perenne reer rarereneierel pavareseiersterelcheavesecsieleseietslsstesonepereyeieiel ; ssletotelatolsaperenepereieleieltrcngnesssarereeettatse toes hantnae phe papegrerennry pebebotetets spojetonee yr. lich nye: lagna peecteler rphene ne Rd ‘ apace: eeshs: : = : : renee speierensttseseceree refer oioniotinie sotebobiceopneetelete oir nore’ ; vaieon ati ‘ : oie Cf : 2S : ee fi fenciotetorsnish I yo rsenrer Coocue Rd : " - ot hoeeresttesese seat Hie iseses pojoteteleiene tia] eee ee eee 6 he eeree Ly fo —? amie sila Ln —— 5 ie a = —s - > 7 ; ——. a*™ = en | ' 7 - — - he 5 ie | = a Od eet a . ; : : cs * 7 ; ae 7 ay Lr - a Sn _ _—— ~ , 2 , tic. @ Ae =a rs oan sa aT . oe ; * par. ’s' : an a : : ; . ; . a Natural History of Hawaii BOOK ONE THE PEOPLE, THE ISLANDS AND THE PLANT LIFE OF THE GROUP “There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.’”’— Shakespeare. } ? HS B1x Niarnrt + Natural History of Hawaii Being an Account of the Hawaiian People, the Geology and Geography of the Islands, and the Native and Introduced Plants and Animals of the Group BY WILLIAM ALANSON BRYAN, B. Sc. Professor of Zodlogy and Geology in the College of Hawaii Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member, The American Ornithologists Union; National Geographic Society; American Fisheries Society; Ha- waiian Historical Society; Hawaiian Entomological Society; Amer- ican Museums Association; National Audubon Society; Seven Years Curator of Ornithology in the Bishop Museum, etc. Illustrated with one hundred and seventeen full page plates from four hundred and forty-one photographs elucidating the ethnology of the native people, the geology and topography of the islands and figur- ing more than one thousand of the common or inter- esting species of plants and animals to be found in the native and introduced fauna and flora of Hawaii. Honolulu. Hawaii The Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. 1915 For Distributors see Index Copyright, 1915, By Wittiam ALANSON BRYAN HONOLULL (Page Seven) TO THE MEMORY OF Ro Gs B: THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED STIR JUN 21 1956 7 _—_ Aste a ee wv ‘Bq4 |S copy2 PREPAGE: In the preparation of the following pages it has been the aim of the author to bring together into one volume the more important and interesting facts about the Hawaiian Islands and their primitive inhabitants, as well as information concerning the native and introduced plants and animals of the group. It is believed that those who read this volume—be they travelers, residents or students—will find, in its brief account of nature in Hawaii, not only much that will prove interesting and entertaining, but that which will foster and stimulate an interest in the things of nature for which these mid-ocean islands are far-famed. Tt is asserted that, in childhood, every person is interested in some of the many fields of natural history. It would be strange, indeed, if Hawai, with its wonderful natural environment and remarkable tropical plants and interesting animals. did not rekindle in the minds of the old and encourage in the hearts of the young a desire to know more about things Hawaiian. As a result of the natural longing for information, there has existed for years a pressing de- mand in Hawaii, from teachers, travelers and students, for a hand-book that would supply the names for, as well as the facts relative to, familiar objects. To supply a guide that would provide reliable and readable information, in a form that would be welcomed by the general reading public, and, at the same time, that would meet the requirements of the homes, the schools, and the libraries of Hawaii and the mainland, as a convenient reference book, has been the author’s endeavor. While the volume lays no claim to being an exhaustive monograph of the vast subject of which it treats, the material used has been patiently gathered from every possible source and carefully selected, sifted and verified in the field and study, by the author, during many years’ resi- dence in the islands as an enthusiastic naturalist, museum curator and college professor. For these reasons it is believed that specialists with technical in- formation at hand, no less than those who pride themselves on their general knowledge of things Hawaiian, will find the volume a handy ‘first aid’ and re- lable and convenient reference work. The carrying out of the three-fold object of preparing a readable account of Hawaii, a text-book or supplementary reader on the natural history of the islands, and a convenient reference book for those who require a more technical or detailed handling of the material included than is customary in a_ book frankly popular in nature, presents certain difficulties that seem to have been met by the selection, classification, and arrangement of the text and the illustra- tions. The casual reader will find the body of the text shorn of the technical verbiage and scientific names that so often distract, annoy and fatigue the lay- man. Where such terms have been indispensable they have been defined in the 10 NATURAL HISTORY OF HAWAII. text, the footnotes, or in the index and glossary. Those who prefer their reading should rest on the firmer ground that definite nomenclature is supposed to im- part, will find the necessary technical names of orders, families, genera and species, referred to in the text given in the footnotes, or in the cross-references in the index. The systematist and specialist will not expect the degree of com- pleteness in this regard that would characterize a manual dealing with any one of the subjects herein treated. However, the scientific worker will find in the index and glossary, not only the scientific names most frequently in use for common objects in the more important contributions to the literature of his subject in the islands, but often the latest word on the nomenclature of the species in question. The index and glossary is made a special feature of the book. It has been carefully prepared and numerous cross-references to the various English, Ha- waiian and Latin names that are current with the people, or are written into the literature of the islands will aid the student in working out synonyms. The author has endeavored to make the possession of a little information, concerning the natural history of Hawaii, of use to the would-be student. To aid the lay- man, two generous open doors have been provided: one through the index, the other through the table of contents. By the use of these doors the inquirer, im possession of any one of the many common names, the name of the great division to which the plant or animal belongs, or even knowing something of its habits or habitat, will, in most eases, find their knowledge sufficient to guide the way to such definite information as may be contained within the body of the book. Mueh in the form of notes, comments and observation that seemed too specific, local, critical, fragmentary or prosaic to fit well into the plan of the body of the text, has been reserved for the combined index, glossary and com- pendium at the end of the volume, and there appears in alphabetical order without reference to the text. The index therefore should be in constant use by the reader and student. Because of obvious limitations, and owing to the nature of the objects sought. the author has made no rigid attempt to follow out a system of arrangement in this volume such as an ethnologist, a geologist, a botanist or a zovdlogist would choose were they treating their special subject separately and in fuller detail. Strictly rigorous adherence to the various chapter headings has often been next to impossible. A given subject is often presented in preceding and succeeding chapters; or it may oceur in different parts of the book. The natural desire is that books, in any way scientific in character, should follow some generally accepted system or arrangement. Such systems usually start with the lower, older, simpler or more generalized form and proceed gradually to the consideration of the more reeent, higher or com- plex. Occasionally, however, for the sake of convenience, the system is reversed and a different order of arrangement may be followed. In the following pages the arrangement of the material has been based largely on a certain association of ideas and objects; but the sequence of the chapters has been controlled, to a PREFACE. 11 certain degree, by expediency or caprice. Even in the arrangement of the five main sections into which the book is divided, it has seemed expedient to place that part first which, in a rigid natural order, would logically have been placed near the last. Nevertheless it will require no great intelligence on the part of the reader to trace out for himself the historical sequence of nature in Hawaii. No doubt the first great event would be the formation of the islands, followed by their occupation by plants and animals. These events in the natural order, and according to system, would doubtless long precede the peopling of the islands by the Hawaiian race, or the introduction, by them or any other race, of the various foreign plants and animals found in the group. The intimate relation which existed between the splendid native Hawaiian people and their isolated environment is a subject of the greatest interest and entitles the human inhabitants to first consideration in the present treatment of this subject. The character and natural history of the race and the use made by the people in their economy, arts and practices, of the various ma- terials furnished them by nature, unites them most closely with their environ- ment; and in a natural history, such as this, calls for an acquaintance with the Hawaiian race, as a native people and the aboriginal inhabitants of the coun- try, before we consider the environment which they had so thoroughly explored and mastered long before their contact with Europeans. It is confidently believed that the all too brief account of the ancient Ha- wailan people is one that will instill a just pride of ancestry into the hearts of those readers whose forebears were of the native Hawaiian race. Not so many hundred years ago, the ancestors of the proudest Europeans were little more than aborigines, and ate nuts and herbs, and depended on the fortunes of the chase for their meat. Not so many centuries before that, as the world measures time, a collection of their handiwork would have shown a group of objects far more crude than were those possessed by the Hawaiians at the time of their meeting with a dominant and powerful race. It seems hardly necessary to say that the following pages are not offered primarily as an original contribution to the natural history of Hawaii. The task has been chiefly to bring together information about the islands that only an expert knows where to find. That which has suited the author’s purpose has often been taken almost verbatim from the most available, which in many cases has been the original source. From the writings of the many experts who have studied the various fields the natural history of Hawaii affords, the author in his own reading has culled wherever anything was found that would help to make this book more complete or interesting. The fruitful fields have been many, and to workers, past and present, whoever they may be, the author gladly makes the fullest acknowledg- ments. It is owing to the efforts of all that this general treatment of nature in Hawaii is made possible. In many cases where it has been necessary to trace material to its original source, so much has been found that had been borrowed without acknowledgment—even in the writings of our most punetilious scient- 12 NATURAL HISTORY OF HAWAII. ists—that to give full and proper eredit for information on Hawaiian subjects would involve a searching and comparing of original sources, that would profit but little, and would add endless labor to an already heavy task. So as the teller of an old tale the author makes no elaborate attempt to enumerate his sources and burden his book with an extended biblhography. No one however can, without flagrant injustice, write upon any Hawaiian theme without acknowledging his indebtedness to Mr. Thomas G. Thrum, who for more than forty years has been steadily engaged in gathering, compiling and publishing data on every phase of the Hawaiian Islands. His forty An- nuals constitute a mine of information of which these islands are justly proud. In the body of the text effort has been made to indicate the chief source and give credit for noteworthy facts, but the author wishes especially in this connection to allude to his colleagues and fellow workers in the field of science, who have generously given every assistance in their power in a spirit of willing codperation that has made a pleasure of what would otherwise—and but for the love of the thing—have been a tedious and thankless task. In order that these pages might carry the additional weight of specific authority the author has read the manuscript of the various chapters to special- ists who have distinguished themselves in their chosen fields, and has incorporated their suggestions and corrections in the text. Those who have rendered material aid in this line or in other ways not elsewhere mentioned are Dr. John T. Gulick, evolutionist; Dr. N. B. Emerson, ethnologist; Dr. William D. Alexander, his- torian; Mrs. Emma Metealf Nakuina, Hawaiian scholar; Mr. Thomas G. Thrum, historian and Hawaiian authority; Dr. Charles H. Hitcheock, geologist; Pro- fessor Charles W. Baldwin, geographer; Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, conchologist ; Miss Mary Rathbun, crustaceologist; Dr. Walter K. Fisher, zodlogist ; Professor Otto Swezey, Mr. David T. Fullaway, Mr. E. M. Ehrhorn, economic ento- mologists; Dr. R. C. lL. Perkins, Professor Henry W. Henshaw, Mr. Daniel B. Kuhns, naturalists; Mr. J. E. Higgins, horticulturist; Professor F. G. Krauss, agriculturist; Professor Vaughan MacCaughey, Mr. Joseph F. Rock, Mr. Charles N. Forbes, botanists, and to Messrs. D. Thaanum, William Wilder, Irwin Spald. ine, collectors. The author is under especial obligations to his former student, Mr. D. B. Kuhns, for much help in many fields. To the author’s wife, Elizabeth Letson Bryan, Se. D., whose interest in his labors has been never failing, a sincere tribute of appreciation is due for con- stant and valuable help, criticism and suggestions in all departments of the book. Only those who write books can appreciate what her contribution in encourage- ment, denial, love and service has been to this book. The half-tone illustrations were made from photographs in the author’s col- lection. They, like the text, have been brought together from many sources. The greater number, however, are from negatives that, at one time or another, have been made expressly for use in this volume. Credit is given for the illustrations in another connection. PREFACE. 13 Doubtless errors will be found in the text and in the proof-reading by those who seareh for them. Few will expect absolute perfection. If the bare facts of nature have been clothed with living interest sufficient to make them acceptable and full of information for the general reader, as well as memorable and useful to the student of nature; and if at the same time what has been written falls well within the tenets and tenor of truth as understood by the more critical scientists; and above all, should the book prove generally useful, the author’s ambition will have been attained. WILLIAM ALANSON BRYAN. The Palms, Honolulu, Hawaii, September 13th, 1915. ILLUSTRATIONS. The illustrations used in the following pages are, in the main, reproduced from unpublished photographs taken by the author, at various times, during a period of many years residence in the islands. In addition to the plates taken especially for this work, a number of choice photographs, many of them of ereat value, have been secured from various sources, and the author takes this opportunity to publish his indebtedness to his friends and colleagues for gener- ous permission to select and use, from their private collections, such prints as are aceredited to them in the following ae Baker, R. J.— Plate 1) fics 2) 23—4- 25—2" Baldwin, C. We (Author, Gederaphy a the ie allan es popene 7, figs. 1, 2 5.63 41-1 2 304: 441, 2,5, 6, 7; 49—2, 3; 74—1, Ta teh Bishop Mase um, Objects in the (By oe rmission of the pee —Plate 8, fig. 2; 11—1, 2, 3, 4; 12—1: 13. 77— ae Bonine, a K.—Plate 90, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6. Bryan, W. A.—Plate 8, nee ty, 4; 105; 11—1, 2, 3, 4; 121; 13—1 to at 174; i; 19—1, 3 polls 4. 22- op “2, 3, 4; 24; 26; 291, 30—1, 2, 4. 32—1 2) 3, a, comp 3, 4, ea wes a A: 36—1, 2, 3) 405; ie 3i—l, 2, 35 ab Oe 6. Ta $39 Be rene ——|, 2) 3, 4. 49-3. oa 1 to es Hl, 2 3, , 6. Be F—il ro BOs co to ie eee a0 Ibs sl, Be Bh Ge 10; 58—1 to IG ee to 17; 60L 4 6; 61—1 to 17; 62—1 ey 12) 63 4 to 19; ome ; 67—1, ae (, 0 as ante Do TPA} (3 Wels sya Ts 78—1, 2, 3, ee 5), “ee S(O — PG, 1, MO), Wks IG, U7 - 80: 81— _ to 9; 82—1 to 6; 83—1 fo ne ca ee 6; a to 9; 86—1 is fe SUI—2, 3, 2 “egle AL imo) Ile eras 2 3, 4,5: 91—1 to 14; 92—1 to 16; 938—1 to 11; 94— ‘ to 15; 97—1 to D 981 to ia) 99—1 to 30; 100; 101—1 to 27; A : y 32; 104—1 to 21; Wa to 27: 106—1 to 59; 108—1 to 24; 109—1, 2, 3, 4, 5; 110—1 to 29; 111—1 to 12- 112—1 to 13: TS ——3l iio) We wal fio 19: 15. 116—1 to 24; te tomlS: Fisher, W. K.—Plate 79. figs. 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15. Frear, Hon. W. F.—Plate 21, figs. 2, 4. Gartley, A.—Plate 17, fig. 5; 23—1; 25—1; 27; 35—3; 641. Gurrey, A. R., Jr.—Plate 14; 17—1; ome Henshaw, H. W.—Plate 2. 3, figs. 1, 2: 45; 5; 6; 8—5; 122; aie 16—2, 5: 31; 38; 40; 42, 48; vies oe 46—1, 2, 4; 47— EY 5; 48—5; 4915, 6; 50; 55; 64 2, 3 Deo ee 4 6,7; 70; 711; 72 IL, He VG, ‘7, tse 14—1; 874, 5, 8; 89; 102—2; 107. Lawrence, Miss Mary 8. ie Old Time Hawaiians) =e 14; 17—1. MacCaughey, Vaughan—Plate 52, fig. 7; 57—4; 60—3, 7; 66—4, 6, 9; 67—3, 4; Gf}, Ip, O) Moses, Ernest—Plate 46, fig. 3; 47—1. Perkins, R. W.—Plate 69, figs. 2, 8. Pope, W. T.—Plate 33, fig. 5; 66—2, 8, 10; 67—8,; 68—1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8; T14; 22 Alene DY al by. Stokes, J. F. G.—Plate 8, fig. 2. Thrum, D. T.—Plate 4, figs. ie A: Warren, J. T.—Plate 1, fig. 1; a 4-10—2, 4, 6; 283—5: 30—3; 52—4; 71—5; 02S Williams, J. J.—Plate 9: 10, fie. 1; 15—3, 4; 473; 65; 76; 79—1. Miscellaneous Sourees( Ineludine Hawaii Promotion Committee, Hawaian Suear Planters’ Exp. Station, College of Hawaii, Purchased Photographs, Ete.—Plate 7, fies. 3, 4: 8—3, 6; 10-3; 16—1, 3, 4; 172; 18; 19—2; 21-1, 3, 6; 22; 23—3 ; 2S 26. 292. 34. 39: 48—6; 57—_5, 8; 1605 65: 713; aye Wal PL Sh ine tie Gee 81: 83. 84: 85: 86: 87—1, 6; 88; 91; 92; 93; 94. 95—1 2, 3; 96-1, DB ae by, CONTENTS: BOOK ONE SECTION ONE. THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE. CHAPTER I. CoMING OF THE HAWATAN Race. Plates 1, 2, [3, 5].* Hawaiians the First Inhabitants—Polynesian Affinities—Evidence of Early Immigration—Traditional and Historical Evidence of Early Voyages—Ancient Voyages—Animals and Plants Brought to Hawaii as Baggage—Double Canoes— Provisions for Long Voyages—Steering a Course by the Stars—Establishment of the Hawaiian Race. CHAPTER II. TRANQUIL ENVIRONMENT OF HAWAL AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PEOPLE. Plates 3, 4, [1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 25, 50, 71, 87, 89, 102, 106]. Natural Environment and its Effect on the People—Kona Weather—Tem- perature—Effect of the Trade Winds—Altitude and its Effect on Climate— Rains in Hawai—Effect of a Sufficient Amount of Food—Inter-Island Com- munication—Inter-tribal War—Agriculture and the Food Supply—The Fauna and Flora Explored by the Hawaiians—Food and its Effect upon the People Important Foods of the Natives—Response of the Natives to their Environment. CHAPTER Iii. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLE; THEIR LANGUAGE, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. Plates 5; 6; [15 2,3; 4, 14, 15> 16): Splendid Stature and Physical Development of the People—Clothing of the People—Cleanliness—Effeet of their Life in the Open Air—Their Lan- guage—The Alphabet sxenealogy and History—Meles and Hulas—Marriage— Polygamy—Marriage Among Persons of Rank—Infanticide—The Descent of Rank—The Tabu. CHAPTER IV. RELIGION OF THE HAWAIIANS: THEIR MerHop OF WARFARE AND FEUDAL ORGANIZATION. Ieee 1 8h [GB Me), Gls Nes ale Religion Among the Hawaiians—Idol Worship—The Future State— Heiaus—Warfare—Temples of Refuge—Preliminary to a Battle—The King and His Power—Sorcerers—The Nobility, Priests and Common People—The King and the Land—Taxes. * Numerals in brackets indicate plates showing supplementary illustrations. 16 NATURAL HISTORY OF HAWAII. CHAPTER VY. Tur Hawauan House: Irs FurRNISHINGS AND HousEHOLD UTENSILS. jeeanesy 9), Oy (Pee Sy te, al we, ale}; alee als, U7 || Complete Domestic Establishment—Building of a House—House Furnish- ines—Household Implements. CHAPTER VI. OCCUPATIONS OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE. Benes) Joly Tee IB Ps By ay, Gh te IMO); Wee yO, TAL |. Agriculture Among the Hawaiians—Taro Growing—Agricultural Imple- ments—Irrigation—Planting and Harvesting a Crop—Taro and Its Uses—Poi— Sweet Potatoes and Yams—Breadfruit—Bananas—Fiber Plants, Wauki, ete.— The Manufacture of Tapa—Tapa Making a Fine Art Among Hawaiians—Mat Making—HLauhala Mats—Makoloa Mats—Fishing—Salt Manufacture. CHAPTER VII. Toous, IMPLEMENTS, ARTS AND AMUSEMENTS OF THE HAWAIIANS. Plates 14, 15, 16, 17, [3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 28, 30, 87, 89, 106]. The Stone Age—Whet-stones—Rotary Drill—Implements of Stone, Bone and Shell—Ornaments of Feathers—The Kahili—Leis—Medicine Among the Hawaiians—Implements of Warfare—The Hula—Musical Instruments—Boxing the National Game—Wrestling—Spear Throwing—The Primitive Bowling Alley—Summer Tobogganing—Gambling—Coek Fighting—Children’s Games— Surf-Riding. SECTION TWO. GEOLOGY, GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. CHAPTER VIII. ComMING or PELE AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE Low ISLANDS OF THE GROUP. lees alls, WG. BO, Pal, [225 79)]\- Pele’s Journey to Hawaii—Legend and Science Agree—Geographical Posi- tion of the Islands—The Leeward Islands—Ocean Island—Midway—Gambier Shoal—Hisiansky—Laysan—Maro Reef—Dowsett Reef—Frost Shoal—Gard- ner—French Frigates Shoal—Neeker—Nihoa. CHAPTER Ix. THe InwaABirep IsuANDS: A DeEscrIPTION OF KAUAI AND NIHAU. Plates 22, 23, 24, 25, [75]. Position of the Inhabited Islands—Niihau—Kaula—Lehua Kauai, the Garden Island—Shore-Line—Waialeale — Lava Soils — Secondary Hawaii-nei CONTENTS. 17 Voleaniec Cones—The Caiions of Kanai—Valleys and Waterfalls—Region of Napali— Barking Sands—Spouting Horn—Caves. CHAPTER X. ISLAND OF OAHU. Plates 26, 27, 28, 29) 30) 31), 32; 33, (22, 71, 73, 75, 87, 106]: Oahu, the Metropolis of the Group—A Laboratory in Vuleanology—Dimen- sions and Outline of the Island—Honolulu Harbor—Pearl Harbor—Koolau Range — Waianae Range— The Pali— Work of Erosion—Smaller Basaltic Craters and Tufa Cones—Diamond Head—Punchbowl—Elevated Coral Reefs— The Age of Oahu—Black Voleanic Ash—History of Diamond Head—The Geologic History of Oahu—Artesian Wells—Economie Products—Brick—Build- ing Stone—Lime—Points of Geologie Interest About the Island. CHAPTER XI. IstaANps or MonoKkat, LANAI, MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE. Plates 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, [22, 53, 57, 60, 75]. The Position and Relation of Molokai, Mami, Lanai and Kahoolawe—Molokai Described—Valley of Halawa—Mapulehu Valley—The Leper Settlement— Lanai—Kahoolawe—Maui, the Valley Isle—Iao Valley—‘‘The Needle’’—Summit of Puu Kukui—Outline of Maui—Haleakala—Plan of East Maui—Trip to the Summit of Haleakala—The Great Crater Described—Sunset Seen from the Summit—Kaupo Gap—Floor of the Crater—History of Haleakala—The Last Eruption. CHAPTER XII. IsutANpD oF HAwatt. Plates 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, [17, 22, 27, 50, 52, 55, 72, 74, (By SA, th9)]|- Size and Position of Hawaii—The Youngest Island of the Group—The Ko- hala Range—Waipio and Waimanu Valleys—Hamakua Coast—Summit of Mauna Kea—The Ascent of Mauna Kea—Hualalai—Eruption of 1801—Mauna Loa—Karly Exploration of the Mountain—History of the Important Eruptions of Mauna Loa—Harthquake of 1868—Amount of Lava Poured Out in the 1907 Flow—Work of Hawaii’s Voleanoes. CHAPTER XIII. KaLAvugea, THE Worub’s Greatest ACTIVE VOLCANO. Plates 45, 46, 47, [22, 39, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 57]. Geologie History of Kilauea—Kilauea an Independent Crater—Dimensions of the Crater—An Exploded Mountain—Rise and Fall of the Liquid Lava— Explosive Eruption of 1789—Condition at the Crater in 1823—Kapiolani Breaks the Spell of Pele—Eruption and Flow of 1840—Eruption of 1892-94—Ac- NATURAL HISTORY OF HAWAII. 18 tivity in 1902—Activity in 1907—Account of a Visit to Kilauea in 1909—The Journey—First Glimpse of the Crater—Steam Cracks—Sulphur Beds— Kalauea-iki — Keanakakoi — Descent Into the Great Crater — Heat Cracks — Spatter Cones—The Pit of Halemaumau by Day and Night—Side Trips from the Crater—Fossil Tree Moulds—The Road to Honuapo—Kona District. CHAPTER XIV. CONDENSED History or Kimavuea’s ACTIVITY. Plates 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, [See Chapter XIII] Brief Chronology and History of Kilauea from the Earliest Records of Its Eruptions Down to the Present, with Dates and Observations on the Condition of the Lava in the Crater of Kilauea and the Pit of Halemaumau. SECTION THREE. FLORA OF THE GROUP. CHARTER XV. PLANT LIFE OF THE SEA-SHORE AND LOWLANDS. Plates 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, [5, 14, 19, 30, 33, 40, 43, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69; 70; 71; 72; 73; 76, 78; 79). The Island Flora—Its Isolation and Peculiarities—Sourees—Number of Genera and Species—Endemie and Introduced Plants—Variation in Flora from Island to Island—Floral Zones—The Lowland Zone—Common Littoral Species— Common Plants from the Sea-Shore to the Lower Edge of the Forest—Introduced Plants—Grasses. CHAPTER XVI. PLANT Lire IN THE HicgH MouNTAINS. Plates 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, [23, 25, 44, 45, 46, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 74]. Plants of the Lower Forest Zone—Fiber Plants Cultivated by the Ha- wailans—Sandalwood—Middle Forest Zone—Giant Ferns—Upper Forest Zone— Silver-Sword—Mountain Bog Flora. SECTION FOUR. AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE IN HAWATI. The Introduced Plants and Animals of Forest, Field and Garden. CHAPTER XVII. A RAMBLE IN A HONOLULU GARDEN: PART ONE. Plates 64, 65, 66, [2, 4, 5, 41, 45, 53, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 90]. First Impressions of Honolulu—Palms—A Falling Leaf—Coeoanut Palm— CONTENTS. Ig Date Palm—Ornamental Palms—Araucaria — Kukui — Breadfruit — Mango— Monkey-Pod—Algaroba. CHAPTER XVIII. A RAMBLE IN A HONOLULU GARDEN: Part Two. Plates 67, 68, [See Chapter XVII]. Ornamental Trees—Poinciana—Pride of the Barbadoes—Golden Shower— Pride of India—Tamarind—Banian—Pepper Tree—Kamani—Black Wattle— Australian Oak—Bougainvillea—Allamanda—Bignonia—Vines and Shrubs— Hedge Plants—Crotons—Ki—Pandanus—Ferns—Night-Blooming Cereus. CHAPTER XIX. TropicaL FRuirs In HAwaAt. Plates 69, 70, [5, 50]. Native and Introduced Fruits—Strawberry—Raspberry—Ohelo— Mountain Apples—Poha— Bananas — Pineapples — Alligator Pears — Papaia — Guava — Lemons, Oranges, Limes, Ete-——Wi—Cusard Apples—Sour Sop—Cherimoya— Sapodilla—Loquat—Figs—Grapes—Mulberry—Eugenia—Rose Apple—Passion Fowers—Pomegranates—Lichi— Melons—Prickly Pear. CHAPTER XX. AGRICULTURE IN Hawa: Its Errect oN PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE. Plates 71, 72, 73, 74, [2, 25, 41, 53, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99]. Agriculture in Recent Times—Sugar—Rice—Coffee—Sisal—Fiber Plants— Cotton—Rubber—Tobacco—Potatoes—Sweet Potatoes Plant—Lotus—Peanuts Cassava—Castor Bean Sorghum—Forage Grasses—Weeds—lLive Stock. BOOK TWO SECTION FIVE. THE ANIMAL LIFE OF THE GROUP. CHAPTER XXI. Various ANIMALS FROM LAND AND SEA. Plates 75, 76, 77, [21, 74]. Hawaiian Rats—Plague Carriers—Royal Sport—Mice—Rabbits—Guinea Pigs—Cats—Bats—Hoes—Dogs— Chickens— Goats—Deer— Mongoose— Skinks and Geckos—Frogs and Toads—Snakes—Sea Turtles—Galapagos Land Tortoise —Porpoise—Dolphin— Whales—Whaling Industry. CHAPTER XXII. IntrRopuUCED Birps. English Sparrows—Rice Birds—Chinese Sparrows—Chinese Turtle Doyes— Mynahs—The Skylark—Pheasants—California Partridge—Chinese Thrush. 20 NATURAL HISTORY OF HAWAII. CHAPTER XXIII. BirDs OF THE SEA. Plates 78, 79, [19, 20, 21, 76, 80, 81]. Regular Visitors and Ocean Waifs—Tropie Birds—Petrels—Shearwaters— Terns—Albatross—Man-o’-War Bird—Birds of Laysan Island—Miller Bird— Laysan Canary—Laysan Honey-eater—Hawalian Rail—The Albatross Dance— Guano Deposits—Nesting Habits of the Man-o’-war Bird—White Terns—Grey- backed Terns—Laysan Dueck—Flightless Rail—Land Birds of Laysan. CHAPTER XXIV. Birps OF THE MARSH, STREAM AND SHORE. Plates 80, 81, [78, 79]. The Golden Plover—Old ‘Stump-leg’—Turnstone—Sanderling—Tattler— Curlew—Hawaiian Stilt—Black-crowned Night-Heron—Coot — Gallinule—The Legend of Maui and the Alae—Hawaiian Duck—Foreign Ducks. CHAPTER XXV. Birps oF THE MountTAIN FORESTS. Plates 82, 83, 84, 85, [80, 81]. Fifty-six Species — Elepaio — Apapane — Iiwi — Amakihi — Oreomystis — Thrush-like Birds—Finch-like Birds—Moho—Black Mamo— Oo — Hawaiian Dueck—Hawaiian Goose—Crow—Viridonia—Hoi—Hawaiian Hawk—Hawauan Owl—F amily Drepanidide—Extinetion of Hawaiian Birds. CHAPTER XXVI. HAWAAN FIsHES: Part ONE. Plates 86, 87, [9, 13, 16, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 98, 94, 102, 106). Fishing in Former Times—Fishing Outfits—Fish Poison—Fish Bait—Shark Fishing — Man-Eater Sharks —Hammer-Head Sharks — Dogfish — Mackerel- Sharks—Killers—Rays and Skates—Sting-Ray—Sea Devil. CHAPTER XXVII. Hawalian FisHes: Part Two. Plates 88, 89, 90, [See Chapter X XVI]. Food Fish in the Market—Anchovies—Barracudas—Butterfly-Fish—Blen- nies—Bone-Fish—Catalufas—Cirrhitida—Dophin—Kels — Frog-Fish— Fying- Fish—Gobies—F lying-Gunards—Headfish—Mullet—A wa. CHAPTER XXVIII. HAwalaANn FisHes: Part THREE. Plates 91, 92, 98, 94, [See Chapter XXVI]. Flatfish — Morays — Mackerel — Milk- Fish — Needle -Fish — Pampanos — Tarpon—Parrot-Fish—Pipe-Fish— Poreupine-Fish—Porgies—Putters—Remoras CONTENTS. 21 Soles — Flounders — Swordfish — Trigger- or Sucker-Fish—Scorpion-Fish — Sea-Bass — Snappers Squirrel-Fish—Surgeon-Fish—Surmullets or Goat-Fish Fish—Trunk-Fish—Trumpet-Fish. CHAPTER XXIX. InrRopUCED FRESH WATER FIsH. Goldfish—Carp—Catfish—China Fish—Black Bass—Trout—Salmon—Top Minnows or Mosquito Fish. CHAPTER XXX. Important Economic Insects: Part ONE. Platess 955 96s i 9iee98s.99)|) The Study of Insects—Destructive Species—Control by Natural Enemies— Sugar-Cane Leaf-Hopper—Sugar-Cane Borer—Lantana Insects—Maui Blight— Mediterranean Fruit-Fly—Melon-Fly—Horn-Fly—Flies Cane Inseets—Aphids or Plant-Lice. Mosquitoes — Sugar- CHAPTER XOXXT. Important Economic Insects: Part Two. Plates 97, 98, 99 [95, 96]. Seale Insects—Ladybird Beetles—Beetles—Japanese Beetles—Fuller Rose Beetle or Olinda Beetle—Weevils—Leaf-Rolling Moths—Cutworms—Army- Worms—Hau Moth—Loopers—Silkworms—Cabbage Butterfly—Sweet Potato Horn-Worm or Hummine-Bird Moth—Cotton Boll-Worm—Bird-Lice—Lice Mites—Ticks—Fleas—Bubonie or Black Plague carried by Fleas—Cock- roaches—Bedbugs—Bues— White Ants—Silverfish — Ants — Carpenter Bees — Mud-Daubers— Wasps—Honey-Bee — Clothes-Moth — Household Pests — Centi- pedes—Scorpions—Thousand-Legged Worms—Sow-Bugs or Slaters—Sand-Hop- pers—Spiders, Mites and Ticks—House-Spider—Jumping-Spiders—Hamakua Spiders. CHAPTER XXXII. NATIVE INSECTS. Character of the Native Fauna—Inseets Occurring on Mamaki—