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A NATURAL HISTORY OF THE

NESTS AND EGGS OF BRITISH BIRDS:

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A BIBLE NATURAL HISTORY:

CONTAINING A DIISCUIPTION OP UUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, TREE3, PLANTS, INSECTS, ETC.,
MENTIONED IN THE HOLY SCEIPTUUES.

BY THE REV. F. 0. MORRIS, B. A.

^

I I I I (

NATURAL HISTORY

v»5.UHaj

NESTS AND EGGS

BRITISH BIRDS.

THE REV. F. 0. MORRIS, B. A.,

MEMBER OF THE ASHMOLEAX SOCIETY.
LIFE MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOli THE ADVANCEMENT 01' SCIENCE, ETC., ETC.

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C 0 N T E N T S

THE THIRD VOLUME.

PAGE

PAOR

White Stork

1

Temminck's Stint .

. 29

lihick Stork .

2

Schinz's Sandpiper

30

Spoonbill

3

Dunlin .

. 31

Ibis

. 4

Purple Sandpiper

32

Curlew

5

Land-rail

. 33

Whirabrel

. 6

Spotted Crake

34

Spotted lied shank

7

Little Crake .

. 35

Redshank

. 8

Baillon's Crake .

36

Green Sandpiper

y

Water- rail

. 37

Wood Sandpiper

. 10

Moor-hen

38

Common Sandpiper

11

Coot

. 40

Spotted Sandpiper .

. 13

Grey Phalaropc .

41

Greenshank

14

Red-necked Phalarope

. 42

Avocet .

. 15

Grey-necked Goose

43

Stilt ....

16

Bean Goose

. 45

Black-tailed Godwit

. 17

Pink-footed Goose

46

Bar- tailed Godwit

18

White-fronted Goose

. 47

Ruff

. 19

Bemacle Goose .

48

"Woodcock .

20

Brent Goose .

. 49

Great Snipe .

. 21

Egyptian Goose .

50

Common Snipe .

22

Canada Goose

, 51

Jack Snipe

. 23

Hooper

52

Brown Snipe

24

Bewick's Swan

. 53

Curlew Sandpiper .

. 25

Mute Swan

54

Knot ....

26

Shieldrake

. 56

Broad -billed Sandpiper

. 27

Ruddy Shieldrake

57

Little Stint

28

Shoveler

. 58

v/

Tl

CONTENTS.

Gadwall ... 59

Pintail . . . .60

Wild Duck . . 61

Garganey . . .62

Teal .... 63

"Wigeon . . .64

Eider Duck . . 65

King Duck . . .67

Velvet Scoter . . 68
Scoter .... 69

Surf Scoter . . 70
Eed-crested Whistling Duck 71

Pochard ... 72

Ferruginous Duck . . 73

Scaup ... 74
Tufted Duck ... 75

Long-tailed Duck . 76

Harlequin Duck . .77

Golden-eye . . 78
Smew .... 79

Eed-breasted Merganser 80

Goosander . . .81

Great-crested Grebe . 83

Eed-necked Grebe , . 84

Dusky Grebe . . 85

Eared Grebe . . .86

Dabchick . . . 87

Great jSTorthern Diver . 88

Black -throated Diver . 89

Eed-throated Diver . 90

Guillemot . . . 91

Brunnich's Guillemot . 92

Ringed Guillemot . 93

Black Guillemot . . 94

Little Auk . . . 96 j

Puffin . . . . 97 i

Eazor-biU . . . 98 I

Great Auk
Cormorant .
Green Cormorant
Gannet
Caspian Tern
Sandwich Tern
Eoseate Tern
Common Tern
Arctic Tern .
Whiskered Tern
Gull-billed Tern
Lesser Tern
Black Tern .
White-winged Black
Noddy .
Sabine's Gull
Masked Gull .
Black-headed Gull
Laughing Gull
Kit ti wake .
Ivory Gull
Iceland Gull
Common Gull
Lesser Black-backed
Herring Gull
Great Black-backed
Glaucous Gull
Skua .

Pomerine Skua
Richardson's Skua
Buffon's Skua
Fulmar

Manx Shearwater
Bulwer's Petrel .
Wilson's Petrel
Fork- tailed Petrel
Storm Petrel

Tern

Gull
Gull

99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
HI
112
113
114
115
116
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136

NESTS AND EGGS

OF

BKITISH BIRDS.

WHITE STORK.

PLATE CLXII. FIG. I.

Ciconia alba, .... Fleming. Selbt.
Ardea ciconia, .... Montagu. Bewick.

A HEAP of sticks and twigs, with any other coarse
materials, forms the nest of this bird. It is phaccd
on a house top, the summit of some tall chimney,
the steeple of a church, or an old tower, or turret;
as well as on the highest parts of the loftiest trees,
in the immediate vicinity of the most crowded thorough-
fares.

The eggs are usually three or four in number; white,
tinged with buff, and of a short oval form. The young
are hatched after a month's incubation, and are attended
to with sedulous attention by both parents, until fully
fledged and able to provide for themselves. The old
birds feed them from their own bills, with food they
have previously swallowed.

BLACK STORK.

PLATE CLXII. FIG. II.

Ciconia nir/ra, .... Fleming. Selbt.
Ardea nigra, Montagu.

This species builds its nest, M-hich is rather large,
on the summit of the loftiest pine and other trees.
The foundation of sticks is solidified by the addition
of sods, the whole being finished with smaller twigs,
rushes, feathers, hair, and all sorts of suitable lining.

The eggs, two or three, or four, or even five in
number, are of a buflf white colour, faintly tinged with
blue.

SPOONBILL.

WHITE SPOONBILL.

PLATE CLXTII. FIG. II.

Platalea leucorodia, . . . Penxaxt. Montagu.
Platalea nivea, . . . . Cuviek.

The nest of this bird is made in a tree, if one be
situated conveniently for the pvu'pose, or else on the
stump of a willow, among rushes and weeds in water,
or on the ground. It is put together of sticks, twigs,
and rushes, and lined, if at all, with finer portions of
the like; the former materials are made use of if it be
placed in a tree. Several nests are built together,
when trees for the purpose are in sufficient number.

The eggs, laid in the month of May, are sometimes
four, but usually two or three in number. They are
white, spotted with pale reddish brown; some are with-
out the red spots.

IBIS.

GLOSSY IBIS BAY IBIS. GREEN IBIS.

PLATE CLXIII. — FIG. I,

Ibis falcinellus, .... Fleming. Selby.

Ibis ignea, Stephens.

Tantahis falcinellus, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

Numenius viridis, .... Beisson.

The nest of this species is placed among the 'debris'
of reeds on some slight elevation, and is formed of dry
ffrass, flags, and other such materials. Several nests are
placed in proximity to each, other.

The eggs are two or three in number, and of a pale
bluish green colour. While the female is sitting, the
male bird brings her food, and when not thus engaged,
stands not far off, keeping sentry.

The figure on the plate is taken from a specimen
forwarded by J. R. Do Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln
College, Oxford.

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CURLEAV.

COMMON CURLEW. WHAAP. WHITTERICK.
PLATE CLXIV. — FIG. II.

Numenius arquata, .... Pennant.
Numeniics major, ..... Stephens.
Scolopax arquata, .... Montagu.

The nest of tliis bird, if any be made in some
slight hollow, consists only of a little dry grass, twigs,
or leaves, or is placed in the middle of a tuft of the
former, among heather or rushes.

The eggs, laid in April and May, are four in number,
and they differ much both in their ground colour and
the spots. They are of a pale dull green, blotted all
over with two shades of brown, and are very large
for the size of the bird. They are placed quatrefoil in
the nest, the narrow ends inwards. The young run
about almost as soon as hatched, but are not able to
fly for a considerable time. Until then they are assidu-
ously attended to by their parents. If approached, they
hide themselves among the inequalities of the ground,
and lie very close, the old birds endeavouring the while
to attract the enemy away.

WHIMBREL.

LITTLE WHAAP. WHIMBREL CURLEW.

PLATE CLXIV. FIG. I.

Numenius plicBojpus, .... Pennant.

Numenius Sudsonicus, .... Bbisson.

Numenius minor, .... Brisson.

Scolopax phcBopus, ..... Montagu.

Phceopus ar(piatus, .... Stephens.

The nest of this species is a rude couch, placed
among the heather on the open moor, on or by some
hillock or low stump. A few dry grasses are the
materials of its composition, and it is scarcely hid
from view.

The eggs are four in number, of a dark olive brown
colour, blotted with darker brown. They are wide at
one end, and much narrower at the other, and are placed
in the nest with the pointed ends inwards. They are
considered good eating, and being sought for on this
account, the numbers of the birds are diminished in
consequence. The male and female sit on them by
turns. If disturbed from them, they make great outcries
to distract the intruder. The young leave the nest as
soon almost as hatched, and quickly learn to skulk
most warily on the approach of danger.

J. R. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College,
Oxford, has forwarded me a specimen of the egg of
this bird.

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SPOTTED REDSHANK.

DUSKY SA^^DPIPER. SPOTTED SNIPE. BLACK-HEADED
SNIPE. COURLAND SNIPE. DUSKY SNIPE.

PLATE CLXV. FIG. I.

Totanus fiiscus, .... Flejiino. Selbt.

Scolopax fuscus, .... Moeeis.

Scolopcix totanus, . . . .- Pennant. Montagu.

For the specimen of the egg, from which the drawing
for the plate was made, I am indebted to the Rev. H.
B. Tristram, Perpetual Curate of Castle Eden, Durham.
It was taken in Finland, in 1854.

REDSHANK.

COMMON REDSHANK. REDSHANK SANDPIPER. RED-LEG.

RED-LEGGED HORSEMAN. RED-LEGGED SANDPIPER.

GAMBET SANDPIPER.

STRIATED SANDPIPER. SANDCOCK. POOL SNIPE.

PLATE. CLXV. FIG. II.

Scolopax calidris.
Scolopax Totanus,
Totanus calidris,
Tringa striata,
Tringa Gamhetta,

Pennant. Montagu.
Bkisson. Ray.
Fleming.
Latham.

LiNNiEUS. GrMELIN. LaTHAM.

The nest of this bird, composed of a little coarse
grass, is made by the marshy margins of lakes and other
uncultivated watery places, on a heap of flags, or in
some slight depression, or sheltered by a bush or tuft
of herbage, as also, it is said, occasionally on heaths.

The eggs, deposited early in May, are pale reddish
white tinged with green, and blotted, spotted, and
speckled with dark red brown, most at the larger end;
some varieties with bluish grey. They are four in
number. The young are hatched in from fourteen to
sixteen days, and immediately quit the nest, under the
tutelage of the female bird, the male taking no care
of them; they soon are fledged, and able to provide for
themselves.

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GREEN SANDPIPER.

WHISTLING SANDPIPER. WOOD SANDPIPER.

PLATE CLXVI. FIG. I.

Tringa nchropus, . . . Pennant. Montagtt.

Tringa Ahlrovandi, . . . E.AT.

Totanus oc/troj)us, . . . Fleming. Selbt.

The nest of this species is either in sand on a bank,
or among grass by the side of a stream.

The eggs, four in number, are of a greenish white
ground colour, with dusky or dark brown and light
reddish brown and grey spots, more or less dark.

The figure on the plate is from an egg forwarded
by J. E. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College,
Oxford.

10

WOOD SANDPIPER.

I,ONG-LEGGED SAKDl'lPEK.

PLATE CLWl. riG. II.

Trinf/a (jlarcolci, . . . Pexnaxt. Montagu.
Triuf/a GralJaioris, . . . jMoxtagtj.

Totanus glareola, . . . Flejiixg. Selby.

The nest of this bird, wliich is extremely difficult
to find, owing to the nature of the ground where it
is put, is generally placed in a hollow, at but a little
distance from the water, among heath, or plants of the
bog myrtle, rushes, or grass. It is made of grass or
other vegetable materials.

The eggs are three or four, pointed in shape, and
of a pale greenish white, spotted and speckled, par-
ticularly at the larger end, with dark reddish brown.
The hen bird incubates them, and her partner watches
by, and rises up, and hovers about any intruder.

The figure on the plate is from an eg^ brought
from Norway, by Mr. Dann.

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11

COM]iION SANDPIPER.

SUMMER SXIPE. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. SAND LARK.
SAND LAVROCK.

PLATE CLXVII. FIG. I.

Trincia hypoleucos, . . • Pennant. Montagu.

Totamis 'hjimleucos, .... Fleming. Selbt.

NiDiFiCATioN commences about the middle of April.

The nest is slight— a collection of a fe\y leaves, a
little moss, or dry grass, in a hollow in a bank, in a
tuft of grass, or tussock of rushes; upon a bed of
gravel, or even on a bare rock; the eggs being kept
together by only a very slight inequality in the sur-
face. It is generally thus sheltered or protected, on
one side at least. It is usually built near the water's
edge, but sometimes in an adjoining field, always above
the highest water-mark. It is well hidden in a tuft
of grass or rushes, or among the lower branches of
willows and osiers, so as to be difficult to find. The
same pair, if undisturbed, will return for several suc-
cessive seasons to their accustomed building-place.

The eggs, four in number, are of a reddish white
or cream yellow tint, spotted and speckled with dark
brown, and other marks of a lighter hue. Some are of
a clear very light blue ground colour, with minute brown
spots all over; others with large blots of deep brown.
They are, as the eggs of other waders, admirably

/

12 COMMON SANDPIPER.

adapted, both by their form and their position in the
nest, to occupy the smallest possible degree of space,
as rendered expedient by their large size in proportion
to that of the bird. The young are hatched in about
fourteen days, and leave the nest almost immediately.
They quickly learn to hide themselves in the nearest
covert, and in about a month are able to shift for
themselves.

13

SPOTTED SANDPIPER.

PLATE CLXVIl. FIG. II.

Tt'inga macularia, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

Totanus macidarius, . . . Selbt. Jentns.

Totanus macularia, . . . Temminck.

The nest of the Spotted Sandpiper is placed in some
well-hidden spot in a field, and is composed of short
pieces of dry straw, or other such materials as furnished
by the locality.

The eggs are of a pale reddish white colour, spotted
and speckled with grey, and brown of a darker and
lighter shade. They are four in number. The young,
as soon as hatched, run about with wonderful speed.

The figure on the plate is from an egg forwarded
by J. E.. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College,
Oxford.

14

GREEXSHANK.

CINEREOUS GOD WIT.

PLATE CLXVIII.

Scolopax glottis,
Scolopax canescens,
Totanus glottis, .
Limosa grisea,
Limosa glottis,

Pexxaxt. Montagu.
Pennant. Gmelin. Latham.
Fleming. Selbt.
Brisson.
Stephens.

The nest of this bird is a small hollow, v>'ith a few
fragments of heath or grass placed within it.

The eggs, of a pear shape as in the kindred species,
are four in number, of a very pale yellowish green
colour, sprinkled all over with irregular spots of dark
brown and blots of light purple grey, with fewest of
either on the smaller end.

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15

AVOCRT.

SCOOPEK. COMMON AVOCET.

SCOOPING AVOCET, CROOKED-KILL. YEl.PEPv.

CORBLER's-AWL DUCK.

PLATE CLXIX. FIG. II.

Securvirostra avocetta, . . . Fleming. Selbt.
Recurvirostra avosetta, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

The nest of this species is said to be made in a
hollow on some dry spot in a marsh, or on the bank,
just above high-water mark, among the short grass, or
other marine vegetation. It is lined with a little of
those materials.

The eggs are described as being usually two, but
sometimes three or four in number, brown or greenish
white, spotted and speckled with black. The young
are hatched in eighteen days, and leave the nest
almost immediately. If chased, they hide themselves,
with much success, among the scanty cover.

The figure on the plate is from an e^g forwarded
by J. R. De Capel ^yise, Esq., of Lincoln College,
Oxford.

16

STILT.

BLACK-WINGED STILT. STILT PLOVER.

LONG-LEGS. LONG-LEGGED PLOVER. LONG-SHANKS.

BLACK-WINGED LONG-SHANK.

PLATE CLXIX. — FIG. I.

Jlimantopus melanopterus, . . Selby. Jentns.

Ilimantopiis Plinii, .... Fleming.

Himantopus atropterus, . . . Meyee.

Himantopus rufipes, .... Bechstein.

Charadrius himantopus, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

A ROUND hollow on the top of some tuft or mound
serves as a receptacle for the nest of this bird.

The eggs, as represented by Professor Thieneman,
are of a pale blue colour, blotted and streaked with
greyish green, or olive green and dark brown.

17

BLACK-TAILED GODWIT.

COMMON GODWIT. GODWYN. YARWHELP. YARWHIP.

LESSER GODWIT. JADREKA SNIPE.

RED GODWIT. HUDSONIAN GODWIT. SHRIEKER.

PLATE CLXX. FIG. I.

Limosa melanura. . . . Leisler. Temminck.

Limosa ^gocepJiala, . . . Fleming.

Limosa rufa major, . . . BKissoisr.

Fedoa melanura, .... Stephens.

Soolo2)ax Belgica, . . . Gmelin.

Scolopax ^gocepkala, . . . Linn^tts.

Scolopax Hudsonica, . . . Latham?

Scolopax limosa, .... Pennant.

Scolopax Tjapponica, . . . Bewick.

JEgocephalus Bellonii, . . . Hay.

About the beginning of April these birds arrive at
their nesting-places, and begin to lay early in May, in
the rough parts of swamps, and long meadows near
water, the nest being composed of dry grass, and other
wild plants, and hidden among any coarse herbage.

The eggs are four in number, of a deep green or
light olive brown colour, faintly blotted with spots of
a darker shade.

As soon as the young are able to flutter about, the
old ones leave them to themselves.

18

BAR-TAILED GODAYIT.

COMMON GODWIT. RED GODWIT. MEYER's GODWIT.
GODWYN. GREY GODWIT. RED-BREASTED SNIPE.

PLATE CLXX. FIG. II.

Limosa rufa,
Limosa gr'isea major,
Fedoa rufa,
Fedoa Meyeri,
Fedoa pectoralis,
Scolopax leucophcea,
Soolojpax novehoracensis.

Beissox.

Beissox.

Stephens.

Stephens.

Stephens.

Latham.

Montagu.

The egg of this species is described as of a pale
yellowish brown colour, speckled, blotted, and spotted
with other darker shades of brown.

The figure on the plate is taken from a specimen
forwarded by J. E,. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln
College, Oxford.

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19

RUFF.

REEVE, (female.) FIGHTING RUFF. SHORE SANDPIPER.

EQUESTRIAN SANDPIPER.

YELLOW-LEGGED SANDPIPER. GREENWICH SANDPIPER.

PLATE CLXXI.

Machetes pugnax, . . . Gould. Selby.

Tringa pugnax, .... Pennant. Montagu.

Tringa equestris, . . . Latham.

Tringa littorea, .... Linnjsus. Latham.

Totanus cinereiis, . . . Beisson.

The Reeve begins to lay the first or second week
in ]May, and the young are hatched the beginning of
June. The nest, made of coarse grass, is pLaced on
some hillock among the same, or sedge, or rushes.

The eggs are subject to considerable variety; some
are of a beautiful green ground colour, others olive
brown, spotted with darker brown. They are four in
number.

20

WOODCOCK.

PLATE CLXXII. — FIG. I.

Scolopax rusticola, . . Pennant. MoNTAGr.

The nest of this bird is built in woods and planta-
tions, among dry grass, fern, or leaves, of whicli its
structure is formed. It is loosely put together, but is
placed in some warm spot.

The eggs are generally four in number. They require
seventeen days incubation: the hen bird sits very close.
The young run about as soon as hatched.

Two broods are hatched in the year.

Mr. D. Brown, of Trinity College, Glenalmond, Perth,
has kindly forwarded me a specimen of the e^g of
this bird.

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21

GREAT SNIPE.

SOLITARY SNIPE. DOUBLE SNIPE.

PLATE CLXXII. FIG. II.

Scolopax major,
Gallinago major,

Pennant. Montagu.
Stephens.

The nest of the Great Snipe is placed on a tuft of
grass or hillock in a marsh near to some standing-
water, and is lined with a little grass and fragments
of other herbage.

The eggs are four in number, of a yellowish olive
brown colour, spotted with two shades of reddish brown.
They require seventeen days incubation, and then the
young are tended for about a month by their parents.

The figure on the plate is from an egg sent me
by J. R. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College,
Oxford.

COMMON SNIPE.

AVHOLE SXIPE. SNITE. HEATHER BLEATER.
PLATE CLXXIII. FIG. I.

Scolopax gallinmjo, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Scolojiax gallinaria, .... Gmelin.
G-allinago media, .... Shaw.

Towards the end of March, or beginning of April,
the male Snipe begins to call for a mate.

The nest is commonly placed in the middle of a tuft
of grass, rushes, or heather, in a shallow depression in
the surface; by the side of water, as also among the
heather where watery spots abound on the hill side,
often at an elevation of from five hundred to a thou-
sand feet above the level of the plain. A few chance
stalks furnish its lining, if any be provided at all,
which is not always the case.

The eggs are four in number, and of a very large
size in proportion to that of the bird; their colour is
pale yellowish, or greenish white, blotted at the larger
end with two or three shades of brown. Some are
spotted all over with small spots; some are of a clear
green ground, some light blue, and others olive brown.
Six eggs have several times being found in one nest, as
mentioned by the Rev. G. Low, in his "Fauna Orca-
densis; but they doubtless must have been the joint
contribution of two birds.

g3

JACK SNIPE.

JIIDCOCK. HALF SNIPE.
PLATE CLXXIII. FIG. II.

Scolopax Gallinula, . . Pennant. Montagu.

Gallinago minor, . . . Beisson.

Gallinago minima, . . Eat. Willughby. Stephens.

The Jack Snipe makes its nest on some grassy knoll,
or among a tuft of rushes.

The eggs are four in number, and of a yellowish
olive colour, spotted about the larger end with two
shades of brown.

J. R. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford,
has kindly forwarded me a specimen for the use of
this work.

M

BROWN SNIPE.

RED-BREASTED SNIPE. GREY SNIPE. BROWN LONGBEAK.

PLATE CLXXIV.

Scolopux grisea, . . . Penxant. Mo>-tagi:.

Scolopax Novehoracens'is, . , Sabine.
MarrorampJms qriseus, . . Eyton. Gould.

The figure on the plate, of the egg of this species,
is from a specimen forwarded by J. R. De Capel Wise,
Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford.

■5K>*%'"r^ • y^^ '^ M *i^ '-m^^»^i*^imBamt^

25

CURLEW SANDPIPER.

PIGMY CURLEW.

PLATE CLXXV. FIG. I.

Tnnga suharquata, . . . Fleming. Selby.
Numeiiius fygmceus, . . . Pennant.

Scolopax pygmceus, . . . Montagu.

The eggs of this bird are described as being of a
yellowish colour, spotted with brown.

36

KNOT.

RED SANDPIPER. ASH-COLOURED SANDPIPER,
PLATE CLXXV. — FIG. II.

Tringa Canutiis, . . . Montagu.
Tnnga Islandica, . . . Pennant.

Tringa cinerea, . . . Temminck.
Calidris Canutus, . . . Fleming.

A TUFT of grass serves as a depository for the eggs
of this species.

They are stated to be four in number, of a light

yellowish brown colour, marked at the larger end with

grey and reddish spots, forming more or less of a

belt, and less spotted towards the smaller end.

' The figure on the plate is taken from a specimen

>« ( forwarded by J. R. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln

, College, Oxford.

^-hii.^L 9^^

27

BROAD-BILLED SANDPIPER.

PLATE CLXXVI. FIG. 1.

Tringa jplatyrJii/ncha, . . Gould. Teximinck.

This bird is late in laying its eggs; they have been
found not yet sat upon on the 24th. of June, and the
young still unable to fly the last week in the following
month. The nest is placed in a hummock of grass.

The eggs are, in general, of a deep chocolate colour,
sometimes spotted and mottled with a darker shade of
the same. They are four in number.

2S

LITTLE STINT.

LITTLE SANDPIPEK, BROWN SANDPirER. MINUTE
DUNLIN. LEAST SNIPE.

PLATE CLXXVI. FIG. II.

Tringa pusilla, . . . Pennant. Montagxt.
Pelidna miituta, . , . Stephens.

The figure on the plate, of the egg of this species,
is from a specimen in the collection of H. F. Walter,
Esq., of Russell Square, London.

29

TEMMINCK'S STINT.

temminck's sandpiper, temminck's dunlin
little sandpiper.

plate clxxvii. — fig. i.

Tringa Temminckii, . . . Selby.

Tringa pusilla, Fleming.

Tringa pucilla, .... Montagu.

The figure on the plate, of the egg of this species,
is from a specimen forwarded by J. R. De Capel AVise,
Esq. J of Lincoln College, Oxford.

30

SCHINZ'S SANDPIPER.

PLATE CLXXVII. — FIG. II.

Tringa Schinzii, . . . Buonaparte. Eyton.
" " . . . . GocLD. Temminck.

The nest of this bird is placed by lakes or marshes,
on some grassy knoll.

The eggs are four in number, yellowish grey, or
pale olive green, spotted with olive or chcsnut brown
markings.

The figure on the plate is from an egg sent me by
J. R. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford.

31

DUNLIN.

PURRE. DUNLIN SANDPIPER. SEA SNIPE, PLOVER's
PAGE. STINT. LEAST SNIPE. SEA LARK.

PLATE CLXXVIII. — FIG. I.

Tn'iiffa variahiUs, . . . Selby. Jenyns.
Tfinga alpina, .... Pennant. Montagu.
Tringa cinclus, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

The nest of the Dunlin is usually located under the
shelter of some tuft or small bush, in any dry spot on
marshy moors and heaths, mosses or salt marshes, as
well as by the sea. It is often concealed, intentionally
or unintentionally, with great success, so as to be very
difficult to find. Sometimes, however, it is fashioned
upon the open grass which grows green and verdant
here and there among the dark heather, "lonely, lone-
some, cool, and green." A few bits of moss, withered
heath, or grass, form its careless lining, if there be any
in it, the same materials being for the most part
merely rounded into form — a natural cradle.

The eggs are four in number, of a greenish white,
greenish grey, or dull green colour, blotted and spotted
with a darker and a lighter shade of brown, most so
towards and at the larger end. Some have the ground
a light blue inclining to dull white, others a clear light
green, richly spotted with light brown. They are
deposited in the nest with the smaller ends inwards.

3ii

PURPLE SANDPIPER.

SELMINGER SANDPIPER. BLACK SANDPIPER.
SEA SANDPIPER.

PLATE CLXXVIII. FIG. II.

Tringa maritima, . . . Pennant.

Tringa Lincolniensis, . . Pennant.

Tringa nigricans, . . . Montagu.

Tringa striata, .... Fleming.

The nest of this species is fitted in some hollow in
the ground with a little moss or other herbage for a
lining. It is built on mountains among small pools of
water, in the middle of a clump of grass.

The eggs are four in number. They are of a pyri-
form shape, of a yellowish grey colour, with small
irregular spots of pale brown, crowded at the obtuse
end and rare at the other. They appear to be laid at
the end of June, or beginning of July.

The figure on the plate is from a specimen forwarded
by J. E.. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College,
Oxford.

H^^'

i* * ^ %

• .

S3

LAND-RAIL.

CORN-CRAKE. DAKER HEN. MEADOW-CRAKE.
PLATE CLXXIX. FIG I.

Crex pratensis, .... Selby. Jenyns.

Hallus crex, Montagu.

Gallinula crex, .... Bewick.

Oriygometra crex, .... Fleming.

PorpJiyno rufescens, . . . Brisson.

The nest of this species is placed among long grass
or corn, in a furrow or some slight hollow, and is
lined with a few of the leaves and stalks of the neigh-
bouring herbage.

The eggs, commonly seven or eight, or ten, or even
eleven in number, are of a pale reddish brown, or
reddish or yellowish white colour, spotted and speckled
with grey and reddish brown. They do not vary much,
except in the size and greater or less number of the
spots. Some are of a red tinted ground colour, with
blots of deep red brown and purple; others white,
with a faint tinge of blue, and fancifully streaked and
spotted all over. Two broods are wont to be reared
in the year, the first being hatched between the be-
ginning or middle of June, or later towards the end.

The young quit the nest when hatched, and in rather
less than six weeks are able to fly. The female sits
very close, and often suffers in consequence, from the
unwitting scythe of the mower.

84

SPOTTED CRAKE.

SPOTTED RAIL. SPOTTED WATER-HEX. SPOTTED
GALLTNULE. WATER-CRAKE. W^ATER-RATL.

PLATE CLXXIX. FIG. II.

Crex porzana. .... Selbt. Jentns.

GallinuJa porzana, .... Bewick. Fleming.

Hallus porzana, .... Montagu.

Ortygometra porzana, . . . Stephens.

The nest of this Crake is put together of the larger
and smaller stalks of rushes, reeds, and other water-
plants, in marshy places, among beds of reeds, and
often at the water's edge, and so arranged as to be
capable of floating on the water, being thickly lined
with soft grass, and the edges well rounded. Never-
theless, they are at times destroyed by the rising of
floods.

The eggs are as many as from seven, eight, nine,
or ten, to twelve in number, and even eighteen have
been found together, but these doubtless the produce
of two birds. They are of a pale reddish white, or
yellowish grey ground colour, spotted and speckled with
dark reddish brown. The hen sits for three weeks to
hatch the eggs. The young quit the nest very soon
after being hatched.

'A

35

LITTLE CRAKE.

OLIVACEOUS CRAKE. LITTLE GALLINULE.
DWARF KAIL.

PLATE CLXXX. — FIG. I.

Crex pusilla, .... Selby. Jentns.

Gallinula minuta, .... Montagu. Bewick.

Gallinula pusilla, . . . Fleming.

Zapornia pusilla, .... Gould.

Hallus pusillus, .... Latham.

NiDiFiCATiON commences at the end of INIay or be-
ginning of June.

The nest, of considerable size, is placed either in a
tuft of rushes or upon the water itself, supported in
the latter case on the stalks of rushes or other aquatic
plants bent down and intermingled with grass, the
adjoining materials of the like kind being drawn in a
hood-like manner over it.

The eggs are from seven or eight to ten in number,
smooth, without much polish, and of a light olive brown,
or yellowish or greenish white colour, spotted with darker
brown.

The young run out of the nest almost directly after
being hatched.

The figure on the plate is from an eg^ brought
from Hungary, and now in the possession of the Rev.
H. B. Tristram, Perpetual Curate of Castle Eden.

36

BAILLON'S CRAKE.

PLATE Cl.XXX. FIG. II.

Crex Baillonii, .... Selbt. Jenyns.

Gallinula Baillonii, .... Temminck.

Zapornia Baillonii, . . . Stephens.

Ortygometra Baillonii, . . . Shaw.

The nest of this bird is made near the water's edge,
in the moist situations which the bird itself frequents,
among long grass, flags, or rushes, and is very difficult
to find. Its component parts are the stems and leaves
of water-plants, sedge, and grasses.

The eggs are seven or eight to ten in number, and
of a regular oval form. Their colour is greyish white,
spotted with yellowish brown. The hen bird is said,
on leaving them, to add to the nest the concealment of
the surrounding and overhanging herbage.

The figure on the plate is from a specimen forwarded
by J. R. De Capel Wise, Esq., Lincoln College, Oxford,

37

AVATER-KAIL.

RIIXOCK. BROOK-RUNNER. RUNNER.

PLATE CLXXX. — FIG. III.

Rallus aquaticus, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

The nest of this species, which is built of sedge,
flags, and grass, is abstrusely concealed among the
thickest herbage; frequently in willow beds. Mr. Wolley
mentions one which was built upon rushes floating on
the water, and another upon a clump close to its
margin.

The eggs are covered with small specks of greyish
ash-colour and reddish brown, on a dull cream-coloured
white ground; some are almost spotless. They are from
seven to ten in number.

MOOR-HEN.

WATER-HEN. COMMON GALLINULE. MOAT-HEN.
*.

MOOR-COOT. MARSH-HEN.

PLATE CLXXXI. FIG. I.

Gallinula cliloropus, . . . Pennant. MoNTAGr.
Fulica chlorojpus. .... Bewick. Fleming.

The nest of the Moor-Hen, which, is large, is strongly
put together, though only of rough workmanship, and
is commonly found well concealed among reeds, long
grass, or the roots of trees, just above the water's edge,
on the margin of a stream or by a bank. It has been
known as much as three feet above the surface, on the
stump of a tree, or even on the lower branches of a
fir, or in a thorn bush at that elevation. The E,ev.
Leonard Jenyns has recorded one instance in which it
was constructed among the ivy encircling a large elm,
which hung over the water's edge, at the height of at
least ten feet from the ground. A writer in the "Maga-
zine of Natural History," mentions another placed in
a fir tree twenty feet above the water. He says, "there
was a reason for it, the rising of the water in the
pond frequently flooded the banks of the island, and,
as I had before witnessed, had destroyed several broods."
One was built upon the branches of a willow over-
hanging the lake at Castle Howard, at a height of four
or five feet above the water.

-%►•■*'•

<-'•.*'-■'•. ■■.•■;■*»-■.••■•.-:•■

i

i

-

MOOR-HEN. 39

The nest has been known quite unattached to any
fixture, though surrounded by loose sticks, and thus at
the mercy of the winds and waves. Moor-Hens have
been known both to hatch their eggs after being re-
moved in part of the nest to another place, and also
themselves to remove them, when threatened with
destruction by the rising of the water; fresh materials
being in each case brought together. J. H. Gurney,
Esq. and W. R. Fisher, Esq. have recorded an instance,
in which they knew the nest of a Moor-Hen placed in
a fir plantation at a distance of a quarter of a mile
from any water. I have seen one myself placed at
some height over the water on a fallen branch of a
tree, which formed a natural bridge over a river.

The eggs are usually five, six, seven, or eight,
in number; nine or ten have, however, been often
seen in one nest. They are of a reddish or yellowish
white colour, spotted and speckled all over with red-
dish brown; they vary exceedingly in size. Three
broods are commonly reared in the year, sometimes it
has been thought even four; the first eggs are laid the
end of April or in May, and are, in early seasons
or localities, hatched in the latter month, but otherwise
not till June. It is a curious fact that the youngest
brood is carefully and kindly attended to by that
which is its elder, as both are at the same time by
the parents, but when a third comes, it is to the
abandonment of the first.

Incubation continues three weeks. The young soon
leave the nest, still attended by their mother, who
leads them to the water, but, for a time, they return
to it at night for shelter. The hen takes the young
at times under her wings.

40

COOT.

COMMON COOT. BALD COOT.
PLATE CLXXXI. FIG. II.

Fulica atra, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Fulica aterrima, . ■ . . LiNN^us.

The nest of this bird, not unfrequently deferred to
be made until May, is a large structure, and, though
of rough workmanship, very strong in its composition,
so as to keep the eggs dry, albeit in such close prox-
imity to water. It is built by the edges of islands in,
or the borders of lakes, ponds, and rivers, and is generally
placed among, and loosely attached to flags, and reeds;
sometimes on a tuft of rushes, and composed of the
former plants: the finer portions are placed inwards.
Since writing the above, I have observed one placed
on the water, as indeed they not unfrequently are,
and confined only in its place by the reeds springing
up around it. It was three or four yards from the
edge of a small pond, adjoining the high-road between
High Catton and Stamford Bridge. The old bird moved
a little way from it as I stopped, but did not appear
shy, as she doubtless would at another time.

The eggs are from six or seven, to ten or even
fourteen in number, of a light dull yellowish or green-
ish pale brown, or stone-colour, spotted with small
rust-coloured spots. If the first hatch be taken or
destroyed, a second is produced, but in less numbers.

_^^*tsi>-'^_^

mSffmSSSBSKKKK^

41

GREY PHALAROPE.

PLATE CLXXXII. FIG. I.

Phalai-opus lohatus, . . . Pe]S'>'a>'t. Montagu.
Phalaropus Jiyperboreus, . . . Bewick.
Phalaropus platyrynchus, . . Gould.
Tringa lobata, ..... Montagu.

The nest of this species is described as slight, lined
with a few grasses, or a mere formation of the natural
herbage around, and placed in a hollow on some ele-
vated spot in marshy places, but always in the vicinity
of water, either the sea, or some inland lake or river.

The eggs are usually four in number, of a stone-colour,
with a tinge of olive, and spots and specks of dark
brown. The old birds shew great fondness for their
young, and remain with them till they are well able to

fly-

42

RED-NECKED PHALAROPE.

KED-NECKED COOT-FOOT. RED-NECKED LOBE-FOOT.

PLATE CLXXXII. FIG. II.

Phalaropus hyperhoreus, . . . Pennant.

Phalaropus fidicaria, .... Montagu.

Lohipes hyperhoreus, .... Fleming.

Lohipes hyperhorea, ..... Selbt.

These birds are late in laying, only one or two eggs
having been found laid by nearly the middle of June.
It appears that the male birds assist the females in the
task of incubation.

The nest is placed in a hollow on a small hillock,
or in a tuft of grass by the edge of the water, and is
deep in shape — the material dry grass. Both birds are
much attached to each other, as well as to their offspring.
Several nests are frequently placed in the same neigh-
bourhood.

The eggs appear to be four in number, and of a dull
olive green colour, a good deal blotted with black brown
or dusky. The young leave the nest soon after being
hatched.

■ />ir^;i'K^yu-r::f!:.

1

I

43

GREY-LAG GOOSE.

WILD-GOOSE. GREY-LAG WILD-GOOSE.
PLATE CLXXXIII. FIG. I.

Anser palustris, . . . Fleming. Selby.

Anse>' ferus, .... Jenyns.

Anas anser, .... Pennant.

Anas ferus, .... Montagu.

The nest of this Goose is made of grass, rushes,
leaves, or dry stalks of plants, under cover of some
rushes or osiers, and is well lined with feathers. It is
large in size, and is located in a marsh, or by the
border of a lake or inland sea. The male keeps guard
near it while his partner sits.

The eggs are said to be commonly four or five in
number, but to amount also to as many as twelve or
fourteen, the former the produce of younger, and the
latter of older birds; eight or nine the intermediate
quantity. They are of a dull yellowish white, smooth
and shining in appearance,

Meyer says, "The female is very careful in covering
the eggs with some of the surrounding materials, when-
ever she leaves the nest for a short time; and it may
serve as a safe guide to persons who go in search of
the eggs, that if they are uncovered, they are forsaken,
and are, consequently, not worth leaving in the nest.
As soon as the Goose has laid her full number of eggs.

44 GREY-LAG GOOSE.

she plucks the down off her breast, and disposes it in
such a manner among the eggs, that they retain an
equal temperature even at the changes of the weather,
or during the short periods when she leaves the nest,
once or twice a day."

"In four weeks the young come forth, and after re-
maining under the mother the entire first day, are
subsequently led to the water, and made to swim to
some small islet, where they can hide, and feed on the
young blades of corn, grass, and duckweed. The
gander redoubles his watchfulness on the increase of his
family, and hardly ever leaves the party. On the ap-
proach of danger, the parents resort immediately to
the shelter of rushes, standing corn, or long grass,
attended by the whole brood; but when surprised on
open ground, too far from shelter, the young lay them-
selves flat on the ground in some rut or hollow, and
have even been known to be taken up in the hand,
and carried away; but if they are near enough to the
water, instinct teaches them to resort to that clement
for protection, where, by diving or swimming to the
shelter of some cov^er, they may elude observation: on
such occasions the parents fly round the intruders,
uttering their inharmonious cries." Yarrell says that
when the hen birds begin to sit, the males leave the
fens, and collect in flocks near or on the sea. The
male and female are considered to unite for life. They
return yearly to the same breeding places, arriving at
them in March.

A wild Grey-lag gander is recorded to have paired
with a tame goose in a farm-yard.

-15

BEAN GOOSE.

WILD GOOSE.

PLATE CLXXXIII. FIG. II.

Anser ferns, .... Fleming. Selev.
Anas sejetum, .... Pennant. IVIoNTAGr.

The eggs of this species are of a dull white colour,
and from five to seven in number.

The young, till able to fly, hide themselves, if alarmed,
in the neighbouring heather or other cover.

In confinement this species has been known to pair
with the Tame Goose, the progeny partaking in some
respects of the character of both parents. This is a
statement of Meyer's

46

PINK-FOOTED GOOSE.

PLATE CLXXXIV. FIG. I.

Anser plujenicofus, .... Bartlett.
Anser hracliyrhynclms, .... Baillon.

These birds pair about the middle of May. Mr. J.
Macgillivray has remarked that he saw them "in pairs
about the middle of the month, and they had the
young fully fledged and strong upon the wing about
the end of July." They had again collected into flocks
by the beginning of August.

The eggs are of a pure white colour. Eight were
laid by one of these Geese, kept on the water in St.
James' Park by the Ornithological Society of London.

£ii^.

47

WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE.

LATOHING GOOSE. WHITE-FRONTED WILD GOOSE.

PLATE CLXXXIV. — FIG. II.

Anser erijthropus, .... Fleming. Selby.
Alias alhifrons, Pennant. Montagit.

The eggs of this species are of a white colour, with
a tinge of pale buff.

48

BERNACLE GOOSE.

BARNACLE GOOSE. COMMON BERNICLE GOOSE.

PLATE CLXXXV. FIG. I.

Anser hernicla, .... Fleming. Selby.

Anser leucopsis, .... Jenyns.

Anas erythropus, .... Pennant. Montagu.

Anas leucofsis, .... Temminck.

These birds appear to breed in large swamps and
morasses.

The eggs are of a greenish, white colour.

49

BRENT GOOSE.

PLATE CLXXXV. FIG. 11.

Anser hrenta,
Anser torqiiatus.
Anas hernicla,

Fleming. Selby.

Jenyns.

Pennant. Montagu.

The nest of the Brent Goose is formed of vegetable
materials, collected together in swampy places.

The eggs are white, with a faint tinge of brown or
greyish.

50

EGYPTIAN GOOSE.

PLATE CLXXXVI. FIG. I.

Anser Egyjjtiacus, . . . Jenyns.
Anas Efjyptiaca, .... Bewick.
Chenalopex Egyptiaca, . . Gould.

These birds are believed to pair for life, and are
much attached to each other. They make their nest,
it is said, of reeds, leaves, and the stems of water-plants,
and give it a lining of cotton and feathers. It is always
placed near the water, and has been known on its
surface, supported by the surrounding floating vegetation.

The eggs are of a dull white colour, with a tinge
of buff, six or eight in number.

The figure on the plate is from an q^^ laid in the
Gardens of the Zoological Society.

51

CANADA GOOSE.

CRAVAT GOOSE.
PLATE CLXXXVI. FIG. II.

Anser Canadensis, . . . Fleming.
Alias Canadensis, .... Bewick.
Cygnus Canadensis, . . . Jenyns.

The Canada Goose makes for herself, or rather for
her expected brood, a "downy bed" of feathers, within
a structure of dry plants of different kinds. It is of
large size, and raised to the height of several inches.
It is begun to be built in March or April, and is
placed among deep grass, near the Avater. Audubon
mentions his having found one on the stump of a large
tree, standing in the middle of a small pond, and at
a height of about twenty feet. Occasionally they build
in the old nests of other large birds; and while the hen
sits the male bird keeps sailing about over the water
in the neighbourhood, but not coming very close to
the nest. On the appearance of any danger he exhibits
much anxiety for his family.

The eggs are sat upon by the end of May or the
beginning of June. They are generally six or seven
in number, but as many as nine have been found: they
are of a dull vvhitc colour.

The figure on the plate is from a specimen laid in
St. James' Park.

52

HOOPER.

WHISTLING SWAN. HOOPING SWAN. ELK.

PLATE CLXXXVII.

Cygnus ferns, . . . E.AY. Willtjghbt.
Anas cygnus, .... Linnj'EUS. Gmelin.

The nest, which is of large size, as might naturally
be looked for, is made of rashes and other water-plants,
and is lined with down, with which the eggs are also
covered. It is about a foot and a half in diameter,
and is placed not far from the water. It is begun to
be made about the middle of March, and is built on
the ground in marshy places.

The eggs are of a pale dull brownish white or pale
greenish white colour. They vary in number from five
to seven.

The female sits for forty-two days. She and her
mate are united, it is said, for life. They keep the place
of their nests free from intrusion, and resolutely repel
its appropriation by any but themselves.

53

BEWICK'S SWAN.

PLATE CLXXXVIII. — FIG. I.
Cygnus Beivickii, .... Yarkell.

The nest is reported by Captain Lyons, R. N., to
be built of peat-moss, and to be nearly as much as six
feet long, four feet and three-quarters wide, and two
feet high on the outside, the hollow one foot and a half
across. Another account says that the materials used
are flags, rushes, and- the small boughs of willow trees;
doubtless those most readily procurable are differently
made use of in different places.

The eggs are of a cream white colour.

This Swan too is said to occupy six weeks in the
incubation of its eggs. Many pairs build in the same
vicinity, but each pair maintain the right of private
property for the time being in their own more immediate
abode.

54

MUTE SWAN.

TAME SWAN.

PLATE CLXXXVIII. FIG. II.

Cygnus olor, . . . Jenyxs.
Cygnus mansuetus, . . . Gould.
Anas olor, .... Pennant. Bewick.

The Swan disposes its nest on the ground, near the
water side, or on some mound on an island in the river
or lake. It is made of rushes and flags, and if the
water threatens to rise, more materials, which the male
bird brings, and the female works in, are added to the
deposit under the eggs, which are thus gradually raised
further out of danger.

The eggs are from five or six, to seven or eight in
number, older birds laying the larger, and younger the
fewer numbers respectively. They are of a dull
greenish white colour.

Incubation continues for from five to six weeks.
After being hatched for one day, they follow the gui-
dance of their parents to the water, and have but little
instruction, beyond that instinctively given them by nature,
in the art of swimming about and feeding themselves.
Still, "The attention," says Meyer, "bestowed by the
old birds upon the young is incessant; and when fati-
gued by the strength of the stream, or requiring to be
removed to a far distance, too great for their young

Ml'TE SWAN. 55

capacity, the hen bird takes the young ones on her
back, which she accomplishes by lowering herself a
little in the water, and occasionally assisting them to
ascend with her foot, and in this manner they are carried
in safety to some more desirable sj)Ot. The shape of
the Swan's back, which is very flat, is well adapted for
this purpose; and Avhen her wings are raised, the
young ones repose in the most beautiful and safe cradle
imaginable."

56

SHIELDRAKE.

COMMON SHIELDRAKE. BURROW DUCK.

SKELGOOSE. SKEELING GOOSE.

PLATE CI,XXXIX. FIG. I.

Tadorna Vulpanser, . . . Fleming.
Tadorna Bellonii, .... Stephens.
Anas Tadorna, .... Linn^us.

The Shieldrake builds in rabbit-holes and other
hollows in the earth, often as much as ten or twelve
feet from the entrance. Some down, plucked from
their own breasts, is the lining with which the nest is
fitted, the remainder being dry grass.

The eggs are ten or twelve, or even more, it is
said, thirteen or fourteen in number; but these, in such
cases, may possibly have been the produce of two birds.
They are nearly perfectly white, having only a very
faint tinge of green, and are smooth and shining.

The hen bird sits, as is believed, from about twenty-
six to thirty days, her mate keeping watch hard by,
and taking her place in the morning and the evening
while she picks up some food.

The young, when hatched, are either carried by
their parents in their bills to the water, or soon make
their way thither themselves. They hide away at the
approach of danger; the old birds, conscious no doubt
that they are able thus best to find security, flying
off themselves.

57

RUDDY SHIELDRAKE.

PLATE CLXXXIX. FIG. II.

Anas rutila, Bewick.

Tadorna rutila, Selby

This species builds in holes in river banks, such as
have been burrowed and deserted by animals, or those
of natural formation. The nest is lined with feathers
of the bird itself, the remainder being any sorts of
stalks and sticks.

The eggs are white, and eight or nine or ten in
number. They are highly polished.

The young are often carried to the water in the
bill of the mother.

For the loan of the eg^ figured on the plate, I
have to thank the Rev. H. B. Tristram, Perpetual
Curate of Castle Eden. It was received by him from
Dr. Thieneman, by whom it had been procured, with
others, from the Volga and the Caspian Sea.

58

SHOVELER.

BROAD BI],L. BLUF.-WINGED SHOVELER. COMMON SHOVELER.
RED-BREASTED SHOVELER. SHOVELER DUCK.

PLATE CXC. FIG. I.

Anas clyfeata, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Spathidea clypeata, . . . Fleming. Selby.
Uliyncasjiis clypeata, . . GrOULD.

The nest of this species, built beside rivers, lakes^
and other waters, or in vv^atery places, appears to be
made of grass, commingled with down from the bird
itself. In some cases the bare earth or sand is scarcely
covered with any materials; in others, a tuft of grass
is laid in. After the female has begun to sit, she
covers the eggs with down plucked from her own body.

The eggs are as many as eight, nine, ten, or twelve
in number. They are of a buff white colour, with a
tinge of green.

Incubation lasts three weeks. The young leave the
nest almost immediately after being hatched, and repair
with their mother to the water.

These birds bred in the year 1854, in the gardens
of the Zoological Society, London.

59

GADWALL.

GADWALL DUCK. COMMON GADWALL.
PLATE CXC. FIG. II.

Anas strepera, . . Pennant. Montagu. Bewick.

Chauliodus strepera, . . Selbt. Jenyns.

The nest of the Gadwall is placed among reeds, sedge,
rushes, or other aquatic herbage, such as vegetates by
the sides of pools, meres, and lakes, and in marshy
places.

The eggs are from five to seven or eight, or, Selby
says, ten or twelve in number. They are of a uniform
buff white colour.

The engraving is from an egg laid in the garden of
the Zoological Society. The birds bred there in the
year 1839, and again in 1841, and in 1853 or 1854.

60

PINTAIL.

COMMON PINTAIL. PINTAIL DUCK.
PLATE CXC. FIG. III.

Anas acuta, . . . Pennant. Montagu. Bewick.
Querqiieduki acuta, . . Selbt.
Dajila caudacuta, . . Gould.

Of this species also, the nest is placed by the mar-
gin of, or at no great distance from, water, lakes, ponds,
and seas, and is composed of grass and reeds, with a
little lining of down. Some have been found in ditches,
and even in standing corn: it is always well concealed.

These Ducks pair in April.

From six to eight or nine eggs are laid. The young
are hatched in about twenty-three days. They at once
repair to the water.

These birds have repeatedly bred in confinement.
Montagu has recorded several instances. Lord Stanley
had a female Pintail which paired with a Wigeon, and
had eggs two successive seasons. The Hon. Twisleton
Fiennes another, a male, which paired with a common
Duck.

61

WILD DUCK.

COMMON WILD DUCK. MALLARD.
PLATE CXCI. — FIG. II.

Alias hoschas, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

The nest of this species, constructed the latter end
of April, is, unless in a few rare exceptional instances,
placed on the ground in a dry place, often near, but
on the other hand not unfrequently at a distance
from water; in some cases under a hedge, and in others
in an open field, or in a wood, but under shelter of
some kind. It is small in size, little more than six
inches in the inner Avidth, and regularly formed of dry
grass or other vegetable materials; the lining being
down, to the thickness of between two and three
inches.

The greater number of these birds go north to breed,
but not a few remain here and there throughout the
country all the year, and build.

The eggs are usually eleven in number; sometimes
ten, and sometimes twelve; and as many as fifteen are
said to have been found in one nest. They are smooth
and of a very pale green colour.

The old birds are supposed to remain in pairs through-
out the year, but the male leaves the female as soon
as she begins to sit. The hen covers the eggs with down
and other substances if she leaves the nest for a time.

62

GARGANEY.

GARGANEY DUCK. GARGANEY TEAL.
PIATE CXCI. FIG. I.

Anas querquedula, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Querquedula circia, . . . Selby.

The Garganey begins to lay, as Mr. Hoy has recorded,
in a communication to Mr. Hewitson, about the middle
of April, or towards the end of the month, or the
beginning of May.

The nest, according to the same authority, is made
of dry grass and rushes, mixed with the down of the
bird itself. It is placed in low and marshy situations,
among reeds and rushes, and by the borders of inland
waters and rivers, among the adjoining rank herbage.

The eggs are from eight to ten or even fourteen
in number — buff in colour.

Incubation continues for about twenty-one days.
The young birds, as soon as hatched, follow their
mother to the nearest water.

The figure on the plate is from an egg laid in a
basket by one of these birds captured in the county
of Norfolk, and sent to Mr. Girdlestone.

■

I.

7>-.'.'' ^-■'•X -.f^&if-iMH^JJiTi' ..--i"»«a»i'^

63

TEAL.

COMMON TEAL.

PLATE CXCII. FIG. I.

Anas crecca, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Qiierquedula crecca, . . Selby.

Of these birds also, the greater number retire to
northern regions, such as Icchmd, to build, but others
remain with us. They have been found on Strensall
Common, near York.

The nest, which is usually built by the margin of
an inland lake, but sometimes near the sea-shore, and in
clefts of rocks and stony places, is placed among, and
constructed of heath or grass, in moorland and marshy
districts. There is a thick lining of down.

The eggs are from ten, or eleven, to fifteen in num-
ber. They have been found under a furze bush without
any nest.

64

WIGEON.

COMMON WIGEON.

PLATE CXCII. FIG. II.

Anas Penelope, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Mareca Penelope, . . . Selby. Jenyns.

These birds visit northern countries for the most
2)art to breed — Norway, Sweden, and others. They
begin to pair by about "St. Valentine's Day."

Mr. Selby and Sir William Jardine have found the
nest in Sutherlandshire, on Loch Laigal, Loch Hope,
Loch Shin, and Loch Naver, and also on smaller waters
near Lairg.

They build among rushes, grass, flags, and reeds, or
low bushes where there are such, and use the former
materials and leaves, in the construction of the nest,
the lining being supplied with down from the bird's
own body. The situation chosen is the neighbourhood
of some lake or river, and the nest itself is cleverly
concealed.

The eggs are from five to eight, or, Meyer says, ten
or twelve in number. They are of a fine cream white
colour.

When the hen bird begins to sit, the male retires
into seclusion. The incubation of the eggs continues
for twenty-four or twenty-five days. The young, as soon
almost as hatched, betake themselves to the water.

^^j^^gygjgg^ij^^

()5

EIDER DUCK.

ST. CUTHBERT S DTJCK.

PLATE CXCIII. FIG. I.

Anas molUssima, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Somateria mollissima, . . . Fleming. Selby.

The down with which the uests of these birds are
lined, is made an article of commerce, and in the
countries where they are plentiful, the people rob the
nests two or three times in the season. The eggs
are also taken at the same time, so as to make the
birds lay again, "but it is generally found that if they
are robbed more than twice, they begin to desert the
place, and if pillaged oftener they quit it entirely."

The Eider Duck begins to pair in March, and to
lay about the beginning of the last week in May, that
is to say, in this country. Incubation lasts from three
weeks to a month. The young, as soon as hatched?
are led by the dam to the water, and in some in-
stances, it appears certain that they must be carried
by her in her bill. The male bird at this period leaves
his mate, and repairs to the open sea.

In England the Eiders build so far south as the
Fern Islands and Coquet Island. In one of the former
the remains of an old lighthouse appear to be a favourite
resort, and within the ruined and deserted walls several
have been accustomed to lay. They seem to prefer

66 EIDER DUCK.

islands for the purpose, but also make use of hollows
in rocks on the mainland, and sand-banks along the
sea-shore. Great numbers are frequently placed close
together, so that it is hardly possible to walk among
them without treading on some.

It seems that at first the nest has only grass, lichens,
or sea-weed, for its composition, but when all or nearly
all the eggs are laid, down, plucked by the female
from herself, is daily added, the quantity being then
successively increased. If the bird leaves her charge
for a time, the eggs are carefully covered over and
concealed, either with down, or grass and leaves, accord-
ing as each has been supplied.

The eggs, of a light green colour, are usually five
in number, but not very unfrequently as many as eight
or even ten are found together, two birds having laid
in the same place. Both, it appears in that case, sit
together in an amicable manner.

67

KING DUCK.

KING EIUKR.

PLATE CXOIII. FIG. II.

Anas spectahilis, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Somateria sjjectahilis, . . . Fleming. Selby.

The nest of the King Duck, placed on rocks near
the sea, is lined with the down of the female, and
composed externally of sea-weeds, grass, or mosses.

The eggs are of a pale green colour. They appear
to be from four to six in number. The male bird
leaves the care of the eggs to the hen, and repairs to
the sea.

68

VELVET SCOTER.

PLATE CXCIV. FIG. II.

Anas fusca, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Oidemia fusca, . . . Fleming. Selby.

AuDUBOjg writes of this species, that they "begin to
form their nests from the 1st. to the 10th. of June. The
nests are placed within a few feet of the borders of
small lakes, a mile or two distant from the sea, and
usually under the low boughs of the bushes, of the twigs
of which, with mosses and various plants matted together,
they are formed. They are large and almost flat, several
inches thick with some feathers of the female, but no
down."

The eggs are usually six, but sometimes eight or ten
in number, of a uniform pale cream-colour, tinged with
green.

The males leave the females after incubation has
commenced.

A pair had bred on the same water for six or seven
years in succession. The young did not quit the pond
until they were able to fly; as soon as that is the case
the mother bird escorts them to the sea.

69

SCOTER.

COMMON SCOTER. BLACK SCOTER.

PLATE CXCIV. FIG. I.

Anas nigra, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Oidemia nigra, . . . Fleming. Selby.

The nest of this Duck is described as being placed
by the side of water in the most unfrequented situations,
often far inland among brushwood or on stony ground;
and made of grasses, twigs, and the dry leaves and
stalks of plants, under the shelter of a willow or birch,
or in a tuft of herbage, the down of the bird itself
being made use of for lining.

After the female has laid, the male birds collect
together in flocks, and repair to the coast.

The eggs are from five or six, to seven or eight, or
nine, in number; — Thiencman says as many as ten, of
a pale buff colour, tinged with green.

70

SURF SCOTER.

PLATE CXCV. FIG. II.

Anas perspicillata, . . . Temminck.
Oidemia perspicillata, . . . Fleming. Selby.

The nest of this species, placed on the coasts of
inland seas, and by the borders of lakes, is formed of
dry and withered weeds, flags, and grasses, in the midst
of a hummock or tuft of grass. The down of the bird
itself serves for the lining. The hollow of the interior
is said by Audubon to be six inches across, by two and
a half in depth.

The eggs are four, five, or six in number, and of
an oval shape; their colour pale yellowish or cream
white.

iWTtiiMinriTiirrriai-irvv mmmm

71

RED-CRESTED WHISTLING DUCK.

RED-CRESTED DUCK. RED-CRESTED POCHARD.

PLATE CXCV. FIG. I.

Anas rujina, .... Temminck.
Fuligula rujina, .... Gould. Selby.
Mercjoides rujina, . . ■ Eyton.

The nest of tliis bird may be termed a bed of rushes.

The eggs are stated to be six or seven in number, and
of an uniform olive brown colour.

"The young are able to fly about the beginning of
July; the female is much attached to her young, but
the male leaves the nursery as soon as the female begins

to sit."

The figure on the plate is taken from a specimen
of the G^^ of this bird, obligingly forwarded for the
use of the present work, by the Rev. H. B. Tristram,
Perpetual Curate of Castle Eden, Durham.

T'>

POCHARD.

RED-HEADED POCHARD. COMMON POCHARD. POCHARD
DUCK. DUN BIRD.

PLATE CXCVI. FIG. II.

Anas ferina, .... Pennant. ^Montagu.
Fuligula ferina, .... Selby. Jentns.
Nyroca ferina, .... Fleming.

Meyer says, "about the end of April the Red-headed
Pochards pair; there are no quarrels between the male
birds, for the female is said to choose her own mate;
and the pair remain inseparable, and do not quit the
spot until the young brood are hatched and ready to
follow them towards the larger lakes, etc., where they
consider them out of danger."

The nest of the Pochard is made among rushes or
other coarse herbage, and is lined with feathers. Many
nests are placed near each other, in suitable localities,
such as osier beds or grassy places.

The eggs are from eight or ten, to twelve or thirteen
in number, and of a buff white colour.

The Pochard bred, in the year 1855, in the gardens
of the Zoological Society, as Frederick Bond, Esq. has
written me word.

^■Y. -.•■'T^rai---'^.T-^i

73

FERRUGINOUS DUCK.

WIIITE-EYED DUCK. RED DUCK. CASTANEOUS DUCK.

PLATE CXCVI.

FIG.

Anas ferruginea,
Fuligula nyroca, .
Nyroca leucopthalma.

Penxant. Montagu.
Selby. Jenyns.
Fleming.

This Duck, like the others of its kindred, builds its
nest near rivers, ponds, and marshes. The male bird
leaves the female soon after she has begun to sit. The
nest is well supplied with down from the breast of the
parent mother, as a lining.

The eggs of this species are white, with a slight
tinge of green, and nine or ten in number. They
are laid by the beginning of June, and are hatched in
twenty-two or twenty-three days.

As Frederick Bond, Esq. has informed me, the
Ferruginous Duck bred in the year 1854, in the gardens
of the Zoological Society, London; and in that or the
preceding year also with the Tufted Duck.

SCAUP.

SCAUP DUCK. SCAUP POCHARD.
PLATE CXCVII. FIG. II.

Anas marila, . . . Pennant. Montagtt.
Fuligula marila, . . . Selby. Jentns.
Nyroca marila, . . . Fleming.

The Scaup builds among the brushwood or other
vegetation that is found in swampy grounds or by
lakes, or in stony places near these. Very little nest
is formed, the materials, such as they are, being
dry grasses, stalks, and leaves, but the eggs are well
covered with down.

They are, it is said, from five or six, to eight or
ten, in number, of a dull yellowish brown colour.

The bird begins to lay in May.

75

TUFTED DUCK.

TUFTED POCHARD.

PLATE CXCVII. FIG. 1.

Anas faligida, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Fuligula cristata, . . . Selby. Jenyns.
Nyroca fuligula. . . . Fleming.

These birds breed along the stony shores of the sides
of inland waters, among the cover of vegetation, more
or less thick, with which they are usually bordered.

The receptacle for the eggs, for it can hardly be
called a nest, is composed of stalks and grasses.

The eggs vary in number from eight to ten. They
are of a pale buff colour, with a tinge of green.

The male bird leaves the female after she has begun
to sit.

This species, as Frederick Bond, Esq. has informed
me, paired with the Ferruginous Duck, as I have
mentioned in the account of the latter, in the year
1853 or 1854, in the gardens of the Zoological Society.

LONG-TAILED DUCK.

NORTHERN IIARELD. CALLOO. COAL-AN D-CAXDLE-LIGHT.
LONG-TAILED SHIELDRAKE. SHARP-TATLED DUCK.

PLATE CXCVllI. — FIG. I.

Anas glacialis, .... Peknant. Montagu.
Clangula glacialis, .... Fleming. Selbt.

This species nidificates about inland lakes, ponds,
and bogs, among the plants and low brushwood that
afford cover near the water's edge. The nest is nothing
more than a few stems of reeds, rushes, or grass,
lined with the down of the mother bird, the quantity
being added to as the number of the eggs increases.
Many pairs breed in the same vicinity.

"About the latter end of Ajjril," says Meyer, "the
birds arrive in pairs at their breeding-places, and in
May the female lays. By the end of June or the
beginning of July the young make their appearance,
and are soon led to the sea-shore, and instructed to
swim, dive, and provide for themselves. The male, who
leaves the care of the nursery to his mate, joins his
family on their arriving at that locality, and accompanies
them in their migratory journey and winter sojourn."

The eggs are usually from six to ten in number,
but twelve have been found. They are of a pale
greenish or bluish white colour, tinted with buff.

mmmmmgnsBammmsmm

1

I

■■liiiSi&iiiSSid&SSi-

HARLEQUIN DUCK.

HARLEQUIN GARROT.

PLATE CXCVIII. FIG. II.

Anas histrionica, . . Pennant. Montagu.
Claiifjula histrionica, . . Fleming. Selby.

The Harlequin builds among low bushes and plants,
in the precincts of streams and lakes, in the neigh-
bourhood of the sea, not far from the water's edge;
and "feathers its nest" with down, the outerside ma-
terials being dry leaves, stalks, grass, and reeds, arranged
in a circular manner.

The eggs are from six or seven, to eight, ten, or
twelve in number, and of a white or very pale buff
colour, with a tinge of green. "The texture of the
egg is very line, but without polish."

78

GOLDEX-EYE.

COMMON GOT,DEN-EYE. GARROT. EATTLE-WINGS.
GOLDEN-EYE DUCK.

PLATE CXCIX. — FIG. II.

Anas clangula, .... Pennant. Montagu.

Anas (jlaucion, .... Bewick.

Clanr/ula vulfjaris, .... Flemimg. Selby.

Clangula clirysoplitludmus, . . Jenyns.

The Golden Eye builds in tlic vicinity of lakes and
rivers, giving a preference to the latter, particularly
such as flow over falls and rapids. The Laplanders
place boxes with holes in them, in the trees in these
localities, for the birds to build in, and thus procure
the eggs, for the cotes are sure to be resorted to for
the purpose of laying in. The nest is made of rushes
and other herbage, lined with down. Mr. Hewitson
found one in a hole in a tree, ten or twelve feet from
the ground.

The eggs arc of a greenish hue, and from ten to
fourteen in number.

SMEW.

LOUGH DIVER. WHITE ^^UN. WHITE MERGANSER.
WHITE-HEADED GOOSANDER.

PLATE CXCIX. FIG. I.

Mergus alhellus, . . Pennant. Montagtt.

The nest of the Smew is made of dry grass, and
lined with, the down of the bird itself. It is placed
on the ground, upon the banks of lakes and rivers,
not far from the water, or in a hollow in a tree.

The eggs are said to be eight or ten, or from that
to fourteen, in number, and of a yellowish white
colour.

80

RED-BREASTED MERGANSER.

RED-BREASTED GOOSANDER.
PLATE CC. FIG. I.

Mergus serrator, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

These birds build, it seems, on the borders of, and
small islands in, lakes, whether of fresh or salt-water,
and rivers, preferring such as have a growth of wood,
the nest being placed a few yards from the edge, at
the foot of a tree, or under the shelter of brushwood,
in the midst of fern, grass, nettles, or other wild
vegetation. Also in divers other situations, among stones,
in a hollow, on the bare ground, at the top of a tall
tree, or in the deserted nest of some other bird, or the
end of a deep recess. It has been known, moreover,
in a bleak and unsheltered situation, on an island in
the sea, at some distance from the mainland. The mate-
rials of its composition are moss, flags, stalks, grass, small
roots, and feathers, placed carelessly together, and inter-
mixed with the down of the bird, added to, it appears,
as incubation advances.

The eggs are from six or seven, to nine, ten, or eleven,
in number, and of a rich reddish yellow, or brownish
fawn-colour. As soon as the females begin to sit, the
males quit them for the season. The species appears
to be late in its nidification, scarcely beginning to build
before the end of May, or the early part of June.

81

GOOSANDER.

GREEN-HEADED GOOSANDER. DUN DIVER.
PLATE CC. FIG. II.

Mergus merganser, . . Pennajjt. Montagv.
Mergus castor, . . . Moxtagu. Bewick.

The Goosander builds on small islands in fresh-water
lochs in the neighbourhood of the sea, and near the
water's edge.

The nest, which is placed under the cover of bushes,
in long grass, among stones, or in the hollow of the
stump of a decayed tree, is large altogether, being
raised to a height of seven or eight inches, on a mass
of dead weeds, but the inner and more finished part
is only about seven inches and a half across, and four
in depth. It is composed of dry grass and small roots,
rather neatly twined together, and lined with the down
of the bird.

The eggs, of a long oval shape, are from four to
six, seven or eight, and, Yarrell says, ten or fourteen,
in number, or more, though rarely; if removed from
the nest, as many as thirty have been successively
laid : their colour a uniform buff white or cream yellow.
The figure on the plate is from a pale green variety.
The female has been seen to carry her young on
her back, in the same way as described of the Swan.
She leads them to the water as soon as they are hatched.

82 GOOSANDER.

or carries them thither in her bill if the nest has
been in the hollow of a tree, and at once commences
their education.

The males appear to leave the females when the
latter have begun to sit, and do not rejoin them till
the summer is over: while absent they are only accom-
panied by one or two females, if any.

83

GREAT-CRESTED GREBE.

TIPPET GREBE. CRESTED GREBE. I,OON.
GREATER LOON. GAUNT.

PLATE CCI. FIG. I.

Podiceps cristatus, . . . Pennant. Montagu.
Colymhus cornutus, . . . Beisson.

Colymhus cristatus, . . . Linn^us.

The Loon breeds in fresh water, and makes its nest,
such as it is, early in the year — in the month of Aprih
It is a very large and careless mass of weeds, flags,
and other water-plants, partly sunk under, and partly
raised above the water, the top being slightly hollowed.
The general width is about a foot or a little over,
the height about half as much.

The eggs are three or four, and occasionally five.
Four appears to be the usual average number, but
one of them is generally addled. They are concealed by
fragments of rushes placed over them, and if these be
removed others are added. Their colour is white or
greenish white.

Yarrell says, ^'The parent birds are very careful of
their young, taking them down with them for security
under their wings when they dive." According to
Meyer the birds pair for life, and haunt the same nesting-
place year after year, both assisting in the work of
nidification. The young swim about as soon as hatched.

86

EARED GREBE.

EARED DABCHICK.

PLATE ecu, FIG. III.

Podiceps auritus, . . . Latham.

Colymhus auritus, . . . LiNNiEUS.

The bird before us builds its nest of and among
reeds and rushes, and places it by the edge of a pond
or pool.

The eggs are of a pure white colour, sometimes with
and sometimes without a tinge of blue; the surface is
rough. They are of a regular oval shape, widest in
the middle, and tapering towards each end. Their
number, three or four, or, Selby saj-s, four or five.

Incubation is said by Meyer to last three weeks.

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87

DABCHICK.

LITTLE GREBE. BLACK-CHIN GREBE. DIDAPPER.

SMALL DOUCKER. LOON.

PLATE ecu. FIG. I.

Podiceps minor, .... Stephens. Fleming.

Podiceps Hehridicus, . . . Latham.

Colymhus Sebridicus, . . . Gmelin.

Colymbiis minor, .... Gmelin.

Colymhus fluviatilis, . . . BiiissoN.

The nest of the Dabchick, which is placed at a
little distance from the water, on or among any plants
that grow near the sides of rivers, lakes, and ponds,
is composed of short pieces of roots, reeds, rushes, and
flags, and a considerable quantity of these is occasionally
put together, sometimes to the height of a foot or
more; when dry the whole naturally becomes very
brittle.

The eggs are four, five, or six in number, oval in
shape, tapering towards each end, and dull w^iite in
colour. The bird is in the habit of covering them
over with weeds when leaving the nest for a time.
The period of breeding is about the middle of May.

The young take to the water immediately on being
hatched.

88

GREAT NORTHERN DIVER.

NORTHERN DIVER. GREATEST SPECKLED DIVER. LOON,
GREAT DOUCKER. IMBER DIVER. IM.MER.

PLATE CCIII.

Colymhus glacialis,
Colymbus Immer,

LlNN^US.

LlNNiEUS.

The nest of this fine bird is placed close to the
water's edge, so as to admit of an immediate retreat,
if necessary, to that element.

The eggs are two, or sometimes, according to
Audubon, three in number. Their colour is a dark
olive greenish brown, with a few spots of a darker
shade, or purple reddish.

Both birds take their turns in sitting, and when the
young are hatched, continue an equal and watchful
care over them as long as it is required.

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89

BLACK-THROATED DIVER.

LESSER IMBER. NORTHERN DOUCKER. SPECKLED LOON.
PLATE CCIV. FIG. I.

Colymhus arcticus, . . . Linn^tts. Gmelin.

This Diver is found in Europe, in the Lapland and
Norwegian seas, and inland waters, even those that
exist at a considerable elevation.

In this case also the nest is naturally placed close
by the brink of the water.

The eggs of the Black-throated Diver, usually two
in number, are laid on the bare earth, two or three
yards from the water's edge. They are of a dark
yellowish olive brown colour, with darker or blackish
spots.

90

RED-THROATED DIVER.

RAIN GOOSE. SPRAT LOON. SPECKLED DIVER.
FIRST SPECKLED DIVER. STRIPED DIVER.

PLATE CCIV. FIG. II

Colymhus septentrionalis, . . . Linn^us. GiiELiN.

Colymhus striafus, ..... GtMELIn.

Colymhus horealis, .... Latham.

Colymhus stellatus, G.melin. Latham.

Mergus minor, Bkissox.

The situations chosen by this species for laying, are
by small pools on low islands in the sea, the margins
of inland lakes, and islets in them, and watery places
on higher grounds.

The nest is nothing more than a few rushes or blades
of grass and moss, mixed, Selby says, with the down
of the bird. It is placed among the stones or gravel
close to the water's edge, so that if need be, the bird
can slide at once into its all but native, and at all
times natural and congenial element.

The eggs are two in number, and equally rounded
at both ends.

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91

GUILLEMOT.

COMMON GUILLEMOT. FOOLISH GUILLEMOT. TARROCK.
SCOUT. LESSER GUILLEMOT. WILLOCK. SEA HEN.

PLATES CCV AND CCVI.

Una tro'de, .... Lathaii. Stephens.
Uria minor, .... Stephens.

The Guillemot makes no nest, but lays her single
egg upon the barren rock. Countless numbers of these
birds breed together on the rocks or cliffs that abut
upon the ocean, thinking there to find that security,
which indeed they would find were it not for the
superiority of mind over instinct. Incubation continues
for a month.

The eggs are very large in proportion to the size
of the bird,, and more than ordinarily narrowed at one
end and widened at the other. They vary in an extra-
ordinary manner, and a description of the principal
varieties only would be almost endless, "adeo sunt multa."
Some are entirely white, others more or less spotted
with brown, and others again bluish green, blotted and
streaked with dark reddish brown or black. Some
are entirely green. "The shape of the g'^'^, which is
very tapering, prevents it from rolling ofi' into the sea;
for when moved by the wind, or other circumstances,
it only rolls round its own circle, without changing its
first immediate situation."

93

BRUNNICH'S GUILLEMOT.

THICK-BILLED GUILLEMOT.
PLATE CCVII. FIG. I.

Uria Brunnichii, . . . Fleming. Jenyns.

The eggs of this species are like those of the common
kind — most variable in colour. The ground tint is green-
ish blue. They are, Mr. Hewitson observes, less fantasti-
cally streaked and blotted than those of the other, but
sometimes very regularly and beautifully marked all
over with small spots.

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93

RINGED GUILLEMOT.

BRIDLED GUILLEMOT.

PLATE CCVII. riG. II.

Uria lachrymans, . . . Gtould. Temmikck.

The figure on the plate is from an egg presented to
W. R. Fisher, Esq., by Mr. Wollaston, who had it of
Mr. Strickland. The latter gentleman states that the
bird breeds regularly at Bridlington, whence he obtained
this e^^, but in smaller numbers, and in places more
difficult of access, than those of the Common Guillemot;
and he adds that its eggs are invariably white.

94

BLACK GUILLEMOT.

SPOTTED GUILLEMOT.
COMMON SCKABER. GREENLAND DOVE.

PLATE CCVITI.

Uriel gnjlle, . . . Pexnaxt. Montagu.
Cephus grylle, . . . Flejiing.

This species pairs about the middle of March, and
the eggs are laid in the beginning or more usually
by the middle of June. They are hatched in twenty-
four days. The bird sits very close, so as to be easily
taken on the eggs. Two or more couples have been
known to lay under one piece of rock.

The bare earth, or rather the bare rock, or a crevice
in it, is the only bed sought for by this species, for
the purpose of nidification. Mr. Hewitson writes as
follows: — "On some of the islands which present a steep
precipice to the sea, they make use of holes or crevices
in the rocks, in which the eggs are laid at various
distances from the mouth of the hole — from one to two
feet, which is most usual, to three or four. On other
islands less precipitous, it deposits them in cavities
under or between fragments of rock and large stones,
with which the beach is strewed. In one place several
pairs rear their young ones in crannies between the
stones which form the ruins of an old wall, on the
top of a single rock at sea, and at an elevation of fifty

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BLACK GUILLEMOT. 95

or sixty feet above its surface. The Black Guillemot
resorts annually to the same holes."

The eggs are two in number, and of a white colour,
with a tinge of green, spotted, blotted, and speckled,
more or less with grey, reddish brown, and very dark
brown or blackish. Mr. Hewitson has known one of a
pink colour.

Both parents attend to the young until able to fly
and dive, when they forage for themselves.

96

LITTLE AUK.

COMMON ROTCH.
PLATE CCIX. FIG. I.

Alca alle, Penxant. Montagu.

Mergulus melanoleucos, . . . Fleming. Selby.

The shelter of a chance stone on the earth or rock
in some precipitous spot, from whence it can readily
drop into the water, or take flight, is all that the Little
Auk thinks it necessary to seek or provide in the shape
of a nest, unless some cavernous hollow present itself,
and this, if suitable, will be taken advantage of by
several individuals.

The egg of this small sea-bird is of an uniform pale
bluish green; some specimens are spotted with rust-
colour. It is of an oval shape, and the ends obtuse.

Several of these birds build in company, from fifty
to a hundred or so.

"While one of the parent birds sits on the eggs,
the other may be seen close by, perched on a rock or
stone. The young do not leave the nest before they
are fully fledged."

97

PUFFIN.

SEA-PARROT. COULTER-NEB. COMMON COULTER-NEB.
PLATE CCIX. — FIG. II.

Mormon fratercula, . . Gotjld.

Alca arctica, .... Pennant. Montagu.

Fratercula arctica, . . Fleming. Selby.

The Puffin breeds in precipitous places on the coast
and its adjacent islands, seeming to give a preference
to such as are covered with a formation of mould.
These birds either take possession of a rabbit-burrow,
or dig a hole themselves, as a receptacle for their eggs,
frequently to the depth of three feet, and often in a
curving direction, and with two entrances. The eg^
is laid at the farther end. Mr. Selby adds that when
engaged in digging, which operation is generally per-
formed by the males, they are sometimes so intent upon
their Avork, as to allow themselves to be taken by the
hand; and the same may also be done when the bird
is sitting on its egg. The young are hatched after a
month's incubation. In about a like period of time they
come to their full feathers, and. are able to quit their
native burrows, and enter on their ocean of life. Meyer
says that where both birds have been killed, others
have been known to take charge of the egg or young.

Only one egg is laid, and its colour is white, some-
times spotted with pale grey.

98

RAZOR-BILL.

PLATE CCX.

Alca torda, . . . Pennant. Montagu.

Any slight hollow or cranny in a rock of the cliff
overhanging the sea, or even the bare unsheltered
surface of the rock itself, a preference being given to
the most precipitous places, is chosen by the Razor-
bill as a deposit for its single eg^. This in the month
of April. Even here, however, it is exposed to acci-
dents of different kinds, and is not unfrequently thrown
down by a high wind, or some other bird, great num-
bers frequenting, from the like causes of predilection,
the same breeding-places, or is broken by a chance
stone or mass of earth dislodged from above: such
landslips overwhelm also, at times, the bird herself.

The old ones shew much attachment to their young.
The latter are able in July to provide for themselves,
but the descent to the sea is not always accomplished
■with safety. It sometimes happens that in throwing
themselves down from the edge of the cliff, to which
they are led by their parents, and instructed, as it
•were, almost, what to do, they fail in clearing every
obstacle below, and the force of the fall in such case
is fatal. They lay towards the end of May, or the
beginning of June.

The egg is subject to almost endless variety. Its
prevailing colour is white, blotted and spotted with
blackish brown and reddish brown.

99

GREAT AUK.

GAIRFOWL.

PLATE CCXI.

Alca impennis. , , Pennant, Montagu. Bewick. Selbt.
" " . . Fleming. Jenyns. Gould. Yaebell.

The Great Auk hatches its e^g on the bare ground,
close above the sea-bord, or in the clefts of rocks.
This in the month of June.

The eg^ is yellowish white, streaked and spotted,
principally about the larger end, with black, the ground
colour being a dull white tinged with yellow.

These eggs may be said to be "worth their weight
in gold;" I know of about sixty guineas having been
given for a pair.

I have to thank W. F. W. Bird, Esq., for an offer of
a drawing from a specimen in the fine collection of the
Eight Hon. Lord Garvagh, but the present engraving
was already executed: I am equally indebted to my
obliging friend.

100

CORMORANT.

COMMON CORMORANT. CORVORANT.
PLATE CCXII. FIG. II.

Pelecanus carlo, . . Pexn^akt. Montagu.
Carlo cormoranus, . Temmixck.

The Cormorant naturally prefers an elevated situation
for its nest, though in default of such it is obliged to
put up with a lowly one. It is well for those of a
higher rank in creation than the bird when they can
thus readily accommodate theinselves to the circumstances
in which they are placed. Many pairs congregate
together.

In the former case the tops of lofty cliiFs are built
on, or, as the next best, high trees. Failing these, a
bed of rushes is made to serve the purpose on the
mainland ; or the top of a low island rock is resorted to.

The nest, which is large, is composed of sticks or sea-
weeds, heaped up to the height of a couple of feet. The
finer portions or grass forming the interior.

The eggs, small in proportion to the size of the bird,
are of a pale bluish or greenish white colour, without
polish, and of an oblong shape. Three, four, or five
are usually laid, but sometimes six.

As soon as the young are able to fend and forage for
themselves, which is as soon as they can fly, they are
conducted to the sea by their parents, and then left to
their own resources.

101

GREEN CORMORANT.

CRESTED CORMORANT. SHAG. CRESTED SHAG.
GREEN-CRESTED CORMORANT. CORVORANT.

PLATE CCXII. FIG. 1.

JPelecanus cristatus, . . Pennant.

Pelecanus gracidus, . . . Montagu. Bewick.
Pkalacrocorax cristatus, . Selby. Jenyns. Gould.

Carlo cristatus, . . . Temminck.

These Cormorants make their nests on the ledges and
shelves of cliffs or caves over the sea, lower down than
the other species. Many pairs, a score or more, fre-
quent the same place. They return to it annually for
the breeding-season. Montagu mentions his having
counted thirty together on a small rock. The bird sits
upright on the eggs.

The nest is a mass of sea-weed, softened off internally
with the finer sorts or grass.

The eggs are three, four, or five in number, and
their original colour is white, but they soon become
stained and discoloured.

102

GANNET.

COMMON GANNET.
SOLAN GANNET. SOLAND GOOSE. SOLAN GOOSE.

PLATE CCXII. — FIG. III.

Pelecanus bassanus, . . Pennant. MoNTAGtr.

Suh alba, Fleming.

Sulci bassana, .... Beisson. Selby.

Great numbers of these birds build together in the
same situations, on the sides of precipitous cliffs and
rocks, the nests being placed almost close to each other.
These are made of sea-weed and grass.

The e^^, for there is only one, is white, or with a
pale tinge of blue.

Both parents sit; the period of incubation being about
six weeks.

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103

CASPIAN TERN.

PLATE CCXIII. FIG. II.

Sterna Caspia, , . Selby. Jenyns. Eyton. Gould.

The nest is a mere hollow scratched in the sand.

The eggs are two or three in number, of a yellowish
stone or pale olive green colour, spotted with grey and
reddish brown or blackish brown. They are hatched
in about twenty days. "Although the birds use great
exertions to prevent an intruder from approaching the
nest and eggs, by flying over his head, and making a
considerable noise, yet it has been remarked that when
they are once disturbed, they do not easily return to
their nest, and are said even not to revisit the same
spot the following year if they are fired at."

104

SANDWICH TERN.

PLATE CCXIII. FIG. I.

Sterna cantiaca, . . . Montagu. Bewick.

" " . . . . JeNYNS. GrOTJLD.

Sterna Boysii, . . . Fleming. Selby.

These birds live together in large colonies, hundreds,
and even thousands of pairs crowding together in the
same places, the eggs in consequence being so close
together that it is difficult to avoid treading on them.
The situation chosen is a sandy place, covered at the
most with short and bare vegetation. If the nesting-
place is approached, the birds fly about in a cloud.
They are late in breeding, seldom commencing till the
month of June.

The eggs are usually two, but sometimes three or
even four in number. Meyer says, "The bird sits on
them during the whole night, but only occasionally during
the day, and as in the preceding species, some few birds
remain about the breeding-places, to keep watch during
the absence of the rest. It has been asserted that these
birds, although laying two or three eggs only for a
brood, will, when the eggs are taken out of the nest
daily, continue laying for a fortnight." The eggs vary
exceedingly, and are extremely beautiful. They are of
a pale yellowish stone-colour, thickly spotted and marked
with deep reddish brown, orange brown, blackish brown,
and grey. Some are of a whitish and others of a dull
green ground colour, with spots of a darker shade.

105

ROSEATE TERN.

PLATE CCXIY.

Sterna DoucjalU, . . Montagu. Bewick. Fleming.
" " ... Selbt. Jenyns. Gould.

This species makes its nest among the herbage there
may be on low banks of sand, or shingle, or upon the
bare ground itself.

The eggs are two or three in number; the ground
colour yellowish cream white, pale brown, or yellowish
olive green, spotted and speckled with grey and brown.

106

COMMON TERN.

PLATE CCXV.

Sterna Jdrundo, . . Pennant. Montagu. Bewick.
" "... Fleming. Selby. Jenyns. Gould.

The Common Tern lays its eggs on sand or shingle,
making little or no nest beyond scooping out a slight
hollow.

The eggs are variously of a pale blue, pale yellow,
green, brown, white, or light dull yellowish or stone-
colour, blotted and spotted with grey, dark reddish
brown, and blackish brown: three in number. They
are laid from the latter end of May to the beginning
of July.

The male bird assists the female in the task of sitting
during the day, she taking charge of the clutch at
night; in fine weather, however, the heat of the sun
seems to be thought sufficient warmth, and the bird
leaves them to its rays. Ten or twelve pairs of these
birds breed together. The young come forth in fifteen
or sixteen days, and are able to fly when about three
weeks old. The old ones display much anxiety for
their safety, and are very clamorous when any one
approaches their station, flying round, and frequently
even striking against him.

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107

ARCTIC TERN.

PLATE CCXVI.

Sterna arctica, . . . Fleming. Selbt. Jenyns,
" " . . . . Eyton. Gould.

This Tern contents itself with a slight hollow scratched
out either in the bare sand or grass, a little of the
latter forming a lining, by the sea-shore, the borders
of islets, or the mouths of rivers. Great numbers build
together, and the nests are so closely contiguous that
it is hardly possible to avoid walking upon them.

The eggs are two or three in number, rarely four;
they are subject to almost endless variety, the ground
colour being variously white, green, dull green, brown,
pale blue, and pale yellow, spotted with grey and dark
reddish brown. They are usually laid the beginning
of June. The period of incubation is about fifteen or
sixteen days.

108

WHISKERED TERN.

MOUSTACHE TERN.
PLATE CCXVII. FIG. I.

Sterna leuroparcia, . . . Gould. Temminck.

The figure on the plate is from an egg in Mr. Walter's
collection, obtained from Dr. Thieneman.

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109

GULL-BILLED TERN.

PLATE CCXVII. — FIG. II.

Sterna AiicjUca, . . MoNTAGU. Bewick. Fleming.
" "... Selby. Jenyns. Eyton. Gould.

The nesting-places of this species are marshy grounds
not far from the sea-beach. A small hollow is scratched
in -the sand or gravel, and in this a few stems of grass
and small roots arc placed.

The eggs are two, three, or four in number, of a
pale, as also of a dull greenish or yellowish olive-
colour, marked and spotted with pale grey, reddish
brown of two shades, and olive brown.

110

LESSER TERX.

LITTLE TERN.

PLATE CCXVIIT. FIG. I.

Sterna mhmta, . . Pennant. Montagu. Bewick.
" "... Fleming. Selby. Jenyns. GorLD.

The bird before us lays in the sand or gravel along
the sea-shore, as also by the borders of rivers: several
pairs breed close together.

The eggs are general!}' two, or sometimes three in
number, of a pale brown, dull green, or stone-colour,
spotted and speckled with grey and dark chesnut brown.
They are laid by the first week in June.

The young are hatched in a fortnight: they are able
to fly by about the second week in July. Audubon
says that they are fed for a time on the wing by both
parents.

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Ill

BLACK TERN.

PLATE CCXVIII. FIG. II.

Sterna nigra, . ■ • Fleming. Selby.

" " .... Jenyns. Gould.

Sterna Jissipes, . . ■ Pennant.

Sterna ncBvia, .... Pennant.

These birds build together in great numbers; they
choose for the i^urpose swampy phxces among moors
or fens. Their nests are either j)laced in some slight
mound of earth, or tuft of grass or rushes, close to, or
floated on the water, among the kindred stems and
ttalks of flags and reeds, and with grass for the inner
portion.

The eggs are three in number, and still oftener four,
and of a rather dark olive green or olive brov>^n colour,
blotted and spotted with deep brown or black, princi-
pally at the larger end.

The young are produced in fifteen or sixteen days.

112

WHITE-AVINGED BLACK TERN.

SILVER-WINGED BLACK TERN.

PLATE CCXIX.

Sterna leucopieva, .... Meteb.

The eggs of this species are three or four in number,
with, many greyish spots, and some larger blackish red
ones, the ground colour being dull yellowish olive.
They are of a rotund form.

The male and female birds sit on them in turn, and
shew much anxiety for their safety, flying at and about
all intruders.

The figure on the plate is from an e^^ forwarded by
J. R. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford.

"1

US

NODDY.

BLACK NODDY. NODDY TERN.

PLATE CCXX.

Sterna stoUda, . . . Jenyns. Gould.

Anous stolidus, .... Eyton.

The nesting-places of this bird are banks and rocks.

The nest, which is placed in low trees or bushes,
is made of twigs and dry grass, and that of the former
year is often repaired, being thus raised to the height
of nearly a couple of feet. Thousands of birds build
together.

The eggs, three in number, are of a reddish yellow
colour, spotted with dull red and purple. They are
thought very good to eat.

114

SABINE'S GULL.

PLATE COXXI.

Lams Sabini, . . . Jenyns.
Larus Sahinei, .... Temminck.
Xema Sahini, . . . Eyton. Gould.

This bird lays its eggs on the bare earth.

They are two or three in number, olive brown in their
ground colour, numerously spotted with darker brown.
They are of a regular shape, and not much pointed.

The parent birds, when engaged with their young,
exhibit much anxiety for them, and dash about intru-
ders in a perturbed manner.

The young are hatched in the latter end of July.

The figure on the plate is from an egg forwarded by
J. K.. De Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford.

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MASKED GULL.

BROWN-HEADED GULL.
PLATE CCXXII. FIGURES I. AND II.

Lams capistratus, . . . Fleming. Jenyns.
Chroicocephalus caj)istralus, . . Eyton.

The specimens from which the engraving is made,
were furnished for the use of this work by J. 11. De
Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford.

116

BLACK-HEADED GULL.

PEEWIT GULL. RED - LEGGED GULL.

PLATE CCXXll. FIG. ITT.

Larus ridihunchis, . . . LiNN^TJS. Latham.

This pretty-looking bird resorts to fenny places and
the sides of pools and inland waters and their islands
to breed, and vast multitudes congregate together for
the purpose; as well both near the sea, and far from
it, even to the lands adjoining the sea itself, if low. and
marshy.

The nest is flat, and a composition of grass or the
tops of reeds and sedge, placed, perhaps, on a tuft of
rushes or other such herbage.

If the first set of eggs be taken a second is laid,
and a third if the second, but in such cases they are
less each time in size. They are valued as food, and
in some places are farmed for the purpose.

The eggs, three or four in number, are laid the mid-
dle or end of April, or beginning of May, chiefly at
the latter season, and are hatched the end of May or
early in June. They vary exceedingly in colour and
markings; some are light blue, others yellow, and others
green, red, or brown. Some have scarcely any spots,
and others are thickly covered with marks.

The young birds leave the nest and betake themselves
to the water as soon as hatched.

BLACK-HEADED GULL. 117

Sir "William Jardine writes, "They arc particular in
the choice of a breeding-place, at least some which we
would think suited for them, are passed or deserted,
and others more unlikely are selected. We possess a
reedy loch which was for many years a haunt of these
birds, but the edges were planted and they left it; ten
years afterwards, dnd when the plantation had grown
up, a few pairs returned, and in time increased to a
large colony, when an artificial piece of water was made
by damming up a narrow pass in an extensive muir,
nearly two miles distant; thither the Gulls resorted the
following spring, leaving their ancient ground; and they
have been increasing in numbers for some years past."

118

LAUGHING GULL.

PLATE CCXXIII. — FIG. I.

Lanes utricilla, . . . Montagu. Fleming.
Xema alricilla, .... Gould.

The present species builds in marshy places near the
sea-shore. Meyer asserts that during fine weather this
bird sits on the eggs only at night, leaving the breeding-
place early in the morning for the purpose of feeding;
but that, when the weather is wet or cold, she remains
on the eggs, and takes care of them also during the day.

The nest is made of dry grass and sea- weeds, arranged
to a height of two or three inches, the interior being
from four and a half to five inches wide, and, one and
a half deep.

Audubon mentions a curious instance of two nests
being built as it were into one ; each pair of birds, both
male and female, living in the closest companionship,
in both senses of the word. In some instances the
sand alone is hollowed into a nest.

The eggs are three in number at the most; their
usual colour is brownish olive, spotted and blotted with
dull reddish brown, the said markings being most nu-
merous about the larger end. They are considered very
good to eat.

The old birds exhibit much care for their charge.
The young ones quit the nest soon after being hatched.

The plate is from an egg forwarded by Mr. Wise,

at<w^i^A'>,.i.i»ia. wuji*^PA!...;j^<;iAi. <j;u!4.j

y^j

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•\

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^ /

11!)

KITTIWAKE.

TARROCK, (young.)

PLATE CCXXIII. FIGURES II. AND III.

Larus tridactylus, . . . Latham.

Lmnis Rissa, ..... Linnjetis.
JRissa Brunnichii, . . . Stephens.

The Kittiwake lays its eggs upon any small ledge
on the side of a steep and rocky cliff by the sea. Im-
mense numbers of these birds build together^ so much
so as completely to whiten the places where they assem-
ble for the purpose, and to give them the appearance
of being covered with snow.

The nest is a mixture of grass and other dry herbage
with sea-weed.

The time for laying is the latter end of May, or the
beginning of June.

The eggs are usually two, but occasionally, though
very rarely, three in number. They differ much in
their colouring and markings; the prevailing tint is
stone-colour with a tinge of olive, much spotted with
grey and brown of two shades; or greyish white, faintly
tinged with brown, and blotted with dark brown and
purple grey.

uo

IVORY GULL.

PLATE CCXXIV. FIG. 1.

Larus candidus, . . . Fleming.

Larus ehnnieus, .... GrMELiK. Latham.

This Gull builds on cliffs and rocky shores in the
extreme north; and the nest is said to be a layer of
sea-weed.

The eggs are reported to be two or three in number;
they are of a creamy white colour, spotted with grey,
reddish brown, and brownish black.

The specimen from which the plate is taken was had
by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, Perpetual Curate of Castle
Eden, Durham, from the west side of Greenland, in
the year 1853.

♦ ^J'-^v .«

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121

ICELAND GULL.

LESSER WHITE-WINGED GULL. WHITE-WINGED SILVERY

GULL.

PLATE CCXXIV. — FIG. II.

Larus Jcela?idicus,
Tjarus argentatus,
Lai'us leucopteriis,
Ziarus arcticus,
Larus qlaucoides,

Edmonstone. Selbt.
Sabine. Temminck.
Buonaparte.
Macgillitkat.
Temminck.

The Iceland Gull builds on the face of a precipice
or cliff, but at a rather low height. It shares the place
with other species.

The eggs are of an olive green colour, spotted with
two shades of brown.

The Rev. H. B. Tristram has favoured me also with
the egg of this bird to be made use of for the plate.
It was procured from the White Sea in 1852.

122

COMMON GULL.

SEA MEW. WINTER MEW,

PLATE CCXXV.

Lams camis, ..... LlNN^US.
Lams hyhernus, ..... GtMELIN.
Lotus fusciis, ..... Rat.

The nest of this Gull, which is rather large, is only
a slight comminglement of grass, if placed on the turf,
or a larger assortment of this material and sea-weed, if
built upon the rock; precipitous places are used, as well
as the lower ground, and iu one instance Sir William
Jardine mentions his having known several nests placed
on the wall of an old ruin. Both the sea-coasts and
the shores of inland lakes and marshy islands are
resorted to for nidification.

These birds appear to keep aloof in their building
as much as may be from their congeners.

The eggs, two or sometimes three in number, are of
various shades of colour — light blue, yellowish white,
pale yellow, green, brown, and dark olive brown,
spotted and blotted irregularly with deeper brown,
grey, and black.

f

V

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^^^^^^^^^^^B

"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^E.

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1

123

LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULL.

YELLOW-LEGGED GULL.
PLATE CCXXVI. FIG. I.

Larus fuscus, .... Linnjsus. Gmelin.

The present species builds on bare and barren islands,
both those of the sea-coast and those of inland lakes,
as well as on the margin of the mainland. Steep and
precipitous cliffs are used, as well as low marshy moors
and sandy places a little way inland.

The nest is a tolerable quantity of grass, with occa-
sionally, though rarely, some sea-weed placed loosely
together in some slight hollow in the rock or the
adjacent herbage, the latter least frequently.

The eggs, which are two, three, or four in number,
are of almost every variety of shade of green and brown,
olive o-reen, olive brown, and stone-colour, thickly
spotted with grey, brown of two shades, and brownish

black.

The first or second week in June is the time of

building.

124

HERRING GULL.

SILVERY GULL.
PLATE CCXXVI. FIG. II.

Larus argentatm, . . Bbunnich. Gmelin.
Larus glaucus, . . . Temminck.
Larus marinus, . . Latham.

The Herring Gull makes a nest of dry grass and
sea-weed on the ledges and small grassy or stony spaces
that occur along the side of a cliff, and towards the
top.

Great numbers of these birds breed together, and in
close neighbourhood also with other species.

The eggs are two, or more properly three, in number.
They are of a light olive brown colour, spotted over
with darker brown of two shades; some deep olive
green, blotted over with blackish brown.

g^t , ^ -its

^

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♦/

f -

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/i

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125

GREAT BLACK-BACKED GULL.

GREATER BLACK-BACKED GULL. GREAT BLACK AND
WHITE GULL. WAJEL (fEMALE.) COBB.

PLATE CCXXVII. — FIG. I.

Larus marinus, . . Linnjeus. Giielin. Beunnich.
Larus niger, . . . Beisson.
Larus ncBvius, . . Gmelin.

The Great Black-backed Gull builds chiefly in marshes
and low undrained moors, as also in and on the cliffs
and rocky islets of the sea-coast and of inland lakes,
making its nest of dry grass, sea-weeds, and sticks.
Many resort to the same place. The nest is of large
size. Both male and female assist in its construction.

The eggs are three in number. They are considered
very good to eat, and great numbers are taken for the
purpose, the first and second clutch being removed,
and the bird then laying a third time. Their colour
is yellowish brown, with a tinge of green, a little spotted
with bluish grey and dark brown.

126

GLAUCOUS GULL.

BURGOMASTER,
PLATE CCXXVII. FIG. II.

Lams c/lauciis, . . . Bkunnich. Gmelik.

This bird is said to build upon the sea-beach, just
above high-water mark, as well as on the ledges of
steep cliffs, and island rocks in the sea.

The eggs are stated to be of a pale purple grey colour,
with scattered spots of brown, and pale bluish purple.

The plate is from a specimen forwarded by J. R. De
Capel Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford.

§'

•««*

,#

IR*

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M

^

:>-■

'^~---

->„,^^^

l^"

SKUA.

commo:n skua, skua gull, brown gull, boxxie.

plate ccxxviii. fig. ii.

Cataractes vulgaris, . . Fleming.

Cataractes Skua, . . . Stephens.

Catharacta Skua, . . . Brunnich.

Zarus cataractes, . . . LiNNiEXJS. Gmelin. Latham.

The nest of the Skua is of large size, as well as
somewhat carefully constructed; the materials used being
grasses, lichens, moss, and heath. The bird places it on
the tops of the mountains or cliffs in the neighbourhood
of the sea, but not on the rocks themselves. They
build separately in pairs.

The eggs are only two. They are laid towards the
end of .Tune.

128

POMERINE SKUA.

POMElllNE JAGER.
PLATE CCXXVIII. FIG. I.

Cataractes Pomernnus, . . Stephens.

Lestris Pomerinus, .... Temminck. Sabine.

Thts Skua Gull builds by the margin of lakes in
marshy places, as well as in more rocky ones.

The nest is composed of different grasses and moss.

The eggs are two or three in number, and of a
yellowish grey colour, spotted with blackish brown.

J. R. Wise, Esq., of Lincoln College, Oxford, obli-
gingly forwarded the egg from which the engraving is
taken.

129

RICHARDSON'S SKUA.

richard.son's arctic gull,
plate ccxxix. fig. ii.

Lestris Kicltanhonii, . . . Jenyns. GrouLD.
Larits jJiintslO'cHs, . . . MoNTAor.

These birds build both separately and in companies —
twenty or thirty pairs together. They make their nests
on some raised part of a marshy place, or the top of
a moory waste; the heath, moss, or grass thereon being
imbedded into a nest.

The eggs are two in number. They are laid early
in June.

130

BUFFON'S SKUA.

ARCTIC SKUA, TEAZER. ARCTIC GULL. ARCTIC JAGER,
BLACK-TOED GULL.

PLATE CCXXIX. FIG. I.

Cataractes parasiticus,
Lestris parasiticus,
Stercorarius Cepphus,
Stercorarius longicaudus,
Larus parasiticus,
Larus crepidatus, (young)
Lestris crepidatus, (young)
Cataracta Cepphus,

Fleming.

JeNYNS. EyTON. (xOTTTr.

Shaw.
Brisson.

LlNN^US.

Gmelin. Latham.
Temminck.

BrUNNICH. E.AY.

This Skua Gull breeds on the shores of the sea, and
those of the larger rivers, as also on barren heaths at
some distance inland: many birds build together. The
nest is composed of dry grass.

The eggs are in number two, of a pale olive green
colour, with irregular blots of reddish brown.

131

FULMAR.

FULMAR PETREL. NORTHERN FULMAR. PETREL FULMAR.

PLATE CCXXX.
Procellaria glacialis, . . Pennant. Montagu. Bewick.

The Fulmar builds on the small grassy shelves that
occur on the front of high and inaccessible precipices,
the result of the dilapidations that time works in even
the hardest rock. Numberless pairs of these birds build
close together.

A slight hollow in the turf, lined with grass and
tufts of the sea-pink, form the nest.

The single egg is of very large size, white, and of
a brittle texture.

The young are hatched about the middle of June, the
eggs having been laid the beginning of that month.

The Rev. H. B. Tristram obtained this egg from Ice-
land, and has obligingly given me the use of it for
this work.

132

MANX SHEARWATER.

SHEARWATER PETRET. ISIANX PUFFIN. PETKEL IMANKS.

PI,ATE CCXXXI. FIG, II.

Procellaria pvffinus, . . Pennant. Montagu.
Procellaria anglorum, . . Jentns. Temminck.

Puffinus anglonim, . . Fleming. Selby.

These birds resort for the purpose of incvibation to
the highest grassy parts of small rocky islands and the
kindred shores of the mainland, as also to sandy places,
where they breed in burrows, going to a depth of about
two feet. The excavating of these appears to occupy
a considerable time. Both birds sit, and that so closely
as to allow themselves to be taken in the hand.

They appear to be very variable in the time of laying,
from the end of May to the end of June.

The nest is at most and best but a slight collection
of fern leaves and withered stems of other plants; fre-
quently none is formed, but the sand alone suffices the
bird.

Only one egg is produced; it is large in size in pro-
portion to the bulk of the bird, perfectly white, and of
an oval form, but both ends obtuse.

This egg was taken by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, in
Orkney. The plate is figured from it.

133

BULWER'S PETllEI..

PLATE CCXXXl. Fin. I.

Procellaria Biilwerii, . . . Jakdine. Selbv.
Tltalassidroma Bulwerii, . . . Gould.

This egg was obtained from Madeira by the Rev.
H. B. Tristram, and by him politely lent to me for the
use of this work.

134

WILSON'S PETREL.

PLATE CCXXXIl. FIG. II.

Procellaria Wilsoni, .... Jentns.

TJialassidroma Wilsoni, .... Temminck.

These birds appear to build in numbers, about the
beginning of June, on sandy islands, in which they
burrow small holes to the depth of two feet or two and
a half: the necessary bedding provided is a little grass.

The egg is a single one, and its colour white.

The young are able to go to sea by the beginning
of August.

The e^^ figured in the plate was lent to me by the
Rev. H. B. Tristram, Curate of Castle Eden, Durham.
He had it from Newfoundland.

130

FORK-TAILED PETREL.

leach's petrel, fork-tailed storm petrel,
plate ccxxxii. fig. iii.

Procellaria Leachii, . . . Bewick. Jenyns.

Pi'oceUaria Biillockii, . . . Fleming.
Thalassidroma BiiUochii, . . Eytojj.

Thalassidroma Leachii, . . . Gould. Temminck.

This Petrel burrows in the sand, or adopts a hole
or hollow in a rock for its nest.

The e^^ is white — only one is laid. It is of large
proportionate size.

I have to thank the Rev. H. B. Tristram for the loan
of the egg from which the plate is taken. It was had
by him from St. Kilda.

18o

FORK-TAILED PETREL.

leach's petrel, fork-tailed storm pktrel.
plate ccxxxii. fig. iii.

Procellaria Leachii, . . . Bewick. Jenyns.

Procellaria Bullockil, . . . Fleming.
Thalassidroma BuUockii, . . Eyton.

TJialassidroma Leachii, . . . Gould. Temminck.

This Petrel burrows in the sand, or adopts a hole
or hollow in a rock for its nest.

The e^g is white — only one is laid. It is of large
proportionate size.

I have to thank the Rev. H. B. Tristram for the loan
of the egg from which the plate is taken. It was had
by him from St. Kilda.

186

STORM PETREL.

MOTHER Carey's chicken, common storm petrel

STORMY PETREL.

PLATE CCXXXIT. FIG. I.

Pracellaria pelagica, . . Pennant. Montagu. Bewick.
" " . . Fleming. Jenyns. Temminck.

Tkalassidroma pelagica, . Selby. Gould.

The Stormy Petrel nestles in rabbit-burrows, the
crevices of rocks, and among loose stones. The season
for laying is late — towards the middle, and sometimes
not till quite the end, of June.

The Q^^ is white in colour, and somewhat of an oval
shape.

The bird sits very close, and will allow herself to
be taken off the nest sooner than forsake her charge.

The Rev. H. B. Tristram took the g^^ from which
the plate is coloured, in Orkney.

I N D E X.

VOL.

PAGE

VOL.

PAOK

Accentor, Alpine

ii

42

Crossbill, Parrot .

ii

19

Auk, Great .

iii

99

Crossbill, Two-barred

ii

21

Auk, Little

iii

96

Crow ....

i

83

Avocet

iii

15

Crow, Hooded .

i

85

Bee-eater .

i

78

Cuckoo

i

109

Bittern

ii

147

Cuckoo, Great Spotted

i

107

Bittern, Little

ii

148

Cuckoo, Yellow-billed

i

108

Blackbird

ii

37

Curlew

iii

5

Blackcap .

ii

71

Dabchick .

iii

87

Blackstart

ii

53

Dipper

ii

25

Bluebreast

ii

49

Diver, Black-throated

iii

89

Bullfinck

ii

15

Diver, Great Northern

iii

88

Bunting

i

141

Diver, Bed-throated

iii

90

Bunting, Black-headed .

i

143

Dotterel

ii

129

Bunting, Cirl .

i

147

Dotterel, Kentish

ii

132

Bunting, Lapland

i

140

Dotterel, Little Kinged

ii

131

Bunting, Snow

i

138

Dotterel, Einged

ii

130

Bustard, Great

ii

121

Dove, Eock .

ii

101

Bustard, Little

ii

122

Dove, Stock

ii

99

Buzzard

i

14

Dove, Turtle

ii

102

Buzzard, Honey

i

17

Duck, Eider

iii

65

Buzzard, Eough-legged

i

16

Duck, Ferruginous

iii

73

Capercaillie

ii

105

Duck, Harlequin

iii

77

Chaffinch .

i

149

Duck, King

iii

67

Chiff Chaff

ii

87

Duck, Long-tailed

iii

7<i

Chough

i

80

Duck. Eed-crested

Coot ....

iii

40

Whistling

iii

71

Coiinorant .

iii

100

Duck, Tufted .

iii

75

Cormorant, Green .

iii

101

Duck. Wild

iii

61

Crake, Baillon's .

iii

36

Dunlin

iii

31

Crake, Little .

iii

35

Duimock

ii

43

Crake, Spotted

iii

34

Eagle, Golden .

i

7

Crane

ii

140

Eagle, Spotted .

i

1)

Creeper

i

100

Egret, Little .

ii

14i

Crossbill .

ii

18

Erne ....

i

5

Crossbill, American WTiite-

Falcon-Jer.

i

22

winged .

ii

20

Falcon-Peregrine .

i

21

VOL. III.

V

138

VOL. ]

^AGE

VOL. PAGE

Fieldfare .

ii

29

Gull, Lesser Black -backec

iii 123

Fiuch, Mountain

i

]51

Gull, Masked

iii 115

Firecrest .

ii

96

Gull, Sabine's .

iii 114

Flycatcher, Pied .

i

71

Harrier, Hen

i 39

Flycatclier, Spotted .

i

73

Harrier, Marsh

i 38

Fulmar

iii

131

Harrier, Montagu's

i 4^

Gadwall .

iii

59

Hawfinch .

ii 3

Gannet

iii

102

Heron ....

ii 141

Garganey .

iii

62

Heron, BufF-backed .

ii 145

Godwit, Bar-tailed

iii

18

Heron, Great White .

ii 143

Godwit, Black-tailed

iii

17

Heron, Night .

ii 146

Goldcrest

ii

93

Heron, Purple

ii 142

Golden-eye

iii

78

Hobljy

i 26

Goldfinch

ii

5

Hobby, Orange-legged .

i 28

Goosander .

iii

81

Hooper

iii 52

Goose, Bean

iii

45

Hoopoe

i 79

Goose, Bernacle

iii

48

Ibis ....

iii 4

Goose, Brent

iii

49

Jackdaw

i 89

Goose, Canada

iii

51

Jay ....

i 95

Goose, Egyptian .

iii

50

Kestrel

i 31

Goose, Grey-necked

iii

43

Kingfisher

i 76

Goose, Pink-footed .

iii

46

Kingfisher, Belted

i 77

Goose, "VVkite-fronted

iii

47

Kite ....

i 19

Goshawk .

i

34

Kite, Swallow-tailed

i 21

Grebe, Dusky

iii

85

Kittiwake .

iii 119

Grebe, Eared .

iii

86

Knot ....

iii 26

Grebe, Great-crested

iii

83

Laud-raU

iii 33

Grebe, Red-necked .

iii

84

Lark, Crested

i 137

Greenfinch .

ii

1

Lark, Shore

i 133

Greenshank

iii

14

Lark, Short-toed .

i 134

Grossbeak, Pine .

ii

17

Lark, Sky

i 136

Grouse, Black .

ii

107

Lark, Wood

i 135

Grouse, Eed

ii

109

Linnet

ii 9

Guillemot .

iii

91

Magpie

i 91

Guillemot, Black

iii

94

Martin

i 118

Guillemot, Brimnich's

iii

92

Martin, Purple

i 117

Guillemot, Ringed

. iii

93

Martin, Sand .

i 119

Gull, Black-headed .

iii

116

Merganser, Eed-breastec

iii 80

Gull, Common

. iii

122

Merhn

i 29

Gull, Glaucous .

iii

126

Moor-hen

iii 38

Gull, Great Black-backed iii

125

Nightingale

ii 68

Gull, Herring

. iii

124

Nightingale, Thrush .

ii 69

Gull, Iceland .

iii

121

Nightjar .

i 110

Gull, Ivory .

. iii

120

Noddy ....

iii 113

Gull, Laughing

iii

118

Nutcracker

i 93

INDEX.

139

VOL. PACK

■VOL.

PAOE

Nutliatcb

i 98

Quail, Andalusian

ii

120

Oriole, Golden .

ii 11

Eaven .

i

81

Ortolan

i 148

Eazor-bill .

iii

98

Osprey

i 11

Eedbreast

ii

45

Ouzel, Eiug

ii 40

Redpole .

ii

11

Owl, Eagle

i 43

Eedpole, Mealy .

ii

13

Owl, Hawk .

i 50

Eedshauk .

iii

8

Owl, Little

i 48

Eedshank, Spotted

. iii

7

Owl, Long-eared .

i 42

Eedstart .

ii

50

Owl, Scops-eared

i 44

Redwing

ii

31

Owl, Sliort-eared

i 41

Eoller

i

75

Owl, Snowy

i 45

Eook .

i

87

Owl, Tawny

i 46

Euflf ....

iii

19

Owl, Tengraalm's

i 49

Sandpiper, Broad-billed iii

27

Owl, White .

i 47

Sandpiper, Common

iii

11

Oyster-catcher .

ii 138

Sandpiper, Curlew

. iii

25

Partridge

ii 113

Sandpiper, Green

iii

9

Partridge, Barbary .

ii 116

Sandpiper, Purple

. iii

32

Partridge, Eed-legged .

ii 115

Sandpiper, Schinz's .

iii

30

Partridge, Virginian

ii 117

Sandpiper, Spotted

. iii

13

Pastor, Eose-coloiired .

ii 22

Sandpiper, Wood

iii

10

Peewit

ii 134

Scaup .

. iii

74

Petrel, Bulwer's .

iii 133

Scoter

iii

69

Petrel, Fork-tailed .

iii 135

Scoter, Surf

. iii

70

Petrel, Storm

iii 136

Scoter, Velvet .

iii

68

Petrel, Wilson's

iii 134

Shearwater, Manx

. iii

132

Phalarope, Grey .

iii 41

Shieldrake

iii

56

Phalarope, Eed-necked

iii 42

Shieldrake, Euddy

. iii

57

Pheasant

ii 104

Shoveler .

iii

58

Pigeon, Passenger .

ii' 103

Shrike, Great

i

51

Pigeon, Wood

ii 97

Shrike, Eed-backed .

i

53

Pintail

iii 60

Siskin .

ii

7

Pipit, Meadow

i 126

Skua.

iii

127

Pipit. Red- throated .

i 128

Skua, BulTon's

. iii

130

Pipit, Eiehard's .

i 125

Skua, Pomerine

iii

128

Pipit, Eock

i 131

Skua, Richardson's

. iii

129

Pipit, Tree .

i 129

Smew

iii

79

Plover, Golden.

ii 127

Snipe, Brown

. iii

24

Plover, Great .

ii 125

Snipe, Common

iii

22

Plover, Grey

ii 133

Snipe, Great

. iii

21

Pochard

iii 72

Snipe, Jack

iii

23

Pratincole

ii 123

Sparrow

i

155

Ptarmigan .

ii 111

Sparrow, Tree

i

153

Puffin

iii 97

Sparrow-Hawk .

i

36

Quail .

ii 119

Spoonbill .

iii

3

140

Starling

Starling, Red-winged

StUt .

Stint, Little

Stint, Temminck's

Stonechat .

Stork, Black

Stork, White .

Swallow

Swallow, Spine-tailed

Swan, Bewick's

Swan, Mute

Swift .

Swift, Alpine .

Teal .

Tern, Arctic

Tern, Black .

Tern, Caspian .

Tern, Common

Tern, GiiU-billed

Tern, Lesser

Tern, Roseate .

Tern, Sandwich

Tern, Whiskered

Tern, White-winged Black

Thrush .

Thrush, Missel

Thrush, Eock .

Thrush, White's

Tit, Bearded .

Tit, Blue .

Tit, Cole .

Tit, Crested .

Tit, Great

Tit, Long-tailed

Tit, Marsh

Turnstone .

Twite .

Vulture, Egyptian

23
24
16

28
29
55
iii 2
iii 1
i 116
i 115
iii 53
iii 54
i 112
i 114
iii 63
iii 107
iii 111
iii 103
iii 106
iii 109
iii 110
iii 105
iii 104
iii 108
iii 112
ii 33
27
36
35
70
61
59
60
i 57
i 67
i 65
ii 136
ii 14
i 3

Vidture, Griffon .

vol.

PAGE
1

Wagtail, Grey .

122

Wagtail, Grey-headed

123

Wagtail, Pied .

120

Wagtail, White .

121

Wagtail, Yellow

124

Warbler, Dartford

ii

89

Warbler, Garden

ii

75

Warbler, Grasshopper .

ii

61

Warbler, Great Sedge

ii

70

Warbler, Melodious

Willow .

ii

85

Warbler, Orphean .

ii

73

Warbler, Reed .

ii

65

Warbler, Savi's

ii

62

Warbler, Sedge .

ii

63

Warbler, Willow

ii

83

Warbler, Wood .

ii

81

Water-rail

iii

37

Waxwing

i

97

Wheatear

ii

59

Whimbrel

iii

6

Whinchat .

ii

57

Whitethroat

ii

77

Whitethroat, Lesser .

ii

79

Wigeon

iii

64

Woodchat .

i

55

Woodcock .

iii

20

Woodpecker, Black .

i

101

Woodpecker, Green

i

102

Woodpecker, Great

Spotted .

i

103

Woodjiecker, Hairy

i

105

Woodpecker, Lesser

Spotted

i

104

Woodpecker, Three-toed

i

100

Wren

ii

90

Wryneck

i

99

Yellow-hammer

i

145

B. FAWCETT, ENGRAVER AND PRINTER, DRIFFIELD.

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AMNH LIBRARY

100099970