EX LIBRIS William Healey Dall Division of Mollusks Sectional Library MONS, MVioThusice 1 Library Division of Sectiona | ‘\ yer y— \—4. Dono JOHN BROOKS HENDERSON -— 7 Mieluster ee Nivigion of Mollusks NATURAL HISTORY Sectional Library OF . BRITISH SHELLS, IXCLUDING FIGURES ano DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN, SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED IN THE LINNEAN MANNER, WITH SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL GBSERVATIONS ON EACH. ae 05-0 Se IN FIVE VOLUMES. FOL. 7, Lard By E, DONOVAN, F.L.S, AUTHOR GF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &e. &e. OH iia LONDON p YOR THE ‘\uatHor, ae rehioat 3 F. C. AND J. RIVINGTON, No. 6, ST. PAUIS CHURCELYARD, By Bye and Law, St. John’s Square, Clerkenwell, —w OL Lea 1804. PRID JUL 19 1957 LIBRARY ADVERTISEMENT. THE present work is submitted with the utmost defer- ence to the Reader as a general and very copious eluci- dation of all the larger kinds of Shells found in this country. At the commencement of this undertaking the Author proposed that the five volumes of which this work consists should include figures and descriptions of all the British Shells ; so far at least as they could be correctly ascer- tained. The amount of these collectively, he was induced to think might be very nearly appreciated from the seve- ral works of Lister, Merret, Petiver, Walker, Pennant, and Da Costa: from the number of nondescript British Shells that came into his possession with the original col- ‘lection of the latter writer, together with those in his own cabinet independent of them; the whole amount of which was far from inconsiderable.. ag ADVERTISEMENT. In this estimate, which the Author at first conceived would be completely adequate to every purpose of his design, he afterwards perceived himself in some degree mistaken. During the course of publication he has in various instances been kindly favoured witii British Shells not before described: neither are the acquisitions which he has himself discovered in several remote parts of the country altogether unworthy of attention. Many of the species thus obtained were deemed too interesting to be omitted in a work of this nature, and it was therefore thought advisable to exclude those, which, from their extreme minuteness, are usually denominated Microscopic Shells, in order to admit the most important of them. The omission of the more diminutive species, for the sake of inserting Shells of conspicuous figure, that had not been before described as English, the Author trusts will rather be considered as an advantage, than detriment to this work. Nothing of material consequence, either in the collection of the Author, or the cabinets of his friends, to which he has access, has been neglected in this selection : and he could not feel himself completely justified in extending the work beyond the limits originally prescribed for no other purpose than to introduce the Microscopic Shells, TABLE or CONTENTS. MULTIVALVES, Plate, Lepas Balanus 2 3 é e 3° —— costata = = - . 30 conoides - - - w 30 —— — intertexta - - - > 36 ———— balanoides - “ a F 86 Tintinnabulum - - - - 348 Diadema - = a i 56 Borealis - . = - . 160 a —— anatifera ~- - © ° ——— Scalpellum - = - - 166 mee anserifera - - « - 166 dilata - = - - > 164 Pholas Dactylus (Da Costa Hians (Solander) - a 118 —— crispata © - - - - 6a —— candida ° - - - - 132 —— striata - - - = ° 117 = Psrve v4 > - - oo = 63 Cie) oe 0 Bee STAD ee Da ea BIVALYES., Mya glycymeris « - rs - = 142 fom OVATA = - - © a 122 ¢& ON. FEN F,5. Plate. Figs - Mya ovalis - - - - - 89 —— pictorum - - - - - 174 —— margaritifera - - - - 73 —- declivis “ - s = 5 82 s—— arenaria - = = - 4 85 truncata | = - - « * 92 -—— depressa - = < .s - ror ——pretenuis - - - - ~ 176 dubia - - - F =| 1a8t Solen Siliqua - - - - = 46 Legumen - - - - - 53 — Ensis - - - - - 50 —— marginatus = - - - - 110 —— antiquatus - - - - - 114 — pellucidus - “ “ - - 153 Tellina inzquivalvis - - - - 4t bi variabilis - ~ = ~ - 41 ——— trifasciata - - - - 60 carnaria ° - F F a 47 —— borealis - - - ~ - 62 r —rivalis - - id a = 62 2 —— inzquistriata s - « 58 eres hians @ o eo o - 540 CON Mactra subtruncata ° Glauca - . 7 —— solida - shi Stultorum - radiata - - Donax Irus - - trunculus - — crenulata -» - Venus granulata - - — fasciatus - = —— Verrucosa - = —_Islandica - - — Chione - - ——— cancellata - —— borealis - -: —— undata - - —— sinuosa - = —— exoleta - - —— decussata - - »——. striatulus - - —— lactea - - Chama Cor - - Arca Noe - - —— lactea - - —— caudata - * —— nucleus - - —— glycymeris (Da Cofta) =—— Pilosa (Gmel. ) - Ostrea mgxima - - —— Jacobexa - 4 ——— varia - - —— obsoletus - 2 o—— subrufus - - eel pusio - - === lineata - - s—— striata o. - Anomia Ephippium. - Mytilus rugosus ‘ -- === modiolus 4 he Rees, - - = - - - - - -~ - - - - - = = - = - - - - - - - = - = - - - - - - - - = - - - - - - o = = - . - - - - eo = o = - - - - a - 170 115 I2I 2,2 I5 £ 3,2 Mytilus Umbilicatus oe barbatus ——— edulis = ——— ungulatus ——— pellucidus women Cygneus ——— anatinus a——— discors Pinna levis (Ingens Pesnant) CONTENTS. aae= Muricata (Pectinata Linn? ) ° - eee UNIVALVES. Cyprza pediculus . . - Bulla patula . ° J * —— lignaria - - - ~—— resiliens . - - . —— hydatis - - = -—= aperta - - ‘ Ge -—— cylindrica - 2 - - Voluta tornatilis - ——pallida = ———triplicata - levis a Buccinum undatum reticulatum eee Lapillus —————— lineatum — glaciale eee Drunneum Strombus Pes pelecani costatus Murex Carinatus omnes tuberculatus Despectus (Linn. ) Antiquus (Linn, Despectus, &c.) - ” cod heal i Plate. 40 7o 128 128 31 55 113 25 152 19 3120 120 Fig, Murex corneus ———— Erinaceus meee COStATUS =———— decollatus Bamffhus ———— emarginatus ——— septem-angulatus momma elegans ame angulatus Trochus magus memes COnulus woes Cinerarius Zizyphinus Turbo lineatus mammillatus littoreus rudis - cimex - pullus = fontinalis duplicatus cinctus Clathrus fasciatus perversus muscorum subulatus acutus vittatus Pelt ee PEEL LA interruptus momen COSCATUS = —— reticulatus ~—— albus bed lacteus - pallidus - terebra = striatus - CONTENTS. = © - = - - = = o . s - e o ” = = e = - - = a . - - 2 = = - = =; = = - co - - = = = = = = = ai - ° = = = 2 - o = = - = = >: - > ~ = = bie - on a - = « - » 3 = ~ - wt - - = p - - - - - - - ~ © b Plate. 33 35 gt 179 478 178 159 477 Fig. Ww & Wh » 2539 49 596 1B » RP FH Helix cornea —— lapicida —— vortex © —— contorta —— pomatia pallida « rufescens arbustorum nemoralis Zonaria, hispida _ ericetorum tentacula vivipara. auricularia stagnalis Bek a fragilis —— fontinalis —— putris —~ Bullaoides Nerita littoralis ——— glaucina ————= intricata ——— nitida ———, fluviatilis pallidus Haliotis tuberculata Patella Vulgata fissura ——— pellucida parva ——— reticulata ——-—— Ungarica militaris ——— albida © —— lacustris ——— oblonga intorta CONTENTS hortensis (Aspera Gmel. ?) - - 131 £57 157 336 151 15 Fig. Dentalium entalis ———— = octangulatum Serpula vermicularis ——— spirorbis granulata Teredo Navalis Sabella alveolata temmese tubiformis CON TN Fs. Plate. - = - ad 43 i bs ~ 162 ye - = = 95 - - a = 9 zi = - - Too - - - 145 e ° - « 139 Py aka AAs ays! 4) A + aD THE NATURAL HISTORY BRITISH SHELLS. INTRODUCTION. VERMES, Tus class of Animals was formerly confounded with Insects and Plants: the Zntestina and Mollusca were referred to the first class: the Zoophyta and Lithophyta to the latter; and some Authors had even classed the testacea, or Shells, as a branch of Mineralogy, with- out regarding the Animals inhabiting them. Linnzus, in the Systema Nature; comprehends the whole of these creatures in the last class of Zoology ; and forms their classical character from their internal structure, as in larger and more perfect animals: Cor uniloculare, inauritum ; Sane frigida, albida. Tentaculatis Vermzbus. Heart fur- “fished with one ventricle, without auricle; sanzes cold and whitish, or colourless. The five orders of the Linnzan class Vermes are thus defined :— OL: 1 B ‘ INTRODUCTION. Intestina, simple, naked, destitute of limbs. Mollusca, simple, naked ; but not without limbs. Testacea, animal with a calcareous covering. Lithophyta, animal composite, affixed to, and fabricate a calcareous base.—Coral. Soophyta, a vegetating stem like a plant ; animal composite, and resemble flowers. Linnzus has included in the Testacea Order the whole tribe of Shells. In the generic characters he regards both the Shell and its inhabitant: in the definition of species, the former only is attended to. There are very strong arguments against the method of arrang- ing this tribe by the Animals, although it cannot be denied, that the Shells are only the coverings or habitations, and should not demand our primary attention *. The TresTaAcEA are Vermes of the soft and simple kind, and are covered with a calcareous habitation. ‘These are separated into three divisions, according to the number of valves of which the Shell con- sists. The first division includes only three genera, Chiton, Lepas, and Pholas; these are called Multivalves, and are formed of many valves, or pieces, disposed transversely on each other. The second division consists of Bivalves, or Shells of two pieces, connected toge+ ther with a hinge, or cartilage. The third division is of Univalves, and have the Shell complete in one piece, as the word implies. The Linnzan genera are— * Vide Donovan’s Instructions for collecting and preserving Subjects of Natural History. London, 1794. CHITON. - Mya. CARDIUM. VENUS. ARCA. MytTILuvs. INTRODUCTION. Multivalova LEPAs. Bivalvia: conche. SoLEN. MAcTRA. SPONDYLUs. OsTREA. PINNA. Onivalvia. PHOLAS. TELLINA. Donax. CHAMA. ANOMIA. spira regulart CocHLEAE. ARGONAUTA. CyYPRAEA. BuccinumM. 'TROCHUS. NERITA. PATELLA. ‘TEREDO. NAUTILLUsS. BULLA. STROMBUS. TuRBo. HALIoTISs. sine spira regulart. DENTALIUM. SABELLA. Conus. VoLUTA. Murex. HELIx. SERPULA. laa wade toa nS an 4 7 F ‘ | e } » as a a i ea > eM a : 7 wt ee : > cd > 4 ee 4 ? ‘ %, i\\ () i) : ta PLATE I. PEG. Ta TA. OSTREA VARIA. VARIEGATED, OR ONE-EARED SCALLOP. GENERIC CHARACTER, Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve unequal. ‘The hinge without a tooth, having a small oval cavity. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell almost equally convex ; about thirty rays, scabrous, imbri- cated, or beset with transverse scales. One ear *. OsTREA VARIA testa zequivalvi: radiis triginta scabris compressis echinatis uni aurita. Gmel.—Linn. Syst. Nat. . 3324. 48. P. subrufus, striis viginti quatuor, ad minimum donatus.—P. parvus, ex croceo variegatus, tenuiter admodum striatus, al~ ternis fere striis paulo minoribus. Lust. [T. Conch. Pecten minor nostras, striis plurimis minoribus. JA/us. Peti. p. 86. Wo. 830. Pectunculus echinatus fusco purpureus. Borlase Corn. p. 277. * Tt has two ears, but one is considerably larger than the other. PLATE I. Pecten varius : variegated scallop. Pen. Br. Zool. No. 64. tab. 61. Sig. 64. PecteEN Monotis: ONE EARED Escatiop. Parvus angustior, zequivalvis, inequaliter auritus, strigis echinatis. Da Costa, Tabi. jig. 162. 4. 6. TF. 9. Many beautiful kinds of this species are found on our coasts. Some are of an uniform, obscure, reddish, or purple colour, without any markings: some are violet, and others bright yellow, or orange. The most elegant kinds are variegated with different colours, as white, red, purple, and brown. The purple kind marbled with irregular spots, and waves of white ; and the coral red, with black and white mark- ings, and white on the upper part, are select specimens of these elegant varieties. Pennant says, this species is often found in oyster-beds, and dragged up with them. ‘¢ It is frequent on most of the shores of England ; as in Wales ; at‘ Margate, and Sheerness, in Kent ; in Sussex and Dor- setshire ; in Devonshire ; at Lelant and Whitsand Bay, &c. in Corn- wall ; the ostium of the river Aln in Northumberland, and many other places.” Da Costa. VX —— PRA E I: EEG. a. »PECTEN OBSOLETUS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Ostrea. Linn. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. One large striated ear, with smooth equal shells ; eight obsolete rays; of a dark purple colour. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 66. tab. 61. Jig. 66. PecTEN Parvus: parvus fuscus longitudinaliter striatus, Da Costa. Br. Conch. 153. 8. This is a very rare species ; da Costa received his specimen from Cornwall. The valves are equal and shallow ; the shell thin, and semitranspa- rent ; the ears unequal, one being very small. ‘The inside is smooth and brown, with a pearly gloss. ‘The outside is a dull purplish brown, with numerous fine longitudinal strie *, eight or ten of which are more prominent than the rest. ‘These are surely not the obsolete rays of Pennant, as da Costa imagines; the former author must allude to the intermediate rays which are depressed and appeai worn, as he describes them. * The figure in Pennant’s work is represented with transverse stria; this appears however, to be an error of the engraver. . ~ a . - - ' in . . yr . ‘ - oe x - * & ’ . ” 4 . “ , po ‘ ‘ ' ‘ 4 ‘ : - i - : ‘ uy m Wal 4 ay iN Tune a ——— : PoAd Ee 4, FIG. &. TURBO CIMEX. LATTICED WHELKE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell oblong-oval. Striz decussate, or intersect each other in a spiral direction. ‘TurBo CiMEx, testa oblongo-ovata, striis decussatis: punctis emi- nentibus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1233. No. 609. Turbo Cancellatus, Zatticed . Turbo minimus albus cancellatim vel decussatim striatus. Da Costa Br. Conch. 104. 60. tab. 8. fig. 6.9. The natural size of this shell is shewn at Fig. I. together with its microscopic appearance, It is a very small species, thick, without é Pi RE TM. gloss. ‘The strie are elevated, broad, and cross each other so as to form a deep latticed-work of thick ridges. This species is noted from Cornwall and Guernsey : it is also found in the Mediterranean. FIG. Bow V: TURBO PULLUS. PAINTED WHELKE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aper- ture rather compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. TurBo Putius. Turbo testa imperforata ovata lavi, apertura antice diducta. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1233. No. 610. Turbo minimus levis, variegatus, albo rubicundus. Small red and white variegated Whelke. Borlase Cornw. p. 277. Painted, ‘Turbo pictus. Turbo minimus levis, albo et rubro pérbelle pictus, da Costa, p. 103. 59. tab. 8. fig. 1. 3. A minute, but elegant species ; it is a very delicate shell, thin and transparent, smooth and glossy. The varieties are numerous ; gene- PLATE. I, rally white or blush-rose colour, with the markings crimson or red- dish purple, disposed in zones, spiral circles, transverse streaks, irregular waves, lines, spots, and specklings. Some are variegated with different shades of brown in a similar manner. Fig. II. represents the natural size: Fig. III. a full grown speci- men. Fig. IV. IV. IV. are elegant varieties, as they appear under the microscope. Da Costa notes this species from the coast of Cornwall, and from Exmouth in Devonshire. a Raitintas Beis’ Bows - Siance talimnia 2 ni anad- to Tos ai . oro sing ia NY Git A eae Rabi at vebnig age yu a hile a pels sta VEVEVI it +s er i “te. st sot sxiu942! Gah ea cD ACE agotn cite” ne We Ania tart bas dpeercere ~ ¥ * 8 el ee oe) on Pa aoe ’ ‘ s 5 . . ‘ . a ‘ > 4 e ‘ a 2 > ‘ LY t E . ‘ . < = \ “ ‘ { ’ 4 3 oe, : diay Dida \ ae = sh a>) Pan ‘ é ’ ¥ ‘ . P . * ” » ie Paar 1 L f Aitgits @ ~ ‘ , al _ _ = . ' : J . yi «s . “ - 7 *. * her wat xeV .botlusiies, denies ie ae J a i” *@ ° j s - "a air é: thy Tig BOL wt Soe att as ‘a6 i : ; 2 a 74 ke a ‘saidene gor tger sir nadisluvitor-as ait izvo Bien? Few peti” ay hn VBR RPO ah Ae PD se eA TD . neath Vea aokgyers Airilidetona:mosait wielloccss nde nvisy digas | ae Bere Sah PEG Mor ih aD Wer oe pan Pras & ah +P aut sad hahaa bane _ hi, ae awd fe tag . ¥ a; we R us an agipiam ni eG PHATE BBG Tt sh ; divas PA de bye. 'y ven Sune mae ag erik " 4 i Ei a iad ae Bet a ne F 5 : ea me . 4 . flay x ' buh a ab re 4, eh seer ie, et ipe! e ace we bai minsg stusstosve inh ui] i a tn Mee eT Mk ae ice tated i Mei a ‘ ite 7 rae Bio't- -ouspl ate - : : a ¥ we } a) BLA BE. IV, STROMBUS PES PELECANI. CORVORANT'S FOOT. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell univalve, spiral. The aperture much dilated, and lip expanding into a groove. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Lip expanded, divided into four fingers or prongs. StRoMBus PEs PELECANI: testa labro tetradactylo palmato digitis angulato, fauce levi. Gmel.—Lin. Syst. Nat. 3507. 2. Cochlea testa longa acuminata, aperture labro dilatato, duplici stria antice sinuato. Jin. Fn. Suec. 1. p. 378. No. 1323. Aporrhais Quadrifidus. Four-fingered. Aporrhais subfuscus, anfrac- tibus nodosis, labro palmato quadrifido. Da Costa Br. Conch. 136.80. Tab.1. fig. 7. Buccinum bilingue striatum labro propatulo digitato. Lister H Conch. tab. 8. 65. fig. 20. Strombus canaliculatus, rostratus, ore labioso, striatus, papillosus, | auritus aure admodum crassa, et in quatuor ap- pendices breviores expansa, ex candida cinereus. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 53. fig. A. V Olivet. C PLATE Iv. Aporrhais Edinburgicus minor nodoso. Petvv. Gas. tab. 19. fig. 6. —tab. 127. fig. 11. Strombus Pes pelicani, Corvorant’s foot. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 94. tab.'15. fig. 94. Aile de Chauve Souris femelle, Patte D’Oye, ou Hallebarde. D’ Avila — Cab. p. 191. No. 344, A very singular, but not uncommon shell on some of our coasts, as Cornwall, Devonshire, Durham and Sussex. In Carnarvonshire and Merionethshire, in Wales, on the coast of Scotland, and in the Orkneys. Eerie: 2 | 7: aes? Cong ane Bier “7 Pepe nie ees: ron abint ea hiesdichos ACh. pal Ho) \e a get if AR toe ear ey eS i . Wiastd , [Se i . d a md a . ; . i ‘ His 5 etfe one | Fa eas * “ ria a) a) % wy i Poe ’ = 4 7 ¢ ‘ é ai - 6 eles Baty ’ . * ’ ‘ “* ta - , by st ahs os Mei rie a z * Ry Ay , " ag if 4 papper edie * Pa ae ; @ : : —. ‘ : } ? é . i ; - 5 . Sans * ’ rt, ' ye 5 ’ ‘ = * ; . 7 A aes TBR. ,* i A, ee : - sa | PioAy he V. HALIOTIS TUBERCULATA. TUBERCULATED SEA EAR. GENERIC CHARACTER, Auimal a slug. Shell univalve, dilated, or flat, almost open a row of orifices its length, spire near one end turned in. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong-oval. Outside furrowed transversely, rugged, tuberculated. HALIoTIs TUBERCULATA, testa subovata, dorso transversim rugoso tuberculato. Gmel.—Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3681. sp. 2. Auris marina, major profunde sulcata, magis depressa, fusco colore obsita, intus argentea. Gualt. Ind. Conch. tab. 69. fig. 1. Auris marina guibusdam: Patella fera Rondoletii, rAexas aye Aristo- telis; Mother of Pearl, Anglice. List. H. An. Angl. p. 167. tit. 16. tad. 3. fig. 16. ‘Tuberculated Sea Ear. Pennant Br. Zool. No. 144. tab. 88. fig. 144. Haliotis Vulgaris. Common Sea Kar. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p.15. pl. 2. fig. 1, 2. Se Pennant says this species is frequently cast upon the southern coast of Devonshire. It is common on the eastern coast of Sussex; and on the coast of the isle of Guernsey.—It adheres like limpets, to the rocks, when living. VOL. 1. D PY as Pat % ell " i) ae Wit ; a by ad ve)" Me PueALTE® VI. - CARDIUM ACULEATUM. SPIKED COCKLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Two teeth near the beak; and another remote one on each side of the shell. » SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell nearly heart-shaped. Ribs high, sulcated down the middle, and beset with long canaliculated spines. Carpium AcuLEaTu: C. testa subcordata: sulcis convexis linea exaratis: exterius aculeato ciliatis—G2el. Linn. Syst. Conch. p. 3247. 7. Pectunculus maximus insigniter echinatus. Wallace, Orkney. p. 44. Coeur de beeuf. Argenville. Conch. I. p. 335. fig. B. Coeur de boeuf Epineux. D’ Avilla Cab. p.355. No. 817. Concha cordiformis xquilatera, umbone cardium unito, striata, striis latis canaliculatis muricata aculeis longis et acutis, aliquando recurvis in summitate striarum positis, al- bida, et parvis maculis luteis obscure fasciata. Gualt. I. Conch. tab. 72. fig. A. Cardium Aculeatum. Aculeated. Penn. Br. Zool. 137. tab. 50. fig. 37. Cardium Aculeatum, SpikedCockle,A. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p.175. D2 PLATE. VI. This is the largest of the Cardium, or Cockle genus, that inhabits any of the British shores. It is noted by Wallace as a Shell of the Orkneys ; and also by Pennant, who likewise found it off the He- brides.—It is a thick shell, with high radiated ribs, and beset with large processes or spines that are hollowed. It is covered with a fibrous epidermis, of a blackish colour, varied with light browns; the colour beneath is white, with a faint tint of red, or rose colour.—Marginal circumference ten inches and an half. This is one of the six rare species Da Costa could not procure for his work, and to which he alludes in the preface*. * I have described the shells from the objects themselves, except in six instances, where I could not procure the originals to complete the series; in which case I have borrowed them from authors of veracity; and the Reader will find those species distinguished by Roman characters. _ 7 a PLAT EE. VIL LEPAS ANATIFERA. ANATIFEROUS ACORN SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal. triton, Shell of many unequal valves; affixed by a stem. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell compressed, consists of five parts, affixed to a pedicle, or mem- braneous tube. Leras ANATIFERA, testa compressa quinquevalvi levi pedunculo ‘insidente. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch, p. 3211.13. Balanus Anatifera compressus quinquevalvis levis, tubo seu colle membranaceo insidente. Da Costa, Br. Conch, 253.12. tab. 18. fig. 3. Concha quinquevalvis compressa, tubulo quodam lignis aut algae ma rinz adherens; animal sui generis multis cirrhis instructum continens, falso dicta anatifera. Szbdald. Mus. p. 110. No 2. Lepas testa compressa basi membrana cylindricea, #n. Suec. L. n. 1350. Lepas Anatifera cum Tritone. Stalp. Obs. 2. p. 458. t.15, Osb. a. 82, Ds PLATE VII. Barnacle Shell, or Concha anatifera. Merret. Pin. p. 194. Balanus Compressa, Flat centre Shell. Grew. Mus. p. 148. Wallace, Orkn. p. 45. fig. 1.—Mus. Petiv. p. 82. No. 802. Anatiferous. Br. Zool. No.9. tab. 38. fig. 9. Concha anatifera marfine leve. List. H. Conch. tab. 440. fig. 283. 8 Concha anatifera subrotunda Bartholini. Lister. Conch. ¢. 439. f. 280. y Tellina cancellifera striis minimis argutissime signata cinerea. Gualt. testac. t. 106. f. B. The Lepas Anatifera is found on the coasts of England and Ireland, but more frequently on that of Scotland. It adheres by means of its branches, or pedicles, to the bottoms of ships, planks, logs, and other substances floating in the water. This curious marine production consists of many unequal mem- braneous branches, or arms, at the ends of which the Shells are dis- posed in an irregular manner; the larger clustering with the smaller in groups, and forming bunches of various sizes. ‘The branches are of a fine red; the Shells of a bluish violet. The animal within isa triton, and is furnished with many carhi, or tentacula, with which it takes its food. ‘These tentacula are pectinated like feathers, and hang out of the Shells when open. In the sixteenth century they were, in fact, supposed to be feathers, and hence arose the whimsical belief that a barnacle produced a goose*. Nor was this a vulgar opinion only; it was sauctioned by the grave details of learned naturalists of that time, * Vide Anas Albifrons, Plate 102.—IHist. Brit. Birds. BEATE Vit. and particularly by Gerard*, whose observations are generally noticed by authors, in describing this curious species. * 6¢ What our eyes have seene, and hands have touched, we shall declare. There is a small island in Lancashire called the Pile of Foulders, wherein are found the broken pieces of old and bruised ships, some whereof have been cast thither by shipwrake, and also the trunks and bodies with the branches. of old and rotten trees, cast up there like- wise ; whereon is found a certaine spume, or froth, that in time breedeth unto certaine shels, in shape like those of the muskle, but sharper pointed, and of a whitish colour, wherin is contained a thing in form like a lace of silke finely woven, as it were, to- gether, of a whitish colour; one end whereof is fastened unto the inside of the shell, even as the fish of oisters and muskles are: the other end is made fast unto the belly of a rude masse, or lumpe, which in time commeth to the shape and form of a bird. When it is perfectly formed, the shell gapeth open, and the first thing that ap- peareth is the foresaid lace or string; next come the legs of the bird, hanging out, and as it groweth greater it openeth the shell by degrees, till at length it is all come forth, and hangeth onely by the bill: in short space after it commeth to full maturitie, and falleth into the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and groweth to fowle bigger than a Mallard and lesser than a Goose, having blacke legs and bill or beake, and feathers blacke and white, spotted in such manner as is our Magpie, called in some places a Pie-Annet, which the people of Lazcashire call by no other name than a tree Goose : which place aforesaid, and all those parts adjoyning, do so much abound therewith, that one of the best is bought for three-pence. For the truth hereof, if any doubt, may it please them to repaire unto me, and | shall! _satisfie them by the testimonie ot good witnesses.” Vide Grrarn’s Herpal, p- 1587, 1588. 2 2 Mets he eal als: Sian: os bin : tok oy falles vided Se pa | ax. oepebertons aqosiq | Ye wid sine oglbod bos 9 a Ay eg rietiee & bast abe ; , , iw . peempsagtaivatriniaty oc. gL SN Ml 8 59 banieanes ti abvsitey. ;. Pe MAAR it Tovey tee wud pwolaa dividw nto URE WO ics saifal WY Eta Uteowe Unk estado ty we BES kes | a SAE A thie cscs 0 et iane sa ane ire oA aie Sah Ree ganas Seth ls Fie “yan dade, Backs oir chair qlvalieg st af aed WP Salts stem eee ging ds Arild adle ty, aged wt ams on _gnhte 10 soa Manriat ade ak Mati 4, at Sep te tet OEE aire Sesh sie dep apy Hk a Mina wT aieuitvene Wait on. absusrstle 9! itis cneqy nade mi de ode 4S vote atte hae.» | pa et on pe 8 Sonn aa ea oS AGU Pale ubeedpiay 7 =F eS [aoa weok Sareea ine ary mee og 8 Hine. bisamigte Ae 1. . ae ae rf Ae Bid i caste Woh siysiod al ke wit.te Ba ie 4 ‘he geser oe } wei, apie tara #acpes. OF inde seabey Ne Mt 1 <¢hqeatl selited YY. “codec e a | 7 eh? parie % Pa A fi hasta aes 4 ee ‘1 again yay i TR ee ee oe Mola ak. Po TEWr eae am, onan Phd Nae ee a Pare & ite MARES 9" ant fh ane Sie} sitet aie ia wae giahdine Sat ae pre 0, edly Ulla es Gael ee pan Py ‘ ep? ot ue ead Bux My wilh a ge nbeluin s asvapine, ‘Sees Ot ae aie Shar eee jie bh GE. inh, AD Bee Al pial yk iharacinae! bys aga ; shee art > gts Ry & nt rey oe ig! <9 vr : hiv rer ie ohageligh att nae J ia * , P ot OES ek i, caceaae oT at igi ‘soe ‘Ny . ¥ » t a 4 Wa F Lduel « ai * aul , fire ae ik Spy: Wie a citi’ re 4 ‘ ) ge ren a ie: PNR S eae “ate ‘ * . M “GS "heads SMS is Nes ae ‘ine " % ! ' oe ’ * : « i LL i : my) 7 aa ae if Manis: oe ' it Rae ." z = Li ' a it ’ ‘ f be ' a ' ‘ } ‘ ; Go + | A , ‘ 4 e) ’ t i a>, « = = % et : ; aot. 4 ‘ 1 ee a ee oh hs e aire | p. NS ew Aa) i. was : iM Hie) an) => £5. 7 v= ahl ae PLATS Vill. FIG. I. TROCHUS MAGUS. TUBERCULATED TOP SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell conic. Aperture nearly triangular. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Pyramidal somewhat depressed; base umbilicated. The ridges of the spires rising into distinct tubercles. TrocHus Macus, testa oblique umbillicata: convexa, anfractibus supra obtuse nodulosis.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3561.—Sp. 7. Trochus acuminatus, crebris striis transverse et undatim dispositis donatus. The wavy striated trochus, pearl-coloured. Borlase Cornw. p. 278. tab. 28. fig. 6. T. magus tuberculated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 107. tab. 80. fig. 107. Sabot sorciere. Argenville Conch. J. p. 263. Trochus pyramidalis umblicatus, anfractibus supra marginatis, infra nodulosis, albus, rubro variegatus. Tuberculatus. | Da Costa. 25. tab. 3. fig. 1. 1. PLATE VII. This Shell is found on the coasts of Sussex, Dorset, Devonshire, Cornwall, Wales, &c.—It is an elegant species, commonly white, variegated with zig-zag stripes and waves of fine red, as shewn at Fig. 1. Sometimes, however, they are of a dull yellowish tint, in- stead of white, with the stripes of a dark brown. ‘The Shell is of a rich pearl colour when the outer coat is taken off. RS SS BiG. «if. TI. TROCHUS CONULUS. CONULE. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell conic, imperforated at the base. A* prominent wreath along the spires. ‘TrRocuus Convutus, testa imperforata conica, levi, anfractibus linea elevata mterstinctis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1230. No. 598. Trochus pyramidalis parvus, ruberrimus, fasciis crebris exasperatus. List. H. Conch. tab. 616. fig. 2. T. Conulus. Conule. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 104. tab. 80. fig. 104. Trochus Conulus, Conule. Da Costa, Br. Conch. 21. tab. 2. . fig. 4.4. Linnzus proposes this as a species, (Conulus); but at the same time observes, it may be a small variety of the Trochus Zizyphinus, PLATE Vi. because, like that species, it is imperforated, and has a prominent ridge on the whirls. Pennant says, it is scarcely distinct from 7’, Stzy- phinus. Da Costa thinks it certainly a distinct species. 4 If the shell, Fig. 104. Pennant, is correct, it is of a larger growth than any of our specimens. Da Costa says, the size seldom exceeds that of a cherry kernel. Not uncommon on the shores of Sussex; and has been received from the coast of Devonshire. Fig. II. natural fize. Fig. IJ. magnified. j “elle y i ay > i * } . 2 fe x \ ow bh isthe i Py ‘ ’ ae park Vea” we ee, ae : ‘ r b - ‘ we Ne of ; 7 : . ui ‘ ‘ i“ , i r i) ‘ : eet a ; ¥ - rele. | Aeot y") . 7 er bee I NS a Te es Pee A , | ; ere eae ek >) eer a iy ra i ae ee | eer * ; ‘ ay pe ? gee hee TAMERS Oy ont eee ta 4 ei moth hoviss aa fons 48) vas oF re" 3 Sa ee ee Sawai , ia , ~— r ig Say ae ri eee * SS Wh. eae. MAS Pr a? Bb" Ee: SERPULA SPIRORBIS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Terebella, or whimble worm. Shell tubular, adheres to other bodies, as shells, stones, &c. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Small, orbicular, spiral or wreathed like a cornu ammonis; convex above, flat beneath. SERPULA SPIRORBIS, testa regulari spirali orbiculata: anfractibus supra introrsum subcanaliculatis sensimque minoribus.— Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3740. 5. Vermiculus exiguus albus nautiloides, alge fere adnascens. ist. H. Conch. tab. 533.—tab. 553. Huddesford’s edition. Very small Worm Shells. Dale, Harw. p. 391. No. 2. and p. 455. No. 2. Depressed orbicular Cochlee on Alger. Wallis. Northumb. J. p. 402. No. 41. Serpula Spirorbis, Spiral. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 155. tab. 91. fig. 155. Serpula Spirorbis, Spiral, Vermiculaire Nautiloide.—parva orbicu- lata et Spirali, ammoniz instar convoluta. Da Costa Br. Conch. 12.—tab. 2. fig. 11. PLATE. (&. This species is found in abundance on most of the British shores ; it adheres to shells, stones, claws of lobsters, &c. but chiefly to the leaves of Fucus serratus, and other sub-marine plants. It is a strong Shell, white, and without polish; is never complicated, or laid one on another, but are dispersed singly over whatever substances they are affixed to. Petiver calls it the Wrack Spangle, because it appears like so many white spangles on the dark-coloured leaves of the Wracks.—A piece of this sub-marine plant, with the Shells adhering to it, isa very pleasing object for the opake microscope. Fig. I. represents the natural size of the Shells. Fig. II. shews one magnified. Obs. Dr. Lister, in his original edition, ranked this She// among the Worm-Shbells (tab. 533+ fig. 5.) calling it MNautiloides, only from its wreathed form like to a Nautilus; but his re-editor, the Rev. Mr. Huddesford, has been pleased to reverse the Doctor’s are rangement, by transposing it to the Nautilus family, where it now is (tab. 553), and thereby fixes an error of arrangement on Dr. Lister’s memory, which that excellent and accurate, conchologist was not guilty of. Da Costa, page 23. 10 Pe EOS PINNA MURICATA. THORNY WING, OR SEA HAM. GENERIC CHARACTER. Hinge without a tooth, and placed on one side. Valves equal; open, or gape at the bottom. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell triangular, striated; the strie beset with acute, ovated, and concave scales or prickles. Pinna MouricaTaA: testa striata, squamis concavis ovatis acutis. Gmel. Lin. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3364. Sp. 4. Pinna tenuis, striata, muricata. List. H. Conch. tab. 370. fig. 210. Pinna fragilis. Brittle. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 80. tab. 59. fig. 80. Pinna tenuis costis longitudinalibus muricatis. Muricata, Thorny. Da Costa, tab. 16. fig. 3. p. 240. Pinna recta transversim et directe striata, et rugosa, striis in summi- tate aculeis exasperatis, ex fusco rubro nigricans. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 79. fig. D. Seb. Mus. 3. t, 92. ser. 1.f. Concha Pinna. Hasselg. it. 447. n. 137. Pinna lata altera. Rumf. Mus. t. 46. f. M. PLATE X. Dr. Rutty mentions a Pinna ten inches long and five broad, caught near the Skerries, in Ireland; and Mr. Pennant ‘‘ saw specimens of vast Pinne, found among the farther Hebrides, in the collection of Dr. Walker, at Moffat;’’ but it is uncertain of what species either of these were: Mr. Pennant says, “ they were very rugged on the outside, but cannot recollect whether they were of the kind found in the Mediterranean or West Indies*.”’ The only British species of Pinna we are acquainted with, is the P. Muricata of Linnzus, or P. Fragilis of Pennant, and that is very rare. The latter author describes it from a specimen in the PORTLAND cabinet, which had been fished up at Weymouth, in Dorsetshire. Da Costa says, he has seen a very small one (of the same species) from the coast of Wales.—Both of these are represented in the annexed plate. This Shell is extremely thin and brittle, and gapes open at the broadest end. It is semi-pellucid, and of a horn colour; the outside marked with longitudinal ribs, roughened with rows of small prickles +. The inside is smooth, of a pale horn colour alfo, with a pearly lustre towards the top. * This Author, however, arranges it as a new British species, without further de- scription:—as, Pinna Ingens—Great Nacre. + In Pennant’s figure these are obsolete, \. ae ies bard if Aeibdae’ i 1 Pela AT eX. 7 BUCCINUM _LAPILLUS. MASSY, OR PURPLE WHELKE. GENERIC CHARACTER, Aperture oval, ending in a short canal. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Ovated, terminates in a sharp point, spirally ridged. Pillar lip broad. BuccinuM Lapiuuus: testa ovata acuta striata levi, columella pla- niuscula.—Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1202. No. 467. Cochlea testa crassa ovata utrinque producta ; spiris quinque spiraliter sulcatis; aperture labro undulato. aun. Suec. p. 378. No. 2167. Buccinum minus, albidum, asperum, intra quinas spiras finitum. Lzst. H. An. Ang. p. 158. tit. 5. tab. 3. fig. 3. Buccinum brevi rostrum supra modum crassum, ventricosius, labro denticulato: Purpura Anglicana. Lust. H. Conch. tab. 965. fig. 18.—Er B. brevi rostrum, album den- ticulo unico ad imam columellam. Purpura Angli- cana. Fug. 19. Purple marking Whelke. Borlase Corn. p. 277. tab. 28. fig. 11. English purple. Smith Cork. p. 318. Horse wrinkles. Smith Waterford. p. 272. Small purple Whelke. Wallis Northumb. p. 401. Buccinum lapillus, Massy. Penn. Br. Zool.4. No 89. tab. 72. fig. 89. VOL. d; Ir PLAT © «XI. Buccinum canaliculatum minus, crassum varicolor, striatum, seu Purpura Anglicana. Purpuro-buccinum. Da Costa ‘Br. Conch. tab. 7 fig. 1.2.3.4.9.12. This is a strong, thick shell, generally about one inch and a half in length, of a full pyramidal shape, with a point acute; it has five spires, furrowed: the ridges of the lower wreath notched, or scaled, and very rough. Within the mouth it has five long parallel teeth. The colours are various, often of a simple and uniform yellowish brown, sandy, or clay colour; sometimes quite white, or white tinged with violet, and fasciated with yellow or brown; the latter are the most elegant varieties of B. Lapillus——These shells are found in great abundance near low water-mark, on many of the shores of Great-Britain. It is one of the species that yields the purple dye ana- logous to the purpura of the ancients; and though the value of its dye has been long superseded by the cochineal insect, the shells that produced it are objects of curiosity. ‘The Tyrian purple was the most adinired, and is known to have been extracted from a species of the Murex; but other purples of inferior lustre are also mentioned by the ancients. Da Costa imagines that the liquor of this Whelke (Buccinum Lapillus) was a valuable purple to the ancient English, . and quotes the authority of Bede, who lived about the seventh cen- tury, for this opinion. ‘ There are,” says Bede, ‘ snails in very great abundance, from which a scarlet or crimson dye is made, whose elegant redness never fades, either by the heat of the sun, or the in- juries of rain, but the older it is, the more elegant *.”” * Sunt cochlez, satis superque abundantes, quibus tinctura coccinei coloris conficitur, Cujus rubor pulcherrimus nullo unquam solis ardore, nulla valet pluviarum injuria pal- lescere ; sed quo vetustior, eo solet esse venustior.—Bede, Hist. Eccles. (edit. opt.) lei. coin P 277+ WLATE ca. In 1684, Mr. Cole, of Bristol, described the process of extracting the purple of this shell, in the Philosophical Transactions. His ac- count is as follows : *¢ The Shells being harder than most of other kinds, are to be broken with a smart stroke with a hammer, on a plate of iron, or firm piece of timber (with their mouths downwards) so as not to crush the body of the fish within; the broken pieces being picked off, there will appear a white vein, lying transversely in a little furrow, or cleft, next to the head of the fish, which must be digged out with the stiff point of a horse-hair pencil, being made short and tapering. The letters, figures, or what else shall be made on the linnen (and perhaps silk too) will presently appear of a pleasant light green colour, and if placed in the sun, will change into the following colours, i.e. if in winter, about noon; if in summer, an hour or two after sun-rising, and so much before setting; for, in the heat of the day in summer, the colours will come on so fast, that the succession of each colour will be scarcely distinguished. Next to the first light green, it will appear of a deep green, and in a few minutes change into a sea- green; after which, in a few minutes more, it will alter into a watchet-blue; from that, in a little time more, it will be of a pur- plish-red ; after which, lying an hour or two, (supposing the sun still shining) it will be of a very deep purple-red, beyond which the sun can do no more. «* But then the last and most beautiful colour, after washing in scalding water and soap, will (the matter being again put into the sun or wind to dry) be of a fair bright crimson, or near to the prince’s colour, which, afterwards, notwithstanding there is no use of any stiptick to bind the colour, will continue the same, if well ordered, PLATE - XI. as I have found in handkerchiefs that have been washed more than forty times; only it will be somewhat allayed from what it was ailier the first washing. While the cloth so writ upon lies in the sun, it will yield a very strong and foetid smell, as if garlick and assafcetida were mixed together.” , PLATE - XI. OSTREA SUBRUFUS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve unequal. ‘The hinge without a tooth, having a small oval cavity. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell thin. Twenty longitudinal rays, finely striated; ears unequal ; colours various ; generally red. PECTEN TENUIs, subrufus, maculosus, circiter viginti striis majori- bus, at levibus, donatus. Lust. H. An. Angl. p. 85. tab. 5. fig. 30. PEcTEN suBRuUFus. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 63. tab. 60. fig. 63. PecTEN Pictus: mediocris, fere equivalvis, tenuis, variis coloribus perbelle variegatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 144. /p. 3. Pectunculus pennatus striis dense notatus, luteo purpurascens. Pecten altis striis albo purpureis transverse variegatis insignis; & Pectunculus purpurascens vittis albis circularibus variegatus. Borlase Cornw. p. 277. tab. 28. fig, 18, 21 and 22. VOL. Ie. F PLATE ~- XI. This elegent species is found on several of the shores of Great Bri- tain and Ireland, particularly those of Cornwall, Dorset, and Nor- thumberland. It is generally about two inches and an half in length. Shell thin and rather convex. The inside is smooth and glossy, and commonly white, though sometimes of a brownish colour. The colours of the outside very various and beautiful. Da Costa enume- rates the chief varieties, as, 1. almost white, and white charged with brown, red, or purple; 2. uniform bright yellow, and pale yellow, with white; 3. uniform brown, and brown, red, or purplish grounds with white, &c. all these colours are elegantly blended and variegated, sometimes marbled or mottled or disposed in zones, girdles, broad longitudinal rays, &c. Fig. 1. represents a fine coloured specimen of the variegated red and white kind. Fig. 2. The uniform deep orange, which we appre- hend is less common. PLA LE XIU. 7 HELIX NEMORALIS. . GIRDLED SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture or mouth contracted and lunated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Imperforated, subrotund, thin, pellucid. Mouth semi-lunar ; generally girdled with streaks : and of various colours. Heiix NeMorALIs: testa imperforata subrotunda levi diaphana fasciata, apertura subrotundo-lunata. Lin. Faun. Suec. 2186.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3647. 108. Cochlea citrina aut leucophza, non Taro unicolor, interdum tamen unica, interdum etiam duobus, aut tribus, aut quatuor plerumque vero quinis fasciis pullis distincta. Lest. H. An. Angl. p. 116. tit. 3. tab. 2. fig. 3. Cochlea imperforata, interdum unicolor, interdum variis fasciis depicta. FasciaTa girdled. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 76. sp. 41. Helix Nemoralis, variegated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 131. F 2 PLATE XIIl. Prof. Gmelin, in the last edition of the Systema Nature, enumerates - no less than thirty-one varieties of this beautiful land Shell. Da Costa describes six principal varieties in his British Conchology *. Some of the kinds are rare, others extremely common, living in trees, hedges and gardens. It is a widely diffused species being found in every part of Europe as well as Great Britain. * 1. Uniform, of a pale citron colour, or yellow of different shades: the mouth finely bordered within and without, with a dark brown, and with a brownish shace or cloud on so much of the body wreath as lies within the mouth, or from the outer lip quite across to the edge of the pillar. Pretty frequent. 2. Uniform, of a flesh colour of different shades, with the mouth in like manner bordered with dark brown ; and the body wreath also shaded exactly the same as the last. Not very frequent. 3- Uniform, of different degrees of brown, with the same circumstances. Common, 4. The ground yellow or greenish yellow of different shades, with a regular single {piral girdle, or according to the turn of the wreaths, in the very middle of each wreath, with the brown border round the mouth, and the shade or cloud on the body. Pretty frequent. §. The ground flefh colour of different shades, variegated in like manner with a single girdle, the border round the mouth, and on the body. Not very frequent. 6. Many dark-brown spiral girdles on the yellow, flesh, or brownish grounds, sometimes to five girdles at least on the body wreath ; sometimes only four. Thefe girdles are of different breadths, some being very narrow, like streaks, others broader, like belts; and others so extremely broad as to cover the parts, and make the ground colour only appear in girdles. They are also not equidistant or regularly set ; but rhe very broad girdles lie most generally on the upper part of the shells. These girdled sorts are the most frequent or. common. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 78. _ 2, AT eo XIV, / PATELLA VULGATA. COMMON LIMPET. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Shell univalve, subeonic, without spires. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong ovoid with about fourteen obsolete angles, margins deep or dilated. PATELLA VULGATA: testa subangulata: angulis quatuor decim " obsoletis margine dilato acuto.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3697.—Sp. 23 6 Schroet. n. Litterat 3. p. 62. n. 117 ¥ Knorr. Vergn 6. t. 21. f. 8. Patella integra ex livido cinerea, striata. Da Costa. Br. Conch: p. 3. pL AL fis. Woe 8. Patella ex livido cinerea striata. Last. Hist. Anim. Angl. p. 195, tit. 40. tab. 5. fig. 40. Patella Vulgata, Common. Penn. Br. Zool. 4. No. 145. tab. 89. Jig. 145. Patella integra. lein, Ostracol. p. 115. §. 283. No. 10. Lepas Argenville, p. 21. Fd PLATE XIiv. ‘The Limpet is common on all the European fhores. ‘The outside is generally encrusted with filth, balani, &c. beneath which, it has an epidermis of a-blackish colour. The shells vary exceedingly in colours, not only in the different stages of growth, but also in the adult state. When young, the colours are remarkably vivid and elegantly disposed ; the shell flat and the margins deeply crenated : those of full growth are on the contrary very conic and the colours less brilliant. ‘The margins irregular and the ridges more obsolete. Some authors have considered several varieties as distinct species. Da Costa among others, deems the Patella depressa of Pennant, no other than a young variety of the common kind. wy et ie op td ah AG aii Hel yiniatn sv: a Mls i ae an rie "te PLAT? XY, 7 BUCCINUM LINEATUM, LINEATED. GENERIC CHARACTER, Whelkes whose mouths are cut short at top, for the gutter or beak does not ascend, but bends and falls on the back, oblique or awry, exactly like the mouth of a soal or flat fith. Da Costa. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Small, pyramidal, or sharp pointed at bottom, Dark brown, lineated fpirally with white. Bucctnum LINEATUM: recurvirostrum minimum pullum, lineis albidis spiraliter distinctum. Da Costa, “Br. Conch. ‘9.130. sp. 77. This species is found in great abundance on the coast of Cornwall. ‘The annexed plate exhibits several magnified figures of the most ele- gant varieties, together with the natural size, t . an j > “iy wy “8 a . Bass 7 \a RY, a ge PSE: rm J EN te ae ‘ é hd gag Te ‘ ‘” a ‘the P 4, Bat ie An ola . . » it ’ 4 4 . es Amt | : a ay ‘: ye 4 * bs }. q qs a * : . fi aoe a io % i | * ip = oe 5 ia e203 ae “i . rte a %) i k a a | y ; ar | 7 ‘ ¥ ~ | ; ig ae nt a aS wee 4 ras y e ae iy a ; “at, ial ie NS hy tit ate ta sade > 38 adiwetn Jngw oily Bok reste ‘spit shag 2fle, 08 W801 Lac ad Hird ale. som aa ; ee, ae ee ABW OAs rac) de we * # rh ad ba ‘ . ee - i; | . ane zy is ae ae A te 0 WQS Sh RAK It) SARE” eg aes de se lat ratiod te b tuiony gindohe » nce aa ‘ ; ae ldin Fier vile /. wae : 4 sa : > od ‘ Ag 7 A an ef + . 7 . See ~ othe. wD UO ites 283 Te / Manigaeg eg © -_ fie! 4 : ee Oa ea Seale Ge aE 2 lis yale ah &» 00. a an Nina ho ae ed - # ; (arereincaniaenanceacadamenainal ia be ‘ ey 5 1 ‘al bey dy pip 3%: ete. alt wy eiitieis Me tog oe ii lama ty _ * 7 i Wee bebe out bests wel vate lly 02s widtilza. aby Manoeing BEIT > be /% sf Pi ” ‘wn ce a 29] nie tio oe 4 ‘ *. ° : ‘ a ‘ ab : ), : : rie : 4 . '$ ‘ F ro ; 7 J ; vf ‘ eu 4 ive va io. . ~' eis ‘ 7 : fa . / =i R +a Ps ¥ ‘Gg, * iA ve <- - 7 [ i ‘ ‘ 7 i - raphe” a s z. 4 f " k . a P i Mee ,. i 4 f ; 9 ‘i i , - 7 FE taal wal rs ; r J ; ," 7 4 , f ay, e Ja ° Lo v Ay : dd nit a a " y " ~ VF Var 5 pe via is hana 4 ee ee => Se FT ee cae oes ing RS a > as = Ye ~~ a4 ds - i Ea ET a eae 16 PLA fF E*eXVIi. FIG. I. NERITA PALLIDULUS. PALE NERIT. GENERIC CHARACTER. Globose. Aperture semiorbicular. SPECIFIC CHARACTER Semitransparent. Wreaths rather prominent. Mouth semilunar, very patulous, Umbilicus large. Nerita Corneus, spira paululum exserta. Pallidulus Da Costa. p. 51. Sp. 29. Da Costa says ** This species is rare, for I have only received some few shells from the coasts of Kent and Dorset.’ He also con- siders it an undescribed shell. PLATE XVI. = yi Bh ame i NERITA FLOVIATILIS. RIVER NERIT. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND SYNONYMS, Small, spotted, streaked, and reticulated. Nerita FiuviaTitis; N. testa rugosa labis edentulis—Linn, Syst. Nat. p. 125.3. No. 723. Nerita parvus fluviatilis, elegantur maculatus, fasciatus, aut reticus culatus. Flaviatiliss Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 48. Sp. 27, Nerita fluviatilis, € cceruleo virescens, maculatus, operculo subs rufo lunato et aculeato datus. Last. H, An. Angl. p. 136. tit. 20. tab. 2. fig. 20. . Nerita fluv. exiguus, recticulate variegatus. Small netted Thames nerit. JLu/, Petiw. p. 67. No. 718. Nerita fluviatilis, River. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 142. tab. 87. fig. 142. - This species is very frequent in rivers. It is:small; of an ovoid shape, and very elegantly variegated with black, white, red, green, &c.—The star denotes the natural size of the shell. a // Pag ie. XVI. VENUS CHIONE., GENERIC CHARACTER, Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell smooth with fine transverse wrinkles, a strong cartilage on one slope, and a long pointed oval depression on the other. VENus CHIONE: testa Gabaterse subrugosa. levi, cardinis dente pos- teriori lanceolato. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. Conch. p. 3272. sp. 16. P. GLABER, SMooTH Pectunculus major crassus, politus, castaneus, lucide radiatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 184. Sp. 22. Pectunculus maximus crassus, lzvis fere radiatus. Mus. Petiv. p. 86. No. 833.—Curvirostrum. Leigh. Lanca- shire. tab. 3. fig. 5. Venus Chione, 8 Rumf. Mus. t. 42. f. G. Venus Chinone, y Chemm. Conch. 6. t. 33. f. 334. ‘“‘ This species,” says Da Costa, “ is rare in England. I found ut at Mount’s Bay in Cornwall, where the fifhermen told me they call PLATE XVII. it Queen Fish ; it is also found near Fowey and other shores of that county. Ihave seen some from Weymouth, and Mr. Petiver received it from the ifland of Purbeck, in Dorsetshire. Dr. Leigh mentions that it is got on the coasts of Cheshire.”’ Pennant has not noticed this Shell. Linnzeus described it as an Asiatic species in the Systema Natura, but adds it is perhaps an Eu- ropean species also. In the last edition by Gmelin, it stands expressly as a British Shell. Habitat in Mart Britannico, Kc. This Shell is thick, strong and heavy: the outside smooth and glossy, with numerous concentric transverse wrinkles, and several faint rays in a longitudinal direction. The margins are plain. The jnside milk white and glossy. t Bee wey. < a - e “oe Lae Nie a eae J PLATE Xvi. TURBO FASCIATUS. FASCIATED. GENERIC CHARACTER, Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMs. Six spires. White marbled or fasciated with black. Turso FascratTus. Fasciated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 119 . tab. 82. fig. 119. Buccinum exiguum fasciatum et radiatum. Lust. H. Conch. tab. 19. fig. 4. This is one of the six species Da Costa marks with a roman letter, because he could not procure the originals to figure and describe in the British Conchology. It is figured in the British Zoology, of Pennant, who says it is very frequent in 4nglefea, in sandy soils near the coast. et ph a ea » iitica aitiiald: — me a eet ieifwromog 9 = - 2 te ~~ -.< ——. 2 a = = M eo. eo ae i? a P : ~* 3 ~ io , i oe 7 - = a a . = , Pa 7" a 5? > Se at a : . ae ; , = os * J » fe A = il : : ms . fe 3 rs = J 7: - % Ts i = eo ne ee a as: = a oe 2 > 4 ‘ ‘ e * ‘ 5 i 4 . . ‘ ‘ i ae . s M *. ; ot y \ ; i j F q ’ - ‘ j f ’ 7 ‘ ‘ 5 | J 7 4 ‘ r * ‘ \ ‘ i - ‘ rs ’ ’ & ‘ 7 - + i 2 = a — PLATE XXX. FIG. 1 LEPAS BALANUS. RIDGED ACORN SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Triton. Shell of many unequal valves; afhxed by a stem. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell conic, deeply furrowed, or wrought with prominent longi« tudinal ridges. Operculum {harp pointed. Lepas BALANUs: testa conica sulcata fixa, operculis acumunatis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1107. Balanus majusculus valvis porcatis. Porcatus. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 249. sp. 69. Sacer A ARERR | aa Frequent on the British coasts, adhering to rocks, shells, &c.— It is a large and ftrong species, being seldom less than the size of a filbert, of a conic form and rugged appearance, and is wrought with very prominent longitudinal ridges. VOL. I. K PLATE XXX. FIG. II. | LEPAS COSTATA. RIBBED ACORN SHELL. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell somewhat conic. Ribs equidiitant and diverging from the aperture. Operculum sharp pointed. Lepas CosTATA: testa subconica operculis acutis: valvulis costatis. This curious and rare species, which has not been hitherto de- scribed or figured, was found by the late I’. Adams, Esq. of Pem- broke, adhering to pieces of broken rock, and is in the pofleffion of the Rev. T. Rackett, of Spetisbury, Dorset, to whose liberality we indebted for figures of this, and several other Britifh fhells not in- cluded in our own collection. ne Mae ER | FIG, die LEPAS CONOIDES. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Conic. Smooth, valves pointed at the apex: aperture very small. Lepas Cono1DEs: testa conica levi valvulis acuminatis, apertura angustiffima. - Found by Mr. Bryer of Weymouth, affixed to the Lepas anatifera. OY Peo i ARXI. ‘MUREX DESPECTUS. THE LARGE OF DESPISED WHELK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Spiral, rough. ‘The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro- duced gutter or canaliculation. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Mouth wide, oval and somewhat elongated and cancellated at the upper end. Spires eight. Murex Despectus: testa paiulo subcaudata oblonga anfractibus octo. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3547. Buccinum album leve, maximum, septem minimum spirarum. fast, “H. An. wdael, po 158; titel. tab. 3. fz. 1. Buccinum rostratum majus crassum, orbibus paululum pulvinatis, Last. H. Conch. tab. 913. fig. 4. Murex -Despectus. Despised. Penn. Br. Sool. t. 78. fig. 93, Buccinum canaliculatum magnum crassum striatum album. Mac- nuM. Da Costa tab. 6. fig. 4. p. 120. This is the largest of the turbinated univalves found in the Britifh seas. It inhabits deep water, and is said to be a common shell on the K 2 Pies XML Essex, Sussex, and many other of the Englifh shores as well as in Scotland, the Orkneys and many of the Irish shores also. On the Dorset coast it is rare. It is frequently drawn up with-oysters, and is sometimes eaten ; but as it is coarse food, it more commonly furnifhes bait to fifher- men. The largest shells of this sort, found in our seas, sometimes ex- ceeds five inches in length ; it is a strong, thick, and heavy shell ; of a whitifh colour on the outfide; within of a most lovely yellow, inclining to orange, smooth, and very glofly. 4 25 = . Sey ah a " oe ee eo cer “ee A vee ) vs 4 y oa PLATE XxX, - FIG. I. CARDIUM MEDIUM. PIGEON’S HEART COCKLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Two teeth near the beak ; and another remote one on each fide of the shell, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and furrowed longitudinally, retuse on one fide. Carpium Mepium: testa subcordata, antice retusa longitudinali- ter striato sulcata. Linn. Syst. Nat. n. 77. p. 1422. Lust. Conch. t. 316. fig. 152. Gualt. t, 83. f. b, Chemn, Conch, t. 16. fig. 162.— 165, oe This shell has not hitherto been noticed as of Englith growth, Our specimen, which differs in no respeét from those found in the Mediterranean sea, was found near Hartlepoole, on the coast of Durham. Kk 2 PLATE XXXII. Pit. TT. CARDIUM CILIARE. FRINGED COCKLE. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell roundish, inclining to heart shape. Ribs longitudinal, trian~ gular, and beset along the ridges with thin spines. Carpium CILIARE: testa subcordata, sulcis elevatis triquetris : extimis aculeato ciliatis. Linn. Syst. ‘Nat. | p. 1122. 80. Pectunculus albus exiguus, muricibus insigniter exasperatus. Vale lace Orkn. p. 44. Pectunculus minimus triquetrus Essexiensis. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 93. fig. 11. Cardium parvum tenue, costis triquetris aculeatis. Parvum. Dg Costa Brit. Conch. p. 177. 17. (By AS Sn ri a Pennant describes this species as having eighteen ribs, and Da Costa about fifteen ; we have specimens that agree, in this respect, with the descriptions of both authors. ‘The shell figured by the firft is the size of a hazel nut; the latter says, he has never seen it Jarger than a’ nutmeg : a worn shell, with the habit of this species, that has been found since, is full twice that size. ‘This delicate shell is found on several of oyr coasts, as Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire ; alfo in the Orkneys. PLATE XXXII. Pere. Ti. Ti. CARDIUM PYGMEUM. PYGMY COCKLE. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Nearly heart-shaped, somewhat angulated, furrows imbricated or beset with recurvated scales. Carpium PyGMzvM: testa subcordata, subangulata, sulcis recur- vato imbricatis. Cardium exiguum, Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p, 2255. sp. 37? Lists Conteh. 7°31) 7. of. 154. Testacea minuta rariora 7. 3. f. 83, Size of a large currant, of a reddifh brown, or sometimes whitish colour. Found in Kent, and,at Falmouth, in Cornwall Rn Oke ae ane ange a cn ae a ie Pye 3 ect aT abies ~ EEBAnewe ary or: ee : én OA awed as : s ey , iy jeu 4s aa. es mee, Telco a PLATE 2XXXIIl. of FEG. LE I. TURBO LITTOREUS, COMMON PERIWINKLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Apertufe some- what compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell with five spires; the firft much swelled, the turban tapering and sharp pointed ; striated spirally. Lip thin, and much spread on the pillar. Turso Litroreus: testa subovate acuta striata, margine columnari plano. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1232. No. 607. 3 Fn. Sv. 2. 2169. : Turbo Littoreus, Periwinkle. Penn. Br. Zool. No, 109. tab. 81. fig. 109. Turbo-pyramidalis crussus fuscus, striis crebris preeditus, Littoreus. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 98. 55. Eee ee It is needless to enter into detail on a species so well known as the Common Periwinkle ; yet it may be proper to observe, these shells, in many instances, vary considerably. The young shells are reddish, PLATE XXXII. whitish, yellowish, or brown, of various hues, sometimes uniform, or without any markings; at others, girdled spirally with darker colours. The adults also are sometimes bright red, orange, chesnut, or whitish, or olive, with, and sometimes without, the spiral lineations. They ‘vary no less in size than in colours ; and those of the Orkneys, in par- ticular, are quadruple, the size of those on the Irish or English coast. It is said, the name Periwinkle is a corruption of Petty Winkle, or small Winkle, or Whelk. Fig. I. I., &c. Adult vanities of Turbo Littoreus. Fig. Il. I. the young shells, P iG. Tt sii, TURBO RUDIS. THICK-LIFPED PERIWINKLE, SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell somewhat tapering, without umbilicus. Volutions of the spires, or turban swelled. Lip thick, and glossy within. SE ST This shell has been kindly communicated by Dr. Maton, as a new species. It is noticed in the first volume of that gentleman’s Obser- vations on the WESTERN CounTIEs ; but has not, we believe, been hitherto figured. It was discovered on the banks of the Tamar, in Devonshire, near Bere-Alston, and is thus described : PLATE XXXII. «« In the mud appeared a species of Turbo, which, though very similar to 7. Littoreus (the common Periwinkle), has some cha= racters that seem to authorize its being considered as a different shell. The anfractus are much more swollen, as it were, than in the above species; the spire is more depressed; and, besides, there is no ap- pearance of stri, either transversely or longitudinally. This shell has a sort of distorted or rude contour, that may, perhaps, entitle it to the appellation of 7. Audis. Its colour is greenish,” Page 277. vol, 1. Ca pee ir. a co 2 a Ewe. Fas, Le ind z ’ : ae es Sa Ae ap hore see a ae ‘ pie Ls Ta CE ae, ’ : , ; . ? . ie, Poa “ane 1" vy, 5 Pig, : » ad es : See neue Par red ie ye Pape a Y SER iE he ine ; - b — “s ee ae Rene et iin ye : eer “ss ie Bee 8 9. ie ae gh ee ae i” ¥ i ve - dative: a at phen oe : i Ne | ae aN ay ae ae . ae Ber oe io Rand 7 Pri, Y big Toa sbi die ert ssi ee koe ca f, a ; ae meee ai Bd Pla Tey ta A os eres. a Lae Be te ee oo PATE KURI. OSTREA PUSIO. DISTORTED. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. The hinge without 2 tooth, having a small’oval cavity, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Eared. With about forty longitudinal rays. Shell irregular, or diftorted. Concha testa aurita, striis circiter quadraginta. Linn. /. Suec. 1, p. 384. No. 1345. Pecten minimus angustior, inzequalis fere et asper, sinu ad cardinem cylindraceo, ceberrimis minutissimisque _ striis donatus. Just. Hist. Angl. p. 186. tit. 31. tab. 5. fig. 31. Pecten Pusio. Writhed. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 65. tab. 61. jig. 65. Pecten minor alba, contusa proteiformis. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 94. fig. 2. Twisted Pectines of Stroma. Wallace, Orkn. .p. 43, 44 Pecten parvus inzqualibus, informis, striatus. DisTorTus, DIs- ToRTED. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 148. tab. 10. fiz. 3. 6. PLATE XXXIV. Dissimilar as the several figures in this plate may appear, they are merely accidental varieties in size, growth, and colour of an individual species. These shells are generally about an inch, or more, in length, and of a somewhat globose shape ; but so extremely irregular and dis- torted, that it can with difficulty be defined. Dr. Wallace calls these shells the twisted pectines of Stroma, a little island that lies in the Pightland Frith ; he found them on some parts of the Orkneys, where he observed extraordinary cross and strong tides. ‘The irregular form of these pectines rather surprised him. He adds, “ I cannot think the odd strange tumbling the tides make there, can contribute any thing to that frame; yet, after all, I never see them in any other place.”— These shells are now found on several of the English shores, as York- shire, Scarborough, Mouth of the River ‘Tees, and Dorsetshire ; and are also frequent in the fossil state, in the chalk pits of Kent and Surry. Both valves are convex, and much diftorted, but the under one is usually the most irregular ; the ribs are numerous, close set, longitu- dinal, and prominent. The inside of the lower valve is smooth and white, when alive, and that of the upper has a pearly gloss. The outside is generally of a dingy white, or yellowish cast ; sometimes pale violet, or russety ; or white mottled, and varied with brown, or brilliant red. The ears of this shell are large, and nearly equal, but are often so distorted as to appear much otherwise. It is proper to observe, that though the irregular form this shell assumes may be attributed to some injury it has sustained in its growth, every shell of this species is conftantly found with the same diftorted appearance. This circum- ftance leaves no reason to doubt that such diftortions are characteriftic of this extraordinary and peculiar species. + .- , Lae - i) ' ' <— 4 - i * : é a7 ’ fx) a ; mii s ¥ ‘ € ayer 5 — ’ = ; ~ ’ é ‘ ‘ + 1 é f i t } + ; 1 . ‘ F ‘ * ie * “ 2 , ‘ } { ’ : . . a | ' q . oF é A 1 . ; ' 4 aon ‘ * ad PLATE -XRXM. MUREX ERINACEUS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Spiral, rough. ‘The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro- duced gutter or canaliculation. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. AND SYNONYMS. Shell subangular, rugose, or covered entirely with raised scales or points. Spires fix. Murex ERINACEUS: testa multifarium subfrondoso-spinosa, spire anfractibus retuso coronatis, cauda abbrevi- ata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 526. p. 1216.— Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3530. Buccinum majus canaliculatum, rostratum, ore labioso, fimbriatum, umblicatum, ore angusto, oblongo, rugosum, costu- latum, striis eminentibus reticulatim exasperatum, albidum. Gualt.1. Conch. Tab. 49. fig. A. Murex Ertnacevs. Urchin. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 95. tab. 76. fig. 95. Seba. Muf. 3. t. 49. fig. 78, 719.— Martin. Conch. 3. t.110. f. 1026—8. Buccinum longirostrum medium subangulatum, porcis spiralibus dis- tin¢tum. Porcatun. Da Costa. tab. 8. fig. 1. 7. p. 133. PLATE . XXXV. Found on the coast of Cornwall, and Dorsetfhire, and also on that of Hilbree ifland in Cheshire. = 26 Pie rh. XXXVI: brGe.h. LEPAS INTERTEXTA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Triton. Shell of many unequal valves: affixed by a stem. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell rather depressed and ribbed obliquely. Lepas INTERTEXTA : testa subdepressa oblique costata. Lepas striata. Penn. Br. Sool. t. 38. f. 7. Walker teft. min. rar. f. 81. This rare {pecies is the Lepas intertexta of the Portland Museum ; it was fifhed up at Weymouth, adhering to a valve of the Ostrea fub- rufus. The shells of this genus are in general very complex in structure, the present is particularly so. Several shells of the natural size 1s re- presented on the orange space of the Ostrea, Fig. I.—Three figures are added to exhibit their magnified appearance ; to distinguish these, the space is coloured green. Vou. I. L PLATE XXXVI FIG. Il. Il. LEPAS BALANOIDES. COMMON ACORN SHELL. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell conic truncated, of six valves. Operculum bifid. Lepas BALANOIDES: testa conica truncata; operculo obtuso Linn. Faun. Suec. 1. p. 385. No. 1348 2. No. 2123. Balanus yulgaris parvus conicus é senis laminis compositus, vertice operculo bifido rhomboide occluso. Da Br. Conch. p. 248. sp. 68. tab. 17, fig. 7. Balanus cinereus, velut é senis laminis striatis compositus, ipso vertice altera testa, bifida, rhomboide occluso. Balani parva species. Lust. H. An. Angl. p. 196. tt. 41. tab. 5. fig. 41. These shells are found in the greatest abundance on all the British shores, adhering to rocks, shells, Ke. Kc. Da Costa says, this species, when not affixed on flat, but uneven surfaces, sometimes, but rarely, extend down intoa pretty long rugged tubular stalk or root. This variety is noted by Pennant, and an ex- traordinary, but mutilated specimen of it, is shewn at fig. 3. INDEX. VOL. I. LINNEAN ARRANGEMENT. ——————e MULTIVALVIZ. Plate. Liupas balanus - - - a u = 30 balanoides = - = = = - 36 costata - - - = = oa 30 meme COnoides - - - - - - 30 mmmamesse: intertexta - > - - - - 36 wmemes anatifera - - - 4 A a 7 BIVALVIA, CONCHA. Tellina bimaculata - - - - - - 29 tenuis - - - = - = = 29 Cardium aculeatum - = - - - « 6 medium - - - = = 2 32 —— ciliare + - - - - = 2 32 pygmeum = = - - - . 32 Donax crenulata - = = = = é 24 — trunculus - - . - = - 29 —— irus - - « 3 = = - 29 Venus Chione - - - = ot = a 17 Ostrea varia - - = = = a = subrufus - * = - = - = 12 a pusio = th Pe : ‘. s Rare HER . tre Serr “4 ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. I. - A cULEATUM, Cardium, Spiked Cockle Anatifera, Lepas, Barnacle - ~ Balanoides, Lepas - - - Balanus, Lepas - ~ - « Bimaculata Tellina, Double Spot Tellen - Chione, Venus - = Ciliare, Cardium - - - Cimex, Turbo, Latticed Whelk - - Cinctus, Turbo, girdled - - Clathratus, Turbe, Falfe Wentletrap * Conoides, Lepas, Conio Acornshell . Conulus, Trochus, Conule - - Costata, Lepas, Ribbed Acorn-shell - Despectus Murex, Defpifed Whelk - Discors, Mytilus, divided - - Erinaceus, Murex - - : Fasciatus, Turbo, fasciated - - Fissura, Patella, Slip Limpet = - Fluviatilis, Nerita, River Nerit =~ - Glaucina, Nerita, Chain Nerit - - Hungarica, Patella, Large Fool's Cap, Limpet Intertexta Lepas, Striated Acorn Shell a Irius Tellina, Foliated Purr - - Lapillus, Buccinum, Massy, or Purple Whelk Lignaria Bulla - - = - Lineatum, Buccinum, lineated - - Littoralis, Nerita = = = Littoreus, Turbo = = 5 Magus, Trochus, Tuberculated Top Shell = Medium Cardium, Pigeon’s Heart Cockle - Modiolus Mytilus - - - Muricata Pinna, Thorny Wing, or Sea Ham - Fig. v © I. I. 2 I. I, Ie I. Ze n « Eo, BX: Nemoralis, Helix, Girdled Snail - = = Obsoletus, Pecten - - - = Pallidulus, Nerita, Pale Nerit - - - Pellucida, Patella, Blue Rayed Limpet - ~ Pes Pelecani, Strombus, Corvorant’s Foot - . Pullus Turbo, Painted Whelk - - - Pusio, Ostrea, distorted - « Pygmeum, Cardium, Small Cockle Reticulata, Patella, Reticulated Mask Limpet Rudis, Turbo, Thicklipped - Subrufus, Ostrea - - Spirorbis, Serpula, Wrackfpangle = Tenuis, Tellina, Thin Tellen - Terebra, Turbo - - Trunc-culus, Tellina - - Tuberculata, Haliotis, Tuberculated Sea Ear Varia Ostrea, Variegated, or One-eared Scallop Valgata, Patella, Common Limpet - Ze 2. Ze i. THE NATURAL HISTORY BRITISH SHELLS, FIGURES anp DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN, SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED IN THE LINNEAN MANNER, WITH SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH, —=—<« a) dle — ’ *. —™ a “iy by nine i] THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SHELLS. a fA 6 PLAT. E\ /XXXVII. ARCA GLYCYMERIS. ORBICULAR ARK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve, valves equal. ‘Teeth of the hinge numerous, and inserted between each other. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Orbicular, concave, very finely striated transversely and longitudinally, and variegated with zigzag marks. Margin crenated. Arca GLycyMERIs: testa suborbiculata gibba, substriata, natibus incurvis, margine crenato. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1143. No. 181. A 2 PLATE XXXVI. Chama glycemeris, Bellon. Pectunculus ingens variegatus ex rufo. List. H. Conch. tab. 247. fig. 82. Concha crassa, levis, subalbida, luteis maculis radiata, signata, fas- ciata, et virgnlata, intus macula fusca obscu- rata. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 712. fig. G. Glycymeris cornubiensis crassa marmorata. Mus. Petiv. p. 84, No. 816. Bastard, or dog’s cockle. Rutty Dublin, p. 379. Arca glycymeris, orbicular, Penn. Br. Zool. No. 58. tab. 58. fig. 58. Glycymeris. Orbicularis crassa subalbida lineis rufulis sagittaeformi- bus variegata, intus obfuscata margineque crenato. Orbicularis. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p- 168, tab. 11. fig. 22. ls ae a cn a This species is found, of a large size, in the Mediterranean sea; those which inhabit the English coast, as Falmouth and Cornwall, rarely exceed the size of the smallest specimen we have represented. It is found likewise on the shores of Guernsey, and.the coast of Ire- land, where it is called the dog’s cockle. ii od aie ss A « “8 pass as ih in | fi ; " 7 i i / . i b | . | «4 = - on 4 i ‘ ) ‘e y i r f ¥ d - 7 y , , ' * 4 « is 0 y . ih i 7 ‘ ee « et ek Ly, Cs sagen ere Nye at Phy : : f od » , pe: i , a] ee : é i@ +i > : \ . * i 7 val * * ' Fa id “ ‘ ’ j vai: rb ) : 4 ‘ . F , é wi © ’ ‘ : oe al F . i - oh oo 4 4 Pe AN 4 ¥ mw AD 4 : ad ¥ ¢ ia a ae oN + P.LAP B..XXXVOL - MUREX CORNEUS. HORNY, 0” SLENDER WHELK, GENERIC CHARACTER. Spiral, rough, The aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat pro duced gutter, or canaliculation, SPECIFIC CHARACTER, AND SYNONYMS. Slender, white. Spires eight, swelled, Mouth oblong oval, ending in a produced or lengthened deep twirled gutter. Murex cCoRNEUs: testa oblonga rudi, anfractuum marginibus com~ planatis, apice tuberculoso, apertura edentula, cauda adscendente, Lznn. Syst. Nat. p. 1224, Jo. 564. Buccinum angustius, tenuiter.admodum striatum, octo minimum spirarum. Just, H. An. Angl. p. 157. tit. 4, tab. 3. fig. 4.—App. H. An. Angl. p. 15, 16. Lesser long and smooth whelke, Dale Harw. p. 381, No. 2.— Smith Cork, p. 401. No.7. Narrow-mouthed whelke, with eight wreaths, Walls Northumé p. 401. No. 7. Murex corneus, Horny. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 99. tab. 76. fig. 99. Buccinum canaliculatum medium, angustius, album, striatum, octe spirarum. GraciLe Da Costa, p. 124, sp. 74, tab, 6. fig. 5. A 3 PLATE: XXXVIUOL. This shell is white, semitransparent, and rather glossy; and when alive is covered with a fine thin brown film, or epidermis, which is striated spirally. It is found on several of the English coasts, as Yorkshire, Northumberland, Essex, &c. and also on the shores of Scotland and Ireland. eaPLATE XXXIX. PEG. I. HELIX CORNEA. RAM’S HORN. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth, contracted, and lunated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. 4 Wreaths, four, turned nearly horizontal: rather depressed or concave towards the centre. Hexix CorNneEA: testa supra umbilicata plana nigricante, anfractibus quatuor teretibus. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1243. No. 671. —f. Suec. I. p. 373. No. 1304. LI. No. 2179. Cochlea pulla, ex utraque parte ee umbilicum cava. Lust. JZ. Angl. p. 143. tit. 26. tab. 2. fig. 26. Cochlea maxima, compressa, fasciata. JLvst. H. Conch. tab. 136. fig. 40.—Cochlea pulla quatuor orbium coceum fundens, purpura lacustris. Jd. tab. 137. fig. 41. The Flat Whirl. Grew. Mus. p. 136. Planorbis fluviatilis major vulgaris. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 92. fig. 5. Helix Cornea, Horny. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 126. tab. 83. fig. 126. A 4 PLATE XXXIX, Helix fluviatilis depressa major, anfractibus quatuor, ex utraque parte circa umbilicum cava. Cornuarietis. Jad. 4. fig. 13. Da Costa Br. Conch, p. 60. tab. 4. fig. 13. Purpura. S. Cochlea fluviatilis compressa major. List, vere, Anat, 2. p. 59. The adult shells of this species are from three quarters of an inch, to an inch and a quarter in diameter; the colours various, generally brownish or ashen colour, inclining in some to red, in others to yellow; the young shells are whitish and more transparent. It is very common in ponds and rivers, The animal is blackish brown, and has two red capillary horns *. The Helix Nana, or Dwarf of Pennant, fig. 125, is considered by Da Costa and other conchologists, as a young shell of this species. * “ This fish emits a fine scarlet bumour, if a grain of salt of any kind, or a little pepper or ginger, be put into the mouth of the shell. It emits this fine scarlet humour all the year, especially in April and September. Dr. Lister gives a full account of it. He says, this scarlet humour may be readily got, and in great quantity, if a large parcel of these shells be wrapped up ina cloth bag, sprinkling over it a little salt; then the scarlet liquor will ouze plentifully. The colouring part of this humour immediately subsides, if sprinkled with powdered allum, and the rest of it remains like clear water. The colouring part may be strained through a filtering paper, but the elegance of its colour is lost, and it changes into a dull, unpleasant rusty brown. Moreover, if mixed with vinegar, spirit of wine, deliquated vegetable salts, or common ‘salt dissolved, this elegant scarlet colour perishes in the same manner as when mixed with allum., ‘Neither can this liquor be kept by itself pure and unmixed; for in vain did the doctor strive to preserve it in narrow mouthed bottles or phials, perfectly well closed, and with oil or honey thrown over it. Thus this colour is of so fugitive a nature, that no acid or astringent has been found sufficient, to preserve the elegance of its tint,” “ Dr. Lister further recites some observations and experiments he made on this scarlet fluid, to discover whether it was a humour of the body, or to be got by lace- yation or incision, as blood; a saliva from the throat or stomach; or a particular hu- mour contained in certain vessels cr parts; but the nicety and difficulty of the experi- ents rendered it impossible for him to determine it precisely.” Da Costa, page 61, 62, PLATE XXXIX, FIG, I. HELIX LAPICIDA, ACUTE EDGED. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Above and beneath rather convex ; back of the wreaths carinated, Deeply umbilicated, Fievix Lapicipa: testa carinata umbilicata utrinque convexa, aper~ tura marginata transversali ovata. Luann. Syst. Nat, p. 1241. No. 656. Cochlea testa utrinque convexa, subtus perforata, spira acuta apertura ovata transversali. Linn. Faun. Suec. 1. p. 371. Wo. 1298.11. No. 2174. Cochlea pulla, sylvatica, spiris in aciem depressis. List. H. An. Angl. p. 126. tit. 14. tab. 2. fig. 14. Cochlea nostras, umbilicata, pulla. Ast. H. Conch. tab. 69. fig. 68. Pianorbis terrestris Anglicus, umbilico minore, margine acuto. Mus. Petw. p. 69. No. 134. Cochlea terrestris media acie acuta: land cheese shell with a sharp edge, Pett. Gaz. tab. 92. fig. 11. Helix Lapicida. Rock. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 121. tab. 83. fig. 121, Cochlea umbilicata, margine in acie acuto depresso, AcuTA. sharp. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 58. tab. 4. fig. 9. 9 PLATE XXXIX. This species is found in several countries of Europe. In Great Britain it seems to be a local and rather uncommon kind. Da Costa says ‘¢ though found in many parts of England, is not met with in any plenty, but is scarce. I have found them on the rocks, at and near Matlock, in Derbyshire, about Bath, in Somersetshire, also on rocks; in Surrey, Wiltshire, and Hampshire, in the moss on the bodies of large trees, and in woods. Dr. Lister found them on the grass in Lincolnshire; Mr. Petiver, in hedges, between Charlton and Woolwich, in Kent*; Mr. Morton, in hedge-bottoms, in Oakly Parva, in Northamptonshire ; and Mr. Wallis, on the rocks in Nor- thumberland: but they are not common or frequent any where.” page 56. * Not uncommon last summer in the woods of Kent, 24 y eA meteor 1 Cripeg 4 O PRE es OE, MYTILUS UMBILICATUS, UMBILICATED, OR WRY BEAK MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Hinge much depressed and bent inwards. Mytitus UmBILicatus, umbilicated. Penn. Br. Zool. sp. 76. fig. 16. MyTILus CurorrostTRATus. Wry Beak. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 220, 50. | We are informed by Pennant that this shell was discovered by the Reverend Hugh Davies; that it is a rare and new species, and is sometimes dredged up off Priestholme Island, Anglesea. It is about half the size of Mytilus Modiolus, and in some respects resembles it; but is distinguished by the very remarkable and peculiar POAT XL. structure of its hinge; the space opposite to it is bent inwards, in a. winding manner, into a deep tugged cavity, which when the shells are closed, form a deep hollow, or umbilicus, as if bruised in. On one valve this depression is more deeply inflected inwards than on the other, 44 PLATE, XLI. BPG: 2: TELLINA INZQUIVALVIS. UNEQUAL-VALVED TELLEN. GENERIG CHARACTER. The hinge usually furnished with three teeth; shell generally sloping on one side, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong, one side much produced or beaked ; upper valve flat, lower very CONnvex. TELLINA IN£QUIVALVIS: testa oblongo-rostrata, valva altera plana, Gmel. Lin. Syst. Nat. Conch. 3233. sp. 23. The Tellina inequivalvis is noticed by Gmelin as a native of the Mediterranean and Norway seas, but has not been hitherta described as a British shell by any author. It is generally admitted by Conchologists that the species has been discovered on our shores, and William Pilkington, Esq. of Whitehall, has very lately re- ceived a specimen of it from the Guernsey coast, which he obligingly favoured us with it to figure and describe. PLATE XI. FIG. U. TELLINA VARIABILIS. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell somewhat oval or oblong, radiated with pale red streaks ; a single tooth in the hinge of one valve, which is inserted between two teeth on the other valve, when shut. SoLeN VESPERTINUS: testa ovali oblonga spadiceo-radiata, cardinis sinistrze valvz dente solitario duplici alterius inserto. Gmel. Lin. Syst. Conch. p. 3228. sp. 20. This is the Tellina variabilis of the late Dr. Solander, and the Portland Museum ; Gmelin arranges it amongst the Solens. Found on the coast of Cornwall and Weymouth, and not noticed by either Pennant or Da Costa as an English shell. PReAL&® $0 , PPee s. VENUS EXOLETA. ANTIQUATED. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. . Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Subrotund. Wrought transversely with numerous regular and minute striz, margins smooth. Venus Exo.eta: testa lentiformi transversim striata pallida, ob- solete radiata, ano cordato. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1134. No. 142. Concha testa subrotunda : striis transversis innumeris, margine levi. F. Suec. 1, p. 383, No. 1342. Pectunculus rostro productiore, capillaceis fasciis donatus. List. IT. Conch. tab. 290. fig. 126.—P. dense fasciatus, ex rubro variega- tus et undatus. Jab. 291. fig. 127.—P. crassus, dense fasciatus, leviter ex rufo variegatus. Zab. 292. fig. 128.—P. subfuscus tenuiter admodum fasciatus. Zab. 293. fig. 129. P. planus, crassus, ex- rufo radiatus. Jab. 299. fig. 136. Concha marina valvis equalibus zquilatera, notabiliter umbonata et oblique incurvata, subrotunda, vulgaris, striis densissimis et pro- fundis transversim striata et exasperata, candida leviter ex fusco vari~ egata et radiata. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 15. fig. F. PAD ELIT. Venus exoleta; antiquated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 49. tab. 54. 55.4 49 & 49 A: Pectunculis planus, crassus, striis capillaceis dense striatus. CApit- LACEUS, HAIR-STREAKED. Da Costa. Brit: Conch. p. 18%. sp. 24.—Tab. 12; fig. 5.5. Found in plenty cn several of the British shores, as Cornwall, Dor- setshire, Devonshire, and Yorkshire; also in the isle of Guernsey, and those of the Orkneys. F LG. 1b VENUS SINUOSA. 4s INDENTED VENUS SHELL. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Thin, convex, a deep obtuse finus, or bending on the front. Penn. Br. Sool, p. 95. sp. 51. SS RN ee ne RE Figured and described by Pennant, from a specimen in the Portland cabinet, that was found at Weymouth. The shell we haye figured is in the collection of the Rev. T. Rackett, Pe. oat u, cls iY eee PLATE _ XU. €YPRAA PEDICULUS. SEA LOUSE COWRY, Or NUN« GENERIC CHARACTER. Sub-oval, blunt at the ends. Aperture, length of the shell, longitu- dinal, linear, toothed. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Convex, margined, and furrowed transversely across the back. Cypr#a PEDIcULUs testa marginata transversim sulcata. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1180. No. 364. Concha veneris exigua, alba, striata, Nuns. List. H. Conch. tab. 10%. fig. 57. Concha veneris exigua purpascens, striis minimis transversis, tribus maculis fuscis dorso inspersa. The purple spot- ted nuns, alias cowrie, &c.—Concha veneris minima nullis maculis insignita. The smallest nuns without spots. Borlase Cornw. p. 277. tab. 28. fig. 12. 13. Pou de Mer— ‘ iu *. e Ss oa ' ” : a 4 i . r ’ * * "4 bu ‘ : | 1 : , . , 7 € ne * ' i . r 5 : - ? : , ® . ec ve Shar pe , : & ody ‘ vie 4 : ; » Pars | Y Ar < , : i a s Pi ¥ iy ue a ‘ a Fae, Pal bs in y * Prem © a}. coor Deve . . ' ‘ iv - , f 1 é ry eae 4 a) . Y ‘ Va ree) : *\ ' . oe iy ’ ; = ) i . ; wv cm ; aig : . os j yl te 4 ¥y +f ' i i » a -* , ai" *s ‘ 4 4 i teh) , 3 i by Wal ‘ _ e ™ 4 1 i: ; ‘ < Bai it “ \. i er x ‘ ps, m ' i ; < a 5 . : afte etd “1% 4 ¢ " - oi ’ ) Nina hth RR GAR Ba aM Bo J ‘ ‘ - f : ear ha pe ’ at = ‘ a, E ( : 1B { és ‘ i” t ¥ ie - j ’ ' - = ; A > } ms u J e 4 my } La oe | - + i : - td PLATE “XEIV, ‘VENUS VERRUCOSA. WARTED VENUS SHELL, GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two pear each other, the third divergent from the beaks, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Somewhat heart shaped, Deeply decussated on the sides, with transverse and oblique furrows, which form membraneous protube~ rances or warts. Margins finely crenated. VeENus VERRUCOSA: testa subcordata: sulcis membranaceis striatis reflexis, antice imprimis, verrucosis, margine cre- nulato, Lunn, Syst. Nat. p. 1130. No. 116. Pectunculus omnium crassissimus, fasciis ex latere bullatis donatus. List, H. Conch, tab, 284. fig, 122. Concha marina valvis zqualibus zequalitera, notabiliter umbonata et oblique incuryata, subrotunda, vulgaris, striis cir- cularibus profundis, elatis, bullatis exasperata, et circumdata, crassa, subalbida. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 15. fig. Hd. Concha cinerea densa, margine dentato, striis rugosis et é lateribus undose tuberculosis. The wrinkled, notched, and high-beaked concha, or cockle. Borlase Cornw. p- 2718, tab, 28. fig. 32, PLATE XLT. Clonisse de la Mediterranéé d’ Avila. Cab. p. 333. No. 762. Venus Erycina, Sicilian. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 48. tab. 54. fig. 48. Cornwall heart cockle, with rugged girdles. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 93. Sg. Vi. Pectunculus crassissimus strigatus, strigis ex latere bullatis, strigatus, ridged. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 185. sp. 3. 440. 12. fiz. 1. 1. 7 Da Costa says, ‘* this species is rare in our seas. The shores of Cornwall afford them, and they have been got in Devonshire and Dortsetshire.”” They have also been found on the eastern coast of Sussex, but not frequently. 5 4! PLATE; XLV OSTREA STRIATA. STRIATED OYSTER. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. Hinge without a tooth, . having a small oval cavity. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Less than the common Oyster. Outside wrought with thread- like longitudinal ridges. Inside green. OsTREUM sTRIATUM: mediz magnitudinis veluti striatum intus virescente. Da Costa. pl. 11. fig. 4. 4. p. 162. Sp. 9. Ostreum parvum veluti striatum, testa intus virescente, cardine utrinque canaliculato. List. H. An. Angl. p. 181. dit. 27. tab. 4. fig. 27. Ostrea fere circinata, subviridis, leviter striata. List. H. Conch. tab. 202. 203. fig. 36. 37. An Ostreum vulgare, striatum, striis rotundis, crassioribus, inter- ruptis radiatum, squamosum ex fusco viridescens. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 102. fig. B ? VOL. Il. G PLATE XLV. «© This Oyster,” says Da Costa, ‘ hitherto only proposed and described by Dr. Lister, is a very different species from the common Oyster, but has been always overlooked as the same kind.” Dr. Lister observes that it is found in plenty at the mouth of the river Tees, in Yorkshire, and says he first eat of it at Bourdeaur, in France, where it is greatly esteemed and called Rock Oyster, being found among the rocks, The figure of this shell in the plate of Da Costa above quoted, is so very indifferent and devoid of true character, that were we not in possession of the specimen he represents, it would be difficult to ascertain it. In the general description he says the outside is 2 little uneven, but not rugged nor of a leaved or flakey structure as the common Oyster: he adds that the ridges are longitudinal, about the thickness of a thread, very numerous, irregular, and run one into another; but towards the bottom always furcate or divide, This description is accurate but does not accord with the figure, in which the longitudinal ridges appear of a flakey structure or like laminz, and not numerous, irregular threadlike striz as in the shell. We have selected several characteristic specimens of this species in the annexed plate, This shell is thick, strong, and nearly opake: it is usually about an inch in diameter ; the valves unequal, the under one being very con- cave, the upper one flattish. Within, it is of a livid green and rather glossy, the hinge broad, deep, somewhat triangular and stri- ated transversely. In many shells there is a remarkable white mark exactly resembling a thick spot of white oil paint, placed a little below the hinge, this spot always appears in radiated wrinkles from the centre, and is formed by the muscle of the shell, PLAT E~ XLV. It is found on many of our shores, as Kent, Sussex, Dorsetshire, &c. in abundance, and of various colours; some are very fine like japan lacquer, and others of a violet, green, pink, yellow or pearly tint when much worm It is remarkable, however, that the upper valves are so scarce, that hundreds of the lower valves are found to one of them, SF inne eon Ae Fhe iy zs hy’ er tae EY ae i eS » Can Mg Gi eth bo and te 6 2 tear aoa . cs | ihe Biles! SN fie Sinn oY . gies reas * el Gir” 2 we ine ya uy. a aecgeenn h' tae, ae a ee ee a fe Mal el a ig Jeeenity 5s ye nailing ag egy or Ce See, os ha = “ru Tas oF ae oe t abe TOS ahh Tag toy rb a) Mees Sigs cpute” Le isa 7 Oe 7 state? aM 5 wei Wy"? guinea age aaah eee Sikh ivi i. Re Gee a EW Ne Arcee a biog VR AES De: Ste nh dy Vo e ; . @ ‘ —. ee ‘im Be ads 3 a a are A eS =. api 7 7 Rew ae” « 4 ' ; rhe lacie a in, he "By hah te hy: eh ee ) ana Pen. bh f Py aaa 2 Bese Sar Me Betis igi pot aa ie, tl Wet yg ies ae " fe me Pe Sm Se he iW ey x 3 din nv toda ies arta ss ne a ¥ we we a ae jay oon ei ee OF Ved tees ee WY “Re te oe Me af , it lena sai ally be. L dion ri er ibys ee 4 aces Pos es * ‘ “oP ae vay eh mire hfe. te + Par Pe, Fin “tale en f Ra Bis ty ‘Ps n° ye “ ft. Ny ys ey aero ied Oratt e | a, Pers dha P tahee tg ee ee Gee ON RS 4 a « a 4 a : ¢ ¢ fi * . ‘ ne , : j aN , ; ar yaa “eS "a *'. : I : } met . “ ” : Sl 7 - * t] iy ‘ ‘ : e) 1 & ye va te ty + " y all i Ne y Y : oe ° . ye cr .' - . * . ‘” hgiv v4 . : i al te My a 2 £ " Fi Sot tiv Fah 1? ‘es ’ a .?, sg i. a *) Pa ea 14 Las ee a f ) i) Mee . Ne ” i ¢ . i in ade ] yee 4 , ‘ My hed " = ris >> 7 , ek , me Prt wd 4 46 PLATE XLV. SOLEN SILIQUA. LARGE OF POD SOLEN. 0 GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends. At the hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double ; not inserted in the opposite shell. Animal an Ascidia. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell strait, equally broad, and compressed. ‘The hinge beset with two teeth in each valve. SoLEN SILIauA: testa lineari recta cardine altero bidentato. Zznn. Syst. Nat. p. 1113. No, 34:—Fn. Sv. 2. No. 2TSti Solen, levis, albidus, candidus, ex fusco & subroseo colore variegatus et fasciatus.. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 95. fig. C. Concha fusca, longissima, angustissimaque, musculo ad cardinem nigro, quibusdam solen dicta. vst. H. An. Angl. p. 192. tit. 37. tab. 5. fig. 31.—App. H, An. Angl. p.19.—App. H. An. Angl. Goedart, p- 33. VoL. Il. D PRAT E XLV Solen major, subfuscus, rectus. HH. Conch. tab. 409. fig. 255. Solen unguis; the fheath, razor, or spoutfish. Grew Mus. p. 143. —Merret Pin. p. 193, Solen sive concha tenuis longissimaque ab ttraque parte naturaliter hians; the spout fish. Wallace Orkneys, p. 45. Solen noftras vulgaris. Auf. Petiv. p. 87. No. 844. Solen major subfuscus rectus. Sitiaua. Da Costa. tab. 17. fig. 5, p. 235. sp. 59. This shell is found in abundance on many of the English shores, especially the northern and western coasts, and those of Scotland and Ireland. The antients esteemed this fish a delicious food, and Dr. Lister informs us he thought it nearly as rich and palatable as the Lobster. In England and Scotland it is at present mostly used for baits, and not for the table ; but in Ireland is much eaten in Lent.—It is in season in spring, From the hinge to the opposite margin the length is about half an inch, and its breadth from five to seyen inches ; but some shells are found much larger. The outside -is covered with a thin transparent yellow-brown cuticle or epidermis, like glue, which peels off soon after the fish is dead or exposed to the shores. Under this epidermis the shell is smooth, very glossy, and marked with many concentric transverse wrinkles from the middle to one extreme, the other half is striated Jengthways. Inside white and glossy. FEA PE XLVI. Da Costa Ozs.—Mr. Wallis, in his History of Northumberland, p- 396. No. 9. notes a sort of this shell’ he calls the Orange and White Solen, found in Budle Sands with this common sort, and in all respects like tt, “except in colour, which is deep orange and white in transverse fillets, in alternate variegations. Quere, if a distinct species, or only a variety ? ® A 7 - CASA: « ‘ ' ‘ eS n , Prats! ye sk 4 pet ea we hai ie age 8 ence Bee <4 saan Sm . rsa a ee é nan aati, af Sart as <4 3 o - ” +\a Hie Sipe aad a i acl th Nad : 1 ii ‘ei Ah tiger Sis md uF ee Keosing 4 | yy Santi oo Sepa f rat pee wigiay vbask Me ‘ge,) delet SN aa am a view mit Sat et posing 16 mC eat iy ice ietaien eg “Sel a * ae. a cnn | | as. ae nieikeaiee sienie ie tah i bidee eleaa a + “Litho Bain beam, seme WR pater an mE E pre ae oath Maes ei nt a tee cae > hs ieee E Roy * esti Ah Rap it RN. NR Cot, ie ents iC hooiey ‘tees Wi Vk gt aN egg ities ee, * Yaagiee Be eal, sya ip age ldaihe Me saat oe fia ary, Petia he ivbtaateses We Ei Ohh iy eR Mie: hile ea Dyeiv’ “7 Ps ‘ | Wan . b rons 1, ties % ir See % ’ 0 : / a i, eat ty TOD vee ov ‘ . +5 ae wo , ot ae ‘ A % ‘v ' ¥ A " Pe ie! we) eat = . or . 4 pe 4 a v La oe + . alphas ae a a! , ' i ig wel ~ a 9 , . ei. Meee ane 5 i P Pia BS ‘ rt . 44 ys ) or a peat Hat y,¥ ’ i 1 of r Pees | PEs on *) =o OE Bibs Meiko t 47] Priest &: XLViL TELLINA CARNARIA. Zinn. FLESH-COLOURED TELLEN» GENERIC CHARACTER. The hinge usually furnished with three teeth; shell generally sloping on one side. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Somewhat orbicular; valves shallow. White tinged with rose colour, and marked externally with numerous parallel striz, disposed in an oblique, reflexed and transverse direction. TELLINA CARNARIA: testa suborbiculata levi utrinque incarnata oblique striata : striis hinc reflexis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1119. No. 66. Concha parva subrotunda, ex parte interna rubens. Just. H. An. Angl. p. 175. tit. 25. tab. 4. fig. 5. Tellina zequilatera levis, tenuis subrubra. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 11s Jig: le. Cardium parvum subrotundum oblique striatum colore carneoso. Carneosum. Da Costa. p, 181. sp. 20. D3 Piat £ XLVil. According to Dr. Lister this species is a shore shell, and found very frequently in the shallows of Lancashire, and near Filey in Yorkshire, &c. It is also found at Scarborough, Dorsetshire, Devonshire, and Cornwall. It is an elegant shell, the outside béing beautifully marked with : numerous delicate striz like strokes of engraving, and tinged with a fine rose or flesh colour. Some specimens are almost white, or white with transverse bands of deeper red, and the margins yellow. Withr in, the red colour is much more vivid than the outside. Da Costa has placed this species in the Cardzum genus, and indeed with much propriety; though Linnzus arranges it amongst the Tellens. It has a tendency on one side to flexure or slope like the Tellens, but the central and remote lateral teeth we think fhould re- move it to the former genus. 4a BLATE , XLVIIL DENTALIUM ENTALIS. TOOTH SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Terebella. Shell slender, tubiform. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Tubular, conical, somewhat curved, and open at both ends. DENTALIUM ENTALIs: testa tereti subarcuata’ continua levi. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3736. 332. sp. 3. a Gmel. Dentale lezve album, altera extremitate rufescens. Last. 17. Conch. tab. 547. fig. 2. Tubulus marinus regulariter intortus arcuatim incurvatusy & versus unam.extremitatem acuminatus, dentalis dictus, levis, candidus. Gualt. 1. Conch. tab. 10. Sig. Be Dentale leve, curvum album.- Sorlase Cornw. p. 276. tab. 28. jig. 5. D4 PLATE XLVI. AntTaLes Argenville Conch. 1. p.246. tab. 1. fig. K. II. p. 196. tab. 3. fig. K. : Dentale leve albescens. Vulgare. Da Costa. Br Conch. p. 24. tab. 2. fig. 10. | This singular shell is found on many of the British shores, but . rarely occurs perfect. It is abundant on our southern shores, as Hampshire, Devonshire, &c. PLATE XLIX. OSTREA MAXIMA. GREAT SCALLOP. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Shell bivalve, unequal. Hinge without a tooth, having a fmall oval cavity. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Upper valve flat, lower concave. About fourteen rounded longi- tudinal ribs, which are also deeply striated. OsTREA MAXIMA: testa inzquivalvi radiis rotundatis longitudi- naliter striatis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1144 No. 185. Conckia testa aurita, striis quatuordecim. Linn. F. Suec. I. p. 383. No. 1343. TI. 2148: P. maximus; circiter quatuordecim striis, admodum craffis & emi- | nentibus et iisdem ipsis striatis infignitus. A Scallop. ust. H. An. Angl. p. 184. tit. 29. tab. 5. fig. 29. Escallop, or Scallop. Merret. Pin. 193. Scallop or Clam-shell. Wallace Orkn. p. 43. &ce PLATE °XLIX. Frill or Scallop. Hutchins Dorset. p. 77. Pecten Maximus. Great. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 61. tab. 59. fig. 61- Pecten. Maximus inaquivalvis, costis circiter quatuordecim rotun- datis, & admodum crassis. Vulgaris, the common scallop. Da Costa Br. Conch. p.°140. tab. 9. ps3. 3s on ee The large Escallop is found on most of the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, particularly on those of Portland and Purbeck in Dorset- shire.—The fish is eaten and much esteemed. It is said by modern, as well as antient authors, that Escallops will move so strongly as to leap out of the catcher wherein they are taken: their way of leaping or raising themselves up, is by forcing the under valve against whatever they lie upon. a se ony a] A \ ; i sty fi¢ ag ti aa A, 1 | a a gy" - ; : F 7 M4 hs 4% nae) i “ cr yy a a Ran oe 4 hy t ? = ae Se Ff 7 — “a a : : ¥ 7 af <4. Sabie Ver @ae.'4 & << a ae ere is Ie \ Ape : re ae 4 a i. | { are t8) PLATE L. SOLEN ENSIS. SCY METAR. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends. At the hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double; not inserted in the opposite shell —Animal an Ascidia. SPECIFIC CHARACTER ) AND SYNONYMS. “Shell bowed like a Scymetar, equally broad and compressed. The hinge beset with two teeth in each valve. SoLEN ENnsIs: tefta lineari fubarcuata, cardine altero bidentato. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1114. No. 35. Solen alter curvus minor. List. App. H. An. Angl. p. 20.—App. mn Goed. p. 36. tab. 2. fig. 9.—Solen curvus. Mit. Conch. tad. 411. fig. 257.—SoLEN ENsIs, ScymEeTaR. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 22. tab. 45. fig: 22. Solen subarcuatus. Ensis. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 237. sp. 60. Paws EL. This is a local and rare species; it has been found at Weymouth on the Dorsetshire coast, and according to Dr. Lister in plenty in the estuary of the Severn, on the side of Wales. It differs from the Solen siliqua in several respects; it is smaller, and not strait, but curved or bowed like a Scymetar. PLATE. LI. - ’ FIG. I. HELIX AURICULARIA., EAR, OF WIDE MOUTH RIVER SNAItL. GENERIC CHARACTER. - Aperture of the mouth lunated. **** Ovated, unperforated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Without umbilicus: a narrow depression on the edge of the pillar lip. Very ventricose, spire short and acute. Aperture very wide. HE tix AURICULARIA: testa imperforata ovata obtusa, spira acuta brevissima, apertura ampliata. Lenn. Syst. Nat. p. 1250. No. 108. Cochlea testa diaphana ‘anfraCtibus quatuor, mucrone acuto brevis- simo, apertura acutissima. Linn. F. Suce. J. p. 316. No. 1315. LZ. No. 2192. Buccinum pellucidum subflavum, quatuor spirarum, mucrone acu- tissimo, teste apertura omnivum maxima. Lisé, H. An. Angl. p. 139. tit. 23. tab. 2. fig. 23. PLATE. LI. Buccinum subflavum pellucidum, quatuor orbium, ore amplissimo, mucrone acuto. ust. H. Conch. tab. 123. ig. 22. Buccinum fluviatile pellucidum, subflavum, quatuor spirarum, mu- crone acuto, teste apertura paterttissima. Lvs¢. Exerc. Anat. 2. p. 54. Turbo with four wreaths, a remarkable large mouth, and a short acute apex. Wallis Northumb. p. 370. Helix auricularia. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 138. tab. 86. fig. 138. Turbo subflavus pellucidus quatuor spirarum ore patulo. Patulus. | °Da Costa sp. 53. p. 95. tab. 6. fig. 17. Found in plenty in rivers, ponds, &c. ————— Pot i, HELIX STAGNALIS, LAKE SNAIL, OF FRESH WATER TURBO. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Without umbilicus. Oblong ; spire tapering. Several prominent longitudinal wrinkles which somewhat angulates the shell. Aperture oblong oval. ice i LY. HeEvix STAGNALIs: testa imperforata ovata-subulata, subangulata, apertura ovata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1249. No. 103. Cochlea testa producta acuminata, opaca, anfractibus senis subangu- latis, apertura ovata. Linn. F. Suec. I. p. 374. No. 1310. ZI. No. 2188. Buccinum longum sex spirarum, omnium & maximum & produc- tius, subflavum, pellucidum, in tenue acumen ex amplissima basi mucronatum. Turbo levis in stagnis degens. Aldror. de Testaceis, I. 3. p. 359. Novas Buccinum subflavam pellucidum, sex orbium, clavicula admodum tenui, productiore. Lust. H. Conch. tab. 123. Jig: 21. ; Buccinum minus fuscum, sex spirarum, ore angustiore. List. H, 5 An, Angl. p. 139. tit. 22. tab. 2. fig. 22. Helix Stagnalis. Lake. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 136. tab. 86. fig. 136. Fresh water turbo with six wreaths. JWalhs Northumb. p. 369. ‘Turbo longus et gracilis in ‘tere acumen mucronatus, imperforatus & pellucidus Stagnalis. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 93. sp. 52. tab. $. fig. 11. - The largest and* most produced of the British river snails, and is found in plenty in all our rivers, lakes, ponds, and other waters. Lifter and *Petiver have made two species of this shell maximum and minus; they appear however to be merely different stages of its growth. io) ear Faneke Jn ‘gh * «7f0U' ov Abs Rive oat Ia ie iran soa ingle est * 4 a: oe one ew . “ ; ae es ares adver Tx dom Sigel Woy is he ea RANA TsyIS Het oi ie ago a ¥ ou ‘ fa At: ons} wit ‘leant ewbiintloeg 8 ee gc tha aa a i TS Se he aR Re: as Bo: ov ehe Beet ef, RELICS RCN ALIES 0G, Sa ea eae? ee Cie Abb heey dtiiniats eee ea? oth facto 5 EEE REMERON CIN: FET pevera ss ro.) Sear earn ai bps li pede Reilyd ‘off Tog ahi same Bae deayhal ofl i: is a ie aa le on RAR | ¢ palatben: hale nh 3 4 RS . sped swihuthoe teed” ap. eg mo G. OM OF tees wore 9 Pantani e aie ey de) CR RR ER. | ia a Ses Me . oe : | Ghee 4 pea apsily wae af gee ama Ha shed ie 7 ee ote r, | ‘ - te a a ot P ; e } m4 ' ‘ y ‘ i : - . Re AS ; “ a . ’ ' ’ 7 fl e ; K « a wale, a Pek ‘ ‘ge ; * Ne! iki ‘a: ae y ‘ - 7 ; tags eC Per ete A ries so 4 th. © A £3 * Ne AlN 4 : nn AY , Ney Di ne a ay "ia ; ' AY ras. ; ~ oF oo" a ene _ ner ph eerie hs. 5, _ \ 1 ey Or ie > ‘ § = "ae 4 weer Seen 2 Pha TB Lik TROCHUS ZIZYPHINUS. LIVID TOP SHELL. | GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell conic. Aperture nearly triangular. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell conic, livid, without umbilicus: spirally striated, with the upper edge of each wreath margined. Trocnus ZizyPHInus: testa imperforata conico livida levi, anfrac- tibus marginatis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1231. No. 599.—Faun. Suec. II. No. 2168. Trochus albidus maculis rubentibus distinctus, sex minimum spira« rum. List. H. An. Angl. p. 166. tit. 14. tab. 3. fig. 14. Trochus pytamidalis variegatus, limbo angusto in summo quoque orbe circumdatus. JLast. H. Conch. tab. 616. fig. \e Culs de Campe de moyenne grandeur, lisses, marbrés de rouse et de violet, 4 orbes separés parun cordon. PD Avila, cab, p. 127. No. 155. VOL. II. E Pane a LIL ‘Trochus Ziziphinus, livid. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 103. tab. 80. Jig. 103. Trochus pyramidalis imperforatus, lividus, rubro variegatus, limbo in summo quoque orbe circumdatus. Zizyphinus, Da Costa Br. Conch. tab. 3.:fig. 2: 2. p. 37. This is one of the moft elegant of the testaceous tribe found on our coasts; the colour in general is flefh colour or pale red, ele gantly variegated with deeper red or brown in streaks, waves, and chequers; when the exterior coat is worn, the shell is of a fine pearly hue. It is not an uncommon species on the English shores, and is also found in the Orkneys and the western isles of Scotland. aihew + yA ; U \ : a ¥ ah he 4 1 if 2 Pi Anis OLA SOLEN LEGUMEN. PEASECOD. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve, with equal valves, oblong, open at both ends. At the hinge a subulated tooth turned back, often double; not inserted in the opposite shell. Animal an afcidia. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Strait, oblong, rounded at both ends: smooth, and somewhat pellucid. SoLEN LecuMEN: curtus subpellucidus, ad chamas quodammodo accedens. Peasecod. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 238. sp. 61. Solen Legumen, Suboval. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 24. tab. 46. fig. 24. Concha soleniformis, levis aut levissime striata, fragilis, pellucida, testa tenuissima cornea, subalbida, aliquando fla- vescens. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 91. fig. A. Chama subfusca, angustissima, ad solenes quodammodo accedens. List. HT, Conch. tab. 420. fig. 264. E 2 PL wat E>. LO. Both Pennant and Da Costa note this as a very rare British species, The first says it is found at Red Wharf, Anglesea, in North Wales ; the latter received it from Christchurch, in Hampshire. We have found it on the shores of Glamorganshire, and also in abundance in the sandy bay of Caermarthen this summer. u ‘ . i f . i i i is f ’ 0 ke , ty ree) j : @ hy ve ae fe a4 b f 1 ce nt 4 ' ‘ q | 5 Ly ; ‘ mt | ae * : vin o) iJ x “ i ; f ee . & ) ae ry A x aa —_ j ‘ i : it - t i bad i re, ' wel Fy? a oo frie t | = ‘ i ‘ ' 4 ‘ 1 f t j ‘/ ’ a ‘ ml® i \ ‘ re i ‘ ' fa . a al a ‘ "ae ‘ x » \ ” bj " i oT Ay We Ve ye, 4 ee aie ahs Evi Par LNA P et A ‘d ® 4 i . : ' i ; i} R Wy ' . i 7 } i i he ies! 2 eT ‘i a a4 hs ‘ig ie i ‘ iu if ‘ i vi 1 1 , i . ’ ( j i i bod] vi r sf t bail ‘ , i ' 1 \ + . . i 1 ’ A i i i te f na i ~ ‘ee t ha i a4 x . “¢ ‘ i i PLATE. eLIV. 7 CARDIUM LAVIGATUM. EARGE HIGH-BEAKED COCKLE,. GENERIC CHARACTER. ‘Two teeth near the beak, and another remote one on each side of the shell. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell somewhat oval, slightly striated longitudinally, CarRpDIUM L&vIGATUM: testa obovata: striis obsoletis longitudi- nalibus. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3251. sp. 18. Pectunculus maximus, at minus concavus; plurimis minutioribus & parum eminentibus striis donatus, rostro acuto, minusque incurvato. List. H..dn. Angl. p. 187. ttt. 32. tab. 5. fig. 32. Pectunculus subfuscis striis leviter tantum incisis. Lust H. Conql. tab. 332. fig. 169. Pectunculus major striis angustis. Petty. Gaz. tab. 93. fig. 10. Large high-beaked Cockle. Wallis Northwmb. p. 395. Cardium Levigatum. Smooth. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 40, tab. 51. jig. 40. Cardium obovatum striis obsoletis longitudinalibus. LavigaTuM. Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. V78. sp. 18. E 3 PLATE LIV. We have observed, that this species is in general discoloured, and deeply tinged with brown or yellow ; when fine it is whitish, sleek, and covered with an epidermis. It is found on most of our coasts, yet it is by no means common. Da Costa notes it from Yorkshire, Northumberland, Dorsetshire, Cornwall, Carnarvonshire, and the Orkneys. SRR ter) HAN “2 Age q min Ey Y DA CHeD Peal Tb ivan it ea’ sain ial ’ Poteree keh. BV, MYTILUS CYGNEUS, GREAT HORSE, OR SWAN MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. 7 The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. ‘ Somewhat oval, one end rounded, the other extended, narrow, and compressed ; thin and brittle. MytTitus CyGNnevs: testa ovata anterius compressiuscula fragilis~ sima, cardine laterali. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3355.15. | Mytitus Cycnevs: concha testa oblonga ovata longitudinaliter subrugosa, postice compresso-prominulo. Linn. Fn, Suec. 1. p. 380.- No. 1332. Musculus latus maximus, testa admodum tenui, ex fusco viridescens, palustris. Lust. App. H. An. Angl. p.8. tit. 30. tab. 1. fig. 3. and App. H. An. Angl. in Goedart. p. 9. tit. 30. tab. 1. fig. 3.—Musculus latus maximus & tenuissimus é cceruleo virides- cens, fere palustris. . Conch. tab. 156. fig. 11, E 4 Piast LY, Musculus fluviatilis maximus, profunde striatus latus ; testa admodum tenui, ex fusco viridescens, interdum rufescens, intus argenteus. Gualt.1. Conch. tab.. fig. F’. Mytilus Cygneus. Swan. Penn. Brit. Sool. No. 718. tab. 67. No, 78. Mytilus fluviatilis maximus, admodum tenuis ex fusco viridescens. Cycneus. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 214. sp. 46. ‘This species is not uncommon in our Rivers, Ponds, &c. but is less frequent than the Mytilus Anatinus, or Smal! Horse Muscle, which bears some resemblance to it. Mytilus Anatinus is rarely more than half the size of Mytilus Cygneus, is more compressed, and has the cartilage side extended in a straight line to an acute angle at one end. The usual length of Mytilus Cygneus is about two or three inches, its breadth five or six inches. The valves deep, or concave. ‘The outside is wrinkled transversely, and varies in colour according to the state of the Shell. The external covering, or epidermis, is thin, but strong g, and of a greenish colour ; under this the Shell is varied with bright brown, and when the coating is worn off, the whole Shell is pearly. ‘The inside is often rugged with small pearls. ‘ j “fh oe Tey, 4 dh wr Se We oe 4 ‘ ; ' ra air. Watt At 1 ' ' 4 ae f . ‘ 4 ray ne on 9 " hy ; ‘ f ' as u ot " . al , es 4 he at ' ‘ ‘ Be: U ws ‘ a, Ce: Or nee a we! : . a " ae) fe, ey if Tio oe ee > " MEPs) . f j " ‘ eee iL Ase Fe te Die . y a : : ‘ 5 , » ‘ 4 - a i] J a 5 4 = Bae aes! S uv onc ie on q = fe _) 7 a bat if 7 4 Pp % fe q { x hie ie Bi ky a ay, ‘ i i? tse ay ee BY cam 5) as a) Ss a . i a] eS Pa) a t h Nia ace : ; v ty : ’ ub | , jay wi ‘ an ai 7 7 . eto 4 es) ying ‘ a A G+ ee agar 1 ig vy, ihe | ace Maas ed = 4 + ¥ fi ; ~ j i” A? ey iM ) Dis ee 7 / wd : ’ w a) f P ‘r a ni wily . he re ‘ a! Hf th oe ca Ee ‘ ; ) yy f rms i) ee ; qr = wy, r ry wear 4 i +, a fat” a ve : Cat ; “ Rein. ba B Oe anki : Dike of ; 7 4 PY ; at Pil gly 4 ag" B ioy iz ae Hes Le ee ~, a eh £ tha ' 1s hh” n ify ; a, a A r Te ay oA aie : 7) v 4 . wh) re a Penny VT : iy * hy jr ees, 4 i ¥ re bd ae a) ee é ey yN: fe " ig siya ty ¥ NG ee io >. ; } ae f ry Paes , . ; a & i » - ey se» Aes Ss Ti m fi .) ‘alee ae a: 7 olan « 2 : on 1 ra ; ; 7 et oe ees ny Mohs i eras t 2 Maks 3 h a xin 7) oie” ee eae eT ip on i i nda ia Pa UN RE 46 Wey 8 We “ H A b ae it fe re : big ae aly 7 if f J ie _ [ vi ’ i y oan i ’ na ‘ uJ - ‘ i er BW Mic 4 Sa ant ue | ae ie ine SAP yu Nn Ht, PEA Pr “CVI. LEPAS DIADEMA. WHALE ACORN SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Triton. Shell of many unequal valves ; affixed by a stem; SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell subrotund, of six lobes, furrowed longitudinally. Leras DIADEMA: testa subrotunda, sexlobata sulcata. Gyel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3208. sp. 4. Balanus balzenz cuidam Oceani Septentrionalis adherens. Lust. HZ, Conch. tab. 445. fig. 288. Pediculus ceti, Phil. Trans. No. 222. p. 323. Epitome Trans. Soc. R. ‘Angl. Vol. 5, p. 381. tab. V1. fig. 2: Pediculus ceti, vel Lepas nuda carnosa aurita. Jdem. 1758. Vol. 50. P, 2. tab. 34. fig. 1, and fig. 1. Martin. West. Isles, p. 162 and 166. Quarta species echini plani. Rumph. Mus, tab. 14. fig. H. Balanus balenaris. AJlein. Ostrac. 176. tab. 12. fig. 98. Pediculus ceti. Boccon. recher. p. 287. Grand pou de Baleine. D’ Avil, Cab. p. 404. Balanus hemisphericus sexlobatus. Balenz. Da Costa Br. Conch. tab. 17. fig. 2.2. 2 PRALTE LVI. ‘This large and interesting species of Balani is found adhering to the Whale, whence it is called the Whale Acorn Shell. It is not uncommon in the sea round Scotland. The natives of some of. the Western Islands distinguish one species of Whale from the rest, for its great size, and the big limpets growing on their backs *. ‘The same species is common on the Whales in the Northern Seas about Newfoundland. The Animal is figured by Ellis, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1758, and resembles a cluster of small hooded and eared serpents issuing from the central cavity, and little openings at the tops of the longitudinal ribs. "The base by which it is afixed, when alive, is covered with a coriaceous skin. * Martin. Fladda Chuan,, near the Isle of Skie. are see ’ Pike . A ae Corel 4 yin r Cn ; w : A J a, we oe mr et a bal v i ; ie Ve i) ” sae ie . ie Sa ay, Lo Peat EVIL VOLUTA TORNATILIS. OV AL VOLUTE, GENERIC CHARACTER, Animal Limax. Shell spiral, aperture narrow, without a beak, Columella plicated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell oval, pointed at each end, and striated spirally. Pillar lip turned in a fold. VOLUTA TORNATILIS: testa coarctata ovata substriata : spira elevata acutiuscula, columella uniplicata. Gmel. Linn. Sy ft. p. 3437. Buccinum parvum, rostro integro, tenuiter striatum, fasciatum, cla- vicula paulo productiore, unico dente ad colu- mellam. Lust. 1. Conch. tab. 835. fig. 58. Auris Midz fasciata. Alen Ostrac. p. 37. §. 96. fp. I. No. I. Voluta tornatilis. Oval. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 86. tab. 71. fig. 86. Schroet. 2. Litterat. 3.7. 2. f. 12. 13. Ovalis. Turbo ovalis striatus rubicundus fasciis albis, columella uniplicata & unidentata. Da Costa Br. Conch. fe LOL. deb. 8. fig. 2. Si fo. F7 PLATE LVIL «* This pretty species,” says Da Costa, ‘¢ J have received from > Tinmouth and Exmouth, in Devonshire ;” and Pennant notes it from Anglesea only. en EOP Som rs a= 2 a ae aes vin i a a ay aie aie aha ‘ pk aN ene ni Aral Leena Py f La) aah a ‘i ie Oia EES LNAI. MACTRA LUTRARIA. GENERIC CHARACTER. _ Animala Tethys. Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth compli- cated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral teeth remote. SPECIFIC CHARACTER ' AND SYNONYMS. Shell oblong oval, smooth; no lateral teeth. Hinge, a small and large triangular cavity in one valve a similar cavity and an elevated triangular tooth in the opposite. MacTRA LUTRARIA: testa ovali oblonga levi, dentibus lateralibus nullis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3259. sp. 14. Concha longa lataque in mediis cardinibus cavitate quadam pyriformi insignitaa—An Chamz glycymeris Rondeletii ? List. H. Angl. p. 170. tit.19. tab. 4. fig. 19.— Chama fusca lata planior. Hest. Conch. tab. 415. fig. 259. The long and broad conch. Wallis Northumb. p. 396. No. 10. 11. Mactra lutraria, large. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 44. tab. 52. fig. 44. Chemnitz. Conch. 6. t. 24. f. 240. 241. Chama magna planior, crassa, albescens, Magna. Da Costa Br, Conch. p. 230. sp. 55. tab. 17, fig. 4 Peat E: LVI, The Mactra lutraria is so very similar in general appearance to the Mya Arenaria, that without attending to the foliated hinge of the latter, they may be confounded with each other. Both shells are scarce on the British goasts, except in certain situations. Da Costa says the Mactra lutraria is found in plenty at Scarborough, in Nor- thumberland, Lancashire, &c. and on the shores of Scotland. Dr. Maton found them on the coast of Cornwall; and we met with them very fine, perfect, and beautifully coloured, on the sands near Laugharn, South Wales. The general colour is yellowish, tinged with orange, and irregu- larly clouded with brown ; and often glossed with a delicate white ; the epidermis brown, | ok Ha ARIS at 3 7 ¥ * ts 7 ‘ ‘ ae : . = ee, ” ; a , cae ut 7 7, 5 . ee . > jl Ly ‘ Se A lateie ‘ me (ha aie : 7 . ? _ a z my? ‘~ rer em. ; ‘pn ae Have ; Ts ah ae ii =U. Ps a ch 7 AW: Phe Mi ee Bia ; a _ = ms ? é i - + ' a 7 7 wn % Fas i ys if ; “4 ; i Pane 4 tr a. | 7 : mn ¥ LU - a7 i . aan pW sl mat, i ‘ a 2h cath thie a we etn i ings re ta rie Sheng ek = 4 eee gt - Teh pt erie ae Sei italy - ; i va 4 ‘ « : ‘am ‘ j - .. Ph. eee t Nae ES iis sho tac Sonus ak ine ‘a ee eae des iy 4. Cp GY pei Wal A ag Nie re ae aoatal one mein: au pinkish iu: i wpe i : < a ey 5 a: Dad taal ena | om , ne .,. ‘ 7 a Ohiah) f sf | AS inared ee. et ~ PLAT... LIX, :. 7 TURBO STRIATUS. STRIATED WREATH SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. ~ Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, sor of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire. ‘ SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell swelled, or ventricose, white, variegated with red, and finely striated spirally. Umbilicated. TuRBo sTRIATUs: albescens rufo variegatus, eleganter striatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p.86. sp. 41. tab. 5. fig. 9. Turbo reflexus: testa umbilicata convexo-prominula : anfractibus teretibus substriatis, apertura reflexa. Gmiel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3605. 70? Cochlea cinerea, interdum leviter rufescens, striata, operculo testaceo cochleato donatas—Cochlea terrestris turbinata et striata Columnz de purpura. ¢c. 9. p. 18. ubi etiam delineatur sub hoc titulo, Cochlea turbinata. List. H. An. Angl. p. 119. tit. 5. tab. 2. fig. 5. Turbo lunaris tessellatus et striatus. Aden Ostrac. p. 55. §. 161, spec. 3. PLATE LIX. Argenv. Conch. J. p. 384. tab. 32. fig. 12. II. p. 339. tab. 28, fig. 12. | Turbo terrestris tenuissime, ipso ore circinato, cui etiam limbus latus, et striatus, albidus, Gualt J. Conch. tab. 4. fig. B. Turbo tumidis. Tumid. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 110. tab. 82. fig. 110, ‘This species is particularly noticed by most conchologists. Dr. Lister says it is the most elegant of all our snails, and is found near Oglethorpe and Burwell woods in Lincolnshire, in Yorkshire, and in Kent. Petiver found it about Charlton, in Kent; also Morton, in Northamptonshire; Pennant, in the woods of Cambridgeshire ; and Da Costa, in Surrey. It is no where common. 60 Piss eLXx. - TELLINA TRIFASCIATA. THREE STREAK TELLEN. GENERIC CHARACTER,» The hinge usually furnished with three teeth; shell generally sloping on one side. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell narrow oval, depressed, whitish, radiated with red; and striated transversely. TELLINA TRIFASCIATA : testa ovata leviuscula Sanguineo triradiata, pube rugosa. Gmiel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3233. Tellina ex rufo maculata, fasciis exasperata. ast. H. Conch. tab. 394. fig. 241. Concha rugosa, tellinz formis, lineola quadam paululum eminente ab ipso cardine ad imum ambitum donata. List. App. Hist. An. Angl. p. 19. tit. 36. tab. 1. jig. 8.—App. Hist. An. Angl. in Gedart. p. 32. Hi<36. tab, 1. fig. 8, Tellina cuneata compressa, e rubro radiata. Red Waved Bastard Tellen. Petiv. Gazoph. tab. 94. fig. 9. Tellina depressa transversim striata albescens e rubro radiata, Radiata. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 209. sp. 42. tab. 14. fig. 1. Tellina incarnata, carnation. Penn. Br. Zool, No. 31. tab. 47 VOL. IT; r Piva TE LX. This elegant species is rather uncommon upon our coasts. Da Costa says he received it from Scarborough, in Yorkshire ; and adds, it is scarce on the coasts of Cornwall, but of a larger size ; the finest coloured specimens we have seen are from Dorsetshire and Wales. The Tellina incarnata is smaller than trifaciata but very similar, and may be easily confounded with it, 61 tog Cl td Dit 9, MACTRA SOLIDA. GIRDLED. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys, Bivalve, sides unequal. Middle tooth compli- cated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral teeth remote. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Thick, transversely striated and girdled. MACTRA SOLIDA: testa opaca leviusculasubantiqua. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3259. sp. 13. Concha crassa, ex altera parte compressa, ex altera subrotunda. List. H. An. Angl. p, 114. tit. 24. tab. 4. fig. 24, —Pectunculus crassiusculus albidus. Lust. H. Conch,. tab. 253, fig. 87. Chama media fasciata crassa Petiv. Gaz. tab. 94. fig. 7. Chama minor plurimis fasciis. Jd. 7b, fig. 6. A Pectunculus with azurine circular lines interpolated, Leigh. Lancashire. tab. 3. fig. 6. Thick white striated Chama, Wallis Northum. p. 395, PEATE: -LXI. Mactta solida ; strong. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 43. tab. 51. fig. 43. A. et tab. 52. fig. 43.—Chemnitz. Conch. 6. ¢. 23. f. 229. 230. Trigonella crassa transversim fasciataa ZonaRia. Da Costu. Br. Conch. tab. 15. fig. 1. 1. —E—————————————————— ‘This species is found on many of our shores, as Kent, Dorsetshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Northumberland, the coast of Wales, &c. The girdles are most prominent in the dead shells ; the surface be- tween them appearing much worn. let Mee Wee” BRIE Meat i eit ra: é " - ‘ ’ a * \ ’ , ; 1, a: ao ioe ‘ ‘ ' a > . y . - . . ¢ s . ‘ 4 . 6 i p ple - t l - , se * & i i 7 L s é ss lg r iy Pit Be - ori: '; - d ' ry el or ® al eae a: ue ex ’ ays : : we iv ae * hy ; j * OF) P, zy * i ee - bate ; ; 4 i © = it J n - ‘ i f ' ay a Vi toed . » ¥ gs 7 tell, is ihe I j - ™ % a? , : € ri ‘ 2 y J re # . sy i i he - ~ van . os . 7 ' as i be p » => 7 ' ”s . a ‘ ff ‘ ss O \aidieg h 8 3 “ * ' F y Le, r . inl ts be. 7 : - ‘ ‘ ‘ 4 - ’ 14 2 % a) ; RM by ras a Palen on! A ae iv vi Dis. Py em th yO | Pb AN innat ae o.: fia Whe oh Pe 62 PL ate! EX, PHOLAS CRISPATA. €URLED, OR DOUBLE-FRONTED PIDDOCK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with several lesser valves at the hinge. ‘The hinges folded back and con- nected by a cartilage. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell oval, thick, wrought with transverse wrinkles, and divided down the middle by a furrow. The half next the hinge undulated or indented. A large flat curved tooth in the cavity under the beak. PuHo.as CrispaTA: testa ovali hinc obtusiore crispato striata car- dinis dente curvo. Linn. Faun. Suec. 2125. Gmel. Linn. Syst. p, 3216. sp. 6. Concha altera parte dimidia striis undatim crispatis donata, altera laevis, apophysi longa, angusta, recurva, dentiformi. An é peloridibus antiquorum? List. H. dn. Angl. p. 192. tit. 38. tab. 5. 38.—Pholas angulosus, nobis olim, concha altera, &c. Tit. 38.—A pp. H. An. Angl. in Goedart. p. 36. tab. 2. fig. 1.— Pholas latus rugosus ex dimidio dorso et asper, Hist. Conch. tab. 279. fig. 436. VOL, IL. G PoAatkr Lx Concha ex dimidia pene margine profunde striata. Merret Pin. p. 194, Chamz pholas bifrons. Furrow-ribbéd Pholas Muscle. Petiver Gaz. tab. 719. fig. 13. Pholas Crispatus. Curled. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 12. tab. 40. fe: 12. Pitaut, ou Dail Pholade. Argenv. Conch. 1. p. 365. pl. 30. p. 322. 26. H. Pholas ovalis, parte dimidia striis undatim crispatis, altera levis; dens longus angustus curvus. Bifrons. Da Costa Br. Conch. p, 242. tab. 16. fig. 4. 4. Found in great abundance on many of our shores, nitched or burs 5 3 ; rowed in the rocks and stones in Cornwall, Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Wales, &c. i a P ‘ i < . P PY 4 7 ie “i d AS ‘3 (i7@ a ae pis Te i ¥ a “Pie » * , { i i *y oa : Mw ~ ’ ” ? ‘© + , ae aie ; 7 i | “yo y — & a a ' ¢ i oe aks th: he Ruts : ‘ jot os y . LM Ke a hve Note ie as a ' are a) A) ara 63 Pe GE ea 1X ¢ ARCA NUCLEUS. SILVERY ARK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal T ethys? Shell bivalve, equivalve. Teeth of the hinge numerous, inserted between each other. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Small, somewhat triangular, smooth, silvery within. Hinge semi- circular, beset with numerous plate-like teeth. Margin finely cre- nated Arca Nuc evs: testa oblique ovata leviuscula, natibus incurvis, margine crenulato, cardine arcuato. Linn. S’ YY st. Nat. p. 1143. No. 184. Arca NucLeus : testa oblique ovata leviuscula : cardine triangulari. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3314. sp. 38. Tellina inzequilatera, margine interno minutissime dentato, sed prope cardinem denticulis spissis, elatoribus, acutis, con- spicua, oleagina, intus argentea. Gualf 1. Conch. tab. 81. fig. 2. 6G 2 PLATE LXxXIil. Pectunculus minimus levis, intus argenteus, cardine serrato. Silver Cockle. Mus. Petiv. p. 87. No. $41. et Gazop. | tab. 17. fig. Glycemeris Argentea parva subtriangularis, levis, intus argentea. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 170. sp. 13. tab. 15. fig. 6. right hand. This kind is found in great abundance on many of our shores, as Kent, Essex, Sussex, Devonshire, &c. and is also met with at Scar- borough. When these shells are fresh and perfect, says Da Costa, the outside is of an olive green, with some few transverse wrinkles ; but when rubbed or worn are quite white, andalmost smooth. ‘The inside is of a fine silvery colour. , gees ot ot nee Do, AYER EIG..1. TELLINA PLANA. FLAT TELLEN. GENERIC CHARACTER. The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally sloping on one side. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Somewhat triangular, thin, and flat. TELLINA PLANA: tenuis subrotunda plana. TRIGONELLA PLANA. Da Co/ia. p. 200. sp. 36. Tellina crassa. Flat. No. 28.—Venus borealis. Northern. Pen. Br. Sool. No. 52. Venus borealis. Linn. Syst. Nat.? Concha tenuis, subrotunda, omnium minime cava, cardinis medio sinu et amplo et pyriformi. Lust. ZZ. dn. Angl. p- 174. tut. 23. tab. 4. fig. 23. Pectunculus Jatus, admodum planus, tenuis, albidus. Lust. ZL. Conch. tab. 253. fig. 88. Slender Smooth Chama. Wallis Northumb. p. 395. G 3 PEATE LXIV. In referring this ambiguous Shell to the Tellina genus, we may incur censure, as it does not certainly possess every characteristic of a tellen, yet we conceive less impropriety in altering the genera than in retaining itasa trigonella. This Shell has been admitted as the Venus borealis of Linnzus and from the Synonyms of Lister’s figure, not without probability. We do not, however, think the Linnzan descriptions agree sufh- ciently with our Shell; it may be a variety of it, though we hesitate to admit it as such, Pennant has described this Shell twice, the old Shell is Tellina Crassa, No, 28, and the young one Venus borealis, No. 52 of that author; he adds indeed ‘* the Jeddina crassa has the habit of Venus borealis, but its sides are unequal, one being more extended than the other,”’ Da Costa has been under similar difficulties, he gives it as a species of his genus trigonella, though he says in the general description, that ‘* the hinge of this kind is of a different structure from the TRIGONELL&, for it consists of two minute, thin, plate-like, pa- rallel teeth, aside of which is a large triangular cavity, and has ne lateral teeth.’’ ( Common on several of the English shores. eA Te LXV. FIG. di. TELLINA RIVALIS, RIVER TELLEN. SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Shell oblique, somewhat ovated, furrowed transversely, and of an horn colour. TeLuina Rivatis : testa oblique subovata transversim sulcata cornei coloris. JAfaton. Linn. Trans. vol. 3. The English naturalist is indebted to Dr. William Maton, author of the Tour of the Western Counties, for the discovery of this new and interesting British species. The first account of it appeared in a paper presented by him to the Linnzan Society, and afterwards inserted in their ‘Transactions ; and it is to this gentleman also our thanks are due for the specimens figured in the annexed plate. We have seen it since in the Collection of William Pilkington, Esq. Whitehall; who recently found it in the river near Hungerford in Berkshire. od Dr. Maton, in his remarks on this species, says, ‘ It does not appear to have been described, and probably was never seen by Linnzus, nor has it been noticed by any English writer on Conchology ; a figure, however, of it occurs in Gualteri’s Index, Testacrum. Conchy- liorum (Tab. 7. fig. C.C.) but has been referred to by Professor G & PEATE LXT¥. Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Nature of Linnzus for Tedlina cornea, though it evidently differs from the latter in shape, which Linnzus considers as one of the most certain cr¢ter?a, whereby species are to be distinguished, Gualtiert mentions the Shells al- luded to as “ Musculus fluviatilis, striatus, subflavus pellucidus,” which is a vague and imperfect description, and by no means sufficient to shew in what respect it differs from T. cornea.” ‘The difference consists chiefly in the T’. rivalis being of a more oblique and sub-~ ovated form, and in having the hinge near one end; T. cornea is somewhat globose, and in particular has the hinge and beaks placed in a more central manner. Dr. Maton has generally found Tellina rivalis on chalky parts of the bed of the river Avon, and in rivulets communicating with it near Salisbury ; but has never seen it in any considerable abundance. He conceives, that if diligently sought after, it may be discovered in most rivers and streams which are inhabited by Tellina cornea. ja ad Si RS Dh HELIX ZONARIA. STRIPED SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth contracted, and lunulated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell whitish, striped, convex, rather depressed. A deep round central umbilicus. Outer lip of the mouth turned backward and spread. HeEuix ZonaRiA: testa umbilicata convexa depressiuscula : apertura oblongiuscula marginatae Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1245. No. 681.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3632. sp.63. Gualt.1. Conch. tab.3.fig. LLL. Cochleola alba fasciata cantabrigiensis, umbilico parvo. Newmarket Heath Shell. Pettv. Gaz. tab. 17. fig. 6. Cochlea alba leviter umbilicata pluribus fasciis circumdata, clavicula List. H. Conch. tab. 59. fig. 56. productiore. Cochlea umbilicata alba virgata. Virgata. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 19, tab, 4, fig. 7 PLATE LXV. The Shells figured in the annexed plate are the true C, virgata of Da Costa, but not the Helix Zonaria of Pennant, as that author has erroneously considered them in his British Conchology. It appears that the latter species came into the possession of Da Costa after the work was published, for it stands corrected in some Mss. notes in his collection, though: it is not noticed in his publication. Gmelin in his Systema Natura admits Da Costa’s Shell as the Linnean Zonaria ; Pennant’s Shell is not described by either author. It inhabits dry sandy soils and banks, and, as Da Costa observes, is common only in some parts, as in the grass on Heddington-heath in Oxfordshire, and in Hampshire in plenty. It is also found in Corn- wall, and was met with by Petiver on Newmarket-heath in Cam- bridgeshire. 66 PR APE: -LXAVE [SULLA PALETDA. PALE, OR CYLINDRIC BULLA, GENERIC CHARACTER. Shell suboval.. Aperture oblong, very patulous, and smooth or even. One end rather convoluted. SPECIFIC CHARACDER. Cylindric, white, glossy, four prominent wrinkles on the pillar lip. BuLLA PALuipA: testa cylindrica, spira elevata acuta. Linn. Mus. Reg. p. 588. No. 223. Voluta pallida testa integra oblongo ovata, spira elevata columella quadruplicata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1189. No. 405. Concha veneris, exigua, alba, vere cylindracea. List. 17. dn. Angl. . tab. 714. fig. 70. Porcellana integra admodum tenuis, fimbriata; dorso pulvinato, candidissima. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. V5. fig. 4. Bulla, cylindracea, cylindric. Penn. Br. Sool. No. 85. tab. 70. fig. 85. Bulla exigua cylindracea, levis et nivea. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 30. sp. 16. tab. 2. fig. 7. PLATE LXVI. Bulla cylindricea is esteemed a very rare species by collectors of English Shells. It is found on the western coasts of England. Da Costa received them from Cornwall and Weymouth; and Lister notes them from Barnstaple in Devonshire. The smallest figures denote the natural size. ain _ i* \ D } ‘ * ‘ . ’ ‘ A od , : . ‘ 4 : } a ® h ! : i ie pe ) yin Rep } E 4 . nes rot : a] 4 i , 2 ‘4 ) is ) 7 ae 4 a j ‘ f fe = PEATE \LXVIE VENUS DECUSSATA. RETICULATED. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Somewhat oval, wrought with transverse and longitudinal striz, or prominent ridges, which cross or decussate each other; outside brown, inside white, with violet spots near the hinge. Cuneus reticulatus, longitudinaliter et transversim vel decussatim striatus, subrufus, intus ex parte violaceus. Reti- culatus. Reticulated Purr. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 202. tab. 14. fig. 4. 4. Venus DecussaATA: testa ovata antice angulata decussatim striata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1133. No.149. Mus. Reg. p. 509. No. 77? Concha quasi rhomboides, in ‘medio cardine utrinque circiter tnbus exiguis denticulatis donata. List. H. An. Angl. p. 171. tit. 20. tab. 4. fig. 20. PLATE LXVIl. Chama fusca striis tenuissimis donata. List. L7Zist. Conch. tab. 425. fig. 2 Chama Purrs anglice dicta, et Tellina fasciata compactilis radiata | ‘ intus ex parte subaurea, interdum subpurpurea. List. Exercit. Anat. 3. p. 25227. tab. 3.— Wallace Orkn. p. 42.—Chama nostras striis ca- pillaceis. Mus. Petiv. p.83. No. 811. Purra fasciata et radiata. Cornwall Purr. Petw. Gaz. tab. 95. fig. 8.—Chama, Purrs. Dale Harw. p. 387. No.5. Venus litterata, lettered. Penn. Brit. Sool. p, 96. 53. The young Shells of this species vary considerably in their colours and markings, but are in general remarkable for their elegance; as they encrease in growth, those colours and markings gradually fade, and in old Shells become altogether obscure. It is found in plenty on most of the southern coasts of England and Wales. * Gmelin makes a new species of Lister’s shell in the Systema Nature, under the flame obscura, without noticing any other author who describes the samé kind “ Venus obscura testa fusca: striis perpendicularibus tenuissimis, p. 3289. sp. 99.” Pa + gd PoAdt EF LXVim: VENUS STRIATULUS. STRIATED. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth ; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, and marked with three or four lon« gitudinal rays of brown. PectTuncuLus STRIATULUS parvus transversim striatus fusco ra- diatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 191. sp. 27. tab. 12. fig. 2. 2. Venus Gallina testa subcordata radiata : striis transversis obtusis, car- dinis dente postico minimo, margine crenulato. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1130. No. 119.—Fn, Se. 2. No. 2143? I ee This is one of the most elegant of the British Shells. It is found on the coasts of Dorsetshire, Cornwall, and the isles of Scilly, and also on those of Wales. The general colour is pale flesh colour, PLATE LXVIIL radiated and figured with a chestnut brown, but in some instances they vary to an uniform brown or orange, obscurely spotted with black. Da Costa is the only English author who notices this species. Pei 2s ae erin - “eatarer ¥ . ae — PLATE -LXIX, PHOLAS PARVUS. SMALL PIDDOCK. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal ascidia. Shell bivalve, opening wide at each end, with several lesser valves at the hinge. The hinges folded back arid cons es nected by a cartilage. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell oval, thin; wrought with transverse wrinkles, and divided down the middle by a furrow. The half next the hinge undulated or indented. A slender and oblique curved tooth in the cavity under the beak. Size of a hazel nut, Pholas Parvus. Little. Pen. Br. Zool. sp. 13. Puoias Parvus: simillima tota structura Pholade Bifronte, Duy Costa Br. Conch. p. 241. sp. 67. er ere eres eer RE ‘This shell was first described by Pennant in his Zoology ; he says it very much resembles the Pholas crispatus but is never found larger than a hazel nut. Da Costa describes it also, but doubts whether it TOL: It. H PLATE LXIXx, is a diftinct species or only a young shell of that kind. As both authors have however figured and described it separately, we have given it a place as a distinct, or at leaft doubtful species. Pennant says he found these shells in masses of fossil wood in the shores of Abergelli in Denbighshire: the bottom of their cells were round and appeared as if nicely turned with some instrument. According to this author they will also perforate the hardest oak plank that is accidentally lodged in the water. Da Costa says they are found in great quantities on the same coasts as the other kind (Pholas crispatus) nitched in the rocks and stones, and adds that there is an amazing abundance at Scarborough and Whitby in Yorkshire, nitched in the Alum and other stones. Pal | Sse | abe , A & 5 leet ASS eee a - ® s ‘ } 1 ‘ “y * ) \ f ' ‘ J . Me mS *- aa **, Pann) ‘ ohn «se ¥ 2 , ue ‘4 i , ‘ “ * ia) ; . ny i” . 4 : ® * - 4 ’ t - ' * = 5 - t ew A - d . , < i 1 in ; ‘ i e _— * : A ts : A , a! . = 4 P : 2 ‘ > or a ee . . - a, * b j ” \ ® * . i. f ay ee A, dere . 1. See hn ’ ' Al, a ms ie ei ete aan ; 3 ' i - * Ay : Re te ef aah: ‘ a2 be “zt ’. ¥ Lab ee ela Teale es i Oe a a) PLATE... LXX. / MYTILUS BARBATUS. BEARDED MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER.’ The hinge toothless, and consists of a longitudinal furrow, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Short, ventricose, obtuse, ferruginous yellow. An oblique space extending from the hinge to the apex, covered with a rude epidermis and irregular filaments. MyTILus BARBATUs: testa lzeviuscula ferruginea exterius apice bar- bata. Fn. Suec. 2157. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3353. sp. 10. Chemn. Conch. 8. ¢. 84: J. 7149. In trawling for marine productions in the Straits that divides Caer= narvon from Anglesea (Menai) last summer, we found several speci- mens of the Mytilus barbatus of a much larger size than any hitherto H 2 Pad e UXX, described by authors, as the figures in the annexed plate will fully EXPTess. Da Costa has not noticed this species, though it must have been known to him from the figures and descriptions in Pennant’s Zoology, where it stands under the name of M. Curtus. sp. 76. 4. Short. Pen- nant’s specimen scarcely exceeds the size of the second specimen figured in our plate ;—it was described from a Shell in the Portland Cabinet, that had been taken at Weymouth. Linnzeus mentions this species in the Fauna Suecica. Gmelin quotes the Works of Chemnitz for its figure, where it appears some- what smaller than in those of Pennant. It is certainly very scarce. PEAT LAX. TURBO LINEATUS. STREAKED. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Somewhat conic. Ash colour variegated with fine streaks and irregular marks of black ; a rude tooth at the top of the pillar. Turgo LINEATUS: trochiformis cinereus lineis aut lituris nigris insignitus, columella subdentata. Da Cofie Br. Conch. p, 100. sp. 56. tab. 6. fig. 7. aa ea cA RE ee eS We believe this species is rather an uncommon, or at least local kind on-the British shores, though Da Costa says it is found on the coasts of Devonshire, Cornwall, Dorsetshire, Pwllhely in Caernar- vonshire, and in plenty on the coasts of Norfolk. ‘The collection of that author contains but a single specimen, it is a worn Shell and indifferently expressed by the figure above quoted. ‘The most cha- racteristic Shells of this species we have seen, we found on the rocky H 3 Prenae LXXt. shores of Aberfraw, on the western side of Anglesea, and at Ma-~ nachty the remotest part of the same island. This Shell is large, thick, and conic or shaped like a trochus. The general colour is ashen with little variation, the lines in some are dark or almost black, in others of a pale brown, .or brown tinged with red; when the external covering is worn off the Shell appears of a fine mother of pearl. Turbo lineatus is not described by any English Author except Da Costa. bist PAD E., LXXIU, TURBO. PERVERSUS, REVERSED, OR OAT. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Taper, somewhat transparent. Spires turn from left te mght. Mouth jagged or beset with teeth. Turzo PERvERsUs: testa turrita pellucida, anfractibus contrariis apertura edentula. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1240. No. 650. Cochlea testa pellucida oblonga, spiris decem sinistrorsis, apertura subrotunda. Linn. Faun. Suec. 1. p. 372. No. 1300. 2. No, 2172. Buccinum pullum, opacum, ore compresso, circiter denis spiris fasti- giatun. List. H. An. Angl. p. 123. tit. 10. tab. 2. fig. 10. Buccinum exiguum pullum duodecim orbium. List. H. Conch. tab. 41. fig. 39. Maj. et. min. H 4 Peas LXXil. Buccinum alterum pellucidum subflayum, intra senas circiter spiras mucronatum. Lust. 17. dn. Angl. p. 124. tit, 11+ tab. 2. fig. 11.—Phil, trans, No. 105. fig. 11. The small Whirl Snail, with numerous rounds, and winding from the mouth towards the righthand. Grew, Mus. p- 132,—Aorton Northampt. p. 415.—Et Buc- cinum heterostrophum minutum fuscum sex spi- rarum ore subrotundo, Jd. p. 416. tab, 13. fig. 1. Buccinulum Anglicum heterostrophon oblongum striis capillaceis, Petts. Mus. p. 65. No. 7103. ‘Turbo perversus. Reversed, Penn. Br, Sool. No. 116. tab. 82. fig. 116. Strombiformis parvus pullus, ore compresso, anfractibus contrariis striatis. PERVERSsUs, Reversed Oat. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 107. tab. 5. fig. 15. 15. ‘This is one of the heterostrope Shells, or such as have the mouth placed on the right side instead of the left, as is ‘usual in most spe- cies. In general, heterosphe Shells are mere accidental varieties only of such as turn in the usual manner* ; but in the present instance, it constitutes a striking character of the species itself, It is a matter of some difficulty to reconcile the various opinions of authors respecting the several varieties and growths of this species ; Da Costa has entered into the enquiry ; and the result of his remarks appear at least satisfactory to us. * Reversed shells of the common garden snail have been found, though very rarely, One is mentioned by Dr. Latham in his Synopsis ef Birds, PLATE LXXIL «« These smaller ones,”’ says Da Costa, “ are the young Shells, but always with them are found old ones of double or treble the size ; in every other respect like these, but proportionally larger and stronger in their several parts and work. The plaits or foldings near the mouth are deep and very strong ; the striz stronger and more distinct ; the border round the mouth greatly turned outwards, very broad, flat, thick, milk white, and the sinuosities, jags or teeth, within, are large, white, and very conspicuous ; some are bidentated, and most of these old ones have eleven, and some even twelve spires. ** From these circumstances, authors run into confusion, by making the different growths different species. ‘The accurate and judicious Lister himself has formed two species, in his tit. 10, and 11. on the difference of the number of the spires and other slight parti- culars. ‘The several figures in Gualtieri are only varieties ; and the bidens of Linné, Syst. Nat. p. 1240. No. 649. and of Mr. Pennant, Brit. Zool. No. 117. tab. St, fig. 117. is apparently no other than an old Shell, for such large and bidentated ones I have not unfrequently found nestled with these common smaller Shells, ‘‘ Though the number of spires ina Shell is a criterion, yet it is not an infallible one, for the number of spires vary in some species, either from the growths or sexes : in such cases the young Shells have always a less number, and the males have their spires less numerous than the females. This very species is, perhaps, as strong an instance ef the difference in the number of the spires as can be, for it is found from six to twelve spires, as Linné has also noted in his fauna Suecica.” Linnzus, and Gmelin in his last Systema Nature, distinguish the Bie a SUA. two species Bidens and Perversus chiefly by the number of teeth.. The - latter is described with three teeth, the former of course with only. two. Fig. 1. 1. denotes the natural size. Fig 2. magnified. INDEX, VOL. II. LINNHAN ARRANGEMENT. ee MULTIVALVIA. Platee Fig, Lipas Diadema - < - “ . 56 Pholas crispata - - - - - 62 mmm Parvus ° - ° - ° 63 Solen Siliqua = 2 - = “ = 46 —— Legumen - - - - - = 53 -——. Ensis - - - ° = . 50 Tellina inequivalvis - - - - = 4 ¥ — variabilis - - - = = 41 ———= trifasciata - = - e- - 60 ——— carnaria - - - = = 47 —— borealis - - - = - 62 1 rivalis - - ° < = 62 Cardium levigatum > - - - © 54. Mactra Lutraria - - - - - 53 solida - = - - o 6r Venus decussata - - - - 2 67 a—— striatulus - ° - - - 68 ——— exoleta - - - - 2 42 a pee SINUOSA - - - - = 42 verrucosa - - - “ - 44 Arca glycymeris - . = ~ . 37 —— nucleus ° 2 - = - 63 Ostrea maxima . = - - - 49 womens Striata - = 2 - ° 45 Plate. Fig. Mytilus Umbilicatus ° ~ a . 5 40 — cygneus . . = = = 55 we——— barbatus - 2 = ~ a 70 UNIVALVIA. Cyprea pediculus - - = = é 43 Bulia pallida - = e = & 66 Voluta tornatilis " - . = rm 57 Murex Corneus - = = a i 38 Trochus Zizyphinus ~ - = - é 52 ‘Turbo Lineatus - ~ = = < 71 striatus - = = = = 59 ———— perversus - = = - - 72 Helix cornea = = = a = 39 = ———- lapicida - < = a 7 39 a ——- Auricularia - ° - - St I ——- stagnalis - - - ~ a 51 2 ~——- zonaria - - - 2 - 65 Dentalium entalis ° - . - ‘ 43 LINDE A TOO VOL. ACCORDING TO HISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM BRITANNIT,-o#-DA, COSTA. PART. 1. GENUS 4. * MARINE. SEA. Plate. Figs D: NTALE vulgare, common tooth-shell - “ 43 ae RRS RL PAR T.IL. UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA. GENUS 5. BULLA. DIPPER. Bulla cylindracea cylindri¢ - 2 = - 66 GENUS 6. CYPRAZA, COWRY. Cyprea pediculus, seu monacha, the Sea Louse or Nun > 43 Pore EX, 3 PART IU. UNIVALVIA TURBINATA. TROCHUS TOP SHELL, * MARINZE. SEA. Plate. Fign Trochus Zizyphinus, Livid = a ae GENUS 9. HELIX Helix Acuta, fharp - - - - - 39 2 FLUVIATILES, RIVER, GENUs 34. Cornu Arietisy Ram’s Horn - = « e 39 t COCHLEA SNAILS, TERRESTRES. LAND. Cochlea virgata, ftriped : ° i - 63 GENUS 41. TERRESTRES. LAND, TURBO. Turbo striatus, striated « . - 59 FLUVIATILES. RIVER. Plate Fig. Turbo stagnatiss Lake - - 2 = St 2 Turbo Patulus, Wide Mouth - - - 5t 2 MARINA. SEA, Turbo lineatus, streaked = - = o q1 = = - 57 Turbo ovalis. Oval GENUS 12. STROMBIFORMIS. NEEDLE SNAIL. TERRESTRES. LAND. Strombiformis perversus, reversed or oat MARINZE, SEA. Murex gracile, flender (SR a ae ea ee ORDER 2. BIVALVES, GENUS 1. PECTEN. ESCALLOP. “Pecten vulgaris, common - “ - = 49 GENUS 2. OSTREUM. OYSTER. : - 45 Ostreum striatum, striated rie im eX Paves ot. i: MARINE. SEA. GENUS 4. GLYCYMERIS. Plate. Glycymeris orbicularis, orbicular - - - 37 Glycymeris Argentea, silvery - = - 63 GENUs 6.. CARDIUM: HEART COCKLE, MARINA... SEA. Cardium Levigatum, smooth 2 = = a4 Cardium carneosum, ficfh.coloured =. = - 47 PECTUNCULUS. COCKLE. Pectunculis strigatus, ridged 3 » = 44 Pectunculus capillaceus, Hair streaked % - 42 * * GENUS 3. TRIGONELLA,. MARINZE SEA. Trigonella zonaria, girdled - 2 2 x ér Trigonella plana, flat - - - - 62 GENUS 9. cuNEUS. PURR. €uneus reticulatus, reticulated Purr = . F3 67 GENUS 10. *TELLINA. ‘TELLEN. Tellina radiata, rayed 2 - » . 60 Ni Dt Bi. Xi. GENUS ll. MYTILUS MUSCLE. FLUVIATILES RIVER. Plate. Mytilus Cygneus, great Horse Muscle - - 5S MARINE. SEA. Mytilus curvirosttis, wry beak - - - 40 Mytilus barbatus, bearded - S - - 79 PA I Bit. GENUS 13. CHAMA. GAPER. MARINE. - SEA. €hama magna, large ° - - - 58 GENUS 14. SOLEN. SHEATH OR RAZOR SHELL. Solen siliqua. Pod - - - - - 46 Solen ensis. Scymetar - - = = 59 Solen legumen. Peasecod - - - 5 $3 — PARP EV. MULTIVALVES, GENUS 16. PHOLAS. PIDDOCKS. Pholas bifrons, double-fronted - - = 62 Pholas parvus - A = “4 - &9 VOL. IIe 5, 1 I F. ige TN i Bo Xs GENUS 17. BALANUS. MARINZE. SEA, Balanus Balzena, Whale - - - ACORN, ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL, II, rs as ee en, AcuTaA Helix, Sharp i . i Auricularia Helix, Ear, or Wide Mouth River Snail Barbatus Mytilus, Bearded - . = Borealis, ‘Teilina S 2 = A Carnaria, Tellina, Flefh coloured Tellen - Cornea, Helix, Ram’s Horn - - Corneus, Murex, Horny ox slender Whelk . Crispata, Pholas, Curled or Double fronted Piddock Lygneus, Mytilus, Great Horse or Swan Muscle Decussata, Venus, reticulated = - Diadema, Lepas, Whale Acorn Shell = - Ensis, Solen, Scymetar = = = Entalis, Dentalium, Tooth Shell - - Exoleta, Venus, ant.quated - - - Glycymeris, Arca, Orbicular Ark - - Inzquivalvis, Tellina, Unequal-valved Tellen - Lapicida, Helix, Acute-edged - - Levigatum, Cardium, Large High-beaked Cockle Lzgumen, Solen, Peasecod - - ° Lineatus, Turbo, streaked - - - Lutraria, Mactra, Large Gaper - - Maxima, Ostrea, Great Scallop - ~ Nucleus, Arca, Silvery Ark ~ = Pallida, Bulla, Pale or Cylindric Bulla - - Parvus, Pholas, Small Piddock - - Pediculus, Cyprea, Sea Louse, Cowry, or Nun - Perversus, Turbo, Reversed or Oat ~ - Rivalis, Tellina - Be = s Siliqua, Solen, Large or Pod Solen - - Sinuosa, Venus, Indented Venus Shell = Solida, Mactra, Girdled = = = Stagnalis, Helix, Lake Snail - = = Plate. 39 51 go 62 47 39 33 62 55 67 56 50 48 42 37 41 39 54 53 71 58 49 63 Figs 2 I aN DE Xx. Plate. Fig. Striata, Ostrea, Striated Oyster 2 “ * 45 Striatulus, Venus, striated - ~ * “ 68 Striatus, Turbo, striated Wreath Shell - - 2 59 Tornatilis, Voluta, Oval volute “ A < 57 Trifasciata, Tellina, Threé-streaked Tellen - - 60 Variabilis Tellina, variable - - ° = 41 2 Verrucosa, Venus, Warted Venus Shell - =. 44 Umbilicatus, Mytilus, Umbilicated or Wry Beak Muscle - 4o Zizyphinus, Trochus, Livid Top Shell = = 5 52 Zonaria, Helix, Striped Snail = - ~ - - 65 hs er yess Printed by Bye and Law, St. John’s-Square, Clerkenwell. rer rR THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BEELISH SHELLS. INCLUDING FIGURES anp DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED IN GREAT BRITAIN, SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED IN THE LINNEAN MANNER, WITH SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH, ED CD Ce VOL. ITT. $a 22> By E. DONOVAN, F.L.S. AUTHOR OF THE NATURAL HISTORIES OF BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &c. &c. I nee LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, AND FOR F. AND C. RIVINGTON, N° 62, ST. PAUL’S CHURCH-YARD, BY BYE AND LAW, ST. JOHN’s SQUARE, GLERKENWELL. a OOS a 1801. ox ‘ ean MeN ss - ‘ ' 7 ee ube eth, ue LaF a, wih Sigelcs, eee 1 oY | ae . ernie: aah ae ar aS ae ee ht wa ai ana the? (aie ot ae Rage : oe ey a es, rey 8 : “panne sgaayess any a | ty a cu on a’ . r rae rhe a5 ae: ee fe ie i pe i y P a be ‘ uvem Fr a | " sale! “high hal hie OR . : Sis ae Fae tet uy ww af 4 Pade 5 . 7 ‘ ie to , y yey rf teas Ue eS by See mi Saw ee we het A) Vi ie , eae ’ 4 AT SIP | his Were? Se of | Ee a ; aie a ae ety F , , ta 4 ? 4 > OT! daryiky cod ea.’ Sorte j ; a's yy 4 We ers doe > ot . 4 : * Hl a ee y Mi : tg. A4 ie as , es 4 ‘ ot, we . L$ ‘ wt * ‘ 4 F * \ es ti Va ve a '. Af BY AY ke ie q a . wi , : y it eae o “ee. Y 7 “ 4 be : a : i oe bic 4 _ ; > sy ‘ mn , _ h, \ er eS ‘ Le RSAee a eas Rie we i 4 *> _s ~ 7 “ " j a > i hy | ey “ta 22 sake oe cervenods ia va ek ’ Bee Sige siete ac sa Pek gar Baie» a es a ‘ “ary ° lo * i ee ah ae x" 4 Py hc - ra ; a : F 4 ar non sae hee a bo) a oat : - oa . 3 ' * % Fa ay es) f . at > ae ae Oe SF Ve . i | had i +) Tae ele |) ra ‘ ~* rial hw ts F ae os ma; pr as Nid bi r Jes 9 Po ate sei “Sf eed 77 ay ram | een ol ay * ng ‘ ‘—- wa ee a 7) ya he ad . sop ce of : na Reena 5 ae ‘ . hen | i AG ’ THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SHELLS. ———» 006 PE 690 0———— PLATE LXXIl. MYA MARGARITIFERA. RIVER PEARL MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick strong broad tooth, not inserted into the oppofite valve. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell oblong, thick, and covered with a coarse black epidermis, much decorticated or worn down about the beaks. A large notched coni¢ tooth in one valve, and two small ones in the other. A 2 PLATE LXXIII. Mya MarRGARITIFERA: testa ovata anterius coarctata, cardinis dente primario conico, natibus decorticatis. Linn. Fn. Suec. 2130.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 32195 sp. 4. Mya nigrescens crassa. 8¢ ponderosa margaritifera. Margaritifera. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 225. sp. 53. tab. 15. TiS. Go Ge Musculus niger omnium crassissima et ponderosissima testa. Conchz longe species. Gesn. Aldrov. List. App. An; Angl. poly. tt. SY tab ls fia. eM App. H. An. Angl. in Goed. p. 15. tit. 31. found. Wis. Xi; Musculus niger omnium longe crassissimus. Conchz longz species. Gefn. & Aldr. Hist. Conch. tab. 149. fig. 4. Musculi margaritiferi. Bede Hist. Ecclesiast. I. 1. ¢. 1. Martin’s West. Isles. p.' 1. Ke. | Pearl Muscles. Leigh Lancashire, p. 134. Mytulus major margaritiferus. Wallis Northumb. p. 403. No. 42. Mya margaritifera. Pearl. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 18. tab. 43. fig. 18. «« This shell,” says Pennant, is noted for producing quantities of pearl. ‘There have been regular fisheries for the sake of this pre- cious article in several of our rivers. Sixteen have been found in one shell. They are the disease of the fith analogous to the stone in the human body. On being squeezed, they will eject the pearl, and often cast it spontaneously in the sand of the stream. ’ «¢ The Conway was noted for them in the days of Camden. A notion also prevails that Sir Richard Wynne, of Gwydir, chamber- PRAT E “LXXTT lain to Catherine queen to Charles II. presented her majesty with a pearl (taken in this river) which is to this day honoured with a place in the regal crown. They are called by the Welsh Cregin Diluw, or Deluge Shglls, as if left there by the flood. a ilie. rire; in Cumberland, was also productive of them. The famous circumnavigator, Sir John Hawkins, had a patent for fishing that river. He had observed pearls plentiful in the straits of Magel- lan, and flattered himself with being enriched by procuring them within his own island. “ In the last century, several of great size were gotten in the riyers.in the county of Tyrone and Donegal, in Ireland. One weighed thirty-six carats, was valued at 40], but being foul lost much of its worth. Other single pearls were sold for 41. 10s. and even for 101, The last was sold a second time to lady Glenlealy, who put it into a necklace, and refused 80]. for it from the duchess of Ormond.”’ << Suetonius reports, that Cesar was induced to undertake his British expedition for the sake of our pearls; and that they were so large that it was necessary to use the hand to try the weight of a single one*+ I imagine Czsar only heard this by report; and that the crystaline balls in old leases, called mineral pearl, were mistaken for them +.” “© We believe that Cxsar was disappointed of his hope: yet we are told that he brought home a buckler made with British pearl t, which PP Dn ——— * Sueton. Vite Ful. Cas. c. Ixiv. + Woodward's Method of Fossils, 29- part 2, t Plinii, lib. 9. ¢. 35. Tacit. Vit. Agricole. B 3 PLATE LXxXIil. he dedicated to, and hung up in the temple of Venus Genetrix. A proper offering to the goddess of beauty, who sprung from the sea. I cannot omit mentioning, that notwithstanding the classics honour our pearl with their notice, yet they report them to be small and ill coloured; an imputation that in general they are still liable to. Pliny says, ‘* that a red small kind was found about the Thracian Bospho- rus, in a shell called Mya, but does not give it any mark to ascertain the species.” The Mya Margaritifera is found only in great rivers, and chiefly in those of the northern parts of Great Britain. Da Costa mentions the - Tees, Alne, North and South Tyne, Tweed, Dee, Don, &c. and adds, generally inhabits the deeper parts, as gulphs, whirlpools, &c, The fishermen in the neighbourhood of the river Conway some- times collect those shells, and extract the pearl, but as they are now become scarce, and the price inconsiderable, the fishery affords them little encouragement. Pobiae 2 @¢ LXXIV. TROCHUS CINERARIUS. UMBILICAL TOP SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a slug. Shell spiral sub-conic. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Umbilicated or perforated at the base. Not very conic. Five whirls.—Colours various, generally greenish, radiated obliquely with red or brown. Trocuus CINERARIUs: testa oblique umbilicata, ovata, anfractibus rotundatis. Lznn. Syst. Nat. p. 1229. No. 590. Trochus planior umbilicatus, undatim ex fusco perbelle radiatus, Umpaiuicatis Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 46. tab. 3. fig. 4. 4. Trochus planior undatim ex rubro late radiatus. List. H. Conch. tab. 641. fig. 32. Umbilicated Top shell. Dale Harwich. p. 381. No. 4. Trochus Umbilicaris. Umbilical. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 106. tab. 80. fig. 106. A very common species on most of the British shores. A 4 At dcuk® oe ge ‘ ‘> a! a *, Ma RA - PLATE LXXV. HELIX VORTEX. COMMON WHIRL SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell of five wreaths, horizontal. Somewhat convex on the upper side, under side flat, and carinated, or surrounded with a sharp edge. HE.LIx VorTEX: testa carinata; supra concava, aperture ovali plana. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1243. No. 667. Cochlea testa plana fusca: supra concava, anfractibus quinque, mar- gine acuto. Linn. Fn. Suec. I. p. 374. No. 130. 4. VL., Nox 2V72: Cochlea exigua, subfusca, altera parte planior, sine limbo, quinque spirarum. Lust. H. An. Angl. p. 145. ttt. 28. tab. 2. fig. 28. Cochlea exigua quinque orbium. Lust. Conch. tab. 138. fig. 43. Planorbis polygirata minor. Petty. Gaz. tab. 92. fig. 6.7. Morton Northampt. p. 4171. Helix vortex, Whirl. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 124. tab. 83. fig. 124. PLATE LXXxV. Cochlea exigua plana sine limbo. Planorbis. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 65. sp. 36. tab. 4. fig. 12. A very common species of aquatic snail in stagnant waters and rivers. It is flat and thin, and has not a prominent border as in Helix Limbata of Da Costa, or Helix Planorbis of Pennant. oe & é sl ae ; # \ : : : . ‘ , : > 7 Tr —<—— v e y we ; 7 oy 8 he Ee P; ee Ce ee ey ee ee Pina + Ee XX Vi. BUCCINUM RETICULATUM. RETICULATED WRY MOUTHED WHELK, GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal slug. Shell spiral, gibbous, aperture oval, ending in a short canal. SPECIFIC CHARACTER 4 AND SYNONYMS. | Oblong, reticulated, or furrowed transversely and longitudinally. Mouth beset with prominent teeth. BuccINUM RETICULATUM: testa ovato-oblonga transversim ftriata, longitudinaliter rugosa, apertura dentata. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3495. sp. 111. Buccinum recurvirostrum cancellatum, columella sinuosa, labro dentato. Reticulatum. Da Cofta. Br. Conch. p. 131. tab. 7. fig. 10. Buccinum breyi rostrum cancellatum, dense sinuosum, labro dentato. List. H. Conch. tab. 966. fig. 21. Buccinum marinum cancellatum. Small latticed Whelke. Petzv. Gaz. tab. 715. fig. 4. PLATE LXXVI. Dale Harw. p. 283. No.7. & p. 285. No. 3. Smooth chequered Whelk. Smith. Cork. p. 318. Very common on several of our sea coasts, especially on those of Essex, Kent, Sussex, &c. Also found in Wales and Ireland. PLATE LXXVII: VENUS ISLANDICA. THICK VENUS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Biyalve. Hinge furnished with three teeth; two near each other, the third divergent from the beaks. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell strong, thick, heavy, covered with epidermis ; space in which the hinge is inserted gaping. Margin acute and entire. White within. Venus IsLanpIcA: testa transversim striata rudi, nymphis hiantibus, ano nullo. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3271. sp. 15. Pectunculus major crassus, albo castaneus. Crassus, Du Costa Br. Conch. sp. 183. tab. 14. fig. 5. Concha € maximis, admodum Crassa, rotunda, ex nigro rufescens. Last, H. An. Angl. p. 1710. tit. 22. tab. 4. fig. 22. Pectunculus maximus, subfuscus, valde gravis. List. H. Conch. tab. 272. fig. 108. Venus mercenaria. Commercial. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 47. tab. 53. fig. 47. PLATE LXXvVIil. Chama inzquilatera, lievis, crassa, subalbida. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 85. fig. B. Da Costa notices a material error amongst the synonyms Lin- nzus has given with his description of Venus Mercenaria. The Venus Mercenaria of Linnzus is the shell called North American Clam, and of which the Wampun, or indian money, is made; this is not the species found on our coast and figured by Lister, p. 173. as Linnezus imagined, but a shell altogether distinct; the English species Lister notices, is the true Venus Islandica of the Linnzan Systema Nature. This error has misled Pennant, who confounds the North American kind with our species, at least as a variety having a purple tinge within it. Gmelin was aware of this mistake, for in his edition of the Systema Nature, both the plates and descriptions of Pen- nant and Da Costa are referred to in the synonyms of Venus Islandica. This shell is perfectly white when fine, and is thickly covered with a fibrous epidermis of a black, or brownish colour. Found on several of our coasts. Da Costa mentions Northumberland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Dorsetshire, Caernarvonshire, and other shores of Wales. Aberdeenshire, and the islands of Orkney, &c, it Scotland, PLATE “LXXVIII. ARCA CAUDATA. TAILED ARK SHELL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Tethys. Shell bivalve equivalve. Teeth of the hinge numerous, inserted between each other. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Oblong oval, one end rotundated, the other produced or length- ened out, angulated, and truncated at the end. ARCA CAUDATA: testa oblongo ovali anterius rotundata posterius elongata angulata, apice subtruncata. Very rare, and not hitherto described as a British species. Found on the Kentish coast, ee so lent a “aaa aio ortmmase y - ‘ - /3 ieee LX KING BULLA RESILIENS. ELASTIC BULLA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Shell rather convoluted at one end, sub-oval. Aperture oblong. Shell oval, pellucid, elastic. Spire somewhat depressed and cana- liculated, or grooved along the margin. BuLLA REsILIENS: ovalis, pellucida, vi resilienti przedita, spira. subdepressa anfractibus canaliculatus. This interesting species of Bulla, which has lately been found in Devonshire, and considered as a new discovery, was first in- troduced to the notice of English Conchologists by the Rev. Mr. Cordiner. He discovered them some years ago on the shores of Bamff, one of the Scottish islands, and sent them, with several others, disposed in a grotto work, as a present to the late Du- chess of Portland. Since that time they have been found at Ly- mington, in Dorsetshire, by Mr. Keate; and lastly, during the ¥OuL.. 1Il. B PLATE LAXIX. summer months of 1800, was taken in a moat near Portsmouth, by J. Laskey, Esq. of Crediton, who favoured us with some particulars respecting the animal inhabiting it. In a young state, he says, it has the appearance of a winged insect, and sports in its watery element with all the liveliness of a butterfly, and formed a pleasing object when kept alive in a glass of sea water. It seems to prefer little pools, or still waters within reach of the tide, to more exposed situations. In general the specimens that have been found at Portsmouth are very small, the shell from which the upper figure is copied far exceeding the others in size. This species, though very thin and brittle, is yet so elastic as to bear much compression with- out injury, and in this respect differs from every other British species of Bulla already known. Amongst the foreign kinds are several elastic kinds; and this very species is found of a much larger size in the Mediterranean Sea.——Independent of its elasticity, the convoluted apex is a material character of this shell, considered as a British species. Pe ee a (ae) Whig wy ts -* ss ae - “¢ ‘ a : " i - ‘| oo 4 len 6 Ce re! Pig a = tee Me 1 Sou ‘ 2 Bos P 4 i es i. ee bess */; ae AP A 0 . . & F : F ’ ® ¥ * Pe, nn ~ a) i “ « 4 rt ~ > * ‘ a ” — ri pS - ! a i “ees » ; = a : x ‘ 7 sa = Fh re - ’ ; - 7 i iy = Z é ee" - \ A 4 & ; ' 2" 2 Lt A= . ‘ + 4 t i" Paid } wa: Doe) ee ee eeras Ca my > i, ’ ay , ’ L ‘ * a ie, P = « » 2, ¥ 4 | - ae x iv var i i MO: ay ra) As 7 7 : ; ’ A te ’ Nades La / ‘ ey os : - P ' u ' ms - BR - ae _ i + r —. ’ i - ‘ i ‘ . e Zz é o ; 1. —— a . Pr i 4 as » an fs ey #8 = % . ‘ « rs - . j i # ‘ Oe eg aN! re G. Ald her a ia ph: Wile ait ‘ H $ : 7 Ne ‘ = = ow | = , ad ( ios Oa P , % ee 5. ot . ‘ a) 4 W ‘ é > = > Ree ee ea a 2 ie Lee) ht ae ee ae Pia t f° EXK:. TURBO MUSCORUM. CYLINDRIC, OR MOSS WREATH SHELL, GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Univalve, spiral or of a taper form. Aperture somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Cylindric, pellucid, six spires, separated by a strong furrow, obtuse at the tip. Mouth oval. TursBo Muscorum: testa ovata obtusa pellucida: anfractibus senis secundis, aperture edentula. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3611. sp. 94. Cochlea testa subpellucida, spiris sex dextrorsis, subcylindracea obtusa, Linn, Faun. Suec. 1. p. 372. No. 1301. 2. No. 2173. Turbo minimus mucrone obtuso, sive vere cylindraceus. C* ‘ylindra- ceus, tab. 5. fig. 16. | Buccinum exiguum subflavum, mucrone obtuso, sive cylindraceum. List. H. An. Angl. p. 121. tit. 6. tab. 2. fig. 6: Buccinulum minimum oyale. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 35. fig. 6. Morton, Northampt. p. 415. Turbo Muscorum., Pen. Br. Zool. No. 118. tab. 82. fig. 118 ? PLATE *LXXX. Linnzus and Da Costa have described this species with six spires ; Pennant mentions only four; and we have remarked, that those with four spires are more numerous than the others. It is a small shell, rarely exceeding the size of the smallest figures in the annexed plate; is very transparent, smooth and glossy, but under the magnifier exhibits many longitudinal streaks. This shell inhabits mosses on old walls, thatches, trees, &c. It has been found by Da Costa in Middlesex and Surry ; by Petiver on the sandy banks of the Thames, at Kingston, in the latter county. Dr. Lister, in plenty at Estrope, in Lincolnshire. Morton, in great plenty in the ground near Morsley Wood, in Northamptonshire; and re- ceived also by Da Costa, from Leeswood, in Flintshire. r By | a oa 0 pana i. PAT Be EXXxh MYTILUS PELLUCIDUS. PELLUCID MUSCLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. The hinge toothless and consists of a longitudinal furrow. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong, very pellucid, rayed longitudinallywith purple. MyTILus PeLLucipus: oblonga pellucida longitudinaliter violaceo~ radiata. Myrtitus PpELLUcIDus. Penn. Brit. Zool. 4. p. 112. sp. 75. This is one of the new species of Mytilus discovered by Pennant on the coast of Anglesea, where he says, it is ‘* found sometimes in oyster-beds, and sometimes in trawling over slutchy bottoms.’? We dredged up a specimen of it in the straits of Menai, but it was rather less of an oblong form than that described and figured by Pennant; and another similar to it was also found on the Flintshire shores :— both Pennant’s specimen and ours are figured in the annexed plate. VOU. IIT. Ah, PLATE LXXXI. We have lately received a very analogous species, if not a mere variety of it from Portsmouth; but those were evidently of foreign erowth, having been gathered from the bottom of the William Tell prize snip, soon after its arrival from Malta. ~ i oe, LAXALT, MYA DECLIVIS. SLOPING MYA, OR GAPER. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, and broad tooth, not inserted into the opposite valve. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell somewhat oval, posterior end obliquely angulated. ‘Tooth f the hinge thick and scarcely prominent. Mya DECLIvIs: testa subovali, postice oblique subangulata. Car- -dinis dente crasso vix prominente. Mya Dectivis with a brittle, half transparent shell, with a hinge slightly prominent; less gaping than the truncata ; near the open end sloping downwards. Penn. Br. Zool. Vol. 4. p. 19. sp. 15. PLATE. UXXXtl. Pennant informs us that this species is frequent about the He- brides ; and that the fish is eaten by the gentry. We cannot - question his authority in this respect, but must observe, it is un- commonly rare in cabinets of British Shells, and has not even been noticed, we believe, by any other Author.—Pennant has not figured it, 2S Pid © EXXXUr VENUS GRANULATA. SPECKLED VENUS. GENERIC CHARACTER. Bivalvee Hinge furnished with:three teeth; two near each other, and the third divergent from the beaks. SPECLFIG’ CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell rotund, sulcated longitudinally and decussated with transverse striz ; margins crenulated. Outside whitish, variegated with livid and purple spots. Inside violet, Venus GRANULATA: testa rotundata decuffatim striata anterius et margine crenulato violacea. Gel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3277. sp. 33. Venus marica. Born. Mus. Ces. vind, test. t. 4. f. 5. 6. Born has figured and described this shell as Venus Marica, and to distinguish it from a Linnzan species of the same name some con- PLATS... LXXXIil. chologists have denominated it Venus Marica spuria. It is the Venus granulata of Gmelin, who refers to Born’s figure in the synonyms. ~ Gmelin describes another shell under the name of Venus Violacea ; which nearly agrees with V. granulata, V. VIOLACEA: testa intus violacea: striis perpendicularibus squamosis, margine denticulato. Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3288. sp. 94. This shell is figured in Laster’s Conch. t. 338. f. 175. and is destitute of those external marks and specklings we have invariably observed on specimens of Venus gra~ nulata. V. granulata is very rare on our coast. ‘The smallest shell in the annexed plate was found in Cornwall. The large specimen is pro- bablyan old shell of this species. Pia HE LXXXIV; HELIX POMATIA. ITALIAN OR EXOTIC SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. _ Aperture of the mouth contracted and Junulated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. ¢ Shell globose, with five spires, and umbilicated; whitish fasciated with brown. Mouth rather roundish. Heiix PoMATIA: testa umbilicata subovata obtusa decolore, aper- tura subrotundo-lunata. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3627. sp. 41. F'n. Suecs 1283. Cochlea magna cinereo rufescens, fasciata, leviter umbilicata. Po- MATIA. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p, 61. sp. 38. tab. 4. fig. 14. 14. Cochlea cinerea, maxima, edulis, cujus os operculo crasso velut Gypseo per hyemem clauditur. Pomatia. Gesn. de Aquat. pp. 644. 255. Cochlea cinereo rufescens, fasciata, leviter umbilicata. Pomacia Gesneri, List. H. Conch. tab. 48. fig. 46. c 4 PLATE LXXXIV. Cochlea pomatia edulis Gesneri. ist. Exercit. Anat. 1. p. 162. tab. 1. | Cochlea alba major cum suo operculo. Merret Pin. p. 207. Morton Northampt. p. 415. Rutty Dublin. p. 379. Helix Pomatia, Exotic. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 128. tab. 84, fig. 128. Pomatia. Argenville Conch. I. tab. 32. fig. 1. p. 383. Il. p. 338. tab. 28. fig. 1. p. 81. tab. 9. fig. 4. Helix testa imperforata globosa rufescente, fasciis obsoletis. Awl. Zool. dan. prodr. 2901. Hist. verm. 2. p. 43. 2. 243. Cochlea testa ovata quinque spirarum, pomatia dicta. Linn. Fn. , Suec. 1. p. 369. No. 1293. II. No. 2183. Martin berl. Mag. 2. p. 530. tab. 1. fig. 1. et. 3. tab. 2. fig. 13. Schroet. Erdconch. p. 145. n. 14. 15. tab. 1. fig. 10. Knorr Vergn.\. tab. 21. fig. 32. Pennant has named this species of Helix with some propriety the Exotic Snail, for, though it is found at this time in vast abundance in several parts of the country, it is not an indigenous kind. By whom it was first introduced is uncertain; Pennant mentions Sir Kenelm Digby, and Da Costa speaks of Charles Howard, Esq. of the Arundel family. Its history, as related by Da Costa, is so very interesting, that we shall give it in the words of its author:— «< Jt is the largest species of land snail in England, and is found in hedges and woods. It closes its shell carefully against winter, with a PLATE LXXXIV. white thick cover or operculum, dull and like plaister, and in the closed state it remains till the beginning of April, or warm weather, at which time it loosens the border of the cover, and the animal creeps out of the shell for its necessary occasions. Dr. Lister in- forms us he kept one in his bosom about the beginning of March, when the animal, feeling the warmth, in a few hours disengaged its cover, and crept out. «¢ "The animal being large, fleshy, and not of an unpleasant taste, -has been used for food in ancient times: it was a favourite dish with the Romans, who had their cochlearia, or snail stews, wherein they bred and fattened them. Pliny tells us, that the first inventor of this luxury was a Fulvius Harpinus, a little before the civil wars between Czsar and Pompey. Varro has handed down to us a description of the stews, and manner of making them: He says, open places were chose, surrounded by water, that the snails might not abandon them, and care was taken that the places were not much exposed to the sun, orto thedews. ‘The artificial stews were generally made under rocks or eminences, whose bottoms were watered by lakes or rivers; and if a natural dew or moisture was not found, they formed an artificial one, by bringing a pipe to it bored full of holes, like a watering pot, by which the place was continually sprinkled or moistened. ‘The snails required little attention or food, for as they crawled they found it on the floor or area, and on the walls or sides, if not hindered by the surrounding water. ‘They were fed with bran and sodden lees of wines, or like substances, and a few laurel leaves were thrown, on it. ‘* Pliny tells us there were many sorts, as the Whitish from Um- bria, the large sort from Dalmatia, and the African, &c. ‘This par- PLATE LXXxIV. ticular kind seems to be that he mentions, 1.8.¢. 39. ‘They propa- gate very much, and their spawn is very minute. «¢ Varro is scarcely to be credited, when he says, some would grow so large, that their shells held ten quarts. «‘ They were also fed and fattened in large pots or pans, stuck full of holes to let in the air, and lined with bran and sodden lees, or vegetables. 4 ‘«« They are yet used as food in several parts of Europe, more es pecially during Lent, and are preserved in ftews or escargototres, now a large place boarded in, and the floor covered with herbs, wherein they nestle and feed. “« In Italy, in many places, they are sold in the markets, and are called Bavolt, Martinacct and Gallinelle ; in many provinces of France, as Narbonne, Franche Comté, &c. and even in Paris. They boil them, says Lister, in river water, and seasoning them with salt, pepper, and oil, make a hearty repast. “« This is not indigenous, or originally a native of these kingdoms, but a naturalized species, that has throve so well, as now to be found in very great quantities. It was first imported to us from Italy about the middle of last century, by a scavoir vivre, or epicure, as an article of food. Mr. Aubrey informs us, it was a Charles Howard, Esq. of the Arundel family, who, on that account, scattered and dispersed those snails all over the downs, and in the vere 2 &c. at Albury, an ancient seat of that noble family, near Ashted, Boxhill, Dorking, and Ebbisham, or Epsom, in Surrey, where they have thriven so much that all that part of the county, even to the confines of Sussex, PLATE LXXXIV. abounds with them; insomuch that they are a nuisance, and far sur- pass in number the common, or any other species of English snails. The Epicures, or scavotr vwre, of those days, followed this luxu- rious folly, and the snails-were scattered or dispersed throughout the kingdom, but not with equal success; neither have records trans- mitted to posterity the fame of those worthies equal to the Roman Fulvius Harpinus, except of two, the one Sir Kenelm Digby, who dispersed them about Gothurst the seat of that family (now of the Wrights) near Newport Pagnel, in Buckinghamshire, whiere probably they did not thrive much, as they were not frequent thereabout : the other worthy was a lord Hatton, recorded by Mr. Morton, who scattered them in the coppices at his seat at Kirby, in Northampton- shire, where they did not succeed. «¢ Dr. Lister found them about Puckeridge and Ware, in Hert- fordshire ; and observes, they are abundant in the Southern parts, but are not found in the northern parts of this island. ‘¢ In Surry, as before mentioned, they abound; in several other counties they are not uncommon, as in Oxfordshire, especially about Woodstock and Bladen; in Gloucefterfhire, in Chedworth parish, and about Frog Mill, in Dorsetshire, &c. but I have never heard that they are yet met with in any of the northern counties.”’ . - eels fa Stag pe ‘Ss ba i Chiang ppg % ahs 1 dee ta | ae! ou | ¥ sad or ‘ , ‘ ¥5 i? oy , 5 hy : is id ee an “pas GOH Pity: “— ~- 7. e * ‘* At shee dade 2 oe ee oy ; Cigak i waren! aA alban aa} t , y , Cc doxagy sat. “oe aber. PLAS Ie EXXXV: MYA ARENARIA. SAND GAPER, GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal an Ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. ‘The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not in- serted in the opposite valve. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell rather ovated, one end rounded, the other narrow and gaping. Hinge, in one valve a hollow cavity, near which a broad, erect, rounded tooth of the opposite valve is received. Mya ARENARIA: testa ovata posterius rotundata, cardinis dente an- trorsum porrecto rotundato denticuloque laterali. Lin. Faun. Suec. 2127.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. p. 3218. 303. sp. 2. Mya Arenaria. Sand. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 19. T'. 42. 16. Chamz media ovata fusca. Arenaria. Da Cofta. Br. Conch. p. 232. sp. 56. Mya Arenaria. Bast, opusc. subs. 2. p. 69. t. 1. fig. 1-3. PLATE. LXXXV. This species is similar in its external appearance to the Mactra Lu- traria; yet it may be immediately distinguished from that shell by the singular structure of the hinge. The large, erect, plate-like tooth common to the Mya genus, is particularly characteristic in this species. Da Costa received it from the Isle of Wight, near Newport, and from Bigbury-Bay, near Faversham ; but observes, it is not a coms mon shell. a aor oe Pia PE” LXxXxvi. MUREX DECOLLATUS. SHORTENED MUREX, OR ROCK SHELL. < GENERIC CHARACTER, Spiral, rough, the aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat produced gutter or canaliculation. SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Murex Deco.iatus: testa ventricosa levi, patulo-subcaudata, spira in capitulum desinente. Somewhat ventricose, smooth, mouth produced. Spire terminated in a capitulum or knob. Murex Decottatus. Penn. Br. Sool. T. 4. p. 125. sp. 102. Pennant offers his Murex Decollatus as a species with doubts. It has certainly the appearance of a shell much mutilated, or of extraor- dinary growth; but as all the specimens we have examined exhibit the same appearance, we have ventured to assign it a new character, and rank it as a distinct species. It is a rare shell on the British shores, said to have been found on those of Cornwall and Devonshire. em p _ ‘ site 2 Ae has o cisany Calton | 2 2 : "Y, 4 vere ins " . i 7 . as ) 4 “iv ‘ , ‘ “J i , s , ' x r Be a i A ; A Gail ay BY : i } a , if ; : Mini oD i ag . ad s ‘ ‘ , ie 2 Lh ROP ae A ae ae oo oe ee ¥ Ce ame f a .. s Pa ay Cas Uy er). Samo | 2" wept iz eae i. : PA. LXXXVil. HELIX VIVIPARA. VIVIPAROUS SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell suboval, obtuse, spires ventricose or swelled, umbilicated. Olive, girdled with three brown lines. HELIX VIVIPARA: testa imperforata subovata obtusa cornea: cin- gulis fuscatis, apertura suborbiculari #’n. Su. 2185.—Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 3646. sp. 105. Cochlea testa oblongiuscula obtusa anfractibus teretibus, lineis tri- bus ‘lividis: in. Succ. L. p. 375. No... 1342. Cochlea maxima fusca sive nigricans, fasciata. Lust. H. dn. Angl. 9.133. ft. 18. tab. 2. fig. 18. Cochlea fasciata ore ad amussim rotundo. Phil. Trans. No. 105. fig. 11.—Cochlea maxima viridescens fasciata vivipara. Lust. Exercit. Anat.2. p. 17. tab. 2. C. vivipara fasciata fluviatilis. List. H. Conch. tab. 126. fig. 26.— ° C. vivipara altera nostras testa tenuiori fluvii Cham. Zh. Mant. tab. 1055. fig. C. VOL. Ill, D ri ACEP LARVA, Helix vivipara, viviparous. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 132. tab. 84. Jig. 132. , Cochlea fusco viridescens trifasciata. Vivipara. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 81. sp. 44. EE RR OT LT OS This kind is found in abundance in all rivers and stagnant waters. The river kind seems to vary in some respects from the other ; the shells are more opake, and the colours are brighter than in those which inhabit the stagnant water. ‘The animal has a head not unlike that of a Bull, from which cir- cumstance the Swedes, according to Linnzeus, call it the Bull-head, and some French authors, dimacon a tete de beuf, for the same reason. It feeds on Duck Weed. a ¥ t yt) ee oi f ern a Tearheamh v4, 7 ; s f -, "4 ; i “ co a ® r 7 i Sd 1 We eee a Pa 4 t he ‘ i r | mr) / ‘. Th at 5 : f } i ' F ; . if \ * y ‘ ae : : i i ‘ 7 ; ‘ ; ‘ ‘ se alt! - : ‘ , ; he a . J - * i . ere. amy ‘ s " J " ‘ : ‘ f < P ” . x ‘ 7 - x ; A 7 . ee ; F ‘ \ 7 3 Dany ‘ .. , j + ‘ 2 7 . ae 3 v . ' 1 y : in : fi é i ( ‘ P é . } ; i y ’ - ‘ 5 \ , ‘ , ; ‘ 7 2 F he 1 ey : n.* ‘ J 4 ‘ * ” 1- # 4 qa F ‘ ni “ ) = Ve y ; ‘ 4 ¥ , t 7 ‘ vg ¥ y v by %) i ai iy P ‘ i ‘" & | * ’ j . eral ay ‘ ‘ Soy | c " - Z Poe i ml ae 7% af a ‘ ‘ ‘ % s : LY *. re Lh Pi ; A 7 ; + or ave ‘ € be u " ae ‘ 38 PLATE LXXXVItI. BULLA HYDATIS. PINNACE DIPPER, OR BUBBLE SHELL; GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal Limax. Shell rather convoluted at one end, sub-oval, Aperture oblong. | SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong-oval, fragile, pellucid, finely striated lorigitudinally, base deeply umbilicated. Buitia Hypatis: testa rotundata pellucida longitudinaliter substri- ata: vertice umbilicato. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1183. No. 377.—Gmmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. 3424. sp. 9. Nux Marina umbilicata, minutissume per longitudinem striata, sub- rotunda, ore admodum patulo, tenius, fragilis can- dida. Gualt.1. Conch. tab. 13. fig. D. D. Chemn. 9. t. 118. f. 1019. Bulles d’eau blanches, papyracées. Tonnes 4 bouche entiere, D’ Avila Cab. p. 207. No. 389. Bulla Ovalis, fragilis et pellucida. Naviacula. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 28. sp. 15.——Tab. 1. fig. 10. VOL, MMI. pn AB PLATE LXXXVIIL. Da Costa observes, that all the shells he had seen of this species were fished up at, or near, Weymouth in Dorsetshire; and concludes, that it is rare in our seas, having never heard of it on any other Bri- tish coast. We believe with Da Costa, it is local; though it pre- bably inhabits other parts of our coasts. We have been lately favoured with several shells of the Bulla genus from Portsmouth, which some Conchologists have thought a new species, and named Citrina; they do not, certainly, differ spe- cifically from the shell in Da Costa’s collection, which he calls Bulla Naviacula, (Hydatis of Linnzeus) as will appear evident from the specimens figured in the annexed plate. Fig. 1.—Bulla Naviacula (Hydatis Linn.) from Portsmouth of a paler colour than Da Costa’s shell ——Fig. 3, Fig. 2, a specimen. 4. old shells found on the mud and clay of the shore. \ "i PRAT Bh, LXXXIX, MYA OVALIS. OVAL GAPER, GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal ascidia- Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not in- serted in the opposite valve. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell rather an oblong oval, with a large longitudinal crenulated tooth in one valve, and two in the other. Mya ovaALis: testa oblongo-ovali cardinis dente primario crenulato | longitudinali: alterius duplicato. Mususculus angustior, ex flavo viri descens, validus, umbonibus acutis, valvarum cardinibus velut pinnis donatis, sinuosis. List. Angl. t. 2. f. 30. Long thick horse Muscle. Pettv. Gaz. tab. 93. fig. 9 Mya pictorum. Penn. Br. Zool. 43. fig. 17. E 2 PLATE LXxXxIx. Mya minor ex flavo viridescens. PictoruM Da Costa. Br. Conch: p. 228. tab. 14. fig. 4. 4. ee Pennant and Da Costa. have erroneously given this as the A/ya pictorum of Linnzus, from which it differs in several respects. The Mya pictorum is much more ovate, or egg-shaped, as Linnzus ex- presses it, and thinner than the present shell, which is of a lengthened, or rather oblong form, and remarkably thick, though semi-transparent. In adopting a new specific name that of oblonga would have been preferred, had it not been pre-engaged by Gmetin to a totally distinct species, This species is common in rivers and fresh waters, and sometimes produce little pearls. 99 Pavel t.. XC, TURBO LACTEUS, SMALL TURBO. GENERIC CHARACTER, Animal Limax. Shell univalve, spiral, or of a taper form. Aper- cure somewhat compressed, orbicular, entire, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell taper, with many longitudinal, elevated striz, or ridges. Turso LacTEvs: testa turrita: striis longitudinalibus elevatis con- fertis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1238. No. 634. Turbo parvus interdum lacteus, interdum violaceus aut fuscus, costis Jongitudinalibus confertus. Parvus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 104. sp. 61. Rn ee | Found on the coasts of Cornwall, Devonshire, and Guernsey.— This is a minute and scarce British species; the smallest figures in the annexed plate denote the natural size, E 3 PLATE XC. Some specimens are pure white, others beautifully tinged with purple; and the most perfect white and brown. ‘The mouth is round, surrounded on the outside by a thick prominent border. It has no umbilicus. ‘The shell consists of five spires, gradually tapering to an acute point; and separated by a depression, ‘The longitudinal ribs are thick and prominent. act PLATE XCI MUREX COSTATUS RIBBED MUREX., GENERIC CHARACTER. Spiral, rough. The aperture ending in a strait and somewhat pro- duced gutter or canaliculation. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Oblong, spires six, tapering, with eight longitudinal ribs. Buccinum canaliculatum parvum, anfractibus costis longitudinalibus distinctis. Costatum. Da Costa. Tab. 8. jig. 4. Murex cosTaTus. Ribbed. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 100. tab. 79. fe 1.4 This elegant little shell was first discovered by Mr. Pennant, on the coast of Anglesea, and described under the name of AZurex Cos- tatus. In retaining this name it will be proper to observe, that Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Naturz, has another shell E 4 PLATE XCt. under the same name, a ribbed and cancellated species found in a, fossil state, in Champagne, altogether distinct from this shell. Da Costa received this species from the coasts of Cornwall and Devonshire. Pennant says it inhabits Norway. The smallest figures denote the natural size, ey hey a va : ei * ee e P ; l ¥ oe , j ws : aa F Byrds re Paice . i : : . a r | ae | | i , \ Pe : , ‘ | 7 : - 7 7 : ; ‘ ; . e ie . 1 A nd \~ fh , , ft, ! » f . * ; : : 4 - . . . ‘ a 5 et 7 : : t ; . . ; 4 WV = ; ; mo ze * ies : f ; , i j i ~ ‘ k : : on : I \ 7 : ' : ; ‘ ‘ Wd ah 7 t \ * b>, ; id a « 1 ; | | : ; . | -e ; : . : | \ 7 ; i e ae. : d t y n x : J - / : : ‘ : ‘ A react . ? ’ ’ ; ; re FP iae| © . ite ; ry bt ” Ty vie, r : " 7 ; prin . ‘ A , . 2 ~ 1 + os - ‘ 92 — PLATE XCI, MYA TRUNCTATA. TRUNCATED GAPER. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at oneend. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not jnserted into the opposite valve. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell roundish, one end trunctated or abrupt. ‘Tooth projecting and obtuse. MYA TRUNCTATA: testa ovata posterius trunctata, cardinis dente antrorsum porrecto obtussissimo. Linn. a. Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. I. fig. 6. p. 3217. Concha levis, altera tantum parte clusilis, apophysi admodum pro- minente lataque preedita. List. H. An. Angl. p. 191. tt. 36. tab. 5. fig. 36. PLATE XCH. Mya trunctata, abrupt. Penn. Br. Zool. 4. 14. tab. 41. fig. 14. Chama subrotunda fusca rugosa, exaltera parte trunctata. TRuNc- TaTA. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 233. sp. &1. Common on many of the British shores. ge a Ry(tea © ‘ie Sle oe vy S. Pha Ny 2 : - oe iy drqt Ay “id ees it us ok me. oe 7 ‘ 0 te ee st ’ ; =f : ' : + F | 7 ‘ é * he * ¥ 4 } . 4 * : ‘ . ‘- 4 “_ ‘ 7 . on ‘ a. « ‘ _- . = n ; ” , ; - as itn Sh - "a : 1” , 4 A ‘ : 2 ‘ ; y P ’ a ¥ 7 : a * ’ 4“ F 4 : 7 . ; ; CS ae a * ty] > : " t af i. * : 7 i ~ © 7 | Sapo F * . a es : pe ‘ ni a ; P = ray . . & - Bi ? 4 ; . ; % Part | iat ‘ - a2 : - 7 , E see : q z oe ap + : , " fh! a es J : i i ice i‘ “ - - c ‘ ‘ 7 ‘- st ¥ m . nt * : x A. : a 7 oe ‘ “}. ys Ps . ‘ 7 * . - * in 7 ; ana? Oe : i .. u ~ a ' ~ . Ea? x — © os a " A b “e 7) Lys i ae . “ #. P ‘ Lj = rt a P. re 7 4 ae % ; “hp VR e ee © ie _ a hy ee sd ; += a : ? “ i : ; ae = ‘ - \ ; 7 ‘ ce 7 4 “a 7 & ly oa ; X 6 : d ty + a ; : : 7 ba ’ a a i sf - ; + ‘ 1@ - 7 = ee : - a ; Pam ae Am an ; rj a ‘ ’ 4 . | : » > 4 4 ' a - p.. : = vt ‘ : - : { ‘ aN ae } ‘ ve hy a a sth red ian , f - vs : , ‘ 1 ¥ Y 4 3 Fr Pe hicds |. FE? a: | 2 : mt . . ; ee ee yy ee ia) Gesell . : ,4 eee Nth ogre | t= ¢ wt deo : *~ J -s ; ' ot een a : aren | 2 hem wifi ae ea ; .. _ | tO wali i im: ee ae & + Dae, More ’ a a° ~ - a . Te a im ae ‘. +i hie falda: ay 5 < A é tage mia ; bn® Ky * bie 2 eS ee TS an oe - te : ' ’ 93 ew Q\ oy gd da Ped E...XCITL HELIX TENTACULATA.. KERNEL, OR OLIVE WATER SNAIL, GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell without umbilicus, sub-conic, five spires. Aperture rather oval. HELIx TENTACULATA: testa imperforata ovata obtusa impura, aper- ture subovata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1249. n. 107. Cochlea parva pellucida, operculo testaceo cochleatoque clausa. Las? HT. Conch. tab. 132. fig. 32. Cochleola oblonga fluviatilis, common small river snail. Petiv. Gaz. tab. 18. fig. 8.—Small fresh water turbo with five wreaths. Wallis Northumb. p. 310. Turbo imperforatus parvus subrufus, Izvis, quinque spirarum. Nu- cleus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 91. sp. 50. PLATE XCHI. Helix tentaculata. Penn. Brit, Zool, 4. No. 140, tab. 86. fig: 140. | Fn Inhabits most rivers and stagnant waters. PLATE XCIV. STROMBUS COSTATUS. RIBBED: STROMBUS,. GENERIC CHARACTERe Animal a slug. Shell univalve, spiral. Aperture dilated, lip ex- panding, produced into a groove. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell small, brown, taper, spires swelled, and wrought with pros minent longitudinal ribs. Strombiformis parvus fuscis, anfractibus costis elatis longitudinalibus insignitis. Costatus. Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 118. sp. 71. Da Costa, who is the only author that describes this curious shell; says it is found on the coasts of Cornwall. “A , se & aed f as rte Ot ST 9, i} 4S ie J i , Ege a Pk) = “ati a i um, ad : we Q) Pip AD In XCV. SERPULA VERMICULARIS. COMMON SERPULA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a terebella, or whimble worm. Shell tubular, adheres to other bodies, as shells, stones, &c. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell round, cylindrical, or scarcely tapering, curved and wrinkled. SERPULA VERMICULARIs: testa tereti subulata curvata rugosa. Lin. Syst. Nat. a Gmel. T. 1. fig. 4. p. 3143. —Dentalium testa cylindracea inzequali flexuosa contorta. Lin. Fn. Sv. L. p. 380. No. 1328. Tubuli in quibus vermes. Worm Shells. Merret, Pin. p. 194. SERPULA VERMICULARIS. Worm. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 157. tab. 91. fig. 159. ; Serpulz vermicularis, common. Da Costa Br. Conch. p.18. sp. 9. —Tab. 2. fig. 5. Those shells are extremely frequent on all the British coasts, either in groupes attached to stones, shells and marine exuviz, or in single Prat hk Xcv. detached shells, assuming sometimes the appearance of a turbinated univalve. The colour is in general white: an elegant variety, deeply tinged with red, as represented in the annexed plate, was dredged up at Brighton, and communicated by Mr. P. Munn, of Bond-street. g6 0 ee Ta GOVT. TELLINA CORNEA. HORNY TELLEN. GENERIC CHARACTER, The hinge usually furnished with three teeth; shell generally sloping on one side. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Subglobose, glabrous, horn colour, with a transverse furrow. TELLINA CornEA: concha testa subglobosa glabra cornei coloris : | sulco transversali. zn. Musculus exiguus, pisi magnitudine, rotundus subflavus, ipsis valva- rum oris albidis. vst. H. dn. Angl. p. 150. fit. 21). 200. 2s fig. BI. Pectunculus fluviatilis nostras nuciformis. Petiv. Mus. p. 86, No. 831. Musculus fluviatilis, equilaterus, levis rotundus, pisiformis, ex rubro flavescens, ipsis valvyarum oris albidis. Gualt. 7. Conch. tab. 7. fig. C. VOL. III. F PEATE XCVI. C. Parvum globosum viride-fuscum. Nux. Da Costa Br. Conch. 173, Tellina Cornea. Horny. Penn. Br. Zool, No. 36. tab. 49. Jig. 39. 0 a nena on RR ee ET pag nae Da Costa observes, that Linnzus has placed this shell very impro- perly in the Tellina genus, as it does not agree with his own defini- tion of that genus, and remarks that its habit, shape, convexity, &c, brings it nearer to the Cardium than any other kind.—It still remains a Tellina in the last edition of the Systema Nature by Gmelin, and we are not disposed in the present instance to deviate from that authority. This, and the Tellina rivalis described by Dr, Maton, in the Lin- nzan Transactions, are very analogous, though evidently two distinct species, as we have before noticed in our description of the latter, Plate 62.—Tellina Cornea, according to Geoffroy, is a viviparous ani- -mal, and is found in great plenty in most rivers and stagnant waters, eed elle poe his an = e A uaa 12 a. oe wis 197 PLATE XCVIU. TELLINA FABULA. SEMI-STRIATED TELLEN, GENERIC CHARACTER, The hinge usually furnished with three teeth, « Shell generally sloping on one side. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS, Shell ovate, compressed, inflected, or rather produced at one end. One valve smooth, the other marked with numerous oblique reflected striz. TELLINA FaBuLA: testa ovata compressa inflexa anterius subros- trata: yalva altera levi, altera oblique substriata : striis reflexis—Gronov. Sooph. tab. 13. fig. 9. Gmel, Linn, Syst. Nat. 7. J. p. 6. p. 3239. sp. 61. We discovered this very unusual species on the sands opposite to Caldy Island, about two miles beyond Tenby, Pembrokeshire. It is PLATE XCVIL noticed by Gronovius and Gmelin as a Norwegian and Mediterranean shel], and is said to have been found on the coast of Dorsetshire, by the late Dr. Pultney ; but has never been before described as a British species. The smallest figures represemt the natural size. * A a - Pasi nheoeey sangre. Fae? g ~ . j oy ® m ” pe ES Ms ee, \ ‘ ) | : A hy Tat : yee P ; oa v f i , Vevey ; ; i rei ee ar at al a hes ‘s rt Te = . - vi 4% i af i DE gave y 6 } t ve iy t OV, ‘ i «yt 4 4 ; i i e 7 " 4 { ‘ , 4 . : > y \ J X « p * : ’ f t ‘ f Y [ i ‘ . 7 . > a Fr t Din 7 ; ‘ A " Ney ‘ 4 a ae a , ‘ , ; Se 2 7 & ; - ; f 7 t . Li , L ds a ‘ i p * 5 fi Bl : vy Stee 7 ' t i , e , 1 : - ‘gs . . Py F F ? i t.-, : ee ‘ : a ' ‘ t + 7 . é ‘ 1 Ly f , 3 * 4 ‘ ” ar) a. h : 2 ¥ 7 s ui Mm eat A ‘ a y , - 7 “ ‘ 4 i : E ak - , : - sy . — i‘ = 2 a i : : ny > > , ; , be > : .% F ‘* Ms a Ae " 1 i , i ‘ ' 7 ‘7 is ; i i l os i - i . * * an ; * ' 4 f ‘a ¥ . = 7 . ( ‘ "4 , f Bi 1 r \ i ‘ 7 : 4 \ . . bi a ’ , 1 (ay i bs . « = a, age ‘ &, iv , : % * ‘ i 7 A S da 1 4 ry ’ ‘ 7 _ ie F bs ex *y . m : ¢ ; . ‘ . oa ‘ . > , e ‘ a 4, ’ a oa - = & f , y % - ie A ? : { : Bd { j > - < ve y iu * i A ‘ “ ‘si Py ri ‘ k : * y , ° . 74 s - ™% j - - f , . ’ ~ +? * — "1 i f ¥ ‘ . ‘ * al J 1 7 4 , - 1 5 ‘ f ao. 7 ‘ ¢ we ¥ ~ f 1 4 ‘ . ’ L } iy . { 7 “ % . " : 7 ‘ a 4 Ms * - ™ » 4 ‘ : : : %, ‘ - = e - 1 7 4 ‘ : * } ? ., j > z , i ai r ‘| * i a i - . = 5 i a : t A "of } { ‘ a 4 y va? , : *; ia ee. 7 ‘ ‘ ‘ te 2 : _ a uw % ' ‘h. ™ ‘ ’ ; 5 Die ; , : A a ad hr i i, 7 i 7 << ~ * - * J ¥ ( it a b J A a . _ J a : roe 4 , « i ee ae | , 7 r AON b - bed 9 ny ‘ ‘ : : \ : iss ve ‘ he . mM 4 } , ate fi i : ¥ = i im \ ‘ j a a i, 2 ; h ae ie. : uw in x " ae , aoe j ‘> mi Ya ia ‘ \ e , 7 rh , ‘ay a a ree 214 g i ‘ Van a a . ry » * y . m _ Pa 49, 103 Pow st FE ° Ciiy. TELLINA RIGIDA. ¥LAT AND BRIDGED TELLEN. GENERIC CHARACTER. The hinge usually furnished with three teeth. Shell generally sloping’on one side. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Somewhat depressed, subrotund, thick, with numerous transverse thread-like ridges, and a still deeper longitudinal depression near the posterior end. Tre.uina RIcipA: testa subdepressa subrotunda crassa transversim confertissime striata, postice longitudinaliter ma~ gis depressa. Tellina crassa. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 87. sp. 28? Pectunculus depressior subrotundus, dense et transversim strigatus. Depressior. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 194. sp. 30. Tab. 13. fig. 4. Da Costa, who appears to be the only author that describes this shell, says he received it from the coaft of Cornwall. PLATE CIll. This is a thick and heavy shell, though rather transparent ; the sides nearly similar, and the beaks almost central. The colour is generally white, with a tinge of yellow on the outside, and some specimens are beautifully radiated with pale pink : the inside is re= markably glossy and finely tinged with yellow, red and orange. 104 PLATE CIV. _BUCCINUM UNDATUM. WAVED, OR COMMON WHELKE. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture oval, ending in a short canal. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell oblong, coarse, transversely striated, with many curved angles. BuccINUM UNDATUM: testa oblonga rudi transversim striata ; an- fractibus curvato-multangulis. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 3. p. 3492. sp. 93.—Faun. Suec. 2263. Buccinum crassum rufescens, striatum et undatum. Just. H. An. Angl. p.156. tit. 2. tab. 3. fig. 2.—Et Buce; tenue, lzve, striatum et undatum. Jd. p. 157. dit. 3. tab. 3. fig. 3.—Bucc. brevi rostrum tenu- iter striatum, pluribus undatis sinubus distinctum. List. H. Conch. tab. 962. fig. 14.—Et Bucc. brevi rostrum magnum, tenue, leviter striatum. Id. tab. 962. fig. 15. 15. a—Id. Exerc, Anat. Alt. p. 68. PLATE CIV. Rough, and our most common whelke. Dale Harw. p. 382. No. 3. 4. . Buccinum undatum, waved, Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 90. pl. 73. Buccinum striatum, striated. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 91. pl. 714. Buccinum canaliculatum medium vulgare rufescens striatum, pluri. bus costis undatis distinctum. Vulgare Da Costa. Br. Conch. p. 122: sp. 13. tab. 6. fig. 6. 6. This is the common Whelke of English conchologists, and is some- times brought to the markets as an article of food. ‘The brown ones are this common sort, for as Linnzus observes, those that are brown fasciated with white or blue are scarce ; the former of those varieties is figured in the annexed plate. Lister, Pennant and other authors have considered the striated va- riety of this Shell asa distinct species; it is certainly destitute of those prominent ribs or knobs which is so conspicuous in this Shell in ge- neral, but the transitions from the striated kind to those with knobs is so gradual and easy to be traced that we must coincide with Lin- nzus and Da Coste who admit them barely as varieties. 4 £0: Pearse Cy. HELIX LEVIGATA. SMOOTH SNAIL. GENERIC CHARACTER. Aperture of the mouth contracted and lunulated, SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Imperforate, pellucid, roundish, of two wreaths: the first very large, the second small, obtuse, and placed laterally. HeE.ix L&vicaTa: testa imperforata obovata obtusissima pellucida levissima. Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat.-T’. I. p. 6. Dp. 3663. sp. 148. Helix levigata. Simoothed. Penn. Br. Zool. T. 4. t. 86. f. 139. Pesta M. rare f. Vi. Chemn: f. 15900 9. A rare Shell, found on the Kentish coast, and on the beach at Stud- land, Dorsetshire. Communicated by the Rev. T. Rackett. Pennant considers this as a fresh water Shell, saying it inhabits ponds. Gmelin is silent respecting its habitation. VOL, III. H rae ae ne io sa oie re: ete tat ae oa Stee Tear Che din than ia ed iy; mi, Me - = > a im & wy = = — -~ -& “ss —- @ nee r. "3 »! zu a -_" a n i : = = AL r : n = * of fr r {; * . m i ’ * > é - c ‘ A be # ? gy, Fa 7 a Z f F a. = x * fe oe 2» * Aa . iy 406 ” PRAT ECV. MACTRA STULTORUM. RAYED MACTRA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal a Tethys. Bivalve, sides unequa!. Middle tooth coms plicated, with a little groove on each side ; lateral teeth remote. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. nell semi-transparent, smooth, with faint radiations ; within pur- plish. Mactra STULTORUM: testa subdiaphana levi obsolete radiata, intus purpurascente, vulva gibba. Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 6. p. 3258. sp. 11. Pectunculus triquetrus ex flavo radiatus. Just. H. Conch. tab. 251. fig. 35. Mactra stultorum, Simpleton. Penn. Br. Zool. No. 42. tab. 52. jig. 42. Trigonella tenuis admodum concava ferrugineo-cinerea radiata. Ra- diata. Da Costa Br. Conch. p. 196. sp. 32.— Labs 12. fig.3. 3. H 2 PLATE ‘CVL This Shell, we observed in plenty, on the sandy shores of South Wales, and particularly on those of Pembrokeshire. It is also found on the western coasts ; at Highlake in Cheshire, near Liverpool ; at the mouth of the river Mersey; and on the coast of Aberdeenshire and other shores of Scotland. The general colour of the outside is a kind of milky white, deli- cately radiated with brown ; within, the young shells are tinged with reddish brown, the old ones with violet. pee ee mie nr f , PLAT Ey CVI. FIG, I. CARDIUM ECHINATUM. THORNY COCKLE. GENERIC CHARACTER. T'wo teeth near the beak; and another remote one, on each side of the Shell. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell somewhat heart shaped, ribs prominent with a carinated ridge ‘beset with spines along the middle. Carpium EcuHinaTuM: testa subcordata sulcata: costis carinatis aculeatis. Linn. Gmel. Syst. Nat. T. J. p. 6. p. 3247. sp. 8. Pectunculus orbicularis fuscus, striis mediis muricatis. Conch. tab. 324. fig. 161. Cardium Echinatum. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 38. hast. Cardium orbiculare, costis circiter viginti echinatis, spinis hamatis. Echinatum. Da Costa Brit. Conch. p. 176. Tab, 14. fig. 2. H 3 PLATE vil. Dead and worn Shells of this species are found on several of the British coasts in plenty. It is an elegant shell though the colours are in general obscure : within it is white, without of a pale brown sometimes marked with transverse bands of rust colour. PNG...41; CARDIUM 'TUBERCULATUM. TUBERCULATED COCKLE,. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell somewhat heart-shaped, ribs obtuse, knotty, transversely striated, CarpIuM TUBERCULATUM : testa subcordata: sulcis obtusis no- dosis transversim striatis. Linn. Gmel. Syst. T.. I. p. 6. p. 3248. sp. Lh. Gmelin mentions several varieties of this species. It has been sometimes considered as the Cardium rusticum. Found on the coast of Dorsetshire, is scarce, and not before de- scribed as a British Shell. 3 eee) a ee 1 ——— i 2 és f ; Lar ae - . \ 1 be y Ms , +i . 4a " t : : - | aaa" : ; - 4 De : 7 - v . , oY j 5 ' t . . | - ‘ og ny is ; & Bay : . Mes ; ‘ . : t vm. - =“. ¥ 4 “a “" * ef we ‘ 4 r. ¢ x » yr. : 5 = ¥ ¥ a ‘ > : y - ; be) 4 | i ~ ‘ - y : r oa 1 : i 7 mee ‘ : , x ; te hg ; 5 i oD ‘ : ; ; : I : t ’ ek “a ‘ 7 i a) : \ Pt r , we re ut Y ' i, y ‘ ne y . } DY Ee Pag = f af Af : esi ® iy! , i : i ; ya : ae } | — f ‘ : : "ae - 1 , : rise , a 4 ' P he ; : aw : o P 7 ca A 2 f 4 ' 5 x ' A i re J i" rs 2 : ! ’ ie ns a NG f Lp Tee : ‘ : é x : dare ¢ My - = x , yooR r : : = - ry . Xe fs 4 it = a? %, - a Po ow 4 2 0 y cas , 7 ay qi 7 ee ey t bad - ¥ a Es r ; y = ee a, 7 on i: : , eto ye ‘ CJ. Senet ie , . ’ sd J ; . ar - e ih 7 : 7 A . ss i er = ‘ , : ° 7 : a +X ‘ ; ’ f . ee ») _ . = 4 ‘ j 3 6 . } 3 1 4 e ‘ Oo} =e s = = .. 5 ; 7 é mii f . Fi 5 sa -~ ‘ . 7 t ib + . : y d ‘ ~ ie - ra . , - . - > bg =, f . _ ow v - i * , = : ay », ; é 7 Paes ne i ach ; 7 ‘ = , rane i ae 7 . ie ; J j 4 o. i : 1 2 a J *. , . - . 4 . , 7 \ ; . oy. 2 4 = te ‘ ! : 4 wg , q al . 1 4 7 iri? j : - 7 ~ - ‘ } ’ ' E.) ~ hi . 2 e . or] ‘ A 14 a ' op ? id ; rl a at . 7 as Coe © 1 t 1 ‘ ‘ ’ i : ‘ a ’ ‘ » = - a , " ‘ + < “i H - 4 : \» ] rr 7 ; f - a Y 1 - . (ip Zz Ln ‘ ign ‘ ‘ : €., : ; - 7 : i “2 = . : a ’ ] ve ‘ * ci 4 F i = + aa . eis j - . * ‘ + le r ' ' . * z : aya Dy at o : Re i = . ; ‘ \ . ‘ ; ‘ 1 ’ co ‘ > a ; \ - ; : J ‘ . . eet > ; / he : p. i= wt Khare of : o Pi * ar . 1 , ‘ro : Pers f an | ‘ y . te v sft ry y ; f 4 . . - ‘ } £4 of er J ~ O i. thay -) a} hee / 4 F 4 / i i Sade 4 : sine i. ree re i . “ A ae Ln my 2 - : ea 1 ee f F } r hae, f fs be o Y i ar) a ’ . aia Tih : ‘dae - , : 102 ’ Bia TE. CVU, MYA DUBIA. DUBIOUS MYA. GENERIC CHARACTER. Animal an ascidia. Shell bivalve, gaping at one end. The hinge for the most part furnished with a thick, strong, broad tooth, not inserted in the opposite valve. SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS. Shell fragile, brown, bottom widely gaping; rudiment of a tooth in one valve only. Mya Dusia: testa fragili fusca subtus valde hiante valva una eden- tula altera rudimento dentis. Mya dubia. Penn. Br. Zool. p. 82. 19. Pennant, who seems to be the only author that describes this shell, says it has the rudiment of a tooth within one shell; with an oval PLATE CVI. and large hiatus opposite the hinge. Shells brown and brittle, size of a Pistachia nut. Length of a Horsebean, and found near Wey- mouth. This Shell is rare, Pennant notes his from the Portland cabinet. INDEX TO VOL, Tit. LINNAZAN ARRANGEMENT. BIVALVIA: CONCH. Plate. Fig. Mya margaritifera - “ = “ 73 Mya declivis - - - = = “32 —— arenaria - - - = = 85 —— ovalis - - - < 89 —— dubia « - - a 108 =—— trunéata - e ~ E: z 92 —— depressa > - - = ZOE Tellina fausta - - » = = 98 cornea - - - « & 96 =———— fabula - - - = ‘ 97 rigida - - - = e 103 Cardium tuberculatum - - = < 107 2 Echinatum . - - - - 107 Mactra_stultorum - - - ° - 106 Venus islandica - - 2 2 = 77 granulata - - - - 33 Arca caudata - - - - - 7% Mytilus pellucidus ai = - ° 33 Bulla resiliens = « © - - 79 ——— hydatis 2 - > © 88 Buccinum undatum + - - = - 104 mes reticulatum - 2 - - { On ip SE Wx. Plate.- Fig. Strombus costatus =, - a és 2 94 Murex costatus = ~ ~ - = gt am—— decollatus = - # « = 86 Trochus cinerarius = wae = . S 74. Turbo muscorum - = = = 80 ==———=-- fontinalis = ~ . = - 102 m———-- lacteus - - > = 5 go Helix vortex - . « Ma = 75 —— pomatia - . ~ ~ - 84 ee tentacula - « = = = 93 —— levigata - - - - - b fold =—— vivipara - - - = + $7 === contorta - - = « « 99 Serpula vermicularis - - - - - 95 granulata - - « - - 10a INDE TO VOL. UL ACCORDING TO HISTORIA NATURALIS TESTACEORUM BRITANNIZ or DA COSTA. PART, 4: GENUS 2. * MARIN. SEA. Plate. Fig. SERPULA vermicularis < r os PARE Ti UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA. GENUS: 5. .BULLA. DIPPER, Bulla Hydatis = Loe = - + 88 =—— resiliens i « ~ 2 aes “ 79 PN? EX. PA Re TT. UNIVALVIA TURBINATA. GENUS 7. TROCHUS TOP SHELL. * MARINZE. SEA. Plate. Fig. Trochus cinerarius (umbilicalis) - « - 74 GENUS 9. HELIx. ** FLUVIATILES, RIVER. Helix vortex - - ss Pa 95 crassa - - - - - 99 GENUs lO. COCHLEA SNAILS. * TERRESTRES. LAND. Cochlea. pomatia - - - - $4 ** FLUVIATILES. RIVER. Cochlea vivipara @ - = a e $7 MARINA. SEA. Cochlea levigata “ - - - - 105 Pow BE SX. GENUS ll. TURBO. * TERRESTRES, LAND. , Plate. Fig. Turbo muscorum - - - - “ 80 ——~-- parvus (lacteus) - - - ~ ° go ** FLUVIATILES. RIVER. Turbo Nucleus (tentaculata) - 2 = 93 fontinalis - - - - = 102 GENUS 13. BUCCINA CANALICULATA. GUTTERED WHELKS. * MARINE. SEA, Buccinum vulgare - - - - - 104 eee COStAtUM = o - = gt GENUS 14. BUCCINA RECURVIROSTRA. WRY-MOUTHED WHELKS., Buccinum reticulatum = = “ - 76 ORDER 2. BIVALVES. GENUS 6. CARDIUM. HEART COCKLE, * FLUVIATILES, RIVER. Cardium nux it ' a r) t 96 Bm eX. ; ** MARINA SEA. Plate. Cardium Echinatum - - . = 107 ces GENUS 7. PECTUNCULUS. COCKLE. * MARINZE. Pectunculus crassus - - - « = 77 = =——-— depressior - - - = 103 GENUS 8. TRIGONELLA. MARINZE, SEA, Trigonella radiata - - - - 106 L$ GENUS 12. MYA. * FLUVIATILES. RIVER. Mya margaritifera CEA “ = = 73 arnearia = = es 2 - 85 - - - G2 =-—— trunaata - Fig. ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. III. Plate, A\RENARIA, Mya : : & 3 85 Caudata, Arca = ~ - = 78 Cinerarius, Trochus - ~ - - 74 Contorta, Helix - - = = 99 Cornea, Tellina - - - - 96 Costatus, Murex - = Ae = or Strombus ” - - 2 94 Declivis, Mya : - ~ . - £2 Decollatus, Murex - + - = $6 Depressa Mya - - - ° “ Ior Dubia Mya - - - ~ 08 Echinatum, Cardium ° - - - 107 Fabula, Tellina ° ~ - - = 97 Fausta, Tellina - - - = 98 Fontinalis, Turbo - - © 2 102 Granulata, Venus = Os © - $3 —— Serpula - ~ - - 100 Hydatis, Bulla - - = - 88 Islandica, Venus - - - = 77 Lacteus, Turbo - = = ~ 90 Levigata, Helix = = - ~ ° 105 Margaritifera, Mya - - ° = 73 Mufcorum, Turbo ~ - - - 80 Ovalis, Mya - =- = - 89 Pellucidus, Mytilus Ks . a 2 8x Pomatia Helix - - - “ 34 Resiliens, Bulla = e - - 719 Reticulatum, Buccinum rs . - 76 = s03 Rigida, Tellina - d is 2 Fig. Stultorum, Mactra Tentaculata, Helix Truncata, Myz - Tuberculatum, Cardium Vermicularis, Serpula Vivipara, Helix =. Vortex, Helix fs Undatum, Buccinum END OF VOL. Ir. 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