UVP, Smithsonian
Institution
Libraries

Purchased with
a Gift from
DR. STORRS L. OLSON
and the
CULLMAN ENDOWMENT

he al a

Oe

‘
r
; :
rs
.
i .
,
: .
hh
a, ji
t
'
a
1
:
)
‘
' j
f
«
.
7 \
i js
ee ry
t
:
. t
1 t
"
:
- of
a
» ie 8 7 i
* aly om x
» . tee
. 7 A { * uae
. - s 2
(
' : a
\ “ae i
* ’ a
7
‘
; -
.
. ‘
: b a ,
¥, of
‘ 7 ,
}
“4 id /
' u Py °
“Ss :
* é
hme ‘

THE
NATURAL HISTORY

OF

BRITISH BIRDS;

OR, A
SELECTION oF tHe MOST RARE, BEAUTIFUL, ann INTERESTING
Br, RovD. Ss

WHICH INHABIT THIS COUNTRY:

THE DESCRIPTIONS FROM THE

Sue 2 be MA NATO Re

OF

job N Ni U S33

WITH
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS,

EITHER ORIGINAL, OR COLLECTED FROM THE LATEST
AND MOST ESTEEMED

ENGLISH ORNITHOLOGISTS;

AND EMBELLISHED WITH
Boe GU: Reba s.

DRAWN, ENGRAVED, AND COLOURED FROM THE ORIGINAL SPECIMENS,

By Bo) DON OVA MN.

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR ; AND FOR F. AND C. RIVINGTON,
No. 62, ST. PAUL'S CHURCH-YARD. 1794

<

or

rt

Pa

ADVERTISEMENT.

ED | | Co

THIS Work being now completed, we conceive
our engagement with the Subfcribers, is, in every refpect
fulfilled, and that it only remains to embrace this opportunity,
to repeat our thanks for their favours ; and in particular, for

the candour with which the Supplementary Part has been
received,

But, in fubmitting the work to the Public in general, as
an illuftration of an important branch of Britifh Zoology, it
1s incumbent on us, to ftate briefly, the nature, and extent of

the undertaking, the information it contains, and its peculiar

advantages. In this retrofpective furvey of the work, we

muft advert to our former obfervations ; fome fimilar re-

marks appeared at the conclufion of the fourth volume, and

we retrace thofe, as they immediately relate to the outline of
our defign.

A Ornithology,

ADVERTISEMENT.

Ornithology, as a fcience, has undergone various altera~
tions and improvements: different authors have fubmitted
their fyftems to the world, and each has found its admirers
and opponents; nor has the unrivalled genius of Linnzus
devifed an arrangement in which thofe oppofite opinions
may be reconciled. On the importance of Ornithology, in
the great fcale of animated nature, no difference of opinion
can prevail. The beauty and elegance of the feathered race :
their pleafing and various melody ; their fagacity, and trac-~
table manners, has been admired in every age and country ;
and their unerring ceconomy and infliné&t, has ever engaged
the attention of the moral philofopher. The Birds of this
country are of plainer colours than thofe of warmer climates,
but they are not lefs interefting to the Englifh naturalift.
If, in fome inftances, their beauty has little claim to our no-
tice ; in others it excites our admiration; and to the intelli-
cent mind, their beauty, their fingularities, peculiar manners,
and ceconomy are equally engaging. They are the fource
of information and improvement to the practical Ornithologift,

and of rational and agreeable amufement to every common

obferver of nature.

At the commencement of this work, it was our intention
to form a complete Hiftory of Britifh Ornithology, and to
include figures of all the known Birds, amounting to more
than two hundred and fifty fpecies ; but we have fince con-

ceived it would be advifable to fele& only the more beau-
tiful

ADVERTISEMENT.

tiful Birds, in addition to thofe which are interefting to the
naturalift: for a confiderable number of the Britifh fpecies
are fo well known, that their hiftory would be tedious, and
the figures unneceffary, in 2 work profeffedly defigned to
treat of the moft remarkable fpecies only. Not that we
have entirely overlooked the common Birds; in feveral in-
ftances fome of thefe are introduced alfo, to point out their
fingular habits of life, and other interefling pecuharities ;
but, in general, we have endeavoured to form an inftructive

as well as amufine illuftration of this department of Natural
Hiftory.

Tt will perhaps be contended, that a complete colleétion
of figures and defcriptions of all the Britith Birds, would
be more acceptable than any partial felection, however com-
prehenfive. We admit the propriety of this objection ;
but muft obferve, that fuch addition would confiderably
increafe the expenfe to the purchafer, and {carcely contri~
bute to his information. On the other hand, this work, in
its prefent limits, may affift the refearches of the uninformed
naturalift, and tend ta promote a deeper and more extenfive
enquiry into this branch of fcience. It embraces in one
view the whole of thofe Britith Birds that are {carcely known,
and of which the inquifitive reader, under many circum-
ftances, may be defirous of information. We have omitted
many of thofe Birds which conftantly inhabit this country ;

but have included all local fpecies, and in particular, thofe,

A 2 whofe

ADVERTISEMENT.

whofe haunts and breeding places are difficult of accefs, and
the Birds in confequence, little known. The extenfive
marfhes and lowlands in fome parts of the kingdom, are
the retreats and breeding places of certain fpecies. Thofe
folicary kinds, which retire to the depths, and gloomy re-
ceffes of forefts, are rarely obferved; and many of thofe
which feek the open plain for fecurity, elude our vigilance,
and are not better known. But the rareft of the local kinds,
are of the rapacious and gallinaceous tribes, which never
leave their dreary folicudes: their wilds and barren moun-
tains In the north; to vifit the fouthern parts of Great Bni-
tain. ‘The migratory Birds are numerous, and include many
well known fpecies, with others that are uncommonly fearce.
We have taken an extenfive variety of the beautiful Land
Birds, that refort to this country occafionally from the fouth
of Europe; and of the aquatic or web-footed tribe, that
are driven by the feverity of the winter in the Arctic
regions to feek fhelter on our fhores. Huftory and tradition
inform us of other Birds that formerly inhabited thefe king-
doms, but are now extirpated; and thefe form an interefting
fequel to this felection. We cannot vindicate the pro-
priety of introducing naturalized exotic fpecies amonett
thefe, though they are arranged by our Naturalifts in the
Britifh Ornithology; and in fome inftances we have fol-
lowed their authority, for the fake of embellifament and
variety. 6

In

ADVERTISEMENT.

In the courfe of publication, we have been fortunate in
procuring fpecimens of many uncommon Birds. Among
the moft remarkable, are The Rofe-coloured Ouzel, Roller,
Little Bittern, Waxen Chatterer, Black Woodpecker, and in
particular that rare and almoft unknown fpecies, the Wood
Chat.—The Red-necked Grebe, Dartford Warbler, Dufky Lark,
Long-legged Plover, Egret and Cock of the Wood. We
could enumerate many other fpecies highly important to
the uninformed naturalift ; but, we refer our readers for the
general detail, to the complete Sy{tematic Arrangement an-

nexed to this Advertifement.

In this Syftematic Arrangement we have followed the
Syftema Nature of Linneus, though we totally diffent from
the opinion of that celebrated naturalift in his primary
—divifions of Ornithology. In every fyftem, the Birds which
inhabit the land only, are feparated from fuch as frequent
the water. This appears to be a natural method of forming
two principal divifions of Ornithology ; it was adopted by
Ray, and approved by Pennant and Latham. In the Linnzan
fyftem, thofe which inhabit the water are feparated from
the reft ; but the Land Birds are divided into two parts, and
the Water Birds are placed between them. To avoid con-
fufion we have adhered to this arrangement; but we have
alfo placed an Index, in the manner of Pennant and Latham,

at the conclufion of each volume.

A 3 Having

ADVERTISEMENT.

Fiaving endeavoured to exp'ain the nature and extent of
this undertaking, we fubmit the whole to the candour of
the Public; and, though not inaifferent to the flattering
teftimony of apprebaticn, it has received in the courfe of five
years publication, we entreat indulgence for whatever may be
raought exceptionable, either in the outline of our under-
taking, the felection of fpecies, or the manner in which
they are iluftrated. To our Subferibers, we fhall not
prefume to addrefs any apclogy, as their opinion mult be
already decided. The progreffive manner in which the
work has appeared, has afforded every opportunity for cri-
tical examination, for detecting error, or difcovering merit ;
and, we truft, their continued patronage is fome criterion
of their approbation, and of the general utility of our

defign.

SYSTEMATIC

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

OF

SELECT BRITISH BIRDS.

ORDER If.

ACCIPITRES

Includes the Falcon, Owl, and Shrike or Butcher Bird.

FALCON.

Falco Offifragus. Sea Eagle.
Haliatus. Ofprey.
Apivorus. Honey Buzzard.
Milvus. Kite.
* Peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon.
Cyaneus. Hen Harrier.
Tinnunculus, Keftril.
Subbutec. Hobby.
* Efalon. Merlin.

* Thofe marked with a ftar are not defcribed by Linnzus.

A 4 Owls.

CONTENTS.

Owl,

Strix Brachyotos. Short-eared Owl.
Flammea. White Owl.
Siridula. Tawny Owl.
Pafferina. Little Owl.

SHRIKE- .

Lanius Excubitor. Great cinereous Shrike.
Collurio. Red-backed Shrike.
* Rufus, Wood Chat.

ORDER II.

‘ Picz -

Crow, Roller, Oriole, Cuckow, Wryneck, Woodpecker,
King’s-fifher, Nuthatch, Hoopoe, Creeper.

Crow.

Corvus Cornix. Hooded Crow.
Glandarius. Jay.

var. white.

Pica. Magpie.

Caryocatacies. Nutcracker.
ROLver.

Loracias Garrula. Garrulous Roller.

ORIOLE.

CONTENTS.

ORIOLE.
Orielus Galbula. Golden Oriole.

CueKow.

Cuculus Cansrus. Common Cuckow.

WrvyneECckK.

Yunx Torquilla. Common Wryneck.

WOODPECKER.

Picus Martius. Great Black Woodpecker.
Minor. Leffler fpotted Woodpecker.
Viridis, Green Woodpecker.

KING’s-FISHER.

Alcedo Ifpida. Common Kingsfifher.

NuTHATCH.

Sitta Europea. European Nuthatch.

Hoopose.

Upupa Epops. Common Hoopoe.

ORDER IIL.

ANSERES

Duck, Merganfer, Auk, Petrel, Pelican, Diver, Gull

and Tern.

Dvucxs.

CONTENTS:

Duck.

Anas Agyptatica. Egyptian Goofe.
* Albifrons. White-fronted Goofe.
Tardona. Shieldrake.
Hyemalis. Long-tailed Duck.
Querquedula, Garganey.
Bofchas. Mallard.

MERGANSER.
Mergus Merganfer. Goofander.
Serrator. Red Breafted Goofander.
Albellus. Smew.
Minutus. Red-headed Smew.

AUK.

Alea Arftica. Puffin.
Torda. Razor-billed Auk.

Divers.

Colymbus Troile. Foolifh Guillemot.
Glactahs. Northern Diver.
linmer. Imber Diver.
Septentrionalis. Red-throated Diver.
Criftatus. Crefted Grebe.
Auritus. Eared Grebe.
Urinator. ‘Tippet Grebe.
* Nigricans. Dufky Grebe.
* Ruficollis, Red-necked Grebe.
Minutus. Little Grebe.

GULL.

CONTENTS.

S7uEs.
Larus Canus. Common Gull.
Aybernus. Winter Gull.
TERN.

Sterna Sandvicenfis. Sandwich Tern.
Hirundo. Common Tern.
Minuta. Leffler Tern.

Hufea. Black Tern.

ORDER, ly.

GRALL&

Eferon, Ibis, Snipe, Sandpiper, Plover, Avofet, Oyfter-catcher,
Coot, Rail, Buftard.

HERON.

Ardea Cinerea. Common Heron,
Garzetta. Egret.
Minuta. Little Bittern.

IBis.

* Tantalus Igneus. Gloffy Ibis.

SNIPE.
Numenius Pheopus. ‘Wimbrel.
Scalopax Aigocephala. Common Godwit.
Calidris. Redfhank.

SANDe.

CONTENTS.

SANDPIPER.

Tringa Pugnax. Ruff.
Vanellus. Lapwing.

Cinclus. Purre.

PLoveER.

Charadrius Pluvialis. Golden Plover.
Firmantopus. Long-legged Plover
HAitaticula. Ringed Plover.
Morinellus. WDottrel.

AVOSET.

Recurvirofira Avofetta. Scooping Avolet.

OysTER-CATCHER.

Hematopus Oftralegus. Pied Oyfter-catcher.

Coor.

Fulica Atra. Common Coot.
Chioropus. Water Hen.

RaIL.

Rallus Crex. Land Rail.
Aquaticus, Water Rail.
Porzana. Small {potted Water Hen.

ORDER

CONTENTS.

ORDER V:

GALLINA.

Pheafant, Grous, Peacock.

PHEASANT.

Phafianus Colchicus. Common Pheafant.

Grous.

Tetrao Urogallus. Cock of the Wood.
Tetrix, Black Game.
Logopus. White Game or Ptarmigan.

PEACOCK.

Pave Criftatus. Common Peacock, (variety.)

ORDER VI.

PASSERES.

Pigeon, Lark, Stare, Thrufh, Chatterer, Grofbeak, Bunting
Finch, Fly-catcher, Warbler, Wagtail, Titmoufe, Swallow,
Goat Sucker.

PIGEON.

Columba Oenas. Stock Pigeon.

LARK.

Alauda Ofcura. Dufky Lark.

STARE.

CONTENTS:

STARE.

Siurnus Ciuclus. Water Ouzel.
THRUSH.

Turdus Torquatus. Ring Ouzcl.
Rofeus. Rofe-caloured Ouzet.

CHATTERER.

Ampelis Garrulus. Waxen Chatterer.

GROSBEAK.

Loxta Curvirofira. Common Crofsbill.
Coccothrauftes. Hawfinch.
Enucleator. Pine Grofbeak.
Pyrrhula. Bulfinch.

BunTING.

Emberiza Frigida. “Tawny Bunting.
Citrinella. Yellow Bunting.

Milaria. Common Bunting.

FINCH.

Fringilla Montana. Tree Sparrow. .
Montifringilla. Brambling.
Carduelis. Goldfinch.
Linaria. Leffler Redpole.

FLY-CATCHER.

Mufcicapa Atricapilla. Pied Fly-catcher.

WAGTAIL,

CONTENTS.

WactTAIL, WARBLER.

Motacilla Alba. White Wagtail.
Flava, Yellow Wagtail.
Boarula, Grey Wagtail.
Lufeinia. Nightingale.
Pheenicurus. Redftart.
Sahcaria. Sedge Warbler.
* Dartfordienfis. Dartford Warbler.
Rubicola. Stone Chat.
Rubetra. Whin Chat.
Regulus. Gold-crefted Wren.
Trochilus. Yellow Wren.
* Syluiella. WLefler White Throat.
Rubecula. Redbreatt.

‘TITMOUSE.

Parus Major. Great Titmoufe.
Ater. Colemoufe.
Ceruleus. Blue Titmoufe.
Caudatus. Long-tailed Titmoufe.
Biarmicus. Bearded Titmoufe.
Criflatus. Crefted Titmoufe.

GoaT SUCKER.

Caprimuleus Europeus. European Goat Sucker.

) wae oh We aay

nN i, Jeg Wai wih. oath

7 Ret “A al Y" sank ; fl
: tine aa Ayn shovel
pie gnintgtee Mais’
tt | ae wens
Sos, ae ee a
ve tae pele, pe oe |
he * ‘ : \ i ‘s - d — 7
slgra ve OaQitie AT, ot sexta von ‘ . O47 ee a :
Pati ; now nk ; se iy
id i ' 7 , o ies | = :
basal scl nave Baa afi .
: i eae ‘ i‘
oy 4 ears aiier’” , atuge%, ).. 2) A
Rey aa a pared > tet
a oe walled endian | (his
ad | ne oaid’ HF allo i ‘a Ag? ey ; vir i
Asad! it aso 5 ; F ‘ i
s f | | ~~ ca i | ial ,
wits TOME mF Mae aw rae
S's
‘ " , ae
aso foi wish ta ae oP eh fae
‘ iv ¥ -
‘aes Shartenrst,” y ie Se aA
Aer sbi asiersa ; pak . ;
Swot talighenét sais Rel ty Ae
; * Tacepegh HE bedvee . Boa ee? Ma
aie air: ae sd
le@enT bles alte
ee. a
} m4 * 7 isdeee Ow
aa Ha cx ey ‘eb sae) Si, ae
iia is * 7 h
; | a | ai
4 <gAaue es tig: wt “se ee ips vant a” L : . be i
r P : " ? Me
a)

be ip oe

&

BiINN A AN ARRAN GE WEN eae

OF oF HE

ORDERS inctupep In tue CLASS

ony ke S

if 3 OS
.

ORDER“,
Acciptres.
epecrous Birds; having the upper mandible of the beak fur-
nifhed on each fide with an angular proces; claws arched, ftrone.

aeiaiiinasiammemen ste 2 EOS a

OPR, DoE. RR. 15, :
Pitee
Pies; having the beak a little curved, and rather compreffed on the

fides.

OR Db Ri Ite

Anferes.

Web-footed ; thefe have a beak fomewhat obtufe, and covered with a
thin fkin; at the bafe underneath gibbous, and wide at the end; the ‘faux,

or edges of the bafe, denticulated; the feet palmated, or webbed, and

formed for fwimmine.

Po | ORDER

i ae J

ORDER IV.

Gralle.
Waders. Thefe have the beak fubcylindrical, and fomewhat obtufe ;
the tongue entire, and flefhy; the thighs naked for fome fpace above the

knees; legs very long.

ORDER V.

Galline.

Gallinaceous. Birds having the upper mandible convex, or arched, and
receiving the edges of the lower noftrils, half covered by means of a con-
vex membrane, rather cartilaginous; the reCtrices, or tail-feathers, more
than twelve; the feet cloven, but conne¢ted by a membrane as far as the
firft joint.

ORDER VI,
Pafferese

Pafferine. ‘Thefe haye a conical acuminated, or pointed, beak; noftrils

oval, open, naked.

bok! Ble kh
PARUS .BEARMIE.WU S.

BEARDED TITMOUSE.
PASSERES.

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.

GENERIC. CHARACTER.
Bill fhort, ftrong, entire, briftles at the bafe. .Tongue, blunt,
with briftles at the end. |

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,

AND
SYNONYMS, —
Bill fhort, ftrong, convex, yellow. Head grey. A black tuft,
or beard, beneath each Eye. Plumage red yellow. ‘Taillong. Legs

black.
Lin, Syft. Nat. 342. edit. 12-—1766,

Scop. ann. 1. N° 241.
Fe Le Prifchct a.
Parus Barsatus. La Mefange barbue, ou le Mouftache—
Brif. Orn, III, p. 567. No12.
Buf. Oif. pl. 18. v. p. 418.
| Py vel. G18: fale 2.
Pendulus. Kram. el. p. 373:
Beardmanica, Albin. 1. pl. 48.
Lanius Minimus, Leaf? Butcher Bird. Edw. pl. 45.
Bearded Titmoufe. Br. Zool. 1. N° 167.

Ard. Lool—Br. Muf.—Lev. Muf.
A 3 The

6 PL, AA 2 we.

The Great Titmoufe, Colemoufe, and Marfh Titmoufe; with the
Blue, Long-tailed, and Bearded, Titmice, are the only fpecies of
the tribe which inhabit this country: they are all very frequent ex-
cepting the latter; which however is not uncommon in certain fitua-

tions, though formerly efteemed as rare.

Tt was defcribed by 4/drovandus in his Ornithology publifhed in the
years 1610—16133 and appears to be well known at that time in fe-
veral parts of Europe, though unknown in Britain: more than a cen-
tury after Aldrovandus, (1734), it was included in a Hiftory of the
Birds of Germany by 7. £. Frifch; but even at that time, was fo
rare with us, that it was fcarcely afcertained to be a native of Britain;
and Albin, who feems to have pofleffed fome knowledge of Birds, de=
termines it as a native, only on the authority of the information he
received from others; his Hiftory of Birds was publifhed in 1738;
therein he gives a figure of the Male Bird, and fays in the Defcriptions
annexed, ** Thefe two birds (male and female) I bought of Mr. Bland
on Lower-hi/l, who told me he had them from ‘futland : ‘I have been
fince informed by Sir Robert Abdy, that they are found in the Salt-
marjbes in Effex, and by others that they are likewife in the fens in
Lincolnfoire.”

He alfo obferves that it receives the name Reardmanica from the

black tuft refembling a picked beard.

Edwards * refers it to the tribe of Butcher-birds, under the title of
Lanius Adinimus, Leaft Butcher-Bird ; but Linnzus, in his Sy/fema
Natura, reduced it to the PARUs genus; and late writers have alfo

determined it to the fame family.

\

* G. Edwards’s Nat. Hift. of Birds, Vol. 7. 4to. London, 1743, &c.
Its

Prien bee 1. 7

Its length, ftom the tip of the bill to the end of the tail, is fix
inches and a quarter: the bill is thick, and of a bright yellow colour,
but fades immediately when the bird dies; in the female it is rather
dufky; and the head, which is of a fine grey in the male, is of a
brownifh ruft colour, fpotted with black, in the female: indeed, the
female is immediately diftinguifhed by the plainnefs of her plumage,
it neither poffeffing the beautiful purple colour on the breaft, or the
black tufts on the throat, which characterizes the male: the vent-
feathers of the male are pale black; of the female light brown; as

are the other parts of the belly.

Pennant, in the Britifh Zoology, fays, “ This fpecies is found in
the marfhes near London: we have feen it near Glouceffer: it is alfo
frequent among the great tracts of reeds near Cowdit in Lincolnfbire,

where I fufpect they breed.

Latham, in his General Synopfis,—“ Thefe birds are found in
England, but have hitherto been obferved only in marfhy fituations
where reeds grow, on the feeds of which it feeds, as well as fmall in-
fects; both of which have been found in their ftomachs. They are
pretty frequent, and in not inconfiderable quantities, in the marfhes
among the reeds between Frith and London, and are again met with
in fuch-like places near Glouceffer, as well as among the great tracts
of reeds near Cowdit, in Lincolnfhire. In all thefe places 1 make no
doubt of their breeding, as I know that they ftay in the firft-named
parts the whole year. “The neft is not known for certain ; but I have
feen one, which was compofed of very foft downy materials, fufpended

between three reeds drawn together, thought to be the work of that
bird.”

“© They are alfo common in Denmark; and Buffon fuppofes that a
pair of thefe, having efcaped from the cage of the Counte/s of Albe-
A 4 marley

Od

PL A Tie i

marle, have founded this colony in England. This may have been
the cafe in refpect to thofe of Erith, being on the borders of the
Thames, but will not fo well account for their being elfewhere; and
Iam inclined to think that they are indigenous to us, and have
been (0. ab origine; and that it is merely owing to their ‘frequenting
fuch places only where the recds grow, that they have been {o little
known ; for as thofe birds never go farther than a few yards from the

beds *, they have ftood a greater chance, which has really happened,
of not being earlier obferved.”

Kramer fays the neft is built among the willows, and is of the
fhape of a purfe, made of foft downy materials, fuch as the down of
the Greater Cat’s-Tail +, or that of the 4/p tf, hanging the neft ona

branch.

What new light Mr. Latham could throw on this fubje@t, is given

in the Supplement publifhed in the year 1787.

“ T have never yet been able myfelf to afcertain the neft and eggs.

In Sepp’s || plate the neft is placed on the ground among the /edges.
It is of a very loofe texture, compofed of the tops of dry grafs, mixed
with the feed-heads of rujves and reeds, with narrow leaves inter-

mixed. The eggs four in number, of a reddifh white, marked with
{mall brown fpots.”

* «¢ The reed-beds frequently cover many acres of ground ; thefe grow
in the water, fo as to be overflowed at every tide ; and few perfons ever go
ear them, except in the time of cutting, which they do in boats, as, except
at very low tides, one can {carce fet a footftep within their boundaries,”
+ Typha latifolia. Lin, t Populus tremula. Line

{| Seppe
Vog. pl. in p. 83.

« This

Be As 6 e. | 9

« This fpecies is found in Schonen, in Sweden; but rarely. Is
very common about the Ca/pian Sea and Palus Meotis, and among
‘the rufhes of the rivers which fall into them ; but in no high latitudes

in 4fia. None in Siberia *.”

The male fhews much tendernefs and care for its young, and its
mate partakes alfo of its affection: it is faid to be ever conftant in its
attachments; and at night, when at rooft, the male protects the fe-
male, under the concave of his wing.
Se ee

* Ar&, Lod,

PLATE

—

1
A
ae

“
i

es ; ra
a I
a2
j : ae
eS ae
«| eee : oa

is
, Dee
aes

\
a ia

OPAL AVR dh

CORVUS GLANDARIUS.
ee 2
Pac: 2.

Bill compreffed, convex, or a little curved.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrong, conic, with briftles at its bafe reflected downwards.
‘Tongue bifid.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,

AND

SYNONYMS.

Head covered with long feathers. Forehead white with black
ftrokes. From the angles of the mouth a broad ftreak of black under

each eye. The head, fides, neck, breaft, back and fcapulars, vina-

ceous buff-colour. Coverts of the wings fine blue, barred with black.

Rump white. ‘Tail black-brown.
Corvus glandarius. Lin. Sy/t. 1. p. 156. N® 7,
Scop. ann. 1. p. 36. N° 30.
Mull. p. 12.

Pica glanduria. Ge/n. av. 700.

Jay. Aldr. Ornith. 1. 12. e. 14,
Will. Orn. p. 130. pl. 19.
Rdti.aV~ AI. A. 2.

Alb..av.1. po 16. t. 16.
Le

a -~ PLATE IL

Le Geay, Garrulus. Brif Orn. ii. p. ay. Ny.
Buf. ois. IIL, p.107. pl. 8.—Pl. enl. 481.
Renel. 481.

Holtz-fchreyer (Wood Cryer), Eichen-heher (Oak Jay), Nus-
heher, Frifch. t. 55.

Nus-heher, Kramer El. p. 335.

Ghiandaia, Zinan. 67.

Skoia, Schoga. Scopeli, Ne 39.

Screch y Coed. (Antient Britifo.) Brit. Zool.

The Jay, though very frequent in every part of the country, evi-
dently ceferves, for the fingular beauty of its plumage, the firft place
in a collection of interefting Britifh Birds: it is a fpecies, however,
not merely confined to this kingdom; but generally diffufed over the

greater part of the continent of Europe.

_ Among the foreign birds which are referred to this genus, are fe-
veral fpecies eminently diftinguifhed for their rich and elegant colour-
ing; but the European Jay is certainly fuperior in this particular to

many exotics of the fame family.

Its habits are known, in a great degree, to refemble thofe of the
Magpie, which alfo belongs to the fame genus. It will devour with
avidity cherries, goofeberries, rafpberries, or other fruits; but in au-
tumn and winter it feeds on acorns; whence it long fince derived
the name Pica Glandaria. It is not deftitute of a carnivorous ap-

petite, as it frequently combats, and devours, finall birds: it alfo feeds

on worms and infects.

Ablin,

Rone a

Ablin, in Plate 16. Vol. 1. very accurately defcribes the Jay he

took his figure from, which nearly correfponds with our {pecimen.

“ Tts length, from the point of the bill to the end of the tail, was
fourteen inches; its breadth, when the wings were Senced twenty-
one inches and an half; its weight feven ounces; the bill dark afh co~
lour inclining to black, ftrong, near an inch and an half long; the
tongue black, thin, pellucid, and cloven at the tip; the irides of the
eyes white. Near on the lower chap of the bill are two black fpots,
on each fide one. The chin and lower part of the belly whitilh, elfe
the breaft and belly are of a mixt cinereous and red; the rump above
is white, the back red, with a mixture of blue; the feathers on the

crown of the head variegated with black and white.

“¢ The fails of the wings are in number twenty, of which the firft is
fhorter by half than the fecond, the fourth the longeft {being by mea-
fure fix inches and a quarter); the firft or outermoft is black, the
bottom or lower part white, which is proper to it alone; the fix
next following have their exterior vanes of an ath colour, the three
next likewife, but more obfcure, and mingled with blue, being alfo
marked toward their bottom with tranfverfe black and white ftrokes ;
the five fucceeding have their exterior vanes half white, half black,
viz. the lower half white, the upper black, but fo that each extremity
of the white is terminated with blue; the iixteenth, in place of the
white of the four precedent, hath tranfverfe blue, black, and white
{pots; the feventeenth is black, having one or two blue fpots; the
eighteenth is black with fome little red; the nineteenth red with the
tip black; the under fides of all the feathers of the wing are of a dark
or dufky colour; the covert-feathers of the fifteen exterior fails are
very beautiful, being variegated or chequered with black, white, and.
lovely thining blue lines, the reft of the covert-feathers being black.

“ The
9

‘4 PL AWE VG

“ ‘The tail is fix inches and a quarter long, confifting of twelve
feathers, wholly black except toward their roots: under the rump

there is fomething of a blue mingled with cinereous,

«© The feet and toes are of a ferruginous dufky colour, the
middle toe is the longeft; the outmoft is equal to the back toe; the
lower joint of the outmoft toe is joined to the middlemoft ; the back

claw is the greatetft.

‘© The guts are twenty-four inches long; the blind guts but half
an inch; it hath a gall and a long fpleen: the ftomach or gizzard
not very flefhy, and having its echinus, wherein were found

acorns, &c.”

He adds, “ The female differs little or nothing from the male,
either in bignefs or colour, fo that it is very difficult to know them
afunder:”’ but after the publication of his firft Volume of Birds, he
_rectifies this error, in a fupplement which is prefixed to the work.
«© The following obfervations,” (fays he) “I received from Dr. Der-
ham, after the defcriptions were printed. He hath obferved the Cock
Jay (Plate 16. Vol..4.) to be fomewhat bigger than the Hen, the
feathers on the head to be blacker, the ftripes longer, and the black

and blue colours more elegant in the Cock than in the Hen.”’

Jays generally build in woods, preferring a fituation near the fkirts
the neft is compofed of fibrous roots, and young twigs, erected on a
bafe of feveral large fticks, and is placed on the top of a thorn-bufh,.
or other under-woed, or between the firft branches of low decayed
trees: the female lays five or fix eggs, of the fize of a pigeon’s, of
a cinereous olive colour, marked with very pale brown {fpots: the
young Jays remain with their parents till the next fpring; and at
the pairing time they each choofe his mate, to propagate their future

oreny-
om Sy. It

BLA WE I. rs

It isa refilels and very quarrelfome bird: makes a harfh, chattering
and fereaming noife; and is ever at variance not only with its own
fpecies, but with every other inhabitant of the foreft: when deprived
of liber’y, i: may be taught to imitate the human voice; but the ori-
ginal appearance of its plumage is fo altered by confinement, as
fcarcely to retain any of the beautiful colours, which are fo emi-

nently confpicuous in the wild ftate.

It is a native of Denmark, and of Ruffia; of Scotland, and of
England; but does not frequent the iflands adjacent.

Latham fays, “ The Jay, I believe, is not fpread fo far as many
others of the genus, as we do not hear of its inhabiting further fouth
than Jtaly and Greece.

¢ This {pecies is common in the woods both of Ruffia and Siberia,
but none beyond the Lena *; Georgi mentions it as frequenting the
Lake Baika‘, and Ruffel records it as an Aleppo fpecies +. I have
a fufpicion alio that it extends to China, as it is to be feen in the

drawings of birds from that country.

“Tt is called by the name of Fay, about Arragon in Spain, as in
England. in the lait it is not efteemed as food; but in the firft it
is expofed to i2ic along vith other birds +.” It is alfo eaten in Swe-

den ||. Supp. Gen. Syn. p. 79. N° 19.

er Sa rie?

be Ari, Zool. + Lift ° Alepp. pe 696 = Fault. rag.
A Mr. Swederus.

LE

LE GEAY BLANC.
WHITE Jay.
Brif. orn. II, px 51. A

Latham defcribes this Jay, as only a variety of the common fort,
and fays he had one which was taken in a neft with four other Jays of
the ufual colour; the fpecimen he mentions, is at prefent in my col-
letion; it is lefs than the common fize, is wholly white, inclining
toacream colour in the fhades; the legs and bill are white alfo:
the irides red,

PLATE

PLA EU,

’ : tien & DU S&S 80'S .E Us)
RosE-COLOURED THRUSH
OR Ovuzetl.
PASSERES:?

. Bill. conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked;

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill firait, fubulate, and fomewhat angular.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
AND
SYNONYMS.

Bill at the bafe reddifh, at the point black. A long pendent Creft,
Head, Creft, Neck, Wings, and Tail, black, tinged with green-purple.
Breaft, Belly, and Back, pale rofe-colour with dark fpots ; Legs dirty

orange.

Lin, Syft. 1. p. 294. N° 15,
| Faun, Suec. 219.
Nov. Com. Ac. Petrop. XV. p. 478. t. 23s fi Te
STURNUS Rofeus, Scop. ann. 1. p. 130. Ne igi.
Turous Seleucis. Faun. Arab. p. 6. a—p. 5. N° 16.
Le Merle couleur de Rofe. Brif. or, ii. p.@50. N° 20.
Buf. Oif. iii. p. 348. te pl. 22—pl. enl 2573
Meruta Rofea, Raii. Syn. p. 67. 9.
Aldr. av. Il. 283.
Rofe, or Carnation-ccloured Ouzel. Will. orn. p. 194,
| Edw. ol. 20.
Bre Zool. App... N's.) ph ky
Ar, Zool.—Lev. Muf. ae
5 : a

Ps AT ee AL

This fpecies is very pare in every part of Europe ; and efpecially in this
country: we have a figure of it in the Britifh Zoology; but unfor- ~
tunately, notwithftanding Mr. Pennant’s very laudable intentions, he
had no opportunity of confulting the original fpecimen; he depended
on a drawing done by his friend-Mr. G. Edwards ; and the copy is only
a diftant imitation of the bird; it is defeCtive about the body, and ex-
ceedingly incorrect as to the circumference of the neck; the account
fays, “ Mr. Edwards difcovered this beautiful bird twice in our ifland,
near London, at-.Norwood, and another time in Norfolk ;” the figure of
this was copied by permiffion from his beautiful and accurate defign,
which we gratefully acknowledge, as well as every other affiftance
from our worthy friend; whofe pencil has done fo much honour to his

country.

This bird is the fize of a flarling; eight inches in length: bill
three quarters of an inch, of a flefh-colour, with the bafe reddifh:
irides pale: the feathers on the head long, they form a creft which
impends on the neck: the head, neck, wings, and tail, are black; the
two latter are ftrongly gloffed with green; and in fome parts with an
inclination to blue and purple: the back, rump, breaft, belly, and
lefler wing coverts, pale rofe colour, with a few irregular dark fpots:

Jegs pale red, or orange.

Ruflell in his Hiftory of Aleppo, calls our refe a _fiefh-colour ; and
in the Peterfburgh TranfaQiions the name given to it is fanguineous ;
we may then conclude that the bird varies much in its rofe, or pink

colour; the female alfo is paler than the male.

Mr. Latham has added a farther proof of its being found in this
country, one was fhot at Grantham, in Lincolnfhire, and is now in
the pofleffion of Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart.; and he fays that he is affured of
one, or more, being fhot almoft every feafon about Orm/kirk in Lan-

oe capvirce It

PEAT E It,

It is more frequent in France; and is met with in Burgundy, in
its paflage to other parts: A/drovandus mentions it as not uncommon
in Italy, where it is called the fea flare, and fays its ufual haunts are
among heaps of dung *: it is alfo found in Switzerland and Lapland,

but it never pafles the limits of that frozen region +.

In fome parts of Afia it is common: “ It comes in great numbers
— about Aleppo, in ‘fuly and Auguff, in purfuit of the fwarms of locufts t5
whence it is held facred by the Turks, as great quantities are deftroyed
‘by this means; it is alfo feen in vaft flocks, every year in the fouth
of Ruffia; about the river Don ; and in Siberia, about the Irtifch ;
finding abundance of Jocufts for food, and convenience for breeding
between the rocks: it is alfo common on the borders of the Cafpian
Sea; about Afrachan; and from thence all along the Volga.” Latham
Gen. Syn. 3. 50. 52.

It extends to India; Sir Jofeph Banks, has one in his collection.
which was received from Bombay. |

* Aldr. Av, UL. 283. + Linnaeus—Mt. Ekmarcky
{ Hence called the locutt bird, Raféll, Hit, Allep.

oo PLATE

- = e
: : Pe 5
i “ . F
ae % A ‘
aa be ra
E £ : ‘
Z 1 “
ee
; 3
~~
:
al -~ ~
>
ral “4
i 4
—
‘ ’ ‘ “5 -
~ \ 4
*S 3 >
= . :
L, a = .
: ;
:
cv
,
\ Pe 3
:
re ;

es

PLA PE. IV.

MOTACILLA REGULUS
es | GoLDEN-CRESTED WRENaz
PASSER ES;
Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Bill ftrait, flender, ‘Tongue jagged,
SPECIFIC CHARACTER,

) AND
SYNONYMS,

Crown of the head bright yellow, with a longitudinal black margin
on each fide, which pafles immediately above the eyes. Back
ereenifh, Breaft white with a dirty green tinge. Legs yellow-
brown.

Moracitia Recutus Linn, Syft. 1. p. 338. N° 48,

Muller, p. 33, N? 280.
, Georgi Reifey po 175.
em Frifch, t. 246

Bea NERO TEP WrREN Raii. Syn. p. 79. A. 93
Will, Orn, be P27. plilda
Albin, 1 pl. 53. A,

Edw. pl. 254. 1,

Catefb. Car. App. 36. 37.

Bre Zool. 1, N° 15%:

Ari. Zool.—Br. Muf-—Lew, Muf.
Latham. Gen, Syn, IV. 508,

eee os
.
3

Le

PLATE 1

Le Poul, ou Souci, ou Roitelet hupé, Calendula, Brifon, av. I
P.570~ 2 17 24. 2, O51. fe. 3.

Le Roitelet. Buff cif V. p. 363. ph 16, fi 2

Fior rancio. Olina. pl. in p. 6.

La Soulcie, Belon av. 345.

Kongs fogel. Faun, Suec. fp. 262.

Kratlich. Scopali, IN? 2.40.

Sommer Zaunkoenig (Summer Wren.) Frifch, 1. 246

Goldhannel. Kram. 378.

Fugle-Konge. Brun. 285.

The golden crefted Wren is the fmalleft bird yet difcovered, in
either of the Britifh ifles; is common to France, Auftria, Italy, and
moft other parts of Europe; and in thofe countries, as with us, if
appears to be the leaft native fpecies.

But difcoveries in the interior parts of fouth America, have verified,
that it is not the leaft kind exifting; in that country where the Con-
dor is found, the moft diminutive fpecies of the feathered tribe are alfo
taken; and to thofe the leaft European bird bears a gigantic difpropor-
tion; for inftance, the length of the golden-crefted Weis te: hice
inches and an half, its weight feventy-fix grains: but the total
length of the leaft South-American Humming bird * is not more than
an inch and a quarter, and its weight when frefh killed twenty

grains ¢; the female is yet fmaller f.
Pere! SS eo: TS See bee a

* 'Trochilus minimus Liz. Sy. 1. p. 193. N° 22.

+ Sir Hans Sloane. Zam. i. p. 3070 | + Brown. Fam p. 4756

The

PF LAs PE. TV,

The appellations Regulus, and Tyrannus, Little King, or Tyrant,
have been given to the golden-crefted Wren by fome authors: it has
ability to conceal the orange band on the head; by corrugating the
forchead, and drawing together the feathers, which form the black
Tongitudinal band on each fide.

The colour of the plumage of the female is paler, than of the male;
the creft or feathers on the crown ef the head are yellow, but
without the bright orange colour, which foftens into the creft of the

male,

\

It remains with us through the winter *; frequents woods; and
builds its neft, either in oak, fir, or yew trees, the neft is of a roundifh
form, with an opening on one fide; it is compofed of mo/s; and lined
within with fome downy fubftance, (perhaps cobwebs, ) intermixed with

{mall filaments.
It lays fix or feven eggs, which are no bigger than large peas -.

Although the fpecies is found in Europe, it is fcattered throughout
the other three quarters of the globe, with only fome little variations
which mark the influence of climate; Latham mentions a {pecimen

received from Cayenne with black legs.

It is a native of Ruffiat, Sweden, and Norway; and is found as
far north as the Shetland ifles; but difappears before winter ; it bears
cold extremely well, and therefore it may be rather the fearcity of
infects, on which it feeds ; than merely the approaching feafon, which

induces it to take fuch vaft flights.

_

* Latham. IV. 509. 145. + Albin Orie 1. 51. 53e % Georgi.

Is

PLA TE W.

It is alfo found in the northern parts of America, Penfylvania *, and
New-York +. . " na)

“¢ We have obferved this bird fufpended in the air for a confiderable
time over a buf in flower, whilft it fung ‘very melodioufly. The
note does not much differ from that of the common Wren, but is very
weak.” Brit. Zool. 379. 153.

© Biante. ” ¥ Colojel Biheiore

PLATE

pi Av \ : é :
4) ; -
a s r < | = i , f
if ca J a
LHR’ \ f
Ea rs iy Dy i = gae vin 2
fe) a ORT, 5, “ a ‘
“ ve
Ee ak . . $
. , a
Pe F
fae i a .
oer Oe .
+ . . up ‘
.
< .
A. "
, = % ?
k) 1
f e + J : 2
?
“7 « , i
1%) . vi
i x a x i
i i - a , fl \
f AL z . ry
. : ¥ 5 4
t < {
L we? -
ar 4 . « ‘ r
ns . ~ a
4 ~
ae ‘
z ¥ + 5 fa <
\ : ;
; x
a yp : 7 > 2 % y nena i
. £ ‘
, ™ . ,
é - i. yy \s L:
Ya ? f = . ‘ M rf hae ‘ Maine a
a ‘ ty :
a Cue Y f sh , . 1
4 ! 4 et , \ 4 =, a -
‘ ‘ zn H i Bs Pe en i -
) Ba hi \ + ¥ J
, ; ‘ ; ¥ IP
’ A, Vi! i
y '
st te
3 2 ° ¥ ihn
iy y ca 4.
ji es < ' ) t
4 . < + be
W/ he : ‘ 6
f 4 3 x
A.
f . x 5 .
i “Te +i
‘
y ° ~
t
)
n
\ ‘
(Van v i Pens Uta!
i j / |
are
‘ 7 1 v4 = ant
F ay :
7 7 ua “Ae
= 1 ? a
‘ : SS \ -
ny {
Ff ‘
’ ) 4 >
pee. ‘ :
‘
‘ it ay
- ’ , ty 5
‘ UA, , i ‘
’
: .
. At . <
\ v
; i
» J
‘ ‘ b Ps
( i i Pe p
' vba 5
. = an \ Py i t
i ? ' i i
‘ ¥ (ir i t
= 1 | : } ~
. < y
. { a \ s
i ’ b! ‘
H ‘ ‘ . a ;
‘ <j \ ri <)
A " ?
<, f. ¥

PW AT 1-7,

TOTACTL LA A L-B.A,
WHire WaAaGTatt
PASSERES.

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked,
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, flender. Tongue jagged.
SPECIFIG CHARACTER.

AND

SYNONYMS. Y

Bill dark brown. Head; Tail, and Legs, black. Breaft, Belly, and
fides of the Tail, white. Upper parts of the Body, and Wing coverts

cinereous, Tail and back claw long.

Moracitta Aba. Linn. Syf. 1. p. 331. N° 2
Gefner, av. 618.
Sepp. Vog. pl. in p. 119.—Faun. Arag. p. 88.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 1V.-p. 395. N° 1.—<AréG. Zool. ii. p. 396. E
Waite Warer-Wacrait, Raii, Syn. 75. 4. L—ZAlbin, Is
pl 49. Will. Orn, p. 237.—Brit. Zool. 1.
N° 142. ph & 55. Br. Muf—Lev. ‘a
La Lavandiere, Bri. Orn. iii. 461. N° 38.
Buff. Oif. v. p. 251. pl. 14. ch Ti—pl, enl, 625. fo Tomee
Va. fe 26
Ballarina, Cutrettola. Olina, 43.

Monachina. Zinan. 51.
Plifka, Paftaritra, Scopoli, N° 224.

Arla. Sadefarla. Faun. Suec. [ps 2525
Danis Vip- Stiert, Havre Szer.
Norvegis Erle, Lin-Erle.

Weifs und {chwartze Bachfteltze, Frifch, Ter oite
Graue Bachftelze. Kram 374,

¢ Thig

a

P LSA? Bey

This bird is very frequent in England, and is fpread throughout
the whole of the old Continent; Latham fays he has more than once
met with a reprefentation of it in Chinefe drawings: it extends as far
as Iceland, the Feroe Ifles, and Drontheim; it is common in Ruffiay
Siberia, and Kampt{chatka; but is not found in the more northern

regions.

It alfo inhabits /udia, a drawing which was done on the fpot being

in the collection of Lady Impey *.

It frequents the fides of pools and fmall rivulets ; and feeds on
infects: it is often feen running on the ground with much celerity, or
leaping up after flies: the tail is frequently in motion. birds of this
genus feldom perch; fly in an undulating manner, and have a twitter-

ing noife in fight.

Willughby oblerves, that this {pecies fhifts its quarters in the win-
ter; moving from the north to the fouth of England during that

feafon.

Latham fufpects that part of them migrate, as he does not recollect
feeing fo many in winter, as in the fummer feafon, and fays, in Scot-

land, and in the north of England, it is {carce ever feen in hard weather.

This, and others of this clafs, are called, both by the French and
Englith, Vajber-Women, or Difb-Wafhers,

It is particularly ferviceable to the farmer in Spring and Autumn,
by attending the plough to devour the larvz of infeéts, worms, &c.
which are turned up; hence it is the intereft of the farmer to dif-
courage any attempt to deffroy thofe birds, and to this circumftance
they may owe much for their prefervation.
a

* Latham Supp. Gen, Syn, 1786

Boy aT meV.

The marks and colours vary very confiderably in different fpecimens.
Some have only a crefcent of black on the breaft, the chin and throat
being quite white, in others all the white parts are ftrongly tin€tured
with yellow; in fome the chin, fore part of the neck, and breaft, are
black; and in the Leverian Mufeum is a fine variety; white, except

the hind parts, which are yellowifh.

In the females, the top of the head generally inclines tobrown. The
ufual length of this {pectes is feven inches from the bill to the extre-

mity of the tail.

The neft is built on the ground, is compofed of dry grafs, fine fibres,
and mofs; lined with hair, feathers, or foft dry grafs; the eggs are five
in number; white, {potted with brown: for the moft part they have

only one brood in a year.

C 2 | PLATE

rem FEY VY.

.

PODICERS RUFICOLLIS,

RED-NECKED GREBE.
ANSERES.

Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, fwelled at the apex. ‘Tongue fiefhy. Legs naked. Fect
webbed, or finned.

GENEIRTG CHARACTER.

Bill ftraight, flender, pointed. WNoftrils linear at the bafe of the
Bill. Legs placed near the tail. Feet flat, thin, and ferrated behind

with a double row of jotches.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
| ae
SYNONYMS,

Bill black, with the bafe of each mandible fine yellow. Irides
bright orange-yellow, Crown, and fides of the Head above the Eyes
black-brown, with the feathers a little elongated. -The hind part of
the Neck, Back, and Wings, dark brown; fix of the middle fecon-
daries white, a little mottled with dufky at the tips: the two or three
next outward, are more or lefs white near the tips and inner webs.
The Chin, fides under the Eyes, and fore part of the Neck, for above
an inch, pale afh-colour; the reft of the Neck ferruginous chefnut,
mottled on the Breaft with dufky; thence to the Vent, white, like
fattin, mottled on the fides with dufky irregular {pots. Legs black.

CoLymeus supcRistatTus, Facg. Vog. p. 37. pl. 18.

CoLymBus PAROTIS, Sparrm. Muf. Carls. pl. 9.
| Popicers Ruricotiis. Lath. Gen. Syn. §. 288-7.—Supp. 260. 7.

Rep-NeckepD Gress. Lath.—Arét, Lool. p. 499. C.

Le Grebe a joues grifes, ou le Jougris, Buf. Oif vit. p. 240..PL

Bey 21 LBhL o3%,

| Suppofed

PLA Tt EVE

Suppofed to inhabit fome parts of Denmark and Norway; has been
difcovered, though very rarely, near the Ca/pian Sea; and was once

received by Mr. Pennant, from Copenhagen,

It is probably a fcarce bird in every part; in this country it has been
only difcovered by a few individuals, and that very lately; we believe
the moft perfect yet taken, to be that {pecimen of which Mr. Latham
has given a figure in the fupplement to his General Synopfis; our figure

is alfo copied from the fame bird.

It is on the authority of this author, that we include it as a Britifh
bird; in his defcription he fays, “ I received a perfect fpecimen of the
Male of this bird from Major Hammond, who informed me, that
the end of April, the year 1786, two of them alighted in a farm-yard,
near his houfe, in Za/? Kent, and were taken alive.”

« T have alfo met with two other fpecimens; the firft fent to me
Fanuary 28, 1786, by Mr. Martin, of Teignmouth, a gentleman to
whom I owe many other obligations: his fpecimen had not come to ,
perfection, as the colours on the head and neck were much blended,
and the ferruginous on the neck only juft breaking forth. Ar. Boys,
of Sandwich, alfo obliged me with a third, the beginning of laft
Oétcber, (1787): his bird, he informed me, weighed nineteen ounces
and a half; the length twenty-one inches and a half; breadth eight.
The bill yellow at the bafe, dufky olive towards the tip: lore dufky:
irides pale brown: head quite fmooth. The defcription differed not
much ; but the ferruginous colour of the neck was much blended with
dufky; the white on the under parts greatly mottled with the fame:
Legs dufky; within, greenifh yellow. The middle toe united to the

inners

<

Pee ble ys.

inner as far as the firft joint; and to the outer, to the middle of the

fecond *.”

“ The two laft mentioned are, no doubt, birds not in full plumage,
That defcribed by Dr. Sparrman is clearly under the fame predica-
ment; perhaps a ftill younger bird than either of the others, as the
cinereous parts on the throat appear white, with three or four lines of
black, and acrofs the lower part of the neck is a band of white. The

bird figured in acguia feems an adult.”

That mentioned by Buffon was feventeen inches in length; had

the breaft mottled with ferruginous ; and a white fpot on the quills.

* This fpecies was unknown to Linnzus, but according to his definition,
evidently belongs to the genus Cotymsus: Latham obferves, that
Linneus has erroneoufly included the Grebes, Divers, and Guillemots into
that genus without even a divifion, though they very materially differ from
one another; efpecially in the legs: thofe of the Gredes are not webbed ; the
Guillemots, though web-footed, have only three toes, all placed forwards;
and the Divers have three toes before, and one behind.

He therefore thinks that they fhould be feparated ; and as the form of
the feet of this fpecies appears to prevail throughout the genus, recommends
its being included with the other parts of its effential charaCter; he has
named his new genus PoDICEPs.

Pennant has alfo fubmitted to a divifion of the nee gents. © The
Grebes and Divers are placed in the fame genus, 7. e, of Colymbi, by Mr. Ray
and Lixmeus; but the difference of the feet forbade our judicious friend,
M. Brifin t+, from continuing them together; whofe eearaDe we have fol-
lowed.” Brit, Zool. 2.496.

+ See Brif. Oru, vol. Vi. Pe 33+ 70. 104.

PRAT: 2

rene ;

oo p ae) - i
— sr eat ee 1 a Se init £4 at it
— * * a
~~ { . od
i ie
| . | 7 Y is
‘ ‘ ; : a :
ey ; a 7 ; er. aa x? SOT? 1° Mom att 3 -*
‘ : : a “
: ‘4 - ; is mak fea Ee an Jes meen
oe AtFAY 52420 a 12 cat Date, oat
_ . : xis : , oe
| Chee 7 ae eae cy c ig eid 8 :
+ q . ;
om a | A , :] ; oe A .
_ ; . j , = +.
a 7 : : : P a Eyaae Ys: ~= ay! 4 Je
s - : ¥ ane
: . Ss, give & we 2
- 7
: 7 a a @ oo _ a alte Ve, eetieey’ agit
oe \ *- ‘a7 7 | ae
eee 6) 3 | : ; ak ee =
_ | s > A 7 m , b we - faa + ot ‘18 *
a) 7 ; _ He - -
; =. ; \ + ad ls oa ye 7 Thou es

- ‘ . F i“ i4,-° = A scl aah om ‘4m }
: - ; : “ : : ; si Vite tie ie ahi ‘i | a
r ; - F J a? a = i

ee vatire }

2 a xe s
Se ~ Ep
inal + Dota rin eS S
tae 5
i=}. ;
‘
:
- q ~ . s
a 3
. E
x = » M4
‘ 7 5
= = a
= i af =
i
: “2
: a
j
Prox,
{
= ;
fies -
$ }
iu : rs
i
e. rs e
nl .
= n . rissa
; =
ie ;
‘ Pay ee :
Fe 7
ko ‘
eo} . oh
? ey + BY Z
ee Ral x 7
< aap =>
2 =, .o S Z ~ S
cons . ~ F
x
PR F

5 a ae ert DM hg eS

PLATE Vil.

ORIOLUS oy bee Wh
GoLpEN ORIOLE.
Pics.
Bill compreffed, convex.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, conic, fharp pointed; edges cultrated, inclining inwards ;
mandibles of equal length. Noftrils fmall; at the bafe of the bill, and
partly covered. “Tongue divided at the end. “Toes three forward,
one backward; the middle joined near the bafe to the outmeft one.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
r AND
_ SYNONYMS.

Bill biennial. Trides red; General colour of the plumage
fine golden yellow 5 between the bill and eye a ftreak of black.
Wings black, with a - patch of yellow on the middle. Tail yellow
except the ‘two mid dle feathers ; 3 all the reft black, from the bafe to

the riddle Black; and thence to their tips yellow. Legs black in-

elining to a lead albu: claws black.

ORIOLUS Garnura, Linn. Syft. Isp. 160, N° x.
A open, Suec. N° gs.
‘ 7 aes Reife. p. 165.
Sepp. Vog. pl. in. p. 19.
Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. 449. 43.—Suppli 8g.
Pennant Brit. Zool. ii. 626. 4.
Cokactas Ortotus. Scop. Ann. 1. p.41. N° 45.—Faun. arab. pee
OrioLus.’ Gefner. av.713.—Aldr. av. 1. 418.

D GoLDEN

Pils ACT OVE:

GoxpEn Orio.e. Latham.—Pennant.—Brit. Muf.—Lev. Muf.

GoLpen’ TurusH. Edw. pl. 185.

YeELLow Birp from Bengal. Albin iii. pl. 19.

Witwatri. Will. orn. p. 198.
Le Loriot. ‘Brif, orn. ii. p. 320. Noe 58.

Buf. Oif. iii. p. 254. pl. 17.—P. enl. 26. the male.

Widewal, Pyrold, Fri/ch. pl. 31. the male and female.—Kram. el.
p. 360.

Galbula, feu Picus nidum fufpendens, Rai. Syn. p. 68. N° 5.

‘Size of a Blackbird. The body of the female is of a dull greenifh
colour ; the wings are dufky inclining to green alfo; and the tail is
nearly of the fame obfcure colour, except the two middle feathers

which are of a pale yellow.

_ But the male is evidently one of the moft beautiful birds that has
ever been difcovered in this ifland: the whole of the body which is a
dull green in the female, is a lovely golden yellow, inclining to an
orange colour in the male; the wings are black and form a moft
firiking contrait; and the black ftripe from the beak to the eye is no

inconfiderable addition to its beauty.

It is rarely. met with in England: Pennant obferves in the Britih
Zoology *, that he only knew one inflance of its being fhot in Great
Britain, and that in South (Wales : Latham fays “ it is now and then
met with in England +;’’ and adds, in his Supplement, “ Since the -
publication of my Symop/is t, this bird has been twice fhot in England.

One of the {pecimens is now in my colle€tion.”

« 776, + Lift of the Birds of Creat Britain, Supp. 1 1782.
qf

PILy ASTER VIF

It * is common in feveral parts of Europe, but fuppofed to be moft *
frequent in France, where it fpends the fummer, and propagates its
fpecies. It is fcarcely ever feen fo far north as Sweden; and confe-..
quently is rare in England; is mentioned as a bird of Ruffia, though
perhaps it only inhabits the warmer parts ; comes twice in a year into
Switzerland, and is found alfo in Carniola ; obferved in Malta in Septem-
ber on its paflage fouthward, and returns in {pring to the north through |
the fame track; comes into Con/fantinople in fpring, and leaves it in
September, but ftays in Alexandria till the beginning of November,’
when it takes its leave; from this we muft fuppofe that it winters in-
Africa and Afia, efpecially as this very bird has been brought from
China and Bengal +, as well as the Cape of Good Flope.

A variety of this ioe. with the head and throat of a full black.
colour, is common in India, where it is called the Mango-bird, as it

appears firft at the ripening of that fruit, and is at that feafon in great

plenty f.

“« The neft is of a curious conftruGtion, but perhaps not quite fo
as fome of the Orioles, though built after the fame fafhion. It is of
the fhape of a purfe, fattened to the extreme divarications of the out-
moft twigs of tall trees, and compofed of fibres of hemp or ftraw,
mixed with fine dry ftalks of grafs lined within with mofs and liver-
wort. ‘The female lays four or five egye, of a dirty white, marked
with fmall dark-brown fpots, which are thickeft about the largeft end:

fhe fits three weeks, and is obferved to be very tender of her youn
b) ¥ y 2

* Latham. Gen. Syn.

+ This bird muft have been very little known in England at the time Albin pub-
lifthed his Hiftory of Birds (1740) for he fays in the defcription annexed to his figure
“ a drawing from the life of this curious bird was brought from Bengal to Mr. Dandridges
who was pleafed to let me have a drawing from it.”

{ Lady Impey,

‘ D.3 fearing

RiP AW Te AVY

fearing: nothing. for their defence; not unfrequently will fuffer herfelf
to be taken with the eggs and neft, and continue to fit upon them till
fhe dies.’

«© The food which this bird is moft fond of is grapes and figs, in
the feafon, alfo cherries, &c. but at other times is contented with infects,

and what elfe it can get.”

“Jt hes a loud cry that may be heard far off; but I do not hear it
remarked by any one for the leaft fong, though Ge/ner fays it whiftles

before rain.” Latham, Gen. Syn.
< Its note is loud and refembles its name.”? rit. Zool.

Willughby faw thofe birds expofed for fale in the poulterers fhops
in Naples, where the fleth is efteemed as delicate food.

It is fufpeéted that the yellow and buff Fay* of Ray are the male
and female of the Golden Oriole.

* Raii Syn. av. pu 194. Ne 7, 8.

PLATE

’
)
4
;
4
b ay
Fj
'
é
‘
4
4
,
'
+
4
¢
a re
x ‘
t
%
i
i
” C
7
- al
i t
8
ek
3) hi
ea
al
; yet ke

Pols: Ac TB. VIM.

AE CoA -AOR CYT PCA,
é Purrin AUK.
ANSERES.

Bill obtufe; covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe. Swelled at the apex. “Tongue flefhy. Legs naked. Feet
webbed, or finned. rn

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftrong, thick, convex, compreffed on the fides. Noftrils
linear, placed parallel to the edge of the bill. “Tongue almoft as long:

as the bill. “oes three i in sins all placed forward.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
| Bill comprefled, triangular, fharp- pointed, red, bafe grey, furrows

four, oblique. Noftrils long and narrow. Eyelids callous; edges
—crimfon; on the upper eyelid i is a protuberance of a triangular form
which projets over the eye. Irides Srey. . Above black. Cheeks,
chin, belly, white. “Collar black. Legs orange and near he tail.
ALCA Ancrica, Linn, Syft. 1. p. 21 Ae
2 | Faun. Suec. N° 14%.

Brun. Ne TOs

Muller. N° 140.

Frifeb, peice.

Latham. Gen. Syn. 5. 314. 3s

ee ‘
a if ch hy f
jas be

Pupninus Ancuicus. Gener av. 725.
~Pica Marina. Aldr. av. Il. 92.
Anas Arctica, Glufi Exot. 104,
cue PUFFIN,

Pei yA TE A var

Purrin, Courrernes. Raii. Syn. p. 120. 4 5.—Will. Orn.
P. 325. pl. 65.—Hift. Groenl. ii. pl. 1.—Albin. ii.
pl. 78, 79.—LEdw. pl. 358. fig. 1.—Brit. Zool. 11.
N° 232.—Ard. Zool, N° 427.—Tour in Wales,
pl20. Brit. Muf—Lev. Muf.
Fratercula, le Macareux. Briff. av. VI. 81. Tab. 6. fig: 2.
Buf. Oif. 1X. p. 358. pl. 26.— Pl. Enl. 275.
Ipatka, Hit. Kamts. p. 153.
See Papagey, or See Taucher. Fri/ch. II. 192.

Length from the point of the bill to the end of the feet twelve inches;

breadth twenty-one. Weight twelve ounces. “The bill is an inch

and a quarter long, and of a very fingular fhape, much comprefled on
the fides, and near an inch and an half deep at the bafe; from whence

both mandibles tend to a point, which is a little curved; acrofs the

upper are four oblique furrows; on the under three : half next the

point is red; that next the bafe blue grey; and at the bafe is a cere
full of minute holes: the noftrils are a long and narrow flit on each
ftde, near the edge of the upper mandible, and parallel to it: the top
of the head, the neck, and upper parts of the body black; beneath

white : legs orange.

The bill, which gives fuch an appearance of novelty to this bird,
varies confiderably according to,its age; in the firft year it is fmall,
weak, deftitute of any furrow, and dufky ; in the fecond year it is larger,
ftronger, of a paler colour,-and difcovers a faint veftige of a furrow
near the bafe; but thofe of the third or more advanced years, have a
bill of great ftrength and vivid colours as before defcribed.. Thofe
birds are fuppofed to be imperfect until the third year; or at leaft not

20 to

. ane 2

BY ATR’ VEIE

-to breed before that period: not a fingle one has ever been difcovered
‘at Prieftholm which had not the bill of an uniform fize *.

The male very nearly releibtes the female : in the former the white
cheeks are fometimes obfcured with a mixture of dark feathers, and
in others a patch of the fame colour has been obferved.cn each fide of

the under jaw.

This fpecies is very common in feveral parts on the coafts of Eng-
‘land; they are feen in flocks innumerable at Przeftholm Ifle off the
coaft of Anglefea; in great numbers about the Needles, in the L/les of
Wight, Man, Bardfey, Caldey, Farn, Godreve, and other {mail, and

| | defert iflands near the fhore. A few about the rocks of Dover,

They are frequent in Ireland; on the ifland of Sherries, three
leagues N.N.W. of Holyhead; and in the S. Stack, near Holyhead
they breed in abundance. Inhabit /celand and Greenland, and breed
in the extreme part of the iflands, efpecially on the weft part of Difea,
-and the ifland Orpzk/auk +. |

In the different parts it frequents, it has received a variety of appel-
ations, but generally expreflive of the fingular fhape of the beak ;
as Coulter-neb in the Farn ifles; Guldenhead, Bottle-nofe, and Helegug
in Wales; at Scarborough, Mullet; at Cornwall, es ft, and in the
| Ferroe ifles, Lunda.

_ To what part thofe birds emigrate on the approach of winter is very
-imperfectly known ; it is probable when they retire from thofe northern
regions, their. flight is directed to fome more temperate climate; per-

haps they live at fea, and form thofe multitudes of birds that navigators

* See Tourin Wales, p. 2525 and figures of the different growth of the bill in pl. 20.
- ($ Latham V. p. 316. ft Will, orm

have

Ply AY YEA Vin.

have obferved in many parts of the ocean; they are always found there
at certain feafons, but retire at the breeding time to the northern lati-
tudes, and during that time are found as near the Pole as navigators

have ever penetrated *.

In America, they are faid to frequent Carolina; and have been met
with in Sandwich Sound, by our late voyagers: the nafives ornament
the fore parts and collars of their /ea/-/Rin jackets with the beaks of
them; and in oonalafhka, they make gowns of their fkins, along
with thofe of other birds.

On the coaft of Kamtfchatka and the Kuriifchi iflands they are very
common, even on the Pen/chinfki Bay, almoft as far as Ochotka: the
nations of the two firft wear the bills about their necks faftened to
ftraps; thefe are put on by their Shaman or Prieft, for the people are
perfuaded that by putting them on with a proper ceremony, they will

procure good fortune to all their undertakings +.

“© About the fifth or tenth of April, they arrive in vaft quantities at
Prieftholm ifle; but quit the place again, and return twice or thrice
before they fettle to burrow, which they do the firft week in May,
when many of them diflodge the rabdzts from their holes, by which
they fave themfelves the trouble cf forming one of their own: in the
laft cafe, they are fo intent on what they are about; as to fuffer them-
felves to be taken by the hand. It has been obferved that this tafk falls
chiefly to the fhare of the males, and that thefe laft affift alfo in incuba-
tion: this has been proved on diffection. The female lays one white
eget. The young are hatched the beginning of Fuly : and about the

eleventh

* Pen. Brit. Zool. + Hif. Kamtfch.

t Albin obferves “ they build no neft, but lay their eggs on the bare ground”—~

“¢ They lay but one egg apiece (which is efpecially remarkable)” “ The eggs are very

large

PLATE VI.

| eleventh of Auguf? they all go off, to a fingle bird*, and fo coma
pletely as to-defert the young ones that are late hatched ; leaving them
__a prey to the Peregrine Falcon, who watches at the mouth of the?
holes for them, as they through hunger, are compelled to come outs
Notwithftanding the neglect of their young at this time, no bird is more:
attentive to them in general, as they will fuffer themfelves to be taken
‘by the hand, and ufe every means of defence in their power to fave
them; and, if laid hold of by the wings, will give themfelves moft.
cruel bites on.any part of the body they can reach, as if adtuated by
defpair ; and when releafed, inftead of me away, will often hurry,
away into the burrow to their young.” Lat. Gen. Syn, 5. 316.—
Aré, Lol,

Their flefh is exceffively rank, as they feed on fifh, Eee
fprats, or on fall crabs, fea-weeds, &c. yet that of the you ung birds
is often pickled and preferved with fpices, and is much admired by
fome for its peculiar flavor + Dr. Caius writes, that in his days the
church allowed them in Lent, inftead of fifth; and alfo that th 1ey were

taken by means of ferrets, as now they are by raddits : at prefent they

large for the bignefs of the bird, even bigger than bens or ducks, of a reddifo or fandy
colour, much fharper at one end than den’s eggs, and blunter at the other.” wel. 2.
P: 7385 79+

But it appears very probable that Albin was miftaken as to the colour of the eggs, if
we may Judge by the concurrence of the beft informed naturaiifts of the prefent time ;
“ | muft add,”’ fays Pennant, “ that they lay only one egg, which differs much in form ;
fome have one end very acute; others have both extremely obtufe; all are abite.
Brit. Zool. |

* “ The Reverend Mr. Hugh Davies, of Beaumaris, informed me, that on the 23d of
Auguft (1776) fo entire was the migration, that neither Puffin, Razor-Bill, Guillemot
- or ‘Tern was tobe feen there.” Brit, Zool. 2. 51S.

i “ They are potted at St. Kilda and elfewhere, and fent to London as rarities. The

bones are taken out, and the. flefl wrapped in the fkin; arg eaten with vinegar, and
tafty tike baked herrings. Lat. Gen, Sy/).

E ee

“Pal, Ar ie (vaiis

are either dug out, or drawn from their burrows by a hooked ftick:
they bite extremly hard, and keep fuch faft hold on whatever they
faften, that it is with difficulty they can be difengaged; when they are
taken, their noife is very difagreeable, being like the efforts of a dumb
perfon to fpeak. are

It flies with great ftrength and fwiftnefs when it gets on the wing,
but meets with many falls before that can be effeéted: the legs are
placed fo far behind, that it cannot ftand except quite erect; and at
that time it refts not only on the feet, but on the whole length of the
legs alfo.

PLATE

% | ae,

pe © Fe

4 r

i eae

PLATE Ix,

wyu PA Eee, OO Ps,
Common. Hoopoz.
| Bill comprefied CONVEX.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill long, flender and bending. Noftrils fmall, placed near the bafe.
Tongue fhort, fagittai. Toes three before, and one behind; the

middle one connected at the bafe to the outmott, _

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
AND Me gl
SYNONYMS.

Bil black, flender. * Tongue triangular; placed low in the mouth.
“Creft compofed of a double row of feathers; of a pale reddifh brown. -
Breait and belly white. Back feapulars and wings, barred with black
and white. Tail of ten feathers ; black marked with white, in the
form of a crefcent, with the horns pointing towards the end of the

~ feathers. Legs fhort and black.

. Upurea Epops. Lin. Sy/f. Nat. 1. f. FS5N@ a,
j ~ Scop. Ann. 1. p. 53. N° 62. |
Maller. p. 13. 103.
Brun. N° 43.
- Georgi. Reife. p. 165,
\ ' Sepp, Vog. pl. in. p. 129.
Faun Arag. p. 74.
Kolb. Cap. ii. p. 157+
Upupa, - Kazi. Syn. p. 48. A. 6.
i Gefner. av. 776.
Kramer, elen. p> 337+
rE | Upurea 3
rn

at /
¢

PLAT i ee

Urupa; arquata ftercoraria; gallus lutofus. Klein Stem av. 24%
tab. 25. | :
Hoop or Common Hoopor. Will. orn. p. 145.
Albin, 2. ple 42. 43.
Hidis. pl. 4
Br, Zool, N° go.
Anti: Look. hp. 282. A.
Lath. Gen, Syn, ii. p. 687.—Supp. 122.
Br, Muf—Lev. Mu.
Dune Biro. Chariton ex. 98. tab. 99:
La Hupe, ou Puput. Bri. orn. ii. p. 455. N® 1, pl. 43. f i.
Buff: ois VI. p. 439.—P/. enl. §2.
La Huppe. Belon. du. 293.
Bubbola. Olin. uccel. p. 36.
Wied-hopf. Frifch. t. 43.
Harfogel, Pop. Faun. Suec. fp. 105.
Her-fugl Brunnich. 43.
Smerda kaura. Scopoli. N° 62. r
Jer-chaous, or Meflenger Bird. Pocockhe’s Trav. 1. p. 209.

ne AR RO A AE lt HE oll A DAA Cee s

Linnzus in the Fauna Suecica*® obferves that this elegant bird.
feceives its name from the found of its note; but by other naturalitts
it has been fufpected that its name was originally derived from the
French buppe or crefted; as the creft is of a very curious {tructure,
and alone is fufficient to diftinguifh it from every other European bird.
It is the only fpecies of the 4Zoapoe genus that is peculiar to the contij-
nent of Europe.

¥ 2d edit, 37.

It

re, ei ee x,

~ycanhabits 4fa and Africa, and is faid to be met with in the large
forelts of Sweden *, and in Ay/tria +; and has been found as far north
as the Orénies and Lapland, as well as in many of the intermediate
places between them; at the Cape of Good Hope on one hand, and quite
to Ceylon t and ‘fava on the other. In Europe it is confidered as a
bird of paflage, and is faid not to winter even in Greece §. In England||
it is far from common, being feldom feen, and at uncertain times: it
has been obferved in Kent, Surrey, Northumberland, and Moyfton in
Flint/bire, as well as in feveral other counties. A gentleman of vera-
city in Effex informs us that one was difcovered laft year in a hole in
his garden wall, but being frightened away did not return again to
that place. Among other proofs of its migrating into, and even
breeding in England, Mr. Latham has mentioned feveral. ‘ The
~ year 1783 feems to have been more abundant in thefe birds than any
I have yet heard of; one being fhot near Oxford, on the coaft of
Suffolk, in May, and another feen near the fame place the 24th of
June following: thefe no doubt had bred thereabouts. The place
where thefe were feen was a remarkable barren fpot. In the month
of September of the fame year two were fhot at Holderne/s, and many
were feen in various parts of York/bire, and as far north as q Scotland.
One was fhot the 1oth of September at Cam in Gloucefterfbire, another
on Epping Fore/?, and a third in Surrey. A few years fince a pair had
begun to make a neft in Hamp/bire; but being too much difturbed,
forfook it, and went elfewhere**. The laft year (1786) a young
bird was fent to me, the 1oth of Adzy, full-fledged, fhot near South-

\

* Fauna Suecica, p. 37+ | + Scopoli. Y Edwards.
§ The Hoopoe and Roller are faid to come into Conftantinople in Auguf, from the north,
to return in fpring. Faun. Arab. p. 7. !

“ The Hocpoe and Bee-eater come in the
fpring, and remain all the fummer and autumn.” Rufil. Alep. p. 70.

| Latham, Gen. Syn. 688.1. — 9] Mr. Zurnftall, #* Ditto.

F 2 flest

Pel. A.T E, Xa

Jicet; in Kent*; but the old birds had not been obferved.”—It was
well known, as a vifitor in Lngland, at the time Abin publifhed his
Hiftory of Birds; his obfervations deferve notice. “ The hen-of
this bird was fhot in the garden of Mr. Starkey Mayas, at Woodfird
on Epping Fore/i, where they had obferved it fome time, and ufed all.
the means to take it they could; but it was fo thy, that it avoided all
their traps which were laid for it; which the gentleman obferving,

)

ordered it to be thot: it was fent to me to be preferved for him,

“* ‘The cock of this kind I drew from a piQure done in Germany,
by a great matter there, now in the pofleffion of Mr. Nifbet, a gc wees

man, who had it drawn from the bird when alive.

“© ‘There is fome difference in the colours. of the hen, ei this bird
which was a cock, I was credibly informed by Robert Br yiow, Efq3
who faw both the drawings of the cock and hen, and told me his fon
fhot the cock, which was like the drawing at his feat at A@icheler, near

Winchefter in Hampfhire.” — Albin, Vol. Ul. 42, 43-

Latham obferves, “ it is a folitary bird, and feldom more than
two are feen together; though it is faid that in Egypt it affembles in
fall troops. It is very common in Cairo, where it builds in the
ftreets, on the terraces of houfes, &c. It is alfo common in the deferts
of Ruffia and Tartary, though fcarce beyond the river Ob; however
fome are found beyond the Lake Baikal. Dr. Pallas confirms the
account of the filthy manners of this bird, as he met with an inftance
of a pair breeding in the privy of an uninhabited houfe in the fuburbs

of Tzaritzn +.

“ Tam informed by colonel Davies, that they every year are feen

in Gibraltar in March, in fmall flocks of ten or twelve; hence are

* By Mr, Godden of that place. + Arh. Zool.
6 called

| PLATE Xt

called there Adarch Cocks. ‘They are fuppofed to come from 4frica,

and to be on their paflage north to fome other place, as they only ftay
a few hours to reft themfelves: and it is net uncommon to fee five or
fix flocks ina week, during the time of their pailage. He did not ob-
ferve them to have any note; but that they had a dipping kind of flight
not unlike a Woodpecker. I have obferved this Bird to be among
paintings both from China and India; it is therefore no doubt com+

mon to both thofe parts.”” Lath. Gen. Syn.

In Sweden the appearance of this Bird is regarded as a prefage of

war ; and in England its vifits were formerly confidered as ominous by

the vulgar. -
In Turkey it is called Tir Chaous, or the Meffenger Bird from the
refemblance its creft has to. the plumes worn by the Chacus, or Turkifh

COUriIers.

‘ Latham fays, the female is like the male, and lays. from two to feven
eges; but for ihe moft part four or five. Thefe are fomewhat lefs
than thofe of a Partridge, but longer and afh~-coloured. ‘This Bird is
faid to have two or three broods in a year, and to lay the eggs in the
holes of trees, like the Woodpecker, but in general to make no neft:
notwithftanding which, Buffou obferved, that two out of fix nefits,
which were brought to him for infpection, had a foft lining of mofs»
wool, leaves, feathers, and the like; and he is ef opinion, that when
this is the cafe, the bird has made ufe of the old neft of fome other
bird. It will alfo‘lay, and hatch the -young in holes of walls, and even
on the ground. ‘The food of this bird is infeCts; and it is the exuvise
of the large beetles, and fuch like, with which the neft is crouded, that
caufe the neft to flink fo’horribly; infomuch that former writers

afferted the neft to be made of excrement.

2 -_ [ hy In

Pa A TB Oks

in Scpp’s plate the neft is placed in the hollow of a tree; it is
compofed of foft bents, and fmooth within. The eggs, four in

number, of a blue#h white, marked with pale brown {pots.

Buffon mentions one of this fpecies which lived with a lady for three
months, fubfifting only on bread and cheefe; and, contrary to the
common opinion, drank frequently, and that by gulps. Another was
kept for eighteen months on raw meat, and would not eat any thing

eife,
Olina fays, that this bird lives three years.

In fome countries it is efteemed as good eating. It feldom perches
on trees, unlefs they are very low. It does not erect its creft, except
when agitated by furprize: in a natural ftate the creft falling behind

the neck*; but whenever it alights on the ground, it is faid to fpread
its cref{t beautifully.

Some authors mention a variety of this fpecies. Ka/ben + mentions
one at the Cape of Good Hope, which is fmaller; the bill fhorter. in
proportion; and the legs longer: the creft is not fo long, and has no
trace of white in it throughout: and in general the plumage is lefs
variegated. Another fpecimen from the fame place, had the upper
part of the beak of a deep brown, and the belly varied with brown
and white; but as this was lefs in every refpect, it was probably a

young bird.

_ Gerini mentions one which he faw at Florence, and again on the

Alps, which had the creft bordered with tky-blue. Orn. Ital. Hifi. des
a Vi. p.,462.

» Pitan he, + Kelben. iif, du Cap. I. Pp: 152-6

PLATS

Preise DoBi RK,

SYLVIA DARTEORDIEN S.1¢.
DARTFORD WARBLER.
PASSERES.

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill weak, flender*, Noftrils fmall, a little depreffed. Tongue

cloven. ‘The exterior toe joined at the under part to the bafe of the

middle one. |
SPECIFIC, CHAR ACER,

Bill black, with a white bafe; the upper mandible a little curved at
the tip. _Irides red; eyelids deep crimfon. ~The upper parts of the
head, neck, and body, dufky reddifh brown. Breaft and belly deep
ferruginous; middle of the belly white. Quills dufky edged with
white. Baftard wing white. Exterior web of the outer tail feather

- white ; the reft dufky. Legs yellow. |

Syivia Darrrorpiensis, Lath. Gen. Syn iV. 425: N°, 27,
DARTFORD WarBLER. Suppl. p. 181.
Pennant. Brit. Zool. i. N° 161. pl. ee
Arét. Zool.— Lev, Muf. —Berken. * Nat.
FLO Vali 52.14.
Le Pitchou de Provence. Buj. ots. v. p. 158. Pl. enl. 655. 1.

* The Linnzan genus Moetacilla has been feparated by Pennant, and his method
adopted by Latham; by this feparation the Wagtails conftitute one genus, and the
Warblers another: the latter are diftinguifhed from the former in feveral refpeéts; they
@erch on trees, proceed by leaps, not running, and feldom emit any noife in fight.

"This.

Poi ACT Eas
This bird meafures five inches from the tip of the bill to the erid of
the tail: it is of a lively appearance, though not very beautiful in the

colours of its plumage; and deferves our immediate attention as one of

the leaft known fpecies we have in this country.

It isa native of France as well as of England. In Provence it is
_commonly found among cabbages: it feeds on the infects that harbour
among thofe vegetables, and not unfrequently conceals itfelf under the

fhelter of the leaves during the night.

A friend of Mr. Latham’s fhot a pair of thofe birds on Bexley Heath,
near Dartford in Kent, April the 1oth, 1773, as they were fitting on
afurze bufh: they fed on flies; fpringing from the bufh every time
one approached near, and returning to the fame place repeatedly;
thereby imitating, as he obferves, the manners of our Cinercous

Flycatcher.
f

This fpecies refides with us in the winter. Several fpecimens,
which are now preferved in the Leverian Mufeum, were fhot an a

common near Wandfworth in Surrey, 1782.

Mr. Latham appears to entertain fome doubt, whether this fpecies
ever breeds in France *. He fays an intelligent obferver of Englifh
Birds + has informed him, that he never met with this fpecies in the
neighbourhood of London, except in winter ; and that it difappears be-
fore the end of April. Should this be the general fat, he can by no
means reconcile the circumftance of its breeding in France, as all mi-
eratory birds retire northw4rd to breed, not to a warmer climate ; and
fhould rather fuppofe, that if it does not quit Aug/and in fummer, it

will hereafter be found in the northern parts of it.

* Hitt, des Ois. v. po 158, + Mr, Green, |

*

PLATE

pz

a

P de cA. Be Meh.

AMPELIS GARRULUS.
WaxEN CHATTERER.

PASSERES.
Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, convex, bending towards the point; near the end of the _
upper mandible a fmall notch. Noftrils hid in the briftles. Tongue
cartilaginous, bifid, |

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Length eight inches. Bill ree irides reddifh : the feathers on the
crown of the head elongated into a creft: the head and upper parts
reddifh afh colour. Rump fine cinereous. From the noftrils over _
each eye, pafles a ftreak of black. Forehead chefnut. Chin black.
Breatt pale purplifh chefnut ; | belly paler, inclining to white near the
vent. Leffler wing coverts, brown; the greater, farthett from the
‘body, black with white tips, forming a bar: quills black, the third
and fourth tipped on the outer edges with white, the five following with
yellow: fecondaries afh-colour, tipped on the outer edge with white;
feven of the fecondary feathers have the ends of their fhafts continued
into a flat horny appendage, of the colour of fine red fealing-wax.

Tail black, tipped with yellow. Legs black.

AmpPELis GaRrutus, Linn. Sy/t. 1. p. 299. I-
- Faun. Suec. N® 82.
Kram. el. . 363. i
Mp hue ute, eer efelas ple ao
: Sat Lanius

Pl Aye Ey ee

Lanius Garrunus. Scop. Ann. 1. p. 20.
Garrutus Bonemicus, Albin. 2. pl. 26.

Gefn. av. 703. ;
BoweMian Cuatrerer. Wil. orn. p. 132. pl. 20.—Albin.
Waxen Cuatrerer. Latham. Syn. ili, QI. I.

Pennant. Brit. zool. 1. 314.

Br. Zool. N° 112. pl. 48. ArG. Zoal._—Br.

Muf.— Lev, Muf. — |
Sirk Tarr. Raii. Syn. av.'85. A.
Phil. Tranf. Vol. xv. p. 1165. pl 1. fi 9.
; Ray’s letters 198. 200.
Le Jafeur de Boheme. 7
Bombycilla Bohemica. Bris. orn. 11. p. 333- 63.
Buff: ois Ul. p. 429. pl. 26.—Pl. enl. 261.

Siden-fuantz, Snotuppa. Faun. Suec. /p. 82.
Sieden vel Sieben Suands. SBrunnich. 25.
Zuferl, Geidenfchweifl. Kramer. 363.
Seiden-{chwantz. Frifch. 1. 32. |
This bird is fuppofed to breed in Bohemia and other parts of Ger-
many, but its {ummer refidence is perhaps more northward; it is feen.
in plenty both at St. Peterfburgh and MJofcow, in the winter; but
comes from the north and departs again to the 4réic circle in {pring 5
never known to breed in Ru/fia, is farce in Siberia, and has not been

obferved beyond the river Lena *.
a

All the birds of this genus are natives of America; this fpecies ex-
cepted; they wander from their native place all over Europe, and at un-
certain times vifit the Southern parts of Britain. They are obferved

in the Northern parts; about Edinburgh in February they come an-

* Pennant.

3 | nually

Pi Ae B® KE.

hually and.feed on the berries of the mountain afh: they alfo appear as
‘far fouth as Northumberland and York/bire frequently, and like the
fieldfare make the berries of the white-thorn their food *. They have
alfo been met with feveral times near London +. They difappear in

fpring {. In France and Italy they are not unfrequent.

~

The nefts of thofe birds are faid to be conftructed in the holes of
rocks §, but as we can fcarcely determine even their native country,
we need not expect any fatisfactory information relative to its eggs —
and neft, until fome future traveller thal] be fo fortunate as to difcover

them.

The general food is berries of all kinds, efpecially grapes ; in

countries where they are plenty they are efteemed good food.

It is faid that the females want the red appendages at the end of the

fecond quills ||, as weil as the yellow marks on the back **,

A variety of this bird is alfo found in America from Carolina to
Mexico, it is the AMpetis Garrutus of Linnaeus, Le jafeur de la

Caroline, of Briffon and Buffon; Caquautototl, Raii; and Chatterer
of Carolina, ot Edwards, Catefoy, &c.

This bird is lefs than the European kind, is much like it, except
that the belly is of a pale yellow initead of reddith ; both fexes have

* Pennant Br. Zool 11. 314.

+ One was fhot at Eltham, in the winter 1781, and was in the colletion of Mr,

T. Latham, of Dartford.
{ Br. Zool.—Flor. Scot. § In Tartdry. Frifch.

| This is probable, fince it is certainly fo in the American fpecies. But thefe birds
vary mucn in this characteriftic ; for I have obferved fo few as five in fome fpecimens;
and Buffin mentions having feen a bird with feven on one wing, and five on the other,
‘as well as others with three only.’ Latham. i '

#* © This is not clear to me, The American {pecies has no yellow on the wings in
either fex, I have never met with one of thefe without,” _ Latham,

G 2 the

~

PLAT BOK

the wings of a plain colour without the marks of yellow: the female
has no appendages at the ends of the fecond quills, and the plumage

is lefs lively than in the male.

This variety is called the Recollect at Quebec; our late voyagers
met with this bird at Avonalhhka *.

* Ellis’s voyage II. p. 15.

PLATE

Phy Ay Da Ok

TETRAO LAGOPUS.

PrTARMIGAN GrRovus.
OR

WHITE GAME.
GALLIN &.

Bill convex: the upper mandible arched. Toes connected by a

membrane at the bottom, ‘Tail feathers more than twelve.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill convex, ftrong, and fhort, a naked fcarlet fkin above each
eye *, Noftrils fmall, hid in the feathers. “Tongue pointed at the
end. Legs ftrong, feathered to the toes, and fometimes to the nails.
Toes of fome fpecies pectinated on the fides.

* With four toes.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,

Length fifteen inches. Bill black. Plumage pale brown or afh-
colour, croffed or mottled with fmall dufky foots, and minute bars;
the head and neck with broad bars of black, ruft colour, and white*
Wings white: Shafts of the greater quills black. Belly white. Win-
ter drefs pure white, except a black line between the bill and eye, and
fhafts of the firft feven quills black, in the male. Tail of fixteen
feathers, the two middle ones afh-coloured in fummer, white in Wine
ter, two next flightly marked with white near the ends; the reft en-
tirely black. The upper tail coverts almoft cover the tail.

_ * Three or four fpecies excepted.

TETRAO

PG AT Bw eae.

Terrao Lacopus. Lin. Sy/f. i. p. 274. he
* Suec. 203.—Scop. Ann. i. N° 170.
Raii. Syn. p. §5. §.—Baun. p. §0.
Phil. Tranf. vol. \xii. p. 390.—Frifch.
pl r10. 111.—Kram. el. p. 356.
Faun. Groenl, N° 80.—Georgi. Reife. p. 172.
Lacopus. Gefuer. av. 576. |
Plinit. lib. x. c. 48.
Perdrix alba feu Lagopus, Perdice alpeftre.
Aldro. av. 11..66.
Waitt GamMe*. Will. orn. p. 176. pl. 32.
PrarMican. Br. Zool. 1. N° 95.—Gent. Mag. 1772.
pl. in p. 74.—8ib. Scot. 16.
Pen. Lool.— Artt.— Br. Muf.—Lev. Muf.—Lath.
Gen. Syn. UV. 741. 10.
La Gelinote blanche. Brifl orn. 1. p. 216.12.—Pl, enl. 129.
(Winter dre/s).— Pl. enl. 494. (Summer drefs).
Ua Perdrix blanche. Belon. av. 259.
Le Lagopéde. Buff. ois. ii. p. 264. pl. 9.
Snoripa, Faun. Suec. fp. 203.
Schneeuhn. Frifch. 1. 110.
Schneehun. Kram. 359.

This fpecies meafures fourteen or fifteen inches from the tip of the
bill to the extremity of the tail: extent twenty three, weight nineteen
ounces. Its fummer drefs varies exceedingly from that which it af-
fumes in winter ; in the former the general colour is pale brown, or

afh-colour, not inelegantly marked, or mottled with dufky bars, fpots,

* Erroneoufly calied the White Partridge

ruft

PLATE XIk

ruft colour, &c. in both fexes, but in the latter, the female is entirely
of a very beautiful white ; the male of the fame colour, but is diftin~ ;
guifhed by a dark dafh, or line which pafles from the bill to the eye,
and by the fhafts of the firft feven quill feathers being black; the

twelve extreme feathers of the tail are of the fame black colour.

Our figure is copied from a male bird which has not wholly afflumed
its winter appearance, but is in the laft flage of changing its fummer
drefs, as appears from the flight ‘intermixture of dark feathers on its
breaft and back.

“

It’ inhabits moft of the northern parts of Europe, even as far as
Groenland, in Ruffia and Siberia it is very frequent; it is feen in

plenty on the “/pzme mountains of Savoy, on the Alps, and mount Cenis.

In Great Britain it is met with on the fummits of the highett hills
in the Highlands of Scotland. Hebrides, and Orknies, and a few yet
inhabit the lofty hills near Kefwick in Cumberland, as well as WV aies *.
They live amidft the rocks, and perch on the grey ftones, the general

colour of the ftrata in thofe fituations.

Willughby has defcribed the Ptarmigan under the name of the White
Game. M. Briffon + joins it with the White Partridge of Edwards,
but Pennant has given as his decifive opinion that they are two dif-
tinct fpecies. ‘I have received both {pecies at the fame time from

Norway, and am convinced that they are not the fame.” Pezz.

The female lays eight or ten eggs, fpotted with red-brown, the
fize of thofe of a Pigeon, on the earth, in a {tony fituation, about the
middle of June f.

iin pow - - serssiantnmn menmecbseaticiassanipnahecarctsamatssanctinerae: ‘ seta

+ Latham—meP ennante + Tom, q. pf: 216, t Latham.

Authors

B/L ATE XH,

Authors agree that they are ftupid filly birds, and are fo tame as to
be drawn into any fnare; or fuffer themfelves to be taken by the hand;
if the hen is killed the male will not forfake her. The Greenlanders
take them with noofes tied to a long line, which being carried by two

men is drawn over their heads.

* Their food confifts of the buds of trees, young fhoots of cr.
heath, fruits, and berries which grow on the mountains: on the con-
tinent they feed on the Dwarf Birch and Black-berried Heath, or

f{ometimes on the various kinds of Liver-wort.

“< They tafte fo like a Grous as to be fcarcely diftinguifhed; like
the Grous they keep in {mall packs; but never like thofe birds take
fhelter in the heath; but beneath loofe ftones.”’

In winter they lie in heaps, in lodges which they form under the

snow.

_ * Pennant,

‘
4
.
ye
>
me
.
i—

)
mes
eI
*
'
»
4

bi

ova

Pe a E OAIIT,

PICUS MARTIUS.
GREAT Brack WooppPECKER.

PIC z.
Bill compreffed, convex.
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, ftrong, angular, and connected at the end. Noftrils
covered with briftles reflected down. “Tongue very long, flender,
cylindric, bony, hard and jagged at the end. “Toes two forward, two
backward. ‘Tail of ten hard, ftiff, fharp-pointed feathers. —

SP HQIiHIG iCHARACT.E R,

Bill afh colour, blending to black, whitifh on the fides. Irides yellow.
Whole bird black except the crown on the head, which is vermilion.

Legs lead colour; covered with feathers on the fore part half their

length.

Picus Martius. Linn. Sy/t.1. p».173. N° 1.
Scop. Ann. 1. p. 46. N° 51,
Brun. N° 38.
Picus niger maximus. Razz. Syn. p. 42. 1.
Great Brack Wooppecker. Will. Orn. 135. pl. 21.
Mbin. 26 ple 2g.
Amer, Zool.
Lath, Gen. Syn. 1. p. 552. 1s

Arb, Loal, V1. p. 270 Ay
OER Le

Po A TY By Oe

Le Pic Noir, Brif. Orn. IV; p. 21. N° 6.
Buf. Oif. Vil. p. 41. pl. 2.—Male, Pl, enl.

596.
Orn. de Salern. pl. 10. f. 2.

Schwartz Specht. Fri/ch. t. 34.

This fpecies is near feventeen inches in length ; the plumage is en-
tirely black, except the crown of the head, which is of a vermilion
colour, rather inclining to crimfon; the bill, and claws, are of con-
fiderable ftrength, particularly the latter, which are curved in a more
formidable manner than thofe even of many rapacious birds of equal

magnitude,

The female differs from the male in the general colour of the plu-
mage; that of the female, having a {trong caft of brown on the back,
and the vermilion coloured feathers, with which the whole crown of the
male is invefted, being only {paringly diftufed on the crown of the fe-
male, though they terminate in a rich tuft on the hind part of the
head.

Both male and female are very liable to variations in the red on the
crown; fome are adorned with a profulion of thofe feathers, while
others have fearcely any; and fpecimens have been met with entirely

black, without even a trace of the vermilion colcur on their heads,

As an Engh/h Woodpecker it is the largeft we have; it even con-
fiderably exceeds the fize of the GREEN Wooppecker, Picus Viri-
dis. It is very rare in this country, and generally believed to have

been only obferved in the fouthern parts, and in Devonfhire *,

* Mr. Latham writes, “ Mr. Tunfiall tells me, that he has been informed by a fkilful

e « . ° ° . } .
Ornithologift, of its being fometimes feen in Devonfbire.” Gen. Sym

5 It

Pod AP Es MAT.

It is found in almoft every part of Europe, but is plenty only in
Germany ; it is rarely feen in France; never in Italy; and only during
the fummer in Sweden, Switzerland, and Denmark. Extends to
Ruffia, where it is common in the woods from St. Peterfourgh, to

Ochotfk on the eaffern Ocean, and to Lapmark on the weft *.

«c ‘This fpecies is fo very deftructive to Bees, that the Ba/chirians
in the neighbourhood of the river Ufa, as well as the inhabitants of
other parts, (who form holes in the trees twenty-five or thirty feet
from the ground, wherein the Bees may depofit their ftore), take every
precaution to hinder the accefs of this bird; and in particular are cau-
tious to guard the mouth of the hive with fharp thorns; notwithftand-
ing which, the Woodpecker finds means to prove a very deftructive
enemy: and it is obferved to be in moft plenty where the Bees are in

the greateft numbers +.” Latham.

Its food does not confift entirely of Bees; Albin writes of the bird
he has figured, “« The guts are feventeen inches long, great and lax ;
the ftomach alfo lax and membraneous, full of Hexapods and Ants. It

wants the appendices or blind guts as the reft of this tribe.”

Its neft is capacious and deep, and is faid to be ufually built in
old 4b or Poplar trees; Frifch obferves, that they often fo excavate
a tree, that it is foon after blown down with the wind; and that under
the hole of this bird may often be found a bufhel of duft and bits of

wood.

The female lays two or three white eggs; which colour, according
to Willughby +, is peculiar to the whole genus, or at leaft to all thofe

which have come under his infpe€tion.

* Ar, Zool, T Dec. Ruf. IV. p. 9. 17. fT Zool. Danic.

H2 PLATE

4, Ai aden ae se: & Tt A 50 9
ren qhaaly af dud ag me ay Het ives Rionilk a
sett alpen foents ¢ vith Ri a een pane oe a a sii
' o3 oe oie : a ae “k Ce ;

> 6 tre sts
;
+

es o> By “ ig seb, 10g ’ ae :

van ita Swe

we)

ul

te

Pee ACE S1V:

MOTACILLA TROCHILUS.
Wittow WREN.

PASSERES.

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked. |

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill flender, weak. Noftrils fmall, a little deprefled: Tongue
cloven. The exterior toe joined at the under part to the bafe of the

middle one.
SPE CIF IQs CHARACTER.

Upper parts pale olive green; under parts pale yellow. A ftreak
of yellow over the eyes. Wings and tail brown, edged with yellowith
green. Legs yellowith. |

Moracitta Trocuitus. Linn. Syft. I. p. 338. N° 49.

Faun. Suec. N° 264.—Scop. Ann. 1. N° 238.
Kram. el. p. 378. N° 22.—Brun. N° 286.—
7 Muller 281.—Frifeh. t. 24. fo Qe

Moracitta Hispanica. Haffelg. Voy. 287. 52.

TRocHiLus. Gefner av. 726.

Asitus. ldrov. av. Il. 292.

SMALL YELLOw Biro. Razi Syn. p. 80. A. 10,
LittLe YettowisH Birp. Will. Orn. p. 228.
GREEN WREN. |

~ Regulus non criftatus. A/bin. II. 59.

: | | YELLOW

P thas. 0 Te ee

YeLtow Wren. Latham Gen. Syn. \V. 512.

Penn. Brit. Zool, N° 151.

Ard. Zool. Br. Muf.— Lev. Mus.
Le Pouillot, ou Chantre. Brif. Orn. iii. p.479. N° 45.

Buff. 01s. V. p.344.—P. enl. 651. fi 1s

Chofti, ou Chanteur. Belon av. 344.
Schnee Rienig (Snow King). Frifch, I. 24.
Schmittl.: Kramer. 378.

The Yellow Wren ranks among the leaft of the Britifh Birds; it
meafures only four inches and three quarters from the tip of the bill
to the extremity of the tail. The colours of its plumage are not at-
tractive, neither do we introduce it as a rare bird, being one of our
moft frequent fpecies; but it is a very delicately formed creature, ex-
ceedingly active, and by concealing itfelf immediately among the
thickeft of the foliage when any noife approaches, it may not be fo

generally known as fome lefs timid birds.

It chiefly frequents large woods, which abound with willows ;
and builds its neft at the roots of trees, or in the hollows of dry
banks; it is conftructed in the form of an egg, with a hole at the top —
for its entrance, the outfide is compofed of mofs and hay, or ftraw; and
the infide is lined with foft feathers, wool, or hair. It lays feven white
eggs*, or, according to Latham and Albin, only five; they are freckled
all over with reddifh fpots. Its note is low and plaintive, fearcely
more than twit, twit +, which it utters when it is running up and
down the branches of trees in fearch of infects on which it feeds. It
is faid that the male has a fong during incubation, far from unplea-

fing, and is foft, though weak. It is migratory, but vifits us early.
ECA ESS SSO CEE A ASTI PO RATED AE NI LOCOCO TIEN CE IO
* Peanant Bre Zool. 1, 151. + Latham.

Albin

Pay EXE.

» Albin {ays it fings like a grafhopper, and frequents woods and foli«
tary places, fitting on the tops of oaks.

Pennant obferves, that the breaft, belly, and thighs, vary in colour
in different birds; in fome thofe parts are of a bright yellow, in others
they fade almoft into white. The legs alfo appear to admit of varia-
tion, thofe of our fpecimens are yellowifh in both fexes, A/bin de-
{cribes thofe of his male fpecimen to be pale amber colour, and thofe

of the hen to be black.

| Latham, in his Gen. Syn. has given a defcription of four other
birds, which he confiders only as varieties of the Moraciita
Trocuitus. Among thofe are included the GREATER NON-CRESTED
Recuus of Willughby, and the Moracitta Acreputa of Lin-
neus. his latter bird appears in the Briti/b Zoology of Pennant as
a new fpecies, (the Scotch W ren;) it has been alfo confidered as a
diftin& kind in the writings of fome, and the fynonymas of others,
as Briffon, Buffon, Ray, Sloane, Catefby, and Edwards, but as it dif-
fered from our fpecies only in the colour of the upper parts, inclining
more to brown than to green, and the lower parts more to yellow,
Mr. Latham concluded it was only a variety. It is a native of Fa-
maica, Carolina, and America; but one was communicated to Mr.
Latham by E. 8. Frafer, E{q. who informed him that it was fhot in
the Highlands of Scotland. 3 |

a,

ead

ears

ilesag 7

mL AVP EV:

MOTACILLA FLAVA.
YELLOW WaAGTAIL,
PASSERES.

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill weak and flender; flightly notched at the tip. Tongue laces
rated at the end. Legs flender. Tail frequently in motion, feldom

perch ; have a twittering noife in flight *.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Bill black: head and upper parts of the body olive green, rump
paleft: under parts from the throat bight yellow; on the throat a
few black fpots; above the eye a ftreak of yellow; through the eyes
another of dufky colour: beneath the eye alfo a ftreak of dufky.
Leffler wing coverts as the back; the others dufky, edged with pale
yellow: quills dufky. ‘Tail black except two of the outer feathers,

which are partly white. Legs dark brown; hind claw very long.

Moracitta Frava. Linn. Syft. 1. p. 331. N° 12.
Faun. Suec. 253.
Scop. ann. 1.-N° 226.

Brun. N° 272,294.

* Vide Latham’s divifion of the Motacilla genus.

I | Muller.

PLATE Ry.

Muller. N° 2.73.
Kram. el. p. 374s 2.
Frifch. pl. 33:
Georgi Reiffe. p. 174.
Sepp. Vog. pl. in. p. 103
Faun, Arag. p. 88.
Gefner. av. 168.
YELLOW WaTER WactaliL. Raii. Syn. 75. A. 2.
Will. Orn. $6338, pic bs.
Edw. pl. 158. (the female).—258 (the male).
Br. Zigol. 1. IN? 143.
Arf. Lool.—Br. Muf-—Lev. Muf.
Latham Gen. Syft. 1V. 400. 6.—Suppl. 179.
1a Bergeronette de Printemps. rif. Orn. iii. p. 468. N° 40.
Buff. Oif. V. 265. pl 14. fo 1—Pl. enl. 674.
IN? 2. |
Sufurada. Belon. obf. 11.
Codatremola. Zinan. 51.
Gelb-briftige. Bachfteltze. Frifch. 1. 23.
Gulfpink. Brunnich. 273.
Gelbe Bachftelze. Kram. 374.

The Yellow Wagtail is not equal in fize to the Common, or
White Wagtail, it meafures only fix inches and a quarter in length.
It is a bird of diftinguifhed beauty, particularly the male, whofe
plumage is for the moft part of a very lovely yellow, by no means
inferior to that of the male Golden Oriole; the yellow colour on the

. I breaft

Pen Ar ERY.

breaft of the female is paler, the ftreak over the eye whiter, and it

wants the black markings on the throat.

It is ufually obferved in moift meadows, and corn-fields in this
country in the fummer-time; but migrates, or thifts its fituation in

the winter: Pennant fays it continues in Hampfhire the whole year.

It makes its neft in the corn-fields on the ground, the outfide is
compofed of bents and fibres of the roots, the infide is lined with hair.
They are commonly found with five eggs in them, of a whitifh colour,

varied with red brown fpots.

Is feen in France at all times of the year, except the winter is un-
commonly fevere. Is faid to inhabit Sweden, Ruffia, Siberia, and

Kamtf{chatka.

Latham defcribes the legs, black: thofe of our fpecimens are brown,

cae PLATE

PLAT &° XVE

PARUS.,CAUDAT US.
LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE.
PASSERES.

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, a little compreffed, ftrong, fharp-pointed, briftles reflected
over the noftrils. Tongue terminated by three or four briftles. Toes

divided at their origin; back toe very large and ftrong.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER. .

Bill fhort, thick, and black. ‘Top of the head white, furrounded by
a broad ftreak of black, like a crown, it paffes down the hind part of
_ the neck, and back to the rump. Side of the head white. Sides of.
the back, the rump, belly, fides, and vent, dull rofe colour. Wing
black. ‘Tail very long, feather of ee lengths, fome black, others
black with white tips.

Parus Caupatus. Linn. Syft. 1. p. 342. N° 11.
Scop. Ann, 1. p. 164. N® 247.
Kram. el. p. 379. N° 6.
Sepp. Vog. pi. in. pe 4Q.
Pricey. ts VA. |
Rati. Sym p. 74.

Lonc-

PLAT E gXVi.

LoNnG-TAILED Tirmouse. Will. Orn. p. 242. pl. 43.
Albin AX. pl. 57. f. 1
Raii. Syn. p. 74,
Br. Zool. 1. N° 166.—Aré. Zool—Br. Muf.
—Lev. Muf.
Latham. Gen. Syn. IV. 550. 18.—Suppl. 190+
La Mefange a longue queue. Brif. Orn. III. 570. N° 13.
Buff. Oi. V. p. 437. pl. 19.—pl. enl. 502. f. 3.
Monticola. dro. av. IL. 319.
Pendolino, Paronzino. Zinan. 77.
Alhtita. Faun, Suec. fp. 83.
Gaugartza. Scop. N° 247.
Belzmeife Pfannenftiel. Kram. 379,
Langfchwaentzige Meife. Frifch. 1. 14.

This bird is very common in England; is faid to inhabit Sweden,
and thence to extend even to /taly; the fulnefs of its plumage enables
it to hear the inclemencies of the northern regions in winter, but it
admits of fome furprize that fuch as are found in warmer countries are

not clothed with a plumage more adapted to the climate.

The length is five inches and a quarter, the breadth feven inches,
the tail is remarkabiy long in proportion to the fize of the body; in
form it is like that of a magpie, confifts of twelve feathers of unequal
lengths; thofe in the middle are the longeft, thofe on each fide grow
gradually fhorter. The legs are generally black, but of fome

fpecimens are brown.

‘The

ae mV

The form of the neft is almoft peculiar to this fpecies only, it is
of an oval fhape, with a {mall hole or entrance in the fide; the mate-
rials of the external part are mofs, liverwort, and wool, curioufly in-
terwoven, the infide is lined with a thick bed of the fofteft feathers.
The neft is not fufpended from a bough as is ufual with fome of the
tribe, but is built between the forked branches of low wood, about
three feet from the ground: they generally contain from ten to feven-
teen or even twenty eggs of greyifh colour, {peckled with pale red-

brown.

Thofe birds are moft frequent in gardens and orchards, to which
they do much injury by devouring the tender fhoots; they are
very active, and fly to and fro with great facility, or run up
and down the branches in every direction. The parents and their
offspring remain together the whole winter, but feparate in the

{pring *.

The male has more of the rofe colour than the female; in the

former however it is fubject to much variation.

* «© The young follow the parents the whole winter; and from the flimnefs of their
bodies, and great length of tail, appear, while flying, like fo many darts cutting the.air,”

Pennant,

PLAT E

oP. YS ae
Py ea he eae) Wy

ies
‘
hese das
.
,
ie)
)
n
Ne
Rat
Stee ae
t
A

ne

eo ACW Ee XV A.

HOXIA ENUCLEAT OR,
Pine GROSBEAK.
PA S SiR Evs,

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrong, convex above and. below, very thick at the bafe.
Noftrils fmall and round. Tongue as if cut off at the end. ‘Toes
placed three before and one behind.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
Bill ftout at the bafe, the upper mandible hooked at the tip; Noftrils

covered with recumbent feathers. Head, neck, breaft, and rump,
rofe-coloured crimfon. Back and leffer wing coverts black, edged
with reddifh; greater wing coverts black, tipt with white; quills
black; fecondaries have the outer borders white, primaries have grey.

Belly and vent afh-coloured. Tail rather forked. Legs brown.

Loxta Enucreator. Linn. Syft. 1. p.299. N° 3
Faun. Suec. 22.3.
_ Brun. N° 239.
Muller, N° 246.
Greatest Buirincy, Edw. pl. 123, 124. M. & F.
Pine Grospeak, rf. Zool. 2. N°209. Br. Muf-—Lev. Muf:
Latham’s Gen. Syn. iii. p. 111. N® 5.
Pennant’s Brit. Zeal. 1% N° x14. pl. ag. fig. 2+
K Gros-

PLA Text

Gros-bec de Canada, Brif: Orn. iii. p. 250. N° 15. ph 12. fo 3—
Plseg!. 125.1.

Le Dur-bec, Buf. Ozs. iil. p. 457.

Tallbit. Natt-waka. Faun. Suec.

Coccothrauftes Canadenfis. Bri/.

The male Pine Grofbeak is certainly one of the moft beautiful of
the feathered tribe that inhabit either of the fifter countries of Great
Britain. Yt meafures nine inches from the tip of the bill to the end
of the tail, its weight two ounces; the general colour of its plu-
mage is rofe-coloured crimfon, and black, elegantly marked with white
on the edges of the feathers: the bill, which is remarkably ftout, and
curved at the tip, is well adapted for the purpofe of dividing the

cones of the pines to obtain the feeds.

4

The female has not the beautiful appearance of the male; the
principal colour of her plumage is dirty green, inclining to brown,
the crown of the head varied only with a few reddifh or yellowifh
teints, and fome feathers of the fame colour flightly difperfed over
the back, breaft, and belly.

In England this {pecies is found only in the moft northern parts, or is
probably entirely confined to Scotland; like the Crofsbill it inhabits the
pine forefts in the Highlands; Pennant fufpects that they breed there,
as he has obferved them flying above the great pine forefts of Inver
éauld, Aberdcenfoire, in the month of Auguit,

I ae

Pi A. fe xVIL

It is found in the pine forefts alfo of Sweden, the northern parts of
Ruffia*, of Siberia, and Lapland; they are alfo common in the
northern parts of America: from April to September they are frequent
at Hudfon’s Bay; the fouthern fettlements are inhabited by them
throughout the year. It has been met with at Avonalafbka +, and in

Norton Sound.

Latham obferves, that at Hudfon’s Bay it frequents the groves of
pines and junipers in May; and makes a neft in the trees with fticks
lined with feathers, at a fmall height from the ground. ‘The eggs
are four in number, and white; the young are hatched the middle of
June: he adds, “ though this bird, when adult, is beautiful in colour,
the young brood for fome time remain of a plain dull biue.” The

natives of the Bay call it Wufcunithowt.

* « Common about St. Peter/burgh in autumn, and is caught in great plenty at that
time for the ufe of the table, returning north in fpring.” Pennant.

+ Ellis’s Narr. vol. ii, p. 15. BL Mr. Hutchins,

K 2 PLATE

-
“
’
p '
° td
te
: ‘
i
1‘ pes
%

4
4
‘
,
1
ah ue
F

P ee Pee a I,

CHARADRIUVUS BHIATICU LA,
Sea Lark, or RINGED PLOVER.
GRALL&.

Bill roundifh, Tongue entire, fleflhy. Thighs naked. Toes
divided,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, roundifh, obtufe. Noftrils linear, “Toes three in nume

ber, all placed forwards.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Length feven inches. Bill orange, black at the tip. From the
bafe of the upper mandible to the eyes, a black line: another from
one eye to the other. Crown ef the head brown. Chin and throat
white, paffing round the neck in a broad collar: beneath this, on the
lower part of the neck, is a fecond line of black, encircling the neck
behind, but becoming narrower as it pafles backward. Breaft and
under parts white. Back and wing coverts pale brown. “T'wo mid-
die feathers of the tail greyifh brown, growing almoft black towards
the ends; the three next on each fide the fame, with white tips; the
Jaft but one is white, with a brown band: the outer one white.

Legs orange; claws black.

Cuyaraperius Hraticura. Lin. Sy/t. 1. p.253. 1
Faun. Suec. 187.
Scop. dun. 1. N° 147,
| Brun,

PilsA TE xX VIiL.

Brun. N° 184.
Georgi Reife. p. 172.
| Faun. Groenl, N° 78.
SEA Lark. Raz Syn. p. 112. A. 6. 190, 13.
Sloan. Fam. p. 319. 13. pl. 269. fig. 2e
Albin. 1. pl. 80.
Will. Orn, p. 310. pl. 57.
Br. Zool. 11. 383.
RinGED PLover. Pennant’s Br. Zool, N® 211.
Arét. Zool. N° gor.
Br. Muf-— Lev. Mu.
Lath. Gen. Syn. V. 201. 8,
Le petit Pluvier-a Collier, Brif’ Orn. V. p. 63. & pl. 5. fig. 2m
PLC 0l 2%
Le Pluvier a Collier, Buff: Oif. viii. p. go. pl. 6,
Griefs hennl. Kram. 354.
Strandpipare, Grylle, Trulls, Lappis Pago. Faun. Suec. fp. 187.
Bornholmis Prefte-krave, Sand-Vrifter. Bruz. 184. Frifch. 11. 214.

Thofe Birds migrate to our fhores in the fpring, but are never very
numerous; they remain with us during the fummer, and depart in
autumn. ‘They run lightly, and with much f{wiftnefs, and when dif-
turbed take fhort flights; at the fame time they make a loud twitter-

ing noife.

The female makes no neft, but depofits four eggs on the ground,
under fome convenient fhelter; the eggs are about one inch and an
half in length, of a dull whitiffi colour, fpotted and blotched with

black.
The

Po A TB OXVIL:

The fame fpecies is found in feveral parts of the Continent; in
Greenland, and in America. Latham obferves that it vifits Hudjon’s
Bay the middle of June, and departs in September. He adds, “ it is
a folitary bird; and obferved, on any one’s approaching near the eggs,
to ufe many ftratagems to decoy the perfon from it, by drawing off
its attention. Called at Hudjon’s Bay, Kifqua, the napi Shifh,”—
Gen. Syn.

The fame writer alfo mentions a variety which inhabits Cayenne;
the length of this variety is fix inches and an half. Bill black: fore-
head, and before as far as the breaft, white, pafling round the lower
part of the neck asa collar: the reft of the plumage pale dufky afh-
colour: the end half of the tail dufky black, the tip fringed with ru-

fous: legs pale.

PLATE

="

it
.

? Z ,
tess

‘

a IK

.
Sig
te
‘
Toes
.
’
eras

=

as

BL AT BD OMIX,
Rf NOG As, © POG Ar XX.
GRatix

Bill roundifk. Tongue entire, flefhy. Thighs naked. Toes
divided.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill roundifh, ftrait, about the length of the héad.« Noftrils narrow,

ve ®
‘Loes four.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Feathers of the neck remarkably long. General colour brown,

commonly marked with {pots, or concentric circles of black, Legs
dull yellow. Female has no ruff.

Arinca Pucnax. Liyn. Syft.1. p. 147.
Faun, Suec. 175.
Scop. Ann. 1. N° 140.
Brun. 108. 169.
“Kram. pe 352.
PONCE. to 282.235:
Georg? Reife. p. 47:

Avas Pucnax.) ddr. ao, IH. 167.

aif , Roe

PLATE 3

Rourr and Reeve. Albin. 1. pl. 72. 73.
Penn. Brit. Zool. N° 192. pl. 69-
Ar&. Lool. p. 479. As
"Lath. Gen. Syn. V. 159. 1
Br. Muf-—Lev. Muf.

Rurre. Rai Syn. p. 107. A. 3.

Will. Orn, p. 302. pl. 56.

Le Combattant, ou

Paonde Mer, rif. Orn. V. p. 240. 12. pl.'22. figs 1. 2-
Buff. Oif. vit. p. 521. ph 29. 30

Pl, enl. 205. 306,
Krofler. Kram. 352.

Brufhane. Faun. Swec. fp. 175.
Bruufhane. Brunnick, 168.

Streitfchnepfe, Ramphehnlein. rich. 11. 232. 235.
ad

The length of the male is twelve inches, of the female ten inches ;
the bill of the former is yellow in fome, in others black, or dark
brown; the face is covered with yellow pear-fhaped pimples; the
back part of the head and neck are furnifhed with long feathers,
which expand in a-very fingular manner on each fide of the neck,
and impend loofely over the breaft, like the ruff anciently worn m
this country. A portion or tuft of thofe feathers projec alfo juft

beyond each eye, and have the appearance of long ears.

As the moft remarkable peculiarity of thofe Birds are that no
two {pecimens are ever found to agree in the colours of the plumage,
it is impoffible to give any defcription, except of its form, that may
affift the unfkilful ornithologift to determine the fpecies, when it

z has

PUA TT) Xe

has attained the ruff; it cannot, however, be miftaken, as no Bird
of this country refembles it in the fmalleft degree. “The ground
colour is generally brown, but it varies in different Birds to every
hue between the lighteft teint that can deferve that name, and the
deepeft chocolate colour ; fometimes we find the ruff of a fine tender
buff colour, witheut the flighteft appearance ef fpots, except on the
breaft and back, which may be of a deep black, intermingled with a
few white feathers, and glofled with fhining purple; others we find
that have the ruffs of a deep brown, barred with black; fome with
white ruffs {potted with brown, or brown fpotted with white; and

indeed with every variation that it is poffible to defcribe.

The females, or Reeves, Pennant afferts, never change their colours,
which he fays are pale brown; the back fpotted with black, flightly
edged with white; the tail brown; the middle feathers {potted with
black; the breaft and belly white; the legs of a pale dull yellow :
but I have two fpecimens that do not well agree with his defcription,
or correfpond with each other; and in the Leverian mufeum a variety
of that fex is preferved that is wholly white, except the wings, on

which the ufual markings are vifible in a very pale colour.

The female has no ruff, and the male does not attain that appendage
until the fecond feafon; at the time of incubation the plumage of ne
latter is in the full perfe€tion, and the pimples break out on his face:
but after that time they fhrink beneath the fkin, the long feathers of
the ruff fall off, and he again affumes the plain appearance of the

female.

Thefe Birds inhabit the North of E urope in fummer, as far as Ice-
land, as well as the northern marfhes of R uffa and Siberia, In this
country they are found in Lincolnfbire, the Mle of E ly, and in the eaft

L 2 riding

yds. A SB OCs

riding of York/hire*; they arrive at thofe places early in the fpring,

and difappear about Michaelmas.

The Reeve lays four eggs in a tuft of grafs the beginning of May ;
they are white, marked with large rufty fpots.

Soon after their arrival, the males begin to Ai//; that is, to collect
on fome dry bank near a fplath of water, in expeCtation of the females.
Each male keeps pofleffion of a fmall piece of ground, round which
it runs fo often as to form a bare circular path; the inftant a female
alights among them, the males are in motion; a general battle enfues,
and the fowlers, who have been waiting for the advantage of fuch an

event, catch them in their nets in great numbers +.

In the fens each male remains within his circle, and defends himfelf
againft every invader with much refolution; the leaft infringement on
his poffeffion by another male is refented with the greateft violence ;
and if any farther attack is made, a battle is the confequence: in
fighting they have the fame action as a cock, fpread their ruffs, and

place their bills to the ground.

“¢ It is ufual to fat thefe birds for table by means of bread and muck
mixed with hemp-feed, and fometimes boiled wheat; to thefe by many
fugar is added ,; which laft in a fortnight’s time will caufe them to be
one Jump of fat, when they will fetch from two fhillings to half a

crown each.”—Laih. Gen. Syn.

* Erit. Zool.

+ They vifit a place called Martin-mere in Lancafbire, the latter end of March, or
beginning of April, but do not continue there above three weeks.—Brit. Zool.

Bot i OG.
Mye RAGS Au. Beem ls i Ue S.
5 "ME W.

ANSERES.

Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, fwelled at the apex. Tongue flefhy. Legs naked, feet

webbed, or finned.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

we

‘Bill flender, a little depreffed, furnifhed with a crooked nail; edges
of the mandibles very fharply ferrated. Noftrils near the middle of
the mandible, {mall and fubovated. Feet furnifhed with four toes ;
three forwards, and one behind ; the outer toe before longer than the’

middle one.

SPECIFIG CHARACTER.

Bill lead colour. General colour of the plumage white. Head
crefted at the back part; on each fide of the head an oval black {pots
beginning at the bill, and encircling the eye. On the lower part of
the neck, on each fide, are two curved black ftreaks, pointing for-
_ ward. Inner {capulars, back, coverts on the fide of the wing and the

greater quill feathers, black. Tail cinereous. Legs orey.

Mercus ALBELLus. Lin. Sy/f. 1. p. 209. 5.
| Haug, SuccN2 137.
Brun. N° 97.
Kram. El, p. 344. 3.
Frifch. te 172s

MeErcus

PLA DE xy

Mercus Atsunus. Scop. Ann. 1. N° gt.
Mercus Rueni. Raii Syn. p. 135. 5.
Will. Orn. p. 337+
Mercus RHENANUS. Gefner. av. 131.
SMew. Albin. 1. pl. 89.
Penn. Brit. Zool, it. N° 262,
Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 421. §:
Arét. Zool. N® 468.
Wuite Nun. Will. Orn. 337. pl. 64.
Raii Syn, p. 135. A. 3.
WeeseL Coot. Albin. 1. pl. 88.
RED-HEADED OMEW. Br. Zool. 11.263.
Br. Muf—Lev. Mu.
Le petit Harle huppe, ou la Piette, Brif. Orn. vi. p. 243. 3. pli a4,
jig. Xe
Buf. Ois, viii. p. 275. pl 24.0
Pl. enl. 440
L’Harle étoilé, Brif. Orn. vi. p. 252. 6. |
Brun. N° 08.
Kreutz-Ente, (Crofs-Duck) Prifch. 11. 172.

‘The Smew is about fixteen inches in length, and twenty-four inches
in breadth; its weight thirty-four ounces; our figure is copied from
a fpecimen of the male. The colours of the female do not exactly
correfpond with thofe of the male; the head of the former is fer-
ruginous, and flightly crefted; cheeks, chin, and throat, white; be-
tween the bill and the eye the fame oval fpot as in the male; breaft
clouded with grey; belly white; legs pale afh. It is generally called
the Lough Diver.

It

ea Ara RX.

| Tt vifits this country only in the winter; on the Continent it is
found as far fouth as Carniola; is alfo found in Iceland, and is fup-
pofed to breed and remain there during the winter; or that it pafles
to fome other arctic region. It has been obferved with the Mergan-
fers, Ducks, and other Water Birds in their migratory courfe up the
Molga in February *.

It alfo inhabits America, having been fent from New-York +.

Latham, in his fupplement, fays that he once difcovered a few
dhrimps in the belly of one of thofe birds, and fuppofes them to be its
chief food.

* Dec. Ruff, il. p..145.

f~ Ar&. Zool,

PLATE

s x “+ é
“Ma a of

24

mi Aa i ed,

ANAS QUERQUED Uvbe@,
GARGANE YY,

ANSERES

Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad, gibbous below
the bafe, {welled at the apex. Tongue flefhy. Legs naked, Feet
webbed or finned.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill convex above, flat beneath, hooked at the apex with mem-

branous teeth.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Bill lead colour, Head dufky with oblong ftreaks. From the cor-
ner of each eye a white line paffes to the back of the neck. Cheeks
and upper part of the neck, brown-purple, marked with minute ob-
long white lines, pointing downwards. HBreaft light brown, with femi-
circular bars of black. Belly white. Wing coverts grey; firft quills
afi coloured, exterior webs of the middle quills green. Legs lead
colour.

M Anas

PL AT Es Ae,

ANAS QUERQUEDULA. macula alarum viridi, linea alba fupra oculos.
Fu, Su.—Linan, Syft. 1. p. 203
Scop. Ann. 1. N° 75.
Brun, N° 81.
Muller, N° 125.
Kram EL p. 343. 18:
rich. pl, 170.
QUERQUEDULA Varia. — Gefner. av. 107.
QUERQUEDULA Prima. Will. Orn. 291. t. 74.
Raj. av. 148. 8.
GARGANEY. Ditto.
Er. Zool. N° 289. pl. 10%,
Ard. Lool. p. 576. O.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 550. 87.
Br. Muf.-—Lev. Muf.
La Sarcelle: Brif. Orn. VI. 427. tab. 39. 1. 2.
Buff. Oif. 9. p. 260.—PL. enl, 946. (male)
Belon, av. 175s
Scavolo, Cervolo, Garganello. Aldr. av. 2-80. 190.
Krickantl. Kramer. 343.
Kriech- Ente. Prijch. 2 776.
Norvegis Krek-And. Quibufd. Saur-And. Brunnich, 81.

This fpecies is found in England in the Winter ; at that time alfo
it is feen in France. In April it departs, and migrates to the North

as the Summer advances, to breed.

Iu

Py yl eee A,

In Europe it is found as far as Szveden; it is very common

throughout Ruffia and Siberia, and as far as Kamt/chatka.

Our figure is of the male bird; the female has an obfcure white
mark over the eye, the reft of the plumage is of a brownith afh co-

Jour.

M 2 PLATE

iv aan Lt z ey
saab
; j ‘ ane
- poy
4) ’
\
a
‘
4
: ‘
~ ‘
'
‘
1
z
,
,
' \
‘
4 ‘
i. 1 if
‘ 7
eh
,
‘ ’ ‘
a) | be
i]
: \
4 .*
<a)
, ”
5 -
¢
-
4 ee
e di
re ,
s
" «
A ‘
4
“ae
' rs ,
bar’ ea Mh Pe

fey

y

jw

Po Ast Be MX.

MUSCICAPA ATRICAPILLA,

PIep FrvcarTcHenrR.
PACS $B R Bu Se

Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill flatted at the bafe; almoft triangular; notched at the end of

the upper mandible, and befet with briftles. Toes divided as far as
their origin.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Bill black. Upper parts of the body, wings, and tail, black.
Forehead and under part white. Several white feathers in the Wing.
Upper tail coverts black and white mixed. Legs black.

MuscicaPpaAAtricaPitta. Lin. Sy/?. 1. p. 236. 9.
Frifch, pl. 24.
Kram. El. p. 377. 16.
Atricapilla five ficedula. Aldr. av. II. 33%.
CoLDFINcH. Raii Syn. p. 77. A. 5
Will. Orn. p. 236.
Edw. pl, Bo.
Br, Lool.—Lond. 1766.

Piep

PL Agi i” xxi

Pirp FLycATCHER. Penn. Brit. Zool, 1. N° 135. Lond. 1776.
Arf. Zool.
Lath. Gen, Syn. J17. 334.2.

Le Traquet d’Angleterre. Brif. Orn. iil. p. 436. 27.

Rebetra Angtlicana. Buy. Os. pi 222.

Meerfchwartz pufle. Kram. Aufi. 377-

The Coldfinch, or according to Latham and Pennant, the Pied F ly~
catcher, is found in York/hire, Lancafbire, and Derby/fbire ; in thofe
parts of the kingdom it is not very frequent, in every other it is ex~

tremel y rare.

It is unneceffary for us to defcribe the many varieties that are known
of this fpecies ; in England the colours of its plumage varies confi-
derably at different feafons of the year; but fuch as are natives of fo-
reign countries, are again fo diffimilar to ours, that different authors

have alternately defcribed them as varieties, or new {pecies.

The bird that Latham defcribes, was white on the outer web of
the exterior tail feather ; the two exterior tail feathers of Willoughby’s
bird was marked with white; and on the contrary, we have a {peci-
men which does not exhibit the leaft trace of white on either. ‘The
upper tail coverts are black and white mixed, in fome fpecimens; in
others they are wholly black; and Le Gobe-mouche noir of Briffon,
which is only another variety, differs in having a mixture of grey on

the

Pero TRY.

the upper parts, the thighs brown and white, and three of the exte-

rior tail feathers white on the margins.

A more pleafing variety than either, is found in Lorraine and
Brie; it correfponds in fize with thofe found in England; but the
white of the breaft which terminates under the cheeks in the latter, -

-pafles quite round the neck like a collar in the former *.

The plumage of the female is brown in thofe parts where the male
is black ; it has no white on the forehead; the white {pot on the wing
is more obfcure ; and the under parts of the body is of a dufky white.
The male poffeffes only the full black during the fummer ; as that
feafon declines, its plumage alters, and it gradually affumes fo per-
feftly the appearance of the female, that he cannot be diftinguifhed

from her.

The neft is ufually built in the hole of a tree, not very near the

ground; it is compofed of fibres, mixed with mofs, and contains fix

eg gS. It feeds on Infects. | .

* This variety is calisd by Buffon Le Gchemuche ncir 2 Collier, Hitt. des OU 4.

PB $20. ple 25. fae

PLATE

- pre é
. ; é : : ; |
Po
~ ; f
F .
'
7 ~
, \
. ‘ -
, Ys i
: i ¥ \
.
0
=
.
\
,
,
»
\
‘
.
’ /
.
)
- * i
= ‘
a .
“ :
¢
s
ie
‘
‘
2 ’
; , ‘ .
ti
4 St i
- ae
- sé. a
: )
. bi
>
; { Cy
!
\
\ ,, ie
1 } Be
its ae %
x ae a
on
oe 1 ee? ea
a
i ‘
—
. ; _ . ie
; Ate
H ra f
1 ON ‘
* #
,
; :
1%
. a
t fi
wk
: 4
“ Lo 4 i
i
‘ 134)
i Or
x

PLAT, & xu,
STERNA HIRUNDO,

ComMMoN TERN.
ANSERES.

Bill obtufe, covered with a thin membrane, broad gibbous below
the bafe, fwelled at the apex. “Tongue flefhy, legs naked. Feet
webbed or finned,

GENERIG CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, flender, pointed. Noftrils linear. Tongue flender and
fharp. Wings very long. ‘Tail forked, back toe fmall.

ae SAECIFIC CHARACTER, °™

Bill and feet red. Crown and tip of the bill black. Neck, and
underfide white. Back and wings fine grey.

STERNA Hirunpo. Linn, Sy/t, Nat. 1. p. 227. 2
Faun. Suec. N° 158.
Flaffelq. p. 272. N° 40.
Scop. dun. i. N° 11te
Brun, N° 151. 152+
Mull. p. 21.
Faun. Groenl. N° 69.
Kram. El. p. 345. (Larus),
frifch, 2. 219.
N ‘THE

PLA TE ARae

THe SEA-SwALLow. Raii. Syn. p. 131. A.1. 19%. 7
Will, Orn. p. 352. pl. 68.
Albin. 11. pl. 88.
Common Tern. Lath. Gen. Syn. 6. 361. 14.
Great Tern. Br. Zool. N° 254. pl. go.
Lev. Muf. Br. Muf.
THE KERMEW. Marten's Spitzberg. 92»
Le Grande Hirondelle-de-Mer. Brif. Orn. VE p. 203. 1. pl. 19. fig. Is
Buff. Oif. 8. p. 331. pl. 27.—Pl. Enl. 987.
Tarna. Faun. Suec.
Sterna (Stirn, Spyrer, Schnirring). Ge/z. av. 586.
Grauer fifcher. Kram. 345.

Tftendis Kxia. Norvegis Tenne, Tende, Tende-lobe, Sand-Tolle,
Sand-Tzrrne. Danis Terne. Bornholmis Kirre, Krop-Kirre,
Brunnich. 151. Makauka. Scop. N° 3.

Schwartz plattige Schwalben Moewe. Frith. 11. 219,

(

The length of this fpecies is fourteen inches; its breadth thirty;
and its weight four ounces and a quarter. It is very common on the
fea-coafts, banks of lakes and rivers in this country during fummer ;
it quits the breeding places at the approach of winter, and returns in

fpring.

It is found in various parts of Eurepe and Afia; in the fummer as
far as Greenland and Spitzbergen. It is alfo found in America;
arrives at Mew England in May, and difappears in Autumn. At

Fiudfon’s Bay it is known by the name of Black-bead *,

a=

* Lath. Gen. Syne

- Dr

Bi ae Tre SOXIIT.

Dr. Forfter mentions a variety at Hudfon’s Bay, having the Legs
black; Tail fhorter and lefs forked; and the outer feathers wholly
white *: The Bird Albin has figured in his plate 88, vol. 2. appears
alfo to be a variety; the legs are black, and the bill is of the fame

colour, except the tip, which is red,

Thefe Birds breed among tufts of rufhes, grafs, or mofs near the
water fide; they lay three or four eggs, about an inch and three
quarters in length, of a dull olive colour, marked with irregular black
fpots, and fprinkled with fpecks of an obfcure brown in June; the

young birds are hatched in July, and quit the neft foon after.

‘They feed on fall fifh and water infects; are very clamorous and
daring ; and during the time of incubation, will dart on any perfon
who may pafs by their neft, though they fhould neither provoke nor
difturb them,

It appears to have all the actions over the water which the Swallow
has on land, fkimming and defcribing vaft circuits over the furface of
the waves when feeking its prey, diving with intrepidity the inftant it
difcovers it, and inftantly appearing again on the wing with the fifh
in its mouth. Notwithftanding the affinity of its actions with thofe of
the Swallow, Pennant, in the Britith Zoology, has altered the name to
Tern, “a name,” he obferves in a note, “ thefe birds are known by
in the North of England; and which we fubftitute inflead of the old
compound one of Sea-Swallew; which was given them on account of

their forked tails.”

eee

* Phil. Tranf. vol. Ixil. p. gat.

N 2 PRAT.

ving : tee ot t
pond 2 : 7 3
ces. 2 = : F E
* =e > fi 7
ee :
<a = 5 s
eee 5 Fa
as :
7 % # \ y
>
> y ao - .
a ° - -
= Ea
; :
r L .
, a!
y So . tm
— i * , Ss be
- . m . >
=
.
5
i
a
] ;
i
'
ps ‘
‘ <i , s

Fag

Fam

Wj

RBLATE XXIV,

STURN US CENC LU S,

WaTER-OUZEL,
PASSERE &
Bill conic, pointed. Noftrils oval, broad, naked,

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill ftrait, fubulate, and fomewhat angular,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Bill compreffed on the fide, black. A white fpot above and another
beneath the eye. Upper part of the head and neck deep brown.
Back, Wings, Tail, black; feathers with brownifh edges. Chin,
fore part of the breaft pure white, Belly rufous brown; next the tail
black. Legs black.

STURNUS CINCLUs, niger, pectore albo. Linn. Sy/t. Nat.2, 168.
4. editio Decima.
Moracitia pectore albo, corpore nigro. Fu. Suec. 216.
Moracitza Cincius. Scop. Ann. 1. N°? 223,
Kram, el. p. 374. 3
MERULA

PL AT EL ary,
Meruta Aquatica. Gefn. av. 608.

WaATER-QUZEL, or
Warter-Crake. Will. Orn. 149.
Raii. Syn. p. 66. 4.74
Albin, 2. pl. 39.
Br, Zool, 1. N° 111.
Ar&. Zool.
Lath. Gen. Syn. 3. 48. 506
br. Mufi—Lev. Muf.
Warer-Craw. Turner.
Le Merle Eau. Brif. Orn. V. p. 252. 19.
Buff. oif. 8. p. 134+ pl t1.—Pi, enl. 940,
Watnitare. Faun. Suec. /p. 214.
Merlo Aquatico. Zinan. 109.
Providni Kofs. Scop. N° 223.
Norvegis Fofle Fald, Foffe Kald, Quern Kald, Stroem-Ster, Bakke
Eugl. Brun. 203.
Wafier-amfel, Bach-amfel. Kra. 374.
Lerlichirollo. ldr. av. 3. 186.

The Water-Ouzel is a very fhy and folitary bird, and though well
known as a Britifh fpecies, is generally confined to fuch parts as
abound with {mall rivulets, or with waters that courfe between the
craggy fragments of mountains; it is therefore that we find it
plenty only in Wales, Cumberland, Yorkfhire, and Weftmareland,

2 It

Tt PE DOE.

Tt feeds on fmal] fith and infets: its neft is built among the ftones
on the ground near the water fide; beneath the fmall fhelving rocks
that over-hang the ftreams it frequents; or in holes contrived in feep
and perpendicular banks; it is compofed of hay and &bres of roots, is
lined with dead oak leaves, has 2 covering of green mofs, and contains
five eggs of a white colour with a blufh of red. In young birds
the belly is wholly white.

Moft authors have noticed the very fingular manner in which it
fearches for its prey, it not only dives under the water, but will fy
and run after them at the bottom in the fame manner as on land * :
Kramer fays, that one of them had been caught under water by means
of a line and hook, which had been baited to catch fith +.

Thefe birds are fmaller than the Ring-Ouzel, their length is feven,
and breadth eleven inches, weight two ounces and an half; they are
found in Europe as high as Ferce and Finmark t; as far as Kamif=
chatka in the Ruffian dominions; in Chriffianfoe and Norway.

* Hifi. def. Oif-—-Dacouv. Ruf. voleis p. 307. id.
+ Albin fays, % it feeds on fith, yet refufeth not infe&ts; fitting on the banks of
rivers it now and then flirts up its tail; although it be not web-footed, yet it will

Sometimes dive or dart quite under water. It is a folitary bird, accompanying only
with its mate in coupling and breeding time.”
T ars. Zool,

PLATE

Poel iexX to V Ot. I.

ARRANGEMENT
ACCORDING TO THE

SYSTEM or LINNAUS.

if

1 yah i Gas
Plate
Corvus GLraNDARIUS f 3 “ - 2
Oriolus Galbula Pe ~ = = = i
Picus Martius = s ls a = 13
Upupa Epops = - = = - 9
OoOR Wh) By Re Phy;
ANSERES.
ANAS QUERQUEDULA - - - 2
Mercus ALBELLuUS = = = = 20
ALCA ARCTICA at is - nes “ $
Popiceprs RuFico.is “ = - ED NR
STERNA HirguNnpDo i - - au, = 23

i eenepereceettreenemeenatnta Rt A LTTE L IO EE
* Not defcribed by Linnzus,

O ORDER

LN DP we

ORDER W..

GRALLE.
TRINGA PUGNAX 2 = "
CHARADRIUS HIATICULA ii é

ORDER Y.

GALLIN A:

Tetrao Lacopus ai ~

OUR D RW,

PASSERES.

Sturnvus CInCLuS ae = s;
Turpbus Roseus c 2
AMPELIS GARRULUS e -
Loxita ENUCLEATOR ~ =
MuscicaPpa ATRICAPILLA .4 -
MorTaciLLa SYLVIA - “
——- ALBA o wi -

me ——————- FLAVA ~ ~
——- DARTFORDIENSIS :

a REGUS z ey

Parus Brarmicus. “* - - -
CAUDATUS as mn is

¥

Plate
= 19 s
= 18
* i2

= Bh
3 3
~ It
= 17
= 2.2
= 4
-. 5
- 15
~ 10
- 4
= Tt
- 16

VOL.

ds i i ee ae

7 aE 1

ARR A N'G EYM-E-N T

ACCORDING To

LATHAM’s SYNOPSIS or BIRDS.

DIVYISTO ON: Ei Lanp: Biaeps,
Oc RD ERY Tea Pues.

EON OMS hye

Plats .

Jay - - - aries sit de = 2
GEN US Ky.

GOLDEN ORIOLE f “ = ‘ a "
Ga INS i OX Le

Great Brack WOODPECKER ; pis ss 13
GEN U.S XXVIL

Common HooroeE - ~~ - - - ° 9

OR DoE: R IFI. Passerine,

Geen U gs Xxx

WarTeR Ovzet | - - - . - ide

Ros&-cOLovRED THRUSH - ° ~ ° Se

O 2 GE N US

Le aN ei Aas

GEN US XXXII.
Waxen CHATTERER i - - = il

GENUS XXXIV.

Pine GROSBEAK - - - - ~ 17

GENUS XXXVIIL.

Piep FLYCATCHER 2 = “! a ‘22

ia N US. Ob:

Nwire WaAGTAIL - - - - - 5
YELIOW WaAGTAIT —~= - - = s is
GENUS “XU

: ,
SEDGE WREN, or Warbler - - - - 14.
DARTFORD WARBLER eo. as = s Io
GOLD-CRESTED WREN z a . =n A
GEN U's." Xie
LoNG-TAILED TITMOUSE = 7 se a 16
Bearpep TitTMouUsE _ 5 % ny
/
ORDER IV. Gatutinaceous.
GiEoN US iit,
PrARMIGAN 4 “ - - 12

EON Dp TEVX’

DIVISION We) Water Birps.

ORDER VII. Wits cLoven FEEt.

GEE NUS MO LXIEX,

Plate
RuFF = : o me mg 19
GENUS LXx.

Rincep Prover- - i me 13
ORDER VIII. Wits Pinnatep FEEr.
GENUS LXxIx,

RED-NECKED GREBE - - ~ 6
ORDER IX. WeEs-Fooren.

| GENUS LXxXxIV.
PUFFIN 2 a ad if Ca g
GEN U S&S. LXXXVIII.

Common TERN - - - - ! 23
GEN US XC.

SMEW - - al : 2 20
GE N;U)5 -XCIl.

- GARGANEY = , . - 21

VOL,

as i DN a eae, ©!

VY OES AT.

ARRANGEMENT

ACCORDING TO

PENNANT’s BRITISH ZOOLOGY.

GENUS I.
Plate
Jay ~ = - - = 2
GENUS VII.
GREAT BLAck WoOopDPECKER - “ 13*
GENUS. X:
Hoopor » ~ - " 3
GENUS XII.
PTARMIGAN = ~ ™ . 21
GE“N “U3 "Sev TE.
WATER OvUZEL * - - - 24
GENUS XVII.
Waxen CHATTERER - ~ - Ir
GEN WU $ -XWiiIL.
PInE GROSBEAK - - it a 17
GE O's: SXAI.
PireD FLYCATCHER - : a a2

* Not mentioned by Pennant as Britifh Birds.

GENUS5

i Nee. Eo xX:

GEN US XXIll.

WHitTE WAGTAIL - | a
YELLOW WAGTAIL “ 4

Gob N Us XXIV.

GoLtpENnN CRESTED WARBLER =
SEDGE WARBLER - = 2
DaRTFORD WARBLER e i

| GEN U S “XX:
LONG-TAILED TITMOUSE = zl
BEARDED TITMOUSE “= Ba 9, 88

SE IN, U.S, QOXT,

RuFrF an iia a

GENUS XXXIL

Ringep PLovER “ te

GENUS XXXVIII.

RED-NECKED GREBE a -

GeE- N' US Xe.

PuFrFIN = i ch i

GENUS XLIV.

GREAT TERN a i

Go Ne SV

SMEW ~ a =

GENUS XLVI.

GARGANEY < é i

APE INT exe,

ORIOLE - “= = ~
RosE-cOLOURED QWZEL ° *

Plate

19

18

6*

2%

ZO

22

Ww =

I--N~ D*. By Xx,

| VW O°L, a »

ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT.

Plate
Chatterer, Waxen, a - ‘ és ms il
Flycatcher, Pied, . ~ o - - 22
Garganey, = a is : cs 2 21
Grebe, Red-necked, ~- “ + = =a
Grofbeak, Pine, - - = “ = 17
Hoopoe, = = ~~ = & - 9
Fis ey 1 See ae eae
Oriole, ms = é , : 7 7
Ouzel, Water, - = = a 4 24.
Rofe-coloured, e 7m 2 2
Plover, Ringed, - - - . & 18
Ptarmigan, ~ - - - - - 12
Puffin, - - - - . = 8
Ruff, - - ~ - “ - 19
Smew, - ~ 2 “ a x 20
Tern, Greater, w s a - a 23
Titmoufe, bearded, - = S . i }
, long-tailed, in é ~ 16
Wagtail, Yellow, 2 - . A: ‘ is
~) White, «= = = es ag 5
Warbler, fedge, eS - ‘ w Zz T4.
———-, Dartford, 2 = 2 ~ i Zo
-, Golden-crefted, e : " xs 4

Wood pecker, Great black; .

7

empyema

~

th
)
\
,
‘

SS Te ee ee

Rina ey