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Cooke, Matthew & Son*

Natural history and hab
of the codling moth...

UC-NRLF

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UNIVERSITY FARM

FOR GRATUITOUS DISTRIBUTION.

NATURAL HISTORY

AND

OF THE

•ODLING MOTH,

/Or APPLE WORMJ

ALSO,

Notes on the Scale Insect,

BY MESSRS. COOKE & SON,

PROPRIETORS

Factory,

Sacramento, California.

SACRAMENTO:

H. S. CROCKER <fe CO., PRINTERS AND STATIONERS.
l879.

LIBRARY

BR FTHB

.-..-; TV r ••t«.rt^r»i«i

PREFACE.

To THE READERS OF IHIS PAMPHLET : We wish it to
be distinctly understood that its contents are the result
of our own investigation, commenced June, 1877, an(^
continued to the present time. Our object in commenc-
ing this investigation was to obtain reliable information
of the natural history and habits of the insect pest known
as the Codling or Apple Moth ; also to find a remedy
that would effectually exterminate the pest. How we
have succeeded we leave for our readers to judge.

We respectfully ask of the fruit growers a careful read-
ing, and any information sent us concerning this pest or
the scale insect will be thankfully received and preserved
for publication.

We are directly interested, in common with the fruit
growers, in the extermination of this pest, our business
depending especially on their success as producers of
choice marketable fruit. It is our purpose to publish,
from time to time, such information as we are able to
collect, until the natural history and habits of these pests
are fully understood, and also such experiments, made
by those interested in their destruction, as we know to be
reliable. Respectfully,

COOKE & SON,
Pioneer Box Factory, Sacramento, Cal.

SACRAMENTO, Nov. ist, 1879.

THE CODLING MOTH.

"The Codling Moth is now one of the permanent in-
stitutions of the State, and fruit growing, or at least apple
and pear growing, have been rendered very unsatisfactory
and uncertain." — Sacramento Record- Union.

To THE FRUIT GROWERS OF CALIFORNIA AND ALL
WHOM IT MAY CONCERN : It is unnecessary for our pur-
pose to detail the amount of damage done the apple,
pear and quince crop of central California since 1874, by
the insect pest known as the Codling or Apple Mo*h, as
unfortunately it is too well known.

In June, 1877, we commenced our investigations to
obtain reliable information of the natural history and
habits of this pest of the orchard, and respectfully submit
the result.

The moth belongs to the famil^Tortrices, the worm
the larva of the Carpocapsa Pomonella (the Codling or
Apple Moth). The moth passes the Winter in the larva
state, and, in some instances, in the chrysalis form. The
larva can be found under the loose bark, in the crotches
or indents or cracks in the bark of trees affected the
previous year. The larva found in apples, pears and
quinces are the same species,

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FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE MOTH.

The moth generally appears from ist to _2oth /of
May • a few in favorable locations by April 25*.
time 'at which the eggs arrive at maturity apparently
coincides with the end or termination of the pupa <
chrySis sSS so that the sexes are ready to unite soon
after transformation.

(Fig. 2.)

X Al /

\^_^sL^^

DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 2.
A Blossom end of apple, and where larva Is supposed to enter

S555S. 5

The moth deposits the egg generally in the blossom
end of the fruit (A, Fig. 2), but sometimes on any part
(the latter especially late in the season). The eggs are
attached to the fruit by a pasty substance. It is our
opinion that at the time the egg is deposited the skin 01
the fruit is punctured, making easy entrance for the
larva. It is rare to find more than one egg on any
apple, pear, or quince, or more than one larva.

The larva is hatched in from nine to twelve days, and
begins to eat eagerly and burrow towards the carpellary
ovarium, or core containing the seeds (B, Fig. 2).

The larva when hatched can scarcely be seen with
the naked eye ; at six days, measures nearly one quarter
of an inch in length, about as thick as fine silk thread,
(ist), first signs of excrement at burrow (D, Fig. 2) ; at
ten days, three eighths of an inch, and about as thick
as No. 20 wire (E, Fig. 2). It has burrowed by this
time about three fourths of the distance to the seed
bag of fruit (B, Fig. 2) ; at twenty days, .nearly full
natural size (c, Fig. i), and often as large as e, Fig. i.

When the larva is ready to assume the pupa or chrysalis
form, it leaves the fruit by gnawing a hole through the
pericarp (D, Fig. 2). Nature has supplied it with a
spinneret, the opening apparently in the lower lip, from
which issues a viscid fluid in a fine stream, and hardens
into silk on contact with the air. By this means it
lowers itself to the ground or intervening branches. If
it reaches the ground, it immediately crawls toward the
tree, and on its journey can often be seen as e, Fig. i.
On reaching the tree, it searches for a nesting place
under the loose bark in the crotches, or any cavity it can
find. If it comes in contact with a branch when leaving
fruit, it generally crawls toward the crotches, or until it
reaches a hiding place. If under the loose bark it com-
mences building an oval shaped wall, about one six-
teenth of an inch high, composed of the viscid fluid
from spinneret, and sometimes mixed with pieces gnawed

off the bark ; the cover is then put on the nest by using
spinneret ; the whole completed in twenty-four hours
(a, Fig. i). If in a crevice of the bark, the nest is made
in different shapes. It is noticeable in the Winter nest
the tops and sides are washed with fluid from spinneret,
making the nest water-proof to a great extent.

The moth remains in the pupa or chrysalis form from
nine to twelve days, in our usual May weather. At the
proper time the pupa case is burst open, and the perfect
moth appears (/, Fig. i).

It may be asked, How does the moth get out of the
nest so neatly made, etc. ? By some freak of nature,
about twenty-four hours before transformation, the pupa
is forced through one end of the nest (i, Fig. i), so that
the perfect insect can easily escape.

The chrysalids of this moth are capable of moving
lively at any time, from the time they assume the chrys-
alis or pupa form until the insect escapes perfect.

PROBABLE RATE OF INCREASE OF THESE MOTHS.

Entomologists claim that of the lepidopterous insects,
including butterflies and moths, nearly one thousand kinds
are known in the United States. That each female lays
from 200 to 500 eggs. Taking 200 as the lowest num-
ber, twelve female moths in one orchard would produce
2,460 caterpillars ; if one half these were females, they
would produce 240,000. In proportion, the third gen-
eration would reach 24,000,000.

From the observations stated, we are led to believe
that the destruction of this pest must be consummated
while it is in the caterpillar state.

Is this pest of the orchard only found in California?
The damage done by this pest in the States east of the
Rocky Mountains is too well known to need repeating.
At the present time it is doing so much damage to the
fruit crop in parts of Australia that a Commission has

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been appointed in Tasmania to investigate and report.
(The report, if made, has not reached us.)

For comparison, we give a written statement by Joseph
Cronley, Esq., of Lord street, Sandy Bay, as reported to
Commission (taken from the " Melbourne Australasian,"
July 1 2th, 1879), allowance to be made as to dates for
difference of seasons in Australia and California :

"I first observed affected apples in my garden early in
January. I took the affected ones off and examined them
minutely. At this time there was on some of the affected
apples a red spot, with a brown speck in the center, which
I supposed to be the egg ; at this stage I could not find
any grub. Next stage, a small hole covered with excre-
ment, and I found the grub, but very small, about one-
eighth of an inch under the surface of the apple. I found
some near the core of the apple, and able to crawl about
lively when taken out of the apple. If not taken out,
the grub will eat its way into the core of the apple, and,
in most cases, will eat the pips ; then it will bore its way
on through the side, or along the core through the eye of
the apple. I am told that they weave a web by which
they descend from the apple to the ground ; I have not
seen them doing so, but I have found the web attached
to the apple and floating in the air. The apples so
pierced by the grub generally fall to the ground ; they are
sure to do this if the core is eaten away, and very often
before the grub leaves the apple. The moth is a night
moth. I have seen them in an empty room in which there
were apples the previous year, and in which empty cases
remained, showing clearly that the grubs will live and
come to maturity in any sheltered place. Then the moth
does its work of destruction by night. I have seen the
egg when recently laid, and have marked it by sticking a
gooseberry thorn in the apple near the egg, and watched
it until I cut the grub out full grown. I have not seen
any recent traces of the moth after about the middle of

March, at which time we had a little cold rain, which
rain, I believe, destroyed the grub in the apple by filling
the holes with water. Pears and plums are also affected
by the grub. I here beg leave to make a few suggestions.
I believe the present is a very good time for destroying
the grub, as in many gardens they can be found in great
numbers under the old bark that is on the trees. I have
taken as many as twenty-seven from under the old bark
of one tree, and I believe there were many other such
trees in the garden. The old bark (every crack and
crevice) should be searched for the grubs. As soon as
the apples are seen affected on the trees they should be
taken off and destroyed. A good large hay band should
be tied around the trunk of the tree while the apples are
growing, at the height of about one foot from the ground ;
the grubs will shelter in the bands, which should be taken
off every two or three weeks and burned. I believe the
grubs will be lessened very much by this means, as they
certainly make for the tree for shelter. I believe it would
be a good way to burn naked lights on a fine night in the
garden — see how many moths are destroyed by rushing
into the glare of a candle. I know from visiting many
gardens about Hobart Town that some men have lost
one-half, and many have lost one-third of their crop of
fruit this year by the grub. I know one man who I
believe had fully one hundred bushels of apples destroyed
by the grub ; one-half of these or more he gathered off
the trees or the ground and threw them in the street,
the remainder he put in a heap in an adjoining paddock.
Now, this is not the way to keep the grub under. I asked
another man why he did not get those grubby apples off
the trees ? He said : 'I don't keep them as a source of
revenue.' Another man, in answer to a similar question,
said : * I cannot bother with them — if they leave me
enough for my use I don't care.' Now these are the kind
of men that the industrious fruit-grower seeks protection

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against. If the grub gets to the Huon, it is my opinion
the Huon people will never rid themselves of it."

Mr. Thomas Johnson also writes to the Commission,
giving description of the larva, and concludes :

"With regard to the means of destroying it I can
offer no suggestion. My attempt to catch the moths
with a lantern, etc., was a failure, although there were
hundreds of moths flying about. They have extended
their circle very fast this last two years. I do not think
eight miles would inclose them about Hobart Town."

What remedies have been tried in California ?

In our pamphlet dated January 6th, 1879, we recom-
mended as the most convenient a solution of sulphur
and lime to wash the trees with. On application it was
not as effectual as we could wish. It would clean the
tree ; washed off all insect life, excepting the larva we
wanted to destroy. It would not kill the larva of the
Codling Moth, but would possibly prevent it from as-
suming the pupa.

D. F. HUTCHIXGS. D. M. DUNNH

Phoenix Oil Works,

[ESTABLISHED 1850.]

HUTCHINGS & CO.,

OF

Codling Moth and Insect Sztezmiaator,

517 Front Street, SAN FRANCISCO.

A.11 Orders Promptly Attended to.

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A REMEDY FOUND.

With the assistance of David M. Dunne, Esq., of the
firm of Messrs. Hutchings & Co., Phoenix Oil Works, San
Francisco, a concentrated wash was produced, consisting
of whale oil soap, sulphur, etc., which will destroy the larva
or chrysalids of this pest. It has been practically tested
on an extensive scale. Result easily described. It kills
the larva, improves the tree, and the cost is only nominal.

We will mention here that we are under obligation to
Mr. John Cox, of Sutterville, and Mr. T. B. Flint, of
Riverside, both places in Sacramento County, and also
to Mr. George D. Kellogg, of Newcastle, Placer County,
for assisting us in every manner they could in making
the experiments, which have proved successful.

We will say frankly to fruit growers, where orchards
are affected by this pest, to clean your orchard will

J. L. CHADDERDON,

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN

IPaints,

Oils,

Varnishes,

"Window Glass,

Artists9 and ^Painters' Materials,

Wall :Pftpei- Etc.

AGHEISTT FOR. THE

Codling If otnllnseet Exterminator

No. 2O8 K Street, Sacramento, Gal.

take time and labor. It will also take the united action
of all fruit growers in each neighborhood. No effort
should be spared, as each year the pest will be spreading
further and become more numerous. You can rest as-
sured, that from the experiments tried by a few, the
returns received were equal to five hundred per cent on
the outlay. What better investment could be wished for?

HOW TO PREPARE THE WASH.

Take ten pounds of the concentrated wash and put in
a barrel ; on this pour two gallons of boiling water,
which will form a thick suds ; to this add eight gallons
/ of cold water ; stir and let stand twelve hours (the longer
the better ; should be stirred occasionally). The wash is
then ready for use. (One pound of codling moth
mixture to each gallon of water.)

PREPARING THE TREES.

Immediately after the fall of
the leaves, provide some small
ship scrapers and grind two of
the edges in circles (Fig. No. 3)
so that they will be near to
the circles of the trees (B and
C, Fig. 3). Scrapers length
of side four inches, will be
large enough. Use handles to
suit. Procure a cloth made of
old sacks or any material con-
venient, spread on ground
around the tree as far as the
scrapings are likely to spread ;
then commence on the tree as
far up as there is any rough loose bark, and scrape it
carefully off. Also examine and scrape r.ll crevices in
the bark or those formed in the crotches of the tree.
Continue scraping until you reach the ground. This

- i4 -

done, gather the scrapings carefully off the doth, so
that they can be burned or destroyed.

Be careful that you do not neglect gathering carefully
the scrapings and destroying them, as on this point de-
pends a great deal of your success.

Take a common whitewash brush and give the tree a
good coat of the whale oil soap and sulphur solution,
commencing at the top as far up as there are any cracks
or crevices in the bark, and wash down to the ground.
Repeat the washing before the Spring ; this will destroy
any larva or chrysalis left on the tree.

We have been informed by fruit growers that they have
found the larva in store rooms, boxes, etc., in the Winter
season. During the last two Winters we have made very
careful examinations of the fences, shrubbery and pack-
ing houses in some orchards, but failed to detect any
larva of the Codling Moth. However, careful search
should be made and any suspicious places washed with
the above solution.

FURTHER PRECAUTION.

Take a piece of common straw wrapping paper, say
twenty-four inches long and ten or twelve inches wfde,
double it lengthwise (this will be sufficiently long for a
tree seven inches in diameter — larger trees will require
longer bands, in one or more pieces), and put around the
tree a few inches above the ground ; fasten it with a piece
of wire or narrow strip of tin — either of them is preferable
to cord, as they can be pressed into the dents on the
surface of the tree. The larva creeping up the tree,
makes its nest in the paper. These papers should be
examined every eighth day, the larva collected and de-
stroyed. Paper or rags laid on the ground around the
tree will answer the same purpose, but may not be so
easily examined. We would also recommend that some
paper or rags should be placed in the crotches of the tree

- '5 -

so as to entrap any larva coming down the branches
looking for a nesting place.

We have positive proof that the larvae will not nest on
any part of a tree that has been washed with this solu-
tion. Where trees have been washed, they have ascended
and nested around the stems of the fruit hanging on
tree ; therefore the utility of providing traps for them.

The paper bands have been in use for some time by
parties in this neighborhood, and are reported as having
done good service in the Eastern States.

ANOTHER PLAN FOR DESTROYING THE PEST.

When Mr. Charles W. Reed, proprietor of WTashing-
ton Orchard, Yolo County, returned from the .East last
Spring, it was too late in the season to wash his extensive
orchard, and only a small portion of it was done. How-
ever, he was determined to make an effort to clear his
orchard of the pest. He purchased three hundred hogs
and put them in his orchard. He employed men to
pick all fruit off his trees showing signs of the larva.
The hogs followed the men from tree to tree and picked
up the fruit as it was thrown down. This operation was
often repeated, so that the early broods were nearly
destroyed. Result : Mr. Reed shipped twenty-two car-
loads of fruit East this year against five last year. This
plan is expensive, but it is a first-class remedy.

Some other fruit growers having large orchards had
the fruit showing signs of larva picked off and destroyed.

Any means taken to destroy the early broods will pre-
vent the late fruit from being destroyed.

The work of exterminating this pest should be the
united action of all fruit growers having orchards affected
by this pest. It matters not whether the orchards cover
large or small tracts of land— only united action will
win the fight. In proof of this, we will mention one
instance. We know of an orchard owned by Mr. A. that

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was properly cleaned this last Spring, and the early crop
saved from the ravages of this pest. Adjoining was an
orchard owned by Mr. B., neglected in every way, early
and late crops destroyed. Mr. A. had in his orchard
about four hundred boxes of Winter Nellis pears. Dur-
ing the last twenty days of September three fourths of
them have been destroyed by this pest. Query : Where
did they come from ? We will answer, without fear of
contradiction, from Mr. B.'s orchard.

To the enterprising and industrious fruit growers of
California : Permit us once more to warn you of the
danger that threatens the products of your beautiful
orchards. Organize a State society ; make every effort
in your power during the next two months to secure united
action in your respective neighborhoods, for the purpose
of exterminating the insect pest known as the Codling
or Apple Moth. If this fails, apply to the Legislature,
which meets next January, and get a bill passed requiring
every owner, lessee, renter, or occupant of lands on which
there is planted or growing any apple, pear, or quince
trees, to uncaterpillar them by picking off and destroy-
ing, as prescribed in bill, all fruit affected or showing
signs of larva. Also, attaching penalties, etc.

The above may be considered a harsh recommenda-
tion, but what we know of the natural history and habits
of this pest makes such a recommendation necessary.

We respectfully refer you to a sentence in the letter of
Mr. Cronley to the Tasmanian Committee, which we will
repeat: "Now, these are the kind of men the industri-
ous fruit grower seeks protection against."

We are sorry to say, but it is nevertheless a fact, that
there are many such men in central California as there
referred to by Mr. Cronley. Our experiments have
brought us in contact with them. They will freely criti-
cise all experiments made by others, but will be remark-
ably careful they will not try any themselves; and all

- 17 -

the knowledge they claim to possess, their neighbor dare
not know it. This class of men should be forced by
the strong arm of the law to do their share in work that
is a public necessity.

HOW TO EXAMINE THE TREES TO FIND LARVA.

Open the large blade of pocket knife and take off care-
fully the pieces of loose bark ; examine inside part, and if
the larva is there, you will find nest, as shown in #, Fig. i.
On removing cover off nest, it will either contain larva
(6, Fig. i) or chrysalis (c, Fig. i). All crevices and
dents in the bark, and crotches, should be examined
carefully. Some persons throw the bark away before
examining it, thinking the nest is on the tree. This is a
mistake.

HOW TO PROCURE SPECIMENS OF THE MOTH.

When you find the larva, if it is not on the loose
bark, remove the piece of bark to which it is attached;
place it in a small vial, and, if in the Summer time,
inside of twelve days you will have a genuine specimen
of the moth (/ and g, Fig. i). Fruit growers can get
important information concerning the natural history
and habits of the insect pests by experiments in this way.

BRIEF MENTION.

The theory that the moth deposited the egg on the
fruit blossom, and that it remained there until the fruit
was grown to natural size, is a mistake.

Supposing the moth matured from the Winter larva
on the first day of May, the first brood of the season
would reach perfection by the 2oth of June, and the
second brood by the i2th of August. Those matured
after the 2oth of August deposit the egg that produces
the larvce and chrysalids for the next season.

Fruit growers should examine all boxes returned to
their orchards. The pest has been spread over the

_ i8 -

country in return boxes from market, where they have
been in contact with boxes containing wormy fruit. We
have taken six larvae from one bundle of empty boxes
at S. V. R. R. depot, being sent back to the mountain
orchards of El Dorado County.

Of pear trees, from twelve to sixteen inches diameter,
fair height, one man washed one hundred and fifty per
day. One gallon of solution averaged four and one half
trees. The Codling Moth Wash is an excellent ferti-
lizer for the tree and produces a smooth bark.

The codling moth wash destroys aphis and all
insect life that it reaches, on trees or vines. Grape
growers should experiment by washing their young vines
twice each year, as we think that it will free them from
attacks of insect pests. R. B. Blowers, Esq., of Wood-
land. Yolo County, indorses this plan for grape vines.

We have received a package of sheep wash from the
Standard Soap Company of San Francisco, which we
will give a thorough trial and report its effect on the
larva of this pest.

It is necessary where an examination is made of an
orchard, to examine every tree carefully, of the apple,
pear, and quince varieties.

We made an examination of a small orchard contain-
ing about seventy-five apple trees, some of them large
trees. On fifty-eight that \ve examined carefully, we
found, all told, three larvae; on the fifty-ninth we found
thirty-five in less than fifteen minutes; on the balance
we found only a few.

The moth deposits the eggs at night.

Part of the early fruit falls prematurely — when attacked
by larva — but little of the late fruit falls before the
larva escapes.

NOTE.— Since writing the above, we found in a fruit packing
room some larvae in nests made in a package of paper.

- i9 -

Examine all boxes returned from market before taking
into the orchard.

The Codling Moth Wash can be bought in packages
weighing from two pounds to two hundred and fifty
pounds.

To be successful use every effort to destroy the spring
brood of moths.

Fruit showing signs of larva should not be allowed to
remain on the ground around the tree.

We have read statements by fruit growers that they
have seen the codling moth flying in large numbers. In
our investigations we have not seen more than two at
any one time.

The moth will live in glass seven (7) days.

The female moths deposit their brood of eggs within
forty-eight hours.

The egg can be seen plainly by the naked eye.

The best time to see the moths at work is at dawn of
day in the months of June and July.

We do not think the female moths can be decoyed
from the trees hy burning lights at night in orchard until
all the eggs in the ovary are deposited.

In our experiments we found the female moths to be
about forty per cent, of the number hatched.

Only united action of fruit growers will gain a com-
plete victory over this pest.

Defer not your action — the time arrives as soon as the
leaves fall.

AN ENTERPRISING FRUIT GROWER.

Mr. James B. Saul, of the Oak Shade Fruit Com-
pany, Davisville, Yolo County, read our pamphlet of
January 6th, 1879. He called at our office and exam-
ined the larvae, etc., we had collected. He had not
observed any signs of this pest in his orchard. How-
ever, he set his men to work and examined every tree
carefully, and to his surprise, two larvae were found in

one of his apple trees. Without wasting any time, war
was declared against the pest. Washing done, early in
the season paper bands were placed on the trees, and
throughout the season examined every six days. He
also prevailed upon his neighbors to take the same
measures to fight the pest. Mr. Saul evidently believes
the old proverb, "An ounce of prevention is better than
a pound of cure."

Moral: "Go ye and do likewise."

SCALE INSECTS,

ON ORANGE, APPLE AND PEAR TREES.

During a recent visit to Southern California our atten-
tion was called to a pest found in some of the orange
orchards, known as the Red Scale. It is not only found
on the branches and foliage of the tree, but also spreads
over the fruit. We have not had time to make such
inquiry or experiments as we would wish to, but it has
been our good fortune, since our return, to meet a gen-
tleman from Louisiana who is thoroughly acquainted
with the culture of orange trees during the past fifty
years, and also with the troubles growers have to en-
counter— such as scale insects, etc., etc. He attributes
the cause of such pests, to. a great extent, to want of care
and proper attention ; growers taking crop after crop
for a succession of years, neglecting to make an effort to
strengthen and nourish the tree — only what can be ob-
tained from mother earth, and the pruning knife.

We will repeat a comparison made by him : " Take
the human being, for instance. Exact from him more
than ordinary labor, deprive him of proper food, etc., etc.,
and he will become filthy. So with the fruit."

He states that a trench dug around the tree and filled
with strong manure, then covered with the earth taken
out, or give the body of the tree a good washing with
strong soft soap lie or the refuse known to soap makers
as " Nigger." In addition, wash the branches and foliage
with some alkali wash to complete the work. If either
of the above preparations are properly applied, all insect
life will be destroyed.

R. Williamson, Esq., of the firm of W. R. Strong &
Co., sent us from a neighboring County some specimens
of apples, and also pieces of branches of the tree they
were taken from, which were covered by a scale some-
what similar in appearance to the so-called Red Scale
found on the orange trees, though not quite so large.
We visited the orchards where they were taken from,
also other orchards in the neighborhood, and found this
scale also on the pear trees and fruit. In many cases
limbs and branches are completely covered, and in some
cases the parts of the trees affected are only dead timber.
This scale is also found on the fruit of trees affected.

We have tried some experiments on the specimens
now in our possession, both of the orange and apple
trees, and we believe that if the trees are thoroughly sat-
urated with the wash used for the Codling moth, that it
will not only destroy the scales on the tree and foliage,
but will protect the tree from further attacks.

NOTE.— The wash for trunk of the tree should be made and put
on as thick as possible.

Mr. Titus, of San Gabriel, Los Angelos County, very
kindly gave us a description of an apparatus he con-
structed for washing trees. He placed on the bed and
running gear of a wagon a large wine cask — capacity
about one hundred gallons — to which he attached an
ordinary force pump. The fluid wash is put in the cask
and forced by pump through a hose with perforated nozzle.
With this apparatus from seventy-five to one hundred
large orange trees can be thoroughly washed per day.

For apple and pear trees, when stripped of foliage,
the ordinary garden 'pump will be sufficient.

To Nurserymen : In a flower garden in this city we
found a rosebush that was nearly covered with a species
of this scale insect. We applied the sulphur and lime
solution in July, but it had little effect. On the i5th of
September the stem and branches were covered so thick
that they appeared as if whitewashed. We applied the
Codling Moth Wash and in a few days the scale was
destroyed. We have called the attention of several per-
sons, and had them examine the residue left on the stem
and branches. Among those who examined was I. N.
Hoag, Esq., Secretary State Agricultural Society. All
agree that the destruction of the insect was complete.

At the Los Angeles Horticultural Fair (1879), we met
Albert S. White, Esq., of Riverside, San Bernardino
County, and requested him to try some experiments by
applying the Codling Moth Wash on the scale found on
orange trees. We forwarded to him a package of the
preparation, and have received the following report:

RIVERSIDE, Nov. 3d, 1879.
Messrs. COOKE & SON —

Gentlemen : I have given the preparation sent me a
thorough trial, and find that it makes very short work of
the scale bug. Yours, truly,

ALBERT S. WHITE.

We are under obligations to C. H. Dwinelle, Esq., of
the State University, Berkeley, for the following commu-
nication in answer to our inquiries concerning the scale
insect :

MR. MATTHEW COOKE —

Dear Sir": The specimens which you sent me of the
scale insect from the rose, and your inquiries in regard

to the similar pests found in our apple, pear and orange
orchards, have interested me very much.

You have opened a subject, the importance of which,
to the fruit growers of California, can hardly be overesti-
mated. The rose scale has been known in the counties
about San Francisco Bay for many years past, as one of
the worst parasites of the rose bush.

THE SCALE INSECTS OR BARK LICE

Belong to the order of the Hemiptera, which includes the
true "bugs." The Chinch bug, Squash bug and their
allies, are good examples of the order, and are notorious
for their evil doings. The Phylloxera is also a worthy
representative. The family of the Coccidae includes the
scale insects proper. Over thirty species have been
found in Great Britain, and it is not likely that California
will have to yield anything in point of numbers. A glass
of considerable power is needed to study them to advan-
tage.

THE APPLE SCALE.

The most common apple scale insect is
generally known to naturalists as the oyster-
shell bark-louse (Aspul lotus concliiformis),
named from the form of the scale. Packard
says that it does more harm to the apple tree
than any other insect known. Prof. Riley
also notes its occurrence on the pear, plum
and currant. I believe that the first I saw of
it in this State was about the Spring of 1865,
in Oakland, but it may have been an old
settler then. The first cut here given (Fig. i)
shows this scale of natural size, as it appears
on the apple bark.*

* For the use of these cuts we aue indebted to the proprietors
of the acific Rural Press.

- 24 -

The scales of the present season are of a dark brown
color and smooth surface, as if waxed or varnished, and
fastened securely to the bark to keep out the elements.
At the small end of the scale is what appears like an oval
plate, of a light amber color, which is said to be the cast
off skin of the insect in the larva state.

On loosening one of these fresh scales, it will be found
nearly full of pure white eggs (Fig. 2.) (i, greatly magni-
fied), closely packed, and waiting for the warm weather to
hatch them out next Spring. There may be anywhere
from ten to one hundred eggs under each scale. Fortu-
nately some of the small birds, as the wrens and chica-
dees, devour immense numbers of these eggs before they
hatch. It is said there is a mite, similar to those found
in cheese and raw sugar, which sucks the eggs of this
Aspidiotus. I saw such an one in a colony of apple
scales yesterday, but did not catch him in the act of egg-
sucking. The mites may be distinguished from the
young of the scale by having eight legs, instead of six.
You may have to put a drop of alcohol, benzine, or the
like, on one to keep him quiet enough to make out the
number of his legs.

- 25 -

The time when the eggs of the scale hatch depends
much on temperature, and varies with locality. On the
Atlantic coast it is the last of May and first of June. I
cannot give the date for this State, although I have often
noticed the young insects. Each fruit grower should
keep watch of the insects on his premises, and note the
date of their transformations, for on this knowledge the
success or failure of his efforts to exterminate them will
largely depend.

One authority says that on their first appearance the
young (Fig. 2) (2) are nearly white, another that they are
redish. Those that I have noticed "were so dark as to
appear to the naked eye like a rust. Besides their six
legs, they have two antennae, and the female has two
stylets or hair-like appendages from the rear of the body.
Fig. 2 (8) is one of the antennae highly magnified.
Although at first active, the female becomes stationary
at the end of about ten days.

" A white waxy secretion issues from the body in the
shape of fine threads." (Fig. 2) (3.) This secretion in-
creases and hardens into a yellowish brown, oval, scale,
which hides the body of the insect. An addition is soon
made which is wider than the original scale, and darker
in color, as in Fig. 2 (4). The scale continues to en-
large until it assumes the form seen in (7), and is about
i2-iooths of an inch in length, while its occupant is only
about one-half as long. This development occupies
about two months from the time of hatching. Meantime
theffemale has lost her limbs and other appendages, so as
to assume the form shown in (5) and finally as in -(6).

Ten or twelve days after her scale has reached its full
size, the female begins to lay her eggs, and completes the
process in about two weeks. She decreases in size, until
at last, when she dies and dries up, it is hard to find any
trace of her. In the Mississippi valley, there is but one
generation in a season, but I know of no one who has

- 26 -

watched the pest close enough to say whether such is the
case here or not.

HOW THE "SCALE" is INJURIOUS.

The Coccidae injure the trees by piercing the bark and
sucking the sap. Although so very small — the one in
question being five one-hundredths of an inch in length--
their numbers often enable them to destroy large trees.
Fruit also is greatly diminished in value when infested
by them. The male insect does not lose his legs while
under the scale, but his beak or sucking apparatus dis-
appears. He finally emerges with a pair of gauzy wings,
and so different in appearance from the female as fre-
quently to be taken for an insect of an entirely distinct
order.

ANOTHER APPLE SCALE

Which is also found on the pear, is known as Aspidiotus
Harisii, has the scale oval, nearly flat, and of a milk
white color, while the eggs are red. I do not know that
it has been reported as yet in this State.

WHEN TO DESTROY.

The greatest execution can undoubtedly be done
when the insects are just out of the egg, and not yet cov-
ered with their scales. There are many washes which
will destroy them at that time, if but a drop touches
them. As a rule, alkaline washes of moderate strength
are good ; for example, two pounds of potash in seven
quarts of water ; diluted lie made from wood ashes ; ^me
water, etc. Some years ago Prof. Hilgard advised a nur-
seryman in this vicinity to use coal tar water, that is,
water that had stood for some time in a barrel with coal
tar at the bottom of it, the tar being stirred up occasion-
ally. This year the San Jose papers report good results
from using this remedy. Any of these may be applied by
means of a garden syringe or engine so as to wet every

- 27 -

part of the tree. The young insects usually appear soon
after the tree blossoms.

AT THIS TIME OF THE YEAR

The scales should be loosened by using a stiff brush,
and at the same time applying the wash, which should
be calculated to dissolve the wax. Strong soap-suds
have long been commended for this purpose. In Western
New York, I found a solution, in which whale oil soap
and tobacco juice were the chief ingredients, to be a
sovereign remedy for all insects that could be reached
by it. The scraping and washing advised by you for
the Codling Moth ought to exterminate the scale as far
as it goes.

BE THOROUGH.

The scale should be destroyed in some way, for the
tree infested by it can not thrive. The trunk and iirtbs,
as far as accessible, should be thoroughly cleaned. All
trimmings should be burned as soon as possible. If the
trees are yet young it might pay to cut them back so that
every part could be reached, even if the fruit be lost for
a season. Repeat the application after a few days, to
destroy late hatched insects or those overlooked the first
time.

THE ORANGE AND LEMON SCALES

Belong to several genera, Aspidiotus, Lecanium, etc.
Their development is, in a general way, similar to that
of the apple scale. Their presence must be recognized,
and they must be fought, if our orange growers hope for
the highest success. The remedies already given above
are good, if faithfully applied at the right time. I have
neither time or space to pursue this subject further at
this time.

If by your efforts you can rouse our fruit growers to
the study of the insect enemies that are causing them so

- 28 -

much loss, and persuade them to take active measures
to subdue them, you will " deserve well of your country."
Wishing you all success in your efforts, I remain,
Yours truly,

C. H. DWINELLE.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, (^
BERKELEY, Nov. i5th, 1879. )

Any person interested can have a package of the Cod-
ling Moth Wash, free of cost, to experiment on the
scale insect or Codling Moth, by applying to Messrs.
Hutchings & Co., 517 Front street, San Francisco, by
letter or otherwise. All persons having any wash or
remedy for this pest, by sending us a package, we will
have it thoroughly tested and report results. We have
nothing of the kind to sell ; only wish to find the best.

COOKE & SON,
Proprietors Pioneer Box Factory,

SACRAMENTO.
SACRAMENTO, Nov. 20, 1879.

NOTE.— We have avoided, as much as possible, mentioning
names and localities—also results of experiments— but have in
our possession abundant proof of the merits of the remedies
recommended. Any information in our possession will be freely
given to any person applying by letter or otherwise. C. & S. •

TOWLEBROS1CO.,

HEADQUARTERS AND OFFICE AT

DUTCH FLAT, PLACER COUNTY,

MANUFACTURERS OF AND DEALERS IN

Sugar Pine, Yellow Pine, Spruce and Fir

El

MOULDINGS and BUILDING LUMBER,

Of Every Description.

HEAVY MINING TIMBER A SPECIALTY.

THE COMPANY MANUFACTUKES

JOIST, SCANTLING, FLOORING, EUSTIC, CEILING,
LATHS, PICKETS, SHINGLES, SHAKES, ETC.

The Yard is located on the C. P. K. E., near Alta, in Placer

County, and connecting with the mills by their

narrow-guage railroad, affords the best

facilities for rapid transportation.

Orders Tor any quantity and every character of
MOUNTAIN LUMBER promptly filled.

An experience of twenty years has given the firm a thorough
knowledge of the business, and the wants of consumers.
Correspondence Solicit

RETAII^YARDS,

NEWCASTLE, - - - Placer County.
WHEATLAND, Yuba County.

- 3° -

NOTICE!

All persons take notice that we—

Proprietors of the

Pioneer Box Factory,

SACRAMENTO CITY, GAL,
Warn all persons from using or making any

FRUIT BOXES OR CRATES

That in any way infringe on our patent issued
Nov. 26th, 1878, No. 210,241, as we will
prosecute any person that makes or uses the
same. [See next page.]

MATTHEW COOKE.
ROBERT J. COOKE.

SACRAMENTO, Aug. 1st, 1879.

CHALLENGE FRUIT CRATE,

COOKE & SON, Patentees.

A. Slanted wall and shoulder where false bottom rests in com-
bination with slot in opposite end. Dotted line represents false
bottom being put in place.

Corner of Front and M streets, Sacramento.
COOKE A SON, ....... Proprietors.

All kinds of Fruit and Packing Boxes made to order or in Shocks.

CHALLENGE BOX FASTENER,

COOKE & SON, Patentees.

V. Represents cover fastened on box. B. Gleet on cover with
~1 r, C and pip on fastening. D. Dotted line represents fastening
when not in use.

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE
STAMPED BELOW

AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS

WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN
THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY
WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH
DAY AND TO $1.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY
OVERDUE.

FEB i o 1336
•0*8*8

AUG 2 8 1967
AUG 1 0 REC'O

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Gaylord

Mak<
Stockton

PAT. JAN. 2

BmdOooke, Matt] lew & son.

Natural h

habits of tfte codling
froth . . .

story and

07

06

LIBRARY, BRANCH OF THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, D