‘% ee
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a —- aati task cl iS

LIBRARY

OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS

IN THE
Museum of Comparative Zoolog

Gift of:

Geanrre 5 Sahweugel

THE Wie wnt
NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH SHELLS,

INCLUDING

FIGURES anp DESCRIPTIONS
OF ALL THE

$PECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN,

SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED
IN THE LINNEAN MANNER,

WITH

SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH,

SS SLA LP
POLS Ti:

DS 20§ DE QGQDVIoz

By E. DONOVAN, F.L.S.

AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF

BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &c. &c.

—_—> #0 @ SO 40+e-——_

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,
AND FOR
F. AND C. RIVINGTON, No 62, ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD;
BY BYE AND LAW, ST. JOHN’S SQUARE, GLERKENWELL.
—_—oQo—

1802.

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THE
NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH SHELLS.

PLATE «Ci.

MUREX CARINATUS.
CARINATED MUREX.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat

produced gutter or canaliculation.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Tail patulous : Shell oblong, of six spires, with two smooth spiral

ridges; first spire ventricose. Aperture semi-circular.

Murex CARINATUs : testa patulo-subcaudata oblonga: anfractibus
sex levibus bicarinatis ; primo ventricoso, apertura
semicirculari.

A 2

PL ARE MOL.

Murex carinatus, angulated. With five or six spires, the body ven-
tricose: the spires rising into angulated ridges.
The aperture semicircular. Length near four
inches. From: the Portland Cabinet. Penn.

Br. Zool. T. 4.9. 123. sp. 96.

The shell figuréd in the annexed Plate is unique; it formerly be-
longed to the late Duchess of Portland, by whose permission Mr.
Pennant described it in the British Zoology. This author has given
two figures of it, one in Plate 77, and the other in the Frontispiece

of the fourth volume.

The existence of this species being only proved by a solitary speci-
men, various conjectures have arisen amongst Conchologists respecting
it. Some have been inclined to admit it as an undoubted species, and
others as a mere accidental variety of growth of the Linnzan Murex
Antiquus. How far we may be authorized to abide by the former

opinion must rest with the critical Naturalist. |

To argue that it cannot be a distinct species, because only one
shell of the kind has been hitherto found, is absurd; since the ex-
istence of many other species has been asserted upon the evidence of
a single specimen only, and its relation to Murex antiquus is not so_
obvious as might be at first imagined. It certainly approaches it in
the general outlme, but the ridges of Murex Antiguus is most com-
pletely raised into tubercules, whereas those of Carinatus are per-
fectly smooth and even, nor is there that strict correspondence in
the angulations of the contour in general that should induce us to

consider it a vatiety of Murex Carinatus.

PLATE CIx.

In deciding a question of some moment to the English Concho-
logist, it has been thought advisable to give an additional Plate of
Murex Antiquus, by which the difference between the two shells may
be more easily discriminated. We must however observe, that the
latter is not absolutely known as a British shell ; it is a native of the
North Seas, and has been supposed to inhabit some of the remote
northern islands of the British dominions. ‘The Murex Antiquus of
Pennant is a very different shell, and by no means allied to that of

-Linnzus, whose name it bears.

It is now uncertain from what part of our coast the Duchess of
Portland received this shell ; Pennant is silent in this respect, but we
cannot dispute that her Grace received it as a British shell, since it

was inserted upon her authority in the British Zoology.

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110

P Liat PE CX.

SOLEN MARGINATUS.

MARGINATED RAZOR SHELE.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends. At the
hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double ; not inserted in

the opposite shell. Animal an ascidia.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell straight, of equal depth, a single tooth in each valve.

SoLEN MarGINATws: testa lineari recta marginata, valvulis un-

dentatis.
Solen Vagina, Sheath, Penn. Br. Zool. p. 83. No. 21.

_

Some Conchologists imagine that Da Costa has confounded this
species with his Solen Siliqua, but it is more probable that he had
never met with it, or the character of the teeth at the hinge could
not have escaped his notice. In its general appearance it is not un-
like Solen Siliqua, but has one end marginated, and only a single

A4

PLATE, CA.

tooth in each valve; on the contrary Solen Siliqua has two teeth in
one valve, and one in the other; the single one being inserted be-

tween the two others when the shell is shut.

This is very scarce. Pennant says it inhabits Red Wharf, Anglesea,

—This is not Soien Vagina of Linnzus, as Pennant describes it.

Lae ee ae
; “ ef Pads
eRe )

PLATE CXI.

TROCHUS TERRESTRIS. 7

LAND TOP SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a slug. Shell conic, aperture nearly triangular.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Rather conic, whitish, with a spiral brown streak along the middle

of the wreaths.

TrocHus TERRESTRIS: testa subconica albida anfractibus linea
media fusca.
Trochus Terrestris, Land. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 108. tab. 80.

fig. 108.
Trochus Terrestris tertius. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 36. C.

Pennant describes this new British species of Land Trochus upon
the authority of Mr. Hudson, who discovered it upon the Mountains
of Cumberland. Da Costa therefore places itas a distinct species, but
expresses some doubt whether it may not be the same Land Trochus
as Dr. Lister found in the moss at the roots of the large trees in
Burwell woods, in Lincolnshire, and to which the shell found by
Mr. Morton, in Morsley wood, Northamptonshire, bears great
affinity. Dr. Lister’s shell had six or seven wreaths, and Mr. Mor-

ton’s only five. ort. Northampt. ch. 7. p. 415.

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; re ts

aren

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112

POLATE ‘CXIE

TURBO DUPLICATUS.

TWO RIDGED SCREW SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture

somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell slender, with two sharp prominent spiral ridges.

Turso DupLicaTus: spire anfractibus carinis duabus acutis.
Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3607. sp. 79.

Buccinum crassum, duobus acutis, & inzqualiter altis striis in singulis
duodecim minimum spiris donatum. An. Buc-
cinum striatum caagn= Fab. Columne? List
H. An. Angl. p. 160. tit. 7. tab. 3. fig. 7.

Turbo duplicatus, doubled. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 112. tab. 81.
fig. 112.

Strombiformis major rubro lutescens aut pullus : anfractibus duabus
carinis sive striis acutis insignitis. Bicarinatus. s.
Torcular. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 110. 44.—< -
Tab. 6. fig. 3.

PLATE CXIL

This species is admitted as a British shell upon the authority of
Dr. Lister, who says he had purchased them of the Scarborough
fishermen. Dr. Lister had not seen any of them alive, and concludes

it must be a pelagian shell, or one of those which live far from the

shores.

As Pennant had inserted this species in his British Zoology, upon
this authority, Da Costa was unwilling to omit it in his British
Conchology, yet he observes, that it is not improbable Dr. Lister
was imposed upon by the fishermen, for the shell is generally believed

to be anative of the East-Indies ; some consider it asa West-Indian,

and others as an European species.

113

PLATE. CXIIL.

MYTILUS ANATINUS.
SMALL HORSE MUSCLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell oval, rather compressed, brittle, margin mzmbranaceous, beaks

decorticated.

Mytiztus ANATINUS: testa ovali compressiuscula fragilissima mar-
gine membranceo, natibus decorticatis. Gmel.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3355. sp. 16.

Musculus latus, testa admodum tenui, ex fusco viridescens, interdum
rufescens, &c.. List. H. An. Angl. p. 146. tit.
29. tab. 2. fig. 29.

Musculus tenuis minor latiusculus. App. H. du. Angl. p. 10. tit.
30. tab. 1. fig. 2.—App. H. An. Angl. in
Goed. p. 13. ttt. 30. tab. 1. fig. 2.

Mytuli majores a nostratibus. Horse muscles. Merret. Pin. p. 193,

Mytilus anatinus Duck. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 79. tab. 68. jig. 79.

Mytilus fluviatilis minor. Anatinus, Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 215.

sp. 47. tab. 15. fig. 2.

PLAT EB oC xa.

This species bears much resemblance to Mytilus Cygneus, but
differs in being only about half the size, is more compressed and
oblong, of a clearer green colour, and the cartilage side extending
in a straight line to an acute angle, likea fin, and thence continuing
in an oblique line towards the bottom, where it is rounded.—Ex-

tremely common in rivers and stagnant waters.
y g

Pennant’s shell is much broader in proportion than our specimens,

PEATE : CXIV,

SOLEN ANTIQUATUS.

ANTIQUATED SOLEN, OR RAZOR SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bivalye, with equal valves, oblong ; open at both ends. At the
hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double; not inserted in

the opposite shell. Animal an Ascidia.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Oval oblong, semipellucid, lower margin sinuous in the middle.

SoLEN CHAMA-SOLEN : testa ovali-oblonga subpellucida, sinuosa,
Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 238. sp. 62.

Chama angustior, ex altera parte sinuosa. Lust. H. Conch. tad, 421,
fig. 265.

Solen Cultellus, Kidney. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 25. tab. 46. fig. 25.

This is perhaps the rarest species of the Solen genus found upon
the British coasts, and as Pennant observes, seems to connect the

Solen with the Mya genera. It borders on the Chama of Da Costa,

PLAT #£. Cx,

who therefore calls it Solen Chama-Solen. Pennant notes it from
~ Weymouth, and Da Costa received it from the shores of Dorset-

shire and Hampshire.

Pennant has mistaken this for a very distinct shell, described by

Linnzus, under the name of Solen Cultellus.

‘ ’

P LAST Ev CXN.

VENUS CANCELLATA.

MEMBRANACEOUS VENUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other,

the third divergent from the beaks.

’ SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Somewhat heart shaped with remote transverse membranaceous

ridges ; a cordiform depression on the slope under the beaks.

Venus CANCELLATA: testz striis transversis membranaceis remotis,
Anocordato. Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3270. sp. 8.

Pectunculus strigis transversis remotis, acutis, membranaceis, donatus
Membranaceous. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 193.
sp. 29. tab. 13. fig. 4. right hand.

ee

Da Costa described this shell from a specimen in the collection of

the late Dr. Fothergill. It is from the Western coast.

The shell figured by Pennant, No. 48. A. Pl. 48, as a Worn
shell of Venus Erycina, is probably of this species ; for it seems en-
tirely destitute of the longitudinal undulations that decussate the
transverse ridges in Venus Erycina.

VOL. IV. B

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OSTREA LINEATA.
LINEATED SCALLOP.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. The hinge without a

tooth, having a small oval cavity.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Valves nearly equal, thin: one white, the other marked with a single

purple line down each rib.

OsTREA LINEATA: testa subequivalvi tenui, valva una alba, alte-
rius singulis costis linea purpurascenti.

Pectunculus, mediocris, fere equivalvis, tenuis, valva una alba, altera
vero cum linea purpurascente in summitate una-
quzque costz. Lineatus. Da Costa Br. Conch.

p. 147. sp. 4. Tab. 10. fig. 8.

This elegant shell seems to be described only by Da Costa; he
says he was informed it had been fished up about Weymouth, in Dor-
setshire, but had only seen it from Cornwall. We have it from the
coast of Devonshire also, from which it appears an inhabitant of the

western coast in general, though jt is very rarely met with.

¢

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PEATE CAVE:

PHOLAS STRIATA.
STRIATED PIDDOCK.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with
several lesser valves at the hinge. ‘The hinges folded back and con-

nected by a cartilage.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS,

Shell ovate, with numerous striz.

PHOLAS STRIATA: testa ovata multifarium striata. Gmel. Linn.
Syst. ps 3215. sp; 3.
Act. Angi, 55. t. Fo fo¥, 2, 3.4
Gualt. Test. ¢. 105. F.

Extremely rare asa British species, and not noticed by either

Pennant or Da Costa. In the collection of the Rev. T. Rackett.

VOL. Iv. c

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PLAT#, .GAVIM,

PHOLAS DACTYLUS.

PRICKLY PADDOCK.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with
several lesser valves at the hinge. The hinges folded back and con-

nected by a cartilage.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell oblong, striated transversely, and reticulated on the upper part
with little spines.

Puo.as Dacty tus: testa oblonga hinc reticulato-striata. Gynel.
Linn. Syst. p. $214.

Pholas rostratus major diepensis vulgd Gallice Piteau dictus. App.
H. An. Angl. in Goed. p. 31. tab. 2. fig. 3.—
Pholas striatus, sinuatus ex altera parte. List.
Conch. tab. 433. fig. 276.—Pholas alte striatus,
ex altera parte sinuatus, eadem mucronatus, Hist,
nost. Conch. Anglice Piddocks, Gallicz Pitau ;
earumque piscatories pitau quieres. Exercit.
Anat. 3. p. 88. tab. 7. fig. 1, 2. Pholas an-

gustius; oblong Pierce stone or Pholade. Petru.

PLATE CXVIIE.

Gaz. tab. 19. fig. 10.—Piddocks. Dale Harw.
p- 389. Pholas Dactylus, Dactyle. Penn. Br.

Sool. p. 16. sp. 10.
Pholas angustius striatus & veluti aculeatus. “Muricatus. Da Costa

Br. Conch. p. 244. sp. 65. tab. 16. fig. 2, 2.

This species burrows or pierces into rocks, where it forms large
cylindrical cavities. It is not uncommon on many of our coasts, and

is sometimes eaten ; it is in season in the Spring.

is

PLATE CXIX,

MUREX ANTIQUUS.

ANTIQUATED MUREX,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat

produced gutter or canaliculation.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Tail patulous: Shell oblong, of eight spires: spiral ridges

tuberculated.

Murex ANTIquus: testa patulo-caudata oblonga: anfractibus octo

teretibus. Faun. Suec. 2165.—Gmel. JT. 1,
jig. 6. p. 3546.

In the description of Plate CIX. our reafon for considering this
and Murex Carinatus as two distinct species, are briefly stated ; and
the difference, it is presumed, will be farther apparent on comparing

the two shells figured in that, and the annexed Plate.

Reversed shells of this species have been sometimes found. It is.
an inhabitant of the northern parts of Europe.

VOL. IV. D

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PRA PEAR.

FIG. I.

BULLA APERTA.

OPEN BULLA OR BUBBLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell suboval, Aperture oblong, very patulous, and smooth or even,

One end convoluted.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell almoft entirely open, subrotund, pellucid, and faintly striated

transversely.

Butta APERTA: testa subrotunda pellucida transversim substriata
tota hiante. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1.
p. 6. sp. 3424. sp. 8.

Bulla pellucida, fragilissima, tota hians, s. apertura amplissima.

Da Costa. Brit. Conch. p. 30. sp. 16.

rrr

Da Costa says, all the shells of this species he knew, were fished up
near Weymouth in Dorsetshire, and not any where else on the
British coast ; they are even not frequent there; so that it seems a
rare as well as curious shell.—To this we may add, that they are,

D2

PLATE, CxXX.

‘

rare only because they are local: in one part of the sandy bay of

Caermarthen, below Tenby, we found them m abundance.

It is called ‘‘ the Bubble” by this writer; who observes that it
exactly resembles a bubble or bladder of water. The aperture is so
extremely large that the whole shell lies open to view. The contour
is somewhat oval, and slightly involuted; and the shell is not

umbilicated.

This is certainly not Bulla patula of Pennant (Brit. Zool. No. 85. A.)
as Da Costa and Gmelin imagine. The figures in that work are
sometimes calculated to ‘mislead the most attentive; but as we are in
possession of the shell Pennant describes, we can venture to say
the two former writers are mistaken. ‘The species Aperta was

unknown to Pennant, and the shell he figured from the Portland

Cabinet, under the specific name of Patula, is extremely rare.

ELG. Al.

BULLA CYLINDRICA.
NARROW BULLA.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Shell cylindric, smooth, white, and thin.

Butta CyLinpRica: testa cylindrica levialba tenuissima. Gmel.
T.1. p. 6. p. 84396 spi 38. }

BEATE. CXR.

This is a very scarce species on our coasts, and approaches so nearly
to Bulla pallida of Da Costa (Voluta pallida. Linn.) described and
figured in Plate LXVI. of this Work, that it may easily be
confounded with it, unless the two shells be compared. Bulla.
Cylindrica differs in being rather more compressed, and has the pillar-
lip perfectly smooth ; while on the contrary the other has plaits or
wrinkles upon this part as before observed: a circumstance that
constitutes one character of the Voluta genus in the system of

Linnzus.

In the description of the Voluta pallida we were led to think
with Da Costa, that the shell figured by Pennant in the British
Zoology, No. 85. A. might be of the same species. Since that
time we have been favoured with the specimen figured in the annexed
Plate; and as it seems to correspond more clearly with Pennant’s
shell than the other, there can be no impropriety in removing the
reference from the former to the prefent species. Gimelin takes.
not the slightest notice of this figure of Pennant; so that we must
remain ignorant of his opinion respecting it. And it is certain the

shell before us was altogether unknown to Da Costa.

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VENUS UNDATA.

WAVED VENUS.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other,
the third divergent from the beaks.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell orbiculated, convex, thin, transversely marked with very fine

striz, and waved at the margin.

Venus UNDATA: testa orbiculata convexa tenui transversim subti-
lissime striata margine undata.

Venus Unpata, waved.—With thin, convex, orbiculated shells,
of a white colour, tinged with yellow, and
marked with thin concentric strie ; waved at the
edges. Penn. Brit. Zool. 4. sp. 51.

There can be no doubt that the shell figured and defcribed by

Pennant in the fourth volume of his British Zoology, No, 51, is of
: D 4

PLATE CXxXI.

the fame fpecies as our shell. That author says it. is the size of a
hazel nut, from which it appears the fpecimen he faw was a young
Shell; the largest of our specimens being of the size represented in

the annexed Plate.

This is Venus lactea of some cabinets, a name sufficiently ex-
pressive of its colour, but having been before called Undata by

Pennant, we thought it best to retain the name he had given it.

oOo ee

PRAT BE Ox XI.

MYA OVATA.

OVATE MYA.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Animal an afcidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad tooth, not

inferted in the opposite valve.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell oblong-ovate; posterior part roundish, and very slightly gaping ;
first tooth at the hinge crenulated.

Mya ovATA: testa oblongo-ovata, postice rotundata vix hiante, car-

dinis dente primario crenulato.

ce ae erence al

This is the Shell alluded to in the description of Plate 101, under
the name of Mya ovata. The difference between it and Mya depressa,
as before observed, seems to consist in the present being more ovate,
and not depressed across the middle: nor is the gaping at the broadest

end so considerable as in the other.

~

These, we have already remarked, inhabit the same waters as Mya

depressa, viz. in the New River, near London, and the Froome in

PLATE CXXIL

Somerfetshire. It is a thick, strong and heavy Shell, of a greenish
colour, and radiated.—The smallest figure in the annexed plate is a

brown coloured specimen of Mya depressa.

—o

a en RAMUS

PLAT EB CHAI:

TELLINA INZQUISTRIATA.
UNEQUALLY-STRIATED TELLEN,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally sloping

on one side.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell ovate, compressed and rather flattish, rosy, very finely striated

transversely: the striz fewer and larger at the anterior end.

TELLINA INZQUISTRIATA: testa ovata compresso-planiuscula rosea
subtilissime transversim striata: striis anterius

paucioribus majoribusque.
CEA CARES PE EE EE EE
A. very rare species of Tellina communicated to Da Costa after his
Conchology was published, and therefore not noticed in that work.

It has been found by the late Dr. Pulteney we believe on the coast

of Dorsetshire.

at ig il

if +) Ob

P ewican efits P phante ona: eR
ie BR epusts poll NR YY, i ae

2 faa ait feo" at ot Siteieieiahens sail T 40 zviogge aah
SA “Stowe sed a jasivoa Wet iplinias a3 ban (renew: amr &

124

PLAY Ee Cn aty.

FIG, I.
CARDIUM EDULE.

GOMMON COCKLE,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Two teeth near the beak; and another remote one, on each side of
the shell:

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell antiquated: about twenty-six grooves, with obsolete recurved

scales.

CARDIUM EDULE: testa antiquata; sulcis viginti sex obsolete re-
curvato imbricatis. Zinn.—Gmel. T.1. p. 6.
p. 3252. sp. 20.

PECTUNCULUS VULGARIS, albidus, subrotundus, circiter viginti-sex
striis majusculis at planioribus donatus. Da Costa,
Brit. Conch. p. 180. sp. 19.

Cardium Edule, Edible Cockle, Penn. Brit, Zool. No. 41. tab, 50,

fig. 41.

PLATE CXXIV.

The Common Cockle is abundant on all sandy shores: they lurk
in the sand, and their hiding-place is known by a little round depressed
spot upon the surface. Cockles are in season from autumn till spring:
they are a wholesome and palatable food; and thofe from Selfea,

near Chichester, are esteemed the most delicious in England.

These Shells vary~a little both in shape and colour: the two fpe-
cimens figured on the annexed Plate differ, one being more orbicular
than the other. ‘They are generally whitish, sometimes they have a

blueish, and sometimes a yellowish tint.

BMG, if.

CARDIUM RUSTICUM?

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell antiquated, with about twenty remote grooves: the interftices

ru goed.

CaRDIUM RUSTICUM: testa antiquata: sulcis viginti remotis; in-
terstitis rugosis. Gmelin, T. 1. p. 6. p. 3252.
Sp. 25¢

————

Notwithstanding the endless variations to which the shells of the
common Cockle are liable, this appears too remote to be admitted as
one of them. It passes for Cardium rusticum with some concholo-
gilts, and though it may not strictly agree with that specific descrip-
tion of Gmelin, it approaches nearer to it than to edule. That author

ee ee ee

a

PLATE CXXIV.

notices the affinity rwsticum bears to the other species; but observes
that the grooves are deeper and the ribs fewer, and more convex in
rusticum: he remarks also that the latter has a ridge on the anterior
margin when the valves are closed, and a narrow depressure behind
the beaks, ‘‘ ano evidente, sed angusto,”’ which is not in the other.
The grooves in our Shell are not so deep as * sulcis profundioribus”
implies, but they are both deeper and wider than in the common
sort; the ribs are rather more convex also, fewer in number, and
rugged, as Gmelin describes it—The colour exactly corresponds :
he says it is sometimes ferruginous, with livid bands and sometimes
white, with the anterior part fuscous: another variety of it is white,

fasciated with a ferruginous yellowish or blueish colour.

Sis hast 1, ouiegiqat, weg atid Jbovala ana Sl
pe Oe eo ee Hghurgion Lite, soba ota %:
ema aamace a Taetiroitierdhsrey ataleng "> tal qcasth Oh $60 atm [hele ame ni
at aaen sidenatba! oat at tal faba beat aga fe ots “eu
eas been, ‘Cadena: ob wet oad Varad idk cue ota ale
se ay ces esbaoyer’ “Pijas ripSioe, ofEP Sat somes a8) “albagiep

Reeve tat “dienifacnios bins ebtied Bibi | hse (ie TBARS eortigonas ef
; ‘eatidhye al it bo eiartag. instts ce (5 attosaant yi ag to rio A ‘oil tt
Nae phealans 2 tition ePilvagheh ri Peloton. art ay rit #10
= >
: ea ' ~ ;
i ‘oi 2 tea ee ;
ueee : v, c 4 . 5 y 2 vi
tee a ight
j , iv we
‘ ,
‘ s Pf e : c Ms
¥ =f HT f Me ‘ ( Ay " i - ; hi
- * b, i 4 4
) t 7 4
‘ oH bed aa 1 y y 2
pa i
SARC be bi 4 bi af d ‘
We avert ba

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Ye aL oe

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as ;

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.
2 _ 4 a
SS ee my »

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: ’ f rr i
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~ ~ ' .
es it ? .
: P
$ 7
4 “ gt A hy
) wr); 7 P 1
ere aay aS oN

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Hi ea
11) ARNG

PPL od

PLATE “CXXV.

MACTRA GLAUCA.

GLAUCOUS MACTRA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Tethys, Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth compli«

_ cated, with a little groove on each side; lateral teeth remote.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell ovate, sordid white with brown (or glaucous) rays: very
finely ftriated transversely, and wrinkled on the anterior end.
Mactra Guauca: testa ovata sordide alba glauco radiata sub-

tilissime transversim striata anterius rugosa. Gael.
T. 1. p. 6. p. 3260. fp. 20.
Chemn. Conch. 6. t. 23. f. 232, 233.

This is a new species as a British shell; and the conchologist is
indebted to Miss Pocock for the discovery of it on our coaft. The
attention with which this lady has honoured the science has not been
rewarded by this new species only: we have been favoured with
several others, besides many rare kinds that have been found by

VOL. IV. E

. PLATE @xXxXv.

her on different parts of the sea-coast, and especially on that of
Cornwall, as will appear hereafter. A few shells of the species before
us were met with by her in the summer of 1801, on Hale sands under
Lelant in that county, and it is said by the country people they are

at times found on that coaft in some plenty.

Though hitherto unknown as a British shell, it has been before
discovered in the Mediterranean sea; for there can be no hesitation
in admitting it to be the sheil figured by Chemnitz, as above quoted.
Gmelin refers to the two figures in that Work, No. 232, and 233,
for his species glauca; and the description corresponds in general
with them, though not exactly in the colour of the rays——Gmelin
has another species of Mactra, grandis, which we at first suspected
to be the same as our shell. It agrees precisely in the colour of ©
the rays, but from the figure in Chemnitz’s work, quoted by Gmelin
for that species, these rays, it appears, are far more minute, than in
our shell, and are also decussated by others in a concentric direction ;

«—the outline of the latter is also different,

bak *
Ae =) Sn

PLATE. CRAVE

MACTRA SUBTRUNCTA.

SUBTRUNCATED MACTRA,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animala Tethys. Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth complicated,

with a little groove on each side: lateral teeth remote,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell somewhat triangular, whitish, smooth, subtruncated on

each side.

MACTRA SUBTRUNCATA: testa subtriangularis, albescens, levis
lateribus subtruncatis.
‘Trigonella albescens levis, lateribus subtruncatis. Subtruncata. De

Costa. Brit. Conch. p. 198. No. 34.

A thick, strong, and heavy shell, of a somewhat triangular shape,
and much flattened on each side, obliquely from the beaks: the
valves rather convex, the beaks pointed strong, and turned inwards,

E 2

PLATE CXXVI.

The colour is pale or whitish, and it is externally marked with nu-

merous fine concentric striz.
»

Received from Hampshire and Devonshire; but not common.

Found in a fossil state in the sand pits at Woolwich.

.

>

PLATE. CAAVIL.

TROCHUS PAPILLOSUS.
SHAGREENED TOP SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Animal a slug. Shell conic. Aperture nearly triangular,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Pyramidal, umbilicated, red; whorls with several rows of minute

granulations.

Trocuus PaPiLLosus: pyramidalis umbilicatus ruber, series papil-
larum donatus. Da Costa. Brit. Conch. p. 38.
No. 20.

Cul de lampe 4 flammes longitudinales, alternatives blanches et rou-
ges, a stries granuleuses et umbilique: et cul de
lampe marbré de blanc et de rouge, 4 stries cir-
culaires granuleuses et tuberculeuses. D’ Avila,
cab. 1. p. 127, 128.

Da Costa acquaints us that he received ‘« some few of these shells
from Cornwall (in a great quantity of others, natives of that coast)
by an intelligent gentleman of veracity and curiosity ; but” adds that

E3

PLATE CXXVIIL.

writer, ‘“¢ must own I have never met with this species Since on any
other British coasts.’ We have since seen it among parcels of shells
from the Mediterranean, and also find that it has been discovered by

the late Dr. Pultney, on the North shore, Poole ; and at Weymouth.

The specific character of the Gmelinian Trochus Granatum,
seems to accord very nearly with our shell *, but it is about twice the
size, and inhabits the Southern Ocean ; and it is certainly more pro-
bable, as some conchologisis have suggested, that it is the varzety of
Trochus Zizyphinus, described by Linnzus in the Mus. Regine,
as being ‘ tota pallida, anfractibus basi gibbis, striatis, subtitissime
punctis papilloris.”” It differs from Zizyphinus in having the anfrac-
tus a little rounded, and the wreaths being encircled with granulated
spiral ridges. ‘The name Da Costa has already given it, is very ap-
plicable; and as it has undoubtedly escaped the notice of Gmelin,
there can be no impropriety in retaining it.—It is evidently one of the

rarest British species of the Trochus genus.

* Testa pyramidali alba coccineo varia basi subconvexa; spire anfractibus convexis;

cingulis granorum moniformibus, primis duobus maximis. Gmel. 5584. sp. 108.

6 PAR ere Td

ia

a

*,/

og a
eT:

ml eee

%
is)
ai

ee CMV IE,
MGPEE

MYTILUS EDULIS.
COMMON MUSCLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrows

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell smoothish, violet: valves slightly carinated in front, retuse

behind: beaks pointed.

MyTILus EDULIs: testa leviuscula violacea: valvis anterius sub.
carinatis posterius retusis, natibus acuminatis,
F'n. Seuc. 2156. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. I.
p. 6. p. 3353. Sp. 11. ;

Mytilus yulgaris. Musculus vulgaris sublevis ex ceruleo niger.
Common Muscle. Da Costa Brit. Conch.
p. 216. fp. 48.

Mytitus Epu.is, Edible. Penn. Brit. Zool. T. 4. p. 110. fp. 713.

E 4

PLATE CXXVIII

Few species of the sheil tribe are more generally diffused through-
out the European and Indian seas than the Mytilus edulis; and few
indeed exhibit such an infinite number of varieties, differing in size,
in form, and colour ; but which the critical Conchologist will yet

perceive cannot with propriety be assigned to any other species.

On the Plate annexed to this description, one shell of the shape
more uniformly prevalent is figured in its natural state, and another,
which, having been divested of the epidermis, displays a beautiful
variety of irregular purple stripes; an appearance very common in
the uncoated shells, and in some sorts observable even when the epi-
dermis is upon them. ‘The upper and lower figures are of tw6
shells, which, we are inclined to think, differ too widely from the
common kind to be considered as a variety: the outline appears at
the first sight obviously dissimilar ; and the characters in general
seem to mark most decidedly another species. ‘They are both worn
shells, but which we have compared with perfect specimens of My-
tilus ungulatus, and apprehend there can be no doubt that they

belong to that species.

Within the tropics, the common Muscle is known to attain a.
much larger size than in northern climates. ‘They are found in im-
mense beds, and adhere to other substances, or to one another, by
means of a beard of a strong and silky texture, which the fish throws
out. The Muscle affords a rich and palatable food; though they
are not deemed wholesome by many people, who after eating them
are sometimes afflicted with great swellings and convulsive motions,
with eruptive blotches, shortness of breath, and even with delirium.
These dreadful effects are usually attributed to some malignant poison

in the little pea crab which 1s occasionally found in the Muscle, and

PLATE CXXVIII.

may be accidentally eaten with it: others think it is in consequence
of swallowing the silky byssus, or beard ; and again many deem the
Muscle itself poisonous. It is, however, pretty generally agreed,
that they affect some constitutions more than others, and that much
depends on the state of the body at the time of eating them. The
disorder may be cured, or at least its malignity mitigated, by ad-
ministering to the affected person a spoonful of vinegar: some re-
commend sweet oil, or salt and water. Da Costa observes that. su-
dorifics, vomits, oils, &c. are the usual remedies; and the Dutch
give two spoon’s-full of oil, and one of lemon-juice ; or, in defect of
.that, a little more vinegar, well shaken together, and swallowed

immediately.

The Muscle is the prey of many kinds of fishes, and other crea-
tures that inhabit the sea. On the coast of Greenland, Fabricius
tells us, they are so abundant, that the dogs and ravens commonly
feed on them; as do also the white game, (Ptarmigan) Eider Duck,

and many others.

The seed-pearls found in the shell of the Muscle was formerly in
some esteem, for medicinal purposes: these, it is well known, are
the effects of a disease in the fish, analogous to the stone in the

human body.

Mr. Pennant informs us, that the finest Muscles on the English
coasts (where they are found in great abundance) are those called
Hambleton Hookers, from a village in the county of Lancashire.
They are taken out of the sea, and placed in the river Wier, within

reach of the tide, where they grow very fat and delicious.

PLATE CXXVIL

PEGE ee

MYTILUS UNGULATUS.
CLAWED MUSCLE.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell smooth, somewhat curved: posterior margin inflected: hinge

terminal, bidentated.

.
MyTILUs UNGULATUs: testa levi subcurvata: margine posteriori
inflexo, cardine terminali bidentato. Zznn.—

_ Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. p. 3354, Sp. 12.
——EEE——————_——————————

Several shells of this kind were picked up by Miss Pocock, on the
coast of Cornwall. It was before known as an inhabitant of the.

Mediterranean, but not as a British species.

Fic. If. 1].—Upper and lower Figures.

a
ee
BE

=,

Mi A | ie
S : ; 4 Ay ,
iW af eee A is
‘ ri : al a wy ,
3 be ;

hits AY ; * H
eo Nuke | ame 5 ale,
thé OR ant at eo oll his 3 iy

PRA TE CxAIx.

PATELLA ALBIDA.

WHITISH CHAMBERED P-AP-SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Limax: shell univalve, sub-conic without spire,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell fragile, entire, subrotund, whitish ; vertex somewhat central,

and slightly pointed ; lip within lateral.

PATELLA ALBIDA: testa fragilis integerrima subrotunda albida
vertice subcentrali submucronato, labio interio

laterali.

This rare and nondescript species of Patella was found on the
coast of Cornwall, and communicated by the lady who favoured us
with Mactra glauca, and Mytilus ungulatus. It differs from any of
the described British shells of this genus, in having an inner lip or
chamber, such as is observed in several of the exotic kinds, belonging
to the first section of the genus in Gmelin’s arrangement ; ‘* Labiate

s. labio interno instructa, testa integra.”

It is an exquisitely delicate shell, and remarkably brittle: there is a
specimen. of this shell in the collection of William Pilkington, Esq;
Whitehall,

aaeun k

m oe ovthir Bode: esr : i

Wi

"oa 0 sda etatots ish

alii * nk ie th

i,

ih aint aes Ws ait se

‘na

ni : :

"9
AG

bite :
ons.

ms (@)

4

PLAT E (CRxX,

VENUS BOREALIS.

NORTHERN VENUS,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third

divergent from the beaks,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,

AND

SYNONYMS. “

Shell lentiform, with very remote transverse, erect, membranaceous
striz.
Venus BorEALIs: testa lentiformi: striis transversis membranaceis

erectis remotissimis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat.
Sit. B..G. g. 3285. sp. UT,

This is a scarce, or very local shell on the British coasts, and seems
to agree with the description of the Linnzan Venus borealis. The
species was unknown to Da Costa, and is different from that which

Mr. Penant describes under the same name.

PLATE CXxXXx,

We first discovered it on the coast of South Wales ; and since
that time have received it from Miss Pocock, by whom it was found

on the coasts of Cornwall in some plenty.

131

Pi AW Eo CXX XT.

HELIX HORTENSIS,
GARDEN SNAIL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell imperforate, globose; spotted and fasciated with brown: lip

white.

Hevix HorTeEns!Is: testa imperforata globosa: labro albo. Miill.
Sool. Dan.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T.1. p. 6.
p. 3649. sp. 109.
Cochlea vulgaris fusca, maculata & fasciata. VuuLcaris. Da Costa,
Brit. Conch. p. 72. sp. 39.
Helix Hortensis. Garden Snail. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 129.
| tab. 84. fig. 129.

Heuix Lucorum. Jinn.

i nr

The Common Garden Snail is, we think, without doubt, the Helix

Jucorum of Linnzus, and most other writers. Gmelin calls it hor-

PLATE CXXXT,

tensis, and defines the specific character of lucorum to be “ testa
imperforata subrotunda levi fasciata : apertura oblongo fusca.” It
more generally inhabits the southern parts of Europe; is larger, and

whiter than hortensis ; and the lip is brown.

This is a most variable species in its colours and markings, and it
may still be doubted whether hortensis and lucorum be perfectly
distinct. They have certainly been confounded by almost every

Conchologist.

On the manners of a creature which is so generally known, as
the Common Garden Snail, it is surely needless to enlarge: its mode
of courtship is, however, so curiously related, that it should not ene
tirely escape remark ; and were it not attested by writers of the first
authority, with the reader, we might be guilty of no small degree
of scepticism, as to believing it. Lach of these animals, it seems,
are furnished, at a certain season, with a number of little pointed
darts, which are contained within a cavity on the right side
of the neck. When the Snails approach within two or three
inches of each other, a scene of hostility is observed to com-
mence: each discharging at its antagonist these darts, with con-
siderable force, at the other; this battle continues till the reservoir
be exhausted of these offensive weapons, and then a perfect re-
conciliation takes place between them. ‘The eggs are about the size

of peas, and perfectly round.

Snails are used with success in some consumptive cases, and an
- excellent cement, to fasten china, may be made-of the saliva, or hu-

mours, mixed with quick lime and white of eggs, according to

PLATE CXXXI.

Lister, &c. It feeds on all kinds of vegetables and fruits, and is con-

sequently very destructive in orchards and gardens. Snails couple

about May or June.

VOL. EV. fF

“htt if - mr

PLATE CXXYXIL.
PHOLAS CANDIDA.
WHITE PIDDOCK.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

_ Animal Ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with

several lesser valves at the hinge. ‘The hinges folded back and con-

nected by a cartilage.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
AND

SYNONYMS.
Shell oblong, muricated with striz crossing each other.

Protas CANDIDA: testa oblonga undique striis decussatis muricata.
Mus. Lud. Ulr. 469. n. 1.—Gmel. Linn. Syst.
Nat. T..1. 9. 6.9. 3215. sp. 4.

Pholas tenuis candidus ovatus decussatim striatus. Candidus. Da
Costa. Brit. Conch. p. 246. sp. 66.

Concha candida, dupliciter striata et veluti aculeata. Lust. H. An.
Angl. p. 193. tit. 39. tab. 5. fig. 39.—Pholas
alter. App. H. An. Angl. in Goed. p. 37,
tab. 2. fig. 4 and 6.—Pholas parvusasper. HH.
Conch, tab. 435. fig. 278.

Pholas latus; short Pierce-stone or Pholade. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 79.
fig. 11.

Pholas candidus. Penn. Brit. Zool. T.4. No. 11. tab, 39 fig. 11.

PLATE CxXxXOL

The Pholas candida is rather a scarce species, and differs from P.
Dactylus (hians of Dr. Solander) in not being above one fourth of its
size: of a more oval shape, and having both ends equally rounded ;
in other respects it resembles it. Da Costa seems to entertain some
doubt whether it may not be really a variety in growth, than a dis-
tinct species from Dactylus. It is found on the same coasts as the

latter,

453

PLATE CXXXIII.

SABELLA TUBIFORMIS.

STRAIGHT. TUBE SABELLA, OR SAND SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula
behind the head. Shell tubular, and composed chiefly of sand, agglu-

tinated to a membranaceous tube.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS,

Shell solitary, simple, tube-shaped, straight ; gradually tapering ; and

composed of brownish sand.

SABELLA TUBIFORMIs:: testa solitaria simplici tubiformi recta sen-
sim attenuata: granis arenaceis fuscis.

SABELLA GRANULATA. Jinn. 1268 ?—Martini, 4. t. 4..28°? ‘

SABELLA TUBIFORMIs. TuBE SABELLA. Lenn. Brit. Zool. 4.
sp. 163.

STRAIGHT SABELLA. Pult. Hist. Dorset.

The Sabella tubiformis of Pennant is believed by some concholo-
gists to be the same species as Linneus names granulata, but this
must certainly admit of doubt: the latter, from the description, ap-

VOL. IV, G

PLATE CXXXIII.

pears to be slightly incurvated, whilst Pennant’s shell is perfectly
straight ; a difference, perhaps, sufficient to constitute two distinct
species. AZartinz figures a kind of Sabella, which he considers as
the S. granulata of Linnzus, and in that figure the curvature at the
nairowest end is very apparent: with Martini we consider that as
the true Sabella granulata of Linnzus, and not having observed the
same character in any of those shells that have occurred to notice on
our own coasts, have thought it most adviseable to echt the name

Mr. Pennant had previously given it.

Gmelin seems to be under some doubts respecting this shell, for
he entirely omits the Linnzan granulata among the species of this
genus.—Sabella Belgica of Gmelin, which some have conjectured
to be the S§. tubsformis of Pennant, is undoubtedly different, ac-

cording to Alein and Martini.

Our shell is of an elegant form and remarkably delicate: it con-
sists of two coatings, the inner one of which is composed entirely
of grains of sand, and the outer one of sand intermixed with little
fragments of shells. ‘This kind is local: it is supposed to inhabit
deep waters only, and is sometimes found upon the shore after a

high sea.

ess

es

ete Le ere

ste saa

a
(19)
~

PLATE CXXXIV.

CHAMA COR.

HEART-SHAPED CHAMA.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalye, and rather coarse. Hinge with

a callous gibbosity, obliquely inserted into an oblique hollow : ante-

rior slope closed.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell subrotund, and smooth: beaks recurved: anterior slope
gaping.
CuHaMa Cor: testa subrotunda levi: natibus recurvatis rima hiante.

Mus. Lud. Ulr. 516. n.88.—Gmel. Syst. Nat,
T. 1. p. 6. p. 3299. sp. 1.

Sa ES AS SRN TSE SSE,

As an inhabitant of the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and Caspian
sea, this curious shell has been long since known; but as a British
species has not been before described. It was discovered several years
ago in the seas about the islands in the North of Scotland, by Mr.
Agneu, Gardener to the late Duchess of Portland; and since that

G2

PLATE CXXXIV.

time, a specimen of it was dredged up, by T. Swainson, Esq. of the

Custom-house, London.

It is a delicate shell, and represented in the annexed plate of the
natural size. By some it is called the Bull’s-heart Cockle, but very
improperly, because it cannot be considered in any manner of the

Cardium genus.

a

Se

i MOREA. 8
Liye =
¥ ine:
: i
'
N

PLATE CXXXV.

ARCA LACTEA,

MILKY-WHITE ARK.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bivalve, valves equal. Teeth of the hinge numerous, and inserted

between each other.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS,

Shell somewhat rhombic, with obsolete, decussated striz, and

diaphanous.

ARCA LACTEA: testa subrhomboidea obsolete decussatim striata
diaphana. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6.
p. 3309. sp. 15.

ARCA LACTEA: testa subrhomboidea obsolete decussatim striata
diaphana, natibus recurvis, margine crenulato.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1141. No. 173.

Pectunculus exiguus albus, admodum tenuiter striatas. ist. H,
Conch. tab. 235. fig. 69.

Mytulus Garnseie albus, parvus tenuiter cancellatus. Petvwo. Gaz.
tab. 713. fig. 1.

G 3

PLATE CXXXV.

Arca. Parva alba cancellata. Lactea. Da Costa Brit. Conch.
p- AT. sp. 14.

Arca crinita. Soland. Mus. Portan:
Puliney. Nat. Hist. Dorsets.

\

There does certainly exist among conchologists a strange dis-
cordance of opinion, respecting the species of Arca before us: some
believing it to be the very shell which Linnzus described under the
name of dactea, and others maintaining the contrary. Dr. Solander,
and Dr. Pultney, were persuaded that Linnzus intended a shell in
some particulars riot unlike this, but specifically different : the sare
shell in fact which Lister figures No. 67, iti his Conchology. The
opinions of two such respectable naturalists deserve every considera-
tion, but however we may be disposed to abide by their authority in

some instances, we cannot, for the following reasons, assent to it in

the present.

Dr. Pultney premises his deseription by naming this species Arca
crinita, a name which it appears Dr. Solander had previously given
to it, in his catalogue of the Portland Museum : he observes very
justly, that it is the @. barbata of Pennant, but not the barbata of
Linnzus: refers to Da Costa’s figure, Platé 11, fig. 5; and calls it
in English the Harry ARK-SHELL. His description is in these
words, “ A small oblong subrhomboidal shell: in its recent state
covered with a brown epidermis. Underneath the shell is minutely
striated in the longitudinal direction ; commonly not much larger
than a horse-bean. I found one on the North shore at Poole, more
than half an inch long, and seven-cights wide. It is said to be

more frequent on the shores of Guernsey island; but is very rare on

PLATE CXXXV.

our coasts. ‘This shell has commonly been described as the 4. lactea
of Linnzus; but that shell is much larger, and is strongly striated

in a reticulated manner.”’

In the first place, this does not so clearly agree with the Linnzan
description as might be expected. In the early editions of the Systema
Nature, Linnzus expressly describes his shell as being of a sub-
thombic form, with obsolete decussating striz, diaphanous, with re-
curved beaks, and crenulated margin; and the only alteration in the
specific character to the last edition of that work, by Gmelin, is, that
the beaks and margins are not mentioned. It hence is evident that
Dr. Pultney is mistaken in the Linnzan lactea, when he says it is
strongly striated in a reticulated manner ; for Linnzeus exactly de-
scribes it as having the reticulating strie obsolete; and notwith-
standing that the longitudinal striz in the shell found on our coast
are rather prominent in some specimens, they far more frequently
appear altogether obsolete, and are decussated by fine transverse striz,
precisely as Linnzus mentions. There is another circumstance
equally remarkable, Linnzeus exactly tells us his /actea is the size of
a horse-bean, and Dr. Pultney, after observing that his British shell
crinita “ are commonly not much larger than a horse-bean,”’ adds,

that the Jactea of Linnzus is ** much larger.”

That there may have been some erroneous references among
authors to the two shells figured by Lister, No. 67 and 69, of which
Wwe are not aware, is not impossible, but Gmelin refers to List.
Conch. 69. A. T. Guernsey, for the Linnzan lactea, and that
shell clearly corresponds both with our specimen, and the shell
described by Linnzus, pectunculus exiguus albus admodum tenuiter
striatis. Last.—Petiver is equally satisfactory, Mytilus Garnseiz

S 4

PLATE CXXXV.

albus, parvus tenuiter cancellata. Da Costa is not so very clear, nor
_is his figure expressive, because it represents the transverse ridges too
prominent. Chemnitz gives a larger specimen of it than any we
have seen; and notwithstanding his references to Da Costa and
‘The shell figured by
Lister, No. 67, which seems to have occasioned the confusion before

alluded to, it should be observed, is described by Gmelin, in these

others, may not be of the same species.

words: testa subrhomboidea decussatim striata alba: natibus approxi-

matis, vulva cordata, Arca reticulata.

Hence it is presumed the shell found on our coast ought still
to be considered as the Arca lactea of Linnzus, and that the shell

which is strongly striated in a reticulated manner, and so much

larger; and has been hitherto regarded by some as that species,

was -never described, or even noticed by Linneus. Nothing
can be more evident than that this is the opinion of his editor
Gmelin, both from his references to the figures of lactea, and by his
giving a new name and character to that very shell in Lister which
has been mistaken for it, and which he conceived Linnzus had

~

omitted,
This kind is generally considered as an inhabitant of Dorsetshire,

Devonshire, and Cornwall.

*
oa

PLATE . .CXXXVI.

HELIX ARBUSTORUM.
SINGLE-STREAK SNAIL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell umbilicated, convex, aperture somewhat orbicular, lip reflected,

‘with a single dark spiral band.

HeELix ARBUSTORUM: testa umbilicata convexa acuminata, aper-
tura suborbiculari bimarginata: antice elongata.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1245. No. 680,

Cochlea testa utrinque convexa subcinerea: fascia solitaria grisea,
labro reflexo. Linn. Fn. Suec. 1. p. 370, No.
1295. If No. 2184.

Cochlea maculata, unica fascia pulla, angustioreque, per medium an-
fractus, insignita. List. H. dn. Angl. p. 119.
tit. 4. tab. 2. fig. 4.

Cochlea subflava maculata atque unica fascia castanei-coloris per me-
dium anfractus, insignita. Phil. Trans, No.
105. fig. 4.

PLATE CXXXVI.

Cochlea subumbilicata, maculata, unica fascia angusta, per medium
anfractus insignita. UNIFASCIATA, single streak,
Da Costa. Brit. Conch. p.'15. sp. 40.

Helis arbustorum. Shrub. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 130. tab. 85.

fig. 130.

Like the two species of Helices, nemoralis and hortensis, this shell
varies exceedingly in its colours and markings in different shells ; but
the single narrow spiral band very uniformly distinguishes it from any
other. According to Lister and Petiver, it is found in shady hedges,
and is frequent in rushy, moist, or marshy meadows. Da Costa.
says, it is also found in coppices and shrubberies ; but, from his own
observations, it is not a common kind: we have seen it in woods,

though not often.

It may deserve remark, that this shell is generally found empty.
Muller accounts for this, by acquainting us, that the animal is the
prey of young Newts. Sometimes when the animal is living, the
shell is of a light chesnut colour, finely marbled, mottled, or other-

wise variegated, with a deep chocolate coloured brown.

a On ee Te ee ee ee ee ee
rs .

™
ioe)
at

PLATE CXXXVII.

OSTREA JACOBAA.

PILGRIM OYSTER, OR SCALLOP.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, with the valves mostly unequal
and slightly eared. Hinge without teeth, but furnished with an ovate

hollow, and in general lateral transverse furrows.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shells with fourteen angular and longitudinally striated rays.

OsTREA JACOB&A:; teste radiis quatuordecim angulatis longitudi-
naliter striatis. Linn.—Gmel. Syst. Nat. p.
3316. sp. 2.

Pecten magnus inzquivalvis operculo fubrufo, fornix vero albus
costis angulatis et canaliculatis. Jacobeus, Da
Costa Brit. Conch. p. 143. sp. 2.

P. Jacopzus Lesser. Penn. Brit. Zool, No. 62. tab. 60. fig. 62

This large and handsome kind of Scallop is rare on the English

coasts: in the Mediterranean it is more frequent, and from that

PLATE CXXXVII.

that circumstance, is supposed to be the same species as was formerly
worn by pilgrims, who visited the holy-land. Da Costa received it
from Scarborough in Yorkshire, and also from the coasts of Cornwall
and Dorsetshire. Dr. Pultney remarks, that it is rare on the Dorset-

shire coast, but has been fished up at Weymouth and at Poole.

The upper valve is of a reddish brown, flat, and rather depressed
at the beak : the depression is generally white, and mottled, or other-
wise marked with brown, or dusky red; and often with prettily dis-
posed marks, resembling the heads of arrows. The under valve is
usually white, or faintly tinged with brown, and has the rays re-
markably prominent and angular; a character by which it may be
easily distinguished from the Common Scallop, Ostrea maxima,

which greatly resembles it, but in which the rays are rounded.

PLATE .CXXXVIII.

VOLUTA,TRIPLICATA.

THREE PLAITED VOLUTE.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell spiral, narrow, without a beak: columella or

pillar, twisted or plaited.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell ovate, smooth and brown: spire rather pointed: whorls six:

pillar with three plaits.

VoLUTA TRIPLICATA: testa ovata levi brunnea, spira acutiuscula :
anfractibus sex, columella triplicata.
Turbo sex anfractibus apertura ovali bidentata. Walker. Test. main.

rar. fig. 50?

This curious little Volute has not we believe been either figured
or described by any Author. In its general appearance it approaches
pretty nearly to the shell figured by Walker, as above quoted; but
if the same, that writer has certainly described it with no very great

degree of accuracy ; for he speaks only of two plaits, or teeth in the

PLATE CXAAVOR

aperture, and calls it the double-toothed Turbo ; although from its
plaited pillar, it is evidently a Volute : and the third plait, which with
the two others, characterize the species, is obviously too large to have
been overlooked. Da Costa, we are persuaded, thought they were
both the same, for ina MWS. note attached to this shell in his collec-
tion, he says, ‘‘ This sheli is figured by Walker,” and certainly no
figure in the volume of that Author corresponds with it, except that

to which we refer above.

Walker speaks of his shell as being very common on the roots of
rushes, in marshes, near Faversham: The habitat of our shell we
have not been able to ascertain, having never found it in a living

state.

139

“PLATE CXXXIX,

SABELLA ALVEOLATA.

HONEY-COMB SABELLA, OR SAND SHELL,

GENERIC CHARACTER».

Animal a Nereis, with a ringent mouth, and two thicker tentacula
behind the head. Shell tubular, and composed chiefly of sand, agglu-

tinated to a membranaceous tube.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Composite, consisting of numerous parallel tubes, with somewhat

funnel-shaped aperture.

SABELLA ALVEOLATA: testa composita concamerationibus nume-
rosis: aperturis sub-infundibuliformibus.

SABELLA ALVEOLATA: testa composita concamerationibus nume~
rosis poro communicantibus. Gmel. Linn. Syst.
Nat. T. 1.9: 6. 9. 3749. Sp. 3.

SABELLA ALVEOLATA, Honry-coms. Penn. Brit. Sool. Vol, 4,
p. 147. sp. 162.—Elhs Coral. p. 90. é. 36.

PLATE CXXXIX,

x

We have constantly observed this kind of Sabella to be an inha-
bitant only of low rocky shores, that lie within reach of the tide at
high water ; and although it is composed entirely of broken shells and
sea sand ; and those apparently very slightly agglutinated by the ani-
mals that form and inhabit it, in its native element it acquires a con-
siderable comparative degree of tenacity from the saline particles with
which it is impregnated, and is capable of resisting the reiterated

dashing of the waves without material injury.

In the more sheltered crevices of the rocks, where the animal has
ample scope to expand its sandy dwelling secure from mutilation, the
upper surface of a mass of these shells has a very elegant appearance ;
the whole being beautifully foliated with the single or bipartite funnnel-
* shaped lip, which each animal forms at the opening of his cell. This
appearance is represented in the plate subjoined, and is a circumstance
the moredeserving attention, because ithas entirely escaped the notice of
Mr. Pennant, and perhaps of every other Naturalist, except Mr. Ellis ;
who in his History of Corals, figures it with a foliated surface, under
the title of Tubularia arenosa anglica, from a specimen brought from
Dieppe. ‘The latter does not however agree precisely in figure with
any that have occurred to our notice. Mr. Pennant evidently represents
a poor mutilated fragment, in which the openings of the cells are
shewn like so many rounded perforations, in a somewhat uneven sur-
face, and is just as it appears in masses on the sea-beach, that have
been trodden under-foot; or pieces that have been much worn, and

thrown loose upon the shore, ' :

These shells are three or four inches in length, and where they are
found are generally abundant, but they seem to be very local. Mr.

Pennant says it is found on the Western coasts of Anglesea, near Cric-

. PLATE CXXXIX.

ceth in Caernarvonshire, and near Yarmouth. We have seen it on
other parts of the sea coast of North Wales, and in equal plenty
on those of South Wales likewise. On the, coast of Dorsetshire,
according to Dr. Pultney, fragments are found very frequently, but
none very perfect. In the History of that County the following ac-
count is given of it.—** GREGARIOUs SABELLA. ‘This is composed
of a mass of fine sand, and particles of broken and finely comminuted
shells, aggregated by vermiform animals of the Nereis genus, each
lodged in its separate tube close to, but not interfering with each
other. All the tubes end in orifices on the upper or the same surface.
I but once saw a mass of this kind, about the size of a large apple, on
the beach, a mile east of Weymouth ; but I suspect it is not very un-

common, as fragments are very frequent.”

YOL, Iv. ; H

Ps oan

Red

%

PRAT ye Oxk,

MACTRA HIANS.
GAPING, OR OBLONG MACTRA,.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve: valves equal; sides unequal :
middle tooth of the hinge complicated, with a small hollow: lateral

teeth remote and inserted into each other. 3

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell oblong, rather arcuated, coarse, gaping anteriorly, and the

hinge placed very far back.

MACcTRA HIANS: testa oblonga sub-arcuata rudi anticé hiante, care
dine subterminali.

Mactra uiAns. Soland. Mus. Port.

Da Costa and some other Conchologists have very erroneously
been led to conclude, that this, and Mactra lutraria, are the same
species, although they differ in almost every particular. ‘The pre-
sent shell is much wider in proportion to the length than MW. dutrarva ;
and of amore incurvated shape: it is also a thicker and coarser
shell; and has the hinge placed much further back than in the other
species. Dr. Solander, who described it in the catalogue of the
Portland Museum, gave it the specific name of hians, from its re-

H2

PLATE CXL.

‘markable gaping at the anterior end, and a name so applicable we
thought it best to retain.

The cicatrix of the animal, in this kind, is different from that of
M. lutraria, a circumstance that has not escaped the observation of
Dr. Pultney. This author. tells us, the Mactra hians is thrown up
in considerable quantities on all the smooth beaches he has seen’ on
the coast of Dorsetshire, particularly on the North shore at Poole,
opposite Branksea isle ; and that he has also seen it on the beaches at
Studland, Swanage, and Weymouth. We have observed ‘it, but

not in abundance, on other sea-coasts.

Dhow
4

i
mS
+i

&S

hi

PLATE CXLI.

MYTILUS RUGOSUS.
RUGGED MUSCLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal ferrow.

! F
SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell rhombic oval, rugged, obtuse at the ends and antiquated.

MyTILus RuGosus : testa rhomboideo-ovali rugosa obtusa antiquata.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1156. No. 249.

Pholas noster, sive concha intra lapidem quendam cretaceum degens.
List. H. An, Angl. p. 17122. tit. 21. tab. 4.
fig. 21.

Mytilus parvus rhomboidea-ovalis, subalbescens, rugosus. Rugosus,

Rugged, Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 223. sp. 52.

The Mytilus rugosus is rather a rare species on our coasts. Lister
notes it from Hartlepool in Durham, and Da Costa says on the coast
of Yorkshire, about Scarborough, Whitby, &c. It is found in incre-
dible abundance, niched or burrowed, in the rocks of lime-stone, &c.

H 3

PLAT Eb Oxi.

{In habit and manners of life this species greatly resembles the Pho-
lades, each forming for itself a separate apartment within the hard.
clay, or solid stone: this it pierces when young, and afterwards con-
tinues to enlarge the cell as it increases in bulk, without widening the
aperture; so that when full grown, the shell cannot easily be taken
whole out of the cell, without breaking the stone in which it is
contained.

This shell may perhaps be arranged with equal propriety with the

Mye as the Mytili, notwithstanding that it is admitted among the
latter by most collectors.

142

PLATE CXLII.

MYA GLYCYMERIS.

LARGE MYA.

x

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping in general at one extremity :
hinge with a thick patulous tooth ; seldom more than one, and that

not inserted into the opposite valve.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER
AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell gaping at both ends: very thick, lamellous oblong-oval, with

transverse rugose striz : first tooth of the hinge very thick.

Mya GuiycyMe_rIs: testa utrinque hiante crassissima lamellata ob-
longo ovata transverse striato rugosa, cardinis
dente primario crassissimo. Gmel. Syst. Nat.
p. 3222. sp. 17.

Mya GiycyMERIs: testa sub-ovata oblonga, ponderosa, ventricosa,
utrinque hians, antice et postice quasi oblique
truncata, dente cardinali crassissimo. Chem.
T. 6. p. 33:

Telline beante, Favart D’Herbigny. Dict. T. 3. p. 358.

List. n. Conch. 6. t. 3. f. 25. Born. t. 1s f. 8.

H 4

PLATE (CHLI.

A species of Mya admitted with some doubt as a British shell: it —

is a kind acknowledged however as such, by collectors of English
Natural History in general; and is said to have been undoubtedly
fished up in the deep waters between the Dagger-Bank and the
eastern coast of England.

The Mya Glycymeris is the largest of its genus, and is an inha-
bitant of most parts of ‘the European sea. In the Mediterranean,
and on the northern coasts of Spain, it is not uncommon: on the

coast of France it is also found sometimes.

ve ’
ae
oY

PLAT E., CXLID.

BULLA’ PATULA.,

PATULOUS BULLA.

|

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell rather convoluted at one end, suboval: aper-

ture oblong.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell ovate, smooth, and somewhat beaked at-both ends; that at the

base produced and sub-umbilicated : lip entire.

,

BULLA PATULA: testa ovata levi sub-birostri : basi productiori sub-
umbilicata, labro integro.

Buia PATULA. Open. B. with one one end much produced and
fuciform. ‘The aperture very. patulous. Penn.

Brit. Zool. V. 4. p. 117. sp. 85,

Pennant seems to be the only author who has noticed this species.
Da Costa imagined, from the description given by that author,

that it was of the same kind as that which he inserted in his British

PLATE CXLIII

Conchology, under the name of Bulla, ‘the Bubble (Aperta, Linn.)
and refers to the figure in the work of Pennant accordingly ; but
in this instance he was much mistaken, for the two shells are per=
fectly distinct ; and it appears certain, that the shell described by Da
Costa was as much unknown to Pennant, as that of Pennant was to
Da Costa. The shell of the latter is figured in Plate 120 of this
work, and the true Bulla patula of the other is figured in the Plate

annexed.

This we apprehend to be one of the rarest of the British shells
hitherto discovered ; Pennant notes it from Weymouth, and refers ~
for his specimen to the Portland Cabinet: our shell is from Wey-

mouth likewise.

144

®

PLATE CxXLIV.

NERITA NITIDA.

GLOSSY NERIT, ’

GENERIC CHARACTER,

°

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, and rather flat

beneath : aperture semi-orbicular, or semi-lunar: pillar lip transverse

truncated and flattish.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. ;

Shell smooth, white, and glossy: spire rather pointed: umbilicus
half closed.

/Nerira Nitipa testa levi nivea nitida: spira sub-mucronata um-_

bilico semi-clauso.

Among the reserved shells intended by Da Costa for a second edi-
tion of his Conchology, we find two specimens of this species of
Nerita, with a 47S. memorandum, importing that he had received
one of them from Mr. Church, and that the other was in his posses-

sion before. On this vague authority, we did not think it incumbent

to insert the shell in the present Work, especially since its habitat was

PLATE CXLIV.

not mentioned ; but the same kind was discovered, in the course of
last summer, upon the coast of Scotland, near Caithness, by A.
Macleay, Esq. and we can no longer hesitate to insert it as an un-.

doubted British species.

e . ’ . .
In the annexed plate it is represented of the natural size. It isa
remarkable little shell, and is not to the best of our knowledge, men-

tioned in the work of any author,

PuHOLAS dactylus, (Da Costa)
candida

INDEX

VOL. IV.

LINN/EAN ARRANGEMENT.

ead striata

Mya ovata
_— glycymeris
Solen marginatus
—— antiquatus

Tellina inzquistriata

Cardium edule

Mactra glauca

pees IANS

Venus cancellata
—— undata
~— borealis
Chama cor

Arca lactea
Ostrea Jacobza
lineata

rusticum ?

— subtruncata

* MULTIVALVIAs

. = ae

BIVALVIA. CONCH.

Plate.

‘3118
132
117

122
142
110
114
123
124
124
125
140
126
115
I21I
130
134
135

137
116

Fig.

Mytilus edulis -
ungulatus

anatinus =

Bulla aperta -
w—e— cylindrica =
~—— patula -
Volutatriplicata
Murex carinatus «

Trochus papillosus -
terrestris ==

Turbo duplicatus

Helix hortensis (Aspersa Gmel ?)

m——~ arbustorum -
Nerita nitida -

Patella albida -
Sabella alveolata -
mmeneee tubiformis -

antiquus -

UNIVALVIA.

Plate.
128
128
113
141

Fig.
x
2

ee ee

INDEX TO VOL. IV.
ACCORDING TO

HISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM
BRITANNIZ or DA COSTA.

PART 4.
UNIVALVA NON TURBINATA.

GENUS 1. PATELLA. LIMPET, FLITHER, OR PAP SHELL.

Plate. Fig.
Pate ta albida ‘ “ . - m9
PART IF
UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA.
GENUS 5. BULLA. DIPPER.
Bulla aperta (Bulla Da Costa) - - ai ath
mee cylindrica (Penn.) - “ - - «120
wee patula (Penn.) - . - - 143

Ion ID 5. we

PAT Ii

UNIVALVIA TURBINATA.

*

GENUS 7. TROCHUS. THE TOP.
TERRESTRES, LAND.

Plate. Figs

Trochus terrestris - ~ - ° 11r

* MARINZE. SEA;

Trochus papillosus - - e s 327

GENUs 10. COCHLEA SNAILS:

* TERRESTRES. LAND.

Cochlea vulgaris = « 5 A
unfaciata = = és

- 136

GENUS 12. STROMBIFORMIS. NEEDLE SNAIL.
* MARINA SEA.

_Strombiformis bicarinatus - “ - = 112

ORDER 2.
BIVALVES,

GENUS 1. PECTEN ESCALLOP.

Pecten Jacobeus e« -
i f,
ad lineatus ©

1B
8

(a
4
Lal
Lal
a

Yl N“ De EY Xx.

GENUS 5. ARCA, ARKS, OR BOATS.

* MARINZE, SEA.

Arca lactea (Da Costa) - - - Stree e

GENUS 6. CARDIUM. HEART COCKLE.
* MARINZE. SEA.

Cardium vulgare + - - ° - 124

——— rusticum ? - - . - 124

GENUS Il. MYTILUS MUSCLE.

* FLUVIATILES, RIVER.

Mytilus Anatinus - . e - 113

* MARINZ SEA.

Mytilus vulgaris - e - - - 128
——~ ungulatus - - - - = 123
—e——= rugosus - * > - - 141
PA RU TH:
GENUs 13. CHAMA GAPERS.
* MARINA. SEA.
Chama magna (hians. Solander) - - - 140

VOL. I¥. I

Fig.

‘IL N, DE. xX.

GENUS 14. SOLEN. SHEATH OR. RAZOR SHELL.

Plate. ‘Fig.

Solen marginatus - - - - . 110
—— Chama-Solen re = - Sag
PAR TT)
MULTIVALVES.

GENUS 16. PHOLAS PIDDOCKS.

Pholas dactylus - - ~ - ° 118
candida - - - = « 132
= - 117

womens Strata -

‘

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. IV.

ALBIDA Patella
alveolata, Sabella
anatinus, Mytilus
antiquatus, Solen
antiquus, Murex
aperta, Bulla
arbustorum, Helix

borealis, Venus

cancellata, Venus

candida, Pholas' -

carinatus, Murex

cor, Chama °

cylindrica, Bulla

dactylus, Pholas
duplicatus, Turbo
edule, Cardium
edulis, Mytilus

glauca, Mactra
glycymeris, Mya

hians, Mactra -

hortensis, Helix

inequistriata, Tellina

Jacobza, Ostrea

lactea, Arca
lineata, Ostrea

marginatus, Solen

nitida, Nerita

ovata, Mya .

papillosus, Trochus
patula, Bulla

Plate.
129
139

Fig.

Plate.
rugosus, Mytilus * x z is ef 141
rusticum, Cardium = Nile - - 124
striata, Pholas - - = ~ - 117
subtruncata, Mactra ° oe - - 126
terrestris, Trochus < - - - 111
triplicata, Voluta - - ‘- - 138
tubiformis, Sabella - « - = 133
undata, Venus - - - e 2 121
ungulatus, Mytilus - - - - 128

END OF VOL. Iv.

Printed by Bye and Law, St. John’s Square, Clerkenwell.

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