5

Jw"

V

r

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH SHELLS, •

INCLUDING

FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS

OF ALL THE

SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN,

SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED

IN THE LINNEAN MANNER,

WITH

SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH.
=^

VOL. V.

«=»*« 3. ^^^■:$£-<&-* ®« «

By E. DONOVAN, F.L.S.

AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF
BRITI6H BIRDS, INSECTS, &C. &C.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,

AND FOR

AND C. RIVINGTQN, N° 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH- YARD |

BY BYE AND LAW, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, CLERKENWELL.

J803.

/\^/d-

w******vyr**%

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH SHELLS.

PLATE CXLV.

TEREDO NAVALIS.

SHIP WORM.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Terebella, with two calcareous hemisphaerical valves cut
off before, and two lanceolate ones. Shell roundish, flexuous, and
capable of penetrating into wood.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell very thin, cylindrical and smooth.

4

TEREDo navalis : testa tenuissima cylindrica hevi. Gmd.p, 3747*

334. sp. 1.
Teredo, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12. 2. p. 1267. n. l.

A 2

PLATE CXLV

Dentalium testa membranacea cylindracea, ligno inserta. Linn. Fn.

Suec. I. p. 380. No. 1329.
Serpula testa cylindracea fiexuosa, lignum perforans. Teredo. Da

Costa. Brit. Conch, p. 21. sp. 11.

Sellius Hist. Nat. Tered. Busier, Phil, trans. 6 1 .
Teredo navalis. Ship-worm. Penn. Brit. Zool. 4. No. 160.

This destructive creature is supposed to have been originally a
native of the East-Indies, and from thence introduced into the Eu-
ropean seas : at present it may be considered with propriety as a
naturalized British species ; and it is a fortunate circumstance that it
does not thrive so well with us as in warmer climates.

The animal, a soft and almost shapeless gelatinous body, is fur-
nished with a calcareous process, or augur, at the head, wiih which
it bores with the utmost facility into the stoutest oaken plank, as it
lies in the water ; and where a number of them attack the same piece
of wood, will in a few davs entirely destroy it : hence the ravages
of these animals in the bottoms of ships are fraught with the greatest
danger ; and notwithstanding all the precaution of sheathing the
bottoms of ships with copper, they insinuate themselves through the
smallest cavities, and lodge themselves securely in the timbers.
Where the work of the animal first commences, the shell is obtusely
rounded and closed, and as it proceeds it continues to lengthen its
shell till, as Gmelin says, it becomes from four to six inches in
length ; — we have seen one of them whose progress through the solid
plank had not been interrupted, that had grown nearly to the length
<>t eighteen inches. It is said that sheets of paper dipped in tar, and
applied to the ship's bottom, will prove a more effectual preservative

PLATE CXLV.

of the timber than the usual sheathing of copper, and an extensive
manufactory has been of late established for the preparation of this
article : how far it mav prove ultimately successful we cannot pre-
sume to imagine, but perhaps both the paper and the copper might be
employed together with greater advantage than either of those articles
separately.

For a more complete history of the Teredo than we might have
otherwise possessed, we are indebted to a remarkable circumstance
that occurred about sixty years since : the piles on the coast of Hol-
land were found to be injured to a very alarming degree, by the
ravages of this creature ; and beside several other ingenious tracts
upon their history and the calamity they had occasioned, Sellius
published an account of it, under the title of Histor'a Naturalis
Teredines, seu, Xylophagi Marini, in 1733 ; in this book the
anatomy of the animal is illustrated with Plates, and upon the whole
his observations deserve the attention of the curious reader. Another
account was also written by Baster, and published in the Trans-
actions of the Royal Society of London, in vol. 61, as quoted above.

In our specimens, the apertures, or mouths of the shells, are very
perfect, and exhibit the same appearance as Kammer and Gmdm
seem to think peculiar to the species Utriadus ; namely, an oval
aperture divided by a partition in the middle. The shell is extremely
delicate, or thin, and very brittle.

A3

lb

PLATE CXLVI.

PATELLA INTORTA.

INCLINING PATELLA, OR LIMPET.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve subconic and without spire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell entire, ovate, furrowed : ribs slightly imbricated, vertex some-
what reflexed and obtuse.

Patella intorta : testa integris ovata, sulcata: costis sub-imbri-

catis, vertice sub-refiexo obtuso.

Patella intorta, inclining : with an elevated shell, slightly

striated ; the vertex bending, but not hooked.
Perm. Brit. Zool.

This shell is described by Pennant, who acquaints us it " inhabits
Angl^sea, found on the shores." It is a very rare shell, but has been
taken also on the western coast, and communicated by J. Laskey,
Esq. of Crediton, Devonshire.

The figure of Patella intorta, in the British Zoology, is certainly
very indifferent : but having examined the shell Mr. Pennant de-

a 4

PLATE CXLVf.

scribes, we have no hesitation in saying that it is not the Patella
mammillaris of Gmelin, as some conchologists imagine. Specimens
of the latter we are likewise in possession of, but they are not cer-
tainly known to be natives of this country. — In Lifter Conch,
t. 537. fig. 17 ; and in Martini. Conch. 1. /. l.f. 58, 59. P. mam-
millaris is very accurately figured ; and a slight'comparison of either
of them, with the shell figured in the annexed plate, will prove
very clearly that they cannot be of the same species.

PLATE CXLVIL

PATELLA LACUSTRIS.

LAKE LIMPET.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, subconic, without spire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell very entire, oval, membranaceous : crown pointed and reflected.

Patella lacustris : testa integerrima ovali membranacea : vertice

mucronato rerlexo. Fn. suec. 2200. — Gmel.

Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6.
Patella fluviatilis, fusca, vertice mucronato, incurvo, inflexoque.

Gualt. Ind. Conch, tab. 4. Jig. B.
Patella fluviatilis, exigua, fubflava, vertice mucronato, inflexoque.

List. Hist. Conch, tab. l^l.jig. 39.

Morton Northamp. p. 417.
Patella lacustris, Penn. Brit. Zool. 4. No. 149.
Patella integra, exigua, fusca, fragilis, vertice inflexo. Da,

Costa. Brit. Conch. 1. tab. 2. Jig. 8. 8.

This is a thin and brittle shell, of a pale brown, or whitish
colour, that is found on aquatic plants, in most ponds and rivers in

PLATE CXLVIL

Europe : in England it is very common in some places. The animal,
as Gmelin describes it, has two truncated and concealed tentacula,
each of which is furnished with an eye at the inner angle.

Dr. Lister informs us, that they couple in September, and fix their
spawn plentifully on stones and other bodies in the water : this spawn
consists of little gelatinous globules, in each of which it is said many
small shells may be distinguished.— The shell is shewn of the natural
size in the annexed plate.

m

'/itmto'i

PLATE CXLVIII.

LEPAS TINTINNABULUM.

BELL ACORN SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Triton. Shell of many valves, affixed by a stem or

broad base.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell conic, obtuse, rugged and fixed.

Lepas Tintinnabulum : testa, conica, obtusa, rugosa fixa. Mus.

Lud. Ulr. 466. n. 3.

Balanus major angustus purpurascens, capitis apertura valde patente.
List. If. Conch, tab. 433. fig. 285.

Balanus major. Tne conic centre shell. Grew, Mus. p. 148.

Balanus maximus ore patulo. Mus. Petiv. p. 82. No. 803.

B. tintinnabuliformis et B. calyciformis orientalis. Phil. Trans,

1758. p. 11. tab. $4>.fig. 8, 9.

B. ore hiante magnus. Borlase. Corn. p. 27.

Gland de Mer clochette^ D'Avila Cab. p. 404. No. 022.

Balanus Tintinnabulum Bell. B. major purpurascens, co-

nicus, angustus tintinnabuliformis, apertura valde
patente. Da Costa Brit. Conch, p. 250. sp. 70.

Balanus Tintinnabulum Bell. Penn. Brit- Zool. T. 4. No. 8,

PLATE CXLVIII.

This kind of Balanus is found affixed in large clusters to the bot-
toms of ships in our seas, but the general opinion is that it originates
in warmer climates, and should not be considered an indigenous
British species. A supposed variety of it of a dirty whitish colour,
is said to be found in the North seas, by Chemnitz.

Balanus Tintinnabulum is admitted among the testaceous produc-
tions of our seas by Borlase, Pennant and Da Costa, and this we must
confess is the best apology we have to offer for inserting it in the
present Work.

J 4J

PLATE CXL1X.

VENUS LACTEA.

MILKY VENUS SHELL,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other,
the third divergent from the beaks.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell lentiform, somewhat compressed, with thick, elevated, obtuse
concentric striae, and slightly truncated anteriorly.

Venus lactea : testa lentiformi sub-compressa : striis concentricis

crassis elevatis obtusis, antrorsum subtruncata.

-This appears to be a new and undescribed British species- of Venus,
approaching, in some particulars, to others of the same genus found
on our coast, although differing in having the concentric stride or
ridges large, elevated, and obtusely rounded. The striae, for ex-
ample, in V. borealis, and V. cancellata rise in a thin membranaceous
ridge to an acute edge ; and the former of these seems at first sight
to bear a strong analogy to our shell : Venus laccea is also a
much thicker and heavier shell than any other resembling it, with
which we are acquainted. V. Exoieta has thick, but minute striae.

Our present species, we are informed, is found on the western
coast.

ISO

**

PLATE CL.

PATELLA OBLONGA.

OBLONG FRESH WATER PATELLA, OR LIMPET.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, sub-conic, and without spire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell very entire, oblong, compressed, membranaceous : vertex
pointed and reflected obliquely, or to one side.

Patella oblonga : testa ingerrima oblonga compressa membra-

nacea, vertice mucronato reflexo oblique. Light"
foot. Phil, Trans. V. 76. p. 167.

This species was first described in the transactions of the Royal
Society of London, by the Rev. Mr. Lightfoot, chaplain to the late
Duchess of Portland. He says it was found adhering to the leaves
of the Iris Pseiidacorus, in waters near Beaconsfield in Buckingham-
shire, by Mr. Agneu, the Duchess of Portland's Gardener. It has
been since found on plants in the river Stour, by the Rev. Thomas
Rackett.

PLATE CL.

It is evidently distinct from the Patella lacustris of Limiasus, in
being of an oblong instead of ovate form ; and in having the pointed
vertex bending obliquely or to one side, instead of being centrical and
Reflected back. The colour is variable, in some it is greenish, and in
others of a pale brown. It is represented on our plate both of the
natural size and magnified.

01

1 X

o.

»

PLATE CLI.

FIG. I.

HELIX HISPIDA.

BRISTLY SNAIL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, diaphanous, fragile. Aper-
ture contracted semilunar, or roundish.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell umbilicated, convex, hairy, diaphanous ; whorls five : aperture

roundish-lunated.

Helix hispida : testa umbilicata convexa hispida diaphana: an-

fractibus quinis,aperturasubrotundo-lunata. Linn.
Fn. Snec. 2182.— Gmel. Sj/st. Nat. 3625.

Helix sub-globosa umbilicata, cornea, diaphana, hispida. Hispida,

Helix. Da Costa. Brit. Conch, p. 58.

This shell is not unfrequently found at the bottoms of trees among
the moss, in woods and wet shady places. It is glossy, very thin,
vol. v. B

PLATE CL1.

brittle, and of a brown horny colour. When the animal is alive in
the shell it is of a dark red colour approaching to black, and is very
elegantly set all over with minute, short, white bristles, or hairs,
which easily rub or fall off when the animal dies.

In the plate the upper and underside are represented, together with
a magnified figure, which is distinguished by a star, and is intended to
shew the hispid appearance of the shell while the animal is alive.

FIG. II.
HELIX ERICETORUM.

HEATH SNAIL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell umbilicated, depressed and yellowish, with one or more

fuscous bands.

Helix Ericetorum : testa umbilicata depressa lutescente : fascia

una vel pluribus fuscis. Mull. Hist. Verm. 2.
p. 33. n. 236. — Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3632.

Cochlea cinerea albidave, faciata, ericetorum. List. II. An. Angl.
p. 126. tit. 13. tab. 2./. 13.— Cochlea com-
pressa, umbilicata fasciata campestris. List. H.
Conch, tab. 78. jig. IS.

PLATE CLI.

Helix albella, Penn. Brit. Zool. Vol. 4. tab. 85. Jig. 122,
Helix cincrea albidave, fasciata, ericetorum Erica. Da Costa. Brit.

Conch, p. 53. Sp. 30.

This species of Helix, as its name implies, is found on heaths and
sandy soils, and is very common both in this country and other parts
of Europe. When full grown, this shell is three quarters of an inch
in breadth, and one -third of its breadth in height : the spires flat : the
outermost wreath very convex beneath, with a large and deep central
umbilicus ; and circular mouth or aperture.

The young shells are quite plain, and of a horny colour, or whitish
and semitranspa. ent. When full grown they are opake, dull, white
or yellowish, and usually fasciated with one or more brown circular
bands, according to the involutions of the wreaths. The order, size,
and number of these brown bands, as Da Costa says, vary extremely,
though commonly there is one band in the middle or near the bottom
of each wreath, and often other fainter and narrower bands accom-
pany it. Gmelin speaks of rive distinct varieties, which differ in size,
in colour, and number of the bands. Sometimes they are quite white,
or marked with a single spiral band ; and sometimes these bands
amount to eight or nine on each shell.

Dead shells of this kind are found in vast numbers intermixed with
the sand on heaths, and are always observed in great plenty with the
others.

J5Z

PLATE CLI1.

PINNA LEVIS.

SMOOTH PINNA, OR HAM SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell sub-bivalve, fragile, erect, gaping at one
end, and furnished with a byssus or beard : hinge toothless, and
uniting the valves into one.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell nearly triangular, horn-colour, smooth : valves rugose on the

posterior part.

Pinna l^evis : testa sub-triangulari cornea laevi : valvis posterius

rugosis.

This species of Pinna which differs from any that has been before
described as a British shell ; and if we are not mistaken, from either
of the Linnaean or Gmelinian species of the genus also ; was received
by A. M'Leay, Esq. among other curious shells that were dredged
up on the coast of Shetland.

The difference between this and the other analogous kinds, seems
to consist in its being of a more triangular form, and in not having
•vol. v: C-

PLATE CLII.

the least trace of spines or murication : from the beak descend some
very obsolete longitudinal stria?, but the surface is in general perfectly
smooth and glossy, notwithstanding the specimen before us has at
first sight a rugged aspect ; the shell having been greatly bruised or
mutilated in its growth, and afterwards uncouthly repaired by the ani-
mal inhabitant.

J S3

y

PLATE CLIII.

SOLEN PELLUCIDUS.

PELLUCID RAZOR SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends ; at the hinge
a subulated tooth turned back, often double ; not inserted in the op-
posite shell. Animal an ascidia.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell suboval, somewhat arcuated, fragile, pellucid : hinge with an
acute bidentated tooth on one side.

Solen Pellucidus : testa subovali subarcuata fragile pellucida car-
dine altero acute bidentato.
Solen Pellucidus, Penn. Brit. Zool. T. 4. p. l. p. 84. sp. 23.

A very rare species, and described only by Mr. Pennant, who
says it inhabits Red Wharf, Anglesea.

m

*5

■''^7-.

^

^V

r-s

**>,

PLATE CLIV*.

BUCCINUM GLACIALE.

NORTHERN WHELK..

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous. Aperture ovate,
ending in a short canal or gutter, inclining to the right : tail or beak
retuse : inner lip expanded.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell smooth, somewhat striated, ovate-oblong ; lower whorl slightly

carinated.

Buccinum glaciale : testa laevi substriata ovato-oblonga : an-
fractu infimo subcarinato. Linn. Faun. Suec.
2162.— Gmel. Syst. Nat. 4. 3491. sp. 92.
Chemn. Conch. 10 t. 152. 1446, 1447.

Tritoniujm glaciale, 0. Fabr. Faun. Groenl. No. 397.

As a native of the North Seas, this shell was well known to JLin-
nsus, by whom it was most accurately and minutely described in hi*
vol. v. d

PLATE CLIV.

Fauna Suecica *, but we have no other authority for believing k to
be an inhabitant of our own seas, than that of Mr. Agneu, gardener t&
the late dutchess of Portland, by whom it was discovered among the
Orkney Islands, and, in consequence, admitted into the collection of
British shells in the Portland Museum.

One of the most striking characters of this shell, is a single cari-
nated ridge that surrounds the first or largest wreath of the shell, and
does not afterwards appear on either of the rest. This it may be
proper to notice, since the circumstance has been strictly mentioned
both by Linnaeus, Fabricius, (Faun. Groen.) and Chemitz, but it is
not certainly a constant criterion of the species : there was a variety
of this kind in the collection of the late Dr. Fordyce, at present m
that of the Earl of Tankerville, in which the carinated ridge distinctly
traverses the whole shell in a spiral course, from the first wreath
nearly to the apex. — The latter was from Newfoundland.

* Buccinum glaciate ; testa crassa mugnitudine extimi articuli pollices, pallida, se-
cundum anfractus obsolete striata, acuminata superae conica. Anfractus infimus seu
maximus subcarinatus est, sed haec carina in reliquis superioribus anfractibus evanescit,
cum sutura anfractuum evadat, quae attenuata. Basis gibba emarginata. Apertura ovata.
Labium exterius crassum patulum, striis incumbentibus. Linn. Fn. Suec.

1SS

J x.

P L A T E CLV.

FIG. I. I.
TROCHUS CONICUS.

CONIC TROCHUS, OR TOP SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Slug. Shell conic : aperture nearly triangular.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell conic, smooth, whitish, obliquely lineated with brown,
whorls flatfish, and finely striated.

Trochus conicus : testa conica laevi, albida oblique fusco lineata :

anfractibus planiusculis subtiliter striatis.

A small shell bearing some affinity with Trochus Conulus, from
which it is notwithstanding perfectly distinct ; as a British shell we
believe it is altogether new ; nor does it seem to be described by any
foreign author. Fo*rr of these shells were picked up on the sea coast
of Devonshire by J. Laskey, Esq. from whom we received the
specimens represented in our Plate. It has been since communicated
also from the Mediterranean sea.

d 2

PLATE CLV.

FIG. II. II.
TROCHUS CINEREUS.

ASHEN TOP SHELL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell pyramidal, umbilical, cinereous; marked with narrow blackish

lines.

Trochus Cinereus : pyramidalis umbilicatus, cinereus, lineis

angustis nigrescentibus notatus. Da Costa. Brii.
Conch, p. 42. sp. 23. tab. 3.tfig. 9. 10.

Trochus pyram, parvus, ex viridi sive subcamileo variegatus, in-

signiter umbilicatus. Lint. II. Conch, tab. 633.
/3-.21.

This shell is described and figured by Da Costa from the specimen
at present in our possession ; the only inducement we have for in-
serting it, for though this writer observes that it is a common shell
on several of our coasts, we must acknowledge it has never occurred
to us as a British shell. Exotic specimens we have, but these are
said to have been brought from the South Seas. Da Costa, we have
a strong suspicion was mistaken concerning this shell ; his reference
to Lister is correct ; the rest of his synonyms, namely, those of Dale,
Wallis, &c. are erroneous, since those writers meant a very different
shell. The following is the minute description Da Costa gives of
this kind :

" The shell is thick and strong, of the size of a cherry ; shape
obtusely pyramidal, or not quite tapering to a point.

PLATE CLV.

** The base is very concave, with some circular furrows ; the
mouth roundish and capacious, within fine mother-of-peail ; the
outer lip smooth and even ; the inner or pillar lip has two jags or
slight teeth, and two furrows crossing it transversely ; from hence
it widens, runs oblique, and forms a spacious cavity, at the bottom
of which lies the umbilicus, deep, cylindric, and so hollow as to
admit the head of a large pin. All this part is of a dark ash, greatly
variegated with blackish lines, or streaks, which run lengthways and
across ; but the beginning of the umbilicus is generally pearly, and
of a fine light greenish colour.

" The body and turban have five bellied, or swelled wreaths, or
whorls, separated by a very depressed line ; they are circularly striat-
ed, but faintly, and the colours are exactly the same as at the base."

n 3

156

:

PLATE CLVL

MUREX ANGULATUS.

ANGULATED MUREX.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Umax. Shell spiral, rough : aperture ending in a straight,
and somewhat produced gutter or canaliculation.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell oblong, whorls depressed, angulated, transversely striated, sul-
cated longitudinally ; aperture toothless.

Murex Angulatus : testa oblonga : anfractibus depressis angu-

latis transversim striatis longitudinaliter sulcatis,
apertura edentula.

A neat shell of interesting figure, that has been found, though
rarely, on the English coasts. The specimens figured in our Plate
were discovered on the sands at Brighton by Mr. Munn, who kindly
communicated them to us. We have received it since from the
coast of Weymouth.

This is doubtless an undescribed species.

d4

§

#

X" 0 '

; l(i \N a f » I

PLATE CLVIL

FIG. I. I.

HELIX RUFESCENS.

REDDISH SNAIL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Umax. Shell univalve, spiral, diaphanous, fragile. Aperture

semilunar, or roundish.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell umbilicated, and streaked with pale reddish.

Helix Rufescens : testa umbilicata, et striata dilute rufescens.

Cochlea umbilicata, et striata dilute rufescens. Rufescens Da Costa,

Brit, conch, p. 80. sp. 43.

Cochlea dilute rufescens, aut subalbida, sinu ad umbilicum exiguo,
circinata. List. H. An. Angl. p. 125. tit. 12.
tab. 2. Jig. 12.

Cochlea terrestris depressa & umbilicata mellei colons, labio candido

repando, sinu ad umbilicum exiguo circinato.
Gualt. 1. Conch, tab. 3. Jig. A"

f*V

PLATE CLVIII.

FIG. I. II.
ARCA NOAE.

nosh's ark shell.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Shell bivalve, valves equal : teeth at the hinge numerous, acute,-
and inserted between each other.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell oblong, striated, at the apex emarginated : beaks very remote :

margin gaping.

Arca Noae : testa oblonga striata apice emarginata, natibus remo-
tissimis, margine hiante. Linn. Gmel. Syst.
Nat. T. 1. p. 6. p. 3306. sp. 2.

Musculus Matthioli. List. t. 368.

Concha rhomboides, Rondel. 99. 2. p. 27.

Bonanu. rear. 2. f. 32.

Miss Pocock, whose liberal communication of British shells col-
lected by herself, we have had such frequent occasion to mention in
the progress of this publication, has obliged us with a small specimen
of the Arca Noae found on the shores of Cornwall ; the smallest
shell figured in the upper part of our PJate.

PLATE CLVIIL

It has been presumed before that this shell was a native of our
coasts : that Borlase had met with it; and that the Area tortuosa * of
Pennant, (which he says inhabits Cornwall, and has been found near
Weymouth,) was no other than the Area Noae of Linnseus. But
this still remained a matter of much uncertainty among Conchologists,
and with ourselves, till we received the specimen from the lady above-
mentioned, which proves beyond dispute that it is a British shell,
and perfectly similar to those of the same species found in the MedU
terranean sea. This being a young shell, is not of course covered
with the rude brown epidermis, as in the old or full grown Mediter-
ranean shell, figured with it, in order to elucidate the species with
more precision. Since the publication of the Plate we have also had
the satisfaction of receiving another specimen of the shell nearly
fhrice the size of the small one figured, in a parcel of shells col-
lected on Slapton sands, Devonshire, last summer.

At the same time that Miss Poccck discovered this small specimen
of Area Noae, several worn valves of an Area, confessedly of a dif-
ferent kind, occurred likewise. Both the internal and external view
of these are represented in the lower part of the plate, fig. 3, together
with that of the perfect specimen of a foreign shell, fig. 4, which
may prove hereafter to be of the same species. The mutilated valves
we have little hesitation in believing it to be precisely those of the
shell figured by Lister, t. 367. n. 207. Balanus Bdlonij lenuiter
striata ; though from their imperfect condition it might be improper
to offer any positive opinion concerning them. At a future period
we may be enabled, by receiving better specimens, to ascertain this
point, and as it may then appear, our conjectures were not unfounded

* No. 57, Penn. Brit. Zool.

PLATE CLVIII.

We should further add, that this species, though observed by Lister,
has been overlooked by Linnaeus ; and that from a Ms. note in
one of the copies of Lister's work, in the library of Sir Joseph Banks,
we find the late Dr. Solander intended to have named it specifically
Jusca, had he lived to publish his new arrangement of Conchology.

f

•

PLATE CL1X,

TURBO RETICULATUS,

RETICULATED TURBO.

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture
somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell tapering, reticulated with granules, testaceous, whorl reversed '

aperture straitened.

Turbo reticulatus ; testa turrita reticulata granulata testacea,

anfractibus coarctata.

This is a remarkably neat, or rather elegant shell, and equally
distinguished for its rarity. It was found in the sands on the coast
of Cornwall, by Miss Pocock, to whose polite attention we are ex-
clusively indebted for the specimen now figured.

That this small species of Turbo is undescribed either as a British
or a foreign shell, we have little reason to dispute, unless the follow-
ing, described by Mr. Walker, should prove to be the same : " Turbo,
Turritus perversus novem anfractibus punctatis apertura coarctata ;
the reversed taper Turbo of nine dotted whorls and straitened aperture.

vol. v, E

PLATE CLIX.

A shell found at Sandwich." — The description does not strictly cor-
respond with our shell, the figure is yet more remote. Some degree
of ambiguity arises from this particular circumstance ; in our shell the
wreaths are uniformly lineated spirally, with three prominent rows
of tubercles, or more correctly speaking, granulations, except on
the first wreath, where they are more numerous, and the interme-
diate series on every wreath, consists of smaller granulations than
those on either side of it. The term punctatis, on the contrary,
which Mr. Walker has adopted, must rather imply a dot depressed :
in the engraving also, by which his description is elucidated, the dots
appear to be disposed in three distinct series upon each wreath, as
the granulations are in the shell before us, but each dot is apparently
depressed, and situated in the center of a quadrangular compartment :
at the same time also it must be remarked, that the intermediate series
of these dots on every wreath, are of an equal magnitude with the
others. The aperture, whatever might be the shell designed, is mise-
rably expressed, as are indeed the figures both of the natural size, and
magnified. We suspect upon the whole, they are intended for our
shell, and were it not for the objections stated, should insert a re*
ference to his figure, plate 3. No. 48. as a synonym.

l6o

PLATE CLX.

LEPAS BOREALIS.

NORTHERN ACORN SHELL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Triton. Shell affixed at the base ; multivalve ; the valves

unequal.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell erect, subconic, aperture quadrangular, operculum or lid acute,

and striated transversely.

Lepas Borealis ; testa erecta subconica, apertura quadrangular!

operculis acutis transversim striatis.

A few small clusters, with some single specimens of this curious
species of Lepas, were discovered about three years since, attached
to the bottom of the Warspight ship of war, when taken into dock to
be repaired, after lying in the harbour of Portsmouth for a great length
of time. Mr. James Hay, of Portsmouth, has since found two or
three shells of the same kind, by dredging in Portsmouth harbour ;
so that though probably not indigenous, it has now become a na-
turalised species.

This was first communicated by J. Laskey, Esq. We have
since received it from Newfoundland, affixed to the valve of

e 2

PLATE CLX.

a northern ostrea ; and learning that it is undoubtedly a native of
the north seas, we venture to assign it the specific name of borealis.
— The clusters of these shells, when pressed together, (which rarely
happens) take an elongated form, as is expressed in the upper figure. —
We are certainly to consider this as a rare species.

161

\

I

\

/

\-

PLATE CLXI.

MACTRA RADIATA.

RADIATED MACTRA.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth com-
plicated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral tooth remote.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell thin, fragile, somewhat triangular, compressed, whitish, and
finely striated with testaceous rays.

Mactra radiata : testa tenui fragili subtriangulari compressa
albida subtilissime striata testaceo radiata.

Several valves of this shell were found upon Langston beach, near
Portsmouth, after a severe storm that happened in the year 1800,
by J. Laskey, Esq. of Crediton ; from whom we received the spe-
cimens figured in the annexed plate.

This is a thin, brittle shell, of a large size ; colour sordid white,
tinged with reddish, and faintly marked with rays of a testaceous
colour, beneath a brown filmy epidermis.

E 3

I6H

PLATE CLXIL

DENTALTUM OCTANGULATUM.

EIGHT-RIDGED TOOTH-SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Terehella. Shell univalve, tubular, straight or slightly-
curved, with an undivided cavity open at both ends.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell white, somewhat curved, with eight ribs or angles, and three

intermediate stria;.

Dentalium octangulatum : testa alba subarcuata octangulata:

interstitius tri-striatis.

Dentalium striatulum :i Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3738. sp. 13 ?

For the discovery of this elegantly striated tooth-shell, as a native
of the British coasts, we have once again to acknowledge our obli-
gation to a lady, mentioned on other similar occasions in the progress
of this work, Miss Pocock ; several shells of this kind were found
by her on the sandy coasts of Cornwall, near Lelant, in the year
1802.

F 4

PLATE CLXII.

Tt remains to express some little doubt, whether every circumstance
will allow us to consider this as an hitherto undescribed species ; as
a British shell we can have no hesitation in saying it has not been
mentioned by any author. We were rather inclined at first to think
our shell could be no other than a variety of the Dentalium striatulum
of Gmelin, which is described as a native of the Mediterranean and
Sicilian seas. The synonyms given by Gmelin to that species, we
found however to be less expressive of our shell than his de-
scription; Lister's shell, to which he refers, t. 547. f. I. b. is
much larger than our shell, as is likewise that of Martini, quoted
with it ; both are described to be of a fine green colour, with the
tip only white, but it has uniformly eight distinct ribs or angles, as
in our shell, which is a much more important characteristic of a species,
than the mere difference of colour. — There is another shell, figured
by Martini., pi. I. /. 4. B. that seems to approach much nearer to
our shell, and the colour is white, but as in D. elephantium, this has
ten ribs instead of eight ; it is the Dentalium aprinum of Gmelin. —
As our shell, upon the whole, does not strictly accord with those
species noticed, nor any others which we are acquainted with, a new
name and character will tend at least to obviate confusion. Of Den-
talium striatulum it may prove to be a variety, but that is doubtful ; and
there is scarcely any reason to dispute its being undescribed, unless
it be of that species.

PLATE CLXIII.

TELLINA DEPRESSA.

DEPRESSED TELLEN.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally sloping

on one side.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell inequilateral, depressed, and very minutely striated.

Tellina Depress a : testa inaequilatera depressa minutissime striata.

Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3238. sp. 55.
Gualt. test. t. 88. f. L.

Tellina Squalida. Soland Mus. Port. — Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 29.

«■■*■ : — *

In the summer of the year 1800, we first discovered this shell,
laying in plenty upon the sands on the south east side of Tenby, Pem-
brokeshire ; where they had been apparently thrown up by a violent
sea that had raged with considerable fury two or three hours before.
This shell we conceived to be an undescribed British shell, but have
since found that it had been observed on the north shore of Poole,
at Weymouth, sparingly, by Dr. Pultney, and described by him in

PLATE CLXIII.

Hutchin's History of Dorsetshire, under the specific name of Squalida.
This conchologist admit it to be Tellina squalida of Solander, Mus.
Port, and Tellina depressa of Gmelin.

The only synonym given by Gmelin for his T. depressa, (whose
habitat he is even unacquainted with,) is a reference to Gualtieri,
f. H. I. L. The two first are small, and perhaps not of the same
species, those represented at letter L and M, we believe to be the
true shell of which we offer a figure as the Tellina depressa of
Gmelin ; Gualtieri thus describes his shell : " Tellina inaequilatera
satis depressa, minutissime striata, vel Candida, vel purpurascens, vel
subrosea."

The figures in the annexed plate represent the natural size of our
largest specimens : the colours are variable, more or less, of a fine
pale orange, yellow, and tinged with rosy. It is certainly rare.

7o4

PLATE CLXIV.

LEPAS DILATA.

DILATED LEPAS.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Triton. Shell affixed at the base : multivalve ; the valves

unequal.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell compressed, five valved, thin, dorsal valve dilated at the base
with an acute angle ; and seated on a peduncle.

Lepas dilata : testa compressa quinquevalvi tenui, valvula dorsali

basi dilata angulo acuto, pedunculo insidente.

Lepas fascicularis : testa quinquevalvi lsevi corpus tegente, val-
vula dorsali basi dilata angulo acuto prominente,
stipite nudo. Ellis. Zooph.pl. 15./. 6. p. 167.

Lepas sigillatum, Mus. Portl?

The first, and only account we have of this kind of Lepas, is
that given by the late Mr. Ellis in his Natural History of Zoophytes.
In addition to the character he assigns to this shell, quoted as a
synonym, this writer acquaints us only that it is " from St. George's
Channel." We have never met with it either on the coast of that

PLATE CLXIV.

channel, or any other, nor have we received it from any of our friends,
at the same time that we have no reason to distrust the information
of that author, and only infer from the attention we have by chance
bestowed particularly to the marine productions of that sea, that it
must be rare.

A specimen of this shell, one which we are inclined to think, on
pretty good authority, to be the same, or one of them at least, that
was sent by the late Mr. Ellis to the Dutchess of Portland, is at this
time in our Cabinet ; the late Dr. Fordyce became first possessed of
this specimen, and at his death we obtained it, under the title of
Lepas sigillatum of Solander. Unlike Lepas anatifera, or anserifera,
the valves of this shell are uncommonly thin, brittle, in a certain
degree corneous, with the largest lateral valves rather crumpled in
the usual course of the striae, and marked transversely with obsolete
rays : the shell is likewise covered with a fine pale brown skin, or
epidermis : is larger than anatifera, and has a singular acute promi-
nent dilation at the base of the back valve.

J €5

~

PLATE CLXV.

VOLUTA L^VIS.

SMOOTH VOLUTE.

GENERIC CHARACTER

Animal a Limax. Shell with one cell, spiral ; aperture without a
tail or beak, and somewhat effuse. Columella plaited; generally
without lips or umbilicus.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell rather ovate, very smooth ; spire obtuse ; two plaits on the

pillar lip ; lip gibbous, and slightly denticulated.

Voluta ljevis: testa obovata lasvissima, spira obtusa, columella

biplicata, labro gibbo subdenticulato.

Voluta edentula. Mas. Portl.

As a British species, this extremely rare little shell was first noticed
on the coast of Weymouth, being dredged up in deep water by some
fishermen, and consigned to the cabinet of the late Dutchess of Portland.
The specimens we have figured, are two of those originally in the
possession of her Grace.

PLATE CLXV.

Dr. Solander, who, it is well known to the scientific conchologist,
intended to have published a catalogue of that Museum, it appears,
on a reference to his posthumous papers, called this species edentula -y
a name which, without detracting from the merit of that able naturalist,
it must be allowed is by no means applicable. So far from its being
destitute of teeth, the series of denticulations are sufficiently visible
on the columella ; those on the lip are yet more prominent, and can
by no means justify the appellation of edentula.

Voluta Laevis, for such we have presumed to name this shell, is
remarkably glossy, free in a perfect degree from any kind of strias,
whitish, and most delicately tinged with pale blushes of red, and
yellowish or straw colour. — It has much the habit of a cyprzea, and
might without any impropriety be arranged under that genus.

166

PLATE CLXVL

FIG. I.

LEPAS SCALPELLUM.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Triton. Shell affixed at the base, multivalve ; the valves

unequal.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell compressed. Valves thirteen, smooth, and seated on a seal)'

peduncle.

Lepas Scalpellum : testa comprcssa tredecim valvi Iseviuscula

pedunculo squamosa insidente. Linn. Fn.
Suec. 2121. — Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3210. Sp. 11.
Ellis Phil. Trans. 1758. t. 34./. A. page 849.,

Lepas Scalpellum, a very rare and curious species, has beenVound
attached to some sea weeds, dredged up on the coast of Weymouth ;
a specimen of it affixed to the branches of a coralline that was dis-

PLATE CLXVI.

covered here, after passing through the collections of the late Dutchess
of Portland, and Dr. Fordyce, is at present in our possession.

There are several interesting remarks upon this singular genus in
a paper written by the late Mr. John Ellis ; which is inserted in the
transactions of the Royal Society, for the year 1758 : the letter is
addressed to Mr. Isaac Romilly, a member of the society, and con-
tains in particular, the following observation upon Lepas Seal-
■pellum. " Fig. 2," he says, referring to his illustrative plate, " is
the next animal of this class : this is not yet described. I found several
of them sticking to the vvarted Norway Sea Fan, which Dr. Pantop-
pidan, the Bishop of North Bergen, sent you : from its appearance,
I have called it the Norway Sea Fan Penknife". The stem of this is
covered with little testaceous scales. The Upper part of the animal
is enclosed in thirteen distinct shells, six on each side, besides the
hinge-shell, which is common to both sides : these are connected
together by a membrane that lines the whole inside.

Gmelin speaks of it as a native of the Norway seas.

F I G. II.
LEPAS ANSERIFERA.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

» SYNONYMS.

Shell compressed, quinquevalve, striated, and seated on a peduncle.

Lepas Anserifera : testa compressa quinquevalvi, striata, pe-

dunculo insidente. Gmel. Linn. Sj/st. p. 3210.
Sp. 12.

PLATE CLXVI.

Chiefly distinguished from Lepas Anatifera, described at the com-
mencement of this work, by having the valves striated with elevated
lines ; the valves in the former being perfectly smooth. Lepas ana-
tifera has been heretofore considered as a native of the American and
Atlantic seas ; but that it has been likewise found upon the English
coast, there is no reason to dispute, the shell with the living animal
has been dredged up at Weymouth, as well as the preceding species.
We have the valves of this shell likewise in the collection of Da
Costa, as an English species.

vol. v.

16 J

V

1

PLATE CLXVII.

NERITA INTRICATA.

INTRICATE-LINED NERIT.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, gibbous, flatfish beneath :
aperture semiorbicular, or semilunar ; pillar lip, transversely trun-
cated, and flattifh.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell smooth : spire somewhat pointed : umbilicus large, nearly
heart shaped, with a small carinated lobe.

Nerita Intp.icata : testa laevi : spira submucronata, umbilico

magno subcordato ; lobo parvo carinato.

Nerita Canrena var ?

That this shell ;s not the young of Nerita Glaucina, as some have
suspected, is evident from the depth and structure of the umbilicus,
which in the former is almost completely closed by the pillar lip.
It is rather allied to Nerita Canrena, which has a gibbous bifid umbi-
licus ; and may possibly indeed prove to be nothing more than a va-

vol. v. G

PLATE CLXVII.

riety of that shell. The varieties of N. Canrena, enumerated by
Gmelin, amount to twenty-five, neither of which accords exactly with
our shell, and that writer describes them only as natives of India,
Africa, and America, but it is not unlikely it may be also an European
shell.

Our specimens are from Weymouth.

168

=

I

PLATE CLXVIII.

FIG. I.
HELIX PUTRIS.

MUD SN4IL,
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell imperforate, obtuse, ovate, yellow: aperture ovate.

Helix Putris : testa imperforata, ovata obtusa flava: apertura,

ovata. Linn. Fn. Suec. 2189.
Gualt. t. 5. f. H.
Chem. Conch. 9. t. 135. f. 1248,
List. Conch, t. 123. /. 23 ?

G 2

PLATE CLXVIII.

Helix (succinea) testa oblonga fulva diaphana, anfractibus tribus,

apertura ovata. Mull. Zool. dan. prodr. 2912.

Turbo subflavus pellucidus imperforate, testa praetenui fragili, trium

spirarum. Trianfractus, Three Spired.
Da Costa, p. 92. fp. 51. PL 5. Jig. 13.

The twoLinnean species of fresh water helices, putris, and limosa
are so closely allied, that authors have, not unfrequently, confounded
one with the other. Dr. Pultney considers our shell with some
doubt, as the Helix limosa of Linnaeus, in which particular we
think, he must be mistaken. The figure given by Gualtieri
is the only one referred to by Linnasus, in the Systema Naturae,
for Putris, and that is most exactly the same as our shell, although
the design is taken from a minute specimen. Pennant's Helix Putris,
t. 86. f. 137. is apparently the H. limosa. Both the species in
question are well figured by Chemnitz, on the same plate.

This shell is very common in ditches, ponds, and other waters-
places, and especially in those overgrown with weeds.

FIG. II.
HELIX BULLAOIDES.

SPECIFIC character.

Shell ovate, smooth, glossy, horny, brittle, whorls reversed, spire

short.

PLATE CLXVIII.

Helix Bullaoides : testa ovata laevi nitida cornea fiagili, an-

fractibus contrariis, spira brevi.

Received from Lincolnshire by the late Duchess of Portland, from
whose collection the specimen at this time in our possession was
obtained.

C S

16$

PLATE CLXIX,

FIG. I-
MUREX BAMFFIUS.

4
BAMFF WHITE MUREX,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a ftrait, and fomewha.
produced gutter, or canaliculation.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell ventricofe, white, ribbed longitudinally, with acute

plaits.

Murex Bamffius : testa ventricosa alba costis longitudinalibus

acutis plicatis.

A nondescript species, discovered by Mr. Cordiner, on the
coast of Bamffshire, Scotland; and communicated by him to the
late Duchess of Portland. The smallest figure is only of the
young shell, we have it of the exact size of the largest figure,
numbered 1, in the annexed plate. Uncommonly rare.

g 4

PLATE CLXIX.

F I G. II.

MUREX EMARGINATUS.

NOTCHED-LIP PALE MUREX.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell somewhat elongated, pale, with a white hand: wreaths
striated, with longitudinal undulations : on the posterior part of the
lip a single notch.

MuREx Emarginatus: testa suh-elongata pallida fusca alba:
anfractibus striatis loneitudinaliter undulatislabio
postice emarginafo.

The notch in the posterior part of the lip of this shell is
singular. By this mark die species may be immediately disthv
guished in a collection of British Shells, being perhaps the only
one of die kind found on our coast. This notch, it should
however be added, is to be considered ralher as the distinctive
feature of a natural family of shells, than as the character of the
individual species now before us, the very same appearance being
observable on several of the extra-europeau shells of (he Murex Genus.

Our specimens of this scarce, and, as we believe, undescribed
tpecies, were found on the western coast.

1J0

<>.

/

f

PLATE CLXX.

VENUS FASCIATA.

FASCIATED VENUS SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Hinge furnifhed, with three teeth, two near each other, the third

divergent from the beaks.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell somewhat heart-shaped, white, fasciated with brown : ridges
large, broad, depressed, of regular thickness at both extremities.

Venus fasciata: testa subcordata alba fusco-fasciata sulcis crassis

latis depressis regularibus continuis.

Pectunculus parvus, planior, crassus dense fasciatus. Fasciated : Da

Costa, p. 188. sp. 25. Tab. 13. Jig. 3.

This elegant shell occurs very rarely on the coasts of this country ;
we have observed it sparingly distributed on the sands near Tenby,
in Pembrokeshire. Da Costa says, he was informed that it is found
near Bangor, among the rocks from Bangor Ferry to Anglesea, in

PLATE CLXX.

Wales, by which he could only mean that the species Is an inhabitant
of the Menai, the arm of Beaumaris bay, communicating with the St.
George's channel which divides Caernarvonshire from the island of
Anglesea. The same writer notes it likewise from Cornwall. Dr.
Pultney describes it as a scarce shell, which he had found at Wey-
mouth.

Having Da Costa's specimens of this shell, and also that of his
Pectunculus Vetula before us, we should not refrain from observing,
that the opinion of Dr. Pultney respecting .hese shells is incorrect;
they are not merely transitions in growth, or varieties of the same kind,
the difference between the two is obvious, and fully authorize us to
consider them as distinct species. It should be understood in ad-
vancing this remark, that the shell which Da Costa figures and de-
scribes, for Pectunculus Vetula is clearly the Linnasan Venus Paphia,
a shell well known as a native of the West Indies, and never found
to our knowledge in any of the European seas. Da Costa was aware,
after his work had been published, that he had erroneously con-
founded the variety of Fasciatus, Fig. 1 , I , in our Plate, with the
West Indian shell ; he had conceived the latter to be the same shell in
a more perfect condition, and caused it to be engraved accordingly.

Dr. Pultney, in the passage wherein these shells of Da Costa arc
noticed (in his catalogue of the shells found on the coast of Dorset-
shire,) describes the Pectunculus Fasciatus as nothing more than a
variety of Venus Paphia (Linn.) in which respect he is assuredly
mistaken. One of the most striking characters, by means of which
the two species are to be discriminated, in our opinion, maybe ob-
served in the structure of the concentric ridges on the outside of the
shell : these in the true Linnzean Paphia are remarkably thick, and

PLATE CLXX.

prominent in the middle, but in approaching each extremity become
suddenly obtuse, and are then continued in an attenuated ridge, par-
ticularly as they extend towards the front of the shell, and thus
exactly corresponding with the definition of Linnaeus, " rugis
incrassatis, pube rugis attenuatis." On the contrary, in our
shell the ridges are nearly of an uniform thickness throughout,
sloping gradually with the depression of the shell behind, and only
terminating abruptly at the edge of the front, or fore part of the shell
where the valves appear obtuse : the outline of the shell is also very
ditFerent from Venus Paphia, the latter being more produced on. each
side than our Venus Fasciata.

lyjt

i

,

\\

:<\

PLATE CLXXI.

PATELLA MILITARIS.

HOOKED LIMPET.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal a Limax : shell univalve, sub-conic without spire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell entire, conic, pointed, striated, with the tip hooked, or re-
curved on one side.

Patella militaris: testa integra conica acuminata striata, ver-

tice hamoso lateraliter recurvo. Linn. Mant.
552.

List. Conch. 544.
Pult. Cat. p. 51.

When Linnaeus described this shell in the Appendix to his Mantissa
Plantaruniy its native country was unknown to him. Jt is a
Mediterranean species, and is sometimes, though rarely, met with on
the British coast. We have it from Cornwall through the favour of
Miss Pocock, and lately from Devonshire. Dr. Puitney acquaints
us, that Mr. Bryer found this species on the sands near Weymouth
Castle, Dorsetshire.

PLATE CLXXI.

Gmclin, in his edition of the Si/stema Katura, neglects to insert
this species, for what reason we are at a loss to conceive. The
specimens we possess of this rare shell, from the warmer parts of
Europe, are larger than those found on our coast. In different
specimens we observe that the striae are liable to vary both in form
and number, some shells appearing much more strongly reticulated
than others.

T

^

PLATE CLXXIL

TURBO SUBULATUS.

SUBULATE JVREATH SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

V

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form.
Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell subulate, tapering, pale flesh-colour, glossy, fasciated with
testaceous-brown. Aperture oval.

Turbo Subulatus : testa subulato-turrita pallide-carnea nitida

testaceo fasciata, apertura ovali.

Strombiformis parvus corneus glaber. Smooth. Da Costa,
Brit, conch, p. 111. sp. 69. Turbo kevis.
Smooth. Perm. Brit. Zool. No. 115. tab. 79.
upper figure ?

Our best specimens of this rare shell were dredged up on the
ceast of Weymouth. Da Costa received it from Exmouth, in
Devonshire ; he also adds, that three were found in the stomach
of a Five Finger, or common Stella Marina. The Turbo lasvis

PLATE CLXXIL

of Pennant is from the coast of Anglesea, but it is altogether
uncertain whether he means this species or not. — It is an elegant
shell, of a taper form, thin, and semitransparent ; when very per-
fect, of a pale flesh-colour, spirally wreathed with whitish lines,
and others of an ochreous or brownish hue ; the stripes are not
uniformly disposed alike in all specimens. Da Costa thinks the
species may be well distinguished by the spiral white lines.

The smallest figures in the plate denote the natural size of this
shell.

_3# ■

/■ ■-'■■■iJc

PLATE CLXXIII.

TURBO MAMMILLATUS.

MAMMILLATED TURBO,
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Umax : shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aper*
ture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell imperforate, subovate, whorls striated with raised dots, and
slightly angulated bv a few of the stria:, the dots of which are larger.

^

Turbo mammillatus : testa imperforata subovata anfractibus

striatis punctis eminentibus striis aliquot majori-
bus subangulatus.

This remarkable shell is introduced among the British species of
the Turbo genus, only on the authority of a posthumous memoran-
dum in the hand writing of Da Costa, which we find in the
collection of that Conchologist affixed to one of the specimens
figured in the annexed Plate. From this it appears the shell had
been picked up by Mr. Piatt on the Scilly rocks, at the western
extremity of Cornwall, and communicated by him to Da Costa.

vol. v. H

Ifi

\

PLATE CLXXIV.

MYA PICTORUM.

PAINTER S MUSCLE.

GENERIC CHARACTER

Animal Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge
for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not in-
serted into the opposite valve.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell oblong, rounded at both ends ; a single crenulated tooth in one

valve, and two in the other.

Mya pictorum : testa oblonga antice posticeque rotundata, cardi-

nis dente primario crenulato, alterius duplicate

Mya pictorum. Linn. Fn. Suec. 2129.

Mya pictorum, Moule des Peintres. Chemn. Conch. 6. /. l.f. 6.

Belg. verf houder. — Dan. Maler miegen,—
Maler Skiael, ibid.

Two, or perhaps no less than three different kinds of the fresh
water Mya have been confounded with the M. pictorum of Lin-
nsus? as it has been already intimated in the dssci iption of the Mya

PLATE CLXXIV.

Ovalis, Plate 89, of this work, a shell considered by Da Costa as
the true M. pictorum. The present species, which we have little
hesitation in believing to be the shell Linnaeus means, is more of an
oblong form than M. ovalis, rounded at both extremities, thin, semi-
transparent, and of a pale colour, beneath the epidermis, which is of
a faint green, or brownish hue ; within the shell is pearly.

The only synonyms we can venture to adopt with certainty, are.
those above quoted. There can be no doubt that the figure given
by Chemnitz for the M. pictorum of the continental writers, is the
same as that now before us, but the extensive list of references to
other works, added by that writer, we are induced to reject as
being at least in many respects ambiguous. Our specimens of this
shell were obtained from Mr. George Humphrey, who assures us,
that although he never had met with it himself alive in this country,
he was told some years ago by the late ■ Seymour, Esq. that this
very species had been fished up in the river Stour.

'■7s

y

: \

■ I

O

V

2,

PLATE CLXXV.

FIG. I.
HELIX FRAGILIS.

BRITTLE RIVER SNAIL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Aperture of the mouth contracted, and luoulated.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell imperforate, ovate, tapering, round, pellucid : aperture oblong-
ovate.

Helix fragilis: testa imperforata ovato-subulata tereti pellucida:

apertura ovata-oblonga. Linn. Faun. Suec.
218 7. — Gmel. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. 3658. Sp. 129.
Penn. PL 86.

Brown River Snail. Pult. Cat. p. 4S.

Helix fragilis is distinguished from Helix stagnalis, and one or
two other very analogous species of river snail by a number of slight
ridges which spirally traverse the whole shell, and are in particular

H 3 obvious

PLATE CLXXV.

obvious on the firft wreath. The shell is likewise more uniformly
elongated than H. stagnalis, the first wreajh being less swollen, or
vcntricose, and the remainder more so, than in that shell. — Helix
fragilis we have found on plants growing in rivulets about Green-
wich. Dr. Pultney says, it is common on plants in the river Stour.

FIG. II.
HELIX FONTINALIS.

SMOOTH FRESH WATER SNAIL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell imperforate, ovate, and pointed, glabrous, horny ; volutions
five, the first and second ventricose.

Helix fontinalis : testa imperforata ovato-acuminata glabra

cornea anfractibus quinque, primo secundoque
ventricosis.

Common in some of the rivulets in Devonshire. Communicated
by J. Laskey, Esq.

Fig. 2, are those of the common sort ; a reversed variety of the
same species is distinguished by a star.

7*

wa

.

M

PLATE CLXXVI.

MYA PR^TENUIS.

THIN WHITE SPOONHINGE GAPER,
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The
hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad
tooth, not inserted into the opposite valve,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell ovate, subpellucid, fragile, white ; tooth in both valves at the

hinge oval, and patulous.

Mya PRiETENins : testa ovata subpellucida fragili alba, cardinis

dente ovali patulo.

Mya pr^etenuis : testa ovata subpellucida fragili alba subumbonali

pubescente, cardinis dente ovali patulo. Pult.

Cat. p. 28.

Chama pratejiuis cardine cochleato porrectiore. Petiv. Gaz.

t. 94. 4.

This delicate shell was first observed by us on the sandy coast of

Caermarthenshire. We have since received the same kind from the

shores of Cornwall, where it was found by Miss Pocock. Petiver

H 4

PLATE CLXXVI.

describes his shell as being found at Poole, in Dorsetshire : where
Dr. Pultney also met with it on the sands in the harbour ; likewise
on the north shore near Brownsea Isle, and once with a few valves
on the shore between Weymouth and Portland.

Mya praetenuis, as the specific name implies, is a remarkably thin
shell, very brittle, of a whitish colour, and distinguished by having
an oval process or tooth resembling the bowl of a spoon in each
valv?. at the hinge.

,

tfl

*

)

-

'

PLATE CLXXVII.

TURBO ALBUS.

WHITE WREATH SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aper-
ture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell tapering, glossy, and white.

Turbo Albus: testa turrita nitida alba.

Strombiformis parvus albissimus lasvis, white. Da Costa Brit.

Conch, p. 116. Sp. 68.

Turbo minimus Isevis albus. Milk white smooth whelke. Borlase

Cornw. p. 277.

Turbo albus. Perm. Brit. Zool. N° 114, tab. 79 ?

We have never met with this shell on any of the British sea coasts,
although we are told it is found not very unfrequently on several of

PLATE CLXXVII.

those to which our researches have been directed. Da Costa says, the
species is found on the shores of Cornwall, about Fowey, Whitsand
Bay, the Land's End, &c. and also in Devonshire. Pennant's Turbo
Albus is from Anglesea.

v«

3 i

~^

'

/ /

PLATE CLXXVI1I.

FIG. I.
TURBO VITTATUS.

RIBBON'WREAtH SHELL.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form.
Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell smooth, taper, whitish, whorls subobsolete ; on the first,
three chesnut bands, one on the rest

Turbo Vittatus : testa turrita albida anfractibus subobsoletis,

primo faciis tribus castaneis reliquis unica.

This, and the following species of Turbo, we discovered in the
Menai, between Caernarvonshire and the island of Anglesea.
Turbo Vittatus, we have likewise been favoured with from Corn-
wall, by Miss Pocock, and from Devonshire, by J. Laskey, Esq.

PLATE CLXXVIII.

There is some reason for believing this to be the Turbo Trifasciatus
of Adams's description of minute British Shells, discovered on the
coast of Teaby, South Wales, which is inserted in the fifth volume
of the Transactions of the Linnaean Society. The account he gives
does not exactly agree with our Shell ; he speaks of only two red
bands on the first spire, instead of three ; and the single spiral line
arising from the posterior band, terminates in his Shell after encircling
the second volution, whereas, in all our specimens this line is continued
on every wreath to the apex. Should his T. trifasciatus be intended
for our Shell, the outline also is very badly expressed.— The
smallest figure in the annexed plate fhews the natural fize of this
{hell.

F I G. II.
TURBO INTERRUPTUS.

INTERRUPTED-STRIPE WREATH SHELL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Shell smooth, taper, whitifli, fasciated, with an interrupted ochreous

band.

Turbo Interruptus: testa laevi turrita albida fascia interrupta

ochrea.

Turbo Interruptus: teita quinque anfractibus subobtusis, aper-

tura subrotunda. Adams. Linn. Trans. V. 5.
fp.Zf

PLATE CLXXVIII.

We feel a much slighter degree of hesitation in admitting this to be
the Shell meant by Mr. Adams, in the paper above quoted, than
the preceding species ; notwithstanding that our Shell has a greater
number of whorls ; the outline of his figure is rude, and far from
characteristic of the shell. — Our specimens are from Anglesea, as
before mentioned. It is represented both of the natural fize and mag-
nified, in the plate.

FIG. III.
TURBO COSTATUS.

RIBBED WREATH SHELL.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell taper, snowy white, with numerous obtuse longitudinal ribs.

Turbo Costatus : testa turrita nivea costis longitudinalibus nu-

merosis obtusis.

Specimens of this elegant shell were found at Margate. The

smallest figure denotes the natural fize.

F I G. IV.
TURBO PALLIDUS.

PALE WREATH SHELL.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell somewhat taper, pale ; whorls very slightly bicarinateJ.

PLATE CLXXVIIL

Turbo Pallidus : testa subturrita pallida anfractibus obsoletissime

bicarinatus.

Found on the weftern coast : a Shell of very plain appearance,
brownish colour, and rather flattened on the wreath, so as to form
two flight spiral ridges or obtuse angles, especially on the first or
largest volution.

J/y

f r

PLATE CLXXIX.

FIG. I.
TURBO ACUTUS.

ACUTE WREATH SHELL.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aper-
ture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell taper, acute, snowy white, whorls about twelve with nume-
rous oblique obtuse ribs.

Turbo acutus : testa turrita acuta nivea, anfractibus subduodeciin

costis confertis obliquis obtusis.

A mutilated specimen of this curious Shell has been sent to us from
the coast of Cornwall : we believe it has been also found at Wey-
mouth ; but our perfect shell of this species is from Guernsey. — The
smallest figure is of the natural size.

PLATE CLXXIX.

FIG. II.
BUCCINUM BRUNNEUM.

LITTLE BROWN WHELK.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Aperture oval, ending in a short canal.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell taper, brown, whorls transversely striated, and longitudinally
undulated. Aperture toothless.

Buccinum Brunneum : testa turrita brunnea anfractibus trans-

versim striatis longitudinaliter undulatis apertura
edentula.

Found on the coast of Cornwall : — A rare, and, as it is presumed,
an undescribed species.

FIG. III.
MUREX ELEGANS.

ELEGANT MUREX.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Spiral, rough, aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat produced

gu;ter or cancelation.

PLATE CLXXIX.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell yellowish, banded with ochreous, tip violet: whorls longi-
tudinally ribbed, and finely striated transversely.

Murex elegans : testa ovata flavescente ochreo-fasciata apice

violacea anfractibus longitudinaliter costatis trans-
versim minutissime striatis.

A very beautiful little shell, discovered by Miss Pocock on the
coast of Cornwall.

F I G. IV.

MUREX SEPTEM-ANGULATUS.

SEVEN-ANGLED.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Shell oblong, acute, pale, with seven longitudinal angles.

Murex Septem-Angulatus : testa oblonga acuta pallida longi-
tudinaliter septem-angulata.

This kind rarely occurs on our coasts. The specimens in our
possession are from Weymouth. It bears a strong affinity to
Murex costatus, plate XCIV. of this work, although it is certainly
distinct. Murex costatus is much more linear in the outline, and
has the ribs less prominent and acute than our Murex septem-
angulatus.

VOL. V, I

teo

t

y

/ ■

.

PLATE CLXXX.

MUREX DESPECTUS.

DESPISED MUREX,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat pro-
duced gutter, or canaliculation.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

AND

SYNONYMS.

Tail patulous : shell oblong ; whorls eight, with two elevated lines.

MurexDespectus : testa patulo- subcaudata oblonga : anfra&ibus

octo lineis duabus elevatis. Linn. It. Wgoth.
200. tab. 5. f. 8.

The present shell, it must be tacitly acknowledged, is inserted
among the rarer shells of this country on very slight authority ;
namely, that of a friend, who .believes he once saw a few
specimens of this Murex that were fished up in the sea at a short
distance to the north of the Orknies. — On this suspicion only we

1 2

PLATE CLXXX.

could not have presumed to insert the species in this work, were it
not to avail ourselves of the opportunity afforded hy that means to cor-
rect an error very generally admitted concerning t>e true Murex
despectus of Linnaeus, the shell at this time under confideration.

To the English conchologist it need be scarcely said, that another
shell, somewhat similar to the present, although specifically different,
has been hitherto received as the Murex despectus of Linnaeus by
every writer in this country who has had occafion to speak of that shell.
The origin of this mistake, it will be perceived from the following
particulars, rests in a great measure, if not entirely, with Linnaeus
himself. The Murex despectus of this writer is noticed, for the first
time, in the account of his Tiavels through part of Sweden :
a small octavo volume written in the Swedish language, with notes,
relative to Natural History in Latin. At page 200, he describes this
shell in these words, " cochlea spiris octo oblonga utrinque producta
lineis duabus elevatis," referring to plate 8. fig. 5. of the same work for
a delineation of the shell ; the figure quoted in every respect agrees
with our specimen, not only in the general outline, but most exactly
in having the slight carinated ridges that pass spirally round the
whorls, a character not observable on the Murex despectus of English
authors. So far therefore we are convinced rhat the present shell is
the Murex despectus of ihe Linnaean Iter Westrogothicum.

The work above mentioned appeared in 1746, the year in which
Linnaeus likewise published the first edition of his Fauna Suecica.
In the latter, Murex despectus is again described with a reference to
his Iter W. goth. and in addition to that synonym, a shell figured
by Lister is also quoted for the same species. This is the source of
that very confusion which has fince arisen concerning the Linnaean

PLATE CLXXX.

Despectus, and should be fully stated. — Lister's Angl. t. 3. f. I. is
the reference given by Linnaeus Adverting to this we find the fol-
lowing definition of the shell given by Lister, " Buccinum album
laeve maximum septem spirarum." — He further adds, in the general
description, " Testae pars exterior ex tota laevis est, i. e. sine striis
quamvis saepius vel rugis quibusdam vel aliis rebus extrinsecus adna-
tis exasperetur." From this account, and from the figure he has
given of the shell, there is not the smallest reason to dispute that
Lister means the shell which English writers have heretofore con-
sidered as the Murex Despectus * ; but it is not less certain that
Linnaeus was wrong in quoting Lister's figure for his Swedish shell,
since they are not the same. However, on the authority of this
reference to Lister, which afterwards appeared in the Systema Naturae,
this shell has continnued to be considered as the species meant by
Linnaeus.

Nor was this the only oversight which appears to have been com-
mitted by that eminent Naturalist ; by continuing to refer, in the
Systema Naturae, to Lister's figure for his species Despectus, no
one scarcely could imagine that Lister's shell should be the M.
Antiquus of Linnaeus, instead of his Despectus, and yet we are
persuaded, after attentively comparing his description of the shells
with his synonyms, that such is the fact : the description agrees with
it, and the figure given by Gualteri is surely of the same kind as that
which Lister speaks of.

The Linnaean shell, M. Despectus, is well described, and the
figure in his Iter. W. Goth, is expressive: the two elevated spiral
lines, together with the rotundity of the wreaths, are strikingly

* In Lister's Plate the shell is reversed by mistake, mostjikely, of the engraver.

I 3

PLATE CLXXX.

characteristic of this species. At the first glance this shell appears to be
an intermediate kind between Lister's shell and the Murex Carinatus
of Pennant, and ourselves : indeed the principal difference we perceive
between the true M. Despectus and Lister's shell is, that the former
has the whorls of the spire rather more ventricose, and distinctly
marked with two slightly elevated spiral lines ; from Murex Carinatus
it differs principally in the very prominent angulations of the anfrac-
tihiiSy where the ridges appear, and more particularlv in the strong
depression between the upper ridge, and the suture of the whorls.

The Murex despectus, at pesent under consideration, is certainly
very rare, except in the North of Europe;, where we are led to suppose,
from what Linnaeus says, it is not uncommon.

The only specimens we have ever seen of this kind are from
Greenland.

HAVING thus ascertained, as we may reasonably believe, the
true Linnasan Murex Despectus, it remains in this place to propose
the following emendations and additions to the description of two
Shells figured in the course of this work, namely, Murex Despectus,
Plate XXXI. and Antiquus, Plate CXiX. which, in common with
other testaceological writers, wc had misconceived.

PLATE XIX.
MUREX DESPECTUS,

read
MUREX ANTTQUUS.

ANTIQUATED MUREX,

Testa patulo-caudata oblonga : anfractibus octo teretibus. Linn.

Fn. Suec. 2165.

PLATE CXIX.

MUREX ANTIQUUS,

read

MUREX DUPLICATUS.

TUBERCULATED MUREX.

Dele reference to Linn. Fn. Suec. et Gmel. Si/st. Nat.

i

and

add for the

SPECIFIC CHARACTER

Shell patulous, tailed, oblong: whorls eight, tuberculated, striated?

with two raised ridges.

Murex duplicatus : testa patulo caudata oblonga : anfractibus

octo striatis duplicato carinatis : carinis tubercu-
latis.

i 4

INDEX

VOL. V.

LINNJEAN ARRANGEMENT.

MULTIVALVIA.'

LlPAS Timinnabulum

■ borealis

■ Sicalpellum
— — anferifera

■ dilata

BIVALVIA. CONCHA.

I»Iya pictorum

Venus fjsciatus
■■■ ■ — lactea
Area Nose
Pinna lsevis
Voluta laevis .

Buccinum Glaciale
■■ — brunneum

■ Bdniffius

Plate.

Fig,

148

160

166

1

166

2

164

*74

— — przetenuis - --5

Solen pellucidus - - - j,,

Tellina depressa - . „ - s6i

Mactra radiata - • . _ -161

Murex despeetus » t%Q

170 j, a

149

158

152

165

154
179

- » - 169 x

emarginatus .... xg„ %

INDEX.

Murex septem-angulatus

— — angulatus
Trochus conicus
' cinereus

Turbo pallid us
i subulatus

— — acutus
— vittatus

■ interruptus

■ costatus

■ ■ pallidus
— — reticulatus

■■ albus -

Helix rufescens

■ pallida

■ hispida

■ ' ericetorum

■ fragilis
— — fontinalis
— — putris

■ Eullaeoides
Nerita intricata
Patella militaris

i oblonga

— — — interta- ^ -
Dentalium octangulatum
Teredo navalis

Plate.

Fig.

179

4

179

3

156

i55

z

i5S

2

17S

4

17Z

179

X

178

1

178

2

178

3

i7S

4

159

177

157

X

157

*

iSi

X

iSi

*»
Jt

175

I

175

2

168

X

168

2

167

171

150

146

i6z

HS

INDEX TO VOL. V.

ACCORDING TO THE

HISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM
BRITANNIA of DA COSTA.

PART I.

UNIVALVA NON TURBINATA.
GENUS 1. PATELLA. LIMPET, FLITHER, OR PAP SHELL.

Plate. Fif.

Patella fluviatiiis - - - h?

GENUS S, SERPULA. THE WORM SHELL.
Serpula Teredo «. - - - *45

INDEX,

PART III.

UNIVALVIA TURBINATE

GENUS 7. TROCHUS. THE TOP.

MARINE. SEA.

Trochus cinereus

Plate. Fig.
*55 *

GENUS 9. HELIX.

* TERRESTRES. LAND.

Helix Erica
' hispida

■^— rufesctns

151 s
151 s

1.57 «

** FLUVIATILES. RIVER.

Turbo trianfractus

16S

GENUS 12. STROMBIFORMIS. NEEDLE SNAIL.

Strombiformis albus

177

INDEX.
ORDER 2.

BIVALVES.

CENUS T. PECTUNCULUS. COCKLE.

Plate Fij-
Pecsunclus fasciatus ,- - ■ - 170

MULTIVALVES,

GENUS 17. BALANUS. ACORN.
Babuvus Tintinnabulum - • • 14S

ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. V.

ACUTA, Turbo

albus, Turbo

angulatus, Murex

anferifera, Lepas - ->

Bammus, Murex
borealis, Lepas
brunneum, Buccinum
Bullaeoides, Helix

cinereus, Trochus
costatus, Turbo
conicus, Trochus

depressa, Tellina (Squalida)
despectus, Murex
dilata, Lepas

elegans, Murex
emarginatus, Murex
Ericetorum, Helix

fasciatus, Venus
fontinalis, Helix
fragilis, Helix

glaciale, Buccinum

hispida, Helix

interruptus, Turbo

intorta, Patella

intricata, Nerita (Canrena var?)

lactea, Venus

lacustris, Patella

laevis, Pinna. (Ingens Penn ?)

lsevis, Voluta

mammillatus, Turbo
militans, Patella

navalis, Teredo
Ivoae, Area

Plate.

Fig.

179

I

177

156

166

a

169

1

160

179

2

168

2

155

z

178

3

JS5

i> 1

163

180

164

179

3

169

2

151

2

170

1, 2

175

2

'75

1

154

151

1

17S

2

146

167

149

147

152

165

173

171

145

158

I> J

INDEX.

oblonga, Patella
octangulatum, Dentalium

pallida, Helix
pallida, Turbo
pellucidus, Solen
Pictorum, Mya
prastenuis, Mya
putris, Helix

radiata, Mactra
reticulatus, Turbo
rufescens, Helix

scalpellum,. Lepas
6eptem-angulatus, Murex
subulatus, Turbo

Tintinnabulum, Lepas

vittatus, Turb©

FINIS.

Plate. Fig.

150

162

157

2

i78

4

153

174

176

16S

£

161

159

157

i> 1

166

.1

179

4

172

148

178

Printed by live and Law, St. John's Square, Clerkenwell.

Lately Published,
BY THE SAME AUTHOR :

i. THE NATURAL HISTORY of BRITISH INSECTS ; explain,
ing th?m in their several States, with the Periods of their Transformations,
their Food, CEconomy, &c. The whole illustrated with coloured Figures,
designed and executed from living Specimens. In Ten Volumes, Royal
Octavo, containing Three Hundred and Sixty Plates. — Price in Boards,
15I. 10s.

2. THE NATURAL HISTORY of BRITISH BIRDS; Or, a

Selection of the most rare, beautiful, and interesting Birds
which inhabit this Country. Embellished with One Hundred and Twenty,
four Figures, drawn, engraved, and coloured from the original Specimens.
In Five Volume, Royal Octavo. — Price in boards, 9I.

3. THE NATURAL HISTORY of BRITISH FISHES, including
scientific and general Descriptions of the most interesting Species, and an
extensive Selection of accurately Finished Coloured Plates. — Taken entirely
from Original Drawings, purpofely made from the Specimens in a fecent
State, and for the most part whilst living.

N. B. This Work is now in a Courfe of Publication, in Numbers,
monthly, at 3s. 6d. each ; and in Volumes, annually, at zl. zsl. each in
Boards. It is intended to be comprised in Five Volumes, Royal Octavo.
Two of these are completed, and may be had in boards, Price 4I. 4s.

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH SHELLS,

INCLUDING

FIGURES asp DESCRIPTIONS

OF ALL TilS

SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN,

SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED

JN THE LJNNEAN MANNER,

WITH

SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH.

i®-3£.®«

IN FIVE VOLUMES,
VOL. L

-**s&S>Gg$(i

By E. DONOVAN, F. L. S,

AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &C- &C.

LONDON

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR,

AND FOR

F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON, No. 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD,

By Bye and Law, St. John's Squure, Ckrkcnwcll,

1804.

ADVERTISEMENT,

THE present work is submitted with the utmost defer-
ence to the Reader as a general and very copious eluci-
dation of all the larger kinds of Shells found in this
country.

At the commencement of this undertaking the Author
proposed that the five volumes of which this work consists
should include figures and descriptions of all the British
Shells ; so far at least as they could be correctly ascer-
tained. The amount of these collectively, he was induced
to think might be very nearly appreciated from the seve-
ral works of Lister, Merret, Petiver, Walker, Pennant,
and Da Costa : from the number of nondescript British
Shells that came into his possession with the original col-
lection of the latter writer, together with those in his own
cabinet independent of them ; the whole amount of which
was far from inconsiderable.

a2

ADVERTISEMEM1.

In this estimate, which the Author at first conceived
xvould be completely adequate to every purpose of his
design, he afterwards perceived himself in some degree
mistaken. During the course of publication he has in
Various instances been kindly favoured with British Shells
not before described : neither are the acquisitions which
he has himself discovered in several remote parts of the
country altogether unworthy of attention. Many of the
species thus obtained were deemed too interesting to be
omitted in a work of this nature, and it was therefore thought
advisable to exclude those, which, from their extreme
minuteness, are usually denominated Microscopic Shells,
in order to admit the most important of them. The
omission of the more diminutive species, for the sake of
inserting Shells of conspicuous figure, that had not been
before described as English, the Author trusts will rather
be considered as an advantage, than detriment to this
work. Nothing of material consequence, either in the
collection of the Author, or the cabinets of his friends,
to which he has access, has been neglected in this selection ;
and he could not feel himself completely justified in
extending the work beyond the limits originally prescribed
for no other purpose than to introduce the Microscopic
Shells.

TABLE of CONTENTS.

MULTI VALVES,

-LjEPAS Balanus . i

■ costata

i conoides

— — — — intertexta

i balanoides - -

i Tintinnabulum

■ ' Diadema

Borealis -

■ ana t ifcra ~
• ■ Scalpellum

'• anserifera

■ dilata -

Pholas Dactylus (Da Costa HIans (Solander)

■ crispata »

——— Candida • - ' *

— — strizta -

— — parvus -

BIVALVES.

Plate. Fig.

30

%i X

30

2

30

3

36

1

56

*>3

148

56

160

166

K

166

2

164

11S

62

132

117

63

Mya glycymeris - - - - 142

• ovata • - - « X2»

CONTENTS.

Plate. F;g<,

Mya ovalis

■ pictorum

margaritifera

— — declivis

arenaria

truncata

— — depressa
'■ praetenuis
— — dubia

Solen Siliqua

' Lcgumen

' Ensis

— — marginatus

antiquatus

— — pellucidus

Tellina insequivalvis

■ variabilis
. trifasciata
-- carnaria

borealis
■ nivalis
. . inaequistriata

. fausta

i fabula

i rigida

■ . cornea

i bimaculata

■ -tenuis
i depressa -

Cardium aculeatum

■ tuberculatum

■ Echinatum
' lasvigatum

■ edule

ii rusticum

■ ' medium
' ciliare

■ pygmeum

Wactra Lutraria -
i ■ ■■■ hians *

89

*74

73

?z

*5

92

101

176

108

46

53

50

no

114

153

4i

E

4i

Z

60

47

62

I

62

z

1*3

98

97

103

96

*9

I, t

a9

2,2

**3

6

107

%

107

I

54

124

I

124

%

32

I

32

2

V-

3> 3

58

140

CONTENTS.

Mactra subtruncata

■ i ■ ■ Glauca
• solida

Stultorum

-^— — radiata

Donax Irus
— — trunculus

■ crenulata

Venus granulata
— — fasciatus
— — Verrucosa
1 Islandica

■ Chione

■ - cancellata

■ barealis

undata

— — sinuosa
— — exoleta

■ decussata
— — striatulus
— — lactea

Chama Cor

Area Nose

— lactea

i caudata
— — nucleus

■ glycymeris (DaCofta)
Pilosa (Gmel.)

Plate.

Fig,

126

125

61

106

161

29

2,2

29

I) I

*4

83

170

1,2

44

77

1

17

1*5

130

J2I

42

£

42

I

67

68

149

134

»S8

J35

78

63

37

Ostrea maxima - - 49

— — Jacobaea ■ - * - - 137

— — varia - - - - -11, 1

■ obsoletus - - - - 1 2
1 subrufus - - 12

■ pusio - 34
— — lineata - - - - 116

■ striata - - " " 45

Anomia Ephippium = - - • 26

Mytilus rugosus - - - - 141

pypy modiolus - ' g 5 ? 23

CONTENTS.

Mytilus Umbillcatus

. barbatus

— — — edulis
i ungulatus

— — — pellucidus

— Cygneus
> anatinus

. discors

Pinna laevis (Ingens Pennant)

— — Muricata (Pect'mata Linn ? )

Plate.

40

70

128

128

81

55
113

^5

15a
10

Fig.

I

2

UNIVALVES.

Cypraea pediculua

Bulla pafcula -

■ lignaria

■ • resiliens »
— — bydatis

— — aperta

■ . ■ cylindrka

Voluta tornatilis

pallida

— triplicata

— — lsvis - •■

Buccinum undatuip

, reticulatum •

« Lapillus

1 ■ lineatum

.. glaciale

. brunneum

Strombus Pes pelecanl
- costatus

Murex Carinatus

■ Despectus (Limn.)

Antiquus (Linn, Despectus, &c.)

— — tuberculatus

43

143

*7

79

88

120

120

57

66

138

165

i°4

76
j»

iS
i54
179

4

94

109

1S0

j 19

1

a

CONTENTS.

Murex corneus

■ ' " Erinaceus

• ■■ costatus
— — decollatus

Bamffius
■ emarginatus
— — — ■ septem-angulatus

■ elegans

* ' -- angulatus

Trochus magus

■ conulus

cineranus

Zizyphinus

papillosus

terrestris

conicus

cinereus

Turbo Hneatus
»■■ mammillatus

— ■ " littoreus

■ rudis

■ ■ cimex
-— pullus

■ fontinalis

■ lacteus

i pallidus

" duplicatus
— — terebra

■ ' cinctus

Clathrus

■■ striatus
— — fasciatus

■ perversus
•— — muscorum
• subulatus

■ ■ ■ ■ acutus
— — vittatus
— — interrtiptws

• ■ costatus
— — reticulatus

■ ■ a'.bus
VOL. I.

Plate.

Fig.

3S

35

9*

86

169

X

169

z

179

4

179

3

156

8

X

S

2

74

5*

127

in

155

X

*SS

2

7i

173

33

i, a

33

3

2

Is 1

a

a>3»4>5>*V

102

90

178

4

112

22

2

22

i>«

28

59

18

• i>*

72

2o

i-jz

179

1

178

1

178

z

J73

*»

j

159

177

CONTENTS.

Helix cornea

■ lapicida
— — vortejc

■ contorta

■ i pomatia

" ' hortensis (Aspera Gmel. ?)
——— pallida
• rufescens
— — arbustorum
■ nemoralis
'■■■ Zonaria
— — hispida
« ericetorum

— — tentacula
"• vivipara
' auricularia

' stagnalis

— fragilis

« ■ ■ fontinalis

— — putris «

— Bullaoides

Nerita littoralis

■ glaucina

— — — — intricata •

— — — nitida

■- fluviatilis

■ pallidus

Plate.

Fig,

39

z

39

i

75

99

S4

131

IS7

&

157

z

136

*3

65

iSi

z

151

2

93

37

5i

I

5i

%

175

X

i75

2

168

X

16S

2

20

2,2

20

I>»

167

144

16

2

16

X

Haliotis tuberculata

Patella Vulgata
■ fissura

— pellucida

— parva

— reticulata
•— Ungarica

— militaris
•— albida

— lacustris
.— oblonga
— intorta

H
3
3

x

21

21

171

129

H7
150
j 46

2,2
2,2

3.3

X

Dentalium entails

CONTENTS.

Plate,

4S
octangulaturn - - - 162.

Serpula vermicularis - - . "95

— — — spirorbis - - « 9

• granulau - - 100

Teredo Navalis - 14.5

Sabella alveolata
1 — tubiformis

139
133

•'£•

X