-^^•1 J-'^^z. ^ LIBRARY OF ie85_l©5e mr- T H E NATURAL HISTORY O F BRITISH INSECTS; EXPLAINING THEM IN THEIR SEVERAL STATES, WITH THE PERIODS OF THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS., THEIR FOOD, OECONOMY, &c. TOGETHER WITH THE HISTORY OF SUCH MINUTE INSECTS AS REQUIRE INVESTIGATION BY THE MICROSCOPE. THE WHOLE ILLUSTRATED BY COLOURED FIGURES, DESIGNED AND EXECUTED FROM LIVING SPECIMENS, By E. DONOVAN. VOL. VI. LONDON: Printed for the Author, Aod for F, and C. PvIvington, N° 62, St. Paul's Chwrch-Yard, MDCCXCVII. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH INSECTS. PLATE CLXXXL PHALiENA SYRINGARIA. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed whcR at reft. Fly by night. Geometra. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AKD s r N o N r M s. Wings angulated, indented, fine light grey, with fhades of flefh colour and brown : a brown mark acrofs the Wings, which in an expanded Infe6l forms a feftoon. PhaLuENA Syringaria: pedinicornis, alis fuberofis, omnibus grifeo flavefcentibus, ftrigis repandis fufcis albifque. Fab. Syji. Ent, 622. 13.— %<:. Inf, 2. 244. 17.-* Linn, SyJi. Nat. 2. 860. 2o6, B 2 Phalana 4 PLATE CLXXXI. Phalana peflinicornis, alls margine finuatus, fulvo, nigro, fufco rofeoque marmoratis, fingulis fubtus pundlo nigro, fuperioribus extremo dilatato, recurvis. Geoff. Inf. 2. 126. 32. Roef. Inf. I. phaL 3. tab. 10. The Englifh name has been given to this Moth by feme colle£lors, on account of its being found a local fpccies, and moft frequent in Richmond park. The Larva of this Infecl has a very fingular appearance, to which the hook on the back greatly contributes when it is nearly full fed and going into the pupa ftate. It feeds on the Jafmine and Lilac, and does not thrive well on any other plants. It is in the Caterpillar ftate in April, changes to chryfalis in May : the Fly comes forth in June. PLATE [ 5 ] PLATE CLXXXII. MELOE MONOCEROS. Horned Meloe. coleoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennas globular, laft globule oval. Thorax roundifli. Elytra ibft. Head gibbous. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND Sr NO NT MS, Thorax pointed like a horn over the head. Shells brown, with a longitudinal ftreak and fpot on each. Meloe MoNOCEROS : Linn. SyJ}. Nat. 2. 68l. 14. NoTOXUs MoNOCEROS : thorace in cornu fupra caput protenfo» elytris pun6lo fafciaque nigris. Fab. Syji. Ent. Tom. I. 211. 6. Notoxus. Geoff. Inf. I. 356. tah. 6. fig. 8- Attelabus Monoceros , Lin. Fn. Sv. 638. Schaff. lain. tab. 188./^. 3. Linnasus feems to have found much difficulty in determining the genus of this infeilj once placing it amongft the Attelabi of his fyftem, and thence removing it to the Meloe tribe. Geofrroy has an- other generical name, notoxus ^ and this Fabricius has adopted in his lad work. This 6 PLATE CLXXXII. This is certainly a moft fingular Infe£l, and altogether unlike any other we know of in England. We cannot fay whether it feeds on any particular food, or what are its peculiarities, for we have only feen one fpecimen befides that from which the annexed drawing is taken ; and the only information we receive from the authors above quoted is, that it is a native of Europe j and is found on umbelli- ferous plants. It was taken in May. Fig. I. the natural fize. Fig. 2. magnified. PLATE "^2 [ 9 ] PLATE CLXXXIII. PHAL^NA CAMELINA. Dark Prominent Moth. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antenna taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexcd when at reft. Fly by night. ' Bomhyx, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND Sr NO NT MS. Firft wings fine ruft colour, with two oblique waves acrofs : in- dented edges : pofterior margin, with one large and one fmall tuft prominent on the upper part of the Infed when at reft. Phalana Camelina : alls deflexisdenticulatisbrunneis: omnibus denticulo dorfali. Linn. Syjf. Nat. 2. 832. 80. — Fn. Sv. 1 145. Fab. Ent. Syjl. 3. p. 450. 133, IVi'en. Verz. 63. 3. Roef. Inf. I. phal. 2. iah. 28. The Caterpillar of this Moth is found in Auguft, on the leaves of the Oak, Willow, Lime, &cc. The Moth comes forth late in May, or early in June« PLATE II PLATE CLXXXIV. PAPILIO ARION. Mazarine blue Butterfly. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae clubbed. Wings when at reft, eredt. Fly by day, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND s r N o N r M s> Above brown, di(k of the wings fine blue, with black fpots. Beneath grey, with a number of fmall eyes. Papilio Arion: alls fupra fufcus : difco coeruleo ; maculls atris, fubtus canis : pun6lis ocellaribus. Linn. Syji. Nat, 2. 789. 230. — Fn. Sv. 1073. Hefperla Arion. Fab. Ent. SyJi. 3. 293. 118. Roef. Inf. 3. tab. 45. fig- 3- A- Schaff. Icon, tab. 98. Jig. 5. 6. Efp, pap. I . tab. 20. jig. 2. P^jpilio Arion is a very fcarce Infefl in this country ; and it does not appear to be much more common in any other part of Europe. The authors quoted above have given figures or defcriptions of it, but are entirely ignorant of its larva, or pupa ; and Fabricius, who has felecled the obfervations of all the preceding authors who have de- fcribed it, fays only, Habitat in Europa Pratis. C 2 Mr. 12 PLATE CLXXXIV. Mr. Lemon, a colIe6lor of eminence fome years (Ince, met with it in England. We have a fpecimen which was taken by him, as appears from a note with it. Roefel's figure is of a finer blue than any we have feen ; but we have no doubt of its being a moft bril- liant Infe<3 in a recent ftate. PLATE f [ 13 ] PLATE CLXXXV. FIG. I. CHRYSOMELA CALMARIENSIS. COLEOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennze knotted, enlarging towards the ends. Corfelet margined. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Oblong : yellow : a longitudinal ftreak of black down each fhell. Cmrysomela Calmariensis : cblongiufcula ferruginea, elytris macula longitudinali nigricante. Linn. Syji. Nat. 2. 600. lOI. Crlocerls Calmarienjis : ovata cinerea, elytris vitta lineolaque bafeos nigris. Fab. Syji. Ent. 1 19. 4. — Spec. Inf. i. 150. 6. GaUeruca pallida, thorace nigro variegato, elytris fafciis duabus lon- gitudinalibus nigris. Geoff. Inf, I. 253. 3.— aJm/z, Roem. Inf. tab. 3. fig. 16. Fabricius fays, this Infefl lives on the Willow and Alder. It li found in every part of Europe, but is fcarce in England. It is a very pretty fpecies. The underfide has rather a bronze appearance : above, in recent fpecimens, the light colour is very C 3 jfine 14 PLATE CLXXXV. fine yellow, but turns brown afterwards : the flripes down the elytra are not deep black, but have a greenifh tint. — Taken in May. Length a quarter of an inch. F I G. II. MYCETOPHAGUS QUADRIMACULATUS. Fungus Beetle with four Spots. coleoptera. G'ENERIC CHARACTER. Palpi four, unequal. Maxilla membranaceous, with a tooth or fpine. Lip round, entire. Antennas gradually enlarge towards the end. Fab. Gen. Inf. SPECIFIC CHARACTER Entirely black, except one large yellow brown fpot on the bafe of the elytra, and another near their extremities. Mycetophagus Quadrimaculatus : rufus thorace elytrifque nigris, his maculis duabus rufis. Fab. Ent: Syji. /. 2. n. I. p. 497. Ips Maculata. Fab. Manf. Inf. i. n. 8. p. 45. Tritoma. Geoffr. Inf. t, i. p. 335. tab. 6. Jig. 2. e. f. Silphoides boleti. Herbfi. Archiv. 4 tes. Heft. 2. ii. ^. 41. tab. 21. h- 51- JJer Viergefleckte Pfiflerkafer. Pan-z>. Faun. Inf. Germ. Three fpecimens of this rare fpecies were found together, con- cealed in the porous part of the Honey-comb Boletus *. According to Herbfi. Archiv. it is ufually found on plants of this genus. It is not fcarce in. Germany. * Boletus Celhilofus. The PLATE CLXXXV. i^ The vaft addition of new fpecies of Infe6ls that Fahrlc'ms has made in his latter works, renders it difficult, and in fome inftances impoflible, to refer them to the fyftem of Linnceus ; and though we would at all times more willingly refer any new kind to that fyflem, and quote the Fabrician account amongfl: the fynonyms, than adopt the new generic diftindions of Fabricius, or any other author, we muft not facrifice propriety to prediledlion. If Linnaeus himfelf had noticed many of the newly difcovered kinds, he muft have altered and improved his fyftem to admit them \ which is a great excufe for Fabricius having made fo many genera. The little Infedl before us may be referred to the Silpha genus of Linnasus ; but as his definition of the Silphx has been fubjeded to fo many objections and amendments of later authors, we forbear placing it amongft them. Linnaeus has made no diftindion between fuch fpecies as have perforated antennae, and thofe with antennae increafing in bulk from the bafe to the end t, thereby induding S. Vejp'tllo with S. thoracica and S. obfcura, though in an early edition of the Fauna Sueclcuy S. Fefpillo was amongft the Scarabm, and the two laft with the Cajfida. Schoeffer divided the Silphae of Linnaeus into two genera, Silpha and Peltis. Geoffroy arranged fome of them amongft his DermeJiideSj and formed his genus Peltis of fuch as have the thorax and elytra ftrongly margined, and perfoliated antennas. Geoffroy defcribed our prefent fubjed under the name Tritoma. Fabricius afterwards, in his Mantiffa, arranged it under Ips^ a new genus, formed from part of the Silpha of Linnceus and Dermeftides of Geoffroy. In the Entomologia Syftematica, he has again feparated the Ips, and made Mycetophagus a new genus of fifteen fpecies, in which he includes this Infed. f Silpha Antenna extrorfum craffiores. Elytra marglnata. Caput promlnens. Thorax planiufculus, marginatus. L'mn, Gen, Ir.j. C 4- To l6 PLATE CLXXXV. To thofe who have adopted the fyftem of Fabricius, it is unne, ceflary to fay, that the fundamental part of his arrangement is taken from the mouth of the Infeil, which certainly is obje6lionable, be- caufe that part is dry, and very frequently injured or deftroyed in Infefts that have been long in a cabinet, and is very fmall in mofl kinds when alive ; fo that, though we have followed his arrangement in the generic definition, we have been lefs prolix than a full eluci- dation of it might require. The figures in the annexed plate 2. 2. reprefent the natural fize and magnified appearance. PLATE /^c [ 17 ] PLATE CLXXXVI. PAPILIOHERO. Scarce Meadow-brown Butterfly. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antenna clubbed. Wings, when at reft, eredl. Fly by day. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Wings entire : brown above. Beneath, a large black eye near the anterior margin of the firft wings : fix fmaller eyes on the fecond Wings. Papij-io Hero: alis integerrimis fulvis : fubtus anticis ocello, porticis r.nis. Linn. Syji. Nat. 2. 793. 253. — Fn, Sv. \o^q.—Fab. Ent. SyJi. 3. p. 222. 695. Papi'io Hero. PFien. l^erz. 168. 13. Papilio Typhon. Efp. pap, tab. 35. fig. 3. 4. This is a local fpecies: it is very abundant in fome marfhy parts of Lancafhire ; but we have not leurnt that it has been taken in any other part of" the kingdom. Many of the curious in London are particulai'iy indebted to Mr. Phillips, of Manchefter, for enriching their cabinets with FuptUo Hero ; for, though it is a plain In fed, it is efteemed for its rarity, few Entomologifts having travelled into that part of the country to colle£l Infeds. PLATE ^^ I [ 19 ] PLATE CLXXXVII. PHALiENA EXOLETA. Sword Grass Moth. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. NoSfua, Antennae in both fexes, like a briftle. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Thorax crefted. Wings lance-fhaped, varied with grey and brown, a kidney-fhaped fpot in the middle : four white fpots on the anterior margin. Phal^na Exoleta : criftata, alis lanceolatis convolutis fufco cinereoque nebulofis, pundis quatuor marginalibus albis. Fab. Syji. Ent. 617. 116. — Spec. Inf. 2. 239. 144. The beautiful Caterpillar of this Moth is found on Sword Grafs in Auguft. Though its trivial name implies that it is peculiar to this 20 PLATE CLXXXVn. this plant, feveral others are mentioned by authors as proper food for it, amongft thefe are the Bell flower *, Orach t, and common Pea. The Moth appears in May : frequents marfhy places. • Campanula* f Atriplex. PLATE Z6 C 21 ] PLATE CLXXXVIIL HEMEROBIUS CHRYSOPS. Neuroptera. Wings four, tranfparent, reticulated. Tail without a fting. GENERIC CHARACTER, Mouth armed with two teeth and four palpi. Wings defledled. Antennas fetaceous. Thorax convex. GENERIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS, Greenifh. Wings tranfparent, reticulated, with dark fpots. Hemerobius Chrysops : virldi nigroque varius, alis hyalinis : venis viridibus ; lineolis nigris reticulatis. Linn, Syji, Nat. 2. 912. 4. — Fn. Sv. 1505. Geof, Inf. 2. 254. 2. Fa5. Ent. Syji. t. 2. 83. /. 6. Frifch. Inf. 4. 40. tab. 23. Roef. Inf. 3. tab. 2.1. fig. 4. Sulz. Hifi. Inf. tab. 25. fig. I. This Infeft was formerly held in great efteem amongft the Englifh colledlors, on account of its rarity ; and has been piirchafed for their cabinets at a confiderable price *. The late Mr. Bentley, who * Half a guinea was the ufual price for a pair of them. had 12 PLATE CLXXXVm. had been more than twenty years endeavouring to make his cabinet the moft complete in England, never met with it. About three years fince, they were taken in great plenty near London, both at Batterfea and Highgate ; and have been met with in other places fmce that time. Like the Ephemeras, and other gaufe-wing Infers, it delights in moift; places, particularly among the reeds. The larva is unknown, but we fuppofe that it lives in that (late in the water ; and which moft likely it does not leave till it becomes a winged creature. The larva of fome fpecies of thi$ genus feed on the fmaller kinds of Infects. The wings are the moft pleafing objeds for the microfcope that can be imagined: the reticulations and feathered edges are fo tranf ' parent, that they may be examined with the deepeft magnifiers, which is an advantage few obje£ls of fuch a fize poffefs. The magnified figure is given, with the natural fize in the annexed plate. Fabricius has erroneoufly quoted the feventh and eighth figure of the fifth plate of Scbaffers hones, which is certainly no other than the common kind, Hemorobius perla, and which is fo often found in gardens with a fine golden eye. The figure quoted in Sulzer and Roefel 2igrc& with our fpecimen. PLATE I ^3 ] PLATE CLXXXIX. PHALiENA MENTHRASTtRL Spotted White Moth. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. /Lnt^nnx taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night, Bwnbyx, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND srNONrMS. White with black fpots. Abdomen orange, with black fpots. Phal^na Menthrastri : alis deflexis albis nigro fubpun6latls, abdominis dorfo fulvo nigro pundlato, femoribus anticis luteis. Fai. Ent. Syji. T. 3. /•. I. 452. 140. Bombyx Menthraftri. PFien. Verz 54. 2. — Roef. Inf, i Phal. 2. /. 460 Enoch. Beytr, 3. tab. 2. Jig. $. 13. This Infei.~Fah. Spec. Inf. 2. 232. lig.^Enl. Syji. I. 3. p. 2. 98. 290. PhaJana feticornis fpirilinguis, alis deflexis, fuperioribus fufcis, lineis tranfverfis undulatis nigris, inferioribus ferrugineis. Geoff. Inf. 2. 160. 99, Phalana media, alis longis anguftis, exterioribus linealis et areolis nigris, albis atro rubentibus tranfverfis pulcre depiilis, interioribus obfcure rubris. Rnj. Inf. 159. 9. The fingular pyramidal protuberance on the "pofterior part of the Caterpillar has furnifhed an excellent fpecific name for the perfect Infed. It is found on the Oak, Sallow, and Blackthorn in May ; E 2 changes 2* PLATE CXCIII. changes to the pupa ftate the firft week in June ; the Moth comes forth in July. The Caterpillar fpins a fine white filken web between two or three leaves in the manner reprefented in the plate at Fig. i. Fig. 2. the chryfalis, which the web envelopes. Phalana pyramidea is not a common fpecies in this country. PLATE C 33 ] PLATE CXCIV. CHRYSOMELA FASTUOSA. COLEOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antennas like a necklace of beads, encreafing in bulk toward* the ends. No margin round the elytra or thorax. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNO NTMS. Oval, fhining like gold, with three longitudinal ftripes of blue ort the fliells. Chrysomela FASTUOSA ; ovata aurea, coleoptris lineis tribus coeruleis. Fab. Syjl. Ent. loi. 36. — Spec, Inf. I. 124. 48.— Iw/7. SyJl. Nat. 2. 588. 1 8. Chryfojnela viridis nitida, timrace antice excavato, fafciis elytrorum longitudinalibus coeruleis. Geoff, hif. i. 261. 11. Coccinella fujluoja. Scop. Ent. cam. 232. This beautiful Infcd is rarely taken in England : we fometimes receive it from Germany, where it is more common ; a variety of it is alfo a native of North America. E 3 The 34 PLATE CXCIV. The natural fize is fhewn at Fig, i. In fome fpecimens blue is the predominant colour, in others a fine bronze or golden hue; tho fexcs are diftinguiflied by the colours in many inflances. PLATE ?^ [ 35 ] PLATE CXCV. SPHINX ZONATA. Red-belted Sphinx, Lepidopteba. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antennas thlckeft in the middle. Wings when at reft deflexed. Fly flow, morning and evening only. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Wings tranfparent, veined, margined with a band, or ftreak of black. Abdomen bearded at the extremity, black ; with one fegment in the middle, red. This is clearly an undefcribed Infecl. It bears the ftrongeft affinity to the Sphinx Tipuliformis of Linnaeus ; but as the zone or belt of red colour is an unerring diftindion of our Infeft, it cannot belong to that fpecies. Fabricius having feparated the Linnasan fphinges into three new genera, Sphinx y Sejia^ and Zygaena^ this Infeft mufl: be included under the genus Sefia of his fyftem ; two of the fpecies he has defcribed under that head, S. culiciformis and t.'nthrediniformis bear fome refemblance to our Sphinx ZonatUy but arc certainly diftindl fpecies. Sphinx Zonata is rare in England ; the natural fize is fhewn at Fig. I. of the annexed plate. The fine purple appearance of the body difappears in fpecimens that have been kept long in a cabinet. ^4 PLATE %^ [ 37 ] PLATE CXCVI. PHAL^NA WAUARIA. L, or Gooseberry Moth. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antenna taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER STNONTMS, Wings grey : four black, irregular ftripes on the interior part of the upper wings j one refembling letter L. Phal^na Wauaria : pedinicornis, alis cinereis, anticis fafcils quatuor nigris abbreviatis inasqualibus, Linn, Syji. , Nat. 2. 863. 2ig.—Fn. Sv. 124.S.— -Fad. Spec. Inf. 2. 249. 43. Phalana minor, alis amplis cinereo albicantibus 4 in exteriorum margine maculis linearibus e rufo nigricantibus. Raj. Inf. 179. Merian Eur op. I. tab. 25. fig. 151. Frfch. Inf. T,. tab. -i. fig. 1, Roef Inf. I. phal. 3. tab. 4. IVilh Pap. 52. tab. 2. a. 2. Amm'iral. Inf. tab, 13. fig. 2. 3. Except 38 PLATE CXCVI. Except Phaltsna Grojfularlata *, figured in the early part of this •work, few fpecics are more common than this, on the fmaller kiads of fruit trees, but particularly the Goofeberry. Harris calls it the L Moth from a fuppofed refemblance of that letter in fome of the dark marks on the upper wings. The young Caterpillars appear almofl: as early as the leaves, and change to chryfalis late in may ; in this (late they remain about twenty days before the Moth is produced. * Currant Moth, PLATE / y r 39 ] PLATE CXCVIL S I R E X G I G A S. Largest Tailed Wasp. Hymenoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Two ftrong jaws. Palpi two. Antennae filiform, of about twenty-four joints. Sting projedled, ferrated like a faw. Abdo- men terminate in a fpine. Wings lance-fliaped. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND sTNONrms. Abdomen of nine fegments ; the 3, 4, 5, 6, black ; the others yellow. Thorax hairy. SiREX Gicas abdomine ferrugineo : fegmentis. 3. 4. 5. 6 nigris, thorace villofo. Linn. Syji. Nat. 2. 928. i.— . Fn. Sv. JS73- Fab, Ent. SyJi. 2. />. 124. 139. Roef. Inf. 2. Vefp. tab. 8. 9. Sulz. Inf. tab. 18. fig. 114. S chaff. Icon tab. i. fig. 2. 3. Reaum. Inf. 6. tab. 31. fig. i. 2. Degeer Inf. i. /«3. 36. /^. i. 2. ^V/^. il/tt/. 4, /rt/^. 53. fig. 15. The 40 PLATE CXCVII. The Si rex genvis, as it {lands in the Entomologla Syjlematica of Fabricius, inchides only twenty-fix fpecies ; thefe are chiefly Euro- pean Infects ; but very few are natives of this country. The Sirex Gigas is found in the north of Europe ; it has been taken in England, but very rarely : Yeats and Berkenhout mention it as a Britifh fpecies, and we have been informed that it is fometimes taken in Scotland. It is likely to be met with in Pine forefts, as the female feems to prefer that wood to depofit her eggs in. As no Englifli Entomologifl has attempted to defcribe the peculiar habits of this tribe of Infects, and tfpecially of Sirex Gigas, the following particulars may be fatisfaclory to our readers. • The extenfive forefts of Germany furnifhed the accurate Roefel with many opportunities of finding and obferving the metamorphofis of Infects that are rarely to be found in other piarts of Europe ; and this enabled him to favour the world with a particular defcription and feries of figures of all the changes of Sirex Gigas, in the Bom- byliorinu et Vefpnrum of his Infe£len Beiujiigung. His figure of the female Infe6l agrees with that we have given ; the male is confi- derably fmaller, and has no (ting*. The fling of the female confifts of three parts, a fheath which divides into two parts or valves, and a fine inRrument fomewhat refembling a needle ; it is with this in- ftrument it wounds its enemies, and the fling is faid to caufe an excruciating pain. The microfcope difcovers this part to be befet with a number of very minute teeth, like the edge of a faw : with this fling the creature can pierce the wood of found trees ; for we fufped, it does not always depofit its eggs in fiich as are decayed, but rather in fuch as win fupply the larva with nourifhmcnt when it is hatchec^ The eggs are laid in clufters of two or three hundred together ; they are of a pale yellow colour, about the thirtieth part of an inch in length, and fhaped like a weaver's fhutlle. The larva lives in the body of the tree, enlarging its habitation as it increafes in fize, for it never leaves the tree till it becomes a winiicd creature. * This is a generical diftinftion. The PLATE CXCVU. 41 The larva when full grown is about an inch and a quarter in leiigth, and as thick as a goofe quill. It is a heavy fluggifh creature, almoft cylindrical, the head very fmall, and the whole of an uniform pellucid yellowilh colour. It has a fmall fpine at the end of the body like thofe by which the larva of fome fpinges are diftinguifhed : this fpine is alfo a ftriking charader in the perfe6l Sirex. In the pupa the form of the winged creature is more vifible than in the larva {late ; it is of a browner colour than the larva, and the rudiment of the fting and legs are very vifible. In the early editions of the Syftema Naturae of Linna£us, the firices are arranged with the ichneumons in one genus ; but later obfervations induced Linnasus to make two genera of them in hig laft works. Geoffrey and Schasffer have added fome particulars to the Linnasan generic character ; thefe principally relate to the num- ber of joints in the tarfi. PLATE ,s^ [ 43 1 PLATE CXCVIIL SCOLOPENDRA FORFICATA. Aptera. WITHOUT WlNGS. GENERIC CHARACTER. The fame number of feet as fegments of the body. Antenna fetaceous. Palpi two, jointed. Body deprefled or flat. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Feet fifteen on each fide. ScOLOPENDRA FoRFiCATA : pedibus utrinque 15. Limj. Syjl. Nat. 2. 1062. 3.— ivz. Sv. 2064. — Geoffr. Inf. 1. 674. i. — Fab. Spec. Inf. 2. 532. 3. — Ent. Syji. 2. 390. 4. ScolopetiAra rufo fufca, pedibus utrinque 15. Degeer Inf. 7. 557. i. tab. Z'^' fig' 12. Siilz, Inf. tab. 24. fig. 155. S chaff. I. pi. 46. 12. This fingular creature not only changes it<; (kin fcveral times ; but, as it advances in age the fegments of which the body is compofed increafe in number : the Infe6t when full grown has nine fuch feg- ments. Linnsus mentions it as a native of America : In many 5 parts 44 PLATE CXCVIII. parts of Europe It is not uncommon : in England it is found under loofe Hones in damp places, and runs fwiftly. Fabricius has made a falfe quotation under this fpecies to the Fundamenta Entomologica of Schaffer ; as errors will occur in the moft accurrate works, we Ihould not deem it neceflary to notice this circumflance, if he had not continued the fame miflake from his Species Infedorum publiihed in 1781 to his laR work Ento- mologia Syftematica, emcnda et autla^ Uc. publifhed in 1 793. — his reference is Schctff. Elem. tab. 3. fig. i. — On examining that part of SchsefFer's works, we find the figure he quotes is a fpider! Scolopendra forficata is given in the 46th plate of Vol. I. of that author's Icones InJeBorum circa Rajiijbonarn indlgenorum^ i3c. as quoted amongft the fynonyms above. The Scolopendra forficata is, we believe, the largeft of the genus found in this country. In many parts of the world, fome kinds are found of a frightful fize and afpe6t; the Scolopendra Morfitans of the Eaft-Indies, is about five inches in length, and as thick as a goofe quill. Sir G. Staunton, in his Hiftorical Account of the EmbalTy to China, mentions the Scolopendras and fcorpions of that country : we have one fpecies of the former from China that ex- ceeds in magnitude every one of the genus we have feen from other parts of the world, and is perhaps the largeil known ; it is near one foot in length, and is about one inch and an half round the girth of the body ; the colour is of a fine fhining cheftnut brown, the legs inclining to yellow. The moft fingular Infe6l of this kind in England is the Scolopendra eledrica, which fometimes emits a fpark or flafli of light in the dark. Fig. I. reprefents the underfidc of the head and antennae, mag- nified. PLATE [ 45 ] PLATE CXCIX. P A P I L I O C. alhunu Comma Butterfly. Lepidoptera.' GENERIC CHARACTER. AntennjE terminate in a club. Wings, when at reft, ere£l. FI/ by day. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS, Wings deeply fcalloped, angubted, reddifli brown, with black fpots. Beneath, a white fpot refembling letter C on the under winces. Papilio C. album: alis angulatis fulyis nigro maculatis, pofticis fubtus. C. albo notatis. Lin. Syft. Nat. 2. 778. 16^.— Fn. Sv, lo^g.—FaL Spec. Inf. 2. 93.409. Robert. Icon. tab. 23. Mericm. Europ. tab. 14. fig. 1. Reaum. Inf. i. tab. 27. fig. 9. 10. Harris Aurel. tab. I . fig. a — d. Rocf. Inf. I. pap, I, tab. ^. Efp. pap. I. tab. 1-^. fig. 2. s Bergfiraff. Inf. 2. tab. 38. fig. 1—5, , Seb.Muf^.tab.l. fig.G. In colours and markings the Comma Butterfly feeras at firft fight allied to Papilio Urtica [Tort Gifejhell Butterfly], but the elegant fcal- lops of the margins of the wings fufficiently diftinguifhes it F from 46 PLATE CXCIX. from every other Britifli fpecies: indeed wings indentated in this remarkable manner are rarely feen in any Infedls, thofe from foreign countries not excepted. Papilio Gaureum, a native of Afia according to Fabricius, and figured amongft the Infedls found in North Ame- rica, by Abbot f approaches nearer to it than any diftindl fpecies w^e are acquainted with. The larva is known by a broad white fpace on the back that extends from the pofterior extremity to the eighth joint of the body : it has one peculiarity that muft not be omit-^ ted ; when it is fufpended by the tail from a fmall twig or leaf, the head is bent upwards, and the whole creature perfedly refembles hook. There is more than one brood of this fpecies in a year : the But- tf^rflies are generally found in June, the fecond brood late in Auguft, The Caterpillars are fometimes found in February, but ofteoer iq July ; they remain about a fortnight in chryfalis. PLATE ' C 47 ] PLATE Ca PAPILIO DAP LI DICE. Bath-White Butterfly. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antennae terminate in a club. Wings ered when at reft. F\j by day. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS, Wings round, white. Margin brown, underfide marked with yellow, green, and white fpots. Papilio Daplidige : alis integris rotundatis albis, margine fufcis, fubtus luteo grifeis albo maculatis. Lin. Syji, Nat. 2. 760. 81. PaplUo Daplidice. Pall Spicil. fafc. <). tab. 2. « Cramer Inf. 15. tab. \']\. fig. C. D. Seb. Muf. 4. tab. 27,. fig. 11. 12. i$. 16. Schaff. Icon. tab. 79. fig. 2. 3. , Pefiv. Gazoph. tab. i. fig. 7. In a former defcription we have noticed the locality of one fpecies of the Butterfly tribe [Pap. Hero) in this country; of the Pap. Daplidice we have alfo to obferve, that it is only found in the envi- rons of Bath. We have been informed that it is found in fomc part 4» P L A T E CC. part of Scotland, but our information does not fully authorize us ia give it as a native of that part of the Britifli empire. If it is any where common, it is in Germany and in ttiingary. It is found in Africa, and we have alfo a variety of it from North Ame- rica. Fabriclus docs not mention it as a native of England ; and it is fo fcarce with us that few Englifn cabinets have a fpecimJn of it. The trivial appellation Bath-mnte Butterfly has been given to it b fome Englifh Entomologifts. The fmall number of foreign authors who have figured this fpecies fufficicntly notes its fcarcity in Europe, and we are not acquainted with the works of any Englifh author that has a figure of it. PLATE • r^ ^^^~ I C 49 ] PLATE CCI. PANORPA COMMUNIS. Neuroptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Beak horny, cylindrical. Palpi 2. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND ST NO NT MS. Wings, equal length, fpotted with black. Panorpa communis r^alis asqualibus nigro maculatis. Lin. Syji, Nat. 2. 915. I. Fn. Sv. 15. 16, Geoff. Inf. 2. 260. I. tab. 14. fig. 2. Degeer. Inf. 2. 2. 86. tab. 24. fig. 3. 4. * Reaum. Inf. 4. /a/^. 8. fig. 9. .9«/2;. //^. //?/. tab. 25. j%-. 5, 6. -y^^^: Icon. tab. 88. /^. 7. The Panorpa communis is very common in fields in the fummer. Its metamorphofis is entirely unknown. The tail of the male is armed with a weapon, fomewhat refem- bling the fting of a fcorpion. The tail of the female has an appen- dage, but very different in its flrudlure. Thofe parts of both fexes are reprefented in our plate, of the natural fize, and magni^ed. G PLATE 2C2 [ 51 ] PLATE CCIL FIG. I. PHAL.^NA DITARIA. Maid of Honor Moth*. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antennae taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at 2-eft. Fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Antennas feathered. Wings green, with brown fpots near the margins. Phal^na Ditaria: pedinicornis alis viridibus: maculismarglna- libus ferrugineis. Fab. Ent. Syji. 3. p. 2. 152. 82. Phalsna bajularia : PVlen. Fcrz. 97. 6. This appears to be a local fpecies. It has been found for many years paft in the month of June, near the Oak of Honor, by Peckham. We have never heard that it has been taken in any other place in England. ♦ Harris* s Catal, 31. ai3< G 2 Fabric! US 52 PLATE ecu. Fabricius refers only to one author for this fpecies. He fays it feeds on the oak. We are uncertain whether it has ever been figured £U any work before. F i G. II. PHAL.ENA ALBICILLATA. Clifden Beauty. Lepieioptera. Phal^na. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND Sr NO NT MS. Antennas fetaceous. Wings whitifh in the diflc, with a broad mar- gin of pale black. A large dark fpot on the interior part of the upper ivings. Phal^NA Albicillata: feticornis alis omnibus nigricantibus: fafcia lata alba immaculata. Lim. Syji. Nat. 2. 870. 255. — Fn. Sv. 1278. — Fab. But. SyJi. 3. 182. 19c. Clerk. Icon. tab. i. fg- 1 2. Knock. Beytr. i. 40. i. tab. 2. jig. 8. The trivial appellation, Clifden Beauty, has been given to this Infe6l by fome early Englifh entomologills, who had not met with it in any other part of the country. It has fince been taken in feveral other parts of the kingdom ; but in Kent particularly. Clerk deemed it worthy of a place among his rarities ; and it is flill con- fidered an exceeding fc^rce and fine fpecies. Our fpecimen was ^aken in June, 1797, in Darent Wood, Dartford, PLATE ecu. S3 F I G. III. PHALiENA PORCELLATA. Clifden Beauty Likeness. Lepidoptera. Phal^na. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND srNONrMs. Antenna fetaceous. Firft wings white, with three brown bands, a white fpot on the exterior one. Second wings white, with a brown margin. PHALiENA Porcellata: feticornis alls antlcis albis: fafciis tribus fufcus; media dimidiata, poftica marginali: macula alba. FaL Ent. Syji.-^. 185. 20i. Phalsena Porcellata. Wicn. Verz. 114. i. The fimilarity of this to the foregoing fpecies, induced us to figure both on the fame Plate. Phalaena Porcellata is very common in fummer. It appears in the winged ftate about the latter end of May. Linn^us has not defcribed this Infed. Fabricius has given its fpecific charaaer, above quoted. We fufped that it has not been figured by any author. G3 PLATE [ 55 3 PLATE CCIII. 0 FULGORA EUROPiEA, European Lantern Carrier. Hemiptera. ^ GENERIC CHARACTER. Forehead elongated. Antennas below the eyes, confift of two articulations. Beak or roflrum bent inwards under the body. SPECIFIC CHARACTER STNONTMS, Fore part of the head conic, body green. Wings tranfparcnf, reticulated. Fulgora Europ.^a: fronte conica, corpore viridi alis hyalinis reticulatis. L'mn. Syjl. Nat. 2. 704. 9. Fab. Ent. Syji. 4. p. 6. 19. Sulz. Hijl. Inf. tab. 9. fig. 5. St oil. dead. I. tab. ii. fig. 51. Simple as this little creature may appear to the general reader, the Entoraologifts of this country efteem it a rarity ; for it was not imagined that England produced any fpecies. of its Cngular genus till lately. G4 Mr, S6 PLATE CCIIL Mr. Yfeats, in his Inftitutions of Entomology,'mentions two fpc- cics of ir that have been caught in this country ; one by Mr. Hudfojtf author of the Flora Anglicay the other by Mr. Grey. It is to be lamented, that he does not inform us precifely what were the fpecies. We learn that Fulgora Europnsa was the Infecl taken by Mr. Hudfon ; the other feems undetermined. The Fulgora Europjea very much refembles fome of the Cicadas in form and fize, and have, therefore, been probably overlooked by Englifh colle6lors of Infers. Fabricius dcfcribes it as a native of France and Germany; but it is very fcarce in cabinets of foreign Infe6ls alfo. Perhaps it is not common in any country. This fpecies does not exhibit any prominent features of its fin- gular genus ; it has only a fmall conic hollow projedion, or lantern, on the fore-part of the head, inftead of the large projedion that charac- terife moft of the exotic Fulgorze. It is not unlikely, however, that it may polTcfs, though in a fmall degree, the aftonilhing property of difFufmg a radiance of light, which particularly diftinguirti F. Lan- ternar'ia of South America,"^ /^. Candelarm of China, and feveral Qther fpecies. The light of fome of thefe Infedls, according to the reports of Naturalifts, and travellers in foreign countries, is fuffi- ciently vivid and confiant to anfwer many purpofes. Some of the Catholic miffionaries affert, that they could fee diftinftly to read and write by the light of one of them ; and that feveral of them being faftened together, ferve to light the Indians when they travel in the The roftrum, or beak, through M'hich the Fulgoras Europasa (like others of the fame genus) fucks its nutriment, feems to form a part of the hollow projedion in the front of the head ; the tube lays clofe to the belly, between the fix legs. To explain the fmgular ftrudure of this tube or roftrum, we have given a front and a profile view of it as it appeared under the lens of a microfcope. Our PLATE CCIII. 57 Ourfpecimen js altogether green, except tl ? wings; the re£licu- lations of which are alfo of the fame colour; and as in Sulzer's figure, the clear parts of the wings were ftrongly tinged with green alfo. PLATE [ S9 ] PLATE CCIV. -: FIG. J. SPHINX LI NEAT A. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antennae thickeft in the middle. Fly flow morning and evening ©nly. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND s r N o N r M s. Firft wings greenifli, or olive colour, ^yith bands and llreaks of white. Second wings black with a broad red band on each. Sphinx Lineata : alis virefcentibus : fafcia ftriifque albis, poflicis nigris: fafcia rubra. Fab. Ent. Syji. t. 3./>. i. 368. 39. Sphinx Daucus Cram. Inf. 11. tab. 125. fig. D. Sphinx Koechlini. Fuejl. Arch. i. tab. 4. This fine Infe£l is a native of Europe and America. It has a place in every cabinet of Englifli Infeds; but on what authority it will be difficult now to determine. It is highly probable, that the tefl:imony of its difcovery in England is now forgotten, like that of Papilio Podalirius, figured in another part of this work. The following defcription of its Caterpillar, which v/e have feen preferved, and in foreign drawings, will enable the curious in Infeils to fearch after it with, at leafl, a diftant chance of fuccefs. The 9 general 6o PLATE CCIV. general colour of the Caterpillar is green, varied with yellow; and fome flreaks ancj fpots of red down the back ; it has alfo a large black fpot on each fide every fegment ; the head is black ; and it has a fpine, or tail. This is the appearance of it in one fkin; it cafts its flcin feveral times, and will therefore vary in fome degree from this account. — The pupa is yellowifh brown, fpeckled with black. It feeds on Ladies Bed-Jiraw, Madder, Goofe-grafs, &c. FIG. II. PHALiENA STATICES. Forrester. Lepidoptera. Sphinx. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Firft wings green blue; fecond brown. Sphinx Statices: Linn. Syji. Nat. 2. 808. 470. — Fn. Sv. 1098. Zygoena Statices: viridi coerulea alis pofticis fufcus. Fab. Ent. SyJi. T.^.p. 1.406. 68. Geoff. Inf. 2. 129.40. Robert. Icon. tab. Z^- fiZ- ^• Petiv. Muf, 35. 329. Schaff. Icon. tab. i. fig. 9. EJp. Inf. 2. tab, iS.fig. 2. Found in the winged flate in May. — Frequents meadows. Tht larva is defcribed of a very deep black, with a line of white down the back, and fome lunar fpots of the fame colour in different parts. It feeds on docks, PLATE Z05 -^r i^^ ■f^ n: 3 % 3^^^ [ 6i ] PLATE CCV. FIG. I. I. CURCULIO LAPATHI. COLEOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennze clavated, elbowed in the middle, and fixed rh the fnout, which is prominent. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Snout long, two teeth on the thighs. White and black varied. Thorax and wing cafes rough with prickles. CuRCULio Lapathi: longiroftris femoribus bidendatls albo ni- groque variis, thorace elytrifque muricatis. — Linn, SyJf.Nat. 608. 20. — Fn. Sv. 591. Fab. Ent. Syji. I. 429. Curculio Lapathi : OUv. Inf. 83. fig. 69. 6. Dcgeer Inf. 5. 223. 16. tab. 7. fig. i. 2. Found on the Willow in May. The figures i. i. exhibit the natural fize and magnified appear- ance. FIG. 62 PLATE CCV. FIG. 2. 1. CURCULIO HORTULANirs. COLEOPTERA. CURCULIO. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AKD S TNO NTMS, Nearly globular. Afh colour, with two black fpots on the lon- gitudinal future of the wing cafes. CuRCULio HoRTULANUS: fubglobofus cinereus, punftis duobus nigro futurze longitudinalis coleoptrorum.— Gi?s^. r, '298. 48. f^ilkrs. I. 202. 118. Fabricius has omitted this fpecies in his works, though GeofFroy and Villers have both defcribed it. It is found on plants of the fcrophularia genus (figwort.) FIG, PLATE CCV. 63 FIG. 3. 3. CURCULIO AVELLANJE. COLEOPTERA. CURCULIO. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Black. A lunated, oblique, whitifh mark near the bafe, and a •white fpot near the apex of each wing cafe. CuRCULlO AvELLAN^E : nigra elytris bafi interne lunula fafciaquc ante apicem albis. This minute Infe£l leems to form an intermediate fpectes between Salicis and C. Caprea. It is an undefcribed Infeft. In the MS. of T. Marfliam, efq; it ftands under the fpecific name Avellanas.-— Was found on the Willow in June. PLATE 2-00 [ 65 ] PLATE CCVL PAPILIO lO. Peacock Butterfly. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennas clubbed at the end. Wings eredl when at reft. ^ Fly by day. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Wings angulated, indented. Bright brown, with fpots of black. A large blue eye on each wing. Papilio Io : alis angulato dentatis fulvis nigro maculatis; fingulis ocello cneruleo. — Linn. Syji. Nat. 2. 769. 131. — Fn, Sv. 1048.— -iv/^. Etit. SyJi. 1. 3. p. 4. 88. 276. Roef. Inf. I, pap. 1. tab. 3. IFilk. Pap. tab. ■^. a 2. Reaum. Inf. i. tab. 25. fg. I. 2. Scha:ff. Icon, tab, 94. fig. I. Merian. Europ. i. tab. 26. Albin. Inf. tab. ^i^. fig. 4. Goed. tab. l.fig. 23. Efp. Pap. 1. tab. 5. fig. 2. 66 PLATE CCVI. We have not a more beautiful Infe6l in this country than the Peacock Butterfly. It is, indeed, too common to claim the parti- cular notice of Entomologifl:s ; but to thofe who admire mofl the fplendid fpecies of this beautiful tribe of creatures, it will probably prove acceptable. The underfide is entirely of a ihining dark co- lour, with innumerable waved ftreaks of black. The upperfide is reprefented in the annexed plate. The Caterpillars, which are black, befet with fpines, and ele- gantly marked with rows of white fpots, are frequently found feed- ing on the nettles, and other low herbage by the fides of ditches. They change to the chryfalis ftate the firfl week in July, and appea?' in the winged (late twenty-one days after. PLATE fn^- f 67 ] PLATE CCVII. JULUS TERRESTRIS. Aptera. QENERIC CHJRACTER, Feet on each fide double the number of the fegments of the body. Antinnae beaded Palpi 2. jointed. Body femicircular. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNO NTMS, Feet 200. JuLU5 Terrestris: pedibus utrinque loo. Lim. Sy/l. Nat. 2. 1065. 3. — Fn. Sv. 2066.— FaL Ent. Syjl. I. 2. 394. 8. Degeer /«/. 7. 578. Geoff'. Inf. 679. I. Frifcfx, Inf. 2. faL S. fg. 2- Sulz. Inf. tab. 24. fg. 156. Sulz. Hifi. Inf. tab. 30. fig. 15. ' This fingular creature is found of a vaft magnitude in foreign countries. We polTefs one of that kind between four and five inches in length. In Europe, or at lead in England, they are feldom con- fiderably larger than the annexed figure. It has two pair of feet to every fegment of the body. Thefe are very minute, but give a remarkable appearance to the Infed. It is found in damp places, generally under ftones. PLATE ■2.0S [ 69 ] PLATE CCVIIL PHAL.^NA FIMBRIA. Broad-bordered yellow-underwing Moth, Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennas taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, NOCTUA. Thorax crefted. Firft wings clay-colour, marked with obfcure bands or ftreaks. Second wings reddifh orange, with a broad bar of black. pHALi^iNA Fimbria: criftatata alis plants grifeo fafciatis; pofticis helvolis: macula lineari atra. Linn. SyJ}. Nat. i. 842. 123.-7^7/.. Ent. Syjl. T. 3./>. 2. 59. 165. men. Verz. 87. 18. Schreb. Inf. fig. 9. This rare Infefl is diflinguifhed from two very common fpecies that are allied to it, by the broad border of black on the under wings, as its trivial name implies. In the larva ftate, it is one of that kind coUedors denominate under-ground feeders: fubfifting chiefly on the roots of grafs, and never coming out of the ground till the evening, for which reafon it is very rarely taken. I The 70 PLATE CCVm. The Moth is very delicate in its appearance ; the Caterpillar quite plain. Our fpecimen changed to cryfalis early in May, and produced the moth in the middle of June. Fabricius was not informed that it was a native of this country, as appears by his laft work, in which he defcribes it only as a native of Germany. PLATE ,0 0 [ 71 ] PLATE CCIX. CERAMBYX LI N E ATOCOLLI S. COLEOPTERA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennas articulated, diminifhing in fize towards the end. Thorax gibbous, or fpined on the fides. Elytra narrow, and of equal breadth. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Entirely covered with hair, greefiifli. Thorax unarmed with fpines, cylindrical, marked with yellow lines, ftiells without fpots, brown. Cerameyx LiNEATOCOLLis: villofus viridefcens, thorace mutico cylindrico flavo-lineato, elytris immaculatis fufcis. — ■ Marjhatns MS. We muft confider this as a new Britifh fpecies of CerJ^mhyx, neither Linnaeus nor Fabricius having given any defcription of it. It is defcribed only in the manufcripts of T. Marfham, Efq. whofe accurate definition of its characters we have adopted. It appears to be a local fpecies. The only two fpecimens that have occurred to cur notice, having been taken in the lOe of Ely, Cambridgefhire. Our fpecimen was found on the bark of the willow. I2 ?PLATE 2/0 [ 73 ] PLATE CCX. PHAL^NA LANESTRIS. Little Egger Moth. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennse taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. BOMBYX. Antennas of the male pedlinated, of the female fetaceous. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Wings ferruginous, firft pair with a white ftripe acrofs each : a white fpot near the bafe, and another in the middle of each. PhAl^na Lanestris: alis reverfis ferrugineis : flriga alba, anticis pundlo bafique albis. — Linn. Syji. Nat. 2. 815. 28. Fn. Sv. 1 1 05. Fab. Ent. SyJi. 3. /. I. 429. 68. Wien. Verz. 57. 2. Roef. Inf. I. phal. 2. tat, 62. The Caterpillars of the little Egger Moth, feed on black and white thorn, willow, lime-tree, &c. The female depofits a large duller of eggs in a tuft of hair colle6led from her body. When I 3 thefe 74 PLATE CCX. are hatched, the young begin to fpin a ftrong white web, which they enlarge as their fociety increafes ; they remain together till they have devoured all the leaves of the plant on which they are hatched, or till they are arrived at full fizc to change into the chryfalis ftate. Thefe Caterpillars are not very uncommon in fome parts of the country, efpecially in Kent. They are readyto change to chryfalis flate late in June. The Moth is not produced till April following. The trivial Englifh name, Egger Moth, is given to this, and two or three other Moths, from the fimilitude of the cafe in which the chryfalis is inclofed to the fhape of eggo PLATE [ 75 ] PLATE CCXI. PAPILIO MACHAON. Svvallow-Tail Butterfly. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennce clubbed at the end. Wings ered when at reft. Fly by day. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Wings and tails of a yellow colour, with broad fpaces of brown marked with yellow lunar fpots. A reddifh fpot on the interior angle of the lower wings. f*APiLiO Machaon: alis caudatis concoloribus flavis: limbo fufco; lunulis flavis, angulo ani fulvo. — Linn. Syji. Nat. z. 'j^o.^Z'—Fn.Sv. 1031. — Fab. Ent, SyJi. 2. p. I. 87. Roef. Inf. I. pap. 2. taL I. IFilk. Pap. tab. 4.'^. tab. I. a I. Mcr'ian. Europ. Inf. 94. Frfch. Inf. 2. tab. 10, Scho'ff. Icon. tab. 45. jig. I, 2. Seba Muf 4. tab. 32. fig. 9, 10. Geoff. Inf 2. 54. 23. Efp. Pap. I. tub. I. fig. I, I 4 Papilio 7^ PLATE CCXI. Papilio Machaon and Papilio Podalirius are the only two fpecies of Swallow-tail Butterflies that have been found in England. Both are very fcarce, but Papilio Machaon lefs fo than Papilio Poda- lirius, of which a figure has been given in another part of this work. Entomologies mention feveral parts of the country in which it has been taken, both in the larva and winged ftate. Harris fays it feeds on wild fennel and carrots; that one he found remained in the chry- falis ftate from the 23d of September to May the 15th following, and another, that changed July the 15th, produced a butterfly the loth of Augufl:. He adds, that the fpecies was found in the mea- dows of Briftol and Weftram. From the number of foreign authors who have given figures of the Butterfly, we may imagine that it is very common on the Con- tinent. Thofe preferved in cabinets of Englifh Infects are gene- rally brought from Germany, from whence alfo we fometimes receive preferved fpecimens of the Caterpillars. PLATE ^ C 77 ] PLATE CCXII. MUTILLA EUROPiEA. European Mutilla. Hymenoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Generally want wings. Body covered with down. Thorax blunt at the bafe. Sting pointed ; concealed within the body. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONYMS, Head black. Thorax red. Abdomen black; margins of fomefeg- ments whitifh. Mutilla Europ^a : nigra tborace rufo, abdominis fegmentis margine albo. — Fab. Ent. Syji. t. 3. 368. 9. Mutilla Europsa, nigra abdomine fefciis duabus albis, thorace an- tice rufo. — Linn. Syfi. Nat. 2. 966. 4. — Fn. Sv. 1 727, Sulz. Hiji. Inf. tab. 27. fig. 23, 24. Apis Aptera: Vdm. D'tjJ. 98. tab. 17. The Mutillas feems lefs clearly defined than mofl of the Linnasan genera. That author defcribed only a fmall number of the fpecies, and was even doubtful whether feveral that were placed under that divifion of his fyftem did not more properly belong to feme other, efpecially to the ichneumons, among which feveral apterous infedls are included. The 78 PLATE CCXn. The caufe of this uncertainty may be partly attributed to our entire ignorance of their manner of life or transformations. Some of the Mutillae have wings, and others are without. Authors have con- fidered the apterous Infers as the females, and the winged kind as the males, which opinion is countenanced by numberlefs inftances in almoft every clafs of Infedls. Others have however maintained that both males and females were winged, and that the apterous In- fefts were neuters, prefuming in fupport of fuch opinion, that the Mutillas lived in focieties like the Wafps, Ants, and Bees. — From obfervations on a number of exotic fpecies of this tribe, we have no doubt that the winged Infeds are males, and the apterous kind females. Yeats alludes to three fpecies of Mutillze that have been found in England, but names only the Mutills Europasa j and this is the only kind we have ever found. We have taken it on a fandy path- way, near the entrance of Coombe Wood, Surry. PLATE 213 € [ 19 3 PLATE CCXIII. PHALiENA PRECOX. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNO NTMS. NOCTUA. Thorax crefted. Wings deflexed. Firft pair afh-colour with two fpots on each, and a fhort dafh of red near the ends. Second pair reddifh brown. Phal.iina PRyECOX : criftata alis deflexis cinereis bimaculatis: pof- ticis fafcia rufa abbreviata. — Linn. Syfi. Nat. 2. 854. 174. — Fab. Ent. Syji. I. 3. p. 2. 97. 289. Roef. Inf. l.phal. 2. tab. 51. When the late Duchefs of Portland honoured the fcientific as well as pradical part of Entomology wiih her patronage, her Grace difcovered, and reared from the caterpillars feveral fpeciesof Phalasna, of which collectors were ignorant before. Phalasna Praecox is among the number of thofe her Grace found in one of the Portland ifles ; and the fpecimen we have figured is one which formed part of her collection. Fabricius 8o PLATE CCXIII. Fabriclus fays the larva feeds on the thiftle. The rarity of this creature induced us to depart from our ufual method, and copy the larva and pupa from the plate in the works of Roefel, apprehending it would be particularly interefting to Englifh naturalifts in general, as that author alone has reprefented it in thofe ftates ; and no col- leftor that we are informed has met with it within the lall fifteen years. PLATE [ 8i ] PLATE CCXIV. PHAL^NA RUSSULA. Clouded Buff Moth. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER, Antennas taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Wings deflexed, bright yellow. Margin and antenna: blood red. A lunar-fliaped fpot on the middle of the wings. Phal^ena Russula : alis deflexis luteis: margine fanguineo lunu- laque fufca, antennis fanguineis. — Fab, Ent, Syji. I. 3. p. I. 180. — Linn. SyJl. Nat. 2. 830. 71. Schaff. Icon. tab. 83. fig 4, 5. Clerk. Icon, tab, 4. fig- i- Raj. Inf. 228. 75. As the Phala^nse are not remarkable for a variety of gay colours, like thofe of the Papilio genus, an exception to a general rule in the beautiful fpecies before us, more ftrongly demands our notice. The male Phalasna Ruflula, which is known by the pedinatcd an- tennae, is of a fine golden yellow, with a rich, though narrow mar- ginal band of fanguineous red round the wings. The female is a pretty Infed, but is more inclined to brown throughout than the male. This 82 PLATE CCXIV. This fpecies has been fuppofed to feed on grafs in the larva ftate, but as coUedlors have very rarely reared it from that ftate, it has been difficult to determine its proper food. Fabricius mentions lettuce and fcabious or devil's-bit. The larva is hairy, and in many refpeds very much refembles that of the Garden Tiger Moth, from which we may perhaps infer that it is a general feeder. We found the larva in Pvlay ; fhortly after it fpun a web and pafTed into the pupa ftate, from which the moth was produced the nth of June following. PLATE -4 [ 83 ] PLATE CCXV. PHALANGIUM CRANCROIDES. Aptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Eight feet. Four eyes, two on the fummit of the head, and two others on the fides. Antenn:E refemble feet, and are placed at the fore-part of the head. Abdomen round. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND S r N O N 2" M S. Body of an oblong ovated form, flat. Claws fmooth, hairy at at the ends, Phalangium Cancroides: abdomine obovato depreflfo, chelis Isevibus: digitis pilofis. — Lin. Syji. Nat. 2. 1028.4. — Fn. Sv. 1968. Scorpio Cancroides: abdomine ecaudato ovato depreflb fufco, manibus oblongis. — Fab. Ent. Syji. T. 2. 436. 10. Chelifer abdomine lineis tranfverfis. — Geoff. Inf. 2. 618. i. Chelifer europa^us obfcure fufcis corpore ovato depreflb, chelis elon- g^ns.^Degeer Inf. 7. 355. 2.- tab. 9. fig. 4. RoeJ. hij. 3. tab. 64. Fr'ifch. Inf. 8. tab. I. Schaff. Eiem. tab. 38. The fynonyms fufFiciently denote the unfettled opinion of eminent raturalifls in refpecl of the proper genus to which our Infed fliould be referred. We have followed the definition of Linnaeus, bccaufe it 84 PLATE CCXV. it appears to us more charafteriftic of the creature, which fhould have a lengthened articulated tail, terminated in a fharp crooked fling, to warrant us in placing it among the Scorpions. In the fyftem of Fabricius this forms no part of his generical charadler, but thofe who are accuftomed to depend only on the writings of Linnaeus, would be perplexed to reconcile the apparent difference between the Phalangia of that author, and the Scorpio of Fabricius. The general appearance of this creature, except the want of tail, is precifelv that of a Scorpion in miniature. Mr. Adams, in his ElTay on the Microfcope, has figured and de- fcribed a new fpecies of this genus ; it is fmaller, and differs in form from our prefent fpecies : he calls it the Lobfter Infedl^ We "believe Phalangium Cancroides is the largeft Infedl of the genus found in England that refembles a Scorpion. This Infeft is fometimes found in the covers of old books, in rotten wood, and other damp and decayed fubftances. We once found it faftened on the body of the MuJcaVomitoria, Common Flefh Fly, from which it could not be extricated without killing and tear- ing the fly into pieces. Roefel has given a figure of it, and reprefented a parcel of its eggs. They are of an oblong form, colour greenifh, and appear to be depofited in roundifh clufters of about thirty or forty eggs in each. The natural fize of our Infect is reprefented at Fig i. PLATE. Zlf [ 85 ] PLATE CCXVI. PHALiENA LIBATRIX. Herald Moth. Lepidoptera. GENERIC CHARACTER. Antennae taper from the bafe. Wings in general deflexed when at reft. Fly by night. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND STNONTMS. Thorax crefted. Wings deflexed, varied with red and grey ; two white fpots on the anterior wings ; edges deeply ferrated or in- dented. Phal^na Libatrix : criftata alis incumbentibus dentato erofis rufo grifeis : pun6lis duobus albis. — Lin.fyji. Nat, 2. 831. 78. — Fn. Sv. 1143. Fab. Ent. Syji. L. 3. />. 2. 64. 181. fp^ien. Verz. 62. J. Geoff. Inf. I. 121. 26. Gocd. Inf. I. tab. 67. Albin. Inf. tab. 1^. fig- 50. Schaff. Icon. tab. 24. fig. I. 2. Roef. Inf. 4. tab. 2o. Harris Inf. tab. I. fig. C. D. Pod. Inf. 92. tab. 2. fig. 9. K The 86 PLATE CCXVI. . The Caterpillar of this Infeft is generally found under the bark of the willow and fallow, or on the rofe. It is probable there are two broods of it in the ytar, being fometimes taken in the winged {late early in the fummer, but more commonly in the month of Oclober ; this is the more likely, as the Englifh Aurelians firft called it the Herald, from an idea that its appearance v/arned them of ap- proaching winter. This Infed remains about twenty-eight days in the pupa ftate, the Caterpillar not being found till the beginning of September. LINN-^AN INDEX. TO VOL. VI. COLEOPTERA. Chryfomela faftuofa ■ ' calminarienfis Mycetophagus quadrimaculatus Curculio Lapathi < hortulanus avellanas Cerambyx lineatocollis Meloe Monoceros Plate Fis. 194 185 I 185 2. 205 I 205 2, 205 3' 209 H E M I P T E RA. Fulgora Europasa, European Lantern carrier 203 LEi^IDOPTERA. Papilio Machaon, Swallow-tail Butterfly 211 «-■ lo, Peacock Butterfly - 206 ■ C. album, Comma Butterfly - 199 Papilio INDEX. Papilio Daplldice, Bath White Butterfly ■ ' Hero, Scarce Meadow Brown Butterfly •■■ Arion, Mazarine Blue Butttrfly Sphinx Celerio, Silver Stripe Hawk Moth Larva and pupa Lineata Statices, Forrefter Zonata, Red-belted Sphinx Phalasna Libatrix, Herald Moth Laneftris, Little Egger Moth Camel ina. Dark prominent Moth — Menthraftri — fimbria, Broad-bordered Yellow Under- wing Moth — Przecox — ruflula, Clouded Buff Moth — pyramidea. Copper Underwing Moth — exoleta, Sword-grafs Moth — Ditaria, Maid of Honor Moth — Albicillata, Clifden Beauty — Porcellata, Clifden Beauty Likenefs — Hexapterata, Seraphim Moth — Syringaria, Richmond Beauty Moth *- Wauaria, L or Goofeberry Moth NEUROPTERA. Plate Fig. 200 1 86 184 190 191 204 I, 204 2. 195 216 210 183 189 208 213 214 193 187 202 I. 202 2. 203 3- 192 i8r 196 Hemerobius Chryfops _ _ 188 Panorpa communis - _ | _ 201 HYMENOP- INDEX. HYMENOPTERA. Sirex Gigas, Largeft tailed Wafp Mutilla Europsa, European Mutilla Plate 197 212 215 198 207 Fig. A P T E R A. Phalangium cancroides Scolopendra forficata Julus terreftris _ _ _ L 2 ALPHA- ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. VI. Albiclllata, Phalcena, Clifden Beauty Arion, Papilio, Mazarine Blue Butterfly Avellanre, Curculio - - _ C. album Papilio, Comma Butterfly calmarienfis, Chryfomela camelina, phalasna, Dark prominent Moth cancroides, phalangium celerio, Sphinx. Silver Stripe Hawk Moth communis panorpa chryfops, Hemerobius Daplidice, Papilio, Bath White Butterfly Ditaria, Phalasna, Maid of Honor Moth europaea, Fulgora, European lantern carrier europaia, Mutilla _ _ - exoleta, Phal^ena, Sword-grafs Moth faftuofa, Chryfomela forficata, fcolopendra fimbria, Phalaena, broad-bordered Underwing Moth 208 gigas, Si rex, largeft tailed Wafp Hero, Papilio ' - - hexapterata, Phalasna, Seraphim Moth Hortulanus, curculio - _ _ lo, Papilio, Peacock Butterfly laneftris, Phalzena, little Egger Moth Lapathi, Curculio _ - - Plate. Fie. 202 I. 184 205 3- 199 185 215 2. 190 201 188 200 202 I. 203 212 187 194 198 208 186 192 205 206 2. 210 205 J. Libatrix, INDEX. Plate. Fig. Libatrix, Phalaena, Herald Moth - 216 Lineata Sphinx _ _ . 204 i. lineatocollis, Cerambyx - - 209 Machaon, Papilio, Swallow-tail Butterfly 21 j Menthraftri, Phalaena . _ , 189 Monoceros, Meloe - - 182 Porcellata, Phalsna, Clifden beauty likenefs 202 3. Prascox, Phalaena ,- - 213 Pyramidea, Phalsna, Copper Underwing Butterfly 193 Quadrimaculatis, Mycetophagus - 185 2. rufTula, Phalana, clouded bufF Moth - 214 Statices, Sphinx, Forrefter - - 204 2, Syringaria, Phalasna, Richmond beauty Moth 181 terreflris, Julus - _ > 207 Wauaria, Phalasna, Goofeberry Moth - 196 Zonata, Sphinx, Red-belted Sphinx - 195 ERRATA. ERRATA. Page 23, For Phalcena Menthrajl'iriy read Phalana Menthrajiri. — Second line, defcrip. pi. 189. Page 60, Phalsna ftatices, read Sphinx ftatices. — Second line, defcrip. pi. 204.. fig. 2.