Shep BAe pete Spee a. 3 Ay We AcE = ite pent 4 a at ae H regi ite fe ce Paes A, c Ma = he ies poet See cs “7 Siete ay LA Gal a ee Sot a ‘ oT HOE NATURAL HISTORY ~OF MANY aus aes UNCOMMON > ooo OP Hh YY. T:.E Ss. COLLECTED FROM'V:ARIOUS PARTS OF THE GLOBE “By tHe tarz. JOHN ELLIS, Eso F.RS. “sOC. REG. UPSAL. SOC; AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORY OF ENGLISH CORALLINES, AND OTHER WORKS. _ SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED AND DESCRIBED ‘By THE tate DANIEL SOLANDER, M.D. F.R.S. &c. st & WITH SIXTY-TWO PLATES ENGRAVEN BY PRINCIPAL ARTISTS > ON De Oe “PRINTER FOR BENJAMIN WHITE AND SON, AT HORACE’S HEAD, FLEET-STREET3 AND PETER ELMSLY, IN THE STRAND» M.DCC.LXXXVI. > Jing Shy. of r mee meting * re 2 dei pares i - te ele Sot be ven Sater, 4 ¥ ALM SV eae Fe etn Pee eae Ce ee netsh HR ribbed po age Tin le tg elmer on . os han A at see pot “OF, THE: (ROYAL. SOCIETY, — &e, “Bee fe aiAt PATRON oF SCIENCE, AND > THE ENLIGHTENED CULTIVATOR OF: teh | a, "NATURAL KNOWLEDGE ; : ory eS eae D eh os bit ae aa : : ) . 4 : ~ rd Pore .-< ee F 5 es ‘ i : Tet te ; ree te). ag Pea hans: g Ld ) ae AD Ye RCs SEM &ON HE Public have a claim on the Editor of the following theets, to account for the imperfect flate in which they now make their appearance ; and, at the fame time, it is hoped that a fhort account of the endeavours of the Author to promote fo curious and laudable a ftudy, will not be deemed an impertinent intrufion on the patience of the reader. | Mr. Elis, having difcovered that feveral fubjects, which had been arranged by Natural Hiftorians under the title of Marine Vegetables, were in reality Animal Produétions, publifhed, in the year 1755, the refult of the refearches he had made in the inveftigation of that branch of knowledge, in a quarto work intitled, “ An Effay towards ¢¢ a Natural Hiftory of Britifh and Irith Corallines.” “The approba- tion with which this work was received, gained the Author the ac- quaintance and patronage of many of the moft refpe@table characters of the age: and an innate defire to dive deeper into the hidden treafures of nature, induced him to make thofe inquiries which pro- duced feveral Memoirs, which were read at different times before the “See ‘the ane Royal Society, and publithed in the Philofophical Tranfadtions ; par- ticularly thofe ‘* on the animal nature of Zoophytes, called Corallina,” and ‘* the Aétinia Sociata, or Cluftered Animal Flower,” in the g7th volume, which gained him the honour of Sir Godfrey Copley’s medal from that learned body, delivered to him by the Prefident, Sir ‘Yobn Pringle, on the 30th of November, 1768, together with a moft flat- tering compliment in a fpeech from the chair, on the -nature and utility of the difcoveries of the Author. - | Thus encouraged, Mr. Ellis became more anxious in the purfuit of his favourite fludy; and being then the king’s agent for the pro- B vince nexed Litt. See the Speech annexed. V1 BoD! Ve eS Io a Sie Ee ae vince of Weft Florida; and agent for the ifland of Dominica; and in: correfpondence and intimacy with the learned Dr. Limneus,. and the- moft celebrated: natural hiftorians of the age; he was enabled ‘to. colle&t information from the moft diftant countries, which he purfued™ with unremitting ardour; and with the affiftance of his ineftimable friends, Dr. Fothergill and Dr. Solander, he intended-to have laid be-~ fore the public.a complete hiftory of Zoophytes. In this, however, he was unfortunately. difappointed ; his declining health. preventing him from proceeding farther than the completion of thefe plates, which. were all engraven under his immediate infpe@tion, fome at his own expence, and more by the munificence. of: the late Dr. Fothergill,.. whofe love of {cience and ample fortune induced him to promote the - laudable defigns of many, whom a more limited fituation .reftrained:’ from carrying their purfuits to the extent of their withes. For the arrangement of the defcriptions we are indebted to Dr. . Solander ; whofe premature death prevented this. and other valuable works from appearing in-fo complete a manner as they would other-. wife have done: fince it muft be univerfally allowed that the world. fuffered in Dr. Solander, the lofs of one of the greateft Natural Hif-. - torians ever known ;. while his-more intimate friends deplore that of: an invaluable member of fociety. Thefe are the circumftances under which the faite fheets are - now publifhed, at the requeft of Sir Fofeph Banks, Bart. P. R..S. who. has thought the work not unworthy of his attention, and permitted: it to be dedicated to him 3: and it.is_prefumed, that, even in its, prefent: ftate, it will meet-with a favourable reception, fince it throws: many~ new lights upon a fubjec hitherto but. flightly inveftigated.. Mr. Elis’s fondnefs for Natural Hiftory was not confined to any particular branch. Botany was likewife to him a fource of in-. finite amufement; which he endeavoured’'to render ufeful to fo-: ciety in general, but more particularly to the Weft India iflands. and America. The hiftorical account of Coffee, publifhed by him. in 1774, was defigned to encourage the confumption of that article, * raifed: ADVERTISEMENT. | i yaifed by the planters.in the We? -Jndies; while the accounts of the Mangoftan and Bread Fruit Trees, with direétions, for conveying feeds and. plants from the moft diftant parts of the globe in a ftate of — | vegetation, were publithed with a view to introduce thofe, and many other plants into our own fettlements, where they might become beneficial to the public for the purpofes of medicine, agriculture and ccommerce, And his ative mind was conftantly employed in de- vifing means for promoting the welfare of fociety, until the time. of his-death, which happened on the r5th of OGtober, 1776, B2 | Papers Vol. XLVEII¢: Pe 115... Be 305s: P> 5040. Pp. 6276 Vol. xLIx, . Be 449. Ds 806. Vol i. Pe 189. Be 280, ‘ies f Joun Exuis, E/7. ‘yead ‘at sbi Royal Society, and pried tie: the Philofophical Hee ae | Ci erate stead on a remarkable Coralline, in a Letter to- the Rev. Thomas Birch, D. D. Sec. R. S. Read March 17th, 1753 A Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F.R: S. concerning a Cluftére Polype, found in the Sea, near the Coaft of Greenland. Read. November 8th,.1753:. A Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. concerning a particular. Species of Corallines. Read February 7th, 1754. A Letter to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F.R.S. concerning the animal« Life of thofe. Corallines, that. look like minute ‘Trees, and grow. upon Oyfters.and Fuci all round the Sea-coaft of this Kingdoms. Read June 13th, 1754. An Account of a curious, flefhy, coral- like sdoniaces ina Letter - to Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. with fome Obfervations on it; com-— municated to Mr. Collinfon. Read January 22d, 1756. A Letter to. Phil ip Carteret Webb, Elq. F..R. Sz attempting to . afcertain the Tree that yields the common Varnifh ufed in China . and Japan ;.to promote its Propagation in our American Colonies ;., and to fet right tome miftakes which Botanifts appear to. have enter- - tained concerning it. Read November 25th, 1756. | An Account of a Red Coral from. the Ea/t Indies, of a very fingu=.. lar Kind : Ina Letter to. Mr. Peter Calliafon, F, R. = - Read March . 24th, 1757. Remarks on Dr. Fob Bajffer’s Objervationes de Corallinis &c. Ina. Letter to the Earl of Macclesfield, Prefident. of, the. ore Society. Read June oth, 1757.. An: MR. ELLIS'’S PAPERS An Anfwer to the preceding Remarks. Read January rgth, 1758. An Account of feveral rare Species of Barnacles: In a Letter to Mr.. Z/aac Romilly, F. R.S. Read December arft, 1758. ix Ps 44te - P+ 845. An Account of fome Experiments relating to. the Prefervation of Vol. x1. Seeds: In two Letters to the Earl of Macclesfield, Prefident of the Royal Society. Read January: 18th,.1759. ‘The Method of making Sal Ammoniac in Egyft; as communica- ted by Dr. Linnaeus, from his Pupil Dr. Hafelquiff, who had béen lately in thofe Parts. Read January 31ft, 1760. An.Account of the Plants Halefa and Gardenia: In .a. Letter. to Philip Carteret Webb, Efg. F. R. S. Read November aoth, 1760. An Account of an Encrinus, or Star-fi/o, with a jointed Stem, taken on the Coaft of Barbadoes, which explains to what Kind of Animal thofe Foffils belong, called Star-/tones, Afteria, and Afiropodia, which have been found in many Parts of this Kingdom: In.a Letter to Mr, Emanuel Mendex da Cofia, ¥F. R.S. Read December 17th, 1761.. ay Account of the Male and Female Cochineal Infects, that breed on the Caétus Opuntia, or Indian Fig, in South Carolina and Georgia: In a Letter to Peter Wych, Kig.. RKead-December 23d, 1762. An Account of the Sea Pen, or -Pennatula Phofphorea of Linnaeus ; likewife a Defcription of a new: Species of Sea. Pen, found on the Coaft of Seuth Carolma, with Obfervations on Sea Pens in general. In a Letter to the Honourable: Coote -Molefworth, Efq. M. D. and F.R.S, Read December 22d, 1763. An Account of an Amphibious Bipes. Read June sth, 1766. » _ Obfervations: upon’ Animals, commonly called Amphibious. Prefented by Dr. Parfons, F. R.S. . Read June 26th,.1766.. An Account of fome peculiar Advantages in the StruCture ofthe Afpere Arteria, ot Wind Pipes of feveral Birds, and in the Land Tortoife. Read June gth, 1766. Extract ofa Letter from ohn Elis, Efg. F. R.S. to Dr. Linnaeus, of Upfal, F. R.S. on the Animal Nature of the Genus of ee called Corallma. Read July oth, 1567.-. An. Pp. 206. P+ $04-— p> 92Q> Vol. brrs- P: 357: Pe 661, Wolo ETE; = P> 419. Vol. uvTn. p. iS. . Ps 293-°- P> 204... Vol. LV ile: P> 404» Vol. tviii. Pe 75° "Vol. Lix. ‘po 138. Vol. Lx. Po 518. p- f2ho Vol. Lxvie Pe fe MR. ELLIS’S PAPERS, An Account of the Aétimia Sociata, or cluftered Animal Flower, lately found on the Sea-coafts of the new-ceded Tflands: In a‘ Letter to the Right Honourable the Earl of Hillfborough, F. R.S: Read November1ath, 1767. ~ A Letter to the Prefident, on the Suceets of his Experiments for preferving Acorns for a whole Year without planting them, fo as to be in a State of Vegetation, with a View to bring over fome of the mioft valuable Seeds from the Eaf Indies, to plant for the Benefit of our American Colonies. Read March roth, 1768. Obfervations on a particular Manner of Encreafe in the Azimal- cula of vegetable Infufiens, with the Difcovery of an indiffoluble Salt arifing from Hemp-feed put into Water tillit becomes putrid. Read May 28th, 1769. A Copy of a Letter from ohn Elis, Efg. F. R.S. to Dr. es F.R.S. &c. with the Figure and Characters of that. elegant Ameri- can Ever-green Tree, called by the Gardeners the Loblolly Bay, taken from Blofloms blown near London; and fhewing that it is not an Hibifcus, as Mr. Miller calls it; nor an Hypericum, as Dr. Linneus fuppofes it; but an intire new Genus, to which Mr. Elis gives the Name of Gordonia. Read December zoth, 1770. 3 ‘The Copy of a Letter from Fohn Elks, Efq. F. R.S. to Mr. Wik diam Aiton, Gardener to her Royal Highnefs the Princefs Dowager of Wales, at Kew, on a new Species of Iicum Linnei, or Starry Annifeed “Tree, lately difcovered in Wef Florida. Read December 13th, 1770. On the Nature of the Gorgonia; that it is a real Marine Animal, and not of a mixed Nature between Animal and Vegetable: Ina Letter to Daniel Solander, M.D. F.R.S. Read June 29th, 1775. Gy Copy of the Prefident Sir Joun Prinewe’s Speech, Noveniber 40, 1768, on delivering Sir Goprrey Copiey’s Prize Medal to Joun Ettis, Eg. F.R.S. for bis Papers on Natural EH; iftory read to the Royal Society m 1767. MR. ELLIS, J OU have ‘obliged the Public inv general, and this Society im particular, Sir, with fo many judicious experiments, and accu- rate drawings; fo. many acute reafonings, and ingenious obferva- tions; and fo many valuable improvements in natural: knowledge,. that it has been difficult to determine which of them are beft intitled to thofe marks of approbation which the will of the late Sir Godfrey. Copley has: directed and enabled us’ to confer by an honorary diftinc-- tion—In public acknowledgment: of the merit’ and confequential encouragement of the profecution of fuch laudable ftudies. You have opened fuch a wonderful view of fome of the. moft. extraordinary productions of nature, and have purfued your difcove- ries with fo much fagacity and judgment, that you might. have rea- fon to expe&t many of thefe teftimonies of your fuccefsful labours in Natural Hiftory, if it were cuftomary to repeat them. But as it has only been-ufual for the Council to fingle out fome one or two in particular, I am direéted by them to deliver this Medak to you,.as an exprefs-teftimony of their approbation of your excellent papers of the year 1767, on the animal nature of the genus of Zoophytes, called Corallina, and the Aétimia Soctata, or Cluttered Animal Flower, lately found on the fea-coafts of the new-ceded iffands, now publifhed in the TranfaCtions for the year 1767. It would be impertinent in me, Sir, to pretend to expatiate on the ia nature Su SIR JOHN PRINGLE’S SPEECH. nature of your difcoveries, and the confequences that flow from Sais | : : them; becaufe it 1s not in my power, nor perhaps in any one’s, to ex- plain them with as much clearnefs and diftinétnefs as you yourfelf have done. Therefore, inftead of making any weak efforts to do fo, I will only refer Gentlemen to the perufal of your own accounts of them, in thofe communications which the Committee of Papers have judged moft defervedly worthy of a place amongtft the Tranfac- ‘tions of this Society. It only remains, therefore, to put the Medal into your hands, as the moft public mark that the Council can give of their high fenfe of the great acceffion which natural knowledge has received from your moft ingenious and accurate inveftigations. 4 Pe a RG A IN, ZOopP A N CRs IN oe OF Hoye Pues. I ACTINIA. Animal /e afigens baf,, carnofum, oblongum, te- res, contractile, vivipa- runt. Os terminale, dilata- bile, tentaculis cin&lum. _ Apertura preter os nul- la. aha Obf. Ex bafi tubulofa repente interdum proli- Sera. ANIMAL FLOWER. This animal fixes itfelf by its bafe ; it is of a flefhy fub- ftance, and a roundifh ob- long form, capable of ex- tending or contracting itfelf ; it produces its young. alive through its mouth, The mouth, which is in the middle of ‘the upper part, is capable of great extenfion, and is furrounded by rows of claws or tentacles. It has no other opening but. that. Oo/. It fometimes pro- duces its young from a creep- ing tubulous bafe. I have fome doubt, whether the animal, which I have called AGinia fociata, or Clufter’d aerial flower, pro- B perly A. SES WET oIFT a aE a, perly belongs to this genus, as it produces its offspring from an adhering tubulous bafe, and the conftruétion of © the inner parts upon diffection feem to differ from the reft. At prefent I fhall rank it as a fpecies, till future difcoveries inform us better. 1. Actinia Cereus. | Sea Torchthiftle. Adtinia tentaculis denu- This animal flower has datis numerofifimis, cor- many claws, which it cannot pore longitudinaliter ful- contract; the body of it is cato. {triated or furrowed length- ways. Hydra tentaculis denudatis numerofifimis, corpore lon- gitudinaliter fulcato. Gertner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 78. tab. x. fig. 1. | This animal was found on the coaft of Cornwall by my worthy friend Jofeph Gertner, M.D. F.R.S. and is defcribed by him in the Philofophical Tranfactions. The claws are of a beautiful feagreen color, ending at the points in a lively rofe color; the difk or center of the claws and the body are of a brown color. 2. Actinia Bellis. Sea Daife. Adtinia calyciflora,ten- This animal flower has a taculis retractilibusvarie- head like the calyx of a flower, gatis, corpore verrucofa. having many variegated claws, | which it draws in. Its body is covered with little warts. Hydra calyciflora, tentaculis retrattilibus variegatis, corpore verrucofo. Gaertner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 79. tab. 1. fig. 2. This Dsl Ae B Mow mM This was likewife found by Dr. Gaertner in Cornwall. The ftem is quite fmooth, and inclining to a carnation color.. The outfide of the cup and body of the animal is marked with white protuberances or warts, and froma flefh color changes infenfibly towards the border of the cup, firftinto purple, then into a violet, and at laft into a dark brown. The feelers that furround the difk are al- moit tranfparent, and of different lengths and colors ; fome of them are of a pale afh color with brown fpots, others of a chefnut color with white fpots. The difk or upper part is formed like a ftar, compofed of variegated rays of a beautiful mixture of brown, yellow, afh color and white. | 3. Adtinia gemmacea. Studded Sea Star—flower. Actinia difciflora, ten- This animal flower has a taculis retrattilibus fub- difk furrounded by femitran- diaphanis, corpore milia~ {parent claws, which it has the ribus glandulis longitudi- power of drawing in. Its body naliter firiato. is ftriated lengthways with _ | 7 thoufands of little glands. flydra difcifora, tentaculis retraGilibus fubdiaphanis, corpore cylindrico miliaribus glandulis longitudinaliter frriato. Gertner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 82. tab. x. St ay eae | This is likewife one of Dr. Gertner’s from the coaft of Cornwall, and only to be met with in the fiffures of the rocks. The color of the ftem is of a pale red near the bafe, the reft of a yellow mixt with grey afh color. The glands of the middle row are white, the reft of the fame color with the ftem. The feelers are of a whitifh color, varied at the B 2 | upper ta A Ge Se FRNA upper part with feveral crofs lines and brown fpots, of an irregular figure, like the backs of fome fnakes. 4. Actinia Mefembryan- themum. — Sea Fig-marygold. Aétinia di/cifora, ten- This animal flower has a taculis retractilibus, ex- dik furrounded by claws, timo difci margine tuber- which it has the power of culato. | drawing in; the outward mar- gin of the difk has a row of tubercles. fydra difciflora, tentaculis retrattilibus, extimo difci margine tuberculato. Gertner Phil. Tranf. Vol. 52. pag. 83. tab. 1. fig. 5. Dr. Gertner remarks, that the color of this animal is always red in the fummer, and then changes about the latter end of autumn to a dufky green or brown. The feelers or claws are of various colors, as red, blue, white,. and even fometimes variegated, and the hemifpherical tubercles often vary as much as the feelers in color. I have taken notice of this as the moft common of al! the Adtinias ; it is to be met with almoft on all the rocky coafts of this kingdom, particularly in great abundance on the rocks a little to the eaftward of Brighthelmftone in Suffex ; what I have feen there has been of the color of a liver, but at Haftings further to the eaftward there are a great variety of fpecies of Adtinia not yet defcribed, or very badly. | In thefe 4 Aéctinias, called Hydras by Dr. Gertner, I have made ufe of his defcriptions, as thinking them ex- preflive of the fubje&, and only changed his name of Hydra to that of Dr. Patr. Browne of Adtinia. | , | ) The Oe 8 PON ¥o a The 4 following f{pecies were fent to the Earl of Hill borough, by'Mr.Greg from Dominica, They were pre- ferved in fpirits, fo that their color and true appearance, when alive, cannot well be known, which'occafions their deferiptions, particularly the three laft, to be lefs exact. _ §. Adtinia fociata. Cluftered Animal flower. AGinia tenuis, tube-- ‘This animal flower is of a Jormis, capitulo fubglobofo flender make and trumpet _ tentaculato, ex tubulocar- fhape, with a roundifh head nofo.adberenti prolifera. furnifhed with circles of claws; from its bafe are produced flefhy adhering tubes, and from thence its progeny arifes, | | "Tabet Biel Ts, 23) ih. . Aétinia fociata. Elis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 436. tab. 19. fig. I. 2. Though I have had the clufters of this animal drawn erect ona rock, I am perfuaded from the flendernefs of Tag. fe FyiG.1.2 a their make, their fituation would be more natural, if they were inverted. | | Perhaps thefe may be the clufters of Waterbottles,, which Hughes in his Natural Hiftory of Barbadoes, p. 296. mentions to grow to the uppermoft part of the rock, where his animal flowers are found. The natural fize of a clufter of this animal flower may be feen in Plate 1. fig. r. AtA, one of them is expanding its claws. Fig. 2. exprefies one of them diffeGed lengthways, and magni- fied to fhew the ftru@ure of the infide. in fig. 1. is the beginning of a young one growing up out of the tube at the bafe. | 6. Adctinia AG 2 NAGE. AY 6. Adtinia After. Adinia firpe craffa, _tarnofa, fubcylindrica, levi, truncata, tentacu- lis radiata. Aétinia are tab. 19. fig. Sea Star-flower 2G a {mooth frem. This animal aater has a thick, flefhy, {mooth and al- moft éylindsieal {tem, ending abruptly at the top, which is furnifhed with circular rows of tentacles. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 436. This was rank by John Greg, Efq. from hie! ceded — Iflands in the Weft Indies, to the Earl of Hillfborough. 7. Adtinia Anemone. Adtinia carnofa com- planata, difco fubhexa- gono tentaculis plurimis cinéto. Sea Anemone. This animal flower is of a- roundifh compreffed form, with a difk inclining to fix angles, furrounded by many rows of tentacles. Attinia Anemone. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 436. tab. 19. fig. 4 This was likewife fent from the Weft Indies to the Earl of Hillfborough by J. Greg, Efg. 8, A@inia Helianthus. Adtinia carnofa com- planata hypocraterifor- mis, aifco rotundo tenta- culis plurimis predito. Sea Sun-flower. This animal flower is fhaped like a falver, of a flat round form, furrounded by a very great number of tentacles. Attinia Helianthus, Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. p. 436. tab. 19. fig. 61%. The Peer “Te Bur Ne Ti Ay The tentacles or claws of all thefe animal flowers, that were preferved in {pirits, are greatly contracted. This elegant one-was likewife fent from the Weft In- dies to the Earl of Hillfborough, by Mr. Greg. g. Adctinia Dianthus. AGinia levis fubcylin- drica, difco quinguepar- tito foliaceo, tentaculis exiguis albis ornato, ofculo elevato firiato. Sea Carnation. This animal flower is{mooth and fomewhat cylindrical in its ftem. The difk or upper part is divided into 5 leaf-like figures, which are adorned withmany minutewhite claws, that furround its mouth, which is elevated and ftriated. Attinia Dianthus. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 436. tab. 19. fig. 8. _ I found his animal flower in plenty adhering to the under part of fome rocks, oppofite to the town of Haft- ings in Suffex ; it hangs downwards, and has the appear- ance, when the tide is out, of a flender longftalked yel- low fig : but being put into a glafs-veffel of falt water upon its bafe, it finks down and exhibits this form, as it is expanding its feelers, 10. Adtinia Calendula. Adtinia flirpe fubtur- binata, difco tentaculis petaliformibus cinco. Sea Marigold. This animal flower has a topfhaped ftem, and its difk furrounded by tentacles or claws, fomething like the pe- tals of a flower. . i. Fie. 3. | ane The TAB. 2. Fic. 3. EH ¥* D RA. The Animal Flower. Wughes’s Hilt. of Barbadoes, pag. 293. tab. 24. fig. 1. This animal flower is defcribed by Hughes in his Hiftory of Barbadees, and the figure reprefented in the plate is taken from thence. Mr. Hughes obferves, that thefe animals on being dif- turbed fink into holes; which is very different from the reft of this genus: befides, he fays he obferved four dark colored threads, fomething like the legs of a fpider, rife out from the center of what he calls the flower, with a quick fpontaneous motion from one fide to the other of the circular border of leaves: thefe in reality, he fays, were fo many arms or feelers, clofing together in imitation of | a forceps, as if they had hemmed in their prey, which the yellow border foon furrounded and clofed to fecure. From the foregoing defcription, the animal fhould © feem rather to bea particular fpecies of Tubularia, with its tube in the hole of the rock ; but this muft be left to future obfervations; at prefent we fhall call it an A@tinia. Il. HYDRA. FRESH WATER POLYPE. Animal bafi /e affigens, This animal fixes itfelf by vagum, gelatinofum, li- its bafe; it is gelatinous, li- meare, nudum, contrac- near, naked, can contrac it- zile. felf, and change its place. | Os terminale, cirrhis Its mouth, which: is at one jJetaceis cinétum. end, is furrounded by hair- like feelers. | Prolibus /ateralibus It fends forth its young (autumno ovis) deciduis, ones from its fides, which drop off; but in the autumn it produces eggs from its fides. Though Ww Yo D ek A, Though there are feveral f{pecies of this genus, I thall mention but two of them, and thefe differ but little from each other, which is chiefly in the number and leneth of their feelers. I fhould not have introduced this genus, but that the knowledge of the properties of this animal tends oreatly to illuftrate the nature of Zoophytes in general ; as this alone belongs to the frefh water, and all the others are. inhabitants of the fea. 1. Hydra fufca. Longarmed [refo-water Polype. Hydra tentaculis Juboc- This frefh-water polype has tonis longiffimis. very long arms, often 8 in number, and feveral times longer than its body. Ellis Corallin. tab. 28. fis. C. (The claws are here fhortened, for the conveniency of introducing them within the fize of the plate.) flydra fufca. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. r2. pag. 1320. , The common frefb-water Polype 2. Hydra vulgaris. of the ditches Hydra sentaculis lon- This frefh-water polype has gioribus fubfeptenis, cor- longith arms, eenerally about pore lutefcente poftice at- 7, which are twice as long.as tenuato. its body ; it is of a yellowith : color, and {maller towards the | bottom. Frefo-water Polype. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag. 430. tab, ne fiydra grifea.. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1320. | C i 1h So) F fe) Powe Us SR PA In Auguit 1770, I found feveral of this kind of freth- water polype, which I kept for fome months, and found that they fend forth 12 claws when they are in perfec- tion. For a further defcription of this extraordinary animal, - with the remarkable experiments on its reproduction when cut in pieces, I fhall refer the reader to a moft cu- rious treatife, wrote particularly by Mr. Abraham Trem- bley, F.R.S. on this fubje@; and likewife in the intro- duction to my Effay on Corallines, the reader will find a {hort defcription of its properties; as alfo in my letter to the Earl of Hillfborough, in the 57th Vol. of the Phi- lofophical TranfaGtions, upon the Adtinia Sociata. Wl. FLUSTRA. THE SEA MATT Animal afixum, raro Is an animal that grows on tubulis radicalibus. other bodies, and fometimes, but rarely, it adheres by little radical tubes to them. Stirps wembranacea fo- The ftem isa membranaceous liacea, ex feriebus cellula-~ leat-like fubftance, confifting rum multifidis et diver- of many rows of cells united gentibus. coalita, gquaft together, which {pread out as contexta. they grow, and divide into | many parts; the whole fur- face having the appearance of being wove like a matt. Cellule rimgentes, ca- It fends forth through the | pitula RAE Uh Soe aie AR pitula Flydriformia fua- routh-like openings of its do adnata exferentes. . cells, fuckers or feelers, | fhaped like the frefh-water po- lype; thefe are fixt at the bottom of each cell. Ovaria: bullule fupra The ovaries appear to be the cellulas. pearl-like ftuds, which we find at the tops of the cells. This genus was formerly called Efchara, before Dr. Linnzus changed it to Flufira. The criticks find fault with him for altering the old name ; for my part, I think _ he has done it very properly. The name of Efchara fig- nifying the cruft on the flefh that proceeds from the wound of a burn, a term ufed in furgery, and therefore improper : but Fluftra, being derived from Qarods, teges, amatt, is more defcriptive of the appearance of thefe fubftances, which look as if they were woven like matts, and therefore much better adapted. Befides it was neceflary to feparate the membranaceous from the ftony fubftances, both of which were formerly under the name of Efchara: otherwife we might as well rank the foft, fpongy and flefhy fubftance, called Alcyo- nium digitatum, or Dead-man’s toes, as a Madrepora, there being nothing but the difference of their compo- nent parts that prevents it ; the Madrepora being ftony,, and the Alcyonium fpongy. -z, Fluftra truncata. Sguare-top'd Sea Matt. Fluftra folacea dicho- This Sea Matt erows in a toma, Jlacinis limearibus fubdivided manner, with nar- truncatis, tubulis radica- row {quare-top’d leaves; the libus infirula. bafe is furnifhed with adhering root-like tubes. C 2 Fucus £4 wh 220) oe CARS: Ser VRE a! Fucus marinus OP albidus angufitor obipprelius, ex tvemitatibus quaft abfeiffis. mH Ox, 3. padt'646. ecto. ie 8. fig. 17. Ray’sSynopf. pag. 43. Nee i Seo Hornwrack. Ellis Corallin. pag. os tab. 28. fig. a. A. B, Flufira truncata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1300. This Sea Matt is common on the fea coafts of this king- dom. The cells open on both furfaces, and are placed back to back, like the cells in a honeycomb. They are of an oblong fquare fhape, with a little helmet-like figure on the top of each: Their color varies froma oni , yellow to a yellowifh brown. are 2. Fluftra foliacea. Broad-leaved Sea Matt. Fluftra foliacea ramofa, This Sea Matt grows in laciniis cuneiformibus ro- branches, that divide into tundatis. wedge-fhaped forms, rounded at te top. Tas. 2. Fic. 8. | Fucus telam lineam fericeamve textura fua emulans, Ray’s Synopf. pag. 42. Broad-leaved Hornwrack. Ellis Corallin. pag. 70. tab.) 29. tic. a, A. BivGuk. Frufira foliacea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. £300. This is very Common on all our fea coafts. I have given a figure a little magnified in Tab. 2. fig. 8 to fhew its manner of fixing to fhells, and growing up into the form of a plant: int I have more particularly defcribed it in my Effay on Corallines, pag. 70. The trunck near the bafe is remarkablysfortified with feveral layers of the fame kind of cells, which have grown up from the fhell, and fixt hetmelres one over another, 5 to Brie Uy) Sik Ty) RY AN to ftrengthen the animal againft the violence of the waves ; which is very different from any thing in the growth of vegetables. 3. Fluftra pilo/a. fairy Sea Matt. Fluftra foliacea varie Sea Matt with irregular ra- ramofa, poris fetaceis. mifications and hairy cells. Irregular fpongy foliaceous Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 73. tab. 31. | Fluftra pitofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12) pag. 1301. This hairy Sea Matt is found frequently incrufting the fmaller fucus’s on thefe coafts, and now and then rifing up into irregular leaf-lke forms, with cells on both fides. 4. Fluftra papyracea. | Paper Sea Matt. Fluftra papyracea utrin- Sea Matt like paper, with — guecellifera,fummitatibus cells on both fides, having the Jsecuris aciei infar trun- tops of its branches formed catis. like the edge of an axe. The cells of this Sea Matt are.of an oblong {quare figure, {welling out a little in the middle of each fide. The openings of the cells are defended by a helmet-like figure ; from hence the polype-fhaped fuckers extend themfelves. This Sea Matt is of a flender and delicate texture, like thin femitran{parent paper, of a very light ftraw color. It was firft found on the coaft of Suffex, adhering to a. fhell. I have fince met, on the fame coaft, about Haftings, in the year 1765, with feveral fpecimens, whofe tops | 3 were 3 14 _ Tas. 3. Fic.6.7. PITE Se se ea A were digitated, and others that were very irregularly divided. 5. Fluftra carbafea. Lawn Sea Matt. Fluftra foliacea dicho- Subdivided Sea Matt, like . toma, cellulis uno firato lawn, with a fingle layer of difpofitis. cells. | DAR. Ag cg fe. ower, This Sea Matt has larger cells than any of this genus that I have met with; they are ege-fhaped at the top, the lower part of the fides are a little contracted, they then end abruptly at the bafe. The walls that furround the cells feem to be formed of a very flender tube. The figure here reprefented was drawn from a fmall — {pecimen, fent me by the ingenious Dr. David Skene from Aberdeen: fince which, I have received a more compleat {pecimen from my worthy friend Mr. Parfons, M. B. profeffor of chemiftry, at Chrift Church College, in Oxford, who collected it at Leith, near Edinburgh ; this is regularly dichotomous, and is ofa brownifh yellow color; the middle of the cells are almoft tranfparent. . 6. Fluftra bombycina. So ipee Sea Matt. Fluftra /rondefcens, fron- This Sea Matt has very deli- dibus obtufis dichotomis et cate thin leaves, divided here trichotomis confertis ra- and there at the extremities, dicantibus, uno tantum fometimes in two, fometimes firato cellulofis. | in three parts, growing toge- | ther in tufts, fending forth radical tubes, and having but one layer of cells. | Tas. 4. Fic. b. B. Bx, Bei Ul Shety Re This was brought from the Bahama Iflands by Mr. Mark Catefby, F. R.S. I have fome elegant fpecimens from the Eaft tales. that approach very near to this kind, but they have no radical tubes, and their fides bend inwards. 7. Fluftra verticillata. Bafketwork Sea Matt. Fluftra adnata, fepe This Sea Matt grows on fae“ frondefcens, frondibus li- cus’s, often fending out flattith nearibus fubcomprefis bafi linear branches, narrow at the attenuatis, cellulis turbi- bale. Thefe confift of rows natis ciliatis, feriebus al- of top-fhaped ciliated cells, tera fuper alteram difpof- difpofed in whirls, one row tis. above another. Tea Ace tet, This elegant little Sea Matt I found growing on a red pennated cartilagenous fucus, called Fucus Nereideus, from the Mediterranean Sea. The cells when magnified appear furrounded by fharp denticles, with a briftle fituated in the front of each cell, bending inwards likea horn: the mouths of the cells in- cline iSiayend: and their whole femi-tranfparent fubftance appears full ue {mall points. I am indebted for this, among many other rare fea productions, to my ingenious and worthy friend Dr. John Fothergill, F.R.S. 8. Fluftra dentata. Toothed Sea Matt. Fluftra plano-foliacea This Sea Matt grows upon adnata, bine cellulis fubo- fuacus’s; the cells compofe one valibus nitidis, ofculisden- ‘ingle layer: they are nearly tatis inclinatis. oval, and of a fhining color, 5 like iy ant As Fic, a. a6 Beak Ub. Sat ORS AS like pearl. ~ Their little open- ings are furrounded by nee teeth bending inwards. | Ellis Phil. Tranfaé. Vol. 48. pag. 630. tab. 22. fig, 4. D. Corallin. pag. 73. tab. 29. fig. D. Dr. This Sea Matt, when magnified, has a white femi-. tran{parent appearance, full of (eee points. It is ‘found adhering to fucus’s and fhells all round the coaft of thefe kingdoms. It is always brighteft when taken in the greater depths of the fea. There are frequently little helmet-fhaped bullae on the tops of the cells, which are fuppofed to be the ovaries. The figure at D. in tab. 22. vol. 48. Phil. Tranf. was drawn for me by Mr. G. D. Ehret, F.R.S. when we were at Brighthelmitone, in Suffex, while it was alive in {fea-water, in June1r754. Here the figures of the polypes. are exactly reprefented as they appeared LanDbeh the mi- _ crofcope. 9g. Fluftra bullata. Studded Sea Matt. Fluftra aduzata, cellulis Sea Matt with projecting ovatis extantibus albis, of- white egg-fhaped cells, having culis rotundis, [pinulis ar- little round mouths, armed Watts. with {mall {pines. Ellis Corallin. tab. 30. fig. d. D. I have often met with this little Sea Matt upon fucus’s, both on the coaft of Suffex and Cornwall. Sometimes it is found furrounding their ftems, at other times {fpread on their leaves. ao. Fhuftra Te Un Poa REA to. Fluftra arenofa. Sandy Sea Matt. Fluftra eruflacea are- . This Sea Matt is formed of nofa lutofa, poris fimplii- {and and flime into a crufta- cibus fubguincuncialibus. ceous body, with {mall mouths placed almoft in a quincunx order. Englif> Jandy Millepora.. Ellis Corallin. pag. 74. tab. 25. fig.e: 7 This fandy Sea Matt, of which but a {mall part is drawn at fig. e, tab. 25. Effay on Corallines, was fent me from Holyhead, in Wales. Its form, when intire, was exactly like the upper femi-- circular part of a colt’s hoof. The furface of each of the cells was a little hollow in the middle, with a {mall hole ineach : from the appearance it made, when I received it intire, I judged it to be what Imperatus calls his Lorica Marina. There is a layer of fand and flime under as well as over the cells which compofe it. It is very friable when dry. Whether it belongs to this genus or not, I fubmit to the curious. 11. Fluftra tubulofa. ! Pipy Sea Matt. ‘Fluftra advzata mem- Membranaceous adhering branacea, cellulis fimpli- Sea Matt, with a fingle layer cibus ovato-oblongis, ofcu- of oblong-oval cells, and a lis tubulofis ere&tis. tubulous ereé& opening to each. This Sea Matt was fent by Mr. Greg, among many other curious fea productions, from Dominica, adhering toa fucus, and differs from all the reft of this genus, in D : _ having - T7 18 C EEL EA Rd A. having a tubulous mouth to each of its cells. The whole is of a deep yellowifh femi- -traniparent color, and of a membranaceous texture. 12. Fluftra membranacea. Chagrin Sea Matt. Fluftra plano-foliacea Membranaceous. adhering - indivifa aduata, hinc cel- Sea Matt, with oblong qua- lulis quadrangulis oblon- drangular cells, pointed at the gis, ad angulos fuperiores upper projecting angles. _ prominulis, mucronatis. Flufira membranacea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1301. ' This Sea Matt was brought from Weymouth, in Bor fetfhire, and was found adhering to the Fucus digitatus. _ There are difperfed here and there, at regular diftances over the furface, little tranfparent, fhort, erect tubes; but to what ufe I thall not pretend to determine, unlefs they are the ovaries. | Iv. CELLARIA. CELLEFEROUS CORALLINE Animal crefcens plante Is an animal growing in the habitu. form of a plant. Stirps cruftacea, lapi- The ftem is cruftaceous, in- defcens, e cellulis feriatis lining to ftone, compofed of compofita, plerumgue ra- rows of cells, for the moft mofa et articulata, tubu- part jointed and branched, ad- lis adherens. hering by little tubes. Capitula polypiformia e It Peas forth polype-like poro vel ofculo fingule fuckers from the little open- cellule exferens. — ings of each of its cells. eine Ovaria CEL LAA Rd a. Ovaria incerta, nift bul- The ovaries are uncertain ; tulas {upra cellulas voca- but moft probably the little wus, que in nonnullis fpe- hemifpherical covers, that ap- ciebus extant, » pear over the cells, do that office. Linneus, in a note at page 1315 of his Syftem of Nature, Ed. 12. remarks, that the veficles which we obferve in the ivory-tufted Celleferous Coralline, and in the Goat’s-horn Coralline, feem to unite this genus in a natural order to the Veficular Corallines. This genus has likewife an affinity to thofe Fluftras or Sea Matts that have but one layer of cells, particularly the Cellaria avicularia, or Bird’s-head Coralline, where there are feveral rows of cells united together in one fin- gle layer. : In this {pecies, and in the Cellaria ciliata, or Ciliated _ Celleferous Coralline, they have fomething fingular pro- jecting from their cells, which is little figures not unlike birds heads, particularly the former, the ufe of which is not yet known. In this fpecies I have obferved in the microfcope while it was alive, ina watch-glafs full of fea- water, thefe birds heads opening and fhutting their beaks all the time that the polypes were extending and con- | tracting themfelves in their cells. The arrangement of the cells of the Cellaria loriculata, er Coat of Mail Coralline, obliges me to confider the | Cellaria farciminoides, or Bugle Coralline, as belonging to this genus; becaufe the Cellaria loriculata has its célls placed back to back, which has the appearance of tending to the roundnefs of the Bugle Coralline. _I had formerly ranged the Bugle Coralline with the ar- ticulated Corallines: but the fhape and difpofition of the D2 cells, ry 20. C 2 of eh AR a omy, cells, together with the radical tubes, bring it nearer to: this genus. And. yet both this and the Cellaria Cereoides, or Torchthiftle Coralline, when they grow. old,. differ from the reft of this clafs;. for then we fee them. apr proaching towards the genus.of Millepora, by having ad- ditional ranges of cells furrounding their firft cells, efpe-. cially the former. | In my obfervations on this genus I cannot pafs over the. fingularity of the Cellaria neritina, or Snail-bearing Co- ralline. The likenefs to Nerits of its rows of little round: adhering bodies, which. are open on. one. fide, together. with their fhell-like figure and’ pearly fhining look, in-. clined me to believe at firft that they were the young ones. of fuch a fmall kind of fhell-fifh. But by comparing them with the figures of others of this genus, they appear. rather to be what we have called Ovaries. Or perhaps they are the young of the animal defended’ by a teftaceous covering like a little fhell-fith, which at the time of its maturity feparates from its umbilical chord, by means of which the microfcope difcovers to us, that it has been conneéted to its cell, from whence it drops and foon adheres to a proper fubftance as a bafe, begin- ning to form a Coralline like the parent animal. ip This feems more probable, than to confider each of them as an ovary, which ufually contains many eggs of the fame animal. A late writer, who isa ftrong advocate for the vegeta- tion of Zoophytes, fuppofes thefe little pearl-like figures, as alfo thofe like the heads of birds in the Bird’s-head Co- ralline (or Cellaria avicularia) to be their Nedtariums, analogous to what is fo called in the flowers of fome plants. In Gc E BLA RR SE A In fome well preferved fpecimens of this fpecies of Co- ralline, collected at the Bahama [lands by the Rev. Mr.. Clarke, I have obferved fomething very like teftaceous lit-- tle bodies at the extremities of their radical tubes: from - thefe bodies the. tubes have crept along till they have.been properly fixt. The Coralline then begins to grow ered, and the polypes appear in the cells ;. after this the eggs or young ones appear, one at the fide of each.cell 3. it is then perfect.. I. have mentioned. thefe three ftages of the Co- ralline, becaufe I think them fomething analogous to the different changes in moft infects.’ In the Zoophyte,. the various {tates are all connected together at length ;, but in the infect, thefe different ftates are brought about by. dif ferent ieee of the exterior furface of the fame body. I muft,. before I conclude thefe remarks, obferve, that: the Rdocatas: for. vegetation in. thefe bodies, call the wrinkled adhering tubes at the bafe, roots: but they’. fhould examine them ftri@ly, and. they would find them. _ meer cylinders, and that they do not grow f{maller to- wards their, extremities, which is evidently the cafe with. the roots. of. vegetables.. r, Cellaria: plumofa, ralline. Cellaria ceMulis unila~- Celleferous CGoralline. with: teralibus alternis extror- alternate fharp-pointed cells, . fum acutis, ramis. dicho- looking one: way, and.end- tomis ereétis faftigiatis: ing at top in dichotomous branches. | Soft-feathered CGoralline. Elhs Corallin. pag. 33.. tab: 18. sertularia faftigiata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1314. .. Gellaria : Soft-feathered Celleferous Co-- vie | 22 Cockye he DA eRe Tae 2. Cellaria neritina. Cellaria dichotoma fer- ruginea, cellulis alternis unilateralibus extrorfum wmucronatis, ovulis [ub- teftaceis nitidis interjetis, ofculis margine fubfufco Cinetis. Snail-bearing Coralline. - This Coralline is of a_red-. difh brown color and dichoto- mous, with alternate pointed cells, looking one way ; hav- ing a little egg on the outfide of each, with an opening fur- rounded by a _ dark-colored. margin. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. pag. 115. tab, 5. fig. a. A. Corallin, pag. 35. tab. 19. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. r2. p.1315. dSertularia neritina. 3. Cellaria avicularia. Cellaria Jatiufeula di- chotoma ereGa, cellulis unilateralibus alternis b1- fetis, ore galeato, appendi- culis inftar avium capitum marginalibus. Bird’ s-head Coralline. Pia.) 2,7: ta; Ak Sertularia avicularia. pag. 1315. Bird’ s-head Coraltine. This celleferous Coralline is fomewhat broad, dichoto- mous, and erect: the cells are alternate and look one way, having a helmet-like figure over the opening, with two little {pines on the top of each: on the outward margin of each is a little figure like a bird’s head. Ellis Corallin. pag. 36. tab. 20. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed, 12. 4. Cellaria Ge Te ee RTs 4. Cellaria reptans. Creeping Celleferous Coralline. Cellaria repens dicho- This creeping celleferous toma articulata, cellulis Coralline has dichotomous alternis unilateralibus, of- jointed branches, with its cells culis bifetis. facing one way and placed al- ternately; their mouths have two little briftles. Creeping Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 37. tab. 20. INo..13,. ate. by B. | Sertularia reptans. Linn. Syft: Nat. Ed. 12. p.1315. This celleferous Coralline is very common on the Eng- lith coaft, _ is generally found adhering to fhells and fucus’s. There is one thing very remarkable in the radical tubes, by which fome of this fpecies adhere, and that is little hooks difpofed along the fides of them, like thofe in briars. See fig. F. in plate 20. Effay on Corallines. This is very different from the roots of vegetables. Ss Cellaria {crupofa. Stony Angular-celled Coralline. Cellaria repens lapidofa This creeping celleferous dichotoma, cellulis angu- Coralline is ftony and dicho- _tatis alternis unilateralz- tomous, having alternate cells bus. looking one way, with an an- mare projeGing on the outward fide of each: earls frony Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 38. tab. 20. No. 4. fig. c. C.. | Sertularia ee Linn. Sy ft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 131 5. 6. Cellaria 23 2.4 GCE } GE. tov RAGA gas 6. Cellaria ciliata. Ciliated Celleferous Coralline. — Cellaria cellulis alternis This Coralline has alternate ciliatis, ore obliguo patulo, cells; the mouth of each is ramis dichotomts ereétis. {pread open and oblique ; the branches are erect and dicho- tomous. Ciliated Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 38. tab. 20. Nol 4.) fie. dD } | Sertularia ciliata. \ Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1316, 7, Cellaria eburnea. Tufted g vory Cell. Coralline. Cellaria cellulis alternis This Coralline has alternate truncatis prominulis, ova- truncated cells, a little pro- riis gibbis roftratis, ra- minent, with roundith ovaries, mis articulatis patulis. that have a tubular opening : on one fide ; the branches are {preading and jointed. Tufted Teeey Coraline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 39. tab. 21. No. 6. fig.a: A. . Sertularia Dee Linn. Syit. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1316. 8. Cellaria loriculata. 4 aie Mail Cell. Coralline. Cellaria cel/ulis oppofitis This Coralline has its cells obligue truncatis, ramo- in pairs placed back to back, Sifima dichotoma articu- andopening oblique each way ; Lata. it is very much branched; the branches are dichotomous and jointed, eee Coat Cte a ae Ro al es of Mail Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 4.0. tab. No. 7. fig. b. B. | Wale loriculata, Linn. Syf{t. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1314. g. Cellaria Burfaria. Shepherd’s-pur[eCell.Coralline. Cellaria ramofa articu- This Coralline is branched lata, cellulis oppofitis pel- and jointed, and has oppofite - lucidis carinatis, tubulo tran{parent keel-fhaped cells, adnato fubclavato audfis. with a little tube, {welling at top like a tobacco-pipe, that _ appears to come out of them. Shepherd’ s-purfe ee Ellis Corallin. pag. 41, tab. 22. No. 8. fig. SebsdlariaBublorin: Linn, Syift. Nat. Ed. r2. p- 1304. 10. Cellaria cornuta. Ce Cell. Coralline. Cellaria vefculifera ra- This Coralline, which bears mofa articulata, cellulis veficles, is branched and fimplicibus tubulofis curva- jointed; it has fingle tubu- tis altera fuper alteram, ous crooked cells arifing out Jetd ad ofculum longifimd. of each other, with a long briftle at the mouth of each. Goat’s-horn Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 42. tab. 21. No. ro. fig. c. C. : | | Sertularia cornuta. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1316. rz. Cellaria chelata. Bull s-horn Cell. Coralline. Cellaria ramofa, cellulis This Coralline is branched, fenplicibus corniformibus having its cells thaped like 1a) concatenatis ae 26. Go WEES Te SARE Ty OAR contatenatis, ore margi- soe, difpofed like links to- . #OL0. sether, with a margin ne the mouth of each. Bull's-horn Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 42. tab. 22. No. 9. fig. b. B. Sertularia loricata. Linn. Sy fk. Nat. Ed. 12. p. ian6. 12. Cellaria anguina. Snake s-head Cell. Coralline. Cellaria cellulis finpli- This Coralline has only fin- ciffimis, tubulis obtufiscla- gle cells, of a blunt tubular vatis, apertura laterali. club-fhape, with an opening on one fide. Snake Coraline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 43. tab. 22. No. 14. fag. c. CG. D. | Sertularia anguina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1317. 13.Cellaria faveintinoides. Bugle Cell. Coraline. Cellaria articulata di- This Coralline is jointed chotoma, articulis fubcy- and dichotomous; the joints lindricis, cellulis rhombeis are almoft cylindrical, and co- | obtectis. : vered onall fides with lozenge- _fhaped cells, Bugle Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 46. tab. 23. Tubularia fiftulofa. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1302. 14. Cellaria cereoides. Torchthiftle Cell. Coralline. Cellaria articulata ra- This Coralline is jointed and mofa, articulis fubcylindri- branched, with joints almoft Cis, CHEE yi ekip eR! 1 ‘Ag cis, ofcults cellularum ua- cylindrical. ‘The little mouths digue prominulis. of its cells on all fides are a little prominent. ABE BS RIG Ds) BG DE: This ere& cellular Coralline is about three inches high ; the larger joints are about three quarters of an inch long, of a dirty white color, and of a ftony coral-like fubftance. It grows in erect tufts, irregularly joined tegether: the joints are united by little wrinkled tubes: thefe tubes frequently grow out of one of the cells on the fide of the joints; and it is particularly remarkable, that from the end of fome of the tubes fo fituated, a joint grows full of cells, which are placed both above and below the tube, fo that the joint, with its cells, is fupported intirely by the little tube in the middle. This joint, thus fufpended a7 by the tube, is reprefented at fig. C. tab. 5. where it is magnified, with the upright and crofs {e&tion E. and D.D. to fhew the fituation of the cells. This was brought from Algiers, on the coaft of Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, and prefented to me by Gufta- vus Brander, Efq. 15. Cellaria tulipifera, Tulip Cell. Coralline. Cellaria firpe articu- This Coralline has a femi- lata lapidea fubdiaphana, tranf{parent, jointed, ftonyftem. articulis clavatis, cellulis ‘The joints are club-fhaped. termis dentatis connexis ex From the upper part of the apicibus articulorum, exe- joints arife three little den- untibus, et fepeterminan- tated cells. united together ; tibus. _thefe are placed oppofite to one another, and often at the end of the ftem. | TAp, SAuPre ae A. | {ey This WINS RATS Paes ae A. 28. CG OB i es Rd A This elegant little celleferous Coralline grows on the © Fucus minimus denticulatus triangularis of Sloane’s Hif- tory of Jamaica, tab. 20. vol. x. and faftens itfelf by lit- _ tle adhering radical-tubes. It is {earce half an inch high, but moft beautifully formed, of a perfe@ white enamel. The three little tubular cells are fo combined as to give a tolerable reprefentation of a tulip. The fig. A. tab. 5s. fhews the magnified appearance of it, and fig, ayaa. the natural fize as it grows on the fucus. | It is found on this fucus near moft of the Weft-India iflands. ; 7 46. Cellaria Flabellum. Fan Cell, Coralline. Cellaria lapidea articu- This Coralline is jointed, lata ramofa dichotoma, ar- and of a ftony confiftence, ticulis fubcuneiformibusuna having its branches regularly latere cellulofis. fubdivided. The joints are | almoft wedge-fhaped, and full of cells on one fide. Tas. 4. Fre. c. C. | This is one of the moft elegant Corallines of this tribe : it is about two inches high, and is found in tufts, fending out many httle tubes by which it adheres. Its milk- white cells being difpofed in a flat and regular fubdivifion of its branches, gives it the appearance of fo many little fans. The back-part of the joints are convex and ftriated, but the fore-part, where the mouths. of the cells are, is flat. There are three rows of cells in each joint, two cells in each of the two lower rows, and three cells in the uppermoft. | | This | Oooh ie AOR. ob) AY This was firft difcovered by Mr. Catefby in the Ba- hama Iflands. I have feen a fort from the Eaft Indies: fomething like this, but the joints are curved and bent inwards at the fides: befides, they are longer in propor- tion, having a greater number of cells in each joint, which are difpofed in two rows lengthways, and alter- nately placed with refpe& to one another ; fo that it is a. different {pecies from the American one. Fig. c. ande¢ 1. fhew the natural fize of both fides of the Celleferous Fan Coralline, and C. and C1. the magnified appearance of the fame. 17. Cellaria cirrata. _ Curled Cell. Coralline. _ Cellaria /apidea articu- This Coralline has jointed lata ramofa dichotoma in- {tony curled branches, regu- curvata, articulis fubcilia- larly fubdivided. The joints tis, ovato-truncatis, uno are a little ciliated, ege- latere planis, celliferis. fhaped, and flattifh at top ; full of cells, and level on one a nel ‘Pasi a Fred: Ds This beautiful little Coralline is about two inches high. It rifes from a ftem, formed of many pale-yellow little tubes, and looks like a bunch of curls of a cream color. It is formed of joints full of {tony cells, which Tas. Fic. 29) 4s Gi de D. are connected together by flexible tubes. The back of the cells is ftriated and convex, the front is flat: on the fides of the joints are little hooked {pines, and at the top a few {mall hairs. ‘There are two rows of cells in each joint, three in the upper row and two in the under; the _ openings are oval. | | | bam aD Te aA aa dy Rode I am indebted to Dr. John Fothergill for this {peci- men : he received it from the Eaft Indies. Fig. d. is the natural fize, and D. and Dr. the magni- fied yen’ of a piece of it. 18. Cellaria ternata. Cellaria ramofa dicho- toma articulata repens, articulis angulatis fub- turbinatis, cellulis ternis unilateralibus. Three-celled Cell. Coralline. This Coralline is branched, dichotomous, jointed, and creeping ; the joints are near- ly top-fhaped, with angles at their fides; they have three cells in the front of each. This little Coulline, which is of a ftony femi- tran{pa- rent nature, was fent from Aberdeen by the ingenious Dr. David Skene. V. TUBULARIA. Animal tubulofum, cor- neu, funplicifimum, vel ramofum, gelatina viva preditum, habitu plante crefcens, bafi afficum 3 a~ pice capitulum, tentaculo- rum duabus feriebus orna- tum, fuftinens; una me- dium cingens, altera ex ore fefe exferens: PIPE CORALLINE. This Pipe Coralline is an animal with a horny tube, or one branched into many, full of a living gelatinous fub- {tance, fixt ~by its bafe, and growing in the fhape of a plant. On the top of thefe tubes are little heads furnifhed with two rows of claws: one row furrounds the middle of . the ‘heads, and the other is placed round the mouth. Ovaria iT .URORU UL SACR Cl AN: Ovaria inter tentacula The ovaries appear among inferiora. uy ~ the lower range of claws. This genus approaches very near to the Serpula with - its animal Nereis, efpecially thofe with fingle ftems. [I have never yet feen any more than the three following {pecies, that belong properly to this genus, 1. Tubularia indivifa. Oaten-pipe Coralline. Tubularia ¢udulis fim- This Pipe Coralline, with plicifimis aggregatis, fur- fingle tubes growing in cluf- Jum leviter dilatatis, bafi ters together, is wider up- attenuatis implexis. wards and narrower below,. where they are interwoven one with another. . Tubular Coralline like caten pipes. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 17. fig. D. Ellis Corallin. pag. 31. tab. 16. fig. c. Tubularia indivifa. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1301. 2. Tubularia Latynx. Pipe Coralline, likethewind-pipe. Tubularia tubulis fim- This Pipe Coralline has _ plicibus aggregatis, hinc many fingle tubes, wrinkled inde annulofo-rugofis im- where and there, growing in ferne aitenuatis. : clufters together, and are nar- rower at the bottom. Tubular Coralline wrinkled like the wind-pipe. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 17. fig. C. Ellis Corallin.. pag. 30. tab. 16. fig. b. | Tubularia mufcoides. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1302. I. 3. Tubularia 31 G2 8 /EORRT AU La bA R 3. Tubularia ramofa. Branched Pipe Coralline. Tubularia twbulis ramo- This Pipe Coralline is fis, axillis ramulorumcon- branched, and the infertions tortis. of the branches are twifted. Small ramified tubular Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 31. tab. 16. fig. a. tab. 17. fig. a. A. Lubularia ramofa. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1302. I have often met with fpecimens of this Coralline that have been regularly branched in a doubly pinnated form ; and when I was at Emfworth, on the borders of Suffex, I found a f{pecimen of this Tubularia, with its ovaries. placed in a circle round the lower part of its heads. VWI. SERTULARIA. VESICULAR CORALLINE. | Animal polycephalum, This is a many-headed ani- crefcens habitu plante, ba- mal, growing in the fhape of fique affixum. a plant, and fixt by its bafe. Stirps tubulofa, cornea, Its tubulous horny ftem is denticuliscalyciformibusob- full of cup-fhaped denticles, fita, medulle animalis con- through which proceed little _ tinua capitula polypiformia heads inthe form of polypes, emittentibus. from the gelatinous medul- lary part, which is continued through the infide. Ovaria: veficule fingu- The ovaries are little blad- lares, polypos majores, ova ders, either containing a larger vel prolem vivam conti-_ kind of polype-head, which nentES. : fends forth clufters of eggs, or (in other f{pecies) the young ones already formed and alive. aa he & 2 Uw A RW A. In my Effay on Corallines, page 32, I have taken no- tice that the branched tubular Coralline was like the Elydra, or trefh-water Polype; but with this difference, _ that on account of its expofed fituation in the fea, nature had clothed it with a horny fkin. And in this genus of Sertularia, nature has been ftill more favourable in pro- viding little cup-like denticles to fecure their many ten- der heads fate, when they are drawn in upon any alarm of danger; whereas the heads of the tubular Corallines have no fuch protection, for which reafon they are not fo often found in the turbulent parts of the ocean as in thel- tered recefles of harbours. It is well known, that the young of fhell-fth are pro- duced with the fhell upon them; the young fea polypes -have alfo their proper horny covering on, fo that the fol- lowing obfervations will appear agreeable to truth. ‘The young animal difcharged from its ovary adheres by its bafe, and with its claws quickly procures nourifhment fuflicient to increafe its bulk: by this means, then, the ftem ad- vances, and many more heads with their claws come forth, and ftretch themfelves out for food ; this caufes a further increafe of nourifhment to be drawn in by thefe additional aétive organs, which circulates through the whole animal, and enables it, agreeable to the order of nature, to fend forth from its bafe creeping adhering tubes full of the fame living medullary fubftance with the reft of the body. Thefe tubes not only fecure it from the motion. of the waves, but likewife from thefe rife other young animals or Corallines, which growing up like the former, with their proper heads or. organs to procure food, fend out other adhering tubes from below, with a further increafe of thefe many-headed branched animals ; fo that in a fhort time a whole grove of veficular Coral- B | , lines SA 8 RUE oe SE RAR Rea lines is formed, as we find them on oyfters and other thell- fith, when we drag for them in deep water. Nothing can explain this extraordinary and wonderful proceeding of nature fo clearly, of an animal produced by fuckers like a plant, as the inftance I have already given in the Philofophical Tranfactions, vol. 57. p. 436. of the in- creafe of the cluftered Animal Flower, or A@inia fociata,. where the animal and its organs are large enough, with- out the afliftance of a microfcope, to convince us of the truth of this furprizing fact; and yet thefe organs are to- tally different from thofe of a plant. Here then we fee branched animals formed as infects are, with a horny {heath to cover them, which anfwers the purpofe of bones, while the fofter parts are contained in the infide. When we view the different manner and various forms in which. thefe Sertularias grow, we fhall ftill find that, notwith- {ftanding their external appearance, they all agree in the general character of this genus. Some fend out but few and fhort tubes from their bafe, and rife up into firm RHF fingle ftems, growing thicker and alfo broader at their bottom as they grow old; fuch as we may obferve in the Sertularia argentea, or Squirrel’s- tail Coralline, S. Thuja, or Bottle-brufh Coralline, 8. abietina, or Sea-fir Coralline, and S. Pinafter,. or Sea-pine Coralline, and many others. Some arife from. little tubes ramified like a fponge;. thefe enter into, and compofe large ftems, as in the Sertularia an- tennina, or Lobfter’s-hora Coralline, and the S. Myrio- phylion, or Pheafant’s-tail Coralline. Some. fend out tubes more remote, from whence arife fhorter and more diftant branches, as the Sertularia pumila, er Sea-oak Coralline, and the S. geniculata, or Knotted fea-thread Coralline: but the moft fingular are thofe which, froma congeries of little tubes, form ftems and branches, not I unlike rp, Be) aie PE ee) ee PA ARES A. unlike the outward appearance of the Gorgonias, fuch as the Sertularia verticillata, or Horfe-tail Coralline; the S. {fpinofa, or Silk Coralline; the S. halecina, or Her-. ring-bone Coralline ; and the S. frutefcens, or Shrubby Coralline; thefe feem to form the firft or leading ftem as a fupport for the next to climb up, fo that in fome old ftems, ~particularly of the Herring-bone Coralline, I have obferved the inner tubes of their ftems have been rotted and defiroyed, by being inclofed by fo many others on their furface. See page 18, Efflay on Corallines. Some writers feem at a lofs to account for the growth of thefe kind of Sertularias, whofe ftem and branches are thus compofed of many capillary tubes, and therefore are of opinion, that their manner of vegetating is obfcure, and that probably they grow not only in length and thicknefs, but likewife in fubftance and number of tubes, _ as plants do. | | In order to account for the tubes fticking toge- ther, they fuppofe that they are provided with an in- termediate fub{tance, by which fome are flightly glued together, others rendered more compact, and fome even become folid and hard. | : But it appears evidently on examination, that this ge- latinous fubftance is common to all the genus, and is no other than what the radical parts of them all pofiefs in common, in order to adhere firmly to their feveral ftations. So that inftead of thefe radical tubes lying horizontally, and adhering in lines like the Sertularia puniila, or Sea-oak Coralline, on its fucus, and many others after the fame manner, they raife themfelves up from their bafes (where thefe little tubes are firft fixed) and fupport one another by this natural gluten in an ereét form, making a ftem jt 2 | out 26 Ou: Re Ey Gel aS ee a out of the continuation of thefe radical parts: from this {tem fo formed proceed their branches, furnithed with den- ticles and polype-like heads, as we may obferve in Phil. Tranf. Vol. 47. tab. 17. fig. G. where there is a magni- fied reprefentation of the Sertularia halecina, or Herring- bone Coralline, drawn as it. was alive in fea-water. 1. Sertularia tamarifca. Sea-TamarifE Coralline. Sertularia alternatim This has alternate branches ramofa, denticulis oppofi- and oppofite tubulous denti- tis tubulofis crenatis, ova- cles, waved at top. The ova- rus ovato-truncatis bi- ries are of an ovalform, cut off aenticulatis, ore tubulofo. at the top, with two fmall points at the corners, together with a little tube for a mouth to each. | Sea-Tamarifk. Ellis Corallin. pag. 4. tab. 1. No. 1. fig, a. A. | : Sertularia tamarifca. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. Pp. 1307. This is the largeft. kind of Sertularia, and. but rarely found on thefe coafts. I have received it lately from Dr. David Skene, of Aberdeen. The figure was taken from one found in Ireland ; where in the winter feafon they are full of veficles, one inferted at the bottom of each pair of denticles. The ovaries of thofe from Scotland had no points; but this might be owing to their being young. 2. Sertularia abietina. Sea-Fir Coralline. ~Sertularia alternatim The Sea-Fir Coralline is al- pinnata, denticulis fubop- ternately pinnated with denti- pofitis Go eat. aA Re Bea pofitis ovato-tubulofis,ova- cles placed almoft oppofite, of riis ovalibus. an oval tubulous fhape. Their | ovaries are of an oval form. Sea-Fir. Ellis Corallin. pag. 4. tab. x. No. 2. fig: b. B. } | Sertularia abietina, Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 42. p. 1307. This elegant Coralline is frequently found on our coaft, adhering by its vermicular tubes to moft kind of fhells: it grows very erect, and is frequently infefted with little minute fhells called Serpulas. The fide branches are of- ten pinnated. In the winter the ovaries are in fuch abun- dance as almoft to cover the denticles, but placed in a very regular order. In this ftate I have received them from _ Brighthelmftone, in Suffex. 3. Sertularia polyzonias, Great Tooth Coralline. Sertularia /parfe ramo- This Coralline is loofely fa, denticulis ovatis alter- branched, having alternate ns, ovariis obovatis tran/- denticles; the ovaries are verfe rugofis. nearly ego-fhaped and wrin- ~ kled acrofs. Great Tooth Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 5. tab. 2. Now Jy fg..a. b. A. B: Sertularia polyzonias. Linn. Sy{t, Nat. Ed.12. p. 1312. We find this Coralline often growing ereét, and fend- ing out loofe {preading branches. A variety is found climbing up other Corallines. _ I received fome {pecimens from the Ifle of Wight, where there were many young ones climbing up. the firft ftem by radical tubes, and forming a fa {trong trunck with long alternate branches; thefe fpecimens were about three or four inches high. 1 Others - 37 38 S48 RA Oi Se ae aa Others I have met with that have grown loofely and un- connected into complicated maffes of a femi-tranfparent pale yellow color; the ovaries, as in the other, were wrinkled tranfverfely. 4. Sertularia argentea. Squirrel s-tail Coralline. Sertulariadenriculis ub- This Coralline has nearly oppofitis mucronatis, ova- oppofite and fharp-pointed viis ovalibus, ramis al- denticles, oval ovaries, and al- ternis paniculatis. ternate tufted branches. Squirrels Tail. Ellis Corallin. pag. 6. tab. 2. No.4. _ Sertularia argentea. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1308. 5. Sertularia cupreffina. 7 Sea-Cyprefs. Sertulariadenticulis fub- This has nearly oppofite and oppofitis oblique truncatis, oblique blunt denticles, with ramis paniculatis fparfis long loofe branches in pani- longioribus, ovariis obova- cles. The ovaries are nearly libus. oval, z Sea-Cypre/s: Ellis Corallin. pag. 7. tab. 3. No. 5. pac. Cais cuprefina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1308. Thefe two laft Corallines, though fuppofed by Lin- neus to be the fame, when they come to be compared, have quite a different habit and manner of growing. The latter, or Sea~Cyprefs, is always found in very deep water, and the fide branches often as long again as the Squirrel’s Tail, befides the difference of their denticles and ovaries. [| have feen, indeed, varieties of the Squir- rel’s-tail Coralline, but they are eafily known. We find this is the commonett of all the Veficular Corallines round the 2 or a A eR A: the coaft of thefe kingdoms, efpecially at the Ifle of Shep- pey ;. but the Sea-Cyprefs is chiefly found in deep water on the coaft of Yorkfhire, Scotland, and the north of Ireland, and not to be had in fuch plenty. — 6. Sentulitts operculata. Sea-Hair Coralline. Sertularia denticulis op- This Coralline has pointed pofitis fubere&is, ovariis denticles, which are oppofite ;. obovatis operculatis, ra- the points bend upwards, The mis alternis. evaries are ege-fhaped, and have a cover to each. The branches are alternate. Sea-Hair. Ellis Corallin. pag. 8. tab. 3. No. 6: fig. b. B.. | Sertularia operculata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1307. There are befides the two larger points to each denticle,. two little briftles on each fide of each denticle, which: may be feen. in the microfcope by a fide view. . This was omitted in the figure, as not being placed in a fide view for the painter when it was drawn. 7. Sertularia rofacea.. Lily flowering Coralline. Sertularia denticulis op- This Coralline has oppofite pofitis tubulofis truncatis, tubulous truncated denticles,. ramis alternis, ovariisco- alternate branches, and ova— ronato-{pinofis. ries crowned. with little fpines. Pomgranate flowering Coralline.. Ellis Phil. Tranf.. Vol. 48. tab. 23. fig. 5. . Lily or Pomgranate flowering Goralline. Ellis Coral- iin, pag. 8. tab. 4. Sertularia rofacea.. Linn. Syft. Nat.. Ed. 12. p. 1306i. | ) This: 39 40 SERPs eS AD This moft delicate white tender Coralline is often found growing on {fhells, and often climbing up other Coral- lines. The ends of fome of the branches turn into little radicles, as if it were going to climb up other fubftances, as is exprefied at fig. B. Effay on Corallines. The ova- ries are molt exactly reprefented through the microfcope ; thofe that are unexpanded are in the younger ftate, and in this form I have now whole branches moft beautifully adorned with regular rows of them; thofe with the points {ticking out appear to be in this ftate, when they have difcharged their fpawn. This object affords great enter- tainment in the folar microfcope, from the beautiful bloflom-like appearance of its ovaries, before they are ex- panded, where they look like fo many double flowers. 8. Sertularia pumila. Sea-Oak Coraltine. Sertulariadenticulis op- This Coralline has oppofite pofitis mucronatis recur- denticles pointed and bent vatis, ovarits fubrotundis. back; the ovaries are roundith. Sea-Oak Coralline. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 23. fig. 6. F. F. and Vol. 57. tab. rg. fig. r1. Corallin. pag. g. tab. 5. No. 8. fig. a. A. | | Sertularia pumila. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1306. This is met with on feveral {pecies of fucus, but of+ tener on the Fucus ferratus, or Sea~-Oak with ferrated leaves; and, as it is often found on the fhore on the go- ing out of the tide, adhering to the broad leaves of that large remarkable Fucus, it affords us the more frequent opportunities of feeing this animal alive, extending its claws, provided it is immediately, while moift, put into fome clean fea-water. In this ftate it may be APs for | ome pees erty Oth) AY Re Ac fome days by renewing the water; we may then cut oF. {mall pieces, and put them in awatch-glafs fullof {ea-water, and ina littke time they may be dun atined in the aquatic microfcope. See the figure in the Phil. Tranf Vol. 48. tab. 23. fig. b. F. F. Wherestis molt exactly reprefented, as it spncated alive. ‘This to perfons not acquainted with the nature of Zoophy tes will appear a moit furprizing as well as a moft agreeable fcene of entertainment, as I have frequently experienced with perfons, who hiaiys accompa-— nied me to the fea fide: the propereft and moit portable micro{cope for this purpofe I have given a very good figure of i in my Hifay on Wee au 9. Sertularia Thuja. _ Bottle-brufh Coralline. Sertularia denticulis di- This Coralline has two rows frichis alternis appreffis, of denticles, clofely adhering ovaris ovatis marginatis, alternately to both fides of the eaule angulato rigido pani- branches. The Ovaries are culato, ramulis creberrimis oval, with a margin or rim adichotomis attenuatis. Pan their openings. The {tem is waved. and very {tuff : on the upper-part is a tuft of © dichotomous little branches, which grow - {maller at the: ends. . Sibbald Scot. Hluftr.. tab. 12. Botilesbrufh Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. ro. tab. s.. No. 9. fig. b. B. and in the frontifpiece. Sertularia Lele Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. Laas G . 10. Sertularia. 40 BOE: Ree Ty BR a ee a ro. Sertularia Lonchitis. Sertularia articulata pin- nata, denticulis alternis diftichis apprefis, ovariis Ovatis operculatis. tab. 6. Sertularia Lichenaftrum. pag. 1313. I have received {pecime Sea Spleenwort. This Coralline has a jointed and pennated ftem, with two rows of alternate denticles ad- hering clofely to it. The ova- ries are oval, and have a cover to each. ! Sea Spleenwort or Polypody. Ellis Corallin. pag. 11. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. He from the Eaft Indies of a Ser- tularia very like this in appearance, but fmaller, where both the denticles and branches are exactly oppofite, and the joints both on the ftem and branches much clofer to- gether. Dublin. rr. Sertularia falcata. Sertularia denticulis fe- cundis imbricatis trunca- tis, ovariis ovato-oblongis, ramis pinnatis alternis, caule flexuofo. The S. Lonchitis was found in the harbour of Sickle Coralline. This Coralline has a waved ftem, and branches alternately pennated ; thefe are furnithed with a fingle row. of blunt denticles, lying clofe one be- ~ hind the other. The ovaries are of an oblong oval {hape. Sickle Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 12. tab. 7. No.1z. fig. a. A. and the center of the frontifpiece. _ ~Sertularia falcata. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 13009. In See Re A In the center of the frontifpiece to my E flay on Coral- lines I have given a figure of this beautiful Coralline, as it appears alive in the fea. The figure in tab. 7. was drawn from a dried f{pecimen. 12. Sertularia Pluma. Podded Coralline. Sertularia denticulis fe- This Coralline has bell- cundis imbricatis campa- fhaped denticles, lying. clofe nulatis, ovariis gibbis cri- above one another; the ova- fiatis, furculis pinnatis lan- ties are gibbous and crefted ; ceolatis alternis. | the little {prigs rife alternately, | and are pinnated. The Podded Coralline. Ellis Corallin. p. 13. tab. 7. No. 12. fig. b. B. He ° Sertularia Pluma. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 4309. This neat feathered Coralline is generally found climb- ing up, and furrounding fucus’s, particularly the podded Fucus. Its little tubuious radicles are difpofed in circles round the flem of the Fucus in fuch a manner, by uni- ting together, that the force of the fea cannot feparate it without tearing the Fucus to pieces. ‘The fide branches that fupport the denticles are jointed ; and the denticles, whofe margins are ferrated, are fupported in the front of each by a little projecting hollow f{pine, which, in the Sertularia Pennatula, one of this tribe, is longer and more diftiné, but cut off at the end, as will appear in tab. 7. fig. 1. 2, This little {pine does not appear in our figure, on account of the painter’s drawing the Coralline from an oblique back view of the branches. See the figure in Effay on Corallines, tab. 7. The pods or ovaries have generally five criftated ribs, pointing obliquely upwards, Geiaetie han and 43 4-4. pag. 1309. SA) Exc) Oe Ris a uae ae and proceeding from the back tube. This Coralline is common on the Britifh coatt. | I have lately received from Dominica, fome very large {pecimens of this kind, fix inches high, that are loofely branched, and grow ereét on fhelis. The ovaries of thefe are more oblong, and refemble thofe of a bean-pod, and have eight or nine furrounding criftated ribs. Befides thefe, we often meet with a very minute va- - riety on the Fucus natans, or Gulph-weed, and fome other varieties from the Mediterranean and the Eaft Indies. a3. Sertularia Myriophyl- Pheafant’s-tail Coralline. lum. | Sertularia pixnata, pin- This Coralline, with feather- mis alternis, rachi nodofa, like branches alternately dif- wodulis externe arcuatis pofed on the front of the mid- diftantibus; denticulis fe- rib or ftem, the back of which cundis truncatis fripula- has arched knots, placed at tifque. a diftance from each other; the denticles are even at top, each like a cup fupported by a focket, with a fhort {pine in front, and are placed in arow above one another on the un- der part of the little feather- like branches. Pheafant’s-tail Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 14. tab. 8. Sertularia Myriophyllum. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. The ee, ee ke ee. ea RT Ae The form of the ftem of this Sertularia is different from all the kinds hitherto known, on account of the arched knots on its ftem: when it is put into water, the two rows of little branches, or pinnz, become’ nearly ftraight, or incline a little at their ends, with their denti- cles towards each other. I have never yet feen~ their ovaries, nor any other fpecimen, but that which was col- leGted near the harbour of Dublin, part of which is very exactly reprefented in my Effay on Corallines. An ele- gant {pecimen of this is preferved among my other Zoo- phytes in the Britifh Mufeum. 14. Sertularia antennina. Lobjter’s-horn Coralline. Sertularia furculis fub- This Coralline has fingle fi implicibus verticillatis, /e- items, but there is a variety tulis denticulis Jecundis ca- . that is branched. Thefe are lyciformibus, ovariis axillae f{urrounded with whirls of ribus pedunculatis oblique briftle-like fmall branches, truncatis. which have on the upper fide : rows of cup-fhaped denticles ; their ovaries have foot-ftalks, and are obliquely open to- wards the ftem: thefe are placed round it at the infertion of the branches. Lobjter’s-horn Coralline, or Sea-Beard. Ellis Corallin. pag. 15. tab. 9. Sertularia antennina. lease Syit. Nat. Ed. 12. Pp. 1310. The Benched variety of this Coralline is reprefented in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 48. tab. 22. as ait copeated alive 1 in fea-water ; and was, in June 1754, 46 S$. ERR OU A Re a moft accurately drawn at the fea fide at Brighthelmftone, by my late worthy friend Mr. G. D. Ehret. 15. Sertularia halecina. Sertularia ramofa pin- nata, ramulis alternis, denticulis tubiformibus bi- articulatis, ovariis ovali- bus, pedunculis lateraliter coadunatis. fTerring-bone Coralline. Herring-bone Coralline. This Coralline is alternately branched and pinnated; the denticles are formed like tubes - with two joints ; the ovaries are oval, each united along the fide to a little tubular ftalk. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 17. fig. E.F.G. Corallin. pag. 17. tab. ro. Sertularia halecina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1308. This Coralline is particularly defcribed in my Effay on Corallines, and likewife in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 48. tab. 17. in both which places it is reprefented as it is alive in the fea. 16. Sertularia pinnata.”’ Sertularia fymplex pin-- nata et articulata, pinnis alternis arcuatis, denticulis femicampanulatis fecundis, ovariis ovatis. confertis ore coronaits. Fointed Sea-brifile Coralline. This Coralline has a fingle pinnated ftem; the little branches are placed alternate- ly, and expand themfelves like an arch on each fide: the denticles are on one fide, and half bell-fhaped: the ‘ovaries’ are oval, coming out in cluf- ters along the ftem; their openings look like little . CYTOWNS. Sea Een UAL RT An Sea Briftles. Ellis Corallin. pag. 1g. tab. rr. No. 16. fio. a. A. Sertularia pinnata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1312. This Coralline differs very much from the fetacea, or {mall briftle: it is three inches high, twice as big every way as the other; and differs not only in being jointed, but the denticles are half bell-thaped, and much nearer together; befides, the ovaries are in clufters all along the upper fide of the ftem, and when the young ones are ready to come out, the tops of the ovaries are divided like a coronet. This defcription i is taken from a very good {pecimen, preferved in {pirits, with its polypes and ovaries perfe@ly diftind. 17. Sertularia fetacea. Little Sea-brifile Coralline. Sertularia /implex pin- This Coralline has a fingle nata, pinnis alternis fub- pennated ftem; the pinne, or incurvatis, denticulis ob- {mall fide branches, are alter- Joletis remotiffimis fecundis, nate and a little bent: the ovariis oblongo- Lubulatis denticles are but juft vifible ; axillaribus. they are on the upper fide of the little branches, and very remote from each other: the ovaries come out juft above the infertion of the little branches, and are of an oblong tubulous | fhape. Sertularia pinnata 2. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed..12. p.1312. This little beautiful Coralline, which is about one inch and an half high, is more frequently met with than the former. 5 18, Sertularia 47 OSE, GRE OPS SORE OE, Mig Ree Me 18. Sertularia {pinofa. Sertularia mollis ramofa pellucida, vramulis cre- berrimis teneris dichotomis, Spinis terminantibus, den- ticulis obfoletis Secundis dif=, tantibus, ovariis veficule- foi mnibUus. Siwk Coralline. Ellis Corallin. fig. b. d. B.C. D. Sertularia fpinofa. _tran{parent, Silk Coralline. This Coralline is {mooth, and branched ; the {maller branches are very tender, many, dichotomous, and gradually end in points ; the denticles are but juft vifi- ble, and placed at a diftance from each other on the fame fide, from whence the ovaries that are like veficles proceed. ao. 20. tab. rr. No. 17. pag 7 Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed.12.. p. 1312. This.Coralline has fomething very fingular in it, each polype-head being inclofed in a veficle, which falls of when the head decays: whether thefe are the ovaries as well as mouths to fupply the animal with food, future obfervations muft explain to us, but at prefent it feems moft probable. 19. Sertularia dichotoma, Sertularia longiffima ra- mofa dichotoma, denticu- lis campanulatis, pedun- culis annulofis, ovariis evatis axillaribus, pedun- eulis contortis. Sea-thread Coralline. This Coralline is very long, and branched in a fubdivided manner; it has bell-fhaped denticles, fupported by {talks full of rings: the ovaries are oval, and fit upon twifted foot- _ ae at the infertion of the | branches. | Sea- ee ee ed ee A RR. Sea-thread Barediige Ellis Corallin. pag. 21. tab. 12. INO: FO. fig. aivetcAn Sertularia dichotoma. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed.12. p. 1312. It is found on the Suffex coaft, but in greater plenty on the coaft of Holland. : 20. Sertularia geniculata. Kwotted Sea-thread Coralline. Sertularia denticulis al- This Coralline has alternate ternis calyciformibus, pe- cup-fhaped denticles, with dunculis contortis, ovaris twifted ftalks; the ovaries are ovato-truncatis axillari- oval, and flattifh at top. bus. | Knotted Sea-thread Coralline. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 22. fig. 1. Corallin. pag. 22. tab. 12. No. 19. fe, DUB | Sertularia geniculata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1312. This creeping little Coralline has but few branches, - and they are alternate: itis found adhering by little tubes to the podded Fucus, and fometimes to the Sea-Oak Fucus. I have met with it on the coaft of Sufiex, grow- ing upon the Afcidia inteftinalis of Linn. Syft.. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1087. which isa foft, white, membranaceous animal, nearly ege-fhaped, that fixes itfelf by its bafe to rocks and fhells; has. two openings, one at the top and the other a little lower, from whence it fquirts out the water. On this the Knotted Sea-thread Sertularia, or Coralline, fends forth its root-like tubes, nearly in ftrait lines; from whence arife, at a {mall diftance from each other, young fprigs about an inch high, properly fur- nifhed with their denticles and polype-heads, fo as to H form 49 So Roper Us Toh Ae Re! Fen uae form a beautiful little grove-like figure of this animal. This moft elegant {pecimen I have preferved in {pirits. The figure of this animal, without its ovaries, was drawn by Mr. Ehret, in June 1754, at Brighthelmftone, and is reprefented in the Philofophical Tranfaétions, Vol. 48. tab. 22. No. 1. A. to thew the medullary part of this animal in the ftem, united to the feveral heads in their cup-like denticles. This isa moft exa@ figure of one of thofe on the Afcidia before mentioned, when viewed through the microfcope in fea-water. The figure at tab. 12. fig. B. Effay on Corallines, has the ovaries, but not the cup-fhaped denticles: this was taken from a dried fpecimen, where the joints are very much fhrunk, fo as to look knotty. | ; 21. Sertularia verticillata, Horfe-tail Coralline. Sertularia /ubramo/a, This Coralline is loofely denticulis campanulatis branched; the denticles are pedunculatis margineden- be\l-fhaped, indented on the tatis [ubereétis verticilla- margin, fit on foot-ftalks, and tifgue, ovariis ovato-tu- are placedin whirls at regular bulofis. : diftances round the ftem. The ovaries are ege-fhaped, and end ina tube. baie Horfe-tail Coralline with bell-fhaped cups. Ellis Coral- lin. pag. 23. tab. 13. No. 20. fig. a. A. Sertularia verticillata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 42. p.1310.. Since I publithed my Effay on Corallines, I have met with fome fpecimens, with their ovaries, which were of an oval figure, ending ina tubular mouth. _ i This Coralline is remarkably tender and brittle, and the bell-fhaped denticles are fo glutinous, that it is very dificult 9 J Rie Oe Be EA Ria oA. difficult to feparate them from the paper when they are expanded. The ftalks that fupport them are very ele- gantly twilted, like the ftems of fome modern drinking glafies. 22. Sertularia volubilis. Climbing Bell Coralline. Sertularia dezticulis This Coralline, with bell- campanulatis dentatis al- {haped denticles, indented on ternis, pedunculis longif- the margin, grows alternate- fimis contortis,ovariisova- ly 5 the denticles are fupport- tis interdum tranverfe ed by very long twifted foot- rugofis. {talks ; the ovaries are ego- | {haped, and fometimes wrink- led acrofs. Tas. 4. Fiae.f. E. FE. Climbing Coraline with bell-fhaped cups. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 22. fig. 2. | Small climbing Coralline with bell-fhaped cups. Ellis. - Corallin. pag. 24. tab. 14. No. ar. -fig. a. A. 5f Tas. 4. Fre. ¢: f Bae, Sertularia unifiora. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 57. pag.. 437. tab. 1g. fig..g. | Sertularia volubilis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1311. There are different varieties and fizes of this twining bell-fhaped Coralline, from one quarter to three quarters of an inch long; particularly the branched fort in tab. 4. fig. e. f. E. F. which is very rarely met with. This has wrinkled ovaries, but moft of the others are {mooth. Thefe are all found climbing up and growing upon other veficular Corallines ; moft of them are to be met with on the coaft of Suffex. ep a Ne 23. Sertularia SE MS a A aR a ee 23. Sertularia repens. Sertularia denticulis cy- lindricis oblique truncatis alternis, pedunculis con- tortis denticulis breviori- bus, ovariis - - - - ~ Ellis Corallin. pag. 25. Creeping Coralline. This Coralline has alternate cylindrical denticles, opening — obliquely ; with twifted ftalks, fhorter than the denticles ; the ovaries are unknown.. fab. dae ie. Bln, Sertularia Syringa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1grr, 24. Sertularia rugofa. Sertularia denticulis al- ternis rugofis, ramis va- gis, ovarius rugofifimis tridentatis. Snail~treforl Coralline. 15. No. 23. fig. a. A. | Sertularia rugofa. Suatil-trefoil Coralline. This Coralline has alternate wrinkled denticles and irregu- lar branches; the ovaries are very much furrowed, and have three erect points at the open- ing of each. | Ellis Corallin. pag. 26. tab. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12: p.1308. | Thefe Corallines grow upon others on the Britifh coaft. 25. Sertularia lendigera. Sertularia articulata fubdichotomatmplexa,den- ticulis cylindricis fecundts parallels ad genicula mi- noribus, ovariis - - - - Nit Coralline. This Coralline is jointed ; the branches are fubdivided and irregularly interwoven ; they have cylindrical parallel denticles coming out on one fide, and growing lefs at the joints; the ovaries are un- known. Nit Soa ie ae OU I AP aR Te A, Nit Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 27. tab. 15. No. 24. fir. b. B. “Sertularia lendigera. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1311. 26. Sertularia Uva. Grape Coralline. Sertularia /uwbramofa, - ‘This Coralline has but few denticulis obfoletis, ova- branches; the denticles are riis ovatis racemofis. {carce to be diftinguithed ; the ovaries are oval, growing in clufters. Grape Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 27. tab. 15. Now 25." Ho Ce Oe), Sertularia Uva. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. r2. pag. 1311. Thefe two laft are parafite Corallines, growing on Fu- cuss and other Corallines, on the Britifh coaft. 27. Sertularia Cufcuta. | Dodder-like Coralline. Sertularia denticulis ob- There is no appearance of foletis, ovariis ovatis ax- denticles on this Coralline ; illaribus, ramis oppofitis the ovaries are oval, and placed fimplicibus. at the infide of the infertion of the branches; the branches are fingle and oppofite. Climbing Dodder-like Coralline. Ellis Corallin. p. 28. tab: 14,.UNo. 26°. fig. ¢::C. Sertularia Cufcuta, Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1311. | This was fent me among other fea productions from the weft coaft of England, adhering to and creeping up the Fucus filiquofus. 28. Sertularia. SAE ETL. me) Re ee A 28. Sertularia puftulofa. Pimpled Coralline. - Sertularia articulata This Coralline is jointed, Jparfim et alternatim ra- and alternately, but thinly mofa, geniculis Juperne branched: the appearances of obfolete denticulatis, ova- the denticles which lic along | $715 Mi Ae | . the upper part of the joints, are but juft vifible. Dichotomous Henley Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 54. tab. 27. fig. b. B, This Coralline was brought to. me from the Ifle of Wight. ‘The fpecimen from whence the figure was taken was an imperfe& one; fince then, I have from the fame place received feveral perfect ones, four inches long. It confifts of very delicate tender branches, which arife from adhering tubes. Several of the tubes are united loofely near the bafe, like the Silk Coralline ; from thence they rife up into long branches, fending forth alternate {hort branches, forming a joint at every branch: towards the upper part of every joint are feveral fhallow den- ticles, having a little circular rim with a point in the mid- dle of each, not unlike a pimple or puftule: as they are moft exaétly drawn in the Effay on Corallines, at tab. 27. fig. B. through the microfcope. Iam perfuaded many people, from the defcription of this, as wellas the Dodder Coralline, without examining them in the microfcope, would take them for decayed Confervas; but they are true Sertularias, as the {peci- mens fhew. ~ \e 2g. Sertularia Sale ORue pe Ua Li Aw Re DP wAL 2g. Sertularia. frutefcens. Sertularia ramo/fa tubu- lofa pinnata, pinnulis fe- taceis alternis arreétis, denticulis fecundis cylin- drico-campanulatis, ova- rus - == = Shrubby Corallingy This Coralline has a {tem full of fmall united little tubes, from whence come forth rows of finall branches dif- 5 5: Tas. 6. _ : Pye. 2 1:0 pofed alternately ina pinnated. order, bending upwards ; the denticles are of a cylindrical bell-fhaped form, placed one above another on the fame fide; the ovaries are unknown. T ag. 6. Fic.a. A. This Coralline was found at Scarborough, in York- fhire. The ftem is black and hard, branches of a the dark brown : it is more firm and wooily than any of this genus, and appears to be the very fame fpecies with that which Dr. Pallas fent me from Holland, an Alcyonium, by the name of Seu euleacs Gorgonia. tab. 9.. fig. 1. 2. 20. Sertularia Pinafter. Sertularia /implex pin- mata, pinnis alternis, den- ticulis oppofi tis baft cault appreffi $y apice tubutlofis imcurvis, ovariis fecundis majoribus ovato-quadran- gulis, angulis mucrona- tis, ore tubulofo. incruftated with See Sea-Pine Coraline. This Coralline has a fingle pinnated ftem; the little branches are alternate, with oppofite denticles, the bottom of which adheres clofe to the branch, but the top part. is fF Sse a hice B. tubular, and bent wpwards 5. the ovaries are large and. ranged on one fide; they are of n ° 5. Di, TAB. 7. Fic.1.2. Oe ESR OWL eR aa, Ree a A of an oval form with {quare fides, the angles end in points at the corners on the top; in the middle of each is a little tubulous opening. Tas. 6. Fic. b, B. 31. Sertularia Pennatula. Sea-Pen Coralline. Sertularia fimplex pin- — ‘This Comite has a fingle | mata, pinnis incurvis ar- pennated ftem; the pinne or ticulatis, denticulis fecun- fide {mall branches are jointed dis campanulatis corniculo and curvated; the denticles truncato fuffultis, margi- are ranged on one fide, each nibus crenatis [pinis duo- fupported by a little horn-like bus oppofitis infiru€tis, ova- tube; they have a crenated ae ieee margin, with a little {pine on each fide, oppofite to each other; the ovaries are not known. Tas. 7. Fic. 1. 2. This iCeetiee is as remarkable for the elegance of its form, as its likenefs to the feather of a pen. It is of a yellowifh-brown color, about five or fix inches high. There are many of them rife together from the fame ad- _- hering tubes, with ftiff jointed ftems. The little crooked tubes that fupport the denticles are longer in this {pecies than in any of the like kind, being twice as long as the denticles. | | It is not uncommon among the iflands in the Eaft Indies.. ao. ‘Sertularia ') ” Sab) hea a A RS A 32. Sertulatia Filicula. Fern Coraliine. Sertularia. ramofifima This Coralline is very much pinnata, flirpe flexuofa, branched and pinnated ; the vamulis ex angulisalternis, {tem is bent to and fro into denticulis ovato tubulofis, alternate angles; the little Jingulo ad axillam arreéio; branches are produced from ovariis obverfé ovatis apice the angular points; thefe are tubulatis. | furnifhed with oppofite oval- ad _ tubulated denticles: in each axilla, or part where the little branches come out, is an érect fingle denticle. Tas. 6. Fie. c. C. This is one of the moft delicate fpecies of our Englith 57 Tas. 6. Fic. c. veficular Corallines. It has been taken by fome authors — and collectors of thefe fubftances, for a leffer fpecies of the Sertularia abietina, or Sea-Fir: but the fingularity of its waved ftem, with its ereét fingle denticle at the in- fertion of the branches, together with the fingle pair of denticles om each part of the ftem, that form the angles, make it a very diftin@ {pecies from any of this genus. It is commonly found upon the coaft of Scarborough, in — York thire, 33. Sertularia quadriden- . four-toothed Coralline. tata. pen Oe Sertularia fumplex arti- This creeping. Coralline DAB y Fic. g. G, culata repens, denticulis fends forth fingle ftems, that . quatermis oppoptis ventri- are jomted; the joints have cops, articulis fubturbina~ generally four denticles of the | . | tis 58 S48 WR i a! ee Ra vis bajt contortis, ovariis figure of the ftomach, each sie tie el oppofite to the other; the ar- ticulations are nearly top- fhaped, and twifted at the bafe; the ovaries are unknown.. © ameter Pig. Ge t found this little Coralline adhering by its radical tubes to a fpecies of Fucus, called by Linnzus, Fucus. lendigerus. In the plate I have given a figure of the Fucus with the Coralline creeping up it, of its natu~ ral fize. It was taken upat fea by an Eaft-India {hip om the coaft of Africa, not far from the ifland of Afcenfion. 34. Sertularia fpicata. Spiked Coralline.. Sertularia flirpe tubu- This Coralline has a tubu- lofa paniculata annulata, ous ftem, furrounded by rings,. ramulis creberinus triche- and.ending in a panicle,, con- tomis ad annulos verticil- fitting of many clofe-fet. latin difpofitis, denticulis branches, which are. fubdi- teruts cylindricis cecifque vided in a threefold order 3 terminalibus, ovariis o- thefe are inferted in whirls vatis axillaribus. round the rings, and end in jake three. cylindrical’ denticles, whofe. openings are very {mall;, the ovaries are oval, and in- ferted- in the angles of the branches. 35. Sertularia Evanfii. Evans's Coralline.. . . Sertularia ramofa, ra- ~This-Coralline'has oppofite mis oppofitis, denticulis branches, and fhort denticles brevibus Se ae ae A brevibus oppofitis, ovariis placed oppolite to each di : ramofis lobatis oppofitis ex the ovaries are lobated, and. tubulo reptanti enafcenti- arife from oppofite brane hen bus. which proceed from the creep- ing adhering tube. This Coralline is about two inches high, very flen- der, and of a bright yellow color. It creeps on fucus’s. The ovaries differ from all the-reft of the genus: they are lobated, and the lobes are placed oppofite to one another: thefe appear to be full of fpawn, of a deep orange color, which is fent forth from holes at the end of the lobes. This was firft difeovered by Mr. John Evans, a fea- officer in the Eaft-India Company’s fervice, among fome fea productions brought from Yarmouth, in Norfolk, in “athe Wear 707. 36. Sertularia muricata. Sea Hedge-Hog Coralline. denticulis pedunculatis ex ftem, with denticles on foot- fing inoulis articulis alternis, {talks proceeding alternately OvVariis Jubglobofis is criftatis from the joints ; the ovaries muricatis pedunculatis, ex are globular, full of points tubulis radiciformibus e- from crefted ribs ; they fit on nafcentibus. 9 foot-ftalks, and arife from i root-like tubes. Tas. Tith VG? As Dr. conoid Eee of Aberdeen, firft difcovered this Coralline. The {pecimens he fent me were imperfea@, as wanting the denticles ; they feem to be, by what P'could judge of the falks and imperfect pieces, not unlike the spa Oey | Site 59 Tas. 7. Fic. 3. Sertularia articulata, This Coralline has a jointed+ 6o FE SW NWN & TD. &. a. knotted Sea-thread ; but differ remarkably in having their echinated. ovaries arife from the adhering tubes. VII. PENNATULA. SEA-PEN Animal. zatans, libe- Is an animal that fwims. rum, multiforme, oficulo freely about in the fea, of fuffultum,, many fhapes, having a bone in the infide to fupport it. Polypos tentaculis ra- It fends forth from the up- diatis oviparisa parte fu- per part of its ftem, polype- periori exferens. like mouths furrounded by claws; through thefe it pro- | . duces its eggs, Bafis nuda. The lower part of the ftem: as. bare.. This genus of animals differs remarkably from all the other Zoophytes by their fwimming freely about in. the fea, and many of them having a mufcular motion as they {wim along. I know of none of them that fix themfelves. by their bafe,. notwithftanding what has been. wrote.. They have no opening at the bottom, as. was formerly thought, nor any other paflage but through their pelype. mouths ; by thefe they take in their food, and through thefe they produce their eggs, as in ryote Zoophytes.. They have the remarkable property of fending forth a. {trong phofphoreal ight in. the fea. When we compare them to the other Zoophytes, they approach neareft. to. the Gorgania, as having a bone in. the infide like them, which is covered with. flefh, and their upper parts full of polype-like mouths. i | Nothing PR GN) NAA By Ue LEA Nothing can be a ftronger proof that the Gorgonias are fingle animals with many heads, than their near affinity » to the pen-fhaped animals of this genus. rt. Pennatula Britannica, The Britifh Sea-Pen. Pennatula /irpe car- = This Sea-Pen has a round nofa tereti, rachi fcabra, flefhy ftem; the midrib be-. polypis tentaculatis ordine tween the fins rough, with fimplici. ! minute feales, and fingle rows. of tentaculated fuckers on each: fin. Pennatula phofphorea. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. Te fig, r—5. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1322. I call. this the BritifhySea-Pen, to diftinguith it from the following, which I cal! the Italian Sea-Pen, and becaufe. it is found im great plenty fticking to the baits on the fifhermen’s lines, round the coafts of this kingdom ;; efpe-— cially when they make ufe of mufcles to bee their hooks.. Great numbers have beem taken on the coaft of Scotland, efpecially near Aberdeen.. They are of a bright red color,. and have the property,, with the reft, of fhining in the dark, in a. moft remarkable manner, like the ion Sea-Pen. at ; % a bee. ‘ 2.. Pennatula Ttalica: - | Italian. Sea-Pen: Pennatula fiirpe car- ‘This Sea-Pen has a. round’ nofa tereti, rachi patuld flethy fem; the niidrib. is. verrucosa, fpind brevi -broad' and full ef warts,. and: ad bafin. dorfi cujufgue on the back of the fins,, atthe pinng. bafe, there is a fhert {pine in each, Red O11 62 BR Tat NA NGS Age Te". Tete Se Red Sea-Pen. Phil. .'Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 24. fig. Es: etre gl ? Pennatula aw Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag.1322. The Italian Sca-Pen differs from the Britith fo much, that there is no room to doubt but they are very different fpecies. ‘The-Britifh is tnuch longer, more flender, and not fo flefhy as the Italian; but the broad, warted, midrib. and fpiny fins of the latter, diftinguifh it plainly ;. be- fides, the denticles are placed fo thick as to appear likea double row... This varies in color from a deep red to a’ pale red. Doctor Shaw obferves of this, that on the coaft of Algiers it fends forth fo great a light in the night, that the fifhermen can diftinguifh the fifth as they ori by it, fo as to know where they caft their nets. ‘This was brought from the coaft of Italy. I am indebted to my learned friend Thomas Pennant, Efg. F. R.S. for the curious fpecimen reprefented in the Philofophical Tran{- actions. 3. Pennatula fpinofa. The Thorny Sea-Pen. Pennatula /firpe car- This Sea-Pen has a flefhy nofa, rachi levi, pinnis tem, a {mooth midrib, and _ imbricatis plicatis Spino- thorny fins folded one over fis. - another. | Penna grifea. Bohadfch mar. 10g. tab. 9. fig. I—3. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 21. fig. 6—rOo. Pennatula grifea. Linn. Syf. en Ed.22. pag. 1321. I have changed Bohadfch’s name of grifea to fpinofa, as being more defcriptive of its character, the fins differing: from any of the fpecies yet known by their long {pines. The fuckers, which I have carefully examined, and had drawn BB Ny Ny A De Us, Lois drawn from the microfcope, have the appearance of an elegant flower. This was brought from Italy, and fent ‘to me by Thomas Pennant, Elq. F.R.S. | 4. Pennatula mirabilis. The Strange Sea-Pen. Pennatula /lirpe fili- ‘This Sea-Pen has a long formi, rachi diftiche pin- flender ftem, whofe midrib is. naia, pinnis lunatis re- pennated on both fides; the wotis alternis.. pinne or fins are placed alter- nate, and at a diftance from each other, and fhaped like a. half-moon.. | Polypus mirabilis. Mul. Ad. Fred. pag. 96. tab, 19; Hon 40) Pennatula mirabilis. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20.. fig. r7..\ Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1322... This Sea~Pen, whofe figure I have taken from Dr. Linnes’s Mufeum Adolph. Fred. feems not properly to. belong to this genus, or is only a partof one, and wants: the flefhy bafe. I have a {pecimen fent me from Holland with a flefhy | bafe, whofe pinnz or fins anfwer to his defcription; but fome of the upper part of it being broken off, prevented my giving a figure. of it. 5. Pennatula antennina.. The Peacock-fifb Sea-Pen. Pennatula flirpe fim- This Sea-Pen has a finele: plicit, rachi quadrangu- ftem; the midrib is fquare, and. lari, lateriéus tribus po- full of polype-like fuckers on. | Lypifera. three fades. Penna del. pefce pavone.. Bohadfch mar. 112. tab. g.. - fig. 4, Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab, 20. fig. 8. Pennatula. 63 @ BUN Nae ue Pennatula antennina. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1323. This extraordinary Sea-Pen was difcovered by Dr. Bo- hadfch, of Prague, while he was at Naples in the year 1757. He fays, when it was brought to him, it was two feet ten inches long, and very poflibly had been much longer, as it was broke off at the bafe. The bone, which was fquare, was covered over witha yellowifh membrane, and three fides of the upper part of the trunk were covered with tentacles, the fourth, bare. He fays, he numbered them, and found 1310, ane that thefe tentacles are nat drawn in, as in the other Sea-Pens. Other authors mention, that the tentacles are only on one fide; but Dr. Bohad{ch had an opportunity of ane it as it was taken out of the fea. 6. Pennatula Sagitta. The Arrow Sea-Pen. Pennatula ffirpe fli- This Sea-Pen has a very formi, rachi utringue ap- flender ftem ; the midrib is proximate pinnata, apice clofely pinnated on both fides, nuddo. ' and the bafe naked. Pennatula, Sagitta. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. £6. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag, 13.22. | _ This very fmall animal, according to Dr. Linnaeus, is found fticking i in the fith, called by him Lophius Hiftrio, having its ftem pierced into their fides. The figure in the Philofophical Tranfactions is copied — from Linneus’s Ameenitates, Vol. 4. tab. 3. fig. 13. having never feen it myfelf. For my own part, I am _ doubtful whether it belongs to this genus. 7, Pennatula 2) ven NE Ag Re Ue Lane 7,PennatulaCynomorion. The Finger Sea-Pen. Pennatula firpe brevi This Sea-Pen has a fhort, rugofa acuta, rachi crafa rough, ftriated and pointed cylindrica granulofa un- {tem ; the midrib is cylindri- digue polypifera. cal and flefhy, with its fkin | like fhagreen, producing po- lype fuckers all round it. | Malum infanum marinum. Rondel. pile. 2. pag. 130. The Finger-fhaped Sea-Pen. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tabs ore? Tiga, 35 ange Alcyonium Epipetrum, Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1294. Since I have deferibed this Sea~Pen in the Philofophical Tranfa@tions, it has been mentioned by fome curious per- fons that have wrote on natural hiftory, that this Sea~-Pen had no bone in it; but being fo fortunate, by the friend- fhip of Thomas Pennane: Efg. F.R.S. as to have two {pecimens, Dr. Solander, in order to be fatisfied of the truth of the affertion, defired to diffe one of them, in which we found a bone, as in the others. 8. Pennatula enieonpa, _ The Kidney-fbaped Sea-Pen. Pennatula renzformis, This Sea-Pen has its upper Firpe lumbrici facie, al- part fhaped like a kidney, and | tero latere polypifera. its ftemlikea worm; one fide of the upper part of it is full ot i polype fuckers. The Kidney Eppes purple Sea-Pen. Phil. ‘Tranf, Vol. 5 3. tab. 19. fig. 6—10. This beautiful purple Sea-Pen was found on the coatt of South Carolina, by John Greg, Efq. of Dominica. K fe 65 66 Pe Be NANG Am Te Ui ara, It is remarkably different from all this kind. From the | ftiftnefs of its ftem, it is very probable, it is fupported by a bony fubftance. The under fide of its kidney-thaped body is flat and full of ramifications, which correfpond with the polype mouths on the upper fide, which is a little convex: there are but. fix claws to each polype fucker, which proceed from hexangular cells. Dr. So- lander, in his letter to me from Rio Janeiro, on the coaft of Brazil, mentions, that whenever the fifhermen brought them any fhrimps, they were fure to find three or four of thefe among them. g. Pennatula argentea. The eee oe Pennatula J/anceolata This Sea~-Pen has much the penne facie, fiirpe levi . appearance of a writing pen ; tereti, pinnis creberrimis it 1s of-a long {pear fhape, with imbricatis dentatis virga- around fmooth item; the up- tis. per part is very clofe fet with fins, which lie one upon the other; they are dentated and {triped. (Pas. Pie. £2, 4: This curious animal was brought from Batavia by Wil- liam Webber, Efg. F.R.S. Its fins are not unlike thofle of a bat, with feveral fharp points. They are ftriped black and white, with a fhining furface, not unlike fil- ver: they are often found above a foot long, and are faid to be very luminous in the fea at night. There is one of them in the Britifh Mufeum near eighteen inches long. In the figure here reprefented, the bone appears to be burft through the bottom, and one of the fins are magni- fied, to fhew. it more diftindly.. 7 | | 10. Pennatula G0; R°+G 10. Pennatula Encrinus. Pennatula Pirpe qua- drangulari attenuata lon- gifima offea membrana cal- lola veftita, polypis ovi- paris apice in umbellam congeftis. Clufter- Polype. taste. ING TA Great clufter Sea-Polype. This Sea~-Pen has a very long, fquare, bony ftem, which grows very {mall towards the top, and is covered with a cal- lous membrane: it fends forth from the top, in form of an umbell, a clufter of polypes, from whence the eggs or sya is produced. Ellis Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. pag. 305. Corallin. pag. 96. tab. 37. Vorticella Encrinus. Linn. Syi{t. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1317. The ingenious Dr. Bohadfch, of Prague, has very pro- perly placed this curious me Or among the Sea~Pens. The twifting of the bone in the ftem feems to be an seodey and not the charaéter of the animal. VII. GORGONTA. Animal crefcens plante facie. Os (five fulcrum) va- riat confifientid in diverfis Jpeciebus, et eff vel coria- coum, fuberofum, lignofum, corneum, offeum, - tefta- ceum, fibris vitreis con- — textumvel lapideum 3 frri- THE GORGON Js an animal that srows with the appearance of a plant. The bone, or inward fup- port, varies in different {pe- cies in its confiftence, and is either like leather, Bele wood, horn, bone, hell, glafly fibres, or like ftone; it is ftriated, grows fmaller aie K 2. AU, an of 67 68 G0 RB 8 60 W 428 atum, attenuatum bafique the ends, as it rifes upwards, explanatum, tettum carne and {preads out at the bafe. molliort vafculofa et cellu- This bony or hard part is co- lofa (fed exficcata, con- vered with a foftith flefh, full i ee Jpongisfa et fria- of {mall veffels and cells, bili ; which, when dry, becomes of a {pongy and friable confift- ence. Ofculis polypiferis nu- Thefe cells are furnifhed trimentum forbentibus, o- with little mouths, out of vipari{gue, inflrudium. which the polypes extend themfelves to procure nourith- ment, and fend forth their Goawn This genus of Zoophytes, being the moft NSB for its fize, as well as the variety in the confiftence of its internal hard part in feveral different {pecies, it be- comes more neceflary to be particular i in explaining how the growth and ftrudure of it departs from that of vege- tables; efpecially as the generality of mankind are ftrone- ly prepoffefied, from their external ramified appearance and other circumftances, that they are really true marine vegetable fhrubs; others, that they are of a mixt nature, between animals and vegetables. In my Effay on Corallines, I have called this genus by the name of Keratophyton ; but.asthe name of Gorgonia, from Pliny, has been fubftituted by the celebrated Lin- neus‘inftead of it, I fhall adopt it accordingly. | My former deverpcen of this animal, Effay .on Coral- lines, pag. 59. was taken from dried fpecimens, and was as well as their thrivelled and friable Situation would admit. Since that time, I have had frequent opportuni- ties Cer GPR RG LD EN OL Ae. ties of examining many fpecies perfectly well preferved, which I had defired might be immerfed in {pirits the in- {tant they were taken out of the fea: by this means, I became poffefled of many curious ones, both from the Mediterranean and Weft-India feas. So that what for- merly appeared to me to be a friable calcareous matter, I now find to be a real flefhy fubftance ; and that the in- ternal hard part is of the fame ufe to thefe animals, as bones are to other animals, that are cloathed with flefh. Such of thefe animals as were carefully preferved in {pirits, appeared as if they were alive, with their polype-like fuckers extended in the action of catching their food, and afforded me great pleafure to be able to examine chen with fome exaétnels. 7 I firft diflected them longitudinally, and perceived that their flefh was furnifhed with an infinite number of mi- nute mufcles and tendons, contrived in fuch a manner, that, at the will of thefe animals, they might extend the openings of their cells on the outward furface, in order to fend forth their polype-like fuckers, to ftretch out their arms in fearch of food, or contract the fame open- ings fuddenly, the inftant the polype fuckers were drawn back into their cells, the better to fecure thefe tender parts from external injury. Proceeding thus far, I was led on to PrN aaa en kind of communication ote was between the fuckers and the bone of the animal ; for this end I examined feveral {pe- cimens, both dry, as well as thofe that were preferved in {pirits, with good magnifying glailes, and could diftinGly trace an infinite number of minute winding canals, that lead from the fuckers through the flefh into : thofe parallel longitudinal tubes, which clofely furround the bone or folid part on all fides; perhaps thefe may not improper}y a 69 G YO WR AG MO PEN Ch aE be called the perioftium for all along that fide of thofe tubes by which they adhere to the bony part, I could difcover the pores very plainly from whence the juices flow, that fupply it with proper materials to anfwer this great end. It is to thefe longitudinal tubes, that the bony parts of thefe animals owe their ftriated or channelled appearance, when they are ftript of their flefh, particu- larly the red Coral, the verticillated Sea~Feather, and many others; but more remarkably in their kindred ge- . nus the Ifis, particularly that {pecies, called the [fis Hip- puris, or black and white jointed Coral, as I fhall thew hereafter. I fhall now proceed to relate the feveral obfervations that I have made on them, from time to time, and en- deavour to anfwer the arguments that have been advanced — by late writers to prove their being of a mixt_nature ; thatis, that they are animals, vegetating in the - manner of plants with flowers, bark, and wood. As to their firft beginning, thefe anil produce their eggs through — their polype-like mouths, as I have {hewn in the diflec- tion of the Alcyonium manus marina; Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. rx. In all the fpecimens which I have received Bee in {pirits, Ihave found eggs; but after thefe eggs are pro- duced, the manner of their frft growing ian only been aiferved by Donati, (fee Phil. Tranf. Vol. 47. pag. 104. tab. 3. fig. H I K L) who examined them alive at the fea- fide. He fays, «¢ Whilft the firft cellule is fhut up, or the ege of tHe ‘© Coral is in its fabftance, we do not find any one hard ‘© part in it like bone or marble ; it is all foft: but af- terwards, when the cellule opens, we begin to ob- ferve fome hard lamelle ; and when it is grown bigger, eat ~ eN Cay an Gi 6a 6 ON © «¢ and arrive at the height of about a ihe and a half (the eighth part of an inch) it widens at bottom and at the top, and grows narrower in the els affuming the proper confiftence and hardnefs of coral; and as this grows, the polypi are multiplied, and new branches “s of coral are formed.’ So that we fee, as foon as the Polype from the eggftate extends itfelf, and draws in nourifhment, its hard parts or bone, appears even before it is one- viii of an inch high. The ftems then of thefe animals, ob his they Grit grow ‘up, arealways full of cells with their polypes, even awh to the bafe; but as they advance towards their full fize, inftead of fo many polype mouths (in fome particular fpe- cies) we find the flefhy part of the trunk and bafe com- pofed of organs full of parallel conneéted tubes ; thefe . {pread themfelves downwards, over rocks or fhells i in va- rious directions, drawing nourifhment from the polype ! mouths above, to fecure the animal more firmly in its fta- tion; for from under thefe tubes, as in the ftem, pro- ceeds and is formed a hard or bony part, which adheres moft ftrongly to the rocks, &c. and enables the animal to refift the violence of the waves. As the tubes on the bafe confift of the fame flefhy organical parts with thofe of the ftem and branches, they mutt undoubtedly receive their fupply of animal juices from the nourifhment drawn in by the polype mouths above them: this will appear clear to us, when we confider they are real Polypes, only with the addition of a bony part: and it is well known rm. experiments made on the Hydra, or frefh-water Polype, when it has any heads, that if one of them only is fed, all the reft will receive nourifhment, and grow ; that is, new heads will arife from the (de® and there will be a , circulation of vital juices through the whole to the bafe,. 3 : which 71 Genie aR ane kD URN aya which circulation is not fo eafily demonftrated in vege- tables. ) aes ty Hrom thefe connected radical and defhy tubes belong- ing to the bafe of the Gorgonia, many young {tems of the fame {pecies frequently rife, which are furrounded with little mouths; fo that when we confider them to be a kind of Polype, we fhall not be furprized at this manner of increafe, no more than we are at prefent at the cluf- tered Animal Flower, or Adtinia fociata, defcribed in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 57. tab. 19. where the young ones are produced from the adhering flefhy | tube, that proceeds from the bafe of the old ones. Befides, if we confider them to have the fame proper- ties with the Hydra, or frefh-water Polypes, which re- peated experiments prove to us are fo foon reproduced, after they are either cut in pieces or maimed, we fhall not be fo much amazed, when we meet with inftances of the fleth of the trunk and ftem of the Gorgonia, which by fome accident has mortified, and the furface of its bone become rotten, and now the receptacle of many kinds of extraneous marine animalcula, and yet find the branches at top with all their mouths alive and in vigour. ‘This bony part fo decayed now grows no more than the fhell of the oyfter, when the fifth is dead. It becomes only a bafis during the time it has ftrength left to fupport the living part above, as the fhell or rock that fupports them both below. But it often happens that the living part above grows downwards, by puthing forth connected ra- dical tubes and polype mouths on the dead part, as it would on a rock, orany other firm bafis, to fecure itfelf . the better, forming at the fame time a new layer of bone, or hard part, on the decayed flefh ; and thisis the reafon why in making crofs feétions of fome of the ftems of the ! larger G@ eRe HORNY larger Gorgonias, we frequently meet with layers of calcareous matter inclofed between the circles, which is evidently nothing elfe but the decayed flefh of the ani- mal, which has been covered and inclofed by the fublfe- guent growth of the fame animal. This is totally different from any thing that we know of in the growth of trees. To explain. the difference between hie concentric cir- cles in a crofs fetion of the horny part of a Gorgonia, and: thofe of wood, I have givenin plate 2. fig. 6. 7. a figure of a crofs and upright fe&tion of a piece of wood (lignum fantalum) magnified to fhew the utricular veffels, that interweave the upright longitudinal veflels, proceeding horizontally from the pith.in the center through all the circles to the bark on the outfide. In the fame’plate, at fig. 2. 3. is a horizontal fe@ion of a Gorgonia cerato- phyta, where the feveral waved laminz are pa adhering together, but no appearance of crofs fibres. Dr. Donati, who was remarkably careful in examining the Red Goral:: or Gorgonia pretiofa, tells us in the Phi- lofophical Sean aie: Vol. 47. pag. 97. “ That he has *¢ obferved tranfverfe fections of fome pieces of this Co- *¢ ral, which exhibit different lines, or annual bands, ‘* whereof one part is of a rofe color, others yellowifh, ‘© others white, and others more or lefs ee with co- “< lor, which form concentric circles like the coats of an ‘Vomiory. : It isevident from hence, that there can be no circula- tion of juices, or the colors would have been the fame. It is not improbable that thofe different colors may be owing to the difference of food at particular feafons ; for we know that thofe animals with polype-like ae chs on their flefhy outfides have their appointed feafons of grow- ing, which happen when they find more plenty of food at eae | GQ 74 Go 2. 6S fee at one time of the year than another, and in proportion to a certain temperature of the air, like other fixt ani- mals; for inftance, oyfters, which we obferve at certain feafons aes anew fhelly ftratum, or layer, next to the flefh in the infide of their upper and under thell : indeed, in many of the Gorgonias their feveral layers of hard parts, or bone, are very like thofe of fhells both in their confiftence and polifhed fhining quality. This is remarkable in the Gorgonia verticillata. See Tab. 2. fic. 4. where there is a fmall trunk of its natural fize, Da top of it magnified at fig. 5. to fhew the fhell- like difpofition of the laminz. As I have endeavoured to prove that there is no com- munication between the circles in the bony part of the Gorgonia, fo it is evident there is none between the la- mine or layers of the oyfter-fhell ; becaufe we often find them bored all over by fea infeéts, and yet if the inner- moft lamina next to the fifh is found, the animal is found to be in perfect health and vigorous, as I have often. experienced, But perhaps the formation of the bony part of the Gor- gonia, and the nature of the conneétion of the different Cees of lamine, of which they are compofed, may be more naturally and fatisfactorily illuftrated by examining. the bony part of the Pennatulas, or Sea-Pens, a genus of Zoophytes not. far removed from the Gorgonias, on ac- count of their polype mouths, as wellas having a bone im the infide, and flefh without. One of the chief differ- ences is, that as the Gorgonias are always fixt, there is a neceflity, that in order to keep them firm in cheit places. they fhould be fpread out at the bafe, both in the bony as well as flefhy parts ; whereas the Pennatula, or Sea-Pen,, which is made for {wimming about in the fea, has. its ; _bone G OFfR GO OeNoDt wa bone formed fmall at the bafe, and the flefh thicker, yet tapering to theend. The Pennatula Encrinus, which I had defcribed fome years ago under the title of Hydra arélica, or Great Greenland Polype (fee Effay on Corall. tab. 37. and Phil. Tranf. Vol. 48. tab. 12. pag. 305.) will illuftrate the nature of the bony part of thefe ani- mals, where at fig. H. acrofs fection of the bone magni- fied reprefents the different laminz, {hewing the manner of their increafe in proportion to the growth of the ani- mal and the fquare form of the bone. There is fomething amazing in the manner that the Gorgonias take to fix themfelves to rocks and other hard bodies in the fea, to be able to withftand the impetuolity of the waves. This wonderful contrivance of Nature is certainly inftin@ in this low order of animals. How _ pleafing it is to view the various turns and windings of the beautiful, thin, fpread, fcarlet bafe, formed by the bone and leth of the Gorgonia pretiofa, or common Red Coral. In the Philofophical TranfaGions, Vol. 50. tab. 34. fig. ro. isthe figure of a remarkable groupe of Red Bar- nacles, called the Tulip Barnacle, covered partly with the bafe of a G. pretiofa, or Red Coral. This red appear- ance of the Barnacles fuggelted tome, when I wrote that Memoir, that the fine red tint of the Coral might have been communicated to the Barnacles, as they both grew together. ‘Thisrare fpecimen is in the curious cabinet of Dri} Foshergll, “Bh aRus. Every good collection of Red Coral from the Mediter- ranean is full of examples, where not only Barnacles and Wormfhells, but even fmal] branches of the white Madrepores are totally covered over with the bone or hard part of the Red Coral. | Ue | I have 75 76 GOr OR 935.90 - ON. DAT I have made an obfervation before on the caufe why the. circles of calcareous matter are now and then to be found in the horizontal fe@iions of the ftems and trunks of the horny Gorgonias. I fhall now give an- other example in what manner this may happen, to con- firm what I have faid before. Let us examine fig. x. pl. 2. and we fhall obferve diftin@ly the bone of one Gorgonia inclofing, and formed over that of another of the fame kind. The Tree Oyfters and Wormfhell at A. had certainly fixt to the firft or in- nermoft branch, fo that this mafs of fhells appears to have killed its fefhy part. The fucceeding Gorgonia {preading itfelf over and round the firft, extends itfelf dikewife over a great part of the fhells, and when it had almoft reached the ends of the branches of the firft, it was torn off and thrown on fhore, in which bare fitua- tion, divefted of its flefh, I received it from: the Weft Indies. This fhews us plainly how the calcareous matter or dead. flefh of the one may be inclofed by the bone of the other, and form thofe loofe calcareous circles which we fo often meet with in crofs fections of thefe bodies. If then the bark of the Gorgonias is infifted on to be fimilar to the bark of trees, this queftion will naturally atife: Is it the nature of trees to inclofe their outward bark, fo that their rough bark may be diftinguifhed fome years after dmong their regular annual circles, when the tree is cut horizontally? This I believe has {carce been {een by the moft diligent inveftigator of nature: _ In my Effay on Corallines, pag. 61. tab. 26. I have . given an account of the fingular growth of the Gorgonia Flabellum. This account was introduced there to fhew that the friable calcareous part was not formed of acci- dental infeéts, fuch as might and do infeft fea-plants ; ; : but Gore "EG O° N TT AY but that it belonged to, and fabricated, or rather pro- duced, the horny part of the animal, as being both one and the fame body. Atthat time one could not fo clear- ly, for want of recent well-preferved {pecimens, judge exactly whether thefe bodies were compofed of one or many animals. However, according to later obferva- tions, this {pecimen clearly fhews, . thae thetanimal Gor. gonia has with its tubes and mouths, in order to ftrengthen and repair the broken part at B and D, covered over the fide reticulated part with a new layer Ag fleth and bone,. continuing it in a femicircular form, thereby ftrengthen- ing and connecting the upper and under parts of the ftem, very different from any thing I have yet feen among ve- getables. On the upper part of the fame Gorgonia, at C. is fill amore remarkable inftance of the growth of thefe ani- mals. Here the animal having met with fome interrup- tion in its growth, probably from fome impending rock, it evidently has grown downwards, and fpread over its own reticulated pens fo as to have covered all their openings. Who would expe&, on the ftri@eft view of the Gorgo- nia, to find it cloathed with fcales of different forms ? and yet the cafe is fo. Examine the mouths of the G, Pla- comus and the G. muricata, and fee how well they are defended by glafly fpicule ranged in order. View the G. exferta and the G. verticillata, thefe we fhall find to have remarkable {cales; but the G. lepadifera exceeds all the reft in having its mouths fortified by {cales of vari- ous fizes and fhapes, well adapted to preter thefe tender parts. When we examine with the microfcope the fcales | that cover their other flethy parts, we find them ftill of a diferent fhape, fo that we are induced to think, from thefe The “J (ae) GO RE TEGO, No Eas thefe obfervations, that the Se of their feales are adapted by nature to {uit particular parts, as ies are in ~ f{nakes, lizards, and fth. _ Befides the application of thefe {cales, or vitreous cor- pufcles, to the ufe of an outward covering, Nature feems to have adapted fome kinds of them to the forming the harder parts within, as for inftance in the red Coral, where, upon magnifying the flefhy part that was pre- ferved in fpirits, I found it full of thefe vitreous red cor- pufcles, reprefented highly magnified at fig. A. tab. 35. Effay on Corallines ; but thefe were folid, and not hollow, as I took them to be at that time. This hint I received from Dr. Donati, who obferves, that the corpufcles, which we find in the flefh of Red Coral, compofe the hard part of it; being depofited on it by means of a pel- licle full of be uiie vette that lies upon it, which con- tain a whitifh juice. See Phil. Tranf. Vol. 47. p. 99. In the Gorgonia Briareus the hard part, or bone, is compofed of beautiful purple glafly fpicule, lying length- ways almoft parallel to each other, and united into a fo- lid mafs; and if we examine the flefhy part, we fhall find the fame kind of fpicule lying irregularly and thinly dif- perfed through the foft fubftance of it, moft probably for the fame purpofe as in the Red Gora. The figures of thefe corpufcles, when magnified, are not unlike cater- pillars with many feet; fee Pl. 14. fig. 2. As the Gor- gonias, whofe hard paths are like wood, horn, or ftone, depofit or produce a fimilar ful Bee (which is their bone) when they fpread their bafes on rocks and fhells ; fo this G. Briareus depofits a layer under its flefh, con- fifting of thefe vitreous purple fpicule, which prove it evidently to belong to this genus of Gorgonia, and not to the Alcyonium, which contains no hard or bony soa | ‘The GSOlsR G O NM fF At The laft thing which I fhall offer againft their growing like vegetables, is the fituation and growth of the me- dulla, which is obferved in fome particular {pecies of thefe animals. This, had it been fimilar to the pith in the young branches of trees, would have been a very ftrong argument in favour of their partaking of a vegetable na- ture: but the cafe is otherwife. For inftance, Tet a young branch of a Gorgonia ceratophyta be diflected. longitud:- nally, fo as to {hew the courfe of the medulla in the lead- ing branch, as well as the fide branches, tab. g. fig. 5. 6. Divide, at the fame time, and in the fame manner, a young fprig of any common tree, a lime-tree, for in- ftance, fig. 7. 8. In the lime-tree we {hall obferve a free communication of the pith between the leading branch and the fide branches; but in the Gorgonia the pith or medulla of the leading branch has no communication in the leaft with the fide branches. ‘The primary branch being furrounded with a horny tube to the extremity, and. when it is longitudinally difle&ed, we plainly difcover the feptum, that is, the continued fide of the tube, which prevents any communication. The branches here arife on the fide of the leading branch, each forming or pro- ducing a medulla proper to itfelf, without any communi- cation with the medulla of the primary branch. It is ex- actly the fame in the genus of Antipathes. The medulla in thefe {pecies of Gorgonias confifts of certain white membranes, placed at diftances nearly equal to their dia- meter, crofling the little tube that contains them, like fo. many diaphragms ; whereas. the medulla of young beaacics Gt lites, conte of fpongy fhining globules, clofely compacted together. r. Gorgonia 79. Bo GOBER YG WOBN OH FS Tas.1o. 1,GorgoniaUmbraculum. Gorgonia flabelliformis fubreticulata, ramis ere- berrimis teretibus diver- gentibus, carne rubra ver- rucofa obductis. The Screen-like Gorgon. This Gorgon appears to be reticulated, and 1s fhaped like a fan; it has many round di- verging branches, covered with a reddifh flefh, full of little warts or mouths. SEARS SEOs This little Sea-Fan is of a reddith brick color. It fends forth two or three thick branches from its fhort ftem, which arifes from a broad bafe. Thefe branches fupport many long flender ones, all tending to the circumference ; thefe are united here and there by little fide branches, forming together a kind of net. | It was brought from Batavia by William Webber, Efq. Poko. Tasir. 2. Gorgonia flammea. Gorgonia compreffa ra- mola [ubpinnata, offe com- planato corneo, carne mi- miata, ofculis creberrimis parvis notata. The fiery Red Gorgon. This Gorgon grows very flat, and branches out; fome of the branches are pinnated. The bone, or inner part of it, is of a horny texture, and very much comprefied ; this is co- vered over with a {carlet flefh, full of {mall mouths. . TAB, .1E. This {pecies of Sea-Feather is brought to us by the Eaft-India {hips from the Cape of Good Hope, and -is the @ OR UG =O Net A the brighteft colored of all this genus, not unlike fire ; but the flefh as it becomes dry is apt to fall from the bone; the main ftems grow up a little, waving as they tend to- wards the tops. The mouths are oblong ;_ they are larger and fewer on the main ftems, than on the {mall fide branches, where they are in great abundance. 3. Gorgonia juncea. Gorgonia fimpliciffima teres utringue attenuata, offe corneo fufco, carne ochracea bifulcata, ofculis crebris linearibus notata. Ruf-like Gorgon. This Gorgon has a fingle round ftem, {maller at each end. The boneis of a dark- colored horny confiftence ; this is covered with an crange- .colored flefh, full of longifh little ea a. This orange-colored Sea- Whip was found by Mr. Greg in the new ceded iflands, growing on a hell, and is very flexible when alive, and about three feet fone There are two {mall furrows, one on each fide, which are con- tinued the whole length of the animal: tubes, funk in, with which the fuckers and mouths did communicate, when the animal was alive. 4. Gorgonia ceratophyta. Gorgonia dichotoma, axillis divaricatis, ramis virgatis afcendentibus bi- fulcatis, carne purpurea, polypis niveis ofotentacu- tatis diftiche fparfis, offe atro corneo fuffulta. Florned Gorgonia. 81 thefe are the - IT AB. I2; Fic, 2. This Gorgon grows in a fub- 3. divided manner; the branches ' ftand afunder, and grow ered, like twigs. Thefe have two furrows on them; their flefh is of a purple color, and their polypes {now white, having meee eight 82 GOR GONT A. eight claws each. They are placed in irregular rows on each fide. It is fupported by a black horny bone. | : TABS OPOs MEIC. B. @s This Sea-Shrub grows a foot high, and makes a moft beautiful appearance with its bright purple fleth and white polypes. It was taken up alive, and immerfed in fpirits by John Greg, Efg. of Dominica, and fent in this ftate to the Earl of Hillfborough, who did me the honor to prefent it to me. ee 5. Gorgonia viminalis. Spanifh Broom Gorgon. {Ge Ie Gorgonia ramis fubtere- This Gorgon has loofe, tibus divaricatis fetaceis roundifh, flender, and ere& Jparfis erettis, carne flava, branches, with yellow flefh, polypis albis o€totentacula- and polypes with eight claws tis diftichis.. in rows on both fides. Tas. 12. Fic. 1. This flender Sea-fhrub-like animal was found near the _ harbour of Charleftown, in South-Carolina, by J. Greg, E{g. who fent it to me preferved in fpirits about the year 1762. It grows about a foot high or more; the bone is: of a black horny texture. : 6. Gorgonia muricata. Sea EHedge- flog Gorgon: Gorgonia compreffa ra- ThisGorgon has comprefied mala dichotoma, carne {ubdivided branches, covered crafia fubalbida, ofculis with a firm whitifh flefh, full cylindricis arrectis murica- of cylindrical ‘little mouths, A Lis, GA Gee GS. HO NTE. Ale tisf offe ancipiti corneo nis which ftand ereét, and are de- gricante. fended by ftony fpicule, or ; fpines. The bony part is flat- tifh, with two edges, of a. horny nature and blackith co- lor. This is very common all about the American iflands in the Weft Indies. The polypes have eight claws, and are protected by thefe fpines. This is one of Mr. Greg’s col- Jeétion; and upon diffedting it, I firft difcovered the {pawn, which confifts of round white eggs, like thofe de- {cribed in the Alcyonium digitatum, or Dead Man’s Toes, | and when it is fent forth, it pafles through the polypes as it does in the Alcyonium. | 7. Gorgonia verticillaris. Sardinian White Gorgon. Gorgonia teres pinnata ‘This Gorgon has round pin-— vamofa, ramulis alternis nated branches ; the little fide parallelis, ofculis verticilla- branches are alternate and pa- vis incurvatis, carne fgua- allel, with mouths bending mulis albidis vitreis ob- inwards, and placed in whirls tethd, offeelaminis fubteffa~ about the ftem and branches. ceis nitidis compofito. The fleth is covered with lit- tle white glaffy fcales, and the bone is compofed of layers of a {hining pearl-colored fhelly wy fubftance. | Sea-Feather. Ellis Corallin. pag. 60. tab. 26. fig. aes ee | Gorgonia verticillaris, Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1289. M 2 oo hig: 83 84. ; SO 8 @ OR Pw This fpecies of Sea~Feather exceeds all the reft of this genus both in neatnefs and elegance of form. Itis found near Sardinia, in the Mediterranean: Sea, and. grows to two and three fect high. The flefh is full of parallel tubes, that grow clofe round the bone. In the younger branches the bone is very brittle, and of a pale yellow color; as the number of layers increafe, the furface of each layer has a fhining pearl-like look, very like fome. kind of fea-fhells. See plate 2. fig. 4. 5. ae 13. 8. Gorgonia lepadifera. Barnacle-bearing Gorgon. : iG. a. is} a Gorgonia dichotoma,.o/- This Gorgon is dichoto- culis confertis reflexis cam- mous: it is almoft covered panulatis imbricatis, carne with mouths, which are placed. /quamulis albis obduéta, clofe together, hanging over offe in ramulis majoribus one another; they are bell- teftaceo, in minoribus cor- ‘{haped, bent downwards, and 160. full of {mall fcales. The fleth | | is covered with minute whitifh {cales. ‘The bone in the larger branches is teftaceous, or ra- ther like bone, and in the {maller ones horny. WAR. E32. Pie. 9.2 Planta marina Refeda facie. Clufii Exot. p. 122. Gorgonia lepadifera. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1289. This Gorgonia is found on the coaft of Norway: the {pecimen foured here was brought from picesger and prefented to me by Dr. Solander: This very curious animal rifes ufually to eighteen inches high. The heads and mouths bend downwards, t and GOR GO NTA, and have the appearance of fome {pecies of Barnacles ; they are covered with white fcales of different fizes, placed. one over the other. The opening of each mouth is fur-. rounded by eight little pointed valves or fcales, which clofe together in.the dried fpecimens. If we compare the fcales of the Coluber Ceraftes (of which there is a moft elegant figure in the Philofophical Tranfaétions, Vol. 56. tab. 14.) we fhall obferve fomething fimilar in the fcales on the mouth of that animal, to thofe on this Gorgonia,. but varying in fhape according to the form of their mouths: we may likewife fee what a variety of fhapes the feales are of on the reft of the ‘body of this viper, to fuit the various turnings and twiftings of this active ani- mal: in this Gorgonia, which is a fixt animal,. the fcales. on the ftem and branches, which do not move, are much. of one form, differing greatly from thofe on the heads, which are always in motion, while the animal is alive and catching its food.. 9. Gorgonia pectinata. The Comb-like Gorgon. Gorgonia. teres, ramu~ This Gorgon is round ; its: lis fecundis parallelis afcen- {mall branches come out pa- - dentibus, carne rubra,-of- allel, and only on one fide, culis creberrimis rotundis and erow ere. The fleth prominilis, offe duro albo is reddith; the mouths are. fragii.. ! round, numerous, and pro- ject a little. The bone: is. | white within, hard.and brittle. Seb. muf. 3. tab. ros. fig. v. a. | Gorgonia pettinata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12, pag. 1292. This 85. 86 GOR GON FE A: This curious Sea-Feather has been lately introduced from the Eaft Indies. There is an elegant fpecimen of it in. the Britith Mufeum, lately prefented by Lord Pigot. In the fpecimen which I have, there are little mouths on all the branches down to the bafe: thofe on the larger branches are much bigger, and projet more, than thofe on the erect {mall branches. 10. Gorgonia Placomus. Great Norway Gorgon. Gorgonia plana dicho- ThisGorgon has its branches toma, ramis flexuofis ra- difpofed in a dichotomous or- rius anaftomofantibus, of- der and a flattifh form; they culis conicis fetaceis emi- bend irregularly towards one nentibus, offe fubjiantié another, but rarely unite. fere lignofit. Their mouths are conical, project, and are furrounded at top by little fpines. The bone | or fupport is nearly of the fub- {tance of wood. Zarted Sea-Fan. Ellis =. pag. 67.> tabi. 2%. e.. 4, A. Aa. A2. Apo. ~ Gorgonia Placomus. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1290. This Sea-Fan is of a reddifh brown color; it grows on the coaft of Norway, to avery large fize, feveral feet high; it is now and then found on the coaft of Great-Britain. There is a good fpecimen of it in the Britifh Mufeum, which was fent to me from Stavanger, in Norway, in the year 1755. I have two varieties of this fpecies from the Eaft Indies; one very fmall, three inches long, with its flefh and mouths covered with reddifh glafly {pines ; the other of a cinereous color, with its internal part very like the GOR GOWNIA, the confiftence of leather: this is about five inches high. 87 rz. Gorgonia pinnata, Wef/t-India pinnated Gorgon, Tan.r4. Gorgonia ramofa pin- nata, ramulis /uboppoftis compreffis, ofculis polypi- jeris in marginibus feria- . tim difpofitis, carne al- bido-flave/cente intus pur- purafcente, offe corneo.. ThisGorgon is branched and Pies) 3.. pinnated ; the {mall branches. are compreffed and nearly op- fite. The polype fuckers come out of the mouths in regular rows on each margin. The flefh is yellowifh, with fome appearance of purple on the : infide. The bone is horny. Tas. 44. Fic. 3.. This elegant ‘Sea-Feather is very common in the Weft Tndies. times yellow. It is often found of a fine purple color, at other This fpecimen was fent in f{pirits, with all the polype fuckers extended, by Mr. Greg, who was very attentive, in his colleGting them, to fhew in what man- ner they appeared alive. It is often confounded by au- thors with the G. fetofa of Linneus, or Sea-Feather af Sir Hans Sloane.. © r2. Gorgonia exferta, Gorgonia feres /parfe ramofa, ramulis alternis, ofculis octovalvulis alter- ats, polypis ottotentacula- tis exfertis, carne [guamu- lis albis veftita, offe fub- fulca cornee.. Bareheaded Gorgon. Tasiss. Fig, 4. ‘This Gergon is round, thinly branched, and the branches alternate. cells, are placed alternately ; thefe have eight valves, and the polypes have as many Ze The mouths, or claws, and appear on the out- fide er TABI. 88 GOR GO W's 'S& ” fide of the cells. The flefhy part is covered with very mi- nute white fcales.. The bone is of a dark-color, and horny. Dan, Bae Pie. ho 2. ‘This elegant Sea-Shrub is about two feet high, very loofely branched, with long flender white branches. The fuckers sida out uncovered, when dry, occafioned my calling it the Bareheaded Gorgon. It was brought from the Weft Indies, and is at prefent 2p the fuperb cabinet of her Grace the Dutchefs Dowager f Portland, who was fo obliging as to give me the {peci~ men reprefented ; in the plate, where one of the cells and the polype is magnified, 13. Gotsonia patula. Fie, 3. 4. Gorgonia compreffator- tuofe ramofa fubpinnata ruberrima, ofculis diftichis — fubrotundis balone fubal- bide inclufis, offe fubfufco COFUEO. Flat Gorgon. This flat Gorgon has branches growing waved and partly pinnated; it is of a very bright red color. It has two rows on each fide of lit- tle round mouths, included in . whitifh circles. The bone is | of a darkifh color, and horny fubftance. TAR P52 biG. 3 “This beautiful crimfon Sea-Feather was brought from the Mediterranean. The celebrated Donati fent me a piece of this {peciés, preferved i in -{pirits, with its polypes - extended, which is exprefied in the spat at fig. 4. mt Gorgonia GY.OUTR “G° © Wb. A, 14. Gorgonia verrucofa. Warted Gorgon. Gorgonia iz plano ra- This Gorgon grows with mofa flabelliformis, ramis round irregular branches in a teretibus flexuofis, ofculis flat fan fhape. The mouths prominulis papillof. s albi- arelikewhite prominent warts. dis, offe tereti fubfiantia ‘The bony part is of a fub- lignofo-cornea. ftance between wood and horn. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 50. ADs ay SO BOs a Gorgonia verrucofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1291. There are various f{pecies of this warted Sea-Fan in the Welt Indies, the Mediterranean, and on the coaft of Cornwall. There are fome of them, whofe warts are “more prominent and clofer together than others. This Sea-Fan, when dry, is of a dirty white or cinecreous color. The posed ap which I have quoted from the Phi- lofophical TranfaGions, is incrufting the Lepas calceolus, or Slipper Barnacle. 15. Gorgonia anceps. Sea-Willow Gorgon. Gorgonia ramofa /ub- This. Gorgon is branched dichotoma, carne-deprefia- neatly in a fubdivided manner. ancipiti, marginibus of- ‘The flefh is fat on each fide, culofis, offe fubtereti atte- with a row of hittle mouths nuato fubftantid corneo- along both the margins. ‘The fubcoriacea, bone is roundifh, and fmallat the ends, of a horny nature, inclining to leather. Sea-Willow. Ellis Corallin. pag. 68. tab. 27. fig. g. Gorgonia anceps. Linn, Syft. Nat. Bid. 12. pag. Bae pi aoe 89 go GOR AG AN TP AY Of this fea-fhrub there are feveral varieties: The largeft kind, which is figured in Sloane’s H. Jam. is di- chotomous ; there are many of the fmaller kinds that are more diffufed in their manner of crowing. When they are recent from the fea, they are of a fine violet color ; but when we receive them, fome are yellow, others white. They are now and then found on the coaft of Great-Bri- tain and Ireland ; but not frequently. _ 16. Gorgonia pretiofa. Gorgonia 77 plano ra- mofa dichotoma fubatte- MURATA, Carne wmintacea lubrica molli vafculofa, of- culis o€fovalvibus conicis fubbiantibus fparfis, poly- pos albidos o€fotentaculatos bifariam cirratos exferen- tibus, offe lapideo ruber- imo extus firiato et fo- veolato. True Red Coral. This Gorgon grows {pread flat, with dichotomousbranches that leffen towards their extre- mities.. The flefh is of the color of red lead, foft, flip- pery, and full of minute vef- fels. The mouths are irregu- larly placed on the furface, and rife up in a conical form, confifting of eight valves juft opening, from whence proceed polypes of a white color with eight claws; each claw has a double row of fibres on both edges. The bone is ftony, and of the brighteft red, marked with minute furrows on the outfide, and with little hollow places here and there, that have correfponded with the * cells. TD ABT Re PAG, 2. A. Red Ga Qe aS Oo INE a a Red Coral, Ellis Corallin. pag. 93. tab. 25. fig. a. Tfis nobilis. Linn. Syft, Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1288. The charaders of this moft valuable, as well as beau- tiful animal, have been fully defcribed by the celebrated Donati, in the Philofophical Tranfactions. He was fo kind as to fend me a {pecimen, with the polypes extended, preferved in f{pirits ; it was from this, that I have had the figure drawn in tab. 13. fig. 4. In another fpecimén which he fent me I ica the eggs, in diffe@ing the cells, which are {mall round bodies, as in the other Gon gonias. _ Though Dr. Linneus has called this animal an Ifis, he informs me, that I have more properly ranged it among the Gorgonias. The genus of Ifis is fufficiently diftin- guifhed by its joints, as I fo fhew hereafter. 17. Gorgonia craffa. Flefhy Gorgon. Gorgonia teres dichote- . ‘This Gorgon is round and Ma, ramis crafis virgatis dichotomous, with long flefhy divaricatis afcendentibus, branches, which bend a little carne violacea craffa, of- out, and then grow upright. culis prominulis egquidi- ‘The flefhis of .a violet color, frantibus, polypos o&foten- plump, and full of little rifing taculatos marginibus cir- ‘mouths, difpofed on the fur- ratis exferentibus, ofje /ub- face near one another at equal fufco corneo. _ diftances : . thefe fend forth po- lypes with eight claws, that have {mall fibres on each fide. The bone is of a dark ‘brown color, like horn, N2 Lithophytar yeh GisO i : BND er, Pee Lithophyton Americanum, maximum, cinereum, cortice punétato. A&. Par. 1700. pag.’ 34. tab. 2. Hughes Hift. Barbadoes, tab. 27. fig. 1. This Gorgon was fent by Mr. Greg, preferved in fpirits, to the Earl of Hillfborough. | The flefh is very thick, and the bone very fmall at the extremities: in large old fpecimens the bone is very black, and like horn. 18. Gorgonia Flabellum. V enus s Fan. Gorgonia reticulata, This Gorgon grows in form ramis interne comprefis, ot a net, with its branches carne flava (interdum comprefled inwardly. The purpurea) ofculis minutis fleth is yellow, fometimes pur- Sparfis, polypis o€totenta- ple, with {mall mouths, placed culatis, offe nigro corneo, irregularly, having polypes in ramis majoribus tenui- with eight tentacles. The ter ftriato. bone is black, horny, and flightly ftriated on the larger branches. Flabellum Veneris. Ellis Corallin. pag. 61. tab. 26. fio. A. | | "Gorgonia Flabellum. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1293. Both the trunk and branches of this Sea-Fan are pin- nated, and by the means of the fmall branches croffing each other and blending together, they compofe this ele- gant reticulated form. Mr. Greg has likewife fent over many Imall {pecimens of this Sea-Fan preferved in {pirits, with the polypes extended, which have eight claws. This elegant Sea~Fan is found principally in the Ame- rican feas, where they grow to three and four feet high. They G OR GON 1°% They are likewife brought from the Mediterranean and rs Eaft-Indian feas. 19. Gorgonia fuberofa. Cork-like Gorgon. Gorgonia ramofa fub- This Gorgon is branched in dichotoma, ramis longio- a fubdivided manner, with ribus craffis teretibus af- very long upright, round, cendentibus, carne minia- thick branches. The flefhy cea fpongiofa, ofculis fub- part is of the color of red lead, fiellatis in quincunces fere and {pongy ; the mouths are difpofitis, offe pallide ru- like little ftars difpofed al- bro fuberofo. moft in a quincunx order. The bone, or inward hard part, is of a pale red, and of | the fubftance of cork. Ellis Corallin. pag. 63. tab. 26. fig. P. Q.R. This foft fpongy Coral-like Gorgon is evidently one of this genus, from the different hardnefs of the inner fub- ftance or bone of the animal, compared with the defhy part on the furface; where the fiefh is rubbed off the in- ner part, it is ftriated as in others of this genus. I have feen f{pecimens of it eight or nine inches long. The branches are nearly cylindrical, growing a little ilenderer towards the top: they are in thicknefs about the fize of a large goofe-quill ; and are found on the coaft of South- Carolina and the Bahama Iflands. 03. 20. Gorgonia Briareus. _ Lhe Gorgon Briareus. Tazrs. Gorgonia /wbramofa This Gorgon rifes with very 2. teres craffa, bafi fupra few, thick, fucculent branches, rupes Fic, 1. 94 Gey OAR, 6 90 aN) ER AS rupes late explanata, froma broad bafe that is {pread carne interne fubalbida wponrocks. ‘The fleth is of a externe cinerea, polypis whitifh color within, and a moajoribus oétotentaculatis pale afh color without, fur- cirratis, offe ex aciculis nifhed with large polypes, vitreis purpureis inordi- that have each eight fringed nate fed longitudinaliter claws, and come out on the compactis compofito. furface in a quincunx order. The bone, or hard inward part, confifts of a number of little purple, glafly needles, irregularly but clofely put to- gether lengthways. Tas. 14. WG. 7. 2. This foft Coral has been reckoned by fome authors an Alcyonium. But having received many elegant {pe- cimens of it, well preferved in {pirits, from the Earl of Puliborouoty which were collected by Mr. Greg in the Weft Indies ; they have afforded me an opportunity of placing it with its proper genus. The firm purple glafly infide appears fo diftin@ from the pale white flefhy part on the outfide, that as foon as I had difcovered this, I did not hefitate to remove it to its proper genus: befides, the ftems being the largeft in _ diameter of all this genus clearly explain to us, what - we are obliged in the other {pecies to make ufe of magnifying glaffes to difcover, particularly the various veflels of the organical parts that ferve to extend and con- tra& the polype-like fuckers, which fupply the animal with proper nourifhment for its fupport and further ex- tenfion. One thing is remarkable in the more folid or bony part of this animal, that we may eafily diftinguith certain GrouR 76-0 >N 326 At certain fine yellow ramified fibres, or veflels, that are interwoven among the glaffy hard parts, analogous per- haps to fuch-like veffels in the harder and fofter parts of the bones of more perfect animals. Further, where the animal fpreads its flefhy bafe on the rocks, we find the bony or vitreous purple part adhering to the rocks, as we do the horny or ftony hard parts in the bafe of the other Gorgonias. | 2x. Gorgonia calyculata. Cup-mouth Gorgon. Gorgonia dichotoma, This Gorgon grows in a ramulis crafis arreétis, f{ubdivided order, having erect papillis truncatis, carne thick branches, with trun- cinerafcente intus purpu- cated papille. The flefh is rea, ofculis majoribus ca- afh-colored without, and pur- lyciformibus confertisfur- ple on the infide, furnifhed fum fpettantibus, polypis with large cup-fhaped mouths, oftotentaculatis cirratis, difpofed clofe together in a offe [ubfufco corneo. quincunx order, and looking upwards, having polypes with eight fringed claws extending themfelves from them. The bone is of a dark brown color,’ and horny nature. This feasfhrub fends forth round white eggs, larger than any of the genus. It wascolleéted and preferved in {pirits by Mr. Greg, . ep) 1 22. Gorgonia abietina. Fir-like Gorgon. Taz.6. Gorgonia ramofa pin- This Gorgon is full of. nata, carne flava, ofculis branches which are pinnated. fare ! purpureis, | “6 Gi AR IO. aN eA purpureis diflichis, off ‘The fleth is of a pale yellow corneo flavefcente. color, with rows on both fides | of purple mouths. Thebone — is horny and yellowith. Tas. 16. Plukenetamalth. tab. 452. fig. 3. This beautiful Sea-Feather was fent me from Cape Coatft Caftle, in Africa. . . It grows flat, about a foot high 5 the ftem is often full of fmall barnacles, which it covers over. The old branches are irregular, but the young branches are pin- nated, like the Sertularia abietina, or Sea-Fir veficular ~ Coralline. 23. Gorgonia elongata. Forked Gorgon. Gorgonia dichotoma di- This Gorgon has long ere@ waricata, ramis lemgiori- branches, which are fubdi- bus afcendentibus, carne vided and divaricated. ‘The setragona rubra crafa, flefhis of a vermillion color, ofculis ereétis fecundum very plump and fquare; the angulos fubimbricatis, off little mouths are placed along enut corneo flavefcente. the corners; they are eredt, and difpefed fomething like tiles by one another. The bone is of a horny confiftence, very flender, and of a yellowith color. | pres Gorgonia elongata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1291. This fcarlet Sea-Shrub was brought from the Weft In- dies. My {pecimen is about eighteen inches high. The Heth is full of little warts, with points looking upwards ; 5 . thefe Pee an Ee An A Bars, thefe are difpofed in rows on the angles of the branches, and feem to bend one over the other. ANTIPATHE S, commonly called 1X. ANT IPATHES, Black Coral, Animal crefcens plante Is an animal erowing in the jacie. fhape of a plant. Stirps iutus cornea, [pi- The ftem is horny in the nulis exiguis obfita, bafi infide, befet with very {mall explanata, extus carne ge- {pines, and {pread out at the latinofa, verrucis polypife- bafe. ‘The outfide is covered ris obdula. with a gelatinous flefh, full of _ warts, from whence the po- lypes extend themfelves. Ovatiaincerta, nifiovu- The ovaries are uncertain, la ex polypis, ficut in Gor- unlefs the little eges proceed gomis, Atcyonus, Sc. — from the polypes, as in the Gorgonias, Alcyoniums, &c. It appears from the old botanical writers, that the feve- ral forts of Black Corals were formerly called by the name of Antipathes; but as the characters of thofe marine bo- dies were not fo exactly looked into then, as they are now in this prefent inquifitive age, fome of the Gorgonias, whofe horny internal parts are black, were probably in- cluded amongft them. That they were not only ufed as {ceptres for princes, but likewife for divining rods, and other fuch purpofes, is clear from Salmafius’s remarks to Solinus, wherein he fays, that Antipathes denotes fomething proper to refit incantations, and that they were ufed for that purpofe by | feveral G8 AD ND RD ee ro Ey aia) teas feveral Indian nations... See Rumph, Herb. Ambozsn. Book xii. ch. ‘2. | There is certainly a great affinity between the Anti- pathes and the Gorgonia; but yet there is fo much dif- ference, as with great propriety to conititute a new genus, and though the name is not new, yet it is well adapted. ‘| he {pines in the bony part, and the gelatinous fethy co- vering, diftinguifh this Ault remark ably. That they are covered with 1 polype heads, or fomethi ing very like them, appears from examining in the microfcope fome of the warts that covered a fpecimen of the Anti- pathes fpiralis, lately brought aber the Eaft Indies, and foaked for fome time in warm water, from which in tab.re. fig. 4. 5. the mouths and claws are exactly reprefented hiohly magnified. And it is much more probable, that they produce their eggs through thofe mouths, as the Gorgonia, Ifis and Sipthwi do, than from thofe imagi- nary ovaries that are feen {cattered here and there on festie {pecies, both on account of the irregularity of their {hapes, as well as their diferent fituations. on the fame animal. Thofe figures being no more than the remains of the cover of (oe extraneous bodies that have adhered them, having myfelf feen and examined many of them. One of the arguments ufed, that thefe are ova- ries, is, that the Cibaanediaae eae bony pat t 1 -Gbwthe ftem forms part of them; but the very fame fub- ftance, with all its fpines, likewife covers all the {mall kinds of Barnacics, and other foreign fubftances that adhere to them. If we examine the ovaries of the Sertularias, to which they are compared by fome, we fhall foon be convinced that there is no fimilarity between them; in one, there is form and order; in the other, ijvepulatity of {ituation, and no certainty of fhape. Count Marngh, in his Hiftoire PByaghe de la if r aS DMD ne MRT EPCS Sh ay: ane iam oR aed has given us a figure of one of thefe Antipathes, tab. 40. fic. 179. No.1. 2. 3. where there feems to be on the {mallet branches regular rows of polype-like mouths, with two arms to each, fitting on little foot-ftalks, as at A. A. No.3. Thefe the Count takes to be of the fame fubftance and ufe as the flowers in the Coral: but we muift wait for further information, before we can con- clude any thing from his obfervations, as his figures are Some people imag table ; but they have not obferved, that when we break their ftems obliquely acrofs, we find the {pines regularly difpofed in the infide layers as well as the outfide, as I have exprefied it in fig. 6. tab. 19; whereas, in trees and fhrubs that are covered with {pines, when wecut or break them obliquely acrofs, we have not yet been able to dif cover the {pines in the internal annual circles of the wood. | Another material argument has not been yet noticed, which is, that the medulla or pith-like fubftance of the larger branches has no communication with the medulla of the lefler branches, being always feparated by a fep- _tum, or bony partition of the fame fubftance with the reft of the ftem. It is quite otherwife in trees and fhrubs; fo that though they have an outward vegetable form, their anatomy as well as chemical principles, is quite different. but rude. cine the Antipathes crows like a vege- r. Antipathes fparalis. Spiral Autipathes. Antipathes fimplicifima Antipathes, or Black Co- fpiralis [cabra. | ral, with a fingle twifted rough ftem. | Tas. 19. Fic. 1—6. Oe Ree Gorgouia 98 TAB.19. Fic.1—6 TOO Pe NEG SR * BAPE ST eee eee Gorgonia fpiralis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1290. There are feveral fizes of this extraordinary animal ; one of them is of the thicknefs of a writing pen, and about two feet long; this has grown naturally into a knot, as if it was tied, and is curled and twifted very re- markably; fee fig. x. tab. 19. ‘The flefhy part that co- vers the fpiny furface of the bone is full of little gelati- nous wart-like figures, as at fig. 2. ; When we have foaked thefe warts for fome time in warm water, they appear to us not unlike fome polypes with fix claws furrounding a cup in the center, which probably is their mouth: thefe figures are differently magnified at fig. 3.4.5. This {pecimen {preads itfelf with a broad bafe on a coral rock. The bone, or hard part, when broke obliquely, horizontally fhews that the internal as well as external layers are full of little {pines.; fee fig. 6. It is of a hard horny black fhining fubftance, brittle almoft as glafs. I have another fpecimen not thicker at the bafe than: the quill of a hen’s feather; this is twifted {pirally, but loofely and tapering to a point: it 1s feven feet long, very black, full of f{pines, and covered with a hardened thin gelatinous fubftance, and was. found adhering by a broad bafe toa rock. Both of thefe were lately brought from the Faft Indies; they are found in plenty about the {pice iflands. Tazig. 2+ Antipathes Ulex. Furz-like Antipathes. Fic. 7. 8. Antipathes ramofiffiia, This Antipathes is very much ramis [parfis patentibus bi- branched, with loofe, f{pread, Spidiffimis attenuatis. very rough, and _ pointed .. branches. © tee epg) a Cert Peco This Pen ee He eT, ETERS: This Antipathes is particularly full of {mall thort fpines: the branches ftand out loofe and irregular, and are remarkably black. On this fpecimen, part of which is fhewn at fig. 7. 8.. there are many of thofe irregular hollow figures, fup- pofed to be ovaries, feveral of which lie along the branches, and then are turned up like horns inverted ; others turn fideways, others downwards, all of them vary in their fhape and direétion, and are placed irregularly here and there on the branches ;, they are of a brownith yellow color, and appear to bea part of the fpiny furface of the Antipathes. The fame kind. of covering is found on the little Barnacles and other little animals that infett them. 3 _ This was brought from Batavia,, in the Eaft Indies,, by: W. Webber, Efg..F. R.S.. 3. Antipathes fubpinnata. Feathered Antipathes. Antipathes ramo/a pin- This Antipathes is branched. anata bifpida, pinnulis fe- and pinnated’; the little pinne taceis alternis, pinnulis are tull of {mall fpines,. and aliis (fed raris) tranverfe difpofed alternately’ on the exeuntiouss. branches: and: at. right. an- gles, oppofite to thefe, are a few other little pinnae: PAR Rg.t FIG en roe: fuppoied to be taken in the fea.thereabouts. The {pines are long and f{mall, and of an amber color when magni- fied: the furface of the Antipathes appears to be an. afh color. 4... Antipathes. Phis fpecimen was brought from. Gibraltar, and is ror Taz.1g,- Fre. 9, 10,- Log AON aD ea Aes, lire Ea ee fie) “Lin A atl - n at ou . antag sic peti ie an Yarrow-like Antipathes, Fic. 11. payrta. WR. Antipathes izceurvara-. This Antipathes is full of mopifima pinnata, pinny- pinnated branches that bend Sis bine ramofis fetaceis. downwards; thefe pinnated »branches have. other little fpiny branches on their upper fide. ‘Dap, ino, Prev maw @ 2x The form of this Antipathes is very elegant, from the bending of its many pinnated branches downwards all round it, which gives it the appearance of a fine fhady jittle tree. The fpines are but fhort in this, in propor- tion to the laft. ‘he color is of a yellowith brown. It was brought from Batavia, and was colleed near the {pice iflands. 5. Antipathes alopecu~ ‘ FPoxtail Antipaties. roides. | Antipathes ramofa, ra- ‘This branched Antipathes gnis artte paniculatis fi- has its young branches, which Spidis Jetaceis. : are full of {pines and fmall ‘ prickles, difpofed in clofe pa- | nicles. . The trunk of this Antipathes rifes from a broad fpread bafe, and divides immediately into feveral large branches of one-third of an inch diameter ; as thefe rife up, one fide of them appears flat, with a groove or channel along. the middle of it, where there are the remains of many lit- tle branches that have grown in rows on each fide of it, It then divides into branches, and often into other branches, all whichare in form of clofe panicles, not un- like Ae dee Lie Py Ae Ta. Be) like the foxtail-grafs. Thefe panicles are compofed of very rough thorny minute branches, which are twice as long on one fide of the ftem as the other... The out- fide of this Antipathes is of greyifh color; the infide is: black and very brittle. It is near two feet high. This was brought from South-Garolina, and prefented to Corbyn Morris, Efg, F..R..S. and has not before been: defcribed.. 6.. Antipathes Cu preflus.. Cyprefs Antipathes. Antipathes fmplexfca~-- ‘This Antipathes grows in bra paniculata, ramis re- the form of a fingle panicle, Curvatis.- | full of minute prickles, with | | the little branches bending up-- wards. © Gorgonia Abies. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1290. Dr. Linneus has claffed this elegant fea produétion un- _ der his genus of Gorgonias,. to which it is very nearly al- lied; but the fleth of this tribe is fo remarkably gelati- nous, and the whole bone, or hard part,.is fo covered: with {pines,. which even are to be diftinguifhed in the in-- terior laming, that there.is fufficient reafon for making it- of another genus. ; There is a moft elegant fpecimen of this in the Britifh: Muieum, and very good figures of it in Rumphius. and. Seba. It grows in the Eaft-Indian ocean among the {pice ‘iflands, ie DSS. EOJ. mat . lew Ss Sheol 08: Animal crefcens plante formed. Stirps /apidea, articu- lata, articulis firiis longi- Leer exaratis, fub- flantia [pongiofa vel cornea LONMEXIS. Caro mollior, porofa atgque cellulofa, | Oiculis polypiferis, ten- ISIS, cr JOINTED CORAL, Ts an animal growing in the form of a plant ; | whofe ftem is ftony and joint- ed: the joints are furrowed. longitudinally, and united to- gether, in fome by a f{pongy, in others by a horny fubftance. It is covered over by a foft porous and cellular fleth, full. of little mouths, from whence the polypes with their taculatis, oviparis obduéta. ! claws come forth, through whom the eggs are produced. This genus of Zoophytes is very nearly allied to the Gorgonias, having a hard part within, which is the fup- port or bone of the animal, and a fofter part without, which is its lefh. This A part is furnifhed with or- gans that ferve both for nutrition and generation. Thefe are its polype-like fuckers, which are contained in, and extend themfelves from its cells, when in fearch of food. The difference between the Ifis and Gorgonia is this, that the bony part of the Ifis is jointed, ene not fo in the Gorgonia. Thefe joints are an admirable con- trivance of oe to fecure the brittle branches of thefe animals frem being torn to pieces. Without this, they could not arrive to the height of which fome of them are found, viz. of two or three feet: for by bending freely to and fro with thefe foft joints, they eafily refaft the vio- lent motions of the fea. When the animals grow old, their ftems have no more joints, that part being then {trong hh & TAS; {trong enough to withftand the force of the waves. The foft geniculations then are only found in the flenderer parts of the branches. 1. Ifis ochracea. Ifis ffirpe erofo-ftriata lapidea rubra dichotoma explanata ramofifima ar- ticulata, geniculis nodofis Spongiofis fulvis, carne fla~ vefcente, ofculis ftellatis, polypos o€fotentaculatos ob- ducentibus. , Fointed Red Coral. This Ifis has a ftony ftem, irregularly channelled, as if eaten into; the branches are many, dichotomous, and {pread out; the joints are connected by deep yellow fpongy knobs. The flefh is of a pale yellow, full of ftarry mouths, that co- ver polypes with eight claws. Red Coral from the Eaff Indies. ‘Ellis Philof. Tranf. Vol. 50. pag. 189. tab. 3. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed..12. pag. 1287. Ifis ochracea. This beautiful Is is found in the Eaft-Indian Oceana among the {pice iflands. It is fo very liable to fall to pieces, when dry, that good fpecimens of it are very rare. There is likewife a variety of it, whofe {tony part and fleth are quite white; but the fpongy geniculations are of a brownifh yellow. 2.. [fis Hippuris. Ifis firpe articulata la- pidea, ramulis /parfis, offe articulis cylindricis lapidets albis fulcatis, internodiis corneis nigris conftrittis 105 Black and White jointed Coral. Tar. 3. Fic.i—s5 This Ifis has a jointed {tony ftem, which rifes into many loofe branches. ‘The bone or fupport of the animal confifts of white, cylindrical, ftony, connexis, 106 if SwT Ss) connexis, carne fubalbida channelled joints, conneéted porofa craffa, ofculis in together by black contracted quincunces difpofitis, poly- horny intermediate ones. The pos ottotentaculatos obte- flefh is whitith, plump, and gentibus. - full of minute reilee gatiestiar-s face of it is full of the little mouths of the cells, which are difpofed in a quincunx or- der, covering the polypes with eight claws. Tas. 3. Fic. 1—5. Lis Flippuris. Linn, Syit, Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1287. There are many varieties of this much admired Ifis. Some are dwarfifh, not above fix inches high ; others, from a foot to two dict and more. In fome, the ftony joints are longer, and the black horny joints very fhort : in others, the black horny ones are longer, but always more contracted, as may be feen in the 84th table of the 6th vol. Be Rumphius’s Herb. Amboinenie, where it is cel defcribed. In tab. 3. there are feveral feCtions of this Coral mag- nified, to ee the manner in which the Polypes For their ai draw in their nourifhment, for the further ex- tenfion and increafe both of the bony as well as the Hern part of the animal. Fig. 2. is a longitudinal fe&ion of the trunk of this Coral without joints appearing on the outfide ; but in the middle of its infide is a {mall ramification, where both its horny and fltony parts are covered over. bens layers of | the ftony part alone, which fhews its growth to be dif- ferent from that of fhrubs. We likewife find that this | Coral fpreads its bafe on rock s, by various turnings and 3 windings, Leese eer windings, both of its bony and flefhy part ; and likewife, as it rifes, we find it inclofing thells and-other extraneous fubftances, that ftick to it, like the Gorgonias. This beautiful Coral is often brought by our Eaft-India fhips from Prince’s Hand, in the Straits of Sunda, on the fouthern coaft of Sumatra. Specimens with the flefh on them are rarely to be met with, as the failors generally ferape off the flefh to fhew the beauty of the black and white joints. 3. Ifis coccinea. | Dwarf Scarlet Ifs. Ifis pumila varie ra- This little “Ifis has its mofa, ramulis divarica- branches irregularly {pread. tis, offe articulato lineari Its bone is jointed, flender, Jubftriato ruberrimo, in- very red, and a little ftriated ; rernodiis brevibus fpongio- the joints are united by fhort, fis fulvis, carne intus pal- {pongy, yellowifh genicula- lide rofea, extus cellulis tions. The flefh on the in- elevatis verruciformibus fide is of a pale rofe color; on coccineis, ofculis minimis. the outfide it is covered with little rifing wart-like fcarlet - cells, each having a little mouth. WexBS 2. ECs 5. This Dwarf Ifis differs from the Dichotomous Ifis of the Cape, in being much f{maller, and irregular in its branches. Nothing can exceed the brightnefs of its {car- let color. It is about two or three inches high, and was colle&ed on the coaft of Mauritius, in the year 1767, and prefented to Dr. J. Fothergill, with many other rare fea produdtions, by the furgeon of an Eaft-India fhip that ) ; Ar age | put T Aap.t2. Fro. 5. 108 vegetable kingdoms of Nature, no-one has yet been able Cy ODNR Be HEN we Saas put in to refit there. At the fame time there was a va- riety of this fpecies found that was perfeétly white. XI. CORALLINA. CORALLINE Animal crefcens habitu Ts an animal growing in the plante. form of a plant ; Stirps fixa, e tubis ca-- whofe ftem is fixt to other pillaribus per crufiam cal- bodies, and is compofed of caream porofam Jefe exfe- capillary tubes, whofe extre- rentibus, compofita. mities pafs through a calea- reous cruft, and open into pores on the furface. — Rami /efe articulati, The branches are often semper ramulofi, vel di- jointed, and always fubdivided varicatt, liberi vel con- into fmaller branches ; which glutinati et connexi. are either loofe and uncon- nected, or joined as if they were glued together. | This genus has been thought by fome late writers to belong entirely to the vegetable kingdom, and to differ but little from Fucus’s and Conferva’s: but as Dr. Lin-_ nzus obferves, in a note on this genus in his Syftem of Nature, p. 1304. ‘‘ Corallinas ad regnum animale perti- “¢ nere ex fubftantia earum calcarea conftat, cum omnem ‘© calcem animalium effe produdtum veriffimum fit.” Or, that all calcareous fubftances are moft truly of animal produdtion ; therefore that Corallines, confifting of that fubftance, do belong to the animal kingdom. What or where the link is that unites the animal and to Pee, te Be Be NA: to point out; fome of thefe Corallines appear to come the neareft to it of any thing that has occurred to me in all my refearches: but then the calcareous covering, though ever fo thin, fhews us that they cannot be vege- tables. The white mealy furface of fome of the Lichens would induce one to think them covered with a cal- careous matter: but chemiftry fhews us itisno more of a calcareous nature than the mealy whitenefs on the leaves and bloffoms of the Auricula urfi. | | The minutenefs of the pores of Corallines, though as {mall as thofe of fome plants, is no proof. of their being vegetables; becaufe there may be fuckers that come through thefe pores, which our glaffes cannot difcover ; or perhaps they may be like the pores of fponges, con- trived in fuch a manner as to fuck in and throw out thé water. Let us obferve the pores of the Millepores, and we fhall find them equally as {mall in many {pecies as thofe of the Corallines ;-and yet thefe are univerfally - allowed to be of the animal kingdom. For a more particular enquiry into this fubje@, I thall refer the reader to the Philofophical TranfaGions, Vol. 57. pag. 404. where I have fully explained this matter, ina letter to Dr. Linnzus. | | x. Corallina tridens. “Trident Coralline. _ Corallina ¢richotoma This Coralline is jointed, articulata, articulis com- and branches out intoa divifion prefis planis trilobis. of three;. the joints are com- preffed, with three flat lobes, ‘Tas. 20. Fic. a. This was found by John Greg, Efq. on the coaft of the new ceded Iflands. } | 2. Corallina OG TaB.20. isa ab 110 GkO RCIA SERA a re: 2, Corallina Opuntia. Indian Fig Coralline. aCe 5 | Corallina . ramulis brevibus fubula- tis; articulis teretibus. TAB. 21. Ty ea aes A are wedge-fhaped and two- edged, fending out {mall pointed branches from the top of each of their fides, with round joints. | Fic. b. B, The appearance of this Coralline is very flat, white, flender and {fmall, and looks as if it was very clofely pen- nated, or with fine white fibres coming out on each fide, like a branched feather. It is the moft delicate of all the tribe, and was lately brought from the Weft Indies. Tas.ox 24. Corallina granifera. Fre. c, in OF Corallina zrichotoma, — articulis firpium compre/- fis cuneiformibus; ramulo- rum fubteretibus, ovariis ovalibus pedunculatis op- pofitis interdum proliferis. TAs. 21, Graniferous Coralline. Trichotomous Coralline with ~ the joints of the ftem com- prefied and wedge-fhaped : thofe of the branches roundifh; from thefe the ege-fhaped ova- ries with ftalks grow oppofite to each other, and are fome- times proliferous. See, This differs from all the other trichotomous Corallines, in having proliferous ovaries, or branches growing out of them, bearing other OvAtiES. It is of a fea-green- color and flender texture. It was found on the coaft of Africa, in the Mediterra- nean Sea, 25. Corallina Ge R42: & £& RN A _25.Corallinacorniculata. Coralline with horned Foints. Corallina dichotoma, ar- This Coralline is dichoto- ticulis firpium bicornibus; mous; the joints of the ftems ramulorum teretibus. have two horns; thofe of the {mall branches are roundifh. White flender jointed Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 5¢. tab. 24. No. 6. fig. d. D. Corallina corniculata. Linn. Syf{t. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1305. This Coralline grows on fucus’s, and is found in plenty in Cornwall. The younger joints, as they fubdivide, are roundifh. There is a variety of this kind from the Weft Indies with much larger joints, that all appear horned, the branches as well as thofe of the ftems. I have lately examined fome f{pecimens of this Coral- line from Cornwall, and have found that they bear the fame kind of ovaries at the angles of their upper divifions in the fame manner with the two following fpecies ; {fo that it may be a variety of them, or or perhaps one of them in another ftate of growth. 26. Corallina criftata, Crefted Coralline. Corallina dichotoma ca- Dichotomous hair-like Co- | pularis, articulis tereti- ralline, with round joints, bus, ramulis fafciculatis having its branches difpofed in crifiatis, divifuris penul- crefted bunches, with ovaries tims et .extrenis ovarife- at the laft but one and laf di- ris. vifion. Crefted or Cock’s-comb Coralline. Ellis Corallin. p. 5r. tab. 24. No. 7. fig. f. F This E2r [22 ee Corallina {permo- CR OGRE ACA aN This elegant little Coralline is about one inch to an inch and a half long, and is moft commonly of a red color, dometimes green, and often white. It is ealily known by being difpofed into creft-like tufts; it differs from the following, by having fhorter points at the ends of the branches, and growing much thicker together. It. is found in great quantities about Weymouth and Penzance in the weft of England, and generally adheres to fucus’s. I am inclined to think, notwithftanding this difference, there is a great aflinity between this, the corniculata, and the {permophoros. ) pies: Seed-bearing Coralline. Corallina dichotoma ca- Dichotomous hair-like Co- pillaris, articulis fubtere- ralline, with roundifh joints. ty ’ 3 J >. tibus, divifuris penultimis bearing ovaries at the laf and et ultimis ovariferis, cor- aft but one divifion, and end- miculis terminalibus feta- ing at the top with long ceis. briftles. marti Seed-bearing Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. 51. tab. 24. No. 8. fig. g. G. This Coralline is very flender, and feldom above one inch long; it is generally found of a milk-white color, and never in the crefted form with the foregoing, but more loofe and fpread. It adheres to fucus’s, and grows in plenty near Penzance, in Cornwall. | In my Effay on Corallines, tab. 24. No. 9. fig. h. H. H 1. is a very fmall Coralline, whichis milk-white, and Ifuppofe is the beginning of the C. fpermophoros. 28, Corallina . Ch ON 8! AS BOND AD 28. Corallina rubens. Red Thread Coralline. Corallina dichotoma fi- Dichotomous thread-like liformis, articulis flirpium Coralline, with the joints of teretibus; dichotomie cla- the ftem round, of the divi- viformibus 5 inferioribus fionsnail-fhaped, and fome of nonnutlis bicornibus. the lower joints have two little horns. Reddifh Hair-like Coralline. Ellis Corallin. pag. so. tab 2A. ING a fo. ep. Fs Corallina rubens. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1304. This differs from the three foregoing Corallines in be- ing much longer, and lefs fubdivided at top. It is gene- rally found two inches long, and of a red color, and is very common on the coaft of Cornwall. There is a great affinity between this and the three preceding Corallines. I have introduced them here diftine, becaufe their ap- pearance is fo. - The three laft are the Corallines that Dr. Job Bafter, in the Philofophical TranfaGtions, Vol. 52. pag, 111. and 112. infifts on it are true Conferve. 29. Corallina fragiliflima. Brittle Coralline. Corallina dichotoma, ar- . DichotomousCoralline with ticulis. cylindricis eguali- {mooth, even, cylindrical bus tevibus, ramis ereétis. joints, and erect branches. PAG. Out, cP ies od, Corallina fragilifima. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1305. This is found in the Weft-Indian Ocean, and is much larger and ftifter than the four preceding f{pecies. It is Rae Shen of 123 TAB.2Y. | Fic. de 124 OM OR URI ADS ae Nema of a milk-white color; but being fo brittle, it is rare to. get perfect {pecimens of it. cher 30. Corallina cufpidata. Spear-pointed Coralline. IG, te Corallina /wbterrachoto- Coralline with branches of- ma, articulis cylindricis, ten dividing into four; the - geniculis tendinaceo-gluti- joints. are cylindrical, ‘and nofis, ramulis acutis, united by a glutinous, tendi- nous fubftance ; the branches end in fharp points. TAB. oe Fie. This Coralline is very brittle and white ; it grows in tufts about three inches high, and is found on the fhores’ of the Weft-Indian iflands. TAB.21. Fic. e 31. Corallina Tribulus. Calirop Coralline. Corallina /ubpentacho- Coralline with branches of- toma, articulis ancipitibus, ten divided into five; the geniculis tendinaceo-gluti- joints are two-edged, and N0fts. united together by a gluti- nous, tendinous fubftance. | Tas. 21. Fic. e. This Coralline is of a whitifh color, and much thicker _and larger than the preceding ; it is found on the coafts of the Weft-Indian iflands. TAB24. 3 2. Gormthina Flabelliims Fan Coralline. Corallina /fipite fmplici Coralline with a fingle in- incruftato, ramis omnibus cruftated ftem, having the conglutinatis, OO a a ae Roe Gee AL Be: NW. Age conglutinatis, fronde fla- branches glued together intoa belliformi iucrufiata J/ub- leaf, like a fan, covered witha. undulata. calcareous cruft, and fome- what waved. eae? BA This Coralline varies from the figure of a flat kidney-~ fhaped leaf, an inch high, with a broad ftalk, to a large fubdivided, lobated and undulated one of five inches high and as many broad: at the bottom of the ftalk is a tuft of fine hair-like-tubes. There are many varieties of this curious Coralline brought to us from the Weft Indies ; they are of different colors, froma greenifh brown to a milk-white. 33. Corallina congluti- nata. Corallina /ipite fomplici Coralline with a fingle ftem, Jubincruftato, ramis dicho~ lightly incruftated, with all tomisommibus conglutinatis, its branches dichotomous and fronde flabelliformi nuda. glued together, but not co- vered, forming a figure like a leaf of a fan-fhape. Papa cs Paes \7, We can plainly diftinguith all the dichotomous branches of this Coralline on its furface, which are each of them feparately covered with a thin calcareous fubftance full of pores; thefe, by growing fo clofe to one another, be- come glued or united together by their covering. | This was found on the coaft of the Bahamaiflands. It is of a fea~green color, and one inch and an half high. Te 34. Corallina CR: Conglutinated Coralline. Riis Ic. 7° 126 Gi GF RCAC BPN Ag ne 34. Corallina Phenix. Palm Coralline. Corallina fipite fimplici Coralline with a fingle in- incrufiato, fronde oblonga, cruftated ftem; the upper ramis undigue fafcicula~ leafy part is of an oblong fi- tis erumpentibus compla- gure, and confifts of {mall “af mato-connatis. ciculated branches, which come forth on all fides; the lefier branches of thefe are fo united together, as to appear quite flat. AB. 25.) Fae. (2.) 3. This very fingular Coralline was found on the coaft of the Bahama ilands. It is of a milk-white color, and about three inches and an half high. © Tas.2s. 35. Corallina Penicillus. Pencil Coraline. | 1G.A— : Corallina /zpite fimplici Coralline with a fingle in- incruftato, ramis fafcicu- cruftated ftem, and a tuft of - latis faftigiatis dichotomis dichotomous thread-likejoint- fliformibus articulatis. ed branches at the top. | Tas. 25. Fic. 4—6. Corallina Penicillus. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1305. This Coralline varies in the thicknefs of its branches, as well as in its fize; they are found from one inch to four inches long; in fome the ftem is very fhort, in others it is four times as long as the head. ‘They are ge- nerally white. The joints are eafily diftinguifhed where the branches divide-; the ftem is compofed of tubular fila- ments, covered with a cake ous cruft. They adhere to fhells — Gee Ge Re AC ee Dh aS) Ni Ab 127 fhells by the bafe of thefe filaments, and are often found in the Weft-Indian Ocean growing to fhells, many of them together. : ? 36. Corallina Peniculum~ Mop Coralline. Tap. 7. b Fic.5—8 J ° ° ° ; ee *, “ ee 25% Corallina fipite fimplici Coralline with afingle mem- 7,0" membranaceo rugulofo,ra- branaceous wrinkled ftem, on mis fafciculatis fafigiatis the top of which is a tuft of dichotomis articulatis. jointed dichotomous branches. Tas. 7. Fic. 5—8. Tas. 25. Fic. 1. This is the moft fingular of all this genus, and differs from the reft by the regular wrinkles of the ftem, which is fmall at the bafe, and grows wider as it rifes, till it fends forth its branches at the top: from the bafe it fends forth branched tubes, like the Sertularias, by which it ad- heres: thefe tubes do not leffen as they extend, but have an equal diameter their whole length. When the branches at the top are magnified, their calcareous cruft full of pores may be diftinguifhed, which brings it to this genus. , | This is found in the American feas, many growing to- gether, particularly near the Bahama iflands. I fhould in this place have taken notice of the Coral- Taz. ;. lina terreftris, mentioned by Linneus, Syft: Nat. p. 1306. {2° > from other authors; but as [ found it only a defective fpecimen of fome one of the trichotomous Corallines al- ready defcribed, I muft refer the reader to a full account, which I have already given of it in the Philofophical Tranfactions, Vol. 57. pag. 415. wherein the abfurdity of 128 M FTL: Li By By Of Ry A of a marine animal fubftance growing on a heath, many miles from the fea, is, I hope, fully demonftrated. — -XIL MILLEPORA. MILLEPORE CORAL, Animal crefcens plante 'Thisisan animal that sTows facie. in the form of a plant. Stirps jixa, lapidea (co- The ftem is ftony, like co- rallium) plerumque ra- ral, and fixt by its bafe ; it is mola, poris turbinatis vel mokt commonly branched, and cylindricis pertufa 3 full of top-fhaped or cylin- |, drieal. cells. Polypos Hydreformes, Thefe fend forth polype- modo tubeéformes (Donati) - like fuckers, like the common exferens. - frefh-water one, and fome of | them Polypes of a trumpet- fhape (as Donati obferves). The great Linneus has with propriety brought the flony Efcharas of other authors to this genus, to which they naturally belong; and has conftituted a genus for the foft membranaceous Efcharas, under the title of Fluftras, which I have called, in Englifh, Sea~Matts, as having that appearance when magnified. pel The particular ftru@ure of feveral f{pecies of this genus differs much from one another, as will appear from the following divifions :— | 1) Thofe that are almoft folid, whofe pores are {earcely vifible without being highly magnified; but yet, on be- ing broken acrofs, difcover plainly a cellular ftructure, as has been fhewn in Vol, 57. of the Philofophical Tranf- : actions, iM a Db Fe ROR A actions, in the Millepora calcarea and Millepora liche- noides. Hi 2). Thofe that grow like the Fluftra of Linneus, or. Ef{chara of fome authors, which have their cells difpofed regularly, either in fingle layers as in fome, or in double layers as in others, which laft are placed back to back, like the cells in the combs of bees; and thefe are either in irregular undivided forms, or divided into branches. The firft are the Millepora Spongites and M. foliacea, and the fecond kind are the Millepora tenialis and M. cervi- _ cornis. 3). Thofe that are compofed of clufters of cellular pores, irregularly arranged, as in the Millepora pumicofa, M. tubulofa, and M. rubra. 4). Phofe that have {mall veffels running through them lengthways in the infide, and which fend out pores only on one fide, as in the Millepora foraminofa, M. reticu- lata, and M. tubipora; or that fend out their pores-in a line on the margin, asin the M. violacea. 5). Thofe that grow withthe fame internal longitudinal veffels, and fend out pores on all fides, as in the Mille- _ pora truncata, M. alcicornis, and M. cerulea. This laft Millepora cerulea has its pores larger than the reft, befides they appear a little inclined to a. ftellated form; fo that it very properly joins this genus to the Madrepera, whofe charaGter is a Coral with radiated pores. hit MILLEPORES THAT ARE ALMOST SOLID. zt. Millepora calcarea. Chalky Millepore. Millepora ramofa albif- This Millepore ‘Is extremely fima folida dichotoma, ra- white, folid, and dichoto- ee S | mulis 129 TAB.23¢ Fic. 13. 130 WE. Peo Bo ES) Bl a Oe ee mulis attenuatis cealefcen- moufly branched ; the fittle tibus. branches often unite together, and become fmaller at the ends. IAB 29 Pieris. This milk-white little Coral has a very different ap- pearance from that called M. polymorpha, or the little Englifh Coral of the Shops, which is found on the coafts of thefe iflands. From the habit and manner of its growing, I fhall confider it as different {pecies. 3 This grows to four inches high; the branches become {maller towards the end, and are generally regularly fub- divided. On breaking the branches flantways, the inter- nal cellular ftru@ture may be feenin the microfcope. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea. 2. Millepora polymorpha. Britifh oficinal Coral. Millepora fa/ciculata This Millepore is in folid Jolida, ramulis. difformi- maffes, irregularly ramofe, and bus tuberculatis. tuberculated. Corallium pumilum album, Jere lapideum, ramofum. Ellis Corallin. pag. 76. tab. 27. fig. c. Millepora polymorpha. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed, 12. p-12865. This is the Coral of the Shops, and is found in great plenty in the feas round thefe iflands, efpecially near Fal- mouth, and the Ifle of Man. It is of very different co- lors, as red, yellow, greenifh, afh-colored, but feldom white. It is ufed in many places for manure, particu- Jarly at Falmouth, according to Mr. Ray; and is fup- pofed by fome late authors, but with no degree of proba- bility, to be driven by the wind and waves hither from the MASAO Bs Po. fOr RY, AB 134 the American iflands. It is often fhaped like the kernel of a walnut, often in larger comprefled maffes, fome- times like a bunch of very {mall grapes, moft frequently in tuberculated branches. It is found from one inch to three inches long. When it is taken out of the fea it is covered with a flime. The pores on the furface are very {mall, fo that to fee them it is neceflary to wipe the flime very clean off, and to ufea large magnifier. 3- Millepora decuffata. Interfetted Millepore. TAb.230 Fic. 9. Millepora cretacea la- This Millepore is full of mellata, laminis varie de- chalky, ere@ plates, or la- cuffantibus. minz, which crofs one an- other, and unite differently here and there. | AB 23, FIG. O, | This has been fuppofed to be a variety of the follow- ing 5 but the fingularity of its growth obliges me to make them two diftin& f{pecies. This was found on the coatt of Portugal, where it grows In large mafies of five and fix inches diameter. 4. Millepora lichenoides. Liverwort Millepore. TAB.23¢ Fic. Millepora J/aminis te- This Millepore has flender !-12 nuibus femicircularibusho-~ {emicircular plates, or laminz, rizontaliter foliofa. that crow horizontally. Be Ei Gana) FO This moft delicate Millepore is of various colors, as red, purplith, yellow and whitifh. It is found adhering to and covering the Coralline of the Shops, on, the coaft oS 2 of 132 MACTIRE O19 SP VtO OR LAR of Cornwall. It is extremely thin and brittle: the femi-: circular plates are of various fizes, and conftantly grow. horizontally; their margins bend over, which makes them convex on their upper fides, and concave under- neath. This is remarkably full of the fame fhaped ova- ries with the Coralline of the Shops. My learned and reverend friend Dr. William Borlafe, of Ludgvan, in Cornwall, was fo kind as to fend me many varieties of this fpecies. The pores on the under part are to be dif- covered by good glaffes. The cellular fru@ure of the internal part both of this and the officinal Coralline exa@- _ ly agree, as may be feen in the figures I have given of them. [2]. MILLEPORES THAT GROW LIKE THE FLUSTRA. 5. Millepora Spongites. _ Spange-Stone Millepore. Millepora fragilifima, This very brittle Millepore cellulis feriatis, lamellis has rows of cells, in fingle fmplicibus tubulofo-turbi- layers, which are of a tubular natis varie coale/ceniibus. top-{hape, irregularly uniting together into mafles, Cellepora Spongites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. ra. p- 1286. This delicate Millepore is marked on the under fide of the cells with lines between each row; the openings of the cells. have a little margin round them, and there are frequently little round balls on the upper part of many of them, which probably are their ovaries. The cells in their lines are generally alternate to thofe that lie next to them. It is found in the Mediterranean Sea, of various fizes, from two to four inches diameter, and often much | | larger 3 Wer Dee Ee Ee PS OF RA, larger; fometimes of a milk-white, at other times of a grey color. 6. Millepora foliacea. Foliaceous Millepore. | Millepora = lamellofa Millepore with winding la- flexuofa utringue porofa. mine, or plates full of cells on both fides. Stony foliaceous Coralline. Ellis Corallin. p. 71. tab. 30.. fig. a. A. B.C. Millepora fafcialis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1283, This Millepore is very common on the fea-coaft of the Britifh iflands, where it is found in maffes from three inches toa foot long. We frequently obferve it incrufting ftones and fhells, and like fome of the Fluftras, or Sea- Matts, it firft forms a fingle layer of cells, and rifes up with a double layer afterwards into twifted leaf-like ftony mafies, with cells on both fides, difpofed in a quincunx order. 7. Millepora tenialis. Lape Millepore. Millepora plana an- This Millepore is flat, nar- gufia ramofautringue po- tow, and fubdivided into rofa, ramis fiexuofis coa- branches; it has cells on both litis. fides; the branches bend ir- regularly, and often unite to- gether. 7 Porus Cervinus. Ellis Corallin. pag. 7%. tab. 20. fic. b. | | | ~~ Millepora fofeialis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed, 12. p. 1283. : 6 | ‘This 534 NEO BY LEE YP FOUR Me This Millepore grows in very irregular maffes, but al- ways preferves the fame habit of growing; that is, the branches are flat, narrow, and regularly fubdivided : they coalefce, twift, and branch out again, leaving cer- tain hollow {paces between them; their cells are much {maller, though of the fame fhape with the cells in the foliaceous Millepore. This Coral was brought from the Mediterranean Sea, and grows in large maffes of fix inches diameter. There is a kind, fomething like this, found on the coaft of Cornwall; but the branches are not fo flat, and the cells have more elevated openings, liker to the fol- lowing fpecies. See Borlafe Hift. Cornwall, tab. 24. Be: 8. Millepora cervicornis. Stag s-Hlorn Millepore. Millepora /ubcompreffa This Millepore is a little dichotoma utringue celli- comprefled, and dichotomous; fera, ofculis tubulofis pro- it has cells on both fides, with minulis. tubular openings-that project a : little. Marfigli Hift. dela Mer, tab. 32. fig. 152. This Millepore exa&ly agrees with Marfigli’s defcrip- . tion and magnified figure, and likewife in the appearance of its furface ; for it looks as if it was covered with var- nifh, by the time it is become from red to a yellowith brown. Its branches are very like a ftag’s horn, and it is probably what Imperatus-calls Porus Cervinus, and not the M. tenialis, which I had formerly taken it for; it is very brittle, and much narrower than the Tape Millepore, but not fo flat. I have obferved fome of the pores di- vided at-the bafe, but they are not generally fo, which makes Nag) ae lone Lie Dae, Pe OP RCA. makes me doubt its being the Millepora afpera of Lin- neus. It grows to five or fix inches high, and is found in the Mediterranean Sea, 9.‘ Millepora Skenei. Skene’s Millepore. Millepora plano-com- This Millepore is much preffa Jubramofa utringue comprefied, and beginning to cellifera : cellulis feriatis divide into branches, with cells altermis turbinatis ga- on both fides, difpofed in re- leatis: fauce hiante, la- gular rows: the cells are placed b10 inferiori denticulo uni- a\ternately, each has a helmet- C0 predito. {haped cover over its round gaping mouth; the under lip tooth. I received a {mall fpecimen of this Coral from my late ingenious and learned friend Dr. David Skene, of Aber- deen. It is of a bright fhining white color, as if covered over with a filver varnifh. It appears to be the beginning of an elegant kind of Millepore, and was found adhering to arock in the fea near Aberdeen. It differs much from the Millepora pumicofa, which grows in irregular mafies with a much fmaller opening to its mouth. [3]. Mintzeporzs THAT ARE COMPOSED oF CLUSTERS OF CELLULAR Pores IRREGULARLY ARRANGED. 10. Millepora pumicofa. Pumice Millepore. Millepora multiformis This Millepore appears in fragilis fcaberrima, ecel- many forms; itis brittle, very lulis is furnifhed with one little - Mr) GP th Gel BaP Guo Ra oe lulis fubglobofis mucronatis rough, and compofed of fharp- compofita. pointed roundifh cells. Porous Efchara. Ellis Corallin. pag. 75. tab. 27. fg. f. F. | This Millepore is often found incrufting many of the Sertularias in {mall irreoular mafles; when they are thrown on fhore, the points of their cells are worn off. I have lately received a fpecimen from Aberdeen, with compleat cells, that feems to be of this fpecies. It has {mall cylindrical branches, each about half an inch long: the cells are placed round about in an alternate order ; they are fhaped like a helmet or head-piece juft opening, with a hole in the middle ; the under part is pointed, and projects like the lower part of a bird’s beak ; and at the bottom of each of the cells is a hole, which feems to be- long to one of the cells that is covered by the laft feries. 11. Millepora tubulofa, | Tubular Millepore. Millepora para/itica, cel- This parafitical Millepore lulis tubuliformibus ferie~ has {mall tubular cells dif- bus tranfverfe difpofitis. pofed in rows acrofs. | Small Purple Efcbara. Ellis Corallin. pag. 74. tab. 27. fig. e. E. | : This little purplifh Millepore is frequently found creep- ing up the Sickle Coralline (Sertularia falcata) which it adheres to, and furrounds with many united rows of little | parallel tubes. Thefe rows are frequently feparated into narrow divifions, which bend a little back, and appear like fo many {mall combs. Thefe mafles are found about half an inch, feldom above three quarters of an inch dia~ | meter. Wh UPAR ee Pahl et A meter. They are found in thie Mediterranean Sea, as well as on our coafts. 2. Millepora rubra. Little Red Millepore. Millepora minima fub- This very {mall Red Mille- lobata rubra, poris cre- pore branches into little lobes, bris minutis punétata. and is full of {mall pores. Madrepora minima Jubverrucofa rubra. Brown Hitt. Jam. pag. 391. This beautiful little Coral is the fetia eft of the tribe, being feldom above one quarter of an inch high; the whole furface, when magnified, is full of minute a itee blind pores; but on.the tops of the lobes we may obferve feveral {mall holes, fcattered here and there, that are fur- rounded by a margin; thefe are properly the little cells. It has a broad bafe by which it adheres to fhells, corals, and rocks, and is found not only in the Weft Indies, but ‘in the Mediterranean Sea and the Eaft Indies. 13. Millepora verrucaria. Wart-like Millepore. ~Millepora Jimbo conca- This Millepore has a round, wo tenui explanato fub- thin, {triated, concave bale, firiato, difeo convexo tu- witha convex difk full of lit- bulis conpertis raaiato. tle tubes difpofed like rays. Madrepora verrucaria. — Linn. Syift. Nat. Ed. pag. 1272. | | This very little Mull llepore 1s defcribed | by fome Hee aM asa Madrepore, and reckoned as a variety of the Madre- pora verrucaria ; but the appearance Sfethe tubular pores will convince the curious obierver, that it isa Millepore > Al. . and ! Ese Mi [HLL SEP 40) IR PAL and perhaps the beginning of fome one already defcribed, probably the Millepora tubulofa. It is about the fize of a {plit pea, and found adhering to Fucus’s and Fluftras, or ere Nan, in the Britifh feas. [4]. Mituepores. THAT HAVE SMALL VESSELS RUNNING LENGTHWAYS THROUGH THEIR INSIDES, AND WHICH SEND OUT PorES ON ONE SIDE, OR ONLY IN A LINE ON THE MarGIN. | 14,Millepora foraminofa. Lace Millepore. Millepora reticulata in- This Millepore is formed fundibuliformis inordinate like a net, funnel-fhaped, and _ undulato-plicata, latere irregularly waved, and plaited fuperiori tantum porofa. in the margin. It is full of ; pores only on one fide. Retepora efchara marina. Ellis Corallin. pag. 72. tab. 28. fig. dD. B | | Millepora cellulofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1284. Though this elegant little Coral is found now and then on our coaft, we cannot boaft of thofe beautiful forms that we Aid 3 in {pecimens from the Mediterranean Sea. Ours is generally funnel-fhaped; but the foreign is more loofely folded and waved, and looks like open lace ; the under part is quite fisoth between the openings, but the upper furface is full of pelts, which are difpofed in a regular quincunx order. 15. Millepora reticulata. Net Millepore. _Millepora ramofa in This Millepore is ee planum expanfa, ramis and expands horizontally ; the 5 _dichotomis Ree eG: TB. Be) is Re. By dichotomis bifariam ana- branches are dichotomous, and fromofantibus, fupra fca- grow together on both fides ; bris poris afperis; fubtus the upper part is rough, with levibus. mt, pointed pores, the under part {mooth, Millepora reticulata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. r2. p.1284., This Coral is very rare, and was brought from the Eaft Indies. It is very like the Frondipora of Imperatus, or the little Coral figured by Count Marfigli, in tab. 34. fig.155. and 156. but more expanded ; the little fide branches diverge in an acute angle, and meeting with the oppofite ones, grow together and form a net-like figure. Thefe reticulated branches grow in an undulated manner, and coalefce here and there together. It is of a whitifh color and brittle texture. 16. Millepora tubipora. Zubulous Millepore. Millepora proclinans in This Millepore bends for- plano dichotoma, ramulis ward, in a flat dichotomous flexuofis fubparallelis den~ manner; the branches are ticulatis, Jupra poris pro- waved, nearly parallel, and_ minulis; fubtus firiatis. denticulated ; the pores pro- ject on the upper fide, and the under fide is ftriated. Ellis Corallin. pag.g5. tab. 35. fig. b. B. | Millepora lichenoides. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1283. Ihave already defcribed this tubulous white Millepore in my Effay on Corallines, and in the Philofophical Tranfactions, to fhew that many Corals are compofed of united tubes. The fpecimen there reprefented is only the beginning of one of them, and not fo compleat as I Tg have 139 T40 Mul -U4aSh Bak. D8) EP a. Ua TEA ‘ iis here deferibed: for in this the cubilde pores are more prominent, appearing on the fides like denticles, and the upper part is flat, and fpread out in dichotomous branches. It makes a ent elegant figure, when there is a group of them together, being milk-white, and growing to about three or four inches high. 17. Millepora violacea. Violet-colored Millepore. | Millepora im plano ra- This fat branching Mille- mola, ramulis afcenden~ pore has round, erect branches, tibus flexuofis tereti-com- alittle comprefled, and waved; prefis, fucurd porofa mar- there is a future with a line ginem ambiente. | of p pores encom pafling the mar- ein. This Coral is pe a fine violet-blue; it Hee from a fpread bafe about three inches high : befides the line of large pores that furrounds the margin, there are two rows agatraull pores, one on each fae of it. The furface, when magnified, is rough, like chagreen, and here and there upon it are clufters of little warts, like ftuds or bul- lule, which may probably be its. ovaries. When the branches are broke acrofs, there appears in the middle a row of three or four large pores, furrounded by {mall ones. I had formerly a Beccticn of this Coral from. W. Webber, Efg. F.R.S. and very lately fome compleat ones from Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander, that the divers: had fifhed oF about the lands in the South Sea. | Es: MILLEPoRES: / Me bE Ee Leer PRrOr Reale: r4t - [5]. Mitterorss THAT HAVE INTERNAL LONGITUDINAL VESSELS, AND SEND OUT PorEs ON aLL SIDES FROM THEM. 18. Millepora truncata. Truncated Millepore. Taz.23 Fic.1—8 Millepora caule/cens di- This Millepore has a ftem, chotoma, ramis truncatis which fubdivides into wide divaricatis, poris guin- {pread, blunt branches, that cuncialibus operculatis. have pores with a cover to _each, placed in a quincunx order. | « Tas. 23. Fic. r—8&. Phil. Tranfa@. Vol. 57. tab.17. fig. 1—8. Millepora truncata. Linn, Sy{t. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1283. This curious Millepore, called, by Donati, Miriozoon,, is well defcribed by him in the 47th volume of the Phi- lofophical Tranfactions, where he has fhewn the polype- like fuckers extending themfelves, and fecuring them- felves in their retreat by a cover to each of their cells. I have further illuftrated it in the Philofophical Tranfac- tions, Vol. 57. by giving a diffeAion of it, to thew the: cells all round communicating with the longitudinal vef-. fels, that pafs through the center of the Coral. 19. Millepora alcicornis. EIR s- Horn Millepore.. Millepora ramo/a folida This Millepore is. of many” comprefja eretta polymor- fhapes; it is branched, folid,. _ pha, poris fparfis obfole- comprefied, and ere@, with: BIS. | many obfolete* pores here and: | there on its furface. | Millepora: 14.2 Me OTS SL A SS PaO eee Millepora aleicornis. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1282. The pores of this Millepore, as it is generally brought to us, are {carce vifible; but when they come from the Weft Indies, preferved in {pirits, they are very diftin- guifhable, each appearing funk in a little cavity: in the dried {pecimens they appear level with the furface, and of two fizes, larger and fmaller. This is one of the com- moneit of the Corals in the Weft Indies, and ufed prin- cipally for burning into lime. It is found in a variety of forms, fome with round irregular branches, others pal- mated, which end in taper figures, like fingers ; as thefe branches grow up, they frequently unite together, form- ing new palmated branches that end in flender digitated forms. ‘This Coral is often found invefting the dead ftems of the Gorgonias, where it appears like fo many beads of a necklace. | Sir Hans Sloane, in his Hiftory of Jamaica, has given a figure of a bottle that was taken out of the fea in- crufted with it. This is now to be feen among his cu- rious colle&ion of Corals in the Britifh Mufeum. eee 20. Millepora cerulea. | Blue Millepore.. IG. 4. Millepora plana fcabra, This Milleporeis flat, rough, laminis craffis varie tor- and divided into thick plates, tuofis fubdivifa, apicibus bending different ways; the Jepe lobatis, porifque /ub- tops of thefe are fometimes jrellatis cylindricis utringue \obated, and both fides are infirutis. ; furnifhed with cylindrical pores, almoft like flars. — Pre ihe. Pies: This — eu E Ty oP Or R.A, This Coral grows in immenfe maffes in the Eaft-Indian Ocean; it 1s now and then brought us from Prince’s Ifland, in the Straits of Sunda. The laminz, or plates, are generally half an inch thick, and full of minute pores between the cellular ftarry cells, which both pafs from each furface to the central longitudinal veffels in nearly a perpendicular direction, and with which they are united. The furface of this Coral, when magnified, is full of lit- tle fharp points between the {mall pores and round the larger ; and when we examine the larger ftellated pores, we find them furrowed on the infide to the bottom, ~which makes a proper tranfition from this genus to the Madrepores. | XIN. TUBIPORA. SPM Pr eG Rs A Le Animal izcognitum. The animal of the Pipe Co- | ral is unknown. Stirps /apidea (Coral- The ftem is ftony (that is lium) diffepimentis tranf- coral) with tranfverfe parti- verfis, tubulos perpendicu- tions, uniting together the - | lares conneéLentibus. perpendicular tubes. Tubuli articulati, in- Thefe tubes are jointed, — vicem communicantes, fi- communicating with one an- phunculis continuis genicu- other by means of geniculated latis, ad genicula radiatis. pipes, which pafs through each of them, and are radiated at their joints. E: Tubipora 14.3 TAA De BTA Oe Ra Ae | Taz.27- 1. Tubipora mufica. “Red Organ-pipe Coral. Tubipora ruberrima, Deep Red Pipe Coral, with Jeptis tran/verfis tubos per- tran{verfe partitions, connect- pendiculares connectentibus. ing perpendicular tubes. | SB Sl Lubipora mufica. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1270. There is but one fpecies yet difcovered of this genus 3. but there are many varicties, that are to be met with in the cabinets of the curious. Some of thefe are compofed of longer, and fome of fhorter tubes; befides, the color fometimes varies from a deep red to an orange-color. They grow to the fize of a foot, often to two, three feet or more diameter. The manner of their growth is much in the fame form with the Aftroite Madrepores, or Star ‘Stones; they adhere to a fhell or rock at firft, and from a {mall beginning extend themfelves into a hemifpherical form, their tubes appearing like fo many rays; and as they increafe in length, in order to fill up’ the {pace be- tween the tubes, new tubes arife upon the tranfverfe par- titions. The diameter of their tubes is, at a medium, about one-tenth of an inch, and in length they vary from a quarter to half an inch between the horizontal par- titions. | te When Mr. Banks and Dr. Solander faw them in vaft abundance on the coaft of New South Wales, they ap- peared upon the tide of ebb covered over with a ftriated gelatinous fubftance, which was fo extremely flippery, that it was dangerous to tread upon them. The animal that inhabits them appeared to fill both the tube and inner littie pipe ; but they had not time to examine them as | alive Dae oe ae RG) SNP) Re alive in fea-water, from the dangerous fituation they were in themfelves. } | They are likewife found in great plenty in the Red Sea, and among the Molucca iflands, where the natives call them, in the Malay language, Baru-Swangi, that is, the Magicians Stone; for the inhabitants of thofe iflands think they have a magical virtue in them, and, for that reafon, hang them on trees, to keep thieves from the fruit; it being a prevailing opinion among them, that thofe who attempt to fteal, where they are hung up, will be feized with a breaking out full of red pimples. They are alfo careful not to fit on them for fear of the {ftrangury. On the contrary, the people of Java and Malacca give both old and young the powder of this Red Coral again{t the ftrangury. The inhabitants of the Celebes put fome of the powder on any wound that is made by a venomous creature, and for this purpofe always carry a {mall piece of it about them. © | XIV. MADREPORA. MADREPORE CORAL. Animal odo fimplex, The Madrepore is an ani- modo ramofo-proliferusm. mal fometimes fingle, fome- times fending forth its pro- geny in the form of branches. Stirps /apidea (Coral- The ftem cr mafs is of a lium) fepe plante forma ftony nature (Coral) often crefcens, cellulofa, apice growing in the form of a plant, vel Juperficie terminata full of cells, which are either cavitatibus lamellofo-ftria~ on the top or on its furface, tis, polypiferis. and endin lamellated cavities, | to which their polype-like ani- ma!s belong. | U . ; By 14.5 VE AS a) TR OB BP es its a By Madrepore Corals, we mean fuch Corals as have their cells difpofed in a radiated form, like ftars. Imperatus was the firft who had any idea of their be- longing to the animal kingdom : this hint he took from the obfervations he had made at feveral times on the Ma-. dreporaramea, or great branched Cinamon Coral, which at length fully confirmed his opinion. Rumphius defcribes the animal of the Fungus Saxeus, or Madrepora Fungites Linn. fo diftin@ly, that there re- mains no doubt but that he faw it very clearly. He fays,. while it is alive in.the fea, itis covered with a thick vifcid matter, ike ftarch: that the more elevated folds or plaits. have borders like the denticulated edges of needlework Jace: that thefe are covered with innumerable oblong ve-. ficles, formed of the fame gelatinous fubftance, which. appear alive under water, and may be obferved to move like an infe@: that as foon as the Coral was taken out of the fea, and expofed to the air, all the mucous part, with. the little veficles, fhrunk in between the ereét little plates,. or lamelle, and difappeared; and, in a fhort time, like | the Medufe, or Sea Jellies, melted away, leaving behind. them a moft difagreeable fetid {mell; fo that it is clear from hence that he, before any of the late difcoveries,, was acquainted with the animal nature of the Madrepores.. Befides, he has plainly told us, that not only the feveral Corals of the Eaft Indies, but alfo all the other Zoophytes. there, when they are freth, are poflefled by a gelatinaus animal of a fifhy nature. or Dr. Peyfonell: afterwards. confirmed thefe difcoveries,. and confiders the Madrepore Corals in particular as a meer. aguregate of the fhells of this animal, which he fays is a. {pecies of the Urtica marina; but it is probable he was. miftaken in the animal, as will appear hereafter from the more i oD ae. ee OR: 6A, more exact obfervations, and an accurate figure of the animal by Dr. Donati. Dr. Peyfonell has great merit in fome things; but many of his difcoveries feem to proceed more from general conclufions, taken for granted from fome particular difcoveries, than from judicious and care- ful experiments. In his account of Sponges, he firft makes them the fabric of the Urtica marina; in another trial he makes them the fabric of little infeéts, that walk to and fro in the labyrinth of the tubes, and which taken out and placed near them, return into their holes again : but later experiments fhew, that he was entirely miftaken in both. See the account of Sponges in the Philofophi- cal Tranfactions, Vol. 55. pag. 280. Dr. Donati has moft clearly explained the nature and formation of one of this genus of Madrepores by defcrib- ing and delineating the animal, as we find it in Phil. Tranf. vol. 47. p. 105. tab. 4. He obferves, p. 106, that *< as the figure of this animal bears no refemblance to the « Urtica marina, he cannot fee how one could clafs the “© polypus of the Madrepora with the Urtica.” Perhaps it may be neceflary to obferve, that as the internal ftruc- ture of the cells of many fpecies of this genus differs in the appearance and difpofition of their lamella, fo we may reafonably fuppofe, that the fhape of the particular animals that form them, may vary from one another. But we muff leave the particular figures of thefe animals to future difcoveries. i Laftly, nothing can demonftrate more clearly the great affinity there is in the growth of Corals with that of fhells, than to compare the circles of increafe in the fhell of the Limpet, or Patella, with thofe in the un- der part of the Madrepora Fungites. In the Limpet, the animal is under the fhell; in the Coral, it is upon the ghell. How abfurd, then, is it to fuppofe that Corals | U 2 compounded 149 148 Tas. 28. Fie,i—4 MA GD ER TEP Wo ae Ag compounded of many of fuch animals, each upon its cell, do vegetate as plants, becaufe they grow up together in ramified forms. . Peyfonel and Linneus are both of opinion, that the animals of the Lithophyta, or Corals, conftrué their own cells by depofiting under them a coralline matter. See Syft. Nat. pag. 1270. [xr]. Maprepor#& SiMPLICES. Corallium fimplex. Stella unica, 1. Madrepora Patella. Madrepora fimplex acaulis, lamellis latere muricatis fub- tvichotomis : tertiis indivifis majoribus. Taz. 28. Fic. 1—4. Lamelle omnes margine denticulate, latere valde mu- ricate, duz trichotome: lamellula intermedia indivifa crafliufcula: tertia reliquis multo major, a centro ad marginem continua, indivifa. Juniores plane, adulte CONVEX. : This little Coral is an inch and a half diameter, anda quarter of an inch thick: when I farft faw it, I took it to be the Madrepora Fungites in its younger ftate; but upon examining it ftriély, and the manner of its grow- ing, fuch as the regular fubdivifions of its lamelle at par- ticular diftances in a trichotomous order, together with their fides being remarkably granulated ; - befides, the plates, or lamella, of the younger kinds of Madrepora Fungites'from the Eaft Indies are much more elevated, lefs numerous, fmooth on their fides, and their edges : | dentated T— —_—=T Mia’ DR R P OR). A. 149 dentated or crenated; {0 that if it is not a diftinG {pecies, it is certainly a variety of the following. This was found in the Mediterranean Sea. 4 P TaAz.28.. 2. Madrepora Pungites. | aoe Madrepora fimplex acaulis convexa, lamellis latere fub~~ . alperis indivifis : alternis minoribus JSubincompletis. a AB wOe LG. bi 6: Madrepora Fungites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1273. Pall. Zooph. 281. n. 165. Lamell2 omnes margine valde denticulate, latere au- tem vix exafperate ; tubercula enim minutiffima funt. Lamelle majores continue a centro ad peripheriam ; mi- nores fepiflime centrum non adtingunt. Centrum ob- longum. - , The animal of this curious Coral is defcribed by Rum- phius, who faw it alive, as I have already mentioned in my remarks on this genus. Dr. Linneus obferves, that Fortkoh!] defcribes the animal of it to be of the Priapus (or Actinia) kind, and, in the fame manner as a thell- fifh, forms its fhell under itfelf, This Coral is met with in great abundance in the Red Sea, and the Eaft-Indian Ocean; it is frequently found of five or fix inches diameter, and often of a milk-white » color. 3 ; | In many curious colle@iions, fuch as thofe of the Dut- chefs Dowager of Portland and Dr, Fothergill, there are many young ones adhering to the old ones, with large rifing lamelle, as in the old ones. 3- Madrepora Ibe) Ath DB), BRD et Fanes Ceara res Tae 3. Madrepora Cyathus. Madrepora fimplex clavato-turbinata, bafi attenuata, fella obconica : centro prominulo exefo duplicata. Tas. 28. Fic. 7. Mariigl. Hift. tab. 28. fig. 128. No. rf. Pungites feu Caryophyllus marinus. Planc. de conch. Ed. 2. pag. 128. tab. app. 18. fig. M. : Varietas corallio cylindraceo, bafi vix attenuata. This Coral is dragged up in great abundance by the coral-fifhers on the fouthern coaft of France and Italy : it is always found fingle without branches, and generally adhering to a piece of Red Coral. It is of a white color, _and very hard. The lamelle are forty in number, with as many intermediate {mall ones; the latter extend to the margin, but do not reach to the bottom of the ftar, like the larger ones. The common or middle fize of this Co- ral is about two inches long, and three quarters of an inch diameter in the broadeft part. This is taken by fome authors to be the beginning of the Madrepora ramea; but the intermediate lamelle of the latter in a crofs feCtion appear branched ; befides the M. ramea is of a much loofer texture, deeper channelled on the outfide, and of a ferrugineous color. There are many other kinds of the Single Star Madre- pores found foflil in England, France, and Sweden; but i {hall confine myfelf to the defcription of only fuch as I have met with that are recent, [2]. Mapze- | | MADREPORA ESE fa]. Mapbrepor& FascicuLata. Corallium ramofum. SteHe terminales. 4. Madrepora Anthophyllites. Tas.29. Madrepora fa/ciculata, ramis clavatis corniformibus le- vicatis fubfexuofis hinc coalefcentibus. Tas. 29. Anthophyllum faxeum. Rumph. amb. 6, pag. 245. tab. 87. fig. 4. | | Habitat in Oceano Indiz orientalis. 5. Madrepora fafcicularis. TAz.70. Madrepora fafciculata, ramis fimplicibus clavatis diftinEtis foftigiatis baft coalitis ; lamellis extra marginem productis. Tas. 30; | Madrepora fafcicularis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1278; Madrepora cariophyliites. Pallas Zooph. 313. n. 18 au) 6. Madrepora flexuofa: pee ie clit § Fro. 5.6. Madrepora fa/ciculata, ramis cylindraceis friatis Scabriuf- culis flexuofis binc coalefcentibus, ftellis concavis,, lamellis. eguatibus. 1 Pasig. Pig. G) Madrepora flexuofa. Pall. Zooph. 315. n. 184. Madrepora cefpitofa.. Linn.-Sytt: Nat. Ed. 12. pa l278s _ Madrepora flexuofa. Winn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12: p. 1278, forte eadem margine ftellarum in foffilibus detrito? Centrum exefum. 2 ; 7- Madrepora: 152 MaDRE PR O RK 9. Madrepora tibicina, Madrepora fa/ciculata, ramis cylindraceis : ramulis Sub- clavatis, fiellis obconicis profundis, lamellis nonnullis Latio- ribus. Gentra fubfimplicia. Lamelle quaterne vel fexternez reliquis multo latiores. [3]. Mapreror# Dicuoroma. Coralhum dichotomum. A. Stelle terminales. Tas.33. 8, Madrepora faftigiata. Madrepora dichotoma fubfaftigiata, ramis fubdiftinGtis, feellis omnibus terminalibus Jubregularibus : annotinis com- preffo-duplicatis. Ab fg) eishdeaes. Madrepora fafigiata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1280. Pall. Zooph. gor. n. 375, | Habitat in Oceano Indiz occidentalis. Lamelle in {peciminibus completis denticulate funt, parcius autem quam in M. angulofa. 9g. Madrepora angulofa. Madrepora /ubdichotoma fubfafticiata, frellis omnibus ter- minalibus irregularibus finuato-flexuofis, centris exe/ts. @. ramis erectis ftrictis muricatis faftigiatis. Heec fere regulariter dichotoma. _ 2. ramis divergentibus brevibus. Madrepora angulofa, Pall. Zooph. 299. n. 174. y: ramis Ma ae ie Sik GR A re y. tamis fuperne dilatatis compreflis finuofo- flexuofis TAB. 34. fubconglomeratis. iL Ab, 24. He non regulariter dichotome, fepe trichotome, pre- cipuevar. Q. | ro. Madrepora Carduus. Tass. Madrepora dichotoma, ramis fulcato-muricatis, frellis fim- plicibus regularibus, lamellis ferrato-dentatis. TAB. 35. Seb. muf. 3. tab. 109. fig. 2. Juniores, omnino uti fimplices apparent. @. Madreporalacera. Pallas Zooph. ae NES foe dee . Stelle e dichotomia apicibufque ramorum. TAZz.I3. Pic, 5. 1. Madrepora axillaris. Madrepora RNAS ramis diftin@is divaricatis, frellis terminalibus turbinatis ; axillaribus hes s 3 centris dila- tatis exefis. | APART Web iGy s Habitat in Oceano Indiz orientalis. Lamelle infra medium quali additamento annotino in- craffate. 12. Madrepora prolifera. | ae ae fubdichotoma fubprolifera, ftellis axillaribus terminalibulque , fi rnilibies, centris fi cane rams ubcla- vatis hinc coalitis. ; | : Madrepora prolifera. Pall. Zooph. 307. n. Be Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1281 Gh xX a. ramis 54. MA DOR Bi pyo) pi a 3 cl. tamis majoribus magis diftindis. (2. ramis minoribus magis coalitis. Corallii officinalis fragmenta. Pall. Zooph. 309. not. [4]. Mapreroraz Fruricutosaz. Corallium caulefcens, ramofum, ftriatum. Stelle diftin@e, laterales, remote. Tas. 36. 13. Madrepora virginea. Madrepora fruticulofa fubdichotoma ramofifima, ramis tortuofis coalefcentibus, frellis [par fis prominulis. | Tas. 36. Madrepora virginea. Linn. Syft. Nat, Ed. 12. p-128r. Pallas Zooph. 310. n. 180. > | | Centrum latiufculum, exefum, planum.. 14. Madrepora mammillaris. Madrepora fruticulofa dichotoma, ramis attenuatis, frellis quincuncialibus eminentibus conicis regularibus extus firiatis.. _ Centrum parvum, exefum. t5. Madrepora oculata. Madrepora fruticulofa ramofifima /ubglabra, ramis flexu- ofis: flexuris exfertis ftelliferis, frellis profundis. Madrepora oculata. Linn. Syft. N at. Ed. 12. p. 2282. Pallas Zooph. 308. n. ¥79. | ytd Habitat in Mari Mediterraneo et Oceano Indiz occi- dentalis. In MADRE POR A Iss In congerie hujus corallii fepe caverne fubtubulofe - exiftunt. Lamine extra margines ftellarum decurrentes. 16. Madrepora hirtella. sa Madrepora fruticulofa /ubdichotoma, ramis divaricatis, frellis fubdifiichis prominentibus, lamellis exfertis ineguali-~. bus, centro convexo exe/o. EAa 8 Fs Madrepora birtella. Pall. Zooph. 313. na 182. | 17. Madrepora ramea. Tas.38, | Madrepora fruticulofa ferruginea, ramulis obliguis fub- pinnatis adfcendentibus cylindraceis fella terminatis. Tas. 38. Madrepora ramea. Linn, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1280, Pall. Zooph. 302. n. 176. 18. Madrepora rofea. Madrepora fruticulofa ramofiffima rofea, ramis verrucu- lofis attenuatis, frellis inegualiter [parfis : inferioribus ra- rifimis. Madrepora rofea. Pallas Zooph. 312. nh. 181. Habitat in Oceano Indiz occidentalis ad infulam St. — Domingo. 19. Madrepora purpurafcens. Madrepora fruticulofa ramofifima, ramis divaricatis ‘[ub- diftichis, romulis rugulofis porofs, frellis diftichis margine prominulis. | a ek Habitat 156 MeaMA OD ¢ ROME SP ABOce Rae Aa Habitat in Oceano circa Infulam Dominice (f. Greg). 20. Madrepora erubefcens. Madrepora fruticulofa ramofifima, ramis divaricatis diftichis attenuatis, ramulis flexuofis friatis, fellis mar gine incrafjatis exfertis. | _ Habitat in Oceano Indiz occidentalis prope Infulam Ss" Vincenti (F. Greg). Specimina vila Gorgoniis adnata crant. Rami inferiores crafli, cortice incarnato induti; ramuli autem albi. [5]. Mapreror#z ExpLanata. — Corallium indivifum, dilatatum, fuperne tantummodo ftelliferum. — TAz.39. | 21. Madrepora afpera. Madrepora foliacea explanata fubaggregata, frellis ele- vatis fubdiftinétis, lamellis afperato-[pinulofis, ambulacris Concavis. Gap. 220. © Habitat in Oceano Indiz orientalis. 22. Madrepora {cabrofa. Madrepora foliacea explanata concatenata, lamellis lace- vatis [pinulofo-frondofis circa centra elevatis, ambulacris planiufculis. ) 3 Habitat in Oceano Indie orientalis. Centra latiufcula, exefa, plana. tags | 23. Madrepora VoAe oe Re Ba RR. Al 157 23. Madrepora undata. . TAB.40- Madrepora foliacea explanata concatenata, Sfrellis Jeriali- bus, ambulacris intra fellas elevatis: carinis rotundatis craffis. Corallium \atum, planum, elegantiflimum, - album, fubtus fubtilifime ftriatum. Svel/e oblonge: centra oblonga, fubfoluta, elevata. Ambulacra extra fiellas de- prefia, planiufcula, tandem intra feriem ftellarum elevata in Carinas craflas rotundatas. Taz. 40. 24. Madrepora ampliata. Tas.ar. , Bie.a 2. Madrepora /foliacea explanata concatenata, ambulacris carinatis anguftis acutiufculis, corallio fubtus fubdichotomo firiato. | PAB Ato Gut: 3. 25. Madrepora cucullata. PARR Madrepora foliacea explanata concatenata, fiellis [ub- ferialibus ade ambulacris acute carinatis /ubflexuofis. Tas, 42. Primo intuitu M. Licheni Similis, diftinG@iffima autem guod fubtus abfque ftellis fubtiliffime ftriata. 26, Madrepora cinerafcens. ae AB.43s fiidthuchdss fubfoliacea explanata aggregata, fubtus acerofo-fcabrofa, frellis remotiufculis elevatis, ambulacris fen a3 : ARAB. A, Habitat 158 M A Do RR Rl@ KA Habitat in Oceano Indiz orientalis. Corallium e cceruleo-cinerafcens, craflius reliquis ex- planatis, facile dignofcitur ex tuberculis acerofis ambu- lacra et fuperficiem internam exaf{perantibus. [6]. Maprerorez Composit aA. Coraliium undique ad{perfum Stellis pluribus annexis, Ambularo preditis. A. CoNncaTENATA. Corallium indivifum. Stelle invicem conjunde. Lamelle fine Diflepimento continuate. Tan.31. 27. Madrepora criftata. FIG.3.4. | Madrepora foliaceo-criftata concatenata, frellis feriablius centro impreffis, ambulacris explanatis planiufculis. PRB. ed PGs Baia. Madrepora Agaricites. Q. Pallas Zooph. 288. ~ Habitat in Oceano pacifico, Indieque orientalis. Tas.44. _ 28, Madrepora Lactuca. Tap. 44. Madrepora Lattuca. Pallas Zooph. 289. n. 168.° The figure was taken from a fpecimen in the Britifh Mufeum. ) | 29. Madrepora NE AY io? RO Be PP On. RE: Ay 159 29. Madrepora Ficoides. Madrepora foliaceo-criftata concatenata, frellis Jparfis, ambulacris lateralibus planiufculis; marginalibus acute ca- rinatis, lamellis foliacets. Habitat in Oceano pacifico. 30. Madrepora acerofa. Madrepora foliaceo-criflata concatenata, - frellis fparfis, ambulacris lateralibus planis; terminalibus Subcarinatis, lamellis acerofis. : 31. Madrepora Pileus. TAB. 45: Madrepora oblonga convexa, centris omnibus dorfalibus _ concatenatis, lamellis majoribus abruptis ; minoribus continuts fubanaftomofantibus. : DAB A Madrepora Pileus. Winn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. |S Ales ied te Habitat in Oceano Indiz orientalis. In the furrow along the middle is a line of flars, with their lamelle difpofed on each fide, like parallel pinne, orrays; under thefe on each fide are other rows of flars,, as it were, linked together, with their rays nearly paral- lel, and pointing upwards and downwards ; the margin all round is beutnthaeced by fharp ere@ lamelle. 32. Madrepora Agaricites. Madrepora foliaceo-erifpata concatenata, frellis flexuofo- fubferialibus obconicis Jubangulatis, ambulacris acute carinax tis reliufculis bine coale/centibus. Madrepor a 160 Mp. Ag Dai Ee PasO Ra Age Madrepora Agaricites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1274. This Coral is of a cinereous color, and is found, in ir- regular maffes of five or fix inches diameter, among the Welt-India iflands. 33. Madrepora Lichen. Madrepora foliaceo-crifiata concatenata, frellis Jerialibus obconicis rotundatis, ambulacris carinato-foliaceis acitif us Jubplexuofs is obliguatis. Habitat in Oceano pacifico. B. CoNGLOMERATA. Corallium indivifam. Stelle conjunée, elongate, finuofo-fexuofe, diflepi- mento. preediter. Tas.46. 34. Madrepora labyrinthica. 1G.3.4. Madrepora conglomerata, anfrattibus bafi dilatatis longis, diffepimentis exefis equalibus latis, ambulacris fr fimplicibus. Taz. 46. Fic. 3. 4. Madrepora labyrinthica. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1274. Madrepora meanarites. Pall, Zooph. 292. n. 171. Habitat i in Oceano Indiz occidentalis. (7. Greg). 35. Madrepora finuofa, ~Madrepora conglomerata, anfractibus patulis Shia GS brevibus, diffepimentis inequalibus exefis, ambulacris [ub- duplicatis, lamellis denticulatis. Habitat MA D R E PP: O.R A. 161 Habitat in Oceano Indiz occidentalis. (7. Greg.) Varietas anfra@tibus amplioribus ct toto corallio grof- fiore. 36. Madrepora areolata. ; ahah eke gs Madrepora conglomerata, anfractibus dilatatis, diffepi- mentis exefis fubinequalibus, ambulacris duplicatis : hinc dilatatis, lamellis denticulato-crenulatis. Tap 49, Fie. 4. 5. Madrepora areolata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1274. Pall. Zooph. 295. n. 171. . Varietas ambulacris anguftioribus et magis elevatis. 37. adeeeor mzandrites. Tans Fic. 1. Madrepora conglomerata, diffepimentis fi mplicibus fub- folutis, lamellis incraffatis equalibus remotis intus attenua- tis [ubintegris. | Tas. 40. Pret. Madrepora meandrites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1274. : Madrepora labyrinthica. Pall. Zooph. 297. n.172. 38. Madrepora exefa. Loa TAB.49. Fic. 3. Madrepora conglomerata, frellis reticulato-concatenatis, aT abruptis fubconicis acutis. Tas. 49. Fie. 3. Madetorc exefa. Pall. Zooph. 290. n. 169. Habitat in Oceano pacifico. | | Y 39. Madrepora 162 MAD RB 2 o@ wm A TAB.50. ae | 39. Madrepora abdita, Madrepora /ubconglomerata, anfractibus frelliformibus angulatis obconicis, ambulacris fimplicibus, lamellis anguftis crenulato-denticulatis. ARGO. Mura a. Forte varietas Madrepora favofe. Tas.48. Fic. 2, 40. Madrepora phrygia. Madrepora conglomerata, anfrattibus longifimis anguffis, ambulacris perpendicularibus jinplicibus, diffepimentis fmpli- cibus laminofis lobulatis, lamellis remotiufeulis. Tas. '48. Pie, 2; Habitat in Oceano pacifico. Variat ambulacris reétis et flexuofis. 41. Madrepora repanda. Madrepora conglomerata, ambulacris incraffatis, diffepi- mentis fimplicibus Jubfolutis, lamellis numerofis: plurimis intus incraffatis. | 42. Madrepora ambigua. Madrepora conglomerata, anfractibus flelliformibus fexuo- _ fifque, ambulacris incraffatis, diffepimentis fimplicibus craf- firufculis, lamellis diftantibus, 43. Madrepora& M A BD KR E FP OG R A 43. Madrepora dedalea. Madrepora conglomerata, anfrattibus profundis brevibus, diffepimentis fubexefis laceris, lamellis ferrato-dentatis, nm- bulacris perpendicularibus. | TAs. 46. Fie. 2. Habitat in Oceano Indie orientalis. » 44. Madrepora gyrofa. Madrepora conglomerata cellulofa, ambulacris duplicatis foliaceis, diffepimentis fimplicibus, lamellis foliaceis equali- bus. Tas. $1. Seb. Muf. 3. tab. rog. fig. g. 10. Corallium ceteris levius, cellulis numerofis cavernofum. 45. Madrepora clivofa. _ Madrepora conglomerata, anfrattibus. bafi anguftatis, diffepimentis fubexefis equalibus, ambulacris fuuplicibus craf- — frufculis, lamellis alternis abbreviatis. Habitat in Oceano Indie, occidentalis. Coralium rotundatum, nodulis magnis inequale. 46. Madrepora Cerebrum. | Madrepora conglomerata, anfrattibus baft fubrotundatis tortuofis longiffimis, diffepimentis exefis equalibus, ambulacris fimplicibus anguftis. : | | Coralium -rotundatum, quale. "V3 47. Madrepora TAB.46. Fic. 1. 164. . MA DREPOR A: 47. Madrepora involuta. Madrepora conglomerata, anfrattibus bafi dilatatis bre~ vibus, diffepimentis exefis fubequalibus anguftis, ambula- cris fimplicibus. | 48. Madrepora implicata. _Madrepora conglomerata, anfrattibus rotundatis fubper- pendicularibus, diffepimentis exefis equalibus latis, ambula- cris duplicatis latis. C. AGGREGATE. Corallium plerumque indivifum, rariffime lobatum. Stelle diftincte. Ambulacra porulofa, tuberculofa. 49. Madrepora fpongiofa. Madrepora aggregata foliacea fubexplanata, ambulacris confragofis fupra obtufatis; fubtus planis, felis infundibuli- JSormibus profundis inequalibus. | : TAB.52. | pers Madrepora foliofa.. Madrepora aggregata foliacea fubexplanata, ambulacris Juperne confragofis verruculofis; inferne planiufculis, frellis equalibus parvis. BEARS i Bra ! Madrepora foliofa. Pall. Zooph. 333. n. 196. 51. Madrepora — MADREPOR A, 165 51-. Madrepora poculata. Madrepora aggregata, frellis obconicis, marginibus acu- tis, hinc inde remotis, interfiitiis levibus, lamellis undigue granulofis. Pall. Zooph. 319. n. 186. QB. Ellis Corallin. tab. 32. fig. Ax. Aj. mala e fpeci- - mine detrito. . TAB.53. 52. Madrepora ftellulata. FIG.3. 4. _ Madrepora aggregata, cylindris ftellarum teretibus diftan- tibus egqualibus margine elevatis, inter fiitits planiufculis feabriufculis. aR. 69. PIGS 9.8 53. Madrepora Aftroites.. Madrepora aggregata, frellis confertis imprefft is, inter fti- tits porofis, lamellis acerofis [cabriufculis. 7 Madrepora Afrroites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1276. Madrepora radians. Pallas Zooph. 322. n. 190. 54. Madrepora nodulofa. Madrepora aggregata, ftellis confertis obconicis, inter ftittis lamellifque acerofis [cabriufculis, corallio Jubnodulofo.. Seba Muf. 3. tab. rr2. fig. 78. 535. Madrepora’ muficalis. Madrepora, aggregata, cylindris frellarum frriatis di ifhan- tibus combinatis membranis tranfverfis. Madrepora 166 MADER ER GD M Madrepora muficalis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p: 1278. sisnisee aint Organum. Pall. sea gr7. n. 185, leg 49. 56. Madrepora denticulata. Madrepora aggregata, frellis inequalibus, lamellis mar- gine elevatis: majoribus baft proceffu auctis, inter/fitiis Juleo exaratis. Tas. 40. Fic. 1. TaAs.s £7, Madrepora faveolata. Fic, ea. 57 P | Madrepora agerevara, frellis /ubangulatis ches ccvee parietibus hinc inde fubduplicatis. DAB 5 Bee Gok. 6. TAS. 54. . renee 58. Madrepora Retepora. Madrepora aggregata, frellis angulatis, lamellis filamento- fis, parietibus reticulatis denticulatis. Tas. 54. Fic. 3—3. Tangs. : 59. Madrepora rotulofa. Madrepora aggregata, frellis eylindraceis pauciradiatis, lamellis circa marginem ercélis acutis: bafi bina erecia auttis. Tas. 55. 60. Madrepora_ MADREPROR A 167 60. Madrepors interftinda. Tan.56. _ Madrepora aggregata, frellis cylindraceis profundis diftinc- tis, inter fiitiis porofs, corallio Jubexplanato duplicato. Tas. 56. | Madrepora interftinfa. Linn. Syft. Nat. “Ba. 1/2. pag. 1276. | Millepora cerulea. Pall, Zooph, 256. n. 158. 61. Madrepora favofa. TAR.50. Fic. i. Madrepora aggregata conglomerata, anfractibus fubfpelli- formibus angulatis patulis, “parietibus fi implicibus, lamellis dentatis margine connatis elevatis. | PAB.5O. Fig. ft; Madrepora favofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1275. Madrepora favites. Pall. Zooph. 319. n. 187. 62. Madrepora cavata. Madrepora aggregata /ubconglomerata, anfractibus ftelli- jovmibus angulatis, parietibus fy aia anguftis, lamellis denticulatis. Forte varietas M. favofe. | 63. Madrepora bulliens. Madrepora aggregata, frellis diftantibus teretibus ob- longifve inegualibus margine elevatis, inter Slitiis radiato- r ugulof. 5 concaviufculis. 2 64. Madrepora 8 MAD RB RP @ Rm TAn.Ay. pe tie 64. Madrepora Ananas. Madrepora aggregata, frellis fubangulatis inegualiby: multirvadiatis : marginibus convexis lamellofis, lamellis dzz- ticulato~crenatis, interflitiis concavis. Tas. 47. Fic. -6. Madrepora Ananas. Linn. Sy ft, Nat. Ed. LaitpiLsrs. Pall. Zooph. 321. n. 189. te 65. Madrepora Hyades. Madrepora aggregata, frellis fJubconfertis obconicis ro- tundis fubangulatifque, partetibus crafis porofis, centris planiufculis convexi/gue, | TAs.49. «66. Madrepora fiderea. Fic, 2. » Madrepora aggregata, frellis confertis rotundis fubangu- latifque, parietibus crafis convexiufculis, lamellis alternis margine fubconnatis, centris fimplicibus. Tas, 4.9. Fie:-2. Tas.d7. 67. Madrepora galaxea. eG. Madrepora aggregata, frellis fubconfertis impreffis, parie- tibus craffis planiufculis fubdiftin&tis, lamellis tenuiffimis, cen- tris fubexefis. ; WAR ATF 1G7, Lamelle quaterne ad centrum extenfe, tres intermediz - prope bafin conniventes. 68. Madrepora MA DREPOR A. 169 68. Madrepora Pleiades. Tas.s3. 1G.7.8. Madrepora aggregata, frellis Jubteretibus, marginibus acutis elevatis, interfritiis concavis leviufculis bine caver- eh canis Taz. 53. Fic. 7. 8. 69. Madrepora annularis. TAs.s3e FIG.1. 20 Madrepora aggregata, frellis teretibus equalibus mar- gine elevatis, interfitits plano-concavis radiatis. PARC TG. Bei 2e Madrepora Aftroites. Pallas Zooph. 320. n. 188. Forte varietas minor M. radiate. 70. Madrepora papillofa. Madrepora /ubaggregata, frellis AS lela ee 35 marginibus incrafjatis rotundatis obliguis. Valde affinis Madrepore muricate, et forte illius pri- ~mordium ; papilla ejufdem figure, fed fimplici ordine pone es contigue. 71. _Madrepora radiata. | Tangri 1Ge Oo Madrepora aggregata, frellis cylindraceis margine ele- vatis, interfiitits latis concavis fulcato-radiatis. Tap..47.\Fre..8. Pall. Zooph. 321. n. 188. varietas e mufeo D™ Cra- Mere 254" mL Varietas 170 Mm. A’ DO! BE PEG Re Varietas major marginibus ftellarum valde elevatis, ful- cis. interftitiorum profundioribus. | 72. Madrepora latebrofa. Madrepora aggregata, fiellis fubteretibus multiradiatis ~ margine elevatis, tater uitits radiato -fulcatis [ubcoar tats inequalibus. Sloan. Jam. I. tab. 21. fig. 4. D, RaMULOSZ. Corallium ramofum. Stelle diftincte. | Ambulacra tuberculofa, porulofa. 73. Madrepora damicornis. ~ Madrepora ramulofa ramofifima, ramis attenuatis Le divift s, frellis [parfim crebris cecis ciliatis. Madrepora damicornis. Pall. Zooph. 334. n. 197. y. 74. Madrepora digitata. _ Madrepora ramulofa, ramis clavato-complanatis, frellis fparfis fexradiatis : margine fuperiore porrecto fornicato. Seb. Muf. 3. tab. 109. fig. rr. Madrepora digitata. Pall. Zooph. 326. n. 193. Fornices ftellarum fzpe detritz. Varietas et forte diftinca {pecies in interftitiis inter ~ ftellas lineam habet elevatam, quaff limites indigitantem. 75. Madrepora Wl Aa TA Re de Be Cy. Re AGS 171 TAB. 3x. FIG.1.2 75. Madrepora feriata. | “Madrepora ramulofa, ramis attenuatis acuminatis, frellis longitudinaliter feriatis: margine fuperiore porretto fornicato ati Tas. a1. Fic. f. 2. Madrepora feriata. Pall. Zooph. 336. n. 198. 76. Madrepora muricata. _ TAB.5 70 ‘Madrepora ramulofa, ramulis attenuatis, frellis igi nentibus cylindracets oblique truncatis. Pape 57. » Madrepora muricata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1279. Pall. Zooph. 327. n. 149. a. ramis longis acuminatis abfque ullis gla parvis. Corallium album porofum maximum muricatum. Sloan. Jama. 2. pag n.) tab.\n8. ig. 3. Seb. Muf. 3. tab. 114. fig. 1. @. ramis divaricatis, ramulis fparfis brevibus acumi- natis divergentibus. : : y. ramis ramulifque adfcendentibus retis fubequalibus cefpitofis. a ). ramis inferioribus decumbentibus anaftomofantibus, ramulis adfcendentibus acutis brevibus. Madr epora muricata 2. Pallas Zooph. I. c. g. tamis bafa in palmam coalitis, ramulis divergentibus. . Madr epora muricata y. Pallas Zooph. |. ¢ . ramis ramulifque numerofis divereancibus, cylindris ftellarum turbinatis margine incraflatis Parnas Seb. Mal, ce ‘tab. 108. fig. 6. | iy Ai | 77. Madrepora wt MN AD? Bh BPE OF RE al meee 77. Madrepora porites. Madrepora ramulofa, ramis clavate-complanatis, frellis contiguis (lamellarum loco) cufpidato-tuberculatis. Tas. 47.. Fre. 1. Madrepora porites. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1279. Pall. Zooph. 324. n. 192. | 78. necaeie verrucofa. Madrepora ramulofa ramofifima, ramis obtufatis, ramu- lis numerofiffimis fimplicibus verruceformibus, ftellis [par- fis crebris cecis ciliatis. Madrepora damicornis. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. £2. pale 70s Pall. Zooph. 334. n. 197. «@. Bp. a. Ramis fubteretibus. @. Ramis dilatatis, lobatis. 49. Madrepora limitata. Madrepora. ramulofa, ramis [ubcomplanatis, frellis Jparfis Jexradiatis mar gine aegualibus. Interftitia fcabra. Linez in interftitiis fidbrotiontaan ites inter ftellas formant. 8o. Madrepora Botryotes. Madrepora ramulofa, ramis coacervatis crafis faftigiatis obtufis, ambulacris bg aS Se | 8x. Madrepora ADT Ge YC OF Ne We US Mi 81. Madrepora granofa. Madrepora /ubramulo/a crifiata fubdigitata, ramis obtufis, ambulacris omnibus acute carinatis undulatis, frellis acerofis srregularibus. XV. ALCYONIUM. ALCYONIUM - Animal planta forma Is an animal growing in the erefcens. _ form of a plant. Stirps fixa, carno/a, ge~ The ftem is fixt, and is eci- latinofa, Jpongiofa vel co- ther flefhy, gelatinous, fpon- TIACCH. gy, or a leather-like fub- ‘ , {tance; Epidermis cel/ulofa, po- having an outward {kin full ris frellatis feu ofculis per- of cells, with ftar-like open- tua, | ings, or little mouths, which | | fend forth - Polypos tentaculatosovi- Polype fuckers, through which - paros exferentibus. the eggs are produced. Formerly many of thofe irregular marine mafles, that could not properly be reduced to any genus, were called Alcyoniums; and thefe were fuppofed by old authors to be made up of the froth of the fea. Even in thefe more enlightened times many errors have crept into their ar- tangement, and feveral fponges have been very im proper- ly placed under this title, for want of attending to the proper definition of the genus: for my part, I fhall con- fider thofe only belonging to this genus that agree with the foregoing charaéter, except one that - is commonly called Alcyonium Schlofferianum, which, though it is | covered Bie ET AL) Cc! ¥' @ N’ I)-Ut M covered with ftars on its outward fkin, does not fend out’ - the polype fuckers here defcribed: but at prefent, till a. new genus is confltituted for it, I fhall rank it with this. ‘The reader, when he comes to confider this animal, and attend to the defcription, will be better able to judge of the propriety of thisremark. In looking over the Alcyo- niums of fuch authors as have lately wrote on the fub- je& of Zoophytes, I find fome of them more probably be- longing to the Gorgonias, particularly fach as have an internal harder part, which is undoubtedly the bone or fupport of the animal; and thefe are very nearly allied to the Gorgonia fuberofa and Gorgonia Briareus, which I could not avoid on this account placing under that genus. The f{pecies that J mean are the Alcyonium arboreum Linn. or great Norway Sea Shrub, and probably the Al- cyonium exos Linn. or Manus Latronis of Marfigli. If thefe are cut perpendicularly through the middle, I be- lieve they will appear to have a harder part within, very differént from the true character of the genus of Alcyo- nium. Others that are ranged among the Alcyoniums approach more to the genus of Sponges, particularly to thofe that are compofed of fmall {picule, which are inti- mately blended with their gelatinous flefh; but thefe fpicule in fome are remarkably difpofed on the furface, where they furround internally the openings or mouths of the animal. I believe no polype-like fuckers have as yet appeared to proceed from thefe mouths, when the animal was alive, nor any remains when dry; nor have they thofe ftarry cells on the furface, which are a diftinguifhing cha- racter of this genus. Donati, who had an opportunity of examining moift of thefe bodies alive, never difcovered any polypes on the furface of either the Alcyonium Lyncurium Linn. or Tethya Spherica Donat. Adriat. tab. 10. orthe ps | | | Alcyonium Ae Ls Gr Ye GL Ni. Th Ul-M:; Alcyonium Cydonium Linn. or Alcyonium prim. of _ Donat. Adriat. tab. 9. The Ficus of Marfigli, which has been introduced as an Alcyonium, is evidently a Sponge. The form is like a fig, for which reafon it was fo called by him. iS Alcyonium digitatum. Dead Man’s Toes Alcyonium albidumcar- Is a whitifh fubftance be- nofo-fpongiofum lebatum, tween flefh and fponge, di- ofculis jicllatis undigue no- vided into lobes, the furface tatum. of which is covered with lit- tle mouths in the form of fiars. Dead Man's Hand, or Dead Man’s Toes. Ellis Corallin. He PAS OF itty 32. fra. Aw AL 2, | Alcyonium Manus marina. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 53. tab. 20. fig. 10—13. : Aleyonium digitatum. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1294. Nothing can better illuftrate the internal form and manner in which both the Aftroite Madrepores and the common ofhcinal Sponge grow, than a perpendicular fe&ion of this Alcyonium. It is very commonly found on the Kentifh coaft, near the Ifle of Sheppey, where likewife there is another variety, of a deep yellow color, which is frequently to be met with. 2.AlcyontumPulmonaria. Sea Lungs. Alcyonium pulpof/um l- This is of a flefhy fubftance vidum lobato-compreffum, and deep yellowith color; it ofculis feellatis mininis ob- is divided into flattith, lobes, ductum. which are covered With mi- nute itars. Sea- Ae Tet Om Ye OF NGO Ta Ue: Vie Sea-Fig. Ellis Corallin. pag. 82. tab. 17. fig. b. B. Alcyonium Ficus. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1295. The name of Sea-Fig was given to this fubftance by the fifhermen on the coaft of Kent (where I found it) on ac- count of the internal ftru@ure, the cells and their con- tents looking like the feeds in the fig, and not from the external form, as I have already mentioned in my Effay -on Corallines. This name of Sea-Fig has occafioned a miftake in fome late authors, who have confounded it with the Sea-Fig of Count Marfieli, tab. 16. fig. 79. which is atrueSponge. ~ 3 3. Alcyonium gelatino- fum. Pudding Weed. Alcyonium luteum ge- This Alcyonium is of a latinofum polymorphum. yellowifh color, and of a ge- | latinous fubftance. It is found in various irregular forms. Sea ragged Staff. Ellis Corallin. pag. 87. tab. 32. cereal BN | ane Alcyonium gelatinofum. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p.1295. Fucus gelatinofus. Wud. Flora Angl. pag. 471. This is found at particular feafons full of minute pa- pille, which fend forth polypes, and properly comes un- der thisclafs. In the month of Auguift, 1752, there was fo great a quantity of it driven near Sheernefs, in the Ile of Sheppey, as to clog the fifhermen’s nets, and interrupt their fifhing. 4. Alcyonium a Pe ye oN BU M. 4. Alcyonium Schlofteri. Schloffjer’s Aleyonium. Alcyontum carnofum This confifts of a lead-co- lividum afterifcis luteis, lored flefhy fubftance, adorned radits obtufis, ornatum. with yellow ftars, that have obtufe rays. Uva marina. Rondelet. hift. aquatil. 2. pag. 130. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 49. pag. 449. tab. x14. Borlafe Nat. Hift. of Cornwall, pag .ogen tab. dc, fig, I—4. : This moft curious fea produétion grows on fucus’s and {tones on the coaft of Cornwall and Wales. _ We have but an imperfea figure and account of it in Rondeletius ; but my worthy friend the late Dr. Schloffer has given us a very good figure and defcription of it in the Philofophical Tranfa@ions. The Rev. Dr. William Borlafe, in his Natural Hiftory of Cornwall, has likewife given us afigure of two kinds; one withahole at each end of the rays, befides the central hole in the epidermis ; and one with only one hole in each ray, and that on the broad part, which he takes to be the fame with Dr. Schloffer’s; but I find that the two kinds, mentioned by Dr. Borlafe, are one and the fame animal, and this appears very clearly from a {pecimen fent me from North Wales, by my inge- niou’ friend Thomas Pennant, Efg. where the ftars-on it an{wer to both kinds; for fome of the rays have only one hole, which is on the obtufe end, but the sreateft num- ber of the ftars have a {mall hole at the narrow end of the rays which turns up, befides the hole on the broad part : fometimes thefe holes at the {mall end join all together ina circle, and the opening of ‘the outward fkin, or Aa epidermis, 177 Ar Le Gy i Ge he the We epidermis, exactly covers them, as in the magnified fioure at C, Phil. Tranf. Vol. 49. tab. 14. It appears from Dr. Borlafe’s account, that though there were fibres fuppofed to move in the great hole in the center, yet that the holes on the broad part of the rays were the mouths of the animal. From Dr. Schloffer’s defcription it appears as if there were little fibres moving both in the holes on the broad part of the rays, which holes he likewife takes to be the mouths of the animal, and alfo fibres im the great opening of the epidermis in the center, which opening he obferved to expand and con- tract at particular times with great alertnefs and velocity. The number of rays in thefe ftars is from five to. twelve ; eight is the moft common number. From the obfervations which I have already made on this fubftance in the Philofophical ‘Tranfactions, Vol. 49. pag. 454. they don’t appear to me to be polypes extend- ing from ftarry openings on the furface, and confequently not to anfwer the character of an Alcyonium, but to be formed at different times with additional rays, which we may perceive endeavouring to thruft their pointed part towards the opening of the epidermis in the center, and unite with the reft; befides, the whole in- termediate flefhy part is full of rowndifh bodies adhering to fibres, which as they approach the furface appear more pear-fhaped, but lower down they are {maller and of a globular form: thefe all feem to be the young begin- nings of future rays. In order to examine this fubftance more particularly, I have lately diffected feveral of thefe obtufe rays, which viewed fideways and feparately, have the appearance of a ftomach. In the infide of thele, which was full of (rugez) wrinkles, I perceived {mall eggs. and a loofe fubftance, as if the food digefted. There is , fomething ae Y @ Nh uM 179 fomething fingular in the contractionand dilatation of the opening of the outward fkin over the holes at the fmaller end of the rays. We cannot confider this as a mouth, when at the fame time it is agreed that the holes on the broad end of the rays are mouths; fo that the ufe of this central hole muft be left to future obfervation, when it is fufpected it will be found to be a new genus. 5. Alcyonium mammil- Alcyonium with little Teats, Tas. t lofum. : ¥G44.53 Alcyonium albidum co- | This whitifh leather-like riaceum, mamillis convexis: Alcyonium is fpread over centro cavo fubjiellate, co- rocks, with many convex teat- adunatis. like figures, hollow in the | middle, with a faint ftar-like appearance, and united clofe together. i beat. Aa es Lapidis Aftroitidis five ftellaris primordia. Sloane Hift. Jam, -Vobiit. tab; i210. fie ae 2. Qe Sir Hans Sloane, who has given a figure of this and the following Alcyonium in his Hiftory of Jamaica, takes it to be the beginning of the Aftroite Coral: but the foft- nefs of the fubftance, of which it is compofed, thews it to be of a different genus. The Weft-Indiaiflands afford us feveral varieties of this kind. Each mamilla, or cell, has a polype within it, adhering to its bafe by twelve fila- ments, which anfwer to as many tentacula when they ex- tend themfelves. | | Fig. 4. is the natural fize of a piece of this Alcyonium; fig. 5. is the figure of two cells opened perpendicularly to HOA Aa fhew t80 Au L Cn OUENE TS ioM: fhew the polypes as they are fixt in them and contra@ed ; fig. 7. reprefents. one of the Polypes taken out of the Alcyonium digitatum, with its tentacula extended, ta fhew how each anfwers to its filament at the bottom, Ane gives us an idea of thefe when they open their cells and extend themfelves. -t 6, Alcyonium ocellatum. Alcyonium with little Eyes. Alcyonium — ferrugi- This coriaceous iron-co~ neum coriaceum, cellulis \ored Alcyonium has many Jubcylindricis rugofis, apt- wrinkledcylindrical cells unit- etbus radiatis et ocellatis. ed together; their tops are radiated, and each has the ap- pearance of an eye in the center. TAR. a. Fie; 6: This is one of Sir Hans Sloane’s firft beginning of the Aftroite Corals. Specimens of this and the former are in. the Britifh Mufeum. I have received fome fpecimens. of this preferved in {pirits from Mr. Greg, from Dominica; they are of a tough vifcid nature, and appear to have fome fine fand mixt in their texture. They fpread over rocks with a fingle fuperficies of cells, as the Fluftra does on fucus’s and fhells, but never rife into branched figures that I have yet feen. They have twelve rays. 7, Alcyonium tuberofum. — Tuberous Alceyonium. Alcyonium flavefcens This yellowifh Alcyonium tuberofum, apicibus fepe is full of knobs, many of | | fubdivifis, a is GY -OyoN). I UP -M: ESE fubdivifis, poris tubulofis which are a little divided at coufertis. top; the whole is covered over with tubulous pores, fet very clofe together. ; | The fubitance of this Alcyonium, now it is dry, is more friable than leather, and not unlike the dried fleth of moft of the Gorgonias. It is two inches and a half long, and one inchand a half high ;. it feems to have ad- hered to arock. It was found on the coaft of the Ifland of Mauritius, and prefented to me by my worthy friend Dr. John Fothergill. 8. Alcyonium gorgo-- ; Gorson-like Alcyonium. TAR OF noides. = Si J RW Alcyonium cinereum This Alcyonium is of an arenofo-carnofum cellulis afh-color,. and of a flefhy fub- radiatis verruciformibus. {tance mixt with fand, having radiated wart-fhaped cells.. 7 Bag. gi) HiG.dae 2: The cells of this Alcyonium are much fmaller than thofe of the A. mamillofum or A. ocellatum beforemen- tioned, but are compofed of the fame number of rays, that is, twelve to each cell. It is often found inerufting rocks and corals ; and in the fpecimen here figured, it is incrufting the Sertularia frutefcens. I received this {pe-_ cimen from. Dr. Pallas, who fent it to me to convince me that he had found a new Sertularia, which.united the Ser- tularias with the Gorgonias, and gives it the name of Ser- tularia Gorgonia in his book on Zoophytes, pag. 158. It was brought from Curaffoa,. in the Weft Indies. Ast £82 SEPy OU Ne GM Tin: At fig. 2. is a magnified part of the ftem of the Sertu- laria, with fome of the wart-fhaped cells of the Aleyo- nium upon it. XVL SPONGIA. SPONGE Animal fixum, flexile, Is an animal that is fixt, polymorphum, torpidifi- flexible, and very torpid, mum, contextum vel e fi- growing in a variety of forms, éris reticulatis, vel e fpi- -compofed either of reticulated nulis, gelatina viva vef- fibres, or maffes of {mall fpines ViLisss interwoven together, which are clothed with a living gela- tinous flefh full of fall Ofculis few foraminibus mouths or holes on its furface, Juperficiet aquam refpi- by which it fucks in and rans. throws out the water. ~ As to the nature and formation of Sponges, I fiat re- ne the reader to my letter on this fubject, addrefled to Doctor Solander, publifhed in the Philofophical Tranfac- tions, Vol. 55. p.280. I fhall only add, that the tex- ture of them is very different in different fpecies; fome being compofed wholly of interwoven reticulated fibres, when others are compofed of little maffes of ftrait fibres of different fizes, from the moft minute f{picule to ftrong elaftic fhining ees like fmall needles of one-third of am inch long; etides thefe, there is an intermediate fort between the reticulated and the finer fafciculated kinds, which feem to partake of both forts. But I muft obferve here, that thofe that are compofed ef the fronger and larger bundles of elaftic fibres, like needles, oY oO MG or A. needles, though they have been reckoned Alcyoniums by moft authors, yet in my opinion 1t appears, from the ac- curate defcriptions given us of thefe bodies, both by Count _ Marfigli and Dr. Donati, who had feen and examined them alive in fea-water, and who could never difcover any polype fuckers extending out of their pores, that they fhould not be reckoned among the Alcyoniums ; for thefe polype fuckers are the diftinguifhing charaéer of that genus, as much asthe pores without the polypes in thefe elaftic fibrous bodies, is the character of the Sponges. Thefe are the Alcyonium Lyncurium and Alcyonium Cy- donium of Linn. Syft. pag.1295. The Alcyonium Burfa Linn. alfo appears from the defcription given of it by Rondeletius to be one of the fame kind. ‘This is faid by Mr. Ray to be found on our coafts, but I have never yet met with it. Count Marfigli calls it Aurantium Mari- num, and {ays it appeared to have life in it, when he cut a piece of it with his feiflars. - That the furface was co- ~ vered with a great number of glands that tranf{mitted the water from the outfide to the infide, which was crofled by a number of fine threads fhining like filver; but he makes no mention of any polypes on the furface. 1. Spongia officinalis. Common Sponge. Spongia multiformis te- This Sponge is found in a nax poroffima lobata to- variety of forms; it is elaftic, anentofa. very full of holes; it grows into lobes, and is of a woolly confiftence. Abn | Common oficinal Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. p. 288. tab. 10. fig. D. E. | | Spongia officinalis. Wann, Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1298. This ( 184 Si PY ON NE Gye This Sponge generally adheres to rocks by a very broad ‘bafe. It is often found inclofing fmall ftones and fhells. Variety of marine animals pierce and gnaw it into irregu- lar winding cavities ; thefe appear on the outfide by large ‘holes raifed higher than the reft; it varies in color from a pale to a deep yellow, and likewife in the confiffence of the fibres. When we cut it perpendicularly, we find the internal part confifting of fmall tubes, which divide into branches as they approach the furface. Thefe tubes, which are compofed of reticulated fibres, extend them- {elves every way, by this means increafing the furface of the Sponge, and ending on the outfide in an infinite num- ber of {mall circular holes, which are the proper mouths of the animal: each of thefe holes is furrounded by a few erect pointed fibres, which appear as if wove in the form of little {pines. Thefe tubes, with their ramifications, in the living ftate of the Sponge, are clothed witha gela- tinous fubftance properly called the flefh of the animal. This the fifhermen, as foon as they are brought on fhore, are obliged to {queeze out and wath the Sponge clean, to prevent its growing putrid. When they are fir taken out of the fea they have a ftrong fithy fmell, and when the Sponge is burnt, the fmell foon difcovers its animal nature. his kind, ot which there are many varieties, is chiefly collected about the iflands in the Archipelago, in the Mediterranean Sea, where it isa confiderable article of commerce, » 2. Spongia oculata. Branched Englifb Sponge. Snoneia ramoffima This Sponge is delicate] i Co Ly Pp o mollis, ramis comprefiuf- oft, and very rauch branched ; culis afcendentibus. fepe the branches are a very little confluentibus, 5 i Sy Be Oe Ne Ge. Tie As conufluentibus, poris pro- comprefled, and grow ered, minulis bifarie difpofitis. often uniting together; they have rows of cells on each margin that projec a little. Branched Englifob Sponge. Ellis Corallin. pag. 80. tain 32: steed. OB. Rhiliey Brant. Vol. 95. page 288: tab. ro. fig. B. | . Spongia oculata, Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag. 1298. This Sponge is of a pale yellow color, and grows from five to ten inches high; it is often dichotomous, and the branches end obtufely. The fibres are reticulated, and the gelatinous part or flefh is fo tender, that when it is taken out of the water it foon dries away. It is found very common all round the fea coafts of thefe kingdoms. 3. Spongia muricata. — Shage Sponge. Spongia firpe fuberofé The fubftance of the ftem ramofad, ramis cylindricis of this Sponge is like cork, — fafciculis villofis undigue and branched; the branches muricatts. ~ are cylindrical, and furrounded : on all fides with obtufe little | fhagey tufts, Branched tuberculated Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. sz. pag. 288. tab. 11. fig. F. Spongia muricata. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. pag.1298. This curious Sponge was fent from our factory at Cape Coaft Caftle on the coaft of Africa, where it grows in plenty on the rocks, Bb 4. Spongia 185 SHEP OU INES Gra A 4, Spongia. criftata. Cock’ s-Comb-S ponge. Spongia plana com- This Sponge is flat, erect, prefja erecta mollis, poris and tender, growing in the prominulis fuperne feria- fhape of cocks-combs, with tim dilpofitis. - rows of little holes along the tops, which projed'a little. Gock's-Comb Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 288. tab. 11. fig. G. | T his Sponge grows on the rocks to the eaftward of Haftings, in Suffex, and may be ealily difcovered at low water. The common fize of it is about three inches long, and two inches high; but this varies much in dif- ferent {fpecimens. It is of a yellowifh color, and was found many together growing parallel to each other. When it was palcen out of the fea and put into.a clafs _veffel of fea-water, I perceived it to fuck in and fquirt out the water through the rows of holes:or little mouths along the tops, giving evident figns of life. 5. Spongia ftupofa. — Tow Sponge. Spongia ramofa teres Sponge with round branches, fiupofa, atque mee ai foft like tow, and covered with fine pointed hairs. Downy branched. Englifp ised Phil. Tranf? Vol: 5:5. pag. 288. tab. ro, fig. G. This little Sponge is-of'a pale yellow:color, and-about. three inches high. It was found thrown-on the fhore at Haftings, in Sufiex. 6. Spongia. abe Cont Die Gan Ten A. 6. Spongia dichotoma. Dichotomous Sponge. Spongia ramofa tenax, Stiff, branched Sponge, with ramis dichotomis ere&is round,upright,elattic branches, teretibus fuberofis fubvil- covered with minute hairs. lofts. Dichotomous branched Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 289. tab. 11. fig. I. | Spongia dichotoma. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. x12. pag. 1299, This was found on the coaft of Norway, and grows to _ five or fix inches high ; it is of a pale yellow color, and full of very minute pores. bg 7. Spongia urens. Stinging Sponge. Sponeia multifor mis po- This Sponge is of many rofa, fpinulis intertexta, forms, full of pores, very brit- tenerrima mollis, tle and foft, and interwoven ets with the minuteft {pines. Sponge like Crumb of Bread. Ellis Corallin. pag. 80. tab. 16, fg.d.dz. Dx. Phil. Tranf. Vol. 55. pag. 288. tab. ro. fig. A. | Spongia tomentofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p. 1299. _ The fpecimens, which I have met with of this Sponge, are full of papille, or {mall protuberances, with a hole in each, from whence they fuck in and throw out the wa- ter, as through fo many mouths. It is very common on the Britifh coaft, and is frequently found furrounding fucus’s. It is alfo found on the coaft cf Afriea, and in the Eaft Indies. When it is frefh taken out of the fea, it is of a bright orange color, and full of gelatinous fleth ; Bb 2 but 187 x88 Say. P YO" Ne Gor mas but when it has lain for fome time dry on the fhore, it becomes whitifh and very light, and has the appearance, when it is broke, of the crumb or foft part of bread. If it is examined with a common magnified glafs, we find it compofed of aa infinite number of minute {pines, which if rubbed on the flefh will raife blifters like cow- itch. It is remarked, that if itis dried in an oven this peculiar property of {tinging is much increafed, efpecially that variety of it which is found on the fea coaft of North America. 8. Spongia Ventilabrum. Fan Sponge. Spongia flabelliformis This Sponge is fhaped like fiupofa, venis lignofis re- afan, of a tow-like fubftance, ticulatis, obtectis poris- with woody reticulated veins, favigineis. >’ which are covered with pores Cat e _ like a honeycomb. Sea-Fan Sponge. Phil. Tranf. Wol. 55. pag. 2809. tab. 11. fig. H. | Spongia Ventilabra. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 42. p. 1296. The fize of the fpecimen, which I received from Sta- vanger on the coaft of Norway, is but fix inches high and five broad; but there are much larger found on that coaft. It has the exact refemblance of a {mall Fan Gor- gonia, only the pores are of angular fhapes, and of a {pongy nature; fo that, as Dr. Linneus remarks, it look like a Gorgonia covered with a Sponge. Taz.s58. 9. Spongia tubulofa. _ Pipy Sponge. 1G, 7° Spongia tubulofa ra- This Sponge is full of tubes; mofa tenax, tubulis fe- it is branched and _ elaftic ; cundis Ga Pe One NEO GM TA: 18g cundis arreétis, apicibus the tubes come out onone fide | attenuatis. of the ftem; they are ered, and grow flender at the tops. Tas. 58. Fic. 7. Spongia tubulofa. Linn. Syft. Nat. Ed. 12. p: 1297. This Sponge grows from four to fix inches high 3 it is hollow through the whole infide. The reticulations on the furface are firm and elaftic ; it isofa deep yellow co- lor, inclining to an orange.’ It was brought from Bata- via by William Webber, Efg. F.R.S. 10. Spongia palmata. Palmated Sponge. Taz.cd, Spongia palmata: di- This Sponge is like a hand gitis apice fubdivifis, po- with fingers, which are a lit- ris prominulis inordinate tle divided at the top; the ~ difpofitis. mouths are a little prominent, and irregularly difpofed on the furface. ap. cae. bra. 6, This Sponge was found on the fea beach at Brighthelm- ftone, inSuffex. It is of a reddith color inclining to yel-. low, and of the fame foft woolly texture with the com- mon Englifh Branched Sponge, or Spongia oculata. 11. Spongia prolifera. Proliferous Sponge. 3 Tam s% s Fic. 5. Spongia multoties ra- This Sponge grows feveral mofo-palmata: digitis di- times branched, one above an- finttis. | 3 other, in the form of hands, ending in diftin@ fingers. Tas. 58. Fite. 5. I received 190 ‘Tas.58. Pic.1—4 Tazp.53. ¥ic.8.9. SRP: PF OeNSGAI BAa I received a large mafs of this Sponge from New Jer- fey ;. it grows in great bunches on that coaft, but is not above five or fix inches high. ‘The pores are very {mall and numerous; the infide is compofed of hard wiry reti- culations, and the outfide is full of minute fpines. 12. Spongia botryoides. Grape Sponge. is Spongiatemenerrima ra- This Sponge is very tender, mofa quapi racemofa: ra- and branched, asif in bunches; cemis cavis uviformibus, the bunches are hollow, in the apicibus apertis. fhape of grapes, and each is open at top. Tas. 58. Fic. 1—4. This beautiful little Sponge is of a bright fhining white color. The bunches are made up of oblong oval figures, open at the end; thefe openings feem to be the mouths of the animal, to fuck in and throw out the water. When — the furface is highly magnified, it feems covered with lit- tle mafles of triple equidiftant fhining fpines, as repre- fented at fig. 4. | This was found, among many other fea productions, in the harbour near Emfworth, between Suflex and Hamp- fhire. 13; Spongia coronata. Coronet Sponge. Spongia fmplex tubu- “This: minute fingle tube- lofa minima, apice fpinu- \ike {ponge is furrounded at lis radiatis coronata. top by a crown of little {pines, - DEAE) Een bac. Oso. , This Si) BL ONE Gl 1A. This little Sponge, when magnified, is covered all over with little rifing points; it is hollow and open at the top: the rays that compofe the little crown are of a bright fhining pearl color; the body is of a pale yel- low. It was found with the foregoing in the harbour of Emf{worth. EXLPLA- Lyige 9 KXPLANATION of the PLATEs. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. I, Big. 2 Fig. Ape. Adtinia fociata, pag. 5. 7. 5. A. one of the heads expanding its claws. B. a younger one proceeding from the end of the tube. one of the animals diffeG@ed longitodinally to fhew the infide magnified. . Actinia Calendula, pag. 7. 2. 10. oe mammillofum, pag. 179. 2. 5 two cells of the fame magnified and diffected longitudinally to fhew the polypes contracted. Alcyonium ocellatum, pag. 180. x. 6. . One of the Polypes of Alcyonium digitatum, pag. 175. 2. 1. with its tentacula extended. Tas. 2. 5 Gorgonia ceratophyta divefted of its Meth. This affords an inftance of its bone growing over and furrounding one of its former branches, and afterwards covering, as at A. fome Tree Oy- {ters that have adhered to the firft branch. .. a quarter of a horizontal feGion of it. the fame magnified, to fhew the different layers of its growth. 4. An old ftem of Gorgonia verticillata, with fcaly - layers, fhining and hard, like mother of pearl. 6 Ss CO bend 1) WN o > P (EXP AN A TM ON, &e. 193 the top of it magnified. A piece of red Saunders (Lignum Santalum) from the Eaft Indies. , the fame magnified, to fhew the utricular vef- fels interwoven with the longitudinal tubes. . Fluftra foliacea, pag. 12. 7. 2. a little magnified. Tas. 3. . Ifis Hippuris, pag. 105. 7. 2. A. the bone covered with the flefh, full of the cells from whence the polypes are extended. a longitudinal fection magnified, fhewing the bone furrounded by the flefh, and the polypes contracted in their cells. | the flefh feparated from the bone, to fhew the tubes with the holes in them, that fupply the bony part with increafe. | _the crofs fe@ion fhewing the white bone in the center with the tubes furrounding it, and the polypes in their cells on the margin: the in- termediate flefh is full of organical parts, that ferve to receive nourifhment from the mouths, - as well as to give them the power of extend- ing their arms in fearch of it. . one of the polypes contracted ; magnified. . Fluftra carbafea, pag. 14. m. 5. the fame magnified. Tas. 4. | Fluftra verticillata, paz. 15. 2.7. the fame highly magnified. Fluftra bombycina, pag. 14. 2. 6. Cc tan. Fig. B. one of the leaves magnified, to thew the difpo- fition of the cells that compofe it, with their entrances. : | Fig. Bi. the back view of the fame leaf magnified. Fig. c. cx. Cellaria Flabellum, pag. 28. 2. 16. Fig. C. the back-part of the cells magnified. Fig. Cr. the fore-part of the fame magnified. Fig. d. Cellaria cirrata, pag. 29. 2.17. Fig. D. the back-part of the cells magnified. Fig. Dr. the fore-part of the fame magnified, Fig. e. f. Sertularia volubilis, pag. 51. 7. 22. Fig. F. the fame magnified, with its ovaries at E. AAR. &. Fig. a. Cellaria tulipifera, pag..27. #. 15. growing ona Fucus (H.) Fig. A. the fame magnified. Fig. b. Cellaria cereoides, pag. 26. 2.14. Fig. B. fome of the joints magnified, to fhew the fhape of the cells. Fig.C. fome of the joints fupported in the middle by a | tube, from whence the cells grow down- wards, as well as upwards. Fig. D. the crofs fection of a joint, to fhew the con- EXPLANA:TION =: ©F nexiton of the cells. .E. the perpendicular fection, to fhew the difpofi- ticn of the cells. .g. Sertularia quadridentata, pag. 57. 7. 33. adhering to the Fucus lendigerus Linn, (F.) : . G: the fame magnified, Tap. Fig. Fig. Fig, Fig. Fig. Fig. THE PLATES. 195 Tas. 6. a, Sertularia frutefcens, pag. 55. 2. 29. A. the branches magnified, to fhew the denticles. A x. the ftem compofed of many tubes. b. Sertularia Pinafter, pag. 55. 7. 30. B. part of the ftem and branches magnified. Br. the ovaries. c. Sertularia Filicula, pag. 57. 2. 32. C. _ part of the ftem and branches magnified. - Cx, the ovaries. Fig. Fig. Pag Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Tas. 7. . Sertularia Pennatula, pag. 56. 7. 31. a piece of the fame magnified. Sertularia muricata, pag. 59. 7. 36. the fame magnified, to fhew the ovaries full of {harp points. 5. Corallina Peniculum, fag.127. 2. 36. 6. one magnified. 7 8 I 2 3: 4. the top of the young tube, fhewing how the branches rife out of the head of it. one of the branches highly magnified, to fhew the pores on-the calcareous furface. 9. The fuppofed Corallina terreftris ; /ee pag. 127. 10. the fame maenified. a.a.a.a.a. fuppofed fructification, higher eee at b. b. b. b. b. | Tas. 8. 1.2, Pennatula argentea, pag. 66. x. 9. Ee one of the fins extended. 4. Holothuria tremula, Linn. Sy/f. Mat. 1090. Cc 2 Ey ok. 196 Fig. Fig. Fig. ip, Fig. Fig. Fig. EXPLANATION OF 5. one of the fuckers that furround the head, magnified. 6. A fea-animal found near the iflands of ee TAs. Q. . 1. Sertularia frutefcens furrounded by the Alcyonium gorgonoldes, pag. 181. 7. 8. . 2. the Jame maonitied. . 3.4. The bone of the ftem of Ifis iS bNiis fawed. afunder, to fhew the infide growth. | . 5 The infide of the Gorgonia ceratophyta, to fhew that the medulla is {topt at each branch by a {eptum. . 6. the fame magnified, to fhew the figure of the medulla. . 7. The infide of a {prig of a lime-tree, to fhew that the medulla is continued. . 8. the fame magnified, to fhew the figure of the medulla. Tas. 10. Gorgonia Umbraculum, pag. 80. 7.1. RBS EI.. Gorgonia flammea, pag. 80. 7. 2. Tas. 12. . Gorgonia viminalis, pag. 82. 2. 5. 2. Gorgonia ceratophyta, pag. 81. 2. 4. 3. one of the Polypes magnified. 4. A piece of Millepora cerulea, pag. 142. 20. 5: Ifis coccinea, pag. 107. 7. 3. : Tas. im B&B GW & Ps . Gorgonia Briareus, pag. 93. 7. 20% the fpicule of which: the bone is compofed ;: T Hoe UP e. Ae! se Oe Ape ee . Gorgonia lepadifera, pag. 84. 2. 8. the cell of one of the polypes, covered with {cales, magnified. . Gorgonia pretiofa, pag. 90. 2.16. At the bafe, where it adheres to the rock,, the fleth is taken. off, to fhew the form of the bone. a {pecimen fent from Dr. Donati in. fpirits ; magnified. . Madrepora axillaris, pag. 153. m. Fr. Tas. I4. magnified.. Gorgoma pinnata, pag. 87. 2. 11. AR. Ee. Gorgonia exferta,. fag. 87. 2. 12.. one of the polypes magnified. - Gorgonia patula, pag. 88. n. 13.. a piece of the fame magnified. Lepas dor/alis, tefta quinquevalvi corpus. tegente bafi fquamofa, valvulis lateralibus levibus ; dorfali rotundata tranfverfim rugofa,. {tipite. {quamulofo. From the Mufquito fhore: Lepas fa/cicwlaris, tefta quinquevalvi levi corpus tegente, valvula dorfali bafi dilatata: angulo: acuto prominente, ftipite nudo.. From St. George’s Channel.,. 3 Fig..2. ” 197 & 98 EXPLANATION OF Fig. 7. 8. Balanus clavatus, tefta elongata clavata: ori- ficio dilatato hiante. : From Newfoundland. Fig..9.10. Clio Jimacina, nuda, corpore obconico. Phippss FV oyage towards the North es peg. 1Q5. From Newfoundland. Tas. 16, Gorgonia abietina, pag. 95. 1. 22. ‘Taz. 17. Gorgonia reticulata. Tas. 18. No explanation of this plate was found:in Mr. Ellis’s papers. Tas. 19. r. Antipathes fpiralis, pag. gg. m. 1. 2 the fize of the little warts that are on the furface. Fig. 3. the fame foaked in water. , 4. 5. the fame highly magnified. Fig. 6. the crofs fection magnified. Fig, 7. eS Ulex, pag. 100. 7.2. Fig. 8. a piece of it magnified. Fig. g. Antipathes fubpinnata, pag. 101. x. 3. Fig. ro. a {mall {prig magnified. Fig. 11. Antipathes myriophylla, pag. 102. . 4. Higsa2. a {mall {prig magnified, TAR ae THE PLATES. Tas. 20. Corallina tridens, pag. 109. 7. 1. om .b. Corallina Opuntia, pag. rro. 2. 2¢ . c. Corallina Monile, pag. 110. 7. 3. d, . Corallina. incraflata, pag. Vl. 4.4. .dz. a fingle joint of it. -Dx. the fame magnified. rd2. theinfide. | D2. the fame magnified, to fhew the branched’ fibres that end in.cells on the furface. ig. d3. the crofs fection of the joint. .D 3. the fame magnified, to fhew the growth of the trumpet- chee calts. D4. part of the furface highly magnified, to fhew” the cavities of fome of the cells, and. fome of. their covers cracked, -Ds. oneof the polypes-out of the cell. gy. D6. the furface of the Coralline, where the covers - to the cells are intire.. .e. Corallina Puna, pag. 111. 2. 5. ‘Pare ox . a. Corallina palmata,. pag. r18. 7. 20. . A. part of the fame magnified. . bs Corallina fubulata,. pag. LEQ. 72: °2:3;: . B. part of the fame magnified. . c. Corallina.granifera, pag. 120. 7. 24. .C. part of the fame magnified. .d. Corallina fragiliffima, pag. 123. 2. 29, _ Fig. e. Corallina Tribulus, pag. 124. 7. 31. FE ig. f. Corallina cufpidata, pag. 124. 7. 30. g. Corallina lapidefcens, pag. 112. 7..8. Hy Fig. h. ae Fig. Fig. EX PLAN AT IOIN’ OF h. Corallina Rofarium, pag: 111. 2. 6, | H. two joints magnified, the upper, to fhew the form and difpofition” of the cells, and the ~ lower the calcareous part broken open, to fhew the inner great tube, with the branches of cells coming from it, that pafs through the _ calcareous part, ending like trumpets onthe furface, ce bs ang see Fig. H3. one of the branches highly magnified, to thew the figure of the cells, and ovary between them. , Pio. Hi.) the-ovary. Fig. Hr. ene of the eggs, Pas. 22. Fig. 1. Corallina oblongata, pag. 114. 7. 10. Fig. 2. Corallina obtufata, pag. 113. 7. 9. Fig. 3. Corallina rugofa, pag. 115. 7. 13. Fig. 4. Corallina cylindrica, pag. 114. . 11. Fig. 5. Corallina fruticulofa, pag. 116. 2. 16. Fig. 6. Corallina marginata, pag. 115. 2. 12. Fig. 7. Corallina indurata, pag. 116. 7.15. Fig. 8. Corallina lichenoides, pag. 116. m. 14, Fig. g. Corallina lapidefcens, pag. 112. u. 8. Tas. 23. Fig. 1. Millepora truncata, pag. 141. 2. 18. ; Fig. 2. the top of a branch magnified. Fig. 3. a perpendicular fection. Fig.4. a horizontal fedtion. Fig.5. one of the polypes in its cell. Fig. 6, | another view of a polype coming out of its cell. Fig. 7. Fig. Fig. | Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. big. Fig. ee THE PLATES. | ion 7. the operculum raifed up. 8. the operculum clofing the cell. g. Millepora decuffata, pag. 131. 2.3. - 40. Millepora lichenoides, pag. 13%. m. 4. tz. a fmall piece of it broken off. 12. the fame magnified, to fhew the ranges of the cells, as they are difpofed over one another. 13. Millepora calcarea, pag. 129. m. 1. 14. Corallina offiicimalis,. pag. 118. 2. 21. 15. ajoint cut through the middle, and magnified, to fhew that the cells are nearly alike to thofe of the three ee {fpecies of Millepores. Ha ou .A. Corallina Flabellum, pag. 124. 2. 32. in its firft {tate. .B. the fame with three feries of increale, asin the fhells of Oyfters, &e. .C. the fame much farther advanced, when-it be- gins to divide into lobes, | Santen fold over each other. .D. the fame beginning to branch from the ftem. ‘Pas. 20. Corallina Peniculum, pag. 127. 7. 36. full grown. . Corallina Phenix, pag. 126. 7. 34. one of the branches magnified. Corallina Penicillus, pag. 126. 7. 35. avariety of the fame, with larger branches. one of the branches magnified. . Corallina conglutinata, pag. Wo) 7h. + 33: Dd TAB. 202 EXPLANATION OF Tas. 26. No explanation of this rae was found i in Mr, El- lis’s papers. DAES 274 Tubipora mufica, pag. 144. Tas. 28. Fig. 1—4. Madrepora Patella, pag. 148. x. 1. Fig. 5.6. Madrepora Fungites, pag. 149. 7. 2. Fig. 7. Madrepora Cyathus, pag. 150. 1. 3. Tas. 20. Madrepora Anthophyllites, gag. 151. . 4. LAB. 20. Dis. 4. Madrepora fafcicularis, pag. 151. 7. 5 Fig. 2. a piece of it magnified. Taz. 31. Fig. Madrepora feriata, pag. 171. #. 75: Fig. a piece of it magnified. Fig. 3. Macrepora criftata, pag. 158. m2. 27. x. 2 3 Fig. 4. a piece of it magnified. 5. Madrepora flexuofa, pag. 151. m. 6. 6 | a piece of it magnified. ALA, Bes No explanation of this plate was ue - Fig. 3—8. are copied from the Philofophical — Tranfactions, Vol. 47. tab. 4. | ee Dae. Big. £52, PE Pe ACE's. | Tas. 3 Ze Madrepora faftigiata, pag. 152. mn. 8. TAB. 34. Madrepora angulofa y. pag. 152. 7.9. | BAe 35. Madrepora Carduus, pag. 153. 7. 10. a han 36. Madrepora virginea, pag. 154. 7. 13. GA AB, 27 ie hirtella, pag. 15 5. m. 16, Tas. 38: Madrepora rameay pag. 155. 2. 17. Tas. 39. Madrepora afpera, pag. 156. . 21. Tas. 4.0. Madrepora undata, pag. 157. 7. 23. “PAs. 41. | Madrepora ampliata, pag. 157. 7. 24. EAB. 4:2. Madrepora cucullata, pag. 157. 2. 25. Dd 2 "EP Ae. 203 204 Fig. Fig. 4.5. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. | Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. r. 6. 7. 8. BAR ATMO a SO NiO Tas. 43% Madrepora cinerafcens, pag. 157. 2. 26. TAB. 44. Madrepora Ladtuca, pag. sgh m.. 28. Tal 45. 'Madrepora Pileus, pag. 159. x. 31. oT AB. AG. .1. 2. Madrepora dedalea, pag. 163. 7: 43. g. 3.4. Madrepora labyrinthica, pag. 160. 1. 34. Tas. 47. Madrepora porites, pag.172. 2.77. Madrepora areolata, pag. 161. 7. 36. Madrepora Ananas, pag. 168. 7. 64. Madrepora galaxea, pag. 168. m. 67. Madrepora radiata, pag. 169. 7. 71. SPAR. Aa. . Madrepora meandrites, pag. 161. 7. 37. Madrepora phrygia, pag. 162. 2. 40. Tas. 49. . Madrepora denticulata, pag. 166. 7. 56. . Madrepora fiderea, pag. 168. 2.66. . Madreporaexela, pag. 161. . 38. Tas. 50. | MMadieaet favofa, pag. 167. m. 61. . Madrepora abdita, pag. 162. 7. 39. TAB. RMR Le Be He SE Be i 205 Tas. “a, Madrepora gyrola, pag. 163. u. 44. | Taz. 52. . Fig. 1. Madrepora foliofa, pag. 164. 1. 50. Fig. 2. a piece of it magnified. TAB. 53. Fig. 1. 2. Madrepora annularis, pag. 169. 7. 69.» Fig. 3. 4. Madrepora ftellulata, pag. 165. ~ 52. Fig. 5. 6. Madrepora faveolata, pag. 166. w. 57. _ Fig. 7. 8. Madrepora Pleiades, pag. 169. 2. 68. TAB. 54. Fig. 1. 2. Spongia. Fig. 3.4.5. Madrepora Retepora, pag. 166. a. 58. ee. 5 8. Madrepora rotulofa, pag. 166. 7. 59. Tas. 56. | Madrepora interftin@a, pag. 167. 2. 60. | Tas. 57. Madrepora muricata, pag. 171. 2. o6. as iba, 5 Bi, Fig. x. Spongia botryoides, pag. 190. 7. 12. Fig. 2. oneof the branches feparated from the reft. Fig. 3. the fame magnified. ; bs? Fig. 4. 206 EX Pe A A TO, Bc. Fig. 4. the fpines which cover the Gree. highly magnified. F 6 Fig. 5. Spongia prolifera,. pag. 189. ee . Spongia palmata,. pag. 189. ay TO. ; ei . Spongia tubulofa, pag. 188. 7. 9. | fe .Spongia corondta, ‘pag. 190. 1. 13. thé = papriiiads er jt e oe ga e e Tana ‘59. cb ae 4 SF Te" qr oponbes Goin Otahete wath _ Fig. 4. Sponge called the Sea-Fig, eerhdhTed ie einean eonbieo ge fax} Tas.: 60. a The under fide of Afterias Echinites. Star-fith with twenty rays, and two rows of fuckers in each ray, furnifhed with many ‘rows-of large and {mall moveable fpines, like anEchinus. It ‘was brought { from Batavia by Captain W. Web- ber, —: is in the pofieflion of Dr. Fothergill. te Tas. 61. ee. S The back of the fame. a aYe fe Tas. 62. The end of one of the tays of the fame, magaiticd, tO fhew the ae in their fockets. - THE END. Til. Bears ae Tal, 2. : | a Nok Bs Pres ¢ Bi a i Hy = ioe aN ri 6, vex vine er one ce ee ee ie: = FPR ‘ FR CNS 1 / y Cc. ! i I “= \ ; : _ = ~— _ - —— _— ~~ \ Seas ER aS : NS Tere Soret Lal. 16.- eee ee ee 8 lao hy Sa bpd tn +0 aie | = aa a aa Lal, 78. “yy Villy YY Hi L Linu (|| iK\\ \\\ g wae Lil. 19 ; wee PRD com Sly op oes. 7 5 ; i ee Ee Hye Uy Z ie Ye ies Wis Yi thy i esp : Z y ty J v i Z i) ; iis ty; Hy; bi, i 3. Tab. 2 Tmo seen pen, tae = Py R Gat # % ni! rel Tab. 20. ae) hen ml ~~ , i eS aif . D4 ‘ Lil. 28. Y Na \ on ’ ' i So IW ) WX \ ® \ = : N\\\) EN WSS f N\ S \i | HU mm}! Ss RUZ “is cf Nh ‘ Hi; vt \\\ ( \ L \\\\) | \" iy 7 we Th ree : Hy vo & a “ SRS A _ A iy LSS SSS et CSS UM UWEOE SG 7 LG JEEP TOO SE oa ose SSS ia lal: 20). a aes 7 wee ts yy : 4 Deer 2 “a \ 4 = fui: Leoberio dhe foulpar \ HPht : Hil Pe) Hil i uy CG SS Lat ee Py Las Di, ne thee ety ope hal erence I Taes TR ge eeRee kee ; thy OG ST . ; ; a pose ree eet ene ak AH, « wer J * ene A ey ae i fe Pa NaS t “ ret ee : Ea - a eg Lal. 34. 4 wy 4 y at 4 ae VS ¢ ante Lal. 3S. Lat. By. Litt, BY: TN \) At le. ty 5 Paes : MA eum a adam om i sit vs f — = ie =— Ne SS Ry \ de “al a a ame * we (igh a tee, : N = Z . = = = ~" Mn HH on “ bi Bz 3 aA Be , = S ee 2a Af Myatt ‘ Me ss . 4 A | it Mi . im z “ =. a == \\ i? by é Z Ge cers or vies =~ eS df Se Ge: il ene a i, \\ ig ee aot eC = : | ‘hf ©. AGE ° om mee = =a ee 2 \ a « iy ll i — ™ c x ee Ze me om z SS Wd fy f “ile a If | yo ‘A ane a i re ( hint il <5 wl 7 a = Mi cay ira “ - | a se < WW bong, ene i a : "e963 ty — a ~ = ell _t (i = oo i = i = iy <= ‘ hal) i) hy, YW) ins, aR ot . . ~ Og et Cgig eye Sarat cred Seartres Tal. 42. 25 Set ceagat lees cael ot feilfftil- . & « Z, Pet Bipate Lil. “es td 3 te4 ef forel fifi delinear i ; 3, Lal. 44. Lil £5. eee maverh et [— Joares Aoterte Leliiz. ch Toul. Ht aN WAR > Tut nth, oktil toe Lil. 46. - Bet sts Ue oie eter oe ~ . ai ‘ NS “i 2 Za LO. 4. , ‘ VY . Pest adtiadeasiia. Litt. GO. TM, + : tie } " 4; ¥ = es cs. aI Lal. 51 it RS al - Li aes e bs . Lab. 52. ARKR ARMY NAVAL SAY iN \) se ae NCAA lees a ‘ AN g ‘I f see SAI AN AREAS TN % uta ton dri HINYINN AA NY MWY \\y" f i I ie Ms if) ] i ‘yj aH HM Ee ae DEAN SARA BAAS Sn ‘Eyer ; : = ar A, a lad eevwcvit af eel fester. ha * ee aRIPRO RET ASEoE eee eaT re an R ii Cays ARAN Ge ol s gy WOU SA Sete UR RTO Og 1 YAR Pe sie oeetiea at tla Sityhat’ \ Ba La eat ea MIR WH i EU RY REC ery a I tk « A SPR e : SSA RENE SAAS Fass ew MARS NE COQ . ROR At N\\ins WA lgeeen poate ae Vat! ih a een yy se aes a hy : aN Ny one erent ae = f we 7 Lal. FI, y i eee = <3 “e aaa ~ : Fab, 5B PA AS ny Ae | SRA ite Tal. 50. Tah. O60, ——— * oe ” ¢ vf = Litt: —=-., » ) a | \\t Wy SS | ; S i WI) Z SENG AS = mA ' i 0 ae one pas TTIET Ye Qh 27 gt a RTH. pe oe es om Si eee en eee ee es - w Tal. 62. . mat: a . = ary” b+ oe he =e Lab, shy Ley niu fle of Sears iit _ near CheLiléarid Brooking clin, | Ye blared Zee urrouted titi ahucus ound tia the Sea Olntl eo 7) eae , f- Mynde fe “KG ‘ ied a pea gt taba gegen l 4 6 ee tee Aa ™ i 8 ht = aS Ait: Walker delin et deulp : Tepades Pedate . 2 ! a . P 4 . " as 4 1, Lepas nuda carnos aurita______\j. Naked fleshy Garuicle with Cari \ 7. SP ediadus Ceti (7.9 Fdem veverid.. \p heb. hates Lousels a\Shewnderside, — / A, Cyusdem fabs Liper ior Pua, _.--___a TS he castle of tlhe tipper parla the etree: BL alyciyornis Oriental... NS, She Cast India ct Sica WLBarnicle th. Gormmen aires gulerudne ? A: earn ( : bhe wlornal opergeg of the Oar Ng. Sentiialidyormed,. The Bellshapid Gariiwle. 10.Garhe(2.d\ Protests el (2.0) OF. _—--eFhe Plumes a. \Srinckoand Utouilh We Sidipiyoruid ex Covallio pilvo...___ |. SheFred Coral Fulip Burnicle, 14. Dens tervitlud, quorum velo Fund ___._ phi tdan edgd loolle oft Vuohtereare 3 Nu. Fustalosaconecaua\cadene peverta.___\ he pupy copucal Barwildis the upulerrile: Ag. tdene per, MtoraFCa Pulm Vest , eThe tame pagpijied, _.______\e. VerrucaTesttadinariie wvadern vevorsa a, Tht: lindo Wart yaa\She upderwite, th Zeapud tongutiudinaliter difacctiit_ Wi. The Stem cut ip two tengihmayNyJerua larcruAmercantys seuden alalere V3, SneAmerivin Grab Wart §Shedime Sidenrays. 2. Sealpellum Noiwegicums Kerelaphylin\s, Spe Noprva y Seite Pentre. Wa. Copensta ore ob ligudgavum qperculis cornulis v4. Shelapesidemoulte Garnicleyy devithopniteaern sackiem per Mecroscapuun visine__ |paThe Jame inignupied. ipa Subirerales Caper, Oe WUROTE, 5. 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