocks.

8. Tortula fallax. Deceiving screw=moss.

Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,
spread open or bent back; edge turned over; capsule ob-
long; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule. |

Bryum perangustis foliis et cauliculis, foliis crebrioribus et circa ex-
_ tremitates magis congestis, capitulis erectis ad suinmitatem magis egredi-
entibus, Radi Syn. 99, 40.

Bryum angustis viribus foliis, capitulis erectis, brevibus pedicalis in-
sidentibus, calyptra falcata vel avium unguiculas referente, Dillen. in Rait
Syn. 96, 21.

Bryum imberbe, Lin. Mant. 309.

Tortula fallax, Swartz M.Suec. 40; Engl. Bot. 1768.

Barbula fallax, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 24.

Bryum fallax, Dicks Crypt. 3, 5.

Tortula unguiculata, Turner M. Hib, 47; Engl. Bot. 2316.

Tortula imberbis, Engl. Bot, 2329.

On walls and banks; or among grass; perenn.; spring.

9. Tortula revoluta. Turned-over scréw-moss.
Siem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed; edges much
turned over; perichetial leaves sheathing, sides turned in;
capsule oblong; lid beaked, shorter than the capsule.
Toriula revoluta, Bridel in Schr. Journ. 1800, 1, 299.

Barbula revoluta, Schwegr. Supp. 33.
Tortula nervosa, Engl. Bot. 2383.

On banks; perennial; March.

10. Tortula unguiculata. Clawed screw-mvoss.

Stem branched; deaves linear, lanceolate, blunt; main
rib prolonged into a point; edges nearly flat; capsule ob-
long; lid beaked, nearly as long as the capsule.

Pl. cell. fol.. 14, MUSCI. 355. Tortula. 725

aca unguiculatum et barbatum, tenuius et stellatum, Dillen. Musc.

Beas tenue barbatum, foliis angustioribus et rarioribus, Dillen. Musc.

Barbula unguiculata, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 23.

Tortula mucronulata, Swartz Musc. Suec. 40; Engl. Bot. 1299.
Tortula aristata, Engl. Bot. 2392.

Bryum aristatum, Dicks. Crypt.

Tortula barbata, Engl. Bot. 2391.

Tortula humilis, Turner M. Hib. 45; Engl. Bot. 1663.
Tortula apiculata, Turner M. Hib. 46; Engl. Bot. 2494.

On banks and hedges.

11. Tortula convoluta. Rolled screw-moss.
Stem short; leaves oblong, rather blunt; main rib not
prolonged ; edge flat or only slightly bent; perichetial leaves
sheathing, pointed, rolled up; capsule oblong; lid beaked.

Bryum trichoides exile pallidum, erectis capitulis e surculis annotinis
egredientibus, Rati Syn. 96, 24.

Tortula convoluta, Swartz M. Suec: 41; Engl. Bot. 2382.

Bryum convolutum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 6.

Barbula convoluta, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 120.

Bryum setaceum, Huds, Angl. 481.

On heaths, banks, and walls.
XIV. 356. ENCALYPTA. Hedwig. Extinguisher-moss.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled, pedicel/s terminal; peri-
stome single, toothed ; teeth 16; calyptra bellshape, smooth,
entirely enclosing the ripe capsule.

1. Encalypta streptocarpa. Streak-fruit extinguisher-mioss.

Siem long; leaves elliptical, lanceolate, rather blunt,
main rib not prolonged; capsule. cylindrical, streaked, spi-
rally; calyptra toothed at the base.

Hypnum saxatile, erectum, ramulis teretibus, foliis subrotundis satu-
rate viridibus, Dillen Muse. 335.

Encalypta streptocarpa, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 62; Engl. Bot. 2163.

Bryum ciliare, Dicks. Crypt. 4, 15.

On stony mountains.

2. Encalypta vulgaris. Common extinguisher-moss.

Stem short; leaves oblong, elliptical, blunt; main rib
prolonged slightly; capsule cylindrical, smooth; calypira
not toothed at the base.

Bryum erectis capitulis calyptra laxa conica, foliis serpylli pellucidis
angustioribus, Raii Syn. 92, 4.

Bryum extinctorum, Lin. S. P. 1581; Engl. Bot, 558.

Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw. Spec. 60.

Encalypta extinctoria, Swartz M. Suec. 24.

Leersia vulgaris, Hedw. Crypt. 1,18.

On banks, limestone-rocks, and walls; annual; April.

726 356. Encalypta. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

3. Encalypta ciliata. Fringed extinguisher-moss.

Stem short; leaves oblong, pointed; main rib prolonged
considerably; capsule cylindrical; calyptra toothed at the
base.

Bryum calyptra extinctorii figura, majus et ramosum, Dillen. Musc. 350.

Bryum extinctorium 6, Lin. S, P. 1581.

Encalyptra ciliata, Hedw. Sp. M61; Engl. Bot. 1418.

Leersia ciliata, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 49.

On rocks; perennial; summer.

8. alpina. Leaves much pointed, points transparent ;
capsule smooth.

Encalypta alpina, Engl. Bot. 1419.

Encalypta affinis, Hedw. fil. in Web. et Mohr. Beitr. A.

y. rhaplocarpa. Leaves pointed, points of the same co-
lour ; capsule when old streaked lengthways.

Encalyptra rhaptocarpa, Schwegr. Supp. 16.

XV. 357. GRIMMIA. Hedwig. Grimm.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicells terminal; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 16, entire or perforated, rarely
cleft, equidistant; calyptra mitreshaped, shorter than the

capsule.

1. Grimmia apocarpa. © 2 46 Sessile-fruited grimm.

Stem branched ; leaves ovate, lanceolate, bent back,
open; edges turned over; maz rib of the perichetial leaves
not prolonged; capsule ovate, nearly sessile; lid with a
short beak.

Sphagnum cauliferum et ramosum saxatile hirsutum virescens, capitulis
obscuré rubris, Rati Syn. 104, 3.

Bryum apocarpon, Lin. S. P. 1579.

Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. Cryp. 1,39; Engl. Bot. 1134.

Grimmia alpicola, Swartz Musc. Suec. 1.

Grimmia alpicola 8 & y, Wahlenb. Lapp.

Grimmia rivularis, Bridel in Schrad. Journ. 5, 3.

Grimmia gracilis, Schwegr. Supp. 23.

On trees, and alpine rocks or rivulets.

B. stricta. Stem long; leaves narrow, reddish.
Grimmia stricta, Zurner M. Hiber. 20.

2. Grimmia maritima. Sea-shore grimm.

Stem short, cushionlike; /eaves lanceolate, pointed,
nearly upright, crisp when dry; edge turned over; main
vib of the perichetial leaves prolonged ; capsule ovate,
nearly sessile; did with a short beak.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 357. Grimmia. 727

Grimmia maritima, Turn. Musc. Hib. 233 Engl. Bot. 1645,
- Grimmia alpicola 6, Wahlenb. Lapp.

On rocks by the sea; perennial; Septem. and October.

3. Grimmia saxicola. Rockloving grimm.

Stem scarcely any; Jeaves linear, awlshape, crisp when
dry; pedicells long, bent, kneed; capsule ovate; lid beaked,
beak straight.

Dicranum saxicola, Mohr.

Grimmia geniculata, Schwegr. Supp. 22.

On rocks.

4. Grimmia pulvinata. Cushioned grimm.

Stem short,cushionlike; leaves narrow, elliptical; edge
turned over; points transparent, hairlike; pedicells long,
bent; capsule ovate, streaked ; lid conical, pointed.

Bryum trichoides hirsutie canescens; capitulis subrotundis reflexis, in
perbrevibus pediculis, Rati Syn. 100, 46.

Bryum pulvinatum, Lin. S. P. 1586.

Grimmia pulvinata, Engl. Bot. 1728.

Dicranum pulvinatum, Swartz Musc. Suec. 32.
Fissidens pulvinatus, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 40.

On walls and rocks.

5. Grimmia Daviesii. Davies’ grimm.

Stem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled, not cut,
very crisp when dry; edge turned over; perichetial leaves
broad, rolled in; pedicel/s longer than the leaves, straight ;
capsule topshape; lid beaked.

Grimmia Daviesii, Turner M. Hibern. 24.
Bryum Daviesii, Dickson Crypt. 3, 3.
Encalypta Daviesii, Engl. Bot. 1281.

On rocks by the sea; perennial.

6. Grimmia ovata. ° Ovate grimm.

Stem slightly branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape,
points long, transparent, hairlike; edge turned in; pedicels
long, straight; capsule ovate; teeth of the peristome often
perforated and split; dd beaked.

Grimmia ovata, Weber & Mohr. Suec. 2, 4.

Dicranum ovatum, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 34.

Dicranum evale, Hedw. S. Musc. 140; Engl. Bot. 2165.

Trichostomum ovatum, Mohr.

Bryum ovale, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.

Grimmia obtusa, Schwegr. Supp. 25.

- On alpine rocks.

728 357. Grimmia. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell, fol.

7. Grimmia Donnit. Donn’s grimm.

Stem short; leaves lanceolate, awlshape; points long,
transparent, hairlike; edge turned in; pedicells long, straight;
capsule ovate; teeth of the peristome entire; /id beaked;
beak short.

Grimmia Donniana, Engl. Bot. 1259.
Grimmia sudetica? Schwegr. Suppl. 24.

On rocks, in alpine regions.

XVI. 358. PTERIGONIUM. Swartz. Wing-moss.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled; pedicells from the side of
the stem; peristome single, toothed; teeth 16, not cut,
equidistant ; calyptra halved.

1. Pterigonium Smithi. Smith’s wing-moss.

Stem much branched; branches pinnate; /eaves tongue-
shape, blunt, not cut, crisp when dry; edge turned over,
main rib reaching more than half way up; pedicells very
short; lid beaked. eer!

Pterogonium Smithii, Swartz in Schrad. Jour, 2,173; Engl. Bot. 1326.
Hypnum Smithii, Dickson Crypt. 2, 10.
Polytrichum Smithii, Hull. Engl. Fl, 249.

On the trunks of trees; perennial; spring.

2. Pterogonium gracile. Slender wing-moss,

Branches in bundles, bent; /eaves broad, ovate, pointed,
concave; edge flat; tip serrated; base slightly 2-ribbed ;
lid conical.

Hypnum gracile ornithopodioides, Dillen. Musc. 320.
Hypanum gracile, Lin. Mant. 310.

Hypnum ornithopodioides, Huds. Angl. 508.

Pterogonium gracile, Swartz M. Suec. 26; Engl. Bot. 1085.
Pterigynandrum gracile, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 80.

Encalypta gracilis, Roth Germ. 3, 154.

Grimmia ornithopodioides, Mohr.

On subalpine rocks.

3. Plerogonium filiforme. Threadlike wing-moss.

Stem irregularly branched, bent; leaves ovate, rather’
pointed, concave ; edges turned over, serrate; main rik
single or forked, short, faintly marked; lid conical.

Hypnum cylindricum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.
Pterogynandrum filiforme, Hedw. Crypt. 4,7.
Pteregonium filiforme, Engl. Bot. 2297.
Pterogonium cespitosum, Engl. Bot, 2526.
Grimmia filiformis, Mohr.

On mountains.

Pi. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia. - 729
XVI. 359. WEISSIA. Hedwig. Weiss.

Capsule vyalveless, pedicelled; pedicells terminal ; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 16, entire, equidistant; calypira

halved.
a. Capsule with an apophysis.

1. Weissia splachnoides. Splachnumlike weiss.

Leaves tongueshape, tip rounded; main rib not reaching
the tip; capsule reverse ovate; apophysis reverse-conical ;
lid convex, rather pointed.

Weissia Splachnoides, Schwegr. Suppl. 17.
Grimmia splachnoides? Engl. Bot. 2164, leaves differ.
Splachnum lingulatum, Dicks. Crypt. 4,4; Engl. Bot, 2095.

On alpine bogs.

2. Weissia Templetoni. Templeton’s weiss.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed; capsule with the apo-
_ physis narrow, pearlike; Jid nearly flat.

Weissia Templetoni, Hooker Fl. Lond. ed. 2.

Funaria Templetoni, Engl. Bol, 2524.

On wet banks. j

b. Apophysis 0; leaves without a main rib. :

3. Weissia nuda. Naked weiss.
Stem scarcely any; leaves ovate, lanceolate, ribless; cap-
sule ovate, bunched on one side, nodding.

Bryum nudum, Dickson. Cryp. 4,7.

Grimmia nuda, Zurner M. Hib. 25; Engl. Bot, 1421.
Weissea rosea, Wahlenb. Lapp. 19.

Weissia incarnata, Schwegr. Suppl. 18.

On clay soils.
c. Apophysis 0; leaves main-ribbed, ovale or lanceolate.

4. Weissia nigrita. Negro weiss.

Stem long; leaves lanceolate, pointed ; capsule reverse-
ovate, nodding, bunched, furrowed ; lid hemispherical,.
blunt-pointed.

Weissia nigrita, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 72.

Bryum nigritum, Dicks. Crypt. 3,9.

Grimmia nigrita, Engl. Bot. 1826.

On moist banks on mountains.

. ° ee 3 +} if .
5. Weissia Starkeit. Starkey’s weiss.
‘Stem very short; leaves ovate; mam rib prolonged into
a point; capsule ovate, upright; teeth of the peristome awl-

shape, acute; ld conical.

730 359. Weissia. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

Weissia Starkeana, FHedw. Sp. Musc. 65.
Bryum minutum, Dickson Crypt. 4,7.
Grimmia Starkeana, Roth Germ. 3, 146; Engl. Bot. 1490.

Bryum Starkeanum, Hoffm. Germ, 2, 32.
In meadows; autumn.

6. Weissia affinis. Kindred weiss.

Stem very short; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged;
capsule ovate, upright; teeth of the peristome short, broad,
blunt; lid conical.

Weissia affinis, Hooker & Taylor Musc. Brit. 44.

On gravelly banks and in fields.

7. Weissia lanceolata. Lanceolate weiss.
Stem rather long; leaves ovate; main rib prolonged

nearly into a hair; capsule ovate; lid beaked, beak oblique.
Leersia lanceolata, Hedw. Sp. Musc. 63.

Grimmia lanceolata, Engl. Bot. 1408,

Grimmia aciphylla, Mohr,
Encalypta lanceolata, Turner M. Hib. 19.

Bryum lanceolatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 4.
On heaths and banks; perennial; May.

d. Apophysis 0; leaves main-ribbed, linear or awlshape.

8. Weissia striata. Sireaked weiss.
Leaves linear, fine-toothed, crisp when dry; capsule
ovate, topshape, furrowed, upright; lid oblique, awlshape.

Grimmia striata, Schrad. Diar. Bot. 2, 57.
Weissia fugax, Hedw.S. Musc. 15.

Bryum crispatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 3.
Weissia striata, Hooker & Taylor Musc. 45.

On alpine banks.

6. major. Leaves broad, linear.
Weissia denticulata, Schwaegr. Suppl. 19.

9. Weissia trichodes. Hairlike weiss.
Stem scarcely any ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, not cut ;

capsule ovate, streaked; lid beaked.
Gymnostomum trichodes, Mohr. Cr. Germ.

Anictangium trichodes, Schwegr. Supp. 12.
Grimmia trichodes, Engl. Bot. 2563.

On rocks.
Resembles weissia pusilla and gymnostomum tenue.

id

o

Pi. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia. 731

10. Weissia cirrata. Tendrilled weiss.

Leaves broadly awlshape ; crisp when dry; edges turned
over; capsule ovate; lid beaked.

Bryum trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pediculis longioribus rubris,
Dillen. in Rati Syn. 97, 25.

Mnium cirrhatum, Lin. S. P. 1576.

Weissia Dicksoni, Wilden. Berol. 303.

Weissia cirrata, Hedw. S. Musc. 69.

Encalypta cirrata, Swartz M. Suec. 25.

Afzelia cirrhata, Ehrh. Crypt. 232.

Bryum Dicksoni, Dickson Crypt. 3,4.

On rails and posts, rarely on banks.

11. Weissia curvirostra. Bentbeak weiss.
Leaves linear, awlshape; capsule ovate, cylindrical; lid

beaked.

Bryum stellare, lacustre, foliis rubris capillaceis, Dillen. Musc. 382.
Grimmia recurvirostra, Roth Germ. 3,144; Engl. Bot. 1488.

Bryum curvirostrum, Dicks. Crypt. 2, 7.

Weissia recurvirostra, Hedw. §. Muse. 71.

Bryum recurvirostrum, Wither. Arr. 829.

Bryum setaceum 8, Hudson Angl, 432.

Weissia curvirostra, Hooker & Taylor Musc. 46.

On moist banks in woods.

Resembles the tortulee, and accompanies them; Jeaves

very stiff.

12. Weissia crispula. Small-crisped weiss.
Stem divided; leaves broad at bottom, lanceolate, awl-

shape, crisp when dry; edges turned in; capsule ovato-
elliptical; lid beaked.

Weissia crispula, Hedw. S. Musc. 68

Grimmia crispula, Turner M. Hib. 28; Engl, Bot. 2203.

On rocks; perennial; summer.

Resembles w. cirrata, but is smaller, and darker green.

13. Weissia controversa. Controverted weiss.

Stem nearly simple; eaves linear, awlshape; crisp when
dry, edge turned in; capsu/e ovate, elliptical; lid beaked.

Bryum trichoides exile, erectis capitulis in pedicellis brevissimis, Déllen.
in Raii Syn. 97, 26.

Grimmia controversa, Sibth. Ox. 277; Engl. Bot. 1367.

Bryum virens, Dicks. Crypt. 1, 4.

Bryum viridulum, Huds. ‘Angl. 478.

Weissia controversa, Hedwig Crypt. 3, 5.

On banks.

732 359. Weissia. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

14. Weissia calcarea. Limestone weiss.

Stem scarcely any; leaves broad at bottom, linear, blunt,
thick, main rib very broad; capsule topshape ; lid beaked.

Weissia calcarea, Hedw. S. Musc. 66.

Bryum calcareum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 3.

Grimmia calcarea, Turner M. Hib, 25.

On chalk; perennial; spring and summer.

Resembles very strongly polytrichum aloides, but is

smaller.

15. Weissia recurvata. Bent-back weiss.
Stem scarcely any; leaves awlshape; capsule broad,
ovate; pedicells hent; lid beaked.

Grimmia recurvata, Hedw. S. Musc. 753 Engl. Bot. 1489.
Bryum recurvatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,7.
Bryum setaceum, Wulf in Jacq. Misc. 2, 96.

On sandstone-rocks.

16. Weissia pusilla. Dwarf weiss.
Stem scarcely any; leaves awlshape; capsule ovate; pe-

dicells upright; dd beaked.

Bryum paludosum, Lin. 8. P. 1584.

Grimmia pusilla, Roth Germ. 3, 147; Engl. Bot. 2551.
Weissia pusilla, Hedw. S. Musc. 63.

Afzelia pusilla, Ehrh. Crypt. 183.

On limestone-rocks.

17. Weissia verticillata. Whirled weiss.

Stem branched; leaves broad, awlshape, nearly flat, ra-
ther weak; capsules ovate; lid beaked.

Bryum trichoides brevifolium, angustis cauliculis, capsulis erectis
parvis et minus aduncis, Dillen. in Rati Syn, 98, 56.

Bryum verticillatum, Lin. S, P. 1535,

3ryum fasciculatum, Dickson Crypt..3, 3.

Weiscsia verticillata, Schwegr. Supp. 20.

Grimmia verticillata, Zurner M. [2ib. 313 Engl. Bot, 1258.

In alpine rivulets, on limestone.

Stem frequently encrusted at bottom with carbonate of

lime.

18. Weissia acuta. Pointed weiss.
Stem branched; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, nearly one-
rowed, stiff, grooved; capsule topshape; lid beaked.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 359. Weissia. 738

Bryum pilosum, sphagni subulati facie, Dillen. Muse. 374.
Weissia acuta, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 35.
Weissia rupestris, Hedw. S. Muse. 14,
Bryum verticillatum, Lightfoot Scot. 733.
Bryum acutum, Hudson Angl.484; Dickson Crypt. 17, 20.
Bryum splachnoides, Dickson Cripts
Bryum fulvellum, Dickson Crypt. 4,11.
Dicranum fulvellum, Engl. Bot. 2268,
rimmia acuta, Zurner M, Hib. 29; Engl. Bot. 1644.

On alpine rocks.

XVIII. 360. DICRANUM. Hedwig. Fork-moss.

Capsule valveless, pedicelled ; pedicels mostly terminal;
peristome single, toothed ; teeth 16, mostly (errels equi-
distant; calypira halved.

A. Leaves in two rows. Fissidens.

1. Dicranum bryoides. Bryumlike fork-moss.
Peduncles terminal ; perichetial leaves resembling the
stem-leaves.

Hypnum repens filicifolium non ramosum, pediculis brevioribus, versus
foliorum summitatem egredientibu:, Raéi Syn. 88, 42.

Hypnum bryoides, Lin. S. P. 1588.

Bryum viridulum, Lin, S. P. 1584.

Picranum bryoides, Swartz M. Suec. 2,4; Engl. Bot. 625,

Fissidens bryoides, Hedwig Crypt. 3, 29.

Dicranum viridulum, Swariz M. Suec. 2,33 Engl. Bot. 1368.

Fissidens exilis, Hedw. S. Musc. 38.

Dicranuin osmundioides, Turner M. Hib. 553 Engl. Bot. i662.

Fissidens osmurdioides, Hedw. S. M, 40.

Hypnum asplenioides, Dickson Crypt. Qe

Grimmia viridula, Roth Germ. 3, 141?

Dicranum paucifolium, Withering Arr. 814.

On moist banks and in woods.

B. nutans. Capsule drooping.
Dicranum tamarindifolium, Turner Bf, Hib. 55.
Dicranum incurvum, Mokr.

Fissidens incurvus, Schwegr. Supp. 49.
Fissidens palmatus, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 30.
Fissidens longifolius, @ridel,

2. Dicranum adiantoides. Adiantumlike fork-moss.

Peduncles lateral; perichetial leaves ovate, slightly con-
volute, pointed.

Hydnum erectum filifolium ramosum pinnulis acutis, Ratt Syn. 87, 39.

Hypnum ediantoides, Lin. S. P. 1588 ; Engl, Bot. 264.

Dicranum adiantoides, Swartz M, Sue 6 31.

Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 62.

Fissidens taxifolius 6, ”ahlenb. Lapes

On wet banks and bogs.

734 360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI. —_—— Pl. cell. fol.

3. Dicranum taxifolium. Yew-leaf_fork-moss.
Peduncles from the bottom of the stem among the roots ;
perichetial leaves ovate, sheathing, rolled in, pointed.

Hypoum repens filicifolium non ramosum; pediculis brevioribus, ad
radicem egredientibus, Raii Syn. 88, 41.

Hypnum taxifolium, Lin, §. P. 1587: Engl. Bot. 416.

Dicranum taxifolium, Swartz M. Suec. 31.

Fissidens taxifolius, Hedw, §. Musc. 155. :

On moist shady spots.

b. Leaves all round the stem; main rib 0.

4. Dicranum glaucum. Glaucous_ fork-moss.

Stem branched; branches level-topped; leaves upright,
spread, ovate, lanceolate, straight, ribless, not cut; capsule
ovate, drooping; /id beaked.

Bryum trichoides, erectis capitulis, albidum, fragile, Raii Syn. 97, 29.

Bryum glaucum, Lin. S. P. 1582.

Dicranum glaucum, Hedw. S. Muse. 135; Engl. Bot. 2166.

On heaths and mountain pastures.

c. Leaves not two-rowed, main-ribled, with a point or hair
at the tip.

5. Dicranum latifolium. Broadleaf fork-moss.

Stem short; leaves oblong, concave, not cut, tipped with
a point or hair; capsule upright, ovate, oblong; lid beaked.

Dicranum latifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 33.

Bryum piliferum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 10. -

Trichostomum piliferum, Engl. Bot, 2535.

On shady mountain banks.
d. Leaves not 2-rowed ; main rib very broad ; tip not pointed.

6. Dicranum longifolium. Long-leaf fork-moss.

Stem long; leaves very long, awlshape, bristlelike, sickle-
like, bent one way, slightly serrate; main rib very broad ;
capsule oblong, ovate, nearly upright; lid beaked.

Dicranum longifolium, Hedw. Crypt. 3, 9.
Dicranum flagellare, Funk.

On wet rocks.

7. Dicranum cerviculatum. Neched fork-moss.
Stem short; /eaves lanceolate, awlshape, not cut, slightly
facing one way; main rib very broad; capsule ovate,

slightly nodding; /id beaked,

Pl.cell. fol. “ 14. MUSCI. 360. Dicranum. 735

Dicranum cerviculatum, Hedw. §. Musc. 149; Engl. Bot. 1661.
Bryum cerviculatum, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.

Dicranum pusillum, Hedw. §. Musc. 139; Engl. Bot. 2491.
Bryum parvulum, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.

Dicranum flavidum, Schwegr. Supp.

Dicranum uncinatum, Engl. Bot. 2261.

On banks and bogs.

* 8. Dicranum flexuosum. Bending fork-moss.

Stem scarcely branched, stiff; Jeaves lanceolate, awl-
shape, pointed, straight; main rib very broad; pedicells
bending; capsule ovate, streaked; lid beaked.

Bryum trichoides, capitulis erectis, pediculis intortis tenuibus virenti-
bus, Rati Syn. 97, 30.

Sphagnum subulatum viridissimum; capsulis ovatis, Dillen. Musc, 245.

Bryum flexuosum, Lin. S, P. 1583.

Sphagnum alpinum, Lin. 8S, P. 1570.

Dicranum flexuosum, Hedw. §. Musc. 38; Engl. Bot. 1491.

Bryum immersum, Dickson Crypt.

Bryum fragile, Dickson Crypt. 3, 5.

On wet rocks, turf-bogs, and on pastures.

e. Leaves not two-rowed, not tipped with a point or hair ;
main rib narrow ; capsule with a tumour at the base.

9. Dicranum virens. Greenish fork-moss.

Stem long; leaves awlshape, crisp when dry, pointing
every way; base broad, sheathing; edges turned over ;
capsule smooth, oblong, cylindrical, slightly drooping, with
a tubercle at bottom; /id beaked.

Dicranum virens, Hedw. Crypt. 3,323 Engl. Bot. 1462. .

On mountain-bogs.

10. Dicranum strumiferum. Strumous fork-moss.
Stem long; leaves awlshape, not cut, crisp when dry,
_pointing every way; base broad, sheathing; edge flat;
capsule furrowed, oblong, ovate, slightly drooping, with a
tubercle at bottom; /zd beaked.
Dicranum strumiferum, EArh. Crypt. 14; Engl. Bot. 2410.

Fissidens strumifer, Hedw. S. Musc. 160,
Bryum strumiferum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 8.

On alpine bogs; perennial; summer.

11. Dicranum falcatum. Sickleshape fork-moss.

Stem scarcely branched; Jeaves long, lanceolate, awl-
shape, sicklelike, facing one way, scarcely cut; capsule
ovate, slightly drocping, with a tubercle at the base; lid
beaked.

736 360. Dicranum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

Dicranum falcatum, Hedw. S. Musc. 150; Engl. Bot. 1989.
Bryum longifolium, Dickson Crypt. 3,7.

On alpine rocks, by the banks of streams.

12. Dicranum Starkiv. Stark’s fork-moss.

Stem rather branched; Jdeaves lanceolate, awlshape,
sicklelike, facing one way, not cut; capsule oblong, ovate,
nearly upright, with a tubercle at the base; lid beaked.

Dicranum Starkii, Schwegr. Supp. 46; Engl. Bot. 2227.

On alpine rocks.

f. Leaves not two-rowed, not tipped with a point or hair;
main rib narrow ; capsule not tubercled at bottom.

13. Dicranum flavescens. Yellowish fork-moss.
Stem branched; leaves long, lanceolate, finely serrated,
pointing every way, crisp when dry; capsules oblong, up-

right; did beaked.

Dicranum fiavescens, Engl. Bot. 2263.
Bryum flavescens, Dickson Crypt. 2, 4.
Dicranum gracilescens, Schwegr. Supp. 46.

On wet sand, on the banks of alpine streams.

14. Dicranum squarrosum. Scurfy fork-moss.
Stem rather branched; leaves lanceoiate, blunt, bent
over, spread open, crisp when dry, pointing every way ;
base broad, sheathing; capsule ovate, slightly drooping ;

lid beaked.

Bryum erectis capitulis brevibus, foliis reflexis, Rati Syn. 95, 18.
Bryum pellucidum 6, Lin, S. P. 1583.

Dicranum squarrosum, Schrad. Journ. 1802; Engl. Bot. 2004.
Bryum palustre, Dickson Crypt. 4, \1.

On mountains, in wet situations; perennial; spring.

15. Dicranum pellucidum. Transparent fork-moss.

Stem branched; leaves lanceolate, rather blunt, pointing
every way; edge slightly waved, serrated; cupsule ovate,
slightly drooping ; lid beaked.

Bryum erectis capitulis subrotundis fuscis foliis mincribus pellucidis
rugosis, Raii Syn. 96, 19.

Bryum pellucidum, Lin. §. P. 1583.

Bryum aquaticum, Heffm. Germ, 2, 25.

Mnium pelilucens, Withering Aen 802.

Dicranum pellucidum, Hedw. S. Ruse. 142 5 oe Bot. 1346.

Dicranum aguatium, Hirh. Gene 213.

On banks of streams in shady places; perennial; spring.

2

Pl. ceil, fol. 14. MUSCI. 360. Dicranum. 737

16. Dicranum spurium. Bastard fork-moss.

Stem long; leaves in bundles, concave, upright, rather
spreading, pointing every way, ovate; upper leaves lan-
ceolate, finely serrate; capsule oblong, bent; lid beaked.

Dicranun spurium, Hedw. S. Musc. 141; Engl. Bot. 2167. ;

Bryum spurium, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 38; Dickson Crypt. 4,13.

On bogs; perennial; May and June.

Teeth of the peristome sometimes 3-cut.

17. Dicranum crispum. Crisp fork-moss.

Siem short; leaves nearly 2-rowed, zigzag, turned back,
crisp when dry; base bristlelike; capsule ovate, upright ;
lid beaked; beak long.

Dicranum crispum, Hedw. S. Musc. 132; Engl. Bot. 1151.

Bryum vaginale, Dickson Crypt. 3, 8. ;

On moist banks and bogs; perennial; July.

18. Dicranum Scotti. Scotd’s fork-moss.

Stem branched ; leaves upright, spreading, pointing every
way, awlshape, crisp when dry; edge flat, slightly serrate ;
capa ovate cylindrical, nearly upright; lid beaked, beak
ong.

Dicranum Scottianum, Turner M. Hibern. 6,1.
Dicranum flagellare, Engl. Bot. 1977, not of Hedwig?
Dicranum strictum, Schwegr. Supp. 43.

Dicranum montanum, Hedw. S, Musc. 35?

-On rocks.

19. Dicranum polycarpum. Many-fruited fork-moss.

Stem branched; leaves spread open, pointing every way,
lanceolate, awlshape, crisp when dry; edge turned over,
zigzag, slightly serrated ; capsule reverse ovate, slightly
drooping; lid beaked. :

Dicranum polycarpum, Efrh. Crypt. 84; Engl. Bot. 2269.

Fissidens polycarpos, Hew. S. Musc. 159,

Dicranum Bruntoni, Engl, Bot, 2509.

On alpine rocks.

Teeth of the peristome irregularly divided.

20. Dicranum undulatum. Waved forked-moss.

Stems long; leaves nearly flat, lanceolate, narrow, waved
across, finely serrated at the tip; capsule cylindrical, droop-
ing; lid beaked, beak long.

Dicranum undulatum, Efrh. Crypt. 271; Engl. Bot. 2260, not of
Schrader. :

Dicranum polysetum, Swartz M. Suec. 34.

Bryum rugosum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 39.

Perichetwum encloses 1 to 4 peduncles.

VOL. I. 3B

738 $60.Dicranum. i4. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

21. Dicranum scoparium. Broom fork-mess.

Siem long; leaves; narrow, awlshape, grooved, facing
one Way: capsule syhindrical, arched, ep: ; lid beaked,
beak long.

Bryum erectis eapitulis aagustifolium, cane iia Rai Son. 8 95. 4.

Bryum scoparium, Lis.S.P. 1582; Ensi. Bot. 334.

Dicranum scoparium, Hed. 5. Muse. 126.

Dicranum majus, Enzi Bot. 1490. :

Mariam scoparium., Fithermms Arr. 799. .

In woods and hedges: perennial.

zB e, fuscescens. Piant only half as large; leaves sea
if at all facing one way, narrow, much crisped when dry.

Dicr2cem fuscescens, Tuma H. Hib. 60; Engl Bot. 1597.

Dicranum congestum, $ Schmegr. Supp. 42.

On mountains.

22. Dicraneme voriam>*- Variable fork-moss.

Siem short; leaves narrow, hastate, lanceolate; cap sule
ovate: lid beaked._

Bryam sreplex, Fin. Fie SPL 507

Bryon | ai ved. VA13¢

Dicrapem.s.qrtem, Hieds-3. Muse. 433; Engi. Bot. 1213,

Dicranum rigidulam, Srarf= M. Suec. 3, ie

Dicranum callistomum, Smith F!. Brit. 1911.

Bryam callistomum, Dickson Crypt. 3,5.

Bryum pusillimyDaitson Grapéi. 2,6. -- :

Dicranum simplex, Sibthorp Ox. 282. - = ‘

On moist banks; annual; spring and summer.

Leaves point every way, green; capsules aeney

drooping. ;
& af es CAS. =. Léaves rather facing one ‘way, lenegolte,
awls reddish ; capstdes —s

Dictgnum. rufescens, Easl. Bot. 3216.0 co5y-- > ED

~ ‘Bryum rufescens, Dickson Crupt. 3, 6.

Bryom trichodes, capsulis rubris cernuis, Ditlen Muse. 390.

y. luridum: Leaves rather facing one way, audehape,
lurid; capsules slightly drooping.

Dicranum varium 7, Hooker & Taylor Musc. Brit. 53.

23. Dicranume heteromallum. “Oddisided fork-moss.
Stan dranched; leaves meen sicklelike, facmg. one
way,_scarcely cut; cepsule ovate,. slightly sospingss lid

beaked :. long.
~ Bream trichoides, Secineatss canliealisy, ea. erectis acutis, - Rai
Sen. 96, 23.
‘Bryom heteromallum, Ema: 8. P2583. = « 1
Dicranum heteromallum, Hede. S. Muse. 123; Engl. Bot. 1272.
Dicranum orthocarpum, Hed. S, Musc. 130,
Dicr2oum interruptum, Hed. S. Muse. 129; Engl. Bot. 2508,
Binium heteromallum; Watherfrr. SL. :

On mountains; spring-

Pl. cell. fol. 14, MUSCI. 360. Dicranum. 739

24. Dicranum subulatum. Awlshape fork-moss.

Stem branched; leaves awlshape, bristlelike, facing one
way, not cut; base broad, sheathing; capsule ovaie, slightly
drooping; lid with a long beak.

Dicranum subulatum, Hedw. S. Muse. 34; Engl. Bot. 1273.

On moist banks. fe

XIX. 361. TRICHOSTOMUM. Hairy-mouth.

Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome toothed ; teeth 16, equal, divided to the bottom, or
32, placed in pairs; calypira mitreshape. :

a. Peduneles bent

1. Trichostomum patens. Spreading. hairy-mouth.

Stems long; leaves lanceolate, pointed, keeled; edges
turned over; capsule ovate; peduncles bent; lid conical.

Bryum hypnoides alpinum, operculis obtusis, Dillen Muse. 371.

Trichostomum patens, Schwegr. Supp. 31. as

Dicranum patens, Engi, Bot. 1990. J++

Bryum patens, Dickson Grypt. 2, 6.

Fissidens patens, Wahlen’. Lapp.

Trichostomum obtusum, Bride? Muse. 1, 125.

Bryum bypnoides 3, Hudson dngl. 480,

Trichostomum fenale, Schewegr. Supp. 37?

On mountains.
b. Peduncles straight ; leaves with transparent points. =

2. Trichostomum lanuginosum. Woolly hairy-mouth.

Stems long; branches rather pinnate; /eaves lanceolate,
awlshape, pointed ; points long, transparent, serrated : edges
turned over; capsules ovate; peduncles short, on the side
branches; lid bDeaked. : ,

Bryum hypnoides, capitulis plurimis erectis, lanuginosum, Raii Syn.
97, 28.

* Bryum bypnoides, Lin. S. P. 1584, : =
Trichostemum Januginesum, Hedw. S. Muse, 109; Engl. Bot. 1348. +
Trichostomum serratum, EfArh. Crypt. 94,

Bryum lanuginosum, Hojfm. Germ, 2,41.

On mountains.

3. Trichostomum canescens. Hoary hairy-méeuth.

Stem long, irregularly branched; leaves ovate, lanceo-
late, pointed ; points transparent; slender, slightly serrated ;
capsule ovate; ‘icetk of the peristome very long, threadlike ;

lid awlshape. ee}

| 3B2

740 861. Trichostomum. 14.MUSCI. Pl. ceil. fol.

Bryum trichoides, erectis capitulis, lanuginosum, Raii Syn. 97, 27.
Bryum hypnoides, capitulis plurimis erectis, nou lJanuginosum, Dillen

in Rati Syn. AT8.
Bryum hypnoides y, Lin. §. P. 1585.
Trichostomum canescens, Hedw. 8. Musc. 111; Engl. Bot. 2534,
Trichostomum erichoides, Schrad. Germ. 62; Engl. Bot. 1991.

On mountain heaths, and the sea coast.

4, Trichostomum heterostichum. One-sided hairy-mouth.

Stera long, branched; leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed ;
points transparent, slender, slightly serrated; capsule ob-
long; teeth of the peristome rather short; lid beaked.

Trichostomum heterostichum, Hedw.S. Musc. 109; Engl. Bot. 134T.

Bryum heterostichum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.
Bryum hypnoides, hirsutie canescens, vulgare, Dillen Musc. 368, fig. A,

¥, and G.
On stones in mountainous countries.

5. Trichostom. microcarpon. — Small-fruited hairy-mouth.

Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, pointed; points
transparent, slender, slightly serrated ; capsules ovate; teeth
of the peristome rather short; lid beaked.

Bryum hypnoides alpinum, setis et capsulis exiguis, Dillen Musc. 370.

Bryum hypnoides 2, Lin. Fl. Suec. 392.

Trichostemum microcarpon, Hedw. S. Musc. 1123 Engl, Bot. 1440.

Dicranum aciculare 7, Zurner M. Hib. 67.
Bryam macrocarpon, Withering Arr. 822. ot

On alpine rocks.
c. Peduneles straight ; leaves not transparent at the points.

6. Trichostomum aciculare. Needlelike hairy-mouth.

Stem long, branched; /eaves lanceolate, blunt, tip fifely
serrated; main rib not reaching the tip; capsule oblong;.
lid beaked.

Bryum hypnoides erectam montanum, erectis capitulis acutis, Diller

in Raii Syn. 94, 12. i
Bryum hypnoides repens aquaticum, erectis capitulis acutis, Raii Syn.

94, 13.
Bryum aciculare, Lin. S. P..1583.
Dicranum aciculare, Hedw. S. Musc. 135; Engl. Bot. 1978.
Trichostomum aciculare, P.de Beauv. Prod. 90.

On wet stones, or in water; perennial; spring. -

7. Trichostomum fasciculare. Bundled hairy-mouth.
Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, not cut; tips
never transparent; capsule ovate, oblong; lid beaked.

Phiclinfol. 14. MUSE. 36i°Trichostomum. 7A

Bihoaho hypnoides, hirsutie virescens, fasciculare alpinum, Dillen Muse.

Bryum hypnoides @, Lin. S. P. 1585.

Trichostomum fasciculare, Schrad. Germ. 61; Engl. Bot. 2005.
Bryum fasciculare, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 42.

Bryum lutescens, Dickson Crypt. 4, 14.

On mountain rocks.

8. Trichostom. polyphyllum. — Many-leaved hairy-mouth.

Stem branched ; leaves lanceolate, awlshape, edges turned
over; tips serrated, very much crisped when dry; capsules
oblong; lid beaked.

Bryum trichoides erectis sublongis capitulis, extremitatibus per sicci-
tatem stellatis, Rati Syn. 98, 33.

Trichostomum polyphyllum, Scheegi. Supp. 39.

Dicranum polyphyllum, Engl. Bot. 1217.

Bryum polyphyllum, Dickson Crypt.

Bryum cirratum 8, Hudson Angl. 486.

Trichostomum cirratum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1239.

Encalypta crispata, Hedw. S. Musc. 10.

On mountains and rocks.

9. Trichostomum ellipticum. Elliptical hairy-mouth.

Stem short, nearly simple; leaves lanceolate, straight,
main rib broad, edge flat; capsule elliptical; lid beaked.

Dicranum ellipticum, Turner M, Hid. 16; Engl. Bot. 1901.

On rocky mountains.

XX. 362. LEUCODON. Schwegrichen. White-tcoth.

Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peri-
stome single, toothed; teeth 32, closely united in pairs;
calyptra halved. .

Leucodon sciurotdes. Squirrel-tail white-tooth.
Hypnum trichoides erectum, ramulis recurvis, obscuri coloris, Rat Sym.
83, 22.

” Hy pnum sciuroides, Lin. S. P. 1596.

Dicranum sciuroides, Swartz M. Suec, 32; Engl. Bot. 1903.

Fissidens sciuroides, Hedw. S. Musc. 161.

Trichostomum sciuroides, Mohr.

Pterogoniuin sciuroides, Turner M. Hib. 32,

Leucodon sciuroides, Schwegr. Supp. 2, 1.

Leucodon Morensis, Schwagr. Supp. 2, |.

On the trunks of trees.

XXI. $63. DIDYMODON. Hedwig. — Twin-tooth.

Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal ; per?-
stome single, toothed ; teeth 16 or 32, closing together in
pairs, or united at the bottom; calyptra halved.

742 363. Didymodon. 14, MUSCI. » Pl. cell. fol.

a. Capsules inclined. hiewsyyie a

a: Didh ymodon purpureum. Purple twin-tooth.

Stem scarcely branched ; leaves. lanceolate, pointed,
keeled; edge turned over, ‘not cut; capsule ovate, 'cylin-
drical, ‘oblique, with a slight tubercle, furrowed when “dry 5
lid conical.

Bryum perangusfis crebrioribus foliis » capitulis erectis, longiuscalis pe-
diculis e surculis annotinis innascentibus, ’Dillen in Rati Syn. $32 4),

Bryum Celsii, Lin. 8S. P. 1585; Dickson €rypt.3; 7.

Mnium purpureum, Lin. S. P. 1575: 3 Wither. Arr. 802,

Dicranum purpureum, Hedw. 8. Musc. 136; Eng ifs | dd 2262.

Dicranum intermedium, Hedw. S. Musc. 138,

Bryum bipartitum, Dickson Crypt.; Engl. Bot. 2357,

Bryum strictum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 13.

Bryum tenue, Dicicsan, Crypt. 3,8.

Bryum papillosum, ‘Dickson Ceipt. 4, 12.

Dicranum strictum, Engl. Bot. 2294... —

Dicranum Celsii, Hedw. S. Muse. 149; Engl. Bot. 2118.

Trichostomum papillosum, Engl. Bot. 2533.

Red shanks.

On moist banks.

2. Didymodon inclinatum. Inclined twin=tooih.
Leaves in two rows, awlshape, sheathing at. bottom ; cap-
sule ovate, inclined; lid conical.

Didymodon inclinatum, Swariz M, Suec, 28.
Bryum inclinatum, Dickson ae 359.
Swartzia inclinata, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 74.
Cyuontodium inclinatum, Hedw. S. Musc. 58.
Grimmia inclinata, Engl. Bot. 1824.

On rocky mountains; perennial; summer.

b. Capsules upright.

3. Didymodon nervosum. Ribbed twin-tooth.
Leaves reverse-ovate, main rib thickened above; tip
short; capsules ovate, upright; lid beaked; beak short,

Grimmia atrovirens, Eng!. Bot. 2015.

On dry banks by the sea.

Resembles weissia lanceolata, gen. 359; sp. 7.

4. Didymodon flexifolium. °° Bent-leaf twin-tooth.
Siem long; leaves oblong, ovate, bent, deeply serrated
at the tip; capsules upright, cylindrical ; lid beaked.

Bryum flexifolium, Dickson Crypts 3,5. . \
_ Prichostomum flexifolium, Engl. Bot. 2499,

“On barren banks, or roofs.

Pil. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 363. aiesnieiiaas 743:

5. Didymodon rigidulm. 1) 1. Stiffish twine tooth.

. Leaves closely: ‘tiledlike -on “all! ides lanceolate, very
pointed, keeled; main rib stiff, running) beyond the’ ge 8
capsules oblong, ovate, uprights. lid beaked?

Didymodon rigidulum, Hedw. S, Musc. 104.

: earns rigidulum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 12. oO
‘Trichostomum rigidulum, Turner M Hib. 34 3; Engh Bots 2178.
Bryum lineare, Dickson Crypt.:3, 6. mth 4
Trichostomum lineare, Engl. But. 1598.

- On rocks and walls; perennial ; “April.
Very similar to tor tula fallax, gen. 355, spo.

6. Didymodon trifarium.... .. Three-rowed twin-tooth.
Leaves rather distant, somewhat three-rowed; lanceolate,
bluntish, keeled; main rib_ scarcely: reaching’ the tip; cap-
sude oblong, ovate, upright; lid beaked. 3
rea trifarium, Swartz M. Suec. 28.
Cynontodium trifarium, Hedw. S. Muse. 57.
_ Swartzia trifaria, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 76.
Bryum trifarium, Dickson Crypt. 3, 8.

Trichostomum trifarium, Engl. Bots VIO,
Trichostomum linoides,. Eng vl, Bot. 2295, not of Dickson. :

On moist banks.

7. Didymodon Lapllaccum 9 Fairy twin-tooth.
Stem long; leaves nearly 2-rowed, awlshape, bristlelike ;

opens upright, ovate, cylindrical ; lid conical.
Trichostomum capillaceum, Engl. Bot. 1152.
‘Cynontodium capillaceum, Hedw.'S. Musc. BT
Swartzia capillacea, Hedw. Crypt. 2,,72..
Didymodon capillaceum, Schrad. Gara, 64,
Bryum capillaceum, Dickson Crypt. 1, 4.
Bryum zstivum, Hudson Angl. 485.

On mountain banks.

‘8. Didymodon heter omallum.-~ Odd=sided twin-tooth.
Stem rather: short; leaves mostly’ facing one _ pats awl-
shape; capsule ovate, cylindrical; lid conical.’
‘. Grimmia heteromalla, Roth Germ. 3,145; Engl. Bot. 1899.
Weissia heteromalla, Hedw. S. Musc. 71.
. Afzelia heteromallay-Ehrh. Crypt. 173. alssortod MOWO es

Bryum Weissia, Dickson Crypt. 2, 5.
Didymodon heteromallum, Hedw.S: Mrs: 23.

On mountains.

744 364. Funaria. 14.MUSCI. ~——Pi.cell.. fol.
XXII. 364. FUNARIA. Schreber. Cord-moss.

Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome double, oblique, outer 16-toothed, inner 16-toothed,
teeth opposite to those of the outer. CaeA vie, eee

3 ee oe

1. Funaria hygrometrica. Hygrometric cord-moss.

Leaves very concave, ovate, pointed, not cut; main rib
excurrent; peduncle bent, twisted. 3

Bryum aureun, capitulis reflexis piriformibus, calyptra quadrangulari,
foliis in bulbi formam congestis, Raii Syn. 101,49. —

Polytrichum aureum minus, Park. 1052. .

Mnium hygrometricum, Lin. S. P. 1575.

Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw. S. Musc. 172; Engl. Bot. 342.

Bryum hygrometricum, Huds. Angl. 488.

Little golden-locks. Golden maiden-hair.

On old walls and barren soils.

Peduncle twists and untwists by the least change of dry-
ness or moisture.

2. Funaria Muhlenbergit. Muhienberg’s cord-moss.

Siem short; leaves concave, ovate, suddenly tapering,
serrated ; main rib not reaching the point; wedaitles
straight.

Funaria Mublenbergii, Schwegr. Supp. 66; Engl. Bot. 1498.

On sub-alpine limestone rocks. |

8. Funaria calcarea. Limestone cord-moss.
Stem long; leaves flat, ovate, lanceolate, gradually ta-
pering, serrated, main rib disappearing ; peduncles straight.

Funaria calearea, Wahlenb. in Act. Holm. 1806.
Funaria Muhlenbergii, Mohr. Crypt. Germ. 380.
Funaria Hibernica, Hooker in Fl. Lond. ed. 2.

On thatched roofs.

XXIII. 365. ZYGODON. Hooker. Paired-teeth.

Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncle terminal; peri-
stome double; outer of 16 teeth, in pairs; inner of 16 cilize
lying horizontally over the mouth; calypira halved, smooth.

Zygodon conoideum. Conical paired-teeth.

Bryum conoideum, Dickson Crypt. 4, 9.
Mnium conoideum, Engl. Bot. 1239.
Gymnocephalus conoides, Schwegr. Supp. 2, 87.

On trunks of trees.

eS ee ee ae ee

Pl. ceil. fol. 366. Orthotrichum. 14. MUSCI. 745
XXIV. 366. ORTHOTRICHUM. Hedw. Bristle-mosse

Capsule valveless, peduncled; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome double; outer of 16 teeth, in pairs; inner of 16 or
8 ciliz lying horizontally over the mouth, sometimes 0;
calyptra mitreshape, furrowed, hairy.

a. Peristome without cilie.

1. Orthotrichum anomalum. Odd bristle-moss.

Leaves lanceolate, upright, rather spreading; peduncles
longer than the leaves; peristome of 8 double teeth; ca-
lyptra slightly hairy.

Polytrichum capsulis subrotundis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus,
calyptra striata, arboreum et terrestre, minus ramosum et breve, Rait Syn.
91,5.

Bryum striatum £, Lin. S, P. 1580.

Orthotrichum anomalum, Hedw. S. Musc. 162; Dickson Crypt. 4, 6.

Bryum tectorum, Wither. Arr. 810.

Polytrichum striatum 8, Hudson Ang. 471.

Polytrichum tectorum, Hull Br. Fl. 248,

Weissia anomala, Sibthorp Ox. 287.

On rocks and walls.

g. Orthotrichum cupulatum. Cupped bristle-moss.

Leaves lanceolate, upright, slightly spreading; capsule
nearly sessile; peristome of 16 double teeth; calyptra
slightly hairy.

Orthotrichum cupulatum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 26.

Orthotrichum nudum, Dickson Crypt. 4,63 Engl. Bot. 1325.

Bryum sessile, Withering Arr. 310.
Orthotrichum anomalum, Engl. Bot. 1423.

On woods and stones.

b. Peristome with 8 cilia.

3. Orthotrichum crispum. Crisp bristlemoss.
Leaves lanceolate, awlshape, much crisped when dry;
peduncles very long; capsule streaked ; peristome with eight
cilie; calyptra very hairy.
Polytrichum capsulis oblyngo-rotundis, calyptris pilosissimis, Rati Syn.
91,6.
Bryum striatum 6, Lin. S. P. 1580. 5
Orthotrichum crispum, Hedw. S: Musc. 162; Engl. Bot. 996.
Bryum crispum, Withering Arr. 827.
Polytrichum striatum 5, Hudson Ang. 47).
Polytrichum capillaceum, Hull Fl. Br. 249.
Neckera wlophylla, Mohr.

On trees and stones.
Teeth apparently 8, but marked down the middle with a

dark line; cilie threadlike, jointed.

746 366. Orthotrichum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

4. Orihotrichum, Hutchinsie. © Hutchins? bristle-moss.
Leaues lanceolate upright, nearly, straight when dry
peduncles very long; capsule streaked ; pets istome orn eight

cilize ;_calypitra very hairy. dn

Orthotrichum Hutchinsie, Engl. Bot. 2523.

On rocks.
Teeth eight, when turned over left deeply and regularly
down the middle.

5. Orthotrichum affine. avs Kindred bristle=moss.

Leaves spreading, broadly lanccolate; capsules sessile ;
peristome with § cilie; calyptra rather hairy.

Polytrichum capsulis SSA) AOE, foliis Drees, rectis, carinatis, Dillen
Musc. 432.

Orthotrichum afiine, Schrad. Germ. 67 ; Eng rl, Bot. 1323.

Orthotrichum striatum, Schwegr. Supp. 49,

Orthotrichum rupestre, Schwegr. Supp, 53,

Weissia aftinis, Roth Germ, 3, 217.

On the trunks of trees, and palings.

Stem long; calyptra hairy, especially at top peristome
of 8 teeth marked with 3 lines lengthways, but not. split
even when turned over.

B. pumilum. Stem yery-short; ay yplra bald.
Orthotrichum pumilum, Swartz M. Suec, 42; Dickson Crypt. 4,53 Engl:
Bot. 2168.

c. Peristome with 16 ‘ilies

6. Orthotrichum diaphanum. Transparent eS - MOSS.

Stem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed; poimts trans-
parent ; capsules sessile ; per istome with 16 cilize ; calyptra
rather hairy.

Orthotrichum diaphanum, Schrad. Germ. 69; Dickson ay A,5; ae
Bot. 1324.

Orthotrichum aristatum, “Turner M. Hib. 190.

On walls, roofs, pales, and trees.

fib Grice fohiums pul eee nee ena Dritileatie

Stem short; leaves,sprghding, narrow, lanceolate, crisped -
when dry; pe eduncles long ; per ristome with 16. slender cilize ;
calyptra rather hairy.

Orthotrichum pulchellum, Engl. Bot. 1187.

On trees. 2ortose bie 2997
Teethired..: 3) © ) UOAIGM JU 2 YUNSIBYGYE §

Pl. ceil. fol. 14. MUSCI. 366. Orthotrichum. 7h

8. Orthotrichum rivulare. River brisile-moss.

Stems long, much ‘branched; leaves broad, lanceolate,
blunt; capsules sessile; peristome a 16 slender cilize ;
calyptra smooth.

Orthotrichum rivulare, Zurner M. Hib, 96 ; Engl. Bot. 2188,
On rocks and in streams. si

9. Orthotrichum striatum. Streaked brisile-moss.

Stem long, branched; . /eaves lanceolate, spreading,
slightly twisted when dry: capsule sessile, ovate, smooth;
peristome with 16 irregular strung-bead- like cilie; calyptra
rather hairy.

Polytrichum capsulis subrotundis, pediculis brevissimis insidentibus,
calyptra striata, arboreum ramosum majus, Raii Syn. 91, 4.

Bryum striatum, Lin. §. P, 1579,

Polytrichum striatum, Huds. 4ngl. 471.

~ Weissia striata, Sijthorp Ow. 287.

-Orthotrichum striatum, Hedw.S. Musc.: 163 ; pret Bot. 2187.

On trees.

Cilie have frequently other joints attached to the side ma
the real ones.

10. Orthotrichum Lyeliti. Lyell’s brisile-moss.

Stem long, much branched; leaves long, linear, lanceo-
late, bent back, open, much crisped alah dry; capsule
oblong, streaked; cali 16, r wees Benes -dstinety jointed ;
calyptra very. hairy. ja

Crthotrichum Lyellii, Hooker & Taylor Musc. 16,

On trees.

XXV. 367. NECKERA’Hedwigs* 9°00" “Necker.

Capsule valveless, peduncled ; Es lateral ; peristome
double; outer of 16 teeth; inner of 16 cilie, connec ed at
the very base only by a short membrane ; calyptra halved,
— Leaves 2-rowed.

1. Neckera pumila. / Dwa f Necker.
Leaves ovate, pointed, slightly concave, edges turned
over; peduncles scarcely longer than the perichetial leaves;
capsule oblong, ovate.
Fontinalis pennata, Hudson Angl. 468.

Neckera pumila, Hedw. S. Musc. 205; Engl, Bot. 1443.
Hypnum,pennatum, Dickson Crypt. 1, "5. ’

On trees, and in woods.

748 367. Neckera. 14. MUSCI. Pi. cell. fol.

2. Neckera crispa. Crisp necker.
Leaves oblong, pointed, wrinkled across; peduncles very
long; capsule ovate.

Hypnum repens crispum, ramulis compressis, filicinorum more dispo-
sitis, Rati Syn. 89, 47.

Hypanum crispum, Lin. §. P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 617.

Neckera crispa, Hedw.S, Musc. 206.

On trees and chalk-hills.

XXVI. 368. ANOMODON. Hooker & Taylor. Odd-tooth.

Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peri-
stome double, of 16 teeth, and 16 cilize placed between the
teeth.

1. Anomodon curtipendulum. Short-hanging odd-tooth.

Leaves ovate, pointed, finely serrated, main rib disap-
pearing below the point; peduncle twice as long as the
perichetial leaves; capsule ovate.

Hypnum arboreum repens, capitulis reflexis, brevibus, pediculis inci-
dentibus, Raii Syn. 89, 49.

Hypnum curtipendulum, Lin, S. P. 1594.

Neckera curtipendula, Hedw. S. Musc. 209; Engl. Boi. 1444,

Anomodon curtipendulum, Hooker & Taylor Musc. 79.

On trees, rocks, and the ground; perennial; spring.

2. Anomodon viticulosum. Spriggy odd-tooth.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, blunt, not cut; main rib reach-
ing the tip; peduncles very long; capsule cylindrical.

Hy pnum repens trichoides arboreum majus, capitulis et surculis erectis,
minus ramosis, Rati Syn. 85, 30.

Hypnum viticulosum, Lin. S. P. 1592; Engl. Bot, 265.

Neckera viticulosa, Hedw. S. Musc. 209.

Anomodon viticulosum, Hooker § Taylor Musc. 79.

On trees and rocks, rarely on the ground.

XXVII. 69. DALTONIA. Hooker & Taylor. Dalton.

Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; pert-
stome double, consisting of 16 teeth, and 16 cilize one from
the side of each tooth; calyptra mitreshape.

1. Daltonia splachnoides. Splachnumltke dalton.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate; peduncles long; calyptra
fringed at bottom.

Neckera splachnoides, Engl. Bot. 2564, not of Schwzgrichen.

On mountains, by the sides of streams.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 369. Daltonia. 9

2. Daltonia heteromalla. . -Odd-sided dalton.

Leaves broad, ovate, pointed; capsules sessile, sunk in
the perichetium; calyptra scarcely cut. ;

Sphagnum cauliferum, et ramosum mints hirsutum, capitulis crebris
pilosis per ramalorum longitudinem adnascentibus, Rati Syn. 105, 5.

Sphagnum arboreum, Lin, S. P. 1750.

Fontinalis secunda, Lin. Fil. Meth. Musc. 30.

Neckera heteromalla, Hedw. S. Musc. 202; Engl. Bot, 1180,
Phascum repens, Withering Arr. 785.

On the trunks of trees.

XXVIII. 370. FONTINALIS. Dillenius. Spring-moss.
Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles lateral; peristome
double; the outer of 16 teeth; the inner of 16 cilise con-

nected by cross bars, forming a cone of network; calypira
mitreshape.

1. Fontinalis antipyretica. Fireproof spring-moss.
. 5

Leaves ribless, usually folded, keeled.

Fontinalis major, foliis triangularibus complicatis, capitulis in folio-
rum alis sessilibus, Rati Syn. 79, 1.

Fontinalis antipyretica, Lin. S. P. 1571; Engl. Bot, 859.

Water-moss. ait

Tn slow rivers, pools, and on floating wood.

Used in Sweden to line wooden chimneys, to prevent the
wood from taking fire, because very difficult to burn.

2. Fontinalis squamosa. Scaly spring-moss.
eaves ribless, flat, or very slightly concave.

Fontinalis squamosa tenuis sericea atrovirens, Dillen. Musc. 258.
Fontinalis squamosa, Lin, S. P. 1571; Engl, Bot. 1861.

In swift alpine streams and waterfalls.

3. Fontinalis ? capillacea. Hairlike spring-moss.
Leaves with a main rib, slightly concave.

Fontinalis capillacea, calycibus stili instar cuspidatis, Dillen, Musc. 260.
Fontinalis capillacea, Dickson Crypt, 2,1; Engl. Bot. 2432.

In alpine rivulets.

MXERS “SAR BUXBAUMIA. Linneus. Buxbaum.
Capsule valveless, oblique, bunched; peristome double ;

the outer of numerous, threadlike, jointless cilize; the inner

membranaceous, conical, folded; calyptra mitreshape.

759 372. Bartramia. 14. MUSCI. Pi. cell. fol.

Buxlaumia curiosa. ; Curious buxhaum.

Muscus capillaceus aphyllus, capitulo crasso bivalvi, Dillen Musc. 477.

Buxbaumia aphyila, Lin. S. P, 1570; Engl. Bot. 1596.

Tn woods.

Stem 0; leaves palmately jagged; perichetium radical,
bulblike; peduncles long, red; capsule large, ovate, greenish.

XXX. 372. BARTRAMIA. Hedwig. Bartram.

Capsules valveless, nearly globular, peduncled ; peduncles
terminal; peristome double; the outer of 16 teeth; the
inner membranaceous, divided into 16 segments, each of
them 2-cut; calyptra halved..

a. Peduncles long, straight.

1. Bartramia pomiformis. Appleshape bartram.

Leaves spreading, awlshape, strongly serrated; main
rib reaching the tip; twisted when dry.

Bryum trichoides virescens, erectis majusculis capitulis maliformibus,
Raii Syn. 97, 31. :

Bryum pomiforme, Lin. S. P. 1580.

Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. S. Musc, 164; Engl. Bot:.998.

Bartramia crispa, Swartz M. Suec. 73.

Bryum vulgaris, Mong. & Nestl. 137.

On heaths and dry banks.
Stem short;. leaves bent.

@. major. Stem long, branched ; leaves long, crisped

especially when dry. :
... Bartramia crispa, Bridel Musc. 2,3; Engl. Bot. 1526.
“°* Bartramia pomiformis elongata, Turner in Ann, Bot. 1, 1526, 6.

2. Bartramia ithyphylla. Stiff-leaved bartram.

Stem short; leaves stiff, upright, rather spreading, awl-
shape, bristlelike, scarcely cut, main rib spreading into the
substance of the leaves when abont half-way up, straight
when dry; peduncles very long.

Bartramia‘ithyphylla, Bridel Musc. 2,1; Engl, Bot. 1710.
Barjramia pomiformnis, Swartz -M, Suec. 73.

On dry mountain banks.

3. Bartramia gracilis. Slender bartram.
Stem long; leaves turned over, spreading, lanceolate,
grooved, serrated ; peduncles lateral from young shoots.

Bartramia gracilis, Florke.in Schrad,Journ.; Engl, Bot. 1836.
Bartramia Cderiana, Swartz in Schrad. Journ. —
Bartramia Gderi, Schwegr. Supp. 59.

_. Bartramia longiseta, Brid. Muse.

BPartramia grandiflora, Schwegr. Supp. 58.

On alpine rocks.

Pi. cell. fol. 14.. MUSCI. 372. Bartramia. (5k

4, Bartramia fontana. . Spring bartram.

Stems eventopped ; leaves closed tiledlike, stiff, upright,
broad, ovate or lanceolate, pointed, nearly flat, serrated ;
peduncles lateral from young shoots.

Bryum quod Muscus palustris adianto aureo afiinis, scapis tenuibus,
foliolis brevibus, editionis prima, Rati Syn. 98, 28.

Maium fontanum, Lin, S. P. 1574,

Bryum fontanum, Hudson Angl. 415; Engl. Bot. 390.

Bartramia fontana, Swartz in Schrader Journ.

Grey marsh-moss.

Stems 6 inches long; leaves ovate.

8. Marchicum. Stem an inch long; leaves lanceolate.

Bartramia Marchica, Swartz in Schrad..Jour..; Engl. Bot. 2074.
Mnium Marchicum, Hedw. Crypt. 2, 39.
Bartramia fontana pumila, Turner M. Hib. 107.

On turf bogs.
~ b. Peduncles very short, bent.

5. Bartramia Halleri. Haller’s bartram.

Stem very long, proliferous; /eaves long, awlshape, bent
variously, serrated above; peduncles lateral, from. young
shoots very short, bowed. -

Bryum laterale, Hudson dng. 483. ~
Mnium Jaterale, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 54.
Bartramia Halleriana, Hedw. S. Musc. 164; Engl. Bot, 997.

On mountain rocks, near streams.

6. Bartramia arcuata.. Bowed lartram.

Stems very long, proliferous; leaves horizontal, spread-
ing, ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked; peduncles
very short, bowed, become lateral; capsule smooth.

Hypnum palustre erectum, coma lutea, basi nignicante, Dillen in Rati
Syn. 83, 21.
-Bartramia arcuata, Engl. Bot. 1237.
Mnium arcuatum, Dickson Crypt. 3, 2.
Mnium chrysocomum, Hedw. S. Musc. T4.
Hypoum chrysocomum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 12.

On mountain bogs and wet.rocks.. |.

XXXI. 373. HOOKERIA. Smith. Hooker.
Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peri-
stome double; the outer of 16 teeth; the inner membra-
naceous, divided into 16 uncut segments;. calypira, mitre-
shape. aides it i

1. Hookeria lucens. | Shining hooker.
Leaves broad, ovate, uncut, blunt, ribless.

752 373. Hookcria. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fole

Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, foliolis majoribus, magisque
crebris, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 88, 45.

Hypaum lucens, Lin. §. P. 1589.

Hookeria lucens, Smith in Lin. Tr. 9, 276.

Leskea lucens, De Candolle Fl. Gall. Syn.

On moist banks and rocks.

2. Hookeria letevirens. Light-green hooker.
Leaves ovate, rather pointed, bordered, very obscurely

serrated at the tip, main ribs 2, reaching nearly to the end.
Hookeria lxte-virens, Hooker & Faylor Muse. 89.

On bogs.

XXXII. 374. HYPNUM. Dioscorides. | Feather-moss.

Capsules valveless, peduncled; peduncles lateral; peristome
double; the outer of 16 teeth; the inner membranaceous,
segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads between them ;

calyptra halved.

a. Stem with the leaves flat ; capsules upright.

1. Hymnum trichomanoides. Trichomanes feather-moss.

Leaves broad, scymetarshape, serrated at the point,
main-ribbed to the middle; capsule ovate, upright; lid
beaked.

Hypnum erectum filicifolium ramosum, pinnulis obtusis, Dillen. in Raii
Syn, 87, 40. Ene

Hypnum trichomanoides, Schreb. Lips. 88; Engl. Bot. 1493.

Hypnum complanatum £, Huds. Angi. 495.
Leskea trichomanoides, EhArh. Crypt. 234.

On trunks of trees.

2. Hypnum complanatum. Flattened feather-moss.
Leaves oblong, pointed, uncut, ribless; capsule ovate,
upright; lid beaked. ”

Hypnum repens filicifolium ramosum, ramulis appressis et magis com-
planatis, Ratt Syn. 87, 38.

Hypnum complanatam, Lin. 8, P. 1588; Engl, Bot. 1492. -

Leskea complanata, Hedgw. S, Musc. 231.

On trees.

b. Stem with the leaves flat; capsules drooping, or inclined.

3. Hypnum riparium. Shore feather-moss.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, main-rib nearly
reaching the tip; capsules oblong, drooping; lid conical.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 753

Hypnum ramosum fluitans pennatum, Paii Syn. 81, 6.
- Hypnum riparium, Lin. 8, P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 2060.

‘On river- “banks, and inundated places..

4. Hypnum undulatum. Wavy oetpcoone

Leaves ovate, pointed, waved across ; ribs 2 at the bot-
tom, faint; capsule oblong, furrowed, drooping ; /id beaked.

‘Hypnum repens crispum, cauliculis compressis, Pind a in morem
per terram sparsis, Rati Syn. 88, 46.

Hypnun undulatum, Lin, S. P. 1589; Engl. Bot. 1181.

On woods, and dry heaths.

Leaves white, membranaceous.

5. Hypnum denticulatum. Fine-toothed feather-moss.

Leaves ovate, inclining to lanceolate, pointed; ribs 2 at
the bottom, short; capsule oblong, cylindrical, inclined ;
lid conical.

Hypnum repens filicifolium non ramosum, pediculis et capitulis lon-
gioribus ad radicem peredicplibuss foliolis utrinque duplicatis, Raii Syn.
88, 43.

Hypnum repens filjcifolidm Tamosum, pediculis et capitulis longioribus
e foliorum alis egredientibus, foliolis utrinque See TEE Dillen, in Raité
Syn. 88, 44,

Hypnum denticulatum, Lin. §. P. 1583; Engl. Bot. 1260.

Hypnum sylvaticum, Lin. Mant. 2,310.

In woods.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, distant, quite flat.

8. obtusifolium. Leaves ovate, blunt, slightly concave.
Hypnum denticulatum obtusifolium, Turner M, Hib, 146.

Hypnum obtusatum, Wahlenb, Lapp. 371.

Hypnum Donnianum, Engl. Bot. 1446.

on mountains.

c. Stems with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem,
uniform in their direction, not serrated, main rib reaching
to or beyond the point.

6. Hypnum medium. Middling feather-moss.
Leaves ovate, blunt, concave, uncut; main rib reaching
the tip; capsule cylindrical, nearly upright ; lid conical.

Hy pnum trichoides, capsulis oblongis in setis brevioribus, Dillen. Musc.
331.

Hypnum heterophyllum aquaticum, polycephalum repens, Dillen. Musc..
293.

Hypnum medium, Dickson Crypt. 2,12; Engl. Bot. 12% A,

Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. Crypt. 96.

Hypnum inundatum, Dickson Crypt. 4,17; Engl. Bot. 1922.

On trees near the ground.
VOL. I, 3.C

754 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell, fol.

7. Hypnum jehallden: ' Tender feather-moss.
Leaves in bundles, upright, lanceolate, awlshape, uncut,
main rib reaching the Hip; capsule ovate, drooping; lid

beaked.
Hypnum tenellum, Dickson Crypt. 4,16; Engl, Bot. 1859,

On limestone rocks and old walls.

8. Hypnum ser pens. Crawling feather-moss.

Leaves ovate, lanceolate, rather blunt, spread open, un-
cut, main rib reaching to the point; capsule cylindrical,
crooked, drooping ; lid conical.

Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre minimum, capitulis imajuseulis ob-
Jongis erectis, Rati Syn. 85, 27.

Hypnum serpens, Lin. 8. P. 1596; Engl. Bot. 1037.

Hypnum tenue, Schrader.

Hypnum contextum, Hedw. S. Muse.

Hypoum spinulosum, Hedw. S. Musc. 269.

Hypnum subtile, Dickson; Engl. Bot. 2496.

On moist banks, trees, pales, and decayed wood.

d. Stems with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stems
uniform in their direction, serrated ; main rib reaching to
or beyond the point. :

9. Hypnum populeum. Poplar feather-moss.

Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, edge slightly turned
over; main rib reaching the point; capsule ovate, nearly
upright; peduncles rough; lid conical.

Hypnum populeum, Hedw, S. Musc. 70.
Hypnum implexum, Swartz Act. Holm. 1793); Engl. Bot. 1584,
Hypnum plumosum, Swartz M. Suec. 66.

On trees and rocks.

10. Hypnum reflexum. Turned-over_feather-moss.

Leaves heartshape, pointed, serrated, main rib reaching
the point, edge slightly turned over ; capsule ovate, droop-
ing; peduncles rough; lid conical. .

flypnum reflexum, Web. & Mohr Crypt. Germ. 306 & 476; Hooker &
Taylor Muse. 95.

On mountains.

e, Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves all round the stem,
uniform in the direction, ovate or elliptical, uncut ; main
rib shorter than the leaf or 0.

11. Hypnum molle. ) Soft fearherhoss.

Leaves loosely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, concave,
uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom, or with one short rib;
capsule ovate, drooping; lid conical.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypaum, 785°

Hypnum molle, Dickson Crypt. 2,113; Engl. Bot. 1992.
Hypaum alpestre, Swartz M. Suec. 63,

In alpine rivulets.

12. Hypnum Schreberi. Schreler’s feather-moss.

Leaves. closely tiledlike, nearly upright, elliptical, point-
ed, concave, uncut, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom; capsule
ovate, droopmg; lid conical. :

ps linen longum erectum, foliis angustis caulibus appressus, Radi Syn.
_ Hypnum Schreberi, Willd. Berl. 325; Engl, Bot, 1621,

Hypnum purum, Efrh. Crypt. 311.

Hypnum compressum, Schreb. Lips. 96,

Hypnum muticum, Swartz M. Suec. 60.

--On banks in woods.

13. Hypnum moniliforme. Bead-necklace feather-moss.
Leaves closely tiledlike, rounded, ovate, blunt, very con-
cave, bellied, ribless; capsule ovate, nearly upright.
- Hypnum moniliforme, Wahlen. Lapp. 316.
Leskea julacea, Mohr.

Hypnum julaceum, Schwegr. Supp. 89. ‘
Pterogonium? rotundifolium, Engl, Bot. 2525.

On the ground, among other mosses.

14. Hypnum catenulatum. Chained feather-moss.

Leaves rather spreading, ovate, slightly pomted, nipply
on the back and edge, rib very short; capsule ovate, in-_
clined ; [id conical, pointed.

Hypnum catenulatum, Schwegr. Supp. 218.
Pterigynandrum catenulatum, Bridel Musc. 64.
Grimmia catenulata, Mohr.

On wet rocks.

15. Hypnum stramineum. Straw feather-moss.
Leaves loosely tiledlike, upright, spreading, oblong,
ovate, blunt, uncut, rib reaching halfway ; capsule oblong,
ovate, curved, drooping; Jid conical.
Hypnum stramineum, Dickson Crypt. 1,6; Engl. Bot. 2405.

On bogs and banks among other mosses.

16. Hypnum murale. Wall feather-moss.
Leaves nearly upright, tiledlike, oval, concave, uncut,
point very short, main rib reaching halfway; capsule ovate,
drooping; lid beaked. : t ples
3c 2

756 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl.cell. fo .

Hypnum myosuroides brevius et crassus, capsulis cernuis, Dillen. Musc.

318.
Hypnum murale, Necker Gallobelg, AT9; Dickson Crypt. 3, 10..

Hypnum confertum, Engl. Bot. 1038.
Hypnum abbreviatum, Hedw. S. Musc. 65.

On walls and stones.

17. Hypnum purum. . Pure feather-moss..

Leaves closely tiledlike, oval, very concave, point very ,
short, main rib reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping ;
Lid conical.

Hypnum terrestre erectum, ramulis teretibus, foliis inter rotunda et
acuta medio modo se habentibus, Raii Syn. 81, 7.

Hypnum purum, Lin. §. P. 1594; Engl. Bot. 1599.

Hypnum elegans, Ehrh. Crypt. 242.

Hypnum illecebrum, Smith Fl. Brit. 1314; Engl, Bot. 2189, not of
Hedwig.

Tn fields and moist woods.

f. Stem with the leaves not flat; leaves on all sides, uniform
in their direction, lanceolate or awlshape, uncut, without
streaks ; main rib shorter than the leaf or 0.

18. Hypnum fluitans. Floating feather-moss.

Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, awlshape, scarcely
serrated at the tip, main rib reaching more than halfway ;
the upper leaves sickleshape, one-rowed; capsule ovate,
oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical. 7

Hypnum erectum aut fluitans aquaticum, foliis oblongis perangustis

acutis, Rati Syn. 82.
Hypnum fluitans, Lin. Fl, Suec. ed. 2,399; Engl. Bot. 1448.

In water, and inundated places.

19. Hypnum plumosum. Plumose feather-moss.

Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed,
slightly serrated, main rib reaching above halfway; the
upper leaves sometimes one-rowed; capsule ovate, droop-
ing; did conical.

Hypnum plumosum, Lin. S. P. 1592 ; Engl. Bot. 2071 ; not of Hedwig.

Hypnum pseudoplumosum, Bridel Musc.

Hypnum alpinum, Turner M. Hib. 192; Engl, Bot. 1496. ©
Hypnum flagellare, Hedw. 8. M. 282.

On rocks.

20. Hypnum pulchellum. Preity feather-moss.

Leaves loosely tiledlike, lanceolate, pointed, uncut, rib-
less; upper leaves slightly one-rowed; capsule ovate, cy-
lindrical, nearly upright; id conical.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 757

Hypnum pulchellum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13, fig. bad, having a ribbed
leaf; Engl. Bot. 2006; not of Hedwig.

Hypnum nitidulum, Wahlenb. Lapp.

Leskea pulchella, Hedw. S. Musc. 220.

On rocks and in woods.

g. Stem with the leaves not flat ; leaves on all sides, uniform
im their direction, lanceolate or awlshape, streaked ; main
rib shorter than the leaf or 0.

21. Hypnum rufescens. — Reddish feather-moss.

Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,
streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at the bottom; capsule ovate,
nearly upright; did conical.

Hypnum rufescens, Dickson Crypt. 3,9; Engl. Bot, 2296.

Leskea rufescens, Schwegr. Supp. 88.

On alpine rocks.

22. Hypnum sericeum. Silky feather-moss.

Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,
streaked, main rib reaching to three quarters of the length ;
capsule ovate, cylindrical, upright; ld conical. _

Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre luteo-virens vulgare majus, capi-
tulis erectis, Raii Syn. 84, 23.

Hypnum sericeum, Lin. S. P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 1445.

Leskea sericea, Hedw. S. Musc. 223.

On rocks, walls, and trees.

23. Hypnum lutescens. Yellowish feather-moss..

Leaves upright, spreading, lanceolate, pointed, uncut,
streaked, main rib not reaching the tip; capsule ovate,
drooping; peduncles rough; Jid conical, pointed.

Hypnum lutescens, Hudson Angl. ed. 1,421; Engl, Bot. 1301.
Hypnum sericeum y, Hudson Angl, 506.

On banks and trees.

24. Hypnum nitens. Shining feather-moss.
Leaves upright, spreading, narrow, lanceolate, pointed,
scarcely cut, streaked, main rib nearly reaching the tip;
capsule oblong, ovate, bent ; peduncles smooth ; lid conical.
Hypnum palustre erectum trichoides, ramulis crebris, luteo et rufo-

virentibus, glabris, Dillen. Musc. 303.
Hypnum nitens, Schkreb. Lips, 92 ; Engl, Bot. 1646,

On bogs and marshes.

758 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pi. cell. fol.

25. Hypnum albicans... | Whitish feather-moss.

Leaves upright, spreading, ovate, lanceolate, pointed,
streaked, uncut; main rib reaching halfway; capsules ovate,
drooping; peduncles smooth; lid conical. -

Hypnum terrestre erectum humilius albicans, ramulis teretibus, Dillen
in Raii Syn. 83, 19.
-Hypoum albicans, Necker Musc. 180; Engl. Bot. 1300.

- On sandy open places.

h. Stem with the leaves not flat, lower part bare ; leaves on
all. sides, uniform in their direction, serrated; main rib
shorter than the leaf or 0.

26. Hypnum alopecurum. Foxtail feather-grass.

Stem upright; below simple, naked; above branched,
branches in bundles; leaves concave, ovate, elliptical, point-
ed, serrated, main rib nearly reaching the tip, edge turned
over; capsule ovate, drooping; lid beaked.

Hypnum palustre erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis,

Raii Syn. 81, 3. i
Tiypnum alopecurum, Lin. S. P. 1594; Engl. Bot. 1182.

On shady banks, in woods.

27. Hypnum dendroides. Treelike feather-grass.
“Siem upright; below simple, naked; above branched,
branches in bundles; leaves ovate, lanceolate, streaked,
serrated at the tip, main rib nearly reaching the tip; capsule
upright, ovate, cylindrical; id beaked. ;
Hypnum erectum, arbusculam referens, ramulis subrotundis confertim
nascentibus, Raii Syn. 81,9.
’ Hypnum dendroides, Lin. §. P. 1593; Engl. Bot, 1565.
Leskea dendroides, Hedw. S. Musc. 228. ;

Neckera dendroides, Swartz M. Succ. 71.
Climacium dendroides, Mohr. Germ.

In woods and moist pastures.

Columella in dry weather raises the lid spirally, and al-
lows the escape of the seeds, moisture contracts the colu-
mella in the same spiral manner, and again closes the cap-
sule: inner peristome segments cleft at the base.

i. Stem with the leaves not flat, leafy below ; leaves on all
sides, uniform in their direction, serrated, main rib shorter
than the leaf or 0; capsules upright.

28. Hypnum curvatum. Bent feather-moss.

Branches in bundles, bent; leaves ovate, elliptical, con-
cave, serrated at the tip; main rib disappearing beyond the
middle; capsule ovate, upright; lid beaked.

Pi, cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 759

_ Hypnum repens, triangularibus angustis foliis, ramulis subrotundis,
Dillen. in Raii Syn. 83, 16 .

Hypnum curvatum, Swartz M. Suec, 64; Engl. Bot. 1566.

Hypnuum myosuroides, Hedw. S, Musc, 266, not of Linnus.

Hypnum myosuron, Withering Arr. 865,

On rocks and trees.

29. Hypnum myosuroides. Mousetail feather-moss.
Branches in bundles, bent; Jeaves lanceolate, pointed,
serrated, edges turned over at bottom; main rib. reaching
to the middle; capsule ovate, cylindrical, upright ; lid
. beaked.
ee ou polyanthon, triangularibus angustis foliis, Dillen, in Rati Syn.
* Hy pnum myosuroides, Lin. S. P. 1596; Engl. Bot. 1567, not of Hedwig.
Hypnum myosurum, Schrad. Krypt. 17. °

On limestone-rocks, and trees.

k. Stem with the leaves not flat, leafy below, 2 or 3-pinnale ;
leaves on all sides, uniform in their direction, serrated ;
main rib shorter than the leaf or 0 ; capsules drooping.

30. Hypnum splendens. Splendid feather-moss.

Stems tripinnate; leaves ovate, concave; point suddenly
acuminated, serrated; main ribs 2, faint, at the bottom;
edge turned over at the base; capsule ovate, drooping; lid
beaked. :

Hypnum repens filicinum, veluti spicatum, Raii Syn, 86, 35.
Muscus filicinus, Ger, em. 1372; Park. 1309.

Hypnum splendens, Hedw. S. M. 262; Engl. Bot, 1424,

Hy pnum parietinum, Hudson dngl. 499.

Hypnum proliferum, Ehrh. Crypé. 95,

In dry woods and heaths.

31. Hypnum proliferum. Proliferous feather-moss.

Stem tripinnate; /eaves serrated, nipply on the back;
stem-leaves heartshape, pointed, streaked, main rib running
nearly to the tip; branch-leaves more ovate, with a single
or double rib at the bottom.

Hypnum repens filicinum minus, luteo-virens, Raii Syn, 86, 36.

Hypnum proliferum, Lin, 8. P.1590; Engl. Bot, LAD,

Hypnum tamariscinum, Hedw. 8, Musc. 261,

Hy pnum tamariscifolium, Necker Musc, 158.

Hypnum delicatum, Ehrh. Crypt. 301.

Hypoum delicatulum, Schrader Germ. T3.

Hypnum recognitum, Hedw. S, Muse. 261.

Hypuum parietinumy, Pilla, Berol, 322,

On heathy banks and in woods.

760 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. foi.

32. Hypnum prelongum. Very-long feather-moss.

Stem nearly bipinnate; Jeaves distant, open, heartshape
or ovate, pointed, serrated; main rib. disappearing below
the tip; capsule ovate, drooping ; lid beaked.

Hypnum repens filicinum, bssae tative parvis foliis, prelongum,
Raii Syn. 80, 5.

Hy puum "praelongum, Lin. S. P. 15913 Engl. Bot. 2035.

Hypnum Stokesii, Zurner M. Hib. 159,

Hypnum Swartzii, Turner M. Hib. 151; Engl. Bot. 2034.

Hypnum atrovirens, Swartz MM, Suec. 65.

‘On banks and decaying trees.

betnead
e

Stem with the leaves not flat, pinnate or irregularly branch-
ed; leaves on all sides, uniform in their direction, serrated,
main rib shorter than the leaf or 0; capsules drooping.

33. Hypnum flagellare. Whip feather-moss.

Stem pinnate, or irregularly bipinnate; leaves thickly
set, heartshape, pointed, serrated, very faintly 2-ribbed at
bottom : capsule oblong, drooping ; lid conical.

Hypnum flagellare, Dickson Crypt. 2,12.
Hypnum umbratum, Engl. Bot, 2565, not of Hedwig.

On alpine rocks.

34. Hypnum abietinum. Fir feather-moss.

Stem pinnate; leaves serrated, nipply on the back, edge
turned over, main rib nearly to the tip; stem-leaves heart-
shape, sharp- pointed; branch-leaves heartshape, pointed ;
capsule cylindrical, inclined ; dd conical.

Hypnum repens filicinum trichoides montanum, ramulis teretibus lute-

scentibus non divisis, Dillen in Raii Syn. 86, 34.
Hypnum abietinum, Lin. S. P. 1591; Engl. Bot, 2037.

On dry chalk-hills.

35. Hypnum Blandovii. _ Blandoff’s feather-moss.

Stem pinnate; leaves serrated, smooth on the. back,
edges turned over; stem-leaves heartshape, pointed, with a
short main rib; branch-leaves ovate, sharp-pointed, main
rib disappearing beyond the middle; capsule cylindrical,
inclined ; did conical.

Hy pnum Blandovii, Weber & Mohr Germ. 332,
On rocks.

Plucell. fol. 14, MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 761
36. Hypnum piliferum. Hairy feather-moss.

Stem rather pinnate; leaves ovate, serrated; tip long,
narrow; main rib not reaching the middle; capsule ovate,
drooping ; did beaked.

Hypnum piliferum, Schreber Lips. 913; Engl, Bot. 1516.

On moist shady banks.

37. Hypnum rutabuliforme. Rakeshape feather-moss.
Stem variously branched; leaves open, ovate, pointed,
serrated at the tip, streaked; main rib reaching halfway ;
capsule ovate, drooping; peduncle rough; lid conical.
~ -Hypnum repens triangularibus minoribus foliis, Raii Syn, 80.
-Muscus terrestris vulgaris, Ger. em. 1370,
Hypoum Ratabulum, Lin. §, P. 1590.
Hypnum brevirostre, Engl. Bot. 1647, not of Ehrhart.
Hypnum crenulatum, Engl. Bot. 1261,
Ground-moss,

On banks and trees.

38. Hypnum velutinum. Felvet feather-moss.

Stem variously branched ; /eaves upright, spreading,
ovate, lanceolate, pointed, serrated, streaked; main rib
reaching halfway; capsule ovate, drooping; peduncle rough ;
lid conical.

Hy pnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius minus, capitulis tumidiori-.
bus cernuis, Rati Syn. 84. 24.

Hy pnum velutinum, Lin. 8. P. 15953 Engl. Bot. 1568.

Hypnum intricatum, Schreber Lips. 99; Engl. Bot, 2421.

Hypoum Teesdalii, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16.

On hedge-banks, and in woods.

39. Hypn. ruscifolium. Butchers’-broomleaf feather-moss.

Stem variously branched; leaves loosely tiledlike, rather
spreading, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, concave, main
rib reaching to the tip; capsule ovate, drooping; lid beaked.

Hypnum repens, triangularibus minoribus foliis, pediculis et capitulis.
brevioribus et tumidioribus, majus, Dillen. in Raii Syn. 80, 3.

Hypnum ruscifolium, Necker Musc. 181; Engl, Bot. 1275.

Hypoum rusciforme, Necker Galiob. 481.

Hypnom Ratabulum $, Hudson Angl. 497.

Hypnum riparioides, Hedu. S. Musc. 242.

Hypnum prolixum, Dickson Crypt. 2, 13.

Hypnum Atlanticum, Desfont. Fl. Atl.

On wood and stones in rivers and pools.

40. Hypnum striatum. Streaked_feather-moss.
Stem variously branched ; leaves open, heartshape, point-
ed, serrated, streaked; main rib reaching beyond the

762 374. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI. Pl. cell. fol.

middle ; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ;
lid beaked.

Hypnum repens triangularibus minoribus foliis, pediculis et capitulis
brevioribus et tumidioribus, minus, Raii Syn. 80, 4.

Hypnum striatum, Schreb. Lips. 91; Engl. Bot, 1648.

Hypnum longirostrum, Ehrh. Crypt. 75.

Hypnum Rutabulum y, Hudson Angl. 497.

Hypnum Rutabulum 8, Relhan Cant. 433.

In woods.

41. Hypnum confertum. Crowded feather-moss.
Stem variously branched; /eaves upright, spreading,
ovate, pointed, concave, sereated. main rib reaching half.
way ; capsule ovate, drooping ; peduncle smooth ; lid beaked.

Hypnum confertum, Dickson Crypt. 4,17; Engl. Bot. 2407.
Hypnum serrulatum, Hedw. S. Musc. 60 ; "Engl. Bot. 1262.

On banks, trees, and old rails.

m. Stem with the leaves not flat; leaves on all sides, very
irregular in their direction.

42. Hypnum cuspidatum. Dagger feather-moss.

Leaves loosely set, ovate, concave, ribless, uncut; lower
leaves irregular ; top-leaves closely tiledlike into a sharp
point ; capsule oblong , bent, drooping; Jid conical.

Hypnum repens palustre, foliis triangularibus per caules expansis, ex-

tremitatibus convolutis et acuminatis, Rati Syn. 82, 14.
Hypnum cuspidatum, Lin. 8S, P. 1595; Engl. Bot. 2407.

On bogs.
3. Hypnum cordifolium. Heartshape-leaf. panies "-MOSS.

tae loosely set, irregular, heartshape, ovate, blunt,
concave, uncut, main rib running to very near the tip;
capsule oblong, bent, drooping ; lid conical.

Hypnum cordifolium, Hedw. 8. Muse. 254; Engl. Bot. 1447.
Hypnum cuspidatum °B, Turner M. Hib. 177,

On bogs.

44, Hypnum polymorphum. Many-formed feathiorsposs.

Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-pointed,
uncut, main rib disappearing halfway up; oobi oblong,
ovate, bent, drooping ; lid conical.

Hypnum polymorphum, Hedw. S. Musc. 66, rib omitted’ in fig.
Hypnum chrysophyllum, Bridel Muse, 2, 2.

On limestone and chalk.

Pl. cell. fol. 14, MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 768

45. Hypnum stellatum. . Starry feather-moss.

Leaves loosely set, irregular, heartshape, sharp-~pointed,
uncut, ribless; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, cree ne lid
conical.

\ Fey enn coma lutescente, extremitatibus stellatis, Dillen. Mire. 302.

- Hypnum stellatum, Schreb. Lips. 92; Engl. Bot. 1302.
Ay pnum protensum, Bridel Musc.

In marshes.

8. minus. Plant smaller, fess upright, greener; leaves
more turned over. ~

Hypnuum squarrulosum, Bridel Musc. Engl. Bot. 1709.
On rocks and stone walls.

46. Hypnum loreiforme. Thongshape feather-moss.
Leaves turned over, irregular, lanceolate,.much pointed,
concave, serrated, streaked, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom;
capsule globular, ovate, drooping: lid conical.

Hypnum> repens, surculis magis erectis, foliis reflexis longioribus,
cinctis, operculo capituli magno, Raii Syn. 82,12.

Hypnum Loreum, Lin. S..P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 2072.

On ees among bushes.

47. Hypnum triquetrum. Three-cornered feather-moss.

Leaves irregular, heartshape, pointed, serrated, faintly
streaked, ribbed at bottom; capsule globular, ovate ; lid
conical. —

Hypnum repens, triangularibus majoribus et pallidioribus foliis, Razz
Syn. 80.

Hy pnum triquetrum, Lin. S. P, 1589; Engl. Bot. 1622.

In woods.

8. minus. Plant small.
Hypnum brevirostrum, Ehrh, Crypt. not of Smith.

48. Hypnum squarrosum. Scurfy feather-moss.

Leaves irregular, wide, heartshape, very much pointed
and turned over, serrated, faintly 2-ribbed at bottom; cap-
sule ovate, g clobular, drooping ; ; lid conical.

Hypnum repens, triangularibus reflexis foliis, majus, Ratt Syn, 82,10.

Hypnum repens, triangularibus reflexis, foliis, minus, Dillen.in Ratt Syn.

82, 11
” Hy pnum squarrosum, Lin. S. P. 15933, Engl. Bot. 1933.

In woods and on heaths.

764 374, Hypnum. 14. MUSCLE. Pl. cell. fol.

n. Stem and leaves not flat ; leaves facing one way, \-ribbed.

49. Hypnum filicinum. Fern feather-moss.

Stem rather pinnate; leaves, especially the upper, sickle-
like, facing one way, broad, ovate, pointed, serrated, main-
rib reaching to the tip; eapeul oblong, ovate, bent, ‘droop-
ing; lid conical.

Hy pnum repens filicinum crispum, Rei Syn. 85, 32.
Hypnum filicinum, Lin. S. P. 1590; Engl, Bot. "1570.
Hypnum dubium, Engl. Bot. 2126.

Hypnum fallax, Bridel Musc. 3,2; Engl. Bot.

On bogs and the side of streams.

50. Hypnum atrovirens. Dark-green feather-moss.

Stem variously branched, lying down; leaves slightly
facing one way, broad, ovate; tip narrow, blunt; main rib
ranning nearly to the tip; capsule oyate, drooping; lid
conical,

Hypnum atrovirens, Dickson Crypt. 2,10; Engl, Bot. 2422.
Hypnum filamentosum, Dickson Crypt. 2, CaF

Hypnum attenuatum, Dickson Crypt.2,13; Engl. Bot. 2420.
Leskea incurvata, Hedw. S. Musc. 52.

On mountain rocks and trees.

51. Hypnum palustre. Marsh feather-moss.

Leaves facing one way, ovate, rather pointed, concave,
uncut, edges turned in above; main rib short, often forked,
sometimes faint; capsule oblong, ovate, drooping; lid
conical,

Hypuum heterophyllum aquaticuin polycephalum repens, Dillen, Muse.
293.
Hypnum palustre, Lin. S. P. 1593; Engl. Bot. 1665.

Hypoum Joridum, Hedw. S. Musc. 291.

Hypnum fluviatile, Turner M. Hib. 192; Engl. Bot. 1303, not of Hed-
wig.

Hypnum adnatum, Turner M. Hib. 165; Engl. Bot. 2406, not of Hed-
wig.

On wet rocks, and banks of rivers and of pools.

52. Hypnum aduncum. Crooked feather-moss.

Leaves sicklelike, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape,
concave or almost semicylindrical, uncut; main rib not
reaching the tip; capsule oblong, ovate,. bent, drooping ;
lid conical.

Hypnum palustre erectum, summitatibus erectis, Rati Syn. 80, 15.
Hypnum aduncun, Lin. S. P. 1592.
Hypnum revyolvens, Swartz M. Suec. 58; Engl. Bot, 2073.

On bogs.

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 374. Hypnum. 765
_ §. rugosum. Leaves wide, slightly sickleshape, wrinkled.

Hypnum lutescens crispum, lycupodii facie, Dillen. Musc. 289.
Hypnum rugosum, Lin. Mant. 131; Engl. Bot. 2250, not of Hedwig.
Hy pnum lycopodioides, Schwegr. Supp. 2, 300.

53. Hypnum uncinatum. Hooked feather-moss.

Leaves sickleshape, facing one way, lanceolate, awlshape,
serrated, streaked, main rib not reaching the tip; capsule
cylindrical, bent, drooping; dd conical.

Hypnum uncinatum, Hedi. S. Muse. 289; Engl. Bot. 1600.

On moist banks and walls, in hilly countries.

54. Hypnum rugulosum. Slightly-wrinkled feather-moss.

Leaves facing one way, ovate, lanceolate, serrated, nearly
flat, crisped across when dry; edges turned over; main
rib reaching halfway.

Hypnum rugulosum, Weber § Mohr Cr. Germ. 366.
Hypnum rogosum, Hedw. S. Husc, 293, uot of Linneus.

On heaths.

55. Hypnum commutatum. Changed feather-moss.

Stems pinnate; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heart-
shape, very sharp-pointed, serrated, edges turned over;
main rib not reaching the tip; capsule oblong, ovate,
drooping; /id conical.

Hypnum repens filicinum crispum, var. B. C. D. Dillen. Muse. 283,

Hypnoum commutatum, Hedwe. S. Musc. 284; Engl. Bot. 1569.

On wet places, especially in chalky ground.

0. Stem and leaves not flat ; leaves facing one way, rils 2
very indistinct, or 0.

56. Hypnum scorpioides. Scorpion feather-moss.

Leaves facing one way, broad, ovate, bellied, blunt, un-
cut, ribless; capsu/es oblong, ovate, bent, drooping; lid
conical.

Hypaum scorpioides, Lin. S. P. 1592; Engl. Bot. 1039.

On bogs.

57. Hypnum Silesianum. Silesia feather-moss.

Leaves loosely tiledlike, facing one way, narrow, lanceo-
late, pointed, serrated, ribless or very slightly 2-ribbed ;
capsule cylindrical, rather drooping; /?d conical, blunt.

Hypuum Silesianum, P. de-Beauy. Prod. 70; Engl, Bot. 2016.
Leskea Seligeri, Brid. Muse.

On mountains,

766 $74. Hypnum. 14. MUSCI: Pl cellifoll

58. Hypnum cupressiforme. +> Cypresslike feather-moss.

Leaves closely tiledlike, sicklelike, facing one way, lan-.
ceolate, pointed, uncut, except the tip which is serrated,
very faintly 2-ribbed at bottom ; capsule cylindrical, slightly
drooping ; lid conical, pointed. , cael

. Hypnum.repens crispum cupressiforme, Raii Syn. 89, 48.
sy myosuroides sericeum tenuius, capsulis erectis, Dillen. Muse. .
Hypnum cupressiforme, Lin. S. P. 15923; Engl. Bot, 1860.
Hypnum nigro-viride, Dickson Crypt. 4, 18. ;

On banks, and trees, also on walls.

f. compressum. Stem slender, compressed ; leaves sickle-

like, facing one way.
Hypnum filicinum sericeum, molle et pallidum, mucronibus aduncis,.

Dillen. Musc. 286.
Hypnum compressum, Lin. Mant. 2, 310.

In shady woods.

y. tenue. Stem very slender; leaves very slightly curved,
narrow, lanceolate, uncut.

Hypnum repens trichoides terrestre viridius minus, capitulis cernuis
minus tumidis, Rati Syn. 84.26. | :

Hypnum polyanthos, Engl, Bot. 1664, not of Schreber.

Hypnum filiforme, Hudson Angl, 497.

Hypnum filifolium, Withering Arr. 862,

Leskea filiformis, Sibthorp Ox. 303.

On trees.

59. Hypnum cristeforme. — _ - Crestlike feather-moss.

Stem closely comblike; /eaves sicklelike, facing one way,
ovate, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrated, streaked, faintly’
9-ribbed at bottom ; capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping;
lid conical. sores i as
_ Hypnum Crista-castrensis, Lin, S. P. 1591; Engl, Bot. 2108, not of
Hudson.

In woods.

60. Hypnum molluscum. Softish feather-moss.

Stem comblike; leaves sicklelike, facing one way, heart-
shape, sharp-pointed, serrated, not streaked, faintly 2.ribbed
at saa capsule oblong, ovate, bent, drooping ; lid
conical.

Hypnum quod Muscus filicifolius luteus, folio crasso et undulato D.
Richardsoni, Rati Syn. 86, 32.

Hypnum molluscum, Hedw. 8. Muse, 289 ;° Engl. Bot. 1327.

Hypnum Crista-castrensis, Hudson Angl.-498, not of . Linnzus.

On dry chalk-hills. :

Pi. ceil. fol. 14. MUSCI. $75. Bryum. 7167

XXXII. 375. BRYUM. Theophrastus. Thread-moss.

Capsule valveless, peduncled ; peduncles terminal; peri-
stome double; the outer of 16 teeth; the inner membra-
naceous, segments 16, equal, sometimes with threads be-
tween them; calyptra halved. :

a. Capsule furrowed.

1. Bryum androgynum. Androgynous thread-moss.

Stem nearly simple; /eaves lanceolate, serrated, edges
turned over; capsule nearly upright, cylindrical, furrowed ;
lid conical.

Mnium perangustis et brevibus foliis, Rati Syn. 78,1.

Mnium androgynum, Lin. §. P. 1574; Engl. Bot. 1238,

Bryum androgynum, Hedw. S. Musc. 178.

Gymnocephalus androgynus, Schwegr, Supp. 2, 87.
Cluster-headed golden locks,

On banks, in woods.

2. Bryum palustre. Marsh thread-moss.

Stem much branched; leaves lanceolate, blunt, uncut,.
edges rolled up; capsule ovate, blunt, furrowed ; lid conical.

Mnium majus, ramis longioribus bifureatis, Raéi Syn. 78, 2.

Mnium palustre, Lin. §. P. 1574.

Bryum palustre, Roth Germ, 3,233; Engl. Bot. 391.

On bogs.

b. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome shorter
than the inner. — ”

8. Bryum trichodes. Hair-leaved thread-moss.
Stem rather branched; eaves linear, blunt, uncut, net-

worked; capsule reverse-ovate, bent back, slightly droope |
ing; peduncles very short.

Bryum trichodes aureum, capsulis incurvis obtusis in setis longis, Dil-
ten, Musc. 389. -

Bryum trichodes, Ein. §. P. 1585; Eng. Bot. 1517.

Meesia uliginosa, Hedw. S. Musc. 173.

Moaium uliginosum, Withering Arr. 800.
Mnium trichodes, Hoffm. Germ, 2, 47.

On mountain bogs.

4, Bryum triquetrum. Three-cornered thread-moss.

Stem long, branched; leaves lanceolate, keeled, pointed,
serrated, networked ; capsule pearshape, slightly drooping :
peduncles very long.

768. 375. Bryum. 14, MUSCI. Pi, cell. fol.

Mnium triquetrum, Lin. S. P. 1578.
' Meesia longiseta, Hedw. Crypt. 1, 21.
Diplocomium longisetum, Weber & Mohr Cr. Germ: 814,
Bryum triquetrum, Turner M, Hib. 115; Engl. Bot, 2394.

On the edges of lakes.

mi

5. Bryum dealbatum. : Whitened thread-moss.
Stem short; leaves lanceolate, pointed, flat, serrated at
the tip, networked ; capsules pearshape, nearly upright.

Bryum dealbatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,8; Engl. Bot, 1571.
_ Meesia dealbatum, Swartz M. Suec. 44,

On moun tain-bogs.

c. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the eriteoae as long
- as the inner ; leaves awlshape.

6. Bryum pyriforme. Pearshape thread-moss.
Stem slightly branched ; leaves awlshape, bristlelike,
bent, serrated, rib very br oad; ; capsule pearshape, hanging.

Bryum trichodes aureum, capsulis pyriformibus nutantibus, Dillen.

_Musc. 391.
‘Mnium pyriforme, Lin. S. P. 1576.
Bryum .aureum, Schreb. Lips. 81; Engl. Bot. 389.
Bryum mnioides, Withering Arr. 338.
Bryum pyriforme, Swartz M, Suec. 45,
Webera pyriformis, Hedw. S. Musc. 169.

On sandstone-rocks, and the mould of pots in green-
houses.

d. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as
long as the iner ; asuiles not awlshape, very blunt, edges
not thickened.

7. Bryum julaceum. Catkin thread-moss.

Stem branched; /eaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,
uncut, blunt, main rib nearly reaching the tip; ; capsule re=
verse ovate, cylindrical, hanging.

Bryum pendulum, surculis creubis re itliGus, Dsllens Musc. 394.
Bryum argenteum @, Lin. S, P. 1586.

Bryum julaceum, Schrad. Germ. 70; Engl, Bot, 2270.

Bryum filiforme, Dickson Crypt. 4, 16.

On mountains.

e. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the poe as long
as the inner; leaves not awlshape, pointed; edges not
thickened.

16: Bryum crudum. Raw thread-moss.
Stem simple; leaves stiff lanceolate, flat, finely serrated,

Pl. cell fol. 14. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. 769

main rib not reaching the tip; upper leaves narrowest,
longest; capsule oblong, pearshape, drooping.

Bryum pendulum hornum molle, foliis et lanceolatis et gramineis, Dil-

ten, Musc. 401.
Mnium crudun, Lin. S. P. 1576.
Bryum crudum, Hudson Ang!l. 491; Engl. Bot. 1604.

On mountain banks, and in the crevices of rocks.

9. Bryum carneum. Flesh thread-moss.

Stem simple; leaves lanceolate, networked, slightly ser-

rated at the tip; main rib not reaching the tip; capsule
reverse ovate, hanging.

Bryum nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis angustioribus, teflexis capi-
tulis subrotundis, carnei coloris, in pediculis brevioribus, Dillen in Rati Syn.

102.
Bryum carneum, Lin. §. P. 15873; Eng. Bot. 360,
Bryum delicatulum, Hedw. 8. Muse, 179.
Bryum pulchellum, Hedw, Crypt. 3, 38.

On banks.

_ 10. Bryum argenteum. Silvery thread-moss.
Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,
suddenly pointed, slightly serrated, very concave, main rib
not reaching the point; capsule ovate, pearshaped, hanging.
Bryum capitulis subrotundis reflexis, cauliculis teretibus argenteis,
Rait Syn. 100, 47.
Bryum argenteum, Lin. S. P. 1586; Engl. Bot. 1602.
On open ground, rocks, walls, and roofs.
Leaves green at bottom, dry and white at the tip.

11. Bryum Zierii. Zier’s thread-moss.

Stem branched; leaves closely tiledlike, broad, ovate,
rather pointed, very concave, networked, main rib reaching
nearly to the point; capsule clublike, drooping.

Bryum Zierii, Dickson Crypt. 2,8; Engl. Bot. 102).

On mountains.

f. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long
as the inner; leaves not awlshape, pointed, edges not thick-
ened; main rib reaching the tip or beyond it.

12. Bryum roseum. Rose thread-moss.
Leaves reverse ovate, spatulashape, pointed, serrated,

main rib reaching the point; capsule oblong, ovate, hanging.
VOL, I. 3D

3

57OY 375. Bryum. 14. MUSCI.: Pl.cellefol=

Bryum roseum majis, foliis oblongis, Raii Syn: 92...
Muscus parvus stellaris, Ger. em. 1563; Park. 1308.
Mnium serpyllifolium y, Lin. 8. P. 1578.

Bry.um roseum, Schreb. Lips: 84.

Bryum serpy!lifolium 8, Hudson Angl. 492,

Bryum proliferum, Sibthorp Ox. 292.

Moium roseum, Hedw. S. Musc. 194.

Mnium proliferum, Withering Arr. 806.

On banks and hilly heaths.

13. Bryum capillare. Hair-pointed thread-moss.

Siem. short ; leaves reverse ovate, twisted when dry, un-
cut, main rib produced into.a hairlike point ; edges slightly
thickened; capsule oblong, hanging.

Bryum capitulis reflexis, foliolis latiusculis congestis, Rati Syn, 100, 45.

Bryum capillare, Lin. S, P. 1586; Engl. Bot. 2007.

Mnhium capillare, Lin. Fl. Suec. 385; Withering Arr. 805.

Bryum stellare, Engl, Bot. 2434? not of Hedwig.

On woods, and on heaths and banks.

14. Bryum cespiticium. Tufted thread-moss.

Stem short ; leaves ovate, pointed, uncut or very slightly
serrated at the point, edges slightly turned over; main rib
reaching to or beyond the point; capsule ovate, pearshape,
hangings:

Brym! trichoides capitulis 'reflexis, pediculis ima mediétate : rubsis; ®
summa: luted-virentibus, Rati Syn.-100, 44,

Bryum cespiticium, Lin. S. P. 1586; Engl, Bot. 1904,

Bryant Wahlenbergii, Schwegr. Supp. 10.

Mnium cespiticium, Withering Arr. 807,

Mnium lacustre, Schwegr. Supp. 77.

Bryum erythrocarpum, Schwegr. Supp. 70.

On sandy banks, walls, and roofs.

8. minor. Plant small.
Bryum bicolor, Dickson Crypt.4, 16; Engl. Bot. 1601.

16. Bryum turbinatum. Topshape thread-moss.
- Stem short, branched with young shoots; Jeaves ovate,
pointed, scarcely cut, edges slightly turned over; main rib-
reaching beyond the tip; capsule long, pearshape, hanging.

Bryum nitidum rubens, capitulis refiexis, foliis angustis pellucidis, cau-
liculis proliferis, Dillen in Rati Syn. 102, 55.
Bryum turbinatum, Swartz M, Suec.49; Engl. Bot, 1572.
Mnium turbinatum, Hedw. S. Musc. 197.
Pohlia tnclinata, Schwegr. Supp. 63.
- Biryum boreale, Schwegr. Supp. 69.
Bryum pallens, Schwegr. Supp. 712.
Bryum Schleicheri, Schwegr, Supp. 73.
Bryum longisetum, Schwegr, Supp. T4.
Webera intermedia, Schwegr. Supp. TS.
-Bryum ‘pallescens, Schwegr. Supp. 75.
Bryum nigricans, Engl. Bot, 1528.
Bryum triquetrum y, Hudson Angi. 491.
Mnium nutans, Withering Arr. 893.

In wet sandy places. i

PR, cell: fol. 14. MUSCI. 375: Bryum. 710

.16. Brywm nutans. Nodding thread-mass:

‘Stem short; leaves upright, lanceolate, pointed, serrated
above, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule oblong, pear-
shape, hanging.

Bryum trichodes late virens capitulis cernuis oblongis, Rati Syn: 100,43.

Bryum nutans, Schreber Lips. 81; Engl. Bot. 1240.

Webera nutans, Hedw: S. Musc. 168.

Bryun compactum, Dickson Crypt. 4,15; Engl. Bot. 1527.

Bryum sericeum, Withering Arr. 839.

Mnium nutans, Hoffm. Germ: 2, A9.

On mountain heaths and walls.

17. Bryum elongatum. Long thread-mioss.

Stem short; leaves upright, long, lanceolate, pointed,
serrated, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule long; club-
like, inclined.

Bryum elongatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,8; Engl. Bot. 1603.

Pohlia elongata, Hedw. S. Musc. 171.

Moium Pohlia, FHoffm. Germ, 2, 48.

. Pohlia minor, Schwegr. Supp. 64.

Bryum longicollum, Swartz M. Suec. 6.

Webera longicolla, Hedw. S$. Musc.

Bryum cylindricum, Dickson Crypt, 4,12.

‘In caves and clefts of rocks.

18. Brywm alpinum. Alpine thread-moss.

Stems stiff, long, branched; Jeaves closely tiledlike, up-
right, lanceolate, Tather blunt, slightly serrated at the tip,
edge turned over, main rib reaching to the tip; capsule
oblong, ovate, hanging.

Bryum hypnoides pendulum sericeum, coma insigni atro-rubente, Dil-
ten Musc. 394,
Bryum alpinum, Lin, Mant, 2,309; Engl. Bot. 1623.

On rocks.

19. Bryum ventricosum. Bellied thread-moss.

Stems long, branched with young shoots; leaves oblong,
pointed, very slightly serrated; edges turned over; malt
rib reaching beyond the tip ; capsule oblong, reverse ovate,
hanging.

ee nitidum, foliis serpylli angustioribus, majus, Dillen in Raii Syn.
cin nitidum, foliis serpylli pellucidis angustis, capitulis tumidis

nutantibus, prealtis pediculis e surculis annotinis egredientibus, Dillen ir
Raii Syn. 102, 54.

Bryum ventricosum, Dickson Crypt. 1,4; Engl. Bot, 2270.
Bryum bimum, Schreb. Lips. 83; Engl. Bot. J518.
Bryum cubitale, Dickson Crypt. 2, 9.
Mrium pseudotriquetrum, Hedw. s. Musc. 190.
Bryum triquetrum, Hudson dngl. 490.
- Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Roth Germ, 3, 243.
Mnium triquetrum, Abbot Bedf, 235.
Mnium bimum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 48,

In marshes and wet crevices in rocks.
3p 2

772 375. Bryum. 14. MUSCI. Pl, cell..fol-

S

g. Capsule not furrowed; outer teeth of the peristome as lon
as the inner ; leaves not awlshape, toothless, edges eer

90. Bryum punctatum. Dotted thread-moss.

Stem long; leaves reverse ovate, rounded, very blunt,
networked, uncut, edges thickened; main rib not reaching
the tip; capsule ovate, hanging; lid with a short beak.

Bryum nitidum, serpylli rotundis et latioribus foliis pellucidis, Raié
Syn. 103, 59.

Mnium serpyllifolium «, Lin. 8S. P. 1577.

Bryum punctatum, Roth Germ. 3,245; Engl. Bot. 1183.

Bryum serpyllifolium, Swaréz M. Suec. 51.

Maium punctatum, Hedw. 8S. Musc. 193.

In marshy places, about the roots of alders and other
trees.

Leaves large.

h. Capsule not furrowed ; outer teeth of the peristome as long
as the inner; leaves not awlshape, toothed, edges thickened.

21. Bryum ligulatum. : Strap thread-moss.

Stem long; leaves wavy; straplike, networked; edges
thickened, toothed; main rib reaching a little beyond the
tip; capsule ovate, hanging; /id conical. .

Bryum nitidum, foliis oblongis undatis, capitulis cernuis, arbusculam
referens, Raii Syn. 103, 60. ‘

Mnium serpyllifolium 6, Lin. S. P. 1578.

Bryum ligulatum, Schreber Lips. 84 ; Engl. Bot. 1449,

Bryum undulatum, Sibthorp Ox. 292. :

Mnium undalatum, Hedw. S. Musc. 195,

On moist banks and in woods.

22. Bryum rostratum. Beaked thread-moss.

Stem long; leaves broad, ovate, networked ; edge thick-
ened, blunt, toothed; main rib reaching a little beyond the
point; capsule ovate, hanging; ld beaked.

Bryum pendulum, serpilli folio longiore pellucido, capsulis oblongis
cuspidatis, Dillen. Musc. 416.

Bryum rostratum, Schrader Germ. 72; Eng, Bot, 1475.

Mnium rostratum, Schwegr. Supp. 19.

Bryum serpyllifolium 8, Hudson Angl. 492.

Bryum punctatum 2, Hull. Fl. 266.

Mnium ellipticum, Hoffm. Germ. 2, 52.

Mnium punctatum 2, Withering Arr. 806.

On mountain bogs.

23. Bryum marginalum. Bordered thread-moss.

Stems long; leaves ovate, pointed, networked; edges
thickened, serrated; main rib reaching a little beyond the
tip; capsule ovate, hanging; id with a short beak,

Pl. cell. fol. 14. MUSCI. 375. Bryum. 773

Bryum marginatum, Dickson Crypt. 2,9; Engl. Bot, 1493.
Mnium crudum, Lightf. Scot. 712,

Bryum serratum, Schrader Germ.

Mn®m serratum, Schwegr. Supp. 78.

On shaded banks, and in woods.

24. Bry hornum.

Stem long; leaves lanceolate, pointed, networked; edges
thickened, Eabitied main rib seldom reaching the points;
capsule oblong, ovate, hanging ; lid hemispherical, with a
short point.

Bryum nitidum, capitulis majoribus reflexis, calyptra imam vergente,
pediculis oblongis e cauliculis novis egredientibus, Rati Syn. 102, 51.

Mnium hornum, Lin. S. P. 1576.
Bryum hornum, Huds. dngl. 491; Engl. Bot. 2271.

In wet woods.

25. Bryum cuspidatum. Pointed thread-moss.
Stems long; leaves reverse ovate, pointed, networked ;
edges thickened, toothed at tops main rib reaching beyond
the tip; capsule ovate, hanging ; ; lid conical, hemispherical,
biunt.
Bryum pendulum, foliis variis pellucidis, capsulis ovatis, Dillen. Musce
413. '
Mnium serpyllifolium 6, Lin. S. P. 1577.
Bryum cuspidatum, Schreber Lips. 84; Engl. Bot. 1474.
Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw.S. Musc. 192.
Bryum serpyllifolium y, Hudson Angl. 492.

In woods, and on shady walls.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

‘Page 340, 1.6 from bottom. For Frattinickia read Trat-
‘tinickia.
_ P. 371, L. 4 from bottom. For gigartinus pistillatus read
gigartina pistillata. “

P. 372, |. 10. For gigartinus read gigartina. .

P. 373. The varieties of gigartina cornea, 6, y, & 4, 4,
and 1, to be made feminine by changing the final us into a,
as filicinus into filicina, &c.

-P,394. For flagellaria lubricalis.read furcellaria lubricalis.

P.412. 4. Isidium mierosticticum. Small-footed isis-lichen.

Crust cracked, tartarlike, rather. smooth, nearly even,
brownish cream-colour; edges thin; podetia scattered, short,
hemispherical, not branched, same colour as the crust;
apothecia brownish. : ay

Lichen microsticticus, Engl. Bot. 2243.

On rocks,

P. 429, 1. 12 from bottom. For lichenoides lichen facie
read lichenoides lichenis facie.

P. 447. 4.* Placodium elegans. Elegant placodium.

Crust rather tiledlike, plaited, wrinkled, orange-yellow ;
surface not mealy; lobes linear, jagged, waved, convex,
rather distant, radiating; apothecia slightly concave, nearly
the same colour as the crust; ¢halloid border slightly waved,
not in the least cut.

Lecanora elegans o, Achar. Lich. 435.
Parmelia elegans, Achar. Meth. 195. ,
Lichen elegans, Link Ann. 1, 57; Engl. Bot. 2181.

On rocks, especially near the sea.

P. 450. spec. 7. For lecanora sophodes read rinodina
sophodes.
P. 451. 8.* Renodina subfusca. Brownish rinodine.
_Crust cartilaginous, smooth, grows granulated, uneven,
white and greyish; apothecia flat, slightly convex, brownish
and black; ¢halloid border swollen, not cut, at length wavy,
and crenated.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 775

Lichen subfuscus, Lin. S. P. 1609.
Verrucaria subfusca, Hoffm. Germ. 180.
Parmelia subfusca, Achar. Meth. 167.
Lecanora subfusca, Achar, Lich. 393.

On the bark of trees and old timber work.

P. 460, 1. 13 from bottom. For lichen versicularis read
lichen vesicularis.

P. 476, 1. 14 from bottom. For gyrophora, Achar. read
gyrophora glabra, Achar.

PP. 556, |. 11 from bottom. For cladospermium read
cladosporium.

P. 656, line the first. For ramalaria read ramaria.

P. 678, line the last. For Herverus read Pallavicinius.

P. 679, 1. 20. For Donnia read Bazzanius.

P. 679, 1. 22. For Pallavicinius read Papa.

P. 679, 1. 28. For Papa read Herverus.

P. 684. Change the name of the genus Herbertus into
Pallavicinius—in English, ‘Pallavicini.

P. 724, 1. 21. For viribus read viridibus. ©

(73

The fall of kings,

The rage of nations, and the crush of states,
Move not the man, who, from the world escaped,
In still retreats, and flowery solitudes,

To nature’s voice attends; from month to month,
And day to day, through the revolving year ;
Admiring sees her in her every shape.”
THoMson.—Autumn. ©

INDEX OF AUTHORS

MENTIONED IN THE INTRODUCTION.

AsgoT, 33.
Abercrombie, 26.
Acharius, 33—35.
Actuarius, 10.
Adanson, 22, 30,
#egineta, 10.
A&tius, 10.
Agardh, 35.
Aiton, 32.
Allen, 32.
Alston, 29, 30:
Andrews, 33.
Apulejus, 8, 23.
Aristotle, 6.
Avicena, 10.
Barbier, 34,
‘Batsch, 31.
Bauhin, Caspar,
24, 25.
— John, 25.
Bergius, 31.
Berkenhout, 30.
Besler, 17, 24.
Blackstone, 28, 29.
Blackwell, Eliz. 28.
Blair, 27, 28.
Bobart, 25.
Bodard, 35.
Boerhaave, 27, 28.
Bolton, 31, 32.
Bonpland, 35.
Borlase, 29.
Boutcher, 31.
Bradley, 27, 28.
Brewer, 27.
Bridel, 33, 36.
Brotero, 34.
Broughton, 31.
Brown, Rob. 35.
Browne, Patrick, 29.
—, Wm. 25.
Brunsfel, #2, 23.
Bullein, 15, 24.
Bulliard, 30, 31, 33.
Czsalpinus, 16, 24,
Catesby, 28, 30.
Cato, 7.
Cavanilles, 31, 32.

17,

Clement, 14,
Clusius, 24.
Coel, 16.
Cole, 25.
Columella, 7.
Columna, 24.
Cordus, 13, 23.
Coys, 16.
Coyte, 32.
Crantz, 30.
Cratevas, 5.
Crescentius, 23.
Cuba, 12, 23.
Cullen, 32.
Cullum, 30.
Culpeper, 25.
Curtis, 30—32,
Dale, 26, 28.
Darwin, 32.
Davis, 35.
De Candolle, 22, 34—
36.
Deering, 28.
De Franqueville, 16.
Dickson, 31.
Dillenius, 23, 27, 28, 31.
Dillwyn, 33.
Diodorus, 8.
Dioscorides, 7, 11, 23.
Dodoens, 14, 24,
Donn, 33.
Donovan, 32.
Doody, 26.
Douglas, 28.
Dryander, 33.
Dubois, 34,
Dunal, 35.
Ehret, 29.
Ellis, 29.
Esenbeck, 23, 36.
Evelyn, 18, 25, 26.
Falconer, 14.
Fitzherbert, 13, 23.
Flora Danica, 29.
Forskahl, 30.
Forster, I. R. 29.
— Thomas, 31, 33, 35.
Freeman, 33, 35.

Fuchs, 13, 24.

Gertner, 23, 31, 32, 34.

Galen, 9.

Galpine, 35.

Gaudin, 34, 35.

Geoffroy de St. Hilaire,
34,

Gerarde, 16, 24.

Gesner, 13, 23.

Giseke, 31, 32.

Glarville, 11.

Glen, 26.

Gmelin, 30, 33.

Goodenough, 32.

Gordon, 32.

Grew, 25.

Hales, 28.

Haller, 21, 29, 30.

Happe, 31.

Harrison, 27.

Haworth, 32, 34—36,

Hebenstreit, 28.

Hedwig, 23, 31, 33.

Heister, 29.

Herbal, the grete, 12,
23

Herbarium, 12, 23.
Hildeguard, 10.
Hill, 30.
Hippocrates, 5.
Hoffmann, 31.
Hooker, 35, 36.
Hortus Sanitatis, 12, 23.
Hoskert, 35.

How, 18, 25.
Hudson, 30, 31.
Hughes, 29.

Hull, 33, 35.
Humboldt, 35.
Hunter, 33.
Imperati, 24.
Isidore, 11.
Jacob, 30.
Jameson, 36.
Jenkinson, 30.
Johnson, 17, 25, 26.
Johren, 27.

Jones, 31.

778

Julius Bassus, 8.
Jussieu, Antony, 22, 32.
— Bernard, 22, .29.
Kempfer, 28.
Keith, 35.
Kerner, 34,
Knaut, the elder, 26.
— the younger, 27.
Knight, 35.
Kniphoff, 29.
Knowles, 27.
Knowlton, 28.
Knox, 34.
\Keenig, 34.
Kunth, 35.
Lamarke, 22, 31,32, 34.
Lambert, 33, 34.
Lamouroux, 35,
- Lawson, 26.
Le caan, 27.
Lee, 29.
Leers, 32.
L’Heritier, 31,
Leigh, 27.
Le jeune, 35.
Lelamar, 11.
Lestiboudois, 31.
Lightfoot, 30.
Lindley, 36.
Lingbye, 36.
Link, 23.
Linnean Society, Tran-
sactions, 32.
Linneus, 21, 28—32.
— Filius, 31,
Lihwyd, 27.
Hobel. 15,
‘Lois, 34.
Loureiro, 32,
Lovell, 25.
Ludwig, 28.
Lyons, 30.
Lyte, 24.
Macer,-Aimilius, 11, 23.
Magnol, 26, 27.
Malpighi, 25.
Marcgraff, 25.
Martyn, Jobn, 20, 28.
— Thomas, 30—33. -
Matthiolus,- 24.
Merdy, 14,
Merret, 18,
Mesue, 10.
Meyrick, 32.
Micheli, 23, 28.
Miller, 28—30, 33.
Milner, 30, 32.
Miraldi,24.
Mirbel, 34, 85.
Morgan, 16.
Morison, 25—2T,

24, 25.

25,

Morton, 27.
Mouffet, 15,

‘Mougeot,- 35,
‘Mountain, 24,

Murray, 32.
— Lady C. 33.

_Nasmyth, 16.
Nature, the book of, 11,

Necker, 30, 32.
Needham, 29.
Nestler, 35.
Newton, 24, 29.
Odo, 1]
Odobonus, Il.
Oeder, 29, 30.
Ordeyno, 36.
Oribasius, 10.

Palisot de Beauvois, 34.

Pallas, 31.
Parkinson, 18, 25.
Parsons, 29.
Paulet, 32. *
Pavon, 33. 3
Peachy, 26.

Pena, 15, 24,
Penny, 15.
Persoon, 23, 33—35.
Petiver, 20,-26, 27.
Platearius, Ll.
Pliny, 7, 11, 23.
Plott, 20, 26.

Plukenet, 26, 27, 30,
31

Plumier, 27.
Priest, 16.
Pulteney, 31, 32.
Purton; 36.
Ray, 18, 25—28.
Redoute, 33, 36.°
Relihan, 31.
Rhazis, 10.
Richard, 35,:36.
Richardson, 27.
Rivinus, 26, 27.
Robinson, 26, 27.
Robson, 30.
Rose, 30.
Rosseau, 31,°82.
Roth, 31.
Roxburgh, 32,33.
Rudge, “34.
Ruiz, 33.
ip a 27—29.
~W.D. 31.
arian, 16,
— Pierre, 33.

Salisbury, R.A, 32—34.
Salmon, 27.

Saunders, 82. -
Sauvages, 29,

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Scheffer, 29,
Scheuchzer, 27.

-Schkuhr, 32—34.

Schweegrichen, 35.
Schwenckfield, 24.
Scot, 36.

Serapio, 10, 24.

Seringe, 35.
Sextius Niger, 8.
Sheldrake, 29.
Sherard, 26.
Short, 29..
Sibbald, 26.
Sibthorp, 32, 34.
Sims, 33,34.
Sloane, .20, 27—29.
Smith, 32—34,
Solander, 29,
Sole, 33.
Sowerby, 32, 33.
Sprengel, 35.
Stackhouse, 32.
Stillingfleet, 29.
Swartz, 34.
Swayne, 32.
Sylvaticus, 10.
Symons, 33.
Tabernemontanus, ; 24,
Taylor, 36.
Theophrastus, 6, 12, 23.
Thompson, 33.
Threlkeld, 28.
Thunberg, 34.
Tode, 32. F
Tournefort, 26—28.
Tradescant, 25.
Tragus, 14, BAS ss ih
Trattinick, 32—34, .
Trew, 29.
Tupper, 35,
Turner, 13, 24, 25, 33,
34,

Van Rheede, 26,

— Royen, 28.
Vaucher, 34,
Velley, 32.

Wade, 32, 34.
Walcot, 31.

Wallis, 30.
Warner,; 30.

Weiss, 30.

Weston, 30, 31,34.
Wheeler, 26.
White, 35.
Willdenow, 33, 34.
Wallisell, 25. )
Wilson, 29.

Winch, 34.
Withering, 30,931, 33
Woodville, 32. '
Wooton, 14.

INDEX OF TERMS.

English ter: ms, which vary but slightly in their termination
from the Latin, are not noticed separately.

A,

ABBREVIATUS, 214,
Abrupte pinnatus, 72.
_Abrupté terminatus, 72.

Acaulis, 42.
Accessorius, 223.
Accompanying, 78.
Acerescens, 128, 154,
Accumbens, 214.
Acenium, 165.
Acephalus, 152,
Acerosus, 66.
Achena, 165.
Achena, 172.
Achenium, 165.
Acicularis, 66.
Acinaciformis, 66,181.
Acinos, 179.
Acoleoptilatus, 217.
Acotyledoneus, 44, 211.
Acrosarcum,179,
Acrospira, 220.
Aculeatus, 46, 59, 170.
Aculei, 89.

‘Acuminatus, 67,80,171,

Acuté angulatus, 55,
Acutus, 67, 135,
146, 156, 169, 171,
-- 186, 218.
Adducens, 151.
Adelphicus, 140.
‘Adelphus, 140.

Adherens, 127,151,160,

172, 176, 179, 184,

188, 200, 209.
Adnatus, 81, 145, 198.
Adpressus, 63, 87.
Adscensus, 52.
‘“Adversus, 63, 145, 155,

218.,.
Adzeshape, 66,
aquabilis, 168, 169.

143,

eee UA; 127, 128,
140,
Nee, er
fEstivalis, 99.
Bstivatio, 102.
Agamus, 43, 95, aa0.
Agenius, 43.
Aggedula, 221.
Agglomeratus, 108, 141.
Agglutinatus, 150.
Aggregatus, 85, 94, 164.
Agrestris, 43, 66.
Agynarius, 98,

Akena, 165,

Akenium, 165; 190.
Ala, 130, 164, 226,
Alabastrum, 102.

Alatus, 57,80, 163, 168,
183,

170, 172,. 180,

185, 204.
Albidus, 149.
Albumen, 170, 209.
Albuminosus, 209,
Alburna, 53.
Alburoum,: 53. :
Albus, 132, 210, 213.
Alike, 149, 215.
Alimonia, 40,
Alpestris, 47,
Alpinus, 47.

‘Alternately disposed, 72.

Alternatim ; dispositus,
IZ,

Alternativus, 103.
Alternatus, 103.
Alternus, 59, 62, 93,

121, 132, 140,
Altus, O18,
Alveoltus, 107, 197,
203.

Amalthea, 190.
Ambiguus,81], 127,196,
207. j

Amentaceus, 101.
Amentum, 108,
Amnios, 210.
Amphantium, 104,
Amphibius, 47.
Amphigaster, 84.
Amphisarca, 174.
Amphora, 184.
Amplexicaulis, 62, Bl.
Amplexus, 87.
Ampulla, 49.
Amygdala, 204, 208.
Anabasis, 220. ,
Anandriarius, 98.
Anastomosans, L71.
Anceps, 54, 105, 143.
Androgynarius, 97, .
Androgynus, 44. —
Andropetalarius, 98,
Androphoram, 142,144,
Angiocarpicus, 164.
Angular, 55, 125, 130,
155, 165, 167, 203.
Angulatus, 105 136, 150,
165,
Angulosus, 55, 69, 105,
125, 155, 167, 203.
Angustams, 135, ald
Anisostemon, 96, :
Annual, 42.
Annulares, 144, 212, -
Annularius, 161.
Annulatus, 168.
Annulus, 157, 221, PPR,
225.
Annuus, 42, 51, 54,
Anomalus, 130.
Antenneformis, 171.
Anterior, 81, 155.
Anthera, 142,. 145, 18,
221, '
Antherbearing, 142,

-Antheriferus, 142,

780

Antherless, 142.
Antherogenus, 97,
Anthodium, 115.
Authophorum, 160
Anthurus, 104.
Anticipating, 78.
Anticus, 145, 148,
Antrum, 177,
Aperispermatus, 209,
Apertus, 115, 173.
Apetalus, 98.
Apex, 142, 148,
Aphyllus, 57.
Apicilaris, 197, 213.
Apicularis, 123,
Apiculatus, 135.
Apiculus, 226.
Apophysis, 222,
Apothecium, 223,
Appendage, 142, 162,
219, 226.
Appendens, 201.
Appendicula, 226,
Appendiculatus,
135, 143, 146,
Appendiculum, 162.
Appendix, 142,163,164,
226.
Appendixed, 143, 146.
Applicatus, 98.
Applied, 87.
Appositus, 195,
Be a 62, 140,
148,

131,

Appressus, 59, 63, 89.
Apricus, 47.
Aquaticus, 47, 49.
Arachnoides, 89, 206,
Arbor, 36.
Arborescent, 42,
Arbuscula, 36.
Arbustum, "36.
Arcesthida, 191,
Arched, 138, 143,
Arcuatus, 56, 135, 146,
153, 171, 181 202, rt,
Arenarius, A6,
Argillosus, 46.
Arhizoblastus, 45.
-Aridus, 209.
Arillatus, 204,
Arillus, 204.
Arista, 123, 226.
Ariatatus, 122, 123, 146,
166,
‘Arma, 89,
Armatus, 46,
Armlike, 60.
Arrowheadlike,146,155
Arrowshape, 67,
Articulatio, 3%

Articularis, 61.

Articulatus, 50, 55, 79,
88,108, 123, 145,171,
181, 184, 216.

Articulus, 39, 142.

Arvensis, 46,

Ascendens, 52, 56, 89,
133, 137, 141, 153,
200, 220.

Aspergilliformis,88,157

Ascidiatus, 68,

Ascidium, 68, 84,

Asimina, 189.

Asper, 45, 58, 77.

Attenuatus, 67, 105,108,
169, 171.

Attire, 139,

Auleum, 100, 129.

Aura, 151.

Aurantium, 178.

Aurantiacus, 132, 150.

Auricula, 84, 226,

Auriculatus, 70.

Autocarpicus, 164,

Autumnalis, 99,

Avenius, 76.

Aversus, 218.

Awlshape, 66, 83, 88,
90, 116, 121, 124, 135,
143, 146, 153, 155,
167, 183, 197.

Awn, 123, 226.

Awned, 122, 123, 146,
166.

Axilla, 92.

Axillaris, 85, 90, 91, 92,
109, 111, 112.

Axillatus, 184,

Axilis, 169, 197, 199,
212,

Axis, 104, 107,

B.

Bacca, 174, 178, 192,
199.

Baccalaurius, 189,

Baccatus, 185, 189,191,

Bacillus, 42, 85, 219.

Balausta, 178.

Bald, 45, 58, 147, 153,
157, 166, 192, 203.

Baldheaded, 204.

Bale, 120.

Banded, 77.

Barba, 226.

Barbatus, 144, 147, 153.

Barbula, 222.

Bark, 53.

Barked, 179.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Barren, 48, 95, 148.

Base, 52, 207, 212.

Based, 89.

Basifixus, 145, 197.

Basigyuium, 160,

Basilaris, 123, 152, 197,
212.

Basilatus, 89.

Basillary, 142,

Basis, 148.

Bast, 53.

Beadlike, 88, 182,

Beak, 164.

Beaked, 161, 165, 180,
183, 186.

Beard, 226.

Bearded, 144, 147, 153.

Bellied, 105, 135, 180.

Bellshape, 118,125,130.

Bent, 50, 87, 90, 107,
135, 146, 165, 181,
202, 211.

Bent back, 79, 133, 141,
211, 218.

Bent backwards, 218.

Bent downwards, 90,

Bent in, 168.

Bent inwards, 133, IA41,
154,

Bent outwards, 60, 154,

Bent upwards, 90.

Berry, 178, 194.

Berrylike, 185,159,191.

Besimen, 220.

Bi-acuminatus, 88,

Bi-alatus, 204.

Biconjugatus, 73.

Bicornis, 146, 166, 183,
191,

Bidentatus, 121, 129,

Bidigitato-pinnatus, 73.

Bidigitatus, 71.

Biennis, 42, 51.

Bieremus, 174,

Biferus, 43.

Bitidus, 70, 91, 126, 134,
146, 154, 156,

Biflorus, 106, 117, 119,
120.

Bifolliculus, 189,

Biforatus, 148.

Bifurcatus, 88, 143.

Bigeminatus, 73.

Bijugus, 72.

Bilabiatus,
134,

*Bilamellaris, 195.

Bilamellatus, 157.

Bilateralis, 63, 149,197.

Bilobatus, 70, 126, 156,
162, 215,

126, 13],

INDEX OF TERMS.

Bilocularis, 64,147,151,
172, 175, 176, 179,
182, 184, 187,

Bilobns, 10, 147

Binatus, 71, 95.

Binervis, 198,

Bini, 62, 95.

Bipaleaeeus, 120, 122,
166.

Bipaleolatus, 123.

Bipartibilis, 168, 187,
193, 198

Bipartitus, 71, 90, 127,
134, 154, 198.

Bipennatipartitus, 71.

Bipennaticisus, 71.

Bipinnatus, 73.

Birostratus, 165.

Birostris, 186,

Bispathellatus, 120.

Bispathellulatus, 122.

Bisexualis, 44,

Bisulcatus, 192.

Biternatus, 73.

Bitten, 50, 68.

Bivalvis, 117, 176, 187.

Bivittatus, 170,

Bladders, 37.

Bladdery, 51, 87, 206.

Blastema, 217.

Blastus, 219.

Blastophora, 219.

Blephora, 222.

Bloom, 41, 100, 129.

Blossom, 100, 129.

Blossombearing, 159.

Blossomlike, 117, 127,
144, 155.

Blue, 132, 150.

Bluish green, 132.

Bluish violet, 132.

Blunt, 135, 143,
169, 171, 218.

Blunt pointed, 186.

Bluntly notched, 68.

Boatlike, 12], 122, 135,
hit

Bog, 4

he 115,
205.

Bottlebrushlike, 88,157.

Bottleshape, 178.

Bouguet, 114.

Bowed, 153, 171, 181.

Brachiatus, 60.

Bractea, 116.

Bracteanus, 191.

Bractearius, 98.

Bracteatus, 98, 111.

Bracteola, 116.

Branch, 59, 61, 92,

156,

177, 191,

Branched, 50,.90, 92,
104, 106, 107, 109,
11}, 112, 144, 208.

Branchy, 56, 88.

Brawny, 183, 185.

Brevior, 127, 147.

Brevis, 214, 218.

Brevissimus, 106, 153.

Bristle, 123, 226.

Bristlelike, 83, 90, 116,

121.

Bristly, 107, 167, 169,

170.
Brittle, 55,
Broad, 214:
Bucklershape, 155, 211.
Bud, 85.
Bulbbearing, 51.
Bulbiferus, 51, 57.
Bulbilliferus, 42.
Bulbillus, 42, 85,
Bulbous, 42,
Bulbo-tuber, 52,
Bulbulus, 85.
Bulbus, 85.
Bullatus, 74.
Bunch, 11], 162.
Bunched, 124, 136, 161.
Bunches, 101.
Bundle, 62, 115.
Bundled, 91.
Burlike, 119,
Bursicula, 158,
Bush, 36.
Buttons, 85.
Butterflylike, 130.

C.

Cadens, 201.
Caducus, 78, 83, 117,

123, 127,132,154,176,

Czeruleo violaceus, 132.
Ceruleo viridis, 132.
Czruleus, 132, 150,
Calamus, 52.
Calathidis, 115.
Calathiflorus, 118,
Calathis, 102.

Calcar, 139, 162.
Calcaratus, 126,134,136
Calcareus, 46.
Calicistemon, 43.
Callosus, 69.
Calopodium, 116,
Calpa, 221.

Calvus, 166, 204.
Calybion, 173.
Calyciflorus, 43.
Calycinarius, 97, 98.

781.

Calycinus, 88, 120, 128,
200.
Calycularis, 103.
Calyculatus, 118, 126.
Calyculus, 119.
Calyptra, 204, 222,
Calyx, 100, 119, 120,
124, 138.
Calyx-flowering, 43, —
Camara, 180.
Camare, 180.
Camarelike, 179.
Camareus, 179.
Cambium, 40,
Campaniformis, 130.
Campanulatus, 118,125,
130.05,
Campester, 47.
Canaliculatus, 74, 135,
165, 182, 203.
Canalis, 53.
Cancellatus, 76.
Cap, 225.
Capillamentum, 142,
Capillaris, 50, 55, 66,
105, 107, 143, 153,
Capillitium, 295,
Capitatus, 88, 143, 155,
189, 191,
Capitulum, 102,115,142. .
Capped, 75.
Capreolus, 91,
Capsula, 142, 174, 184,
185, 221, 222, 225,
Capsularis, 180.
Capulum, 162.
Caput, 48, 115.
Carcerula, 71,
Carcerularis, 165, 176,
182, 183.
Carcerulus, 174,
Carina, 130.
Carinatus, 74, 116, 121,
194,
Cariopsis, 165, 190.
Carnosus, 41, 49,64,106,
108, 155, 175, 176,
193, 196, 205, 210,
213.
Caro, 175, 200.
Carpadeliust (67, 172.
Carpelle, 189.
Carpellum, 164,
Carpidium, 164,
Carpophorun, 159.
Cartilagineus, 69, 210.
Caruncularis, 205.
Caryophyllatus, 130,
Catkins, 101, 108,
Catoclesium, 173,
Catulus, 108, ©

788

Castrdius, 142,
Cauda, 226.
Caudatus, 147, 180.
Catidex, 52.’
Caudicula, 158.
Caulescens, 43.
Cauliculus, 217.
Caulinaris, 81, 88, 92.
Caulinarius, 61.
Caulinus, 61, 89.
Caulis, 52. i
Caulocarpicus, 42.
Caulocarps, 43,
Caulon, 52.
Caveriiarius, A6.
Cavitates, 38.

Cavus, 64, 159, 210.

Celled, 151,

Célls, 31, 142, 199.

Cellule, °37,

Cellulosus, 53. ©

Cenobionaris, 174, 185.

Cenobiun, 174.

Centralis, 197, 209, 212.

Centrifugus, 219.

Centtripetus, 219.

Cephalanthiom, 115.

Cephalodia, 224.

Cerio, 165.

Cerium, 165.

Cernuus, 56, 93.

Chaff, 120, 129, Q21.

Ohaffy, 107, 166,

Chaff-lilce, 167.

Chalaza, 208.

Chalk, 46.

Changed, 97.

Channelled,74,135, 182.

Chartaceus, 177 ,193,206

Childing, 98.

Chive, 100, 139.

Chorda, 151.

Chorion, 164, 210.

Chorionaris, 188.

Cicatricula, 39, 60, 207.

Cicatrix, 39.

Ciliatus, 69,80, 83, 116,
124, 134, 136, 147,
156, 166, 204. ~

Cilium, 226.

Cireinalis, 87, 10.

Circinatus, 68, 87, 214.

Circularis, 136.

Circumaxilis, 199.

Circumcinetus, 212.

Circumferential, 209.

Circumscissus, 184.

Circumsepiens, 78.

Cirrho terminatus, 72,

Cirriferus, 57, 80.

Cirriformis, &0.

Cirrosus, 63,

Cirrus, 91.

Cistophorus, 225.

Cistula, 224,

Cistus; 225,

Claveformis, 218.

Clavatus, 125, 130, 135,
143, 153, 155, 164.

Claviculus;, 91. }

Claviformis, 88, 106,
125, 130, 135, 143,
153, 155, V7l, 211.

Clausus, 115, 128, 173,

Clawed, 133.

Clay, 46,

Cleft, 80.

Climbing, 57.

Clinandrum, 158.

Clinanthium, 104, 106.

Close, 110, 114, 140.

Closed, 59, 112, 113,

115, 173, 182.

Clothlike, 46, 170.

Clovegilliflowerlike,
130.

Cloves, 85.

Clubshape, 106,
130,

171, 211, 218.

Coadnatus, 63, 121, 134.

Coadnutus, 122,
Coadunatus, 121.

Coalitus, 121, 122, 140,

215,

Coarctatus, 112— 114,
118.

Coarctura, 220.
Coat, 226.

Coated, 85, 208.
Coats, 85.
Cobweblike, 89, 206.
Couccus, 185, 199.
Cochlearis, 103.
Cochleatus, 181.
Cod, 181.

Codlike, 180.
Coherens, 14], 206.
Cold-country. 47.
Coleophylium, 216.
Coleoptila, 216.
Coleoptilatus, 217.
Coleorhiza, 219.
Coleorhizatus, 217.
Colesula, 222,
Collar, 220; 225,
Collare, 80, LI.
Collected, 199.
Collector, 151.
Colliferus, 166.
Colligatus, 199.
Collinus, 47.

125,
135, 153, 155,

INDEX OF TERMS:

Collum, 166, 220. 3
Coloratus, 71, 116,-127,
208.
Coloured, 17, 116, 124,
Colum, 196.
Columella, 222.
Columna, 100, 142,158.
Columnaris, 144.
Coma, 116,
Comatus, 204,
Comblike, 71, 116.
Combus, 52.
Commissura, 168.
Commissuralis,- 170.

_ Common, 79, 116,

Communis, 79, 116, 117.
Comosus, 50, 110. 207.
Compactus, 108, 110, -
Completus, 94, 195,204,
Complexus, 37, 53.
Compositus, 71, 79, 85,
af 94, 102, 106, 108,
109, 114, 164.
Compound, 71, 79, 94,
106, 108, 109, 114,
164.

Compressissimus, 66,
Compressus, 54, 66,104,,
106, 107, 110, ‘121,

122, 125, 136, 138,
146, 165, 167, 171,.
176, 180, 181, 183,
185,186, 202.
Concavus, 14, 106, 114,
121, 122, 133, 168,
194, 207.
Concentricus, 171.
Conceptaculum,164,130
192, 221.
Conduplicans, 78.
Conduplicatus,212,
Confertus, 62, 141.
Confivens, 148, 216.
Congestus, 94,

215.

Conicus, 49, 90, 107,
125, 153, 155, 159,
191, 211, "918,

Conjoined, ’g2, 121, 122,
134,140.
Conjugato- pennatus,73.
Conjugatus, 72, 170.
Conjunctorium, "902,
Connatus, 63, 82, 121,
122, 140.
Connectivum, 142, 149.
Connivens, 78, 129.
Conspicuous, ONT.
Contextus, 37.
Contiguus, 128, 214.
Continued, 56. i

INDEX OF TERMS.

Contortuplicatus, 210,
215. :

Contortus, 50, 103. -

Contractus, 118, 136,
149, 159, 168.

Contrarius, 195,

Conus, 190.

Convergens, '76.

Convergi-nervius, 75.

Convexus, 74, 106, 114,
159, 168,169, 207.

Convolutivus, 87, 103.

Convolutus, 80,87, 117,

Qi4,

Cogue;, 185, 199;

Cor, 210.

Corculum, 210.)

Cordatus, 67, 116, 146,

Cordiformis, 67,116,133
146, 207, 211, 215.

Cordshape, 49.

Cord, 199,

Co¥laceus, Al, 64, 121,
122, 175, 193, 196,
206, 210.

Corklike, 206:

Corky, 41, 53,58, 193,
196.

Cormus, 220.

Corn, 200. .

Cornered, 105, 136.

Cornet, 162.

Cornetshape, 134.

Corneus, 41, 149, 210.

Corniculatus, 97, 203.

Corniculiferus, 136.

Cornu, 151, :162—164.

Corolla,88, 91 »100, 122,
123, 129.

Corollaris, 91,

- Corollarins, 97, 98.
Coroallatus, 98.
Corolliferus, 159,
Corolliformis, 144.
Corona, 137, 163.
Coronans, 62, 116, 161,

168, 179.
Corpus ligneun,

216. .
Corrugatus, 210, 215.
Cortex, 53.
Corticalis, 48, 53, 223,
Corticosus, 179.
Cortina, 225.
Corymbosus, 60, 101.
Corymbus, 112, 115,
Costatus,125, 168-170.
Cotton, 226.
Cottony, 77.
Cotyledones, 213.
Cotyledonic, 211.

53,

°

Contortus, 137;
Contractus, 160.
Cover, 85,. 100,
184.
Covering, 103,.
Coverlike, 194,
Cracked, 58."
Cradling, 79.
Crassus, 108, 110, 121,
144, 210, 214,
Creeping, 51, 57.
Cremocarpitm, 167.
Crenatus, 68, 126, 134,
143, 144, 156,
Crenulatus, 135,
168,
Crested, 146,
Cretaceus, 46,
Creviced, 210,
Crinula, 222,
Crinus, 226;
Crispus, 74.
Cristatus, 146,
Crooked, 212,
Cross, 194.
Crossed, 61.
Crossing, 59..
Crosslike, 130:
Crossways, 148;
Crosswise, 212.

Ms,

156,

Crowded, 2, 141.

Crown, 52, 137, 163.

Crowned, 110, 168,
179.

Crowning, 62, 116,161,

Crustaceous,41,175, 193,
205,

Cryptogamus, 43, 220.

Cubicus, 202.

Cucullatus, 75.

Cuculliferus, 144,

Cuculliformis, 117, 134.

Cucurbitinus, 179,
Culmus, 52.
Cultivated, 43.
Cunearis, 65, 133.
Cuneiformis, 143.
Cup, 137, 163.
Cuplike, 118, 205, 208,
Cupped, 99.
Cupshape, 88, 195,
Cupula, 113, 173, 191.
Cupularis,118,125, 208,
208.
Cupulatus, 99.
Cupuliformis, 120.
Curtain, 225.
Curvativus, 87.
Curvatus, 56, 135, 165,
178, 181, 211.
Curved, 56.

788)

Curve-ribbed; 75,
Curvi-nervits, 75,
Curvus, 76, 90, 135, 202.
Cushion, 60. .
Cuspidatus,
Cuspis, 226.
Cut,. 70, 154,
Cuticle, 39.
Cuticula, 39. °
Cyatniformis, 88,131.
Cylindraceus, 118, ‘176;:
180, 181, 183; 185,
191, 197.
Cylindrantherus, 96.
Cylindricus, 49, 54;'66,.
104—108, -110,. 118,
125, 135, 143, 144—
153, 159, 181, 183
185, 211.
Cylindrobasiostemon;
96

67.

Cyma, 113,
Cymosus, 101.
Cymus, 52.
Cynarhodon, 190;
Cyphella, 224.
Cypsela, 165,
Cystidium, 172.

D.

hn ani 68.)
Day,
penis 55, 105.
Decander, 96, ,
Decemfidiis, 126.
Decemlocularis,: 178:
Deciduus, 83, 127, 132.°
Declinatus, 141,154.
Decompositus, 56, 73:'
Decreasingly pinnate,?73
Decrescens, 73.
Decumbens, 141.
Decerrens, 62,
Decursive pinnatus, 73.
Decursivus, 73.
Decussatus, 6, 59.
Definitus, 139.
Deflectus, 128.
Defloratus, 150.
Dehiscens, 148,173, 180
—182, 185, 188.
Deltoideus, 67, 180.

* Demersus, 47, 63.

Demissus, 63, 138, 21
Densus, 114.
Dentatus,51, 69, 83,108,
126, 134, 156,
Denticulatus, 69, 126,
135,156,161,168,169.

784

Dentes, 222,
Depauperatus, 114,
Dependens, 63, 79.
Depressus, 172,
218.
Dermoblastus, 45.
Descendens, 89, 220.
Descensus, 48.
Detached, 81.
Deviatus, 63.
Dextrorsum, 57.
Diadelphus, 96, 140.
Diander, 95.
Dicephalus, 186.
Dichotomus, 56, 71, 79,
106, 154.
Dicotyledoneus, 44,211.
Dicoccus, 184, 185.
Didymus, 146, 183,185.
Didynamus, 96, 140.
Dieresileus, 187.
Dieresilis, 184.
Difformis, 94, 134, 146.
Diffusus, 60. |
Digitato-bifoliolatus, 71
Digitato-pinnatus, 73.
Digitato-trifoliolatus,
U2 sane
Digitato-quadrifoliola-
tus, 72 .
Digitatus, 50, 71, 109.
Digynus, 97.
Dilatatus, 135, 136, 143,
155, 159.
Dilated, 135, 136, 155,
159.
Dimidiatus, 118.
Dipetalus, 129.
Diphyllus, 117, 124.
Dipterus, 204.
Disciformis, 161.
Discoideus, 161,
185, 189, 203.
Discelor, 77.
Discretus, 139.
Discus, 115, 159.
Disepalus, 124.
Dioicus, 44,
Disk, 115.
Disk-like, 161, 189.
Dispermus, 172, 175,
477, 179, 182, 184,
187.
Dissepimentum, 196,
Dissimilaris, 121, 122,
215.
Dissimilis, 66, 147, 149.
Distant, 62, 140, 149.
Distichus, 59, 62, 93,
122,
Distinctio, 194.

186,

179,

Distinctus, 82, 139, 148,
199, 206.
Distylus, 152.
Diurnus, 99.
Divaricatus, 60,112, 180.
Divergens, 60, 79, 128,
149, 180, 214,
Diversi- -nervins, 15.
Divergi-venosus, 76.
Diverging ribbed, 75,
Diversiflorus, 114,
Divided, 126, 144, 156.
Divisus, 126, 144, 156,
Dodecaedrus, 150,
Dodecagynus, 97.
Dodecander, 96.
Dolabriformis, 66.
Dorsalis, 123, 170.
Dotlike, 207, 217.
Dotted, 58, 77, 89, 107,
176, 192, 203, 213.
Double, 97, 118, 119,
154, 171, 209.
Doubly-crenate, 68.
Doubly-serrate, 69.
Doubtful, 127, 196.

’ Down, 226.

Downy, 45, 58,77, 147,
157, 170, 192,
Drawn in, 218,
Drooping, 93, 109.
Drupa, 175.
Drupaceres 173, 182.
Drupe, 175,
Drupelike, 166,
180, 182, 204.
Drupeola, 177.
Drupeolatus, 166, 175,
180, 184, 204.
Dry, 176, 180, 209.
Dumetum, 36.
Dumus, 36.
Duodecemfidus, 126.
Duplicato-crenatus, 68.
Duplicato-pennatus, 73,
Duplicato-serratus, 69.
Duplicato-ternatus, 73.
Duplicatus, 97.
Duplex, 119, 154, 171,
209.
Dyclosium, 173.
Dyplostemon, 96.
Dyplotegia, 185,

173,

E,

Ear, 226.

Eared, 70,

Early, 99.

Echinatus, 46, 59, 77,
121, 193.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Edged, 204.

Effusus, 112,

Egg, 200.

Egglike, 118, 146, 150,
155, 165, 167, 202,
21]...

Eggshaped, 106, 108,
110, 124, 130, 218.

Eight cut, 126,

Eight petaled, 129,

Eight stamened, 95.

Eights, 61.

Elater, 222,

Elaterium, 185.

Elasticus, 144, 149, 194,
205,

Elementarius, 36, 40.

Eleutherantherus, 96.

Ellipsoideus, 167, 171,
174, 177, 179, 186,
190, 202, 211.

Ellipticus, 65, 133,171,
183, 186, 202, 207,
215,

Elongatus, 65, 215,

Emarginatus, 68, 134,
135, 138, 143, 156,
166, 168, 183, 186.

Embracing, 62.

Embryo, 210.

Embryo-cover, 204,

Emerging, 47, 63.

Emersus, 47, 63.

Empalement, 100, 124.

Enchased, 201,

Enclosed, 210, 212

Endocarpicus, 170.

Endocarpium, 175, 179.

Endogenus, 43.

Endopleura, 206,

Endorhizus, 20.

Endospermicus, 209.

Endospermum, 209.

Enervis, 213.

Engraved, 176.

Enlarging, 128.

Enneander, 95.

Ensiformis, 66, 153.

Enveloping, 103.

Enveloped, 165.

Ephemerus, 42, 99.

Epiblastus, 219.

Epicarpicus, 170,

Epicarpium, 199.

Epichilium, 138,

Epiclinus, 160.

Epiderma, 39, 53.

Epidermis, 39, 53, 205,

Epigeus, 216.

Epigynophoricus, 160,

Epigynus, 129, 139, 163.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Epiperispermicus, 209.
Epipetaleus, 88.
Epipetalus, 139.
Epiphragina, 222.
Epiphyltlus, 48,
Epiphytus, 47.
Epipteratus, 172, 204,
Epipterus, 81,
Epirhizus, 48.
Epispermicus, 209.
Epispermius, 170.
Epispermum, 205.
Episfaminalis, 88,
Epixyloneus, 48,
Epizoarius, 48.
Equal, 121, 140, 167.
Equinoxialis, 99,
Equitans, 87, 214.
Equitativus, 87.
Erectus, 56, 59, 63, 93,
109, lil, 128, 133,
137, 141, 145, 157,
174, 180, 191, 200.
Eremus, 174.
Erosus, 69, 126, 134.
Erythrostomum, 189.
Etierio, 189,
Etzrionaris, 188.
Etzrioneus, 187,
Evalvis, 176,
Evanescens, 162.
Even, 76.
Evergreen, 78.
Evittatus, 170.
Exalbuminosus, 209.
Excentricus, 171, 212.
Exhausted, 150.
FHxogenus, 45,
Exorhizus, 213.
Exostosis, 49.
Exostylus, 175.
Exoticus, 48,
Expansus, 161.
Exposed, 49.
Exsertus, 141, 153.
Exsuccus, 176.
Extensus, 149,
Exterior, 120, 212.
Externus, 86, 212.
Extra-axillaris, 92.
Extrafoliaceus, 104,
Extrorsus, 145,
Bye, 85, 207.

F.

Facing inwards, 155,

Falcatus, 137, 215.
Fallen down, 138.
Falling, 201.
Falling off, 123,154,176.
Fallow-land, 46.
False, 178, 194.
Fan-shaped, 65,
Farinosus, 209.
Fascialis, 66.
Fasciatus, 77.
Fasciculatus, 50, 62, 91,
102,
Fasciculas, 113, 142.
Fastened, 198.
Fastigiatus, 60.
Faux, 136,
Faveolatus, 203.
Favosus, 107.
Feather-cut, 70,91, 116,
215.
Feather-like, 76.
Feather-parted, 71.
Feathery, 157, 167.
Fecundating, 142,
Fecundus, 148,

. Female, 44,95, 108,109.

Femineus, 44,

Fenestra, 207.

Fern, 22).

Fertilis, 48, 95, 148.

Few-flowered, 115,

Few-rayed, 114,

Few-seeded, 179, 182,
187.

Fibra, 39.

Fibres, 48.

Fibrilla, 45, 223,

Fibrosus, 49, 176.

Field, 46.

Fig, 190.

Filamentous, 41. |

Filamentum, 142, 143,
158.

Filiformis, 49, 55, 105,
107, 110,135,146, 153,
155, 171,197,199,211.

Filipendulus, 50, j

Filam, 171, 221.

Fimbria, 222.

Fimbriatus, 134.

Fine-toothed, 126, 156,
161.

Fingered, 50, 71.

Fingered-pinnate, 73.

Fingerlike, 109.

Fish-hooked, 119.

Fissura, 148.

Fissus, 70, 80, 83, 136,
138, 144, 154.

Femineus, 95,108,109, Fistulosus, 54, 66, 105,

225,
VOL. I.

785

Five-angled, 69,

Five-camared, 189.

Five-celled, 174, 179,
184, 185, 187.

Five-cornered, 155.

Five-cut, 126, 154.

Five-fingerec, 72,

Five-leaved, 124,

Five-lobed, 70,156,210,
215.

Five-paired, 72,

Five-parted,717,12,198

Five-petaled, 129,

Five-ribbed, 75,

Five-sepaled, 124.

Five-sided, 55, 186,197,

Five-stamened, 95,

Five-styled, 97, 152.

Five-toothed, 68, 126,

Five-valved, 187.

Five-winged, 172, 186,

Fives, 61.

Fixus, 196, 197,

Flabelliformis, 65.

Flagelliformis, 49, 54.

Flagellum, 52.

Flake, 162.

Flakey, 136.

Flat, 74, 106, 114, 138,
143, 145, 159, 168,
169, 190, 194, 203,

Flat-topped, 60,

Flatted, 218.

Flattened, 186,

Flavescens, 149,

Flavus, 150.

Fleeciness, 226.

| Flesh, 175, 200, 206,,

Fleshy, 39, 41, A9, 64,
106,108,155,176,193,
196, 205, 210, 213.

Flexuosus, 57, 107, 212,

Floating, 47, 63.

Floccosus, 77, 89.

Floccus, 225,

Floccy, 77.

Flocklike, 89.

Floralis, 61, 86.

Floviferus, 64, 86, 116.

Flos, 92, 115. z

Flosculus, 101.

Flosculosus, 102, 115.

Flower, 61, 92.

Flowerbud, 102.

Flowerbearing, 64, 86,
116.

Flower, compound,108,
115

Flower-cup, 100, 124,
Flower-stalk, 104.
Flowret, 101.

SE

786

Fluvialis, 47.
Flaviatilis, 47. .
Fluitans, 47.
Folded, 74, 87, 137,156,
202, 212, 215.
Foliaceus, 82, 117,118,
213.
Foliaris, 88, 89, 91.
Foliatus, 57, 92, F10,
112, 217.
Folicleanus, 90.
Foltum, 61, 216, 220,
221.
Foliolum, 128.
Folii-ferus, 86.
Folii-flori-ferus, 86. .
Follicle, 189, 189,
FoHicle-shape, 187.
Follicula, 189.
Folliculiformis, 187.
Folliculus, 164,180,200.
Fontinalis, 47.
Footlike, 76.
Footstalk, 79.
Footstalked, 78,88,197,
201, 215.
Foramen, 207.
Foratus, 168.
Fore, 148,
Foreign, 48.
.Forked, Tl.
Fornicatus, 138, 143.
Four-camared, 189.
Four-celled, 147, 152,
174,176,179,184,187.
Four-cornered, 55, 65,
110, 146, 155, 171,
183, 203.
Four-cut, 70, 126, 134,
156.
Four-edged, 55.
Four-fingered, 72.
Four-fingered pinnate,
Ue
Four-furrowed, 192.
Four-horned, 146.
Four-lobed, 150, 156,
Four-paired, 72.
Four-parted, 127, 198.
Four-parting, 198.
Four-petaled, 129.
Four-rowed, 93.
Four-seeded, 187.
Four-sided, 55, 67, 105,
107,181,183,186,197.
Four-stamened, 95.
Four-styled, 97, 152.
Four-tcothed, 121, 122,
126:
Four-valved, t48, 187.
Four-winged, 172, 181.

Fours, 61.

Fovea, 226.

Fovilla, 142.

Fragilis, 55.

Free, 127, 151, 166,172,
$76, 179, 184, 188,
196, 198, 200, 208,

Fretted, 76.

Friabilis, 209.

Fringe, 222, 226,

Fringed, 69, 80, 83,116,
124, 134, 147, 156,
166, 204,

Frons, 220, 223.

Fructus, 174, 175, 188,
190.

Fructificans, 225.

Fruit, 164, 167,171,880,
188, 190.

Fruitful, 95,

Frutex, 36.

Fruticosus, 42.

Fruticulus, 36.

Fugacious, 127, 132,

Fugax, 42, 78, 83, 117,
127, 132.

Fulcrum, 92, 104.

Full, 97.

Fundi folia, 61.

Fundus, 220.

Fungiformis, 211.

Fungosus, 41, 193, 206.

Funiliformis, 49. '

Funiculatus, 201.

Funiculus, 199.

Funnelshape, 130, 153,
156.

Furrowed, 76, 126, 135,
157,168,176,£92,203.

Fusiformis, 49, 178,180,
21,

G.

Galbulus, 191.
Galea, 138, 162.
Galeatus, 138.
Galeiformis, 134.
Gamopetalus, 129.
Gamosepalus, 124,
Gaping, 131, 152.
Garden, 46.
Gelatinosus, 41.
Geminatus, 62, 94.
Geminus, 82,
Gemme, 85, 86.
Gemmula, 219.
Generalis, 117, 194.
Geniculatus, 50, 55,105,
123, 143, 154, 212.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Geniculum, 39:.

Genitalia, 100.

Geoblastus, 45.

Germen, 150.

Gibbiferus, 136.

Gibbosus, 67, 124, 136,
161.

Gibbositas, 162.

Gibbus, 136. :

Gills, 225.

Glaber, 45, 58,76, 147,
153, 157, 192; 203.

Glacialis, 47.

Gladiatus, 66.

Gland-bearing, 89, 89,
144,

Gland, 39, 40, 87.

Glans, 173.

Giandula, 38,39, 40, 87,,
162, 221.

Glanduliferus, 80, 89,.
131, 144, 447.

Glareosus, 46.

Glaucus, 41, 45, 58, 77,
149,

Globosus, 108, 118, 130,
155, 173, 176, 178,
189, 190, 197, 202.

Globula, 224.

Globular, 87, 130, 146,
150, 155, 165, 171,
174, 176, 178, 179,
183, 184, 186, 197,
202, 211.

Globulosus, !08, 118,
130, 146, 165, 171,
174, 176, 179, 183,
184, 202, 211.

Globulus, 142, 222.

Glochidatus, 168, 170.

Glochis, 227.

Glomerulus, 102, 115.

Glomus, 115.

Gluma, 120, 122,

Giumaceus, 98.

Glumella, 122, 123, 165..

Glamellar, 200.

Glumeileanus, 200.

Glumellula, 125.

Glutinosus, 45, 77.

Gnawed, 69, 134.

Goblet, 84.

Gobletshape, 131.

Gongyla, 224.

Gongyliferus, 42.

Gongylus, 220.

Gonophorum, 160.

Gourdlike, 179.

Gracilis, 55, 108, 110,
135, 144, 218.

Grain, 53, 165,200.

INDEX OF TERMS. 787

Gramineus, 66.
Graniticus, 46.
Granular, 157.
Granulatus, 149,
Granulosus, 157.
Granum, 200.
Gravel, 46.
Green, 77, 132,210,213,
Greenish yellow, 132.
Gristly, 69.
Grooved, 58, 74, 105,
165, 203.
Grouped, 108.
Grown-together, 63.
Grumosus, 50, 149.
Gummatus, 206.
Gummy, 206.
Gymnocarpicus, 164,
Gynander, 96.
Gynandrus, 43.
Gynizus, 158.
Gynobasicus, 160, 174.
Gynobasis, 150.
Gynocidium, 221.
Gyneecius, 43.
Gynophoratus, 159.
Gynophorelike, 161.
Gynophoroideus, 161.
Gynophorianus, 153.
Gynophorum, 159.
Gynostemium, 100, 158.
Gyroma, 221, 223.
Gyrus, 221.

H.

Hemisphericus, 173.
Hairlike, 55, 66, 105,
107, 153.
Hairpencillike, 157.
Hairs, 40, 88.
Hairy, 45, 58, 77, 107,
170, 192.
Halbertshape, 67.
Half-adherent, 160.
Half-cylindrical,66,104
Half-heartshape, 82.
Half-mooned, 82, 186.
Half-moon like,156,181
Half-moon-shape, 67.
Half-open, 115.
Half-two-celled, 152.
Half-whirls, 102.
Haived, 118.
Hamatus, 156, t
Hamosus, 119, 170.
Hamus, 227.
Handed, 50,
Hanging, 63, 79, 111,
200, 201,

Hanging down, 94, 105,
141,
Handlike, 76.
Hastatus, 67,
Haustorium, 92,
Head, 48, 52, 114,
Headed,88,143,155,191
Heads, 102.

Heart, 53, 210.
Heartshape,67,116,133,
146, 207, 211, 215,

Heliacalis, 106,

Helmet, 162.

Helmetshape, 134,

Hemi-cylindraceus, 66.

Hemi-cylindricus, 66,
104, 215.

Hemigoniarius, 98.

Hemigyrus, 181.

Hemisphericus, 118,155,
159, 185, 190.

Hen-and-chicken, 98.

Hepatice, 222.

Heptagynus, 97.

Heptander, 95.

Herba, 36.

Herbaceus, 41, 54, 64,
UM, L201.

Hermaphroditus, 44, 94.

Hesperidium, 178.

Heterocarpicus, 164.

Hexacoccus, 184.

Hexagonus, 55, 97.

Hexander, 95.

Hexapetalus, 129.

Hexaphyllus, 124.

Hexapterus, 186.

Hexasepalus, 124.

Hiemalis, 99.

High, 218,

Hile, 47.

Hilebearing, 210, 217.

Hiliferus, 206, 210, 217.

Hilum, 207.

Hind, 148,

Hip, 190.

Hirsuties, 226.

Hirsutus, 46, 59.

Hirtuosus, 46.

Hirtus, 46, 59, 147.

Hispidulas, 46, 170.

Hispidus, 46, 59, %T,
147, 150.

Hiulcus, 152.

Holdfast, 92.

Holed, 168.

Hollow, 54,64, 159,210.

Honeycombed, 19, 107,
203.

Hood, 162, 163.

Hoodlike, 117, 144.

Hook, 227.

Hooked, 68, 131, 135,
156, 170, 193, 199.
Horizontalis, 51, 145,

201.
Horn, 163.
Horned, 130.
Horny, 41, 149, 210.
Hortensis, 46,
Humifusus, 56, 63.
Humor, 40.
Hybernalis, 99.
Hybernus, 99.
Hybridus, 41.
Hylus, 207.
Hymenium, 225,
fy perboreus, 47,
Hy pochilium, 130.
Hypocrateriformis, 81,
130.

Hy pogeus, 216.
Hypogynus, 129, 139.
Hypophyllum, 84.
Hypopteratus, 191,
Hysteranthos, 78.

I,

Tcosaedrus, 150,
Tcosander, 96,
Idiogynus, 44.
Imbricans, 79,
Imbricativus, 87, 103,
Imbricatus, 62, 85, 87,
103, 118, 122, 128,
141, 180, 201.
Immediatus, 139.
Immersus, 47.
Immobilis, 145.
Immoveable, 145.
Impar, 72.
Impari-pinnatus, 72.
Impartibilis, 168.
Inadherens, 127, 151,
172, 176, 179, 188.
Inzqualis, 67,121, 128,
134, 140, 167.
Tnantheratus, 142,
Tnarticulatus, 79.
Incisus, 70, 126.
Inclinatus, 56.
Included, 153,
Includens, 78.

Inclusus, 141, 153, 210,
212.

Incolor, 208,

Incompletus, 94, 195,
205.

Inconspicuus, 217.

Incrassatus, 105,168,169

3E2Z

788

Increasing, 154.
Incumbent, 133, 145,
214.
Tacurvus, 59, 63, 154.
Tndefinitus, 139.
Indehiscens, 173, 174,
181, 182, 185.
Indeterminatus, 194,
Indigenus, 48.
Indistinct, 216.
Indivisibilis, 168.
Induplieativus, 103.
Indusium, 221.
Induvia, 164, 200.
Induvialis, 128.
Induviatus, 165,
182, 189.
Inermis, 461.
Inferaxillaris, 61,81,90.
Inferus, 127, 151, 188.
Inflatus, 80, 125, 135,
180, 181, 183.
Inflectus, 59, 63, 87,
Hele
Inflexus, 63,87, 90, 133,
135, 138,141,154,157.
Infundibuliformis, 130,
153, 156.
Jnnervius, 75.
Tnsertiones, 53.
Inside-growing, 43.
Integer, 56, 80, 83, 86,
121, 122, 126, 135,
138, 168, 171, 215.
Integerrimus, 68.
Integumentum, 100,204,
206.
Intergerinus, 194.
Intermedius, 81.
Internodium, 39.
internus, 86.
Interposed, 93,132,195,
Inierpositivus, 93, 132,
140, 195.
Interrupté pinnatus, 73.
interruptus,73,109,1 10.
Intervaivis, 199.
Untervalvular, 199,
Lutrafoliaceus, 81, 93,
104,
Introflexus, 59, 168,193,
195.
Inversus, 145, 155, 218.
Inverted, 218.
Invertens, 79.
Tnvisibilis, 217, 219.
Involucellum, 119.
Involucra, 53.
Tnovolucralis, 90.
TInvolucratus, 99, 111,
114, 115, 120.

172,

INDEX Cl TERMS.

Involucrum, 117, 221, Levis, 45,57, 76, 147,

222, 225.
Involutivus, 87.
Involutus, 87, 128, 133.
Invoivens, 79.

Inwards, 145, 157.
Trregularis, 94, 113,125,

129.

Irritabilis, 144,
Isostemon, 96.

J.

Jagged, 79,83, 134, 156,
205, 215.

Joined, 215.

Joint, 39, 61, 142.

Jointed, 50, 55, 79, 88,
108, 123, 145, 171,
181, 184, 216.

Jointless, 79,

Juba, 112.

Jubatus, 101.

Juices, 40.

Juiceless, 176.

Julus, 101, 108.

Junctura, 39.

K,

Keel, 130.

Keeled,74,116,121,194.

Kernel, 208.

Kidneyshape, 67, 82,
146,150,178,202,215.

Kneebeut, 212.

Kneed, 50, 55, 105, 123,
143, 154.

Knobbed, 143.

Knobby, 182.

Knot, 39.

Knotty, 50, 55.

L.

Labellum, 138.

Labiam, 137, 138,

Lac, 41.

Lacerns, 80, 83.

Lachrymaformis, 202,

Laciniatus, 70, 83, 134,
156, 205.

Lacinula, 135.

Lactescentes, 41.

Lacteus, 213.

Lacune, 38.

Lacustris, 47.

Levigatus, 45, 58, 203.

150, 169, 192, 203,
Lageniformis, 178.
Lake, 47.

Lamella, 163, 225.

Lamelliferus, 156.

Lamina, 162, 224.

Lana, 226.

Lanatus, 46, 58,77, 192,
204,

Lanceshaped, 65.

Lancevlatus, 65,83,107,
116, 121, 122, 124,
133, 146, 215.

Laad, 46.

Laiuginosus, 166.

Lanugo, 166, 226.

Lapideus, 175, 205,

Lappaceus, 119, 193,

Large, 176, 210, 214.

Largefooted, 213.

Largeheaded, 213.

Lashed, 134, 136.

Lasting, 117.

Late, 99.

Lateralis, 81, 92, 112,
145, 152, 155, 169,
212, 214, 217, 218.

Laterifolius, 93.

Latex, 225.

Latus, 159, 214.

Latuscula, 165.

Laxus, 110, Ik2,- 113,
114, 149.

Layers, 53.

Leadcolour, 213.

Leaf, 60, 85, 89, 91, 92,
128, 216, 220, 22].

Leaf-beariag, 86.

Leaf, floral, £6,

Leafed, 57.

Leafiess, 57.

Leatlike, 54, 82, LIT,
118, 213.

Leafrib, 91.

Leafstalk, 79, 90.

Leafy, 130, 112.

Leatherlikel193,196,206

Leathery, 41, 64, 121,
122, 175, 210.

Leaved, 217.

Leaves, 6}.

Lecus, 52.

Legumen, 181.

Leguminiformis, 180.

Lengthened, 54.

Lengthways, 148.

Lens, 226.

Leuticula, 226.

Lenticularis, 202, 211..

Leatilshape, 202.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Lepicena, 120,

Lepisma, 163.

Liber, 53, 127,151, 160,
195, 197, 198 200, 208,

Lichen, 223,

Ligatus, 150.

Ligneus, 53, 54.

Lignosus, 41, 49, 117,
191, 193, 196.

Lignum, 53, 194.

Ligula, 80,

Ligulatus, 115, 131.

Liguliferus, 98.

Like-flowered, 114.

Limb, 137.

Limbus, 137,

Limes, 220.

Limestone, 46.

Linearis, 66 83,106,121,
133,135, 146, 155, 171,
181,183, 186, 3207 215.

Linelike, 207.

Lineolaris, 207.

Linguiformis, 66, 172.

Lingula, 164.

Lip, 137, 138.

Lirella, 223,

Littoralis, 47.

Lobatus, 70, 126, 149,
162, 176, 185, 197,
210, 215.

Lobed, 126, 149, 162,
185, 197, 210, 215.

Lobula, 216,

Lobus, 142, 148, 213.

Locellus, 158,

Loculamentum, 199.

Locular, 80.

Loculicidus, 188.

Loculosus, 64, 80, 177.

Loculus, 142, 199.

Locusta, Lil.

Lodicula, 123.

Lomentaceus, 72.

Lomentum, 182.

Long, 65, 127, 149, 215.

Longior, 127, 1A7.

Longissimus, 106, 155,

Longitudionaliter, 148.

Longitudinalis,193,196.

Longus, 135, 214, 218.

Loose, 110, 112, 113,
114, 149.

Lorica, 205.

Loricatus, 208.

Low, 218.

Lucidus, 45, 58,77, 192,
203.

Lunatus, 67,82, 156,186.

Lunulatus, 156.

Luteo-aurantiacus, 132,

Lutescens, 213,
Luteus, 132.
Lycopodiacee, 221,
Lying along, 145,
Lying down, 63.
Lympha, 40,
Lympheductus, 37,
Lyratus, 70. ,

M.

Macrocephalus, 213.
Macropodius, 213,
Maculatus, 58, 77.
Maculosus, 58,

Magnus, 176, 210, 214.
Main body, 216.

Male, 44, 95, 108, 109.
Malicorium, 178.
Mammula, 223.
Manifold, 151.

Many, 56, 152.
Many-camared, 189.

Many-celled, 147, 1592,
172, 179, 182, 184,
185, 187.

Many-cotyledon, 211.

Many-cut, 91, 156,

Many-fingered pinnate,
ey

Many-fingered, 72.
Many- flowered,
115,017) 120.
Many- “fruiting, AQ.
Many-headed, 187.
Many-leaved, 117, 118,
124,
Many-lobed, 70, 147.
Many-locular, 64,
Many-paired, 72,
Many-parted, 71,
127, 198, 205.
Many-ribbed, 75, 198.
Many-seeded, I72, 179,
180, 182, 184, 187,
Many- “sepaled, 124.
Many-styled, 97,
159.
Many-valved, 187,
Many-vittated, 170.
Marcescens, 198,
Marginalis, 81,169,195,
198.
Marginans, 160.

105,

91,

152,

Marinus, 47.
Maritimus, 47.
Marsh, 47,

Masculus, 44, 95, 108,

109, 223.

Marginatus, 80,166,204,

789

Masklike, 131,
Massa, 158.
Massula, 158.
Matutinus, 99.
Meadow, 46.
Mealy, 209.
Meeting, 190.
Medial, 212.
Medianus, 195.
Mediaris, 212.
Mediatus, 139,
Medifixus, 145.
Mediocris, 214.
Medivalvis, 195, 198.
Medulla, 52, 209.
Medullaris, 53, 54, 223.
Meiostemon, 96.
Melonida, 177.
Melonidiam, !77.
Meloniformis, 54.
Melonshaped, 54.
Membrana, 225.
Membranacens, 41, 64,
82,108,117, 121, 122,
177, 191,193,206,209.
Membranosus, 64.
Membranula, 221, 222.
Meridianus, 100.
Mesocarpius, 170.
Meteoricus, 99.
Microbasis, 175.
Micropyla, 207.
Middle: fivedas 145.
Middle-size, 214.
Middle-valved, 198.
Miliaris, 87.
Mitk, 41.
Milky, Al,
Minutus, 82,
Misshapen, 134, 146,
Mixtus, 86.
Mobilis, 145,
Mollis, 64,
Monadelphus, 96, 140.
Monander, 95.
Moniliformis, 50, 88,
171, 182.
Monocarpicus, 42.
Monocephalus, 186.
Monocotyledoneus, 44,
HAUS
Monogynus, 96.
Monoicus, 44.
Monopetalus, 129, 130.
Monophyllus, 117, 118,
124,
Monopterus, 172, 204,
Monosepalus, 124,
Monospermus, 172, 175,
177, 180, 182, 187.
Monostylus, 152, 159,

790

Montanus, 47.
‘Monthly, 43. ~
Moss, 47.
Mosses, 221.
Morning, 99.
Mountain, 47.
Moveable, 145,
Mucilaginosus, 209.
Mucro, 227.
Mucronatus, 68, 88,121,
122.
Mule, 41.
Multidigitatus, 72.
Multiferus, 43,
Multifidus, 91, 156.
Multiflorus, 105, 115,
117, 120.
Multijugus, 72.
Multilobus, 70, 147.
Multilocularis, 147, 152,
172,179,182,185,187.
Multinervis, 198.
Multinervius, 75.
Multipartitus, 71, 91,
198, 205.
Multiplicatus, 97,
Multiple-ribbed, 75.
Multiplex, 56, 151, 152,
154, 164, 171.
Multivalvis, 187.
Multivittatus, 170.
Muniens, 78.
Muricatus, 150,170,192.
Muscarium, 113.
Mushrooms, 225.
Mushroomshape, 211.
Muticus, 166.
Mutually riding, 87.

N.

Nailshape, 88, 143.
Naked, 57, 86, 98, 106,
107,109,114,115,136,
165,201,208,210,217.
Napiformis, 49.
Nappy, 46, 192.
Narrow, 171, 214.
Narrowed, 67, 135,169.
Narrow-necked, 166,
Natans, 47, 63.
Native, 48.
Naucum, 177.
Navicularis, 121, 122,
133, 194.
Near together, 148,
Nearly cylindrical, 181.
Nearly ovoid, 189.
Nearly sessile, 78.
Nearly terininal, 109.

Necklaceshape, 171.
Nectar, 41.
Nectariferus, 162.
Nectarilyma, 162.
Nectaristigmata, 163.
Nectarium, 101, 123,
160, 162.
Nectarotheca, 162.
Needlelike, 66.
Nemoblastus, 45.
Nemorosus, 47,
Nephrosta, 221.
Nervalis, 91.
Nervato-venosus, 75.
Nervatus, 75, 121, 122,
213.
Nervi, 39.
Nervosus, 75, 121, 122,
Nervus, 199.
Nestling, 201, 213.
Netted, 76.
Networked, 203.
Neuter, 43, 95.
Nicked, 68,156,168,183
Nidulans, 201.
Nidulatus, 213,
Night, 100.
Nine-fingered, 72.
Nine-lobed, 70.
Nine-ribbed, 75.
Nine-stamened, 95.
Nipple, 226.
Nipply, 45, 107.
Nitidus, 77, 192, 203.
Nivalis, 47.
Nocturnus, 100.
Nodding, 56, 93, 105.
Nodositas, 39.
Nodosus,50,55,143,182.
Nodus, 39, 220.
None, 149, 152.
Neon, 100.

Not cut, 83, 121, 126.
Notched, 68, 134, 135,
138, 143, 166, 186.

Novem-digitatus, 72.
Novem-lobus, 70.
Novem-nervius, 75.
Nucamentum, 108,
Nucleus, 175, 208, 224.
Nucula, 174, 177,
Nuculaneus, 179.
Nucvlanium, 177.
Nuculosus, 177, 179.
Nudus, 57, 86, 98, 106,
107, 109,114,115,136,
165, 201,208,210,217.
Nullus, 149, 152, 167.
Nut, 177, 191.
Nutans, 56, 93, 105.
Nux, 174, 177, 191.

INDEX OF TERMS.

oO.

Obconicus, 118.
Obcordatus, 68, 186.
Obcordiformis, 68, 133,
183, 186.
Obcrenatus, 68, 181,
Obcurrens, 190.
Oblique cordatus,67,82.
Oblique heartshape, 67,
82

Obliquus, 56, 63, 135,
157, 191, 212.
Oblongus, 65, 110, 146,
150, 165, 167, 178,
181, 190, 202.
Obovalis, 65,
Obovoideus, 165, 175,
186.
Obstructus, 136.
Obsuturalis, 195, 198.
Obturbinatus, 118,178,
186.
Obtuse-angulatus, 54.
Obtusus, 68, 135, 143,
156,169,171,186,218.
Obversus, 218,
Obvolutus, 87, 103, 214.
Ocrea, 83.
Octander, 95.
Octofidus, 126.
Octona, 61.
Octopetalus, 129,
Odd, 72.
Offset, 52.
Oily, 209.
Oleagineus, 209.
Oligospermus, 179, 182,
187.
Olopetalarius, 98.
Omphalodius, 207.
Once-bearirg, 43.
Once-fruiting, 42,
One-celled, 147, 151,
172, 175,176,178,179,
182, 184, 185, 187,
One-corned, 173.
One-cotyledon, 211.
One- flowered, 105, 106,
115, 119, 120.
One-furrowed, 176,192.
One-headed, 186,
One-holed, 148,
One-leafed, 117,118,124
One-leafletted, 71.
One-lipped, 131.
One-lobed, 147.
One-paired, 72.
One-paleolated, 123,
One-petaled, 139.
One-ribbed, 75, 198,

INDEX OF TERMS.

‘One-rewed, 59, 63, 93,
172, 175, 177, 180,
182, 187.

One-sided, 121,133,161,
197, 209.

‘One-spathelled, 120.

One-spathelluled, 122.

One-stamened, 95.

One-styled, 96, 152, 159.

One-valved, 187.

One-vittated, 170,

One way, 93.

One-winged, 172, 204.

Opacus, 210,

Open, 59, 63, 110, 112,
115, 118, 133, 173.

Open ground, 47.

Openings, 38.

Opening, 145,173,181,
182, 185, 188,

‘Opercularis, 147, 104.

Operculatus, 204.

Operculiformis, 147.

Operculum,85, 148, 184,
222. :

Ovoideus, 106, 108, 110,
118, 146, 150, 156,
165, 174—176, 181,

- 184, 186, 190, 191,
202, 211, 218.

GOvulum, 150.

Ovum, 150, 200.

Opposed, 155.

Opposite pennaius, 72.

Oppositifolius, 91, 92,
110, 111.

Oppositive, 140.

Oppositivus, 132, 140,
195,

Oppositus, 59, 61, 87,
92, 93, 120, 132, 195,
214,

Ore, 49.

Orange, 132, 150.

Orbicularis, 65, 155,
167, 186, 202, 20%,
215.

Orbicnlatus, 183.

Orbiculus, 137, 224.

Orbifla, 225.

Orbis, 212.

Orderless, 62.

Organicus, 40.

Organum, 36, 40, 100,
223.

Origoma, 222.

Osseus, 175, 177, 191,
205.

Ossiculus, 175.

Outside-growing, 43.

Outwards, 145, 157.

Ovalis, 65, 82, 133, 183,
215.

Ovarium, 150, 151.

Ovatus, 65, 108, 134,
130, 167, 176, 184,
191.

Ovoideus, 167.

P.

Paired, 72.
Palatium, 131, 136.
Palea, 120, 122, 227.
Paleaceus, 107, 166,167.
Paleola, 124,
Palmatus, 50, 71, 76,
116.
Paludosus, 47.
Paluster, 47.
Panduriformis, 69,
Panicula, 112.
Paniculatus, 101, 109.
Pannexterna, 176, 199.
Panninterna, 1175, 199.
Paper-like, 64, 177,
193, 206.
Papilionaceus, 130.
Papilla, 226.
Papillaris, 88.
Papillosus, 77, 107.
Papptformis, 199,
Papposus, 166.
Pappus, 166.
Pappus-like, 199.
Papula, 226.
Papulosus, 45, 77.
Papyraceus, 64.
Parabolicus, 65.
Paracarpium, 163.
Paracerolla, 163.
Parapetalum, 162, 163.
Paraphysis, 221.
Parastadis, 163.
Parastamen, 163.
Parastylus, 163.
Parallelicus, 195.
Paralleli-nervius, 75.
Paralleli-venosus, 76.
Parallel-ribbed, 75.
Parallelus, 148, 195.
Parasiticus, 47, 48.
Parenchyma, 39, 53.
Parted, 71, 126, 138,
154, 157.
Partes, 36, 39, 40.
Partialis, 79, 194,
Partibilis, 187.
Particular, 117,
Parietal, 197.

791

Parting, 193.
Partitional, 198.
Partition bearing, 194,
206.
Partitioned, 171.
Fartitioning, 197.
Partitions, 194,
Partitus, 70, 71, 126,
138, 157, 205,
Parvulus, 214.
Parvus, 176, 214.
Passing away, 132.
Patelliformis, 211.
Patellula, 223.
Patens, 59, 63, 89, 118,
128, 133, 137, 141.

. Patentissimus, 60, 63.

Patulus, 59, 63, 112,
128.
Pauci-florus, 115.
Pauci-radiatus, 114,
Pearshape, 125, 190.
Pectinatus, 71, 116.
Pedately cut, 71.
Pedatifidus, 71.
Pedatus, 73, 76.
Pedicellatus, 86, 88,
167, 197.
Pedicellus,. 104, 221.
Peldiculus, 142.
Pedilis, 166.
Pedunculatus, 93.
Pedunculeanus, 91, 101.
Pedunculus, 104, 105.
Peliicula, 205.
Pellicularis, 209,
Peliucidus, 210,
Pelta, 223.
Peltatus, 76, 78, 146,
155, 201.
Pelti-nervius, 75,
Pendens, 141, 200, 201.
Pendulus, 94, 105, 109,
111, 200, 201.
Penicilliformis, 157,
Pennatipartitus, 71,
Pennatus, 76.
Penni-nervius, 75.
Pentacamarus, 189,
Pentacoccus, 184, 185,
Pentadelphus, 140,
Pentagonus, 55,
186, 197,
Pentagynus, 97.
Pentander, 95.
Pentapetalus, 129,
Pentaphyllus, 124,
Pentapterus, 172, 186,
Pentaqueter, 197,
Pentasepalus, 124,
Pentastylus, 152

155,

792

Pepo, 178.

Peponida, 178.

Peponium, 178.

Peraphyllum, 162,

Perennis, 42, 51, 54,
78.

Perfectus, 94,

Perfoliatus, 63.

Perforatus, 89, 156.

Perfusus, 201,

Periandricus, 161.

Periantheus, 98.

Perianthianus, 200,

Perianthium, 100, 124,
138.

Pericarpialis, 85, 90.

Pericarpium, 164, 192.

Perichetialis, 221.

Perichetium, 221,

Pericladium, 84,

Periclinium, 119.

Peridium, 225.

Peridroma, 84.

Perigonalis, 200.

Perigoniarius, 97, 98.

Perigonium, 100, 122,
138. 221.

Perigynandra, 100, 119,
124, 129,

Perigynium, 163.

Perigynus, 129, 139.

Periodicus, 99.

Peripetalum, 161.

Periphzricus, 209, 212.

Periphyllium, 163.

Periphorantium, 119.

Peripteratus, 172, 191,
204,

Perispermatus, 209.

Perispermicus, 209.

Perispermum, 205, 209.

Perisporium, 220.

Perisporum, 163.

Peristoma, 222.

Peristomicus, 161.

Perithecium, 224, 225.

Permutatus, 97.

Perocidium, 221.

Perpendicularis, 51, 56,
89,

Persistens, 78, 83, 117,
123, 128, 154, 162,
176, 190, 198,

Persistens marcescens,
132, 4

Persistent withering,
182,

Personatus, 131.

Pertusus, 76, 215,

Perula, 86. 139.

Perulatus, 86.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Petaliformis, 143, 153,
155,
Petal-like, 143, 153.
Petaloideus, 97, 98, 117,
127,
Petalus, 132.
Petiolaneus, 64, 86, 90
Oi
Petiolaris, 81, 90—99.
Petiolatus, 78, 215.
Petiolularis, 81,
Petiolules, 79.
Petiolus, 79.
Petrosus, 46.
Phenogamus, 43.
Phoranthium, 104,
Phragma, 196.
Phragmigerus, 182,
Phyllodium, 84,
Phylloideus, 54.
Phylium, 128.
Pierced, 76, 215,
Pilaris, 167.
Pileola, 216.
Pileolatus, 219.
Pileus, 225.
Pili, 40, 81.
Pilidia, 223,
Pillalike, 144,
Pilosus, 45, 58, 77, 107,
167, 170, 199.
Pill-like, 212.
Pinuaticisus, 70.
Pinnatifidus, 70, 83, 91,
116, 215,
Pinnatipartitus, 70.
Pinnatisectus, 71.
Pinnatus, 72,
Pipelike, 66, 125, ii
Pipey, 105, 106, 153. —
Pips, 177.
Pistillares, 151.
Pistillarius, 97.
Pistillum, 100, 150, 158.
Pit, 226.
Pitcher, 157.
Pitchershape, 64, 118,
125, 130.
Pith, 52.
Pithy, 54,
Pitted, 107, 203.
Placenta, 196.
Placentarianus, 195,
Placentarinm, 196,
Placentiferus, 194, 196,
Planiuseulus, 118.
Planta, 36.
Piantula, 217, 220.
Planns, 74, 106, 114,
138, 143, 159, 168,
169, 190, 194, 203.

?

Plenus, 54, 97, 102.
Plexeoblastus, 45.
Plicativus, 87, 103.
Plicatus, 74, 87, 137,
156, 215.
Plopocarpium, 189,
Plumbeus, 213,
Plumosus, 157, 167.
Plumula, 217.
Plurilocularis, 151.
Pluripartitus, 127,
Plurivalvis, 187.
Pneumatophora, 37.
Pod, 182.
Podetium, 223.
Podlike, 185.
Podogynium, 150.
Podospermium, 199.
Pointal, 100, 150.
Pointed, 67, 88, 121,
122, 135, 146, 156,
186, 218.
Polachena, 167.
Polakena, 167, 171.
Polexostylus, 175.
Polished, 45, 169, 203.
Pollen, 41, 142, 149,
Potlen-mass, 158.
Pollinicus, 15s,
Polyadelphus, $6, 140,
Polyander, 96.
Polycamarus, 189.
Polycarpicus, 42.
Polycephalus, 187,
Polychlorio, 190.
Polychlorionidis, 190.
Polycoccus, 184, 185.
Polycotyledoneus, 44,
211,
Polygamus, 44,
Polygynus, 97.
Poly petalus, 129.
Polyphorum, 160,
Polyphyllus, 117, 118,
124,
Polysecus, 100
Polysepalus, 124.
Polyspermus, 172, 179,
180, 182, 184, 187.
Polystemon, 96.
Polystylus, 152, 159.
Pomum, 177,
Pori, 37, 39, 148.
Porrectus, 137.
Portio lignea, 53.
Posticus, 145, 148.
Pouch, 183.
Pouchlike, 185.
Powder, 142.
Powdery, 45, 58, 149,
Prefoliatio, 102.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Premorsus, 50, 68.
Pratensis, 46.
Precox, 99.
Prickles, 89.
Prickley, 46, 59, 170.
Primarius, 79.
Primigenius, 41.
Primitive, 41.
Prismaticus, 125, 135.
Procumbens, 56,
Productiones, 53.
Productum, 162.
Progrediens, 51.
Progressive, 51.
Projectura, 61.
Proliferus, 64, 98, 114.
Proligerus, 224.
Prolonged, 138.
Prominens, 143, 159,
194, 217.
Propaculiferus, 42.
Propaculum, 52,
Propagaculum, 224.
Propago, 42, 224,
Proprius, 79, 117.
Proscolla, 158.
Prosphysis, 163, 222.
Prostratus, 56.
Prostypum, 207.
Proteranthos, 78.
Pruina, 41.
Prunus, 175.
Pseudocarpicus, 164.
Pseudocarpium, 191.
Pseudoparasiticus, 47.
Pseudospermicus, 165.
Pteratus, 194,
Pterides, 173.
Pteridium, 173.
Pubes, 226.
Pubescens, 45, 58, 77,
147, 157, 170, 192.
Puckered, 74,
Pulpa, 200.
Pulposus, 176, 193, 205,
206.
Pulpy, 176, 193, 205,
206.
Pulverulentus, 45, 58,
149,
Pualvinulus, 224.
Pulvinus, 60.
Punctatus, 58, 77, 89,
107, 176, 192, 203,
238
Punctiformis, 207, 217.
Purplish, 213.
Purpureus, 213.
Putamen, 175, 176.
Pyramidalis, 60, 112.
Pyrena, 175, 177,

Pyrenarius, 177.
Pyridion, 177.
Pyriformis, 190.
Pyxidium, 184, 221.
Pyxis, 184.

Q.

Quadrangularis, 55, 65,
110, 183,
Quadricornis, 146.
Quadridentatus,
122, 126.
Quadridigatato - penna-
tus, 73.
Quadridigitatus, 72.
Quadrieremus, 174,
Quadrifidus, 70,
134, 156.
Quadrijugus, 72.
Quadrilobatus, 156,
Quadrilobus, 150.
Quadrilocularis, 147,
152, 176, 179, 187.
Quadripartitus, 127,198.
Quadrisuleatus, 192.
Quadrivalvis, 148, 187,
Quaterna, 6),
Quinatus, 72.
Quina, 61, 62,
Quincuncialis, 103.
Quitque-angulatus, 69,
Quinquedentatus, 68,126
Quinquedigitatus, 72.
Quingve-eremus, 174.
Quinquefidus, 126, 154.
Quinquejugus, 72.

121,

126,

Quinquelobatus, 156,
210, 215,

Quinquelobus, 70.

Quinquelocularis, 179,
187,

Quinquenervius, 75.
Quinquepartitus,7 1,127,
Quinquevalvis, 187,
Quintuple ribbed, 75.
Quintuplex, 154.
Quintupli-nervia, 75.

R.

Racemosus, 101, 208.

Racemus, I11.

Rachis, 84, 104.

Radiant, 114, 134, 186,
197.

Radiating,
197.

134, 186,

793

Radiatus, 102, 115,156.
Radicalis, 61, 92. -
Radicans, 57, 64.
Radicella, 48.
Radicular, 48, 217,
Radius, 53, 115.
Radix, 48, 216.
Raised, 151.
Ramealis, 61, 92.
Rameaneus, 64,
Rameanus, 90.
Ramenia, 60.
Rameus, 61.
Ramificatio, 60.
Ramossissimus, 56, 119,
Ramosus, 50, 56, 88,
90, 91, 104, 106, 107,
109, 111, 112, 144,
167,
Ramulus, 59.
Ramunculus, 59,
Ramus, 59,
Rapha, 208.
Raphe, 169.
Raphida, 222,
Rather heartshape, 82,
Rays, 53, 115.
Receptacularis, 153.
Receptaculum, 38, 101,
104, 159, 196, 299,
223.
Recessus, 194,
Reclinatus, 87,
Reclusus, 212.
Rectilineus, 57, 90, 123,
135, 146, 153, 169,
202, 208, 211, 218.
Recti-nervius, 75,

-Rectus, 57, 76, 90, 107,

123, 135, 146, 153,
202, 208, 211, 218.

Recurvatus, 181, 202,

211, 218.
Recurvus, 63, 157, 202,
211,

Red, 132.
Reddish orange, 132,
Redish violet, 132:
Reed, 52.
Re-entering, 193.
Reflectus, 63, 137.
Reflexus, 63, 89, 90,
118, 128,133,137,138,
141, 154, 157, 214,
Refractus, 60, 105.
Regma, 185.
Regressus, 218.
Regularis, 94, 113, 128,
129,
Reliquia, 60.
Remaining, 83, 198.

794

Remains, 60.
Remotas, 62, 149.
Renarius, 82.
Reniformis, 67, 82, 146,
150, 178, 202, 215.
Repandus, 69.
Repens, 51, 57.
Replicativus, 87.
Replicatus, 202, 212.
Reptans, 57.
Reservoirs, 38.
Restibilis, 42.
Resupinatus, 131, 174,

191, 200.
Reticulato-venosus, 76.
Reticulatus, 76, 170,

203.

Reticulum, 84.

Retinaculum, 158, 199.

Retracted, 218.

Retroflectus, 105,

Retrofiexus, 60,

Retrorsus, 79.

Retusus, 68.

Reverse conical, 118.

Reverse crenated, 181.

Reverse egglike, 165.

Reverse heartshape, 68,
183, 186.

Reverse oval, 65.

Reverse ovoid, 175, 186.

Reverse topshape, 118,
178, 186.

Reversed, 63, 174, 191,
200.

Reversely crenate, 68.

Revolute, 157.

Revolutivus, 86.

Revolutus, 70, 86, 128,
137.

Rhizanthus, 43,

Rhiziophy sis, 219.

Rhizoblastus, 45.

Rhizocarpicus, 42.

Rhizoma, 52.

Rhombeus, 65.

Ribband, 66.

Ribbed, 75, 121, 122,
125, 168—170, 213.

Ribless, 75, 213.

Ribs, 199.

Riding, 87, 214,

Rigens, 55.

Rigidus, 55, 64, 105.

Rimosus, 58, 210.

Rind, 177.

Ring, 157, 221.

Ringed, 168.

Ringens, 131.

Ringlike, 144, 161, 212,

Riparius, 47,

INDEX OF TERMS.

Rising, 200.
River, 47.
Rock, 46.
Rolled, 70,
214,
Root, 48, 61, 92, 213,
216.
Root-flowering, 43.
Rooting, 57, 64.
Rootsucker, 52.
Rootlet, 48s.
Rosaceous, 62, 130.
Roselatus, 62, 130.
Roselike, 62, 130.
Rostellum, 58,217,227.
Rostratus, 161,165,180,
183.
Rostrum, 164,
Rotatus, 131.
Rotundato_compresus,
202. 4
Rotundatus, 65, 185.
Rough, 45, 58, 77, 192,
208.

110, 128,

‘Roughish, 170.

Round, 65, 185.

Rounded, 60, 65; 82,
114, 116, 121, 122,

_ U6, 215:

Roundish, 49, 133, 165,
171, 177, 184, 186,
191, 202, 218.

Rows, 89, 201.

Ruber, 132.

Rubro-aurantiacus, 132.

Rubro-violaceus, 152.

Ruderalis, 46,

Rudimental, 142.

Rudimentarius, 142.

Rugosus, 74, 192, 203.

Ruguloso-lameilatus,
168.

Rugiosus, 168, 169,

Rumpled, 103, 215.

Runcinatus, 70,

Runner, 52.

Rupestris, 46.

Ruptiles, 17, 205.

Sabre-shape, 66, 181.

Sabulosus, 46,

Sacelliformis, 161.

Sacellus, 172.

Saccus, 163.

Sacklike, 161.

Sagittatus, 67, 82, 146,
155,

Salinus, 47. °

Salsus, 47.

Sait, 47.

Salvershape, 131,

Samara, 173.

Sand, 46.

Sap, 40.

Sarcobasis, 175.

Sarcocarpium, 175, 200.

Sarcodermis, 206,

Sarcoma, 163.

Sarmentosus, 55.

Sarmentum, 52.

Sativus, 43.

Saucerlike, 211.

Sautelle, 42.

Sawdustlike, 203.

Saxatilis, 46.

Scaber, 58, 77, 192,
203.

Scale, 124, 163, 227.

Scaled, 192.

Sealelike, 65, 80, 161.

Scaly, 51, 57, 85, 86,
105.

Scandens, 57.

Scaphium, 13%).

Scapus, 104,

Scar, 60.

Scariosus, 64, 82, 119,
121.

Scattered, 59, 62, 201.

Schistosus, 46.

Scleranthum, 173.

Scobiformis, 213.

Scooplike, 13}.

Scrobiculatus, 107, 169,
176, 203.

Scrotiformis, 50.

Scutella, 223.

Scutelliformis, 211.

Scutum, 164,

Scyphus, 163,

Se invicem, 87.

Sea, 47.

Seagreen, 149.

Seal-like, 51.

Seat, 101.

Secondarius, 79.

Sectus, 71.

Secundina, 209.

Secundus, 59, 63, 93.

Sedes, 101, 159.

Seed, 165, 200, 210,
225.

Seed-bearing, 42, 194,
196.

Seed-covers, 204,

Semen, 200, 224.

Semi-adherens, 127,151,
1€0, 188.

&

INDEX OF TERMS.

Semi-amplexus, 87.
Semi apertus, 115.
Semi-cordiformis, 82.
Semi-cylindricus,66,215
Semi-double, 97.
Semi-flosculosus, 102,
Semi-inclusus, 201.
Semi-inferus, 127.
Semi-lunatus,67,82,156,
181, 186.
Seminalis, 61, 151.
Seminiferus, 42,
196.
Semi-ovalis, 82,
Semi-sagittatus, 82.
Semi-staminarius, 97.
Semi-verticillatus, 102.
Sempervirens, 78,
Sena, 61. ;
Sepalum, 128,
Septem-angulatus, 69.
Septem-digitatus, 72,
Septem-lobus, 70.
Septem-nervius, 75,
Septicidus, 188,
Septiferus, 193,
206.
Septiformis, 197.
Septifragus, 188.
Septilis, 198.
Septulum, 158, 171.
Septum, 195,
Serialis, 89, 141, 201.
Sericeus, 46, 58, 77,
167.
Serotinus, 99.
Serratus, 68.
Serrulatus, 69.
Sertulum, 114,
Sessilis, 62, 86, 88, 89,

194

2

194,

93) 1932 544151,
155, 166, 197, 201,
216, 219.

Seta, 123, 142, 221, 226.
Setaceus, 66, 83, 90,
116, 121.
Setosus, 107, 167, 169,
170.
Seven-angled, 69.
Seven-fingered, 72.
Seven-lobed, 70.
Seven-ribbed, 75.
Seven-stamened, 95.
Seven-styled, 9T.
Seven-valved, 187.
Sex-eremus, 174.
Sexfidus, 126.
Sexlocularis, 176, 187.
Sextuplex, 154,
Shady, 47.

Shaggy, 147, 150.
Sharp, 67, 143.
Sheath, 53, 83.

Sheathed, 57, 105,

Sheathing, 63, 80, 81,

144, 157.

Sheave-like, 211.
Shell, 175, 205,
Sheltering, 78.

Shield, 164,

Shielded, 147.
Shield-like, 76, 201.
Shining, 45, 58,77, 192,

203.
Shore, 47.

Short, 127, 214, 218.

Shortened, 2
Shorter, 147,

Shrub, 36.

Shrubby, 56.

14,

Siccus, 180, 209,
Sicklelike, 137.

Sickleshape,
Side, 93, 214.

215.

Side-lving, 141,
Sigillatus, 51.

Silicula, 183.

Siliculaeformis, 185.
Silky, 46, 58,77, 167.

Siliqua, 182.
Siliqueformis, 185,

Silver grain, 53.
Similaris, 121, 122, 215,

Similifiorus,
Similis, 149.

114,

Sim plex,50,56,79,86,88,
90, 91, 102, 104, 166
—109, 111—113, 118,

144, 154,

156,

164,

167, 169, 171, 208.

Simplicissimus, 56.

Single, 56, 81, 95, 108,

117,
209.

151,

152,

Sinistrorsum, 57,
Sinochorium, 184,
Sinuato-lobatus, 168.
Sinuato-undulatus, 169.
Sinuately waved, 169.

Sinuatas, 69, 162,

Sinuolatus, 69.

Sinuosus, 146, 208.

Six-celled,
184, 187.

Six-cut, 126.

174,

Six-leaved, 124,
Six-petaled, 129.
Six-rowed, 93.

Six-sepaled,

124.

Six-sided, 55,
Six-stamened, 95.

154,

176,

Six-styled, 97.

Six-winged, 1&6,

Sixes, 61,

Skin, 39, 205, 206.

Slate, 46,

Slender, 55, 108, 110,
144, 218.

Slime, 225.

Slit, 83, 148,

Slow-growing, 42.

Small, 176, 244,

Smooth, 45, 57, 76, 147,
150, 168, 169, 192,
203.

Smocthened, 58.

Snail-like, 103.

Snow, 47.

Soboles, 42, 85.

Soboliferus, 42,

Soft, 64,

Soldered, 180,

Solidus, 54,85, 144, 171.

Solitarius, 81, 91, 95,
108.

Solutus, 81.

Soredium, 224,

Sorosus, 190.

Sorus, 221.

Spaces, 38.

Spadix, 104, 106,

Sparsus, 59, 62,

Spatha, 116.

Spathaceus, 99,

Spathatus, 99, 111, 114.

Spathella, i20, 122,

Spathellula, 1¢2.

Spathilla, Li7.

Spatula-shape, 65, 133.

Spathulatus, 65, 133.

Spearshape, 107, 116.

Spectans, 87.

Spermapodium, 169.

Spermatocystidium, id2,

Spermodermis, 205.

Spermopodophorum,169

Spermophorus, 196.

Spheericus, 106,
114,°150; 167, ‘173,
176—179, 186, 189,
190, 197, 202, 211.

Spheroblastus, 45,

Spherula, 224.

Sphalerocarpium, 173,

Spica, 109,

Spicatus, 101.

Spiciformis, 189,

Spicula, 111,

Spiculatus, 109.

Spike, 109.

Spiked, 101,

Spikelet, lil.

108,

796 INDEX OF TERMS.

Scylus, 151, 152.
Subapicilaris, 109, 112,
123.
Subaxilis, 169,
Sub-bilocularis, 152.
Subdcordatus, SZ,
Subcordiformis, 82.
Subcylindricus, 150,186.
Suberosus, 41, 58, J93,
196, 206.
Subglobosus, 202.
Sublatus, 151,
Submergus, 47.
Submersus, 63.
Subovoideus, 189.
Subperiphzricus, 212.
Subretundus, 49, 60,
65, 82, 116, 121, 122,
138, 165, 171, 176,
ITT, 186, 191, 202,

Spikeletted, 109.

Spike-like, 189.

Spilus, 207.

Spina, 89.

Spindleshape, 49, 178,
180, 211.

Spined, 121,

Spinellatus, 121,

Spinellosus, 46, 59, 77,
193,

Spinescens, 60, 80, 82,
116.

Star-ribbed, 75,

Starred, 88.

Starry, 184.

Steilatus, 61, 76, 88,
131, 156, 184.

Stellinervius, 75.

Stein, 52, 61, 88, 89, 92,
225,

Stem-fruiting, 43.

Stemless, 43,

Sterigmum, i84.

Sterilis, 48, 95, 148.

Sticky, 45.

Stiff, 55, 64, 105.

Stigma, 49, 151, 154,
158.

Spiniferus, 64.

Spinosus, 46, 59, 69,
119.

Spinous, 193.

Spiralis, 62, 93, 106,
145, 154, 181, 185.

Splendens, 77.

Split, 70, 136, 138, 144.

Stimulus, 227.
Sting, 227,
Stipella, 84.
Stipellatus, 80.

Spongiole, 39, 49.
Spongiosus, 54,
Spongy, 54.
Spora, 220, 224, 225,
Sporangium, 220, 221,
Sporangidium, 222,
Sporidium, 225,
Sporula, 220, 225,
Spotted, 58, 77,
Spread, 201,
Spreading, 128, 133,137,
14], 180.
Spread forward, 137.
Spread cpen, 112.
Spring, 47.
Spring-tide, 99,
Sprouting, 51,
Spumescens, 41,
Spur, 139, 162,
Spurred, 126, 134, 136,
Spuriuz, 53, 178, 183,
194, 223,
Squama, 124, 163, 227.
Squamiformis, 65, 80,
161.
Squamosus, 51, 57, 85,
86, 105, 192.
Squarrosus, 119,
Squat, 89,
Squatted, 62.
Stages, 141..
Stalked, 43.
Stamen, 100, 139.
Stamenbearing, 159.
Staminal, 88.
Staminarius, 97.
Stamineus, 98.
Staminiferus, 159,
Staminodium, 158.
Standard, 139.
Starlike, 131, 156.

Stipellus, 142.
Stipes, 84, 166, 221, 225.
Stipiformis, 55.
Stipitatus, 167.
Stipula, 81.
Stipulaneus, 86, 90, 91.
Stipularis, 88.
Stipulatus, 57.
Stipuled, 80,
Stipuliferus, 80.
Stolo, 52.
Stoloniferus, 51,
Stomatia, 39,
Stone, 175, 176,
Stonelike, 175.
Stool, 52.
Stoolbearing, 42.
Straight, 57, 76, 90, 107,
123, 135, 146, 153,
169, 202, 208, 211,
218.
Stragula, 122.
Straight-ribbed, 75.
Straplike, 106.
Stratum, 53.
Straw, 52.
Streaked, 58, 76, 135,
169, 203.
Striatus, 58, 76,
169, 192, 203.
Strictus, 55, 105.
Striga, 227.
Strigosus, 46.
Strobilus, 19.
Stroma, 222, 224.
Strombuliformis, 181.
Strombuslike, 181.
Strophiolatus, 205, 207.
Styleless, 152.
Styliscus, 15}.
Stylutegium, 163.

135,

215, 218.
Subsessilis, 78.
Substance, 53.
Substantia, 223,
Subterraneous, 48, 49.
Subulatus, 66, 83, 88,

90, 116, 121, 124,

135, 143, 146, 153,

155, 167, 183, 197.
Succeeding, 78.
Succulentus, 41, 54, 64,

Liah Qe
Succosus, 64,

Succus, 40.

Sucker, 92.
Sucker-bearing, 51.
Suffrutex, 36.
Sulcatus, 58, 76, 105,

126, 135, 157, 163,

175, 192, 203.
Solphur colour, 1590.
Sulphureus, 150.
Sammer, 99.

Summit, 142, 151.
Sunk, 194.

Sunken, 47, 63.
Superaxillaris, 90.
Superficialis, 218.
Superpesitus, 148.
Superus, 127, 151, 188,

218.

Support, 84, 104.
Supradecompositus, 73.
Surculiferus, 42.
Surculus, 52, 221.
Surrounding, 78.
Sutura, 194.
Sutural, 198.
Swimming, 47.
Swollen, 125, 180, 181,
183. fi

INDEX OF TERMS.

Sword-edged, 143.
Sword-shape, 66, 153.
Syncarpa, 189, 190.
Syconus, 190,
Sylvaticus, 47.
Sylvester, 43.
Symphyostemon, 96.
Symphytaatherus, 96.
Syngenesus, 96, 140.
Syngenesicus, 140,
Synanthos, 78,
Synantherus, 96,
Synema, 158.
Synorhizus, 213.
Synstigmaticus, 149.
Synzygia, 216,

Ate

Tail, 226.
Tailed, 147, 180.
Talara, 130.
Tearing, 117, 205.
Tearlike, 202.
Tegmen, 120, 206.
Tegumentum, 100,
Tegminatus, 208.
Tela, 37.
Ten-celled, 178.
Ten-cut, 126.
Ten-stamened, 96.
Tendril, 72, 91.
Tendril-bearing, 80.
Tendrilled. 57.
Tendril-like, 80.
Tenuis, 210,
Teres, 49, 54, 66, 153.
Tergeminatus, 73.
Tergiminus, 73.
Terminalis, 89, 92, 109,
112,142,145,159, 154.
Terna, 61, 62.
Ternatus, 72, 94,
Ternato-pinnatus, 73.
Terraneus, 46,
Terrestris, 46.
Festa, 205.
Testiculatus, 50.
Testiculus, 142.
Testis, 142.
Tetracamarus, 159.
Tetracoccus, 184.
Tetradynamus, 96, 140.
Tetragonus, 55, 67, 105,
107,146,155,171,181,
183, 186, 197, 203.
Tetragynus, 97,
Tetrander, 95.
Tetrapetalus, 129.
Tetraphyllus, 124.

Tetrapterus, 172, 181.
Tetraqueter, 55, 197.
Tetrasepalus, 124.
Tetraspermus, 187,
Tetrastichus, 93.
Tetrastylus, 152.
Texture, 37.
Thalamia, 224,
Thalamiflorus, 43.
Thalamus, 100,104,124,
159, 223.
Thallus, 223.
Theca, 142, 199, 221.
Thecaphorum, 160.
Thecidion, 172,
Thecidium, 172.
Thick, 108,110,121,144,
210, 214.
Thickened, 168, 159,
Thin, 210.
Thongshape, 149.
Thorn, 89.
Thorn-bearing, 64.
Thorned, 80.
Thorn-ended, 60.
Tiorn-like, 116.
Thorny, 46, 59, 69, 150,
170, 192.
Thread, 142.
Thread-like, 105, 107,
110, 135, 143, 146,
153, 155, 171, 197,
199, 211.
Thread-shape, 49, 55.
Thready, i76.
Three-camared, 189.
Three-celled, 152, 176,
178, 179,184,185,187.
Three-chaffed, 166.
Three-cornered, 55, 65,
155, 171, 173, 203.
Three-cut, 70, 91, 126,
134, 154, 156.
Three-edged, 55.
Three-fingered, 72.
Three-fingered-pinnate,
73.
Three-flowered, 106,119
Three-forked, 56,80,58,
143.
Three-furrowed, 192.
Three-headed, 187.
Three-leafletted, 72.
Three-leaved, 124.
Three-lobed, 70, 126,
150, 156, 162, 210.
Three-paired, 72.
Three-paleolated, 123.
Three-parted, 90, 127,
154, 187, 198, 205.
Three-parting, 198,

797

Three-petaled, 129,

‘tt hree-pointed, 135,

Three-ribbed, 75, 198.

Three-seeded, 172, 187.

Three-sepaled, 124.

Three-sided, 55, 67,105,
107, 153; 165, W755
176, 185, 197.

Three-stamened, 95.

Three-styled, 97, 152.

Three-toothed, 68, 126.

Three-valved, 148, 176,
187.

Three-winged, 172,186,
204,

Threes, 61, 94.

Thrice-compounded, 73.

Thrice-feather-cut, 71.

Throat, 136,

Thyrsus, 101, 112.

Tied, 150.

Tigella, 219.

Tigellatus, 217.

Tiled, 103, 118, 122.

Tile-like, 62, 141, 180,
201.

Tiling, 79.

Tip, 148, 213.

Tomentosus, 46, 58, 77,
170, 192.

Tomentum, 226.

Tongue, 164.

Tongueshape, 66, 172.

Tooth, 222,

Toothed, 51, 69,83, 108,
126, 134, 135, 1556,
168, 169.

Topshape, 125, 153,165,
177, 179,186,202,211.

Topwinged, 181,

Torfaceus, 47.

Torn, 80, 83, 126.

Torsus, 123, 146.

Tortuosus, 57.

Tortus, 137, 143, 157.

Torulosus, 143,183,185.

Torus, 101, 159.

Trachee, 37.

Transversus, 193, 212.

Transitorius, 132.

Transparent, 210,

Transversalis, 194,

Transversim, 148,

Trapezoideus, 65.

Tree, 36.

Triadelphus, 140.

Trialatus, 204,

Triander, 95.

Triangularis, 55,65,17!.

Trica, 223.

Tricamarus, 189.

798

Tricephalus, 187.
Trichotomus, 56, 80.
Tricoccus, 184,185.
Tricuspidatus, 135, 143,
Tridentatus,68,126,143.
Tridigitato-pinnatus, 73
Tridigitatus, 72,
Trifidus, 70,91,126,134,
154, 156.

Triflorus, 106, 119.

Trifoliolatus, 72.

Trifurcatus, 88.

Trigeminate, 73.

Triglans, 173.

Trigonus, 55, 67, 105,
107, 153, 155, 165,
171, 175, 176, 185,
186, 197, 203.

Trigynus, 97.

Trijugus, 72.

Trilateralis, 197.

Trilobatus,126,156,162,
210.

Trilobus, 70, 150.

Trilocularis, 152, 176,
178, 179, 187.

Trinervis, 198.

Trinervius, 75.

Trioicus, 44.

Tripaleaceus, 166.

Tripaleolatus, 123.

Tripartibilis, 187, 198.

Tripartitus, 90,127,154,
198, 205.

Tripennaticisus, Tl. -

Tripetalus, 129,

Tripinnatus, 74.

Triple-ribbed, 75.

Triplex, 154.

Triplinervius, 75.

Tripterus, 172, 186, 204.

Triqueter, 55, 67, 155,
171, 197, 203.

Trispermus, 172, 187.

Tristvlus, 152.

Trisulcatus, 192.

Triternatus, 74.

Trivalvis, 148,176, 187.

Trochlearis, 211.

Trophospermum, 196.

True, 178.

Truncatus, 50, 68, 80,
122, 124, 126, 146,
156, 186.

Truncus, 52,

Tuba, 151.

Tuber, 49, 50.

Tubercular, 203, 223.

Tuberculatus, 58, 107,
197, 203, 208.

Tuberculum, 49, 50.

Tuberosus, 49, 85, 209.
Tubiferus, 98.
Tubularis, 80.
Tubular, 125, 171.
Tubulatus, 125, 130.
Tubulosus, 81, 125, 130,
144, 153, 171.
Tubus, 37, 135, 225.
Tuft, 116.
Tufted, 204.
Tunica, 204, 206.
Tunicatus, 85, 208.
Tunicosus, 85,
Turbinatus, 125, 153,
165, Wit,, 1795, 186;
190, 202, 211.
Turgidus, 168, 180, 181,
183.
Turio, 85.
Turioniferus, 51.
Turned back, 105, 118,
128, 137, 138, 214.
Turned backwards, 89.
Turned in, 137, 138.
Turned over, 131.
Turnepshape, 49.
Turning, 79, 145.
Twelve-cut, 126.
Twelve-sided, 150.
Twelve-stvled, 97.
Twenty-sided, 159.
T wice-compounded, 73.
Twice-feather-cut, 71,
Twice-feather-parted,
71.
Twice-flowering, 43.
Twigs, 59.
Twin, 62, 82, 146, 183,
185.
Twisted, 103, 123, 137,
146, 157.
Two-beaked, 165,
Two-celled, 147, 151,
172, 174—176, 179,
182, 184, 185, 187.
Two-chaffed, 166.
Two-cotyledon, 211.
Two-cut, 70, 91, 126,
134, 146, 154, 156.
Two-edged, 54,103,143.
Two-fingered, 71.
Two-fingered-pinnate,
73.
Two-flaked, 157, 195.
Two-flowered, 106,117,
119, 120.
Two-forked, 56, 79, 88,
106, 143, 154.
Two-furrowed, 192.
Two-headed, 186.
Two-holed, 148.

INDEX OF TERMS.

Two-horned, 146, 166,
183, 191.
Two-leaved, 117, 124.
Two-lipped, 126, 131,
134,
Two-lobed, 70, 126,147,
156, 162, 215,
Twoepaired, 72.
Two-paleolated, 123.
Two-parted, 71, 90,127,
134, 154, 187, 198.
Two-parting, 198,
Two-partible, 168.
Two-petaled, 129.
Two-pointed, 88.
Two-ranked, 62,
Two-ribbed, 198.
Two-rowed, 59, 93, 122.
Two-seeded, 172, 175,
177, 179,182, 184,187.
Two-sepaled, 124,
Two-sided, 63, 149, 197.
Two-spathelled, 120.
Twoespathelluled, 122.
Two-stamened, 92.
Two-styled, 97, 152.
Two-teethed, 121, 122.
Two-valved, 176, 187.
Two-vittated, 170.
Two-winged, 204,
Twos, 95.

U.

Uliginosus, 47.
Unarmed, 166.
Umbella, 112, 113.
Umbellatus, 102.
Umbelflowered, 117.
Umbelliferus, 117.
Umbellula, 114, 156.
Umbilicus,207,208,218.
Umbrosus, 47.
Uncinatus, 68, 131,135,
156, 199.
Uneus, 227.
Uncut, 80, 83, 122, 135,
138, 168, 215.
Undivided, 106, 171.
Undalato-crenvilatus,
135.
Undulatus, 74, 134, 135,
169, 17).
Unequal, 67, 121, 128,
134, 140, 167.
Unguiculatus, 133.
Unialatus, 172, 204.
Unicus, 56, 95, 151, 152,
154, 209.
Uniferus, 43,

INDEX OF TERMS.

UWniflorus, 105, 106,115,
117, 119, 120.
Uniforatus, 148.
Unifoliatus, 71.
Uniformis, 94, 114.
Uniglans, 173.
Unijugus, 72.
Unilabiatus, 131.
Unilateralis, 63, 93,121,
133, 141,161,197,209.
Unilobus, 147.
Unilocularis, 147, 151,
172,175,176,178,179,
182, 184, 185, 187.
Uninervatus, 75.
Uninervis, 198.
Uninervius, 75.
Unipaleaceus, 120, #22.
Unipaleolatus, 123.
Unipetalus, 130.
Wnique, 94.
Unispathellatus, 120,122
UWnisexualis, 44, 95.
Unisulcatus, 176, 192.
Univalvis, 117, 187.
Univittatus, 170.
Unlike, 147, 149, 215.
Unlike-flowered, 114.
Upright, 56,93,109, 111,
128, $33, 137, 141,
145, 153, 157, 174,
180, 191, 200.
Urceolatus, 118,125,130
Urceolus, 157, 163.
Urna, 221.
Utricula, 177.
Utricularis, 57, 176.
Utricularius, 64.
Utriculosus, 51.
Utriculus, 37, 142, 150,
¥72,

Vv.

Wacillans, 145,

Vanishing, 162.

Vagina, 53, 83, 151.

Vaginans,63,80,81,144,
157.

Vaginatus, 57, 105.

Waginella, 84.

Vaginula, 221.

Vagus, 194, 201, 213,

Vallecula, 169.

Valva,116,120,122, 148,"

19Se218%1) 3
Valvaris, 103, 195, 197.
Valvatus, 103.
Valveanus, 195.
Valveless, 176.
Valvula, 120, 148, 193,

Variegatus, 77.

Vas, 37, 38, 39,151,216,

Vasculum, 84,

Vegetabilia, 36.

Veined, 76.

Veinless, 76.

Veiny, 192.

Velumen, 226,

Velutinus, 45, 58, 77,
157, 192.

Velvet, 45, 226,
Velvetty, 58, 77, 124,
144, 153, 157, 192.

Vena, 225.

Venosus, 76, 192.

Ventricosus, 105, 125,
135, 180.

Vernalis, 99.

Vernatio, 86.

Vernus, 99.

Verruca, 226.

Verrucosus, 58, 77, 170,
192,

Versatilis, 145.

Vertebral, 72.

Vertebratus, 72,108,182

Verticalis, £6, 153.

Verticillatus,59,61,102,
180, 196, 214.

Verticillifiorus, 110.

Verticillus, 110.

Verus, 178. |

Very branchy, 56.

Very long, 106, 153.

Very much compressed,
66.

Very open, 60, 63.

Very short, 106, 153.

Very simple, 56.

Very small, 82, 214.

Vesicles, 37.

Vesicula, 84, 225.

Vesicularis, 87, 206.

Vessels, 37, 88.

Vexillaris, 103.

Vexillum, 130.

Villosity, 226.

Villosus, 45, 58,77, 107,
124,136,144,153,157,
170, 192, 197, 204.

Villus, 40, 226.

Vinealis, 46.

Vineyard, 46.

Violaceus, 132.

Violet, 132.

Violon-shaped, 69.

Virgatus, 54.

Viridis,77,132,210,213.

Viridi-lutens, 132.

Viscosus, 45, 77, 157.

Visibilis, 217, 219.

19

Vitellus, 219.
Viticula, 52.
Vitta, 38, 170.
Volubilis, 57,
Volva, 225.

W.

Wall, 46.

Wanting, 167.

Wart, 226.

Warted, 192.

Warty, 58,77, 170, 203.

Water, 47.

Waved,74,134,135,169,,
171.

Wavy crenulated, 135..

Weak, 55, 105.

Wedge-like, 65.

Wedge-shape, 133, 143.

Wheel-like, 131.

Whirl, 61, 102, 110,180,
214,

Whirled, 59, 196.

White, 132, 210, 213.

Whitish, 149,

Wide-apart, 214,

Wild, 43,

Winding, 146, 208.

Wing, 130, 164, 226.

Winged, 57,80,165,168,.
170, 172, V80, 1835,
185, 191, 194, 204,

Winter, 99.

Withering, 128,

Wood, 53.

Woodland, 47.

Woody, 41, 49, 53, 54,
117,191,196.

Wool, 226.

Woolliness, 226.

Woolly, 46, 58, 77, 192,.
204,

Wrinkled, 58, 74, 168.
169, 192, 203, 210.

Wrinkly, 168.

X.
Xylopodium, 174.

Y.
Yellow, 132, 150.
Yellowish, 149, 213.
Yellowish orange, 132.-

Z.

Zonatus, 78.
Zoned, 78.

800

Terminations of derivatives.

= adelphos, 142. deh fat — dendron, 36. inet — podos, 104. peduncle
— anthos, 92. fierser — derma, 53. ath — pogon, 222, 226. trar2

— athera, 123, 226.awn — erion, 226. wot | — pus, 104. 4A2emckey

— botane, 36. Aleut — gonoi, 100. 7euteao —_ rhizos, 48: icles

— botanos, 36. 7° | —gyne, 100,150. Ace4¢ — stachys, 109, J7-*£ a,
— botrys, 11]. fever — gynos, 100, 150, 52 — stemon, 100, 139. 4447"
—carpon, 164,7f — lepis, 227. /cale — spermum, 200. ~

— centhrum, 162. hur — nema, 142, flame — thalamum, 101, 159, hed
— cephalum, 115. head — pes, 104. jAacluncke — tropis, 130. 4
— cherta, 123, 226.0% — phyllum, 61. @zf — ura, 226. fact i
— clinium, 101, 159.ecl — phytos, 36. ddawt = — xylon, 53, <7?
~- AKA CLUS J fuk

INDEX OF PLANTS.

A. Aithalium, 567. Agaricus ceraceus, 607.

Afzelia, 731,732, 743, — chalybeus, 608,

AcETABULUM, 438, 672. Agaricidex, 599. — ciliaris, 633.
Acladium, 556. Agaricus acris, 625. — cimicarius, 625.
Acolium, 482. — acuminatus, 633. — cinctulus, 633. _
Acorn, dog’s, 675. — Adonis, 620, — cinereus, 634,
Acremonium, 550. — adustus, 614, — cinnamomeus, 630.
Acrospermum, 595,659. — wruginosus, 627. — citrinus, 599,
Acrosporium, 552. — affinis, 608. — clavus, 621.
Actidium, 508, 509. — albellus, 609. — coccineus, 621;
Adiantum ayreum, 720, — albus, 610, 611, — cochleatus, 612,

(2k. — alliaceus, 619. — collariatus, 622,
Adonis, 620. — alneus, 617, — collinitus, 628,
Ecidium, 534—538. — alumnus, 611. — collinus, 607.
— anemones, 537, 538. — amanite, 611. — colubrinus, 602.
— asperifoliz, 536. — amarus, 627. — columbarius, 608,
— asperifoliarum, 536. — amethysteus, 614, — comatus, 634,
— barbaree, 535. — androsaceus, 622. — compressus, 610.
— berberidis, 534. — annularius, 603, — confertus, 631.
—— bunii, 535. — applicatus, 617. — confluens, 612.
— cancellatum, 534, — araneosus, 629. — congregatus, 603,
— characee, 537. — arundinaceus, 607. — contiguus, 611.
— cichoracearum, 537, — arvensis, 626. — coprinus, 635.
— clematitis, 536. — atro-albus, 619, — coriaceus, 617.
— confertum, 535. — atrorufus, 620, — cornucopioides, 612.
— corni, 536. — aurantiacus, 636. — corticalis, 621.
— cornutum, 534, — auratus, 627. — crassipes, 605.
—crassum, 535, — aureus, 603. — cretaceus, 633.
— epilobii, 538. — aurivellus, 602. — cristatus, 602.
— euphorbie, 537. — aurivenius, 604, — croceus, 602, 630,
— fuscum, 542. — badipus, 605. — cumulatus, 603.
— irregulare, 535. — Beryllus, 627. — cuspidatus, 631,
— laceratum, 534. —- betulinus, 617. — cyaneus, 627,
— leucospermum, 537. — bicolor, 628. — cyanus, 627.
— oxyacanthe, 534. — brevipes, 609. —cyathiformis, 611,
— periclymeni, 537. — bulbosus, 599, 630. 612, 614,
— punctatum, 538. — ceruleus, 606. — cyathoides, 614,
— .ranunculi, 535. — calceolarius, 602. — cylindricus, 634,
— rubellum, 536. — callochrous, 629. — deliciosus, 624,
— rubi, 538. — campanella, 623. — denticulatus, 630.
— rumicis, 536, — campestris, 626. — depluens, 617.
— tragopogi, 537. — candicans, 613. — domesticus, 635,
= tragopogonis, 537. — candidus, 611. — dryophilus, 612,
— tussilaginis, 536,537, — cantharelloides, 636. — dulcis, 624.
— urtice, 536. — cantharellus, 636. — eburneus, 610.
— violarum, 537. — carnosus, 615. — edulis, 626.
FEgagropila, 308, — castaneus, 611. — elephantinus, 614,
figerita, 546. — caulicinalis, 605. — elixus, 614.
Migeritadee, 546, — cepexstipes, 633. — emeticus, 618,

VOL. I. 3

802 INDEX OF PLANTS.

Agaricus ephemerus, Agaricus Listeri, 623, Agaricus porosus, 648.

635. 625. — porreus, 619.
— epigezus, 617. — lobatus, 612. — pratensis, 604, 607,
— epiphyllus, 622. — longipes, 605, — procerus, 601,
— epipterygius, 620. — luridus, 606. — pubescens, 616,
— ericetorum, 623, — luteo-albus, 620. — pullatus, 634.
— ericeus, 613. — luteus, 618, 633. — pulverusentus, 627.
-—ericeus,631, ” — lycoperdoides, 635, — purpureus, 608,
— excoriatus, 601. — macrorhizus, 605. — purus, 608,
— extinctorius, 632. — maculatus, 600, — quercinus, 638.
— facie, 641. — mappa, 599, — radiatus, 605, 635.
— farinaceus, 612, 613. — margaritiferus, 600. — racemosus, 620.
— fascicularis, 627. — meleagris, 609, — ramealis, 611.
— fibula, 623. — melleus, 603. — reflexus, 604.
— ficoides, 604. — membranaceus, 546, — rimosus, 604.
— filamentosus, 602. 612,631, — risigallinus, 648,
— fimbriatus, 622, — miniatus, 604, — rosellus, 613.
— fimetarius, 634. — mollis, 609, 616. — roseus, 608, 618,
— fimiputris, 632. — mucosus, 628, — rotula, 622.
— flabelliformis, 615, — multifidus, 617) — rubens, 629.
— flaccidus, 612. ~ — muscarius, 600. — rubescens, 625,
— flavidus, 632. — muscigenus, 637, — russula, 607, 618.
— flavipes, 619. — Mycena, 621. — rutilans, 606,
— flavo-floccosus, 602. — myodes, 600. — rutilus, 629,
— floccosus, 602. — myomyces, 608. — sanguineus, 629,
— feenisecii, 631. — nebularis, 609. — scaber, 630,
— fornicatus, 615, — nigricans, 614, 616. — semiglobatus, 632.
— fragilis, 623. — nhigripes, 605, — semiovatus, 632,
— fragrans, 613. — nitens, 610. — semistriatus, 635.
— fulvosus, 604. — niveus, 616, — sericeus, 614.
— fuscus, 60}, 625. — nudus, 628, — sessilis, 616.
— fusipes, 605. — nutans, 620, ' — sordidus, 614,
— galericulatus, 619. | — obesus, 607. — squamosus, 613.
— geophilus, 608. - — oblectus, 634. — squamula, 622.
— gibbus, 612. — ochraceus, 602. — squarrosus, 602.
— gilvus, 612. — odorus, 606. — stipitis, 603.
— glaucopus, 629. — orcellus, 615. — striatus, 635.
—— glutinosus, 629, 632. — oreades, 604, — strobilinus, 621.
— gomphus, 629. — ostreatus, 616, — stypticus, 616.
— gracilis, 631. — pallidus, 606. — subantiquatus, 602.
— granulosus, 602. — palmatus, 615. — sulphureus, 606.
— graveolens, 610. — papilionacens, 633. — tardus, 614.
— helvolus, 603,631... — papyraceus, 631, — tener, 620.
— hinnuleus, 603. — parasiticus, 610. — tentaculatus, 621.
— Hudsoni, 620. — perforans, 622. — terreus, 608.
— incanus, 615. — peronatus, 607, — theiogalus, 624.
— incarnatus, 608. — petasitidis, 536. — tigrinus, 613.
— inconstans, 615. — picaceus, 634. — titubans, 632.
— infundibuliformis, — pileolarius, 609. — tomentosus, 634.
612, — pilipes, 611. — torminosus, 624.
— infundibulum, 614,. — pilosus, 604, 620. — tortilis, 613.
~~ integer, 607, 618. — piperatus, 625,624, — tremulus, 617.
— integrellus, 621. — phonospermus, 606. — tuberosus, 611.
— involutus, 611. — plicatus,619,634,635 — turbinatus, 629.
— jozzolus, 610. — plumbeus, 601, 625, — ulmarius, 615.
— labyrinthiformis,638 — plumosus, 609, — umbilicatus, 613.
— lacrymabundus, 633. — politus, 627. — umbratus, 610.
— lacteus, 622. — polygrammus, 619, — vaginatus, 601.
— lactifluus, 623—625, — polymyces, 603. — variabilis, 616.
— lateritius, 627. — pomposus, 627. — variegatus, 621.

— limacinus, 609. . — porcellaneus, 634.. — varius, 619, 629,63).
1

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Agaricus velutinus, 633.

—— velutipes, 605.

— venosus, 622.

— verrucosus, 600,

— villosus, 617.

— violaceus, 628,

— violacev-cinereus,
628.

— virgineus, 610, 613.

— viridis, 606.

— viridulus, 627.

— virosus, 632.

— viscidus, 629.

— volvaceus, 601.

— xerampelinus, 606.

— zonarius, 624, 625.

Agardh, 299.

Agardhia, 299.

Albatrello, 645.

Albatrellus, 645.

Albugo, 540.

Aicyonidez, 352.

Tee seen tees

Alcyonium,292,353,362

Alectoria, 407, 408.

Alga, 306.

— exigua, 394.

— latifolia, 389.

— marina, 390.

Alge, 408,436,507,547,
677.

Alyxoria, 50!.

Amanita, +599—601,

Aranite, 599, 600.

Ananas, 358,

Anandre, 532, 547.

Andrea, 708, 709.

Anictangium, 713, 714,
730.

Anomodon, 7438.

Anthoceridez, 681,

Anthoceros, 681.

Apus, 617.

Arbuseula, 333.

Arcell, 440,

Arcyvia, +576,577,579.

Ardenia, 657,

Arthronia, +479, 480,
504.

Ascobolides, 674.

Ascobolus, 674.

Ascophora, 543, 561.

Aspergillider, 552.

Aspergillus, +553—555.

Asperococcus, 342,

Asterophora, 635.

Asterophoridex, 635.

Astoma, 523—526.

Astome, 523—526.

Astroites, 479,

Aurantia, 526.
Aurantium, 362, 581.
Auricula, 594,
Auricularia, 652, 653.
Auriscalpium, 650,

B.

Bacealaria, 393.

Beomyces, 412, 413.

— alcicornis, 418,

— amaurocreus, 422.

— bacillaris, 420, 422.

— bellidiflorus, 424,

— cervicornis, 418.

— cocciferus, 423.

— cornucopioides, 423.

— cornutus, 420, 421,

— deformis, 423.

— delicatus, 416.

— digitatus, 422,

— endivifolius, 418,

— epiphyllus, 417,

— fimbriatus, 419,

— furcatus, 414.

— gracilis, 421.

— lignorum, 413.

— macilentus, 422.

— neglectus, 419.

— papillaris, 424,

— paschalis, 41].

—.pleurotus, 424,

— pungens, 415.

— pyxidatus, 419, 421,
AQ4,

— quercinus, 416.

— racemosus, 414,

— radiatus, 420.

— rangiferinus, 415.

— roseus, 412.

— rubiformis, 461,

— rufus, 413.

— rupestris, 413.

— sparassus, 417,

=— spinosus, 414,

— squamesus, 417.

— subulatus, 415,

— turbinatus, 419, 420.

— uncialis, 415,

- — vermicularis, 413.

— verticillatus, 419.

‘ Beomycidee, 411.

Bag, spring, 580, 581.
Bali, moor, 308.

— puif, 583, 584.

— soft, 546.

Bangia, 287, 314.
Bangidew, 287.
Barbula, 722, 725.

803

Bartram, 750, 751.
Bartramia, 750, 751.
Batarrea, 675,
Batrachospermum, 284,
302, 330, 331.
Bazzanio, 704.
Bazzanius, 704.
Bearer, cross, 683.
— cup, 683.
Beryllus, 627.
Biddulph, 294.
Biddulphia, 294,
Blasia, 686.
Blasius, 686.
Blewits, 628,
Bolete, 640—643.
Boletidex, 639.
Boletus, 630, 640—643 |
— abietinus, 643.
— albidus, 640, 645.
— alneus, 640.
~~ angustatus, 639.
— annularius, 646,
— annulatus, 646.
— applanatus, 642.
— aurantiacus, 646.
— badius, 644.

’ -— betulinus, 641.

— biennis, 649.

— buglossum, 648.
— cesius, 640.

— calceolus, 644.
carpineus, 641. .
caudicinus, 643.
cellulosus, 643.
cinnamomeus, 645.
citrinus, 643.

— confragosus, 638.
— constrictus, 645, 647.
— cortinatus, 646.
— cristatus, 643,

— cryptarum, 639.
— cyanescens, 647.
— destructor, 639.
— dryadeus, 642.

— durus, 644.

— edulis, 647, 648.
— elephantinus, 648.
— entybaceus, 643.
— fimbriatus, 644.
— flavus, 646.

— floriformis, 643.
— frondosus, 643.

— fomentarius,641,642.
— fuligiveus, 645.
— hepaticus, 648.

— heteroclitus, 640.

—

* — hippoerepis, 642.

— hispidus, 640.
— igniarius, 641, 642.
— juglandis, 643.

3 F2

804 INDEX OF PLANTS.

Boletus labyrinthifor- Bryum apocarpon, 726. Bryum bumile, 723..

mis, 638. — apocarpum, 713. — hygrometricum, 144..
— laccatus, 644, — aquaticum, 736. — hy pnoides,739—T4YI,,
— lacrymans, 637. — argenteum, 768, 769. vir
— lactifluus, 647, — aristatum, 725. ~ — imberbe, 724.

— lateralis, 644, — aureum, 744, 768. — immersum, 735.
— leptocephalus, 645. — bicolor, 770. — inclinatum, 742.
— Lipsiensis, 642. — bimum, 771. — incurvum, 720.
— lucidus, 644. — bipartitum, 742. — julaceum, 768,

— luridus, 648, — boreale, 770. — lanceolatum, 730.
— luteus, 646. — Brownianum, 717. — lanuginosum, 739.
— medulla panis, 640, — cxspiticium, 770. — lapponicum, 714.
— nitens, 644, — callistomum, 738, — laterale, 751.
—nummularius, 644. —calyptra, 726. — Hgulatum, 772.
— obtusus, 642. — capillaceum, 743. — linear, 743.

— ovinus, 645, — capillare, 770. — longicollum, 771.
— perennis, 644,645. —capitulis, 718, 719, — longifolium, 736.
— piperatus, 647. 723, 725, 736, 738, — longisetum, 770.
— polyporus, 645. 769, 770. — lutescens, 741.

— pomaceus, 642. — carneum, 769. — macrocarpon, 740.
— prunastri, 642, — Celsii, 722. — majus, 723.

— pseudo-igniarius,642 — cerviculatum, 735, §=— marginatum, 772.
— radiatus, 640, — ciliare, 725. — minus, 723.

— rubeolarius, 648, — ciliatum, 713. — minutum, 730.

— salicinus, 641. — cirratum, 741, — minoides, 768.

— scaber, 647.. — compactum, 771. — murale, 723.

— sebaceus, 639. — conoideum, 744. — nigricans, 770,
— sinuosus, 638. — convulutum, 725, — nigritum, 729.

— spongiosus, 640. — crispatum, 730, — nitidum, 769—773.,
— squamosus, 643, — crispum, 745, — nutans, T71.

— suaveolens, 639, 641. — crudum, 768, 769. — pallens, 770.

— suberosus, 641. — cubitale, 771. -. —pallescens, 770.
— subtomentosus, 644, — cuneifolium, 723. — paludosum, 732.

647, : — curvirostrum, 731. — — palustre,714,736,767

— sulphureus, 643, 645.. — cuspidatum, 773. — papillosum, 742.

— ungulatus, 642, — cylindricum, 771. — parvulum, 735.

— unicolor, 649, ~-— Daviesii, 727. — parvum, 715, 716.
— varius, 644. — dealbatum, 768. - — patens, 739.

— velutinus, 640. — delicatulum, 769. — paucifolium, 716.

— vernicosus, 644, — Dicksoni,. 731. — pellucidum, 717,736:
— versicolor, 642, — elongatum, 771. — pendulum, 768, 773.
— villosus, 640, — erythrocarpum, 770, — piliferum, 734.
Bone, back, 338. — exiguum, 715, — pilosum, 733.
Borrer, 434, 435. —extinctorium,775,726 — polyphyllum, 741,
Borrera, 434, 435.. — fasciculare, 715,741, — pomiforme, 750.
Borrichius, 330, — fasciculatum, 732. — proliferum, 770.
Botrytis, 552, 553,554, — filiforme, 768, — pseudotriquetrum, —
Bovista, 582, 583. — flavescens, 736. 771.

Box, pill, 586. — flexifolium, 742, — pulchellum, 769.
Bryon lactuczfolium, — flexuosum, 735. — pulvyinatum, 727, -

243, — foliis, 714, 724, 742, — punctatum, 772.
Bryopsis, 288, 289, — fontanum, 75}, — pusillum, 738.
Bryum, 767—773. — Forsteri, 714, — pyriforme, 716, 768..
— acaulon, 722. — fragile, 735. - — quod muscus, 751.
— aciculare,.741, — fulvellum, 733, — recurvatum, 732,

— acutum, 733, — glaucum, 734, — recurvirostrum, 731..
— Agypti, 715. — Griffithsianum, 714, — reticulatum, 719.

— exstivum, 714,743, — Heimii, 7)5. — rigidulum, 743,

— alpinum, 771. — heteromallum, 738. — rigidum, 722.

—ampullaceum,718, . — heterostichum, 740, — roseum, 769, 770,
— androgynum, 767. . = hornum,773. — restratum, 772.

INDEX OF RLANTS.

Bryum rubrum, 738,
— rufescens, 738,
—~ rugosum, 737.

— rurale, 723,

— Schleicheri, 770.

— scoparium, 738.

— sericcum, 771,

— serpyllifolium, 770,
M2173,

— serratum, 773.

— sessile, 745.

—setaceum, 725, 731,
132,

-— simplex, 738.

— splachnoides, 733,

— spurium, 737.

— Starkeanum, 730.

— stellare, 731, 770.

— stellatum, 724.

— stelligerum, 714,

— striatum, 745, 747,

— strictum, 742,

— strumiferum, 735,

— subulatum, 723,

-— tectorum, 745.

— tenue, 725, 742,

— tortuosum, 724,

— trichodes, 738, 767,
768, 771.

— trichoides, 724, 725,
7127,731,732,734,735,
738,740,741 ,750,770.

— trifarium, 743.

— triquetrum, 767, 768,
770,771,

— truncatulum, 715,

— turbinatum, 770.

— undulatum, 719,772.

— unguiculatum, 725,

— vaginale, 737.

— ventricosum, 77].

— verticillatum, 732,
133.

— virens, 731,

— viridissimum, 714.

— viridulum, 731, 733.

— vulgare, 750,

— Wahlenbergii, 770.

— Weissia, 743,

— Zierii, 769.

Bud, mould, 589, 590.

Bulbochete, 321.

Bursa, 292.

Buxbaum, 749, 750.

Buxbaumia, 717, TA9,
750.

Byssidez, 556.

Byssocladium, 551, 552.

Byssus, 558, +562.

— antiquitatis, 350,538,

— bombycina, 558,

Byssus botryoides, 349.

— candidissima, 466,
— chain, 556.

— floccosa, 558.

— flos aque, 352.
— incana, 470.

— jolithus, 350.

— lactea, 466.

— lanuginosa, 332.
— latissima, 352.
— moliissima, 558,
— mouseskin, 558.
— nigra, 558,

— petrea, 558.

— pulverulenta, 470.
— ring, 556, 557.
— rust, 555,

— saxatilis, 350,

— septica, 558,

— spiral, 557.

— subterranea, 558.
— tenerrima, 309,
— velutina, 309.

C.

Czoma, 538.
Calceolus, 644.
Calicidiz, 481.
Calicium, 482, 485.
Callibryon, 719.
Callithamnion, 322,326,
329.
Calycina, 669, 670,
Calyculus, 673.
Calyptrate, 677.
Campanella, 623,
Cancellaria, 534.
Cantharellus, 636, 637.
Cap, hairy, 7119—722,
Capitularia, 417—424,
Carpobolus, 581.
Carrodori, 350.
Carrodorus, 350.
Catharinea, 719, 720.
Cavendish, 689, 690.
Cavendishia, 689, 690.
Cellularia, 666.
Cenomycidee, 413.

Cenomyce adunca, 415.

— alcicornis, 418.

—allotropa, 417, 419,
420.

— bacillaris, 420, 422,

— cervicornis, 418,

— eoccifera, 423.

— coccocephala, 424.

— cornuta, 420, 421.

— damzcornis, 418.

— deformis, 422, 423.

805

Cenomyce delicata, 416,

— ecmocyna, 415, 42).

— endivifolia, 418.

— epiphylla, 417.

— furcata, 414, 415,

— gonorege, 417,

— leptophylla, 416,

— oxycera, 422.

— papillaria, 424,

— pyxidata, 419, 421,

— radiata, 420.

— rangiferina, 415.

— rubiformis, 461,

— uncialis, 415, 422,

— vermicularis, 413.

Cenothalamee, 408.

Cepa, 582.

Cephalotrichum, 563.

Ceramidex, 320.

Ceramium asperum,305.

— bracheatum, 322,

— brachygonum, 334.

— byssoides, 337.

— cespitosum, 289,

— chalybeum, 322.

— ciliatum, 328.

— cirrhosum, 332.

— confervoides, 322,

— diaphanum, 327.

— dichotomum, 289.

— Dilwynii, 290.

— elongatum, 327, 334.

— fastigiatum, 338.

—‘filum, 386.

— floccosum, 324.

— forcipatum, 328.

— forficatum, 327.

— gigartinum, 372.

— incuryvum, 382.

— inflexum, 347.

— longissimum,
386.

— molle, 337.

— nodulosum, 330.

— pedicellatum, 323.

— plicatum, 374.

— plocamium, 382,

— plumosum, 383.

— plumula, 324.

— pulchellum, 322,

— repens, 325.

— roseum, 323.

— rubrum, 327.

— rupestre, 305.

375,

- — scoparium, 332.

— siliculosum, 322.
— tomentosum, 321.
— torulosum, 381.
— tubulosum, 380.
— Turneri, 325.

99°

— verticillatum, 331.

806

Ceramium violaceum,

335.

— virgatum, 327,
Cerania, 413.
Ceratium, 562.
Ceratospermum, 518,
Cerrena, 649.
Cervina, 389,

Cesius, 705.
Cetraria, 432, 433. — inequalis, 657.
Chetophora, 284, 301, — laciniata, 653.

302. — militaris, 511,
Chztophore, 201. — minuta, 659,
Chanterelle, 636, 637.. ——- muscoides, 655.
Chantransia, 288, 306, — obtusa, 659.

312, 316. — ophioglossoides, 658.
Chara, 302, 330, 331. — palmata, 654,
Choaspis, 299. — pedunculata, 512,
Chondria, 377,378,380, — phacorhiza, 658. .

382. — phosphorea, 488,

’ Chondrus, 365, 367,368, — pistillaris, 657, 658,
Chorda, 386. — polymorpha, 659. ~
Chordaria, 301,347,374, — pratensis,655,_ -

376, 386, 387, — puccinia, 562.

Clavaria ferruginea,660

— fragilis, 656.

— fusiformis, 657.

— gracilis, 656.

— gyrans, 658.

— herbarum, 659.

— Herculeana, 657,658.

— hypoxylon, 488, 489,
512,

Cinclidotus, 722. — radicosa, 512.
Cionium, 571, 572. » —resinosorum, 544,
Circinostoma, 520, 521. — rugosa, 655.

Circinostome, 520, 521. — serpentina, 650.

Cladonia, +413—415, — spathula, 663.
ALT —424, — solida, 656.

Cladosporium, 556. — truncata, 638,

Cladostephus,331,+332, — tuberosa, 655,

Clathrata, 346. — vermicularis, 657.

Clathrus, 483, 485,576, — vermiculata, 657.
577, 579. — viridis, 659.

Clavaria, 656—658. Clavaridez, 654.

— acuta, 657. Clavus, 621.

— amethystea, 656. Climacium, 758; |

— anthocephala, 654... Codium, 292, 293.

— Ardenia, 657. Ceeomidee, 533.

— Ardeniz, 657. Ceomure, 541,

— atropurpurea, 658, Coeomurus, 541.

— bifurca, 657. Collema byssinum, 402.

— byssoides, 654, — corrugatum, 398.

— ceranoides, 655. — crenulatum, 396.

— cinerea, 656. — cretaceum, 398,

— coccinea, 547. — crispum, 396.

— coralloides, 655, 656. — fasciculare, 398,

— coriacea, 656. — flaccidum, 400,

— cornea, 654. — fluviale, 397.

— corniculata, 655, — furvum, 400.

— cylindrica, 511, 656. — glaucescens, 396.

— digitata, 512,513. — granulossum, 400.

— eburnea, 656. — lacerum, 401.

— elegans, 655. — laciniatum, 397.

— epiphylla, 660. — marginale, 401.

— erythropus, 658. — marginellum, 401.

— fabe, 654. — melznum, 397.

— farinosa, 654. — microphyllum, 396.

— fasciculata, 657. . — muscicola, 402.

-— fastigiata, 655. — nigrescens, 399.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Collema nigrum,396 402
— palmatum, 398.

— pannosum, 402,

— plicatile, 397.

— plicatum, 401.

— polycarpon, 398;
— pulposum, 396.

— Saturninum, 399. |
— Schraderi, 402.

— Scotinum, 400.

— sinuatum, 400.

— spongiosum, 402,
— subtile, 401.

— tenax, 397.

— tenuissimum, 402.
— tomentosum, 399,
— tremelloides, 401.

' — turgidum, 397,

— vespertilio, 399.
Collematidex, 395.
Coltricia, 644, 645.
Coltricione, 644, 645,
Conferva, 303—316.
— wegagropila, 308.

. — egagropilaris, 308.

— #rea, 313.

— wruginosa, 307.

— Agardhiana, 299,
— albida, 306,

— alpina, 331,

— alternata, 312.

— araneosa, 286.

— arbuscula, 332.

— arcta, 307.

— arenaria, 309.

— atra, 330.

— atramenti, 559.

— atropurpurea, 287,
—. atrorubescens, 337.
— atrovirens, 287, 406.
— badia, 336.

— barbata, 329.

— bicolor, 282.

— Biddulphia, 294.
— bipartita, 313.

— bipunctata, 296.
— Borreri, 316, 323.
— brachiata, 322.

— branchialis, 294.
— brevi-articulata,311.
— Brodizi, 338.

— Brownii, 309.

— bullosa, 304.

— bursata, 289.

— byssoides, 337.

— cwrulescens, 299.
— calycina, 310,

— canalicularis, 291.
— capillaris, 332, 313.
— centralis, 308.

— chalybea, 322,

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Conferva chara, 302,
— ciliata, 328.

— cirrhosa, 332.

— clathrata, 346.

— coccinea, 334,

— comoides, 286.

— compacta, 312, 313.
— compressa, 346.
— confervicola, 284.
— confragosa, 282.
— conjugata, 299,
— corallina, 329,

— coralloides, 329.
— corymbifera, 322.
— corymbosa, 323.
— crinita, 346,

— crispa, 312.

— crispata, 304,

— cristata, 306.

— cruciata, 296.

— cryptarum, 309,
— curta, 315,

— cyanea, 282,

— Daviesii, 325.

— decimina, 298.

— decorticans, 282.
— dendritica, 552.
— denudata, 337,

— diaphana, 327.

— dichotoma, 289, 386.

— diffusa, 305.

— dilatata, 290.
— Dillwynii, 290.
— dissiliens, 311.
— distorta, 283.
— divaricata, 304.
— eburnea, 538.
— echinulata, 310.
— elegans, 327.
— elongata, 334.
— equisetifolia, 329,
— exigua, 303.

— fasciata, 316.
— fastigiata, 327.
— fenestralis, 551.
— ferruginea, 315,
— fibrata, 335.

— fibrillosa, 336.
— filamentis, &c. 313,
— filiformis, 347,
— fistulosa, 347.
— flacea, 515.

— flaccida, 315.
— flavescens, 304.
— flexuosa, 305.
— floccosa, 310.
— flocculosa, 295.
— floridula, 326.
— florifera, 329.
— flosculosa, 327.
— fluitans, 312.

Conferva fluviatilis,288,
312.

— feeniculacea, 347.

— feetida, 350.

— fontana, 330.

— fontinalis, 280—282,
291, 306.

— fracta, 304, 305.

— frigida, 290.

— fucicola, 315.

— fucoides, 335,

— fucorun, 315.

— fugacissima,310,311.

— funiformis, 312.

— fusca, 333.

— fusco-purpurea, 287,

— selatinosa, 281, 302,
330, 331.

— geniculata, 329,

— genuflexa, 300.

— glauca, 305.

— globulosa, 327,

— glomerata, 305, 306.

— gracilis, 296.

— granulosa, 322.

— Griffithsiana, 337.

— hirta, 304.

— Hookeri, 324,

— Hutchinsia, 308.

— imbricata, 329,

— implexa, 314,

— inflata, 297.

— interrupta, 326,

— intestinalis, 345,

— isogona, 314,

— jagalis, 298.

— lactea, 559,

— Jetevirens, 306.

— Janosa, 307.

-— lanuginosum, 326,

— limosa, 280, 281.

— lineata, 316.

— linoides, 315.

— linum, 313.

— littoralis, 321.

— lobster’s horn, 334.

— longata, 298,

— lubrica, 303.

— lucens, 311.

— majuscula, 283.

—marina, 264, 305—
307, 321, 323, 327—
329, 332, 338,

— melagonalis, 313.

— melagonium, 313,

— Mertensii, 333.

— mirabilis, 283.

— moniliformis, 327.

— mucosa, 311.

— multicapsularis, 292,

= multifida, 329.

807°

Conferva multistriata,
— muralis, 282.

— muscicola, 309.

— muscosa, 282,

— mutabilis, 30.

-—— myochrous, 286.

— myriophyllum, 331.
— nana, 308.

— nigra, 336, 538.

— nigrescens, 335,

— nigricans, 303.

— nitida, 298,

— nivea, 332.

-— nodulosa, 327.

— No. 1172, 386.

— nummuloides,
316.

— obliquata, 294,

— obtusangula, 307.

— ocellata, 286.

— ochracea, 281.

— olivacea, 333.

— oscillatoriodes, 310,
311.

— pallida, 559,

— palustris, 313.

— pannosa, 402.

— paradoxa, 346.

— parasitica, 338,

— patens, 336.

— pectinalis, 294,

— pectinata, 256,

— pedicellata, 326,

— pellucida, 306,

— pennata, 332.

— pennatula, 304,

— pheenicia, 326.

— pilosa, 328.

— Plinii, 312,

— pluma, 325.

314,

-— plumosa, 334,

— plumula, 324,

-~ polymorpha, 338.
— porticalis, 297,

— protensa, 303,

— punctalis, 311,

— punctiformis, 552.
— purpurascens, 323.
— pyrum, 352,

— quinina, 297.

— radicans, 287.

— ramosa, 314.

— refracta, 305.

— repens, 325.

— reptans, 381.

— reticulata, 300.

— rigida, 282,

— riparia, 307.

— rivularis,304 312,313
— rosea, 323,

808

Conferva Rothii, 326.

— rubra, 327.

— rufa, 286.

— rupestris, 305.

— sanguinea, 559,

-— scalaris, 298.

— scoparia, 332.

— scopulorum, 284.

— scutellata, 315.

— semistriangulata, 313

— seriata, 286.

— serpentina, 300.

— setacea, 328.

— setiformis, 298.

— setigera, 321.

— siliculosa, 322.

— sordida, 297, 310.

— spiralis, 297.

— spongiosa, 331.

— squarrosa, 376.

— stellaris, 308.

— stellina, 296,

— stictica, 299.

— stipitata, 294.

— striatula, 293,

— stricta, 336.

—— tenieformis, 293.

— tenella, 325.

— tenuissima, 28].

— tetragona, 324.

— tetrica, 324.

— thujoides, 323.

— tomentosa, 321.

— tortuosa, 314.

— torulosa, 288.

— trichoides, 287.

— tumidula, 298.

— Turneri, 324, 325.

— typhoderma, 559.

— umbrosa, 309.

— urceolata, 335.

— vagabunda, 304, 305.

— vaginata, 280.

— velutina, 309.

— verrucosa, 376,

— verticillata, 331.

— vesicata, 290, 291,

311, 312.

— villosa, 387.

— vini, 308.

— violacea, 282, 326.

— virgata, 305.

— vivipara, 321.

— Youngana, 314.

— zonata, 311.

— zostericola, 284.

Confervoidee, 301.

Conjugata, 296, +297,

298, 300.

Conjugate, 297, 298.

..Conjugatidex, 296,

Conostomum, 719,
Conus, 356.

. Coprinus, 632—635,

Corallidea, 339.

Corallina, $28, 329,
+339, 340, 381.

Coralline, +339, 340.

Corallinoides, 411.

Coralloides cornicula-
tum, 406, 426.

— fasciculare, 407.

— fragile, 487.

— fungiforme, 483, 485,
580.

— furcatum,414.

— montanum, 415,

— scyphiforme, 419,421

— scyphis, 421.

— vix ramosum, 421,

Coremium, 563.

Cork, 440.

Cornicularia, 287, 404
—406.

Corniola, 637.

Corniole, 637.

Corticium, 653.

Cortinaria, 627—630,

Coryne, 595.

Corynoide, 654.

Corynoides, 654.

Craterella, 652.

Crateridez, 579,

Craterium, 579, 580.

Cremor, 570.

Crepidopus, 616,

Cribaria, 577.

Cribaridez, 577.

Crucibulum, 587.

Cryptogame, 707.

Cry ptogamia, 677.

Cucurbitaria, 519,

Cucurbitula, 519,

Cudbear, 455.

Cup, flat, 664,

— fruit, 673, 674,

— rough, 664—666.

— spread, 668, 669.

— spring, 674.

— sunk, 663, 664.

Cuthbert, 455,

Cyathidez, 587.

Cyathophora, 683.

Cyathus, 580, 587, 588.

Cynontodium, 742, 743.

D.
Deedalea, 638, 639.

Dedalidex, 638.
Dalton, 748, 749.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Daltonia, 748, 749,
Dasyscyphus, 670, 671.
Delesser, 362—364.
Delesseria, 362—364,
+365, 368—371, 381,
382. :
Dematium, 552,553,556,
557, +558.
Dentino, 650.
Dentinum, 650.
Dermodium, 570.
Desmarest, 387, 358.
Desmaretia, 376, +387,
388.
Desmia, 387, 388.
Destructor, 639.
Diatoma,293,294, +295,
311.
Diatome, 295.
Diatomidee, 293.
Diczoma, 541—543.
Dichosporium, 569.
Dicranum,7 14,716,717,
727, +733—T39, 740
—TA2,
Dictydium, 578.
Dictyoptere, +341, 342.
Dictyopteris, +341, 34%
Dictyota, 340, +341.
Dictyote, 340.
Dictyotidez, 340.
Diderma,570, 571,573,
574.
Didymium, +570, 571,
573, 574.
Didymodon, +’741—743
Diphyscium, 716.
Diplocomium, 768.
Draparnaldia, 302, 303.
Draparnaud, 302, 303.
Dromius, 364.
Dulesh, 371.
Dulse, 344, 349, 378.

E.

Far, bark, 653.
— branch, 653, 654.
— Jews, 594,
Ecidium, 534—538.
Ectocarpus, #321, 322.
Ectosperma, 289—292.
Elisa, 282—284.,
Ellis, +333, 334.
Ellisius, +333, 334.
Elvella, 660, 669.
Embolus, 579.
Encalypta, +725, 726,
727, 728,730,731 741.
Enchyle,396— 398.

INDEX OF PLANTS. 809

Enchylium, 396—398. Fucus acicularis, 375. Fucus discors, 392.

Endocarpon, 495, +499 — aculeatus, 387, — distichus, 390.

—502 — alatus, 364. — divaricatus, 390.
Engizostoma, 519, 520, — albidus, 376. — dulcis, 344.
Engizostome, 519, 520, — albus, 374. — echinatus, 368.
Ephidate, 353. — alveolatus, 368. — edulis, 344.
Ephidatia, 353, 354, — amphibius, 382. — elongatus, 375, 389,
Epidendrum, 568. — angustifolius, 387, — endivifolius, 365,
Epochnium, 550. -390, 394, — epiphyllus, 365.
Erica marina, 393. — arboreus, 385. — erica marina, 393.
Erinaceus, 651. — arbusculus, 289. — ericoides, 393.
Erineidew, 555. — articulatus, 381. — esculentus, 385.
Erinewn, 1555, 556. — asparagoides, 374, — excisus, 391.
Erysibe, 589, 590. — bacciferus, 393. — fascia, 383.
Eurotium, 566. — barbatus, 392. — fastigiatus, 374, 394.
Evernia, 425. — bifidus, 369, 370. — fibrosas, 392.
Evernidex, 425, — bifurcatus, 385, 389. — filicinus, 373, 378.
Exormatostoma, 521— — botryoides, 379. — filiformis, 367,

523, — Brodizi, 369. — filum, 386.
Exormatostome, 521— — bulbosus, 385. — fimbriatus, 369, 385.
523. — bullatus, 344, — flagelliformis, 386.

— bursa, 292. — flavicans, 372.

— byssoides, 337. — foeniculaceus, 392,

EF. — cespitosus, 381. — foliifer, 367.

— canaliculatus, 368, — foliis erice, 393.
Faminkiren, 378. 391. — folio longissimo, 384,
Fan, sea, 359, — capensis, 372. — — longo, 389.
Fascia, 383. — capillaceus, 373,377. — — singulari, 384,
Fasciata, 383, — capillaris, 377. — fungis affinis, 389.
Favus, 639. — caprinus, 344,374, — fungosus, 293.
Fibre, branch, 560. — carnosus, 344. — furcellatus, 394,
— clinging, 557. —cartilagineus, 372, — Gertneri, 387.
— headed, 557. 382. — gigartinus, 372.
— jointed, 557. —ceranoides, 367— — glandulosus, 381.
— star, 558. 369, 390. — gracilis, 375.
Fibrillaria, 558. — chordamreferens,386 — granulatus, 392, 393.
Fibula, 420, 623, 673. —ciliatus, 370, 371. — Griffitsiz, 375.
Filum, 313, 347,386. §— clavellosus, 380. — herbaceus, 388.
Fissidens, 727, 733— — coccineus, 382. — hirsutus, 331.

135, 737, 739, TAl. ©— corallinus, 377. — holosetaceus, 371.
Fist, bull, 582, 583. — coralloides, 374. — hyperboreus, 385.
Fistulina, 648. — confervoides, 375. — hypoglossoides, 364.
Flagellaria, 386. — contortus, 387. — hypoglossum, 363.
Flaps, mushroom, 669. — corneus, 372. — incurvus, 382.
Floridex, 362. — coronopi facie, 372. — inflatus, 390.

Flos aqux, 352. — coronopifolius, 372. — kali similis, 389.
Fontinalis,713,722,747, — corymbifer, 378. — kaliformis, 380.

+749, — corymbiferus, 378, | — laceratus, 365, 370.
Foot, naked, 604—611. — crenatus, 363. ‘— lacerus, 367.
— side, 615. — crenulatus, 367. — laciniatus, 345, 365,
Fragilaria, +293, 294, —crispatus, 365, 367, 370.

314, 316. 370. — ljactuca, 344.
Fruit, bidden,499—501. — crispus, 365,367,370, — lagasca, 372.
— rough, 342. — cristatus, 338. — lanceolatus, 371.
—round, +364, 365, — dasyphyllus, 382. — lanosus, 338.

366—370. — Dealenais, 378. — latissimus, 384.
Fucoidex, 383. — delicatulus, 345. — lichenoides, 388.
Fucoides, 382. — dentatus, 364. — ligulatus, 363, 571,
Fucus, 389, 390. — dichotomus, 364. 388.

— abrotanifolius, $92. — diffusus, 334. — linearis, 390.

— acerosus, 375, — digitatus, 385. — longissimus, 374,375.

810

Fucus Joreus, 389.

— lubricalis, 394.

— lycopodioides, 376,

— lycopodium, 376.

— Mackaii, 391.

— mamillaris, 390.

— mamillosus, 368.

— marinus, 375.

— maritimus, 340, 391.

— membranaceus, 341,
342, 344, 363, 365,
367, 371.

— membranifolius, 368,
369.

— miniatus, 370.

— mucronatus, 393.

— multifidus, 378.

— muscoides, 387.

— natans, 393.

— nereideus, 373.

— nodosus, 391.

— Norwegicus, 367.

— obtusus, 378,

— Oederi, 372.

— opuntia, 381.

— osmunda, 378.

— ovalis, 379.

— ovinus, 344,

— palmatus, 344, 385.

— palmella, 363.

— palmetta, 368, 369.

— parvus, 368, 394.

— patens, 367,

— pectinatus, 383.

— pedunculatus, 387.

— phyllitis, 384.

— pinastroides, 382.

— pinnatifidus, 364,378

— pinnatus, 373, 380.

— pistillatus, 372.

— plicatus, 374.

— plocamium, 382.

— plumosus, 383.

— polymorphus, 367.

— polyschides, 385.

— procerus, 375.

— proliferus, 365.

— pseudoceranoides,
368.

— ptilotus, 383.

— pumillus, 388.

— pumilus, 372, 391.

— punctatus, 365.

— purpurascens, 377.

— purpureum, 383.

— pusillus, 380.

— pygmezus, 388.

— quercus marina, 390.

—radiatus, 374.

— radicaulis, 393.

— radicibus similis,392.

Fucus ramosus, 378,

— reniformis, 366.

— repens, 381,

— roseus, 363, —_

— rotundus, 374, 391,

— rubens, 344, 363,365,
368.

— ruscifolius, 363.

— saccharinus, 384,

— sanguineus, 363,

— Sarniensis, 366,

— scorpivides, 382.

— Scoticus, 344, 385.

— sedoides, 379.

— selaginoides, 393,

— sericeus, 372,373,381

— serratus, 389.

— setaceus, 377, 392.

— Sherardii, 390.

— siliquosus, 394,

— sive alga, 363, 389,
390, 394,

— soboliferus, 345.

— spinosus, 372, 378,

— spiralis, 390.

— spongiosus, 353.

— stellatus, 367.

— subfuscus, 377.

— suhglobosus, 292,

— subtilis, 347.

— tamariscifolius, 393.

— tendo, 386,

— tenuissimus, 379.

— teres, 375, 377, 385.

— teretifolius, 331.

— tetragonus, 385.

— tomentosus, 293.

—tremella, 284, 344,
350.

— trichoides, 374.

— tuberculatus,
389.

— ulvoides, 365.

— usneoides, 387.

— variabilis, 377.

— vermicularis, 379.

377,

, — verrucosus, 375, 376.

— versicolor, 372,

— verticillatus, 331,380

— vesiculosus, 390.

— virgatus, 387,

— viridis, 376.

— Wigghii, 373.

Fuligo, 567.

Funaria, 729, +744.

Fungi, 507,532,547 ,564,
588, 595, 674.

Fungoides clavatum,657

— coralliforme, 655.

— humile, 651.

— quod fungus, 488.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Fungus campestris, 626.

— coloris, 608,

— favaginosus, 661.

— magnus, 606, 607.

— minor, 607, 626.

— niger, 488.

— parvus, 655.

— phalloides, 675.

— seminifer, 587.

— spongiosus, 558.

— terrestris, 662.

Funnel, long, 671, 672.

— rough, 670, 671.

Furcellaria, 374, 376,
+394,

Fusarium, 546, 547.

Fusidium, 544,

G.

Gantelines, 656,
Gasteromycez, 564,
Gasteromyci, 564.
Gastridium, 347, +37T8—
383.
Geastrum, 584—586.
Gelidium, 371, 378,388.
Geoglossidex, 658.

' Geoglossum, 658, 659.

Gigartina, +371—3i77,
379, 380—382, 386,
387,

Girard, 287.

Girardia, 287,

Glaucoma, 453.

Gomphe, 638.

Gomphus, 638.

Graphis, +502, 503, 507.

Green, oyster, 342.

Griffiths, +328, 329.

Griffitsia, +328, 329.

Grifola, 643, 644.

Grifole, 643, 644.

Grimm, 726—728.

Grimmia, 714, 717, 718,
+726—728,729--733,
742, 743, 155,

Gut, slime, 320.

Gutta, 524,

Gymnocephalus,
7167.

Gymnopus, 604—611.

Gymnosporangidee,

144,

Gymnosporangium, 544,
+546.

Gymnostomum, +713—
716, 730.

Gyraria, 593—595.

- Gyromium, 476, 477.

INDEX OF PLANTS. Sil

Gyrophora, 476—478,
Gyrophoridex, 476.

H.

Hematomma, 457.
Hair, maiden, 721, 744.
Halcyonide, 352, 353.
Halidrys, 391.
Halymenia, 344, 345,
347, 394,

Haplaria, 552.

Head, glance, 563, 564.
— star, 635,

Hed wigia, 713.
Helicosporium, 557.
Helmisporium, 556,557.
Helopodium, 416.
Helotium, 660, 661.
Helvella, 662, 663.
— xruginosa, 661.
— agariciformis, 660,
— albida, 663.
— candida, 649.
— cantharelloides, 636,
“=< caryophyllea, 652.
— crispa, 637.

— dimidiata, 637,

— equina, 666.

— esculenta, 661, 662.
— fuliginosa, 663.

— gelatinesa, 660.

— gelatinosa, 651.

— hybrida, 662,

— infundibuliformis,

661.

.— leucophza, 662.

— membranacea, 637,
— mesenterica, 653.

— mitra, 662, 663.

— nivea, 662,

-— Relhani, 661.

— rubiginosa, 652.

— spathulata, 663.

— sulcata, 662.

— tubeformis, 636,

— vesiculosa, 669.
Helvelle, 662, 663.
Helvellidex, 661.

He patica, 430, 680,682,

683.

Hepatice, 677,
Herbert, 684, 685, 705.
Herbertus, 705, 775.
Hericium, 652.

Herver, 685,

Herverus, 685.
Himanthalia, 389,
Hippuris, 347.
Homothalamex, 394,

Hooker, 751, 752. Hypnum curvatum, 758,
Hookeria, 751, 752, 759.

Horn, flower, 681. — cuspidatum, 762.
Horns, stink, 675. — cylindricum, 728,
Humida, +281, 282. — delicatulum, 759,
Hunch, double, 716. — delicatum, 759.

Hutchins, +334—338. — dendroides, 758.
Hutchinsia, +334—338, — denticulatum, 753,
7

347. — diaphanum, 651].
Hutchinsidex, 331. — Donnianum, 753,
Hydnidex, 650. — dubium, 764.
Hydnum, 650. — elegans, 756.

— Daviesii, 651. —erectum, 1733, 752,
—- paradoxum, 649, 756, 758,
— repandum, 650. — erinaceus, 651,

~ Hydrodictyon, 300. — fallax, 764,

Hydrodictyonidez, 300. — filamentosum, 764.
Hydrophora, 561, 562. — filicinum, 764, 766. ~

Hydrophyte, 278. — filifolium, 766.
Hymenoscyphus, 673, — filiforme, 766.

674. — flagellare, 756, 760.
Hymenothecee, 595, — fluitans, 756,
Hypnea, 372, 373. — fluviatile, 764.

Hypnum, 752—766. — gracile, 728,
— abbreviatum, 756. — heterophyllum, 753,

— abietinum, 760. 764,

— adiantoides, 733. —- illecebrum, 756.
— adnatum,764. — implexum, 754,

— aduncum, 764, — intricatum, 761,

— albicans, 758. — inundatum, 753.
— alopecurum, 758. — julaceum, 755,

— alpestre, 755. — longirostrum, 762.
— alpinum, 756. — longum, 755.

— arboreun, 748. — loreiforme, 763.
— asplenioides, 733. — loreum, 763.

— Atlanticum,761. — lucens, 752.

— atrovirens, 760, 764. — luridum, 764.

— attenuatum, 764... — lutescens, 757, 765.
— auriscalpium, 650. — lycopodioides, 765,
— Blandovii, 760. © — medium, 753.

— brevirostre, 761, — molle, 754, 755.
— brevirostrum, 763. —— molluscum, 766.
— bryoides, 753. — moniliforme, 755,
— catenulatum, 755. — murale, 755, 756,

— chrysocomum, 751. =-— muticum, 755,
— chrysophyltum, 762. — myosuroides, 756,

— coccinea, 668. 759, 766.

— coma, 763. — myosuron, 759.
— commutatum, 765. — myosurum, 759.
— complanatum, 752, — nigroviride, 766.
— compressum,755,766 — nitens, 757.

— confertum, 756,762. — nitidulum, 757.
— contextum, 754. — obtusatum, 753.
— coralloides, 652. — obtusum, 651.

— cordifolium, 762. — oachraceum, 651,
— crenulatum, 761. — ornithopodioides,
— crispum, 748. 728.

— crista-castrensis,766. — palustre, 751, 757,
— cristwforme, 766. 758, 764.

— cupressiforme, 766. — parietinum, 759,

— curtipendulum, 748. — pennatum, 747.

812

Hypnum piliferum, 761. Hypnum umbratum,760,
— plumosum, 754,756. — uncinatum, 765.

— polyanthon, 759. — undulatum, 753.

— polyanthos, 766. — velutinum, 761.

— polymorphum, 762, — viticulosum, 748.

— populeum, 754. Hy poderma, 509, 510,
— prezlongum, 760. Hypoderme, 509, 519.
— proliferum, 759, Hypogeum, 582.

— prolixum, 761.

— protensum, 763.

— pseudoplumossum,
756.

— pulchellum, 756, 757.

— purum, 755, 756.

— ramosum, 753.

=— recognitum, 759.

— reflexum, 754.

— repens, 733, 734,748,
152, 754, 157, T59—
766.

=— revolvens, 764.

— riparioides, 761,

— riparium, 752, 753.

— rufescens, 6595 757,

—rugosum, 765.

— rugulosum, 765.

— ruscifolium, 761.

— rusciforme, 761.

— rutabuliforme, 761.

— rutabulum, 761, 762.

— saxatile, 725.

— Schreberi, 755.

— sciuroides, 741.

Hypogeum, 582.

Hypoglossum, 363.

Hy poxyli, 507.

Hypoxylon, +512, 5!3,
516, 517, 526.

Hy pexylum, 489,

Hyssop, 715.

Hysteridex, 508.

Hysterina, 504—507.

Hysterium, 509, +510.

I,

Idiothalamee, 486.
Tolithus, 350, 2
Infundibulum, 614, 673.
Inoderma, 498.
Isaria, 562, 563,
Tsariadew, 562.
Isidium, +41 1,412, 449,
492, 774.
Ithyphallus, 675.

— scorpioides, 765. J.
— sericeum, 757.
— serpens, 754. Jania, 339.

Jozzolus, 610.
Jungermann, 695.
Jungermannia,
704,
— adunea, 706.
— albescens, 696.
— albicans, 698.
— alpina, 769.

— serrulatum, 762.
— Silesianum, 765.
— Smithii, 728.

— spinulosum, 754,
— splendens, 759.

— squarrosum, 763.
— squarrulosum, 763.
— stellatum, 763.

695—

— Stokesii, 760. — angulosa, 687.
— stramineum, 755, — anomala, 693.
— striatum, 761, 762. — aquatica, 693.
— sublamellosum, 649, _— asplenioides, 692.
— subtile, 754. — barbata, 696.

— bicornis, 698, 760.

— bicrenata, 701.

— bicuspidata,697,700.

— bidentata, 696, 697,
700, 701.

— bifida, 696, 699.

— birostrata, 699.

— blasia, 686.

— byssacea, 699.

— calyptrifolia, 688i

— capitata, 699.

— ciliaris, 695, 703,

— Swartzii, 760.

— sylvaticum, 753.

— tamariscifolium, 759,
— tamariscinum, 759.
— taxifolium, 734,

— Teesdalii, 761.

— tenellum, 754.

— tenue, 754.

— terrestre, 756, 758.
— trichoides, 741, 753.
— trichomanoides, 752.
— triquetrum, 763.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Jungermannia eochiea-
riformis, 692, 697.

— complanata, 691.

— compressa, 694.

— concatenata, 703.

— concinnata, 704, 705.

— connivens, 699.

— cordifolia, 702.

— crenulata, 701.

— cuneifolia, 694,

— cupressiformis, 690.

— curvifolia, 699.

— decipiens, 693.

— dichotoma, 696.

— dilatata, 687, 688.

— divaricata, 699.

— Donniana, 704.

— emarginata, 694.

— endivizfolia, 686,

— epiphylla, 686.

— excisa, 700.

— exsecta, 697.

— fissa, 700, 706.

— Florkii, 696,

— fragilis, 693.

— Francisci, 696.

— Funckii, 700,

— furcata, 685.

— globulifera, 697,700.

— graecillima, 701,

— gracilis, 696.

— hamatifolia, 689.

— heterophylla, 697.

— Hibernica, 685,

— Hookeri, 698, 705.

— Hutchinsia, 688.

— hyalina, 701.

— incisa, 699.

— inflata, 701.

— julacea, 703, 705.

— juniperina, 706.

— lxevigata, 690.

— lanceolata, 694, 702.

— laxifolia, 704.

— Leersii, 695.

— Lyellii, 685.

— Mackaii, 689.

— macrorhiza, 694.

— minima omnium,688.

— minima, 700, .

— minuta, 698.

— minutissima, 688.

— multifida, 684.

— multiflora, 703.

— nemorosa, 692.

— nigricans, 687.

—- obtusifolia, 698.

— Orcadensis, 701.

— pallescens, 693.

— palmata, 684.

— pauciflora, 703.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Jungermannia pinguis,

— planifolia, 691.

— platyphylla, 690.

— polyanthos, 693.

— pubescens, 685.

— pulcherrima, 695.

— pumila, 702.

— purpurea, 692, 697.

— pusillosa, 687.

— pygmza, 687.

— quadridentata, 696.

— quinquedentata, 696,

— radicans, 704,

— reptans, 695.

— resupinata, 691, 692.

— rubiginosa, 687.

— rupestris, 709.

— rupincola, 698.

— scalaris, 694, 706.

—— serpyllifolia, 689.

— serrata, 692.

— sertularioides, 703.

— setacea, 703.

— setiformis, 703.

— sinuata, 684,

— sphagni, 701.

— spherocarpa, TOI.

— sphzrocephala, 700,
706.

— stipulacea, 696.

— tamarisei, 687.

— tamariscifolia, 688.

— Taylori, 693.

— thuja, 690.

— tomentella, 703.

— tomentosa, 685.

— triangularis, 704.

— trichomanis, 706.

— trichophylla,702,703

— tridenticulata, 692.

— trilobata, 704.

— Turneri, 700.

—— umbrosa, 691,

— undulata,-691.

-—— varia, 698.

— ventricosa, 700.

— viticulosa, 693, 706,

— Woodsii, 695,

Jungermannidex, 683.

K,
Kant, 706.
Kantius, 706.
Kenkerig, 440,

L.

Laces, sea, 386.

Lachnum, 671..

Lactarius, 623—625.

Lactuca, 342—344,

Lagasca, 327.

Laminaria, 383, +384,
385, 388.

Lathagrium, 399, 400.

Laurentia, 378.

Laver, +342—345.

Leangium, 573, 574.

Leather, oak, 559.

Leathes, 301.

Leathesia, 301.

Lecanora, 495,

— albella, 453.

— anomala, A7I.

— atra, 449,

— badia, 444, 451.

— brunnea, 446.

— candelaria, 445.

— carneo lutea, 454.

— cerina, 456,

— circinata, 448.

— coarctata, 449.

— craspedia, 452.

— crassa, 444,

— cyrtaspis, 458.

— effusa, 451,

— elwina, 439.

— elatina, 453.

— epigea, 446,

— erytbrella, 456.

— falsaria, 467.

— fulgens, 447.

— fusco atra, 463.

— frustulosa, 451.

— galactina, 448,

— gelida, 448,

— glaucoma, 453.

— granulosa, 471.

— hematomma, 457.

— halophza, 444.

—hypnorum, 446.

— lentigera, 447.

— lepidora, 445,

— lutescens, 453.

— minutula, 471.

— murorum, 447,

— orosthea, 470,

— parella, 454.

— periclea, 450.

— rubra, 457.

— rubricesa, 452.

— salicina, 456.

— saxicola, 447,

— sophodes, 450.

— sulphurea, 470.

— tartarea, 455,

— testacea, 461.

— tribacia, 445.

— tuberculosa, 452.

$13

Leeanora Turneri, 454,

— varia, 452, 475,

— ventosa, 451.

Leccino, 646—648,

Leccinum, 646—648.

Lecidea, 462—476.

— abietina, 468.

— alabastrina, 474,

— alba, 466,

— albo-cerulescens,,
467, 468.

— amylacea, 468.

== anomala, 471.

— arcentina, 412.

— argena, 495.

— aromatica, 464.

— atro alba, 463.

— atroflava, 475,

— atrorufa, 461.

— atrovirens, 465.

— aurantiaca, 476,

— cesio-rufa, 473.

— candida, 460.

— canescens, 462.

— carneola, 472.

— cecumena, 463.

— cinereofusca,473,475

— citrinella, 466,

— confiuens, 464,

— corallinoides, 396.

— cornea, 472.

— corticola, 469,

crenulata, 473.

cupularis, 473,

cyrtella, 47}.

decipiens, 462,

— decolorans, 470, 471,

— desertorum, 471.

— Dicksoni, 466.

— Ehrhartiana,474,47%

— epipolia, 468,

— escharoides, 471.

— flavicunda, 466.

— fumosa, 463.

— fuscata, 469.

— fusco-atra, 463.

— fusco-Intea, 472,

— gelasinata, 482,

— geochroa, 464,

— granulosa, 471.

— hematomma, 457.

— hypnophylla, 469,

— icmadophila, 473,

— immersa, 467.

— incana, 470.

— jungermannia, 47),

— Lightfootii, 469,

— limitata, 464,

— lucida, 475.

— lurida, 461.

— luteo alba, 475.

814

Lecidea luteola, 472.

— lyneea, 479.

— margaritacea, 468.

— marmorea, 473.

— melizea, 474.

— microphylla, 462.

— miscella, 465.

— muscorum, 465,

— nigra, 396.

— obscura, 469.

— Oederi, 465.

— orosthea, 470.

— papyracea, 475.

— paradoxa, 460.

— parasema, 464,

— petra, 463.

— pholidiota, 462,

— picina, 451,

— polytropa, 475.

— privigna, 450, 505,

— pruinosa, 468.

— pustulata, 478,

— quernea, 469.

— rivulosa, 467.

— rosella, 474.

— rubiformis, 462.

— rupestris, 472.

— sabuletorum, 465,

— sanguinaria, 464,

— scabrosa, 466.

— scalaris, 461.

— silacea, 465,

— speirea, 468,

— spheroides, 474,

— stellata, 462.

— Stonei, 455.

— sulphurea, 470.

— testacea, 461, 462.

— thriptophylla, 462.

— tigillaris, 482.

— uliginosa, 461.

— vernalis, 470, 474.

— vesicularis, 460.

— viridescens, 469.

Lecider, 444.

Leersia, 725,
130.

Lejophlea, 495, 496,

Leman, 288.

Lemania, 288.

Lemanidee, 288.

Leocarpus, 574.

Leotia, +660, 661.

Lepidoma, 460—462.

Lepidome, 460—462.

Lepiota, 601—603.

Lepiote, 601—603.

Lepra, 412.

470, 475.
Le ptogium, 400, 401,

726, — badius, 451.

- — cesio-rufus, 452.
Lepraria, 349, 350, 466, — cewsius, 443, 466.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Leskea, 752, 753, 755, Lichen calcareus, 459.
751, 758, 764—766, — calcivorus, 467.

Leucodon, 741. ' — calicaris, 406.

Licea, +569, 570, 580. — calvus, 472.

Lichen abietinus, 450, — candelarius,445,447.

A468. — candicaus, 446.
— acetabulum, 438, — candidus, 460.
— Acharii, 458. — canescens, 462.

— acicularis, 485.

— acrotellus, 498,

— aculeatus, 405,

— wruginosus, 473,
— affinis, 440.

— ageleus, 495.

— aidzlus, 488.

— albellus, 453.

— albescens, 499,

— albido-cesius, 453.
— albo-ater, 469,

— albo-incarnatus, 474.
— albus, 466.

— alcicornis, 418,

— allochrous, 443.

— aleurites, 442.

— ambavillarius, 431.
— amphibius, 501.
— amylaceus, 469.
— analeptus, 496.

— anthracinus, 4764,

— caninus, 428, 429.
— cantharellus, 484,
— caperatus, 437,

— capitatus, 485,

— carneo-luteus, 454.
— carnosus, 446,

— carpineus, 492.

— cartilagineus, 444.
— centrifugus, 442.

— cerinus, 456.

— cervicornis, 418.

— cervinus, 444.

— chalybeiformis, 408.
— chrysocephalus, 484.
— chrysophthalmus,435
— ciliaris, 434,

— cinereus, 350, 459.
— circinatus, 448,

— citrinellus, 466.

— citrinus, 447.

—— clavicularis, 483.

— apthosus, 428. — Clementi, 439,
— aquaticus, 502. -— coarctatus, 449,
— aquilus, 44]. — cocciferus, 423.

— arborum, 425, 430.
— arenarius, 452,

— argenus, 495.

— aromaticus, 464,
— arthroocarpus, 463.
— articulatus, 404.
— astroites, 479.

— ater, 449,

— atroalbus, 463.

— atroflavus, 475. — conspersus, 442.

— atrorufus, 461. — corallinus, 412.

— atrovirens, 465, 475, — corneus, 472.

— aurantiacus, 475. — corniculatus,404,495
— cornucopioides, 423,
— cornutus, 42]. .

— corrugatus, 398, 438,
— crassus, 444,

— crenularius, 473.

— crenulatus, 448,

— cretaceus, 398.

— crinitus, 477.

— crispum, 396.

— crocatus, 430.

— croceus, 429,

— cruentus, 451.

— cupularis, 473.

— cycloselis, 444.

— cylindricus, 477.

— cyrtellus, 471.

— coccineus, 457,

— coccodes, 412.

— comosus, 403, 434,
— complicatus, 501.
— compositus, 453.
— concentricus, 463,
— concolor, 445.

— confinis, 388.

— confiuens, 464.

— barbatus, 404.

— bellidiflorus, 424,

— bicolor, 405.

— Borreri, 437.

— botryoides, 349.

— brunneus, 446,

— Burgesii, 399.

— byssinus, 402.

— byssoides, 413.

— ceruleo-nigricans,
460.

— cespitosus, 417.
— cespitosuin, 487,

INDEX OF PLANTS. 815

Lichen dactylinus, 449, Lichen frustulosus,451, Lichen lanatus,405,406,

— dealbatus, 492. — fuciformis, 426, — laneus, 405.

— decipie ns, 462. _ — fucoides, 404,426. | — lanuginosus, 439,
— deformis, 423. — fulgens, 447. — laqueatus, 444,
— delicatus, 416, _ —fuliginosus, 431, — lentigerus, 447,
— dendriticus, 463. — fulvus, 485. — lepadinus, 494,
— dentatus, 444. — fungiformis, 413. — leprosus, 466,

— deustus, 476, 478. — furcatus, 414, — leptophyllus, 501.
— diamartus, 458. — furfuraceus, 435. — leucomelas, 434.
— diatryphus, 436, — furvus, 400. — leucophzus, 461,
— dichotomus, 408. — fuscatus, 451,469, — Lightfootii, 469,
— Dicksoni, 466. — fuscellus, 499. — limbatus, 431.

— diffusus, 442. — fusco-luteus, 473, — limitatus, 464,
— digitatus, 422. — gelasinatus, 482. — lucidus, 475.

— discoideus, 492. — gelidus, 448, 45]. — luridus, 461,

— discolor, 399. — geographicus, 465. §— luteo albus, 475,
— dispersus, 448, — gibbosus, 463. — luteolus, 472,

— effusus, 45], — glaber, 476. — luteus, 474,

— Ebrhartianus, 474. — glabratus, 474. — lynceus, 479.

— elxinus, 439. — glaucoma, 453, , — macilentus, 422,
— elveloides, 473. — glaucus, 433. — macrocephalus, 482.
— encaustus, 44]. — glebulosus, 462. — macularis, 505.
— endivifolius, 418. — globiferus, 487, — marginalis, 397.
— endocarpon, 500. — globosus, 487. — marginellus, 401.
— epigeus, 446. — globuliferus, 491, — marinus, 343.

— epiphyllus, 417. — glomuliferus, 437. | — marmoreus,473,
— epipolius, 468. — gracilis, 421. — maurus, 498,

— ericetorum, 412,473, — graniformis,460,483. — melanocarpus, 488.

— erosus, 477. — granulosus, 400,471. — melanoleuca, 438,

— erythrellus, 456, — Griflithsii, 472. — melaleucus, 496,

— escharoides, 465,471. — griseus, 478. — membranaceus, 439.

— exanthematicus, 494, — hematomma,455,457 — mesenteriformis,476,

— exasperatus, 476. — Hecle, 448. — microphyllus, 462,

— excavatus, 459. — herbaceus, 431. — miniatus, 501,

— excavatum, 663, — hippotrichoides, 489. — minimus, 680.

— exilis, 402. — hispidus, 405, 434, | — miscellus, 465.

— exiguus, 421, 450. — horizontalis, 427. — multifidus, 442,

— expallens, 484. — horn, 413, — multiflorus, 446,

— fagineus, 491. — humosus, 467. — multipunctus, 441,

— Fahlunensis, 441, — hytmeneus, 495. A90,

— fallax, 433. — hiyperellum, 483. — muralis, 447,

— farinaceus, 407. — hypnorum, 445, 446. — murinus, 478.

— fascicularis, 398. — icmadophilus, 473. — murorum, 447,

— fastigiatus, 406. — immersus, 467, 497. — muscicola, 402.

— ferrugineus, 473, — incanus, 462, 470, — muscorum, 465, 471,

— ferruginosus, 471. — incarnatus, 462, — mushroom, 412, 413.

— fibrosus, 458, — inclusus, 494. — mutabilis, 437.

— fibula, 420. — incurvus, 442. — myochrous, 399.

— filiformis, 422. — inpolitus, 479. — nanus, 411,

— fimbriatus, 419. — inquinans, 482. — niger, 396.

— flaccidus, 400. — intricatus, 406,435. — nigrescens, 399, 400

— flavescens, 451, — Isis, 411, 412. — nivalis, 433.

— flavovirescens, 456, — Islandicus, 405, 433. — niveo-ater, 468,
A66. — jubatus, 408. — obscurus, 479.

— floccolosus, 478. — juniperinus, 432. — ochroleucus, 447

— floridus, 403. — lacer, 401. — oculatus, 449,

— fluviatilis, 397,502. — lachneus, 500. — Oederi, 465, 466.

— foliaceus, 418. — laciniatus, 437. — olivaceus, 438.

— fragilis, 487, 488. — lacteus, 466, 492. — omphalodes, 440,

— fragrans, 396. — Jacustris, 458. — orbicularis, 444.

— frigidus, 455. — levigatus, 443. — ornatus, 399.

816 INDEX OF PLANTS.

Lichen orostheus,470. | Lichenrangiferinus,415, Lichen stygius, 441.

— pallescens, 491. — resupinatus, 426, — subimbricatus, 448.
— palmatus, 398. — rigidus, 404. — subtilis, 401, 444,
— papillarins, 424, — rimosus, 468. — subulatus, 415.
— papyraceus, 399. — rivulosus, 467. —_ subuliformis, A13.
— paradoxus, 460. — roccella, 426. — sulphureus, 470.
— parasemus, 464. — rosellus, 474, — sylvaticus, 431.
— parasiticus, 416,500, — rubellus, 472. — symphycarpus, 417.
— parellus, 454, — rubens, 350. — tartareus, 452.
— parietinus, 439, — rubifermis, 461. — tenax, 397.
— parilis, 426, — rubiginosus, 440. — tenellus, 434,
— parvus, 680. — rufescens, 428. — tenuissimus, 402,
— paschalis, 411. — rufus, 413. — tephroides, 499,
— perforatus,#438. — rugosus, 505. \ — tephromelas, 449.
— pellitus, 478. — rupestris, 400,472. — tesselatus, 459, 493,
— pericleus, 450. — tupicola, 453,459, — thelostomus, 493,
— perlatus, 437. — sacchatus, 429. — tigillaris, 482,
— pertusus, 436,495. | — sepincola, 432, — tiliaceus, 438,
— petrans, 440,463,682 — salicinus, 456. — torrefactus, 477.
— pezizoides, 446. — salignus, 451, — trabinellus, 484,
— physodes, 436, — sanguinarius, 464, — trapeziformis, 500.
— piceus, 451. — sarmentosus, 408, — tremella, 401.
— pileatus, 682, 683. —- saturninus, 399, — tremelloides, 401.
— pityreus, 429. — saxatilis, 440, — tricolor, 471.
— plicatilis, 397. — saxicola, 447. — tristis, 404.
— plicatus, 403. — saxifragus, 461. — tuberculosus, 452.
— plumbeus, 431,440, — saxorum, 455. — tubiformis, 422,
— plumbosus, 497. — scalaris, 461. — Turneri, 454.
— pollinarius, 407. — scalophora, 478. — uliginosus, 467.
— polycarpus, AAS, — Schraderi, 402,497, — ulmi, 457.
— polydactylus, 429. — scopulorum,406,45I, — umbrinus, 494.
— polyphyllus,476,501. — scriptus, 502, 510. — uncialis, 415,
— polytropus, 475. — scrobiculatus, 431, — Upsaliensis, 454.
— populinus, 406. — scruposus, 459, — Vablii, 457.
— porphyrius, 457. — scutatus, 427, — varians, 453.
— porriginosus, 472. — setosus, 489. — varius, 452, 456,
— proboscideus, 476, — silaceus, 465. A7T5.:
ATT. — siliquosus, 407. — velatus, 490.
— pruinatus, 468. — simplex, 450, 505. — velutinus, 402.
— pruinosus, 468. — sinopicus, 458,499. — venosus, 427.
— prunastri, 425, 432, — sinuatus, 400. — ventosus, 451].
— psora, 443, — sinuosus, 442. — ventricosus, 417,420.
— pubescens, 287, 405, —sive hepatica, 430, — vermicularis, 413.
A06. 680, 683. — vernalis, 470, 472.
— pulchellus, 443, — smaragdulus, 499. — verrucosus, 425, 431.
— pullus, 441. — sophodes, 450. — vespertilio, 399.
— pulposus, 396. — sordidus, 453. — viridescens, 469,
— pulverulentus, 443. — spadiceus, 405. — volvatus, 494,
— punctatus, 412,458, — speciosus, 443, — vulpinus, 435.
— punctiformis, 496, — speireus, 468. — Westringii, 412.
— pungens, 415. — spherocephalus,483. Lichenastrum agaricus,
— pustulatus, 478. — spheroides, 474. 512.
— pyxidatus, 418,419. — spinosus, Al4, — alpinum, 704, 709.
— quadricolor, 471. — spongiosus, 402, — ambrosiz, 684.
— quercifolius, 438. — squamulosus, 417,444 — arboris vite, 690.
— quercinus, 438, — squarrosus, 407, — auriculatum, 692.
— querneus, 469. — stellaris, 443. —capitulis, 686, 702,
— quisquilaris, 411. — stellatus, 462. 706.
— tadiatus, 404,420. — stictaceros, 425. — capitulo oroboide,
— radiciformis, 488. — stigmatellus, 496. 680.

— radiosus, 448. — stillicidiorum,456. — filicinum, 703.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Lichenastrum foliis,698.

— gramineum, 681.

— imbricatum, 687,688,
691.

— minimum, 687.

— trichodes, 702.

— trichomanis, 692, 695
—fi98, 700, 702,

— trichomanoides, 693.

— pinnis, 691.

— pinnulis, 697, 698,
692,

— ramosius, 692,

Lichenes, 394, 408, 486.

Lichenoides arboreum,
425, 431, 434, 443.

— candidum, 492.

— cartilaginosum, 418.

— ceratophylion, 436.

— cinereum, 429, 462,

— coralliforme, 422,

— coriaceum, 501.

— cornutum, 435.

—crusta, 437—440,
502. ~

— crustaceum, 449,454,
455, 459.

— crustosum, 445,

— digitatum, 428.

— endivie foliis, 433.

— fuciforme, 426.

— fungiforme, 412, 413.

—gelatinosum, 396—
398.

— glaucum, 437.

— imbricatum, 442.

— lacunosum, 430, 433.

— leprosum, 464.

— lichenis facie, 429.

— membranaceus, 429.

— nigroflavum, 465.

— non tubulosum, 405,
All, 487, 488.

— peltatum, 428, 430.

— polyschides, 431.

— pullum, 478.

— pulmonarius, 461.

— punctatum, 505.

— pustulosum, 478.

— pyxidatum, 421, 423.

— rigidum, 433.

— rugosum, 477.

—saxatile, 399, 401,
A26, 440.

— segmentis, 407.

— subfuscum, 426.

— subglaucum, 437.

— subtus croceum, 429.

— tartareum, 451.

— tenue, 400, 476.

— tinctorium, 441,

VOL. I.

Lichenoides tubulatum,

— tubulésum, 414, 415,
Al7, 419, 420, 422,
423, 7

— verrucosum, 495,

Lichina, 388,

Lignidium, 567.

Linckia, 284, 290, 351,
352;

Linckidez, 350.

Linum, 313.

Linza, 343,

Lippius, 706.

Lithocia, 497, 498.

Litter, skin, 581, 582.

Lobaria, 404—407, 425,
430, 432—443, 447,
448,

Locks, golden, 121,744,
767.

Lomentaria, 381.

Loreum, 763.

Lycogala, 568,575.

Lycogalus, 568.

Lycoperdastrum, 582.

Lycoperdon, 568, 583,
584,

— acariforme, 590.

— album, 584,

— anemones, 537.

— ardesiaceum, 582.

— areolatum, 583,

— arhizon, 583.

— aurantiumn, 581,

— bovista, 583,

— celatum, 583.

— cancellatum, 534,

— carpobolus, 581.

— cepe facie, 582,

— cervinum, 581, 582.

— cinereum, 572.

— coliforme, 586,

— corniculatum, 534.

— corniferum, 534.

— cylindricum, 586.

— defossum, 581.

— epidendrum, 568,569

— epiphyllum,537,575.

— equinum, 580.

— excipuliforme, 584.

— favaceum, 576.

— favigineum, 575.

— fornicatum, 585.

— fragile, 574,

— fuliginosum, 568.

— gemmatum, 583, 584.

— gibbosum, 592.

— giganteum, 583.

— globosum, 5S3.

— gossypinum, 584,

817

Lycoperdon gulosorum,

— hydrophoron, 531.

— lumbricale, 574,

— luteum, 577.

— maximum, 583.

— pedunculatum, 586.

— perlatum, 584,

— phalloides, 675.

— poculiforme, 534.

— pratense, 583.

— Proteus, 583, 584.

— pyriforme, 584,

— radiatum, 590, 663.

—— spadiceum, 582.

— stellatum, 585, 586,

— tuber, 592,

— utriforme, 584,

— variolosum, 513, 568,

— verracosum, 581.

— vesparium, 576.

—volvam explanans,
585.

Lycoperdonides, 581.

Lycopodium, 355, 376,

Lyncnrium, 362,

Lytothecex, 674,

M.

Mackaia, 391—393.
Macroscy phus, 671,672.
Mailotium, 399,
Mammillaris, 368,
Mappa, 599,
Marchantia, +681, 683.
Marchantidex, 631.
Marchesinus, 659.
Marsupium, 669.
Martinellius, 690—693.
Maurocenius, 687.
Meduila panis, 640,
Meesia, 767, 768.
Melagonium, 313.
Menoites grises, 656,
Merisma, 653, 654.
Merrettia, 348, 319.
Merulidez, 636.
Merulius, 594, 612, 622,
+636-—638.
Mesogloja, 320.
Micromphale, 621—623
Mitra, 662, 663.
Mitrula, 659, 660.
Mnium androgynum,767
— arcuatum, 751. =
— bimum, 771.
— cespiticum, 770.
— capillare, 770.
— chrysocomum, TOl.

3G

818

Mnium cirrhatum, 731.

— conoideum, 744,

— crudum, | 769, 7S.

— cuspidatum, bee)

— ellipticum, 172.

— fissum, 700, 707,

— foliis, "767.

— fontanum, 751.

— heteromallum, 7 138.

— hornum, 773.

— hygrometricum, 744,

—— jungermannia, 697.

— lacustre, 770.

— laterale, 751.

— lichenis facie, 686.

— majus, 767.

— Marchicum, 751.

— minus, 717.

— nutans, 770, 771.

—~ osmundaceum, 713.

— pellucens, 736.

— pellucidum, 717.

— pohlia, 771.

— polytrichoides, 721.

— proliferum, 770.

— pseudotriquetrum, .
TUL.

— punctatum, 772.

— purpureum, 742.

— pyriforme, 768.

— roseum, 7790.

— rostratum, 772.

— scoparium, 738.

— Be 770,

2a ae

_ ae 13.

— trichoides, T67.

— trichomanes, 706.

Moss, feather, 752—766,
— French rock, ABA,
— evland, WI—T19.

— grey marsh, 751.

_- eround, 761.

— hairy iree, A03.

— horn, 404-—406,

—_ Iceland, A33.

— kidney, 426, 427.°
— nut, 493,494,

— open wart, 494.

— pitcher, 457—<460.
— quick, 280, 281.

— rivulet, 284, 285.
— rock, 425, 426,

— root, 488—490.

— scarlet-headed, 422.
— ‘screw, 722—T25,
— sheath, 280.

‘— slate, 713.

— slit, 504—507.

— small-pox,490—493.

— smooth, 495, 496,
— spotted, 480, 481,
— spring, 749.

— sprinkled, 479, 480,
— squat, 710—712,
— stone, 497, 498,
— thread, 767,

—- tow, 498.

— trait, 502, 503.

— water, 749,

— wide, 504.

— wing, 728.
Mould, 569, 561.

— bare, 569, 570.

— blood, 568.

— bottle, 561.

— trichomanisfacie,706 -—— brush, 552, 553.

— triquetrum, 768, 771.

=— turbinatum, 770.
— uliginosum, 767.
— undulatum, 772.

Monilia, 550, 552—554,

+557, 563, 567.
Morchella, 661, 662.
Morell, 661, 662.

- Moss, ball, 487.
— black, ‘708, 709.
— bog, 109,710.
— brain, 476—A78.
— branch, 406, 407.
— brittle, 745—TA47.
— buckler, 429.
— callus, 495.
— chalice, 419.
— cockscomb, 407, 408,
— cord, 744,
— cup, 417—424.
= dat, ASg__4931.

95

— extinguisher, 725,/26

— bud, 586, 587.
—cap, 580. ~

— chain, 552,

— clung, 550.

— corn, 590—592.
— cup, 516, 577,

— cylinder, 568.

— death, 590.

— double, 569.

— dust, 550, 551.

— ear, 553.

— flight, 570. "
— fold, 567. ;
— froth, 567.

— fannel, 555, 556.
— glance, 574.

_ soblet, 580.

“— grape, ° 559.

— hair, 574—576.
oe knot, +554, 555."
— leaf, 56T.

= meal, 551, 552.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Mould, net, 578,

— pencil, 554.

— pitcher, 579) 530. ~
— purse, 566.
— rayed, 554,
— scale, 572,
— ene B77
— skein, 552.
— skin, 570, 571:

— slash, 573, 574,

— slime, 569.

— spring, 561,562,
= stalked, 550.

— tall, 571.

— thread, 578, 579.
— twin, 550.

Mouth, cone, 719.

_— plain, 713716, -
Macedinex, 550.
Mucedo, 561.
Mucilago, 567.

Mucor, 284, +560, 561.
— botrytis, 561.

— cancellatus, 578.
— caninus, 561.

573.

/— erysimi, 561.

— ferrugineus, 556.
— flavidus, 560.

— fragiformis, 568,
— fugacissimus, 558.
— fulvus, 585,572.
— furfuraceus, 485.
— glaucus, 554, 563.
— herbariorum, 567.
— hydrophorus, 561.-
— lichenoides, 483,
— lycogalus, 568.

— miniatus, 576,

— mucedo, 561.

*— murinus, 561,

— roridus, 562.

— urceolatus, 562,

Mucoridee, 560,

Musci, 707.

Muscus arboreus, 403,
AOA,

— aureus, 435.

— capillaceus, 750.

— capillaris, 720, 721.

— caule rigido, 408.

— corallinoides, 415.

— corallinus, 408.

— corailoides, 405,414.

— filicinus, 159.

— marinus, 332, 382.

— palustris, 751. P

— parvus, 770.

— pulmonarius, 430.

— pyxidatus, AI9:

— terrestris, 710, 761.

Mushrooin, 626, 627.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Mushroom, boot, 601.
— cup, 387, 588.
Mycena, 619—621,
Mycenadewx, 617.
Mycetoidew, 532.
Myelomyci, 507,
Mylius, 693, 694.

Myriodactyle,4-301, 302

Myriodactylon, +-301, -
302, ia
Myriophyllum, 331.

Myrotheciadez, 569.
Myrothecium, 569.

N.
Nardius, 694.

Neckera,745,+-747,748,

TAY, 758,
Nemania, 516—519.

Nemaspora, 527, 531,

532,
Nemasporidee, 531.
Nematomycee, 547.
Nephroma, 426, 427.
Net, water, 300,
Nidularia, 587.
Nodularia, 288.

Nostoc, 301, 349, +351,

352.
Nostoch, 351, 352.

O.

Oak, agaric of the, 638.

— sea, 391.

Octospora, 665, +666—
670.

Odonthalia, 364.
Odontia, 649, +651.

Oligotrichum, 719, 720.

Olivia, 349, 350. .
Olla, 587,
Omphalia, 611—614.
Onygena, 580.
Onygenadee, 580.

Opegrapha enea, 506.

— astroidea, 479,

— atra, 507.

— betvlina, 503.

— calcarea, 505.

— cerasi, 502.

— conglomerata, 503.
— dendritica, 503.
— denigrata, 507.

— diaphora, 504,

— dispersa, 506.

— elegans, 503.

— epipasta, 506, 507.

Opegrapha epiphega,
505.

— faginea, 505.

— fuliginosa, 506,
— herpetica, 506.
— lichenoides, 504.
— Lyellii, 503.

— macularis, 505,
— microscopica, 507.
— nimbosa, 504,
— notha, 504, 505.
— obscura, 479,
— Persvonii, 505,
— petrma, 505,

— pulverulenta, 502.
— quercina, 505.
— radiata, 479,

— reniformis, 479,
— rimalis, 506.

— rubella, 506.

— rupestris, 505.
— scripta, 502.

— serpentina, 503,
— siderella, 506.
— varia, 504.

— venosa, 507.

— verrucaroides, 504.

— viridis, 506.

— vulgata, 506.
Opegraphidee, 502.
Opuntia, 347, 381.
Orchal, 454.

Orthotrichum, 717,+-745

—TAT.

Oscillatoria,-+280—283

Oscillatoridew, 250,
Osmunda, 378.
Over, turn, 617.

iP.

Pallavicinius, 684, 685,

115%

Palmella,+348, 349,363

Palmetta, 368, 369.

Parmelia, caperata,437.

— carneo lutea, 454,

— cerina, 452, 456,475.
— chrysophthalma, 435.

— ciliaris, 434.

— circinata, 448,
—citrina, 445.
— Clementiana, 439.
— coarctata, 449.
— conspersa, 442,
— corrugata, 438,
— craspedia, 452,
— crassa, 444,

— cretacea, 398,

— crispa, 396.

— cycloselis, 444,
-— diatrypha, 436,
— diffusa, 442,

— dispersa, 448,

— effusa, 451.

— elacista, 449.

— elzina, 439.

— encausta, 441,

— epigea, 446.

— erythrella, 456,
— exigua, 450,

— Fahlunensis, 441, _
— farinacea, 407,
— farrea, 443.

— fascicularis, 398.
— fastigiata, 406,
— flaccida, 400,
— fluviatilis, 397.
— frustulosa, 451.
— fuciformis, 426,
— fulgens, 447,

— furfuracea, 435,
— furva, 400,

— fuscata, 451.

— fusco lutea, A473.
— gelida, 448.

— glaucoma, 453.
— glomulifera, 437..
— herbacea, 431.
— hypnorum, 446.
— impolita, 480.

Pandulphinius,688,689. — jubata, 408.

Papa, 686.
Parellus, 454.
Parmelia, 436—444.
— affinis, 440,

— albella, 453.

— aleurites, 442.
— aquila, 441.

— Atlantica, 435.
— atra, 449,

— Borreri, 437.
— brunnea, 446.
— Bargesii, 399.
— cesia, 443.

— candelaria, 445,

— Jaciniata, 401.
— levigata, 443.
— lanuginosa, 439.
— lentigera, 447,
— lepidora, 445,
— leucomala, 434,
— lutescens, 453.
— marginella, 40!.
— marmorea, 473.
— melzna, 397.
— murorum, 447.
— muscicola, 402.
— nigrescens, 399,
— olivacea, 438.

362

819

820 INDEX OF PLANTS.

Parmelia emphalodes,

A440.
— palmata, 398.
— pannosa, 402.
— parella, 454.
— parietina, 438.
— peliscypha, 444.

Perelle, 454.

Peripherostoma, 513—

515.

Peziza,526,+664—666.

— Abbotiana, 671.

— acetabulum, 672.

— excidioides, 663.

Peziza macropus, 672,
— marginata, 663.

— marsupium, 669.
— melastoma, 670.

— higra, 666.

— nivea, 671,

— ochroleuca, 670,

— perforata, 437. — alutacea, 668. — onotica, 668,
— periclea, 450. — argillacea, 666, — pallescens, 670.
— perlata, 437. — armata, 673, — papillaria, 666.
— physodes, 436. — atra, 667. — papillaris, 666.
— pityrea, 459. — aurantia, 668. — patula, 671.

— plicatilis, 397. — aurea, 667. — perennis, 672.

— plocina, 398. — auricula, 594. — pineti,.668.

— plumbea, 440. —auriculam referens, — poculiformis, 672.
— pollinaria, 407. 594, — populnea, 664.
— pulmonacea, 430. — badia, 669. — porphyria, 667, -
— pulverulenta, 443. — bicolor, 670. — prunastri, 664,

— prunastri, 425. — cerulea, 665. — pulehella, 670,
— recurva, 442, — cesia, 665. — pustulata, 669,
— roccella, 426. — calyculus, 673. — radiata, 673.

— rubiginosa, 440. — cartilaginea, 664,667 — radicata, 671.

— rubra, 457. — cellularia, 666, — radiculata, 672,
— salicina, 456. — ceHularieformis,666 — rapula, 673.

— sarmentosa, 408. — cerea, 672. — rimosa, 664.

— Saturnina, 399. — chrysocoma, 674. — sanguinea, 665,
— saxatilis, 440. — cinerea, 667. — sarcoides, 667.
— saxicola, 447. — citrina, 670. — scutellata, 665.
— Schraderi, 402. — coccinea, 668, 672. sessilis, 671.

— scopulorum, 406. — cochleata, 669. — solani, 674.

— Scotina, 400. — comitialis, 546. — Sowerbeana, 672.
— scrobiculata, 431. — cornucopioides, 637. — spherioides, 664.

— siliquosa, 407. — coronata, 673. — stercoraria, 674.
— sinuosa, 442. — cyathoidea, 674. — stercorea, 665.
— sophodes, 450. — domestica, 666. — stictis, 663.

— speciosa, 442. — epidendra, 672,

— squamulosa, 444,451. — equina, 666.

— sulphurea, 470. . — fasciculata, 665.

— sulphureo-nigricans, — fibula, 673.
452. — firma, 670.

— Stygia, 441. — flava, 667.

-- subtilis, 401. — fructigena, 673.

— striata, 587.

— sulphurea, 665.
— tenella, 674.

— tremelloidea, 667.
— tricolor, 671.

— tuba, 672, 673.
— tuberosa, 672.

— tartarea, 455. — fuscescens, 671. — umbrina, 668.
— tenax, 397. — granulosa, 593, — undulata, 636.
— tenella, 434. — hemispherica, 665. — vesiculosa, 669.

— hepatica, 667.
— herbarum, 670.
— hispida, 665.
— hyalina, 667,

— tenuissima, 402.
— tiliacea, 438.

— tremelloides, 401.
—— Turneri, 454.

— varia, 452.

— velata, 490.

— violacea, 669.
— virginea, 671.
— viridis, 546.
Pezizadex, 663.
— hybrida, 666. Phacotrum, 482—485.
— hydnoides, 665. Phallus, 660—662, +675
— ventosa, 451. — hydrophora, 531. 676.
— vitellina, 475. — immersa, 664, Phascum, +710—T713,
” Patellaria, 459,452,460, — inflexa, 673. 717, 718, 749.
" ATS, +664. — infundibulum, 673. | Phasgonon, 384, +385.
Peltidea, 426, +427— — levis, 587. Phylitis, 384.

429. — lenticularis, 670. Physaridez, 570.
Peltidexz, 425. — lentifera, 587. Physarum, 571, +572
Peltigera,426—429,432 — leporina, 668. 573.

Penicillum, 554. — lichenoides, 665. Pilobolus, 561, 562.
Penicillus, 362. — lurida, 668. Pinuzza, 646.
43 b

Whig J a.

INDEX OF PLANTS,

Pinnuzzo, 616.
Pipe, leather,+-345,346,
347.

Placodium, +446—448,
TTA,

Placynthium, 395,

Platisma, 430, 435, 438,
502,

Pleuropus, 615.

Plocamium, 374, 381—
383.

Pluma, 323.

Plumula, 324,

Podisoma, 544.

Pohlia, 771.

Polyactis, 554,

Polyangidew, 586.

Polyangium, 586, 587.

Polychidium, 401, 402.

Polyporus, 645.

Polysperma, 306.

Polyspermum, 288.

Polystoma, 586.

Polytrichum, = +719—
722, 728, 744747.

Poria, 639, 640.

Porcino, 646.

Poridz, 493.

Porina, 495,

Poronia, 515.

Pratella, 626, 627.

Pratellidex, 626.

Prolifera, 310, 312.

Protomycem, 532.

Prunulus, 630—632.

Psora, 443, 445—447,
454, 460—463.

Psorema, 444—446,

Psychia, 433, 434,+435,
436.

Pterigynandrum, 728,
755,

I eepeendes, 741,
Ptilota, 382, 383.
Puccinia,541,542,+543,
544, 562.
Puff, shell, 584—586.
Pulmonaria, 430.
Pulveraria, 470, 475.
Pulvis, 524.
— pyrius, 524,
Pustula, 526.
Pycnothelia, 424.
Pyrenium, 560.
Pyrenula, 493, 494.
Pyrum, 352.
Pyxidaria, 419.
Pyxidium, 580.

Quercus marina, 390.

R.

Racodium, 4-557—559.
Ramalina, +406—408,
Ramalinidez, 404.
Ramaria, 655, 656.
Rapnuia, 673.
Relhanum, 66].
Restellia, 533, 534.
Resupinatus, 617.
Reticularia, 538, 567,
568, 571, 572, 576.
Rhizomorpha,488—490
Rhizomorphidew, 487.
Riccardius, 683, 684.
Riccia, 290, +679, 680,
684,
Ricciadex, 679.
Rinodina,448— 157,774
Rivularia, +284, 285,
301, 302, 310, 320,
330, 381.
Roccella, 425, 426.
Reestellia, 533, 534.
Rot, 637.
— dry, 559.
Rotula, 622.
Rubigo, 555, 556.
Rupicola, 453, 459.
Russula, 607, +618.
Rutabulum, 761.
Rytiphlaa, 382.

S.

Saffron, la mort de, 590.
Salviatus, 687.
Sarcothalamee, 507.
Sarcothecee, 588,
Scalius, 704, 705.
Schasmaria, 416,
Schistostega, 713.
Scleroderma, 581, 582.
Sclerotium, 546, 589,
590, +590—592, 659.
Scodellina, 668, 669.
Scy pha, +357, 358, 359.
Scy phophora,417—424.
Scytenium, 398.
Scytonema, +285, 286,
287, 406.
Scytosiphon, +345, 346,
347. .

Seeds, eight, 666—-668.
Semen, 591.
Serpentinaria,+299, 300
Serpula, 637.

Shanks, red, 742.
Shoot, star, 351.

Silk, crow, 303—316.
Siliquaria, 394,

821.

Sistetrema, 648, 649,
Sistotremidex, 648.
Skin, death, 558, 559,
_ hair, 560,

Slough, star, 351,
Smut, 538,

Solorina, 429,
Sphacelaria, +332, 333.
Spathularia, 663,
Spheria, 526—531,
— aciniformis, 513,
— acuminata, 530,
— acuta, 530,

— agariciformis, 511,
— ajutacea, 511,

— ambiens, 521.

— araneosa, 526,

— arbuti, 525.

— arundinacea, 515,
— aurantia, 526,

— aurantiaca, 526,
— barhata, 523,

— herberidis; 519,
— bifrons, 525,

— bombarda, 527.
— bombardica, 527,
— brassicw, 524,

— byssacea, 498.

— byssoidea, 527,

— capitata, 511,

— carcharias, 512,
— carpini, 532.

— ceratospermum, 518.
— ciliaris, 529,

— ciliata, 520.

— cinerea, 517.

— circumvallata, 525,
— cirrhata, 532.

— clavata, 511.

— claviformis, 520.
— coccinea, 519.

— coherens, 514,

— collapsa, 509.

— communis, 528,
— composita, 532.
— compressa, 531.
— concava, 526,

— concentrica, 513.
— confluens, 513.

— conjuncta, 521.
-—— convergens, 521.
— coriacea, 528,

— corniculata, 520.
— cornuta, 512,

— cristata, 531.

— crustacea, 517.

— cucurbitula, 519.
— cupressiformis, 512.
— cupularis, 519,

— curvirostra, 530.
— cylindrica, 523,

— decidua, 519.

822

Spheria decomponens,

530.
— decorticata, 517.
— depressa, 515,
— deusta, 516.
— diffusa, 517.
— digitata, 512,513.
— disciformis, 518,
— dryina, 529.
— dubia, 532.
— duplex, 523.
— entomorhiza, 511.
— epigza, 498,
— equina, 527.
— ferruginea, 518,
— fimeti, 527,
— flavovirens, 518.
— floriformis, 530.
— fragiformis, 513.
— fraxinea, 513.
— fusca, 513, 529,
— gnomon, 530.
— graminis, 516.
— granulosa, 514,
— gregaria, 450,
— gutta, 524,
— herbarum, 522.
— hederez, 525.
— hirsuta, 527.
— hypoxylon, 512,
— immersa, 517.
— insidens, 528.
— irregularis, 514.
— Kirbii, 529.
— levis, 519.
— lata, 518.
— lauri, 525,
— leucostoma, 520.
— lichenoides, 527.
— longa, 529.
— lonicere, 528.
-— macula, 517.
— maculans, 522.
— marginata, 520.
— maxima, 516.
— melanostoma, 495.
— melogramma, 514.
— microstoma, 520.
— militaris, 511.
— miniata, 526, 547.
=-— moriformis, 524,
— mucida, 527.
— multicapsula, 513.
— multiceps, 514.
— nebulosa, 522.
— nidula, 529.
— nigra, 524,
— obducta, 514,
— ocellata, 514.

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Spheeria parabolica,523 Spherobolides, 580.

— parallela, 515.

— peduncilata, 512,

— peziza, 526,

— pezizeformis, 526.

— picea, 516, -

— polymorpha, 512.

— populi, 515.

— poronia, 515.

— potentille, 525.

— profusa, 531.

— protracta, 518.

— pulchella, 521.

— pulvis, 524.

-— — pyrius, 524,

— -punetata, 515.

— punctiformis, 524,
525.

— pustula, 526,

— pustulata, 520.

— quaternata, 521,

— quercina, 518,

— radicosa, 512,

— ramosa, 512.

— rhodostoma, 522.

— ribesia, 514.

— rimosa, 528.

— rostrata, 529, 530.

— rubiformis, 528.

— rupestris, 528,

— salicina, 525,

— sambuci, 515.

— sanguinea, 526.

— scutellata, 520.

— serpens, 516,

— solida, 524.

— solitaria, 527.

— stercoraria, 527.

— stigma, 517.

— stylifera, 530.

— subcorticalis, 523.

— subimmersa, 523.

— subsecreta, 529.

— subulata, 523.

— suleata, 509.

— terrestris, 527.

— tessellata, 522.

— tiliz, 522.

— tofieldiz, 525.

— tremelloides, 547.

— truncata, 515,

— tuberculosa,513.

— tuberosa, 524,

— tubiformis, 522.

— typhina, 516.

—uda, 516.

— ulmaria, 515.

— umbilicata, 521,

— vaccinii, 528.

— olivacea, 560. — versipellis, 516.
— ophioglossoides, 512. — viridis, 528.
m= ovina, 527. Spheridez, 510.

Spherobolus, 580, 581,
663.

Spherocarpus, 482, 572
—5717, 580, 681.

Spherocephalus, 576.

' Spherococcus, +364—

375, 317, 380.
Sphzerophoron, 487.
Sphagnum, +709—713,

T17, 726, 735,749.
Spheria, 526—531.
Spiloma, 452, +480,

48].

Spilomidex, 479.
Splachnum, 714,+-717—
T1195 729)
Sponge, 358—361.
Spongia, 293, 353—362.
Spongidiz, 354.
Spongidium, 292, 293.
Spongilla, 353, 354.
Sporochnus, 387.
Sporotrichum, 550, 551.
Spumaria, +567, 569.
Spumaridez, 566.
Spunk, 583.
Squamula, 622.
Stachylidium, 553.
Staff, sea ragged, 353.
Staurophora, 683.
Steccherinum, 651.
Stellina, 296.
Stemonitidew, 578. _
Stemonitis,567, 570, 575
—5T7, +578, 579.
Stereocaulon, 388, 396,
+411, 412, 487,
Stereum, 652, 653.
Sticta, 429—432,
Stictis, 663—664.
Stilbidez, 563.
Stilbospora, 545,
Stilbospore, 545.
Stilbosporidew, 544,
Stilbum, 563, 564.
Stool, acorn, 675, 676.
— club, 656—658.
— crater, 652.
— curtain, 627—630.
— dimple, 621—623.
— dung, 632—635.
— earpick, 650.
— footless, 617.
— funnel, 669, 670.
— head, 660, 661.
— hedgehog, 651.
— high, 619—621.
— honeycomb, 639,640.
— labyrinth, 638, 639,
— milk, 623—625.
— mitre, 659, 660.

INDEX OF PLANTS. 823

Stool, navel, 611—614,

— pipe, 648.

— prickle, 650.

— prune, 630—632. ~
— slipper, 616.

— spathula, 6€3.

— spine, 652.

— sponge, 645

— toothless, 651.
Strap, sea, 389.
Strilia, 645.
Strongylium, 485, 5638.
Strozzius, 682.
Suillidee, 646.
Suillus, 646.
Swartzia, 742, 743.
Syntrichia, 723.

T.

Targionia, 680, 681:
Targionidex, 680.
Teeth, paired, 744,
Tendo, 386.

Tethya, 361, 362. .
Tetraphis, 717.
Thalassiophyte, 317.
Thamnidium, 560.
Thanatophyton, 590.
Thelebolidew, 531.
Thelebolus, 531.
Thelephora, 652, 653:
Thelephoridex, 652.
Thelotrema, +494, 495.
Thistle, St. Mary’ §, 385.
Thread ,teather 285, 286,
— marsh, 313.

Thuja, 690,

Tongue,ground, 658,659

Tooth, four,
_ net, 7122.
— odd, 748.
— sea, 364,
— white, 741.

— wood, 649,
Tortula, T22—725.
Torula, 550, +-557.
Tow, old wives, 710.
Trattinickia, 340,
Trembler, 348.
Tremella, 401, 4-593.
— acrospermum, 595,
— adnata, 302, 348.
— albida, 593.

— arborea, 594.

— auricula, 594.

— botryoides, 349.
— cerebrina, 593,

— cinnabarina, 595,
— clavata, 595.

= cruenta, 350.

7iT.

— hemispherica, 284,

a

Tremella deliquescens,
595.

— difformis, 301.

— dubia, 595.

— ferruginea, 593.

— fluviatilis, 351.

— foliacea, 594.

— globulosa, 2385.

_— cranulata, 290.

Ulva articulata, 381.
— atomaria, 341, °.
— buibosa, 243, 385,
— capillaris, 379.
“ — caprina, 345.
— ciliata, 371.
— clathrata, 346.
— compressa, 346, 347.
— crispa, 344, 367.
— defracta, 348.
— intestinalis, 351. — delicatula, 345.
— intumescens, 593. — diaphana, 353.
— juniperina, 546, 594. — dichotoma, 341.
— lachrymalis, 595. — digitata, 385.

— lichenoides,401. — edulis, 344,
— marina, 342,344,346, — elminthoides, 348,
381, 383. — fasciata, 343.

— mesenterica, 593.

— mesenteriformis, 594.
— natans, 285.

— nostec,35!.

—_— palustris, 302,342.
— pruniformis, 332.
— purpurea, 547.

— sarcoides, 667.

— spiculosa, 594.

— stipitata, 595.

— ustulata, 594.

— utriculata, 285,351.
— verracosa, 295, 351.

— filiformis, 347.

— fistulosa, 347.

— flavescens, 353.

— feetida, 350,

— furfuracea, 377.
— granulata, 290.

— incrassata, 302.
— intestinalis, 345,
— lactuca, 342—344,
— lactucefolia, 342,
— lanceolata, 343.
— latissima, 343, 384.
— ligulata, 341,

— violacea, 594. — linza, 343.
Tremellidez, 593. — marina, 342, 344—
Trichia, 483, 485, 571— 346. (

573, +574—580.
Trichiadee, 574,
Trichoderma, 580,+560,

568.

— maxima, 384,
— mesenterica, 384,
— montana, 349.

— multifida, 342.
Trichodermidew,560. — palmata, 344,
Tiichostomum, 722,727, — palustris, 343, 684,

734,139—T43.
Trichothecium, 550.
Truffle, 592,
Truffs, 592,
Tuba, 672, 673.
Tuber, 582, 590, +592,
Tubercularia, 547.
Tuberculatides, 547.
Tuheridez, 592.

— pavoria, 340.

— Phyllitis, 384.

— plantaginea, 383.

— plantaginifolia, 383.
— plicata, 345.

— plumosa, 289,

— protuberans, 349,
— pruniformis,285,352,

389.
Tubifera, 570. — punctata, 365,
Tubulifera, 570 — purpurascens, 347,
‘Tubulina, 570. 379.

Tuft, club, 562,563. — purpurea, 344,

— pencil, 563. — radicata, 290.
— plaited, 562. — ramulasa, 346,
— tangle, 563, — rubra, 301.

Tulostoma, 586.
Tulestomidee, 586.
Tupha, 354, 355.
Typhoderma, 558, 559.

— rupestris, 348.
— saccharina, 384,
— saxatilis, 685.
— serrata, 341.

— sobolifera, 345.
— terrestris, 343,
ya, 1342-343, 351,

3i4,

824.

‘Ulva Tarneri, 347.
— umbilicalis, 344.
— umbilicata, 344. -
Ulvoidex, 342. — contorta, 459.
Umbilicaria, 476,478. — decolorans, 471,
Up, breaking, 293, 294. — eflusa, 451.
Urceolaria, 453,+457— — epigewa, 498,

A60, 494, 495. — escharoides, 471,
Uredo, 538, +539—542, — frondosa, 457. |

— confluens, 464.
— conzlomerata, 474.

Usnea, 403, 404. — fulva, 445.
— barbata, 404. — fumosa, 463.
— bicolor, 405. — fuscella, 493, 499.

— chalybeiformis, 40S. — fusco-ater, 463,
— dichotoma, 408, — gemmata,496.

— florida, 403. — geographica, 465.
— hippotrichioides,489. — glaucina, 497.
— implexa, 408. - — granulosa, 471.
— intricata, 406. — hwmatomma, 457.
— jubata, 408. — Harrimanni, 497.
— lanata, 405. — humosimilis, 467.
— lanea, 405. — immersa, 467,497.
— loris longis, 408. — impolita, 480.

— ofticinarum, 403. — lutescens, 453.

— plicata, 403. — maura, 498.

— pubescens, 405. — melaleuca, 496.
— radiciformis, 488... — ocellata, 459,
Usneadew, 403. *- -— dlivaceg, 496.
Ustilago, 538. ~ — orbiculata, 491.

+*— parella, 454.
— betrwa, 463.

Vv. : — plumbea, 497.
eis ee — polythecia, 499.
Vaginaria, 280.* — polytropa, 475.
Vaginata, 601, — porphyria, 457.
Variolaria, 471, +490— — punctiformis, 496,
493,509,514, 515, —rubella, 472. :

— rubra, 457.

Variolaridz, 490.
— rufescens, 472.

Vaucheria, 289—292.
Vaucheridew, 288. — rupestris, 497.
Ventilabrum, 359. — salicina, 456.
Verrncariaabietina,450 — sanguinaria, 464.
— acrotella, 498. — S.hraderi, 497.
— alba, 496. —.silacea, 465.

~ —albo atra, 469. — stigmatella, 496.

— albocerulescens,468, — stillicidiorum, A456.
— analepta, 496. — striatula, 498.
—.antiquitatis, 494. — sulphurea, 470.

— tartarea, 455,

— tesselata, 459, 493,
— thelostoma, 493.
— tubercularia, 491.
— uliginosa, 467.

— umbilicata, 453,
— umbrina, 494,

— varia, 452.

— ventosa, 451.

— atro alba,463.

— atrosanguinea, 467.
— atrovirens, 465.

— aurantiaca, 475.
— badia, 451.

— byssacea, 498.

-— byssina, 475.

— calearea, 468. :
— cerina, 456, .

END OF VOL. I.

Ri eee
C. Baldwin, Printer,

New Bridge-street, London. ¥

I $f

INDEX OF PLANTS.

Verrucaria cinerea,496. Verrucaria vernalis,472

— viridirufa, 456.
Verrucaride, 495.
Vertebrata, 338.
Vespertilio, 399.
Virgaria, 552, 553,

W.

Wall, hyssop on the,715.

Webera, 768, 770, 77}.

Weed, belly, 378——
383.

— bottle brush, +331,
332.

— bristle, 521.

— hrown, +321, 322.

— flake, 384,

— fork, 394.

— girdle, +340, 341..

— gulf, 393.

— hartshorn, 389.

— horn, +327, 328.

— knot, +330, 331.

— lichen, 388.

— moss, 288, 289.

— plum, 371—37T.

— pod, 394.

— pretty, +322, 323.

— ribband, 383.

— river, 312.

— rope, 386.

— rust, $332, 333.

— thong, 386.

Weissia, +729—732,
743, 745, 746.

Wort, ground liver,428.

— lung, 430.

Wrack, 389, 390.

X.

Xylaria, 507, +510, 511.
Xylodon, 649.

Xyloma, 545, 546.
Xylomidez, 545.
Xylostroma, 559.

Zz.
Zonaria, +340, 341.

Zygodon, 744.
Zygnema, 296—300.

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