*. eh MG DAMN aaite TAUNTS shes Mackall Pag aa Reh a SA! vate i! n One BN Au tty tt oy ai t ry Ue . * W / Y. ey 8) fs THE ~ AMERICAN MUSEUM. a JOURNAL EDITED BY MARY CYNTHIA DICKERSON VOLUME XIV, 1914 b| / | ra at e [/? | ' | NEW YORK CITY Published from October to June, by _ THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 1914 ore, ‘ee retain of scientific research, axsloretians and di SC r tof museum exhibition and museum i = Fie bat SE ica i . Be. ¢ (Ep “ip eye? Hei FREE TO MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM . OF NATURAL HISTORY ce Y ° - | PRINTED BY THE COSMOS PRESS . CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1914 Hf CONTENTS OF VOLUME XIV JANUARY Dpuamuemermamecnm Groups, Part 1.......................c.c eee Freppric A. Lucas ‘A-Ohapter of Ancient American History......°..-.................00. Hersert J. Spernpen Miche mxhibite in the American Muscum..................... ccc eee eecees BasHrorp DEran EES ITE IVIICLOLO. WY CBr he prcteretk vlogs eMiele cds ect ee kee wees beeees DwiGeut FRANKLIN weeemiind in the American Museum..........522........6.0.8.. Agnes LaIipLaw VAUGHAN SNE eS lar foe Ter PE CEM Tir gay 0. vie foie 6 4 void Gee hive ele eed fae eee bob. FEBRUARY mumemenry Of Museum Groups, PAlt Bhi ck ie k e c etc eee ees Freperic A. Lucas MEAD TSI CARING. FRCBCI VEIOR siete sidrartes co 6g ne Shee ce ee ele weenie ee ewe nee WaLtTeR WINANS SS ESTURE NE CS Sree foo (a Pl Oo ee a a ae nr a W. DEW. Mitier ST tate be da tolgu! by LCs 77 Co 0) Vs |S aR Sn ALANSON SKINNER ES OSS OSSD SESS Sc SiR Sar on Purny E. Gopparp Teaching inthe American Museum................. 0. csc cece neces Aanes LaipLaw VAUGHAN TUES Yo Fool oie gigs cg 9s: ahose si Acp. 0's gi VSlbe oe eubteiy o vie'e eb eee 0 chia bie cebu de Marcu Charles R. Knight — Painter and Sculptor of Animals........................ Tue Epiror RES rcene le SC ad a NID ete Caen e wh pro Sig ache oo oo Givieldielee ews es ves Frank E. Lurz Maye Art and its Development... 2... 6c. ee cere eee Groree Grant MacCurpy EST ARS Geo ELT UEC GT 5 Mu Me np ei ae cr Car. E. AKELry cee ELAS NG Ty etree cy iPS Ge We al, erent gina 8G GR Ok ote SRE Ko hs ie ay bos week APRIL ET ARS ESET, CORP cos cia than Ga bares aca eracel aifa: oy. ore erereinie ewe GLE awe ee Freperic A. Lucas ‘he Broom Fossil Reptile Collection... 2.05.0. 02k ee eee eee cen Henry Farrrietp Osporn Further Observations on South African Fossil Reptiles...................... Rosert Broom Resolutions to Professor Albert 8S. Bickmore on the Occasion of his Seventy-fifth Birthday A Letter from Theodore Roosevelt, Patron of the Museum’s South American Field Work..... Bandelier — Pioneer Student of the Ancient American Races............... CLARK WISSLER wuaeone Village is Doing for the Birds. :).....0.0 6.0. ek eee eee Ernest Haroutp BAayNEs mos 8. Wiason’ Oollection . osc. cc ek occa chet ewsberetcvecees ALANSON SKINNER Plea for Haste in Making Documentary Records of the American Indian....Epwarp S. Curtis shoes active i Peet ang cls 5 daar tg ak Pe Saas BYNC Raa oe Sia PAKGe ae OLGA O TD ae ee TE aio bv Wellton ve! SS May sivew African Hall Planned by Carl BE. Akeley... .. 2.2.0... 2s cee ccs acne scene Tue Epitror naet? AVURATE -OF FUGCRAO WE 505i bein oc onsale vnce's oe Siale otelelvla WV ela eee WiuiuraAm K. GreGorRyY EN UTI ANY 111 AT AZOUIG,, Gis a oop ie cre nok oes 3 ard sy oie bod he bleneie lens eile eueiy’s oltvete ene JAMES Dovua.Las mene er Obvery irom NASCAR, POPU 2... ee eee eee eek e eect ed ec eens CuarLes W. Meap The Crocker Land Expedition [Editorial Introduction and Quotation from Letters]............ eS yal ecg an Bie seep Sit mae petiole Rap a eo ea re Piru ap epee ee eee Pa CS OcTOoBER—NOVEMBER The Museum and the American People..............6.0eee sees Henry Farrriptp OsBOoRN ‘ Series of Twelve Photographs on Forest Conservation................ Insert between 220 and Deets Y, SHO CMEY URLOPOL LV wre GUIS po also te cial gue d wlghcee tes Does «S20 Sales ble es Tue Epiror Paleolithic Art in the Collections of the American Museum...... Grorce Grant MacCurpy New Faunal Conditions in the Canal Zone.....................0200008 .H. E. ANTHONY me. Coopper- Queen Wine. WModel 5.5.5 wc ors bo peepee one tee Epmunp Ottis Hovey ERIE IOS BRA VOT 5 oy ds 58 tae Wade aes Jb Roe eI hoa eae ORE eae ae acs Purny E. Gopparp ““My Life with the Eskimo’’ by Stefansson— A Review............ Herpert L.: BRip@Man Shell Collection in the American Museum..............0c ccc cceecceeeee L. P. GratacaP NIRS PIOUS os 5 3\- cadhend Sieg tM DIO ome See PETER Dn ees a Evin eacy eb aes ges DECEMBER manerican Juseum: Whale Collection: « «0:0 ds. oo v4 ocd he ad tees ae eee Roy C. ANDREWS ene NICUetS. Of . SAMIBICH:. «2. o'S00% asc ies we a eee eins aren eeu Pace G. C. LoneLtEy An Episode of a Museum Expedition............. SON OC MEET LA Ns aislece wae Caru E. AKELEY News from the Crocker Land Expedition... ...05....- 0... cece eee cece eee Epmunp Otis Hovey Museum Notes ILLUSTRATIONS African hall, 178, 179, 181, 186, 187 Akeley, C. E., 174, 185 Allosaurus, 86 Arsinoitherium, 89 Ass, Wild, 112, 115, 117 Aurochs, 66 Bat cave, 244, 245 Baynes, E. H., 152, 153, 155 Beaver, 124-135; group, 126; habitats, 127-129, 131, 132, 134 - Bickmore, A. 8., 122 Bird bath, 154; houses, 150, 151, 155 Blind in American Museum, 41, 42 Bowfin group, 32, 34, 35; habitat, 38 Buffalo, 183 Cherrie, G. K., 214 Chichen Itza, Panorama of, 19; Ruins, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25,27; Sculptures, 17, 23, 26-31 Choate, J. H., 170° Copper deposits, Maps of, 202, 203 Copper Queen mine model, 248, 250 Cuban expedition, 100-106 Deer, cover (Jan.), 54, 63, 64 Dicynodon laticeps, 142; leontops, 143; moschops, 140-141; planus, 142; platyceps, 136; psit- tacops, 141 Diplodocus, 98 Douglas, James, 172 Eagles, Group of golden, 4 Elephant studio, 185 Elephants, back and front covers (May), 12, 96, 176, 184, 185 Endothiodon uniseries, 140 Eskimo, Life with, 261-265 Fiala, Anthony, 214 Fish (painting) opp. 96 Flower, W. H., 6 Forestry scenes, cover (Oct.-Nov.), inserts, opp. 221 Fossil reptiles, 136, 138-143 Framework for elephant, 12; for whale, 278 Groups, Arab courier attacked by lions, 8; Bird, 2,4, 7, 10, 56, 57, 60; Bison, 15; Bullfrog, 58; Deer, 54, 63, 64; Fish, 32, 34, 35, 36, 50, 53; Lizard, 59; Monkey, 55; Octopus, 53; Orang-utan, 11 Harper, Frank, 214 Harpoon gun, cover (Dec.) Harpy eagle with macaw, 95 Hippopotamus group, Model of, 182 Ichthyosaurus, 87 Indians, Slavey, 257, 258 Jaguar, 93 Jesup, M. K., 218 Knight, OC. R., 82 Laysan Island group, 60 Leopard, 83, 92 Lions, cover (Apr.) 8, 14, 183 Limestone caves, 105, 244, 245 Loon, Group of black-throated, 10 Mammoth, 917 ! Mangrove swamps, 102 Manikins, 11, 13 Mastodon, 91 Menomini bag, 72 Miller, L. E., 214 Monaco, Prince Albert of, 173 Monkey, Panamanian, 241 Moose, 45 Murals, Knight, 85 Octopus group, 53 Opossum, 247 Orang-utans, 11 Ornitholestes, 86 4 Paca, 246 Paddlefish group, 53; Paleolithic art, 225-237 a ‘ Panama expedition, 238-242, 244-247 nite § Pareiasaurus whaitst, 138 : - . Pasteur, Louis, 215 an Peace River, Along, 253-260 oF Peale, C. W., 84 Piltdown gravel bed, 200 Piltdown man, 188, 189, 192-198 ; Pottery, Arawak, opp. 295, 302, 303; Cherokee, ay 160; Nasca, opp. 208 Pueblo Indian girl, cover (Dec.) Restorations: or Allosaurus, 86; Arsinoitherium, 89; Diplodoe ns 98; Ichthyosaurus, 87; Mammoth, 91; M: todon, 91; Ornitholestes, 86; Piltdown t 188; Sabre-tooth tiger, 90; Tiger, 90; Pyle saurus, 88 Rondon, Colonel, 171 : Roosevelt, Kermit, 214 - Roosevelt, Theodore, 171, 214 Sabre-tooth tiger, cover (Mar.), 90 Setters, 93 Sharpe, R. B., 5 Sheep, 65 Shell ornaments, 232 Sink-hole, 19, 20 Sioux invocation, 164 Somaliland, 112, 113, 115, 116, 304, 307, 308 saa Stone implements, 157-162; 225-231, a =. 295, 297-301 Storage rooms, 74, 75 Sturgeon, Catch of shovel-nosed, 38 Tapinocephalus atherstonei, 139 Thunderers, 71, 72 ae. Tiger, cover (Feb.), 94, 97; Sabre-tooth, cover (Mar.), 90 “ite Tipi, 71 Tylosaurus, 88 Verreaux, Jules, 9 Visitors’ room, 79 Volan, 18 Water hole, 115 Whales, 274, 276, 277, 279-284, 286-294 Whaling station, 285 Wharf-pile group, 52 Zahm, Father, 214 NUMBER JANUARY, 1914 VOLUME XIV” ~ o, S) o x Gy o. 2) o Z, uy S) Z a ay = = i ‘REE TO MEMBERS American Museum of Natural History Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City BOARD OF TRUSTEES President HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN First Vice-President Second Vice-President CLEVELAND H. DopGE J. P. Morgan Treasurer Secretary CHARLES LANIER ApRIAN ISELIN, JR. Tue Mayor or THE City or New York THe CoMPTROLLER OF THE City oF NEW YORK THE PRESIDENT OFTHE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS ALBERT S. BICKMORE Mapison,GRANtT OgpEN MILLs FREDERICK F. BREWSTER Anson W. Harp Percy R. Pyne JoserH H. CHoATE ARTHUR CurRTISS JAMES JoHN B. TREVOR Tuomas DeWitt CuyLer WALTER B. JAMES Frurx M. WarBurG JAMES DovUGLAS A. D. JUILLIARD Grorce W. WICKERSHAM Seta Low EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Director Assistant Secretary Freperic A. Lucas GeEorGE H. SHERWOOD Assistant Treasurer Tue UNITED States Trust CompANy oF New YORK The Museum is open free to the public on every day in the year. The American Museum of Natural History was established in 1869 to promote the Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people, and it is in cordial codperation with all similar institutions throughout the world. The Museum authorities are dependent upon private subscriptions and the dues from members for pro- curing needed additions to the collections and for carrying on explorations in America and other parts of the world. The membership fees are, Annual Members.........«.- iste Sees $ 10 WOU OWE ico kc ate + Wee $ 500 Sustaining Members (Annual)..... 25 POTODS oaks cde eile ernlo ave meee 1000 Life: MemBOPSs ia'scisic sited cases es 100 Associate Benefactors.......... 10,000 Benefactors (gift or bequest) $50,000 The Museum Library contains more than 60,000 volumes with a good working collection of publications issued by scientific institutions and societies in this country and abroad. The library is open to the public for reference daily — Sundays and _ holidays excepted — from 9 A. M. to5 P. M. The Museum Publications are issued in six series: Memoirs, Bulletin, Anthropologi- cal Papers, American Museum Journal, Guide Leaflets and Annual Report. Information concerning their sale may be obtained at the Museum library. Guides for Study of Exhibits are provided on request by the department of public education. ‘Teachers wishing to bring classes should write or telephone the department for an appointment, specifying the collection to be studied. Lectures to classes may also be arranged for. In all cases the best results are obtained with small groups of children. Workrooms and Storage Collections may be visited by persons presenting member- ship tickets. The storage collections are open to all persons desiring to examine specimens for special study. Applications should be made at the information desk. The Mitla Restaurant in the east basement is reached by the elevator and is open from 12 to 5 on all days except Sundays. Afternoon Tea is served from 2 to 5. The Mitla room is of unusual interest as an exhibition hall being an exact reproduction of temple ruins at Mitla, Mexico. Toe American Museum Journal. VotumE XIV JANUARY, 1914 NUMBER 1 CONTENTS Cover, Photograph showing Group of Virginia Deer The work of Carl E. Akeley in the Field Museum, Chicago Frontispiece, Photograph of the American Robin Group.................. The first bird group in the American Museum The Story of Museum Groups, Part I................ FrEDERIC A. Lucas A history of the popular development of museums, a development which has changed these institutions from ‘‘the dreary exhibits of forty years ago’’ adapted only for the use of techni- cally trained scientists to ‘‘ the present realistic pictures of animal life’’ fitted for the pleasur- able instruction of all classes of people Illustrations from photographs of groups at present exhibited in the British Museum, Lon- don; Booth Museum, Brighton, England; United States National Museum, Washington; Field Museum, Chicago; Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, and the American Museum, New York A Chapter of Ancient American History............. HERBERT J. SPINDEN A brief review of the wonders of the ruined city Chichen Itzé of Yucatan, ‘‘founded when the Huns under Attila were battling with the failing armies of Rome,’’ and ten centuries later sinking ‘‘into oblivion, while the English and French fought out the Hundred Years’ War”’ Illustrations from photographs taken at the site of the ruins by the Author Fish Exhibits in the American Museum.................. BasHFORD DEAN Some Fish of the Middle West............ .......... Dwieur FRANKLIN The Blind in the American Museum... ol eee Agnes LAtipLAw VAUGHAN TEES ETRE AI Sg el EA SA A ay Pa ear Ba tune eee Mary Orntaia Dickerson, Editor bo 17 Published monthly from October to May by the American Museum of Natural History. Terms: one dollar per year, fifteen cents per copy. Entered as second-class matter January 12, 1907, at the Post-Office at Boston, Mass., Act of Congress, July 16, 1894. Subscriptions should be addressed to the AmmricAN Museum Journal, 77th St. and Central Park West, New York City. The Journal is sent free to all members of the Museum. AMERICAN ROBIN GROUP THE FIRST BIRD GROUP IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM The American robin group was mounted by Jenness Richardson in 1887. The wax leaves and flowers were made by Mrs. Mogridge, who introduced the work into the United States. This was the first of the very large series of bird groups now represented in the American Museum ' Tue American Museum Journac VotumME X1V JANUARY, 1914 NUMBER, 1 THE STORY OF MUSEUM GROUPS Part I By Frederic A. Lucas * %* * &; queeque ipse [felicissima] vidi Et quorum pars [minor] fui HE many groups of animals in the + American Museum of Natural History represent many phases of what may be termed “the group question” and illustrate the various steps that have led from the dreary ex- hibits of forty years ago to the present realistic pictures of animal life. Twenty- five years ago, even, there was scarcely a group of animals, or a descriptive label, in any museum in the United States. It is to be noted that the qualifying adjective scarcely is used, for even twenty-five years ago there were a number of animal groups in our mu- seums, though it was still a moot ques- tion whether their display was a legiti- mate feature of museum work, and the educational possibilities of such exhibits were realized by few. Museum authorities are somewhat _ conservative and as museums at first were mainly for the preservation of material for students, their educational value to the public was not considered. The principal object in mounting ani- mals, especially mammals, was to pre- serve them and put them in a condition to be studied and compared one with another. Groups were not even thought of and, as Dr. Coues wrote as late as 1874: “‘Spread eagle’ styles of mount- ing, artificial rocks and flowers, etc., are entirely out of place in a collection of any scientific pretensions, or designed for popular instruction. Besides, they take up too much room. Artistic group- ing of an extensive collection is usually out of the question; and when this is unattainable, halfway efforts in that direction should be abandoned in favor of severe simplicity. Birds look best on the whole in uniform rows, assorted according to size, as far as a natural classification allows.” The only use of groups was for a few private individuals and they were mainly heterogeneous assemblages of bright-plumaged birds brought together from the four quarters of the globe and shown simply because they were pretty. So far as we are aware, the introduc- tion of groups into public museums was due to the influence of an enthusiastic private collector, Mr. E. T. Booth, of Brighton, England, who devoted a large part of his life to making a collection of British birds, mounted in varied atti- tudes, with accessories that copied more or less accurately the appearance of the spot where they were taken. As Mr. Booth wrote, “the chief object has been to endeavor to represent the birds in situations somewhat similar to those in which they were obtained; many of the cases, indeed, being copied from sketches taken on the actual spots where the birds themselves were shot.” These groups were intended to be viewed from the front only and were arranged in cases of 3 L181 Ul peyuNo/y “puelsug ‘uo14qsig ‘TIMesnyy qIO0og sa1Dv3 N3q010D 4O dNnouwdS THE STORY OF MUSEUM GROUPS 9) standard sizes, assembled along the side of a large hall. The collection, which was begun not far from 1858, was be- queathed to the town of Brighton in - 1890, and is known as the Booth Mu- seum, and we earnestly hope that it may endure for many years to come. Montagu Brown of Leicester adopted the methods of Mr. Booth and a little later, through the instrumentality of R. Bowdler Sharpe, the first small “habitat group” of the coot was installed in the British Museum. Now it is rather interesting to note that some naturalists who are best known by their scientific work, and are usually regarded by the | public as being of the dry-as-dust type, were among the earliest advocates of naturalistic methods in museum exhibits. Thus, to Dr. Sharpe, whose enduring monument is the British Museum Cata- logue of Birds, and to Dr. Gunther, best known for his systematic work on fishes, we are indebted for the introduction of groups into a great public museum and for obtaining for them the recogni- tion of a scientific institution of long standing. The installation of bird groups in the British Museum made good progress under the administration of Sir William Flower, who took especial interest in the R. BOWDLER SHARPE Under whose auspices the first of the bird groups was installed in the British Museum beet * > ., a SIR WILLIAM HENRY FLOWER DIRECTOR OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM FROM 1884 TO 1898 Sir William Flower probably did more than any other man to change the character of museum exhibits and make them attractive as well as instructive. He not only planned the exhibits and gave his personal attention to their installation, but in some instances he prepared the specimens himself. In this country like credit should be given to Dr. G. Brown Goode, who was an ardent admirer of Flower and his work in the British Museum 6 Robin redbreast group in the British Museum educational side of museums and in the introduction of exhibits that were at- tractive, as well as instructive, to the general visitor. The first group in the American Mu- seum, an Arab courier attacked by lions, was purchased in 1869 and shown in the old Arsenal building in Central Park, then the home of this institution. This group may have been theatrical and “bloody” but, as a piece of taxidermy, it was the most ambitious attempt of its day. Moreover it was an attempt to show life and action and an effort to arrest the attention and arouse the interest of the spectator, a most impor- tant point in museum exhibits. If you cannot interest the visitor you cannot 7 s 2 8 Binqsiig ‘UmMesn]{ ofeureD oy3