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COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, 


AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, 


Founded by private subscription, (n 1861. 


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NATURAL HISTORY 


Crinotdea, 
LILY-SHAPED ANIMALS; 


OBSERVATIONS 


ON THE 


SENN SEAR AY) 


Asterta, Curpale, Comatula € Marsupites, 


ILLUSTRATED WITH FIFTY COLOURED PLATES. 


BY 


J.S. MILLER, A. L. 8S. 


“ Comme rien ne peut exister s’il ne réunit les conditions qui rendent son existence possible, les différeutes parties de chaque étre doivent 
étre coordonnées de maniére a rendre possible l’étre total, non-seulement en lui-mé@me, mais dans ses rapports avec ceux quil’entou- 
rent, et analyse de ces conditions conduit souvent a des lois générales tout aussi démontrées que celles qui dérivent du calcul, ow 


de Pexpérienc .»——M. Le Cuav. Cuvier Regne Animal, Tome 1, p. 6. 


BRISTOL: 


PUBLISHED FOR THE AUTHOR BY C. FROST, BROAD-STREET ; 
Sold also by 
J. NORTON, BRISTOL; LONGMAN, HURST, AND CO, BALDWIN AND CO. oJ. AND A. ARCH, 
RODWELL AND MARTIN, W. WOOD, L. RELFE, G. B. SOWERBY, LONDON 5 UPHAM, 
BARRATT, COLLINGS, BATH; AND OTHER BOOKSELLERS. 


SSS 


1821. 


Bryan and Co, City Printing Office, Bristol. 


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TO THE MEMBERS 


OF THE 


LINNEAN AND GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, 


THIS WORK, 


INTENDED TO ILLUSTRATE 


THE HISTORY OF A CLASS OF ANIMALS 


ESSENTIALLY CONNECTED WITH THE SCIENCES 


WHICH IT IS THE OBJECT OF BOTH THESE INSTITUTIONS 


TO PROMOTE, 


IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED 
BY 


THE AUTHOR. 


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PREFACE. 


IN an early stage of my inquiries into the structure of that interesting 
class of Animals which forms the subject of the present treatise, I had 
it in contemplation to limit them to the space of a brief memoir, which 
I had intended to submit to the Linnean Society ; as, however, these 
inquiries proceeded, aided by the acquisition of numerous new and 
important specimens, and by the kind contributions of my scientific 
friends, they gradually swelled to such a bulk (and more particu- 
larly the plates requisite for their illustration increased so greatly in 
number) that I could no longer flatter myself that a Society whose 
objects are so general, would deem it expedient to sacrifice so large a 
space in its transactions to a single branch of Natural History, and 
still less to incur on such an account, so great an expense as regular 
engravings of such numerous details would necessarily have entailed. 


Under these circumstances, many of the friends to whose inspec- 
tion I had submitted my collection of these remains, and whose 
acquaintance with the subject entitled their opinion to an high degree 
of deference, were kindly anxious that I should still communicate 
the result of my investigations to the Public, by offering on the terms 
of Subscription, a Monograph of this Class to ee they related, 
and applying the slender talent of drawing I possessed, to executing 
myself the necessary illustrations in a series of Lithographical Plates, 
as the only mode in which a private individual could bring forward 


VI PREFACE. 


such an undertaking, and one which, if less consistent with its beauty 
as a work of art, might yet, it was observed, bestow an additional 
degree of fidelity and precision on its anatomical details. 


I did follow this advice, and it is to the kind exertions of the same 
friends that I stand chiefly indebted for the highly respectable list of 
Subscribers who have sanctioned this work by their patronage. Great, 
however, as is the encouragement I have derived from this circum- 
stance, [ still feel how much I must require the indulgence of the 
Public, in venturing to appear before it as anauthor and an artist, and 
especially on a subject so imperfectly understood as the present. 


I trust, however, that I may fairly consider myself as having 
pointed out characters which throw a new and not unimportant light 
on the class of beings under consideration, which mark with precision 
the natural arrangements of their Genera and Species, and illustrate 
many of the most essential features of their organic structure; and 
since the elucidations hence resulting, offer in many and material 
instances new analogies, which may be usefully applied to the inves- 
tigation of the other families of that important and hitherto imperfecly 
understood natural division, the radiated Echinodermata, I am 
willing to flatter myself that my researches may be considered as 
adding a useful, though humble, contribution to the now rapidly 
increasing stock of accurate Zoological knowledge. 


Since the progress of these inquiries had brought to light numerous 
Species hitherto unknown or incorrectly ascertained, it became 
necessary to adopt, in part at least, a new nomenclature; from this 
consideration, and not from any desire of capricious innovation, 
which must, whereyer it is superfluous, prove also detrimental to 
science, 1 have suffdfed myself to be swayed in this subject. 


In the nomenclature I have thus proposed, I have therefore 
retained the old and familiar deriyation of the classic name from the 


PREFACE. ViIt- 


Greek xpinoz, a lily ; prefixing for the name of each genus another 
descriptive term from the same language ; thus hoping to produce an 
association of ideas which a simple generic appellation could not 
have conveyed, and which might become more readily impressed on 
the memory of the student. 


I still, however, regret that it was not possible for me to avail 
myself of the very appropriate name Stylastrite (from xrraoz, a 
column, and azrron, a star, i. e. a stellated animal, supported on a 
column) proposed by Mr. Martin (the author of a work on the 
fossils of Derbyshire) in his outlines on the knowledge of extraneous 
fossils, This name happily describes not only the general resemblance, 
but also the place which this family should occupy in the natural 
arrangement of organized beings ; but being a compound term, would 
not have conveniently entered into any further combinations, and 
therefore would have failed in the object above specified. I cannot 
however pass it over without notice. 


I have avoided imposing names on imperfect fragments which did 
not yield a clearly distinct specific character, since this would only 
have uselessly swelled the already voluminous nomenclature of 
natural history. 


The anatomical descriptions are, in every instance, drawn up from 
actual and minute examination ; and it has been highly satisfactory 
to me, to have been able to verify and confirm the results obtained 
from the examination of fossil species, by comparison with the recent 
Pentacrinus, and to have found myself materially assisted: by the 
analogies thus afforded, in investigating the allied genera Marsupites 
and Comatula. 

we 

As a native of the once free Hanseatic town of Dantzig, I felt 
myself long embarrassed by that imperfect knowledge of the peculiar 
idiomatic forms of English composition, which must be supposed 


VI PREFACE. 


to present formidable obstacles against the success of a foreigner in 
every literary attempt. I have therefore submitted my manuscript to 
the revision of a gentleman who has taken a warm interest in assisting 
the prosecution of my inquiries. He has, however, in every instance, 
advised me to retain my own expressions unaltered, as conveying with 
the greatest fidelity and precision the ideas of my own mind, unless 
where, from the very different genius of the German language, they 
would have presented a meaning obscure, or liable to be mistaken by 
the English reader. These observations will at once account for, and 
it is trusted also plead for an indulgent allowance in behalf of, that 
occasional harshness of construction and style, which it is felt must 
still adhere to a work composed under such circumstances. 


T have finally to acknowledge my obligations to the Very Rev. the’ 
Dean of Bristot; Ricuarp Brieurt, Esq. of Ham-Green ; the 
Rev. W. D. Conyzerare, of Brislington; the Rev. Professor W. 
Bucxuanp, of Oxford ; the Rev. Professor A. SepGrwicx, of Cam- 
bridge ; the Rev. R. Hatrrax, of Standish; the Rev. Dr. Coox, of 
Tortworth ; C. Sroxrs, Esq. of London; Joun Hawxer, Esq. of 
Dudbridge ; and toall the Gentlemen in Bristol and its neighbourhood 
possessing collections of organic remains, the richest perhaps in this 
department which England contains, for their liberality in furnishing 
me with specimens, and in giving every aid to my inquiries which a 
free access to their cabinets and the assistance of their valuable 
information could afford. 


13, Hillsbridge-Parade, 
Bristol, — September, 1821. 


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INTRODUCTION. 


THe jate inquiries made by M. Cuvier, Lamarck, and other Naturalists 
in comparative anatomy, have extended the application of the results ob- 
tained, to the animal remains found in the various strata of our globe. Nu- 
merous genera and species of organic beings, of whose existence we had 
no previous idea, have been thus satisfactorily ascertained, whilst others 
still require persevering and patient examination; and it has been proved, 
that by a thorough knowledge of them, greater certainty may be given to the 
facts resulting from geological observations. 


As the environs of Bristol abound in strata replete with organic remains, 1 
was induced by these considerations to devote to them a large share of my 
attention. The columns of the Encrinite so abundant in the black rock, (a fetid 
mountain limestone) on the side of the river Avon, attracted my notice 
particularly, and the sparry subrotund concretions dispersed throughout 
the rock, made me hope that I might find in these the superior extremi- 
ties of that animal which had been generally sought for in‘vain. This sus- 
picion was svon after verified by the discovery of the fine specimen of ActI- 
NOCRINITES 30 Dacryxus figured Pu. 11. fig. 1. and 2. A perusal of Mr. 
Paxkinson’s work on the Organic Remains of a former ‘World, showed 
how much had’been done, and what remained to'be done, for the illustration 
of the history of the Encrinites, and M.Cuvier’s method in the identification 
of animals by their skeletons, pointed out the mode to be pursued. I began | 
therefore to collect as many masses and fragments of these animals as I 
could get. I extended my field of research gradually further around the 
environs of Bristol, to the Transition and Mountain Limestone, the Lyas, 
Oolite, Greensand, and Chalk: and began to arrange the specimens obtained 
according to the strata and places where found. A few of these more perfect 
and illustrative than the rest, enabled me to form an idea of the relative 


2 


position and arrangement of the numerous fragments in my possession, and 
to make with these (as it were) disjointed skeletons. These fragments which 
presented me often with characters, that in more perfect specimens are par- 
tially concealed, pointed out that something more than the bony portion (or 
rather internal bonelike concretions of these animals, which must in this 
respect be considered as analogous in structure to the Star-fish) had been 
preserved, and had sustained the process of petrifaction, and that traces of 
muscular covering investing them were clearly observable. I was thus led to 
an inquiry into the myology of these beings, which combined with the former 
observations, aided in obtaining a more satisfactory knowledge of their 
economy, and a more correct determination of their genera and species. I 
was much pleased, when on a subsequent examination of the Pentacrinus 
caput medusz (the only recent, and very rarely occurring species) I was con- 
firmed in the correctness of the conclusions which I had deduced from the 
inspection of the fossil fragments. The course of these researches convinced 
me that the animals described by Mr. Parkinson as Encrinites and Pen- 
taciinites, and by M. Lamarck and M. Cuvier arranged under the single 
genus, Encrinus, would readily and properly form a distinct and peculiar 
family, comprehending several genera and species. The new order thus 
constructed, requires to be separated from the Potypr naranres of M. La- 
MARCK—an order to which its members were most unhappily referred by that 
author, although they possess neither of the characters indicated by that name, 
being in truth widely different from Polypi, and instead of floating freely, being 
generally fixed to one spot. They form the natural transition to the stellerid 
family, but especially to the genera ALecrTo of Dr. Leacu, and Marsupites 
of Gipeon Manet, Esq. 


As the Zoological principles adopted in this Work coincide generally with 
those of M. Lamarck, but yet in many instances, exhibit modifications of them, 
which would appear inadmissible were his opinions implicitly embraced; it will 
materially assist us in forming a clear view of the place which is assigned to 
the present order in the scale of animated nature, and illustrate the observa- 
tions which it may be necessary hereafter to introduce; to subjoin in this 
place a brief review of that part of the system of this author, (who proceeds 
from the lower and most simple to the more complicated and perfect animals) 
which includes his lowest classes, those namely, which precede and accom- 
pany that in which he places the genera of which we are now entering 
upon the description, We must begin then by observing, that according to 


“. 


3 


M. Lamarck, in the beings placed in the lowest or first stage of animal life, 
we are unable to discover organs which demonstrate the existence of sensation, 
a mere irritability of fibre is the whole that is allowed them according to 
this view; it is said that no brain, or nervous system proceeding from 
it can be traced, and the inference that they possess no consciousness or 
volition is hence hastily drawn. Yet if we argue with minds unprejudiced 
by metaphysical systems, from the obvious phcenomena, and guided by the 
first rules of philosophizing, ascribe (in the absence of all direct evidence to 
the contrary) similar effects to similar causes; we cannot, I am persuaded, 
hesitate to ascribe these faculties to the animals in question; whether they 
depend in them on some new and peculiar organization, or whether (which 
considering our imperfect means of observation may well be supposed to be 
the case) they actually possess a nervous system, which, from its minuteness 
and distribution through their frame, has as yet eluded our discovery. The 
vorticella, disturbed by the rays of light or want of food, hurries along till 
it ceases to feel the cause that agitated it. Does this not demonstrate the 
sense of feeling? The irritability of the stomach excited by hunger alone, 
could not spread the numerous tentacula of the Polypi to ensnare its prey, 
and compel these to retain it and guide it to the mouth: no, this demonstrates 
consciousness. 


The arrangement of M, Lamarck commences with the simplest forms of 
animal life; his first class consists of the 1nFusorta, or animals which may be 
discovered in various infusions. ‘The beings it contains are so minute, that 
before the invention of the Microscope, we had no idea of their existence ; 
and even now we know them very imperfectly. They are nevertheless 
highly interesting, and demonstrate conspicuously how very minute an atom 
of matter must be, that is capable of entering into their organic system, and 
being appropriated to their wants. Were it not for the conviction of the im- 
perfect knowledge we possess of these animals, and the insufficiency of our 
means to obtain it, we might be almost led to doubt their continued propa- 
gation, and to have recourse to the supposition of a spontaneous generation ; 
but under these circumstances an hypothesis so contrary to the general ana- 
logies of all animals which we have a full opportunity of observing, cannot 
rashly be admitted. 


The Poxyrr constitute the next class of M. Lamarcx, and form a large 
family of animals, in which we trace a gradual progress to a more compli- 


4 


cated organization. They, according to that author, have a gelatinous con- 
tractile body, a distinct mouth, surrounded by tentacula, or branching arins, 
and a simple alimentary canal or stomach, showing no vents; they increase 
by separation or internal spontaneous productions, and show no generative 
organs. The greater part of the species adhere one to another, and may be 
considered as animals depending on mutual support. Some of them approach 
closely to the infusoria (PoLyPI cILIATI) whilst others. more distinctly 
formed (POLYPI DENUDATI) are capable of attaching themselves by means of 
a pedicle, and in many instances able to detach and affix themselves to new 
spots. 


The Potyri vaGinaT1 are gelatinous like the former, but possess an epi- 
dermis, capable of secreting horny or calcarious matter, which furnishes them 
with a point of attachment, (SerTuraRiA) ; with a sort of skeleton for the sup- 
port of their aggregate and clustered groups, (Gorcon1A); or which forms cells 
in which the animal may partially conceal itself or retreat. The Polypi of this 
order, some of which are very minute, form those elegant corneous plantlike 
skeletons and calcarious Potyparia (as these eases investing the Polypi are 
termed by Lamarck) which so frequently occur in the cabinets of scientific col- 
lectors, and from whose different configurations, characters have been derived 
which have enabled Naturalists to arrange them into differeat genera, as MApRE- 
pores, Mitiepores, Tusipores, &c. The fabrics of animals of this order, 
occasion those coral reefs, so frequent in the seas of the southern hemisphere, 
which, being first elevated by the spoils of successive generations to the surface 
of the water ; then covered with sand derived from their own detritus, and that 
of sea shells ; and lastly, affording a lodgment to seeds casually wafted; in time 
assume the character of verdant islands. Thus strangely do the minutest 
and seemingly least important inhabitants of the ocean become the parents of 
new tracts of land. Their remains in earlier ages have contributed, in many 
instances, to form those masses which constitute the rocky strata of our 
present continents, and they are to be found in great variety and abundance 
in the very first formations that exhibit any remains of the animal kingdom. 


Passing by Lamarck’s Poryr1 tu BIFERI, we come to his PoLyPI NATANTES. 
It is in this order, which appears to me ill defined, that he places together 
with the genera Pennatuta, Vircutaria and Umperiuaria, the genus 
Encrinus, describing two species, the ENcRINITESs MONILIFORMIS and the 
Penrtacrinus Caput Mepus& of the present Monograph, The character of 


5) 


the order as laid down by him, “ Many Polypi united to an elongated free 
fleshy living body, containing an inorganic axis” does not apply to the genus 
Encrinus, and the definition he gives of this genus itself is also erroneous, 
in stating that “The branches forming the umbel are filled with Polypi in 
rows.” These errors of M. Lamarcx’s are omitted in M. Cuvier’s Reane 
Animat, where, however, he gives no new generic character, but only places 
the genus Encrinvus after the AsTERI, in the division ZoopHyTes, class 
Ecninopermes and order Pepiceztrs. I must acknowledge I do not know 
why M. Cuvier should have suppressed the name VerRMes applied by 
Linneus to the sixth class of animals, and preferred the term ZoopuHyTes, 
adding “Ov AnmmAux Rayonnes,” the Greek word so translated means 
PuantTLike Antmats. The Swedish Naturalist used it, I think with propriety, 
to denominate his fourth order of Vermes containing the Polypi of Lamarck, 
because their own figure and that of their Polyparia bore a great resemblance 
to plants; but I cannot see the reason why it should be thus extended to 
designate a division containing the Eentnt, INTESTINAL WORMS, InrusoriA, Kc. 


UJ 


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Family. 


—_ 


CRINOIDEA. 


LILY-SHAPED ANIMALS. 


Character of the Family. 


AN animal with a round, oval, or angular column, composed of numerous 
articulating joints, supporting at its summit a series of plates or joints forming 
a cup-like body containing the viscera, from whose upper rim proceed five 
articulated arms, dividing into tentaculated fingers, more or less numerous, 
surrounding the aperture of the mouth, situated in the centre of a plated 
integument, which extends over the abdominal cavity, and is capable of 
being contracted into a conic or proboscal shape. 


Some species of these animals ascertained to be permanently attached to 
extraneous bodies, whilst others appear to have been capable of locomotion. 


Derivation of the Name of the Family. Me 


I have derived the name of this family from the Greek tA z0A KPINOEIAEA 
thelily-shaped animals, and have used this word to form with another distin- 
guishing term prefixed, the name of the genera. 


* 
Progress of the Study of the Animals now arranged in this Family. 


The cclumns and columnar joints of the Crinoidea, by their frequent occur- 
renceand remarkable figure, have attracted the attention of naturalists at an early 
‘age. The round columns, and their depressed single perforated joints, marked 
upon their upper and lower surtageg radiating striz, have acquired names 


8 


founded on superstitious ideas, their resemblance to other bodies, and the use 
they were applied to; as rosary beads, (Rosenk2anssteine, Germ.) giant’s tears, 
(hunnenthzaenen, Germ.) fairy stones, wheel stones, (Raevdersteine, Germ.) tor- 
chites, entrochites, &c. The angular columns being generally star-shaped re- 
ceived the names starstones, asterie, &c. 


AGricoLa considered these bodies aS inorganic infiltrations, similar to sta- 
lactites. Other early authors regarded them as_yertebral joints of fish, as 
corals, &c. ; and some who had more accurately observed the column and its 
termination, compared them to plants, whence the name of the stone lily (tet 
Lilfe, Germ.) was given to the superior extremities of our genus ENcrinvs. 
LunurnI believe first considered them as appendages to star fish; and when this 
idea was accepted by men of enquiry, and it was admitted, that they probably 
belonged to the asteria, (now the STeLLEriwes Euryave of M. Lamarck,) and 
might even exist in unexplored seas, researches were set on foot to discover 
them in a living or recent state. A recent species of these animals was sup- 
posed to have a aa when the PennaTuba ENCRINUS of the immortal 
Linnzus, of which Exuis gives a description as an hydra, was first noticed. 
But this, on closer examination, proved to differ so materially from the Encrr- 
NITE, that it furnished Lamarck with the type of his new genus UMBELLULA- 
kIA. Soon afterwards, however, a portion of an animal was found which bore 
a great resemblance to the asterial columns occurring so frequently in lias and 
oolite, possessing, indeed, an absolute identity of generic characters. Linnxus 
improperly classed this species under the genus Isis, as Isis asrerta, which 
error M. Lamarck corrected, and placed it in his genus Encrinus, as Encri- 
NUS CAPUT MEDUSE, and which I have removed to the genus PENTACRINITES 

‘(Pentacrinus) retaining M. Lamarcx’s specific name. A 


Geological Distribution of the Crinoidea. 


Some species, as CyaTHocRINITES rugosus, &e, are found amongst the 
rliest traces of organic remains, imbedded in the transition limestone for- 
mation, Other species of the genera AcrinocriniTEs, PLATYCRINITES, 
Ruopocrinites, Porertocrinites, and CyaTHocrIniTEs, occur in the moun- 
tain and maguesian limestone deposits, where they are lost, (as far as I 
have been able to ascertain) and make room for the different species 
PenTacrinites, which may be traced through the beds of the lias, oolit 
and chalk, and of which one species, the Penracrinus cApuT MEDUSE 


9 


has continued from the formation of the lyas to our times, and is now met with, 
though very rarely, in a recent state. The AProcrINITEs ROTUNDUSs is only found 
adhering to a bed of the oolite formation, and the APiocrRINITES ELLIPTICUS in 
chalk. 


It also appears that many species of Crinoidea have been very generally 
distributed over our-earth, whilst others (at least as far as our knowledge ex- 
tends) were more local. 


Observations. 


The essentially distinguishing character of the family of Crinoidea, is the 
column formed of numerous joints which separates them from the Polypi, 
whilst the arms and fingers surrounding the mouth, prove their aflinity to them 
and the STELLERIDE, 


The integuments of the Crinoidea appear to have had the power of forming 
by secreting a number of calcarious concretions, forming joints or ossicula, 
composing what may be termed the skeleton of the animal. These can- 
not, indeed, with strict propriety, be termed bones, since that denomina- 
tion is almost limited by usage to the parts constituting the skeleton of ver- 
tebral animals, whereas the ossicular concretions of the Crinoidea in many 
points (and probably also in their chymical composition) bear a nearer analogy 
to the plates of the Echinus and the joints of the Star-fish. Yet entirely dit- 
ferent both in disposition and arrangement, as are these ossicula from the 
bones of vertebral animals, they manifestly are intended to subserve the same 
general uses, to form the solid support of the whole body, to protect the 
viscera, and as we Shall presently see reason to believe, to form the basis 
of attachment to a regular muscular system. Having thus guarded my use of 
the term ossicula against the misapprehension or objections that might ether- 
wise possibly arise, I shall, without scruple, employ that appellation to desig- 
nate these bodies. By the depressions and foramina in the ossicnla, it may be 
proved that the gelatinous integument investing’ them possessed muscular 
powers, and was able to produce effects resulting from muscular action. The 
movement of the arms, the fingers, and tentacula, could only have been effected 
in this manner. 


A Periosteum seems to have secreted and arranged the calcarious matter 
of the ossicula, and I think in some instances had the power of reabsorbing ite 
c 


10 


This last quality may account for the enlargement of the alimentary canal in the 
columns of the Acrinocrinites, CyaTuocrinites, &c, as the animal increased 
in size. 


On the summit of the column are placed series of ossicula, which, from 
their position and uses may be termed the pelvis, scapula, costal, and inter- 
costal joints or plates, varying in their number, and partly wanting in some 
genera. These form (with the pectoral and capital plates) a kind of subglo- 
bular body, having the mouth in its centre, and containing the viscera and 
stomach of the animal, from which the nourishing fluids are admitted through 
a sphincter muscle to the alimentary canal in the column, and also carried to 
the arms and tentaculated fingers. 


These ossicula, when possessing a short and thick figure, and connected by 
regular articulating surfaces, as in Apiocrinites, or occasionally perhaps, an- 
chylosing together, as in Evcentacrinites, I have denominated joints; when 
they assume a thinner and flatter form, and adhere only by sutures, lined by the 
muscular integument, as in Acrinocrinites, I have termed them plates. 


The difference of these modes of structure have enabled me to form four 
divisions of the family of Crinoidea ; and as the number of plates or joints on 
which the scapula rests, as also the number of fingers and arrangement of 
finger bones varies, these, with the shape of the column, offer good characters 
to form genera and determine species, 


The food of the Crinoidea we may conjecture to have consisted in animals 
‘ess solid than themselves, probably infusoria, polypi, meduse, &c. This indeed 
is rendered more certain by their possessing in their numerous tentaculated 
fingers, such an admirable net-like apparatus for the detention of minute sub- 
stances, since it is a rule in nature to suit always in its organic formations 
the mechanism to the wants. The small mouth capable of elongating into a 
kind of proboscis, also aids in confirming this conjecture. 


I apprehend that the Crinoidea propagated by eggs only, their complicated 
organic construction (so widely differing from that of the SreLLER1D#) not per- 
mitting increase by separation of parts of the animal, or by buds, as is said to 
be the case in Polypi, whose young are said to push forth from the sides of the 
gelatinous contractile body. The inference drawn from this alleged fact, 


il 


however, appears to me, I confess, doubtful ; and Iam rather inclined to 
believe that near the place where the young Polypi appear to push forth, the 
aperture of the ovary exists, from which the minute ovum having escaped, and 
by means of its gluten adhering to the parent, thus forms a sort of placenta 
from which the extruded animal draws for a period its vital sustenance. I sus- 
pect that I have detected the aperture or apertures of the ovaries in APio- 
CRINITEs ROTUNDUS, between the angles near the adhesion of the joints of the 
pelvis and costz, as also in the division of InanTicuLaTa between the scapula, 


Whether the Crinoidea did or did not possess a vent, still remains doubtful. 
Their organization appears to have been such as might, perhaps, have enabled 
them to dispense with this part; since the sphincter muscle at the bottom of 
the stomach (the apex of the column) permitted, probably, only those juices to 
pass into the alimentary canal which were destined to be assimilated into the 
system, and matter, uot so applicable, may easily have been disgorged by the 
mouth. Even the juices carried into the alimentary canal, too abundant for 
the general recrements needed by the animal frame, may have been exuded 
through vessels between the joints, and have been employed in repairing occa- 
sional injuries, or forming additional lamina to strengthen the fabric, 


The liability to frequent accidents to which animals formed of such numer- 
ous parts as the Crinoidea must be exposed, renders their having a power of 
repairing injuries sustained, and of reproducing portions lost, necessary; and 
that they have this is verified, beyond doubt, by the specimen of PenTACRINUS 
CAPUT MEDUS#&, recently in the possession of the late John Tobin, Esq. 


The mode in which the numerous ossicular concretions of these animals are 
connected together by a gelatinous muscular substance only, renders their 
separation alter death easily accounted for, and explains the rare occurrence 
of }eriect specimens in a fossil state. The formation of all the ossicula by cal- 
carious secretions, furnishes the reason why they have been so perfectly pre- 
served in the niveral strata, although changed into foliated spar similar to that 
which generally occurs in the remains of Echini and Asteria. 


Where the muscle is preserved, or a portion of the animal oil, however 
minute, intervenes between the fossil aud the imbedding substance, or between 
two joiuts, they easily separate, and if exposed to the gradual action of an 
acid, not unfrequently muscular fibre itself may be developed. 


Division and Classification of the Crinoidea. 


In the proposed arrangements of the members of this family they will be 
classed under four principal divisions, comprising altogether nine genera, each 
containing several species, as p articularized in the annexed table. 


It is almost unnecessary to observe that a previous perusal of the detailed 
account of the genera and species will be requisite, in order to furnish a clear 
understanding of the synoptical and abridged view of their characters pre- 
sented in the following table. The employment of letters of the same type, 
and references of the same figure, to denote in every instance the characters 
taken from the same parts, proceeds exactly upon the plan adopted by M. 
Lamarck, and will be at once understood by those familiar with his mode of 
arrangement, 


13 


Systematic Arrangement of the Crinotdea, 


* The Etymology of the names adopted will be found in the description of each genus and speeies. 


I. Division. Articuzata. Joints forming the supe- 
rior cup-like body of the animal articulating to 
each other. 
A Pelvis formed of five joints. 
@ Supporting five costal joints. 
a Column enlarging at the summit. 
a Fingers formed of a single series of joints. I. Gen. APtocriniTEs. 
* Column round 
o Alimentary canal round. 
§ Articulating surfaceof columnar joints radiated. 1 Sp. rotundus. 
** Column elliptic. 
o Alimentary canal round. 
§§ Articulating surface of columnar joints trans- 
versely ridged. 2 Sp. ellipticus. 
b Column not enlarging at the summit. 
a Fingers formed of a single series of joints. 
*+* Column pentangular. 
o Alimentary canal round. 
§§§ Articulating surface of columnar joints petal- 
shaped. III Gen. PENTACRINITES. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
t In single series. 
|| Column smooth. 
1 Columnar joints generally alternately 


smaller and larger. 1 Sp. Caput Meduse. 
2 Columnar joints generally of more 
uniform thickness. 4 Sp. Basaltiformis. 
{| Column tuberculated, 5 Sp. tuberculatus. 
t{} Auxiliary side arms in double series. 
{| Column smooth. 3 Sp. subangularis. 


++ Auxiliary side arms angular. 
} Auxiliary side arms in single series, 
{| Column smooth. 2 Sp. Briareue. 


14 


b Fingers formed of two series of joints. If. Gen. Encatnrves, 
* Colamn round. 
© Alimentary canal round. 1 Sp. moniliformis. 


Corwwrrcrrcercrecrrtccrerereree 


Wi, Division. Semrarticuzata. Plate-like joints form- 
ing the superior cup-like body of the animal, arti- 
culating imperfectly to each other. 
A Pelvis formed of five joints 
‘A Supporting five costal plates. 
a Column not enlarging. 
a Fingers formed of a single series of joints. 
* Column round. 
o Alimentary canal round. 
§ Articulating surface of columnar joints 
radiated. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
} Auxiliary side arms placedirregular. IV,GEN. Poreriocrinit£s, 
1 Joints of fingers thick. 1 Sp. crassus. 
2 Joints of fingers slender. 2 Sp. tenuis. 


Q1I. Division. INARTICULATA. Plates forming the su- 
perior cup-like body of the animal, adhering by 
sutures, lined by muscular integument. 

N. B. Ina young state PorersrocniINiTESs TENUSS may be erroneously 


considered as ‘belonging to this family, on account of the 
undeveloped state of the articulations. 


A Pelvis formed of five plates. 
& Supporting five costal plates. 
a Column not enlarged. 
a Fingers formed of a single series of joints. 
* Column round 
© Alimentary canal round. 
§ Articulating surface of columnar joints ra- 
diated. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
t Auxiliary side arms placed irregular. VI. Gen. CyaTuocninites, 


15 


1 Costal plates smooth. 1 Sp. planus. 
2 Costal plates tuberculated. 2 Sp. tuberculatus. 
oo Alimentary canal petal shaped. 
§ Articulating surface of columnar joints radiated. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
{ Auxiliary side arms placed irregular. 
1 Costal plates with angular rugged 
strie. : 3 Sp. rugosus. 
** Column pentangular. 
ooo Alimentary canal pentangular. 
§ Articulating surface of columnar joints radiated. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
{ Auxiliary side arms placed irregular. 
1 Costal plates smooth. 4 Sp. quinqu angularis. 


B Pelvis formed of three plates. 
% Five costal and one intercostal plate resting on the pelvis. VII. Gen. AcTINocRINITES. 
b Column not enlarging near the summit. 
b Fingers formed of two series of joints. 
* Column round. 
o Alimentary canal round. 
§ Articulating surface of columnar joints ra- 
diated. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
{ Auxiliary side arms irregular. 
1 Thirty fingers proceeding from five 


scapule. 1 Sp. triacontadactylus. 
2 More than thirty fingers proceeding - 
from five scapula. 2 Sp. polydactylus. 


€ Five intercostal plates, resting on the pelvis, in whose 
lateral angles five costal ones insert. VIII. Gen. RnovocrinitEs. 
b Column. not enlarging near the summit. 
b Fingers formed of two series of joints. 
* Column round. 
oo Alimentary canal petal shaped. 
§ Articulating surface of columnar joints radiated. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
{ Auxiliary side arms irregular. 1 Sp. verus. 


D Costal, or intercostal plates wanting the five scapule, 
adhering to the pelvis. V. Gen. PLatycRINiTESs. 


b Column not enlarging near the summit. 
b Fingers formed of two series of joints. 


16 


* Colunm elliptic. 
o Alimentary canal round. 
§§ Articulating surface of columnar joints 
transversely ridged. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round. 
t Auxiliary side arms placed irregular, 
1 The five scapule smooth, having 


each four fingers. 1 Sp. levis. 
2 The five scapule rugose, having each 
six fingers. 2 Sp. rugosus. 


€** Column pentangular. 
ooo Alimentary canal pentangulare 
& Articulating surface of columnar joints ra- 
diated. 
+ Auxiliary side arms round, 
{ Auxiliary side arms irregular. 


1 The five scapule smooth 6 Sp. pentangularis. 
*** Column not known. 

1 The five scapule tuberculated. 3 Sp. tuberculatus. 

2 The five scapule granulated. 4 Sp. granulatus. 

3 The five scapule striated. 3 Sp. striatus. 


error eros rr eraser rrercerpoese ' 


TV. Division. Coapunata. The joints of the pelvis 
anchylose to the first columnar joint. 
A Pelvis formed of five joints. 
@ Column enlarged at the summit. IX, Gen. Eugentacrinites. 
o Alimentary canal round. 1 Sp. quingu angularis. 


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L. GENUS. 
APIOCRINITES. 


| 5 


I. Diviston, 


CRINOIDEA ARTICULATA. 


Character of the Division. 


THe joints resting on the first, or superior columnar joint, and forming the 
cup containing the viscera, articulate by liplike and transverse processes, having 
a minute perforation. 


Observation. 


The name of the division ArricuLaTa, is used in allusion to the articu- 
lating insertion of the joints forming the cup containing the viscera. 


I. GENUS APIOCRINITES. 
PEAR-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. , 


Generic Character. 


An animal with a column gradually enlarging at the apex, composed of 
numerous joints, of which the superior is marked by five diverging ridges 
dividing the surface into as many equal portions, sustaining the pelvis, formed 
of five sub-cuneiform joints, supporting others of a figure nearly similar, 
from which proceed the arms and tentaculated fingers 5 alas of simple joints, 
haying the figure of a horse shoe. 

D 


18 


Observation. 


The name of this genus is derived from the Greek anion, pear. 


None of its species have as yet occurred in a living state, and those found 
fossil, are of local occurrence, and confined as to geological place to strata 
more recent than the lias. 


One of the species is proved to be permanently adhering, whether the other 
was so has not been ascertained, 


I. SPECIES APIOCRINITES ROTUNDUS. 
ROUND COLUMN’D PEAR-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a round column composed of joints adhering by 
radiating surfaces, of which from ten to fourteen gradually enlarge at its apex, 
sustaining the pelvis, coste, and scapule, from which the arms and tentacu- 
lated fingers proceed. 


Base formed by exuding calcareous matter, which indurates in lamine, and 
permanently attaches the animal to extraneous bodies. 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Joun Waxtcort.—Description of the fossils near Bath, fig. 61. p. 46. 

James Parxtnson.—Organic remains, vol. 2. Bradford Pear Encrinite, 
T. xvi. fig. 1. and 14, 

Harer, junior.—In Acta Helvetica, vol. rv. tab, 8. fig. 6. and 7. 

Townsenp,—Character of Moses, vol, 1. p. 268. Px. x1. fig. 6. and 15. 


Locality. 


Bradford in Wiltshire, Abbotsbury near Weymouth, Dorsetshire ; and 
Soissons. 


5 i ¥ 4 
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ool ==. 


APIOCKIN IVES 


ROTUNDUS 


19 


Description. 


1 have derived the specific name RoTUNDUS, from the animal having a round 
column. 


The remains of the AprlocniniTEs ROTUNDUS have as yet only occurred in a 
fossil state, and no perfect specimen has been met with. At Bradford the al- 
most shapeless bases (Pu. u. fig. 1. and 9.) of this species are met with, adhering 
tothe surface of the oolitic rock, of various sizes, inclosing portions of the column, 
which are seen externally shooting forth from them. They are affixed in great 
number to each other, and not unfrequently to testacea and other extraneous 
marine bodies, which proves that the animal lived in the sea, and affixed itself 
wherever chance directed its ovum. Portions of the column (PL. tv. fig. 1.) the 
animal's superior pear-shaped part (PL. 1. fig. 2.) and the separate juints of 
both are generally found in the clay which covers the oolite. As cellepores 
shells and serpule (Pu. 1. fig. 9) adhere to them, they must have been of a 
firm texture, and as these frequently occupy the inner surfaces of joints (PL. 1. 
fig. 1) the remains of these animals must have lain for some time in a dead and 
separated state, before they were covered with the mass of the stratum in which 
they are imbedded. The comparatively rare occurrence of portions of the 
column, its short fragments, on which I never could trace the slightest mark 
indicating side arms, and the bulky superior part, point out that the column at 
no time could have been very long (PL. 1. fig. 1.) since otherwise the animal 
would have been continually in danger of mutilation from the over poising 
weight of its superior part; and the more so as from its want of side arms it 
could have possessed no lateral support to counteract this weight. — 


The Couumy, as has been observed, is formed of numerous round depressed 
joints (PL. rv. fig. ] and 6) pierced in the centre to afford a passage to the 
alimentary canal (PL. rv. fig. 20.—PL. 111. fig. 4.) Their upper and lower sur- 
faces are striated in radii, of which the depressed spaces adinit the elevated ones 
of the next joint. The radii are at certain distances interrupted by concentric 
of (more or less)elevated rings, parallel to the circumference of the column, which 
are more conspicuous towards its apex. (PL. Iv. fig. 8,9, and 14.) At each of 
these interruptions the radii divide (forming sometimes minute tubercles) thus 
increasing their number as the animal grows, This increase of the number of 


20 


ridges and furrows which form new points of articulation or insertion in pro- 
portion as the area of the joint itself expands, always insured an equal firmness 
of adhesion, for had the number of radii contained within the first narrow circle 
continued without dividing as they passed through those successively formed 
beyond it, being thinly scattered over a surface so much wider, they would 
scarcely have been adequate to this purpose, 


The nearly flat joints in the enlarged part of the column (PL. tv. fig. 7. 
to 11) have on each side, near the centre, a concave depression, through which 
the alimentary canal passes. To this a sphincter like muscle (Pu. rv. fig. 21.) 
was probably affixed, sending off short fibres to the joint above, to aid longti- 
tudinal action, and also radiating laterally, so as to spread in a thin membrane 
over the space between the columnar joints attaching itself to their radii, and 
more firmly adhering to the circular rings where these divide, and ultimately 
perhaps connecting itself with the muscular membrane that covers the joints ex- 
ternally. The sphincter seems to have been incapable of close contraction, 
whereby it would have interfered with the free passage of the alimentary 
canal, but its partial action on the radiating portion pulled downwards, or rather 
more closely together the joints on one side, whilst its passive relaxation suf- 
fered the other to rise, thus bending the column in various directions. The par- 
tial contraction of the sphincter muscle between each two joints, together with 
the longitudinal fibres, transmitted from one sphincter to the next, and thus pro- 
ceeding through the inteérior of the whole column, formed a series of imperfect 
balls or cones, distantly analogous to those gelatinous ones between the verte- 
tebrz of fish, and not improbably here also tending to aid motion. Minute vessels 
appear to have carried nourishment from the alimentary canal to the perios- 
teum, or the investing membrane, which, by secreting calcareous matter, formed 
the various joints. The growth or increase of these was effected by the con- 
tinual application of fresh lamine, as is demonstrated by the rings noticed 
above intersecting the radiating stria, which may be also traced through the 
interior by lines of a different colour, on forming transverse or longitudinal 
sections. (Pu. 111. fig. 3.) They are fewer in small specimens, and more nu- 
merous in large ones, resembling thus the rings which distinguish the growth 
of trees. That the power of increase was nearly the same in all the animals of 
this species of Apiocrinites, may be proved from a section showing 3 or 4 rings, 
since these will occupy exactly the same space in the centre of one showing 


ay) ip Sao Malye PRP weg 


a 


APIOCRINITES ROTUNDUS., ‘Pu. at | 
as 
B 


21 


ten rings. Iapprehend that a portion of animal matter remains always be« 
tween the newly-formed ring and the former, perhaps interlacing with the radiat- 
ing muscle where it divides. A proof of this appears to be, that whea decom- 
position affects specimens, and converts them into a sort of ochre, the rings 
will separate, which could not happen, did not animal matterreimain interposed 
from their original formation. 


The enlarged columnar joints (Px. 1v. fig. 8 to 12) are considerably thicker 
than the others, are concave below, and at their superior surface more or less 
convex, with a depression in the centre. They become gradually thinner to- 
wards the middle, and show more numerous and more delicate radiating stria, 
their points of division and the elevated rings are very distinct; at the latter, 
sometimes a series of minute tubercles occur, where probably the covering 
periosteum adhered more firmly. In consequence of the concavity of the inferior 
surface having a greater curvature than the convexity of the superior surface, 
each joint is thinnest towards the centre, and hence a hollow lenticular space 
of a concavo-convex figure is formed between the two contiguous joints, which 
may be considered as an enlargement of the alimentary canal. The joints 
adhere by the last-formed rings, which probably afford a firmer connexion 
from their being less calcareous, and are kept together more firmly by the thin 
exterior muscle interlacing with the radiating ones. Their circumference is 
somewhat less below, and contracts a little at the superior and lower surfaces. 
Near the point of junction of the enlarged and unenlarged portion of the 
column, an alternation of thicker with thinner joints, may very generally be 
observed (‘T.1. fig. 2). This is common to all the Crinoidea, and has been ex- 
plained as a provision of nature, to allow a greater power of motion to the 
portion of the column where it approaches to the parts destined to procure the 
animal’s food. But I am convinced that this was also the place where new 
joints are continually formed, at least as long as the energy of life permitted, 


thus increasing the length of the column, as will be proved when describing 
PeENTACRINUS CAPUT MEDUSE, 


The column at its lower extremity is more or less surrounded by calca- 
reous matter of laminar construction, thereby adhering to extraneous sub- 
stances; this has been called by Mr. Parkinson the pepicue or BASE. (PL, II. 
fig. 1.to 10). I have been fortunate enough to acquire a series of specimens 


22 
of this part from its earliest and youngest form, when it possessed a width and 
elevation not exceeding one-fourth of a line, to its mature growth, and the size of 
some inches. The very minute bases above mentioned,* adhere to a superior 
columnar joint (T. 11. fig. 1.) and possess in the centre a very minute column sure 
rounded by lamine which form a small regular cone. ‘These, in combination 
with numerous other specimens in different stages of growth, aud with their lon- 
gitudinal sections, prove that the exuded caleareous matter forming the pedicle 
or base, became completely indurated soon after its deposition, since the 
Jowest columnar joints to be traced at the bottom of the base are very minute, 
(PL. 1. fig. 3. and 4.) not exceeding the proportions of the youngest specimens, 
(and must therefore have been prevented from increasing and expanding in their 
growth by the unyielding nature of materials surrounding them) whilst the 
succeeding joints become in series at certain intervals of four, five, or even 
more, successively larger and larger. It may also be seen that the inferior 
portions of the alimentary canal enveloped in the base, become gradually filled 
up and obliterated, being no longer required in this part of the animal (T. 1. 
fig. 4. and 10.) where all increase had long ceased. 


The secretions of the indurating calcareous matter took place in consider- 
able quantity when the animal grew up, and appears to have flowed abundantly 
from vessels between the radiating surface of two joints. This is beautifully dis- 
played in sections of large bases (T’. 11. fig. 10.) where the differently coloured 
lamine demonstrate the gradual formation of this part, their lines and the man- 
ner in which they spread over and encompass extraneous matter which happened 
to be in their way, provivg the original fluidity, or rather viscidity of the mass. 


These lines prove also decidedly that the irregular conical mass of the base 
is made up of distinct laminz, concentric and parallel to the outer surface of the 
‘cone, placed one within the other, and resulting from successive or periodical 
increase by deposition,’ In longitudinal sections, as we have already stated, 
these lines are decidedly seen, bwt lines of separation are also seen traversing 


* These very mmute bases are interesting, as affording a proof that the propagation of these 
‘animals must haye been oviparous; since from their size they must have belonged to the very 
earliest and almost embryotic state of the animal ; and yet are found affixed, not to the parent’s body, 
‘but to adead plate ; whereas the offspring produced by gemmiferous generation, never becomes ¢le- 
‘tached from the parent’s body till it has obtained a considerable size, 


25 


at right angles those parallel to the general conical surface, and likewise originat- 
ing from each joint. As therefore, the first lines of separation generate a conical 
surface pointing upwards, so this second set generate a conical surface point- 
ing downwards, and thus truncate, or rather excavate, by cutting into them 
the apices of the first cones. When the base is in such a state that the 
lamine of which it is formed are disposed to separate (PL. 11. fig. 15.) its de- 
tached pieces, often present this excavated conical form, altogether resembling 
models of the crater of a volcano. These second lines of separation do not, 
however, extend to the exterior circumference of the base, except near its sum~ 
mit, but terminate in its interior, and are not all of equal lengths, but occur 
in sets, of which the lowest line is always longest, and those which succeed 
it, in proceeding upwards, gradually diminish for a series of from six to ten 
joints, until followed by the longest line of the set next above. Such are the 
appearances ; the explanation I am inclined to offer of them is as follows. Tlie 
muscular membranes which are interposed between the columnar joints, may 
very probably have carried on them the vessels whence the exudation of the 
calcareous matter forming the laminz of the base proceeded ; these membranes 
may have continued to extend themselves in the direction marked by these 
second lines. The original existence of such an interposed membrane will 
readily account for the separation which, as we have seen, still takes place in 
this direction, in many specimens. And as we have already seen reason to be- 
lieve that the exudation of the calcareous matter did not proceed continuously, 
but was rapidly thrown out at certain periods; so we may suppose all the lines 
of a single set to have been formed by the extension of the membranes during 
one of these active periods, and their different lengths to indicate the size they 
had attained when that action ceased. 


The quantity of matter accumulated round the base, indicates the degree 
of adhesion and support the animal required ; and, perhaps, bears also pro- 
portion to the quantity of calcareous substance accumulated in the.alimentary 


canal, and from which it became necessary to free it when inconvenient to its 
economy. 


Portions of the column (Pt. 1. fig. 1. and Pu. tr. fig. 2. to 14.) are not 
unfrequently encompassed by a thick spreading ring of caleareous matter, in 
every particular resembling that which covers them at the base, and forms their 


24 


secure adhesion to extraneous bodies. We may thence conclude that here the 
office of this laminar ring-like concretion, was to repair an injury sustained 
by the column, 


The supERIOR ENLARGED COLUMNAR JoINT (T. Iv. fig. 13. and 19.) resem- 
bles in its inferior surface those preceding it. but as its centre commands the 
entrance to the alimentary canal, it is provided with a sphincter muscle capa- 
ble of close contraction, as is proved by a specimen, perhaps unique, in my 
possession, (‘T. rv. fig. 13. to 15.) where the folds produced by the action of 
this muscle are distinctly seen, Its upper surface has five ridges diverging 
from the centre, the space between which is, more or less, concave. The cir- 
cumference of the superior margin is still somewhat greater than that of the 
inferior, and the outer surface of the joint swells out in a trifling degree towards 
the middle, being slightly contracted towards either margin. Sometimes the 
upper surface of this joint is peculiarly convex (T. rv. fig. 16. and 18.) in which 
case, generally, both these margins appear much compressed ; this is evidently 
a result of contraction, and an additional proof of the original unindurated state 
of the exterior part of the joint. 


Before we proceed to examine in detail the separate pieces composing 
the body, and completing together with the upper enlarged,columnar joints 
just described, the pyriform shape that characterises the superior portion of 
this animal, it will add much to the clearness of the ensuing description, to 
state in a concise manner, although at the expense of some repetition, the ge- 
neral furm and relations of this part and its constituent members. (See the 
plate illustrating generic characters ). 


Tn each of the four rows which succeed the upper enlarged columnar joint, 
the circumference of the body becomes divided into five distinct and similar 
joints; which although necessarily undergoing much subordinate variation of 
figure, to fit them for their respective places and combinations, have yet many 
general points of analogy in all these rows. They all have a wedge-shaped, or 
rather truncated pyramidal form, being arranged round the central cavity of the 
body, like the blocks of masonry which compose the courses of a cupola, present- 
ing their broader ends or bases towards the exterior circumference, their nar- 
row end or truneated apex towards the interior. Hence, in describing these 
Joints, we have always six surfaces to take into consideration; the ExTERIOR 


APILOCRINITES 


tome 2 
“A eS 


j 


prea ae 2 


my 


eal 
aX 


ROTUNDUS. PL. WT. | 
I 


25 


CIRCUMFERENCE, the INNER TRUNCATED EDGE, the UNDER SURFACE by which 
they rest on the row beneath them, the UPPER suRFACE which they present 
towards the row above them, and the two LATERAL SURFACES which they pre- 
sent to the contiguous joints of the same row. These terms will be henceforth 
used, without further definition, in describing each of these joints. 


In each successive row, the inner surface recedes further and further from 
the centre of the body, and opens more and more widely the internal cavity 
which contained the mouth and viscera. 


Each joint has near its inner edge various tubercular (sometimes TREFOIL 
SHAPED) PROCESSES, with perforations destined apparently for the insertion and 
conveyance of muscles and vessels, behind which there is either a remarkable 
SUBTRIANGULAR RIDGE across the upper or lower surface, or a tubercle with an 
elongated muscle. ‘The outer surface is always plain; the upper, under, and 
lateral sides are always marked with radiating striz, interrupted by transverse 
concentric ridges, in a Manner exactly similar to those which have been already 
described in speaking of the columnar joint, and forming a continuation of the 
same system, 


The joints of the first row, will, from the analogy of their places and offices, 
be termed the Peiyis; those of the second, the First CosraL; those of the 
third, the Seconp Costa.; and those of the fourth, the ScapuLz. 


Above the scapule a further subdivision of the circumference into ten dis- 
tinct pieces takes place. The two first rows of this subdivided series may be 
considered as Arm Joints ; the succeeding rows as Fincer Joints, which send 
off smaller jointed tentacula, one from every finger joint. 


A correct representation of all these pieces, sufficiently detached to show 
their general form, but still arranged in their relative position, will be found in 
the plate illustrating the character of the genus; each piece will be seen se- 
parately figured in PLates v. and vi. and external and internal views of the 
united body as composed of them, in PLares 1, and 111. 


The Pexvis (Pt. v. fig. 1. to6. and 19.) is formed by five wedge-shaped or 
truncated pyramidal plates, each resting by its inferior surface, which is con- 
eave, upon one of the five concave spaces of the superior enlarged columnar 

E : 


26 


joint last described. They adhere by their lateral surfaces together, and the 
whole row forms thus a kind of basin, having a subpentangular aperture in the 
centre, arising from the truncated terminations of their inner edges. The 
superior surface of each has a ridge in the centre sloping towards the lateral 
surfaces, and thus, between every contiguous pair of joints, a depression is 
formed for the insertion of the first costal joints. 


There generally exists at the lower surface (PL. v. fig. 2.) a small slightly- 
arched space, between the lateral surfaces, arising from their edges being 
bevelled, which was occupied by an intervening muscular organization, and may 
have facilitated a gradual sliding outwards of these joints, when the increase 
of the central aperture became necessary to the growth of the animal; and 
tended also to preserve a more free and easy motion of these parts, The ex- 
terior circumference of each plate is contracted towards the angles, and swells 
slightly to the middle. These joints become gradually thinner and narrower 
towards the truncated points, each of them having moderately thick trefoil- 
shaped elevations. The central leaf of this trefoil has a small tubercle on each 
side (PL. v. fig. 19¢.) which serves by its insertion into a small concavity of the 
first contiguous costal joint above, to aid its motion (PL. v. fig. 20 &.) to which 
also a nourishing vessel extends (PL. v. fig.20 @ .) from a perforation in each of 
the side leaves of the trefoil elevation on the pelvis. (PL. v. fig. 19 g). 


The First Costat Joints (Pt. v. fig. 7. to 12. 20. and 21.) nearly resemble 
those of the pelvis, and insert into the subconcave or subtriangular cavities 
formed by them, yet so as to leave in the interior an open space. They have 
also, like the former plates, an arched groove between their lateral sur- 


faces, resulting from their bevelled edges. 


Their inferior surface has an elevated ridge, their superior is concave. 
Their exterior circumference is smallest at the upper part, and they do not 
extend so far in the interior as the plates of the pelvis. The truncated point is 
somewhat excavated (Pu. v. fig. 21.) and slopes off gradually towards the 
upper and under surface, having beneath a lip-like process (Pt. v. fig. 20.) over 
which the depressing muscle slides, which is affixed to two side elevations 
of the two contiguous joints of the pelvis, and divides as it proceeds (Pt. v. 
fig. 15. and 16.) leaving a swelling in the centre to attach to a lip-like promin- 
ence on the upper margin. At the lower surface, behind the lip-like process, 
on each side of the dividing ridge, is a protuberance (PL, v. fig.20 2) perforated 


APIOCRINIVVES ROVFUNDUS 


« 


TN 


a 


HE 
LT 


p, : hi 7 
yy 


PIOCRIN Pee RoTUNDUWS. 
{6 


ay 


angers wor are os 
SD rea II TS 


Ai 
pe ent eens 


LE AA ET ne EN A Ta A 7 On 
EN | ANS NT RR NN AN ~ 


27 


in the centre, to admit a nourishing vessel and muscle, arising from the side 
elevation on the central leaf of the trefoil-shaped swelling, on the inner margin 
of the pelvis. Between these protuberances and the dividing ridge, on each 
side extends a branch of the depressing muscle over the radiating surface to 
the exterior margin. (PL. v. fig. 7. and 20.2.) In aspecimen in my possession 
(Pt. v. fig. 8.) one part of this muscle has slid over the ridge, and its two 
branches lie united together. At the upper surface (Pt. v. fig. 12. and 21.) the 
lip-like prominence extends laterally in such a manner as to present the ap- 
pearance of cordate petals, when the five joints are arranged in their natural 
circular position. In the centre, between each two, is a very small elevation 
inserting in a groove on the second costal joint, having behind it an oblong 
irregular triangular ridge (PL. v. fig. 21. ce.) with a perforated centre, contain- 
ing a muscle and vessel of nourishment formed by the union of those in the two 
perforations noticed on the inferior side of this joint. (Px. v. fig. 20. 3 .) The 
short angle of the ridge extends to the lip-like process, and serves for the 
attachment of an elevating muscle, which is to counteract the depressing one 
noticed before; the effects of their operations may be frequently seen in the 
numerous rugi they formed across the truncated point. 


On each of the two lateral surfaces by which the first costals adhere to each 
other, is a curved continuation of the lip-like process, (Pt. v. fig. 9. and 10.) 
in whose centre we notice a perforated concave tubercle, which furnishes the 
idea that here, perhaps, a mechanism existed to aid motion, on the principle 
of a ball of fluid enclosed in the concayities of two approximating tubercles ; 
analogous to the intervertebral structure of fish, Sometimes a few smaller 
unperforated tubercles continue the curved direction of the lip-like process, all 
probably serving for firmer muscular adhesion. 


The Secon Costar Jornts (Pt. v. fig. 14. to 18.) bear also an affinity in 
their general formation to the former, the larger inferior surface rests on the 
former joints, whilst a similar superior one admits the scapula, The inferior 
surface is convex, the superior concave, the lateral sides are bevelled, form- 
ing spaces like those noticed when speaking of the first costal joints, 
Their exterior circumference contracts above, and their interior withdraws still 
farther from the centre, thus enlarging the opening which now assumes the 
form of a funnel shaped cavity (Pu.111. fig. 1.) The inner or truncated edge 
has below, near the margin, a lip-like process cut out in the middleof its infe- 
sior surface, and presenting a reflected curve, by which the joint rests on 


28 


the lip-like ridge of the former. Behind this, is again as on the superior sur- 
face of the first costal joint, a transverse subtriangular ridge (PL. v. fig. 22. ee.) 
with its perforation, to which the depressing muscle of the lip of the second 
costal joint is attached. Near the margin of the superior surface is an elevated 
rim, having rounded corners, and an angular depression in the centre, behind 
which is a perforated tubercle, and a muscle analogous to that on the lower 
surface of the first costals. 


The Scapurz (PL. vi. fig. 1. to 5.) contract so much at their upper circum- 
ference, as to complete, in conjunction with the two following joints, the pyri- 
form shape of the superior part of this species of Apiocrinites. At the inferior 
surface they are convex, and have at the truncated or inner end a perforated 
tubercle behind the margin, with a muscular elongation, similar to that on the 
superior part of the second costal joint. ‘The superior surface has an elevated 
ridge, forming on either side two concavities for the insertion of the two first arm 
joints. At the truncated end a lip-like process exists, behind which is situated 
a trefoil-shaped elevation of a more extended, but somewhat similar, figure to 
that before noticed in the pelvis, with two perforated lateral tubercles. 


With the scapule the division of the circular area of this part of the animal 
into five jeints ceases, and another of ten commences, which gives rise to that 
number of arms and fingers. 


The First Arm Joint (PL. vi. fig. 6. to 7.) resembles in every particular 
the second costal joint, only that it is considerably smaller and thicker in pro- 
portion, and that the perforated tubercle stands somewhat more towards the 
side, which comes in contact with the fellow arm joint belonging to the same 
scapula. This evidently results from an impeded increase, arising from want 
of room for extension in that direction, and from the lateral power exerted by 
the muscle proceeding through the perforation from the lower surface of the 
scapula, where it begins to divide. 


The Seconp Arm Joint. (PL. vi. fig.9.to 11.) As the first arm joint 
was observed to resemble the second costal joint, so the second arm joint will 
be found somewhat analogous to the first costal; excepting that it wants the 
lower central ridge, that it is thicker, and like the joint on which it rests, abbre- 
viated on the inner side, next to its fellow in the series arising from the same 
scapula. 


APIOCRIN] T 
ies COQ? geo 
Q@?®@ iar OR) 19 * yes 


rar) 


‘ 
= 


, ‘ 


Rt Ae eh CH 


Made ‘ 


Aaa ti ae mi 


pein th ited Salk 


Abbe er 
Le Le ee ae 


29 
The subtriangular ridge on the superior surface stands in a more slanting 
direction, and the superior circumference on the outerside of each ari joiat, 
or that towards which the series arising from two scapule come together, is 
much decreased, thereby indicating that they will in the next series adhere 
no longer. 


The First Finger Joint (Pt. vi. fig. 12. to 14.) is of a reniform shape, 
_but slightly convex on its inferior surface, and concave on the superior. On 
the inside it is excavated, having slight lip-like processes, and behind these 
at its lower surface, a somewhat obliquely transverse subtriangular ridge, with 
a longitudinal groove at its apex for the admission of a similar but undivided 
ridge of the second arm joint. On the upper surface, a simple subtriangular 
ridge also appears, showing like that on the former, the aperture of the per- 
forating tube; this joint is entirely free at its sides, and is generally the first 
that sends off a tentacular process. I possess, however, a fine specimen. of 
APpiocriNITE, perhaps the finest ever found (Pt. 1 fig. 2.) where this took 
place at the second arm-joint. In this individual, the tentaculum arises from 
the arm-joint on the right-hand side of the scapula, and from its left side; 
whereas in the case where the first finger sends it off, it arises from the right- 
hand side of the joint over the left division of the scapula. ‘The insertion 
of the tentaculum takes place in a part of the joint which is obliquely trun- 
cated on the right side near the superior surface, and forms a concave space 
traversed by a ridge, having in its centre a perforated cavity. 


The Seconp Finesr Joint (PL. vi. fig. 15, to 17.) is also nearly reniform, 
excavated in the centre of its interior side, and truncated at both extremities, 
thereby giving insertion on the one side for a tentaculum, and on the other 
allowing freer scope to that arising from the first finger joint. That side which 
lies over the insertion of the tentaculum in the former joint, is somewhat 
thinner than the other, which formation, as it is continued alternately through 
all the following finger joints, presents an admirable contrivance to furnish an 
additional dimension of adhering surface, and thence firmer insertion to the 
tentaculum, without an undue increase in its size. On the inferior surface, 
where the second finger joint rests on the first, and also on the superior surface, 
it has a subtriangular ridge perforated in the centre. It also shows at its 
superior surface, numerous radiating strie, with interrupted ring-like mark- 
ings of growth similar to those in the former joints, 


30 


The other Fincer Joints (Pu. vi. fig. 19. to 27.) assuine more of a horse- 
shoe shape, are traversed by a canal, and with regard to their superior surfaces 
are of two distinct formations. Those of the riers FoRMATION (PL. v1. fig. 18. 
and 24.) have on the inferior and superior surfaces, a ridge placed in an oblique 
direction, so that that on the inferior, crosses that on the superior surface. 
The finger joints of the sEcoND FORMATION (PL. VI. fig. 19. to 24.) have on 
one side the oblique transverse ridge, (fig. 24.) and on the other, two slender 
ridges crossing each other at right angles, and sending off throughout the 
exterior space to the circumference, from one to five less conspicuous radii (fig. 
19. to 23.) The joints of the first and second formation are so arranged over each 
other when forming the finger, (PL. v1. fig. 25.) that the radiated surfaces of two 
joints of the second formation always adhere together, supporting one of the first, 
on which again two of the second formation rest. 


Although I have not a specimen showing the tentaculated fingers in an 
entire state, yet from the general simple construction of the APIOCRINIIES 
roTuNDus, and the non-occurrence of the cuneiform dividing joints in the 
strata which afford these specimens, I conclude that the tentaculated fingers 
were simple, and the animal had no more than two. 


From the above observations we may be able to obtain a tolerably accurate 
idea of the general form, appearance, and organization of this animal in its 
original and perfect state, and form a restoration of the whole in the same 
manner that the antiqnary proceeds to restore a ruined temple. 


We shall then (Pt. 1. fig. 1.) consider it as attached by its conical base to 
some marine body at the bottom of a former ocean, whence arose its short and 
slightly flexible column, terminated at the upper part by the swelling pyriform 
body which contained its viscera and mouth surrounded by ten fingers, each 
fringed by numerous tentacula, either expanded like an opening flower when 
the animal was in search of its prey, or contracted and closed when in a state 


of repose. 


If we next examine the interior funnel-shaped cavity (Pt. 111. fig. 1.) we 
may trace two rows of orifices opening laterally, each row exhibiting five, 
The inferior orifices open between the first and second costal joint (Pu. ry, 
fig. 14. and 15); the superior orifices open between the junction of the sca- 
pula and the two incumbent arm joints (PL. v. fig. 4.) Below the subpen- 


31 


tangular aperture formed by the truncated ends of the joints of the pelvis, at the 
bottom of the funnel-shaped abdominal cavity, we observe the entrance to the 
alimentary canal, protected by the sphincter muscle of the superior enlarged 
columnar joint. 


To the general idea thus obtained of the organization of this animal, it 
should be added that the appearances presently to be stated indicate two other 
important particulars; Firsr, that the upper-part of the funnel-shaped cavity 
containing the viscera, was protected externally by series of small plates leaving 
a central opening for the mouths, and sECONDLY, the existence of lateral open- 
ing on the exterior of the circumference of the body, possibly forming the 
mouths of the ovaries. ‘The appearances leading to this conclusion are, viz.— 


We often trace several nearly wedge-shaped four, five, or six-cornered plates 
(PL. 111. fig 2.—P. 6. fig. 2. @.) interposed between the angles of the two second 
costals, scapule, and first and second arm joints, in a line with the lateral surfaces 
of the scapule; and in this part sometimes forming two series. These I con- 
sider as analagous to the pectoral plates of the pentacrinites, actinocrinites, &c. 
and thence conclude that this animal had also an external integument over 
its abdominal cavity, rendered stronger by the interposition of numerous 
minute adhering plates, which also spread over the excavated or channelled 
portion of the arm joints, finger joints, and tentacula, as is the case in Pen- 
TACRINUS CAPUT MEDUS#, in treating of which this structure will more fully be 
explained. That the abdominal cavity had, in this animal, really such a cover- 
ing, is rendered further probable by the occurrence of round balls of clay rest- 
ing sometimes within it, and evidently formed as casts in its interior; (which 
are erroneously noticed by Townsenp in character of Moses, vol. r. p. 269, 
as opercula) of these the upper surface seems to have moulded against some 
such covering. 


I shall now state the appearances, which I think, may possibly be econsi- 
dered as indicating the mouths of the ovaries of this animal. In or between 
the lateral surfaces of the joints of the pelvis and the insertion of the first costal 
joints, we may frequently trace a violent contraction, rendering this part of the 
animal subpentangular (PL. vit. fig. 12.) and in thesame parts we also observe 
more or less elevated tubercles, (Px. vii. fig. 7.11.12. 13 ) having a central per- 
foration, which in one instance I have traced (fig. 7.) to pass through the joint of 
the pelvis into the space between it and the costal joints, extending perhaps 


32 


thence into the funnel-shaped cavity. This has suggested to me the idea that 
it might have led to an ovary having five ducts, somewhat similar to that of the 
echinus. , 


Externally the superior portions of this animal are frequently marked with 
minute indentations (PL. 1. fig. 2.) the points of adhesion probably of the epider- 
mis, or rather periosteum, which secreted their calcareous matter. In some in- 
stances I believe I have detected traces of this epidermis in a fine overlaying 
pelicle. 


If the periosteum of any single joint received an injury, the further secre- 
tion in that part was discontinued, and the periosteum of the neighbouring 
parts filled the vacancy thus occasioned ; this produced a wedge-like interpo- 
sition and deformity of the joints of the column, which thereby appear as 
if formed of several parts; a similar distortion of the pelvis, &c.—Pv. vir. 
fig. 1. to 6. 8. to 10. 


Although the whole skeleton of the animal is now changed into calcareous 
spar, still, as has been observed, the difference of colour not unfrequently points 
out the gradual formation of its various parts: hence we may, perhaps, reason- 
ably conclude that the original colouring matter has been retained through all 
the changes the substance underwent. In fine specimens this is a beautiful dark 
purple, varying in a most elegant manner into a pale red purple, and to a more 
or less dark gray, as may more particularly be seen in sections of the base. 


These colours, however, appear only to have been retained in those speci- 
mens which either were, or had very recently been, living at the period of their 
becoming enveloped in the strata which now preserves them. Those which 
had been at that period dead for some time, must have already from various 
evident causes, lost much of the vividness of the original colours before they 
were thus inhumed. This appears to me to have been the case with those 
specimens which so frequently occur, having an uniform gray colour, becoming 
tinged by further decomposition with yellow, and gradually converted into a 

kind of ochre, 


The calcareous particles which have filtered into the alimentary canal and 
the various cavities between the joints (if these were free of extraneous matter) 
often form there a nucleus of foliated spar, and sometimes occur as casts? 


' 


Me Rts ‘hye 


q 


APIOCRINITES ROTUNDUS. 


Printed by Rowney ¥ Lorfler 3/ Rathbone Place. 


33 


sembling the screw stones well known in the chert accompanying the moun- 
tain limestone, 


Since the above description of Apiocrinites rotundus went to press, I have 
seen C. C. Surpexs, M. D. Uorstellungen einige, megkwuerdt gen Cegstetnegun- 
gen, '780, who represents (Px. vi. and vit.) an Apiocrinites from the Canton 
of Solothurn. ‘This figure corresponds with Horer, and suggests to me, that 
the specimens from Swisserland are, if not a distinct species, at least a variety 
of Apiocrinites rotundus. The thickness of the first coste, and less pear- 
shaped form, appear to be characteristic, Should it prove a new species, I 
propose for its name Apiocrinites elongatus. In the tabular arrangement of 
the Crinoidea it will follow A. rotundus, rendering a further subdivision 
necessary. 


II]. SPECIES APIOCRINITES ELLIPTICUS. 
OVAL COLUMN’D PEAR-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 
A Crinoidal animal, having a column composed of oval joints articulating 


by a transversely grooved surface; the two upper joints of the column enlarged, 
sustaining the pelvis, coste, &c. 


The column provided with auxiliary side arms. 


The base formed by numerous irregular columnar joints sending off fibres 
for adhesion. 


34 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Bottle Encrinite—Parkinson’s Org. Rem. vol. 2. Pu. xrit. fig. 75. and 76. 

Strait Encrenite—(a young undeveloped species).—Parkinson’s Org. Rem. 
vol. 2. Pu. xii. fig. 34. and 39, 

Stag Horn Encrinite—(the base of A. ellipticus.)\—Parxinson’s Org, Rem. 
vol. 2. Px. xu. fig. 31. 38. 39. 

Chalk Bottles—vulgar name of the quarrymen. 

Luidii Lithopbylacii Britanicii,t, 13. fig. 1163. and 116+. 


Locality. 
The Chalk Pits of Wiltshire and Kent. 


Description. 


The elliptical shape of the columnar joints has induced me to assign to this 
animal its specific name. It is found only fossil, and always in a mutilated 
state in beds of the chalk formation. It is a small neat species, whose column 
was, I apprehend, in proportion longer than that of the former species. An idea 
of its probable appearance when perfect, I have endeavoured to convey, fig. 6. 
in the annexed plate, which representation is, however, less than the natural 
size, having also omitted the terminations of the auxiliary side arms, of whose 


formation I have not the slightest idea, and the tentaculated fingers as yet not 
detected. ’ 


The Coiumn of thisCrinoidal animal offers a new field for inquiry, since its 
joints appear to have consisted in a much greater degree of cartilaginous mat- 
ter and muscular integuments, especially in younger specimens. Perhaps their 
superior and lower surfaces alone, may, during the early stages of their 
growth, have presented a solid calcareous mass. 


The articulating surfaces at both extremities of each joint present ellip- 
tical areas (14. to 18.) bounded by slightly raised rims surrounding an inner 
oval, which again swells and becomes convex. In the direction of the 
longitudinal axis are placed two narrow ridges, one on either side, in the 
centre of which is a small round perforation, containing the alimentary canal. 
(18). It should be remarked that the direction of the longitudinal furrows, 
and indeed of the whole oval areas of the articulating surfaces, does not ge- 


SAAR S FFT SE RRR NR 


| = APLOCRINITES 


ELLIPTICUS 


- 
a 
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A : 
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35 


nerally coincide at the opposite extremities of the same joint, the longitudinal 
axis of the one being placed obliquely when compared with that of the other, 
as if the joint had been twisted round in opposite directions at its two extremi- 
ties. (This is represented in fig. 18. by dotted lines.) Ihave never found a 
single instance in which this obliquity was not observable, although there are 
reasons for believing that when the animal was fully extended, the direction of 
the opposite surfaces must have become coincident, as in the PLATycriNITEs. 
This obliquity of the two elliptical surfaces, appears to have resulted from a 
vermicular contraction extended from one joint to the other, through the 
muscle surrounding the alimentary canal, which being inserted in the trans- 
verse grooves, and acting on them like a screw driver, twisted them partially 
round ; hence, from the compression thus produced, we see the circumference 
of the joints sometimes barrelshaped (16.) or more or less round towards the 
centre, while near the articulating surface it remains elliptical. The barrel- 
shaped joints are thicker in proportion, and appear to have lost their soft carti- 
laginous texture, having probably belonged to full grown animals ; this, indeed, 
seems to be confirmed by some of the specimens exhibiting a formation in con- 
centric rings, like that cbservable in Apiocrinites rotundus, and an exterior par- 
tial separation. (16.) The alimentary canal is generally small, but appears to 
have enlarged considerably in some parts of the column (22.) and in this case 
elongated the joints containing it, and at the same time strengthened their adhe- 
sion with the neighbouring joints by secreting and accumulating calcareous mat- 
ter around it, (20. to 22.) Insome specimens (20. to 22.) of this description, the 
line of junction between two joints, instead of being as usual straight, be- 
comes inflected and waved, apparently in consequence of having been acted 
upon by a muscular contraction, and in one instance, the exuded calcareous 
matter has completely obliterated the external mark of articulation between 
two joints (19.) which have anchylosed therefore to each other. Lateran 
AUXILIARY ARMs (13.) appear to have proceeded occasionally from the column 
at irregular intervals, the joints composing them are round, and probably 
articulated by radiating surfaces, as is the case in PLATYORINITES. 


The Entarcep Cotumnar Joints at the summit of the column, I appre- 
hend to have articulated similarly to those of ordinary size, and in a section (5) 
in my possession I have traced the alimentary canal passing through their 
centre, enlarging in the second joint. 


In the disposition and general figure of the joints (1, to 3.) forming the upper 


50 


part of this animal, so far as the state of the specimens of this species have 
allowed me to trace them, it perfectly resembles Apiocrinites rotundus. As in 
that species, the SUPERIOR COLUMNAR JOINT is on its upper surface divided by 
five ridges, admitting in the concave spaces the five joints of the pELvis, each of 
these terminate above in an elevated ridge, and in the interstices between 
them the insertion of the five FIRST COSTAL JoINTs takes place. The funnel- 
shaped cavity in the centre, resembles that of the former species. The exterior 
muscular integument sometimes appears to have hidden the insertion of the 
joints, (4.) and its contraction will account for the folds which occasionally occur 
on the surface. I have as yet seen no specimen continued beyond the first 
costal joint, but apprehend that the following ones, the scapula, &c. will also 
be found to resemble those of Apiocrinites rotundus. 


The Stratcut BotrLe Enceinite described by Mr. Parxrnson, is, pro- 
ably, only a young individual of our species, or perhaps, a much contracted 
specimen, having apparently hardly sufficient character to be considered as a 


wariety. 


The Stac-Horn Encrinirte of the same author, I apprehend to be part of 
the column of our species, near the base sending off its auxiliary fibres, and 
thereby forming a fascicular ramifying root, by which the animal attached itself 
to extraneous substances. That these specimens really formed the roots of our 
present species, and not portions of a distinct animal, I am induced to believe 
from having noticed that the mode of articulation of their joints when it can be 
clearly traced, appears to me to present the same character as has been noticed 
in the columnar joints described above; and although the proportions of these 
radical joints are much thinner, broader, and frequently irregularly bevelled, so. 
as at first sight to militate against this appropriation ; yet a similar difference 
between the upper columnar and radical joints of other genera, will hereafter 
he pointed out. 


37 


II. GENUS ENCRINITES, 
TRUE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Generic Character. 


A Crinoidal animal with a column formed of numerous round depressed 
joints, adhering by a radiating grooved surface, and becoming subpentangular 
near the pelvis, which is composed of five pieces, giving a lateral insertion to the 
first series of costal plates, to which thesecond series and scapule succeed, whence 
the tentaculated arms or fingers proceed, formed by double series of joints. 


Observation. 


The animals of this genus have not hitherto been found in a living state, nor 
do I believe that their remains have been discovered in England. They ap- 
pear to be of very local occurrence. As there occurs but one species Encri- 
nus moniliformis, its illustrative Plate 11. forms also an explanation of the ge- 
neric character. 


I, SPECIES ENCRINITES MONILIFORMIS. 


BEAD COLUMN’D TRUE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal with a column-formed of numerous round joints, alter- 
nately, as they approach the pelvis, larger and smaller, becoming subpentan- 
gular when nearly in contact with it. On the pelvis, formed of tive pieces, ad- 
here laterally the first series of coste, on which the second series of costa is 
placed, succeeded by the scapule from which the ten tentaculated arms or 
fingers proceed. 


Animal permanently affixed by exuded indurated matter. 


38 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Encrinus Liliiformis.—Lamarck. 

Stone Lily. 

Encrine.— Lys de mer.—French. 

Lilium Lapideum. 

Lacumunp.—Oryctographia Hildersheimensis. 

A. Riirer.—Oryciographia Goslariensis, 1738. tab. 1. fig. 3. 

Bruckman’s Thesauri Subteranii Ducatus Brunswigil. 

F. Bevrn.—Julia and Mantunn Subterranea, 1776, p. 85. fig. 2. 

Knorr.—Petrif 1. tab. 11.a. Supl. 7. e. 1.2. 4. 

Rosinum tentamen de Lithozois, tab. 2. 

J. C. Harensperc.—de Encrino siv. Lilio lapideo, 1729, tab, 1, and tab. 
}. Appendix (good figures). 

Schuls wWetrachtungen versteinerter Seesterne. 

Maturforscher Stueck, 3. 6.8. 11. 

Beptracge sur sMaturgeschichte Altenburg, 1774. 

Horer, Jun.—In Acta Helvetica, vol. 4. 

Parkinson's Org. Remains, vol..2. p. 14. fig. 1. to 3. roots 4, and 5. 


Locality. 


Hildersheim in Lower Saxony (LacumunpDen) Rakenberg, near Goslar, in 
Lower Saxony. (Rirrer.) Scwerven in Juliers, in Westphalia. (Beuta), Obern- 
scheden and Azzenheusen, not far from Gemenden, in lower Saxony. (Rosinus.) 
In a German publication, Der sQatugforecher, 1 1th. Stueck. Meinecken states 
that the remains of the stone lily are found abundantly at the village of Erke- 
rode, in Brunswick, about two miles from the town bearing this name, near a 
wood called the Elm. The quarry is on the declivity of a hill overgrown with 
wood, on which account the inhabitants oppose the digging after them; the 
stratum containing them is hardly 15 to 18 inches in thickness. Under the 
surface of the earth, is a friable, porous, argilaceous limestone, containing mil- 
lions of columns, and columnar joints; but many hours digging is necessary 
before a good specimen of the superior part or stone lily can be procured, since 
the moisture in the stone contributes to their rapid destruction, and their occur- 
ing on large pieces of stone makes them liable to separation, which accounts 


for themany mended specimens, Ina publication Beptpaege suz Maturgesehichte 


i 1 } rs 
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NCRINITES MONILEFORMLY 


[en 


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39 


Altenburg, 1774, it is asserted that the Emperor of Germany offered 100 dollars 
for a stone lily free from its matrix and attached to its column. Auother and 
harder stratum under the above contains numerous crinital remains, but 
according to the quarrymen no stone lilies. Schrapland near Halle (sQatug- 
forseber St. 3.) Farrenstadt near Querfurt (Matuefegscher, St. 6.) 


There is good reason to believe that the formation in which these remains 
are found near Brunswick, corresponds with the white lias of England, as it 
appears to repose on the newer red sandstone, containing salt and gypsum, 


Description. 


The Cotumn (Pu. J.) of this animal, which is of considerable length, is 
formed of numerous round, rather thick, joints, articulating by their striated 
surfaces ; the radii marking thein being near the exterior circumference, having 
a central smooth area, through whose centre the smal} alimentary canal passes. 
As the column proceeds upwards, this simple figure of the joints appears to be 
interrupted (if we may judge from the fine specimen represented in Knorr, 
T. x1. a.) at every 6th or 7th articulation by a joint of wider diameter, and of 
a globular depressed form, having above and below it a still more eom- 
pressed one. Nearer the summit the joints become thinner and rounded 
externally, assuming the form of a much depressed and oblate spheroid. 
They are here disposed alternately, a small one between two larger ones, and 
again every other larger joint considerably greater. When close to the pelvis, 
the same alternation in size continues, but the joints assume a pentagonal 
shape, to which the radiating strie accommodate themselves. (Pt. u. fig. 3. 
PL. 111. fig. 1.) The middle of these has a pentapetalous impression or perfora- 
tion, through whose centre the alimentary canal passes. It is not difficult to 
see the reason why the columnar joints are pentagonal near the apex, since 
this is the best figure for allowing additional free motion to the first costal 
joints, which adhere to and project over the exterior side of the pelvis; the 
pentapetalous perforation or impression in the superior joints appears to be 
plainly an enlargement, though a very trifling one, of the alimentary canal, 
and also to result from the muscles acting on the interior points of the five 
plates forming the pelvis; hence this figure is obliterated in the lower joints. 
The frequeut alternations of the compressed globular joints near the upper ex- 
tremity of the column, are evidently intended to permit a greater degree of 
lateral motion, and their subsequent occasional occurrence allows its free con- 


Af) 


tinuation through a considerable length of the column, before it becomes eon- 
fined to a more limited flexibility. 


From the fine specimen figured by Knorr, it is obvious that the animal 
had no auxiliary side arms, and as the superior part is less ponderous than 
that of Apiocrinites, we may easily account for its being sustained without 
them on a longer column. 


The Base (Pu.1. fig. 2.) Rostyus Harrensere, Watcu, and Mr. ParKtn- 
son, suggest the idea that the animal was permanently affixed by exuded cal- 
careous indurating secretions, and figure specimens found in the same places 
where the lily-shaped superior portions of the animal occur. Although I have 
not myself seen any of these bases, yet from these representations much resem- 
bling the attaching laminar portion of Apiocrinites rotundus, I cannot hesitate in 
admitting the accuracy of the observations of the authors above quoted. Hence 
it iseasy to explain the manner in which several of the encrini adhered together, 
having early commenced life near each other, and become enclosed at the base 
by the exuded calcareous matter as they grew up, yet without forming one 
animal as WaALCH suggests. 


Superior Extremity. (Px. 11.) This part in the number and disposition 
of its joints, presents many general analogies to the corresponding portions in 
the preceding genus Apiocrinites which have been already largely described, yet 
with considerable subordinate variations of form, priucipally arising from the 
upper joints of the column continuing of the same size with the lower, and the 
consequent narrow area occupied by the pelvis, which in this species forms the 
commencement of the swelling part, exhibiting a calix-like figure; hence the 
contiguous parts are obliged to undergo such modification as may accommodate 
them to this figure. 


The First Cotumnar Joint (Pu. au. fig. 1.) is of a pentangular form, and 
one of those of larger dimensions which alternate in the superior part of the 
column it articulates, by its striated exterior rim, like the other joints, and has 
in its centre the pentapetalous entrance to the alimentary canal probably 
guarded by a sphincter muscle. 


The Pexvis (Pu. 111. fig. 2. to 4.) is formed of five depressed rhombic joints, 


va a LS el 


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ae ae ee 


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= we 
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. 


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41 


one of whose points is somewhat truncated. These are so arranged round a 
common centre, towards which tneir truncated points are directed, as to 
occupy a small pentagonal area. At their truncated point they fave a trifo- 
liated elevation (similar to, though less conspicuous than that noticed iu the 
former genus) sending off two lateral folds. Below that part of the pelvis 
which projects beyond the circumference of the column, each joist has a small 
subtubercular swelling, serving it as an abutment, for firmer adhesion to the 
first columnar joint. .At the exterior circumference each joint of the pelvis is 
angularly truncated, so that a pentagonal circumference is formed, whose sides 
being somewhat excavated and faintly striated, give adhesion to the first cos- 
tal joints. 


The First Costar Joints, (Pu. 11. fig. 5. to 7.) which enlarge outwards, 
form by their union a pentagon surrounding that occupied by ‘the pélvis, but 
inconsequence of the contraction of the four outer marginal edges of these 
joints, their external surface becomes convex, and in young specimens 
almost tubercular ; thus, at the junction of the pelvis,* a cavity is left between 
them and the column, sufficient to allow them space for a free power of motion 
in that direction: (Pu. 11. fig. 3. and 4.) and as the animal grows, they gain 
still farther room by the extension of the pelvis. 


At the inner truncated point of each first costal joint, it is excavated trans- 
versely in an angular manuer, the lower side of this ang'e showing four folds, two 
uniting to those noticed on the pelvis, and two to the lateral surfaces. From 
the subconcave surface, a beautiful highly muscular lip-like process, much 
plicated and scalloped, extends into the abdominal cavity; the centre of this 
process is excavated so as to lead to a tranverse perforated ridge, thus bearing 
a near analogy to the formation of the superior costal joint of Avpiocrinites 
rotundus, but being infinitely more delicate and elegant. 


The Seccenp Costa (Pt. m1. fig. 8. to 10.) bears great resemblance to the 
former in figure, in the contraction of the margins at, the exterior circumfer- 
ence, and its consequent convexity; being almost tubercular in young spe- 


* The pelvis on account of its smallness is buried in the cavity, and cannot be seen in a 
lateral view. (PL. 11.) 


q 


AQ 


cimens, in which, if finely preserved, the muscular plice of the external 
integument may frequently be traced, extending over the former, this, and the 
following joints. At its inner truncated point it has an elegant lip-like pro- 
cess, similar to that noticed on the former joints, the plice of both assuming 
a perfectly conformable disposition, it has at its lower surface the transverse 
perforated ridge, which also appears to exist at its superior surface. How- 
ever, this last fact I can only advance hesitatingly on the appearance of a single 
specimen, and beg to observe, that it does not accord with the organization 
noticed in the Apiocrinites rotundus, to which I have found (speaking in general 
terms) the present species strictly conformable in this point. 


The scapula (PL. m1. fig. 9. to 11.) rest on the subconcave surfaces of the 
second costals, and being destined to support a row in which the division of 
pieces is doubled, the upper surface is formed into an angular ridge, and the 
lateral surfaces, in old specimens, are scarcely perceptible; so that in the ex- 
terior circumference the margin of each joint is nearly triangular. At the in- 
terior truncated point it is excavated, having in the centre a projecting pointed 
process, on each side of which another excavation exists, behind which the sub- 
triangular perforated ridge is placed in a slanting transverse direction. At 
the lower surface a ridge also exists of a subtriangular figure, all the 
angles are drawn in, and hence the joint has here again a convex form. The 
scapule evidently have lost all their analogy to the Apiocrinites, and point out 
clearly in their formation a transition of organization to the next genus. 


On the five scapule rest the ten first arm joints (PL. 1. 1. and 2.) two of 
them articulating to each scapula, viz. one on either slope of its superior angular 
ridge, the outer circumference of each arm joint forms a parallelogram con- 
tracted and drawn in at the angles, and hence has not unfrequently in young 
specimens a tubercular elevation. 


To the first arm joint succeed several thinner joints, externally oblong, 
straight on the lateral surfaces, and nearly flat on the upper and Jower surfaces; 
they are of a horse-shoe shape, and provided with tentacula on alternate sides. 
Their number varies from six to eight, according to the age of the individual. 


The following joints which 1 should feel inclined to call those of THE 
FINGERS (PL, 11. fig. 1.) have sloping surfaces, and thin off on the opposite 


45 


sides in the alternate joints, so that the line of junction in which they overlay 
each other, becomes an acutely angular zigzag, and they are thus, as it were, 
dovetailed together; at the same time they shorten their points, not reaching 
much beyond the middle of the width occupied by the series rising from the 
same arm joints, this shortening continues until the disposition of the parts 
at length produce a regular division, extending in a crenated line through the 
middle of each series, thus giving two joints instead of one to each arm, now 
properly called fingers, and consequently 20 joints to the whole circumference. 


Each of these finger joints is of a semi-horse-shoe shape, and presents 
externally a tubercular convexity towards the points of its dovetailed inser- 
tion. in order to allow greater freedom and ease of motion to the contiguous 
joints. 


Each of the joints sends off laterally a Tenracuium (PL. 11. fig. 2.) formed 
of a series of minute depressed horse-shoe shaped joints, tapering to a point, 
Like the finger joints, the approaching sides of the alternate tentacula are 
insinuated or dove-tailed into each other, whence a sort of double serrated edge 
appears. When the fingers are folded up, in which position the figure of this 
part bears the nearest resemblance to that ofa lily, the tentacula are all folded 
together in the centre, and arranged in an angle with their points upwards, 
thus forming a conical fasciculus. 


Having thus described the appearance and character of the joints, I shall 
proceed to a general survey of the abdominal cavity containing the viscera 
(Pu. 11. fig. 3.) which is formed by the pelvis, coste, and scapule. In this 
species it js not of a funnel-shaped figure as in Apiocrinites, but rather has the 
form of a much depressed urn, being widest where the first coste are provided 
with the lip-like processes, then becoming saucer-shaped, and opening at the bot- 
tom in a pentagonal aperture between the interior truncated points of the 
pelvis conducting into the alimentary canal. There also exist two rows of 
orifices in the cavity, formed by the two series of coste, and the scapule, 
and first arm joints, as noticed when describing Apiocrinites rotundus. If 
we may judge by analogy, and from a representation in Horer’s account of the 
Encrinite, (t. 1x. fig. 13.) we may with considerable probability conjecture that 
this abdominal cavity was also closed by an integument protected by nume- 
rous plates, having in its centre the aperture of the mouth, and spreading 
over the inner cavity of the arms, fingers, and tentacula, similar to that 


44 


which I shall demonstrate when speaking of the genus Pentacrinites. A fine 
specimen in my possession, showing the double serrated edge of the tentacula, 
proves this assertion, since it exhibits a similarly formed margin to that which 
marks the adhesion of the plated integument in Pentacriuus Caput Medusa. 


Mr. Parxiyson calculates the number of joints forming the superior por- 
tion of this animal at 26,680, which would increase most surprisingly, were we 
to take into account the minute caleareous plates, that are interwoven in the in- 
tegument covering the abdominal cavity and inner surfaces of the fingers and 
tentacula, and add them to the former. 


As an instance how often a superficial examination may lead men of ability 
into error, Mrinrcxen in Qatuzfoascher Stueck, 8. p. 245. advances that the 
tentacula so regularly arranged in the interior of the lily encrinite, have some 
affinity to the septa in the orthoceratite, yet that these are formed of many 
pieces! 


The peculiarly fine lily encrinite figured by Knorr, tab. 11. a. was, it is 
said, purchased (jQaturforseher Stueck 3.) from the labourers at the limestone 
quarry at Schrapland, near Halle, by Inspector WiLkens, for 32 groschin, and 
given to Professor Lance, who sold it to Baron Nreeart. However in the 
same publication (Stueck 6.) it is stated that it was not bought by Wiikens, but 
by Mr. Virico, at Farrenstadt, near Querfurt, fortwo dollars, and given to 
Lance, who sold it for three louis d’or. If my memory does not misgive me, 
1 think I saw the specimen about twenty years ago in the collection of the 
saaturforshenden Geselschaft, at Dantzic. Where is it now? 


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45 


III. GENUS PENTACRINITES vet PENTACRINUS. 


FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Generic Character. 


An animal with a column formed of numerous pentangular joints, articu- 
lating by surfaces with pentapetalous semistriated markings. Superior colum- 
nar joint supporting a pelvis of five joints, on which five first costals rest 
succeeded by five second costals and five seapule, from which ten arms pro- 
ceed, having each two hands, composed of several tentaculated fingers. 


Column long, having numerous auxiliary side arms. 


' 


Base unascertained, 


Observation. * 


The generic name is derived from the five cornered shape of the column. 
One of its species has occurred in a recent state, and furnishes'a clue for 
the illustration of many facts relative to the crinoidea. The genus ALEcro 
of Dr. Leacu approximates the genus PentTacrinus to the Asreri® and 
ComatuLa of M. Lamarck. 


There are instances of the column of this genus having sometimes a 
tetragonal, or hexagonal form, these I consider as monstrous varieties. Of the 
former figures exist in Townsenn’s Character of Mosss, vol. 1. PL. x1. fig. 5. 
Parxinson’s Org. Rem. vol. 1, Pu. x11. fig. 59. Horer, tab. vi. 77. of the 
latter, Townsenp, vol. 1. Px. x1. fig. 2. Bruckman’s Thesaurus Subter, Duc. 
Brunsw. p.1. Cap. 1x. p. 66, 


46 


I.SPE. PENTACRINITES ver PENTACRINUS CAPUT MEDUS&. 


MEDUSA’S HEAD FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal having a column formed of numerous pentangular 
joints, articulating by surfaces with pentapetalous ovate striated markings ; 
five auxiliary side arms formed of round joints, proceeding from the column 
at intervals. Superior columnar joints supporting a pelvis of five plates, to 
which the first costals, second costals, and scapule, succeed, from which ten 
arms proceed, each supporting two hands, subdividing into three fingers. 


Lower extremity or base unknown. 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Encrinus Caput Meduse, Lamarck. 
Isis asteria, Lin. 


Waurrznuxrst.—Inquiry into the original State and Formation of the Earth, 
PL. vu. fig. 2. 


Parxinson’s Organic Remains, vol. nu. Pu. xvi. fig.6. to 8. Pu. x1x. fig. 1. 


Locality. 


The few Recent Inpivipvats that have hitherto occurred, have been found 
in the sea near the Islands of Barbadoes (Dr. HunTer’s specimen) Nevis; 
(J. Tosin’s, Esq. specimen) and at Martinique (the Paris specimen). Those 
which have been brought to Europe are now preserved in the British Museum, 
which has purchased the specimen of the late J. Tosin, Esq.; at Surgeon’s 


Hall; the Geological Society; the Hunterian Museum, at Glasgow; and the 
' Museum of Paris. 


A7 


The Fosstz Remains of this species occur in the lyas near Bristol, at 
Keynsham, Hengrove, &c. 


Description. 


Through the favour of Wm. Crayrietp, Esq. I have been enabled to ex- 
amine the fine specimen once in the possession of the late James (not JoHNn as 
stated erroneously page 11.) Tosin, Esq. In the drawing it up from the bot- 
tom of the sea near the Island of Nevis, in the West Indies, the animal has 
clearly been broken off, leaving its posterior portion behind ; thus we have lost 
the chance of ascertaining the fact, whether it adhered by a fixed base or hada 
locomotive power. The same accident has befallen the other recent individuals 
that have been mentioned when speaking of the locality of this species. How- 
ever, judging from its analogy to the encrinus moniliformis, from its long 
column, numerous auxiliary side arms, and the associated manner in which 
groups of the following species are sometimes found preserved on the surface of 
a single slab, with the columns all tending towards the same point, as if issuing 
from a common base, I conceive that this species also adhered by a base to exe 
traneous matter. This idea gains some further ground, from all the recent 
specimens hitherto found having broken abruptly off in the endeavour to re- 
move them, as not being able to free themselves from the points of adhesion, 
which certainly would have been the case, had the animal possessed a loco- 
motive power. This inference acquires additional confirmation from the ob- 
servations made by the late J. Tozin, Esq. on another specimen, viz.—‘ Some 
“ years ago I was in possession of a larger pentacrinite, which was brought to 
«me so fresh out of the sea that at the bottom (where it plainly appeared to 
«« have been broken off from the rock to which it was fixed) the blood* was 
“ actually oozing from the vertebrae. This specimen I endeavoured to pre- 
“ serve, but it was totally destroyed by the ants, who eat every cartilage, so that 
“it fell to pieces.” 


I cannot admit the assertion of Watcu, that the pentacrinite is an animal 
crawling along the bottom of the sea; but conceive it to have generally stood 
more or less erect in its watery element, yielding to the fury of the storm by 
bending down, and adhering for additional security with its side arms to ex- 
traneous matter, or closing them to the column, and thus offering the least sur- 
face possible to the element. The latter is the most probable idea, since I have 


* The fluid in the alimentary canal. 


48 


frequently met with specimens in that state, but as yet have never seen any side 
arms clasping round extraneous matter. 


The Couumn. (Pu, 1. and Pt, 11. fig. 24. and 26.) The place where the late 
J. Tonin’s, Esq. specimen broke off, was in a part of the column where its 
joints had acquired a degree of maturity, and the fracture goes slantingly 
through several of them, thereby demonstrating the smal! quantity of membrane 
intervening between them, its tenacity, and also the thinness of the exterior 
integument that surrounds the joints, which is now so dried up as to be al- 
most imperceptible, being of a pale yellow, and intimately connected with 
the calcareous laminar secreted matter forming them. As the column is not 
broken in such a manner as to afford a correct idea of the adhering surface of 
the joints, I must refer for this point to the fossil remains of this species occur- 
ing in the lyas. ‘The alimentary canal and its investing membrane are very 
small: ‘The shape of the column being pentangular, and more or less indented 
between the five salient angles. (Pu. 1. fig. 24. and 26.) We trace on the in- 
ferior and superior surface of each columuar joint five subovate petal-like 
figures, marked by elevated ridges radiating round the margin of each of them, 
the interior of each of these five petal-like figures forms an oblong, ovate, 
smooth space, surrounded by the marginal radii, opening by a narrow groove 
at the inner end, which is the most pointed, into the alimentary canal. On 
joints not fully formed there is also a depression proceeding from the alimen- 
tary canal, between the marginal radii surrounding the sides of the contiguous 
petal-like division, to a smooth space beyond them, filling up the more or less 
indented, ‘and frequently contracted, intervals between them. If we consider 
this construction in an early state of growth, when the joints are very thin and 
muscular, and the calcareous secretion is only commencing, and hence follow 
the operation of nature, we may suppose that the calcareous deposit first 
formed round the alimentary canal, in the space occupied by the five petal-like 
divisions and their marginal radii, and thus continues to increase till the joint 
has acquired a thickness consistent with the proportions and size of the animal. 
The space between the five petal-like divisions continues muscular a consider- 
able time longer, and begins only at a later period, and very gradually, to se- 
erete calcareous matter to strengthen the deposit round the alimentary canal, 
and to interpose thin layers to keep apart the petal-like divisions. The thin 
muscular ingegument investing the alimentary canal, probably forms a sphiné- 
ter at the junction of each two. joints, dividing here into ten conspicuous por- 
tions or muscular integument, one extending to each of the spaces between 


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the petal-like divisions, and one to the inner areas of each petal where it spreads, 
insinuates between, and attaches itself to the marginal radii. These latter five 
portions of the muscular integument, effect the lateral motion of the column by 
relaxing on one side and drawing in on the other, thus allowing to each joint a 
slight motion tending to bend the column in a degree equal in quantity to the 
thickness of the marginal radii, the other five portions of the muscular integu- 
ment, draw inwards the muscular space between the petal like divisions, whilst 
a lateral contraction is effected from those investing the areas of the petals. 


The smooth depressed space within the petal-like divisions and between 
them, may furnish us with a reason why in the pentacrinite, the contrivance of 
a ball of fluid enclosed between two concave cups, as noticed in the column of 
Apiocrinites rotundus is done away; since the muscle covering them being 
less divided at its central junction, can exercise a superior force, and by offer- 
ing a smooth and yielding surface to the joints, can more readily effect and 
aid a lateral motion of the column. The concave spaces resulting from the de- 
pressed areas of each petal, and thus included between the contiguous joints, 
are also sufficiently analogous to those intervertebral cavities, and calculated 
for the same application where circular motion is not required, 


In the late Mr. Towry’s specimens, the greater or less muscular state of 
the column at different periods of growth is beautifully exhibited ; (PL. 1.) for 
although near the fractured end, the joints (which, as has already been ob- 
served, are partially consolidated, and filled up by calcareous secretions) dis- 
play very slight traces of muscular contraction between the petal-like divisions ; 
yet higher up, this contraction becomes very conspicuous, the joints here become 
thinner, and are alternately disposed, a smaller and thinner joint succeeding a 
larger and thicker, to allow a greater freedom of motion, till near the apex this 
change is so conspicuous that the small ones resemble thin leather-like inter- 
positions. 


It can also, I think, be asserted from this appearance, with great certainty, 
that it is here the column of the animal grew during the energy of its life, 
and elongated in proportion to other parts. The thin and highly muscular in- 
terposing joints, gradually became thicker, being favourably placed, from their 
greater vicinity to the abdominal cavity, to receive a more copious supply 
of nourishing fluids and calcareous matter through the alimentary canal, than 
the joints at a greater distance. Ialso apprehend that from the great muscu- 

H 


50 


larity of the column nearthe pelvis, we may readilyadimit a continuing new form- 
ation of joints, by the muscular integuments developing and: increasing in size. 


Avxiviary Sipe Arms. (Pu. 1) In the late Mr. Tosin’s specimen, 
near the fractured! end, at intervals of every 15th, 14th, or 12th jeint, auxiliary 
side arms proceed from each of the five spaces intervening between the petal- 
like divisions; further up they come off from every Sth, 6th, and 4th, and near 
the pelvis from every second joint. The intervening space between the petal- 
like divisions being only near the centre calcareous, is peculiarly adapted to 
supply the auxiliary side arms with nourishment, and to afford them points 
of attachment, they have here also a more convenient space for action and 
motion. Each of the columnar joints from which they proceed has five oval, 
transverse, and slightly concave impressions, surrounded by a rim sometimes 
having a few radiating stri, Across the greatest diameter of the ellipticareais a 
ridge, having in its centrea perforation admitting the nourishing vessel, probably 
supplied by vessels proceeding from the alimentary canal. Each auxiliary arm 
(PL. u. fig. 22.) when full grown is formed by about forty joints, of which those 
near the column are more or less oval and thinner, the following becoming 
thicker and rounder, but decreasing in size, their surface slants with an angle 
of about twenty degrees from the perpendicular line of the column, admitting a 
free motion upwards (on which side they also show a kind of fold) but op- 
posing a movement downwards. The articulating surfaces (Px. 11. fig. 15. to 
17.) are surrounded by an elevated rim, the interior is excavated into two cir- 
cular concavities of unequal size, so disposed as to resemble the figure 8. the 
two circles forming it, being separated by a small transverse ridge perforated by 
the central passage of the nourishing vessel. (Pu. 11. fig, 23.) The termination 
of the auxiliary side arms is a conic hooked joint, of a polished, greenish, en- 
ameled appearance; whereas the rest of the animal is of a pale yellow colour. 
Near the summit of the column, about the fourth series of auxiliary side arms 
from the pelvis, they become shorter and thinner; here evidently showing 
their greater muscularity, bend very slightly, and have their joints, particularly 
those near the point (which as yet is not hooked) but faintly developed. (Pu. 
11. fig. 21.) Those of the second series from the summit, are short, round, spine- 
shaped, and particularly near the point so muscular, that not even the termi- 
nating joint is discernible. (Pu. 2. fig. 20.) The first series of auxiliary side 
arms (inserted ona joint which the lower protruding part of the first costals 
almost touch) is still shorter, and almost resembles in appearance and thick- 
ness a bristle. ‘The formation of the lower side arms demonstrates the growth 


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51 


of these parts of the animal; another curious fact is also proved by them, 
namely, that the animal had the power of reproducing them when broken. Uhus 
in the late Mr. Toxrn’s, specimen, a joint broken transversely near the summit, 
is seen to have pushed forth a small hook and three other joints. (Px. u. tig. 
18.and 19.) The reproduction takes place from the centre of the old joint, the 
new formed ones having in their centre the perforation, and as yet appearing 
very weak, This is a new proof that this perforation serves as a passage to the 
nourishing vessel, and not a nerve, as many authors have, [ believe, suggested. 


The Petvis. (Pu.11. fig. 9.) On the first columnar joints rests the pelvis, 
formed of five nearly cuneiform joints having articulating surfaces probably 
resembling those of the encrinite. Their five points meet near the alimentary 
canal, they have eacha central ridge above, and as the lower part of their exterior 
circumference slopes downward to the salient angles of the column, they as- 
sume externally a leaf-like appearance. 


The First Costan Jomwrs. (Pu. 11. fig. 9.) In the five concave spaces 
formed by the five joints of the pelvis, the first costals are inserted. They slope 
at the inner truncated edge, thus forming a sancer-shaped cavity leading to 
the alimentary canal: they have two (although less conspicuous) bevelled and 
slightly plicated muscular lip-like processes; the central excavation of these, 
leading to the perforated transverse subtriangular ridge in the concave space at 
their superior surface, which has a slanting direction downwards toward the 
exterior, and serves for the insertion of the second costal joint. The exterior 
circumference is lunated in the upper part, as far as the costals adhere laterally 
to each other, having on the inferior part.a process which projects for a short 
distance into the space between the angles of the column,and has a semi-conical 
figure. 


The Srconp Costar Joints. (Pu. i. fig. 9.) The figure of these joints is 
that of a horse-shoe, having in the interior an excavated truncated terinination. 
The exterior circumference is semicircular, and their lateral edges do not ad- 
here to each other, but are united by the integuments covering the abdominal 
cavity. 


TheScarutz# (Pu. 11, fig. 9.) rest on the second costal joints, are of a 
horse-shoe figure, and adhere laterally to each other only by the integument 
mentioned above. At the superior surface, a centyal ridge extends with a 


52 


pointed termination to the interior truncated and excavated point, forming two 
slanting sides for the adhesion of the first arm joint. Each of these are tra- 
versed by a perforated ridge running in a slanting direction from the interior to 
the exterior point. 


The Arms.—The ten arms proceeding from the fivescapule, (two from each) 
are each formed of five joints nearly of an horse-shoe figure, sending off from 
their alternate sides the tentacula. The superior surface of the first arm joint _ 
(Pu. 11. fig. 4.) and the inferior of the second, are subconcave, perforated in 
the centre, smooth, with fine radiating ridges at the circumference, and want 
the transverse subtriangular ridge which exists in the following arm and finger 
joints. In these it traverses the superior surfaces (PL. 11. fig. 1. to 3.) in an 
angle from near the place where the tentaculum sets off to the opposite exte- 
rior circumference, and at the inferior surface in an opposite direction to the 
former. On the inside the joint is excavated in the centre in a sharp angle, 
it is thicker on the side which sends off the tentacula, being there cut in an ob- 
liquely transverse section, of which the lower portion shows a ridge, the mark of 
articulation, whilst the upper forms a slender lamina, The projecting point on 
the other side is slantingly cut off to permit room for the action of the tentacr- 
lum from the joints below it. There are also several irregular rug on the ar- 
ticulating surfaces, serving as points of adhesion to the muscular integument. 


The upper or sixth joint of the arm (PL. 1. fig. 11. to 14.) resembles in 
figure the scapula; this, and those other joints bearing an analogy to it, Ihave 
distinguished by the name of cuneiform joints, from their upper surface posses- 
sing two opposite slopes, and, like a wedge, interrupting the further continu- 
ing of a series of joints, and rendering it dichotomous. 


The cuneiform joints never send off a tentaculum, and to obviate the 
interruption or vacuity thus occasioned in the beautiful net-like apparatus 
displayed when the hands and fingers with their tentacula are expanded, the 
number of joints below the cuneiform one generally varies in the hands; thus 
affording an opportunity for the insinuation of the tentaculum arising from 
the neighbouring hand, into the vacant place if required. 


The Hanp and Fincers. (Pu. 1.) These are twenty in number, two pro- 
ceeding from the cuneiform joint of each arm. ach series proceeds through 
about eight or nine joints, and then by means of another cuneiform joint gives 


53 


rise toa further subdivision. This I shall call the first cuneiform Joint of the 
hand, designating the lateral branch which proceeds from it, as the first finger, 
and the continuation of the main series of joints, as the second series of the hand 
joints. This second series, consisting of about twelve joints, terminates by a 
cuneiform joint (the second cuneiform joint of the hand) which gives rise to the 
second and third finger. Each of the fingers with its tentacula, bears a close 
resemblance to the vane of a quill, becoming at its superior extremity highly 
muscular. 


The Jornrs of the Hanp and Fixerrs exactly resemble those of the arms, 
only that they become gradually smaller as they approach to the point of the 
fingers, and send off, like them, tentacula from the alternate sides. 


The Tenracuta. (Pt. 1 fig. 5. to 7. and 25.) The tentacular series of 
the arms, bands, and fingers, near the cuneiform joints in full grown specimens, 
consist of about twenty joints gradually tapering to a point, but decreasing in 
number and size near the apex of the finger, where they are formed of only one 
or two joints terminating in muscular undeveloped points; proofs of their con- 
tinuing growth through the whole life of the animal, and of their possessing a 
greater power of action at these extremities. The joints of the tentacula are 
nearly horse-shoe shaped, having the side where their series folds upwards 
somewhat compressed, and less protruding. 


The circumference of each tentacular joint, but particularly of those to- 
wards the point of a series (Pu. w. fig. 5. and 25.) is smaller, or contracted 
near the base; an admirable contrivance to assist motion, and also contributing 
much to give this part of the animal an elegant and finished appearance. The 
articulating surfaces present transverse ridges, pierced in the centre by the 
canal of the nourishing vessel. 


The Puatrep Inrecument. (PL. 11. fig. 8. and 9.) The sides of the second 
costal joints and scapule are tied together by an integument, strengthened and 
protected externally by numerous calcareous angular plates, which extend over 
the funnel-shaped abdominal cavity, having in its centre, probably, the minute 
aperture forming the mouth, which in the present shrivelled state of this part 
in the late Mr. Toxin’s specimen, it was impossible to ascertain. When 
the animal was alive, this integument, probably, was capable of having its cen- 
tral part elongated and protruded by the action of its muscles, so as to forma 


54 


sort of proboscis for the sucking in of food. It spreads over the sulcated part 
of the arms, hands, fingers, and tentacula, concealing under it nourishing ves- 
sels, which may be sometimes traced spreading into the muscular integuments 
between the fingers. The arrangement of its calcareous plates is peculiarly 
elegant in the tentacula (PL. 1. fig. 6. and 7.) where they form two series an- 
gularly pointed at their inner edge, thus producing a serrated line of insertion 
between each other. Their minuteness may be conceived from the observation, 
that from ten to twelve are necessary to cover the excavated canal of a single 
tentacular joint, which, taking the amount of these, would require about 200 
plates for each full grown tentaculum, 


I have in vain endeavoured to trace apertures at the terminating points of the 
fingers and tentacula, although Gueraxp alleges, that here orifices existed serv- 
ing as mouths to the animal for the taking in its food. It appears probable to me 
that from this assertion M, Lamarck derived his generic character of Ex- 
crinus. ‘ The branches forming the umbel are filled with polypi in rows.” 


The late Mr. Tontn’s specimen, is in another point highly instructive. 
The animal must have suffered material mutilation previously to its having been 
taken from its marine abode, and hence affords a striking illustration of its 
power of reproducing lost parts, to which I alluded when speaking of the auxi- 
liary arms ; the most surprising instance of this, is, that the animal has repro- 
duced from one of the scapula two new arms (Pt. 1.) each having its two hands 
and six fingers, but as yet not an eighth part the size of the full grown ones. 
They are highly muscular, and prove the gradual developement and formation 
of the calcareous joints in the manner which I have endeavoured to explain, 
when speaking of the superior portion of the column and the formation of the 
auxiliary side arms. The pointed termination of the fingers is coiled, which 
demonstrates the greater sensibility and flexibility of this part during the life of 
the animal. The new formed arms protrude from near the inner concave or 
channelled margin of the scapula over the central perforation, leaving the 
rest of its slanting surface covered by a conspicuous yellow brown epidermis, 
In a few other instances, new formed fingers proceed from the cuneiform joints 
in different stages of growth, sometimes almost assimilating in size with those 
whose place they now supply. In one case two joints of a finger have been 
broken transversely on one side, their parts somewhat displaced, and the frac- 
turehealed by new secreted matter. ‘The effects of au injury sustained by the 
investing membrane of the column, and the consequent irregularity of the 


5d 


joints affected, is exhibited in one instance (Pt. 11. fig. 10.) precisely in the same 
manner as was before noticed in the Apiocrinites rotundus. 


CotumnarR FracMents, smaller and rather neater than those of the species 
just described, occur in the oolite at Dundry, the forest marble at Chippenham, 
and the chalk near Lyme. It remains to be ascertained by the acquisition of per- 
fect specimens, whether these belong to a variety of P, Caput Medusz, or pos- 
sess peculiar characters sufficient to distinguish them as a new species, 


* 


56 


II. SPECIES PENTACRINITES BRIAREUS. 


BRIAREAN FIVE-ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAT.. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, having a column formed of numerous pentagonal 
joints, alternately larger and smaller, articulating by surfaces with pentape- 
talous compressed semistriated markings. Five auxiliary arms, formed of 
much compressed suboval joints, proceeding at intervals from the column. 
Five joints of the pelvis, supporting five first and five second costal joints, on 
which the scapulz affix, from which ten arms proceed, each having two hands 
formed of numerous fingers, sometimes amounting to sixteen. 


Base unascertained, 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Parxrnson’s Organic Remains, vol. 2.1. 17. fig. 15. to 17. t. 18. fig. 1. to 3. 
Kworr.—Recueil de Monumens, Supl. t. 11. 6, 


Locality. 


In Lyas—at Lyme, Watchet, Keynsham, &c: 


Description. 


In general construction and muscular action it resembles the former species, 
but differs materially in many particulars. Its Corumn (PI. 11. fig. 15. to 21.) 
grows sometimes to the length of several feet, having its joints in all the spe- 
cimens which I have seen, alternating, a thinner and smaller one, and a thicker 
and larger one always succeeding to each other. They articulate by pentape- 
talous striated surfaces, which are not of an ovate (as in P. Caput Meduse) 
but an almost linear form (PL. 11. fig. 19. to 20.) the space between them being 


id Pe 


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NTACRINITES 


PE 


57 


in consequence greater, more muscular, and more liable to contraction, the effect 
produced by this is (Pu, 11. fig. 16. 17. and 21.) that the larger joints are some- 
what flat at their exterior circumference, rounded near the articulating rim, and 
slightly convex ; whereas the smaller and thinner joints are compressed, and 
frequently somuchso, as hardly to be distinguishable, whilst the corners to which 
the striated petal-shaped markings extend are swollen and convex above and 
below. The line of articulation between every two joints becomes, from this 
disposition of convex and concave surfaces, elegantly waved. The angles of the 
column are sharper than in the former species, and the thicker joints are some- 
times externally slightly tuberculated, the results of muscular contraction. 


Avxitiary SipeArms. (PL. 11. fig. 15.) Near the summit of the column 
auxiliary side arms set off from every thicker joint; (PL. 11. fig. 11.) hence, from 
their excessive number, forming a marked and peculiar feature, whence this spe- 
cies derives its name; farther down, the side arms proceed from every second 
thicker joint, and the intervening number of joints increases to three or four of 
each kind thicker and thinner towards the lower extremity. (Pu. 1. fig. 16.) 
They are also inserted in the intervening space between the angles of the larger 
the elliptic mark of insertion is not transverse, (Pu. 11. fig. 22.) but placed 
with its greatest diameter perpendicularly, thereby gaining a greater power of 
adhesion: its circumference, by contraction, sometimes becoming slightly lozenge 
shaped, having a transverse perforated ridge across the shortest diameter. The 
Joints of the side arms (PL. 11. fig. 23. and 24.) are thin, much compressed, sub- 
elliptic, or rather lozenge-shaped, having both extremities sharply ridged, they 
gradually decrease in size, till at the end of the series they terminate in a point. 
(Px. 11. fig. 15. and 25.) As they proceed from the column they alter their 
position, their longest diameter becoming horizontal, and not perpendicular as 
at the insertion, The length of the auxiliary side arms when fully grown, and 
their frequent occurrence, givea singularly bushy appearance to the column. 
They shorten as they approximate to the summit of the column, where their 
joints become less developed. When the animal is contracted (Pt. 11. fig. 7.) 
the superior auxiliary side arms overlay the pelvis, and reach with their slender 
points to the fifth arm joint. In this case they all envelope the column in a close 
fasciculus, and thus make it appear thick and undefined. 


The Peryis (Pu, 1. fig. 1. 9. and 10.) is of the same formation as in the for= 
mer species, 


58 


The First Costar Joints (Pu. u. fig. 2. 9. to 14.) are externally more mus- 
cular, reaching downwards over a greater number of columnar joints, and 
tapering toa point. They have each a longitudinal central ridge, which is 
more clearly exhibited when in a contracted state, when also near the upper 
portion between the ridge and the pointed angles of the pelvis, a tubercle ap- 
pears on either side. (Px. 11. fig. 13.) It here suggests itself to me that the 
elongation of the first costals in the pentacrinites is intended to strengthen the 
column in this place, where being most muscular, it is most yielding, and there- 
fore requires strong abutments to bear the weight of the arms and fingers, and 
sustain their various motions. : 


The Seconp Costa (Pt. 11. fig. 3.) the scapule (PL. 1. fig. 4. the Joints 
of THE ARMS (PL. 11. fig. 5.) HANDS and FINGERS (PL. 11. fig. 6.) are formed in a 
similar manner to those of P, Caput Meduse. 


The numberof rineers in the smallest and youngest specimens (PL. 1. fig. 2. 

I have seen, amounted to four ; the length of the hands from the cuneiform arm 
joint being scarcely an inch, and of the whole animal not above two inches, 
These fingers showed, like those belonging to the reproduced arms on the late 
Mr. Toniy’s specimen, a certain immaturity. I have traced the increase of 
the number of fingers to five and eight, and ascertained that in fall grown spe- 
cimens the number amounts to sixteen, when each hand was about six inches 
long. (Pu. 1. fig. 1. 


After a careful examination, I succeeded in detecting traces of the PLatep 
INTEGUMENT covering the viscera, between the costal joints, (Pu. 11. fig. 8.) 
and scapule, as also where it covers the channel of the tentacnla. I was 
much gratified when, on a subsequent examination of Mr. Parkrnson’s plate, 
(T. xviit. fig. 2.) I found that his draughtsman (to whose talent of making faith- 
ful and correct delineations I cannot omit to give my highest testimony,) had 
also represented the plates of the integument between the costals and scapule. 


Sections of the first Costals (Px. 1. fig. 14.) frequently demonstrate a 
gradual increase from external lamine, as noticed in Apiocrinites rotundus. 


I apprehend that perfect and full grown animals of this and the following 
Species, must surpass all others in their number of joints and plates, not even 
excepting Euryale Caput Medusz. 


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Ili, SPECIES. PENTACRINITES SUBANGULARIS. 


SUBROTUND FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


. Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal having a column formed of numerous slightly pen- 
tagonal joints, alternately thicker and thinner, articulating by surfaces with 
pentapetalous semistriated markings, each petal being ovate, surrounded by 
an elevated ridge ; five round auxiliary side arms proceeding at intervals from 
the thicker joints, and alternately approaching the opposite sides of the space 
between the angles of the column, so as to form double series. Pelvis, first 
and second costal, and scapule in successive series formed of five joints ; from 
which ten arms proceed, liaving two hands provided with numerous fingers, 
amounting in each if the animal is fully grown, to about sixteen. 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Parxinson’s Org. Rem. vol. 11. Pi. x111. fig. 48. to 51. and 60. 
Kworr.—Recueil de Monumens, Supl. t. 11. c. 
rtefe aus der Schweis geschrieben tm Fare 1763. t. 2. fig. h. and t. 6. 


Locality. 


In Lyas—at Lyme, in Dorsetshire. In black Slate, in the kingdom of Wur- 
tenburg, in Germany. 


Description. 


The Cotumn (Pt. 11. fig. 1. to3.) of this animal is formed of alternately 
thicker and thinner joints. Each of the five petal-like markings on the surface, 
has a subovate form, and is surrounded by an elevated ridge, rendering the ex- 
terior circumference subrotund. 


Auxiniary Sipe Arms. (Pt. 11. fig. 1.) Tn a specimen in my possession, 
from the space between each of the angles of every second larger joint of the 


60 


column, an auxiliary side arm proceeds, formed of numerous minute round 
joints, depressed above and below. These side arms haye, probably, a greater 
number of columnar joints intervening, the further they are distant from the 
pelvis. ‘Their points of insertion are not disposed as in the preceding species, 
directly over each other, but alternately approach the opposite sides of the 
space between the angles, so as to form a double series. One or two cotum= 
nar joints above each point of insertion is grooved, for the purpose of admit- 
ting a closer adhesion of the side arms to the column, when the animal is in 
a state of contraction or rest. 


In the P. Caput Meduse, the round side arms near the pelvis are short, 
and as they lengthen, the distance between the series increases, thereby allow- 
ing free motion without any other provision. Ip P. Briareus, they are very 
numerous and long, but in order that they may divide the space correctly with- 
out infringing on the column or creating confusion, they are lozenge-shaped ; 
therefore when folding around it by packing together with the flattened sides 
towards each other, many will go in a small circumference, and when extended, 
the longest diameter of the lozenge being horizontal, a greater surface for the 
purpose of detention is produced. In the present species they are again round, 
but in more frequent series than in P. Capnt Meduse ; hence their arrangement 
in double rows, becomes necessary, and as they occupy more room, and intrude 
on the angles of the columnar joints, the provision of a groove in those over them, 
as noticed above, becomes necessary to enable them to adhere closely to the 
column when contracted. 


Tn afine specimen of the superior portion of this animal, of an apparently 
nearly full grown size, which I have had opportunity to examine, the First 
COSTAL JoInTS (PL. |.) are acutely angular, and do not overlay so many of the 
subjacent columnar joints. 


The arms and hands resemble those of the former species, but the tentacula 
set off rather differently. The first joint of each tentaculum is not only (as in 
the former species) received into a depression of the finger joint above that 
from which it proceeds, but also occasions a depression in the base of the third 
finger joint above it, and from the upper part of which again another tentaculum 
proceeds, thus producing a scale-like overlaying appearance. As stated be- 
fore, the specimen from which my observation is taken, demonstrates consider- 
able maturity of growth, and hence shows throughout a close structure, and 


SUBANGULARIS. 


PEN TACRINITES 


PEN TACRINITES 


Eel: 
LE a 


- re srr rt ve are A N  nareneane 9S wonsenenanen enna amewsrennt ees entree 
~ Se A PE A eee 


i sips 
, hae 


O61 


aot that freedom of parts observable where room is left for increase. It is, per- 
haps, owing to this that all the joints of the hand have laterally, where they 
adhere near each other (PL. 11. fig. 4. and 5.) a compressed figure, as also that 
the first joint of the tentaculum intrudes on the second joint above it. 


The Pratzp InrecumentT (PL. 1.) covering the abdominal cavity, is in the 
specimen alluded to, extended beyond the scapuli, connecting the sides of the 
arm joints and the hands as far as the first finger joint together, hence de- 
Monstrating a considerable extension of the abdominal cavity. The plates are 
neatly arranged, forming a sort of rose-like appearance, of which a minute 
hexagon or heptagon forms the middle. A question here suggests itself, whether 
the animal in age loses the tentacula of the arms, and those at the commence- 
ment of the hand? It certainly can here readily dispense with an apparatus of 
detention, its fingers having increased in size and length, and as the cost and 
scapule do not grow larger in proportion, it is obvious the covered cavity be- 
tween them can only be increased by extending the points of adhesion of the 
integuinent between the arms, to which it already adheres where it covers the 
grooved canal at their inner surface. By dispensing with the tentacula, which 
are no longer required, their articulating surfaces on the arms, furnish favour- 
able points for the angular insertion and adhesion of the plates of the integu- 
ment. “The increase of the size of the abdominal cavity is rendered imperious, 
by the extension of the viscera necessary for the receiving and preparing of the 
greater quantity of food, required by the organic wants of an animal materially 
increased in size and full grown. Iam nearly confirmed in the correctness of 
the above opinions, by having detected in a specimen of P. Briareus the integu- 
ments adhering to the sides of the firstarm joint, which also had no longer a 
tentaculum, an instance of which is also represented in Mr. Parkinson’s Or- 
ganic Remains. Vou. 11. Pu. xvut. fig. 2. 


Fragments of an animal approaching to P. Subangularis, but of a smaller 
and neater shape, occur in the oolite at Dundry, and in the forest marble. It 
must remain for further favourable opportunities to ascertain what claim these 
hhave to a specific distinction, or whether they belong to a variety of present 
species. 


62 
ADDENDA. 


——— 


Besides the Pentacrinites described, I have met with columns and fragments 
of animals belonging to this genus, but indicating plainly tbat they have a claim 
to specific distinction, Not having, however, sufficiently perfect specimens to 
enable me to draw up a specific character, I shall confine myself to a short des- 
cription of as much as has come under my observation. 


IV. SPECIES. PENTACRINITES BASALTIFORMIS. 


BASALTIFORM FIVE ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Parxinson’s Org. Rem. vol. 11. tab, 13. fig. 54. 


Locality. 


In Lyas—at Lyme, also in the Chalk near Lyme. 


Description. 


1 am acquainted with the column (see Pt. 1. of P. Subangularis, fig. 1. to 6.) 
alone of this species, which is peculiarly neat and slender, formed inva- 
riably of joints of an uniform size and thickness, sending off at intervals 
from fifteen to twelve (fig. 6.), and probably less near the pelvis, round auxi- 
liary side arms. 5 


In an early state of growth (fig. 2.) when the space between the oval petal- 
shaped secretions is muscular, they illustrate my views with regard to a gra- 


a 


65 


dual deposition of calcareous matter in these places. It forms at this period 
(fig. 1.) a transverse round ridge, over which the muscular part is drawn in 
acutely. Ina more advanced stage of growth (fig. 4.) the petals increase so 
much as nearly to efface the intervening space, and hence the crenated line of 
adhesion between these joints, arising from the insertion into each other of the 
radii and notches surrounding the petals, may be traced continuously round 
the circumference, uninterrupted as in younger specimens by intervals where 
the margin issmooth. The whole joint being at this period calcareous (having 
only a muscular integument) the column has a smooth pentagonal appearance, 
with a slight elevation near the junction of every two joints, leaving, however, 
a trifling ridge between for the action of the small portion of muscle extending 
to the exterior circumference, over and between the radii of the petal-like for- 
mations. The ridge mentioned before has now disappeared, and in its stead we 
trace a slightly elevated line (fig. 3.) waved conformably to the power exercised 
on it by contraction of the muscles between the joints. A further contraction 
(fig. 5.) breaks this line into three or four minute tubercles, and sometimes 
by lateral contraction produces two other tubercles, one above and one below 


the line. 


I understand, that at Lyme, columns of from four to five feet long occur, 
belonging to this species, 


Vy 


64 


Vv. SPECIES. PENTACRINITES TUBERCULATUS. 


TUBERCULATED FIVE-ANGLED LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Parkinson’s Organic Remains, vol. 11. Pu. xvu. fig. 1]. (In this figure no 
tubercles are however expressed). PL. x1x. fig. 2.? 


Wuirenourst’s Inquiry into the Original State and Formation of the Earth. 
Pt. vis. fig. 1. 2. 


Locality. 


In the Lyas—at Pyrton Passage. 


This species appears to be characteristic also of a bed of rubbly lias, near 
the top of the series constituted by that formation; this bed may be traced 
from the vale of Belvoir, on the borders of Rutland, along the borders of Lei- 
cestershire, to the tunnels of the Grand Union Canal at Husband Bosworth, 
and at Crick; thence along the confines of Warwickshire and Northampton- 
shire, by Branston tunnel (on the Oxford Canal) and Shuckborough Park, well 
known for the abundance of these remains. The line of the Oxford Canal con- 
tinues in the same stratum, past Wormleighton Tunnel as far as Claydon; (in 
all the places mentioned it is rich in these fossils), the same bed continues to 
‘Tange round the base of the Cotteswould Hills through Glocestershire, but its 
course has not here been so accurately traced. 


Description. 


I have only seen the column and auxiliary side arms of this species, tlicy 
are larger than those of any other species, and resemble closely those of 


y 
: 
5 
5 
a 
F 
: 
Zz 
id 
2 
S 
2 
cy 


65 


P. Caput Meduse. The Column differs in its joints, being thinner, and their 
having been covered all over with a more conspicuous muscular coat, which 
shows itself in numerous minute tubercles, the result of its contraction. 


I apprehend that the superior extremity figured in WuiTeHURsT and Par- 
KINSON, aS mentioned above, belonged to this species. I also conceive that a 
specimen in the possession of Mr. G. Hawker, from the banks of the Severn, 
but much disfigured by pyrites, appertains to it. 


II. Dibviston, 


CRINOIDEA SEMIARTICULATA. 


Character of the Division. 


Tue plate-like joints resting on the superior columnar joint, and forming 
the cup containing the viscera, articulate by transverse processes, having a mi- 
nute central perforation. 


Observation. 


Although I am acquainted with but one species strictly possessing the cha- 

racter assigned to it (viz. that which serves me as the type for the genus 

» © Poteriocrinites) yet I thought it advisable to constitute the division Semiar- 

TICULATA, to mark in a more conspicuous manner the transition from regularly 
articulating joints to plates adhering only by muscular sutures. 


ae —— ee 


— 


——————————— ae 


7 ; ose Ee Are zy ) TP ae 
IV. GENUS. POTERLOCRINITES. | 


: 67 


IV. GENUS POTERIOCRINITES. 


VASE-LIKE LILY-SSHAPED ANIMAL. 


Generic Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a round column composed of numerous thin 
joints, having in their centre a round alimentary canal, and articulating by sur- 
faces striated in radii. Round auxiliary side arms proceeding at irregular dis- 
tances from the column. Pelvis * formed of five pentagonal plate-like joints, 
supporting five hexagonal intercostal plate-like joiuts, and five plate-like sca- 
pul, having on one of the intercostals an interscapulary plate interposed. An 
arm proceeding from each of the scapule. 


Base, probably fascicular, and permanently adhering. 


Observation. 


The generic name is derived from norupion, a drinking vessel, having been 
suggested by the resemblance of its figure to that of a common conical wine 
glass. 


This genus, as far as I have been able to ascertain, contains two species 
only, P. Crassus, and P. Tenuis; the former, as was observed, serves as a type 
for the generic character, the latter bears analogy to it in general formation, but 
from its plates only adhering by sutures, and not showing articulations, renders 
the transition to the division LNarticuxa'ra perfect. No recent individual be- 
longing to this genus has been as yet discovered. 


* It is with considerable hesitation that I describe these five plates as belonging ‘to the Pelvis, 
the analogy of their lower articulating surfaces, seems, perhaps, rather to indicate their belonging 
to the first costal series. I have never yet had an opportunity of seeing the connection of these 
plates with the first columnar joint fairly developed, and it seems possible that the true pelvis 
may be small and almost concealed. This doubt will be done away by the acquisition of more in- 
structive specimens, and my thus stating the case must be considered as resulting from an anxious 
desire to check errors. It is not unlikely that the real joints forming the pelvis are so much abbrevi- 
ated as not to be visible externally. very one acquainted with fossils must be aware how difficult 
itis to trace always organic details in them correctly, and how many specimens are sometimes ne- 
cessary to ascertain a single fact. 


68 


I, SPECIES. POTERIOCRINITES CRASSUS, 


THICK VASE-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a column formed of numerous round thin joints, 
articulating by surfaces striated in radii. The plate-like joints of the pelvis, 
the intercoste, and scapulz, adhering at their upper and lower surfaces by ele- 
vated transverse ridge-like processes. 


Reference and Synonymes. 


G. CuMBERLAND, in Transactions of the Geological Society, Vou. v. p. 90. 
PL, 3. fig. 2. 


Locality. 


In the Mountain Limestone, in Yorkshire, In Mountain Lime, at Bristol, 
near the river Avon Bed 1. and 14. of Dr. Brieut’s Paper in Trans. of Geol. 
Soc. vol. 1v. p. 193. In the Magnesian Beds of the Mountain Limestone, Cleve 
don Bay, Somersetshire. 


The specimen mentioned in Dr. Woopwarp’s Catalogue of foreign fossils, 
(page 19. 8. 1.) as coming from Syria, is of this species. I am indebted to the 
Rev. A. Sepcewicx, Woodwardian Professor, Cambridge, for ascertain- 
ing this fact, he having kindly furnished me with a drawing made from the 
original, now in Dr. Woopwarn’s Collection, and under his care. 


Description. 


The Corumn.—ThisCrinite, which grows toa large size, is remarkable for 
its thin, simple, finely radiating columnar joints (fig. 10. to 17.) has a few ir- 
regularly placed, long auxiliary side arms, formed of rather thicker and less 


GRASSUS 


Lae 
a 


POTERIOCRINITE 


boii 

amr 

aa 

i 

' Sa, 1 as 


iw MY 8 } 
ley Sig ia 
N | & 4 HE 
VA 


aS 


. ; h ae wks f 
a ie, ree ene eo va Pelee mg fy 


ame ED al 


iy 
ey ee 


, oye 
| } ‘ Oo” oP) a | ; 
AT: mond 2 
i) Pane i oa 
ve} illic heel ual OF ni ead 
d rT i 


: oa 


Mw) 


“i 
> . Mite i lt ‘ 


Nee i 


69 
’ 

finely striated joints; having a contracted circumference of articulation. ‘Its 
column has sometimes numerous joints (fig. 18.) swelling gradually out, and 
thus giving it a barrel-shaped appearance, generally pressed in on one of its 
sides, and becoming there concave, with a central perforation evidently leading 
to the alimentary canal. This has all the appearance of acicatrized wound, and 
as the alimentary canal in the column is not increased, the swelling can only 
arise from a more rapid secretion from these joints, probably to strengthen it, 
and to compensate thus for the injury probably sustained in one of its auxiliary 
side arms. The cavity before mentioned, was probably produced by the loss 
or separation of the stump of the injured auxiliary side arm from the column, 
and the subsequent cicatrizing of the wound. 


The Bass of the column is probably similar to that of the genus Cyatho- 
crinites, which will be hereafter described. 


The Petvis (fig. 8.) —On the superior columnar joint rest, as far as I have 
been able to ascertain, five plate-like joints, which I consider, though with 
some hesitation, (for reasons stated in the note, page 67.) as forming the pelvis. 
At their lower surfaces they are smooth, but have a transverse subtriangular 
ridge, with a central perforation and a narrow lip-like extension. Their Jateral 
surfaces are slantingly truncated to admit the intervention ofa muscle. A ridge 
divides the upper surface into two angularly slanting planes, having each a 
transverse ridge perforated by a nourishing vessel, and showing a lip-like pro- 
cess near the inner surface. ‘The superior and inferior surface is, near the ex- 
terior circumference finely striated for the adhesion and transmission of muscu 
lar portions, connecting with the exterior muscular covering of the crinite, and 
capable of producing on contraction numerous minute tubercles, which may be 
observed in well preserved specimens. 


The Five Inrercostar Puare-iike Jornts (fig. 6. 7.9. the animal having no 
costals), are oblong and hexagonal, one of them being somewhat longer, and hav- 
ing one of the sides of its superior surface considerably larger. They insert 
their inferior angle into the five angular spaces formed by the plate-like joints of 
the pelvis, articulating to them by nearly similarly marked surfaces. They pre- 
serve externally the subconical figure, and thus enlarge the abdominal cavity. 


The Scapu.s (fig. 2. to 5.) are inserted into each of the superior angles of the 
intercostals, They are thin, plate-like, and subpentagonal, adhering by subtrian- 


70 


gular ridges to the intercostals, and by their lateral surfaces to each other. 
‘They are obliquely truncated at their superior surfaces, excavated, and have a 
horse-shoe-like impression, with a subperforated elevated transverse ridge. 


One of the hexagonal intercostal joints having one of the angular sides of its 
superior surface elongated, has in a specimen in my possession (fig. 1.) a small 
pentagonal interscapulary plate adhering, whose lateral edges connect with 
the lower edges of the scapula, and on whose superior surface another hex- 
agonal interscapulary plate rests. To avoid an increased distance between the 
the arms proceeding from the scapule nearest to this interposed plate, they 
themselves are smaller, and of a contracted form (fig. 5.) I cannot account for 
this apparent irregularity in P. Crassus, but a similar one exists in the next 
species, and in the genera in the division InarricuLaTa. 


The intercostals and scapule where they articulate to each other, must have 
been very muscular, hence a contraction may be traced which produces a 
waved appearance. 


Ihave not been fortunate enough to obtain a specimen extending beyond the 
scapule, but from the occurrence on the same slab, (see plate Poteriocrinites 
Tenuis, fig. 10. and 11.) of joints of the arms, hands and fingers, which, in their 
organic construction, resemble those of the Pentacrinites, I do not hesitate to 
consider these as belonging to this species. I also have found small plates be- 
longing to the integument extending over the cup-like abdominal cavity, and I 
do not doubt its resemblance to that noticed in the Pentacrinites. 


In one instance I have observed a proof of the softness or muscularity of 
the inside of the pelvis, one of its plates having retained the impression of a 
columnar joint, which, by accident, came in contact with it previous to its 
petrifaction. 


é 
o 
- 


Woes 
aglid Dh 
a “id - 
i 
ion a 
ML 
é 


OnE sot 
‘aru ha 


a t fon) 


ts ieee, ne 
te Nani, Bay 


r fs, hy 


; POTERIOCR [NITES "CENUIS. 
Uae a 


‘.- 

aol 
if {i awa! 
LZ 


71 


Il. SPECIES POTERIOCRINITES TENUIS. 


THIN VASE-LIKE LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal with a column formed of numerous round thin joints, 
surface of articulation radiatingly striated. The plate-like joints forming the 
cup-like body, articulating by minute strie. One arm proceeding from each 
scapula supporting two fingers. 


Locality. 


In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, and in the Black Rock 
(the fourteenth bed of Dr. Bricur’s series; see Geol. Trans. Vou. iv. p. 193.) 
near the river Avon, Bristol, belonging to the same formation. 


Description. 


It is a much neater and smaller species than the former. 


Its CoLumn (fig. 1.) must have possessed near the summit a considerable | 
degree of muscularity, since the thin joints of this part appear to have yielded 
to the impression of the lower part of the pelvis joints, and the pressure of the 
muscle acting on them, so as to assume a slightly-waved marginal outline. 


The Pexvis (fig. 2. to 5.) together with the five intercostals (fig. 6. and 7.) 
and the scapulz (fig. 8. and 9.) adhere by slightly striated surfaces, and with 
the intervening pentagonal and hexagonal plates form a small and elegant trun- 
cated cup. 


The Arms (fig. 12. to 21.)—From the scapula proceeds immediately the 
cuneiform joint of the arm, it is very slender and long, yet in general construc- 


| ow 
72 


tion and articulation resembles the corresponding joint of the Pentacrinites. 
Its length, not unfrequently, exceeds its thickness six times, whence it bears a 
distant resemblance to a split os humeri of a very small size. 


Fincer Joint.—From its summit proceed the first joints of two fingers, 
(fig. 24. and 2b.) they are equally slender, adhering near the base laterally to 
each other. On these the following finger joints (fig. 22. and 23.) are inserted 
in single series, they are much excavated at the inner surface, and by the 
alternately inclining angle of their superior surface, indicate that the tentacula 
came off alternately from the broader portion of every joint. The specimen 
in my possession does not display the tentacula, nor have I been able to trace 
their place of insertion on the finger joints, but I apprehend that these being 
so thin, and not offering a safe point of attachment, a muscular adhesion 
existed in this species. Ihave also found minute plates indicating that the 
cup-like abdominal cavity, and the excavated sulci in the arm and fingers 
have been protected by a plated integument, similar to that noticed in other 
Crinoidea. 


- ‘ 
a 
ime 
: > 
« Mee ’ 4 “ . ee 
: ry = . 
4 
te 
‘ 
E = 
-, ig cy. 
if 
> * 
r ; ~ os 
ny pe, 
es rea ; ee ‘ A ” { 
‘ 
4 :? J 
. * 
‘ 
; 
‘ 
i : 3 \ 
= 
( sl | 
' ; ‘ 
Mi 
1 : - ‘ P, 
, 4 4 é oh 
ete h . ; . 
’ ) : A = 
r 
fi at: 
{ Y ee - * ¥ a . ‘ id i 
aor ; in e , 
. Aa Meee * “a 4 
nas Si i ; 


ih f ee aie 
os ay 5 ” a at 
b gent mn, 

f > 

a %» 7, < 1a ae Ge 


Ba iat ti ge i 
# 3 1" id ee Se 


ae? ow a oe — 


ASA RAY Te 
ey ite tS riick * 


Cea c! 
~ net 


V. GENUS 


PLATYCRINITES . 


i 

3 

it 

{i 

| 

' 

| 

ee aed 


III. Division, 


CRINOIDEA INARTICULATA. 


Character of the Division. 


Tue plates forming the superior cup-like portion of the animal, and enclos- 
ing the viscera, adhering by muscular sutures. 


Observation. 


The muscular integument which connects the plates to each other, also ex- 
tends over their interior and exterior surface, effecting by its contractile power 
the movements of the arms. 


It may be here observed as a geological fact, that as far as I have been able 
to ascertain, theremains of the animals of the former and of this division have never 
occurred otherwise than in the inclined strata, from the grau wacke to the 
new red sandstone ; whilst those of the first division belong to the horizontal 
and more recent beds. 


74 


V. GENUS. PLATYCRINITES. 
BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Generic Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with an elliptic or (in one species) pentagonal column, 
formed of numerous joints, having a few side arms at irregular distances. _Pel- 
vis, saucer shaped, formed of three unequal pieces, from which five large plate- 
like scapulz proceed. 


Base provided with numerous fibres for attachment. 


Observation. 


The generic name has been derived from nLatrz, broad or flat, with re- 
ference to the form of the scapule. 


The want of coste supplied by the large plate-like scapulz gives the supe- 
rior part of these animals a pentagonal appearance, and furnishes so conspi- 
cuous a character, that they are readily distinguished from all other genera. 


I. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES LAEVIS. 


SMOOTH, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a column formed of very muscular elliptical joints 
adhering by a transverse ridge. Round side arms, occasionally proceeding 
from the column, whose joints adhere by radiated surfaces. Pelvis, saucer- 
shaped, with the five scapule adhering to it, from each of which an arm pro- 
ceeds supporting two hands, having each two fingers. 


Pelvis and scapule smooth. 


%4 
bey 
5 
a 
A 


S 


TYCRINITE 


PLA 


«Ja 
ALLE wv adlcl 


s 
sol 
eg 
+ 


%, 


vu) SN es 


ame 


LAVIS 


n 
tl 
toy 
b 
home 
Zz 
jo 
aw 
oe 
\ 
ja 
— 
sail 
Qu 


75 


Reference. 


Parkinson’s Organic Remains, Vor. 1. t. 17. fig. 12. 
G. CumBERLAND, in Trans, of Geol. Soc. Vot. v. t. 5. fig. 8. 


Locality. 


In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, the Black Rock (14th bed 
of Dr. Brieut’s Series in Geol. Trans. Vol. iv.) near Bristol, Dublin, and 
Cork. 


Description. 


The Cotumn (PL. 11. fig. 1. 18. to 20.) of this animal is formed of numer- 
ous elliptical joints, which near the pelvis are of an almost round figure (Pt. 11. 
fig. 1. to 3.) and are for some distance from it placed alternately, so that a 
larger and thicker joint succeeds a smaller and thinner. The articulation of 
the pelvis with the column in this species (Pt. 1. fig. 1. and 2.) affords an in- 
teresting example of the manner in which the ordinary structure of the parts of 
animals is changed, whenever the circumstances are such as to require a new 
mechanism ; for the mode of articulation between the joints throughout the 
rest of the column, is by means of a transverse ridge only, that mode 
being most fitted for their elliptical form; but since the upper columnar joint 
has to support a pelvis composed of three pieces, which could not, from their 
mode of construction, be affixed to a single ridge, this plan is here abandoned 
and a new one introduced, which consists in the joint assuming a round figure, 
having at ifs upper surface a margin marked with radiating strie, on which the 
inferior striated surfaces of the three pelvis plates are applied in the usual man- 
ner; and the transverse ridge is here very faintly exhibited. Similar marginal 
radii are seen, but more and more faintly, in several joints below (PL. 11. fig. 3. 
to 15.) and soon totally disappear, when the joints become of a true elliptical 
form and thicker. The transverse ridge on the superior and that on the inferior 
surface of the joint have (even when these are not thicker than a piece of writing 
paper) a decided tendency to assume a direction oblique with respect to each 
other, which is still more conspicuous when the joint is larger (Pt. 11. fig. 10. and 
11.) This appearance has led me to suppose, that in a living state the inferior 
and superior surfaces of each joint with their articulating ridge, were alone truly 
calcareous, having a yielding muscular or cartilaginous substance interposed 
between them. In consequence of the adhesion of the superior surface of each 


76 


joint to the inferior of that contiguous to it, and their firm articulation by means 
of the transverse ridge, the animal was capable of producing through its muscu- 
lar integument, a kind of twisting, vermicular spiral motion (Pt. 11. fig. 1. 18. 
to 20.) shortening the column by compressing the muscle between the twoealcare- 
reous plates of each joint, and elevating it by untwisting and restoring it to its 
former elasticity. Itis evident that this motion would, in many ways, render the 
lateral motion of the superior part of the animal on its column less necessary ; 
and since the attachment of the pelvis to the column appears to have been 
slight, and might have been endangered by such a motion, this may have been 
the object of the contrivance. When the two hard elliptical surfaces, with their 
elevated ridges are placed obliquely to each other, the joint evidently ap- 
pears to be considerably compressed, and has a slight four-cornered appearance, 
having the angles rounded; while along the middle of the exterior circumference 
the intermediate muscle is pressed out (PL. 11. fig. 21. to 30.) it forms a smooth 
rim, which is sometimes studded at intervals with tubercles occasionally 
elongated into a kind of pointed feelers, giving the joint some resemblance to 
the rowel of aspur. (Pu. u. fig. 25. to 26.) In general the protruding feelers 
are longer near the ends of the greater diameter of the elliptical joiut, sometimes 
assuming an inclining direction (Pt. 11. fig. 28. and 30.) and having an indented 


summit. The alimentary canal of the column is small, probably because the 
muscular integument was more vascular, 


The Base. (Pu. 11. fig. 52. to 56.) The columnar joints are sometimes 
rendered unshapely by exuded calcareous matter (PL. 11. fig. 52. and 
53.) which, near the base, appears to have partially surrounded those 
numerous muscular fibres which served the animal as organs of attachment. 
(Pu. rr. fig. 55. and 56.) In specimens where these fibres are decayed and lost, 
many cavities are left behind in the indurated matter, demonstrating their 
points of insertion. (Pu. u. fig. 54.) 

The Auxitiary Sive Arms. From the ends of the greater diameter of the 
elliptical columnar joints proceed the auxiliary side arms (Pu. 1. fig. 32. and 
33.) formed of numerous round joints, perforated in the centre, and adhering 
by surfaces striated iu radii. 1 have specimens in my collection (Pt. 11, fiz. 
39 to 44. fig. 47. to 51.) which from their analogy to some side arms still ate 
tached to the column, I consider as contiunatious of the same. They are re- 
maikably neat, round, and prove their former muscularity by the contraction 


77 


of their exterior integument. Thus the smooth round joint of the side arm 
shows at its external circumference an elevated rim (PL. 11. fig. 39.) the first 
vestige of contraction, which may be traced through a series of specimens, to 
swell and increase more and more on one side, gradually becoming tubercular, 
(PL. 11. fig. 40, to 42.) and sending off from about six to eight spine-like mus- 
cular elongations (PL. 11. fig. 43.and 44.) not unfrequently proving their former 
muscular state by a curved inclination downwards. The more the muscle is 
thus protruded, the closer it approaches to the superior surface of the joint; the 
line of tubercles assuming a somewhat spiral turn, whereby the joint receives a 
truncated conical figure, its superior surface forming the base of the cone. In 
young undeveloped specimens the tubercles form a still greater spiral curve. 
On the surface of the same mass of partially decomposed limestone, I have 
met with very thin joints resembling those just described, only being very 
small and much longer, which 1 apprehend belong to this species. (PL. 11. fig. 
35. to 37.) Another portion of side arms has alsooccurred (PL. 1. fig. 38. and 
45.) where the joints are elliptically compressed, articulating by finely striated 
surfaces, and having a sort of serrated projection near the upper margin of the 
joint at the exterior circumference, within the line of curvature when the arm 


is bent. 


The Pervis (Pt. 1. fig. 2. to 7.) is saucer-shaped, composed of three 
plates, forming at their superior edge five concave spaces, which are generally 
finely striated to give a firmer adhesion to the scapula. 


The Scapun# (fig. 8. to 13.) are five, tile-shaped, thin plates, adhering by 
their lateral edges to each other, truncated above, and angularly bevelled to 
these lateral edges. In the centre, at the superior edge, they are excavated, 
having a somewhat reniform or horse-shoe shaped impression on the exterior, 
which presents a ridge of articulation witha central perforation for the reception 
of the arms. 


The Arms(Pt. 1. fig. 1. and 14. to 20.) are formed, each by a single cuneiform 
joint which adheres to the scapule. 


The Hanps. (Pu. 1. fig. 21. to 25.) Two hands proceed from the cuneiform 
joints of the arm, each is formed by a horse-shoe shaped joint, and a cuneiform 
one. 


78 


Two Finaers (PL. 1. fig. 1.) set off from the cuneiform joint of each hand. 
They are composed of two series of joints adhering at one of their lateral sur- 
faces to each other by bevelled edges, in a manner similar to those of Encri- 
nites moniliformis. 


The Tentacuta.—From the joints of the hand and fingers the tentacula 
proceed, which resemble those of other crinoidea. 


An IntEcument protected by numerous (sometimes very regularly formed) 
plates, extends as usual over the abdominal cavity and the sulcus on the arms, 
hands, fingers, and tentacula. 


That the plates increased in size by laminar secretions formed externally 
as in Apiocrinites rotundus, I have been able to ascertain from a decomposed 
specimen. (PL. 1. fig. 26. and 27.) 


I have a joint (PL. 1. fig. 31.) of asubtriangular circumference in my col- 
lection, which I apprehend may have been an unusual and monstrous form of 
the superior columnar joints of this species. The central ridge of articulation 
noticed in the joints described is here divided into three radij, each subdividing 


where they approach the exterior circumference, into several fine ridges, and 
thus rendering the margin crenulated. 


In one instance (PL. 1. fig. 28.) the pelvis and scapule are covered with tu- 
bercles indented at their centre, in my opinion the effects of disease. 


I have noticed in the collection of Ricuarp Bricut, Esq. of Ham Green, 
near Bristol, numerous joints, probably appertaining to an animal forming a va- 
riety of the former, or a distinct species. ‘They came from Muir-kirk in Dum- 
frieshire. The scapule are shorter in proportion than those of the former spe- 
cies, and the columnar joints are finely tuberculated. 


au 


cm, : 
apes 
a ae 


RUGOSUS 


PLATYCRINITES 


79 


II, SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES RUGOSUS, 


RUGGED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with an oval column, having round side arms at irre- 
gular distances. Pelvis formed of three pieces, very flat, admitting at its upper 
surface five depressed scapule, from each of which an arm haying two hands 
with three fingers each, proceeds. 


Synonymes and Reference. 


G. CumBERLAND, in Trans. of Geol. Soc. Vou. v. t. 5. fig. 10. 


Locality. 


In Mountain Limestone at Caldy Island, on the south coast of Wales; and 
at the Mendip Hills. 


Description. 


Its column (fig. 11. to 16.) is of a similar figure to that of the former spe- 
cies, but of a superior size. The exterior tubercles on the columnar joints are 
also placed near one end of the greatest diameter of their elliptical circumfer- 
ence. They are sometimes depressed at their summit, showing a tendency to 
form new auxiliary side arms. 


The Petvis (fig. 2. to 6.) is flat, considerably extending beyond the dia- 
meter of the column, having at its lower surface the impression for the pur- 
pose of articulation comparatively small. 


80 


The Five Scapute (fig. 7.) adhere to the upper edge of the pelvis, are 
thick, short, bevelled at the summit, with an excavation, and a horse-shoe 
shaped impression for the insertion of the arms. 


The pelvis and scapule (fig. 1. to 7.) are thicker near the centre than at their 
margin of adhesion, and display their muscularity in a conspicuous manner. 
Previous to the exertion of the contracting muscular power of the animal they 
are nearly smooth, sloping towards the sutures (tig. 1.22. to 24.) On contrac- 
tion, the bevelled edges become rounded, and the smooth surface undulating 
and corrugated. (fig. 3. and 6.) On still further contraction, the various 
branches of the muscles become visible, and the pelvis shows two or three se- 
ries of tubercles (fig. 1. 4. and 7.) viz. four, three, and two, in the smaller plate of 
the pelvis, and six, four, and two, on each of the two larger. In this case five or 
six tubercles are arranged in a crescent on the scapule, below the horse-shoe-like 
depression, having sometimes another similar series under them. In other speci- 
mens I have observed each tubercle in this second or lower series, assuming an 
oblong figure, (fig. 18. and 19.) and traced it until it connected with the tubercle 
above it, and forming, together with it, a single ridge, (fig. 17. 20. and 21.) thus 
displaying on each of the scapule several radiated ridges. Ina specimen in my 


possession (fig. 5.) a still greater number of tubercles are visible, which are 
irregularly arranged. 


Arms AnD fHanps.—On each of the scapule is inserted a cuneiform joint, 
forming the arm (fig. 8. and 9.) on which the two joints of the first series of the 
hand affix (fig. 10.) having each at their summit a cuneiform joint, sending 
off on the one side a finger, and on the other the second series of the hand, sur- 
mounted by another cuneiform joint supporting two fingers. 


The Fincers (fig. 1.) are formed each of two series of joints resembling 
those of Encrinites moniliformis, and sending off like them series of tentacula. 


The Inrreument over the abdominal cavity is protected by large and 
thick angular plates, and is capable of elongating itself in the centre into a pro- 
boscis, analagous to that in Actinocrinites, which will be hereafter described. 


ne ~~, 3 - AX 
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PLATYCRINITES 


81 


M1, SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES TUBERCULATUS., 


TUBERCULATED,BROAD-PLATED,LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, having its pelvis marked with saucer-shaped, five tu- 
bercles. Scapule of greater length than breadth, having each three series of 


tubercles. 


Column unascertained. 
Locality. 
The Mountain Lime strata. 


Description. 


The Rev. Professor Bucxianp kindly allowed me to examine the Crinoidal 
remains in the Ashmolean collection at Oxford, many of which once belonged 
to Lluid. Among these I discovered the superior portion of this animal (fig. 
1, and 2.) which I consider entitled to specific distinction ; and although I am 
well aware that the characters as above given, are scarcely sufficient to establish 
this claim, yet I cannot doubt but that future researches will prove the correct- 


ness of this suggestion. 
x * 


82 


IV. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES GRANULATUS. 
GRANULATED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a saucer-shaped pelvis. Scapule nearly square, 


with a very small impression for the adhesion of the arms. External surface 
granulated. Column unascertained. 


Locality. 


In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills. 


a Description. 


It is a small, slender, thin and neat species (fig. 1. to 3.) The granule 
(fig. 3.) on the scapule are sometimes regularly arranged in series forming radii 
extending from the horse-shoe-like impression into which the arm was inserted. 


From the smallness of the horse-shoe-like impression I conceive that the arms 
were formed of several joints. 


V. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES STRIATUS. 


STRIATED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


” 
Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a pelvis formed of three pieces, drawn in near the 
base, so as to form a projecting rim, by which it acquires a greater surface of 
adhesion to the column. The five scapnle have only a small horse-shoe-like 


impression at their upper edge. Pelvis and scapule externally striated. 
olumn unascertained. 


83 


Locality. 


Black Rock (14th bed of Dr. Bricur’s series in Geol. Trans. Vor. 1v. p. 
193.) near the river Avon, Bristol, belonging to the Mountain Lime formation. 


Deserpition. 


The saucer-shaped pelvis (fig. 1. and 2.) is externally marked by an elevated 
ridge going to each of its five points, from which other ridges radiate to the 
concaye spaces between them. The ridges on the scapule (fig. 3. and 4.) radiate 
from the horse-shoe-shaped impression at their summit, to the pelvis and their 
lateral edges. From the neck-like contraction of the pelvis, near its point of 
adhesion to the column, and its thinness, I suspect that it was covered by a 
thick gelatinous epidermis, extending itself over the radiated surface to the 


arm joints, 


VI. SPECIES. PLATYCRINITES PENTANGULARIS. 
FIVE-ANGLED, BROAD-PLATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a pentagonal column formed of joints alternately 
thicker and thinner, articulating by a striated rim. At the summit of the 
column, a cup-shaped pelvis supporting five scapule, from which five arms, 
formed each of five joints and a cuneiform joint, proceed. 


Locality. 


In the Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, at Weston-super-mare, 
Black Rock near Bristol, and at Mitchel Dean; also occasionally in transition 
Limestone of Dinevawr Park, and Dudley. 


Description. 


The pentagonal column of this Crinite and Cyathocrinites quinquangularis, 
have led superficial observers to consider it as belonging to the genus Pentacri- 


84 


nites, and hence the assertion that, species of that genus occur in mountain 
and transition lime-stone. But the absence of the pentapetalous semistriated 
articulation of the columnar joints, and the different formation of the pelvis and 
plates resting on it, must remove them at once from this class, and place 
them in their respective genera. 


The Cotumnar Joints (fig. 8). are alternately thicker and thinner, but dif- 
fer very little in their width from each other ; they are externally smooth, flat, 
and acutely angular. At the articulating surface they are surrounded by a 
striated margin slightly arched, inwardly enclosing a smooth area perforated in 
the centre by a pentagonal cana!, whose points extend to the intervening spaces 
between the angles of the circumference. In some of these joints the sphinc- 
terlike contraction of the muscle near the alimentary canal, its adhesion to the 
points of the pentagon, and its connection with the joints next below it by longi- 
tudinal fibres, has produced a five-fold depression. 


The Petvis (fig. 3.) formed of three plates is cup-shaped, sustaining five 
long scapule (fig. 5.) each having a small horse-shoe-shaped depression at its 
summit for the insertion of the arms. In one of my specimens (fig. 2. 6. and 7.) 
the lateral sides of the scapule bend in considerably, thereby producing an an- 
gular indentation, and giving the summit a stelliform figure. In this specimen 


may be traced the plates belonging to the integument that covers the abdo- 


minal cavity. 
9 


An Arn (fig. 1.) proceeds from each of the scapule, formed of four horse- 
shoe-shaped, and one cuneiform joint. 


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GENUS 


Vi. 


CYA THOCRINITES. 


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85 


VI. GENUS. CYATHOCRINITES. 
CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Generic Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a round or pentagonal column formed of numerous 
joints, having side arms proceeding irregularly from it. On the summit ad- 
heres a saucer-shaped pelvis of five pieces, on which are placed in successive 
series, five costal plates, five scapule, and an intervening plate. From each 
scapula proceeds one arm haying two hands. 


Observation. 


The name of this genus is derived from xracos, a cup. None of its species 
have as yet been discovered in a living state, and all of them are consigned to 
the transition and Mountain Limestone strata. 


1. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES PLANUS. 


SMOOTH, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAT. 


Generic Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of numerous depressed 
joints, articulating by radiating surfaces, and perforated by an alimentary canal, 
pentagonal near the pelvis, which becomes round further from it. From each 
of the scapula, which rest on the summit of the cup formed by the pelvis and 
costz, proceeds an arm supporting two hands, each being provided with two 
series of fingers, 


86 


Reference and Synonymes. 


G. CumBERLAND, in Transactions of Geological Society, Vot. v. Pu. 111. 
fig. 1. 


Locality. 


At Clevedon, in the Magnesian beds of the Mountain Limestone; at Wood- 
spring, Black Rock (14th bed of Dr. Bricur’s series in Geological Transac- 
tions, Vou. 1v.) near Bristol, in the same formation. 


Observation. 


The Couvumn (fig. 27. and 31.) of this species is of a round form, and its 
joints, particularly near the summit, having been very muscular externally, 
have their margin rounded inwards near the surface of articulation, evidently 
the result of contraction. The alimentary canal is near the pelvis subquin- 
quangularis (fig. 20.) becoming round further from it (fig. 2k.) The centre of 
the columnar joints is depressed and smooth, surrounded by a radiatingly stri- 
ated rim towards the exterior. 


Round Sipe Arms (fig. 25. and 27.) came off irregularly from the column, 
they are of considerable length, and must have possessed an high degree of 
muscularity, demonstrable by their frequently coiling up (fig. 26). and the mar- 
gin of their joints being rounded inwards, as in the column. 


The Pexvis (fig. 2. and 3.) is saucer-shaped, and composed of five plates, 
forming in the centre a subpentangular perforation, the entrance to the alimen- 
tary canal, which was probably once defended by a sphincter. At the inferior 
part, the pelvis is excavated for the firmer adhesion of the columnar joint, with 
which it corresponds in its striated markings. 


The Cosrars. (fig. 4. and 5.) At the summit the plates of the pelvis 
are more or less angularly pointed, where, in the spaces thus formed, the cos- 
tal plates insert. Four of these are subhexagonal (fig. 4.) and one is subhep- 
tagonal (fig. 5.) from having its superior angle truncated. 


The Scapure (fig. 6, to 9. and 14.) which insert between the angular sum- 


(otal el dr er drape 


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CAR DRAYUFAT AN PEAY OCRIOTS! 


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87 


mits of the costal plates, are of a form similar to those of Poteriocrinites,and have 
also abovea horse-shoélike impression, with a transverse, perforated ridge, on 
which is inserted the first arm joint (fig. 10. and 11.) to which the cuneiform 
joint of the arm articulates. 


The Hanps.— Several horse-shoe-shaped joints (12. to 13. fig. 15. to 19.) 
closely resembling those of Pentacrinus Caput Meduse, articulate and arrange 
in two series on the cuneiform joint. Each series has at its summit a cuneiform 
joint, from whose upper angular portion the two first series of a double hand 
set off, interrupted again by a cuneiform joint, from which a finger and a second 
series of hand joints proceed, terminated by another cuneiform joint which 
supports two fingers. Each hand, as far as I could ascertain, has six fingers, 
the whole number of them, therefore, amounts to sixty; they are all tentacu- 
lated at alternate sides, and resemble those of Pentacrinus Caput Meduse. 


An hexagonal or heptagonal plate generally interposes between the sca- 
pule where the truncated costal occurs, from which the integument, protected 
by calcareous plates, extends over the abdominal cavity and sulcy in the arms 
and hands. Ina specimen in the Ashmolean collection at Oxford (fig. 29, 30.) 
this integument is swollen out, and gives the specimen a singular appearance. 


The base of the column terminates in a fasciculum of muscular fibres. 
A specimen has occurred to me, where the columnar joints (fig. 22. to 24.) 


are alternately smaller and larger. Iam not aware whether it possesses suffi- 
cient character to be considered a variety of the former species. 


88 


IJ]. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES TUBERCULATUS. 
TUBERCULATED, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A’Crinoidal animal, having a column formed of round compressed joints 
with radiatingly-striated articulating surfaces ; from each of the five scapule 
proceeds an arm supporting two hands. Externally tuberculated. 


Locality. 


Probably at Dudley, in Transition Limestone. 


Description. 


The specimen (fig. 1.) from which I have derived the specific character, 
was presented to me by T. Smrru, Esq. of Easton Gray, Glocestershire, through 
the hands of the Rev. R. Haurrax, of Standish. 


It is very neat and small, indicating, however, that the species might pro- 
pably increase to a considerable size. There is but little of the column left 
which adheres to the pelvis, The costa and scapule have each a double series 
of tubercles, arising from the contraction of the muscular integument in such a 
direction as might give motion to the arm, which is formed of two joints, a 
common and a cuneiform one. From this two hands proceed, in which the 
number of joints of the first series amount to two, supporting a cuneiform joint 
which, on one side gives rise to a finger, and on the other, to four or five joints 
continuing the hand and forming its second series, on whose summit a cunei- 
form joint adheres and sends off two fingers. 


Externally the arms, hands, and fingers, are ornamented with four or five 
longitudinal impressions, the result of contraction. 


C. Sroxes, Esq. of London, had the kindness to send mea drawing (fig. 2.) 
of the fingers of an Encrinite, from Dudley, which I apprehend belong to this 
species, and as it conveys a correct idea of the manner in which the animal 
contracted them, I have annexed a figure of it. 


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89 


III. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES RUGOSUS, 


RUGGED, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, having a column formed of numerous joints articulating 
by striated surfaces. The different plates forming the cup-like portion sur- 
mounting the first columnar joint, externally ornamented with deep, rugged, 
angular strie. The base formed of numerous muscular fibres. 


Reference and Synonymes. 


Kworr.—Supl. 7. c. fig. 5. 


Parkinson’s Org. Remains, Vou. 11. t. 15. fig. 4. and 5. 


Locality. 


In the beds of the Transition Limestone, in Shropshire, Herefordshire, 
the Islands of Oeland and Gothland, and in Dalecarlia. 


Description. 


It is a species which grows to a very large size, showing strong marks of 

great external muscularity, P 

The Cotumn (fig. 2.) is formed of considerably compressed joints, having 

in the centre a peutapetalous passage for the alimentary canal, and articulating 

surfaces marked by radiating stria. They are alternately smaller and larger, 

having their surfaces somewhat undulated, which becomes more consmienous 
N 


90 


near the base, showing at the circumference a swelling out of the surrounding 
muscular covering, forming more or less regular and conspicuous tubercles 
perforated at their summit. These are sometimes elongated into fibres, branch- 
ing and dividing at intervals. The tubercles have at their summit a round per- 
foration, which extends through their middle when they are elongated into fibres. 
It is difficult to explain of what utility they are to the animal, unless we consider 


them as secreting tubes, or as feelers by which the animal might have explored 
substances near it. 


The Base. (fig. 4.) The elongated subdividing fibres proceeding abun- 
dantly from the lowet portion of the column, form a kind of fascicular or rather 
root-like base, and where two or more individuals occur near each other, these 
fibres appear to have lost their muscularity, to have exuded calcareous matter, 
or become themselves gradually converted into it ; and being no longer of utility 
tothe animal in ‘any other'way, they have become connected with the contiguous 
individuals, forming with them one substance (fig. 3.) the animals so uniting, in 
consequence losing their locomotive power. 


The Petvis is formed of five plates, is hollowed out at the bottom for the 
reception of the upper columnar joint, adhering to it by its radiatingly striated 
surface, and perforated in the centre for the pentapetalous passage of the ali- 
mentary canal. The outer rim of its five plates bends upwards, forming a sort 
of saucer, each plate being angularly pointed at its superior edge. 


The Five Cost are inserted in the angular spaces formed by the pelvis, 
four of them are hexagonal, and one is heptagonal, having its summit partly 
truncated, to which a small hexagonal plate adheres. 


‘The Scapuxz are inserted in the angles formed at the upper edge by the 
coste, having at their summit a horse-shoe-lke depression for the articulation 
of the arm joints. 


I have not seen a specimen by which I could ascertain the form of the arins, 
fingers, and tentacula; but believe them in general form, analogous to those of 
the former species, possessing also the muscular plated integument. 


Externally the outer surface of the portion of the plates of the pelvis where 
they are turned up, the cost and scapule (fig. 1.) are marked by rugged strix. 


CYVVHOCRINITES RUGOSUS 


| Weller, Lol 


9} 


The disposition of these striz is as follows; from the centre of each plate a ridge 
proceeds to each side of the polygon formed by it, bisecting each of the trian- 
gular areas into which it may be resolved ; all the other striz contained in each 
of these areas are parallel to this first. (See fig. 1.) The configuration of the 
contiguous plates being similar and adapted to each other, the markings proceed 
over them in the same direction, thus producing a series of triangular strie, 
arranged in such a manner that the ramifications from three contiguous plates 
contribute to compose a single triangle. This disposition, which is common to 
this and nearly all the following genera, will be better understood by an inspec- 
tion of the plate, than from any verbal description. These rugged ridges ap- 
pear to have resulted from the ramifying structure and contraction of muscles 
adhering to the centre of each plate, where a rough and granular surface indi- 
cates the points of their attachment, and thence acting partly towards the arms 
to produce their motion, and partly towards the pelvis and column. 


The fibres at the base of this animal are frequently found entangled in the 


branches of a coral, which I have called in my manuscript catalogue Hexapora 
Cyathocrinoidea. 


It is this species whose superior portion and the markings ofits plates bear 
great resemblance to the Marsupite (a name proposed by Gipzon Manrvett, 
Esq. of Lewes, in his manuscript account of the Southdown fossils), or Tor- 
toise Encrinite of Mr. Parkinson, which animal forms the approximating 
genus or intermediate link between this family and the genus Euriale of 
LAMARCK. 


IV. SPECIES. CYATHOCRINITES QUINQUANGULARIS. 


FIVE-CORNERED, CUP-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a pentagonal column, whose joints adhere by an 
elevated striated rim, enclosing a pentagonal depression with a similar-shaped 
central column. The cup-like portion, formed by plates surmounting the column, 


sending off five arms. 


Locality. 


Clevedon, in the Magnesian variety of the Mountain Limestone; in Moun- 
tain Limestone, at the Black Rock, near the River Avon. 


Description. 
; tes re 
A comparatively small species. 


The Co.umn (fig 2. to 8.) is formed of alternating large and small penta- 
gonal joints, the former being also thicker than the latter, and drawn in near 
the line of their adhesion to each other. Their centre is perforated by a subpen- 
tagonal alimentary canal, surrounded by a similar depression, enclosed by a 
striated rim, which articulates with a similar one on the joint above it. The 
angles of the alimentary canal do not coincide with those of the column, but 


QUT NQUANGULARIS. 


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CYATH OCRINIT 


a a er nn i ee a 2 ee en ern 
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ne ee RS TT ET LN 


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4 boy Ue yy Yo 


ee 


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Pac a ae ya ea ae a f : 


1 PEGS 


ame + 


Pl a UO Ve PORN 


nee! sed 


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lee 


93 


are directed to the space between them. The sphincter muscle, which pro- 
bably exists near the canal, having points of adhesion at each of its five cor- 
ners, sends off its dividing fibres across the smooth area to adhere to the stri- 
ated rim, thereby effecting the movement of the column: hence the striz at the 
outer margin do not incline to the centre. 


The Auxitiary Sipe Arms (fig. 3. and 8.) are formed of numerous round 
joints, proceeding at irregular intervals from the spaces between the angles of 
the larger joints. 


The Cup-uike Portion (fig. 1.) on the summit of the column is formed by 
plates resembling those of Cyathocrinites Planus, except that the lower sur- 
face of the pelvis, where it articulates to the column, is somewhat pentagonal. 


The Five Arms are formed of one-arm joint and a cuneiform one, sup- 
porting two hands, each composed of two joints, and a cuneiform one sending 
off'a finger, and probably also another series of the hand joints. 


94 


VIII. GENUS. ACTINOCRINITES, 


RADIATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


& 
Generic Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a round column composed of numerous joints, 
perforated by around alimentary canal. At the summit of the columnis placed 
a pelvis formed of three plates, on which five first costals and one irregular 
costal adhere; which are succeeded by the second costals and intercostals and 
the scapule, from whence five arms proceed, forming two hands, with several 
tentaculated fingers. 


Round Side Arms proceed at irregular distances from the column, which 
terminates at the base in a fascicular bundle or root of fibres. 


Observation. 


The Greek axtis, whence axtinoTos, radiated, furnishes the name of this 
genus in reference to the radiated markings of the costal and intercostal plates, 
which are peculiarly conspicuous in this genus. When the arms deprived of 
their fingers project laterally from the subglobose body at the summit of the 
column, they bear some resemblance to the rays or spokes fixed in the nave of 
a wheel ; from whence Mr, Parkinson applied the name of Nave Encrinite, to 
one of the species of the animals belonging to this genus, which also may be 
considered to have an additional allusion to the Greek generic name. 


None have as yet been found recent, and the scientific world, I believe, is 
exclusively indebted to Mr. Parkinson for the discovery that the subglobose 
body, with the fingers and tentacula attached, of the species arranged in this 
genus, forms not the root but superior portion of the animal. It is this ingeni- 
ous discovery and exposure of an error of former writers on these animals, 
which has greatly contributed to the better understanding of their economy aud 
anatomical details. Mr. Parkinson’s able work on the Organic Remains of a 
former World must indeed be considered as a publication of the greatest im- 
portance in the study of these remains, and in particular as having given a great 
impulse in England to their investigation. 


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95 


I. SPECIES. ACTINOCRINITES TRIACONTA DACTYLUS. 


THIRTY-FINGERED, RADIATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of many joints, on whose 
summit is placed a pelvis of three plates supporting five hexagonal and 
one pentagonal costal plate, on which the second costals, intercostals, and 
scapule, in series adhere, the latter sending off five arms, having each two hands 
provided with three fingers. 


Column sending off at irregular distances auxiliary side arms, and terminat- 
ing at the base in a bundle of fibrous elongations resembling roots. 


Reference and Synonymes. 
Rock Piant.—Beaumont in Philosophical Transactions, 1676. 


Lister in Phil. Trans. 1674, No. 100, who considers the superior part 
of this animal as the root of Entrochi. 


Nave Encrinite.—Parxinson’s Organic Remains, Vou. 1. Pu. xvir 
fig. 3. where the draughtsman has very correctly represented the pentagonal 
costal plate, and the subsequent arrangement of the other series on it. 


G, CumBERLAND, in Phil. Trans. Vou. v. Pu, 1. fig. 1. 4.5. 


Locality. 


In Mountain Limestone at the Villages Broughton and Stokes in Craven, 
Yorkshire (Lister, 1674.) Mountain Lime formation of the Mendip Hills, 
(Beaumont), and the Black Rock, near Bristol, where the two finest specimens 
of this species in my collection were iound by Mr, James BeNTOoN, an intelli- 


96 


sent collector and dealer in fossils, to whose zeal and integrity in collecting and 
preserving all Crinoidal remains which fell under his observation, I am much 
indebted for acquiring a series of highly illustrative specimens. 


Description. 


The Corumn (Pu. 1. fig. 1. Px. vi. fig. 1. to 22.) of this animal, is near 
the pelvis formed of very thin joints, alternately a little longer and thicker, with 
a still larger one intervening every second or third joint. This regularity is in- 
terrupted further down by the intervention of four or five small joints, all ap- 
pearing muscular, and as if they had not yet acquired solidity by the secretion 
of calcareous matter, which I consider as a proof of the formation and interpos- 
ing of new joints during the life of theanimal between those already existing. 
Stull lower down the column the joints become of a more uniform thickness 
and size, and vary but very little. In an early stage of growth they are ex- 
ternally much contracted near the margin of adhesion, thence somewhat moni- 
liform, which form is continued when they increase in size, though less conspi- 
cuously showing itself, sometimes only in a slight central elevation. The arti- 
culating surface of the joints (PL. v1. fig. 1.3. 5.) is very regularly striated or 
grooved in radii, from the middle, producing externally a most regular and 
beautiful suture of mutual insertion, (PL. vi. fig. 15.) Near the centre they 
are excavated on both sides, forming a muscular edge, which surrounds the ali- 
mentary canal. In sections we may sometimes see the alimentary canal of a 
considerable size (PL. vi. fig. 14. and 16.) and not unfrequently observe it at 
regular intervals more or less alternately contracted and dilated, yet always 
leaving a large passage open. It is from the increased size of the alimentary canal 
in columns of larger diameter, that I apprehend the epidermis or periosteum, 
whose usual office was to secrete the calcareous matter forming the joints, had 
also the power of absorbing and removing it ; for, without this, the passage for 
the alimentary canal could not be enlarged, unless we indeed could admit that 
the induration of the calcareous matter forming the joints did not take place till 


the animal was full grown, which, however, is quite contrary to the operations 
of nature in the other Crinoidea. 


The Cotumn (PL. vi. fig. 17. to 22.) sometimes exhibits a swelling out of 
several joints, which renders it barrel-shaped, and a lateral concave depression 
with a central perforation as noticed in Poteriocrinites crassus, page 69. 


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97 


At the Bass (PL. v1. fig. 23. to 27.) of the column, the joints articulate simi- 
larly, but are irregularly waved; sometimes only extending for half the diame- 
ter of the column, then bevelling and insinuating under those near them. Their 
external circumference is here marked by small perforations, from whence 
muscular fibres appear to have protruded. A calcareous secretion has some- 
times exuded on this part, surrounded the column, and concealed its articu- 
lation, forming an inorganic investing mass, as appears on examining transverse 
fractures. This exudation sometimes swells out into large knobs, which are 
also perforated for the insertion of the before-mnentioned muscular fibres, 


Avxintary Sipe Arms* (Pt. Actinocrinites levis fig. 28, to 39.) proceed 
at irregular distances occasionally from the column. They have their origin 
in a smal! tubercle (fig. 28.) placed at the articulation of two joints, containing 
a vessel branching off from the alimentary canal ; as this tubercle increases and 
extends, it forms joints in its progress articulating to each other by striated 
surfaces. The joints near the column produce in it a round concave impres- 
sion, and as the side arms increase in size, this impression expands until it 
spreads over five or even more columnar joints (fig. 31. to 33.) In the progress 
of its growth a very remarkable circumstance takes place; the nourishing vessel 
of the side arm, which appears in the early stage of growth to communicate, as 
has been said, with the alimentary canal by passing along the interval between 
two columnar joints (fig. 28. 29, to 36.) may now be distinctly traced (in some 
well preserved specimens), passing through the middle of the substance of a 
single columnar joint. (Fig. 31. and 39.) If this observation can be relied on 
(which the minuteness of younger specimens may render doubtful) it distinctly 
proves that a new columnar joint (that namely through whose substance the 
channel of the vessel now passes), has been gradually formed and interposed 
during the growth of the animal. 


The mechanism of the joints of the side arms, where these insert into the 
column, is well worthy of notice, particularly in old specimens. In the earlier 
stage of their formation, the side arms being very short, and having then little 
weight, a less firm mode of adhesion to the column than becomes requisite at 
a subsequent period, being then sufficient, we do not find more than one joint 


* The Auxiliary side arms of Actinocrinites levis are conformable to this species, hence I 
refer to that plate. 


oO 


98 


lodged in a socket or concave impression on the column ; but when increase 
of size renders a stronger support necessary, two or three succeeding joints of 
the side arms become imbedded in this socket, (for which its extension as 
already noticed, allows room) and these joints instead of being arranged in @ 
series branching off at right angles from the column, become oblique, their 
direction inclining upwards so as to aid in bearing the additional weight. The 
first joint of the side arms where thus obliquely inserted in the columnar 
socket have that portion of their circumference which is presented towards 
the upper part of the column, truncated, in such a curve as may fit 
them to the concavity of the impression where they rest against it. (Pr. 
A. levis, fig. 29. to 33.) The surface of these joints which fit into the co- 
lumnar impression is smooth (Pt. A. levis, fig. 31.34. and 38.) being des- 
tined for adhesion only, but the articulating surface between the contigu- 
ous joints (fig. 32. 33. and 35.) where motion also is to be allowed, exhibits the 
usual mechanism of radiated ridges and furrows. ‘These joints are convex on 
the side nearest the column, and concave on that most remote. The auxiliary 
side arms have sometimes others laterally branching from them, (A. levis, 
fig. 30.) I have, however, never been able to ascertain their termination.* 


The Pexvis (Pt. 111. fig. 1. to 8.) is formed of three plates and saucer- 
shaped, presenting at its upper edge six depressions for the adhesion of as 
many plates of the next series. 


The Six Frast Costans (PL. 1. fig. 3.) adhere to the upper edge of the 
pelvis, are plate-like, and of two distinct forms; five of them are hexagonal, 
and one (the irregular first costal) is pentagonal. 


The Srconp Cosrats. (Pun. fig. 3. to 5.) On the upper edge of each of 
the five hexagonal first costal plates, is placed an hexagonal second costal 
plate. 


* Sinte the mode of insertion of these side arms is such as would facilitate their becoming de- 
tached, and the vessel by which they receive nourishment from the alimentary canal very small, 
the idea once suggested itself to my mind, that these complicated side arms might possibly 
be the rudiments of young animals, which after drawing their nourishment for a time only 
from the parent, drop off and become independent. In our present state of ignorance concern- 
ing the propagation of these animals, it seems improper to suppress the statement of this possi- 
bility, which would at once be confirmed or confuted by the discovery of the termination of these 
side arms; since, if the conjectnre is correct, they must present the rudiments of the pelvis, &c. 
On the whole, however, I am rather inclined to reject than adopt this idea, 


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90. pAer+Lus. 


99 


The Inrercostats (Pt. 11. fig. 1. to 3.) are pentagonal, one of them is in- 
serted between each of the second costals, except over the pentagonal first 
costal plate (PL. 11. fig. 2.) where on account of its angle being unable to sup- 
port a second costal plate, two intercostals adhere laterally to each other, 


On each of the five second costal plates adheres a Scapuna, (Pu. 1. fig, 
4. and 5.) having laterally two hexagonal interscapulary plates interposed, 
except over the enlarged interval, where, in the preceding series, the two inter- 
costals laterally adhere to each other over the pentagonal first costal plate, and 
where, in this series, instead of two only, three interscapulary plates intervene 
between the scapule. 


We have thus the figure of a cup completely formed, of which the arm- 
joints adhering to the scapulz, and several multangular pieces (called by me 
pectoral plates) belonging to the plated integument, form the rim. 


That all these plates must have adhered by muscular attachment and liga- 
ments, since they have no regular articulating surfaces, is evident from neces- 
sity. 'That the action of muscles extending over them, could only produce 
the pulling down of the arms and contraction of the upper portion of the ani- 
mal, may be readily supposed, and is fully proved by an examination of the 
fossil remains. The muscular force acting from the adhesion of the pelvis to 
the column as a fixed point, (PL, 11. fig. 1.and 2.) extends over the pelvis te 
the suture of the first costals, and from thence to their centres. Now it 
is evident as the pelvis consists of three pieces, and the first costal series of 
six, that three costals will be placed over the divisions of the pelvis, and three 
ever the middle of each of its plates. The muscular action exhibits hence a 
different form of contraction on the different costals arising from this variety of 
position. A simple contraction produces two folds on those over the sutures of 
the plates of the pelvis (PL. 111. fig. 9. and 17.) and a single one on those inter- 
mediate. (Pu. 111. fig. 12, and 13.) A stronger action produces four folds on 
the former (Pt. 111. fig. 11. and 18.) and three on the latter (fig. 14.) As this 
action extends to the central adhesion of the muscles on each plate, and com- 
municates from hence to its sutures and to the centres of the approximate 
plates, it produces folds somewhat similar in general disposition to those 
described in Cyathocrinites rugosus, page 90, but lessening in number as 
they approach the scapula. (Pu. 1v. fig. 14, to 26.) Irregular and partial con- 


100 


tractions produce sometimes additional folds and elevations. (PL. 1v. fig. 1. 
toll.) Ifany doubt should still be entertained whether these folds and mark- 
ings on the plates are really derived from muscular contraction, on the ground 
that they may have possibly resulted from the original configuration of the solid 
calcareous matter which forms them ; a general view of their phenomena, and 
change of figure under various circumstances, in a manner which may be readily 
accounted for on the hypothesis of their muscularity, but not on any other, 
will, I am persuaded, remove these doubts; but I have it in my power to 
adduce a proof still more decisive. There are some costal plates in my pos- 
session which appear to have been torn from the animal with violence while 
living, or before decomposition took place. The consequence of this would 
naturally be that the lacerated muscle would shrink from the edges of the 
plates towards its point of adhesion in the centre ; and accordingly this is 
exactly the appearance preserved in the fossil specimens ; the surface where 
denuded of its muscle, being irregularly corrugated, (Pt. 111. fig. 15. 16. and 
20.) whilst the muscular folds are gathered into the centre. 


As the pelvis supports six plates, it might have been reasonably concluded 
that it was the intention of nature to sustain six arms; and as the animal has 
actually only five, that the omission must either create a great vacancy, 
or give rise to a necessary alteration of the general mechanism, in order to 
render the circular net, formed by the arms and fingers when extended, com- 
plete. Nature however is never at a loss, but accomplishes her purposes with 
ease, notwithstanding the new difficulties that are created by continually vary- 
ing structures. Thus in this animal the apparent difficulty so presented is 
obviated by the change of form in the supernumerary costal which is penta- 
gonal, while the other five are hexagonal. From the general arrangement of 
the plates, these five hexagonal costals can only give rise to a series of second 
costals, terminating in scapulz and arms, (PL. 11. fig. 1.) while the irregular or 
sixth costal plate intervening between them, (PL. 11. fig.2.) having a pentagonal 
form, and presenting only the edges of its upper angle to the next row, supports 
two series of intercostal plates occupying the interval, occasioned by its interpo- 
lation, and so formed that this interval in the succeeding rows gradually 
diminishes in proportion to the whole circumference, so that although there 
is still a somewhat greater distance here between the two scapule placed on 
either side of it, than between the other scapula, yet the irregularity is not such 
as to occasion any material inconvenience or interruption of symmetry. The 


SA aie pana: cowacmeuece ef 
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he or ‘. atc ar 


101 


use of this interval, which, as has been observed, has something similar to it in 
Poteriocrinites and Cyathocrinites, is yet unexplained. I have sometimes con- 
jectured that it may have included the opening of the oviduct. 


To the upper angles of the scapnle adhere two oblong cuneiform joints, 
forming as it were a short double arm, having sometimes the point of 
their inner angle truncated for the admission of a minute square plate. From 
the superior angle of each of the cuneiform joints proceed (Pt. 1. fig. 1.) on 
the sides approaching a series of joints forming the hand, and on the outer sides 
a finger composed of two slightly horse-shoe shaped joints, on which a double 
series of joints are arranged, bevelling off and dovetailed at their inner margin 
into each other, and thus resembling the finger joints of Encrinites moniliformis. 


Thus the series of joints forming the Hanp, (PL. v. fig. 17. to 36.) proceed 
each from the inner angle of the two cuneiform arm joints affixed to the 
scapule ; they vary in their form, the first joint being simple, convex towards 
the middle of its outer margin, slightly excavated above, to admit the next or 
second joint, which by the irregular form of its upper and lower edges resem- 
bles a double wedge, (fig. 33. to 35.) Above this two half joints are inserted, 
on which another cuneiform joint rests, sending off two fingers each like the 
first, formed of a double series of joints: 


The first joints of the hand adhere laterally at their approaching surfaces to 
each other, and are here somewhat truncated to admit the minute square plates 
mentioned before ; at their outer lateral surface they adhere firmly to the first 
Joint of the first finger, which again connects laterally with the pectoral plates. 


The Finerrs (Pt. v. fig. 37. to 51.)are formed of two series of joints, adhering 
where they dovetail laterally into each other by a muscular integument only : this 
accounts for not unfrequently meeting specimens where their series have sepa- 
rated in this part for a considerable length, and thereby neatly displayed the 
interior formation and insertion of the first tentacular joint. 


Pecrorau Puates. (PL. tv. fig. 27. to 29.) Between the scapule are inserted 
several series of small hexagonal, heptagonal, and octagonal plates, connected 
with the integument covering the abdominal cavity, so often already alluded 
to in other specimens. These I have named the pectoral plates ; they seem to 
be capable only ofa very slight muscular contraction. 


102 
a 
A small Cuavicutar Jorxt inserted between the two hands proceeding 
from one scapula, separates the integument and vessels under it in their pro- 
gress upwards, (Pt, 11. fig. 5.) 


Capitat Prates.— (Pt. tv. fig. 30. to 39.)\—The plates forming the upper 
part of the integument over the abdominal cavity, Ihave named capital plates ; 
they have like the pectoral plates different angles, but are covered by a thicker 
muscle, which is connected (although only slightly so, as appears from the 
pectoral plates not exhibiting those folds which result from strong nmscular 
action) with those proceeding from the pelvis over the first costals, and laterally 
extending upwards over the intercostals and pectorals. It receives a new 
impulse from a sphincter-like muscle placed in the centre, which is capable 
of forcing up the margin of the mouth into an elongated and protruding 
proboscis, and at the same time contracting the area between the arms, 
and thereby enabled to pull these up, and bring the hands and _ fingers 
together ia a close fasciculus. Meanwhile the muscle or portion of muscle 
covering each capital plate, is also able by its contraction to draw up 
in the centre, and thereby to form a more or less elongated tubercle, whose office 
it probably is to push on the food to the mouth, so that the whole integument 
thus assumes an echinated appearance. When the contractile force is most 
strongly exhibited, the proboscis also becomes studded with similar tubercles 
(Pu. u. fig. 1. and 2.) but otherwise those tubercles are exhibited only on the 
capital plates more remote from the centre, those near the proboscis remain- 
ing smooth. (Pt. 11. fig. 6. and 7.) On the relaxation of the muscles these 
tubercles disappeat—the proboscis gradually subsides—the space between the 
arms widen—and the fingers are permitted to expand. Specimens in every 
state of contraction occur ina fossil state, and most distinctly prove that the 
markings and appearances described, can be ascribed only to muscular action, 


ACTINOCRINITES JO DACTYLUS 


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103 


Il. SPECIES. ACTINOCRINITES POLYDACTYLUS. 


MANY-FINGERED, RADIATED, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Crinoidal animal, with a round column formed of many joints, sur- 
mounted by a pelvis of three plates, having affixed at their upper edge five 
hexagonal, and one pentagonal costal plate, on which another row of second 
costals and intercostal plates adhere. From the scapule which rest on the 
second costals, proceed five arms, each having two hands terminating in 
four or five fingers. Alimentary canal round. Base provided with elongated. 
fibres. 


Reference and Synonymes. 
Luidii Ichnographia, tab. 22. fig. 4. (bad) and centre figure, p. 130. 


Luwyp’s Letter to Dr. Lister, in Philosophical Transact. No. 243. 
fig, 16, 
Locality. 
Mountain Limestone of the Mendip Hills, and Caldy Island. 


Description. 


It is a smaller and neater species (PL. 1. fig. 1.) than Antinocrinites tria- 
contadactylus., 


Its column and auxiliary side-arms however resemble it, and display the 
same structure as has been noticed before. 


The Plates at the summit of the column including the viscera, are qunilarly 
formed and arranged, but being more muscular offer a few rather different 


104 


characters. A simple contraction produces on every plate a nearly pointed star- 
like figure, each ray being directed towards the sides. A partial contraction 
extends the points of the rays, and a very powerful one forms a continuation 
of the rays of the star on one plate, extending with an equal thickness to 
the adjoining plate. It is this degree of contraction which permits our tracing 
the direction which the muscles pursue in acting on the arms and capital plates, 
as may be fully seen in a fine specimen in my collection. (Pu. u. fig. 1.) The 
divided action from the three adhering joints of the pelvis produces two folds, 
directed to the centre of the first costal plates, (resting upon the lines of their 
sutures) ; here it unites and proceeds over the second costal to the centre of the 
scapula, where the muscle divides and attaches to the first joint of each hand. 
Another fold extends laterally on each side from the centre of the first costals 
across the intercostals near it, to the first fingers of the opposite arms, each again 
dividing at the second intercostals, and sending branches to the pectoral plates. 
Other rays decisively point out lateral action. Another specimen in my col- 
lection, shows the ridges produced by contraction slightly waved, (PL. 11. fig. 3.) 
whilst a third specimen (PL. 11. fig. 4.) exhibits two or three ridges, according 
as the costals traversed by them are inserted over the suture of the pelvis, or 
over the middle of its plates, sending double folds to each of the two lateral 
angles, and producing a corrugation in the centre of the costals. 


The Pecrorat Puates (Pu. 11, fig. 7. to 14.) do not contract into a simple 
tubercle, but form an elongation dividing at its summit into several points. 


The first Fincer sets off from the outside of the cuneiform joints of the arm, 
and the continuation of the hands consists of two or three series, each contain- 
ing two common and one cuneiform joini, and terminating in three or four 
fingers. , 


The proboscis-like mouth, is capable of very considerable elongation, as is 
shown in the fine specimen figured by Luwyp: by the obliging kindness of the 
Rey. Professor Bucktanp, I have been enabled to examine and refigure 
it(Px.1. fig. 2.) with a more careful attention to those anatomical details to which 
T have particularly directed my inquiries in investigating the history of these 


animals. _ 78 
— 


I am indebted to the polite attention of the Rev. R. Hatirax, (with whom I 
made an excursion to the Mitcheldean Limestone Basin) for several detached 


ACTIN OCRINITVES PoOurvactTryLvus. 


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105 


plates and columns, of an actinocrinite occurring there, resembling Actino- 
crinites triaconta dactylus. Its plates (fig. 1. to 10.) are, however, generally 
speaking, more smooth than those of the former species, yet showing a great 
degree of muscularity. In many instances they appear to have lost the mus- 
cle (fig. 5. 8, and 9.) which covered them, and then beautifully display their 
gradual formation in lamine successively applied to each other. 


The columnar joints (fig. 11. to 27. and 47.) are remarkably neat, but fre- 
quently display the results of injury and partial repair, in interposed por- 
tions (fig. 44. and 45.) and irregular wrinkles, (fig. 46.) 


The auxiliary side arms (fig. 28. to 38.) branch from the column irregularly, 
and in one specimen (fig. 40. and 41.) a side arm comes off with a curve, hav- 
ing its point bent back upon and adhering to the column ; this position was 
probably occasioned by an irregularity in growth. 


From a reluctance to increase without necessity, the number of species, I 
confine myself at present to merely mentioning the singularities of these spe- 
cimens ; but should further researches prove it a truly distinct species, I think 
Actinocrinites levis would form a good name, 


106 


VIII. GENUS. RHODOCRINITES. 


ROSE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Generic Character. 
A Crinoidal animal, with a round and sometimes slightly pentagonal co- 
lumn, formed of numerous joints perforated by a pentapetalous alimentary 
canal. The pelvis formed of three pieces supporting five square plates, in the 


spaces of whose lateral bevelled angles five heptagonal first costals are 
inserted. From the scapule proceeds an arm supporting two hands. 


Observation. 


The name of this Genus is derived from the Greek word poaos, a rose, and 
applied from the rose-like figure of the alimentary canal. 


1. SPECIES. RHODOCRINITES VERUS. 


TRUE ROSE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL. 


Generic Character. 


As only one decidedly ascertained species has occurred, the character of 
the genus will identify it. — 


CENUS 


RIIODOCRINi’TE 


Vilf. 


4 
3 


= «@ 


—® 


VERVU.S 


107 


Locality. 


Upper Bed, No. 1, and one of the lower Beds, No. 15, of Dr. Briaut’s 
Series, distinguishing the Mountain Limestone formation along the River 
Avon, near Bristol; the Mendip Hills ; Mitchel Dean; and the transition 
Limestone at Dudley. : 


Description. 


In the Cotumns (Pt. 11. fig. 1. to 22.) which I consider as belonging to the 
animals of this genus, I have noticed two different modes of organization, 
which inclines me to suspect that although I am only able to treat of one 
species as decidedly ascertained, yet two distinct species may really exist. 
Thus, in regard to the surface of adhesion, some columnar joints display 
numerous radiating strie proceeding immediately from the alimentary canal 
to the circumference ; (fig 6.to 10.) other joints (fig. 1. to 5.) have only a 
narrow striated rim with a smooth central area ; and again some columns (fig. 
11. to 15.) are formed of joints of uniform thickness, from some of which, 
occasionally, several side arms proceed ; whilst other columns particu- 
larly those from Mitchel Dean, (fig 17. to 22.) are formed of joints alternately 
thicker and thinner, smaller and larger, much contracted at their margin of 
mutual adhesion. In these every second or fourth joint is considerably thicker, 
showing at ifs circumference five or six tubercles, which render it angular 
and its surface waved, to which the joints above and below conform. The 
alimentary canal in both the columns thus distinguished is pentapetalous, 
a form which I have only noticed in Cyathocrinites rugosus, and in the upper 
portion of the column of Platycrinites quinquangularis, and some of those 
genera where the pelvis is formed of five pieces. The form of this pentapeta- 
lous passage varies in different specimens from the angles being more or less 
contracted, which renders it more or less conspicuous, and thereby proves the 
muscularity in this place. 


The Avxitrary Srpe Arms. (Pu. 11. fig. 11. to 15.) The tubercles ob- 
served on some of the columnar joints may be traced on the suite of specimens 
in my possession through various stages of increase, till at length they form 
auxiliary side arms composed of numerous joints, articulating by radiating 
striz, and perforated in the centre by a nourishing vessel which near the column 


108 


is of an elliptical form, having the sides pressed in, but becomes round as the 
arm elongates. The growth and insertion of the auxiliary side arms in the 
column, is conformable to what was observed when speaking of Actinocrinites 
triaconta dactylus. One specimen (fig. 8. and 9.) in my possession shows the 
conical insertion of the first auxiliary arm joint very distinctly. 


The pelvis (PL. 1. fig. 5. and 6.) is saucer-shaped, composed of three plates, 
having in the depressed centre where they articulate to the column, a pentapeta- 
lous opening forming the entrance to the alimentary canal. At the upper edge 
they are excavated, forming five slightly concave spaces, showing a finely 
striated rim at the exterior margin for the firmer articulation of five intercostal 
plates. 


On account of the first INTERcostan Piares, which are of an oblong 
square form, inclining outwards, an angle is formed between each two, into 
which a first costal plate is inserted, 


The five First Cosran Prares are heptagonal and pointed, supporting 
each a hexagonal second costal plate, and a scapula. 


On the first intercostal plates (PL. 1. fig. 2.) rest a series of several hex- 
agonal oblong intercostal plates, gradually decreasing in size upwards, hav- 
ing in the angles between them and the costals a few irregular intercostals, 
placed in a double series on the sides where (as in the former species) the 
structure of the animal occasions that wider interval between two of the arms 
than between the rest, for the purpose of which we are yet unable to account. 
The intercostals and irregular intercostals mix above with the mass of minute 
plates belonging to the integument over the abdominal cavity. 


The Arms and Fincrrs. From each of the scapule proceed two first arm 
joints, and from these a second, between whose inner angles a clavicular plate 
is inserted. C. Stokes, Esq. sent me a drawing of the superior portion 
of this animal found at Dudley (Pt. 4. fig. 1.) which shows that the arms sup- 
port two hands each provided with several fingers. 


A radiating contraction (PL. 1. fig. 2.). is capable of being formed by mus- 
cular action ov each of the costal and intercostal plates, similar to that noticed 
in Actinocrinites Polydactylus, A powerful contraction (fig. 3.) arising from 


RHODOCRINITVES VERUS 


=—> 


a 


rw 


Jak ¥ 
ve Ah Caf 
r ky ar ‘ a at ; 


109 


the muscles of the pelvis swells the first intercostal plates, forming a very 
strong elevated rib across the costals, branching laterally from the scapule to 
the arms, at the same time that an elevated ridge is formed over the intercos- 
tals, connecting laterally with the ridge noticed before, extending to the orifice 
in the integument or mouth and rendering it subpentangular, (fig. 4.) 


Should the variety pointed out above in the columnar formation, at a fu- 
ture time enable me to establish two species, I should propose for that from 
Mitchel Dean, the name of Rhodoerinites quinquangularis. 


IV. Diviston, 


COADUNATA ? 


Character of the Division. 


Tue joints of the pelvis anchylose to the first columnar joint. 


Observation. 


I have been induced to constitute this fourth division from the occurrence 
of a single species, in which the pieces composing the bulbous body of the 
animal, instead of being connected by articulations or sutures as in the pre- 
ceding division, are united together by a solid and continuous anchylosis; it 
will be seen, however, that some doubts may be reasonably entertained, whe- 
ther the circumstances described may not arise from the imperfect develope- 
ment of the separate pieces, in that cartilaginous state which characterises the 
early stage of growth in these animals; should this prove to be the case, the 
genus which I have formed for the reception of the only species known to me, 
and which forms the subject of the following article, would certainly fall under 
the first division, and perhaps (as will hereafter be noticed) may be only the 
younger state of a species belonging to the Genus Encrinus ; on these accounts 
I have placed this division, which can only be considered as of a temporary 
nature, at the end of the series, and marked it with a note of interrogation. 


ZX aENUS 
EUGENIACRINITES 
E: QUIN QUANGULARIS. 
a + 
A, 


111 


1X. GENUS. EUGENIACRINITES? 


CLOVE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL? 


Generic Character. 


Superior Columnar joint, subpentangular enlarging above, having the five 
plates ‘of the pelvis adhering to it by a solid anchylosis. 


Base, Column, Joints resting on the pelvis, and fingers unknown. 


I. SPECIES. EUGENIACRINITES QUINQUANGULARIS? 


CLOVE-LIKE, LILY-SHAPED ANIMAL, wiru FIVE-ROUNDED 
ANGLES? 


Specific Character. 


As only one species is known, the character of the genus identifies it, 


Reference and Synonymes, 


Clove Encrinite, Parkinson, Vol, II. t. x11. fig. 70. 
Caryophyllus Lapideus. 
Caryophyllite, Knorr, t. xxxv1, fig. 29. 


112 


Locality. 


Switzerland, at Mount Randen (Knorr) ; also in the Canton Zurich and 
Schafhousen. 


Description. 


The first appearance of the enlarged columnar joint with its attached pelvis, 
much resembles the unripe fruit of the clove-tree, Eugenia Caryophyllata, 
(formerly Caryophyllus aromatica) so well known among common culinary 
spices. From hence it has taken its name, having attracted from this circum- 
stance and its frequent occurrence, particularly at Mount Randen, the atten- 
tion of the earlier naturalist wbo considered it as a petrified fruit, until Luwyp 
eave the first hint that it belonged to the crinoidal family. 


It is unfortunate that the other portions of this animal have not as yet been 
identified, and I have further to regret that, from my want of opportunity and 
connection in Switzerland, I have been hitherto unable to procure more illus- 
trative specimens. I hope however at some future time to enter further in its 
investigation, under more favourable circumstances. 


The first Cotumnar JornT is slightly pentangular, where its inferior surface 
covered with radiating strie has evidently articulated with the joint next below 
it, and displays in the centre the perforation ef the alimentary canal. Upwards 
it enlarges, showing at the summit a pentangular circumference, arising from 
the columnar joint accommodating itself to the frequent pressure of the lower 
portion of the costal joints, which as in the Pentacrinite must have depended 
over it. This joint must have originally possessed a yielding and cartilaginous 
texture and consistency, which is indicated in the specimens by a slight curve, 
evidently occasioned by the pressure resulting from a lateral inclination of the 
superior part of the animal. Its upper surface is slightlyconvex, but it again 
slopes downwards towards the centre, thus becoming concave where the en- 
trance of the alimentary canal is situated. 


The Pexvis. An anchylosis firmly connects with the first joint of the 
column the five joints of the pelvis, which are of a depressed rhombic figure, and 
arranged on it in a similar manner to those of Encrinus moniliformis, Each of 


113 


the joints is at the exterior circumference angularly truncated, so tlat a penta- 
gonal circumference is formed, the sides of which are slightly excavated. On 
each of the sides of the angle arising from the truncation of the joints of the 
pelvis, at the exterior surface, a transverse ridge with a central perforation may 
be traced, which unites with that from the neighbouring joint, and thus offers 
a firm articulation in each of the five excavated spaces for one of the first costal 
joints, which gam further support by resting against the column where they 
occasion the impression noticed before. 


I have no hesitation in saying that this animal when perfect must have borne 


considerable resemblance to Encrinites moniliformis ; yet it appears to be suf- 
ficiently distinguished from that genus by the enlarged first columnar joint, 
and the firm adhesion and growing together of the pelvis with it. It is this 
latter circumstance which at once accounts for the columnar joint never occur- 
ring without the pelvis. 


I cannot, however, omit to suggest a conjecture concerning these specimens, 
which has occurred to me as probable, with regard to the anchylosing of the 
pelvis to the column. The Crinoidea in an early stage of growth, as I have shown 
when speaking of Pentacrinus caput meduse, do not display the different joints 
of which they are composed in so distinct and well marked a manner as on 
mature age ; the calcareous matter forming their nucleus has not yet been 
secreted in sufficient quantity, and remains so involved with the membranous 
parts, as often to render it impossible to determine the line of separation 
between one joint andthe other. Now the specimens of EuGENIA CRINITES quin- 
quangularis, occur only of a very small size; and I have before alluded to the 
marks of original cartilaginous consistency exhibited by one in my possession, 
Should then these remains be those of young animals, in which an insufficient 
calcareous secretion has not as yet distinctly separated the plates, they might 
very possibly assume the regular character of the genus Encrinites in a more 
advanced stage of their growth. Of course in this case it would become neces- 
sary to suppress this genus, and incorporate it in that indicated. 


114 


APPENDIX. 


In the course of my observations on the Crinoidal remains, several have oc- 
curred to me which, although I as yet possess only fragments of them, I do 
not wish to pass over entirely without notice. 


1, The superior portion (fig. 6.) of a Crinoidal animal, probably belonging 
to the genus Cyathocrinites, from the Mountain limestone of the Mendip Hills. 
It is on account of its decomposed surface that I am unable to speak positively 
as to its generic character. What may be traced proves it considerably ana- 
logous to Cyathocrinites planus, but having fewer joints interposed between 
the cuneiform ones from which the fingers and continuations of the hand pro- 
ceed. Should it belong to that genus and prove a distinct species, I should 
feel inclined to name it CYATHOCRINITES ABBREVIATUS. 


2. The pelvis of a Platycrinites (fig. #. and 5.) formed only of two plates, 
presenting at their upper edge six excavations, and hence indicating the exist- 
ence of six scapule, from the Black Rock, near Bristol. I consider this as a 
monstrous variety of Platycrinites levis, analogous to those irregularities of 
nature which occasionally render the column of the Pentacrini tetragonal and 
hexagonal as noticed before, and which sometimes produce a six-fold division 
of the pelvis in Encrinus moniliformis, as noticed by Rosinvus, or a four-fold 
one of Apiocrinites rotundus, of which I have seen a specimen in the posses- 
sion of a friend. 


3. A column or auxiliary side arm (fig. 1. to 3.) of a Crinoidal animal, 
formed of barrel-shaped joints externally tuberculated, articulating by striated 
surfaces, and having in the centre a round nourishing vessel or alimentary ca- 
nal. From some place in Germany, and ona slab of Mountain limestone from 
the river Swale in Yorkshire, having alongside of it fragments of Actinocri- 


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115 


nites and of the column number 8, below. Mr. Parkinson represents a sin- 
gle columnar joint of this Crinoid in his Org, Remains, Vol.1. t. 13, fig. 69. 
Douirormis would be a good specific name after ascertaining the genus to 
which it belongs. ve 


4. Crinoidal column (fig. 10. and 11.) formed of moniliform joints alter- 
nately larger and thicker, articulating by a striated rim, having a central round 
alimentary canal. A few small auxiliary side arms proceed from the larger 
joints. Locality unknown, apparently Mountain limestone. 


5. Portion of a crinoidal auxiliary side arm, (fig. 12. and 13) formed of 
thin joints, articulating by a radiating rim, and in one instance a series of 
them, each terminating in a tubercle on one end of the longest diameter. 
From the Mountain limestone at the Mendip Hills. | 


6. Portion of a crinoidal auxiliary side arm, (fig. 14. and 15.) whose joints 
are of equal thickness, articulating to each other by striated surfaces. The 
external circumference shows a series of tubercles surrounding each joint, and 
several folds the vestiges of muscularity. From the Derbyshire Mountain 
limestone, and also figured in Marrtin’s Pet. Derb. t. 4. fig. 10. ~ 


7. A nearly round, remarkably smooth, pentacrinal column, (fig. 7 and 8.) 
formed of joints swelling out at their point of articulation to each other. This 
might be easily mistaken for an auxiliary side arm of Actinocrinites, were it not 
for the pentapetalous semi-striated articulation. I feel inclined to consider this 
column as appertaining to a pentacrinite, claiming a specific distinction, and 
should propose for its name Penracrinites Levis. Locality unknown ; 
probably lias. 


8. Acrinoidal column, formed of moniliform joints, articulating by surfaces 
striated near the circumference. (fig. 9.) I never saw the superior portion 
of this crinite sufficiently perfect to display the pelvis and plates resting on it 
A slab in the possession of Mr. R. Bricur, from the transition limestone on 
his estate, near the Malvern Hills, shows some fingers of this species. Mr. 
G. Hawker has also a specimen from Dudley, showing the column and 
several fingers ; and Mr. C. Sroxes has transmitted me the drawing of a nearly 
similar specimen from the same place. From the analogy of these fingers to 
those of Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus and some other characters, I feel 


116 


inclined to consider it as belonging to that genus, naming it AcTINocRINITES 
MONILIFORMIS, from the moniliform figure ofits columnar joints, which preserve 
that shape throughout the column, although alternately larger and smaller near 
the pelvis. It is a large species appertaining to the transition and perhaps 
Mountain limestone, in which latter [ have seen columns much resembling 
these. It must be widely distributed, as I have seen its columns on slabs of 
Mountain limestone from Swaledale, in Yorkshire, and onslabs of transition 
lime from Foulhope, the Malvern Hills, Gliddenhill, Shelly Island, Lake 
Huron, in Canada, and Melville Island, in the arctic regions. Mr. Parkrnson, 
who has seen the specimen in Mr. Hawxer’s collection, informs me that it is 
illustrative of what he calls the Plumose Encrinite, and which was in Sir Asu- 
Ton Lever’s collection. 


9. In the green sand formation, near Warminster, occur portions of a 
Pentacrinite, (fig. 18.) with a rounded column, showing very little of the effects 
of contraction in the interstices between the pentapetalous formations. These 
columns display in some specimens an alternation of thicker and thinner joints, 
and in others show a uniform thickness, the result of growth, as explained 
before. At intervals larger joints are interposed, marked externally by five 
transverse oblong depressions, from which round auxiliary side arms proceed. 
I consider this a distinct species, to which I would assign the name 
PENTACRINUS MONILIFORMIS, from the bead-like shape of the interposed large 
joints. 


10. Very minute Crinoidal auxiliary side arms no thicker than a hair, 
occur with retepora, &c. on slabs of Mountain limestone, from Mitchel Dean. 


(fig. 19.) They are excessively small, show but obscure marks of organization, 
and are changed into spar. One specimen is bent into a hook. 


11. I understand Mr. James Sowersy, has found Crinoidal remains in the 
London clay at Highgate, which I have not seen, and hence am unable to speak 
to their generic and specific identity. 

12. In the slaty gray-wacke where it comes in contact with the lower beds 
of the transition limestone, occur the impressions of numerous organic re- 
mains and Crinoidea, the substance of which has been decomposed and removed. 
It is perhaps owing to a contraction or compression of this slaty formation, that 
the Crinoidal impressions thus found have generally an elliptical form. Where 


117 


the articulating surfaces of joints were concave, striated, and had a small ali- 
mentary canal, they have produced slightly convex impressions distantly re- 
sembling a limpet, and thus probably have led to the assertion of the oceur- 
rence of that shell in beds below transition limestone, 


13. Much has been said by the older writers on fossils regarding a petre- 
faction called by them screwstones, which, although at first sight much resem- 
bling a screw, show on examination that the incision around them is not spiral 
but circular. They prove on reference to the columns of the Crinoidea to be 
casts, formed in the alimentary canal, as in a mould, either by a harder 
substance such as chert, which from its want of affinity to the surrounding 
substance did not incerporate with it, and resisted decomposition after the 
destruction of the column; or by the infiltration of a highly saturated calca- 
reous menstruum which filled the empty cavity, formed laminar spar, and took 
its markings gradually, being prevented by the intervention of the alimentary 
vessel itself from incorporating with the column, and enabled to orescivell 
form after the decomposition of the column. I have seen casts in chert of the 
round (Actinocrites, &c.) and pentagonal (Cyathocrinites rugosus and Rhodo- 
crinite) alimentary canal of crinoidal columns, which displayed the effects of 
sphincter contraction, and in which where the cherty matter had infiltrated 
between the radiating adhering surfaces, a thin and elegantly striated rim sur- 
rounded the thickest part of the cast. I also have a fine calcareous cast formed 
in the upper part of the alimentary canal and the abdominal cavity of Apio- 
crinites rotundus, where the now spathose matter has also entered the space 
between the pelvis, cost#, and scapule. 


The existence and preservation of the muscular portion of the Crinoidea, has 
been proved by Mr. Parkinson, who placed well preserved portions of columns 
in diluted acid, and which gradually removed the calcareous matter, and left 
the fine animal pellicle behind. 


Since the printing of the description of the Crinoidea, I have received Baron 
Von Scuoruein’s JPetrefactenkunde, Gotha 1820. In it he gives page 327, 


118 


an account of the encrinital remains in his collection, applying names to those 
varieties which appeared to him entitled to specific distinction. And although 
he furnishes ne anatomical details, yet his localities and synonymes are suf- 
ficiently valuable to induce me to present the following extract from his work : 


He places the family, according to BLuMENBACH’s arrangement in the order 
of Crustacea, {meaning by that term those radiated animals which have crus- 
taceous plates, an application which cannot be admitted in our system, where 
it has been appropriated to the crab tribe) forming of it two genera, Pentacrinus 
and Encrinus. He observes in a note, that they do not belong to the 
Zoophytes with which Lamarck has arranged them, but rather form a link 
between the Crustacea and Zoophytes. In this I fully agree with him. 


1. Penracrinites vutearts. Is our P. caput mepusz. The Baron gives 
the following additional synonymes and reference. VortTiCcELLA PENTAGONA 
Exuis and Esper Vorr. t. 3. fig. 1.— GueTrarp Num. vol. 1m. Palma 
animal Acta Paris. 1761. t. 8. p. 392. Parra. nist. NAT. Havanna, p. 191. 
t.70. Ocxen’s Zoologte, p. 108. He mentions but one new locality, which is 
the Musebhelfloetskalkstein, our lias, in the environs of Waltershousen. The 
Baron observes that the fossil resembles the recent species, and that he possesses. 
columnar fragments in flint, which I suspect is the variety mentioned by me 
p- 55. 


2. Penracrinites Brittanicus. Our P. Briareus. The Baron gives the 
following additional synonymes and reference. VortTiceLLA PENTAGONA 
Davite. Esp. Perrir, t.6 A. Buumensacn’s Qbbildungen naturlteber 
Gegenstaende, 70. 1. a. und. b. 


3. PentTacrinites EXCAVATUS. From the Gebergangkalkstetn, (tran- 
sition limestone) in the neighbourhood of Prag. The Baron possesses only 
some roots from which many columns (ibauptarme Main Arms) proceed; and 
quotes Scuroerer’s Cinlettungen sur Waturgeschichte der Petrefactenkunde, 
T. 3. p. 336. t. 4. fig.2. tis distinguished from all other species of Encrinites 
by its plate-like concave joints, ornamented externally with a fine projecting 
rim. The Baron further says that, according to verbal information, its upper 
columnar joints articulate alternately with pentagonal ones, displaying star-like 
markings. Yet he suspects that it is not a Pentacrinite, but Encrinite ; I 


119 


should almost suspect it to belong to a species related to Cyathocrinites 
quinquangularis. 


The Baron states that he is in possession of many pentacrinal columnar 
fragments which appear to appertain to other species, and conjectures that if 
Kworr’s Pentacrinite, p. 1. t, 11. c. (our P. subangularis) may be considered 
distinct, the distinct species may at least amount to three. He confirms my 
assertion in this monograph, that perfect specimens alone can be satisfactorily 
referred to as furnishing correct characters of the column, which materially 
differ near its summit. 


4, Encrinites RaMosus. From the Ioeblenkalkgtein or cavern lime- 
stone, not as yet precisely identified with any of the British strata, in the 
environs of Gluecksbrunnen and Liebenstein, in Meiningen. His description, 
which by no means tends to furnish a specific character, leads me to suspect 
with the Baron, that the specimen described by him presents the summit of an 
encrinite, its hands and tentaculated fingers. 


5, ENcRINITES RAMOSUS MAJOR. From Muggendorf, and the Canton Basel, 
resembling the former, but larger. 


6. Encrinires Ecuinatus. From the limestone at Basel ; in pebbles 
penetrated by iron from Berrach, in Burgundy ; in hornstone from Amberg.— 
From his reference to Knorr, p. 1, t. 26, (say 36.) fig. 8.1 consider this to be a 
variety of Rhodocrinites, somewhat analogous to the Mitchel Dean variety. 
He further refers to Boure, t. 58, fig. 413. and 417. 


7, ENcRINITES MESPILIFORMIS. From Gingen, and Heydenheim, in Suabia : 
probably the jura formation. If I may judge from the figure (PL. xxix. fig. 5.) 
the Baron furnishes, and which I have copied in my plate apprT1oNALCrINOIDAL 
remains, (fig. 17.) I must confess I discover but a yery general similarity 
between the columnar joints of this species and the Bradford Encrinite, (our 
Apiocrinites rotundus) of Mr. Parxtnson, to whom he refers, V. 11. t. 14. fig. 
1 to 3; but I agree with the Baron in pronouncing it a distinct species, probably 
not occurring in England. 


8. Encrinites Parkinsonu. Our APpriocRiInITEs RorunDUs. The Baron 


120 


refers to Mr. Parxinson’s Org. Remains. V. 11. t. 16. fig. 4. and states that it 
does not occur excepting in England. 


9, EncriNITEs cArtopHyLuTes. My Ev@enia cRINITES QUINQUANGULARIS, 
from Swiss in aelterm halkstein, probably lias. 


10. Encrinites Ecuinoiwes. I apprehend this to be my Ruopocrinires 
VERUS, on account of the author’s reference to Parkinson, P. 1. PL. xv. fig. 7. 


Var. a. from Gothland. 
Var. b. from the Eiffel. 
1]. Encrinites verucosus. My CyatTHocrinITESs rucosus. 


12. EneriniTEs oRTHOCERATHOIDES. The Baron gives the locality from 


Gothland and Neiualp, in Swiss refering to Horet, t. 7. fig.2.4. #erk- 
Wwuerdigketten Der Landschaft) Basel, t. 20. fig. 33, t.21.f H. Kuworr, t. 2. 
t, G, & fig. 1. 2. ScoRoerer’s Cat. 11. vii. B. 20. 


Var. a. Encrinites hyppuroides, from Bisance, in Bourgogne. 


The description of these varieties are not sufficiently specific to enable me 


to assign their synonymes in the present treatise, and the figures referred to as 
far as I know them, represent only bases and columns. 


13. Encrinites ritirormis, My Encrinites MoNILIFORMIS. Additional 


localities from the HMusehelfigetskalkstetn, (our lias) at Heimberg by Goettin- 
gen, from Brunswig, from the Lohberg by Tonna, and Krauberg by Gotha. 
The Baron acknowledges that the animal has no auxiliary side arms, but state 
that he has two specimens which show thread-like, toothed, slender tentacula 
apparently proceeding from a crust surrounding the column. 


What he means 
by this I am not able from my own observations to pronounce. 


14. Encrinires Catycuraris. See a copy of the Baron's figure (PL. xxix, 


fig. 4.) in my plate, AppitionaL CrinoipAL Rematns, fig. 16. It comes from 
the marley beds connected with and probably reposing on the chalk at Aachen, 
and is, I apprehend, related to Eugenia crinites. 


121 


15. Encrinites Epuitonius. See page 13 of this monograph. The com- 
mon screw stone or cast formed in the alimentary canal of the Crinoidea, and 
exposed by the decomposition of the column. Why the author should have 
applied a specific name to the casts appears to me singular, since all the Cri- 
noidea that have a round alimentary canal will form screw stones, 


Of all the above varieties, the Baron has specimens in his collection, but he 
subjoins the following list of others, which, though not in his own museum, he 
considers worthy of specific distinction :— 


1, EncriniTEs toricatus. Our AcTINOCRINITES TRIACONTA DACTYLUS. 

2. Encrinives testupinarius. Our Marsupites ornatus. 

3. Enerinrres FLorgauis. Parxrtnson’s Org. Remains, vol. 2. t. 13, 
fig. 36. and 37. an Echinite mistaken for an Encrinus, and found by me also in 
the Mountain limestone of the Mendip Hills. Specimens of it are also in 


R. Bricut’s, Esq. collection from Derbyshire, 


A. NCRINITES TESSERATUS. V. Huepsch, t. 4. fig. 28. and 29, from the 
Eiffel. 


5, Encrinites puytouires. V. Huepsch, t. 4. fig. 30. from Lothringen. 
6. Enerinites pictus. Bourg, t. 58. fig. 207. to 209. 


As the Baron gives no description of these, and as I have not seen the figures 
to which he refers, Iam unable to give iy opinion on them, 


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OBSERVATIONS 


ON THE 


GENERA, 


Comatula, Eurpale, Ophiura, and Asteria, 


INTRODUCTION. 


My inquiries into the anatomical details of the Crinoidea, necessarily con- 
ducted me to the investigation of several other organic remains, hitherto con-- 
sidered as belonging to the Encrinites, and also to an examination of the animals 
arranged by Linn us in the genera Asteria and Echinus, since these appear in. 
some parts of their structure, more or less allied to the former. I was still further 
animated to enter into the details of this investigation, since M. Cuvier asserts 
in his Regne Animale (vol. tv. p. 8.) ‘‘ that their bony arrangement deserves to 
be studied ;” which made me conclude that this part of anatomy has been as 
yet left untouched by that great naturalist. 


Of the Linnean genus Asteria, M. Lamarck has formed’ a family 
to which he has assigned the name STELLERID#, comprehending four genera, 
arising from the subdivison of the above Linnean genus. With a view to dis- 
cover the animals which form a link between the Crinoidea and ‘Asteria, I 
dissected several individuals of the family Stelleridz. 


.+* 


124 


The comparatively large abdominal cavity of the Crinoidea inarticulata, its 
protection by plates, and their slender connection to the column, seemed to 
indicate that an analogous animal might exist in nature without being provided 
with a column or organs of permanent attachment, and therefore capable of 
locomotion. I at first apprehended that this might be detected in the Euryale, 
but soon found that a greater conformity in organic construction ought to exist, 
before the transition or link could be considered as perfect. I therefore again 
referred to the general conclusions resulting from my previous inquiries rela- 
tively to the Crinoidea, of which it will be necessary in order to guide our fur- 
ther progress to subjoin in this place the following brief recapitulation. 


The Crinoidea are animals provided with a column formed of numerous 
joints, surmounted by five articulated arms, which enclose between them at their 
base the viscera in a cuplike cavity. 4 


The portion that encloses the viscera, although it may be considered as a 
beginning of the arms, yet by being laterally connected is deprived of expan- 
sion, or rather possesses it only in a very limited degree; hence it varies its 
figure in conformity to the size of the viscera, which viscera must be again con- 
formable (in accordance to general Zoological principles) to the nature and 
quantity of food requisite to the animal economy. 


It is this conformity of the exterior covering to the viscera, which, perhaps, 
chiefly occasions the gradual transition from articulating joints (Crinoidea arti- 
culata) to plates adhering only by sutures (Crinoidea inarticulata.) 


The analogy between joints and plates at the base of the arms, is preserved 
by the similarity in position and number of those pieces which in both cases 
have been denominated as costals and scapule, as in the Crinoidea articulata, 
and the genera Actinocrinites and Rhodocrinites, of the division Crinoidea 
inarticulata, 


The muscular action extended from the pelvis to the arms, is transmitted in 
a similar manner in all the Crinoidea, only that in one instance (the articulata) it 
is effected from joint to joint by means of attachment to the articulations, and 


in the other (the inarticulata) over the plates by means of adhesion and sutural 
attachment, 


125 


In those Crinoidea where the costals are wanting, action is continued over 
interposed intercostal plates or the enlarged scapule, where as in Platy- 
crinites these are made subservient to the use of costal plates. Where the regu- 
lar number of costal plates exists, and intercostal, interscapulary, or pectoral 
plates occur, as in Actinocrinites and Rhodocrinites, these can only be consi- 
dered as analogous (yet infinitely more conspicuous and developed) to those 
plates that cover the integument between the second costal and scapule of the 


pentacrinite. 


x 


In the Crinoidea, generally the articulation of the arms is to the scapule 
resting on the costals, which are inserted on the pelvis, whose joints adhere 
to the column, and enclose a small perforation in the centre that leads to the 
alimentary canal. 


The alimentary canal is only a continuation of the stomach, (a sort of 
coecum ?) carrying nourishment to the further end of the column, and as it 
proceeds, distributing it to the auxiliary side arms, by means of minute vessels 
under the epidermis. 


An integument protected by numerous minute plates extends over the 
abdominal cavity, the channel in the arms, fingers, and tentacula, furnishing » 
protection to the viscera and vessels extending under it. 


It is this plated integument, where spreading over the abdominal cavity, 
which has in its centre the mouth of the animal, apparently formed for suction 
and gorging, and hence its surrounding muscle is able to protrude it under the 
form of an elongated proboscis. 


Numerous tentaculated fingers surround the mouth, and hence prove by 
the closeness of the apparatus so provided, that the food detained by them 
must be very small. 


A mouth capable of being elongated into a proboscis, and fingers con- 
structed fur detention, indicate that the animal watched for its prey, and took 
it in from above. 


A perforation extending through the centre of the arm, finger, and tentacular 
Joints, indicates the passage of a nourishing vessel, analogous to those extend- 


126 


ing through the auxiliary side arms, which vessel was perhaps surrounded by a 
cuticle possessing the qualities of a nerve and muscle ; as appears very pro- 
bable in an animal where the nerves must have been so minutely distributed.. 


On examination of the conformation of the analogous parts in the Stellerida; 
it is at once proved, 


That in the genera Ophiura?* Asteria, and Euryale, the ossicula forming the 
arms proceed from an ossicular arrangement surrounding the mouth, whereas 
in the Crinoidea the system of joints supporting the arm proceed from. the base 
of the cup containing the intestines, and are only loosely connected with the 
muscle surrounding the mouth, by the plated integument covering that cup. 


In the three genera mentioned, the mouth is pentagonal, and provided with. 
teeth, of which there are no traces in the Crinoidea, 


The following characters appear distinctive between the three abeve stated’ 
genera of the Stelleridz, but still not such as to approximate any of them parti- 
cularly to the Crinoidea :— 


In the genus Ophiura, the abdominal cavity extends beyond the mouth in: 
a subglobose manner. 


In the Asteria, the abdominal cavity extends laterally over the ossicular. 
arrangement of the arms to admit ten coeca. 


In the Euryale, the protruding semiglobular abdominal cavity is formed by. 
ten plates, each two serving as a stay to an arm ; thus if the arms were removed, 


these animals would exhibit by this arrangement of their plates in ten divisions, 
and the teeth, a transition to the Echini. 


In the Ophiure ? Euryale, and Asteriz, there exists no perforation in the 


arm joints, hence the vessel passing through it in the Crinoidea is omitted 
or differently placed. 


The inner lateral angles of the arms of the Asterix being provided with 


* I here add a mark of interrogation, not having had opportunity to examine Ophiura 
sufficiently im its anatomical details, and judging therefore from delineation only. 


127 


mumerous spines and retractile muscular feelers, indicate a different mode of 
detaining food and bringing it to the mouth, which is confirmed by the Ophiure 
and Asteria crawling along with the mouth downwards, catching their prey, 
and pushing it on along the space or groove between the inner lateral angles 
-of the arms to the mouth. 


Although the numerous fingers of the Euryale, resulting from the repeated 
bifurcation of the five arms, are well calculated to detain prey caught in a 
floating attitude, yet the want of tentacula, still removes them from the Cri- 
noidea in organization. 


These and other facts (too numerous to be incorporated in the present 
monograph, but which, should circumstances favour my researches and give 
them a degree of maturity, I intend at a future-time to lay before the public) 
resulted from my enquiries. 


The comparison of these results with those obtained from the Crinoidea 
made me anxious. to examine the Comatule, the only remaining genus of 
the Stelleridz, which from its general aspect seemed to promise a nearer 
approach than any of the preceding to the family of Crinoidea, and in which 
I therefore still hoped to find this connecting link of which I was in search. 
The results were even more favourable than the first appearances had given 
me reason to hope, presenting, indeed, a conformity of structure almost per- 
fect in every essential part, (excepting the column which is wanting, or at least 
reduced to a single plate) and exhibiting an animal which would be defined 
with sufficient precision as a Pentacrinus destitute of the column, ‘The details 
of this genus follow. 


128 


GENUS. COMATULA. 


An unattached animal, having a depressed orbicular body, formed of cal- 
careous plates enclosing the viscera. The mouth in the centre (capable of 
being elongated into a proboscis) surrounded by tentaculated arms or fingers 
composed of numerous joints; near the base of the body, below the fingers 
or arms, many jointed auxiliary side arms terminating in a hooked point. 


Observation. 


M. Lamarck applies the name Comatula (derived from coma, a lock of hair, 
in allusion to the resemblance the cluster of auxiliary side arms bear to it) as a 
generic name, to a series of animals once incorporated in the Lin. Gen. Asteria. 
Dr. Leacu applies the name Alecto to the same series of animals, describing 
three species in his Zoological Miscellanies. . Yet as his character is inferior in 
precision to that of Lamarck, as the name Alecto is, in its application by 
Dr. Leacu, simply equivalent to that of Comatula, as his generic character 
does not exhibit any new division of the genus Comatula, and as it seems 
desirable to avoid the unnecessary multiplication of scientific nomenclature, I 
have retained the latter. But as the characters given both by Dr. Leacn and 
Lamarck were drawn up from a comparison with the family Stelleridz, and do 
not allude to those parts of its organization which mark the link between it 


and the Crinoidea, I considered it necessary to furnish the above new generic 
character. 


The Comatulz are not very numerous, but considerably distributed through 
the various seas on our globe. 
> 


At first sight the observer acquainted with the formation of Pentacrinus 
Caput Meduse, will be struck with the resemblance the Comatule bear to 
the superior portion of that animal. The tentaculated fingers and auxiliary 
side arms bear so striking a resemblance, that we are at first led to suspect that 


é . 


129 


we shall find beneath the cluster formed by the latter, an abbreviated column 
from which they proceed. 


On dissection, we find that the Comatule have series of calcareous secre- 
tions or ossicula exactly similar in their general plan and arrangement to the 
‘Crinoidea, and especially to the genus Pentacrinus, intended like theirs to 
‘sustain muscular action. ' 


Pentaconat Puate. At the base of the subglobose body of the Comatula, 
exists a pentagonal unperforated plate, slightly convex externally, and concave 
on the inside. It is analogous in situation to the first columnar joint of the 
‘Crinoidea, but as it is not required to transmit the passage to the alimentary 
canal (no prolongation of the celumn existing in this animal) it is without 
central perforation. , 


The Pexvis. On the margin of the pentagonal plate, rests an annular 
plate, resembling the rim of a basin, and forming with the former a basin-like 
cavity. It appears to oceupy the place of the pelvis of the Pentacrinite, it is 
consequently necessary that it should increase in proportion with the contained 
viscera, without altering materially its basin-like form ; yet as it is not formed 
of separate plates, and cannot therefore increase laterally their margins, 
another mode has been adopted, as I shall explain in proceeding. At 
the upper edge this pelvis-like plate is pentagonal, having between each 
of the angles a horse-shoe-like impression for the insertion of the first costal 
joint. Externally numerous auxiliary side arms proceed from the pelvis-like 
plate, which when they are broken off or removed, show the exterior surface 
of the plate marked with concave impressions (the points of their insertion) 
each surrounded by a hexagonal rim more or less perfect, according as their 
situation is near the central or marginal circumference of the plate. 


Avuxitiary Sipe Arms. Across the middle of each of the concave im- 
pressions on the pelvis-like plate, is a transverse ridge slightly perforated in 
the centre on which the first joint of the auxiliary side arm is attached. These 
arms, the formation of their joints, and their hook-like termination, resemble 

_in every particular those of Pentacrinus caput meduse, only that they are 
much shorter, and formed of a less number of joints. * 


* 
GROWTH OF THE Pe.vis anp Auxiviary Sipe Arms. It is perhaps not 


) 


130 


ene of the least pleasures that an admirer of comparative anatomy enjoys, 
when he finds that results which he acquired from one series of animals, will 
apply also to those which most nearly approach them in the analogy of their 
structure. The gradual increase of the plates or joints of the Crinoidea inclos- 
ing the abdominal cavity, took place by an extension at their lateral edges, to 
afford the room required by the viscera in the growth of the animal. The pro- 
ducing of auxiliary side arms, and reproducing of parts lost, demonstrate the 
formation of their joints, by a gradual secretion of calcareous matter from the 
involving muscular covering. These are facts which, since the Comatule are 
so nearly in conformity in their general structure to the Crinoidea, ought also to 
be demonstrable in their organization. 
a te ela 

The annular basin-shaped plate, which may be considered as the pelvis, 
appears principally to increase towards its upper margin, as it is om this side 
only that new auxiliary side arms can be traced as growing out of it, hence ifs 
proportions become gradually deeper. This pelvis is (as has been alread y 
observed) covered by numerous circular impressions, into which the side arms 
are inserted ; these circular impressions are surrounded by hexagonal rims, the 
result of an abundant secretion of caleareous matter from the muscular integu- 
ment which surrounds and strengthens the adhesion of these side arms at their 
base. The hexagonal form of these rims appears, as in many other instances, 
to arise from the mutual pressure and accommodation of the contiguous circles 
to each other. As this pelvis increases towards its upper edge, new arm joints 
are there protruded. I have in my possession specimens in which near the 
upper rim new cavities are formed, having in their centre minute, undeveloped, 
auxiliary side arms, entirely similar to those of Pentacrinus caput medusw, and 
where also the claw-like termination has not yet made its appearance. 


The limited number of Comatule which I have had an opportunity of 
examining, have not enabled me to ascertain whether the perforation in the ridge 
which traverses each indentation in the pelvis passes through into the abdominal 
cavity, or whether the vessel arising from it branches off laterally, and obtains 
its supplies from vessels Under the epidermi8 which covers the plates 
externally, # 

s 


Each of the five depressions at the upper rim of the pelvis is of a horse-shoe- 
like figure, in which the first costal joint rests, to this the second costal joint 
adheres, and on that a scapnia is attached. The mwo Costas much resemble 


131 


the second costal joint of Pentacrinus caput medusz in general figure, yet here 
the first costal joint is externally so much overlaid by the second, that it is only 
visible at its lateral margins. & 


The Scapuu# resemble also those of that Pentacrinite, but are much more 
angularly pointed at their superior surface, and are also tied laterally together 
by an integument. 


From each of the scapule in the different species proceed either two arm- 

like fingers, or two arms ; each of the latter formed of a common and cunei- 

- form joint, from which, on one side the first finger, and on the other side a con- 

tinuation of the arm sets off, which, again, by the intervention of cuneiform 

joints, divides into two or more fingers, and thus forms a hand like in other 

Crinoidea. Each joint of the arms and fingers sends off from alternate sides a 

tentaculum formed of many articulated small joints, resembling in formation 
those of Pentacrinus caput medusz. 


An integument extends over the abdominal cavity, the groove in the arms, 
fingers, and tentacula, and is, like that in Pentacrinus, also protected by 
numerous minute calcareous plates. In some species of Comatule, this integu- 
ment extends laterally in a fimbriated manner, connecting the tentacula, and 
sometimes portions of the arms and fingers near their origin, together. In th 
cases the integument is here excessively thin and transparent, having at the 
margin of its fimbrie a few minute plates probably to add to its strength. I 
apprehend that this lateral extension of the integument may probably have 
existed in some of the Crinoidea, but it is almost impossible that we should 
expect to detect so fine a membrane in a fossil state; should it however, 
favoured by peculiar circumstances, ultimately be detected, I feel confident it 
would furnish a good specific character, and perhaps lead to the distinction of 
species at present apparently similar. 


An insufficient supply efspecimens, and want of opportunity to examine dif- 
ferent species, hasprevented me from ascertaining whether the groove in the 
arms and fingers extends also along the tentacula. In the fimbriated Comatule 
I should ap rehend it does not, since each of the joints forming thejentacaluny 

those whieh I have seen has only a concave impression near the base, where the 
tsa is attached more firmly than above this depression. Hence I appre- 

® 


132 


hend that the vessel passing along the groove in ihe tentacula of the Crinoidea, 
and probably also in the unfimbriated Comatule, is in these placed near the ex- 
terior margin of the fimbriw, where it is protected by the minute plates noticed 
before. 


I have not been able to examine the Comatule while alive, but the observa- 
tions made by M. Perron as stated by M. Lamarck in his Animaux sans 
Vertebres, are so satisfactory that I feel no hesitation to subjoin them in this 
place, more especially, as that naturalist made them unprepossessed by any 
idea of the resemblance which they bear to the Crinoidea. He notices the 
power which the animal has of extending its mouth into a kind of proboscis, 
which, reasoning from analogy, confirms the idea which I have before expressed 
on the probability of a similar extension of the mouth of Pentacrinus caput 
meduse. He also states that the animal suspends itself by its auxiliary side 
arms from fuci or branches of polyparia, watches for its prey and detains it 


with its spreading arms or fingers, guiding it to its mouth with its auxiliary 
side arms. 


Lamarck has described eight species, which will require a new specific cha- 
racter in conformity to the generic one furnished above ; but as his descrip- 
tions are not sufficiently detailed, to enable me to draw from them that inform- 
ation requisite to remodel them in this manner, as the major part were procured 
by M. Perron and te Sueur, and hence exist only in the French museums, 


which I have no opportunity of seeing, I wave entering for the present 
further on the subjects. 


I have had only an opportunity of examining a few specimens of a species 
which occurs in Milford Haven, and which I have named 


COMATULA FIMBRIATA. 


Specific Character. ° 


A Comatular animal with an orbicular depressed body, provided with 
numerous auxiliary side arms, and ten finger-like arms surrounding the mouth 
which is in the centre. The arms and tentacule are fimbriated, and in part 


tied together by a thin transparent membrane, bordered atits outer margin with 
minute scales. * 


133 


Observation. 


Lamarck describes a small Comatula as C. fimbriata, found by M. Perron 
and LE Sueur in the eastern seas, stating that it somewhat resembles the Stella 
Barbata of Linxtvus, t. 37. No. 64. Prnnanr quotes tle same figure for his 
Asterias decacnemos, but in his representation (PL. xxv.) does not express 
the fimbriated membrane, nor does his figure show the organic detail correctly: 
he also represents a pentagonal mouth which I could not detect in my dried 
specimens ; hence I do not know how far those figures and quotations afford 
syhonymes or reference. 


® : 


A species of Comatula appears to occur in the Solenhofe slate, it has been 
figured by Knorr (Pu.u. L. 1.) and by vonScnioruei in his PPetrefactenkunve, 
as Ophiurites pennatus, p. 28. (fig. 1. and 2.) but neither of these figures exhibit 
that accurate attention to organic formation, which alone can enable us to 
furnish a specific character. 


OBSERVATIONS 


~ 
_ 


. ON THE 


GENUS 


Mlarsupites, or the Purse-ltke Animals, 


Generic Character. 


An unattached animal with a subglobose body containing the viscera pro- 
tected by calcareous plates, of which that in the centre at the base is angular, 
having a series of costal plates resting on it, admitting intercostals at their 
superior angles, these giving insertion to the scapule from which the arms pro- 
ceed. Space between the scapule covered by an integument, protected by 
numerous small plates. 


Observation. 


The Marsupites have not as yet been found in a living state, and may pro- 
bably be considered as extinct animals. They furnish an instance, how much 
an examination of the organic remains in the strata of the earth, enlarges our 
zoological knowledge, tends to display new mechanism, and exhibits new links, 
which render the transition between the species regular and gradual. 


Thus the want of the column formed of many joints, separates the Crinoi-— 
dea from the stelleridz. . 


MARSUPITES 


MARSUPITES ORNATUS 


135) 


The Comatule, as an approximating link, retaining the auxiliary side arms 
observable in the Pentacrini, have them proceeding from the pelvis, and possess 
no column, Yet these auxiliary side arms, the plated integument extending 
over the abdominal cavity, having in its centre the mouth capable of elongation 
into a proboscis, and the articulation and formation of the arm joints and ten- 
tacula, indicate their retaining too great an affinity to the Crinoidea than to 
render the transition to the Euryale satisfactory, and some intermediate link 
seems still wanting. 


The Marsupite, by having no column, no auxiliary side arms, and retaining 
the integument, appears to form the immediate link between the Crinoidea 
inarticulata and the Euryale. 


~ Mr. Parxtnson, although perhaps somewhat inconsistently, after including 
the column in his generic character of the Encrinites and Pentacrinites, has yet 
retained the Marsupite among them, and furnished a good figure and descrip- 
tion of it, as the Tortoise Encrinite. 


Mr. Gipeon Mantett, the author of a work on the Southdown fossils, 
which will shortly appear before the public, has (from his vicinity to the chalk 
pits of Brighton, where the Marsupite occurs) given its remains a due share of 
attention. It being generally found deprived of arms, and without the plated 
integument spreading over the space between the scapule, (thereby dis- 
playing the interior of the abdominal cavity) and in this mutilated state some- 
what resembling a purse, induced Mr.ManTcE zt to give it the name Marsupites, 
from the Latin. I think this name so well chosen, that I have taken the liberty 
to adopt it. 

¢ eo ‘ 

I know of but one species belonging to this genus ; but it may be well to 
observe that, on account of an imperfect anatomical investigation, Cyathocri- 
nites rugosus, of the transition limestone, from a similarity of markings on the 
plates and conformity of shape in the costals and scapule, has been considered 
as a species belonging to this genus, although it is evident that this Cyathocri- 
nite possessed a regular column, which the Marsupite never could have done ; 
and that the arrangement and number of the plates is very different in that 
Cyat pcites and the Marsupite, — 


* % 


136 


I. SPECIES. MARSUPITES ORNATUS. 


. 


ORNAMENTED PURSE-LIKE ANIMAL. 


Specific Character. 


A Marsupial animal, having the central plate, at the base of its subglobose 
body containing the viscera, pentagonal, supporting at its edge five similar 
costals, which admit at their superior angles five hexagonal intercostals, into 
the angles of which five scapule are inserted sending off the arms. 


All the plates ornamented by ridges proceeding from the centre, and form- 
ing angular markings near the corners. 


Synonymes. 


Tortoise Encrinite. Parxtnson’s Organic Remains, Vol. u. Pu, x11, 
fig. 24. Manrexy’s Manuscript on the Southdown fossils, t. xvr. fig. 6, to 10. 
14. and 15. 


Locality. 


Offham Chalk-Pits, near Lewes ; Clayton Chalk-pits, Hurstpoint, Sussex ; 
Preston Chalk-Pits, near Brighton ; (for the above localities, I am indebted to 
Mr. ManteEx1) ; Chalk-Pits of Kent ; and Chalk-Pits, near Warminster. 


Description. ** 


I have given the specific name Ornatus to this species, (the only one 
known to me as belonging to this genus) on account of its plates being beauti- 
fully ornamented with radiating markings. I am indebted to Gipzon 
Manret., Esq. of Lewes, in Sussex, whom I had occasion to mention in my 
observations on the genus Marsupites, for a fine specimen of the body of this 


animal, which has enabled me, in conjunction with an examination of some 
- 


—_ 


137 


of the delineations intended to illustrate his work, (which he obligingly lent 
me) to draw up the following description :~ 


The Centrat Prate* of the Marsupite may be considered as occupying a 
similar situation to those plates which form the pelvis in the Crinoidea inarticu- 
lata, since the other plates which cover the body of the animal are attached to 
it in a regular series. But being single only, not perforated in the centre, and 
having no concave impression at its exterior surface, we discover at once a 
striking dissimilarity, which points out that there existed no passage through 
the plate to an alimentary canal beyond it, and that consequently no columnar 
joint could have been attached to it; an inference which is confirmed by 
observing that the lower surface of this plate exhibits no mark of adhesion for 
acolumn. It is of a pentagonal form, somewhat elevated in its middle, 
marked at the exterior surface with subcrenulated ridges, arranged like those 
of Cyathocrinites rugosus, as described page 90. 


Five PentaGonaL Costaut Puares adhere to the lateral edges of the 
central plate, and are marked externally like it. 


In the superior angles formed by the costal plates, are admitted five 
hexagonal Inrercostaxs, also marked like the latter ; these, however, have 
in addition to the former markings, four conspicuous ridges radiating from the 
centre to the two lateral edges(which serve for the more firm adhesion of the inter- 
costals to each other) and tothe superior margins (where the pentagonal scapule 
adhere) over which they extend to the horse-shoe-like impression at their 
summit. 


The radiating subcrenulated ridges on the plates, the folds just noticed, 
and the lateral adhesion of plate to plate by simple sutures, plainly indicate 
that a muscular integument extended over these calcareous plate-like con- 
cretions ; that this muscular integument was capable of contraction, and has 
left the ridges and folds above described as marks of its action, and corre- 
sponding with the appearances before observed in the Crinoidea, especially 1 in 
Actinocrinites and Cyathocrinites, « 


* Tam now doubtful, however, whether it might not be preferable to consider this plate as 
analogous to the upper columnar joint of the Crinoidea, the next series as the pelvis, &c. in 
the manner proposed in the end of this articie; but the letters of reference puployed i in the plate 
rendered it necessary -. the above description also. *. ” 


T 


» \ 


138. 


In each of the horse-shoe-like depressions traversed by a perforated ridge 
at the summit of the scapula, is inserted the first Arm Joint, of similar con- 
tour to the depression, to whose superior surface adheres a CUNEIFORM JOINT, 
(considered by Mr. Manretn as analogous to the os humeri) and indicating 
that the arm here divides, and sends off fingers'in a manner analogous to what 
we observe in the Crinoidea, 


The space between the superior angles of the scapule, is occupied by 
numerous small polygonal plates, analogous to those noticed in the genus 
Actinocrinites ; these indicate that, as in these animals, an integument protected 
by numerous plates containing in its centre the mouth, extended over the abdo- 
minal cavity containing the viscera. This is the more strongly confirmed by a 
fine specimen in Mr. Man rety’s possession, and engraved for his work, PL. xvi. 
fig. 6. which also suggests the probability that the animal was capable of con- 
tracting this integument into the form of an imperfect proboscis. 


In two eae which I have had an opportunity of examining, the 
angular points of two of the costal plates where adhering to the central piece, 
are, as well as the latter, truncated and otherwise distorted, admitting an 
additional plate, the result of injury and restoration. But, even in this 
instance, nature has not interrupted the gener al principle of muscular action, 


continuing it over the interposed plate which is marked with ridges similar to 
the costals. 


The remains of this species as already observed, occur only in chalk-pits, 
and show on fracture, that they are now converted into calcareous spar, thus 
resembling the appearance of the fracture of Pentacrinites, Asteria, and 
Echini, found in similar strata, and thereby proving the analogy which the 
calcareous concretions or ossicula of these animals bore origmally to each 
other. : 

* 

I entertain the hope that the parts of this animal of which I have been my- 
self unable to speak with certainty, will be fully defined by Mr. Manrett, who, 
by his vicinity to the chalk-pits where it occurs, has every opportunity of 
obtaining information and following up bis inquiries, 


I cannot omit to remark that there exists a considerable analogy in the 
arrangement of the plates forming the cup-like portion of Marsupites and 


139 


Cyathocrinites, which I hesitated to point out before I had proved the non- 
existence of the column in Marsupites, If we consider the lower pentangular 
plate in this genus (which i is similar in position to that in Comatula) to serve 
in both as a keystone to their vaulted cup, or as a plate performing in part the 
office of a first columnar joint, (since the other plates adhere to its edges) and 
thus apply the anatomical nomenclature used when describing the Cyatho- 
crinites, we shall find the five plates forming the pelvis in that genus truly 
conformable to the five costals in Marsupites, differing only in their upper 
edges being bent, to formas its were a concave rim, and the lower surface 
being excavated to give articulation to the column. The Bye intercostal plates 
in Marsupites correspond in figure and marking with the five costals in 
Cyathocrinites, and the scapule, integument, and commencement of the arms 
exhibit a conformity conspicuous at first sight. It is truly pleasing by 
this change of anatomical momenclature, to point out in a more striking 
manner the method in which nature effects the transition from one being to 
another. Inthe Comatula, the absence of the column showed the first link 
from the Crinoidea articulata to the Stelleridz, in the Marsupite a similar link 
is offered from the Crinoidea inarticulata to that family. 


% 


ADDENDA TO THE GENUS PENTACRINITES. 


Mr. James Sowersy, of Lambeth, has kindly presented me with fragments 
of the column of a Pentacrinite, found by him in the London clay, about 6 or 
8 years ago, at White Conduit-House, Islington; adding that they also, 
though rarely, occur at Richmond, and have been-met with in digging a well 
at Kensington ; but he further remarks that they are generally so much im- 
pregnated with pyritical matter that they soon decompose and fall to pieces. 


These columns much resembles in size and shape those of Pentacrinites 
basaltiformis, but have the angles more rounded. From their exhibiting no 
marks of muscular corrugation at their exterior surface, and the joints being 
of uniform thickness, I apprehend the fragments before me to be full grown 
columnar portions. I wave distinguishing it as a species, not having the means 
of furnishing a specific character; yet, should it prove such, I should propose 
for it the name Pentacrinites subbasaltiformis. 


I apprehend this is the same species which is mentioned in Dr. 
Woopwarp’s catalogue of the additional English native fossils, vol. 11. p. 51. 
x. d. 58. to 60. as having been found in the same stratum. 


CONCLUSION. « 


The interesting fact observed in the Crinoidea of the preservation of the 
investing muscular membrane, and the retention of the form produced by its 
various contractions in a fossil state, which has been proved by the detailed 
description of its traces in various specimens, created a wish to discover 
whether similar traces might not likewise exist in the fossil Echini and 
Cidares ; since in these animals the plates inclosing the viscera are covered by 
an investing muscular membrane considerably analogous to that of the 
Crinoidea, and employed in communicating motion to the spines. 


Considering the figure of the Echini and Cidares attentively, I discovered 
that by reversing the terms upper and lower surface (as usually applied) 
and by placing the animal with its mouth upwards, a greater analogy than I 

. : 


14] 


expected between it and the cup-like portion of the Crinoidea inarticulata, the 
Comatula, Marsupites, and Euryale, became apparent. 


The five plates at the bottom of the cup thus presented, pierced for the 
passage of the oviducts, appeared to represent the pelvis, on which the plates 
forming the area and areole are arranged in series analogous to costals and 
intercostals of the former, and from these (the scapule and arms being deficient 
in this order) a plated integument extends across the abdominal cavity inclos- 
ing in the centre the mouth ; this, however, is armed with five teeth, inserted 
in a complicated ossicular apparatus, a character which, as far as my know- 
ledge extends, does not appear to have been possessed by any of the Crinoidea. 


It is evident that the original texture of the ossicular plates of the Crinoidea, 
Stellerida, and Echini, must have been similar, since the same peculiar struc- 
ture of calcareous spar is exhibited in the fossil remains of all these substances, 


As the muscular integument over the plates does not extend over the whole 
shell in an uninterrupted line as in the Crinoidea, where it is intended to eflect 
the movement of the arms, but is limited to short spaces from tubercle to tu- 
bercle, each muscle having for its Office the erection of a single spine, a similar 
conspicuous appearance cannot be expected. 


In recent specimens of Cidaris imperialis, we notice slight radiating 
ridges on the areas surrounding the mamillz, evidently the result of the depres- 
sion of the calcareous matter during secretion, in consequence of the frequently 
repeated contracting action of the fibres of the radiating muscle. 


In fossil specimentieimilar Cidaris occurring in the coral rag, and 
figured in Parxinson’s Organic Remains, Vol. 111. PL. 1. fig. 9. we trace some- 
times immediately below the mamilla a radiating marking. Is this not the 
muscle in a petrified state ? 


The corrugation of the muscular membrane investing the regions round the 
vent, and the undeveloped spines near it, is, I apprehend, the cause of the sin- 
gular appearance exhibited by some fossil specimens of a Cidarites from Wilt- 
shire, asrepresented by Mr. Parkinson, in his Org Remains, Vol. 11.P4 1. fig.13, 


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@Obserbation on the Blates, © | 


The first requisite in plates illustrative of subjects in natural history is, 
undoubtedly, that they should represent with fidelity the object under inves- 
tigation, convey a correct idea of the whole, exhibit in a marked manner the 
generic and specific characters, and display the anatomical details in different 
points of view. The faithful execution and accomplishment of these objects, 
will generally plead an apology in the estimation of those whose object is 
scientific knowledge, for the want of that peculiar delicacy and finish in exe- 
ention which is within the reach of the practised artist alone. 
 % 

In the plates representing the generic character of the Crinoidea, I have 
endeavoured by figuring separately the several parts of the cup-like portion of 
the animal, yet preserving them in their natural series, to convey an idea of the 
manner in which they are placed over and near each other in the living 
animal, the dotied lines directing the eye to their points of adhesion and 
insertion. In all these generic plates I have shaded, and in the Crinoidea 
inarticulata also coloured differently from the rest, those plates or joints essen- 
tial to the generic character, endeavouring by this means at once to direct the 
eye to these parts. This, I believe, is a mode of representation not hitherto 
attempted -in plates on natural history, the public will judge of its effect. I 
have applied it to other subjects of natural history, and found it very useful 
where the character of the genus or species is well defined, where this is not 
the case, it has frequent! y led me to a further examination of the subject Phave 
wished to represent, and thus furnished some interesting results. 


Ihave supplied from the combination of numerous specimens, a restored 
figure of some of the Crinoidea, such as I conceive them to have been when 
living, venturing, however, to indulge no further in this conjectural process, 


144 


than the results derived from my inquiry into their organic formation would 
fully warrant. I have in some instances, particularly in the representations of 
the tentaculated fingers, figured specimens as perfect, where well preserved 
portions furnished me with data sufficiently clear and demonstrative, and thus 
enabled me to save the reader the irksomeness and trouble of deciphering for 
himself mutilated fragments. I have in most instances omitted the represen- 
tation of the surrounding matrix, as unessential to a history of the organic 
formation of the animals. 


I have followed in all these points M. Cuvier, who, in arranging the bones 
of the Paris bason, was enabled by his great knowledge of comparative 
anatomy, to appropriate each single bone to its proper species and place, and 
thus to re-unite and restore perfect skeletons from the scattered members dis- 
persed in various separate blocks. | By pursuing this method, he has enabled 
every one tolerably acquainted with the subject, to form a general and correct 
idea of the form of these long extinct species, and to assign to them their true 
places and stations in the systematic order of nature, purposes which must 
obviously have been accomplished in a far less satisfactory manner, even if they 
had not entirely failed, had he contented himself by figuring each separate 
slab, a process by which the most essential features would have been lost, and 
buried beneath the accumulation of unessential details. 


1 would indeed generally remark that I must always consider the repre- 
sentations of mutilated fossil specimens imbedded in their mineral matrix, 
prejudicial to the advancement of a real knowledge of organic remains, when- 
ever sufficient certainty can be obtained to effect a perfect restoration of the 
object without risking conjectural additions. This practice, at best, affords 
only a fairer opportunity to the artist for the display of his art, while it mate- 
rially detracts from the information which the representation is calculated to 
afford to the physiological inquirer, who by a general figure acquires at 
once an idea of the whole animal, and is at the same time enabled to judge 
of its correctness, by referring to the representations of the anatomical details, 
and to those general laws of organization which belong to the classes most 
nearly approximating iu structure to the individuals under examination. 


In pursuance of the: plan adopted in modern publications on natural 
history, by M. Cuvier, M. Savieny, &c, I have used letters and signs denoting 


s 


145 


in all the plates the analogous parts in each species of Crinoidea, the 
Marsupites, and Comatule. Their application is as follows :— 


A Superior portion of the animal. 
ZE Column. 
Base of attachment. : ye 
Fibres of attachment. 
Auxiliary side arms. 
Pelvis. 
Costal plate or joint. 
Intercostal plate or joint. 
Scapula. 
Interscapulary plate or joint. 
Irregular interscapulary plate. 
K Arms. 
L Cuneiform joint. 
M The hand. 
N The Finger. 
Tentacula. — * 
xcavation in the arm joints, fingers, and tentacula, for the passage of 
viscera, covered by the plated integument. : 
P Clavicle. 
Q Pectoral plates. 
R Capital plates. > 
S Mouth capable of being protruded into an elongated proboscis, by the 
sphincter contraction of the plated integument. 
T Plated integument covering the abdominal cavity, and the excavation in 
the arms, fingers, and tentacula. ‘ 
V_ Alimentary canal. 
U Exuded indurated calcareous matter. 
UE Entrance to the alimentary canal. 
WwW Impression of the auxiliary arm joints on the column. 
X Orifice of the mouth. 
Y Supposed aperture of the ovary. 
Z Undeveloped muscular cartilaginous parts. 
U 


“HsroOndnmoaw 


146 


6 Sphincter Muscle. 
AC Perforation for the Passage of nourishing Vessels. 
PF Ridges the effect of muscular contraction, 


* ha 
Corrugated Muscle. 


ASS 


Reproduced Parts. 

Radiated insertion. 

Ridge-like insertion. 

Muscle which has slid from its regular position or is displaced. 
Place where the Arms are broken off. . 

Place where the Fingers are broken off. 


Undulated insertion. 


VLE WWL KG 


Trefoil-shaped elevation on the truncated point of the pelvis, costals, 
and other joints. 4 


Depressing Muscle. 

Aperture between the joints under the plated integument. 
First. 

Second. 

Joint or Plate. 
Enlarged. hs 


Crenulated suture. 


Irregular joint, the result of injury sustained by the membrane or 
periosteum which secreted the calcareous matter. 


Superior surface. 


NA SWRA S © & & 


Inferior surface. 


90 


vw. 


ww, 


z 


y & 3. Section. 


ae 


») 


XXX 


147 


Lateral edge. 
Marks of increase or growth. 
Contraction. 


Places where the calcareous deposits from the periosteum formed in 


layers one over the other, have separated or decorticated., 
Single. 
Double. 


Insertion. 


Triangular perforated ridge. 
Mescolar envelopment. 
Muscular elongation. 
Sphincier contraction. 


Perforated tubercle. 


Larger than natural size, the number of inscribed triangles points out 
how many times magnified ; this sign is not always used, as its 


employment in one instance ona plate gives a criterion for all- the 
conformable parts. 


Twisting contraction produced by muscular action. 


Undulating contraction. 


148. 


Enumeration of the Plates, illustration of some of the Figures, 


PLATE 


III. 


and Direction to the Binder. 


Genus. Apiocrinites to face page 17. 
Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 19. 

Figure 2. represc nts a fine specimen in my possession. I have indicated the probable 
form of the fingers by dotted lines, having only seen portions of them, but none that 
could furnish full information of their complete outline. J have indeed seen fingers made 
up by gluing together finger-joints found at various distances from cach other in the 
Bradford clay, and arranged in a decreasing order ; but as in the Crinoidea each finger- 
joint is not distinguished by an essential character as in those of Mammalia, such a 
representation may prove only deceptive. 
Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 21. 
Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 25. 
Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 26. 

Fig. 14. 20. and 21. are magnified representations. 
Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 27. 
Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 28. 
Apiocrinites rotundus, p. 32. 

Fig. 13. shows the supposed aperture of the ovaries in a specimen drawn on an 
extended line, 
Apiocrinites ellipticus, p. 34. 
Encrinites moniliformis, p. 39. 

Smaller than natural, 
Encrinites moniliformis, p. 40. 

Larger than natural. 
Encrinites moniliformis, p. 41. 
Genus. Pentacrinites vel Pentacrinus, p. 45. 
Pentacrinus Caput Meduse, p. 48. 


Represents the uppér part of Mr, ToBin’s specimen rather larger than natural size, 
with its fingers and arms affixed. In the specimen these are broken off with the 
exception of the reproduced arm. 


149 


PLATE 
II. Pentacrinus Caput Medusa, p. 51. 
All the figures, with the exception of 18. to 22, are considerably larger than natural. 
I. Pentacrinites Briareus, p. 56. 
II. Pentacrinites Briareus, p. 57.4 
i. Pentacrinites subangularis, p. 59. 
Pentacrinites subangularis, ' 
HI. Pentacrinites ici ped 
— Pentacrinites tuberculatus,* p. 64. 
— Genus. Poteriocrinites, p. 67. 
— . Poteriocrinites crassus, p. 68. 
—  Poteriocrinites tenuis, p. 71. 
— Genus. Platycrinites, p. 73. 
Platycrinites levis, p. 74. 
II. Platycrinites levis, p. 75. 


Fig. 33. to 51. Jarger than natural size. 


| 


—  Platycrinites rugosus, p. 79. 

[ Platycrinites tuberculatus, ] 

| Platycrinites granulatus, | 

Platycrinites striatus, } p. 81. 

| Platycrinites pentangularis, } 

— Genus. Cyathocrinites, p. 85. 

—  Cyathocrinites planus, p. 86. 

— Cyathocrinites tuberculatus, p. 88. 

—  Cyathocrinites rugosus, p. 90. 

— Cyathocrinites quinquangularis, p. 92. 

—- Genus. <Actinocrinites, p. 94. 

I. Actinoerinites triaconta dactylus, p. 96, 

If. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 98. 

Ill. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 99. . 
6: 


* T regret, when describing Pentacrinites tuberculatus, not to have stated particularly that 
its columnar joints when not fully formed, are like those of other Pentacrinites, considerably 
thinner than at a subsequent stage of growth, and alternately larger and smaller. I should also 
have further observed, that the exterior surface of the joints which, in the older specimens, as 
represented in the plate, is studded with irregular tubercles, has in these young and thinner ones 
only a single row of such tubercles ranging regularly round the middle. The cause of this appears 
to be that as these tubercles arise from the contraction of the investing muscular membrane, they 
are therefore more regular and distinct in the earlier and non-cartilaginous state of the joint. 


x 


150 


PLATE. 


IV. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 100. . 
Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 101. 

VI. Actinocrinites triaconta dactylus, p. 102. 

I. Actinocrinites poly dactylus, p. 103. 

II. Actinocrinites poly dactylus, p. 104. 

—  Actinocrinites levis, p. 105. 

— Genus. Rhodocrinites, p. 106. 

I. Rhodocrinites verus, p. 107. 

II. Rhodocrinites verus, p. 108. 

— Genus. Eugeniacrinites, p. 111. 

—  Unascertained crinoidal remains, p. 114. 

— Comatula fimbriata, Frontispiece. 

— Genus Marsupites, p. 134. 


s ERRATA. 
ie a 
Pace 14 line 8 for five costal plates read five intercostal plates. 
Ssonces 15 .... 16 for one intercostal plate read one irregular costal plate. 
We cssse 17... 15 for An animal read A Crinoidal animal. 


corte I8 .... 20 for fig. 1. and 14. read fig, 1. to 14. 
pereesve — 22 for fig. 6. aud 15. read fig. 6. to 15. 
oa 45 ww. 4 for Au animal with, read A Crinoidal animal having. 


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NATURAL HISTORY OF ANTS. Drawing by Bird, a View of the Abbey Gate- 
By M. P. HUBER. house, College Green, Bristol. 


Translated fron tie Branch, Published and Sold by C, Frost, Broad-street. 


By J. R. JONNSON, M.D. F.R.S. F.L.S. &e.&e. 
In12mo. Price 9s. Bds. 


AN INTRODUCTION 


TO THE 
Published by Longman, Hurst, & Co. London, Ss Ds cen a ; 
and may beibad of C. Frost, Bristol. tudy of I CE aa and Systematical 
BOTANY. 
f a By JAMES EDWARD SMITH, M.D. E.R.S. §c. $c. 
A SYSTEM OF CH EMIST RY ° Presideut of the Linnzav Society. 
~ By THOMAS THOMSON, M.D. In 8vo.—4th Edit. with 15 Plates, Price 14s. bds, 
The Sixth Edition, 4 Vols. 8vo. £3 3 0. A fer Copies are coloured by Desire, ll. 8s. bds. 
a. 
Beenuehed by Baldwin Cradock, & Joy, London; | Published by Longman, Hurst, & Co. London, 
and may be had of C. Frost, Bristol, and may be had of C, Rost, Bristol, 


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