A Str hoe etn fy y, ade CT ee PAs , hos hae ~~ Dance @. Sah eb hake UN Ni IP oe ae ee wo r ‘ AP RT ON. ered t. ¥ in" ‘ee Te eee, Pe EE Chai ot ee ° Coupee em edraesten Mme Rh tae hes iad ae ats’ = ee bh ehh ahs wen eg nck, ht St aA) % . ; oe ite W he we et ae , PY, NM Vread te aM} a} 9 “As we tse Xs é J rv - >, * - ‘3 Xx , “ont 7 . ae moe o@ne «4<) . ¢ eer ‘ ae > i ayy . 4 o's : in a, oA orl ; Muscun of N\. ly, . i) y “+. a a. qY oo 1869 THE LIBRARY ‘od - NATURAL HISTORY THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME XXIII 1923 Published bimonthly by THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NEW YORK CITY 1923 An illustrated magazine devoted to the advancement of natural history, the recording of scientific research, exploration, and discovery, and the development of museum exhibition and museum influence in education. Contributors are men eminent in these fields, including the scientific staff and members of the American Museum, as well as writers connected with other institutions, explorers, and investigators in the several branches of natural history. NATURAL HISTORY IS SENT TO ALL CLASSES OF MUSEUM MEMBERS AS ONE OF THE PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXIII Januany-Frarvuany, No. 1 Frontispiece, The Final Restoration of the Warren Mastodon, ............ Cuances R. Kxtaur,... .opp astodons of the Hudson Highlands. ............6. cece eee denen eeeees . Henny Fatrietyo Osnonn Primitive Fishery Methods i in ET ROMERO Poel e din vvieiniy wien bea dlulviece cas eh. R. E. Coxen mumwownme Of the “France”... .......ccseeeseeeneceescenes Ty a ee .. Roto H. Brew es, ode ewhsasikestncvctecSepdavetcctcatvccecect .W. Henny Sueax ene Minds and Manners of Wild Animals”’............0.scccccevcccvecuvecess .. Witttam Beene “James Hall of Albany” ng At oon TAA re ec er be ere ee ce eee ee .. Gronar FF. Kunz An Extraordinary Capture of the Giant Shark, Rhineodon Typus........ iden er dindldsedulls Ws Gita The Racial Diversity of the Polynesian Peoples eM Cotes crclare wie\d Ww deren ee A ee Louis R. Sunnivan Bolivia’s Least-Known Mountain Range.............. ccc ccc cece cee eeccceetuvees Epwarnp W, Benny IIT RCTITIS DA TONAIRTS ccs 6 nc cc leu sien descsccccancvccveneccesueeens EpmuNpD Oris Hovey eee. Cis wate ws UCR Scnk vexapueesccusscceessce EN AP is Ces ee rere x OMIM EG Fete. o's a's ape e sa U gwdicncscansccceddccscsenseuns G. Kinastey Nosie Field Studies of Dominican Tree Frogs and Their Haunts................00.000000. G. Kinastey Nosie ee CA Tea EW ells 0h soc ce thes wanes des sagdeuvavuuces Freperic A. Lucas I CI Gs oo, a wey wv d eiv ss ais cob eereceduvetactevsaeeduns Frank E. Lurz IIE COO EOIN ID Sse cores bun eessccducersusevesseces Ropert CusiMan Murpnry The Chamois of the Pyrenees........ IMUM cada ws 4 6h Melanie dwalkscbbrslaweeseh ee faster V. Forsin aa METENORWCOOGH IMOUNCGIDS. .. ici ce cc ccc we cer acccaceceveseedens H. E. Anruony OS a tun odes de sivceeanscccecestseebursasesscnenee i. Ciype Fisuer TS I E. W. Gupcer The Story of the Crooked Knife.............. Per ea Ata ee oreo de uM bin Winks a's OSla's baie aieid CLARK WISSLER NOOR CUNNOL.. 5 ccc cence wees cee pias ca ee cas aah coe cho an mabe Ina A. WILLIAMS SIEMEETCHGEMELIMNGFOr GOK. 1... cece ceed crc ceccncececccveccsecvecesd ALFRED M. Barrey Natural Root Graftage and the Overgrowth of Stumps Ci COED PO ee a ae nil wea ee C. < >. PEMBERTON I Sere aig su aie Beis e/ems, < eae ¢ Vie yes 0 co 0.0.0 6 eee seb ea ciewe sie C. C. Pempertron ate TW Ge aisle wi W dic dia’ Wicwinaia se ke clna se deenwuweddcliencécesteugeaseuascnacccs May-June, No. 3 Frontispiece, Restoration of the Tree-browsing Baluchitheres of Central Asia........ E. Runerus Fuipa The Extinct Giant Rhinoceros Baluchitherium of Western and Central Asia....HeNryY FArrFIELD OsBorn Pnuene moe OL LHe Northern WOOGS. 2... ose cc ccc tc ccc occ cccccusebing CHARLES MACNAMARA Nature and Human Nature in a Probationary Classroom.................e00eeuus Lucy CLARKE SIMONSON SER T res OR Y Pe ok Shi crn ate oi0 a !s.cluldwid c's 6 a%.div'ele don holy sa « sime.s bs CLARK WISSLER PREETI Oe fo CPs ey Aoi, wale Sinis iGo aia yw ibidic oo s\ere dinYa a biwiaa win sine emacs CLARENCE L. Hay OE Ere OE ee ee eee eee eee E. W. Gupcer The Buffalo Drive and an Old-World Hunting Practice............... cece cece eee e cece RosBert H. Lowrie The Natives of South ERMC fee helo © NORE CEs claie 40 ote A ata od be eee ee ceed es tow. ROBERT Broom RI Gl faia Gk 2 aay s wi snys.c ees 5h ane Slee ns kde duenv eased sedmude FRANK A. Leacu ES OTT te PU a aC ce x's a/bied ga bw bllecienscetentavuy eas u¥acreac’eceee adele Juty—Avucust, No. 4 SN ar oS os! seam a x's 5,8.0 viwidin'e «'s' eh Sin Ge Eka ele ha eee H. E. ANTHONY ESE oe Chae wr Word ainre at oiacs, os ciosé a nia's « 0icle we pe» wow ccluke Roy WaLpo MINER LO) ENTS EN sre 2 1) 2 COP CE eee EY Sc Coe ae GEORGE Birp GRINNELL Maximilian’s Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832 to 1834................0.00... VERNON BaILey arte a Si he dea Cc awa aia Sig gh esse ccs n eas eticceunecedesewe GrorGeE C. FRASER Ee EET ncade gE ee ee ee rr W.D. Matruew EERIE GI CROOIOPICAL” PUMO. (6. oo rewictk oc co's ba oh ese weld ccc ae menue vancees CuHester A. REEDS David Starr Jordan—Naturalist and Leader of Men.............. ccc ccc cece cc ccc nec cccee J. T. Nicwots The Ainus (Pictures supplied through the courtesy of Dr. Joun O. SNYDER) ...... 2.2.00 000.0 eee ee ee ee. fae) aeeour and iis Denefactions to Mankind. .......... 2.2... cece cece ccc ccccwacs GerorGeE F. Kunz PERG 39. SSGNIENICEN FP IOTIOG. «0 c5 5 Sos c ce ee ee ec cec ewes enncens HerBert F. Scuwarz eM eer R arene rg here c aial cle a cise aise ts os cence siuisive cts agemeteseceedasvdvescveuuuiegea. SEPTEMBER-OcTOBER, No. 5 NR ret RSET OE BIYeea Ea 20 2 Sra = vi c)ncg hs ra a)S.eivra « win, ¥ oie DWWiers.cMje-d viewed bcisc caatees Cart E. AKELEY SEH eecssnare Food, WHat Is the Sequel! .. 0216... ccs tect ec ween cecb os cnt ucbucue B. T. B. Hype NE SRIRRRE MIT a ote may ee es 5 wk risie e\e lo, 0)0 Sue va ce We atgs cut seb gdvedoecces E. W. Gupcer MPR PARIS IER ieee) de Sain kes oicin na b/c ete d Ot0.% b win'e ve 0 didlo 2 aslo’ Brosiot ne caves EpmunpD Otis Hovey PPIRTIONE PArCHGUAKE FuXPIAITION . . . . 00s oo ce ae os cans esas eee eee u cae ce casas CuHeEsTER A. REEDS Louisiana Herons and Reddish Egrets BURT IRSERG ec hya sin, Sea )0°% & Raves ofan ag wee 6 alot owed ALVIN R. Cann EMERY WECESICR MME fore Cr I chen tea c'c ee fee baci wesav eS ab PE Solo dletee wows « WItiiAM Dory Mary Cynthia Dickerson, 1866-1923 ra GEOR LANE ik Se 5 W'n a eck Ain w we be SR ce ahd a a-nha dia c(nib ce A oe NEC UPMORIMNEDS Coy Ser ages ie cist to's hee wcdess sede cebedew be Sets elon s fans o MAUD Steve Eeeseeeresreresal Gri the ASAT) PNGULOES (ce oo cre Sl ese cnn cicieie dine mane ca desea meus a JoHN Otiver LaGorcr lerse Hen Gt Seep Eres ANC CATHOMIDEANS. «oes fo. 5 os din Selec s 6b cnms aisle wsletes 2 G. Kryestey Nosie a Her Achievements in Popularizing the Knowledge of Trees and Forestry.......... BARRINGTON Moore eae ce aetna ter oc wet ts can oN-w nie wl RVs le/ea e "dey: oi B\8,a «Als @ ovals u aid b em eid wed e's ea oda nile cele ate NOVEMBER—DECEMBER, No. 6 Trailing PEPPER EHGCELER SEDANS Wee hi eee ort.© Saeed Sareleie, ws sicisindd wien Ca ha G. Krvestey Nose a rn See reo ie Gir Sh arola ge Win nals kiwis Siew Ure pm d's OR ve memadae E. W. Gupcer A cp ite PI Pte tated Coc occas Balances au wee alts Wan Sie dnd Kaw wiaie «pce Witiram M. Savin Nar Oren atk BOGPIESCS aT SSP NSERTI Cy ops. tac tia, oie a idle, = «Line 2 kus Giele wisie's bse Ora SO op Epwarp W. Berry Pe onteVondertul Plangian the WoOrld . ccs. ccc cee cel cecdccacctewcaiue FRANK Morton Jones US ESTS 22 2) a err ee ere ray ie tee rere FrepDerIc A. Lucas mae Department of Fishes, American Museum. .........-. 2. cece ces cece cece ccnccecs BaASHFORD DEAN eo mting Horse Skeletons to Exemplify Different Gaits and A ctiGusee oes sen A. KATHERINE BERGER ee ne, ERT Shes Sx cr het ad S istsc Srain gid k cas awl ain iain aluiainie’s A btw wacls ck lawl s oo boy os ll = — VIN Doron ~_——~< bet ea ih eh eh eh ed DOIN GOON Boe ry - t 520 ILLUSTRATIONS African types, 283-03 Ainus, the, 387-90 Apes, anthropoid, 44-54, 428-46 Beasley, Walter, 616, 617, 620 Birds:—cacique, 318; crow trail, 510; egret, reddish, 470, 478, 482-85; goose, emperor, 172-81; grouse, Franklin's, 148; heron, Louisiana, 475, 480, 481; heron reserve, 414; northern woods, 229-38: owl, screech, 508; petrel, Peale’s, 305; Whitney South Sea Expedition, 32-40, 305 Bison pound, 281-82 Bolivia's Least-Known Mountain Range, 72-85 Chamois of the Pyrenees, 138-41 Charleston Museum, 415 Chimpanzee, 44, 53, 54 Chubb, 8. H., photograph by, 11, 618, 620 Colored Plates—Cicada-killing wasp, opposite 4569; “Glory of the Sea,’’ The, opposite 325; Warren mastodon, opposite 3 Constable, Mrs. F. A., shell in collection of, 328 Cramer, P. J. 8., photograph by, 272 Cronin, photographs by A. M., 283-93 Crooked knife, 159-61 Crossing of the Fathers, The, 344-57 Darien, The, 312-24 Dickerson, Photographs by Mary Cynthia, 508-19 Doubleday, Page & Co., pictures reproduced through the courtesy of, 507 Earthquake, record of Chilean, 93 Eskimo, 155, 159-61, 178 Eskimo dog, 155 Fishes:—department of, 606-15; dogs fishing, 559, 564, 568; “‘ Fishing from the Earliest Times,” 156- 58; Titicaca, fishing devices in Lake, 25-31 Florida, 397-405 Flower-insect relationships, 125-34, 589-96 Fossils:—Agate Quarry, 358-69; Baluchitherium, 208, 225-28; Dinohyus, 365, 368; mastodon, opposite 3, 23; Moropus, 364, 368; ‘‘An Old-Time Bone Hunt,” 329-31; rhinoceros, 208-28, 363, 368 Frogs, 104-21, 515 Fulda, E. Rungius, picture by, 208 Fungus wheels, 517 Gamio, Manuel, photographs by, 260, 266-69 Geologic time, seasonal records of, 370-78 “Glory of the Sea,’’ The, opposite 325, 328 Gorilla, 49, 428-46 Graftage, natural, 184-91 Hellebore, false, 511 Heron reserve, 414 Hodge, F. W., photograph by, 346 Horter, F. F., Indian figure by, 250 Ichikawa, Shoichi, wax models by, 256 Indians:—anthropological department, American Mu- seum, 244-57; bison pound, 281-82; Darien, The, 312-24; Mandan, 342; Mexico, 244, 258-71; Navajo, 486-504 Insects:—butterfly, monarch, 519; cicada-killer, op- posite 569, 571-75; cynipids, 295, 300; flowers and 125-34; jumping “seeds,”’ 295, 300; Sphecius speciosus, opposite 569, 571-75; Venus’s flytrap, eaptured by, 594 Insect-flower relationships, 125-34, 589-96 Kidder, A. V., photographs by, 264-65 Kittredge, Miss E. M., photograph by, 113 Knife, crooked, 159-61 Knight, Charles R., pictures by, opposite 3, 21, 22, 217, 223 Lava River Tunnel, 162-69 Lower invertebrates—Conidw, opposite 325, 326-28; lobster, 512; sea anemones, 513; worms, snow, 450 Lutz, F. E., photographs by, 397-405 Mammals:—apes, anthropoid, 44-54, 428-46; bighorn, 340, 356, 357; bison, 281-82, 341; chamois of the Pyrenees, 138-41; chipmunk, 144; cony, 144; dog, Eskimo, 155; dogs fishing, 559, 564, 568: elephants, 597-606; gorilla, 428-46, horses, 616-21; mastodon, opposite 3, 4-23: ** Monkeys Trained as Harvesters,’’ 272-78;. rhinoceros, 208-28, 363, 368; Rocky Mountain goat, 142-54 Maps:—Africa, 431; Agate Quarry, 361; Baluchitherium, discovery sites of, 228; British Guiana, 410; crooked knife, distribution of the, 159; earthquake zones, 462, 463, 466, 468; Escalante’s route, 346; glaciation in Europe, retreat stages of last, 375; Lava River Tunnel, 162; mastodon remains in New York State, distribution of, 7; mastodon, site of discovery of Warren, 8; rhinoceros, distribu- tion of, 213 Matterhorn, 383 Mermaids, 122-24 Mexico, 244, 258-71 Mines in Bolivia, old Spanish, 576-85 Navajo Land, 486-504 Nets, fishing, 26-9 Orang-utan, 50 Pasteur, Louis, 392-96 Peale, Rembrandt, picture by, 4 Polynesia, 32-42, 64-9 Portraits: —Barbeau, C. M., 257; Capitan, Louis, 420; Cook, Harold, 362; Cook, James H., 362; Crom- well, J. W., 9; Dickerson, Mary Cynthia, 506; Haines, William A., 523; Jochelson, Waldemar, 257; Jordan, David Starr, 381; Marsh Expedi- tion, members of, 329, 331; Maximilian, Prince of Wied-Neuwied, 337; Pasteur, Louis, 392-96; Peale, Titian R., 418; Sheak, W. Henry, 44 Quimsa Cruz, 72-85 Reptiles:—iguana, 540-58; lizard, 111, 112; snake, 111, 448 Rocky Mountain goat, 142-54 Roosevelt Medal of Honor, 529 Roosevelt Memorials, proposed, 531-32 Royal Palm Park, 397, 399, 402, 403 Santo Domingo, 540-58 Seismograph record, 93 Snow worms, 450 Snyder, John O., photographs supplied by, 387-90 South Africa, natives of, 283-93 Third Asiatic Expedition, 526 Titicaca, fishing devices in Lake, 25-31 Tulip tree, flowers of, 518 Ute Ford, 344-57 Vado de los Padres, El, 344-57 Venus’s flytrap, 589-95 Whitney South Sea Expedition, Worms, snow, 450 bel, Othenio, 522 emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 522-23 Yronautics and flying fish, 396 gate Fossil Quarry, 358-69, 412 tnus, Tue, 387-90 Kecey, Cart E., Gorillas—Real and Mythical, 428-47 keley, Carl E., 95, 301, 428-47, 430, 533 len, J. A., 623 erican Anthropological Association, 202 merican Association of Anatomists, 303 erican Association of Museums, 413-14 erican Bison Society, 98 merican Game Protective Association, 97 merican Indian Day, 418-19 merican Museum Press, 194 merican Nature-Study Society, 197 merican Ornithologists’ Union, 627 “$20 Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, merican Society of Zodlogists, 198 mphibians:—Dickerson's studies of, 514-16; Eryops, 303, 626; “ Field Studies of Dominican Tree Frogs and Their Haunts,"’ 117-21; ‘In Pursuit of the Giant Tree Frog,” 104-16; 'Rhinoderma darwinii, 624; toad, spadefoot, 625 Anderson, Rudolph M., 307 Andrews, Roy Chapman, 90, 193, 406, 407, 525 Antelope, 98, 194 Antuony, H. E., In the Footsteps of Balboa, 312-24 Antuony, H. E., White Goats of the Sawtooth Moun- tains, 142-54 Anthony, H. E., 97, 199, 420-21, 534-35, 623 AntTuroporp Apres I Have Known, 44-55 Anthropology, history of the American Museum’s eens of, 244-57 Antonius, O., 522 Archeology, "European, 92, 199, 200, 419-20, 527-28, 528, 528-29 Arnprior, birds near, 229-38 Australia, 533-34, 625-26, 626-27 Aztec Ruin, 91, 201 Baitey, Atrrep M., The Haunts of the Emperor Goose, 172-81 BatLey, VERNON, Maximilian’s Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832-34, 337-43 Ball, David S., 313, 321 Baluchitherium, 91, 193 Bandelier, Adolph F., 249 Bandits, Chinese, 407, 408 Barbeau, C. M., 257 Barbour, E. H., 363 Barnes, T. Alexander, 302 Barrois, Ch., 528 Becx, Rotio H., The Voyage of the “ France,’’ 32-43 Beck, Rollo H., 32-43, 304 Breese, WILiiaM, “The Minds and Manners of Wild Animals,’’ 56-8 Beebe, William, 306, 535 Bercer, A. K., Mounting Horse Skeletons to Exem- plify Different Gaits and Actions, 616-21 Berkey, Charles P., 96, 408, 521, 534 Berry, EDWARD W., Bolivia’s Least-Known Mountain Range, 72-85 Berry, Epwarp W., The ,Treasure House of Spain, 576 “Bibliography of Fishes,” 418, 533 Biggs, Hermann M., 99 Birds:—African, 203: American Ornithologists’ Union, 627; Arnprior, Ontario, 229-38; Buarremon, 97; Darien, 318-19; duck, ‘pink- headed, 524; ducks, destruction of, 305; goose, emperor, 172-81; grouse, Franklin’s, 148; hornbill, 194, 302; Inter- national Committee for Bird Protection, 421; “‘Louisiana Herons and Reddish Egrets at Home,”’ 470-85; motmots, 91, 418; partridge, swamp, 194; petrel, Peale’ s, 304-05; “Some Bird Voices of the Northern Woods,” 229-38: “The Voyage of the France,”’ 32-43; Whitney South Sea Expedition, 32-43, 97, 304, 627 Bison, 194, 280-82 Blossom, Mrs. Dudley S., 20 Boaz, Franz, 201-02 Bottvia’s LEAST-KNOWN Mountain Rance, 72-85 Bondy, William, 530 Boy Scout Camp Museum, 449 Boy Scouts, quarters for, 415 ee nation for the Advancement of Science, INDEX TO VOLUME XXIII Names of contributors and articles are set in small capitals Broken Hill, 533, 627 Broom, Ronert, The Natives of South Africa, 283-04 Brown, Barnum, 521, 628 BurraLto Drive aNd aN O_p-Worto Hunting Prac. Tick, Tur, 280-82 Burgess, Thornton W., 632 Burden, Douglas, 409 Buriep Past or Mexico, Tue, 258-71 Burroughs, John, 423 Bursam Land Bill, 98, 202 Butler, Sir Harcourt, 623 Cann, ALVIN R., Louisiana Herons and Reddish Egrets at Home, 470-85 California Academy of Sciences, 195 Camera Club of New York, 95 Capitan, Louis, 200, 419-20 Carnegie Museum, 361, 364-65 | Carter, T. D., 98 CHAMOIS OF THE PYRENEES, THe, 138-41 Chapin, James P., 203, 623, 627 Chapman, Frank M., 96, 97, 418, 423, 627 Charleston Museum, 413-14 Chilean earthquake, 92—4 Chiloe, 624 Choate, Joseph H. ” 523 Christman, Erwin S., 304, 368 Chubb, S. H., 8, 423° Clarke, John M., 530 Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 89-90 Cockerell, T. D. A., 198, 413, 622 Cockerell, Mrs. T. D. A., 413 Coxer, R. E., Primitive Fishery Methods in Lake Titicaca, 25-31 Cold Spring Harbor, 629 Coleman, Lawrence Vail, 413 Conn, H. W., 629 Conover, H. B., 90, 624-25 Conservation International Congress of, 195 Constable, Mrs. F. A., 327-28 Cook, Harold, 362-63, 412 Cook, James H., 359, 362 Copeia, 629 Crossing of the Fathers, The, 344-57 Cunningham, E. A., 193 Daniel, J. F., 306 Darien, The, 312-24, 141 Darwin, Charles, 535-36 Davenport, Charles B., 629 Davip STARR JORDAN,—NATURALIST AND LEADER OF Men, 381-86 DEAN, BasHrorp, The Department of Fishes, American Museum, 606 Dean, Bashford, 418, 533, 606, 629 Deane, John B., 624 Deming, E. W., 202-03, 419 DEPARTMENT OF FISHES, AMERICAN Museum, 606 Depéret, Charles, 520, 528 Deschutes County, lava a in, 162-71 Dickerman, Watson B., 423 Dickerson, Mary Cy nthia, 406, 506-19, 629 Dinosaur eggs, 5 Dinosaurs, 98, 192, 536 Dogs As FISHERMEN, 559 Dory, WiLi1aM, Navajo Land, 486-505 Dow, Arthur W., 94 Dunn, E. R., 629 du Nouy, Pierre Lecomte, 99 du Pont, T. Coleman, 89 Dwight, Jonathan, 627 EARTHQUAKES, 457-61 Earthquakes, 92, 321, 457-69, 622 Eastman, Doctor, 533 Ecuador, 91, 304, 534-35, 623 Eggs, dinosaur, 536 Elephant, 192-93, 520, 597-605 Entomological Society of America, 198 Escalante, Father, 344-47 Eskimo, 155, 159-61, 178-79 Exhibits:—basket work, 96; Camera Club of New York, 95; Indian pottery, keramic work based on, 422; Keramic poe of Greater New York, 422; paintings of E. W. Deming, 202-03; paintings of F. G. Gamarra, ‘307; paintings of Charles R. Knight, 411-12; paintings of A. Hyatt Verrill, 411; Pasteur, 196, 391-96 -——— a a — ll Ul INDEX TO VOLUME XXIII Expeditions:—Agate Quarry, 358-69, 412; Austarlia, 533, 625, 626; British Guiana, 306, 409-10; Burma, 521, 622; Canadian Arctic, 307; Ecuador, 91, 304, 534-35; European archwological sites, 92; Faunthorpe aoe expedition, 193-94, 302- 03, 408-09, 524-25, 622; Faydm, 522; Field Museum to EE ong. Fra 90, 624-25; Field Museum to South America, 90; Florida, 397-405; Gala- yvagos Islands, 535; Huntington Survey, Archer M.,, 91, 201, 253; Hyde ,B. T. B., 246-47; Indo- China, 409; Jesup North Pacific, 201-02, 245-46; Marsh, 329-36; Mexico and Central Amer- ica, 248-49, 258-71, 312-24, 412-13; Museum of American Indian, 89; Navajo, 628; N. C, Nelson, 92, 200; Peru, 249-51; Plains tribes, 251, 253, 329-36, 337-43; Siwalik Hills, 521, 628; Third Asiatic, 97, 192, 193, 224-28, 406-08, 525-26, 536, 622; Whitney South Sea, 32-43, 97, 304-05, 627 Extriner Grant Rarnoceros BALUCHITHERIUM OF WESTERN AND CENTRAL Asta, THe, 208-28 EXTINCTION OF SEA MammMa ts, Tue, 135-37 EXTRAORDINARY CAPTURE OF THE GIANT SHARK, RHINEODON Typus, AN, 62-3 Faunthorpe, J. C., 25, 622 ‘*Fiancées du Soleil, Les,’’ 528 Field Museum 90, 624-25 Fretp Srupies oF DoMINICAN TREE FROGS AND THEIR Haunts, 117-21 Fish:—" Bibliography of Fishes,’’ 419, 533, 615 5; “De- partment of Fishes, American Museum,” 606-15; ““Elasmobranch Fishes,”’ 306; ‘‘ Extraordinary Capture of a Giant Shark, Rhineodon Typus,”’ 62-3; “Fishing from the Earliest Times,”’ 156-58; flying fish, 306; ‘Primitive Fishery Methods in Lake Titicaca,’”’ 25-31; shark, whale, 629-30 FisHer, G. Ciype, The Story of an Eskimo Dog, 155 Fisher. G. Clyde, 197, 198, 417, 423, 534, 632 “FISHING FROM THE EARuiest Times”: A REVIEW, 156-58 FLOWERS AND THEIR INseEct Vistrors,125—34 Flower-insect relationships, 125-34, 589-96 ForBIn, V., The Chamois of the Pyrenees, 138-41 Forbin, Wis 528 Ford, James B., 89, 417-18 Forshay, E. P., 194 Fosstt BONES IN THE Rock, 358-69 Fossils: —Agate Fossil Quarry, 358-69, 411; 626; Baluchitherium, 91, 193, 208-28; dinosaur eggs, 536; dinosaur footprint, 98; dinosaur, fore- runner of horned, 192; Eocene bird, plumage of an, 413; Fayuim, 522; “Fossil Bones in the Rock,” 358-69; Gobi desert, 90-1, 406-07, 525, 527; Jersey skull, ks ila Mastodons of the Hud- son Highlands,’’ 3-24; Mexico, 412-13; Nebraska, 358-69, 411, 628; “Old bal a Bone Hunt,’’ 329— 36; ‘‘Palwontologia Sinica,’”’ 521-22; Patagonian skull, 303; Proboscidea » 520; aeiniseelion: 91, 193, 208-28; Siwalik Hills, 521, 628; Snake Creek, 628; Wyoming, 97-8, 334-35 FRASER, GEORGE C., El Vado de los Padres, 344-57 Fraser, James Earle, 529 Frick, Childs, 412, 412—13, 535 Frick, Mrs. Henry C., 521, 628 193-94, 203, 302-03, 408-09, 524- Australian, Gallatin, Albert, 530 Galton Society, 198 Gamarra, Francisco Gonzales, 307 Gameo, Manuel, 260, 266-70 Gaspé Peninsula, 623 Gentneieal relief models, 415-16 Geological Society of America, 199 Geology :—earthquakes, 92, 321, 457-69, 624; “ Earth- quakes," 92; “Japanese Earthquake Explained,’’ 462-69; “‘James Hall of Albany,"’ 59-61; “Lava River Tunnel,”’ 162-71; relief models, 415-16; ‘Seasonal Records of Geological Time,”’ 370-80; “The Treasure House of Spain,"’ 576-88 *‘GuorY OF THE Sea,” Tuer, 325-28 Goddard, P. E., 202, 628 Goodrich, Edwin 8., 533 Goodwin, George G., 623 GorILLAS—REAL AND MYTHICAL, Gorilla, 47-9, 304, 428-47 Grabau, Dr. A. W., 521-22 Graftage, natural, 182-91 Granger, Walter, 192, 407, Granger, Mrs. Walter, 407 Great Barrier Reef, 627 Gregory, William K., 192, GRINNELL, GEeorGE Brrp, 329-36 Grinnell, Joseph, 628 428-47 408, 525, 527 303, 626 An Old-Time Bone Hunt, Griscom, Lee 627 Gupcer, E. W., Dogs as Fishermen, 559-68 Guporn, E. W., An Extraordinary Capture of the Giant Shark, Rhineodon Typus, 62-3 GUDGER, E. “Fishing from the Earliest Times:” A fone Pa 156-58 Gupcer, E. W., Monkeys Trained as Harvesters, 272-79 Gupcer, E. W., Snow Worms, 450-56 Gudger, E. W., 198, 418, 533, 606, 629-30 Guiana, British, 306, 409-11, 411 Gulick, John Thomas, 415-16 Hagedorn, Hermann, 529, 530 Haines, Emily Somers, 423 Haines, William A., 423, 523-24 Hamblin, Jacob, 347-49 Harding, President, 529 Harpswell Laboratory, 631 Harrington, M. R., 89 Harrison, Benjamin, 419 HAUNTS OF THE Emperor Goose, Tue, 172-81 Hay, CLarence L., The Buried Past of Mexico, 258-71 Hay, Clarence L., 248 Hellman, Milo, 202 Hendricks, Harmon W., 89 Henn, Arthur W., 418, 606 Heye, George Gustave, 89 Heye Foundation, 89 Heye, Mrs. Marie Antoinette, 89 Heye, Mrs. Thea, 8 Highlands of the Great Craters, 301-02 Hodge, F. W., 89, 347 Hornaday, William T., 48, 56-8 Hovey, Epmunpb Oris, Earthquakes, 457-61 Hovey, Epmunp Ot1s, New Meteorite from Michigan, S6-S Hovey, E. O., 199, 414, 416, 533, 626-27 How ELEPHANTS ARE Mountep, 597 Hrdli¢ka, Alés, 303, 304 Huntington, Archer M., 89, 91, 200, 201, 253 Hype, B. T. B., When Snakes Share Food, What is the Sequel?, 448-49 Hyde, B. T. B., 246-47 Ichikawa, Shoichi, 256 Indians:—Araucanian, 90; Aztec Ruin, 91, 201; “ Buf- falo Drive and an Old-World Hunting Practice,” 280-82; ‘‘ Buried Past of Mexico,’’ 244-57; Darien, The, 312-24, 411; Deming’s paintings of, 202; Gamarra’s paintings of Peruvian, 307; ‘Manasa — Museum Subject,’’ 244-57; Maximilian, observed by, 337-43; Museum of American Indian, 89; Navajo, 486—505, 628; New Mexican pueblos, 98, 202; Pawnee, 332; “The Story of the Crooked Knife,’’ 159-61; Thompson, 201; quipu, the, 419; Verrill’s paintings of, 411 IN THE Footsteps oF BapBoa, 312-24 IN PurRSvIT OF THE GIANT TREE FroG, 104-16 Insect-flower relationships, 125-34, 589-96 Insects:—Baltimore Group, 630; Boy Scout's work on, 415; captured by Venus'’s s fly-trap, 589-96; cicada killer, 569-75; cynipids, 295-300; Florida, south- ern, 397-405; Gypsy moth, 94-5; jumping ‘seeds,’ 295-300; Sphecius speciosus, 569-75; ultra-violet flowers, relation to, 97, 125-34 Institutional Class of Public School 9, The Bronx, 96, 239-43 International Committee for Bird Protection, 421 James, Arthur Curtiss, 631 ‘‘James Haut or ALBANY—A Review,” Japanese delegation visits Museum, 196 JAPANESE EARTHQUAKE EXPLAINED, THE, 462-69 Jersey skull, 303 Jochelson, Waldemar, 247, 257 Johnson, Martin, 301 Jones, FRANK Morton, in the World,” 589 Jordan, David Starr, 381-86 JumpinG “Seeps,”’ 295-300 59-61 “The Most Wonderful Plant Keith, Miner C., 89 Kidder, A. V., 264-65, 271 Keramic Society of Greater New York, 422 Kerr, J. Graham, 533 Kingsley, John Sterling, 533 Klassen, Stephen, 194 Knight, Charles R., 411-12 Kunz, Groree F., ‘James Hall of Albany—A Review, 59-61 Kunz, Grorce F., “Louis Pasteur and His Benefac- tions to Mankind,”’ 391-96 Kunz, George F., 99, 195, 196 La Gorce, Jonn Ontver, Mary Cynthia Dickerson: Her Unusual Gifts as an Editor, 509-14 INDEX TO VOLUME XXIII Il Lang, Herbert, 306, 623 Lapps, hunting practice of the, 280-82 Lava River Tounne., Tue, 162-71 La Varre, William J., 306 Leacn, Frank A,, Jum ing * Peel 205-300 “Lee Axworthy,” "423, 16-2 Leidy, Joseph, 522-23 Library Gifts to the American Museum, 196-97, 417-18 Liebert, Gaston, 99 Lion, Indian, 198, 52 Locke, L. Leland, 419 Lorenson, K., 412 Louisiana Herons AND Reppise Eorers at Home, Lous Pasreur AND His BENEFACTIONS TO MANKIND, 3 Lowe, Willoughby, 622 ‘Lower invertebrates:—British Guiana, 306-07; Cana- dian Arctic Expedition, 307; Conide, '325-28; “Glory of the Sea,’’ The, 325-28; Peripatus, 306; Pritchard, undersea paintings of Zarh H., 630-31; rotifers, 631; shell collection of the American Mu- seum, 95; snow worms, 450-56; Terebratulina, 631 Lowe, Rospert H., The Buffalo Drive and an Old- World Hunting Practice, 280-82 Lucas, Freperic A., How Elephants are Mounted, 597-605 Lucas, Freperic A., Modern Mermaids, 122-24 Lueas, F. A., 99, 196, 414, 422, 534 Lumholtz, Carl, 248 Lurz, Frank E., Flowers and Their Insect Visitors, 125-34 Lutz, Frank E., 97, 198, 397-405, 414, 630 McAtee, W. L., 628 McGregor, J. H., 97, 626 MacNnAMARA, CHARLES, Some Bird Voices of the Northern Woods, 229-38 Maharaja of Mysore, 193 Mammals:—antelope, pronghorn, 98, 194; Alleno- pithicus, 623; ‘‘Anthropoid Apes I Have Known,”’ 44-55; bison, 194; ‘Buffalo Drive and an Old- World Hunting Practice, 280-82; Burma, 524-25; Cezxnolestes, 623; ‘‘Chamois of the Pyrenees,’”’ 138— 41; cony, 143-44; Congo, 623; Darien, The, 319; deer, Schomberg, 622; ‘‘Dogs as Fishermen,”’ 559-68; Ecuador, 91, 534-35, 623; elephant, pygmy, 192-93; “Extinction of Sea Mammals,” 135-37; Gaspé Peninsula, 623; gorilla, 304, 428— 47; “Gorillas—Real and Mythical, " 428-47; “ Highlands of the Great Craters,’’ 301-02; How to Mount Elephants,’ 597-605; Indian, 193-94, 302-04, 408-09, 524-25; Johnson's pictures of African, 301; marine, 195; martin, Siberian, 624; “Mastodons of the Hudson Highlands, ” 3-24; Maximilian, observed by, 337-43; ‘Minds and Manners of Wild Animals,” 56-8; ., Monkeys Trained as Harvesters,’ 272-79; ‘Mounting Horse Skeletons to Exemplify Different Gaits and Actions,”’ 616-21; Osbornictis piscivora, 623: Pudu, 535, 624; ‘rhinoceros, 208-28, 409, 525: “The Story of an Eskimo Dog,” 155; Shackleford’s pictures of Mongolian, 301; “White Goats of the Sawtooth Mountains,”’ 142- 54 Mammals, Close of the Age of, 97, 420-21 Man as A Museum SuBJEct, 244-57 Marsh, Prof. O. C., 329-36 Marshall, William S., 198 Marvin, Doctor, 419 Mary CyntTuia DICKERSON: Her LIFE AND PERSONALITY, 506—09 Her Unustvat Girts As AN Epitor, 509-14 - he oF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS, 514- Her ACHIEVEMENT IN POPULARIZING THE KNOWL- EDGE OF TREES AND Forestry, 516-19 MastTopons OF THE Hupson HIGHLANDS, opposite 3, 3-24 Matley, C. A., 199 Matsumoto, Hikoshichiré, 522 Mattuew, W. D., Fossil Bones i in the Rock, 358-69 Matthew, W. D., 97, 192, 199, 412, 533, 627 MAXIMILIAN’S TRAVELS IN THE INTERIOR or NortTH AMERICA, 337-43 Maxwell Training School for Teachers, 534 Maxwell, William H., 417 Mayor, Alfred G., 629 Mayor, Mrs. Alfred G., 629 Miller, Paul, 97 Miller, W. DeW., 627 Mills, John, 629° Mills, Ogden, 196, 417 “Minps AND ) MANNERS or WILD ANIMALS,”’ 56-8 Miner, Roy Waxpo, The “Glory of the Sea,” 325-28 Miner, Roy W.., 95, 303, 631 Mopern Meumaroas, 122-24 Monkeys Tratned as Hanvewrens, 272-70 Moone, Banninoron, Mary Cynthia Dickerson: Her Achievement in Popularizing the Knowledge of Trees and Forestry, 516 Morris, Earl H., 01, 201, 253 Morris, Frederick K., 408, 534 Morton, Dudley J., 304 “Most Wonderful Plant in the World,"’ 589 Motion pictures, 193, 301, 416 Movuntina Horse Skevterons To Exemetury Dirren- ENT GaITs AND Actions, 616 Mowbray, L. L., 620-30 Municipal Engineers, annual meeting of, 197 Murenuy, Ropert Cusuman, The Extinction of Sea Mammals, 135-37 Murphy, Robert Cushman, 97, 195, 627 Museum of the American Indian, 89, 262, 347 Myers, Frank J., 631 National Academy of Sciences, 96 National Association of Audubon Societies, 96 National Educational Association, Viewing Committee of, 416-17 NatIvEs or Sours Arrica, THe, 283-94 NATURAL GRAFTAGE, 184-91 Natural History Museum of Brussels, 527 NaTuRAL Root GRAFT AND THE OVERGROWTH OF Stumps or Conirers, 182-83 NATURE AND HumMaN NATURE IN A PROBATIONARY CLAssROOM, 239-43 Naumburg, Mrs. Elsie M. B., 627 Navaso LANpb, 486-505 Nelson, N. C., 92, 199, 202, 254, 527, 529 New-Anthony Bill, 97 New METEORITE FROM MiIcuHIGAN, A., 86-8 ‘“‘New Order of Sainthood,”’ 195—96 New York Training School for Teachers, 197, 534 New York Zoological Society, 47, 48, 49, 56-8, 192-93 Ngorongoro, 302 Nichols, Henry J., 99 Nicuots, J. T., David Starr Jordan—Naturalist and Leader of Men, 381-86 Nichols, John T., 606, 627, 629 Nose, G. Kinastey, Field Studies of Dominican Tree Frogs and Their Haunts, 117-21 Nosue, G. Kinestey, In Pursuit of the Giant Tree Frog, 104-16 NosBue, G. Kineastey, Mary Cynthia Dickerson: Her Studies of Reptiles and Amphibians, 514-16 oun or Kinas.tey, Trailing the Rhinoceros Iguana, Noble, G. Kingsley, 303, 629 Noble, Mrs. Ruth Crosby, 197, 534 Noguchi, Hideyo, 99 Nolan, Claude, 629-30 “Noma,” 535 Oldroyd, Ida S., 95 Oup-TimE Bone Hunt, An, 329-36 Olsen, Chris., 631 Olsen, George, 97 Ontario, birds near Arnprior, 229-38 Operti, Albert, 631 Ortenburger, Arthur I., 625 Osborn, A. Perry, 530 OsBorN, HENRY FAIRFIELD, Extinct Giant Rhinoceros Baluchitherium of Western and Central Asia, The, 208-28 OsBoRN, HENRY FAIRFIELD, Mastodons of the Hudson Highlands, opposite 3-24 Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 92, 97, 98, 99, 192, 193, 195, 00, 303, 406, 408, 411, 412, 415, 420, 423, 520, 522, 524, 525, 527, 528, 529, 530, 533, 622, 623 Osborn, Mrs. Henry Fairfield, 99, 622 Osborn Library and Research Rooms, 411 Osgood, Wilfred H., 90, 624-25 “Paleontologia, Sinica,’’ 521 Palzontologische Gesellschaft, 522 Palmer, T.S., 628 Pan Pacific Scientific Congress, 533, 627 Pasteur, Louis, 99, 195, 391-96 Patagonian skull, 303 Peale, Titian R., 4, 417 Pearson, T. Gilbert, 96, 421 PEMBERTON, C. C., Natural Graftage, 184-91 PEMBERTON, C. C., Natural Root Graft and the Over- growth of Stumps of Conifers, 182-83 Philadelphia ig ae Garden, 46-7 Pompeckj, J. F., 522 Pope, Clifford H., 407-08 Port Elizabeth Museum, 414 Potter, Howard, 523 ma ae. ee ae ae IV INDEX TO VOLUME XXIII Powell, Major, 351 Primitive Fisnery Mersops in Lake Trricaca, 25-31 Pritchard, Zarh, H., 630-31 Quipu, the, 419 Racitat Diversiry or THE POLYNESIAN Peopies, Tue, 4-71 Ramsey, Mrs. Grace Fisher, 534 Raven, H. C., 46, 625-26 Reading, Lord, 193, 623 Reeps, Chester A., The Japanese Earthquake Ex- plained, 462-69 Reeps, Cuestrer A., Seasonal Time, 370-80 Reeds, Chester A., 94, 199, 416, 528, 534, 627 Reichert, Gladys A., 628-29 Reptiles:—Gila monster, 625; iguana, 315, 540-58; lizards, 112; Mary Cynthia Dickerson’s studies of, 514-16; snakes, 448-49, 625-26 Reviews:—'‘Elasmobranch Fishes,"’ 306; ‘ Evolution of the Human Foot,”’. 304; “Les Fiancées du Soleil,”’ 528; ‘Fishing from the Earliest Times,”’ 156-58; ‘James Hall of Albany,”’ 59-61; ‘ Minds and Manners of Wild Animals,’’ 56-8: ‘“‘La Pré- histoire,’’ 200; * Piltdown Jaw,’’ 304; “Story of an Eskimo Dog,” 155 Reyes, Miss, 413 Richardson, William B., 313 Roosevelt Medal of Honor, 529-30 Roosevelt Memorial Association, 421-22, 529 Roosevelt Memorial Commission, meeting of, 530-32 Rosenshine, Assemblyman, 631 Royal Palm State Park, 398-404 Russ, Mrs. Zipporah, 631-32 Rust, D. D., 347 Rutherford, Sir Ernest, 423 Rutot, A., 527 Records of Geologic Sanborn, C. C., 90, 625 Save the Redwoods League, 631 Saville, M. H., 89, 248 Savin, Wititiam M., A Wasp that Hunts Cicadas, 569 Schuyler, Miss Louisa Lee, 529 ScHWARZ, HERBERT F., Swinging the Net in Southern Florida, 397-405 SEASONAL RecorDs oF GEOLOGIC Time, 370-80 Seton, Ernest Thompson, 96 Seymour, Edward, 98 Shackleford, J. B., 192, 193, 301 SHEAK, W. Henry, Anthropoid Apes I Have Known, 44-55 Shell collection of American Museum, 95, 325-28 Sherwood, George H., 194, 197, 301 Simonson, Lucy CLarke, Nature and Human Nature in a Probationary Classroom, 239-43 Stye, Maup, Mary Cynthia Dickerson: Personality, 506-09 Smith, Col. E. Percy, 622 Snakes, 111, 448-49 Snow worms, 450-56 Some Brrp VOICES OF THE NORTHERN Woops, 229-38 South Africa, natives of, 283-94 Southmayd, Emily F., 417 Spinden, Herbert L., 98, 248, 254 Staten Island Park Area, 534 Her Life and Stefadnsson, Vilhjalmur, 307 Stewart, George D., 99 Stewart, John Wood, 631 Stockley, Major C. H., 622 Srory or THE Crookep Knire, Tue, 159-61 Srory or an Esximo Doa, Tue, 155 Straubenmiller, Gustave, 534 Stunkard, Horace W., 198 Sutuivan, Louis R., The Racial Diversity of the Poly- nesian Peoples, 64-71 Sullivan, L. R., 419 SWINGING THE NET IN SOUTHERN FLoripa, 397-405 Tacarcuna, Mt., 316, 320-22 Tate, G. H. H., 91, 304, 535, 623 Tefft, Charles Eugene, 417 Teit, James A., 201 Third Asiatic Expedition, 97, 192, 193, 406-08, 224-28, 525-26, 536, 624 Thompson, Col. William Boyce, 530 Thomson, Albert, 362, 412, 628 Titicaca, primitive fishery methods in Lake, 25-31 Tower, Ralph W., 194 TRAILING THE RHINOCEROS IGUANA, 540 TREASURE House OF Spain, Tue, 576 Trowbridge, Breck, 533 Upjohn, Charles B., 422 Ute Ford, 344-57 VabDO DE LoS Papres, EL, 344-57 Vanderbilt, Mrs. William K., 631 Van Name, Willard G., 306 Venus’s fly-trap, 589-96 Vernay, A. 8., 194, 203, 302-03, 408-09, 524-25, 622-23 Verrill, A. Hyatt, 411 Viceroy of India, 193, 623 Viewing Committee of the National Educational Asso- ciation, 416-17 Vivar, Sefior, 413 VOYAGE OF THE “ FRANCE,” THE, 32—43 Warburg, Bettina, 631 Warburg, Paul M., 631 Ward, A. L., 327 Wasp that Hunts Cicadas, A, 569-75 Watkins, Harry, 91 Watson, F. E., 630 Webb, Walter F., 327 Wetmore, Alexander, 627 Wheeler, William Morton, 203 WHEN SNAKES SHARE Foop, WHAT IS THE SEQUEL? 448-49 WHITE GOATS OF THE SAWTOOTH MounrtvaArns, 142-54 Whitney South Sea Expedition, 32-43, 97, 304-05, 627 Wickenheiser, H. E., 91 Wild flowers of New York, 632 Williams, Harrison, 535 WiuiaMs, Ira A., The Lava River Tunnel, 162-71 Winslow, C.-E. A., 99 WISSLER, CLARK, Man as a Museum Subject, 244-57 WissLer, CLarK, The Story of the Crooked Knife, 159- 61 Wissler, Clark, 96, 202 W ood, General Leonard, 529 Worms, snow, 450—56 Wunder, Charles, 630 Vol. XXIII JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1923 No. 1 MASTODONS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN CENTURY-OLD FISHING DEVICES STILL IN USE BY R. E. COKER THE BIRDS OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC ISLANDS BY ROLLO H. BECK CIRCUS APES I HAVE KNOWN BY W. HENRY SHEAK BOLIVIA’S LEAST-KNOWN MOUNTAIN RANGE BY EDWARD W. BERRY RACIAL DIVERSITY OF POLYNESIA—REVIEWS BY WILLIAM BEEBE AND GEORGE F. KUNZ—A GIANT SHARK RAMMED BY A STEAMER—A NEW METEORITE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NNUAL SUBSCRIPTION $3.00 SINGLE COPIES 50 CENTS FREE TO MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATE MEMBERS OF THE MUSEUM The American Museum of Natural History Board of Trustees Henry FarkrleLp Osporn, President ARCHER M. HunTINGTON (CLEVELAND H. Dopae, First Vice President ADRIAN ISELIN J. P. MorGan, Second Vice President ArTHuR Curtiss JAMES GEORGE F, BAKER, Jr., Treasurer WaLTter B. JAMES Percy R. Pyne, Secretary OapEN MILLS GrorGE FF. BAKER A. Perry OsBorn FrReDERICK F. BrewsTER Georce D. Prarr ¢ WaLTeR DouGLas THEODORE ROOSEVELT Cuiips Frick LEONARD C. SANFORD Mapison GRANT Joun B. TREVOR WintraM AVERELL HARRIMAN Fevrx M. WarRBuURG Joun F. Hytan, Mayor or THE Crry or New YorkK Cuarues L. Craic, COMPTROLLER OF THE Crty oF New YorK kRrancis D. GALLATIN, COMMISSIONER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS (;rorce H, SaHerwoop, Executive Secretary | Scientific Staff : repertc A, Lucas, Sc.D., Director Ropewr C. Muxpuy, Assistant to the Director (in Scientific Correspondence, Exhibition, and Labeling) James IL. CLAark, Assistant to the Director (in Full Charge of Preparation). DIVISION OF MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY Mammalogy W.D. Marruew. F.R.8.. Curator-in-Chief Roy C. Anprews, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of | He: ; : the Eastern Hemisphere Geology and Invertebrate Palwontology H. gr ate lel aa M., pati Curator of Mammals of | kpmunb Oris Hovey, Px.D., Curator e Western Hemisphere : Cuester A. Reeps, Pu.D., Associate Curator of Inverte- HerBeERT LANG, Assistant Curator, African Mammals brate Paleontology Cart E. Akevey, Associate in Mammalogy : Mineralogy DIVISION OFANTHROPOLOGY Hersertr P. WuirLock, C.F., Curator CLarK Wissuer, Pa.D.. Curator-in-Chief Grorce F. Kunz, Pu.D., Research Associate, Gems : aie Vertebrate Paleontology Anthropology CLARK WIssLER, PH.D., Curator Henry Farrrietp Ossporn, LL.D., D.Sc., Honorary Cu- Pry BE, Goppasp. Pa. Di Curaionel ee Ww. ae a cee. Pu.D., Curator N. a a gee i M.L., Associate Curator of North American Watrer Grancer, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals FODEORY R ; Barnum Brown, A.B., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles eas Mean, Assistant Curator of Peruvian Archw- Witiiam K. Grecory, Px.D., Associate in Pal: ry ‘ , muiaM K. Grecory, Pu.I Associate in Paleontology Louis R. Suturvan, Px.D., Assistant Curator, Physical rr] 7 : os WW ‘D) ZOOGKOG Z Anthropology ) FRANK Micuier CHapMAN, N.A.S., Curator-in-Chief and Central American Archeology Mito Hetitman, PxH.D., Research Associate in Physical . Lower Invertebrates Anthropology Roy W. Miner, P#.D., Curator ; t ; Wiiitarp G. Van Name, Pu.D., Assistant Curator Comparative Physiology FRANK J. Myers, Research Associate, Rotifera | Rapx W. Tower, Pu.D., Curator Horace W. Strunkarp, Pu.D., Research Associate, Para- ‘ sitology Comparative Anatomy \. L. Treapwetu, Px.D., Research Associate, Annulata Writ K. Garconr, Pu.D.. Curator : J. OWARD McGrecor, PxH.D., Research Associate in . Entomology owen Aaehene FRANK E. Lutz, Pu.D., Curator A. J. MuTCHLER, Assistant Curator in Co eoptera S 2 Frank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant in Lepidoptera DIVISION OF EDUCATION, BOOKS, PUBLICA- CHARLES W. LENG, B.S., Research Associate, Coleoptera HERBERT F. SCHWARZ, A.M., Research Associate, Hymen- TION AND PRINTING ' ; optera Grorce H. SxHerwoop, A.M., Curator-in-Chief Witiiam M. Wuree.er, Pa.D., Research Associate, Social , ; : Insects Library and Publications . Raupx W. Tower, Px.D., Curator I hthyology Ipa RicHarpson Hoop, A.B., Assistant Librarian BasHrorp Dean, Px.D., Honorary Curator Joun T. Nicuous, A.B., Associate Curator of Recent Fishes z : h. W. GupeGer, Pxa.D., Associate in Ichthyology ; Public Education Grorce H. Sxerwoop, A.M., Curator Herpetology G. Ciype Fisuer, Px.D., Associate Curator G. Kincstey Nosue, Pxa.D., Associate Curator (In Charge) Ruts Crossy NoB-e, B.A., Assistant Curator ARTHUR ORTENBURGER, M.S., Assistant Curator Grace Fisher Ramsey, Assistant Curator Ornithology Public Health ~ _ > > 7 - - FRANK M. CuapMan, Sc.D., Curator CHARLES-EpwarRD Amory Wins_tow, D.P.H., Honorary W. DeW. Minter, Associate Curator py eh toperRT CusHMAN Murpuy, D.Sc, Associate Curator of Mary GreiG, Assistant Marine Birds James P. Cuaprn, A.M., Assistant Curator, African Birds Natural History Magazine LupLow Griscom, M.A., Assistant Curator _ . Herpert F. Scuwarz, A.M., Editor JONATHAN Dwicut, M.D., Research Associate in North A. KaTHertne Bercer, Assistant Editor American Ornithology Mrs. Evste M. B. ReIcHENBERGER, Research Assistant Apvisory COMMITTEE Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Director Comparative Anatomy Ropert C, Murpuy, Px.D., Assistant to the Director Wittram K. Grecory, Px.D., Curator FRANK M. CuapMan, Sc.D., Curator-in-Chief, Division of =. H Cxruss, Assistant Curator Zodlogy and Zoégeography J. Howarp McGrecor, Px.D., Research Associate in W. D. Marrxew, Pa.D., Curator-in-Chief, Division of Human Anatomy Mineralogy and Geology NATURAL HIS TORY THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY, EXPLORATION, AND THE DEVELOP- MENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION THROUGH THE MUSEUM JAN UARY—FEBRUARY, 1923 [Published February, 1923] VOLUME XXIII, NUMBER | Copyright, 1923, by the American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. GS NATURAL HISTORY Votume XXIII CONTENTS FOR JANUARY-FEBRUARY NuMBER I Frontispiece, The Final Restoration of the Warren Mastodon....... . opp. 3 se = a painting executed by Mr. Charles R. Knight in 1908, under the direction of Prof. Henry Fairfield sdborn Mastodons of the Hudson Highlands. ......... Henry FAIRFIELD OSBORN 3 With special reference to the romance of the Warren Mastodon in the American Museum, told for the first time in its completeness Illustrations of skeletal remains and reconstructions of mastodons, as well as maps of discovery sites in New York State Primitive Fishery Methods in Lake Titicaca............°. R. E. Coker 25 Century-old devices employed by the Indians to trap and capture fish With original photographs and diagrams Tne Voyage of the: France 7, oe On ae oe eee Roitio H. Beck $32 A later-day trip to the scene of the “ Bounty"’ mutiny With illustrations of the bird life on the islands of the South Pacific Anthropoid Apes I Have Known...................... W. HENRY SHEAK 44 Personal experiences with animals of the circus and of the menagerie Photographs of certain well-known performing apes “The Minds and Manners of Wild Animals”............ WILLIAM BEEBE 56 \ review of the new book by William T. Hornaday ‘James Haliot Alpany” . . cine: ele ee GEORGE F. Kunz 59 A review of the recent volume by John M. Clarke With an autographed photograph of James Hall An Extraordinary Capture of the Giant Shark, Rhineodon Typus KE. W. GupGerR 62 How a thirty-foot fish was caught on the bow of a 17,000-ton steamer With a picture of the actual occurrence The Racial Diversity of the Polynesian Peoples..... . Louis R. SuLuIvan’ 64 An attempt to determine the elements that enter into the mixed population of Polynesia With portraits of individuals representing the principal types Bolivia’s Least-Known Mountain Range............ Epwarp W. Berry 72 A trip on mule-back to the Quimsa Cruz With original pictures of the mountain scenery of the region A New Meteorite from Michigan................. EpMUND OTIs Hovey 8&6 An interesting celestial visitor, the largest fragment of which has been lent to the American Museum by Mr. P. W. A. Fitzsimmons With an illustration of the specimen Note .<.cck bs ees eb ne SOE A ee i a i ee S9 Published bimonthly, by the American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. Subscription price $3.00 a year. Subscriptions should be addressed to George I’. Baker, Jr., Treasurer, American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and Central Park West, New York City. Natura Hisrory is sent to all members of the American Museum as one of the privileges of membership. IXntered as second-class matter April 3, 1919, at the Post Office at New York, New York, under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized on July 15, 1918. , < @ — =~ . . - ‘ - ad * < ’ e Ps i. . - 4 > ‘ S “ ~v 7 ed fan or ¥ ‘ re ¢ « ~ ° ee, ¢ Bog ; *- . , a = : ~ . - . + ~ . ~ a Il 10 uy Oj JUL Yue jeune oy syuosoided 8 10 Donuds vf L jo She ny MON JO FROME] NOLLVUOLSAYY IVNI AH NATURAL Votume XNIII HISTORY JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1923 NUMBER Mastodons of the Hudson Highlands By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN President of The American Museum of Natural History One of the greatest treasures of the American Museum is the unrivaled skeleton of the fossil proboscidean known as the WARREN MAstTopon. The present article gives the fullest and most authentic history of this specimen which has ever been published, thanks to the testimony of several evewitnesses who have kindly written to the author and to others. SHE Warren Masropon, found in 1845, was the fifth in a series of discoveries of mastodon skele- tons, beginning with Peale’s first skele- ton of 1799, which like the WarrEN Masropon was found in Orange County, New York. The first refer- ence to mastodons along the Hudson was, however, as early as 1705. The following table relative to early discoveries of the mastodon has been compiled from The Mastodon Giganteus of North America, which Dr. John Collins Warren published in 1852: 1705.—First mention of finding masto- don remains near Albany. 1714.—First published account of two teeth and a thigh bone found at Claverack, on the Hudson, thirty miles south of Albany. 1799-1801.—Peale’s first skeleton, found on John Masten’s farm, Orange County, New York. See Warren, Plate I, upper left- hand figure. Exhibited in London; in Peale’s Museum, Philadelphia; and then dis- appeared. 1802.—Peale’s second skeleton, “ Balti- more Skeleton,” purchased by Doctor Warren in 1848, dis- mantled. A very large jaw, described by Doctor Warren. See Warren, Plate I, upper right-hand figure. 1840-43.—Koch’s ‘“ Missourium,”” a com- posite of several specimens found near Kimmswick, Mis- souri. Remounted by Richard Owen, in the British Museum. See Warren, Plate I, lower right-hand figure. 1844—45.—-‘‘Cambridge mastodon,”’ found near Hackettstown, Warren County, New Jersey, twenty miles from Newark. See Warren, Plate I, lower left- hand figure. 1844.—‘“‘Shawangunk Skull,” found near Scotchtown, Orange County, New York; now in the American Museum, Warren Collection. 1845.—The WARREN MASTODON in the American Museum, found on the Brewster Farm, Orange County, New York. See War- ren Memoir, Vignette; also Plate I, center figure; also Plates IV to XXV. In An Outline History of Orange Co., by Samuel W. Eager, published in 1846-47, only a year after the dis- covery of the Warren Mastodon, is found the following quaint narrative of the succession of discoveries in Orange County, and an interesting reflection of the scientific opinions of the middle of the nineteenth century. “We cannot, without disrespect to the memory of a lost but giant race, and slighting the widespread reputation of old Orange as the mother of the most perfect and magnificent specimens of terrestrial animals, omit to tell of the mastodon. Contemplating his remains as exhumed from their resting place for unknown ages, we instinctively think of his great and lordly mastery over the 3 (uosdwoy ,, “ot "H ‘apy Aq peuvoy ydeisojoyg = “s}josnyo -BSSBIY “UOJSOG ‘s}ty oULy JO Unosnpy oy} UL pezIsodep MOU ‘oyIG A BY og ‘SIJY 0} Bursuojeq ‘epveg Ipusiquioy Aq Zurjyured oy} jo ydessoj,oyd Joyyy) ‘OF SIBOA ALUM) PorpuNny ouo uospnyyT oyy Buoye ajiy Asunoo ey} JO doUeosIUIWeL [NYZyep wv SI ‘ABp oY} JO spresjzs0d oYTjUoIOs Jey}O JO JoUUBUL oY} 10,8 poqured ‘ousos afoy oy, “potted oy) jo ssoip yurenb oq) jo gred se syey JOAvod |[[B} TBM UO -Y1IOM OY} JO BULOS UAV PUB SLoIYOOTUO oyeul oy} Jo Joquinu y “1o}BM JO vod] UOTPBABOXY VY} Gooy OF JYDLUATTIUT snot -uadUl UB AG PoUTIsep SBA 4] ‘ysnody DUO] Bw YA ureyo Joyonq snonury -U00 B JO sysIsuod osanjord ey. Jo Jo} -U090 ay} serdnovo yey AJOUTYOBUL 2} B10 “(| Blo aL ‘abd 10}, 00¢(f jo UOT IoaITp oY} JOPUN poDvIuUS OM OY AM XIS-A}PUIM) ay} JO SAOG OM} PUB UA JUO-APUOMG yioM ye sMmoys ydeisojzoyd = siyy, “d[BId }PUBIG UO pue UBL Ajqeqoid WB [[O1OS vy} Durppoy Ul WI SUTSISSB SOINDY OM} JOYJO 9 7, “d[BId UOs| [TAA So/tbys) 4q] sl punols -010} of} Ul oundy pediwulid sy, “LOST IvoA OY} UL UO pele sea ‘DuTjured ay} UL poABijsod ‘uojefeys sty} Jo UOT ~BUINY Xo IU “UOPO SBUl }s1y S,d[Bdd SB UMOUY UOJIAYS oy} “YAO XL MON ‘DANGMOIN IB9U ‘UeysBpy UYOr jo ULE] oy uo PotdAOvVSTp SUM oI} 6H6L1 uy NOCOLSV IW MiIVadd AHL AO NOLLVAVOXG MASTODONS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS beasts—of his majestic tread as he strode these valleys and hill-tops—of his anger when excited to fury——stamp- ing the earth till trembling beneath his feet—snuffing the wind with disdain, and uttering his wrath in tones of thunder,—and the mind quails beneath the oppressive grandeur of the thought, and we feel as if driven along by the violence of a tornado. When the pres- sure of contemplation has subsided and we recover from the blast, we move along and ponder on the time when the mastodon lived,—when and how he died, and the nature of the catastrophe that extinguished the race; and the mind again becomes be- wildered and lost in the uncertainty of the cause. Speculation is at fault, and our thoughts wander about among the possible accidents and physical agents which might have worked the sudden or lingering death of this line of ter- restrial monarchs. “Upon these subjects, wrapt in the deep mystery of many ages, we have no fixed or well-considered theory; and if we had, the limits of our paper would forbid us to argue it up before our readers, and argue down all hostile ones. But we may briefly enquire, whether the cause of the death and utter annihilation of the race, was one great overwhelming flood which sub- merged the earth and swept down these animais as they peacefully and un- suspiciously wandered over the plains and hills around us. Or was it some earthquake convulsion, full of sudden wrath, which tore up its strong founda- tions and buried this race among the uplifted and subsiding mass of ruins; or was it some unusual storm, black with fury and terrible as the tornado, which swept the wide borders of these grounds, and carried tree and rock and living mastodon in one unbroken stream to a common grave, or was it the common fate of nations, men and every race of created animals of water, land or air, which overtook and laid the giants low? that by the physical law of their nature, the decree of heaven, the race started into being—grew up to physical perfection—and having ful- filled the purpose assigned by their or creation, by a decrease slow, but sure as their increase, degenerated in number, and gradually died away and became extinct. Or was it some malig- nant distemper, fatal as the Egyptian murrain, which attacked the herd in every locality of this wide domain sending its burning poison to their very vitals—forcing them to allay an in- satiate thirst and seek relief in the water ponds around them, and there drank, and drank, and died?) Or was it rather, as is the general belief in this community, that individual accident, numerous as the race, befell each one, and in the throes of extrication sank deep and deeper still in the soft and miry beds where we now find their bones reposing? “We have thus briefly laid before our readers all the causes which we have heard assigned for this remarkable, ancient, and wide-spread catastrophe, and leave them to the speculation of others, while we wait for time and the developments of geology to uncover the cause. “But when did these animals live and when did they perish, are questions equally wrapt in profound mystery, and can be answered only when the true cause of their death is found. In the meantime we ask, were they pre- Adamites, and did they graze upon the fields of Orange and bask in the sun- light of that early period of the globe?— or were they antediluvian, and carried to a common grave by the deluge of the Scriptures?—or were they postdiluvian only, and till very recent periods wan- dered over our hills and fed in these valleys; and that now some wandering lord of the race, an exile from the land of his birth on the banks of the great father of waters, is gone in silence and melancholy grandeur to lay himself down and die in the yet unexplored regions of the continent? On the points of vital interest in solving the great question of time and mode of death, we hazard no conjecture. Among geologists the opinion is fast gaining ground, that the epoch of the appear- ance of the mastodon on earth wasabout the middle of the tertiary period,— and that he was here ages before 6 NATURAL HISTORY man was created,—that before that epoch warm-blooded terrestrial animals had not appeared. The period of their extinction is thought to be more doubt- ful, but probably was just before the creation of the human race.—Geolo- gists think there is no evidence sufficient to establish the fact that man and themastodon were contemporary.— Time and further investigation may explain the mystery. WHEN FIRST FOUND “The remains of the mastodon were fir t found in this State, near Albany, probably as early as 1705, as appears from the letter of Gov. Dudley to the Rev. Cotton Mather, of July 10, 1706— a copy of which is furnished and worth reading.2. The accounts which state it to have been in 1712 are errone- ous—taking, probably the date of Cotton Mather’s letter (of that date) upon this subject to Dr. Woodward, as the date of the finding. They were next found by Longueil, a French officer, on the Ohio River, in 1739. In 1740 large quantities were found at Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky, carried to France and there called the “ Animal of the Ohio.”? Since which many have been found in various parts of the Union. “No locality,’ except the Big Bone Lick, has contained a greater number of these remains than Orange County. The first were discovered in 1782, about three miles south of the village of Montgomery, on the farm now owned by Mr. Foster Smith. These bones were visited by Gen. Wash- ington and other officers of the army while encamped at Newburgh in 1782-3. The Rev. Robert Annan, who then owned the farm, made a publication at the time, describing the bones, locality, ete., which caused Mr. Peale subsequently to visit this county. “In 1794 they were found about five miles west of the village of Mont- !1The reader is referred to an article entitled ‘‘Did the Indian Know the Mastodon?” by Jay L. B. Taylor, Naturat History, 1921, pp. 591-97; also to the article by William B. Scott ‘‘On American Elephant Myths,”’ Scribner's Magazine, 1887, p. 469. 2This letter is not reproduced in the present article. *Remains indicating 300 animals were found at Kimmewick, Missouri, gomery, just east of the residence of Archibald Crawford, Esq., and near the line of the Cochecton turnpike. In 1800 they were found about seven miles northeast from Montgomery, on or near the farm of Dr. George Graham. In 1803, found one mile east of Mont- gomery, on the farm now owned by Dr. Charles Fowler. These were the bones dug out by Mr. Peale of Philadelphia, in 1805 or 6,—and the writer, then a boy at school in the village, saw the work in progress from day to day. In 1838 a tooth was found by Mr. Daniel “mbler, of Newburgh, on or near the farm of Samuel Dixon, Esq., of that town. In 1844, found eight miles southwest from Montgomery, on the farm of Mr. Conner, near Scotchtown, in Wallkill. In 1845, found about seven miles east of Montgomery, on the farm of Nathaniel Brewster, Esq.; and, in the same year, on the farm of Jesse C. Cleve, Esq., in Hamptonburgh, about twelve miles southeast of Montgomery. They were also found in the town of Goshen some years since, but the time and locality we do not know. There have been at least a dozen findings of these bones in the County. From these enumerations it would appear as if the village of Montgomery was the center of the circle of these various findings. “The animal [the skeleton found on the farm of Nathaniel Brewster and subsequently known as the Warren Mastodon] was supposed to be of great age—judging from the length and size of the tusks, and from the fact that some bones, which in young animals are separate, in this had grown firmly together. POSITION OF THE BONES WHEN FOUND “Having measured the giant, let us inspect the place where found, uncover his resting place and observe his posi- tion in death. Mr. Brewster was dig- ging out marl, and his workmen came upon the skeleton, every bone of which they sueceeded in exhuming. Though wanting some of the toes of the fore- foot, we believe they were found and carried away in the pockets of some of the early visitors. Like all others Av js e Aq deut ay} uO pozRo -Ipul siI— Une sour Ag 24} pel[[Bo MoU nq ULB Jo SMOIG, JETUBYIBN oy} sv UMOUY A]IaUI0J—poalaAo0o -SIp SBM UOPOISB]Y UdLIE AY 24} Wey ays ayy, "Bare }BY} Ul SUTBUTOI UOpO seul oy} oie snhorouInU MOY ‘AJUNOD sFUBIGE) UI spuR| -YsiP{ JOAN UOspn yy ayy Jo yy40u ysn{ sjop ay} jo uoT -B4}U90U09 94} Aq ‘sMoys G06 peysyqnd ‘G9 una -jng ‘uInesny]Y 981g 410 X MIN) PYIBIO “PX Uyor “ig Aq ,, Y4OX MON JO suop -OSBIX,, pepjue sponse ay} ut sivedde yorya yeqy mol uaye} “deur siqy MHOA MAN NI SNOCGOLSVIV 40 SALIS AUAAOOSIG NIIYNY Ud NOANIND a's s>° in / yg eu Aasuar Man ~o <. ono ee © a ont 2 ieee, C—O ‘, “ream ) a ees of ov OF Q fornia abe SNIVWAY NOGOLSYW ian8 | ‘eagi JO NOILNGIN1LSIGC SNIMOHS ena NVAITTAS B1IVLS WHOA MAN SO dVW HOLES -1 "Xe ees 4 ae beam i et : i erage | : awooud S$ vooin °. j vid Byuvmvui4i3ad YNONWLNVYHD ae P wana] Y2E9348 Price SNONWUVL Wd ‘SSVH é NYaY GNY7LYOD i Bead 3\u3 aX ee aed ee ABBWOOLNOW VOVINONO O1BYLNO % SNA YM i: =e : @SNV3ITNO LSM OIYVLNO 3H) / ese ANOWEZA = | < 3 2 Fee sg NATURAL HISTORY Orange fe Lake / (- - ~ G | | “> e-.” i \ , aie oe) 5 ~~ — } F : « — / j ~ at ae | J oh; 4 ; i eee | a) i a i / a - ~ vw, % = BA es gil | ; : & a KoxN = -— eg oa ~~ ‘ ‘ x > ( \ wt f tine. ») i \et ey. : = . *, e ; 7 ‘ — ~<,. rs eo, a \ e z y= p SH } “AY (oletenih: . & FEYS “AY e*Litpiadsa - o-* / pg L * : m W f i VM te if 4 The Warren Mastodon was discovered on the site marked by the star, in the valley south of Orange Lake and about two hundred yards north of the Cochecton Highway at East Coldenham. The skeleton was at first known as the Brewster Mastodon because of the fact that the farm on which the find was made was the property of one Nathaniel Brewster, a grandson and namesake of whom is now the owner of the land. Reproduced from the Newburg Quadrangle Topographical Survey, State of New York, United States Geological Survey, edition of September, 1903, reprinted September, 1910 in this County, these were found in a peat formation, but of very lim- ited extent, between two slate ridges. They were six feet beneath the surface —yet so deep was the peat below that its bottom could not be reached with an iron rod of several feet in length. The animal was thus held in suspen- sion, and as the spot was wet and spongy, never dry perhaps from the time he entered, it caused their perfect preservation. “Beginning at the bottom, the fol- lowing were deposits which from time to time filled up the pond: 1, Mud, more than ten feet, 2, Shell Marl, three feet, 3, Red Moss, one foot, 4, Peat, two feet. The bones laid below No. 3 and occu- pied nearly the position the animal did when alive, and the whole position that of one mired. If there ever was one that came to his death in that way, this is the one. “In Godman’s Natural History, article Mastodon, is recorded an in- stance of the same kind [the preserva- tion of stomach contents], and puts the fact beyond all question, that the contents of the stomach of the Brewster {[Warren] mastodon was found. The animal was dug up in Wythe Co., Va., and the stomach found,—the contents carefully examined, and found to be in good preservation. They consisted of reeds half masticated—of twigs of trees, and of grass or leaves. We have made free use of the article written by Dr. A. J. Prime, of New- burgh, and found in the American Quarterly Journal of October, 1845, and various newspaper publications made by the same gentleman.” Thus ends our quotation of the quaint narrative of Samuel W. Eager. OTHER REMINISCENCES OF THE DISCOVERY The American Museum is indebted to Mrs. George F. Elliott of Westfield, New Jersey, for the following reminis- cence of the discovery, contained in a letter of March 21, 1906, addressed to the late J. Pierpont Morgan, the donor of the Warren collection to the Ameri- can Museum. Mrs. Elliott writes: ‘“‘T was much interested on reading in this morning’s Tribune of your recent purchase of the American mastodon from the Warren heirs; interested firstly, because it will now be given to the public; secondly, because it was found on, or in, my grandfather’s farm in East Coldenham, six miles west of Newburgh, on the Newburgh and Cochecton turnpike. As a child I distinctly remember the excitement that prevailed in the neighborhood at the find and during the time it was on exhibition in my grandfather’s barn. MASTODONS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS THE WARREN MASTODON IN SITU Vignette showing the Warren Mastodon as it was stretched out when originally discovered about six miles northwest of Newburg and about one mile south of Orange Lake. The vignette, which appeared originally in color on the title page of Doctor Warren’s Mastodon Giganteus of North America, is designed to show the succession of strata under which were found the skeletal remains. Usually all these strata were covered during the wet season with a depth of water varying from one or two feet to six or eight feet, but during the unusually dry season of 1845, the year of the discovery of the skeleton, the area had almost dried up. According to Doctor Warren, the position of the extremities shows that the animal, at the time of its destruction, was making strong efforts to extricate itself from the abyss into which it had plunged. Beneath the body and limbs is a stratum of clay but the body was embedded in light-colored shell-marl, which incased the head, the right anterior limb, spinal column, part of the ribs, pelvis, and the tail. Above the shell-marl was a layer of red moss of a pinkish color; the top layer was of dark-colored peat a foot or two in thickness; above this in ordinary seasons was the depth of water already referred to 10 "GAP OS ie << Ss = coe al ae On Saturday, August 19, 1922, the writer visited the locality where the Warren Mastodon was discovered and had the good fortune to meet Mr. Nathaniel Brewster, the grandson of the original owner and excavator of the skeleton, who with his daughter, Miss Brewster, gave the writer a most courteous reception. Mr. Brewster pointed out the original boxes, excellently constructed, in which the skeleton was originally packed and transported from plac e to place for exhibition. Although a small boy at the time, being only three years of age, he distinctly recalls placing his little fist in the eye socket of the mastodon skeleton. He also recalls the spot w here the mastodon was found, now buried beneath a pond of considerable size. On September 6, 1922, Mr. S. H. Chubb visited the site with his excellent camera and photographed Mr. Brewster pointing to the spot in question (see lower picture; the upper picture shows another view Of the same locality). The relation of the site to its environment is shown in the map on p. 8 12 NATURAL HISTORY It was wired and set up on the premises. Doctors Warren, Hitchcock, Blackman, and Prof. Silliman were all there at times. The location where it was found was in a_ depression or sort of basin of marl, which they were taking out for improving the land elsewhere. The head was struck first, for the animal was standing erect, as it had sunk in the soft marsh. Even the contents of the stomach were in- tact, consisting of twigs as large as a man’s finger, and were gathered in a bushel basket. The tusks were also perfect when found, but crumbled on coming in contact with the air. There is a brooch in the family with the head in ‘profile’ of one of my uncles carved on it, made from a piece of the outside of these tusks; there is also a part of a tooth that broke off after it was set up. My oldest brother, who now occu- pies the homestead, has much interest- ing data in connection with it, also an engraving of the different strata of soil in which it was found, with a cut of each separate bone, and would furnish you, no doubt, with anything of inter- est to you in connection with it. It was sold to Doctor Warren by my father while he had it on exhibition either in Hartford or in New Haven.” Another reminiscence is that con- tained in a letter received at the American Museum on August 16, 1907, from Mr. W. M. Nelson of Equinunk, Wayne County, Pennsyl- vania, who writes: “So far asI know, Il amthe only living man today! who saw the skeleton of the animal taken from the marl pit on the farm of Nathaniel Brewster, six miles west of now Newburgh City, where the road runs north to Orange Lake. I saw the entire skeleton taken out and bones wired together by Doctor Prime, of Newburgh, in Mr. Brewster’s barn. This was done in sections so it could be set up and taken down and shipped in the boxes as freight. It was on exhibi- tion about the country by Wm. ‘Another survivor is Mr. Nathaniel Brewster, a grandson of the owner of the farm at the time of the discovery, who is shown on p. 11 pointing to the spot from which the skeleton was recovered. Brewster and Clinton Weeks, son and son-in-law of Mr. Brewster. Squire Eager’s history of Orange Co., New York, gives the dimensions of the skeleton as follows: length of skeleton 33 feet; skull between eyes 2 feet, 1 inch; length of skull 3 feet, 10 inches; number of bones 220; ribs, 20 on each side. Total weight of bones, 1995 pounds. . . . The mastodon’s back- bone was found about 5 feet below the surface in the marl pit. Every bone was found and wired, except one toe bone, about the size of an egg. I was a boy some 16 or 18 years old at the time and took it all in. I remember nothing about Professor Warren. Doctor Prime wired the bones together and I saw him most every day at the work of setting up the skeleton. I do not know whether this history is of any interest to you now, but it will hold water, so far as my memory is con- cerned.” The above reminiscences may be supplemented with the account of the discovery gathered from the memoir by Doctor Warren published in 1852: “The summer of 1845 had been un- usually dry; many small lacustrine deposits were exposed by the drought, and their contents removed to fertilize the neighboring fields. The spot above described, though usually covered by a small quantity of water, had been left dry (an occurrence never known be- fore); and Mr. Brewster, wishing to avail himself of its contents, had em- ployed a number of laborers to remove them. The men had dug through a thickness of two feet of peat-bog, a layer of red moss about a foot thick, and then fell upon a bed of shell marl (vide Vignette). After raising about a foot of this, they struck on something hard; and a question arose whether it was a rock, a bone, or some other sub- stance. Night approaching, it was necessary to intermit their labor until the following day. “Mr. William C. Brewster, son of the proprietor, and Mr. Weeks, his son-in- law, with assistants, in the presence of a 1The vignette is reproduced on p. 10 of the present article. MASTODONS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS F large number of persons, neighbors and travellers, proceeded to examine the object of their curiosity. The stroke of a spade brought up a portion of bone, and everyone was then willing to be- lieve they had discovered the last retreat of one of the ancient mastodon inhabitants. The labor of exhumation then proceeded rapidly; and the part struck was ascertained to have been the summit of the head. This, being uncovered, disclosed to the eyes of the spectators the full extent of the cranium, which was four feet in length. The lower jaw was distorted a little toward the left side. The bones of the spine, tail, pelvis, and ribs, were suc- cessively found, for the most part in their natural relation to each other. The anterior extremities were extended under and in front of the head, as if the animal had stretched out its arms in a forward direction to extricate itself from a morass, into which it had sunk. The posterior extremities were ex- tended forward under the body. The tusks lay with their convexities out- wards, their anterior extremities opposed to each other nearly meeting; and thus the two tusks, taken together, described a large part of a circle. (Vide Vignette.) ‘“‘At the end of the second day’s labor, the whole of the skeleton had been obtained, with the exception of the posterior part of the sternum, a few bones of the feet, and a number of the caudal vertebrx, some of which were recovered afterwards. The bones were in an almost perfect state of preserva- tion. They were not black, like most of the mastodon bones, but of a brown color, like those of a recent human skeleton, which had been in use a con- siderable time. It is worthy of remark, that no mastodon bones but those be- longing to this individual, and no other bones excepting two or three of ani- mals recently entrapped in the mire, were found in this deposit.’”! “Doctor Prime, who was present, describes its appearance as follows :— ‘In the midst of the ribs, embedded in the marl and unmixed with shells or 1The Mastodon Giganteus of North America, by Dr. John C. Warren, pp. 5 and 6. — carbonate of lime, was a mass of matter, composed principally of the twigs of trees broken into pieces of about two inches in length, and vary- ing in size from very small twigs to half an inch in diameter. There was mixed with these a large quantity of finer vegetable substance, like finely divided leaves; the whole amounting to from four to six bushels. From the appear- ance of this, and its situation, it was supposed to be the contents of the stomach; and this opinion was con- firmed on removing the pelvis, under- neath which, in the direction of the last of the intestines, was a train of the same material, about three feet in length and four inches in diameter.’ ”’? TOUR OF EXHIBITION Owing to the fact that the bones were buried in a pure shell-marl layer, they were, when found, in a perfect state of preservation; of light brown tint, not of the dark brown or nearly black tint of the mastodon skeletons exhumed from swamp muck, which are discolored by decaying vegetable matter. As narrated by two eyewit- nesses, the skeleton was wired together and set up in such form that it could be exhibited for three or four months during the years 1845 and 1846, in the city of New York and in several New York and New England towns. Luckily, it does not appear that any of the parts were lost during this period of exhibition and travel. The excellently made boxes in which the skeleton of the Warren Mastodon was transported from point to point for exhibition still remain in the pos- session of Mr. Nathaniel Brewster. The impression which the mastodon made on observers in the city of New York is shown by an extract from the journal of one of the pupils of the New York Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, October 16, 1845: 1Tdem., p. 144. a ,,tayjo30} ynd Used sABY YOTYM S1OYJO YIM asBo BY} Uoeq JOU SRY OAVT[Aq OM YOM ‘SOUOG BY} [[B JO SIBJANS BULYL[NOFAG OY} OF UWONWO}}E SoS oY} PUB OBO }Bol3 YIM oUOp Uveq sBy stqy puw ‘dn jos puv poduB.se Uveq VUIS SCY UOJIOYS a4, YlwUlod ow puv SUOMI, ‘“SUssoPY ,,“UOPOsBPY UBoltouly FBolt) OU. ,, ‘QPAV ey} UL “BINqMoN ‘oullig ‘fy pus ‘ : i\ ; . ~ - ‘ : : 1X Latte Vy ’ bATOM ~ iJ ws pie ~ ~ | ~ ict ai | : ; che? ~ J iy. MIKI ND ' & —— a S31) Tot) } od 0 OSS IASI pul WA | (a0 MS ~ DIUe ' lia ; _ wea uw a I ; | r wrt WRT rriit uy Stitt AL HVbI 1] UILM TPMeJIOAOD ST ‘peayotd wot Sw OC The MmaVMS OT a | siete teed bald iL “HIMsNnypY UB. “uaury ay} Aq ‘uns0py quod IN "f Hep Vy} Jo Aptsos9U0F yi OF syuRyy ‘pormboe svat O06 Ul “Uo Isog ur UMS “HY Uae 94) UT pozIqry “Xo sum ‘amnjord oy Ut UMOoYs se pe UNOUlo ‘HOPO ISBT od “IEA 94) “QOGI-GEST UOdy st JB} “SIBOA UOAIS-ALIY 10 4J 6f8I NI GALNOOWAHY S\ NOCOLSVIN NAHUYM FHI 16 NATURAL HISTORY “Having been kindly invited by the proprietors of this wonderful exhibi- tion, we went up into the Minerva Rooms, 406 Broadway, and looked at the American Mastodon, one of the greatest curiosities in the world, ac- cording to my imagination. We steadily gazed at it with much aston- ishment. The bones of it are articulated together or fastened to each other by iron nails so as to form a skeleton, and it is now exhibited in this city. Two long artificial tusks measuring ten and a half feet in length are fixed into the skull; the old tusks of nature are almost corrupted, and it is said that they were found entire in the skull when first discovered, but they have fallen in pieces so that they cannot be made fast. The large vertebra of its spine or’ backbone gradually increase in size from the extremity of the tail tothe head. We could stand below the long ribs. We examined the legs and bony toes with great curiosity. The whole bones weigh 2002 pounds but they must have weighed 20,000 pounds when it was living. The skeleton measures 29 feet in length, and the height of its head, 12 feet, that of its back, 10 feet, and the width of the pelvis, 6 feet. ‘“Theskeleton, which has been brought to this city for a show, was found in a marl bed on a‘farm at Newburgh, of New York. I-am very proud of that skeleton first discovered in this state. “Tt is supposed that this animal on walking along the marl bed, sunk into it by its legs adhering closely to the marl and it was drowned. It remained initforalong time. Previous to the dis- covery, nobody knew the place where it was buried. We should be thank- ful to the proprietors who found it and took great pains to fix the bones firmly intoaskeleton. What a wonderful suc- cess!! It leads us to admire the power and wisdom of our Almighty Maker who made the largest of animals.”’ DOCTOR WARREN ACQUIRES THE MASTODON Fortunate was its purchase in 1846 by Dr. John Collins Warren, professor of anatomy in the Harvard Medical School, who paid $5000 for it. Doctor Warren, who about this time became president of the Boston Society of Natural History, had the skeleton transferred to Boston, where it was mounted under his direction by Dr. N. B. Shurtleff; this was its second mounting. It was exhibited to Sir Charles Lyell, the distinguished English geologist, who made a tour of the United States during the years 1841- 45; also to Professor Jeffries Wyman, founder of the Museum of Com- parative Anatomy, Harvard Medical School; also to Professor Louis Agassiz, who was called to Harvard University in the year 1848. | The teeth of the mastodon had been known in America since 1705 and in Europe ever since Longueil, a French officer, brought them back from the banks of the Ohio River in 1739; they had been examined and described by the great French naturalist of the period, Buffon; they had been assigned the specific name of Elephas americanus by the American naturalist, Kerr, in 1792; they had been falsely confused with those of the woolly mammoth of Siberia by Blumenbach, who gave this animal the name of Mammut; they had finally, in 1806, been properly chris- tened ‘mastodonte’ by the great French naturalist, Cuvier; yet the actual struc- ture and proportions of the masto- don still remained unknown. Conse- quently the discovery and mounting of _ the Warren Mastodon skeleton was a really great event in the science of paleontology; it rendered possible for the first time a knowledge of the com- plete animal. It appears, however, that Doctor Warren was not satisfied with the mounting by Doctor Shurtleff, nor with the security of the building where the skeleton was first exhibited in Boston, because in 1849 the masto- MASTODONS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS 17 don was remounted by Mr. Ogden under Doctor Warren’s direction and placed with other collections in the especially erected fireproof building at 92 Chestnut Street, Boston, which soon became famous as the Warren Museum. It was at this time that the skeleton received its coat of black varnish, was raised two feet above its natural height, and was provided with the enormous pair of papier-maché tusks. From 1849 to 1906 the skeleton re- mained in the Warren Museum in the condition shown in our photograph on page 15. Professor Warren became intensely interested in adding to his museum other specimens of the masto- don, especially those discovered along the west bank of the Hudson River, and also in securing specimens from England, France, and Germany, for purposes of comparison. Thus his collection was enriched by the acquisi- tion of the superb head of an old bull mastodon found near the Shawangunk Mountains, and hence known as the Shawangunk head; this is one of the largest, if not the largest, bull masto- don head ever found. Through active correspondence with Professor Jean Jacques Kaup, Doctor Warren secured casts of all the specimens that Professor Kaup had discovered near Eppelsheim not far from Worms in Germany, name- ly, Mastodon longirostris (signifying long-jawed mastodon) and Dinothertum giganteum (signifying the terrifying giant beast), animals which at the time aroused the wonder of Europe. Thus there were soon gathered in the Warren Museum numerous specimens from different partsof the world—North America, Europe, and Asia—bearing on the history of the proboscidean order. Doctor Warren devoted his spare time for six years to the study of i these animals, and in 1852 issued a splendid entitled The Mastodon Giganteus of North America, In April, 1908, the autograph copy ot! this monograph precious publication, with marginal annotations in Doctor War- ren’s handwriting, was presented to the Osborn Library of the American Museum, together with The Life of John Collins Warren, M.D., in two volumes, by Dr. Edward Warren. REMOVAL TO THE AMERICAN MUSEUM The writer of the present article had for years longed to secure this famous specimen for the American Museum but never dreamed that it would be possible to obtain it. It appeared that the entire Warren collection was en- tailed in the will of Doctor Warren and that the heirs were not at liberty to dis- pose of it until the decease of the last of the immediate descendants. The writer was greatly surprised, therefore, when he received a letter from Dr. Thomas Dwight of the faculty of the Harvard Medical School, indicating that the entail was at last closed and that the collection might be offered for sale under certain conditions. This letter came on a Friday afternoon and the writer left the same evening for Boston, arriving in Doctor Dwight’s study on Saturday morning; he accom- panied this distinguished anatomist to the old Warren Museum on Chest- nut Street to view the famous skeleton for the first time. The black varnish appeared to present an obstacle, but some vigorous scratching with a pen- knife revealed the rich light-brown color of the bone beneath. A friendly interchange of opinions with Doctor Dwight ensued; a valuation was agreed upon for the entire collection, but there was still little thought in the writer’s mind that it could be secured by the IS NATURAL American Museum. On the Monday following, the prince of museum bene- Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, authorized by telephone an offer of $30,000. This offer was immediately accepted and a few days later Dr. William Diller Matthew went to Boston to pack up the entire Warren collection, covered as it was with a half century of Boston dust. The collec- tion was carefully inventoried, and with it came several valuable photo- factors, graphs and pictures, which are repro- duced in the present article. FOURTH MOUNTING OF THE WARREN MASTODON THE In removal all the original frame- work was left in Boston, only the bones being packed; in this separated condi- tion the precious skeleton, covered with its thick coat of black varnish, reached New York, its native State, in safety. The first question which arose in our minds was whether it would be possible to remove the black varnish; this was answered through a series of experi- ments which resulted in the construc- tion of special vats large enough to contain the longest and broadest bones, such as the thigh bones, the hip girdle, and the skull. Many weeks of immer- sion in pure benzine were necessary before the black varnish began to dis- solve. This treatment was followed by vigorous scrubbing with pure spirits of alcohol, and one by one the bones emerged from this prolonged and very expensive bath in all the purity and beauty of color that characterized the skeleton when it Doctor Prime in 1845. There still remained the problem of the tusks, which are invariably the most vital part of buried skeletons of was exhumed by the great proboscideans of the past. It appears that the original tusks could . original HISTORY not be preserved entire by the methods then known. The discoverers were unable to prevent them from splitting, warping, and falling to pieces, especially at the butt. In order to preserve what could be saved intact, the butts of the tusks, already hopelessly split and warped, were sawed off under Doctor Warren’s direction, and only the tips, about three feet in length, were treated and preserved. The butts, fallen into fragments, but still lying undisturbed in two of the original boxes used for transporting the skeleton, were found in the Warren Museum when the skele- ton was repacked to be sent to the American Museum. The tips, treated with preservatives, were still intact in another box; but neither had been used apparently for measurements in mak- ing the papier-maché restorations fitted to the skull in the Warren Museum. This documentary evidence certainly was not used by Professor Warren, be- ‘ause In his three restorations he un- fortunately accepted the erroneous reports that the tusks as found were more than eleven feet in length; they were so described and illustrated by him in the entirely im- possible position shown in the photo- graph on p. 15. When the Warren collection reached the American Museum, it was very carefully looked over in a search for remnants of the original tusks, and finally the fragmentary fossil ivory was found, but inasmuch as most of the original records had been lost and no use of these materials had been made by Doctor Warren, it remained to be proved that the fragmentary butts of the tusks really belonged with the skull. The piecing together of these butts required several months of most in- genious and patient work on the part of one of our preparators, Mr. Charles MASTODONS OF THE HUDSON HIGHLANDS 19 ao ; ¥) Christman. The ends of each tusk were perfectly preserved, but there was no connection between these tips and the reconstructed butts of either tusk. Fortunately, when the butts of the tusks were sawed off, a single splinter of bone broke off, and finally this splinter was found to fit exactly to a fragment of the butt. There was great rejoicing in the laboratory when the relationship of these two fragments was discovered, because it enabled us to determine posi- tively the length of the tusks as 8 feet, 7 inches. The rebuilding of the tusks, which required several months of most patient work, had two very important results: in the first place, it enabled us to place them properly in the sockets of the skull and to prove for the first time the exact relations of the masto- don ivories; secondly, a very pains- taking examination of these tusks led to an important and most interesting discovery, namely, that it was pos- sible to determine very closely the age of the Warren Mastodon. The ivory exhibits a series of growth rings which, counted from tip to base, seems to prove that the Warren Mastodon was perhaps thirty years of age at the time it sank into the bed of marl near Newburg. The right tusk in- cluded at least twenty-eight of these segments. The growth rings are short- est near the tip of the tusk when the animal is young, and increase in length from the tip toward the middle of the task, but not in a regular ratio. These growth rings do not correspond exactly in the opposite tusk, but in both tusks they are longest in the middle region. Nine smaller rings are in the lower part. The writer’s theory regarding these growth rings is that during the summer season, when all the conditions of life were favorable, and In repairing the tusks of the Warren Mastodon, it was found that the outer sheath- ing of the ivory (dentine) was in large part absent; the inner sheathing exposed a series of concentric constrictions and expansions which were observed to be approximately symmetrical on the two sides, as indicated by the two series of + signs in the lower figure. In the second place, it was noted that the intervals between these constric- tions are broader in the middle stages of the growth of the tusk and narrower in the mature or later stages of its growth. On the hypothesis that these are actual annual increments of growth, the right tusk (4) con- sisted of about twenty-eight segments, which, allowing for the period of milk teeth and for the part worn off at the tip, would assign to the Warren Mastodon an age of perhaps thirty years esl “Wo 80'l “Ul $19 “WE Sol “ul g fi. £ PLS “ML 60°2 “Urg “IS OS's “arg 336 ‘ co'’Pr “UL TL “3 $1 SIO] ek | NOGOLSVYN NaAYUVM A pus ‘tt ‘IL Spstp UO Z xuvypeyd ‘souoqg [BUte}s 10M “+. ‘joosorOy BYBL oy} JO “AL PBIP *Z xuvpeyd pue fit yap ydeoxe 400] YPLA :seUOG BPBUTMIOUUT JO SLA[Pd 949] Jo qyue'T yA jo Yue] :souog YAW, pesodxe ysnj jo yue'T VAINO opIsynNo UO ‘ysn} FYBLI Jo yysue'T :sysny Suaprnoys oy} 7B Yow jo soutds yo doy 04 4qQBIO HY {18} Jo doup 07 sysny Jo es¥q *YIAUO'T aHL 40 SLNANGAYNOSVAN oysod OM} :S[BNPLATpPUL JOY}O WOIZ poonpoOLZUL LB SOUOG DUIMOTOJ OY, a0} Jo] OY) JO SoduLpeyd [BUIUMIE} OY} [[B *8Z-—91 “PI-T Btqo} -19A [BpNB :BULMOT[OJ oY} ov ArBssod0U WAG BABY PTY s}UIUTOIV[dod LO SUOT}VIO}SOI AyJUo oy} YVYyy oo[dUIO9 OS SI UOJTOYS OL, S061 NI WAGSAIN NVOIYANV AHL NI GCAULNAOWAY SV NOGOLSVIN NAYUVM aH 4° - = 2 es oe : ¥, éue —~ 1% + rer reour 7 A4U 4 MON OR Ul GOUTTOEdS jo BYFIOY ‘soyoul Zs ‘1005 9 ‘uprund ppuoporoy ‘yuuydele uBoljy AW « +e. \ ? 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Dr. Garman! has described the use of this net as fol- lows: “Armed with this the Indian glides back and forth along the beach late in the evening, when the hungry siluroids [catfishes, or suchis| close to the water’s edge to feed, occa- sionally dropping the net quietly down so as to cut off its retreat and then with a jerk throwing an unwary fish far out of the water. It is said that these nets are also used in fishing by torchlight from balsas.”’ My informant described a sort of trap that I was unable to see. It was evidently identical with the trap which Garman described in the following words: “‘The pot is a short cylinder of open basket-work with one end rounded and closed, and with a gate in the _ other, like that of the lobster pot, which admits the fishes but prevents their egress. Considerable ingenuity is displayed in the structure of these baskets. The warp is of single stems of asmooth, stiff, wiry grass; the woof is made by wrapping several small stems with split straws, making rolls which are bound to the stems of the warp, on the outside, by passing one of the straws which bind the roll around each stem at the proper distance from each other. The spaces in the warp are determined by the size of the fishes de- sired; those in the woof by the strength of the materials. Such traps are used as are lobster pots.” Another form of apparatus described by native fishermen is a trap of mats of come 1Agassiz, Alexander and Garman, S. W., ‘‘Exploration of Lake Titicaca.’ Bulletin'of the Museum of Com- parative Zoélogy at Harvard College, in Cambridge, Vol. III, No. 11 (1. Fishes and Reptiles, by S. W. eran pp. 273-278). Cambridge, Massachusetts, lolora rushes which is dragged in the the trap is closed as it is hauled on to the beach. water on the beaches; A method of fishing mentioned by other writers involves the use of a three-pointed spear attached to the end of a steering paddle; in the very transparent water of this lake in the skies the fish may be distinguished at a depth of fifteen feet or more. I could not by inquiry learn of the use of a vasting net or of any form of hook, and these implements seemed not to be known to the indigenous fishermen of that locality, although the fishhook, at least, formed a part of the tackle of the autochthonous Peruvians of other parts. The native vegetable poisons, generally called barbasco, are used to stupefy fishes, especially in sluggish rivers, or in artificial pozos, or pools, excavated along the margins of the rivers. The picturesque floating craft, the balsas, of Lake Titicaca are well known. ‘Two large bundles of totora rushes, five or six meters in length, bound tightly and secured together, constitute the body of the craft, while slender bundles laid above these and attached to the outer margins form the sides. The balsas are propelled by paddle or sail, the sails being made also of totora rushes woven together in some- what the fashion of a Venetian blind. The fishery of today in Titicaca is but a relic of that which must have existed there when the greatest civiliza- tion of the American continent centered about its shores; yet the methods now employed are doubtless the same as were practiced in Inca and pre-Ineca times. A LESSER NODDY OF OENO ISLAND At the time when the Whitney Expedition visited Oeno, the lesser noddies were just through nesting, but the young bird here shown was not quite able to fly and so was forced to sit for its portrait The Voyage of the “France” A LATER-DAY TRIP TO THE SCENE OF THE “BOUNTY ISLANDS OF THE SOUTH AND TO OTHER By ROLLO MUTINY PACIFIC H. BECK Leader of the Whitney South Sea Expedition FTER being dependent for more than a year on local trading vessels that call irregularly. at many of the Polynesian islands for cargoes of copra, we came to the con- clusion that the work of collecting birds could be done far more quickly and thoroughly if the Whitney South Sea Expedition had a vessel of its own. Several schooners were offered at prices beyond their value but finally one better than I had hoped for was brought to my attention, and a cable to the American Museum resulted in its purchase.t While the name ‘“ France’’ was not so typically local as ‘ Ana- oto, amorre Moorea,” or “ Vahini poto,”’ ‘““Tamorre Moorea,” or © Vahini Tahiti,’ the designations of other craft that were in the market, the vessel itself excelled them all in its seaworthi- ness and it offered the further advan- tage of probable exemption from heavy repair bills in the near future. With a change in the arrangement of the cabin and the addition of a few shelves and a table in the hold, the ‘‘France”’ was ready for sea, though before turning her over to the American Museum, the owners found it necessary to re- place the rudder and rudder box, which had been damaged by shipworms? during a year’s use in the Marquesas, where facilities for painting and clean- ing the bottom had not been available. As the hurricane season was in full swing when we were ready to leave on our initial cruise, it was deemed advis- able to run south out of the track of iSee NaturaLt History, January-February, 1922, *See Natrcrat History, July-August, 1922, pp. 378- possible storms and then work out to the easternmost end of the cluster of that included the term Polynesia. Ravaivai Island, our islands are under first stop, three hundred miles south- east of Tahiti, yielded several speci- mens of wedge-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus pacificus) and gray ternlets (Procelsterna cinerea), desirable species Se = “aS i Br An ancient stone figure hidden away in a forest on Ravaivai Island that we had not found on our first visit the year before, while Rapa Island, five hundred miles south of Ravaivai, gave us a fine series of white-breasted petrels (Fregetta grallaria) and their eggs. At Rapa we were surprised to see several of the Christmas Island 33 34 NATURAL HISTORY shearwaters (Puffinus nativitatis), which were captured by means of steel] traps placed in burrows where young birds were located. We had not ob- served this species since leaving the vicinity of Christmas Island, more than 1500 miles to the north, but a few days later at Bass Rocks, 40 miles to the south of Rapa, we again noted it. Rapa also yielded a couple of dozen additional specimens of the wary little black rails (Porzanoidea sp.?) which we had heard often at Tahiti and Moorea, but which on those islands kept so securely hidden in the thick grass and ferns that a capture was very seldom accomplished. At Rapa these birds feed largely in the cultivated taro beds where the small snails that figure in their diet are abundant. Our especial desideratum at Rapa was a large bluish shearwater, two specimens of which we had obtained the vear before, but we found none on this occasion. At Bass Rocks, how- ever, only an hour’s flight away, this bird was the predominant species and we collected as many specimens of it as we needed, lying off in our small boat to the leeward of the Rocks. Here we secured also a couple of speci- mens of another small shearwater not met with elsewhere, and were greatly interested in noting the absence of the white-breasted petrel and the neglected petrel (Plerodroma neglecta), two com- mon species of oceanic birds that are found on Rapa near by, the shores of which can be easily discerned from Bass Rocks. On account of a strong wind and a rough sea we found it impossible to land on the precipitous rocks, a half dozen of which, scattered over a couple of miles of ocean, form the group collectively termed Bass Rocks. Our inability to land prevented us from obtaining a series of sooty terns which we wanted, for an adult and a couple of young birds, brought down from high in the air, apparently belonged to a larger variety than the Christmas Island birds that we had caught by hand when visiting that locality. After five hours in the small boat off Bass Rocks we returned aboard the “France” and headed eastward, fa- vored by a fair wind that carried us a hundred fifty miles before it petered out. . For the next two weeks we had light winds most of the time but on the twelfth of March, thirteen days after leaving Bass Rocks, Piteairn Island appeared on the horizon and we neared the landing place simultaneously with a large English steamer that was bound for New Zealand. Three boats loaded with natives and island produce im- mediately drew alongside the steamer, which stopped for an hour before re- suming its course, whereupon the natives, who had sold their melons, corn, and chickens, came to our craft, and several of them who had known members of our crew in Papeete, stepped aboard to renew acquain- tance. Permission to collect having been granted by the governor, our small boat was lowered, and we went ashore in company with the descend- ants of the famous mutineers of the ship ‘“‘ Bounty,’ who settled on Pit- sairn in 1790 and were not heard of for forty years. At the end of that time an American ship touching at the island discovered them in place of the seals, that were the object of search. These mutineers married native women but their descendants show very little of Polynesian strain in their ancestry. Since the opening of the Panama Canal, steamers on their way from England to New Zealand frequently stop at Pitcairn to exchange clothing Bass Rocks, jutting sharply up out of the water about forty miles from Rapa Island, are far less dangerous to ships than the lowly coral atolls a few hundred miles to the northward eo, oe. , us The principal occupation of the men of Rapa Island is to sit on a rock several hours a day, holding a fishing pole until a mess of fish has been captured. The old pilot of Ahurei Bay, pictured above, had cushioned his seat with a few handfuls of long coarse grass gathered near by — 5) THE NEST OF THE WHITE-BREASTED PETREL ry and in such eases it was necessa of dry grass of this species on Rapa Island were found under thick bunches Many of the nests to enlarge the entrance before a picture could be taken Yyiumixoid Jey SsABIjeq SunoAd oy} JO opnyyyze oyy ‘oanqord oy} Ul UMOYs ril\ "US, PAInIavo \JUSOd] SUIALIRD JUOIRd Si IO Ud od oU4 \]1o3v0 SJTUME YI uodo JPM RIG UPyE MA CINV'IST] OUVUVNAL NO Ault ULVOIU ONION \ The neglected petrel on Ducie Island was usually found nesting close by the trunk or large limb of a fallen tree The petrels of Ducie Island had begun nesting only a short time before the Whitney Expedition visited this locality, but long search revealed one or two young birds of the short-billed species and one of these is reproduced above Ss THRE VOYAGE OF and foodstuffs for the island produce. Potatoes, watermelons, and corn. of very good quality were in season when we called in March, and a little later in the year oranges are a source of considerable income. We bought twenty chickens at the rate of a shilling and a half each and exchanged some rice for water, which was conveyed to the landing place in wheelbarrows from a spring on the far side of the island, a distance of more than a mile. A little warbler (Conopoderas vaughni) the only land bird present and the larger sea birds were conspicuous by their absence, as they have been hunted for food since the settlement of the island 130 years ago. A couple of days’ collecting at Pit- cairn sufficed and we left for Ducie Island, an uninhabited atoll several de- grees farther east. Ducie proved a col- lecting field par excellence for red-tailed tropic birds (Phaéthon rubricaudus), as well as for neglected and for short- billed petrels (Pterodroma parvirostris) as all three were nesting on top of the ground and we had merely to walk or crawl about under the low bushes and trees to gather all the specimens we wanted. At Juan Fernandez Island, of Robinson Crusoe fame, off Chile, I had been able to find a few eggs of the neglected petrel on narrow ledges along the high cliffs, and at Christmas Island the short-billed shearwaters nested usually under the concealing dead palm leaves, as did the Christmas Island shearwaters, a few of which still lingered at Ducie, although their nesting season had long passed. Out of a dozen species of shearwaters, the eggs of which I had collected during the last twenty years, these three were the only kinds that nested on top of the ground, the remainder being burrow- ing birds. But instead of occasional Was ' THE “FRANCE” 30 nests, Which had been my usual ex- perience, at Ducie there were literally hundreds, each containing but one egg, and we believe that 30,000 would be a very conservative estimate of the breeding Tubinares. livery afternoon about four o'clock the space above the trees reminded one of the front of a beehive on «a warm spring day in prune-blossom time in Cali- fornia, for thousands of birds would circle overhead, chasing one anothes and dropping to the ground to waddle along to the spot selected for a nest. Before the egg was laid both birds were present at the nest, but after it was deposited only one bird was to be found on guard. The tropic birds, many with pink-colored out nests In the sand along the outer edge of the wooded part of the island, for their legs were poorly adapted to walking, whereas the shear- waters would traverse a hundred vards, if necessary, to gain an open place before taking wing. Many of the latter surprised me by climbing up sloping tree trunks into the tips of the branches in order to take their plunge into the air. The most astounding nesting habit observed was that of the fairy tern (Leucanous albus) in placing its single egg on top of a narrow limb with no trace of a nest, and hatching it in that precarious position. That this bird really survives the perils of infancy is evidenced in nearly every island by the abundance of the species. At Ducie we started eating freely of the fish that are easily caught on and near the reef, until the cook and mate were laid up in bed and several other members of the party complained of not feeling well, and then fishing was tabu till we reached Henderson Island. After proving to our satisfaction that feathers, hollowed under the bushes 40 NATURAL HISTORY the Henderson fish were not poisonous, we salted and dried several hundred pounds, with such good results that when we sampled our store, it was found as palatable as the Alaska sal- mon, with which we were well supplied. In the way of birds Henderson yield- eda rail, a dove, and a warbler, as well as the usual sea birds, but travel over aaa oo < B . . eq" od 4 ad, they chose to remain close by the land- ing place till our departure. Future visitors should have less trouble than we cutting trails through the tangled vines and shrubbery if the goats use their freedom to good advantage in nibbling their way to the interior. our days after leaving Henderson we arrived at Oeno Island, which has aS In the Tuamotu Islands the single egg of the fairy tern is usually laid on a branch of the tohunu tree. No nest is constructed, the egg being placed in this hazardous position without other support than that furnished by the limb itself this island proved so difficult that most of our collecting was necessarily done near shore. As Henderson is a raised coral island instead of being of the usual low atoll type, the surface of hard coral rock is broken in places by sharp, jagged, pinnacle-pointed masses that are far more difficult to traverse than the reefs over which we made our way before stepping on to the sandy beach above high-water mark. The last three of the ten goats purchased for food in Rapa we liberated on Henderson, but proved one of the most deadly islands of Polynesia in point of shipwrecks, for it lies close to the track of sailing vessels bound from the Pacific coast of North America to the west coast of South America and, having an ex- tended reef off the eastern end, is doubly dangerous. The shores of the low atoll were lined with weather-worn lumber from one of the latest wrecks, and the keel of one large vessel still lies on a sandy islet a mile within the lagoon, with an anchor stock showing THE VOYAGE OF THE “FRANCE” 1] on the reef, where an attempt had been made to stop the headway of the doomed ship. We found on Oeno that some of the blue-faced boobies (Sula dactylatra) were wiser than most of their kind on other islands, for they had selected the shade of a tree or bush for a nesting site, whereas the glaring white beach is the usual home site selected by this species. In addition to the Ducie Island shearwaters we encountered again the blue shearwaters that had been so common at Bass Rocks. But instead of high cliffs on which to build their nests, as at Bass Rocks, at Oeno there was Only a low fern-covered flat a dozen feet above the sea level. Many sea birds were resident here, and a week slipped by in short order. The last day of our stay our sailors were caught in the breakers on the reef and their boat was overturned by an extra large swell. The schooner had stood out to sea on a short tack and the crew were obliged to remain in the water more than three hours til! the ship made her inward tack. By good fortune not a shark approached them, though at other islands the sharks had kept us close company. Mangareva, the seat of government for the eastern Tuamotu, was a pleasant change from the desert islands to the eastward, and with its neighbors, all within the same reef, kept us busy for more than two weeks. That there had been a much greater population at an earlier date is evidenced by the old, crumbling stone houses encoun- tered everywhere about the shores. Although there are now only about 500 people in the Gambier group, as the five inhabited islands are called, about 19,000 formerly lived there. A convent that housed hundreds of girls in years past is today covered by the growths of i the encroaching jungle and will soon The decorated be a thing of memory only. cathedral is handsomely about the altar with thousands of pear! shells and is larger in appearance than the cathedral at Papeete, though the congregation does not remotely rival that of Papeete in numbers. of the small uninhabited islands where goats were kept, the surprising capture of a rail was made. There was hardly any cover on the island for a bird with the ordinary habits of the rails as we knew them in Polynesia, but a few had managed to exist in spite of the destruc- tion of vegetation. itself we obtained a fair series of the vellow-billed tropic bird (Phaéthon lepturus), a species that nests in the mountains in preference to the coral atolls favored by the red-tailed. The day before we left the Gambier group the sailors gathered a few boxes of oranges and lemons, which were given us for the picking, as they were going to waste under the trees. The lemons were placed in dry sand and kept in good condition until we reached Papeete nearly two months later, but the oranges did not keep so well and were disposed of in less than a month. Marutea Island was the next place visited and here the native sandpiper (Aechmorhynchus parvirostris) was found on several motus, little islets on the ring of coral. A northerly wind that started before we left Mangareva made boating difficult, and one of the workers on the island, while helping to launch our boat in a heavy swell, was knocked unconscious and would have drowned had not a companion dived after him and pulled him from the water to the boat, which had just escaped from a curling breaker. The plantation on this island was provided with several carts used ordinarily in On one On Mangareva 42 NATURAL On many of the Pacifie islands the Pan- Thick groves occur in many places but not infre- quently single trees stand out from their neighbors and especially is this the case along danus is one of the commonest trees. the shore. Note the curious prop roots that are massed about the lower part of the stem the picking of coconuts and in transfer- ring the copra from the drying ground to the We landed our small sailboat one morning and carted warehouse. it in one of these conveyances across the island to the lagoon, where we used it in exploring the farther end of the atoll. At Turei Island, a few days later, we sold this boat, which was not particularly suited to our needs, to a whose boat had been native own wrecked, HISTORY The four islands of the Acteon group, fifty miles to the westward of Marutea, varied greatly in their bird life, although in regard to food and living conditions they seemed to be Not one of these islands was inhabited, although our chart lists them as populated by hostile people. Tenararo, the smallest and most west- ern of the group, had birds in abun- when stopping in the course of a stroll, I counted fourteen of the little sand- pipers sitting on a dead tree close beside As a rule any sandpiper that observed us walking in its direction would fly to meet us, being in this respect different from most of the other birds we encountered. At Tearunga and Vahanga, but a few miles to the eastward, the sandpipers and doves were very scarce, and we spent only a couple of weeks in this vicinity, sailing thence to Vanavana Island. Here we were pleasantly surprised to find the ground doves (Gallicolumba pectoralis) in large numbers but ex- tremely concentrated in one clearing where coconut trees had been grown. After the larger trees had been chopped down the vines and weeds quickly overran the place and the doves found it so much to their liking that they abandoned the undisturbed forest and congregated in a spot only a few hun- dred yards in radius. The island is not more than two miles in circumference and more than a third of it is bare of cover, so the doves have a slim chance of holding their own if the dozen in- habitants continue clearing the jungle and killing the birds for food. Eight months had elapsed since a vessel had ‘alled, and fish, birds, and the fruit of the Pandanus had been the sole means of sustenance available to the islanders similar, dance, and on one occasion me. for some time. THE At Tureia Island, about forty miles from Vanavana, we found a small settlement of pleasant people, with an obliging priest who spoke excellent English and who was slowly repairing his hurricane-wrecked church. At this island we encountered the warbler again, our last specimen having been taken at Henderson, six hundred miles to the eastward. Why the intervening islands were devoid of this bird is puzzling, for these islands are equally suitable apparently as a habitat; it is reported that Mangareva at least was not without the warbler formerly. But the distribution of the avian fauna is puzzling with respect to other species ‘as well. After working over Ahunui and Paraoa, a hundred miles westward of Tureia Island, I went ashore at Nengo Nengo Island, our last stop before starting for Papeete. There I strolled into a colony of nesting frigate birds, as I had done on twenty islands in the past twenty years, but instead of the species that had inhabited the twenty —some of them west and some of them east of Nengo Nengo—I was delighted to find at last the long-looked-for lesser frigate bird (Fregata ariel). A colony of a hundred pairs were nesting on low shrubs, most of them not more than a VOYAGE OF fHe FRANCE” i couple of feet above the ground, and | had no difficulty in getting a dozen birds for specimens, though they were not as tame as the majority of the other In this colony I saw but a single bird with im- species when at their nests. mature plumage. The males of the lesser frigate birds are recognizable at a long distance by the two white patches on the abdomen. In higher shrubs about the frigate colony were many old nests of noddy terns, and sitting on the ground near them, the young noddies that had been unapt at their fishing lessons were waiting for their parents to bring fish, but most of them had had long waits, judging by the very poor condition that those collected exhibited. With a favoring wind we bore away from Nengo Nengo for Papeete and arrived inside the pass at that port a few minutes after midnight on the morning of the Fourth of July, having visited more than twenty islands on the five months’ trip, over half of which had never been trodden by a collector before. After painting and cleaning the vessel and getting a fresh stock of provisions we headed out to the east- ward to visit other unknown atolls and secure before their extermination examples of their dwindling fauna. MR. W. HENRY SHEAK AND HIS PET CHIMPANZEE, JOE Joe showed a high degree of intelligence. He learned, among other things, to wipe his nose with a handkerchief. to brush his hair with a hairbrush, to clean his clothes witha whisk broom, and to eat with a spoon as well as any little boy or girl. In carpentering he was not inexpert. He could bore holes with a brace and bit, use a handsaw with consider- able skill, remove screws with a screw driver, and pound nails with a hammer Anthropoid Apes | Have Known By W. HENRY SHEAK Lecturer on Natural History Subjects HICH of the great apes re- sembles man the most? This is the question I am fre- quently asked. Dr. Henry Alleyne Nicholson, professor of natural his- tory at the University of Aberdeen, as- serts that ‘the gorilla is now regarded as the most human of the anthropoid apes.” But, as a matter of fact, it is very difficult to say which is the most human, for one of them may resemble man in certain characters, while an- other approaches him in respect to other characters, and a third evidences close relationship to him through a third set of characters. For instance, the gibbon resembles man more than does any other ape in respect to its upright carriage. The orang-utan resembles man in the absence of the superciliary crests, prominent bony ridges which protrude out over the eyes and so disfigure the face of the gorilla, and are prominent in the chimpanzee; in the form of the cerebral hemispheres, the forehead of this ape rising straight and perpendicular from the eyes, while that of the other anthropoids retreats considerably; and in the number of ribs, there being twelve pairs as in the human skeleton, while in the gorilla and chimpanzee there are thirteen. The gorilla resembles man more than do any of his cousins in the strength and development of the legs. He is most like man also in the structure of the pelvic bones. The chimpanzee is most like man in the relative size of the brain and in its econvolutions, though not in the finer details of brain construction; in the face, this being smaller in proportion to the size of the cranial region of the head than in the other apes, and more human in its expression; and in the the relatively much larger than the human formation of ear, which, while ear, closely resembles it in its modeling. The large size of the chimpanzee’s ar is, doubtless, due to the fact that in his native African forests the leopard is his formidable enemy and his audi- tory organ must be so developed that it may catch the faintest rustle of leaves made by this great stealthy cat prowl- ing among the branches. The ear of the orang is proportionately as much smaller than the human ear, as the ear of the chimpanzee is larger. This is probably because there are no large predatory animals in Sumatra or Borneo. True, the python sometimes makes a meal of a baby ape, but the adult orang is not afraid of this monster serpent. So man is really his only dangerous enemy, and the orang has not been in conflict with civilized man. the only one who cares to capture him, a sufficient time for the association to produce any change in the anatomy of his ear. Again, the chimpanzee is most like man in the structure and conformation of the hand. The hand is very long and slender, and the thumb is set much farther back than in man, so that the distal end does not reach beyond the knuckles of the other fingers, but otherwise it is very human. If I were asked to decide which of the apes had the larger number of close resemblances to man, I should have to cast my vote for the chimpanzee. Of the great apes the gibbon is the most arboreal. His entire life is spent in the tree tops. In traveling through the forest, he does not come to the 45 46 NATURAL HISTORY ground, but swings from limb to limb by means of his long, powerful arms, using his feet very little to aid in progression. In this way he travels very rapidly, easily outdistancing the hunter, impeded as the latter generally is by dense undergrowth. Yet, not- withstanding this extreme development to an exclusively arboreal life, the gibbon, as I have already intimated, walks upright more readily and with greater ease than any other ape. I have seen the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) in the Philadelphia Zodlogical Garden run and walk as erect in carriage as a man and without any help from his hands. The Philadelphia Zoélogical Garden holds the world’s record for keeping a gibbon alive in captivity. The speci- men—the Hylobates lar alluded to in the previous paragraph—was received July 27, 1906, and hence has been in the collection for more than fifteen vears. A record of four years and three months, attained by a gibbon in the London Zodlogical Garden, ranks second to the case just mentioned. The gibbon in the Philadelphia Zoblogical Garden has never shown much affection for his keeper, William Quigley, a man of intelligence and a close observer, who has had charge of the ape ever since the latter’s arrival. Mr. Quigley tells me that it is not safe to turn one’s back on this animal when in the cage with him, for he is inclined, even after all these years, to Jump on a human intruder and bite him. He has never shown any of the friendliness or desire for human companionship so common with the orang-utan and the chimpanzee. Neither has he mani- fested any remarkable intelligence. One of the most interesting habits of this ape is. the daily utterance of a series of calls or notes, commonly denominated “singing.” They are sad and plaintive in tone, not unlike the cooing of the mourning dove, but much louder and in a higher key. On a clear, frosty morning in autumn I have heard him at a distance of more than a mile. He usually begins his ‘‘singing”’ about 8:30 a.m. and continues for about half an hour. On dark, gloomy days, he is more likely to “sing’’ at unusual times than on clear, sunny days. Once I observed he did not begin his “ con- cert” till about 9:30 and then kept it up until nearly noontime. He has been known to sing In the late after- noon or early evening, when the day was dark, but rarely twice on the same day. The presence of people about the ‘age does not seem to interfere with his “singing.”’ Mr. Quigley says that before the death of a female Hylobates, which was secured at the same time as the male but which lived only about fourteen months, they both ‘“‘sang,’’ and that she was the better ‘‘singer”’ of the two. In closing a note she would do so with a quaver, coming down gradually to silence, while he stopped abruptly. At her death he ceased “‘singing,”’ but after several months resumed the practice. I am inclined to think that these notes are the love calls of the species. I have found the gibbon always very restless while ‘‘singing,’’ swinging from rope to rope along the top of the big cage, from one end to the other, running along the shelf in front of the window ledges, pausing for half a minute at one window, then hurrying to the other, peering longingly out, and listening, as if anxiously looking and calling for someone, and expectant of a response. Mr. H. C. Raven. an experienced collector, and long associated with Dr. W. L. Abbott in his work in the East Indies and other regions, says that the ANTHROPOID APES I HAVE KNOWS 17 notes of the gibbon are among the “characteristic sounds of the Bornean forest.’ He tells me that in the wild, free state, both the male and the female indulge in this morning serenade, Since the gibbon of the Philadelphia Zodlogical Garden has lived such an unusually long time in captivity, never missing a meal, and has gone for twelve years without having so much as a cold—an attack of dysentery in the summer of 1921 being his only illness in all that time—the reader may be interested to know the diet prescribed for him by the Zoélogical Society. The first thing in the morning he is given an orange and a dish of tapioca and rice cooked together. His lunch, at half past eleven, consists of a slice of bread. Toward the end of the afternoon comes dinner, when the rice and tapioca are repeated, and a medium-sized banana and a cup of sterilized milk containing a teaspoonful of lime water is added to the bill of fare. He is never given any water to drink. This Is his daily diet. It is never changed one iota. No direct current of air is ever permitted to blow on him, unless the day is warm and pleasant, but the two windows of the small mammal house which open into his cage, are arranged with double sashes, and are so adjusted that the air is always kept fresh and pure. Frequently I have had men tell me of the interesting gorillas they saw in some traveling menagerie. On being asked how long a tail these gorillas had, the answer would almost invariably be, “fifteen to eighteen inches.” As a matter of fact, no anthropoid ape has any external tail. Indeed the gorilla is a little farther removed from the tailed state than we are. In the hu- man coecyx, which corresponds to the caudal appendage of the tailed mon- keys, there are four vertebral bones, ee more or less amalgamated or anky- But in the gorilla there are only the adult advertised as gorillas losed, three of these in normal These simians, have been baboons. So far as | know, beyond all ques- only four gorillas have tion, evel reached America alive. The first one was brought over by Edwards Brothers in 1897. It reached Boston on Sunday, May 2, and died May 7. on exhibition. It was never Doctor Hornaday’s daughter happened to be in Boston at the time and he telegraphed her to go to see the rare and interesting animal, which she did, reporting her impressions to her father. young male, a mere infant, and came The specimen was a over from Liverpool with a young female chimpanzee, to which he had become much attached on the voyage. He had been eating fairly well, but the little chimpanzee was suffering with pneumonia when they arrived, and two days later she died. After this he be- came listless, refused to eat, and on the fifth day after arriving he, too, died. The body was sold to Professor Burt Wilder of Cornell University, and the skin, skeleton, and brain are still on exhibition in the museum of that institution. The second gorilla and the third were brought to the United States by the late Professor R. L. Garner for exhibi- tion in the New York Zoological Park. The first of the two was a young female and was on exhibition in the park from September 23 to October 5, 1911, when she died. She would eat only two kinds of food. plaintains and the young stocks of plaintain and banana plants. She refused to touch bananas, oranges, grapes. bread, or any of the other articles of diet so readily eaten by the chimpanzee and the orang-utan. It was impossible to keep her alive in this 48 NATURAL HISTORY country. She measured 34 inches in height and the stretch of her arms from tip to tip of the middle fingers was 47 inches. Doctor Hornaday thought she must have been between two and three years old and Professor Garner was of the opinion that she was one of the largest gorillas ever captured, as usually the gorillas taken are small babies only a few months old. Profiting by his first experience, Professor Garner kept his second speci- men in Africa until she had learned to eat ‘‘civilized food,”’ as Doctor Horna- day said, and in consequence they were able to keep her alive from August 24, 1914, when she reached New York, until August 3, 1915. This gorilla was named Dinah. She was of a more amiable disposition than the first specimen, ate rather freely, permitted herself to be handled and dressed in human clothes, and pushed about in a baby carriage. But the “civilized food”’ did not in the end agree with her. She died from starvation and malnutrition, compli- cated with rickets and locomotor ataxia. The fourth instance is that of the gorilla known as John Daniel. When about three years of age, this gorilla was shipped to England and six months later came into the possession of Miss Alyse Cunningham, of London, under whose tuition he made extraordinary progress. After about two months it was possible to give him the freedom of the house. He had his place at the table, opened doors by turning the knob, and unbolted windows, raised them, lowered them again, and locked them, turned on the lights when enter- ing a dark room, sponged himself when bathing, and adapted himself in many other ways to his urban environment. He became deeply attached to Miss Cunningham, and when later it was found necessary to sell him and he was sent to New York, he became ill from homesickness and died before Miss Cunningham, who was summoned by cable, had time to reach him The orang-utan is not nearly so good an animal for exhibition purposes as is the chimpanzee. Unlike the chimpan- zee, he is not always inventing some new way to amuse himself or to accomplish some of his purposes, or engaged in mad and frantic activity. He is slow and deliberate, sedate and dignified. But though he may sit in a corner of his cage, motionless and voiceless, his bright little eyes see everything that is going on about him. Indeed, I have found him a very keen observer. In 1907 I wastraveling with the Gus Lambrigger Animal Show as naturalist and lecturer. Our star attraction was a young orang-utan. One afternoon when I was standing in front of his cage, he left his place in the farther corner, came over to the front, and, stretching his arm through the bars, put his hand on my shoulder. At first I could not imagine what was engaging his attention, but when he took his hand away I discovered there was a tiny knot in the thread of the seam of my coat, and he was trying to get it. I had not noticed it before, but his sharp eyes had seen it from the back of the cage. Old specimens are savage and mo- rose, but the young are gentle and affectionate, becoming much attached to their human companions. I have seen young orang-utans in the New York Zoological Park following their keeper about on the lawn, and when in sport he attempted to run away from 'For a fuller account of John Daniel the reader is referred to the article entitled “A Gorilla’s Life in Civilization,”’ by Alyse Cunningham, Zoological Society Bulletin, 1921, pp. 118-24. The ape, mounted in realistic attitude, is now in the American Museum. A picture of the mount appeared in Natura History, 1921, p. 655, with an accompanying note. An earlier note ‘regarding this gorilla appeared in the same publi- cation, 1921, p. 210. JOHN DANIEL This is the gorilla that, under the tuition of Miss Alyse Cunningham, of London, made such remarkable progress in adapting himself to the mode of life in a city house. The picture is reproduced by courtesy of Dr. William Hornaday. from the Bulletin of the New York Zoological Society, September. 1921 : | az 50 NATURAL HISTORY them, they hurried after, now and then putting their heads to the ground and turning a somersault in an effort to accelerate their speed. One afternoon, when with the Lam- brigger Animal Show, | had finished a Copyrighted ’04 by C. EB. Ridenour, Philadelphia This orang-utan wears, with an air of full assurance, the overalls of a laborer, and grips his pipe like an inveterate smoker. He was an animal of unusual intelligence. On one occasion, to recover a nut which had rolled bevond his reach, he took off a sweater he was wearing and, passing it through the bars, used it to draw the nut little bv little toward the cage lecture and had sat down in a chair in front of the stage or platform on which the small portable cages were arranged. I was at some distance from the orang- utan’s cage. Presently, however, I felt two hairy arms enfold my neck and a strawberry-blond youngster climbed over on my lap and proceeded to make himself very much at home. The ape had opened the cage door himself and had walked along in front of the other cages till he was behind me. When I was with the Edwards’ Animal Show in New York, we had a baby orang-utan and a big chimpanzee we called Sallie. Sallie soon learned she could frighten the little fellow by stamping her feet and screaming. One morning she started this noise, whereupon the orang-utan turned and ran to me, climbing into my lap and snuggling up to me, as if seeking protection from the great ugly, black beast, that he doubt- less thought Sallie to be. I have seen the orang-utans in the New York Zoological Park sitting at table, drinking out of cups and eating from plates, using spoons, knives, and forks, but not with the same readiness and ease with which the chimpanzee learns to do these things. There is, however, one accomplishment of the orang-utan I wish to emphasize, for in this he is an adept. It is using a blanket to cover himself. I have never seen an ape so young that he was not able to take a blanket and pull it over himself, without any previous teaching. This accomplishment seems to be an inherited habit or instinct. In their native country these apes probably cover themselves with large leaves. At one time, when with the Edwards’ Animal Show, we had a big orang-utan who was unusually intelligent. He learned all the coins from the silver dol- lar down to the copper cent and rarely made a mistake in picking out the coin asked for. Ona certain evening he was given some English walnuts, and ate all but one, which dropped outside the cage and rolled just beyond his reach. His ANTHROPOID APES I HAVE KNOWS SI appetite was satisfied and he made no special effort to get this nut. The next morning, however, he was hungry, and tried to reach it with his long arms. But it was a little too far away. After some minutes of silent thoughtfulness, he tried to roll some of the straw on the bottom of his cage into a sort of wand, by means of which he might reach the nut. But the straw was too much broken. Then there another period of silent thoughtfulness. At length he began taking off his sweater. We wondered why he was doing this, as he was not in the habit of undressing himself unless we gave him permission to do so. Slowly and deliberately he unbuttoned the garment and drew his arms out of the sleeves. Then, pushing the sweater out through the bars of the cage, he swung it forward till it dropped over the nut, and gently drew it towards him, repeating this procedure until the nut was within reach. There- upon he took the coveted morsel, cracked it, ate the kernel, then as carefully and deliberately put the sweater on again. Of all the anthropoids, I have found the chimpanzee the most lovable. You cannot but feel he returns your affection as truly and sincerely as a human child. I have seen a young chimpanzee, on being taken from the shipping box in which he came to America, throw his arms about the neck of a man he had never seen before and hug him affec- tionately. I once had a little fellow who would snuggle up to me, then take my arm and put it about him. I had another, a big specimen, who fre- quently wanted to kiss me, and always on the lips. This, in spite of his good intentions, was not always a pleasant experience, for usually his lips were not very clean. I have known chimpanzees so attached to their keeper that they Was would fight for him, attacking another man or even one of their own species. My Mr. Kdwards of the Edwards’ Animal Show, | had come to the menagerie in the absence introduction to Joseph was unique and characteristic, of the proprietor. One evening, two after I on my engagement, | was lecturing on or three weeks had entered the four-year-old chimpanzee, who was sitting on a little chair on the stage. Just as I was finishing my talk, she gave utterance to a half dozen eestatie, bark-like notes, and rushing across the ‘stage past me, threw her arms in an exuberance of delight about the neck of one who was a stranger to me. | needed no further introduction. She had not seen Mr. Edwards for four or five weeks, and others had been feed- ing her, yet her greeting was one of the deepest affection. To me one of the most remarkable things about the chimpanzee is the fact that he understands how to express affection and gratitude by hugging and kissing without being taught. This can only mean that these modes of ex- pression are very, very old in the primate group. Indeed, they may not be confined to the primates. The elephant, though far removed genetic- ally, has a similar mode of expression. I once had a large female of the Indian species who was very fond of me. Not infrequently when I was passing near her, she would reach over, take me by the arm, pull me up close to her side, and put my hand in her mouth, giving my fingers a gentle squeeze with her lips. It was her way of showing affec- tion. The dog’s habit of licking the face or hand of his master is well known. Kissing may be as old as the tactile sense. The kiss of the chimpanzee is not a smack of the lips, but a lingering, caress- 52 NATURAL HISTORY ing touch of the lips to the bare neck of the keeper, to his hand, or to his shoulder, and frequently accompanied by a gentle pressure from the teeth. The way these apes commonly greet each other in captivity, and I presume in a state of freedom as well, is by an embrace—by throwing the arms about the neck or shoulders and giving a gentle squeeze. I have seen a large female chimpanzee, which had been some time in captivity, rush up to a smaller specimen newly arrived with cries of delight, and give the newcomer a gentle hug. I have seen this same big chimpanzee greet a baby orang- utan in the same way. This ape has the most fully developed sense of gratitude of any animal I know. He just must thank somebody for every esteemed favor. If he cannot get to the one who does him the favor, he will hug someone else. One afternoon, Sally, the big female chimpanzee mentioned ahove, saw the keeper approaching with a large bunch of grapes, a fruit of which she was inordinately fond. She began screaming with delight. He came only to the guard rail and handed the grapes across. She could not reach him from the stage, so she turned and threw her arms about me. One night, when she was very tired, she noticed the Senior Mr. Edwards getting out her sleeping box. She gave forth two or three long- drawn-out notes, followed by sharp, quick, truncated barks of delight, rushed to her master and hugged him frantically, turned to me and hugged me till she almost choked me, then hurried over to a negro at the end of the stage and hugged him too. On the other hand, the chimpanzee will sometimes become angry and attack. The habit of these apes to cling together and fight for each other makes it necessary for the keeper always to be on his guard. His inten- tions toward one ape may be mis- interpreted by another and he will have both of them on his hands. One morning in Chicago I was giving -an exhibition with Joe, a young chim- panzee of remarkable intelligence and usually very good-natured. But on the occasion in question he had a cold and was not in the best of humor. He refused to do what I asked and began screaming. Mike. a big burly brute, gave his well-known war cry and came for me like an enraged tiger. For- tunately the little fellow was between Mike and me, and a chair served as an additional obstacle. As a result I had time to seize a small stick which I had been using as a pointer and to give Mike two sharp cuts across the face, which turned him: but it was only by the greatest dexterity that I saved myself from the great jaws of the savage beast. In general the chimpanzee is, how- ever, very good-natured and obedient. ready and anxious to do what is asked so far as he comprehends. In Peoria, Illinois, I had a little chimpanzee named Adam, who made his public appearance in a gocart. As I was answering some question, my attention was withdrawn from him for a few minutes. The little fellow seized the opportunity to climb out of the cart and, when I noticed him, was stealthily making off. I said in a quiet but firm tone, ‘‘Adam, get right back in here.” Without the slightest hesitation, he returned and climbed into the gocart. A bystander exclaimed, ‘Well, he obeys better than my kids!” ' Adam was one of the best-natured, most peace-loving animals I have ever known. One evening I was alone in the menagerie. Everybody else had gone FOUR OF MR. SHEAK’S CHIMPANZEE FRIENDS Content, though crowded, these four apes present the pleasant side of chimpanzee clannishness. These animals are not merely passively friendly, however; on occasion they will fight for one another. Mr. Sheak had a narrow escape one time from the fierce attack of Mike, the big ape on the extreme right, who rushed at him in response to a scream that Joe, the ape next in order, gave forth. The two apes huddled at the lower end of the cart are not mentioned in the text. One of them, the ape next to Joe, was with Mr. Edwards for nearly ten years, and on the road most of that time. She probably holds the world’s record for longevity of the chimpanzee in a traveling menagerie ae NATURAL out to dinner. I was sitting near the chimpanzee cage writing a letter, when a large savage female began screaming in angry tones. A few minutes earlier the apes had been fed potatoes boiled with the skins on. She had swallowed hers greedily and was now reaching for HISTORY spoon through the bars. One day when she was thus engaged in feeding a pair of gray spider monkeys, Mr. Edwards with a bunch of grapes. Immediately she began stamping her feet, screaming, and making a frightful appeared noise, which drove all the other simians -. “ - oe 2 ~ ~ ‘ . Joe is posing for his picture, his eye fixed upon the young photographer, while Darwin looks down from the frame on the wall little Adam’s share. She was afraid to take it from him by force while I was so near; but to my utter astonishment the little fellow broke his potato in two and gave her half of it. Most chimpanzees are, however, not so willing to divide. Sometimes Sally, she had eaten all the rice she cared feed in her dish to the little monkeys in a when for, would what was left cage near her, dipping the contents out, a spoonful at a time, and handing the to the farther end of the cage. On re- ceiving the grapes she again turned to- ward them and gave two or three savage barks. She was perfectly willing to divide the rice, which she did not want herself, but not the grapes, which she did want. When Joe was given two apples and told to present one of them to his little sister, he would, if one was larger than the other, invariably hand her the smaller one, keeping the larger for himself. but if they were about the ANTHROPOID APES I HAVE KNOWN a same size, he would take a good bite or two out of one of them, then hand that one to her. No animal below man possesses a higher degree of intelligence than the chimpanzee, if, indeed, any equals him. The orang-utan approaches him very closely in intelligence. The psy- chology of the gorilla is almost unknown to us, but we judge from the relative size of the brain and its convolutions that he ranks very high intellectually. We have no reason to believe, however, that he surpasses his smaller cousin. Joe was one of the most wonderful animals I have ever known. We made no special effort to teach him any- thing, but he was a close observer and a persistent imitator, and picked up many clever tricks. He learned to wipe his nose with a handkerchief, brush his hair with a hairbrush, clean his clothes with a whisk broom, drink out of a cup, eat with a spoon as well as any human child, bore holes with a brace and bit, use a handsaw quite dexterously, take screws out of the guard rail with a screw driver, drive nails with a hammer and pull them out with the claw of the hammer, and to play on a toy piano and on a mouth harp. Joe was full of mischief and dearly loved to tease a little Mexican dog that usually slept near his cage. He would reach out and give the dog a pinch, then quickly jerk his hand back before the canine could nip him. In this way he kept the dog in a constant state of irritation and always ready for a fight. One day Mr. Joseph Kdwards came into the room with some oranges and laid one under the dog’s nose, wonder- ing how Joe would solve such a prob- lem. But it was no problem at all for He got the hammer, poked the handle through the bars till he got the dog to biting at it, then gradually worked the dog away until he could Joe. safely reach the orange with his other hand. In Kansas City we kept the chim- panzees in a very large cage, almost the size of an ordinary bedroom. We had some ropes attached to the roof of the cage by bolts with a ring in the lowerend. One of these bolts came out and fell to the floor. Mr. Joseph Edwards got in the cage, picked up the bolt, handed it to Joe and said, ‘*‘ Now you get up there,” pointing with his finger, ‘‘and put this bolt through the hole, and hold it there till I fasten it.” The little ape climbed to the top of the cage, holding on by one of the other ropes, inserted the bolt in the hole, and held it till Mr. Edwards climbed on top and made it fast. The head keeper, who was standing near me, expressed the thought and feeling of all of us when he exclaimed, ‘‘ By George, that’s going some!” ‘The Minds and Manners of Wild Animals” AN APPRECIATION OF DR. WILLIAM T. HORNADAY’S LATEST BOOK! By WILLIAM BEEBE Director of the Tropical Research Station of the New York Zoological Society at Kartabo, British Guiana INCE the time of Noah interest in animals has never flagged, and from a certain afternoon in the Garden of Eden up to the most recent pronouncements of W. J. Bryan animal psychology has been an important factor in the life of mankind. Dr. William T. Hornaday has marshalled all the more important observations he has made during a long and intensively observant life, on the minds and the manners of animals, and has used them as morals, as texts, as examples, either delicately to suggest some hypothesis, or with sledge-hammer blows to force home some vital truth in the rela- tions of animals and mankind on the earth today. To those of us who have been asso- ciated with Doctor Hornaday for the two decades of his splendid administra- tion of the New York Zoological Park, many of these pages will appear as memoirs of the doings of certain furry quadrupeds and feathered bipeds; there are chapters which, in faithful delinea- tion of character, could be entitled “The Mirrors of the Zoological Park.” To the general reader the book will appeal with all the charm of absorbing animal stories and anecdotes, which at the same time are logically bound together, dignified and clarified by the context of direct application. Doctor Hornaday has the courage of his convictions and has covered the entire range of psychology of the higher vertebrates, with mammals as the dominant interest. On the first page we learn his attitude toward evolution: ‘To the inquirer who enters the field of animal thought with an open mind, and free from the trammels of egotism and fear regarding man’s place in nature, this study will prove an endless succession of surprises and delights.”” Three pages later his estimate of mechanism is revealed: ‘‘ Brain-owning wild ani- mals are not mere machines of flesh and blood, set agoing by the accident of birth, and running for life on the narrow-gauge railway of Heredity.” In the first part of the volume temperament, individuality, language, and the rights of wild animals are dis- cussed. The second chapter, on temperament, is one of the best and most suggestive in the book, and in my estimation furnishes one keynote to animal psychology. Six general types of temperament are recognized: mo- rose, lymphatic, sanguine, nervous, hysterical, and combative. The gorilla is “either morose or lymphatic,” the orang-utan “sanguine, optimistic, and cheerful,” and the chimpanzee is “either nervous or hysterical.’’ This specific individuality or temperament is evident from mammals to ants, and is the necessary concomitant of the in- ability of any animal to think “I am I.” Out of the abundance of his experi- ence, Doctor Hornaday gives for the first time lists of bears, deer, and the pachyderms, based on this important phenomenon. Here is a new angle on behemoth: ‘‘Every Hippopotamus, either Nile or pygmy, is an animal of serene mind and steady habits. Their ‘Published, 1922, by Charles Scribner's Sons THE MINDS AND MANNERS OF WILD ANIMALS appetites work with clock-like regu- larity, and require no winding. [| can- not recall that any our five hippos was ever sick for a day, or missed a meal. When the idiosynera- cies of Gunda, our bad elephant, were at their worst, the contemplation of Peter the Great ponderously and serenely chewing his hay was a rest to tired nerves. . . . It may be set down as an absolute rule that hippos are lvmphatic, easy-going, contented... .”’ And now may I register my strong- est objection to Doctor Hornaday’s volume, a mere matter of words but none the less important? On page 151 he eredits a wild Ovzs nelsoni with ‘“‘a reputation for quick thinking, original reasoning and sound conclusions.”’ Now, if I were writing a biography of Doctor Hornaday himself, and taking into consideration all the intricate planning, the able achievement, and the complex intellectual correlation by which he has brought into being and sustained our great Zoological Park, these are exactly the words I should use. And I object to the same un- qualified phrases being applied to a wild sheep because it lies down in token of surrender when trapped, and does not try to fight its captor. If these terms are applied to the sheep, I demand some superlatives appropriate to the man, and for them I search my dictionary in vain. I hasten to add for the benefit of Mr. Bryan and the Kentucky legislature that my argu- ments imply no mental hiatus, any more than physical; I have seen a drop of water and I know the ocean is made up of a multitude of similar particles, but I prefer the word ocean to drops. The paucity of the English language is such that we cannot afford to stretch to the breaking point such splendid words as reason and _ intel- one of “J - —" lectual unless we qualify the extremes. We cannot but admire Doctor Horn- aday for his high, generous estimate of the animal mind, and his chapters on the elephant, the chimpanzee Peter, and Major Penny’s gorilla offer many the language is the most interesting, and surprises. To me chapter on as there is no attempt to endow ani- mals with talk or speech, every state- ment is conservative, reasonable, and This enlarged to a full volume along the lines laid down by Doctor Hornaday. With few exceptions other writers have given the temptation to Anglicize the calls and songs of wild creatures, with very sad results. The rarious cries and emotional vocaliza- tions of apes and monkeys make intensely interesting reading. The paragraph on page 30 beginning “Of all the monkeys that I have ever known, either wild or in captivity, the red howlers of the Orinoco, in Vene- zuela, have the most remarkable voices, and make the most remarkable use of them,” is of particular interest at this very moment, for as I write these words in the interior of British Guiana, a chorus of these monkeys comes full strength across the water, and, as Doctor Hornaday continues, ‘‘The great volume of uncanny sound thus produced goes rolling through the still forest far and wide.”’ The second part of the book contains twelve chapters dealing with such subiects as ‘‘The Brightest Minds Among Animals,” ‘‘ Keen Birds and Dull Men,” and special treatments of the higher apes, elephants, bears, ruminants, rodents, birds, serpents, and the “Training of Wild Animals.”’ For cunning in self-preservation, Doc- tor Hornaday awards the palm to the common brown rat; for strategy to the accurate. chapter should be way to 5S NATURAL HISTORY musk ox, while he considers the silver- tip grizzly bear as being the “ brightest North American animal,’ and sets forth excellent reasons for his choice. The Higher Passions form the sub- ject of the third section,—morals, laws of the herd, plays and pastimes, and courage. Finally the Baser Passions such as fear, crime, and fighting, are considered. I am glad that Doctor Hornaday gives rather a low place to avian men- tality. Many years ago, influenced by some well-written, plausible volumes, I expected great things of birds, but in the interim I have had to modify my ideas, until I am compelled to place birds hardly above reptiles and fish. Under the three successive chapters devoted to Play, Courage, and Fear, a splendid array of anecdotes and of striking examples is marshalled. The illustrations have been chosen with judgment and care, and ably sustain their share in the presentation of the subject. ee =S_ a a ae — oy = — 41 x | ‘ = » = “—— => Le i ~ = Throughout the work there runs a continuous undercurrent of a plea for better and more intelligent relations between man and the animals which still survive on the earth. Many people will read this volume with interest only in the more exciting anecdotes; they will skip here and there, and throw it aside, turning thence to the sensational parts of a newspaper and neglecting the editorials. To other more worthy readers, for whom the volume is really intended, there will stand out three forceful theses, the successful presentation of any one of which would make the book worth while: first, a body blow to the passing phase of anti-evolution talk; second, an appeal for moderation in the sportsman, and excess in the conserva- tionist; and third, a plea for a sane. intelligent interest in the lives and activities of animals, as a healthful distraction from the egotistical and anthropomorphically narrow confines of thought of the majority of human beings. AS, trl ee “James Hall of Albany” —A Review By GEORGE F. KUNZ Research Associate, Gems, American Museum R. JAMES HALL, who was born at Hingham, Massa- chusetts, September 12, 1811, and who died at Echo Hill, near Bethle- hem, New Hampshire, on August 6, 1898, at the advanced nearly eighty-seven, was for a period of age of very more than sixty years preceding his death the most industrious and con- structive of our American geologists. An account of his life and work has now been ably written by his former first assistant, Dr. John M. Clarke, who from 1898 until the present time has been Doctor Hall’s able successor as paleontologist of the New York State Geological Survey, and since 1904 has been director of the State Museum at Albany. Doctor Clarke’s book,’ a \James Hall of Albany, Geologist and Palzontologist, 1811-1898, by John M. Clarke; 565 pages, 11 plates, and frontispiece portrait. Published 1921, by 8. C. Bishop, 2 High Street, Albany, N. Y 60 NATURAL HISTORY review of which by the present writer appeared also in the New York Times (Sunday, September 3, 1922), is of the greatest interest to the entire geological world, but especially to all the members and friends of the American Museum of Natural History, for this institution shelters Hall’s great collection of fos- sils, purchased by the Museum in 1875. The collection embraces 80,000 speci- mens, which constitute the broadest for the study of Palsozoic geology, and which were the foundation of the magnificent volumes of the Geology of New York produced by Hall More than one third of all known specimens were figured therein, either as specimens new to science or as new and interesting occurrences. Care- ful drawings of them were made and reproduced in a vast number of the finest lithographic and copper plates of their time. Indeed, any geologist wishing to study Paleozoic geology, whether American or foreign, will find it impossible to do so without the volumes of the State Survey of New York? or, to be more accurate, unless he studies the wonderful examples of the sarliest known fossil remains of either plants or animals, now in the American Museum of Natural History and in the collection of the New York State Mu- seum at Albany, New York. When this great collection had been acquired, Dr. Albert 8. Bickmore, who was the originator of the idea of a great natural history museum for the city of New York, head of the original admini- strative staff of the American Museum basis ‘Doctor Hall’s smaller papers, in octavo form, were scattered through the New York State Museum reports, the reports of the State surveys, various scientific periodicals, ete., but as a rule they were very brief and the number of printed pages did not exceed 2500. Thus his total output of geological material may be set down as between 10,000 and 12,000 pages. *Lindstrém of Sweden wrote Doctor Hall in 1898 ‘Your Paleontology of New York will be consulted for ages to come by many generations of Palwontologists, American and European,”’ and Prof. James D. Dana stated ‘‘Without your labors the geology of the North American Continent could not have been written.”’ of Natural History, and also a mem- ber of the scientific staff, invited the present writer, jointly with Dr. C. Frederic Holder, who was the assist- ant to Doctor Bickmore, to aid in the packing and transportation of the Hall collection. The final shipment by train consisted of an entire carload; for the second shipment by water, an entire hay barge was required. This collection of 80,000 specimens contained no less than 6400 types. In the New York State Museum, Doctor Clarke tells us, there are at present 10,000 type specimens, Hall’s types totaling 4833, while those of later date number 5239. Dr. Philip 8. Smith, acting director of the United States Geological Survey, writes: “‘From a careful estimate of the Palwozoic type fossils that have accumulated in the U.S. National Museum as a result of the activities of the U. 8. Geological Survey, it appears that there are about 18,000 specimens including — plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates that may be considered types for the reason that they have served as the basis of specific descriptions and for the most part have been figured. Possibly as many as 6000 species are represented, but it is not practicable, without ex- pending more labor than the impor- tance of the question would seem to justify, to determine how many of these were described as new. It is the custom to treat all figured specimens as types whether they belong to new species or old ones.”’ Hardy, industrious, zealous—at times over-zealous—and in spite of many serious disputes and differences, Hall rendered great and indispensable service. In a way his activity paral- leled that rendered by the great Barrande to the geology of Bohemia. Whatever may be said about the die- “JAMES HALL OF ALBANY” tatorial methods used by Hall in his work, we should allow him the same latitude in this respect that we accord the great captains of industry who have built up their wonderful enterprises with just as little regard to the opposi- tion they have encountered. We must judge Hall not by any standard of conciliatory scholarship, but by the ‘thoroughness and importance of the work he accomplished so successfully on the New York Geological Survey. The salient feature of Doctor Hall’s life work was his unswerving devotion to the great task he had set himself, that of making known to the scientific world, in the broadest and most com- prehensive way, the unique significance of the territory of New York State in the history of the geology of the world. This great life work has been most convineingly presented by Doctor Clarke, and he has made of his book a truly representative volume. He him- self says: ‘‘I have tried to set down the story of an unusual man. I hope that it may find a place among the monu- ments he raised to his science.”’ Senators Daniel P. Wood and Chauncey M. Depew, Theodore Roosevelt, and the late James W. Husted were Doctor Hall’s valiant friends in assuring funds for this great- est of state surveys, thus overcoming very strong opposition. The oppor- tunity of making known the preémi- nence of New York State from a geologic standpoint was assured through the foresight of its legislators in sustaining financially the produc- tion of the great descriptive series of volumes by Doctor Hall and Doctor Clarke, in which its marvelous Pale- ozoic remains were so_ splendidly figured. A REVIEW OH] A tablet has been erected to Doctor Hall’s memory in Letchworth Park, This tab- American geologist overlooking the Genesee, let to our great parallels in significance that which was erected near Prague to the memory of Barrande. It is interesting to know that the scene of much of Hall’s geological survey has been rendered accessible to citizens of New York State and of the country through the generosity of Mrs. John Boyd Thatcher, manifested in the gift to New York State of the John Boyd Thatcher Park. Here, in a stretch of three miles along the rim of the famous Heilderbergs, we have before us, In a wonderfully impressive way, the series of strata from which Hall secured the splendid fossils which he described in such masterly style. With the rapid growth of our enterprising nation, study is being devoted more and more ardently to its historic be- ginnings, and it is only natural that in the course of this study our, thoughts should be carried back to the formation of the continent on which this great development of civilization has been brought about. Doctor Clarke presents the mass of facts he has assembled in so clear and graceful a literary style that the story of Hall’s life and of the wonderful period of the world’s history to which he devoted his studies reads like the romance of a great author. The volume is one of unusual interest to the general reader, and ought to have a place in every collection of Americana, for it has bearing not only on the funda- mental formations of New York State but also on those of the entire conti- nent—we might, indeed, say of the entire world. A whale shark, caught on the bow of a 17,000-ton steamer. ‘This picture is from a photograph supplied by Captain Charles H. Zearfoss, the master of the vessel, and retouched by Mr. William E. Belanske under the supervision of Dr. E. W. Gudger An Extraordinary Capture of the Giant Shark, Rhineodon Typus By E. W. GUDGER Associate in Ichthyology, American Museum N JUNE 2 there called at the department of ichthyology, American Museum, Mr. C. F. Krauss of San Francisco, who related the story of the capture of a shark such as had never been told before. The incident had occurred during a voy- age of the Munson liner ‘‘ American Legion,’’ along the eastern coast of South America, and Mr. Krauss had come to the Museum in the belief that his report of the event would be of interest and also to seek information as to the identity of the shark. Mr. Krauss told the members of the department that on the early morning » al CAPTURE OF of May 19, 1922, while somewhere north of Rio, the ship had struck a giant shark the distance back from the snout toward about one-third of the tail. So perfectly balanced was the fish, that it had hung on the bow for several hours and was finally detached only with some difficulty. He that the fish was about thirty feet long said and covered with yellow spots about the size of a silver dollar, and that the ship’s people called it ‘leopard shark” and “tiger shark”? on account of these spots. From the deseription of Mr. Krauss I was satisfied that the fish Rhineodon, well-named “whale shark” beeause of its great length and bulk. However, he suggested that I write the master of the vessel, Captain Charles H. Zearfoss, for data. This I did and presently I received from him two was a photographs (copies of which were also brought later by Mr. Krauss) and a letter which left possibility of doubt that the shark was, as surmised, a Rhineodon. Captain Zearfoss’s very definite and this extra- ho clear-cut statement of t oe PHOS BF One d &. ine? L068) On ee in ™~ A GLANT SHARK H.5 ordinary happening is as follows Some time during the May 19, while this vessel ship “ American Legion” over the banks whith lie morning of the steam Was Crossing northeast of the Abrolhos Light in Lat. 17° 57'S and Long. 38° 41’ W.. a shark in attempting to cross our bow was struck by our stem. The speed of the ship through the water then held it doubled round our bow. There was no shock (except to the nerves of the fish) and its presence was not discovered until daylight. During the morning an attempt was made to lift the body out of the water, but without success, and later the ship was stopped and backed, when the shark was washed clear and imme- diately sank. The shark was struck immediately behind the last gill and hung with eight feet of head and gills on our port side and about twenty-two feet of body on our starboard side. To Mr. Krauss and Captain Zearfoss I am indebted for the data which en- ables me to set before the readers of NATURAL History the most extra- ordinary instance known to me_ of shark fishing. ever used, for the purpose of spearing a fish, a 17,000-ton steamer. Surely no one before b ‘ ee S ) re ee At a= | OCIS ones A whale shark captured in 1912 by Captain Charles Thompson and mount- ed by Mr. J. S. Warmbath. comparison the man who is leaning against the truck. The huge proportions of this fish dwarf by After Townsend, 1913. so - == <2 8 EB ., wwe a” POLY NESIAN“ FISHERMAN \ HE racial origin and relation- ships of the Polynesians have been the subject of much speculation and discussion. Earlier students of anthropology not only emphasized their uniformity in culture and language, but also used them as a standard example of a remarkable uniformity of physical type extending over a greatly diversified habitat. They are described as being almost identical in physical appearance from Hawaii to New Zealand and from Samoa to Easter Island. The more intensive work of recent years has led, however, to a modifica- tion of the statements maintaining a uniformity of culture and language. Several major and countless minor migrations have been hypothesized to account for differences or similarities in these respects. In the main, these migrations have been attributed to different groups of the same race. There is, however, a growing tendency to regard the Polynesians as a mixed people. But here again a majority of the students seem to feel that the fusion has taken place outside of Polynesia and before migration into that region. There has also been a great diversity of opinion as to what are the compo- nent elements. Melanesian, Negrito, Indonesian, Proto-Armenoid, Alpine, Malay, and Australoid mixtures have been suggested as the possible causes of diversity of physical types in Polynesia. But, in the main, these explanations must be regarded merely as sugges- tions. To hold an opinion, even if it be a correct one, does not advance The Racial Diversity of the Polynesian Peoples By LOUIS R. SULLIVAN Assistant Curator, Physical Anthropology, American Museum science. It is only when the basis for that opinion is analyzed and demon- strated to one’s colleagues that that opinion becomes a contributign to science, Of those who believe that the Poly- nesians are a mixed people there are few who have taken the trouble to publish the evidence which converted them to that view. The most note- worthy of the contributions that have come from those who have made a detailed study and analysis of the available data is that of Professor Dixon of Harvard University. On the basis of the published craniometric data he proposes four types, which he names in terms of their characteristic brain case and nasal opening forms: a brachycephalic, hypsicephalic, and platyrrhine type; a dolichocephalic, hypsicephalic, and platyrrhine type; a dolichocephalic, hypsicephalic, and leptorrhine type; and a_ brachy- cephalic, hypsicephalic, and leptorrhine type. All of these types have high brain cases (are hypsicephalic). Two are long-headed and two are short- headed. One each of the long-headed and short-headed types is narrow- nosed; the other is wide-nosed. ‘These types are tentatively identified as Negrito, Melanesian, Caucasian, and Malay. Now while there was and is some doubt whether these types as named are all to be found in Polynesia in sufficiently large numbers to be re- garded as factors in the history or prehistory of that area, there is no doubt of the physical diversity that 65 66 NATURAL HISTORY their proposal implies. — Professor Dixon does not claim that these ele- ments or types entered Polynesia as pure types or by separate migrations. He does not say which type is the true Polynesian and makes no effort to identify any of his types with specific migrations. He made it clear that many more data were needed to throw light on these phases of the problem. At the time of Professor Dixon’s pub- lication very few detailed studies on the living Polynesians were in existence. Through the generosity of Mr. Bayard Dominick the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Honolulu has been enabled through expeditions to help remedy this deficiency. These Dominick Ex-_ peditions have supplied data from Samoa, Tonga, the Marquesas, Rapa, and Hawai. In Samoa and Tonga the studies were made by E. W. Gifford and W. C. McKern; in the Marquesas, by E.S8. Handy and Ralph Linton; and in Rapa, by J. F. G. Stokes and R. F. Aitken. The American Museum of Natural History was invited to assist in the planning and carrying out of these expeditions. The department of anthropology of this Museum has been responsible for the somatological part of the surveys and donated my services to make a study of the Hawaiian people and to analyze all of the anthropo- metric data contributed by the anthro- pologists above mentioned. The physical anthropology of this project has been throughout a codperative study. Each of the men named has generously turned over to me_ his field notes on this phase of the subject in the hope that uniformity in analysis and interpretation might result in a contribution of greater value to Poly- nesian anthropology than would a series of independent and uncorrelated efforts. The records from Samoa, Tonga, Marquesas, and in part those from Hawaii have been analyzed. So far I have succeeded in isolating two physical types, each of which is still represented by large numbers of in- dividuals. I have tentatively called these types Polynesian and Indonesian. Their characteristics aré indicated in the accompanying table. The unsuspected presence in large numbers of this Indonesian type in Polynesia explains the often expressed opinion that the Polynesians and Indonesians are closely related types. An unfortunate confusion in ter- minology has done much to keep this opinion alive. One group of anthro- pologists has called a type in Indonesia which resembles the Polynesians, Indo- nesian. The other group has called a type in Polynesia which resembles the Indonesians, Polynesian. On any other basis than this there can be no reason for assuming a close relationship between the two types. From the characteristics listed in the table, it will be seen that the Indonesian is the antithesis of the Polynesian in nearly every detail. The Polynesian is usually described by students of Polynesia as Caucasian in origin. It must be admitted that when the Indonesian traits are re- moved, the Polynesian is strikingly Caucasoid in appearance. If this is merely a parallelism in development, as some imply, it is most certainly a remarkable parallelism. At this time it is impossible to determine the exact place of the Polynesian in the human family. The available data seem to indicate that the Polynesian is a type intermediate between the Caucasian and the Mongol. At present I am inclined to believe that it is an offshoot from the primitive Mongoloid stem oe THE RACIAL DIVERSITY OF THE POLYNESIAN PEOPLES 67 POLYNESIANS 1. Light brown skin 2. Wavy hair of medium texture 3. Medium beard development 4. Medium body hair development 5. Moderate frequency of incisor rim 6. Lips of average thickness Moderately long heads Average cephalic index 77-S 8S. Tall, average stature 171 cms. 9. Very high and moderately wide faces Average facial index about 90 10. Very high but very broad noses Average nasal index about 75 Nostrils oblique - 12. Nasal bridge elevated average 13. Chin fairly well developed 14. Eye fold absent 15. Often lean and lank when unmixed 16. Platymeric (shaft of femur flat) 17. Platychemie (shaft of tibia flat) 18. Platolenic (shaft of ulna flat) more than _— — close to where the Caucasian stock arose. Egotistically we may regard the Polynesian as a somewhat unsuccessful attempt of nature to produce a Cau- casian type. That the Polynesians are closely related to the Caucasoid stock there can be no doubt. Some such type as this must have given rise to the Caucasian. Descendants of this or a closely related stock pass for Caucasians in Europe today. The final classification of the Polynesians is somewhat dependent upon the syste- matic position of certain American Indian groups, the Aino, and certain other Caucasoid or pseudo-Caucasian types in Malaysia and Asia. Their relationship to the Aino is_ pretty clearly indicated. The affinities of the Indonesian ele- ment in Polynesia are also somewhat uncertain. The Indonesian is usu- ally looked upon as Mongoloid but in this study its Negroid characters are INDONESIANS 1. Medium to dark brown skin 2. Wavy hair 3. Scant beard development !. Scant body hair development 5. Ineisor rim absent 6. Lips above average in thickness 7. Short heads Average cephalic index about S1l-2 S. Shorter stature, average uncertain 9. Very low, broad faces Average facial index about SO 10. Very low and very broad noses Average nasal index about S7—S Nostrils transverse 12. Nasal bridge low 13. Chin somewhat below average 14. Incipient eye fold 15. Heavy with short necks 16. |Skeleta] characters uncertain. 17. but not so flat as 18. Polynesians emphasized. Although the hair of this Indonesian element is only moderately waved, other characters, such as the very low broad nose with transverse nostrils, the very low broad face, the thick lips, and the dark glabrous skin are Negroid. Tentatively the Indo- nesian may be accepted as a somewhat doubtful Mongoloid type diverging strongly in the direction of the Negro or Negrito. It is possible that this type is identical with that described by Professor Dixon as Negrito, though this is by no means certain; but if not, there are two brachycephalic, platyr- rhine types in Polynesia. This type, whether represented by skeletal re- mains or by living individuals, has often been mistaken for Melanesian and Negrito not only in Polynesia but also in Indonesia. The Polynesian type is found throughout Polynesia. The distribu- tion of the Indonesian type is not so TYPES APPROACHING THE POLYNESIAN NORM (Some of these are typical in that they have short heads TYPES APPROACHING THE INDONESIAN NORM 69 70 well known. It occurs in Samoa, but is pretty well intermingled there with other strains so that it is difficult to determine what proportion of the population it forms. In Tonga it is very important and less mixed. It is more concentrated in Haano of the Haapai group than in the southern islands of this archipelago. In the Marquesas it is a very important ele- ment in the population, but is confined for the most part to the northwestern islands of Uauku, Nukahiva, and Uapu. In Hawaii it is important but pretty thoroughly interpenetrated with the Polynesian element as well as_ the modern immigrant population of these islands. From the frequency and distribution of these two quite distinct physical types in Polynesia, it is clear that they must have entered the Pacific at differ- ent times and possibly by independent routes. Certainly they must have had different languages and cultures. The next problem in Polynesian anthro- pology is to associate these two phys- ical types with their proper linguistic and cultural elements, to determine what each has contributed to the past and present cultures of Polynesia, and to determine which type was the pre- decessor in Polynesia. At first glance this seems simple enough, but further study makes it evident that no generalizations can be made at present. In the Marquesas Doctor Handy has found differences in language and culture which correspond roughly to the distribution of the two physical types. It may also turn out that the first type to enter Polynesia was not necessarily the first type throughout the whole of Polynesia. The present distribution of the two types, so far as I can determine it, lends itself to two interpretations. The NATURAL HISTORY Polynesians are to be found in all parts of Polynesia. The Indonesians are not at present to be found in all parts of Polynesia, nor indeed in all parts of the island groups in which they occur. Are the Indonesians late arrivals, not vet spread throughout the whole of Polynesia, or were they the first comers to the islands in which they are now found? Physical anthropology alone cannot answer this question. The cor- roborative evidence of archeology and ethnology will be needed. The fact that the Indonesian element is so poorly represented in the skeletal remains to which I have had access inclines me to regard the Indonesians as recent arri-— vals. Yet it is possible that they were the first arrivals in Polynesia or at least in certain parts of Polynesia. The In- donesians rather than the Melanesians may be the short dark predecessors of Polynesian tradition. The order of arrival may vary from group to group. These then are questions for the future. In addition to these two types there is a Melanesian element in certain parts of Polynesia. Melanesian in- fluence is naturally strongest in the south and west. It is present to some extent in Tonga and has also been described in New Zealand and Easter Island. On the whole, the Melanesian physical element in Polynesia has been exaggerated. The influence of the Polynesians on Melanesia has been greater than that of the Melanesians on Polynesia. None of these types accounts for the extreme degree of brachycephaly or short-headedness characteristic of cer- tain parts of modern Polynesia, nota- bly Tonga, Samoa, Tahiti and near-by groups, Hawaii, and, to a lesser extent, the Marquesas. The Indonesians are only very moderately brachycephalie. But in the groups named indices of 90 EE THE RACIAL DIVERSITY OF THE POLYNESIAN PEOPLES 71 and above are frequent. It is to this element of the Polynesian population that Professor G. Elliot Smith has referred as Proto-Armenoid. It cor- responds to Dixon's brachycephalic, hypsicephalic, leptorrhine type. This element has also been described as the true Polynesian by some students. Others have referred to it as Indonesian. It is perhaps the most Caucasoid ele- ment in the population. So far I have not been able to associate a sufficiently large number of distinctive characters with this undoubtedly artificially short- ened head to warrant its isolation as a separate type. I accounted for it at first by calling it a Polynesian type with an artificially flattened occiput. Its classification as Polynesian is still an open question and further research may prove it to be indeed a distinct type. Strangely enough it is not an important element in the skeletal material. Again, this leads me to believe that either artificial flattening is a new custom or that the type has arrived only recently in Polynesia. Only in Tongan skeletal remains is the type a dominant element. So far then these studies confirm the impression that the Polynesians are. a mixed people. In addition to any Melanesian element that may occur, there is the Polynesian type, which approaches the Caucasian type, and the Indonesian type, which approaches the Negro or Negrito type. Both may be divergent Mongols. As yet it is un- certain whether the extremely short- headed types artificially deformed heads or another element in the population of Polynesia. It is certain that the short heads are due to some extent at least to artificial deformation. In brief, like Professor Dixon, I recognize four elements in the popula- tion of Polynesia. -Unlike him I do not call them Negrito, Melanesian, | Caucasian, and Malay, but Indonesian, Melanesian, Polynesian, and Polyne- sian(?) with deformed head. The Poly- nesian and Indonesian types are by far the more numerous and important elements of the population. The sequence of all of these types is yet to be determined. There is still much to be learned about the physical char- acteristics, racial origins, and affinities of the population of Polynesia.! are Polynesians with Detailed reports on the physical anthropology, archeology, and ethnology of the Polynesians will be found in the current publications of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. Doctor Dixon's article appeared in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Volume IX, No. 4, 1920, p. 261. Te Rangi Hirea (Doctor R. H. Buck), himself a Maori, is publishing serially an important somatological study of his race in the Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume XXI, 1922. In addition to the standard and approved anthropometric results, Doctor Buck dis- cusses the linguistic and traditional evidences or ex- planations of diversity in physical type. Photograph ly R. M. Overbeck \N IMPROVED TRAIL SWITCHBACKING OVER THE DIVIDE OF THE QUIMSA CRUZ “J Bolivia’s Least Known Mountain Range By EDWARD W. BERRY Professor of Palwontology, Johns Hopkins University HERE is mystery and romance for us in a region that has re- mained practically unchanged for a thousand years, and in far distant peaks rarely visited by white men, which I suspect is an inheritance from that remote past when the successive waves of human emigration diverged from Central Asia during the Old Stone Age. Such a region is the Quimsa Cruz Range, or Nevados de Quimsa Cruz, as it is known locally, in the eastern Andes of Bolivia. From La Paz the serrated peaks of this range form the sky line to the southeast beyond Illi- mani, of which they are the southward continuation. Often when in that city I looked at their serried ranks—for they are pla nly visible in the clear air although about fifty miles away—and wondered what sort of a country their spirits guarded. I had _ heard of Choquetanga, Suri, Quime, and Inqui- sivi, and many tales of abulous tin mines and tropical, mist-covered coun- try beyond, but delayed mak ng the trip because of a “‘flu’’ epidemic among the valley Indians with whom it would be necessary to associate. There are many peaks in the Andes that rise to heights of more than 20,000 feet, and although these mountain slack a certain beauty when compared with the Alps or the Rockies because of the total absence of vegetation anywhere except on their eastern flanks facing the Amazon Basin, this deficiency is offset to a certain extent by the wonderful clearness of the atmosphere in that arid climate and by the coloration of soil and sky that goes with aridity. When it is recalled how seldom a peak like Mount Stephen or Robson Peak in the Canadian Rockies is free from clouds, the way the Andean peaks stand out in all their majestic propor- tions can be fully appreciated. The beautiful Andean scenery are nearly all remote from the traveled paths. There is, however, one exception to this state- ment—the Cordillera Real—and no range more fittingly deserves the term royal. It is close to Lake Titicaca and La Paz, on the familiar loop from Mol- lendo up to La Paz and down to the waiting steamer at Arica lor Antofa- gasta. When the tourist agencies that are now advertising South American trips learn to use the day steamers on the lake instead of the night boat, the interest of the trip will be enhanced a thousand-fold, for the two most beautiful mountain masses in the world are Sorata at the northern end and Illimani at the southern end of the Cordillera Real, both more than four miles in height and with wonderful snow fields and glaciers. A trip by mule-back over the Cordil- lera Vileapampa in southern Peru and down to Sandia takes one through magnificent scenery, and the old vol- eanos and lava fields to be seen in the western Andes of northern Chile are wonderful in a different way and easily accessible. There many more extinct volcanos with perfectly pre- served craters within a few miles of the Antofagasta Railroad than there are most stretches of are 4George Huntington Williams Memorial Publication No. 20. The photographs, except where stated otherwise, were taken by the author’s colleague, Prof. Joseph T. Singewald, Jr. PL SNIVLNOOW ONISTU ATMOTS THL WOU ALSVM GAL SUNUSATUdTY CNV HLdad LVAD V OL AUTIVA GHL GAATTWaA AONO HOLHM'TVIMEALVIN IV LIULEAd HONOURS TIVUL AGTIVA ZVd VIAHL ONOTV TANNODL V LNMOd DNIMOOT MUTA aanjoid ay} JO JAUIOD PUBY-}Jo] JAMO] OY} UI UVES ST ATQUNOD MO] ULe}sBe BY} 0} Ssvd SeondD Sey, 9Y} ssosov Zuissed [re1y plo-se#v ay], ZAWMO WIUA VINVS i t ul uUOZBUTY MOT VY) UWOl] PIBM SOM S}yIIp Aylep }Byy Spno]o jo i098 aq} }B ZI) BsulIn?) ay} UIOd] PIBMISBO SULyOOo'T VOVHONVOH WOU AATIVA VONVLANOOHO AHL SSsOo10VF Bursesucl LrwsaQgH pPpo-SewWe eu eaungorIid oy) JO t9U1I090 PUVBEY-JJOT TAMOT OYA UT UVES SI AAQVUMOD MOL ULOIPSGO VOY}? OF Ssuvud soonmnagy Se41L Fu Zirtwmo w~ rv Vv LNVS ILLIMANI FROM HUERTA GRANDE AT LOOKING NORTHWEST 78 MO WOU ‘NIVINOIOW MONS LVAYD UO ‘OTIOOONNOVHOVE OUYNAO LY CUVMLSVA ONINOOT MOIA Ree oe ~~ + me . = . *. -_™~* MS et = ™ e >. .* ~ “s - ar Ro ICINIWV 2H) VL il Fs INGCMer INWY INI’ TAT ~~ it TAA TI. 2rooe ONISOoeo'l SO NATURAL HISTORY in all of the Auvergne, and they are ten times the size of the latter, and nowhere can one get a more vivid impression of nature’s forges gone cold than in this region. None of the mountain groups mentioned, however, has more beauty compressed within a few square miles than has the Quimsa Cruz. Finally, on a July morning in 1919, a start was made for the Quimsa Cruz. The trail follows the La Paz valley through Indian towns almost entirely hidden in prickly-pear thickets, and past wayside chicharias, that furnish refreshment to the great number of pack trains met with, for this is a much traversed highway leading down to the eastern low country, and the com- mercially inclined ever lie in wait near the centers of population to get the wayfarers’ money, whether these way- farers be Indians or of a more advanced race. Chicha, which gives its name to the chicharias, is a varying alcoholic bever- age, not to be confused with the light wine of that name which is so popular in Chile. It is made from corn and is often termed cerveza de maiz, or corn beer. It is a universal drink in the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, and the vendors advertise their wares by dis- playing a small patch of cloth about the size of a handkerchief at the end of a bamboo pole. The predilections of the aborigines are well illustrated by the apocryphal explanation of the red, yellow, and green of the Bolivian tricolor. It is said that the red represents the ajr or native pepper—than which no other has a more distressing and vile the palate; that the green stands for the coca leaf, which is about the only article flavor to average Anglo-Saxon of commerce consumed by the Indian population; and that the vellow symbolizes the chicha, or national beverage. The last is not quite so universal a drink among the Spaniards as among the natives although they do consume a large quantity. When the Bolivian Indian really wishes to cele- brate, 40 per cent alcohol is favored in the beverage, and as there are at least one or two fiestas in every month, vast quantities of alcohol are consumed. For the first eight leagues out of La Paz the trail clings to the valley sides and is kept in very good condition—a veritable camino real, and I have no doubt that an automobile could get over it although I never heard of one attempting to do so. As the trail approaches the gash which the La Paz River has cut between Illimani— the sentinel of the Yungas—and the Nevados de Araca, it descends to the flood plain of the river. This is in a ‘anon more than 15,000 feet below the crest of the range, and difficult to traverse. The Finca Millecota, where the first night was spent, is most pic- turesque with its mellow adobe build- ings sprawling around and away from the dusty central patio. The warm red tiles of the roofs, the Eucalyptus trees—those ubiquitous aliens of South America,—and the inevitable chapel and belfry without which no finca or hacienda is complete add to the interest of the scene. No material is more suited to an arid climate or more artistic than adobe until so-called progress crowns it with a corrugated iron roof, as has happened in many of the larger Andean towns. Millecota interested me because it was there that Sir Martin Conway had some unpleasant experiences in_ his ascent of Illimani, but our entertain- ment cost us nothing but much talk, and in the Andes the traveler must be prepared for argument with his pro- BOLIVIA’S LEAST KNOWN MOUNTAIN RANGE 8] spective host before he can expect entertainment of any kind, To appreciate fully the magic effects of altitude and water the student must go to the Andes. There you may live at an elevation of 15,500 feet in a miner’s shack built at the foot of a great glacier and yet obtain oranges and fresh vegetables from some deep valley only a few miles away. These contrasts exist especially on the south- ern flank of Illimani, where one may stand on a glacier and look down on fields of sugar cane. The La Paz River is only 5,900 feet above the sea level at that point, and the summit of Ilh- mani, slightly less than fifteen miles away, towers to a height of more than 21,000 feet. We left Millecota before daybreak, at which hour the major domo was perhaps too lazy to crawl out and argue about payment for our supper and lodging. It was a most curious sight to see the familiar con- stellation of Orion standing on its head in the northern sky, a rather fitting emblem of this land of contrasts. The rocks hereabouts are Palzeozoic quartzites and shales, much folded, their strikes parallel with the general northwest-southeast structural lines of the region. Granite does not appear in the La Paz valley, which fact may ex- plain how the river-cutting kept pace with the rising mountain chain in this region of easily eroded Devonian shales between the granitic mass of Ilimani on the north and the considerable area of granite that reappears in the crest of the Nevados de Araca and continues along and to the east of the Quimsa Cruz Range as far at least as Jacha- eunocollo, or Great Snow Mountain. It is this granite, of late Tertiary age, that is the source of the tin minerals for which the Quimsa Cruz is destined some day to win inter- national renown, although many of the veins now being worked and, in fact, all of those known on the west side of the range, are in the Devonian shales and sandstones. ‘These are consider- ably metamorphosed, but nevertheless Brachio- pods are rare, as is usually the case in rocks that were originally muds, but beautiful trilobites are to be found at Araca and elsewhere near the crest. The Quimsa Cruz is one of the few regions in the Peruvian or Bolivian Andes where mining was not carried on in colonial days. This neglect is not attributable to its relative remoteness and Huan- ‘avelica or Potosi, the latter still more inaccessible and yet for more than a hundred years the largest city in the Western Hemisphere. The real reason is that in the Quimsa Cruz the familiar association of tin with silver is lacking, and tin had no charms for the Conquis- tadores, or the adventurers who fol- lowed in their wake. The Quimsa Cruz is the southward continuation of the Cordillera Real and is only slightly inferior to that range in altitude. The mountains extend for about thirty miles, from the canon of the La Paz River southward to the pass of Quimsa Cruz, or Tres Cruces, the first designation being Quichua and the second the Spanish name for this cele- brated pass, which somewhat arbi- trarily separates the range from the Santa Vela Cruz, adjoining it on the south. There are no ice-free passes over this extent, consequently there are no trails on the flanks other than llama trails too difficult for mules, and the eastern side of the range was at the time of my visit in 1919 as remote and inaccessible as almost any part of Bolivia. Since then the Guggenheim interests have constructed, at enor- fossiliferous at many points. inaccessibility,—witness 82 NATURAL mous expense, a road over the Tres Cruces pass. The oldest mine in the district is Araca or Viloca, not far from the La Paz valley, and it is a scant twenty years old, which is youthful indeed when compared with the three hundred seventy-five years during which Potosi has been worked. At the junction of the Rio Caracota with the La Paz, ina region of pinkish and greenish slate- like shales, our route left the river bottom and zig-zagged upward over a painfully high divide to the southward, only to plunge down into an equally steep-sided valley and then in turn to ascend a still higher ridge before descending into the Araca valley. It might perhaps have been easier to continue down the valley of the La Paz and up that of the Rio Araca, which joins the former a few miles below the Caracota except for the tornado-like wind which blows up the La Paz valley at this point every afternoon. Where we struck it, the Araca valley is about 10,000 feet in elevation, and consequently contains considerable vegetation. Higher up there is an abundance of cacti, bromeliads, and thorn bushes. One bromeliad in particular—a species of Puya—frets the slopes as with a black lace mantilla, the prostrate, blackened trunks as big as a man’s thigh interlacing in every direction, and their bright, pinkish Yucca-like tips alive and vigorous not- withstanding the fact that the original root connection with the ground has long since disappeared. Lower down are Cassia, pacay (Inga), cherimoya, the fruits of which some depraved traveler has christened the ice cream of the tropics. Humming birds are particularly noticeable, and_ parrots and their smaller relatives are also in evidence. The Eucalyptus was in HISTORY bloom the latter part of July as were innumerable peach trees, and the tall straight gum trunks on the valley slopes suggested, in their slender grace, harp strings on which the gods might well play a pwzan of praise to the beauty of Illimani as seen from the southeast. The Indians worshipped the great peaks and well might the discerning traveler. Huerta Grande (beautiful garden), the home of our delightful host, was all its name indicates, and although at an altitude of more than 10,000 feet, the garden was gorgeous with roses, sweet peas, geraniums, hollyhocks, poppies, and forget-me-nots, along with native legumes, Annonas, Agaves, granadillas, small palms, and Chilean pines. There were trees of the so-called English walnut, and of the native South Ameri- can walnut, the latter removed thou- sands of miles from its close relatives of the Northern Hemisphere—one of those curiosities of distribution ex- plained only by a knowledge of the geological ancestors of the species involved. Higher up were numerous composites, holly, Rubus, Ephedra, and at 12,000 feet small Polylepis trees were still in evidence. There is a lower trail southward from Araca which passes several Indian towns on its way to Yaco and Luribay, but we kept on the flanks of the range and, for the most part, not far below the glaciers. Until Araca is reached, the divide is of jagged Devonian shales and sandstones standing almost on end. At Araca the granite comes in and the scenery is indescribably beautiful. The vast snowfields along the crest contrib- ute a glacier to each lateral valley and in each there are one or more lovely glacial lakes at different levels, each with its flocks of gulls. Glacial mark- ings and deposits are very diagram- BOLIVIA'S LEAST KNOWN MOUNTAIN RANGE 83 matically displayed in each valley but nowhere, neither here nor elsewhere in the Andes, did I observe the terminal moraines of the more extensive glaciers of the past below about 13,000 feet. Although the Quimsa Cruz, as a mining district, is still in its infaney, there are a number of small mines in operation and considerable develop- ment work is being done. All of the mine quarters and mills are above 15,000 feet, and the mines themselves are all still higher—that at Chojiacota being at 16,900 feet and that at Monte Blanco at 17,875 feet. Devonian fossils were abundant and nearly all of my collections in this district came from about 16,000 feet above sea level. Looking westward from Monte Blanco down the valley of the Sora- eachi one beholds a sea of salmon and red peaks and ridges. It is a long half- day’s ride down to Yaco, where these red beds by their contained fossils reveal themselves of Carboniferous age. It is one of the ironies of fate in this land of great mineral riches and intense cold that the rocks of the Coal Period instead of containing coal are almost entirely of marine origin and are either limestones or more or less gypsiferous red beds. Nowhere are red beds more baffling to the geologist than in Bolivia. Over on the Altaplanicie around Coro- coro they are as young as the Pliocene; farther south around Potosi they con- tain Mid-Cretaceous marine fossils; and eastward in the vicinity of Santa Cruz de la Sierra they are Permian. Where there is not time to trace out their relationships, or search for their rare fossils, one can only guess at their age, which has been the method of most previous observers. For two weeks we did not get below 15,000 feet and in this time we skirted the western and part of the eastern crest of the range. Geologically the two sides are practically alike, but to the east the mists from the Yungas are constant even in the winter season, which is the season of almost continu- ous sunshine everywhere in the Andes west of the crest of the Eastern Range. On the eastern slopes of the Quimsa Cruz the only time you see the sun is intermittently during June and July and, because of the consequent much greater precipitation, the region is a wild country of snow and ice and crags, enhanced to the imagination by the fact that one rides along in snow squalls and mist, amid waterfalls that are heard but not seen, and with only fleeting glimpses of the great glaciers. The cloud effects are sometimes mag- nificent as the accompanying view demonstrates. Traveling eastward down to the indescribably filthy Indian town of Quime, we found that place on the ragged edge of the usual and inevitable fiesta with resulting universal drunken- ness. Here we encountered our first rain since leaving Panama months before. One must live in a desert for a while to appreciate the blessedness of rain for its purely psychic effect exclu- sive of its practical benefits. Rain at Quime gave way to heavy snow a few miles farther up and the higher trails were temporarily impassable. There is a good trail down the Quime valley and now that American interests are actively developing extensive mining properties on the eastern slopes of the range, it is to be hoped that American scientists will secure facilities for a biological station in this most interest- ing and important virgin field. No- where can the relations of organisms to altitude and climate be studied to better advantage than in the Yungas of Bolivia, and the height to which the St NATURAL HISTORY lowland tropical vegetation surges upward where the moisture is ample is a never-ending surprise. A great many novelties, both animal and vegetable, are to be found here, not to mention plants of economic value, such as extra fine strains of the orange and coffee of a very superior flavor that never reach the world’s markets. The great South American rain forest—the most extensive in the world—surges up the eastern Andean slopes favored by the moisture-bearing trade winds. This rain forest has occu- pied this area for several millions of years and one may venture to predict that it constituted an animal and plant refuge where yet may be discovered the direct descendants of Tertiary forms. Already we know of Tertiary plants in Chile the progeny of which occurs here. Although the known flora is more diversified than that of any other region of the globe (there are more than 22,000 described flowering plants in the Flora Brasiliensis, and Alfred Russell Wallace estimated that there are probably 80,000 species in tropical South America—a number about equal to that of all other tropical floras of the world combined) it may be con- servatively stated that not more than 50 per cent of this flora is known. An apt illustration of this is furnished by the plants which I collected because of their resemblance to the fossil plants found in the Pliocene tuffs of Potosi, nearly all of which proved to be species unknown to science. The trail to the Yungas passing by Quime to Inquisivi and Suri is not only excellent but fascinating; in the opposite direction it leads out over the Tres Cruces pass to Eucalyptus or Oruro on the railroad. It has been in existence for more than five hundred vears. Going over the pass to Coluyo . after fourteen days in the saddle on the heights, we were gladdened by the sound of an automobile and quickly paying off our arriero, arranged with the newcomer to be taken to town. We made the sixty-six miles from Colyuo to Oruro in four hours, passing through a country that reminded me of that around Forsyth, Montana, even to a South American substitute for the sage brush of our own western country. Through this more expeditious mode of travel we saved two days. Tres Cruces is a broad saddle of Devonian shales about 16,000 feet in altitude, but with no high peaks near at hand or even visible, and with a gradual descent to the westward. The country is more arid than is that a few miles to the northward, and the trinity of peaks that crown the Santa Vela Cruz to the east have no perma- nent ice cap. Like all of the great mountain ranges that have figured in human history the Andes are very young—geologic, biol- ogic, and physiographic evidence is at one in confirming this statement. I shall give but a single instance among the many of the sort of evidence that the geologist relies upon in making such an assertion. On a high pampa in the Sierra de Cochabamba I found sediments that had been deposited in a small Pliocene basin. Much of the material was voleanic ash the only known source of which was many miles away in the great volcanic field of the western Andes. This ash deposit, partly wind blown and partly water laid, had buried the fruits and leaves of trees the near relatives of which are to be found at the present time only in the Yungas—not far away to be sure, but at much lower levels, and not extending upward more than half way to the 11,800 feet where the fossils BOLIVIA’S LEAST KNOWN MOUNTAIN RANGE 85 were found. Hence it is inferred that these fossiliferous sediments have been uplifted more than a mile since the fossil trees lived in that region, and knowing that the latter are Pliocene in age, we get the minimum measure of the amount of uplift since Pliocene times. It had been supposed that this uplift was of a great segment of the earth’s crust with bounding fractures or faults on the two sides. At any rate it was responsible for the anomalous climate that prevails in this region at the present time—the arid upland, the semi-desert of the Peruvian coastal region and the nitrate desert of north- ern Chile. This is shown in many ways, as for example at Potosi, where the terminal moraines of former gla- ciers are found at about 13,000 feet and where Potosi’s silver mountain, although reaching upward to more than 15,000 feet, carries no permanent snow because of the dearth of precipitation. Formerly a rain forest like that of the Amazon Basin extended across the site of the Andes to the Pacific coast, and probably beyond, for there is some geological evidence that the deeps found immediately west of the present coast were once land, which has since sunk on the seaward side of the great fault that runs along this part of the present coast. Relics of this former rain forest have been found in the rocks of both Peru and Chile, and traces of it are preserved at a number of localities in the arid uplands of Bolivia. The slow rising of these great moun- tain ranges across the equatorial zone in the path of the trade winds was a dramatic episode in the history of the earth—one that it would have been fine to have witnessed, although prob- ably the rise took place with such slowness as not to have been percep- tible within the proverbial threescore and ten years allotted to man. It occurred so recently, however, that not yet has the kinship been obliter- ated between the plants or the birds on the two sides of the Cordillera, in those regions like Colombia, where no strongly contrasted climatic was set up on the two sides. It is one of the fascinations of paleontological studies that such large and inspiring problems are pressing for solution. Although the results of such studies seldom admit of a mathe- matical demonstration, the main out- lines emerge surely, as do those on a ereat canvas under the hand of a master painter. It is not surprising that the votaries of paleontology wonder why all men do not aspire to become paleontologists. change M. uM. Gl idden wnesnpy UBoLOUy vi jo LOO }SIY oq} uo UOT}! -qtyxo UO SI JUDD BIy OUT, ‘a[(Qb -Z1UH0901 OS[B SI SSBUT VY} JO JOPIBIVYO OP BIVUIO[ZSV oy], ‘Ie oy} Ul ayy M Bunynypou jetogiodns 0} onp ore syd dlaap oy} :ooBjINS ay} Jo . qonul SIOAOD uLys [yup V “MOLA apis ul peyordep arey st pus SUOUMISZINT “WV “Md “AY Aq UNOSN]Y UBILIOUIY sy} 0} }Us, Usveq sBy BuO} soyoul ould “orga «jo = yueuIsBy JSODIVE OY} ‘UBADIYOIPY wow OOd}J9UL AUOJS IO a}OIOV Mou ey} 0} UdAIS veq sey 1ey} VUIBU Vy} SI—T][B} ay} 10 A}IPBOOT ay} AI asoy \LIO HSOU, Ss A New Meteorite from Michigan By KDMUND OTIS Curator of Geology and Invertebrate Palwontology, ETEORS, or shooting stars, M are seen by the thousand in Michigan, as they are else- where in the world, but only three meteorites have been described from the state: one from near Reed City, another from Grand Rapids, and the third from Allegan. ‘‘ Reed City” is an iron meteorite weighing about 43 pounds which was plowed up in a field near the town. ‘‘Grand Rapids”’ is a mass of iron weighing 114 pounds which was unearthed in making the excavation for a building. ‘Allegan”’ is the only one of the three which was seen to fall. It is a stony mass which weighed about 70 pounds when it struck the earth on Thomas Hill on the Saugatuck Road in Allegan, at about 8 a.m. on July 10, 1899. Much interest, therefore, was aed by newspaper accounts of a brilliant meteor that was seen to pass from north northwest to south southeast over the northeastern portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, about eleven o’clock in the evening of October 17, 1921. The heavens were illuminated over an area thousands of square milesinextent. Near Rose City, Ogemaw County, the meteor exploded withtheusual accompaniment of several loud reports, and three of the frag- ments into which it burst have been recovered on the premises of Mr. George Hall, about nine miles north- east of this little hamlet, which gives its name to the fall. These portions, it is stated, weighed about three and one-fourth pounds, seven pounds, and thirteen pounds respectively, when discovered. They are now the property HOVIEY American Museum of Mr. P. W. A. Fitzsimmons of Detroit, who has very kindly lent the largest mass to the American Museum for exhibition. The newspapers gave their custom- ary vivid accounts of the occurrence, from which we may the following: select The night the meteor fell buildings in Rose City shook and the effect was similar elsewhere in northwestern Michigan. At Caro, nearly 100 miles away, it was said the sky-traveler woke folks up, and Saginaw also reported a startling effect. The meteor attracted attention as far south as Detroit and Albion. The flaming heavenly torch appeared to be eight feet in diameter, as it swished through space, apparently directly over the village of Rose City. A tail of light streamed in the path of the falling body for a distance of at least 100 feet. There was a beautiful purple light encircling the outer mass of fire, and a shock followed by the rat- tling of windows and trembling of buildings was plainly felt for 30 seconds as the massive flaming mass struck the earth. A man who was camping about fourteen miles from the George Hall farm gave Mr. Fitzsimmons an account of the meteor in nearly the following words: I was sleeping in my tent that night and all at once I saw things very light outside. I quickly looked out and saw high in the sky, about five miles I should think, a large ball of fire and this looked to me as large as an ordinary barn. After the ball had traveled on its way, and the light had died out, I heard three loud explosions, one im- mediately following the other. S7 = 88 NATURAL HISTORY . It seems that Mrs. George Hall was up rather later than usual, as her husband had been ill, and thus had an opportunity of witnessing the fall. Mr. Fitzsimmons reports her account of the event as follows: I saw it very light out of doors and heard a roaring sound and then three loud explosions. I thought it was an airship and it was dropping some bombs or something of that character. I jumped up and ran to the door, and the big light was disappearing in the south. The roaring itself was not so very loud, but the explosions were very loud indeed, and while I stood in the doorway watching the disappearing light, I distinctly heard a sound like fine singing. The largest fragment, which is about nine inches long, was found the next day forty feet south of the house, embedded about two feet below the surface in soft, sod-covered earth. By so narrow a margin did Mrs. Hall and her husband escape serious acci- dent! The next piece in point of size was found later in the same day about 150 feet from the house, near a highway. It was not so deeply buried in the ground as was the first. The meteorite is black in color, both on the surface and in the interior. It is deeply pitted and it presents a dull black skin over much of the outside, both features being due to surface melting caused by friction with the air during the last stage of its journey to the earth. One of the most peculiar features of the mass is that it looks somewhat like a conglomerate with rounded protruding knobs of relatively coarse material cemented together by duller fine material of the same nature. Because of its origin and because there is no evidence of the action of water in connection with either the knobs or the cement, the material is called an “agglomerate” rather than a conglom-— erate. When the specimen was received at the American Museum, many of the surface pits contained grass, grass roots, and soil which were firmly wedged into them. The grass had not been burned or even charred and therefore the temperature of the meteorite when it struck the ground could not have been elevated. Examination of the surface of this meteorite reveals the presence of minute specks of metallic iron in the midst of a stony matrix, which is a feature shown by almost all our stony visitors from space. A polished section shows not only innumerable particles of this character but also strings and irregular areas of metal. Chemical analysis discovered the presence of about 17 per cent of metal mixed with 83 per cent of mineral in the meteorite, while further tests showed that the metal was made up of about 91 per cent of iron and nearly 9 per cent of nickel and cobalt. The use of the microscope determined that the stony portion was composed principally of the two minerals, enstatite and olivine. The material furthermore is some- what porous or spongy in texture. This is due to the presence of innum- erable minute cavities which, under the magnifying glass and still better under the microscope, are seen to be angular in shape and to be lined with crystals of the minerals which make up the ground mass. NOTES MUSEUM OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN, HEYE FOUNDATION Although the Indian is a member of a vanishing race, he lives and will live forever in the narratives of the Jesuit fathers, in the pictures and pages of Catlin, in Schoolcraft and Parkman, and a host of others. Place names throughout the length and breadth of the land perpetuate his memory in musical polysyllables, and his traditions have become part of the heritage of the later-day descend- ants of the alien conquerors of hislands. Yet, in spite of the widespread interest in the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas, there ‘was no institution devoted exclusively to the anthropology of the indigenous peoples until Mr. George Gustave Heye brought to fulfill- ment a splendid vision to which he had been steadfast for many years. The Museum of the American Indian— Heye Foundation, which was opened on No- vember 15, 1922, marks the culmination of twenty years of planning and collecting, in which Mr. Heye had the coéperation of many noted workers in the field of anthropology and the financial support, supplementing his own generous provisions, of the trustees of the mu- seum and interested friends.. Although almost two decades elapsed between the inception of the plan and its fulfillment—decades during which the two continents and the islands of the Western Hemisphere were scoured for exhibition and study material—the published results of studies made by members of the staff of the museum, numbering no less than ninety titles and including monumental con- tributions like The Antiquities of Manabi, Ecuador, by Professor M. H. Saville, have en- abled the public to gauge the magnitude and diversity of the research work undertaken by the institution. No fewer than twenty-one names of anthropologists engaged in collecting and in study among different Indian tribes or in archeological work on the sites of former Indian occupation, are recorded in the pamphlet setting forth the aims and objects of the museum, and the work of several of these anthropologists in particular areas has stretched over many years, witness the ex- haustive researches of Professor Saville on the west coast of South America and in Central America, the collecting of Mr. M. R. Harring- ton in the United States, and the excavation, by Mr. F. W. Hodge during the last five field seasons, of Hawikuh, one of the famed ‘‘Seven Cities of Cibola,” the reputed riches of which lured Coronado and his gold-hungry followers into the sun-scorched desert of the Southwest, The exeavation of the last-mentioned site was made possible through the generosity of Mr. Harmon W. Hendricks, a trustee of the and one to whose benefactions much. To list all of who through gift and encouragement supported Mr. Heye in his undertaking, is not possible within the limits of this note, yet mention must be made of Mr. James B. Ford, one of the trustees, who has been the generous patron of much of the research in the coun- tries to the south, in addition to enriching the collections of the museum; of Mr. Miner C. Keith, a trustee, who presented to the museum the largest collection extant of Costa Rican earthenware; of General T. Coleman du Pont, who financed the expedi- tion to Kane County, Utah, for the explora- tion of an ancient site of the so-called Basket- makers; of Mrs. Marie Antoinette Heye, who for many years gave Mr. Heye’s undertaking most generous support; of Mrs. Thea Heye, who has been the donor of hundreds of valu- able objects; and of Mr. Archer M. Hunting- ton, who presented the ground upon which the museum edifice has been erected and who in 1919 inaugurated the series of /ndian Notes and Monographs in which have been published no less than sixty-five listed contributions. Between a million and two million speci- mens representative of the culture of the Indians have been assembled through the activities of the museum, including many thousands that are unique. The three floors devoted to exhibitions naturally do not permit the presentation to the public of more than a fraction of this vast total, but even though it is only a fraction, it will go far toward satisfying the most exacting require- ments of the lay visitor. Students will be afforded every facility for utilizing the study collection in their researches. vd THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY The Cleveland Museum of Natural History, which began its existence only about two years ago, has already abundantly demonstrated its ability through exhibits, lectures, and library facilities to respond to the needs of the com- munity which it serves. Late in October of 1922 it even opened its own printing plant, from which was issued under date of No- museum, it owes those 83 90 NATURAL HISTORY vember 1 the initial number of the Cleveland Museum Bulletin. From that publication we learn of the work which the museum is doing and of the loyal support which it is receiving from the people of Cleveland. It is stated that through a recent gift from Mrs. Dudley 8. Blossom of the Herbarium of the late Samuel Hart Wright of Penn Yan, New York, the museum has come into possession of approxi- mately 10,000 specimens of plants, represent- ing a number of the American and European genera. Mrs. Blossom’s gift includes also a part of the Wright library of scientifie books, many of which are out of print. Another acquisition deserving special emphasis is a collection of thirty-seven water color studies of the fur seals of the Pribilof Islands, painted by Henry Wood Elliott during his visits to the islands in the early seventies. For this donation the museum is indebted to Mr. John M. Henderson. During the months of October and No- vember nearly forty lectures were given by members of the museum staff, and certain additional lectures were delivered by invited speakers. The museum staff has been carry- ing the message of the institution beyond its walls by lecturing before clubs, schools, churches, and conventions, in addition to ad- dressing audiences within the museum itself. Another evidence of the service the museum is rendering to education is the completion by its librarian, Miss Lindberg, of an annotated list of books on natural history suitable for children in their early ’teens or younger The museum is housed in Euclid Avenue in one of the Hanna mansions, which has been acquired for a period of years. Two rooms in the present edifice have been completely reno- vated and in them have been installed natural history exhibits of rare attractiveness. The collections of birds, mounted by Mr. Arthur B. Fuller, are particularly noteworthy for their excellent taxidermy. The Old-World birds, collected and presented by Mr. K. V. Painter, are one of the features of the museum. THE FIELD MUSEUM ExprepiTion TO SoutH America.—Dr. Wilfred H. Osgood, curator of the department of zodlogy, Field Museum, and Messrs. C. C. Sanborn and H. B. Conover, of the division of birds in that institution, recently left Chicago for Chile, to penetrate some of the compara- tively little-known regions of that country, including the area held by the Araucanian Indians. After landing at Valparaiso, the members of the expedition plan to go to central Chile and thence to proceed southward as far as Chiloe Island. Doctor Osgood and Mr. Conover will then work across northern Argentina and into southern Brazil and Uruguay, returning prob- ably about the middle of 1923. Mr. Sanborn, on the other hand, will remain in the field throughout the present vear. He will move northward as the season advances, collecting in northern Chile and Argentina and in Bolivia. The expedition will visit many of the locali- ties of historic interest to zoélogists, including the type localities of animals collected by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the ‘“‘Beagle.”’ The expedition will devote itself to the general collecting of vertebrates. Among the animals of popular interest regarding which the party of scientists hopes to learn much is the chinchilla, now so rare because of its inordinate use as a fur. Another expecta- tion which they will strive to realize is to bring back to this country the first specimens of the pudu, a very small deer, and one of the rarest in the Americas. EXPEDITION TO Honpuras.—Mr. Karl P. Schmidt, until recently assistant curator of herpetology in the American Museum and now assistant curator of reptiles and ba- trachians in the Field Museum, left New Orleans about the middle of January for Belize, British Honduras. Mr. Schmidt’s primary purpose in undertaking this expedi- tion, in which he is accompanied by a taxi- dermist, is to secure for the Field Museum material to be used for habitat groups of am- phibians and reptiles as well as specimens for the systematic series of these animals. Mammals and fishes will also be collected. After a short stay in British Honduras, Mr. Schmidt and his companion will proceed to Puerto Cortes, Honduras, and thence to Lake Yojoa in the interior of the state. Honduras is perhaps the least-known, zodlogically, of the Central American countries and important results may, therefore, be anticipated from this expedition. ASIA Wuat THE Gost Desert Has YIrELDED.— In a cable sent by Mr. Roy Chapman Andrews to Asia and published in the December issue of that magazine, the leader of the Third Asiatic Expedition summarizes the remark- able results obtained from five months’ work in the Gobi Desert. These include the discov- NOTES Q| ery of vast fields rich in Cretaceous and Ter- tiary fossils. The specimens obtained include not only the huge skull and portions of the skeleton of Baluchitherium, the largest known land mammal, which arrived at the American Museum toward the close of December, but also complete skeletons of small dinosaurs and parts of large dinosaurs; skulls of rhi- noceroses; skulls, jaws, and fragments of mastodons, rodents, carnivores, horses, in- sectivores, and deer. Fossil insects and fish, in a fine state of preservation, were also found. Extensive deposits of Devonian, Carbonifer- ous, and Permian age, hitherto unknown in Mongolia, were located, as well as a vast series of Pre-Cambrian and Palozoic rocks. The expedition mapped a strip a thousand miles square in the type region of Mongolian geology and obtained 20,000 feet of film illustrating in full detail the work of the expedition, the life of the natives, and the behavior of the herds of antelopes and wild asses that were seen. A representative collec- tion of the mammalian fauna of the region was obtained. BIRDS Brrp Co.LiectTInG 1N Pervu.—Mr. Harry Watkins, who is conducting a biological sur- vey on behalf of the department of birds, American Museum, to determine the relation between the avifauna of the coast of south- western Ecuador and that of the Marafon Valley of Peru, reports the discovery of heretofore unsuspected areas of forest land on the western slopes and even on the sum- mits of the Andes between Paita and Huanca- bamba. Through his capture in this region of motmots and trogons, the known range southward on the Pacific coast of these genera is considerably extended. The abundance of the bird life in the region is evidenced by the fact that already more than one hundred species are represented among the specimens taken by Mr. Watkins. MAMMALS A CoLLecTION FROM Ecuapor.—Messrs. G. H. H. Tate and H. E. Wickenheiser are on their way to New York with a good-sized collection of mammals made in the Guayas Basin and in the central Andes of Ecuador. The collecting and field observation in the areas covered will prove a valuable supple- ment to the work already done by the Ameri- can Museum in this South American state. Both Mr. Tate and Mr. Wickenheiser have been suffering from malarial fever but accord- ing to reports recent ly received have recovered from their indisposition. ANTHROPOLOGY Azrec Ruin.—Although interesting dis- coveries have been made from time to time in the course of excavating the pueblo known as the Aztec Ruin, New Mexico, the kind of ladders or steps whereby the ancient inhabi- tants of this settlement climbed from story to story remained undetermined. At first it was the impression of Mr. Earl H. Morris, who heads the Archer M. Huntington Arche- ological Survey of the Southwest, that the ladders must have been composed of pairs of heavy poles set side by side and alternately notched, but after two hundred chambers had been freed of their contents and not even a fragment of such a ladder unearthed, he abandoned this assumption and had no alter- native suggestion to offer. Recently, while he and his assistant were digging in one of the rooms of the ruin, the latter came upon an object unlike anything that had previously been excavated. By eleven o’clock at night their joint efforts had succeeded in bringing to the surface a number of pieces of worked wood and several poles, which, when assembled, revealed themselves as parts of a ladder of unique construction. The sidepieces of this ladder were straight, barked cedar poles, 64 feet long, that tapered from a diameter of 24 inches near the base to 1? inches at the upper extremity. Laid along each of these poles was a slender skunk-bush sapling that was lashed to its support by transverse withe bindings. The ends of the rungs were thrust between the cedar side- pieces and the parallel saplings, each rung above a pair of opposing lashings. The sap- lings were necessarily bent away from the timbers to which they were bound to permit the insertion of the rungs, and being of tough resilient wood, thereafter exerted a pressure which under ordinary circumstances held the crosspieces securely in place. The saplings extended beyond the ends of the sidepieces and their free extremities were bent inward toward each other and bound together, thus forming a curved top to the ladder. There- by the ladder was prevented from spreading apart and a bail-like handle was provided by which this light yet strong and convenient device might be lifted and drawn up into the room above. The rungs of the ladder, five 92 NATURAL HISTORY in number, were round sticks of hard wood about 14 inches in diameter, each smoothly polished by the wear of bare as well as sandaled feet. European ArcH®oLocy.—As a result of President Henry Fairfield Osborn’s visit to Europe in 1921, the department of anthro- pology of the American Museum this year renewed its effort to complete its Old-World archeological collections. Associate curator N.C. Nelson, who has charge of these collec- tions, and who was in Europe for a similar purpose in 1913, returned early in December, 1922, after a six months’ search, to report the acquisition of about 3000 new specimens and to explain that the way is open to acquire as many more. He brought back also about 100 photographs of archeological interest, as well as extensive notes on the principal prehis- toric collections exhibited in the museums of western Europe. Mr. Nelson’s travels took him to England, Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium, and France. He visited more than 40 public museums, besides 20 important private collections; examined and_ photo- graphed, for the first time, 19 more or less fam- ous archeological stations; and called upon more than 100 people directly or indirectly interested in archeology. Exceptional op- portunity for observation was afforded him in that he was invited to accompany a group of French and Belgian archzeologists and geologists on a tour of inspection to several important archeological stations in England, Holland, and Belgium. In this way he was enabled not only to see for himself how the specimens occur, but he also learned of the various methods employed in their excavation. The kindness and hospitality enjoyed in this connection, with the insight afforded into real European home life, Mr. Nelson says, will long be remembered with gratitude. Regarding the general progress of archzo- logical investigation in Europe, Mr. Nelson seems very hopeful. Many able workers were lost during the war and funds are everywhere limited or lacking. Nevertheless, those who remain are unbounded in their enthusiasm, and more or less work has been done every- where, both during and since the war, that is of the highest importance. In certain quar- ters—as, forexample, in England and Switzer- land—discoveries have been made which promise to modify very considerably the present views of prehistoric development. THE CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE Though rivaled in destructiveness by the death-dealing instruments of war, the earth- quake, manifesting its might without warning and defying control, will doubtless continue at intervals to topple down cities, even after an era of peace and good will has ushered out, as we trust it may, the troubled centuries of man-made strife. - There have been a number of earthquakes more cataclysmic than the Chilean earth- quake of November 11, 1922. That of Lisbon in 1755 killed between 30,000 and 40,000 people; in the Kangra earthquake of India, in 1905, nearly 20,000 individuals perished; the total loss of life in the Messina earthquake of 1908 was, according to official returns, no less than 77,283. Yet the 800 or more men, women, and children who were killed by the Chilean earthquake do not measure the magnitude of this phenomenon, which, had it occurred in a more densely settled area of the globe, would doubtless have taken a greater toll of life. The earthquake and the result- ing tidal waves affected the coast of Chile over an extent of 1200 miles, that is, from Antofagasta on the north to Valdivia on the south. é The record of this earthquake, as registered on the seismograph of the American Museum, is reproduced on the opposing page in four sections, each of a duration of about thirteen minutes, as indicated by the dots. The sec- tions should be read consecutively from below upward, beginning with the section on the left, at the point marked ‘Start of Ist Preliminary Tremors.’ It should be explained that these four sections represent convenient sub- divisions of a continuous band of smoked paper that revolves on a cylinder of the seis- mograph. In the course of a complete revolu- tion the band moves to the right one space and the recording needle, which is one of the essential features of the seismograph, there- upon traces the waves of the second and subsequent circuits alongside the earlier part of the record. Three sets of such waves are shown on each of the sections depicted, those on the right of each section being earlier than any of the middle series, and those on the left representing the final stage. In reading the record, one should, therefore, after tracing the first line of waves through the successive sections, turn back to the first section and resume the story in the second line of waves, and so on through to the concluding phase. ‘ ——— aS Wwe j : Set We N=06=60221— — ee EE = SAAD UIDp| 40 ae ————__- 33 upp 00'zI— ON ae ee == ———- “ers — + — -- —y-—-- 226L- Ol AON-W d. — 08: bb: T Siowas| AsDUIWa44 2S1-10 DIC ‘W_Sb'Z PP Pee lee 4 e = Sees] ==> SSS es wos Se a Te ey ne [3 =Uo1}93g- . et ee ‘ — i ARSE EES". 2.08: SE aman 52 cama AvaWa?* bh A Map OK AL ~T> a ae “Ws! wt’ ce 5S a | EARTHQUAKE OF NOVEMBER 11, 1922 THE RECORD, FROM THE SEISMOGRAPH IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM, OF THE CHILEAN Of NATURAL HISTORY The first preliminary tremors (see section 1) arrived at the seismograph in the American Museum about a quarter of an hour before midnight on November 11 and lasted for about 9 minutes and 15 seconds, when the second preliminary tremors (see section 2) set in and continued for 15 minutes and 45 sec- onds. The main waves (see sections 3 and 4) started 94 minutes past midnight and _ re- mained prominent forabout 21 minutes. At 1 A.M., however, the needle still registered waves of considerable intensity, which continued to 3 a.m. Although the quake lasted only the fraction of a minute at its point of origin, the record on the seismograph was spread over more than three hours of time. This spread- ing out of the three kinds of waves on the record is a measure which the observer uses in calculating the distance of the point of origin from the seismograph. The shorter the time of the first and second preliminary tremors, the less the distance to the point of origin. In the bulletin posted on the morning of November 12 by Dr. Chester A. Reeds, the observer in charge, the distance was estimated to be 7900 km., or about 4937 miles. The correctness of this estimate is borne out by the fact that Coquimbo, near the center of the disturbed area, is 7900 km. due south of New York City. This is the second time during a period of less than twelve months that the seismograph in the American Museum—the gift of the late Emerson McMillin—has been of service to science in recording data regarding an earth- quake of major importance. ARTHUR WESLEY DOW Professor Arthur Wesley Dow, director of the department of fine arts, Columbia Uni- versity, died on December 13, 1922. Not only an artist and author of recognized creative power, but a man of very fine per- sonality, Professor Dow left an indelible impress on those with whom he came in con- tact and upon the art of the nation. He possessed preéminently the ability to awaken the creative impulse in others, his students responding to the magic of his influence in producing original designs of great beauty. He was born at Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1857, and was the son of David F. and Mary P. Dow. After completing his academic and classical education at Ipswich, he studied art in Boston, and in Paris under Boulanger and Lefebvre. His paintings were exhibited in the Salon, Paris, in 1886-87, and again in 1889, receiving honorable mention. In the company of the artist Fenollosa, he made a thorough study of the art of Japan, and his work after his return to this country showed the Japanese influence. He was for years the curator of Japanese art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He was instructor of art, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, from 1895 to 1904, leay- ing it to become the director of the fine arts department, Columbia University. The inspiration he brought to Pratt Institute, having its center in the art department, was felt throughout the Institute, all departments responding to the art impulse which he had so deeply stirred. During this period he made a special study of the art of the North American Indian, visiting the American Museum fre- quently to study the Indian exhibits. In his lectures he frequently made reference to the wealth of material at the Museum, assigning to his students problems in art which neces- sitated their careful study of the dress, pot- tery, basketry, etc., of the Indians and the originating of designs with Indian motifs. He was a friend of Frank H. Cushing, who lived among the Zuni Indians as an adopted mem- ber from 1879 until 1884, and who upon his re- turn to the eastern states, visited Professor Dow at Ipswich and located there the site of an old Indian spring, all traces of which had been obliterated. Digging on the site revealed ancient Indian pottery. At Columbia University his work broad- ened out and expanded, many thousands receiving his message and carrying it to differ- ent parts of the country. He was lecturer on art at the Art Student’s League, 1897-1903, and for years director of a very interesting and live summer art school at Ipswich, Massa- chusetts. He was the author of a widely known book, Composition, richly illus- trated; of Ipswich Prints; and Along Ipswich River. INSECTS Tue Gypsy Motu in New Jersey.—The citizens of New Jersey may congratulate them- selves upon the vigor with which war has been made upon the gypsy moth (Porthetria dispar) that menaced certain areas of that state. Through appropriations made by the federal government, by the New Jersey legislature, and by individuals like Mr. Duke, on whose estate there was a heavy infestation, the work of extermination, which has now been in prog- ress for two years, was made possible, and | . NOTES O5 the results attained should be a matter of pride to those who have given their energies to combating this insect pest. With what pains- taking thoroughness the work of extermina- tion has been pursued may be inferred from the fact that although during the first year of the campaign more than 3,000,000 egg masses were found, only 909 were discovered during the second year. This startling reduction in numbers acquires added significance through the fact that in the second year 1400 square miles of territory were scouted as against 894 in the first year. The actual number of trees examined in the second year was 2,025,403 as against 1,157,339 in the previous twelve- month, and when the fact is stated that some of these trees were in dense thickets, the diffi- culties confronting the careful scouting that is required may be visualized. Creosoting, spray- ing, and banding, were among the methods of attack again employed during the past year. The reduction in number of discovered egg masses from more than three million to less than one thousand might seem to justify a relaxation of effort, but it is to be hoped that such false economy will not be practised. Only after unrelaxed vigilance over a period of years can one say with some degree of certainty that the danger is eliminated. Mr. Weiss, chief of the Bureau of Statistics and Inspection, New Jersey State Department of Agriculture, writing in the fall of 1920, at the very inception of the campaign against the gypsy moth,! estimated that it would probably require from three to five years before assur- ance could be given that the pest had been cleaned up. He added that in case it should be found in the Watchung Mountains—a region where spraying is carried on with great difficulty—the work of extermination would require more time and effort. During the past season a few egg masses were located in the Watchung, suggesting dangerous conse- quences if, as aresult of the marvelous strides already made, the public permits itself to be lulled into a false sense of security. The work should go on with full financial support until all danger is removed. LOWER INVERTEBRATES WoRK ON THE SHELL CoLLEcTION.—Mrs. Ida 8. Oldroyd, of Stanford University, one of the foremost students of mollusks in this country, has been spending three months at the American Museum revising and bringing up to date the nomenclature of the shell INaTuRAL History, Vol. XX, p. 500; see also Naturat History, Vol. XXI, pp. 103-04, 647-48 collection of the department of lower inverte- brates. At least 200,000 shells, about 10,000 species, the department. Mrs. Oldroyd has been giv- ing her attention to the marine (sea snails) of the collection as well as to the representing are in the possession of gastropods bivalves or two-shelled mollusks. AppRESSES BY Dr. Roy W. Miner. “Life’s Victors, or Why the Fittest Survive, ' was the subject of an address delivered by Dr. Roy W. Miner before the Academy of Natural Sciences in Buffalo. Doctor Miner also spoke before the Rotary Club of North Adams, Massachusetts, on the American Museum of Natural History and its activities. Subse- quently, on December 15, Doctor Miner lec- tured on evolutionary subjects before the University School of Cleveland and_ before the University Club of that city. SPECIAL EXHIBITS CaMERA CiuB- Exuipitr.—Photographic records of animal life are invaluable in natural history study, yet in our admiration of the exquisite results that such photographs present, we are too apt to overlook the tech- nical processes whereby they have been made possible. The exhibit of mammal photo- graphs in the American Museum last summer showed what nature photography has accom- plished. Another exhibit of photographs, which was installed by the Camera Club of New York in the hall of woods and forestry early in December, remaining there through- out the month of January, illustrated the striking effects attained by different printing processes. The quality of the pictures may be gauged by the fact that of the 192 shown, about half had received recognition in differ- ent salons in this country and abroad. Although the subjects depicted ranged over a field more extensive than natural history, two conspicuously placed portraits—that of Mr. Carl E. Akeley and that of Mr. Vilh- jalmur Stefansson—and certain other photo- graphs, like that of the Museum itself, hada special interest for friends of the Museum in addition to that which they possessed as examples of different photographic methods. Those not versed in the technique of pho- tography had cause to wonder at the number and variety of the processes illustrated in the exhibit. There were examples of the bromide process, which is employed almost univer- sally for enlarging; of a process resembling the bromide and known as the Artatone; of the carbon process; of the gum process, which 96 NATURAL HISTORY involves the same kind of chemical action as the carbon process but in which gum arabic is used instead of gelatine to hold the pigments. Great skill is required in the use of the gum process, which gives broad, sketchy effects. A process which, like the one just mentioned, is a vehicle of expression for the artist photographer, is the oil process, in which unlimited scope is given for the production with brush and pigment of in- dividual effects; a similar process is that known as the bromoil. By the platinum process a beautiful, clear, flat image is pro- duced, that is devoid of luster. Due to the demands for platinum during the war, the manufacture of platinum paper almost ceased. Other processes represented in the collection of pictures were the gum platinum, the pal- ladium, the gum palladium, the chloride, the Kerotype transfer, and—regarded by many as the most beautiful process of all—the bromoil transfer. Different kinds of apparatus and instru- ments used in photography were also repre- sented in the exhibit, including the camera known as the Naturalist Graflex, designed especially for photographing mammals and birds in the wild state where long focus or telephoto lenses are required. Basket WorK BY AN _ INSTITUTIONAL Cxiass.—In the hall of woods and forestry, American Museum, there was shown during December an exhibit of baskets, dainty in workmanship and perfect in symmetry,—the product, one would have said, of skilled fingers directed by an attentive mind. Yet the baskéts were made, not by professional workers in wickerware, but by the Institutional Class of Public School 9, the Bronx, at the Shelter of the Bronx County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. Here boys and girls that have some defect of character that they are unable to overcome unassisted, are given a new grip upon themselves, and a new vision, through the course in character-building conducted by Miss Lucy C. Simonson. To the baskets were attached bright and helpful little verbal hints how happiness may be gained through giving cheer to others,—an indication that the making of the baskets, however worthy in itself, was incidental to the larger task of giving these children a new ideal and inspiring them to achieve it. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AUDUBON So- cieties.—On October 30 a public meeting under the auspices of the National Association of Audubon Societies was held in the American Museum, in the course of which illustrated addresses on ‘‘The New Era in Wild Life,” “Bird Photography, Past and Present,’ and “Comments on Bird Protection in Europe and America,’’ were delivered respectively by Mr. Ernest Thompson Seton, Dr. Frank M. Chapman, and Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson. -On the day following, the National Associa- tion held its eighteenth annual meeting. President Pearson announced that a gift of $200,000 cash had been received during the year, to be known as the “ Permanent Fund of 1922.”’ He further stated that the donor, whose name he was not at liberty to divulge, stipulated that this gift should be preserved as an endowment fund, the interest from which was to be used for the following purposes: “First, for the education of the general public in the knowledge and value of useful, beautiful, and interesting forms of wild life, especially birds. “Second, for the actual protection and perpetuation of such forms of wild life on suitable breeding and other reservations. “Third, for protecting and maintaining adequate protection for such forms of wild life in all parts of the Western Hemisphere. “Fourth, or for any one of these purposes.” At the meeting Dr. Frank M. Chapman and William P. Wharton were reélected as mem- bers of the Board of Directors for a term of five years, and Mr. George Finlay Simmons of Austin, Texas, was chosen to fill the place on the Advisory Board of Directors left vacant by the death of Mr. Howard Eaton of Wyoming. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ScrENCES.—Among the papers presented at the autumn meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, No- vember 14-16, were several contributed by members of the scientific staff of the American Museum, or by those closely associated with the undertakings of that institution. Pro- fessor Charles P. Berkey, who as geologist of the Third Asiatic Expedition participated in the interesting discoveries made in Mongolia, - spoke on “A Tentative Geological Column for Central Mongolia.”” Dr. Clark Wissler, in unfolding his subject, “Dating Prehistoric Man in America by Methods of Distribution and Stratigraphy,” gave a brief report upon studies carried on in the Museum from which has been developed a technique for estimating NOTES 07 the relative antiquities of prehistoric remains by comparing their geographical distributions. “The Restoration of Fossil Human Remains: Its Possibilities, Value, and Limitations,’’ was the subject discussed by Dr. J. H. McGregor. In a paper entitled “ Probable Mutation in the Genus Buarremon,” Dr. Frank M. Chapman expressed his belief that the presence or the absence of the black band across the breast, which distinguishes certain species of this genus of birds, is due to muta- tion. The theory was advanced that these pectoral bands, which, together with many other markings, like bars on the wings, stripes on the crown, or spots on the outer tail feathers, are present in many wholly unre- lated species of birds, will be found to be unit characters which appear or disappear through the action of internal rather than external, or environmental, causes. Dr. Robert Cush- man Murphy’s paper ‘‘The Whitney South Sea Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History,”’ was presented by title. Dr. Frank E. Lutz presented, on behalf of himself and his co-investigator, Prof. F. K. Richtmyer, a paper entitled, “ Ultra-violet Flowers and Their Possible Bearing on the Problems of Pollination by Insects.’”’ In it he pointed out that as certain experiments in- dicate that insects respond definitely to ultra- violet rays, it would seem that in considering flower colors in connection with pollination by insects, attention should be given not only to the visible spectrum but also to the ultra- violet, the reflection of ultra-violet rays by certain flowers having been established in the course of experiments conducted last summer at Boulder, Colorado, by Doctor Lutz and Doctor Richtmyer. In his address regarding “Recent Dis- coveries of Fossil Vertebrates in China and Mongolia,’’ Dr. W. D. Matthew dwelt on the significance of the finds made last summer by the Third Asiatic Expedition. Central Asia has been among the least-known regions of the world in respect to the history of its land fauna. The area is of peculiar interest because of the belief that land vertebrates of other re- gions were evolved in Asia and spread thence. The discoveries made by the Third Asiatic Expedition have indicated the existence of series of extinct faunas in Mongolia which will provide the necessary evidence to settle this problem. AMERICAN GAME PROTECTIVE Association. —The Ninth National Game Conference of the American Game Protective Association took place in the roof garden of the Waldorf- Astoria Hotel on December 11 and 12. Scientists, game wardens, and others inter- ested in the enforcement of conservation laws were in attendance from every part of the United States, as well as from Canada and Mexico. The American Museum was repre- sented by Mr. H. E. Anthony, associate curator of mammals of the Western Hemi- sphere, who presented a paper on ‘Some Aspects of the Close of the Age of Mammals,” based on the article entitled ‘Can We Save the Mammals?” the joint contribution of Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn and Mr. H. E. Anthony to the September-October issue of NaruraAu History. Much attention was given at the gathering to the then pending New-Anthony Bill, for which support was solicited. The object of this Bill is two-fold: first, to provide chains of resting and breeding grounds where migratory game birds will be free from molestation on their fall and spring migrations; and secondly, to provide for people who do not have access to private preserves, places where they can shoot the ducks, geese, and other game birds in the proper seasons and under suitable regulations. Under the terms of the Bill a dollar license will be required of every one who hunts migratory game birds. The proceeds from the sale of these licenses will, according to the provisions of the Bill, be applied in part to the purchase of public game-bird refuges, in part to the enforcement of the Migratory Bird Law and the protection of the areas set aside for the birds. Due to the pro- gressive draining of swamps, the feeding and resting grounds of the birds are already all too few in certain parts, and the acquisition and permanent maintenance of still undrained areas should assure the birds a chance for existence that will more than offset the toll taken from their number by the licensed hunter. FOSSILS Fosstts FROM Wyomine.—Mr. George Olsen, of the department of vertebrate pale- ontology, American Museum, and Mr. Paul Miller, of Chicago University, temporarily attached to the staff of the Museum, spent a part of last summer collecting fossil verte- brates in the Eocene Bridger formation of Wyoming. A valuable collection, including skeletons of some of the rare and interesting primitive carnivores, rodents, etc., has been 9S NATURAL sent to the Museum, and will be mentioned more fully in a later number of Natura History. Dinosaur Remains Near New YorKk.— A fossil footprint of a dinosaur, recently pre- sented to the American Museum by a member of the staff of that institution, Mr. E. D. Carter, reminds one that these reptiles once inhabited the country around New York. The footprint was found near Boonton, New Jersey, and as similar tracks have been found in the Connecticut valley, there is little doubt that these animals ranged over all the area between. Their bones have been found in the red shales and sandstones of Connecticut, but are very rare. Fossil skeletons seldom stand out from the weathered surface of the rock. They can be recognized, however, by their white or yellowish color and by the characteristic outlines of the vertebre or limb bones. CONSERVATION PuEBLos or New Mexico THREATENED.— The American Museum has_ codperated with the Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology and with other public-spirited bodies and individuals in an effort to protect the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, threatened by the Bursum Land Bill, which proposed by an ex post facto act of Congress to legalize the illegal invasion by settlers of lands which these Indians have irrigated for centuries and on the retention of which, in that region of little water, their very existence depends. At the instance of Dr. Herbert L. Spinden, until recently as- sociate curator of Mexican and Central American Archeology, American Museum, President Henry Fairfield Osborn sent to a number of senators and congressmen the letter quoted below: From very long experience and observation in all the states and territories of the West, since the year 1877, when I first went into Wyoming, and from subsequent journeys into Colorado, New Mexico, the Dakotas, Mon- tana, Nebraska, and California, I am warmly in favor of preserving, both in letter and in spirit, our agreements with the Indians. I have especially observed in the Navajo Res- ervation the advantageous working of this principle. Among all the Indians, none are so deserv- ing of protection as the Pueblos—people who have never raised an arm against the United States and who have preserved their customs and culture as a wonderful and, in many respects, a beautiful monument of the past life of America. HISTORY Together with all my scientific colleagues and with the Trustees of the American Mu- seum, I trust that Senate Bill 3855, known as the Bursum Land Bill, will not be passed b the House. It is the entering oun whic means not only the breaking of our national word but the breaking up of this most remark- able culture, which should be kept sacred by us, like our forests and great scenic wonders and beauties. Trusting that you will not only oppose this Bill, but that you will use all reasonable in- fluence against it, I am, Respectfully yours, Henry Farrrietp OsBorn President It is gratifying to learn that this vicious Bill has been recalled by a resolution adopted by the Senate and that a preponderance of sentiment in Congress seems to be sternly arrayed against its passage. PRESERVATION OF THE PRONGHORN ANTE- LopE.—President Henry Fairfield Osborn of the American Museum has received a letter from Mr. Edward Seymour, president of the American Bison Society, which reports very favorable progress in the work to which that society is devoted, namely, the preservation of our fast-disappearing large game. Mr. Seymour states that the Wichita pre- serve has recently received some additional specimens of the pronghorn antelope which were in fine condition. Part of a previous group of animals which had been brought to the preserve died from ticks, but the loss was made up through antelopes supplied under contract by Mr. C. J. Blazier of Alberta, Canada. Mr. Blazier, under the provisions of the license issued for the securing of ante- lope for preservation, has been quite successful in capturing these animals, and there are now available for distribution seventeen in addi- tion to those which the Wichita preserve purchased. There has been considerable difficulty in rearing antelope on preserves, because of the tick fever, but with experience it is hoped that some means of protection will be devised. It is possible that it will prove advisable to inoculate the antelope against fever. The Society reports very generous responses to the campaign for stocking the Wichita preserve with pronghorn antelope. The Society has been working hard on a census of the bison as well as on one of the pronghorn antelope, and has brought the task to completion. The United States Biological Survey has also been working on a census of the pronghorn antelope. NOTES 90 THE CENTENARY OF LOUIS PASTEUR On the evening of December 27, 1922, the American Museum was the scene of an impres- sive gathering in honor of Louis Pasteur, the Father of Bacteriology, whose centenary those assembled had come to commemorate. The New York Mineralogical Club and the Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, under whose joint auspices the meeting took place, had associated with them in making the occasion a success the following organizations, institu- tions, and departments of the government: Alliance franeaise de New York, American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, United States Department of Agriculture, ‘Department of Health of the City of New York, Federation de I’ Alliance francaise, New York Academy of Sciences, New York Academy of Medicine, Pasteur Laboratories of America, Department of Health of the State of New York, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. Those entering Memorial Hall of the Ameri- can Museum were at once reminded of the significance of the occasion by the wreath- encircled and flag-draped bust of Pasteur, presented through Mrs. Henry Fairfield Osborn,—a replica of the bust by P. Dubois in the Rockefeller Institute. The flags of France and the United States were conspicu- ous in the auditorium, where the meeting took place. President Henry Fairfield Osborn briefly introduced Dr. George F. Kunz, president of the New York Mineralogical Club, who acted as chairman of the evening. Doctor Kunz in his address sketched the various activities of Pasteur with special reference to his work in mineralogy. President Henry Fairfield Osborn, who was the first speaker called upon by Doctor Kunz, dwelt on the spiritual side of the life of Pasteur, emphasizing that “Pasteur will stand as a symbol of the in- timate relation that must develop between the study of nature and the religious life of man” ... “that the two great historical move- ments of love of humanity and knowledge of nature, of the spiritual and intellectual and physical well-being of man, are harmonious parts of a single and eternal truth,” a belief stressed also in Professor Osborn’s volume on Pasteur entitled The New Order of Sainthood. The Hon. Gaston Liebert, consul general of France, then gave a vivid picture of Pasteur, based on his personal knowledge of him. A letter bearing on the celebration of the cen- tenary, signed by President Harding, and a telegram of a similar nature sent by the Hon Charles Hughes, Secretary of State, were then read, The Hon. Hermann M. Biggs, com- missioner, State Department of Health, New York, spoke about the great accomplishment of Pasteur in discovering a cure for hydro- phobia. Dr. George D. Stewart, president of the New York Academy of Medicine, gave an illuminating account of some of Pasteur’s contributions to medicine, a science which his discoveries revolutionized, shaking the whole structure of disease treatment to its founda- tions. There followed addresses by Dr. Pierre Lecomte du Nouy, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, who brought out the fact that “it is due to Pasteur that we have surgery that doesn’t frighten us any more”; by Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, who spoke of Pasteur’s contributions to bac- teriology; by Major Henry J. Nichols of the Medical Corps, U. 8. Army, whose topic was “The Value of Pasteur to the Army”’; and by Professor C.-E. A. Winslow, honorary curator of public health, American Museum, who paid tribute to Pasteur for his splendid spirit of scientific research. In closing the exercises of the evening Director F. A. Lucas, of the Museum, explained scenes from the life of Pasteur as they were thrown on the screen. Since the last issue of NaturaL History the following persons have been elected mem- bers of the American Museum, making the total membership, 6556: Patron: Mr. THoomas NEWBOLD. life Members: MrspamMes Harry Hark- NESS FLAGLER, CLARENCE L. Hay, Henry K. McHara; the Misses Martan Rosy Case and ZELINA T. CLARK; PRorgessorR HutTTron WessteER; Messrs. Luptow 8. Buty, Pup A. CARROLL, JOHN B. Cuiark, J. M. Mac- DONOUGH, STEPHEN K. REED, and BENJAMIN L. WINCHELL. Sustaining Member: Mrs. ErHet Ciybe. Annual Members: MrspAMES CHARLES C. BURLINGHAM, ROBERT JAMES CAMPBELL, RicHarp M. CotGatr, ALFRED C. Coxs, JrR., Puitip N. Curtis, CHARLES F. Cur er, PresTON Daviz, JOHN R. DELAFIELD, STANLEY W. Dexter, ALFRED P. Drx, CHas. A. FLANAGAN, RoBEertT IvES GAMMELL, E. E. GARRISON, ARTHUR S. GRENIER, CLinTON M. Hat, A. G. Hutt, HEsTER Grsson HunTING- TON, Wm. C. LoBENSTINE, Henry M. Mac- 100 NATURAL HISTORY Cracken, H. Esrette Manvitte, Wo. Fettowes MorGcan, Ipa_ 8. OLpRoyp, Cuartes E. Orvis, Francis W. OTHEMAN, and Apotpu J. OurersripGce; the Misses M. Renfe Carnart, Cornevia Van A. Cuapin, MarGarer Gitsey, PHorse A. Heimer, EvizaperH A. Huot, Hazer Hype, Ipa Larurrs, and Lucy C. Simonson; Rear ApMIRAL FRANCIs J. Hiaarnson, U.S.N. and Rear Apmirau J. W, Oman, U.S.N.; the REVEREND Docrors WILLIAM NorMAN GuTH- rre and WiLitiAM Beacn OLMsTEeAD; Docrors Fritz Apeca, Rosr. 8. Grinne_t, Harry M. Impopen, Deas Murpnuy, and GrorGe M. Swirr; Proressor Oris W. CaLpWELt; Messrs. GEORGE TOWNSEND ADEE, HENRY W. Banks, 3p, Henry G. Barron, JR., Witiarp C. Brinton, A. WALLACE CHAUN- cEY, CHARLES M. CoNnNFELT, FRANCIS DE L. CUNNINGHAM, W. vDE L. CUNNINGHAM, Brian C. Curtis, JAMES Stewart Cusu- MAN, CHESTER Date, Wm. R. DAveENnport, Gayer G. Dominick, Cuester W. Farrire, FRANK J. Frost, ALex. GOLDSMITH, WALTER R. Gorpon, Epwarp EE. Hau, Freperick A. Hausey, Ernst B. KavurmMann, Max Kaur- MANN, CHARLES H. LeEr, GrorGE LEVI, CHARLES A. MARSHALL, CHARLES C. Mar- SHALL, Henry L. Maxwe.u, James S. McCuttoun, R. G. McKay, C. G. Micua is, G. W. Minot, Bensamry Moore, Cuas. Moran, SHEPARD A. Moraan, P. RANDOLPH Morris, Raymonp P. R. Nerson, Epwarp T. Nicnots, CxHaArtes Dyer Norron, CHARLES Otis, H. K. Pomroy, WA.reER 8. Poor, CHARLES K. Post, BENJAMIN PRINCE, Ropney Procter, Erving Prouyn, Haroup T. Putsirer, Samuet M. SrecMan, RALPH GreorGE Sropparp, W. S. VAN DER BEntT, WituiaM G. Ver PLanck, Harry L. WALKER, and W. Foster WHITE. Associate Members: MrspAMES DaNIEeL BEcK- wiTH, GorHAM Brooks, Aura C. B. CALKINs, H. Atmrra Dunn, W. H. DunsHer, Epwarp W. Emerson, ANTOINETTE H. Erurinesr, E. H. Faurney, N. B. FarrBpanxs, Mary Van E. Fercuson, A. C. Foster, CHARLES Dor- RANCE Foster, Herpert W. Fox, CHARLES W. Gate, Auaustus M. GerpDEs, KATHERINE GaLe Gere, FrepertcK M. GILBert, A. E. Gopverrroy, H. M. Goopwin, CHar.tes W. GoopygarR, Davin 8. GreENoUGH, JOHN GrisBeEL, R. E. Have, H. R. Hamivron, W. F. Harrineton, Joun E. Harroun, W. A. Haske.tit, Horatio HatTHaway, OLIVER 8. Hawes, James L. Hawtey, H. HeEssen- BRUCcH, GeorGE F. Hitis, JosepH CLARK Hoppin, SypNey A. Jameson, A. F. Jonas, M. E. Jupp, Marrua Groves McKervir, Emma M. Mircnecyi, Cynruia B. ROBERTSON, Davis Sessums, and C. A. SHarpe; the Misses ALuis Beaumont, Katrina CLARK, EvisaBetu T. Davison, Pauline DEDERER, ELeanor B. Eaton, Fanny Foster, Juiia R. Foster, ANNE FrRANcHOT, Marie GIBERT, MarGarert 8, Goopwin, JANE HaLsey, Susan F. Haskins, Carotine Hazarp, Mary G. Huspparp, and CaTrHeERINE WARNER OKEY; Docrors W. A. BruMFIeLp, H. SILVESTER Evans, Lesytre N. Gay, J. M. Goprrey, WituraM Martin, WILuis Bryant Mouton, R. A. Murrxowsk!, Eart READ SCHEFFEL. and ARTHUR SWEENEY; PROFESSOR DuDLEY JAMES Pratr; Messrs. Puriip N. ALBRIGHT, Warp Ames, Jr., SrspHeN G. BRANNON, Forrest N. BuckLanp, Henry 8. CHAFEE, WALTER CHARLES, CLARENCE M,. CLARK, Lyman B. Comstock, W. H. Conran, JEr- FREY Davis, CuHas. C. Dram, CHARLES Srurces DeForest, Coauncry M. DemIna, JaMES DerNorMANDIE, 2p, CHARLES L. DickErT, DonaLtp R. Dickey, Ourver E. DunBaArR, FREDERICK W. Eaton, Wo. L. G. Epson, E. P. Epwarps, JuLtivs Wooster EGGLeston, ALBERT C. ELser, JOHN ELTING, W. H. C. Etwetu, F. A. Emerick, S. M. ENGELHARDT, WILLIAM VAN RENSSELAER Ervinc, Water 8. Evans, Witmor R. Evans, JosepH E. Everert, J. Epwarp FaGEN, FRANKLIN FArRREL, 3D, J. H. Fres- ING, Ricuarp T. Fisner, WM. B. Foster, WiuuraM E. Fuiton, CHarutes C. GARDINER, Joun Gatu, FrepericK A. GAyLorp, R. A. GituiaM, GeEorGE F. GILMoRE, ANDREW GLASSELL, JosEPH C. GoopMAN, James L. Goopwin, Rotanp Gray, Mites GREEN- woop, Henry A. Haricu, Grorce L. Harri- son, Tuos. B. Haywarp, E. M. Herr, Water Hippen, Ouiver C. HILvarp, Jacos Hirrincer, CHartes L. HOoumes, Sipney S. Hott, Henry 8S. HuNNEWELL. J. W. Jounston, Joun S. Jones, F. G. Kat- sER, GeorcGe H. Kuiernnaus, Irvine W. Mercatr, W. F. Preirrer, Myron A. RIce, C. H. Rust, B. 8. Sanrorp, Caryt SPrLuer, Harry C. Srong, Roy R. Streeter, L. At-. vin THoomas, L. L. Watters, Wester E. Wuetess, WiLtiaAM Wirtcuer, and GirrorD K. Wricut; the NepraskA WrsLeYAN UNI- VERSITY LIBRARY. = THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED IN LS6OY MEMBERSHIP MORE THAN SINTY-FIVE HUNDRED For the enrichment of its collections, for the support of its explorations and scientific research, and for the maintenance of its publications, the American Museum of Natural History is dependent wholly upon membership fees and the generosity of friends. More than 6500 members are now enrolled who are thus supporting the work of the Museum. The various classes of membership are: Associate Member (nonresident)* 2 ©. . |. . .~ . annually $3 Annual Member... _.. ... . . . annually 10 Sustaining Member... tS eee Eee _ . annually 25 SS ee A gia ee tee 100 Fellow .. pete: he NT ce as ee a | 500 Ee SS Te ee a a | 1,000 EEE EE SS ONE co fn Te re a 10,000 ca, Bites re So ; 25,000 rT ee ee i ee ee ss 60000 *Persons residing fifty miles or more from New York City Subscriptions by check and inquiries regarding membership should be addressed: George F. Baker, Jr., Treasurer. American Museum of Natural History, New York City. NATURAL HISTORY: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM, FREE TO MEMBERS Natura History, published bimonthly by the Museum, is sent to all classes of members as one of their privileges. Through Narurau History they are kept in touch with the activities of the Museum and with the marvels of nature as they are revealed by study and exploration in various regions of the globe. COURSES OF POPULAR LECTURES FOR MEMBERS A series of illustrated lectures, held in the Auditorium of the Museum on alternate Thursday evenings in the fall and spring of the year, is open only to members and to those holding tickets given them by members. Illustrated stories for the children of members are told on alternate Saturday mornings in the fall and in the spring. MEMBERS’ CLUB ROOM AND GUIDE SERVICE A room on the third floor of the Museum, equipped with every convenience for rest, reading, and correspondence, is set apart during Museum hours for the exclusive use of members. When visiting the Museum, members are also privi- leged to avail themselves of the services of an instructor for guidance. - pupils and delivered both in the Museum and in many school centers; throug Ag The American Museum of Natural wines has a record of more than fi fi years of public usefulness, during which its activities have grown and bro vt until today it occupies a position of recognized importance not only in theo munity it immediately serves but in the educational life of the nation. — year brings evidence—in the growth of the Museum membership, in larger number of individuals visiting its exhibits for study and reeeation, i rapidly expanding activities of its school service, in the wealth of s« information gathered by its expeditions and disseminated through i its De ie ca tions—of the increasing influence exercised by the institution. . fi ‘ % In 1922 no fewer than 1,309,856 individuals visited the Museum as ¢ gains ! 1,174,397 in 1921, and 1,038,014 in 1920. All of these people had access to : exhibition halls without the payment of any admission fee whatsoever. EXPEDITIONS of the American Museum, working during the past y several parts of Asia—where finds of extraordinary value were made—in So America, Africa, Australia, Europe, in the South Pacific Islands, in the \ Indies, and in selected areas of our North American continent, have tly riched knowledge. Many habitat groups, embodying specimens secured by 1 ni expeditions, are planned for the new Museum buildings, the erection of which h has been authorized by the city. . a “i The SCHOOL SERVICE of the Museum reaches annually more than 4,000,000 boys and girls, through the opportunities it affords classes of students to visit the Museum; through lectures on natural history especially designed for a: An - > T its loan collections, or “traveling museums,’ which during the past year circu-— lated among 475 schools, with a total attendance of 1,648,608 pupils. During the same period 330,298 lantern slides were loaned by the Museum for, use in the schools as against 209,451 in 1921. the total number of children reached ing 2,582, 585. ; LECTURES, some exclusively for members and their friends, others janes general public, are delivered both in the Museum and at outside educational: > institutions. as The LIBRARY, comprising 100,000 volumes, is at the service of acientifiem workers and Shans interested in natural history, and an attractive reading out is provided for their accommodation. af. The POPULAR PUBLICATIONS of the Museum, in addition to Natural nee History, include Handbooks, which deal with the subjects illustrated by the | collections, and Guide Leaflets, which describe some exhibit, or series of exhibits; — of special interest or importance, or the contents of some hall or some branch. of < Museum activity. 3 The SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS of the Museum, based upon its exple ri ations and the study of its collections, comprise the Memoirs, of quarto. size, devoted to monographs requiring large or fine illustrations and exhaustive'treat=« ment; the Bulletin, issued since 1881, in octavo form, dealing with the Scientific - ; activities of the departments, aside from anthropology; the Anthropological Papers, recording the work of the staff of the department of anthropology; and. Novitates, devoted to the publication of preliminary scientific announeements, | descriptions of new forms, and similar matters. “Ss A detailed list of the publications, with prices, may be had upon application to the se ~—- Librarian, American Museum of Natural History, New York City) © © Vol. XXIII MARCH-APRIL, 1923 No. 2 NATURAL HISTORY THE WORLD’S LARGEST TREE FROG Night photography in Santo Domingo by the Angelo Heilprin Expedition BY G. KINGSLEY NOBLE MODERN MERMAIDS Creatures of the fancy that have taken tangible shape BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS FLOWERS AND THEIR INSECT VISITORS Some unsolved problems of their relationship BY FRANK E. LUTZ WHITE GOATS OF THE SAWTOOTH MOUNTAINS Experiences during a collecting trip in Idaho BY H. E. ANTHONY A TUNNEL OF VOLCANIC ORIGIN A subterranean conduit in Deschutes County, Oregon, through which at one time flowed a white-hot stream of molten lava BY IRA A. WILLIAMS THE CHAMOIS OF THE PYRENEES—AN ESKIMO DOG—FISHING FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES—THE CROOKED KNIFE—THE EMPEROR GOOSE—NATURAL GRAFTAGE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION $3.00 SINGLE COPIES 50 CENTS FREE TO MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATE MEMBERS OF THE MUSEUM The American Museum of Natural History Board of Trustees Henry Farreietp Osporn, President CLEVELAND H. Donae, First Vice President J. P. MoraGan, Second Vice President Georce F. Baker, Jr., Treasurer Percy R. Pyne, Secretary GeorceE F, BAKER FreperiIck FF, BrewsTEer Freperick TruBe Davison CLEVELAND Eart Dopae Water DouGLas CuiLps Frick MapiIson GRANT Joun F. Hytan, Mayor or THE Crty or New York Cuarves L. Craic, COMPTROLLER OF THE Crry OF New YORK Francis D. GALLATIN, COMMISSIONER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS Grorore H. Suerwoop, Executive Secretary Scientific Staff Frepenric A. Lucas, 8c.D., Director hi Rosert C Murpuy, Assistant to the Director (in Scientific Correspondence, Exhibition, and Labeling) James L. Cuark, Assistant to the Director (in Full DIVISION OF MINERALOGY AND GEOLOGY W.D. Marruew, F.R.S., Curator-in-Chief Geology and Invertebrate Palwontology Epmunp Or1s Hovey, Px.D., Curator Cuester A. Reeps, Px.D., Associate Curator of Inverte- brate Paleontology Mineralogy Herpert P. Wuit.ock, C.F., Curator Georce F. Kunz, Pu.D., Research Associate, Gems Vertebrate Paleontology Henry Farrrietp Osporn, LL.D., D.Sc., Honorary Cu- rator ; W. D. Martruew, Pu.D., Curator Warer GRANGER, Associate Curator of Fossil Mammals Barnum Brown, A.B., Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles Cuaries C. Mook, Pa.D., Associate Curator Wiuuram K. Grecory, Pu.D., Associate in Paleontology Curips Frick, B.S. Research Associate in Paleontology DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY FRANK Micuiter CHaApMAN, N.A.S., Curator-in-Chief Lower Invertebrates Roy W. Miner, Pu.D., Curator WILuLarp G. Van Name, Pu.D., Assistant Curator FRANK J. Myers, Research Associate, Rotifera Horace W. SrunKarp, Px.D., Research Associate, Para- sitology A. L. TREADWELL, PuH.D., Research Associate, Annulata Entomology Frank E. Lutz, Px.D., Curator A. J. Murcuuer, Assistant Curator in Coleoptera Frank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant in Lepidoptera Wituiam M. Wueecer, Pu.D., Research Associate, Social Insects CHARLES W. Lena, B.S., Research Associate, Coleoptera HersBert F. Scuwarz, A.M., Research Associate, Hymen- optera Ichthyology BasHFORD Dean, Pu.D., Honorary Curator Joun T. Nicuoxs, A.B., Associate Curator of Recent Fishes E. W. Gupcer, Pu.D., Associate in Ichthyology Herpetology G. Kinesiey Nosue, Px.D., Associate Curator (In Charge) ArtTuuR I. OrTENBURGER, M.S., Assistant Curator Ornithology FRANK M. CHapMan, Sc.D., Curator W. DeW. MILER, Associate Curator Ropert CusHMAN Murpuy, D.Sc, Associate Curator of Marine Birds James P. Cuapin, A.M., Assistant Curator, African Birds LupLtow Griscom, M.A., Assistant Curator JONATHAN Dwiacut, M.D., Research Associate in North American Ornithology : Mrs. Evste M. B. ReicHeENBERGER, Research Assistant Mammalogy Roy C. AnprRews, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of the Eastern Hemisphere WititaM AVERELL HARRIMAN — ArcuEerR M. HunTINGTON ADRIAN ISELIN ARTHUR CURTISS JAMES Wa cter B. JAMES OGpEN MILLS A. Perry OsBORN GeorGce D. Pratrr THEODORE ROOSEVELT Leonarp C. SANFORD Joun B. Trevor Fevtrx M. WarsurG harge of Preparation). H. E. Anrnony, A.M., Associate Curator of Mammals of the Western Hemisphere HERBERT LANG, Assistant Curator, African Mammals Car E. AKE ey, Associate in Mammalogy Comparative Anatomy WiiuiaM K. Grecory, Px.D., Curator S. H. Cuvuss, Assistant Curator ‘ J. Howarp McGrecor, Pxs.D., Research Associate in Human Anatomy DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY CiLarK WIiss.er, Ps.D., Curator-in-Chief Anthropology CuiarRK Wiss_er, Pu.D., Curator Purny E. Gopparp, Px.D., Curator of Ethnol N. C. Netson, M.L., Associate Curator of ‘Archeolaia CHARLES W. Meap, Assistant Curator of Peruvian Arche ology Louis R. Suuuivan, Px.D., Assistant Curator, Ph Anticon Crarence L. Hay, A.M., Research Associate in Mexics and Central American Archwology Mito Hetiman, D.D.S., Research Associate in Physical Anthropology Comparative Physiology Ratpxu W. Tower, Px.D., Curator Comparative Anatomy WituiaM K. Grecory, Px.D., Curator J. Howarp McGrecor, Px.D., Research Associate in Human Anatomy a DIVISION OF EDUCATION AND PUBLICATION Grorce H. SHerwoop, A.M., Curator-in-Chief Library and Publications Racpy W. Tower, Px.D., Curator Ipa RicHAarDson Hoop, A.B., Assistant Librarian Public Education GeEorGE H. SHeRwoop, A.M., Curator G. CLype FisHer, Pxs.D., Associate Curator Rots Crossy NoBte, B.A., Assistant Curator Grace FisHer Ramsey, Assistant Curator Public Health CHARLES-EpwaRD Amory Winstow, D.P.H., Hone Curator Mary Greia, Assistant Natural History Magazine Herpert F. Scuwarz, A.M., Editor A. KATHERINE BERGER, Assistant Editor Apvisory COMMITTEE Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Director Ropert C. Murpuy, Px.D., Assistant to the Director FRANK M. Cuapman, Sc.D., Curator-in-Chief, Division ¢ Zodélogy and Zoégeography W. D. Marrsew, Px.D., Curator-in-Chief, Division ¢ Mineralogy and Geology NATURAL HISTORY THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM DEVOTED TO NATURAL HISTORY, EXPLORATION, AND THE DEVELOP- MENT OF PUBLIC EDUCATION THROUGH THE MUSEUM Bs : f pio sr tet a He a Ate eh i tt Be TT 7 p ~ ils} Te ee a | A k MARCH-APRIL, 1923 [Published April, 1923] VOLUME XXIII, NUMBER 2 Copyright, 1923, by the American Museum of Natural History, New York. N. Y. NATURAL HISTORY Votume XXIII CONTENTS FOR MARCH-APRIL NuMBER 2 In Pursuit of the Giant Tree Frog ................. G. KinGstey NoBLe 104 Night hunting in Santo Domingo by the Angelo Heilprin Expedition Photographs by the author and by Mrs. G. Kingsley Noble, taken for the most part by flashlight Field Studies of Dominican Tree Frogs and Their Haunts G. Kincstey Nosie 117 A series of photographs, several of them taken by flashlight and one by moonlight Modern Mermaida<.....55% + dents s oe ke tbo eee Freperic A. Lucas 122 Creatures of the fancy that have taken tangible shape Photographs supplied by courtesy of Mrs. Walter Taylor and Mr. Max F. Clement Flowers and Their Insect Visitors.................... FrANK E. Lutz 125 Some unsolved problems of their relationships _ Photographs by the author and by Miss E. M. Kittredge The Extinction of Sea Mammals............ ROBERT CUSHMAN Murpuy 135 Devastating slaughter that has decimated an interesting fauna The Chamois of the Pyrenees.) 2. A ce eee ee V. Forsin’ 138 A fleet-footed dweller in rocky places Photographs by M. Jové White Goats of the Sawtooth Mountains.............. H. E. ANrHony 142 Experiences during a collecting trip to the region about Stanley Lake, Idaho Photographs by the author and by Mr. Tom Williams The Story of an Eskimo Dog... (2... 4.0.4... cn eaae G. CLiypE FisHer 155 A review of Polaris by Ernest Harold Baynes With decorative headpiece ~ HN ishing From the Harhest Timen” |. 57.0203 40%2a. see E. W. GupGer’ 156 A review of the new volume by William Radcliffe With illustrations from the volume A es e ’ The Story of the Crooked Knife... 0. yen oe. 8 CLARK WISSLER 159 The probable origin of an instrument of curious shape and sharply demarked distribution With a map of the area where the knife is used and photographs of specimens in the collections of the American Museum The Lava River Tunnel. 6-05 a eae ee eee Ira A. Wituiams' 162 A subterranean conduit in Deschutes County, Oregon, through which at one time flowed a white-hot stream of molten lava ; : Photographs by the author, of the interior of the tunnel The Haunts of the Emperor Goose.................. ALFRED M. BartEy 172 A collecting trip undertaken on behalf of the Colorado Museum of Natural History to the northwestern tip of North America Photographs, taken by the author, of the region and its bird life Natural Root Graftage and the Overgrowth of Stumps of Conifers C. C. PEMBERTON 182 How life may be prolonged indefinitely in decapitated trees of this group Natural Gratinge: .-o0 0s ire. co aa fae ee eee C. C. PEMBERTON 184 A series of photographs of trees in Vancouver that illustrate different phases of this phenomenon NOUteS... ..0. 6 os so wee 0 bcd chs ots dare oo wd a a eee ee 192 Published bimonthly, by the American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y. Subscription price $3.00 a year. Subscriptions should be addressed to George F. Baker, Jr., Treasurer, American Museum of Natural History, 77th St. and Central Park West, New York City. Natura History is sent to all members of the American Museum as one of the privileges of membership. Entered as second-class matter April 3, 1919, at the Post Office at New, York, New York, under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized on July 15, 1918. THE GIANT FROG OF SANTO DOMINGO After the sun has set, the giant tree frog, Hyla vasta, leaves his hiding place among the tree tops and descends to some rocky ravine. There, flattened out on a mossy bowlder i midstream, he rests for hours, seemingly enjoying the cool mists which arise from the tor. rents. So closely does the frog resemble the moss and lichen of his surroundings that he would rarely be observed were it not for his big shiny eves, which are conspicuous ever when closed, the lower eyelid being translucent. The frog must be hunted at night, for at the first glint of dawn he again seeks his ar. boreal retreat. Hunting at night isnot an easy matter in these slippery, bowlder-strewr chasms. It would be utterly hopeless were it not for the fact that sometimes the male call: loudly for his mate. It is more of a sob than a call, but it brings joy to the hunter, stimulat- ing him to push on once more through the reeking darkness 104 NATURAL Votume XXIII MARCH HISTORY APRIL Numpern 2 In Pursuit of the Giant Tree Frog NIGHT HUNTING IN SANTO DOMINGO BY THE ANGELO HEILPRIN EXPEDITION By G. KINGSLEY NOBLE Associate Curator of Herpetology (In Charge), T WAS some years ago that I first saw the giant tree frog of Santo Do- mingo. That specimen, the type, stood with its fellow Hylidw on a shelf in the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia. Its head tow- ered high over those of its relatives, for the Dominican giant frog is by far the largest tree frog in the world. For half a century many individuals have gazed at this specimen of Hyla vasta, the only one known, and have no doubt wondered, as I did, how the creature looked in life, what was the character of its voice, and what the length of the leap it could take with its tremendous legs. Still, through all these years the whereabouts and activities of this king of tree climbers remained unknown. Last summer, through the interest of friends of the American Museum, an expedition was organized to search for this huge batrachian. The veteran naturalist, Dr. W. L. Abbott, had just returned from Santo Domingo with information as to where the creature might be found. Natives had brought him two small specimens. Stimulated by this announcement, we too hoped to secure for the Museum’s new hall of reptile and amphibian life specimens of the giant tree frog. If in addition we should be fortunate enough to work out its life history, we would have a fit subject for a habitat group. The expedition was to have the sup- port of the U. S. Marines stationed American Museum in Santo Domingo. The Guardia Nacional Dominicana would help us. With much advice, a few letters, and a full share of impedimenta, we left New York, not, however, without some mis- givings. It is one thing to make gen- eral collections in a foreign land, and it is another to endeavor to secure information in regard to any particular creature. I thought of half a dozen Amphibia living within fifty miles of New York City, the life history of which was still unknown. How many times had I sought in vain for the eggs of those creatures! Ten days later our party left San Francisco de Macoris, the last Do- minican town, and started for an outlier of the northern mountain range known as the Quita Espuela. Our party must have seemed formidable to the natives we passed. There was Sergeant Schroff, who could not under- stand why he was “always given the hard details,’ a private who was glad to be in the hills, our guide and camp man, Juan, a pack train of six well- groomed mules, and finally my wife and I. This northern range parallels the coast and robs the trade winds of much of their moisture. It is on the slopes of these mountains that rain falls al- most continually. Dense, reeking jungles struggle to choke the torrents that carve the mountain-sides. Here giant Ceiba trees grow to enormous proportions. Epiphytes climb every- 105 106 where, competing with each other for the little sunshine that filters down to them through chinks in the jungle roof. It was late in the afternoon before the base of cloud- reached we had The expedition, accompanied by marines, headed at once for the Quita Espuela Our mules along a zigzag trail, over eapped Quita stumbled Espuela. innumerable fallen logs, finally to give up entirely about a hundred yards from the place where we hoped to camp. The mist shroud drooped low over the mountains, turned from white to gray, and then to nearly black. A camp we had to have and that very quickly. some There was a mountain stream NATURAL HISTORY yards away, that fell splashing in cascades and then babbled for a con- siderable distance over moss-covered bowlders. To the edge of this stream we carried our duffel. A clatter of machetes, a creaking of straps, and our little tent raised itself up, shook the odor of paraffin from its emerald sides and snuggled back among the wild plantain which lined the bank. But the rain we expected did not come. With some hesitation we un- covered our duffel and prepared for the evening meal. Dusk had already fallen. A crab-bird screamed his evening com- plaint from high up on the mountain, innumerable bats appeared from no- where and fluttered back and forth across our patches of heaven. I drew close to the water’s edge to fill one of the buckets. Two gray bats had already taken up their ceaseless vigil, crossing and re-crossing the stream. At my feet was a small pool where the water smoothed out between two rapids. As I looked, a pair of luminous eyes appeared from a dark corner of the pool, only to vanish in turn as their possessor moved quickly across the current to another Then another pair of these diminutive head- lights appeared and disappeared. I realized that there were dozens of these shining eyes, moving shuttle-like now here, now there. I went back to camp, found a flash light, returned, The eyes shone more brilliantly than corner. and ever. I drew nearer and made out the form of a huge shrimp, with stalklike eyes aflame in the light of the flash lamp. There were many of these shrimps and some carried masses of eggs attached to their swimmerets. While I was thus absorbed, there arose from the tree tops high overhead call, resonant and cavernous, ook-ook-ook. I thought of a reverberating * PT 1 | te el \ } At night as we wandered through the forests we sometimes chanced upon a native hut all aglow with the evening fire Few of the back-coun- try natives can boast of more than a single cook- ing vessel, but their warm hospitality more than makes up for their poor cuisine. Their bill-of-fare is limited. Besides beans and rice (the national dish), they have plantains and sometimes meat. Their favorite dish is an atrocious pork stew, high- ly seasoned, often not very digestible. Although these people have none of the conveniences or com- forts of those living near the coast, they are always happy. Never did we see a Dominican treat his children badly. The boys and girls, like everyone else, had many chores to perform, but on no occa- sion were they punished even though they failed to do their work well LOS NATURAL HISTORY the geckos | had heard welcoming the this call was (‘ould I waited breathlessly. Whether night in Guadeloupe, but more subdued, more guttural. it be a Nearer frog? came the voice. elf, the I seized my field glasses, gecko, frog, or creature was descending. but could discern nothing. Once more, 0ok-ook-ook, then silence! still no It was supper time so I re- 00k-ook-ook TT ‘1 sound! minutes and further turned to camp and swallowed a few mouthfuls. Then Juan and I seized our two big acetylene lights and dashed We would work together until we ran down that voice. off into the night. First we followed a trail skirting the edge of a half-made conwuco, or clearing, Individual frogs were studied throughout the night. Neither the glow of the acetylene lamp nor the sudden glare of the flashlight inter- rupted their activities. They continued their calling, love-making, and feeding as if our lamp was nothing but a giant firefly passing through their world. With the flash gun an accurate record may be made of these hap- penings. The flash gun, though often used for making portraits of big game, has never hitherto been used for recording the life sto- ries of the small deni- zens of the tropical forest then crossed a stream bed into a dense The night was alive with tiny metallic and_ bell-like, others soft, scarcely aspirated. ‘To one side of us we heard a_ click-click-click that was very insect-like, but continued diminuendo of delicate bird We turned and there, perched jungle. voices, some into a notes. IN PURSUIT OF THE GIANT TREE FROG Lov in the very center of a leaf, was a tiny frog, less than an inch in length, with the lower part of its throat inflated into a glistening bubble. Never before had I seen a frog which inflated the lower part of its throat without distending the whole. We seized the little singer quickly and were about to proceed when we heard the bark of a “dog” sounding from a tangle of lianas forty feet above our heads. It was a very woeful call, such as only a lonely dog— or a frog—could make. Our lights were at once pointed skyward but we could see nothing save the festoons of mosses swinging in the night air. In the glare of the headlight the jungle at night is transformed into a different world from that observed during the day. Everything within the magic circle of the light stands out in relief. Inky shadows thrust forth long arms. Fallen trees spring up and take on ominous proportions. Colors lose their values. Every stub and leaf turns to either black or gold. Drops of moisture reflecting back the rays of the light shine out like a thousand jewels. The forest becomes a land of mystic exaggerations. It is not the strange sights, however, but the sounds which make the night forest awesome, even fearful. Voices, some soft and whispering, others harsh and grating, greet one on allsides. The monotonous chirping of the cricket we recognize at once, but what are those anvils ringing in the distance? A rustling in the near-by bushes and our imagination soars! Land crabs, large tarantulas, and whip scorpions seek their prey after the sun has set. One never loiters in the forest at night. Something always seems to be waiting there in the darkness. With a last shot of our long acetylene rays toward the tree-top “dog,” we . plunged on once more. ‘wo hundred vards beyond we came to a third stream that was swifter and more torrential than the other two. There inviting about the white foam splashing in the light of our We turned and headed up- Hardly had we started when a shrill cry arose was something lamps. stream toward the mountain. high above the swirl of the current. I sounded like a jet of escaping steam or a locomotive whistle stammering We scrambled upward over slippery rocks, gained a bend in the torrent, and there beheld sitting on a rock in midstream and fairly bursting with exertion, a bril- liant golden-green tree frog, flecked with white above and partly concealing with his legs four gaudy patches of brightest gold. I recognized at once that it was a species new to science, and whispered to Juan that we must capture it at any cost. Most frogs will show no concern toward the acetylene lamp, continuing their calling as tran- quilly as if the lamp were only the moon staring down upon them. Not so our handsome new species. Hardly had the light settled squarely upon him when he ceased calling abruptly, edged off to the side of the rock, and jumped—whether intentionally or not I could not determine—into the heart of the swiftest current. The white waters threw up their arms a little higher. Our prize had disappeared. We were now far from camp and low in spirit. We resolved to take the shortest way back through the jungle. A few yards and we were swallowed up in vines and lianas; but Juan had his machete and we progressed. Nothing is so black as a jungle at might. Our headlights pierced the saturated air with difficulty. We stopped to catch our breath. A “dog” barked high under excess pressure. 110 overhead, another just ahead of us replied. Cautiously we moved for- ward. Again the ‘‘dog” gave forth a smothered bark. I pushed Juan aside, and, searcely breathing, parted the lianas. There, two yards ahead, was a great brown tree frog, with sharp snout and a black stripe through the eye. No, it was not the giant frog we were seeking, but it was a_ species Most frogs call with their mouth closed. Only a few have learned the trick of scream- ing with wide-open mouth. The male bark- ing frog, Eleutherodactylus inoptatus would open his mouth on the slightest provocation and squeal like a pig Even as we looked, the frog puffed out his throat into a white balloon, the size of a golf ball, and gave a mournful ba Keeping my light shining in his eyes, I slipped my free hand along the frog’s back and seized him quickly. Then a _ very strange thing happened. The frog opened his mouth and screamed like a frightened pig. When frogs call, they keep their mouth tightly closed. Very nearly as rare. wo-ow! NATURAL HISTORY few have learned the trick of opening their mouth to ery. The pond frog of eastern United States, when grabbed suddenly, screams like an injured child. Our spade-foot toad may give a series of loud clucks with open mouth. But never before was it known that an Eleutherodactylus had adopted a similar “terrifying behavior.” In my excitement I had noticed nothing but the frog. Before I had him safely bagged, Juan tugged at my arm and pointed out a tree snake asleep on a branch just above my head. The snake, nearly four feet long but not half an inch in diameter, so closely resembled the vines that I did not see it at first. As Juan lowered the limb, I recognized the species as a diurnal form that spends the sunlight hours stalk- ing unfortunate lizards. Its mouth is equipped with two long fangs just be- hind the other teeth. Although these fangs are too small and too far back in the head to injure man, they are decidedly effective on smaller prey. We moved on joyously to camp. If the giant tree frog did not live in these jungles, at least other interesting creatures did. We gained the ridge at the foot of which lay our camp. A light shone up from the tent door toward the tree tops. Mrs. Noble was signaling to us to approach cau- tiously. I caught the word maco grande—giant frog. 1 smiled; she, too, had been fooled by the barking frog, I mused, and stepped rather briskly forward. I saw she was hold- ing a flash lamp on something up in the wild plantain in front of the tent door. As I stepped nearer, there took shape against the velvety blackness of the night a tree frog so large that it seemed unreal. Its four immense feet were flattened out against the plaintain stalk but its head, with staring orbs, IN PURSUIT OF THE GIANT TREE FROG 11] slowly turned as if contemplating in which direction to leap. I thought of my lost species and a chill went down back. | slipped out of my coat, and stealthily With both hands free my dropped everything, moved nearer. I could not miss! Nearer lcame. Why not the gun, I thought. Perhaps | could not hold the creature. But it With both Something squashy was too late to go back. hands I clutched. slipped in my fingers. Without daring to look, I dropped the frog into the bag which Juan stretched toward me. In another moment we were inside the tent, with mosquito bar closed, ready to examine our capture. It was then that I noted that my hands were red and swollen. I must have brushed up against a “poison ivy tree” in the jungle, I thought. We opened the bag cautiously; a penetrating odor like that of burning mustard, though more acrid and sickening, streamed forth. I looked more closely at my hands. To the red swellings was adhering some of the mucus from the frog’s skin. In a moment it was clear to me—the skin of the giant frog had badly poisoned me, The skin of all frogs and toads con- tains two kinds of glands: mucus and poison. But the poison of the latter gland was not known hitherto to be injurious to the unprotected hands. Toads do not produce warts, nor can they inflame one’s skin in any way. Their glands secrete a poison which affects only mucus membranes, such as those in the nostrils and the eyes. The skin of the giant tree frog, we gradually realized, must be extremely poisonous to burn the hand. We con- cluded it would be well not to experi- ment further. The cutting odor alone warned us of the serious results which we might expect if we should brush any ol the secretion accidentally into our Cyecs, We had captured thi king of the tre Thy mysterious voce Irom the tree Lop climbers at our vers doorstep, had come nearer and nearer while Mrs The green tree snake, Uromacer oryr- hynchus (lower picture), feeds primarily on lizards. It has fangs far back in the mouth. The poison it injects in its victim is not sufficiently virulent to harm man, but it is apparently very effective on lizards. Anolis cybotes, the lizard in the upper picture, quickly dies when struck by this serpent Lizard eggs have the appearance of chicken eggs in miniature, but the larger eggs (those Anolis) have a leathery shell. Some snails lay eggs identical in outer appearance with Some of the larger eggs eggs, but those of lizards. ‘ shown here are not “chameleon” the eggs of a helicid snail, Pleurodonte A passing lizard, Anolis cybotes, was at- tracted by our metamorphosing — tadpoles, Hyla heilprini, and attempted to seize these titbits through the glass walls of the aquarium Noble waited below, and it was only that of the glory of tackling his batrachi- But our sudden return robbed her an majesty single-handed. our NATURAL HISTORY work had just begun. Where did the female tree frog lay her eggs? Where did the young spend their larval life? Our attack upon the problem began earlier than we expected. The next morning, as Mrs. Noble was dipping up water for the coffee pot, she almost scooped up a tadpole. It was attached to one of the bowlders in midstream. As no mountain-brook tadpoles had been recorded previously from the West Indian region, or in fact anywhere in the neotropics, we forgot our coffee for the moment and everyone joined in a tadpole hunt. We soon found that all the tadpoles in the stream near camp belonged to one species. They were all the same color—a mottled gray with yellow spots on the tail. Most remarkable their mouth parts, arranged row after row and forming a great cup by which the tad- poles adhered to the rocks in spite of the current. Directly across the brook from our camp Juan found an egg mass in a little basin of water among the rocks lining the shore. The eggs, many hundreds in number, were hatching and we hastened to build a cheesecloth ‘age completely around the mass to prevent the little tadpoles from wriggling away among the crannies between the rocks. To what species these tadpoles and these eggs belonged Further ob- servations alone could determine this, That morning marked the beginning of three weeks of intensive hunting. The daylight hours spent in seeking everywhere for eggs, tadpoles, and young. During the night we ran down the voices that called to us from the dark. We soon found that there were several kinds of tadpoles in our region, and that the different kinds were always confined to particular were we could only surmise. were IN PURSUIT OF THE GIANT TREE FROG 113 habitats. In the mud puddles and ponds of stagnant water there were myriads of fat-bodied pollywogs, in- descent brown in color and with a few short rows of larval teeth. In the lower portions of the mountain where the torrents broke into rapids interrupted by pools, we always found the gray tadpoles of our camp. They so closely resembled the rocks on which they rested that we rarely noticed them until they moved. High up on the mountain-sides, where the streams fell in cascades, throwing masses of spray toward the overhanging tree ferns, we found a third kind of tadpole. As if in adaptation to these swifter waters, the body of this tadpole was narrower, the tail more powerful, thicker at the base, thus affording better “stream lines”’ than in our gray tadpole of the camp pool. The mouth parts of this swift- torrent tadpole formed a broader cup with more rows of teeth than was the ease in the camp tadpole. Its color was very much like that of the latter, but the yellow marks on the tail and rump formed a distinctive pattern. We had many misgivings regarding our ability to rear these mountain- torrent tadpoles. Surely they must require highly aérated water. We placed a few, however, in one of the small glass aquaria and set it away in the shade. When we returned some hours later, the little tadpoles were not only alive but were so active that they had attracted a passing lizard, which, just as we arrived, was making des- perate efforts to seize these dainty morsels through the glass sides of the vessel, against which he was bumping his snout ineffectually. One night, as we were running down some of the diminutive yellow frogs that shrilly proclaimed their presence in the tangle of dodder and brush streams, Male “chameleon,” Anolis cybotes, spread- ing throat fan and neck crest in amorous ex- citement. Only the male “chameleons”’ are equipped to give such emotional display bordering the lower streams, we came suddenly upon one of these little frogs —a male—watching over a clutch of 114 NATURAL HISTORY Four days old! The young of the warbling frog Eleutherodactylus, new species, hatches fully formed from the egg eggs, which in the aggregate appeared to be larger than their tiny guardian. These eggs, which were of considerable size and white, were laid on land on a dead leaf some yards from the water. Frog eggs laid in water swell rapidly immediately after being deposited. These eggs were so large they must have swollen considerably, but from just where they absorbed their mois- The eggs of some of the Dominican frogs are of large size and are zealously guarded by the male. This little fellow, Eleuthero- dactylus flavescens, returned to his charge even after being frightened away ture to bring about this condition we could not determine. A few days later we discovered that the barking frog, too, laid great white eggs. These were deposited on land in a depression some distance from the trickling stream, and apparently guarded by the male. One discovery followed another, and soon we had our camp converted into a great frog nursery with hundreds of eggs in all stages of development. We found that more than half the species of the region laid eggs on land, and that these eggs were always large and unpigmented. They did not hatch out as tadpoles, as one would expect, but fully formed frog- lets. Most of the froglets cut their way through the egg capsules by means of a sharp egg-tooth on the snout, but the froglets of the barking frog seemed dependent on rains to initiate the hatching process. Some of the froglets on hatching were extremely small, the voung of the little forest frog first dis- covered measuring only four milli- meters in length. Often at night we would come across whole families of these little froglets making their way through the forest and as they moved from leaf to leaf they seemed, casually viewed, more like insects than frogs. The large white eggs of the tadpole- less frogs were in striking contrast to the small pigmented eggs that we found in the pools and that hatched as tadpoles. Why, we might ask, should two frogs living on the same stream bank develop in two such different ways? The water embryos, provided with a minimum amount of yolk, we might liken to a boy with limited means. Frog and boy must get out early in life and hustle, each seeking his own upkeep. Not so with the embryo richly supplied with yolk; in its case the troublesome tadpole period => je, Aftera rain, the frogs call loudest. But this little yellow frog, Hleutherodactylus flave- d , "A scens, rarely permitted us to watch him sing. At the slightest disturbance he ceased calling immediately and jumped quickly out of sight The Dominican striped tree frog, Hyla pulchrilineala, does not blow out his throat like most frogs when calling. Nevertheless, his song, or wheeze, is very penetrating— sounding like the rhythmical creaking of an old harness 115 116 can be avoided. But what about the volk? Was the frog family originally rich? Did frogs provide well for their children? If not, how did one group of frogs suddenly become rich? And why should rich and poor live side by side? But to return to our giant tree frog,—as time went on and the evidence heaped up, our case against the giant tree frog became clearer. We now very often found pairs calmly seated on bowlders along the lower reaches of the mountain streams. They seemed thoroughly to enjoy the mists that arose from the dashing waters. Often we would hear them calling from high up in the tree tops and some hours later would steal upon one of them as he left his arboreal retreat to begin his nocturnal mist bath among the bowl- ders of the river bed. Just as we were about to conclude our case, a wonderful thing happened. The tadpoles began to metamorphose. Those of the high torrent that were equipped with the great adhesive mouth parts assumed a_ beautiful green color, and changed within a day into the brilliant golden-green species we had lost the first night. The cor- pulent pollywog of the mud _ puddles changed into a tree frog that is widely known throughout Santo Domingo, and seems to get along equally well in arid and forest country. Possibly it is this preference of the tadpole for stag- nant water that accounts for the wide distribution of the species. The gray tadpoles of our camp pool changed into little gray tree frogs which we NATURAL HISTORY did not recognize at first. Soon, how- ever, these assumed the characteristic features of the giant tree frog, the main object of our expedition. But our story was not yet complete. We had assembled all the evidence for one locality. Under what conditions did the frogs live and breed in other parts of Santo Domingo? A week later we left the northern range and started across the great central cordillera of the island. Here we climbed to an elevation of 6000 feet, left the palm and tree fern behind, and wandered for days through pine woods in general appearance similar to the coniferous forests of the north. The nights were now very cold. The water temperatures of the streams ran 20° lower than those of the Quita Espuela. New voices called at night from the pine trees. We climbed to 8000 feet, to the torrents that pour from the very heart of the island. Here, where the water fell in cascades, the reverberant voice of the elusive green frog rose high above the roar of the torrent. Along the stretches of quieter water—now so cold that it chilled us to the marrow—our giant tree frog sobbed loudly, while in the rain water in the ruts of the trail we still found the fat little pollywogs of iridescent brown hue. At night, as we rode in silence through the whispering forests, barking frogs mournfully called to us to stop. These tropical frogs had invaded the highest peaks. New scenes, new temperatures did not affect them. They required only one thing of life— the mountain stream. The smallest frog, EB. minutus, in Santo Domingo; about 3 life size Field Studies of Dominican Tree Frogs and Their Haunts By G. KINGSLEY NOBLE CAPTIVE GIANT FROGS The giant frog of Santo Domingo, Hyla vasta, is the largest tree frog in the world. The great adhesive pads at the ends of its digits enable it to scale the tallest trees and to jump safely from limb to limb. Its skin, unlike that of all other frogs or toads, exudes a poison so virulent that it burns the unprotected hand. Some of this poison may be seen smeared over the glass face of the field terrarium. 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