^^^0) 'pm f€. (t I rt ^1 f r, "^\\ ■^w v.- 'v- X/' V V •'./'v' 'V '■ A^" v^ VX -.^ "''/■'n^'' ''^\/^ L--^ OF NBWTOHK. \/o\-2. Ei<4 bj i>™p-.r"«"' BY AUTHORITY. D.APPLETON «C?AND WILEY A PIJTN4W; BOSTON; GOULD, KENDALL & LINCOLN. ALBANT, ©!KliftlB[UEi5 ^AS'a [13[£RlT[Kl(inr©iIRl, PSiaPllTIlK, ■>f AGRICULTUEE OF N E ¥ - Y 0 R K : coMPEisrao AN ACCOUNT OF THE CLASSIFICATION, COMPOSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE SOILS AND ROCKS, AND THB NATXTRAL WATERS OF THE DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS ; TOGETHZa WITH A CONDENSED VIEW OT TBX CLIMATE AND THE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS OF THE STATE. BY EBENEZER EMMONS, M. D. VOLVBU! n. 1 / ALBANY: PRINTED BY C. VAN BENTHUYSEN. 1849. 3 ,^53>^ TO HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN YOUNG, GoTernor of the State of New-York. SIR, 4 The volume which I now place before your Excellency, is devoted mainly to the composition of the inorganic parts of vegetables. It is designed to aid the farmer in his immediate avocation. I hope, Sir, that the counsel which you have imparted in its preparation may not have been lost. It will be a source of satisfaction to me if I have succeeded in fulfilling your wishes, and have at the same time performed my duty acceptably to the farmers of New-York. I am, Sir, your most obedient servant. E. EMMONS. AxBAKT, November 1, 1848. PKEFACE. The preparation of this volume has occupied two years. To some, this may appear more than sufficient to have accomplished what is here re- corded. Whatever view may be taken of it, I believe I am justified in saying that I know not how it would have been possible to have increased very materially the amount of labor in the time specified above. The law, whether right or wrong, required its completion on the first day of October last. The work would have been improved, and more valuable, had it been possible to have given more time to some subjects ; inasmuch as the disproportion of labor would have been diminished, and each subject have received its due examination. But this, I repeat, has been impossible, notwithstanding the fact that I have employed an assistant for the whole period, and have continued the work about four months beyond the time specified in the act authorizing the continuance of the Survey. Mr. J. H. Salisbury, who commenced the study of analytic chemistry three years since in my laboratory, and whose services were noticed in my last volume, has continued them, and his work is distinguished by the initial of his name. He has also kept for me the observations on tempera- ture, as recorded in the appendix, for this place. L. C. Ball, esquire, of Hoosic-falls, has also contributed observations and analyses for this volume. Mr. C. B. Salisbury, of Scott, Cortland county, is deserving of the thanks of the community for his observations on the temperature of the soil of that place, which is supposed to be elevated about 1200 feet above tide at Albany. It will be observed, that in some of the analyses of the ash of wood, the footing is too great. This arises from calculating an amount of carbonic acid sufficient to saturate the lime. There are cases where the carbonic n PREFACE. acid was not actually obtained ; and this result, showing an excess in the amount of the elements over that employed in the analyses, is due to the caustic or subcaustic state of the ash. The error is in the carbonic acid, and not in the essential elements. Carbonic acid is sometimes referred to as if it were one of the original elements of the wood, while in reality it usually results from the conversion in combustion of an organic into car- bonic acid. So in the case of sulphuric acid, it is not oil of vitriol in grain or straw ; but when burned, the sulphur of the proteine compounds acquires oxygen, and hence it is often a secondary result. The irregularity in the numbering of the plates has arisen from the fact, that when I began the volume, it was intended to embrace the descriptions of the fruits ; but it was ascertained that the volume would be too large if the original intention was carried out, and hence it was deemed advisable to give the matter treating of the fruits in a separate volume. This part of the work is considerably advanced, and will be ready for publication in the course of the year. Albavt, February 1, 1849. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. Preliminary observations, page 1-4. General properties of silex, 4; of alumina, 6; of lime, 7; of magnesia, 9; of phosphorus and the phosphates, 10; of sulphur and sulphuric acid, 12; of iron and its oxides, 13; of manganese, 14; of potash, 14; of soda, 15; of ttmmonia, 15; of chlorine and the chlorides, 16; of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen, 17. Substances peculiar to vegetables, 18. Albumen, fibr&i and casein, 20. Blood, 24. Milk, 27. Recapitulation, 28. CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. General remarks, 32. Preparation of ash, 34. Analyses of the Mercer potato, 37; of the Early Jane potato, 39 ; of the Flesh-colored potato, 41; of the Merino potato, 42; of the Carter and the Peach-blow potatoes, 45; of the Havana potato, 46; of the Lady-finger and the Early Kidney potatoes, 47; of the Orange and the Scotch Grays potatoes, 48 ; of the Pinkeye potato, 49 & 50 ; of the Gilkey potato, 52 ; of the Harper potato, 53 ; of the Tomato, 55; of the Carrot, 57; of the Beet, 60; of the Parsnip, 62. Recapitulation, 63. CHAPTER III. OF THE FOOD OF CATTLE. General remarks, 66. Analysisof Timothy grass, 70; of mixed hay, 72; ofRedtop grass, 73; of Quack grass, 74; of Spear grass, 76; of Rough Meadow grass, 78; of Sweet Fescue grass, 78; of Bulrush, 79; of Clubrush, 79 & 80; of Cocksfoot grass, 81; of Red clover, 82; of White clover, 84; of Clover hay, 86; of Sweet-soented clover, 87. Recapitulation, 87. CHAPTER IV. THE CEREALS. General remarks, 90. Analyses of Oats, 91 - 1 14. Account of three experimental crops of oats, 97. Remarks on the oat crop, 115. Diseases of the oat, 117. Analyses of Rye, 118. Diseasesof rye, 124. Analyses of Barley, 125. Diseases of barley, 131. Brewers' draff, 131. Analyses of Millet, 134. Diseasesof millet, 137. Wheat, 137. Varieties of Winter wheat, 138; of Spring wheat, 141. Analyses of Wheat, 143; of Black-sea wheat, 145; of White-flint wheat, 149 ; of Soule's wheat, 151; of Provence wheat, 151 ; of Hopeton wheat, 152. Diseases of wheat, 154. Maize, 159. Proportions of ash, etc. in the different parts of Maize at different stages of growth, 160. Observations on the growth of Maize, with the proportions of ash, etc. in the different parts of the plant at different periods, 170. Analyses of several varieties of Maize, 192. Analyses of Rocky Mountain corn, 200: of the Pennsylvania Dent corn, 202; of the Sweet corn, 205; of the 8-rowed yellow corn, 208. Inorganic analysis of the several parts of the plants of White-flint c6rn at different stages of growth, 21 1 . Proximate organic analysis of the same, 224. Further analyses of Maize, 234. Intermixture of varieties of maize, 244. Use of maize as fodder, 254. Varieties of maize, 263. Diseases of maize, 265. Analyses of Broom corn, 268. Analyses of Buckwheat, 273. Till CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. THE LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. GaMrmI rewtrto, 275. Analywi of BeMt, 276. Analysis of Peas, 286. CHAPTER VI. THE ESCULENT VEGETABLES. ^■■lytw of Cabbage, 288; of the Tarnip, 294; of the Squash, 295; of the Egg-plant, 297; of the Sweet potato, aw. CHAPTER VII. MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. ABalyaeaof Flax, Flaxaeed, and Hemp, 303. Analysisof Spearmint, 304. Analyses of Yellow dock, 305. Analyaii of CaOba aod Tea, 307. CHAPTER VIII. THE FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. Gaaeral remarks, 306. Statement of results, 309. Proportions of ash, etc. in the different parts of several kinds of FoTMt and Frait trees, 311 - 318. Analyses of the ash of diiTerent parts of several kinds of Forest trees : Heoilock, 319; Sugar Maple, 319; Chestnut, 320; Horse Chestnut, 320; Oak, 321; Elm, 322-324; Hickory •ad Iron-wood, 325; Birch, 326; Bass-wood and Butternut, 327; Beech, 328; Black Cherry, 328. Analyses of Ikt ash of Fruit trees : Plum, 330; Peach, 331; Apple, 332. Miscellaneous analyses, 333-336. AxALTau or Commok Salt Page 340 CoKCLUfioK 842 APPENDIX. TumcsATVKz or tbs soil at Axbant Appendix p. I - 36 TBKrXKATTTBJC Or THX SOIL AT HoOSICrALLS " 37 TmrKXATUXx or thx soil at Scott " 38-45 Rakox or TU(PEaAT(7BE or the a» ako soil at Cazenovia " 46 EzrLAKATioN or thx Platxs " 47 REPORT ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. PART II. CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. INOKGANIC BLEMENTg OF VEGETABLES : THEIR NUMBER FEW; THEIR CHARACTEK, ORIGIN, AND SOME OF THEIR COMBINATIOm. IILEX, ITS RELATIONS AND USES IN PLANTS. ALUMINA, LIME, MAGNESIA ; PHOSPHORUS, SULPHUR ; IRON, MANGANESE ; POTASH, SODA AND AMMONIA ; CHLORINE, CARBON, OXYGEN, NITROGEN AND HYDROOEN. CARBONIC ACID AND ORGANIC MATTER ; THEIR UTILITY IN SOILS. VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES : •TARCH, UGiriN, GUM, DBXTRINE ; eXTRACTIVE AND COLORING MHTTER9. ANIMAL SUBSTANCES : PROTEIN ; ALBUMEN, FIBRIN, CASEIN, GLUTEN, GELA.TIN ; BLOOD; MILK. — RECAPITULATION. In the preceding volume of the Agriculture of New-York, I attempted to give the results of many analyses of the soils peculiar to the State, the object of which was the determi- nation of the amount of nutritive matter contained in them. This seemed to be required, as one of the first steps which should be taken to elucidate, in the order most natural, the principles which lie at the foundation of all improvements in husbandry. That the com- position of soils requires a full and perfect determination, is now admitted. It is only by possessing this knowledge, that the farmer can cultivate his lands understandingly, or cease to work empirically or by rote. A knowledge of the composition of soils is not all that is requisite to good and profitable farming : there is still remaining an entire field of facts, to which the husbandman should by no means remain a stranger. These facts relate [Agricultjral Report — Vol. ii.] I 2 PRELIMINARY OBSEftVilTIONS. to the food of plants. There is first that general store-house of inorganic matter, from which all kinds of plants select the peculiar elements which they respectively require for the nutrition of their bodies. We may note^ in the first place in this branch of inquiry, that different families of vegetables require different sorts of food. That which nourishes the wheat plant, is not so essential to flax and hemp, or to the potato. It is true, that in a majority of cases, the same substances may be found in different families of plants; but there still remains the fact, that the proportions required of a given element differ greatly. It is then quite important to know what is especially wanted in a given vegetable, as wheat, rye or indian corn. In addition to the study here briefly alluded to, we, unconsciously, as it were, extend our inquiries to the conditions on which life and organization depend. The distribntion or destination of nutritive substances is governed by law. We are not left for a moment to suppose that nutriment is borne to each organ in the same degree, and in the ■ame amount. This, as will be seen by reference to analyses to be detailed hereafter, is beautifully illustrated in the cereals : we find only traces of the carbonates of lime and magnesia in their seeds or kernels, while the ash of the stems and leaves furnishes both in considerable quantities. So carbonate of lime is in great abundance in the bark of most trees, while it is less in quantity in the wood, and still less in leaves, flowers and seeds. Such results could never have been secured, except under conditions that have been im- posed by laws which regulate the life and growth of all living beings. In the execution of the plan of this work, I shall proceed to detail the researches I have made on the composition of the inorganic parts of plants which have grown upon the soils of this State, the general characters of which have been already given in a former volume. I desire to connect together, as far as possible, the soil and its products ; or, in other words, to trace the relations which exist between the soil, and the living beings which vegetate upon it. That this desire might be carried out as far as practicable under existing circum- stances, repeated additional analyses have been made of the same soil when its immediate products could be obtained. I deemed it highly necessary to investigate minutely the products of the soil of each of the several districts, for the purpose of ascertaining the adaptations of each. The work, however, is too great to be executed in the time allotted to the survey, but it is hoped that enough has been done to aid the farmer to a certain extent. This will not appear improbable, when it is known that the agricultural districts possess points of great similarity, and that the most essential properties of soils are common to each district respectively. So great indeed is the uniformity, that we may calculate the quantity of certain elements which exist in their respective areas, and hence determine in each instance how long it will answer to cultivate exhausting crops. It is scarcely necessary to say, that we arrive at a knowledge of the most essential part of the food of plants by an analysis of the ash. Although the carbonaceous matter which is burned off is also important, still, so far as inquiries of the capabilities of the soil are con- cerned, the carbonaceous are of less importance than the inorganic and fixed parts ; for so essential are these fixed matters, that the very existence of vegetables depends upon them. They constitute the frame work or skeleton, and can not be dispensed with ; and hence PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. 3 where lands have been cropped for a long time, these matters become so far diminished in quantity that a profitable cultivation ceases. The object, then, of the analysis of plants ig to ascertain what elements enter into their composition, and how much is requisite to give that perfection which is most profitable to the cultivator. And it is upon this kind of knowledge that the most profitable rotation of crops is based ; for, as has been stated already, plants differ among themselves as it regards the special elements which they re- quire, and also in the relative amount of those elements ; and hence it is possible to devise an expenditure of a store of food in the soil, which shall ultimately end in a great saving of labor, as well as an increase of direct profits. To carry out the objects here alluded to, numerous analyses of plants have been under- taken, the results of which it is proposed to give in this volume. I should perhaps proceed at once to this part of the work ; but it seems best, in the first place, to state somewhat in detail the characters of those elements which constitute so much that is essential to the plant. I shall first recount all that seems to be essentially necessary for (he farmer to know concerning the functions or oflSces of the elements of plants ; and I do not, therefore, here take it for granted that -ny readers are already familiar with these subjects ; for expe- rience in these matters not unfrequently proves that our readers or hearers know less than we expected, and, in fact, are ignorant of many things of which we by no means had supposed it possible. I would wish certainly to pursue a plan in which plainness and simplicity shall appear prominent, and which shall be as free as possible from subjects that have not been explained to ordinary readers. We may then regard it as an essential part of the attainments of a farmer, to possess a knowledge of those bodies which enter into the composition of the plants which he cultivates, and even of all plants, inasmuch as they minister directly or indirectly to his interests. Regarded in a general point of view, it is not difficult to see in what way they affect his interests ; even in vegetables, though they do not contribute to his nourishment, or that of his cattle, still their office must be taken into account. It is better that a field be covered with vegetation, than to lie naked. In the former case, the growing plants bring up from beneath, and to the surface, elementary substances which, if properly managed, can not fail of contributing to the growth of a succeeding crop. That which it is necessary to know upon this subject, is what particular nutritive elements are brought to the surface, which, by decay, will remain for the improvement of the crop we propose to cultivate. What elements, for example, does the growing buckwheat bring up to the surface, which, when ploughed in, shall become food for wheat or maize 1 This question can be answered only by an analysis of the ash of the plant itself. This being correctly performed, we shall then know not only what elements are mixed with the surface soil, but we possess facts by vrliich we can determine the amount we have in the crop of buckwheat also. So too we may know how rapidly we exhaust the store of food by the continual raising of a given crop. By such researches, we connect the character of the elements with that of the vegetable of which they form a constituent portion, and we connect the elements of the vegetable with vegetable and animal life. 4 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. It u a remarkable fact that those elements which are of the highest importance in the animal and vegetable economy, form but an inconsiderable part of the soil. The tissues of the animal frame are composed of the salts of phosphorus, which, in order to be detected in the earth, require the utmost nicety in chemical manipulation ; while the compounds of lime, magnesia and silica, are fur more abundant. It can not be said that the elements forming the essential part of the soil are numerous ; and hence it may be inferred, that the elements which constitute the frame work of vege- tables and animals are also comparatively few in number. Of those which exist in the soil, the following enumeration comprehends the entire list, so far at least as can be re- garded as essential to organization : Silcx, alumina, lime, magnesia, iron, manganese, potash, soda, phosphoric acid, sulphur, chlorine, carbonic acid, ammonia, the elements of water and air, and nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and carbon in an oxidized state. They may be regarded as forming very naturally two classes of bodies : those which form the frame work of the tissues ; and those which fill up, as it were, the interstices. In the former, or in the frame work of the tissues, we find silex, lime, magnesia in combination with phosphoric and carbonic acids ; in the latter, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in various combinations are found. It is an important fact, established by the analyses which I am about to give, that each tissue has its own distinct organization ; that they respectively possess their ele- mentary bodies in proportions peculiar to themselves. For example, the constituents of the leaf of a currant differ from those of the stem, bark, flower or wood ; the kernel of wheat, from its envelopes, the husk or stalk. But what is practically still more interesting and important, these component parts may be modified by culture and by soil. The law, however, that certain elements or bodies are determined towards specific parts, is un- affected : that the phosphates of magnesia and lime are determined to the essentially nutritive parts of the plants, is a universal fact ; tiie modifications produced by a rich soil and high culture are mainly seen in their accumulated quantity, and it is not very unlike that process called the laying on of fat in certain parts by some breeds of domestic ani- mals. We shall have occasion to treat of this interesting subject more at large, being now more immediately concerned with the elementary bodies alluded to in the preceding paragraphs. SILEX, SILICA, SILICIC ACID. These three names are synonymous. The substance is familiar to all, in the forms and conditions of white sand, flint, and crystals of quartz. In those forms it is conmionly re- garded as pure silex, and is so called ; but when it is combined with other bodies, or is in a soluble state, it is called silicic acid, because it performs the functions of that class of bodies which are known as acids, and not because it has the taste which acids are com- monly supposed to possess ; for it is really tasteless, and produces no change upon litmus. Silex ii scarcely soluble in water, or in the ordinary acids ; but it is perfectly soluble in fluoric acid, and in potash when aided by heat. The alkalies give it a solubility which it GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SILEX. § retains as long as it is moist ; but when dried, and especially when ignited, it becomes insoluble again : hence it is often spoken of as soluble and insoluble silica. In silicated plants, as the cereals, it retains its solubility if they undergo in the ground a slow decay, and we may dissolve it in our analysis along with the phosphates. If, however, these vegetables are burned, their silica becomes insoluble mostly, although it is minutely divided. Silex is white when pure, and harsh and gritty to the feel, but fuses easily with soda into a transparent bead. It is also dissolved in the hydrated vapor of fluoric acid, for which substance it is regarded a test. In this connection, it is proper to speak of silica as a constituent of soils, and of its uses and functions, as a part of the vegetable tissues. It has its mechanical importance in both relations ; and so abundant is it both in its separate and combined states, that it must be regarded as one of the most essential bodies in nature. 1. Silica as an element of soil. In quantity it forms more than 60 per centum, and sometimes its percentage is as high as 95. Taking its average range as about 78 '79 per centum, we find it entering more largely into the composition of soil than any other element. In this fact, we discern that its function as an earth in the midst of earths is important : it must impart its own characters to the compound. In itself, silica is a dry, white, harsh-feeling powder, destitute nearly of afiinity for water, and admitting the free passage of fluids through it without affecting them in the least. It is then an element which is designed to give porosity to soil, in order that water and air may be admitted into its texture. If soils contain too little of it, they are close and impervious ; if too much, water percolates too rapidly through them. Soil is not tempered with an excessive dose of silex when it amounts to 85 per centum : above that proportion, the soil becomes rapidly porous and loose, and can not be cultivated without annual additions of manure. 2. Silica as an element of organized bodies. Silica or sand is not taken up by the roots of plants as such, in consequence of its insolubility ; but it requires to be in combination with other substances, in order to give it this property. What these substances are, has been stated already, namely, potash and the alkalies. Silica then enters into the compo- sition of vegetables, though not in equal proportions in different parts of the same plant. Its presence can not be regarded as accidental ; for instance, in 100 parts of the ash of the straw of the creeping wheat, it amounts to 69'66 ; in the grain, to only 2-56. In the ash of forest trees, it is never half as much. In the stalks of all the cereals, however, it exists in large percentages. It gives strength to the straw, and may be regarded as the element which supports and protects it. In order that the grains and grasses may take up silica, it is necessary that the fluids of the soil should be able to dissolve it. Although an immense quantity of silica exists in a free and insoluble condition, and it would seem necessarily so, yet, in the constitution of the globe, provision is made for its solubility. This provision may be seen in its numerous combinations with the alkalies and alkaline earths. With these it has been united by fusion ; and, as we have already stated, this is one of the modes resorted to for giving it solubility. In the natural progress of the decomposition of the silicated earths and alkalies in a moist soil, and by the at- 6 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SILEX. mocpheric influence, a large portion of this combined silica, when set free, retains its solubility. New or virgin soils are particularly rich in soluble silica and the elements of carbonic acid : hence the cereals find in them their best location, and yield abundant returns. When tillage has exhausted them of silica in its soluble state, the straw is weak, and the haYvest fails, unless artificiall}' supplied. All plants take up this earth, but it is in the cereals and grasses that it abounds. In some the quantity is so small, that it may be regarded as accidentally present. But I may yet remark, that many bodies which contain potash arc easily decomposed by the ordinary atmospheric agents to which they are exposed ; thus, granite, which is in part felspar, is a remarkable instance where decomposition furnishes soluble silica. The potash with which it is combined in the hard rock, yields to the action of carbonic acid and water. The same may be said of hornblende and basalt, or of the pyrogenic rocks as a class. The clay slate, or the slates of the Taconic system, as well as those of the higher classes in the New-York system, furnish both silica and potash by decomposition : hence a glass may be formed which is very soluble, and may be used as a manure. A remarkably striking instance of decomposing action is that of carbonic acid upon the hardest of substances, such as that which is constantly exhibited upon the tumblers used for dipping the carbonated waters of Saratoga. These, in the course of a few days' use, lose their transparency, and look as if they really required washing before they would be fit for dipping. It is the alkaline matter of the glass which is attacked iji the first instance. The silica, however, is all of it soluble, and is slowly washed away. This action will be increased in proportion to the amount of alkali used in the composition of the glass. The formation of silica, as described in the foregoing paragraphs, is an illustration of the mode by which soils have been produced. Only a small portion, however, of the debris of rocks is in a condition to become the food of plants at any given period. The process is slow, but, as must be seen, it is the one best adapted to the wants of vegetation. The most important and interesting fact in regard to silica, is the two distinct chemical characters which it possesses ; that of being soluble in water and weak acids at one time, and almost insoluble at another. In one state, it is the sustaining and protecting agent in the tissues of a vegetable ; in the other, it sustains the root and whole plant, and is the medium through which nutritive matters are introduced, that is to say, it forms the soil in which plants are destined to grow, and at the same time affords them an outward me- chanical support. It is in the most delicate and useful vegetables, the grasses and grains, that silica forms a large proportion of the tissues, or in those plants where it seems lime would be insufficient to perform the same office. ALUMINE, ALUMINA, SILICATE OF ALUMINA, OR CLAY. It will not be far from the truth, to assert that alumine or clay possesses characters op- posed to those of silica. Whether true or not in its full extent, it is certainly less soluble GENERAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINA. 7 than silica, and very rarely if ever enters into the constitution of vegetables, so as to form an essential part of their tissues. If its functions as a part of the soil are also taken into account, it is found to differ essentially from the former. Silica, as already observed, preserves the soil in an open or free state : alumine, on the contrary, makes it consistent, compact and impervious. The functions of this body are confined to the soil. It is ne- cessary to observe that it is not the pure alumina of chemists which forms so large a portion of what is termed clay soils, but a silicate of alumina. Alumina, however, exists in two conditions even here : one of which is easily soluble, and may be called free alu- mina; the other is comparatively insoluble and fixed, and before it can be fully dissolved even in the strong acids, requires fusion with the alkalies or alkaline earths. The facts most important to be known in the history of alumina, are the following : First, its insolubility in water ; secondly, its neutral action on plants ; thirdly, the impervious condition it imparts to soil ; fourthly, its uniform state of fineness ; and, fifthly, its high affinity for water. It never forms a gravel, nor is ever found in coarse particles like the gravel of silica. This great degree of fineness is seen when it is diffused in water : weeks are sometimes required for the water in which it is diffused to become clear. It is unnecessary to dwell longer upon the properties of alumina : the most important facts, though briefly alluded to, are suflicient to answer the objects in view. The two foregoing bodies, silica and alumina, form the basis of all soils, and to their presence the soils owe their main and permanent characters. The presence of other elements produce but trifling modifications. Organic matter exerts a greater influence than any of the earths. The body or basis being thus constituted, the remaining elements, along with soluble silica, may be regarded as food, or as matter out of which the frame work of the various tissues is formed. Although this is without doubt true, yet it is proper, before leaving the subject, to say of soil composed entirely of those bodies termed nutritive, that if composed of either singly, it would form but a barren waste. A pure limestone soil, or one mixed with silica and subcarbonate of lime, would be infertile. It is not a matter of indifference what constitutes the basis or substratum of soils. This must be a peculiar medium having certain relations to water and other bodies, which, if not secured by and in their physical or mechanical properties, would render nugatory the labors of the farmer. Most of the earths possess low absorbent properties. Alumina, however, when pure, or as a silicate, ranks high in this important particular. The rapid absorption of ammonia by clay, renders it a receptacle or reservoir of this element. Odors, too, may be expelled from clothes and other articles, by burying the articles in aluminous soil. LIME. Caustic lime, or the subcaustic hydrate of lime, is never an element of soil. Its affinity for carbonic acid permits it to exist only as a carbonate, or some neutral salt of lime. 8 GENERAL PKOPKRTIES OK LIME. Carbonate of lime, if obtained from pulverized limestone, would have nearly the same mechanical effect in soil as sand. It has but little nffinily for water ; and hence so far as it exerts any mechanical agency, it operates like sand. In the soils of New-York, and more especially in those of the New-England States, the quantity of carbonate of lime is ao small, that it has no perceptible mechanical influence. But there is another form of car- bonate of lime, which exerts a decided influence : this is marl, a carbonate of lime, which is in a state of fine subdivision, and is combined with 4 or 5 to 10 per centum of organic matter. This substance, which is esteemed highly as a fertilizer, is a powerful retainer of water : it even ranks higher than alumina. It truly deserves the reputation it has acquired as a fertilizer, tliough we doubt whether its real action in the soil has been understood. Carbonate of lime, then, in the form we should obtain it by grinding rocks of limestone, would operate only mechanically like fine sand, by giving more porosity to the soil. In the form of marl, however, it gives tenacity to soil, by increasing its retentiveness. Carbonate of lime, as a salt of the earth, owes its importance to the relations it sustains with organized bodies, as is shown by their analyses. It is almost always an element, and o most essential one, of the animal tissues. Thus in the lower orders of the animal king- dom, lime is necessary to form the shell, covering or habitation of the species ; in the higher, the bones are composed of salts of lime, all of which are derived from the soil. So in the vegetable kingdom, salts of lime are abundant in the ashes of all kinds of woods, and especially so in that of bark. We may therefore regard this element as one of the most important, and one which must be present in all good soils. Carbonate of lime is insoluble in pure water, but the farmer is under no necessity to provide the means for its solution. Rain water carries down to the earth carbonic acid, the presence of which enables water to dissolve it. So probably the development of car- bonic acid in the soil itself may aid in giving solubility to carbonate of lime. I need not, however, dwell upon this subject, as, under carbonic acid and the organic matters of the soil, I shall have occasion to call the attention of the reader again to it. The salts of lime, found in soils, are the phosphate, crenate, apocrenate, carbonate, and perhaps the humate and silicate. In weak acids, lime is quite soluble, but they form salts with different degrees of solubility in water. These salts are never in excess in any of the New- York soils : indeed they are really deficient, and, in good husbandry, have to be added in forms which are considered as a manure. In fact, one of the great efforts of the farmer is to supply lime in suflicient quantity to meet the wants of his crops. Few subjects have enlisted the attention of agriculturists, so much as the use and effect of lime in and upon soils. The facts very generally go to prove its great value : its action, however, has not been so generally understood. A subject which involves many intricate questions can scarcely be expected to obtain for itself an uniform opinion, or a theory which all will readily adopt. Analysis proves the constant presence of lime in vegetables : hence there is no doubt that it should be present in all soils, to supply the wants of vegetation. But its use and functions do not terminate in supplying a material for nutriment : there are certain reactions of lime upon other elements in the soil, which equal in utility the one LIME AND MAGNESIA. 9 just referred to. This reaction is upon the silicates of potash, and other alkalies. It has been shown by Prof. Fuchs of Munich, that the silicates of alumina and the alkalies are decomposed by mixture with milk of lime in a subcaustic state. The same action takes place when lime is mixed with the soil. There is, therefore, a liberation of silica and of potash, or the alkali with which the silica is combin€d. Besides this chemical reaction, the texture of clay soils is loosened, and the whole mass becomes porous and friable. The functions of lime, then, it will be seen, consist, first, in supplying an element neces- sary to the plant ; secondly, in liberating the alkalies in combination with silica ; thirdly, in rendering the freed silica soluble; and fourthly, in giving porosity to argillaceous soils. Too much importance, therefore, can scarcely be given to lime as an agricultural agent. There are probably other actions and uses of a minor importance, which may be passed over without particular notice. Some of the uses attributed to lime seem rather problema- tical, or not well sustained by facts. I have already intimated that all plants require lime. I do not know that this intimation requires modification or reserve. It is important, however, to state that the different parts and organs of plants require it in different proportions. The wants of a tree for lime can not be determined by an analysis of its wood or leaves, nor by that of its bark. In the outer coverings it is always greater than in the internal parts. Its presence is therefore functional and necessary. In the foregoing remarks, I have had in view one variety of lime only, the subcaustic or subcarbonate in a hydrous condition. It is in this condition only that it is usually em- ployed. I except here of course the phosphate of lime, as contained in bones, which exerts more of a physical effect upon the clay soils than the hydrous subcarbonate does. Many farmers have used lime without benefit. In view of this fact, it may be stated that at the time the lime was used, it was not required, there being already sufficient in the soil for the purposes of vegetation, or for the use of the crop to be raised. Whenever there is a deficiency of the silicated alkalies and of organic matter, the effects of lime are not so apparent. MAGNESIA. The uses of magnesia, either as an element of soil or as a constituent of plants, are not 80 well known as the use of the salts of lime. It can exert but little influence mechanically on the soil, its proportion being very much smaller than that of lime ; and though magne- sian rocks are not unfrequent, still it never occurs in quantities sufficient to produce any perceptible effect in the texture of the soil. Magnesia, however, appears to be an essential constituent of the grains, as Indian corn, wheat, etc., in which it even exceeds lime in quantity ; thus, in the ash of rye it amounts to 12 per centum, while the lime is only 2-61. The carbonate requires 2000 parts of water for its solution, and is more insoluble than carbonate of lime. All the rocks furnish magnesia by their decomposition. The most common form in which magnesia enters into the composition of plants, is that lAoilICTTtTtrRAL REPORT VoL. H.] 2 10 PHOSPHORUS AND THE PHOSPHATES. of a phosphate. Whether the phosphate is formed in the soil, or in the plant, is a point difficult to determine. It is an element of food, and not of mechanical support. It is required as a constituent part of the grain ; and the grain itself, in consequence of its composition, becomes an important nourishment for animals. It is necessary, however, to say that magnesia enters into the composition of the straw of the cereals, but in small proportion to the quantity in the grain. So it is found in the ash of fruit and forest trees, but the bark is almost destitute of it. In animals, it enters into the composition of the harder parts, as the internal and external skeletons, but in less proportion than lime. It forms salts with the same acids as lime. We have no facts which go to show that lime may replace the salts of magnesia, or the contrary. The state in which magnesia is required by the cereals, is that of a phosphate. No grains contain the carbonate or other salts of magnesia, except in combination with phos- phoric acid. I have so arranged the analyses of the cereals, that this fact may assume its proper importance. It will be seen, on consulting these analyses, that both magnesia and lime exist in the straw and chaflT, while in the kernels they appear only in traces as carbonates. PHOSPHORUS, PHOSPHORIC ACID, PHOSPHATE OF LIME, &c. Phosphorus, which is one of (he most remarkable of the simple substances or elements, exists in all organized bodies. It is never found simple in nature, and never enters as such into organized bodies. We have therefore nothing to say of it as such ; but on its compound forms, or combinations with oxygen, lime and magnesia, and some other bodies, it is ne- cessary to dwell for a moment. In plants, it is found combined in the four principal alkalies and alkaline earths, viz. lime, magnesia, potash and soda. It is also in combination with iron. If the general presence of a substance is an evidence of its importance, the phosphoric compounds rank high in this respect. It is, however, in the fact that grains are its main receptacles, that its real importance is indicated. In respect to the quantity present in any particular part or organ, its distribution follows the same law as that which governs the distribution of other bodies ; thus it is present in the wood, bark, leaves and fruit, but not in equal quantities. In the bark of trees, straw and chaff of grain, it is comparatively trifling in amount. In the leaves of many plants it is abundant. In all edible parts, however, it forms the largest proportion of the whole inorganic matter. These facts indi- cate very clearly the utility of its presence in soils ; and not only this, but its amount ; for as it is comparatively only in small quantities that it is always found, it is probable that it is one of the first which becomes exhausted by culture. In most soils, the phosphates are only appreciable, or just susceptible of being weighed in one hundred grains. A total absence of phosphates in a soil will render it barren and unproductive. It is not impro- bable that phosphate of lime may replace and become a substitute for that of mognesia, when the latter is very deficient in quantity. PHOSPHORUS AND THE PHOSPHATES. 11 On the general distribution of the phosphates, it is quite interesting to know that the phosphate of \ime is distributed to the outer envelopes of a plant, the bark, cuticle, rind of fruits, etc. ; while the phosphates of magnesia and iron j>ass to the interior, or to the seed, kernel or grain. These seem therefore especially designed for the animal tissues. Mem- brane and bone, blood and muscle, must contain a definite quantity of the phosphates in a healthy state ; and when they are deficient in quantity, the bones are soft and flexible, and refuse to support the weight of the body. Much has been said of the importance of supplying nitrogenous matters to soils. The phosphates can never be derived from the atmosphere, or from rain water, nor are they furnished by any of the ordinary processes of nature : hence, if they become exhausted, direct application must be made of some substance which contains them. They must be supplied by labor, and by somewhat expensive materials. Nitrogenous matters, however, are constantly being added to soils, by unceasing operations or agencies independent of man. The rain brings down ammonia to the earth, so that nitrogen can never be totally absent from any soil, though it may be deficient in quantity, or insufficient to supply the wants of artificial crops ; but the phosphates can not be obtained when the soil has been exhausted of them, except by waiting the slow decomposition of rocks, or by a direct appli- cation of some material which contains them. It is towards this one thing, the supply of a sufficient quantity of substances abounding in the phosphates, that the farmer should direct all his measures. Other substances, though they may be important, yet are fre- quently so abundant that there is really no difficulty in obtaining them. This is the case with sulphuric acid, abundance of which exists in gypsum, and other cheap salts of the alkalies and alkaline earths. Not intending, however, to diminish the weight of opinion in regard to the importance of adding nitrogenous matters to soils, it is notwithstanding proper that correct views should be entertained upon this subject ; and I think tiiat the statement of Liebig, in his work entitled " Chemistry in its applications to agriculture and physiology," puts the question in its proper light. He states, p. 75, that " the most decisive proof of the use of strong manure [strong in nitrogen] was obtained in Bingen (a town on the Rhine) , where the produce and development of vines were highly increased by manuring them with such nitrogenous manure as the shavings of horn, etc. ; but after some years, the formation of wood and leaves decreased, to the great loss of the proprietor, to such a degree that he has long had cause to regret his departure from the usual methods, ascertained by long experience to be the best. By the manure employed by him, the vines had been too much hastened in their growth : in two or tbtee years they had exhausted the potash in the formation of fruit, leaves and wood, so diat none remained for future crops, his manure not having contained any potash. There are vineyards," he remarks, " upon the Rhine, ihe plants of which are above one hundred years old, and all of them have been manured with cowdung, a manure rich in alkaline ingredients, but poor in nitrogen." The same system of manuring would end in the same disaster in all cultivated crops. SULPHUR AND THE SULPHATES. SULPHUR, SULPHURIC ACID. I( is now well known thai sulphur and ita combinations play an important part in the economy of life ; hence it is another product to which the farmer must direct his attention. No better criterion exists relative to tlie importance of a product, than that it should be found constantly in the blood and animal tissues. In the case of sulphur, it is always present in albumen and fibrin ; and these are the proximate elements which supply the waste of the body, and by which its growth is promoted and secured. Sulphur, as it exisU in albumen, fibrin or casein, is not in an oxidized state, as is proved by the spontaneous decomposition of these substances. When undergoing thi« change, it is sulphuretted hydrogen which is emitted. Sulphur exists in many of the useful vegetables, as peas and beans, and indeed in all leguminous vegetables, both in their juices and mature seeds. In another family of plants, also, sulpliur is an essential ingredient, namely, the Cruciferee, as horse-radish, mustard and scurvy-grass. Sulphur, as in the case of phosphorus, must be supplied to the soil, by the farmer, whenever it becomes deficient in quantity. That plants invariably derive it from the soil, is proved by the fact that no compound exists in the atmosphere which can furnish it. Sulphuretted hydrogen may sometimes be detected in particular locations, but it is not a substance universally present, or at all adapted in that state to supply the wants of vegetation. Sulphur is without doubt derived from the sulphates, of which there are abundant sources in the earth and rocks. Sulphate of lime, or gypsum, is one of the most common sources for supplying this substance to vegetables. The sulphurets of the metals may also furnish it by decomposition. There is, therefore, no want of materials from which sulphur may be obtained. Sulphate of ammonia is regarded by Liebio as the substance best adapted for assimilation in the vegetable tissue. This opinion is founded upon the composition of this body. It contains nitrogen ; and as nitrogen is also a constituent of fibrin and albumen, it furnishes both elements by decomposition. The simple removal of the elements of water, hydrogen and oxygen, enables the nitto^en and sulphur to pass over into the composition of the vegetable juices. In the case of gypsum, inasmuch as it is soluble in water, it may also be taken up by the rooU of plants, and in. their juices undergo decomposition in the presence of carbonate of ammonia. The sulphurous, or, as they are usually teimed, nitrogenous compounds, albumen and fibrin, are insoluble substances, out of the animal body, or after coagulation by heat. It ia supposed that, in plants and animals, their solubiluy is maintained by the presence of the alkalies. The white of egg furnishes invariably free soda. In ail the changes and facts respecting the slate, condition and growth of vegetables, it is not difficult to see the mutual adaptations of bodies to each other. In the case of sulphur. IRON AND ITS OXIDES. 13 these adaptations are of the most interesting kind. Sulphur is one of those bodies which exists in its simple and elementary condition in the vegetable and animal fluids. It is a rare instance, as most of the solid or fluid bodies are oxygenated, or otherwise combined with other elements. Sulphur, whenever it is procured by the burning of vegetable sub- stances, is obtained in the form of sulphuric acid, oxidation having taken place during the ignition of the vegetable. IRON, OXIDES OF IRON. Iron is an essential constituent of the blood of all vertebrated animals ; but whether it is equally essential to the invertebrata, has never been determined. It is suflicient for my purpose to know that it is found in all animals with red blood. Of its source or origin there can be no doubt : all soils contain it, and all vegetables have the power to take it up. From the vegetable kingdom, it finds its way into the animal. What special function does it perform in the soil 1 As in many other instances, so in the case of the oxide of iron, its function is not to be considered as confined to the production of one single result. In the vegetable economy, its office must be regarded as the same ; but in the soil, it undoubtedly aids or promotes the formation of ammonia. To understand the mode by which this result is brought about, I we must consider that iron exists in two states, viz. in that of a protoxide and that of a peroxide. This fact has been fully established by many analyses ; but there is no con- stancy in the relative proportion of the two oxides : these are found to vary. The two oxides are made to play conflicting parts. When the iron is at its maximum point of oxidation, organic matter in the soil robs it of its oxygen, and the formation of an organic acid is the result. When, however, it is in its lowest state of oxidation, its affinity for oxygen is so strong that it robs water of that element ; and the hydrogen, being set free, combines, while in its nascent state, with the nitrogen of the air in the soil, and forms ammonia. This will be dissolved in water, or may combine with any free acid, as the carbonic or sulphuric, when it is fitted for the uses of vegetation, or is ready to enter the vegetable tissues. Such changes may be carried on so long as the soil is furnished with organic matter- The presence of iron, then, aids in furnishing ammonia ; and were it of no use itself in the vegetable and animal economy, its function would still be highly important. The proto-salts of iron are usually regarded as injurious to vegetation. This is certainly true when they exist in considerable quantities, yet in small doses they do not destroy vege- tation : hence the injurious eff'ect of a proto-salt may be owing rather to the quantity, than to its poisonous properties. These salts are, however, easily neutralized by the application of lime. A barrenness arising from an excess in quantity of these astringent salts of iron, may be immediately remedied by an application of the hydrous subcarbonate of lime, by •which gypsum is at once formed, and the iron remains a simple protoxide with the powers and functions ascribed to it in the preceding paragraph. 14 MANGANESE AND POTASH. MANGANESE, OXIDE OF MANGANESE. It is not as yet determined that this oxide is on essential constituent of any class of plants. So far as this question has been investigated, it appears to be an accidental substance in the ash of plants. Like iron, it is soluble in organic acids, and forms an earthy black substance, the particles of which cohere but slightly. It is analogous to bog ore, being formed in the same way and in similar locations. The organic salt of manganese is un- doubtedly the substance which is taken up by the roots of plants, and is occasionally detected in small quantities by appropriate tests. POTASH. It is now well known that soils destitute of potash are nearly barren ; that, at least for the cultivation of some plants, they are totally worthless. Liebig has proposed to divide plants into groups or classes, according to the predominance of a particular earth or alkali. This has some show of a systematic arrangement ; but when it is attempted to carry it out, it fails, as generally in the composition of the seed we find potash ; in the leaves and stalks, lime, etc. If the whole plant is taken into consideration, it is difficult to determine whether it should be called a lime, potash, soda, magnesia or silica-plant. The original source of potash, and indeed of all the alkalies, is found in the rocks, par- ticularly clay slate, and those containing felspar. In the Hoosic roofing slate 3 '52 per centum of potash exists; in a slate of the same age in Washington county, 0*60. Marls and clays contain 0"50 to 1 and 2 per centum of potash and soda ; but one of the shales from the Chemung series contains 5 "47 per centum.* I have reason to believe, however, tliat tliis large amount of potash is only local ; for it not unfrequently happens that a single specimen yields a large amount of some valuable fertilizer, as phosphate of lime ; but a few yards distant, it is only in diminished quantities. For analyses of the rocks, clays, marls, limestones, etc., see Vol. I. of the Agriculture (ff Jfetc-York. Numerous analyses are also given in the American Journal quoted below. Potash, besides its direct use as a constituent itself of vegetables and animals, is equally useful, if not more so, in rendering silica and other bodies soluble. Its absence, or its pre- sence in insufficient quantities, is an evil which must be removed by a direct application of those substances which contain it. Ashes of plants furnish it more economically than other substances. Even leached ashes contain potash, and are competent to impart fertility for many years ; and in this condition, too, they give tenacity to loose and sandy soils. Our neighbors of Long Island understand well the value of leached ashes ; while the farmers in the valley of the Mohawk have not yet discovered their use, and the fact that they would do much to restore to fertility the worn out fields in this beautiful valley. * Americui Journal of Agricultorc and Science, Dec. 184*7, p. 343. SODA AND AMMONIA. 15 SODA. Both potash and soda are bases for organic and mineral acids, in which combination they are connected with the growth and development of plants. The tubers of potatoes require both pot£ish and soda, and, when grown in a suitable soil, they form a valuable food : if, however, they vegetate in the open air, a poisonous alkali is formed from the elements of the tuber, in which there exist mere traces of potash and soda. The great source of soda is sea water and saline springs, where it is in combination with chlorine. It is also found in mineral bodies, in the same relations as those of potash : hence soils may be supplied with soda by the decomposition of slates, shales and clays. It will be observed, on consulting the analyses, that soda is in less proportion in soils, rocks, and in the ash of plants, than potash. Plants growing in sea water and near brine springs, as at Salina and Syracuse, contain soda. The Salsola kali is common about the salt-pans and fields moist with chloride of sodium. It here finds its proper food, and is as flourishing as upon the shores of the Atlantic. In rocks the percentage of soda is sometimes as high as 1 1 • 48, as in albite, a common variety of felspar ; in mica, it is only from 3 to 5. Notwithstanding the apparent small percentage of soda in rocks and soils, we see that it has accumulated in immense quantities in some locations, as in the rock salt of Cheshire in England, Cracow in Poland, &c. The sea, however, forms the great reservoir. It is maintained by many that potash and soda may replace each other, in case of an absence of either ; that marine plants which naturally require soda, if cultivated far inland, take the vegetable alkali in place of the mineral. This, however, is a forced state ; and the probability is, that in these cases the plant in a few years would cease to vegetate. AMMONIA, VOLATILE ALKALI, HARTSHORN. Ammonia, like pttash and sotla, is an original constituent of the globe ; but unlike those alkalies, it is constantly produced and destroyed by the aflinity of the elements which compose it. Nitrogen and hydrogen being its elements, may unite whenever they exist in a complex substance, when that substance is decomposed. It is exhaled from animal and some vegetable matters in the process of decay, during which it is probably formed by the union of its elements, but in which it did not exist as ammonia when the decay began. Ammonia is also exhaled from the deep interior of the earth. Its salts condense in and upon the fissures of the rocks near volcanic vents. Its vapor rises from the lagoons of Tuscany, in company with boracic acid. This fact, however, does not prove that it exists in masses and reservoirs in the interior of the earth : it may be formed in its boweb, by the decomposition of water acd other bodies in which nitrogen is an element. The importance which ammonia takes in the processes of agriculture, arises from the 16 CHLORINE AND THE CHLORIDES. presence of nitrogen, a substance essential to the composition of the nutritive elements, as albumen and fibrin. It is not the ammonia in its entire constitution which enters the tissues of plants, and exists in them as such : it is necessary that it should undergo decom- position, and part with its nitrogen, to combine with other elements for the purpose of forming the tissues. One of the salts of ammonia exists ready formed in the cererls, viz. phosphate of ammonia and magnesia. The bran is richer in this salt than the flour ; and it is staled by chemists, that when horses have been fed upon bran for a considerable time, balls of phosphate of ammonia and magnesia form and accumulate in the large intestines. This circumstance, however, I believe is a rare occurrence. Ammonia exists in the soil either as a carbonate or sulphate, according to circumstances : it exists also in a free state. Clay and oxide of iron both attract this substance strongly- : they serve therefore to fix it, and prevent its speedy evaporation. Ammonia exists also in llie atmosphere, and is brought down in rain water and snow, from which it may be obtained by evaporation. This fact probably explains the adage, that "Spring snows are the poor man's manure." An important means of fixmg ammonia is furnished by the use of plaster or gypsum. Privies and stables are in a measure freed of ammoniacal odor by sprinkling plaster upon the floor, or about the place : this plaster becomes then doi:bly valuable as a manure. The ammonia decomposes the gypsum, by coTibining with its sulphuric acid. The farmer will always find it for his interest to employ plaster abundantly abonl his premises, or in all places where decompositions are going on. CHLORINE. Chlorine is united to sodium or sodium and water, or potassium, when it exists in or- ganized bodies. It is one of the elements of common salt. It combines with many other bodies, as potash, lime, magnesia, ammonia, iron, etc. Common salt has often been extolled as a manure or fertilizer : its eflfects, however, are not uniform, and hence conflicting opinions exist as to its true value in agriculture. It has also been highly spoken of as a remedy for worms and insects, but here opinions do not agree. It is probably more important to animals than vegetables. Chlorine is not abun- dant in grains and seeds : it is more so in the stalks, leaves, etc. Clover contains more than wheat. It is not improbable that much chlorine is lost in the process of burning. We know that salt volatilizes by heat, or is carried off in the vapor of boiling water ; hence, in this combination, it is undoubtedly lost in part. Chlorine exists in the soil in combination with sodium. In the vicinity of the sea, its presence is readily accounted for by the spray and vapor carried inland by winds, which, when very strong, have been known to carry a quantity suflicient to impart a saline taste to leaves, grass, etc. to the distance of many miles. So it may be transported in a state of more minute division from sea to sea, though it is only over or near the ocean that the aunosphere is sufficiently charged to denote its presence by nitrate of silver. CARBON, OXYGEN, etC. 1*7 Hardness in well and spring waters is often due to the presence of the compounds of chlorine. Chloride of potassium forms an important element of tobacco ; and indeed it is somewhat remarkable that both chlorides, that of sodium and that of potassium, exist together in such large proportions as they are found in this deleterious weed. One variety of tobacco was found by Will and Fresenius to contain 8 53 of chloride of potassium. The stalks of hops contain 9- 64 per centum. The Saccharum qfficinarum contains a much larger quantity ; amounting, according to Stenhouse, to 30 per centum. CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN. In various stales of combination, these bodies constitute those forms of matter which are called organic. The most important, or those which are most generally distributed, are carbon and oxygen forming carbonic acid, oxygen and hydrogen forming water, hydrogen and nitrogen forming ammonia. In the present constitution of bodies, not one of these compounds could be dispensed with : they are universally diffused and present in some form or other, in the vegetable, animal and mineral kingdoms. Carbonic acid is the source of carbon in plants. It is also the great solvent in nature for the hardest materials, such as felspar in granite. Its constant, though slow action, compensates for the rapid and powerful action of mineral acids. I have already alluded to this property of carbonic acid. Water in itself, ar»d as water, must be furnished to all living bodies, and there are but few substances in the mineral kingdom which do not require it ; but when it is considered in its constitution and the decompositions which it is susceptible of, and the changes it can effect in other bodies, or in its actions and reactions, its influence and importance are exceedingly magnified and extended. The same may be said of ammonia, the great source of nitrogen in organized bodies. I need not here dwell longer either upon these elements themselves, or upon their com- pounds*. Of carbonic acid, I would remark in this place, that I have some doubt as to the absorption of it by the leaves of vegetables ; and even admitting that it is absorbed, I can not but maintain the position that the roots are the principal organs which convey it to the plant. Leaves may condense carbonic acid on their surfaces, without absorbing it. It is, however, a point upon which I do not propose to insist. The fact that it is necessary that it be supplied by the roots, I have no doubt will be readily admitted ; and hence prac- tically the materials which are capable of furnishing it, must be supplied where they are required, • Sec Vol. I, pp. 223 - 227 of the Agriculture of New-York. [Agbicultural Report — Vol. ii.J 3 k( ORGANIC matters; VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES, ORGANIC MATTERS. Feriiib soils alwoys contain organic matters. By this term, however, is not intended to be understood a definite compound, but a complex substance derived from the decay of or- ganized botlies, and existing in various states from the recently dead vegetable leaf or stem, to the perfectly disorganized product or products which have been formed in the process of decay. These products become finally converted into organic aeids^ which are capable of uniting with bases, as potash, soda, lime, magnesia, iron, manganese, ammonia, e'c. In ihe character of salts^ these compounds are absorbed by the roots of vegetables j and they constitute, at least in part, their food, and minister to their growth. Some theoretical chemists look upon the organic matter of soils as of little consequence. If, however, the subject is considered in all its bearings, I believe its importance will be conceded. There are important functions which organic matter performs in soil. In the first stages of decay, and indeed through all its changes, it is an absorbent of water and ammonia. Indeed, the absorbent power of a soil is in a direct proportion to its organic matter in a minute state of division. In this respect it ranks higher than clay : it preserves the porosity of soil ; it is a source of carbonic acid ; it aids in the decomposition of the peroxide of iron, by which ammonia is furnished. We tlierefore find it an active agent at all times, performing some of the most essential oflSces to the growing vegetable ; offices, which, though they may not be regarded as vital, yet unprejudiced minds must admit are of the highest consequence. SUBSTANCES PECULIAR TO THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Staech. This well known substance is a product of many plants, in some of which it is quite abundant : this is the case with the potato, wheat, barley and oats. It consists of rounded grains imbedded in the cellular tissue, and entirely destitute of a crystalline struc- ture. Starch is insoluble in cold water; and, hence, after the cells in which it is contained me ruptured, it may be washed freely, and obtained in a pure state. The starch which is deposited in the tuber of the potato, and in grains of the cereals, is changed by germination into s'jgfir : this transformation is ciTected by the saccharine fermentation. This suscepti- bility of starch being converted into sugar, is turned to advantage by brewers, in the formation of alcoholic liquors. A seed, when it begins to germinate, absorbs water and ■wells up, and its temperature rises : it tlien absorbs oxygen, and evolves water and car- bonic acid, and the starch gradually diminishes or changes into sugar. Soon the sugar itself disappears, by ministering to the growth of a sort of stem. The office of the starch in the seed, tuber and root, is to furnish nutriment, until the plant can obtain it by its radicle from the soil. So long, however, as the seed is kept in a dry place, its starch remains unchanged. LiGHiM. Wood of plants. There are various forms of this substance ; thus, the cells of VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES. 19 «he tissues, the fibres of flax, cotton, hemp, etc. are nearly pure lignin. To this su'bstance the coloring matter adheres when employed with a mordant, as the acetate of alumina. It is in consequence of this affinity that colors are fixed, and continue unchanged for a long period. Gum. Gum arahic is one of the most important gums. It is soluble in water ; is in brittle transparent pieces, but never exhibits a tendency to crystallization. Gum may be changed into sugar by means of sulphuric acid, and also by the vital action of the plant which produces it. There is a great deal of interest in the question of the changes effected on starch in the vegetable tissues. The origin of lignin is traced back to starch. It is known that the grains of starch possess a structure quite different from those substances which are formed by affinity. They have a structure analogous to certain animal organs, as the crystalline lens of the eye ; and starch, when its changes are carefully noted, suffers a gradual transition into lignin, the arrangement of the granules being such that they form fibrous tubes in which considerable unaltered starch still remains adhering to the walls of the fibre or tube*. This peculiar change may be better understood, when the composition of starch is stated : it is composed of twelve atoms of carbon, ten of hydrogen, and ten of oxygen. Starch also being formed of concentric layers, the outer one continually increases in density by the absorption of water from the inner layers : tiiis forms a space within it, which may only constitute a cell ; but, in contiguous granules, they may form continuous cells, or, in other words, a tube. Starch is regarded as the first stage in the organization of tissues. It may also perform other offices : it may be changed into sugar or gum, acids, oils, coloring matter. Changes of an analogous kind continually take place in the ripening of fruit. Let any one note the changes in an apple, or a nut, from its earliest period up to the perfect fruit, and he will witness numerous distinct products at different periods, which are changed or meta- morphosed into each other. Dextrine. This is regarded as a kind of gum, which is formed from starch. It is formed by digesting starch in sulphuric acid. The proportions employed, are, one of sul- phuric acid, fifteen of water and five parts of starch ; the mixture being heated to 200° Fahr., and maintained at that temperature for some time. The starch is perfectly dissolved, loses its peculiar character, and, instead of giving a deep blue violet color to iodine, im- parts to it only a wine red. ExTHACT, or Extractive matter. Extract is a watery solution of several substances, dried down to the consistence of syrup. It is bitter and astringent usually, or sweetish bitter ; but it can not be regarded as a proximate principle. It is an impure mixture of several substances. Many medicinal substances are obtained in this state, but they can never be regarded as chemical substances. The bitter principle of aloes, of hops, and of various roots, are complex bodies. Their composition always depends upon the mode in which they are prepared. • Kane's Chemistry, p. 652. 20 ALBUMEN. Coloring matters. Coloring mailer, as oblained, exists in two stales i il is, first, a prew exi«ung substance of a particular vegetable ; and, secondly, it is one which is formed by the chemical acUon of another substance upon a given vegetable product. Madder is an iiiMance of the former ; and perhaps indigo, of the latter. This substance, it is true, pre«xuu in the leaf of the Indigo/era in a while condition, and so remains until the leaf begins to decay, when the while indigo absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere, which is known by the appearance of many blue points in the texture of (he decaying leaf. ALBUMEN, FIBRIN, CASEIN. Il is not my purpose to eulogize the age, or the men of the age ; still il is a just tribute lo science, and to men devoted to science, to say that the discovery that the three organic productions under consideration are indentical in composition, is really one of the greatest in modern times, especially when coupled with the fact that they are also identical with bodies of the same name derived from the animal kingdom. Vegetable albumen is the same as animal ^bumen, in composition. This discovery points out the source of these important bodies, and establishes clearly the offices delegated to the vegetable kingdom, namely, tlie elaboration of the fit elements of food, or nutrient matters, leaving the formative functions only to the animal ; the power of shaping or moulding them, to the necessities imposed by nature. The animal consumes or eats what is essentially his own flesh, which is duly prepared in the grass of the fields. This subordination of the vegeta- ble to the animal kingdom, is the greatest proof of design : it supports fully the doctrine maintained by Paley. AuuMEN. The animal and vegetable fluids abound in this substance. In the while of the egg, and indeed in all eggs and in all animals, il exists in its greatest purity. With- out undergoing chemical changes, albumen may be said to exist in two states ; one soluble, and the other insoluble. The first state is the natural one : it passes into the other at the temperature of 167° Fahr. If albumen is carefully dried at a temperature not exceeding 120°, i I still retains iu solubility, and may even be exposed, when thus dried, to a tem- perature of 212° without losing its solubility. When it is ex-posed to a temperature of 167°, it coagulates, and then becomes nearly insoluble. Acids also possess the power of coagulating it, except the acetic, tartaric and phosphoric acids, in each of which it is per- fectly soluble. So also the alkalies and their carbonates form soluble compounds with albumen. Albumen is usually detected in fluids by the application of heal. The addition of nitric acid also coagulates the albumen. The four organic elements, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, together with •ulphur and phosphorus, constitute this body. The proportions which are given are Ctto-f-Hsio+Njo-l-Oiro-j-SP. The albumen of the blood diflfers from tliat of eggs, in containing one atom more of FIBRIN AND CASEIN. 21 sulphur. The salts contained in albumen amount to from 4 to 8 per centum, consisting of phosphate and sulphate of lime, and chloride of sodium. The importance of albumen is directly indicated by the phenomena which occur in the incubation of the egg. It is a familiar fact, that in this process, all parts of the animal are developed from the albumen, inasmuch as no other nitrogenous body is present. Bones, muscles, feathers, nails, claws, the brain, the membranes and tissues of the body, and the blood, are all generated from this substance in a few days. The yolk is albumen inter- mixed largely with large yellow oil globules. Fibrin. Fibrin is so closely allied to albumen, that it is regarded as chemically the same, although it presents some physical properties not found in albumen ; thus, fibrin coagulates spontaneously from the blood when it ceases to circulate. By fibrin, then, it will be understood that I mean that clot or coagulum which forms when blood is drawn from a blood-vessel. As it exists in this state, it is mixed largely with the coloring matter of the blood. When it is wished to obtain it pure, blood may be shaken in a bottle with bits of lead or tin, when the fibrin will adhere in a fibrous mass, which may be washed with cold water till all foreign matter is removed. The fat which still adheres to it, may be dissolved out by ether. It is then a substance of a pale yellow, and devoid of taste or smell. Its chemical composition is the same as that of albumen. The fat associated with fibrin varies from 2 to 4 per centum. Fibrin, like albumen, is always associated with a certain amount of salts. It is readily distinguished from other bodies, by its spontaneous coagulation. Casein. Casein is an important constituent of milk. Curd of milk is casein combined with some foreign matters. To obtain it pure, milk is evaporated to dryness, and its butter dissolved out with hot ether. Dissolve the residue in water, and filter, and then throw down the casein with alcohol. When a solution contains casein, a pellicle forms upon the surface when heated or boiled : this is regarded as the effect of oxygen upon it. The composition of casein, according to Mulder, is C400 -f-H3io+ N5o-|-0iao+ S. Casein is converted into albumen by digestion ; and so, by the same action, albumen is converted into casein. It is precipitated from its natural solution by all acids, but is re- dissolved by the same. The most familiar case of precipitation, or rather coagulation of casein is that produced in milk by the mucous membrane of a calf's stomach : this is the method employed in the manufacture of cheese. The addition of an alkali to the milk would prevent coagulation. When milk is allowed to stand for some time, a naturally coagulated casein surrounds the butter vesicles, which are broken by agitation in stirring or cliurning, and collect in the form of butter. Casein contains from 3 to 8 per centum of ash after incineration, consisting of phosphoric, carbonic and hydrochloric acids in combination with lime, magnesia and iron. To dis- tinguish casein from albumen, it may be heated to a little over 167°, when it does not coagulate, but a pellicle will be formed upon the surface. AND PROTEIN. The three preceding substances, viz. albumen, fibrin find casein, are called proteine bodies; protein itself being regarded as a mere modification of them. They exist ready formed in the juic«s of vegetables, and may each be separated by suitable methods. Thus, juices which are newly expressed, and allowed to stand a short time, will separate into two or more parts : one is a green gelatinous precipitate, which, when the coloring matter is removed, is a grayish wliite substance, and has been immed vegetable Jibrin. It sepa- rates from the juices, precisely as does the fibrin of the blood. So the clarified juices of all nutritive vegetables, among which we may enumerate asparagus, cauliflower, cabbage, turnip, oats and the various other kinds of grain, when boiled, produce a coagulum which is identical in composition with the serum of the blood, or the white of an egg : this is called vegetable albumen. In the leguminous vegetables, as peas, beans, etc., the other proximate element, casein, more particularly abounds. This, as has been already ob- served, forms a pellicle upon the top of the heated juices, and does not coagulate. These substances, too, I may add, are the chief constittients of the blood, and hence must be regarded as the proximate bodies which build up and form the basis of the animal frame. Protein is obtained from either albumen, fibrin or casein. In order to effect this, the substance must be well washed in succession with water, alcohol and ether, by which means the extractive matter, soluble salts and fats are removed. The phosphates of lime, and other salts insoluble in water, are removed by hydrochloric acid. Potash in solution in water, and moderately strong, dissolves the remaining earths, as well as the sulphur and phosphorus which is usually present. The protein is then ready to be thrown down by acetic acid, which must be added in slight excess only. It is a gray gelatinous flocky substance, which must be washed from the acetate of potash upon a filter. When dried, it becomes hard and yellow. It is insoluble in water, alcohol or ether, and devoid of taste or smell. Its composition is represented by the formula C40+H31+Ns+O,2. Its symbol is Pr. It burns without leaving a residue. Protein may be obtained from most of the tissues or organs and fluids of organized bodies. Thus besides pure albumen, fibrin and casein, it may be obtained from hair, horn, and the crystalline lens of the eye. It is regarded by Mulder as the first product of organization : hence the term I am first; and it is regarded, of course, as the starting point of the tissues in the animal kingdom. The relations of protein to the acids need not be stated here : it is sufficient for my purpose to observe that it dissolves in dilute acids, especially the acetic and phosphoric. It is precipitated from them by tannin, absolute alcohol, ferrocyanide of potassium, etc. In regard to protein, I would, with great deference to the opinion of chemists, question the real existence of this body in the fluids or tissues in an insulated state, or one which exists independently of all other bodies. I do not question the product itself, or that such a product is readily obtained ; but that it is ever formed or found in the fluids or tissues an PROTEIN, AND GLUTEN. 23 a product of organization, I do not believe. I may illustrate my views in this way : Bone is a homogeneous product of organization : so is fibrin, casein, etc. When these bodies, however, are washed with water, alcohol and ether, the extractive matter, fat and oils are removed. If we now subject them to the action of hydrochloric acid, we remove the solid matters, and we have remaining a flexible cartilaginous body of the original shape of the bone. So if we subject bone to incineration, we remove all but the solid parts : we have the earthy matters remaining. In this ceise, neither the cartilage nor the solid phosphates could say ' I am first ;' for the fact is, the fluids, which form bone, contain simultaneously the special elements which are destined to form it. So it may be said of protein, that it never forms a tissue in its independent capacity : the elements of protein, as given in the formula, must be in combination with other bodies in order to form the tissues. These elements are all removed by the treatment to which the juices, tissues, etc. have been sub- jected. Cartilage of bone is far more likely to be formed in a state free from phosphate of lime ; this, however, wouM be an abnormal state. So bone not unfrequently contains too much bony matter ; and both bone and cartilage may be insulated by proper treatment, yet no one would have a right to call either normal bone. The insulation of protein from albumen and fibrin or casein, is an extraction by chemical aflinity analogous to cartilage in bone ; a matter, which never exists in an independent state. If, from proteine bodies, the fat and extractive matter is removed, leaving the inorganic substances, I believe it is in the condition in which it forms tissues. Fat, starch, oil, sugar, and analogous bodies, are the only ones which are destitute of inorganic matter. Even starch leaves a residue on burning, but I am unable to determine whether it is accidentally present or not. The foregoing bodies exist in the animal and vegetable kingdoms. There are other bodies, however, which are found only in one : thus, gum and starch belong to the vegeta- ble kingdom exclusively ; while gelatin, or rather gluten, and chondrin, are products of the animal kingdom only. So pus or pyin, pepsin, and ptyalin, are also exclusively of animal origin. Only two of these bodies require a notice in this place, viz. gluten and chondrin. Gluten. In its ordinary state and condition, it is gelatin or glue. Two distinct sub- stances, closely related to each other, are obtained from skin, cartilage and bone, namely, gluten and chondrin. The former is obtained by boiling serous membranes, skin, etc. in water : when cold, it forms a tremulous jelly. Chondrin is obtained by boiling the cartilage of the ribs, or larynx : when cold and dried, it is hard and brittle. Both bodies behave alike when their solutions are treated with acetates of lead, sulphate of iron, chlorine and iodine : they form precipitates, which are not soluble in an excess of the precipitating substance. Alcohol also precipitates gelatin from its solutions. Tannin (tannic acid) is the proper test for gluten or chondrin. GlycicoU is a species of sugar produced from gelatin, by boiling it with potash : it is the sugar of gelatin, and crystallizes in colorless rhombs from a spirituous solution. The origin of gelatin is unknown, except that it is an animal product. It leaves a resi- due on being incinerated. It is supposed, however, that it is formed in the organism by the Wt CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD. decomposition of protein bj- (he nlknlies. Neither chondrin nor gelatin yield protein when treated with potash, as they do not become purple with hydrochloric acid. Gelatin does not contain fibrin, albumen or casein. Blood, therefore, can not be formed from gelatin; and hence an animal, fed exclusively upon it, must die from starvation. Though proteine compounds can not be evolved from gelatin, yet gelatin is formed from the proteine bodies. We have an example of such a production in the chick in the egg. BLOOD. It is a compound substance, though homogeneous when flowing either in its appropriate vessel, or in the moments during which it is issuing from a wounded vessel. When it has stood a short period, however, it separates spontaneously into three parts : serum, which is a yellowish somewhat viscid fluid ; fibrin, a fibrous white coagulated mass ; and blood globules of a red color, which, when circulating, impart a scarlet red to the whole mass. Blood, however, is not necessarily red : the white fluid of mollusca, and other invertebrate animals, is a true blood. It is also of different colors in insects and worms, as green, yellow, orange. The temperature of blood varies in different classes of animals : in the ox, it is 103° ; in the hog, 99*5° ; horses, 96*8° ; sheep, 101-3° ; and the duck, 105-8°, being uniformly higher in birds than in mammalia. Arterial blood is 1-8° higher than venous. Its specific gravity varies from 1-041 to 1082. In robust men, it is high; in very young infants, thin, and of a low specific gravity. The function of 'he blood is to transmit nutritive matter to the various parts of the sys- tem. It must be nutritive itself; and as there is a continual waste in the system, it must necessarily receive continual additions : these are furnished by digestion, or, in vegetables, from matter taken up by the roots. The nutritive matter of blood consists of plasma, as it is sometimes called, and which is itself composed of albumen, fibrin, casein, fat, salts, iron, extractive matter, and a peculiar coloring substance called luBmaphtein* . These constituents, however, are not all nutritive. As certain bodies are carried out of the system in a healthy state, we are to regard them as in a condition unsuited for nourishment : thus saline, coloring and extractive matter are excreted ; while albumen, fibrin, and fat, never are, except in a morbid state. They neither are found in sweat, urine or mucus. The nutritive power of the blood depends upon the food, and the health or normal functions of the system. We may form some opinion upon this subject, from the composi- tion of blood from a horse. * Simon's Chemiitry, Vol. I, p. 101, 103. COWStlTUENTS OF BLOOD. 25 ANALTSIS BY SIMON. Arterial blood. Venous blood. Water 760-034 757-351 Solid residue - 239-952 242-649 Fibrin *- ■ 11-200 11350 Fat 1-856 2-290 Albumen 78-880 85-875 Globulin 136-148 128-648 Hamatin 4-872 5- 176 Extractive matter and salts 6-960 9-160* The testimony and opinions of many able chemists and physiologists go to establish the doctrine that there are important differences in venous and arterial blood. The following paragraph is a summing up of the differences, as established by careful experiments and analyses : " That arterial contains less solid residue generally than venous blood : it con- tains less fat, less albumen, haematin, extractive matters and salts, than venous blood ; and also that the blood corpuscles of arterial blood contain less coloring matter than venous"t. It must be evident that blood can possess no definite composition ; that the blood of two individuals must be somewhat dissimilar ; and probably that the period of life, food, etc. must particularly modify its composition. It is well established that the condition of the organs materially affects it. Food which is intended to impart strength, must be rich in vegetable fibrin and albumen. Animals which are worked, or which afford milk, must be supplied also with the same materials, with food which contains elements of the compo- sition of their own flesh. The composition of different parts and organs of animals may be stated here, and in this connection, from the bearing which the subject has upon the growth and renewal of tissues. Composition of bonet, cartilage, teeth, muscles, liver, brain. BONE. Femar. Oeeifiiul bone. Phosphate of lime, with a little fluoride of calcium 54-07 52-61 Carbonate of H me 12-71 11-14 Phosphate of magnesia ------- 1'42, 1*05 Salts 0-80 0-50 Cartilage 29-09 32-80 Fat 1-91 2-00 VoR Bibra. • Simon's Chemistry, Vol. I, p. 194. t Ditto, p. 195. [AcmcULTURAL RsPORT — Voi.. II.] 4 CONSTITUENTS OF BLOOD. CAKTII.AOB or A CKILU. Phosphate of lime 20-86 Sulphate of lime 60-68 Phosphate of magnesia 9-88 Phosphate and carbonate of soda - * v * traces. Chloride of sodium 9-37 Herz and GuGEKf. moM TMB COSTA.L CABTtLAGE OF A MAN TWBITTY YEARS Or AOE. Per cent of ash in the cartilage 2 '24 Dried muscle of the ox has the same composition as blood. It is composed of Beef. Carbon - • 51-83 Hydrogen 7-57 Nitrogen J5-01 Oxygen 21-37 Ashes - 4'23 Blood. 61-95 7-17 16-07 21-39 4-42 Playfaik, The conslitntion of teeth is rather different from that of ordinary bone. Enamel. Om«oiu portion. Phosphate of lime with fluoride of calcium - 89-82 66-72 Carbonate of lime 4'37 3-36 Phosphate of magnesia 1*34 1-08 Salts 0-88 0-83 Cartilage 3-39 2761 Fat 0-20 0-40 Von Bibra. COMPOSITION or GLANDUI.AR MATTER — UVEK. Healthy lirer, Fany lirer. Water 76-39 56- 15 Solid matter 23-61 44-85 Animal matter dried at 212° 21-00 13-32 Saponifiable fat 1 -60 30-20 Cholesterin 017 1-33 Bondkt. The brain is composed of Water 780 Albumen- ........... 7-3 Phosphorized fat •---•---- 12-4 Extractive matter and salts 1*4 Denis. The quantity of water in the brain varies, according to the statement of several eminent chemists. According to Fremy, it amounts to 88 per centum. CONSTITUENTS OF MILK- 27 It will be observed that from the foregoing- analyses, the composition of the organs and parts vary essentially from each other ; and though it may not be precisely the same in individuals at different times, still the departure from a certain standard is never very wide. The law of the vital economy secures a composition constant within narrow limits. MILK: A secretion of the mammary glands, of a white color, and, like the blood, is of a com- plex constitution. Milk, when pure and healthy, has an alkaline rea>ction. This alkaline reaction con- tinues for periods varyii^g according to the state of the weather, and the meteorological condition of the atmosphere. The kind of milk, also, varies in this respect; human milk remaining longer in its alkaline condition than cow's milk. Milk consists of casein, a coagulablc fluid in which fat vesicles may be observed under the microscope. In addition to the casein and butter, certain salts and sugar are invariably dissolved in a large quantity of water. When milk is allowed to stand, the fat vesicles or butter rise to the surface. When boiled, casein rises to the surface and forms a pellicle- The same substance is coagulated by rennet, sulphuric and other acids. The solid matter of milk is composed of the following substances : I. ir. Phosphate of lime 47-1 50-7 Phosphate of magnesia --8-6 9'5 Phosphate of peroxide of iron ..... I-4 l^O Chloride of potassium 29-4 27-1 Chloride of sodium .-------- 4-9 S-0 Soda 8-6 6-7 'JTie fluid matter of cow's milk has the following constitution in 1000 parts : I. II. Water 857-0 853-0 Solid constituents 143-0 177-0 Butter 400 38-9 Casein 72-0 69-8 Sugar and extractive matter 28-0 31-3 Fixed salts -.- 6-2 Simon. 7-0 Herberger. The milk may be diseased, by the general disease Oi the animal. When the cow has vaccinia, or vaccine disease, the butter is diminished, and pus is found mixed with casein. The milk from a healthy teat contains no pus, and has the appearance of healthy milk. Cows affected by the grease, do not yield healthy milk. Milk is also liable to certain changes which can not be explained very satisfactorily. It sometimes becomes bine and yellow, from the presence of two species of animalculas : the RECAPITULATiON. trtl ia the Vibrio cj/anogenus, and the other VHyrio xanthogenus. I have also seen a bright red, from the presence of another species probably of the same genus. One or two pan* of milk in a dairy will be aflectcd, and all the rest escape. Milk becomes sour, by the cliange of th(> sugar into lactic acid. RECAPITULATION. A brief notice of the foregoing substances was necessary for various reasons. The agri- culturist should know the destination and use of those elements of the soil, the channels through which they pass, and the preparation they undergo before they are converted into products suitable for the consumption of man and animals. He should have in his mind a condensed scheme of the physiology of the natural products, and of the changes which the elements undergo in passing from their comparative inert condition in the soil, to their first semi-organized state in the tissues, and finally to their perfect organization in the bone, cartilage, membrane, muscle and brain. In order to reproduce the foregoing matter in a distinct and more intelligible form, and in conclusion of the chapter, I shall here recapitulate the most important facts and principles. 1. Soil is composed of a few essential elements only ; the most important, in one sense, the sense in which they are most necessary for animals, are in the smallest proportions. 2. If plants have no power of selecting ihe elements essential to their growth, they have the power of distributing it to certain parts and organs. Phosphate of magnesia and lime exist only in small quantities in the chatT of wheat, but both are quite abundant in the kernel which the husk envelopes. In no case do we find the reverse of this fact. 3. Every organ of a vegetable, and we may extend the remark to animals, has a reticulated frame work of inorganic matter, the base of which is either silex or lime. Monocoty- ledonous plants, particularly the cereals and grasses, have a silicious skeleton ; the dicotyledonous have usually a lime skeleton, or a predominance of lime. This state- ment refers to the stalks, stems and leaves ; while if their seeds or tubers are edible, their composition bears a resemblance to that of the grains. 4. The fluids of plants and animals contain all the nutritive bodies in solution, and become vitalized by contact with vitalized matter. A very large proportion of the fluids cir- culating in plants is water, the solvent powers of which are increased by the presence of alkalies and carbonic acid. It is by the presence of these bodies in the soil, too, that some substances quite insoluble out of the soil, are quite soluble in it : tiie organic matter of soils is soluble in most earths, and associated with other elements, and hence becomes an essential class of matters forming the growth and perfection of certain cultivated plants. RECAPITULATION. 29 5. The importance of organic matter in the soil, is sustained by many well established facts : a. In the removal of crops of beans, wheat, indian corn, etc., the soil is exhausted of not only inorganic but organic matter ; and in order to restore fertilit)'^, experience proves the necessity of adding nitrogenous matters. The most striking results flow from those manures which contain the most organic matter already prepared for the uses of the plant, such as guano and night soil ; and in the application of these substances, we become aware of tlie value of their presence in the soil. Ashes, which is usually regarded as a manure wholly inorganic, is really complex, and contains much organic matter. Organic matter in fact adheres so obstinately with phosphoric salts, as well as the alkalies, that no form of matter which is applied to land as a fertilizer is entirely free from it. If there are any exceptions, it is in the use of lime of the oldest rock, and in pure gypsum. b. It is well established that one of the conditions necessary to secure the favorable action of lime, is the presence of organic matter. It is not sufficient that there be carbonic acid in the atmosphere, or ammonia : it is necessary that it should exist there in the condition of a product undergoing decay, by which the oxygenized products may be acted upon, and by which the peculiar organic acids may be produced. c. In regard to the entrance of nutriment into a plant, I can not but regard the root as its channel. Experience upholds the idea at least ; and though the leaf has the power of absorbing carbonic acid and ammonia, yet it is really analogous to the power of the skin also to absorb matters : still it is not the function of the skin to supply food to the system. Vicarious functions are quite different from natural ones. Hence the argument that organic matter in the soil could not furnish enough for the wood produced in a forest, does not prove that the forest received its increase through the channels of the leaves. The ammonia and carbonic acid failing with the rains to the earth, supply additions of nutriment to the soil. Again, it is not enough that the inorganic manures be employed. Experience proves that their good effect on crops fails in due time : indeed, perfect seed can not be produced in their absence. All essential and perceptible increase of pro- ducts comes from manuring, and in proportion to the manure ; and trees or shrubs whose branches are cut off from the supply below, die, not from the absence of water alone, but from starvation : they can maintain but a precarious existence under the most favorable circumstances. d. The quantity of carbonic acid is about one-thousandth of the weight of the atmosphere. This is sufficient, no doubt, to preserve, so far as this is concerned, the balance of nature. Being produced by the respiration of animals and by combustion, and diffused through the atmosphere, it is again brought to the soil. So it is produced in vast quantities in the soil by slow combustion, and manures must yield the same product in the very place where it is particularlj' wanted. i RECAPITULATION. Must we suppose that the carbonic acid thus derived from the decay of vegetables, and from the manures added, is evolved in a gaseous state, and ascends to the leaves for absorption 1 This will not gain credence. e. So of ammonia : this must be continually supplied. The original store of it, which may be supposed, for argument, to have been thrown into the atmosphere, would long ere this have been exhausted. It must be reproduced, and it is well known to be reproduced in the decay of vegetables, and also that a part is resolved into nitrogen and hydrogen. The decompositions in the soil become a source of ammonia : this need not escape into the atmosphere for the absorption of leaves. Manures, too, furnish it during their changes in the soil ; and it is not probable that it must leave the soil in order to reach the vegetable tissue. f. If, however, manure is left uncovered, will the crop get the benefit of it? Here it goes into the atmosphere ; but who will maintain that the field will yield the crop it would, had it been covered and well mixed with the soil ? When am- monia is fixed by ground gypsum, is not the conclusion evident that it reaches the leaves of plants through the root? g. The soil must possess all the inorganic substances, as well as organic, which are essential to the perfection of vegetables : if any one is wanting, it must be sup- plied. But to secure its benefits in the highest degree, the soil must be put into a state which shall make all those matters accessible to the roots of plants. This calls for the attention of the husbandman to its mechanical condition. A. It is maintained that certain crops, as clover, take nitrogen from the air. May it not be doubted, and may not (he advantages to be derived from its cultivation arise from its large and widely branching roots, whereby a rapid growth is secured by an absorption of nitrogenous matters from comparatively large areas. Modern chemists and physiologists have established the doctrine, that the vegetable kingdom is the great source of nourishment to the animal kingdom. In the vegetable kingdom, albumen, fibrin and casein, substances essential to the maintenance of animal life, are elaborated. So both kingdoms yield back the inorganic matters to the mineral in their decay, and combustion and respiration are other means by which the food of plants is in part prepared. It will suggest itself to the reader, probably, that the actions of the vegetable end in results totally different from those of com- bustion and respiration. In the leaf, oxygen is set free ; in combustion, it is fixed. Oxygen and carbon being united in animal life, it becomes the part of the vegetable to separate them ; to appropriate the carbon in the growth of wood, while at the same time oxygen is once more in a condition to meet the wants of animals. It is impossible to overlook, in these changes, the balance which is preserved by the controlling agencies of nature. Mutual adaptations prevail : harmony is secured. To the vegetable is allotted the task of elaborating the fluids most essential to the growth of animals. The vegetable has time and leisure to do this. To say that the plant vegeinlps, is to express the whole of its life and doings. RECAPITULATION. 3 1 A large proportion of the weight of all living bodies is water : four-fifths of an animal is lost by drying. So also in some of the most important products of vegetable life, a very large amount has to be set down to water. These facts prove the importance of water ; and it surprises every one, when he is told for the first time that highly organized animals, weighing twenty and thirty pounds, when dried, have only a few grains of saline ash : they are vesicles of animated sea water. Many persons have been mistaken in their notions of scientific husbandry ; or they have failed to seize upon the higher idea embraced in the investigations of the philosophic farmer. We can regard scientific husbandry as an investigation of the mutual adapta- tions of the three kingdoms of nature to each other, and of the methods of applying fixed principles to practice. No other method of farming, but that founded on adaptations fixed in nature by its Great Author, can be successful, and repay the efforts of the laborer. Some of these methods are easily discovered, and have ever been used : others are not so accessible, and require other sources of knowledge for their discovery. Chemistry has in this way become the handmaid of agriculture, and has already unfolded new and most important principles in the employment of this first and chiefest of arts> \i'. CHAPTER 11. ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. OEXEkAI. AXKAkKS on THS IMPOBTAKCB OF AN ANALYsm or THE A»H or PLARTS, AWD ON THE DISTKIBPTION O* TBC XLEMBNTS OF PLANT*. FREPARATION OF THE ASH FOR ANALYSIS. MODE OF ANALYSIS : INOBGANIO AND OKOANIC. ANALYSIS OF SETEBAL KINDS OF POTATOES IN COMMON USE ; TOMATO. KOOT CROPS : CARROTi BEET, RUTA BAOA, SWEET POTATO. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE POTATO. The analysis of the cultivated, as well as of those vegetables which grow without culti- vation, is a necessary work, and is especially promotive of agriculture in its present state. Modes of culture, preparation of the soil, and treatment of the growing crop, have reached a very perfect stage, and but little more can be expected from methods which are usually called improved. It has now become interesting to inquire how the produce may be in- creased, by improving the quality and excellence of the crop, by a systematic application of matters which the crop requires, by administering them in new modes and forms, and at times more in accordance with the period when peculiar elements are deposited in the seeds, grains or straw. The possibility of bringing about improved results from the modes here alluded to, rests upon experimental knowledge of the constitution of the bodies we have under culture, and also upon the progressive changes and progressive accumulation of nutritive matter during the periods of growth. We obtain the knowledge necessary to secure the ends in view, by the analysis of the ash of the perfect and mature plant, and by successive analyses during its progress to maturity. That the inorganic matters vary at the different stages of growth, is now well established ; that organs differ in composition, and that the same may be said of parts, is no longer to be questioned. I shall maintain that these variations are not accidentally produced, but are results founded upon a law which regulates the distribution, and directs the final de- stination, of every particle of nutritive matter received into the tissues of a vegetable. If the distribution of nutritive matter had been left to chance, we might as frequently find the gluten and casein in the straw and chaff, as in the grains ; the phosphates of magnesia, lime, etc. in the chaff, rather than in the kernel. Such a result has never been met with ; the kernel being known as the principal storehouse of food, from the experience of the whole cycle of ages which has elapsed since their cultivation and use by man. : This law is one which may be expressed, so far as direction is concerned, by an upward I i ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. 33 and outward movement : a peripheral force is given to the nutritive matters in the early stages of growth. It is perhaps premature to attempt to speculate upon the ends which are secured by the supposed law ; but one or two remarks may be offered upon the subject. First, the products rich in elements required by all plants, are speedily sent back to the soil, for an early and renewed use : the leaf, the rind and husk, the tender stem, are all annual growths, and return annually to the soil to undergo decay. The fruit, with its envelopes, is situated at the extremity of a floral branch or bud : it is at the end of the channel of the coursing fluids; and its influence robs the base or bottom of the straw of a portion of its inorganic matter, that an laccumulation may be secured in parts which are specially appropriated to the use of animals. The bottom of the straw has less nutritive matter than the top : it has moved upwards ; but the usual supply is diminishing in con- sequence of age, and hence its deficiency remains to the end. Pea vines die upwards : their main stalk ceases to elaborate or arrest the nutritive matter; and it often presents the appearance of death, while the upper leaves and fruit are yet fresh : it is robbed by the activity of the superior oi^ans. So numerous are the instances of this kind, that we can scarcely refuse to admit the law of an upward and outward force in the distribution of nutritive matters. Another important result, is tlie perfection of the seed and fruit. This seems to be the great end to be secured ; and so rare is a failure of this end, that we scarcely consider the law wliich secures the result : it is regarded as a matter of course. A stone projected into the air, surely returns to the ground, but the law of gravitation is rarely thought of; so the seed ripens by an accumulation of nutritive matters scarcely less surely, and, as in the case of gravitation, we forget there is any law in operation. Though a vast amount of nutritive matter is locked up in a forest, this law still operates. There is no centralization of important substances in the interior of the wood : in the growth even of the trunk of an oak of a thousand summers, the outward and upward forces, are still recognizable in the percentage of ash in the wood of the outside, the leaves, and extreme branches. The action of vegetables upon the nutritive matters in the soil is in accordance with the same law : we can not fail to recognize the upward movement. The roots bring up, from tlie deepest parts of the soil to which they can penetrate, tlie a^ids and bases which are required to sustain life : the leaves and annual stalks receive a large share of it ; these fall upon the surface, where they undergo decay ; and hence upon the surface, the matter which has been drawn from (he deepest soil, is left where it is required. We often see roots shooting upward into the richer stratum at the top ; still, when not thus invited by a richer storehouse at the surface, they penetrate deeply and widely. In the constitution of the soil, no depth has been reached, which has been on that ac- count deficient in the elements of nutrition. Organic matter exists in the Albany clay, at the depth of at least fifty feet, and at hundreds of feet in the calcareous shale of the Salt group. In confirmation of what has been stated in the foregoing paragraphs, the reader may [AOKIcnLTTBAL RePOET — VoL. H.] 5 34 ANALYSIS OF PLANTS. consult the analyses, many of wliicli were timlertakcn wiili a view to tklonniiu' ihr law of dislribiilion of the inorganic matter*. 1 now propose to give in detail the resulu of the analyses which have been made in furtherance of the objects of the Stale Survey. In doing this, I find it impossible to state these details in that complete and perfect form wiiich is desirable. This arises from the fact that the analyses ore still going on, will continue through this season, and can not be completed till its close. What then remains, will be given in an appendix to this volume. The analysis of the ash of plants presents some difficulties which are not easily over- come. The first step is to procure an ash in a proper condition : if it is highly alkaline, it is very liable to fuse at low heal, and the fused particles embrace particles of coal, and the ash is black. So it is liable to be caustic, or partly in a caustic state ; and hence there will arise, in summing up the results, an apparent error : the figure will be too high, if the carbonic acid is reckoned or calculated, instead of being obtained and weighed ; it will be too low, if the carbonic acid is omitted. It is indeed difficult to obtain an ash entirely free from this uncertainty. The ash of indian corn is the most difficult to obtain ; and, besides this, I take it upon me to say, that up to this time, no one has yet made a correct analysis of this grain, or without having too much loss. The method which I have pursued for the analysis of the ash of plants, has been the one approved of by distinguished chemists. It has, however, been modified during the progress of the work ; and if it has diflfered essentially from that of some distinguished chemists, it has been for special reasons. I will now state the method which has been followed in the laboratory, in order tliat the results may be appreciated. When the method of obtaining a result is defective, I have no desire that it should pass for more than it is worth ; and as the results given have been those which were actually obtained, it certainly is proper that the method also should be known. It has not been my practice, nor that of my assistants, so far as I have known, to distribute losses among the several results. The loss is a result as important as any, and should be known, and never concealed, however great it may be. That a small loss should occur, is inevitable; this will vary with the care bestowed, and the nature of the substance analyzed. I. The preparation of tlie ash. The vegetable is burned at as low a temperature as pos- ■ible, and sufficient time is given to consume the coal perfectly. Sometimes, however, * It k not intended here to claim the entire merit of determining the fact that the organs and parts of plants differ in chemical constitution, and differ also in different periods of growth. That the kernel differed in composition from the ftraw, has been known from the earliest times ; but the differences which are very constant in tlic ir.sidc and out- ride wood of forest and fruit trees, the differences between the leaf and bark, the law of upward and outward move- menti of the nutritive fluids, were, so far as I know, first observed in my laboratory. Our results, however, were not published as early as some others bearing upon and proving the existence of the same general laws ; but I do not, therefore, feel bound to credit discoveries in this field to others. By these remarks, it is not designed to claim more than is my due, nor to withhold praise from others who have labored in the same field. The present period has been remarkable for action and unremitting labors in the chemistry of plants, and many discoveries have been made almost •imallaneouslv by different individuals. ANALYSIS OF PLANT*. 35 the impure ash is weighed, and all the then soluble matters dissolved out, when the residue is again burned. This method is adopted only when the ash fuses at a very low tempera- ture, or when the proportion of mixed alkalies is comparatively large. Generally the ash has been used soon after it has been prepared c if it stand it is dried previous to analysis. II. The analysis begins with the weighing two or three parcels of 20 grs. each : some- times a less quantity is used. One parcel is used for the earth, alkalies and phosphates ; another for chlorine, sulphuric acid and organic matter. I obtain the chlorine from one half, and the sulphuric acid and organic matter from the other half. The other parcel is dissolved in hot hydrochloric acid. In many cases, this is a speedy operation : time, how- ever, is given in the straw and chaff of the cereals, when silicates may be expected. We usually obtain in these cases a gelatinous sokition, which indicates the perfect action of the acid. Silica is obtained by filtration : it is ignited and weighed. The filtrate contains the phosphates, lime, magnesia, potash and soda. The phosphates are thrown down by excess of ammonia ; the lime, afterwards, by oxalate of ammonia. The filtrate, after the lime has been separated, is divided into two equal parts : one is used for magnesia; the other, for the potash and soda. To obtain the magnesia, I prefer the phosphate of soda with ammonia. We have used the peroxide of mereury, and it saves time and some labor-; but we have been better satisfied with the phosphate of soda. The half reserved for potash is evaporated, and the salt exposed in a Berlin capsule to low ignition. It is then weighed, and the result is set down as chlorides. These are dissolved out with water, and filtered ; the filtrate is evaporated again, and the dry residue submitted to the action of absolute alcohol. The insoluble matter remaining in the filter, which is washed with alcohol, is dried, and heated rather strongly, and weighed and set down as chloride of potassium, from which the amount of potash is calculated. The chloride of potassium and magnesia being subtracted from the chlorides, gives the chloiide of sodium, from which the soda is calculated. The insoluble matter in water is also noted. This method, though not re- commended in Fhesenius's work, I can not but regard as quite accurate. Fresenius says that chloride of poteissiura is nearly insoluble in absolute alcohol ; and we have found, on testing the alcohol made in the laboratory, that it does not dissolve a perceptible quan- tity of pure chloride of potassium, while chloride of sodium dissolves in it rather freely, and chloride of magnesia at once. III. After going through with the preceding work, the phosphates which have been preserved are taken up for analysis. They are redissolved in hydrochloric acid, and fil- tered to free them from soluble silica. The filtrate from the soluble silica is mixed with ammonia in slight excess ; and while the mass is still wet, acetic acid is added, which dissolves all but the phosphate of peroxide of iron : this is separated by filtering, and dried, ignited and weighed. From the filtrate, oxalic acid throws down the lime, which is also filtered, ignited and weighed. The magnesia is now thrown down by phospiiate of soda and ammonia, the latter in slight excess, or else the acetic acid will still hold the magnesia in solution. I can not hut regard this method of treating the phosphate, as preferable to that where XHALYSrs OF rLAflTH. the wh»Je of the phosphoric acid is oblaineil at once and separately. If it is suspeclcd, however, that we do not obtain all the phosphates or phosphoric acid, we adopt ll>e separate metliod with another quantity of ash, Nsing for this purpose a weighed portion of iron dissolved in nitric acid. By this method, all the phosphoric acid is obtained in com- bination with jKiroxide of iron. By the method I have pursued with the phosphates, h more satisfactory result is obtained. We know not only what parts and organs contain the most phosphates, but also with what bases they are in combination. The ash always contains organic matter. In almost every result we find it : it is, how- ever, the most troublesome in the phosphates, and it has been suspected that it decomposes phosphoric acid, and that a loss ensues when strongly ignited. Whether there is a loss of potash in burning the vegetable, is not as yet well tletermincd. The organic matter i» SHpi)osed to exist as an organic salt of lime, magnesia, and perhaps potash. It seems im- practicable to remove it, and it is quite abundant in the best or whitest ash which can be obtained. For a itKinure, ashes are so much the better for the organic matter : it is quite soluble in water, and its amount is obtained from the watery solution ; the whole product being perfectly dried and weighed, and afterwards ignited till it is entirely consumed, it is again weighed, and the loss is organic matter. It is hardly necessary to say that the chlorine is calculated from the chloride of silver, and the sulphuric acid from the chloride of barium. The proportions were obtained by taking 100 grs. (usually) of the substance, drying in a water bath, and then burning it ii> a platina or porcelain capsule. Organic analysis^ as detailed in the following paragraphs, consists in the separation of the proximate elements, as starch, albumen, casein, dextrine, etc. The mode is sufficiently simple, but seems to be liable to some variations in consequence of the easy decomposition of some of these bodies on exposure to the atmosphere. The potato is first washed, and then dried, or freed from the oatside water. It is then sliced longitudinally, and laid upon blotting paper a moment in order to absorb the exuded moisture. Two or three hundred grains are then weighed, when it is immediately grated carefully, and so as to be free from unbroken pieces of the potato. The grated portion is allowed to subside in pure water, after passing through fine muslin. The starch collects at the bottom ; and the fibre, after thorough washing, remains upon the muslin filter. The supernatant liquor is drawn off from the starch by a syphon. The small quantity of fluid remaining upon the starch, and the starch itself, is thrown upon a filter and washed again, and the filtrate is added to the liquid drawn off by the syphon. The liquid is^often ([uite bulky : it may, however, be divided into two equal parts ; one for albumen, and the other for casein. The first is boiled or heated to above 160° Falir., when tiie albumen separates in thin coagulated masses, and subsides in the course of twelve hours. This is filtered upon a prepared filter, and dried in a water bath preparatory to weighing. The casein is precipitated from the other half by acetic acid. The liquid, after complete subdivision, is drawn off with a syphon, and filtered, dried and weighed. The dextrine may be obtained ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. 37 from either half. The acetic solution, however, must be first neutralized by carbonate of ammonia, when the albumen goes down, and from which the liquid must be freed. It may then be evaporated to a small bulk, and alcohol added in a large quantity, when the dextrine appears in flocculi which must be left to subside. It may then be filtered upon a prepared filter, and weighed. The remaining liquid is now evaporated in water, in a cup whose weight is accurately determined, until it ceases to lose Aveight : this matter is called sugar. The fibre which had been obtained in an uniform state, is freed from fatty matter and gluten by means of alcohol in a retort. Ether is afterwards employed to free the gluten from fat, which is cautiously distilled oflf or evaporated in a weighed cup. My readers will now be prepared to set a proper value upon the labors which have been performed in the laboratory. The foregoing statements, I hope, have also prepared the way for entering upon a detailed account of the results which have been obtained. I shall, in the first place, give the analyses of the potato plant ; and I may again say that the order of arrangements is governed by necessity, being obliged to give in the first place the analyses of those substances which are in the greatest state of forwardness ; and as analyses are still in progress, and will be for three months to come, those which are made hereafter will be placed in an appendix. The analysis of the potato plant is extended to the stalks, leaves and tubers ; they have not been confined to llie tuber. All the varieties which I could obtain have been analyzed. I. MERCER POTATO. Color white or grayish white ; flesh white ; form elongated, much longer than wide. The potatoes analyzed were raised in Cortland county, by N. Salisbury, Esq. Length, 5 inches ; thickness, 2^ inches. 1. Analysis of the ask of the whole potato. SUica 4-400 Phosphates 38-500 Lime 0-150 Magnesia • 0-800 Potash 13-263 Soda 24-925 Sulphuric acid 6-254 Carbonic acid • . - • - - - trace. Organic matter 2-536 102-434 S. 38 ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. 2. Analysis of the phosphates. Phosphates ....-- 38 '500 Phosphate of peroxide of iron . . • - 7 "900 Lime 2933 Magnesia ....... 0"035 Silicic acid trace. Phosphoric acid 27 '6 12 For an analysis of the soil upon which this potato grew, see Vol. I, p. 342. 3. Organic analysis of the Mercer potato. Size the same as that from which the ash was obtained. PHOPORTIONS. Water of the ends 79-509 Dry matter in the ends 20-492 Ash of the ends 0-679 Ash calculated dry 3-746 AMALTSn. Balf from which albumen Half rrom which albamen was teparated. waa not Mparated. Starch 9-710 9710 Fibre 6779 5-779 Gluten 0-205 0205 Fatty matter 0084 0084 Albumen 0-249 0249 Casein 0-506 0-468 Dextrine 0721 1265 Sugar and extract 3-931 2-638 21-185 20-398 It is found that the amount of water, ash, etc. difl'er in the ends of the potato. The following results exhibit this fact : 1. Saed or roae end. 3. Heel end. Per cent of water 83-839 75- 177 Dry matter 16 161 24823 Ash 0-725 0-431 Ash calculated dry 5 197 2-296 S. These two results with the ends may be compared with the mean, or both ends used together. It becomes necessary, from these differences in the composition of the ends, to examine them separately when lime will permit. The result is interesting, and agree.s with other facts in the same class. ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. 39 II. EARLY SHAW, MOUNTAIN JUNE, EARLY JUNE POTATO. Pl. 3 B. Fig. 2. Color white; flesh white: form round; eyes in fives; skin slightly rough. This is one of the most valuable of the varieties of this vegetable. It is not predisposed to rot, or to be impaired by the disease. It is early, and may be used as an early or late potato ; and my own experience is that it keeps well, and is really one of the best kinds in the spring, never becoming watery or strong. If it is planted early, it reaches that point of maturity which enables it to escape disease. The cause which occasions the rot acts only upon the immature crop. A ripe potato is no more affected by the rot, than an apple, or any other fruit. 1. Organic analysis of the tuber. I. II. Water 74-902 75-06 Starch ' - 13-378 10-45 Casein 2053 073 Albumen 0085 0-27 Sugar and extract 1-364 2-04 Dextrine 0-912 0-44 Gluten and fat 0-008 Fibre 6-829 10-70 99-531 99-69 PBOPORTIONS. Water 743698 Ash 0-5492 Dry matter 25-0910 Ash calculated dry 3-4470 B. The second analysis was made of a specimen obtained from Lansingburgh, from the garden of Mr. A. Walsh ; and I have reason to suspect that the fibre was not thoroughly washed from starch. The Early Shaw is a potato of English origin, and I believe has not been cultivated many years in this country. It never attains a large size ; neither is it as productive as some other kinds, yet it is very excellent in its product. Its superior qualities render it a very desirable kind for general cultivation for the table. ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. • 2. Potato vine — Early Shaw. Cut Augutt 0, when it had just passe - ■• 3'2086 > ^ '^^ * ^ '^' Mean per centum of ash in two ends .... 07595 | ,, . , . ... 1 « ■.r.,,^ f Moist potato- do in the whole potato - - 0-7310 ) "^ Mean per centum of dry matter in the two ends - . 23 0525 do whole tuber • - 23 2590 Mean per centum of water in two ends ... 76 '9475 do whole potato - - - 76-7410 S. 1. Rom end. » Middle. 3. Heel end. 78-977 76-328 74-918 21-023 23-672 25-082 0'942 0-674 0-577 4-479 2-847 2-300 IV. MERINO POTATO. LA PLATA RED, LONG RED, LONG JOHNS, SPANISH REIT. Pi,. 3 B. Color red ; flesh white, with reddish circular patches in the direction of the reddish or purple axis ; form greatly elongated ; eyes numerous, and in 14. This is one of the largest of potatoes i it has been known to attain a foot in length. Il )» also productive. Though not highly esteemed for the tablsj yet I believe it is a better potato than many others in common use, when served in its season. It ought not to be used till late in winter and early spring. Cattle are fond of them, as its flesh is tender and juicy. Like many other fruits, as apples and pears, this has its period when it is ripened for the table. It has not, however, been customary with the great body of farmers to select their potatoes in their proper periods, or those periods when they become ripened by age. A potato is obliged to be cooked and eaten at any time after harvest. I can not, however, but believe that the time is not far distant, when the different kinds will be osed as they attain maturity ; and as in the case of fruits, there will be distinguished the early harvest, the fall, winter, spring and summer potatoes. Accurate experiments upon their keeping qualities are needed, and the time when, like greening and russet apples, they become fit for use. I have subjected this variety to a careful analysis ; but the ash which was subjected to examination was obtained from potatoes growing on a diflerent •oil from those from #hich the starch, albumen, etc. were obtained. ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. 43 1. Analysis of the ash of the Merino potato in three parts. 1. Roae end. 2. Heel end. 3. Middle. Silex . . . . 1-5S6 4-019 1-653 Coal . . . . 0-180 0-612 Carbonate of lime - 0-070 0-060 0-934 Phosphates . . . 14-533 20-842 23-714 Potash . . . . 50-213 43-855 38-708 Soda - . . . 13-713 15-066 18-518 Sulphuric acid 8- 125 8-424 8-471 Chlorine . - - . 1-110 1-242 0-897 Insoluble . . . 3-466 4-210 Organic acids - - - 6-000 0-813 Organic matter 2-830 Magnesia . . . trace. trace. trace. 98-996 99-933 99-990 These analyses, it will be obserped, are calculated without carbonic acid. The ash of the ends effervesced strongly ; the middle, less so : in each instance showing the former existence of organic acids, which, by burning, had been converted into carbonate. The ash, however, in each instance, was converted in part into a caustic state. The potato, it is proper to say, was not peeled ; but the outside was well cleansed from dirt by a brush, without abrading the skin. 2. Organic analysis of the Merino potato. From the garden of Mr. Wauh, Lansingburgh. Middle. Starch 13-755 Fibre 6-766 Albumen 0112 Gluten and fat 0284 Casein - - ' 0-605 Dextrine 0-556 Sugar and extract 2 • 773 MEAN PBBCENTAGE OF WATER IN THE TWO ENDS. Water Dry matter Ash - Calculated dry 74-3865 25-6135 0-7165 3-7685 "Water Dry matter - Ash - Ash calculated dry PROPORTIONS OF THE TWO ENDS. Ro«e end. 81-301 18-699 0-973 5-401 Heel end. 67-472 32-528 0-460 2-136 S. 44 ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. Anodier s|>ecimen of ilie rose end gave, Wnier 7404 Ash 0-94 As this variety is one of Ute best for illustrating the difTerence in composition of the dif- ferent parts, I have divided it into three portions, viz. rose end, heel end, and middle. These divisions, liowever, are not exact by measure ; three parts, nearly equal lengths, only being taken, without regard to exact lines of deinarkation denoted by the position of the eyes. It is evident from an inspection of the results of the analyses, that the ends differ from each other, and also from the middle. I had, liowever, too little ash in each instance, and not as much as is required for llie most trustworthy analysis ; still, on comparing them with the results of others, I find there is a sufficient coincidence to bear out tiie expecta- tion that they approximate very closely to their true composition. I fear, however, that there is too great a difference between the middle and ends, or it may be that it is greater than will be found by subsequent trials; yet there is clearly a foundation for suspecting that there are real and permanent differences in their composition. The amount of water in the ends, and of solid matter, and the proportion of ash, are considerations which lead to the conclusion that th^se differences are not due to errors of analysis. The most re- markable differences are found in the amount of potash and of the phosphates. It may be interesting to copy two analyses of P. F. H. Fromberg, assistant in the Laboratory of the Agricultural Chemistry Association of Scotland : Rose end. Heel end. Potash ..... 1 . 38- 15 2953 Soda ....... 540 11-26 Chloride of sodiura .... 6 25 9-66 Lim° 1-2S 1-55 Magnesia 590 3-96 Oxide of iron 103 1-34 Sulphuric acid 24 32 20-63 Phosphoric acid 12-81 20-73 Silica 4-86 1-34 100 000 100 000 In order to compare these analyses with my own, it is necessary to state that the lime and magnesia here given is in combination with phosphoric acid ; and that in my own, those bodies are merged in the general composition of the phosphates. ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. 45 V. COW-HORN POTATO. Pu 3 B. Fig. 1. This is a small elongated potato of purple color, and usually slightly bent or curved. It is not in common use, but is esteemed as a very good baking potato. I have not been able to analyze it, but I have given a figure which represents the variety perfectly. It is a very good spring potato ; and those who are fond of cultivating singular kinds, will add this to their number. VI. CARTER POTATO. Pl. 2 B. Fig. 1. Color gray and yellowish gray, often tinged slightly with purple ; flesh white ; form elongated ; eyes few, and in 5'3. This is esteemed as a rich variety, and is extensively cultivated for market, and usually bears a high price. Organic amdysis. Water 7400 Starch - - 11-92 Casein --..-•-• 0-55 Albumen ....... lost. Dextrine - - - - - - - 0-41 Sugar and extract 3' 78 Gluten - Fat 0-21 Fibre 702 Ash per centum • - • ■ - • 0*88 VII. PEACH-BLOW POTATO. WE8TEKN RED, LAKE ERIE, SAND LAKE, BUPPALO, KENTUCKY RED. Pl. 3 B, fig. 1. Color red, and marked with numerous dots ; form elongated ; eyes few, and in 5's. It has some resemblance to the Merino, but is of a brighter red and rarely as long. The quality of the Western Red ranks only with the medium kinds. It is a good bearer, and ia common in the winter in the Albany market. It is not much affected with the potato tm ANALYSES OP THE POTATO. disease, especially upon tiie sandy lands between Albany and Schenectady. From the numerous names under which it is known, it seems to be cultivated in a large extent of territory, being common in New-England and in the Western States. Organic analysis. Water 73-78 Starch 12-60 Albumen 0-36 Ca«ein 0.45 Dextrine 0-25 Sugar 2-22 Gluten and fat 0-18 Fibre 8-35 98-19 Ash per centum ...... 1-07 It yields more than an average quantity of starch. Vni. HAVANA POTATO. This variety is characterized by its elongated and tapering form. Two or three are often united at the smaller ends. It is not generally cultivated. Although it is of a medium quality, its shape is against it, and it will probably never become a favorite kind with farmers. From the garden of A. Walsh, Esq. Lansingburgh. Or game analysis. Water 75- 15 Starch 8-93 Albumen 0*30 Casein 0*05 Dextrine 0-48 Sugar 0-60 Gluten 0-77 Fat 0-10 Fibre 8-41 Ash per centum 1-41 analVses of tme potato. is IX. LADY-FINGER POTATO. Pl. 6 B, fig. 1. The Lady-finger is eteemed for baking : it is an elegant varietyj and might be consi- dered a fancy potato. It frequently groWs quite large and long, especially when planted in highly manured land. System of eyes in 14. Organic analysis. Water 78-07 Starch 8-25 Albumen ....... 0-43 Casein 0-43 Dextrine 0'98 Sugar 2-31 Gluten Fat - 009 Fibre - - ■ - - ■ ■ - 1437 Ash per centum ...... 1'03 X. EARLY KIDNEY POTATO. Ph. 4 B, fig. 1. Color grayish and yellowish gr^, smooth ; flesh white ; form elongated ; eyes few, sinall, and in 5*8. It is a delicate early potato, but not very productive. Organic analysis. Water 73- 13 Starch 12-91 Albumen 0-92 Casein 0-10 Sugar 3-29 Gluten Fat ......... 0-05 Fibre ...*.... 7" 13 Ash per centum » 1-47 * 4ft ANALYSES OK THE POTATO. XI. ORANGE POTATO. Color }-elIowiah fftny, eyes slightly margined with pink ; flesh yellowish ; form roundish ; eyes in 5's. Water - Starch • Albumen Casein • Dextrine Sugar Oluten and fat Fibre - A diseased specimen gave Water - Starch - Fat Fibre - Organic aiudysis. Ash per centum 78 '44 8-05 0-35 017 2-38 0-36 805 81-58 2-80 015 9-65 0-76 XII. SCOTCH GRAYS POTATO. feARLY BLUES, STAFFORD HALL. Pl. 4 B, fig. 2. Color bluish purple with yellowish patches, rose end darker than the heel end ; flesh white ; form elongated ; eyes in 5's. Organic analysis. 71-63 928 Water - Starch - Albumen Casein Dextrine Sugar Gluten and fat Fibre - Ash per centum 0-92 0-20 0-40 3-64 0-40 11-39 1'12 The Scotch Gray gives a good result in its analysis. It is, however, complained of as disposed to become watery and rather strong. ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. uf XIII. PINKEYE POTATO. Pl. 1 B, fig. 1. Color orange gray ; ej-es purple, with a waved line ; flesh yellow ; form round. Organic analysis. Water 75-06 Starch 8-81 Albumen - - - - - • . 0'17 Casein 0 60 Dextrine 0-68 Sugar - 2-29 Gluten Fat 0-12 Fibre - - 8-77 Ash per centum - - - - - - 0*96 ^IV. BLUE PINKEYE POTATO. Bluish or purplish red, uniform ; broader than long ; flesh white : eyes in 5's. The young tubers, obtained from the Albany Market, June 12, 1848 ; raised in Nevv-Jerui-y. 1. Or game andtysit of 300 grs. Water Starch Albumen ---•--. Casein .-...-. Dextrine ----.-. Fibre, gluten and fat .... Per cenlum 22115 73-71 63-43 21-14 2-00 0-66 1-64 0-54 0-76 0-25 11-70 3-90 Ash of the fibre 300-68 1-55 and ir 2. Analysis of the ash. Silex .... Phosphate of lime, magnesia Magnesia Carbonate of lime - Potash - Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid 100-20 2-000 19-083 trace. 0-200 40-767 23-452 7-001 [AonirtTLTtrRAi. Repokt — Vol. ii.] 100-503 50 ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. XV. ROUND PINKEYE (rouso). Pl. 1 B, fig. 1. Yellowish white; roundish but flattened, somewhat shorter than wide; eyes purplish, in 6'»; flesh yellowish, uniform. ObUined in the Albany Market, June 12, and was about two-thirds it) natural size. I. Organic analytis of 300 grs. Water - Starch, - Albumen Casein - Dextrine Fibre, fat and gluten Dr)' matter .... Ash Per centage of osh of dry matter Per centum. 238-62 79-540 40-46 13-486 1-58 0-526 1-75 0-583 0-36 0-120 12-50 4-133 295-271 98-389 20-46 0-78 3-81 Ash of the fibre 2-05 2. Analytis of the ash. Silex 1-100 Coal - - ' 0-200 Phosphates of magnesia, lime and iron - - 27-761 Carbonate of lime -----. 0-410 Magnesia ....... trace. Potash 19-941 Soda 20- 116 Chloride of sodium ..... 25-447 Sulphuric acid ...... 5-938 This analysis is calculated witiioul carl)onic acid or organic matter. Soda, in this potato, greatly exceeds the potash, and the amount of piiospiiates is greater than is usually obtained. Probably the early potatoes are forced forward by the aid of rich manures, and hence the excess of phosphates and soda. This, however, is only a conjecture, which I have not the means of verifying. ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. %. XVI. ANALYSIS OF THE ASH OF THE YOUNG POTATO VINES (Eaelv Shaws). I separated the leaves from the stem, in conformity with the method I have usually pursued in the analysis of similar substances. 1 . Analysis of the leaves. Quantity of ash used, 20 gra. Per cenlum. Silica 6-500 27-500 Phosphates 4090 20-450 Carbonate of lime - 2.599 12-995 Magnesia 0-230 1-150 Potash - 1.570 7 •850 Chloride of potassium 2-061 10-305 Chloride of sodium 1-850 9-250 Sulphuric acid 0-448 2-240 Carbonic acid 0-731 3-655 Soluble silica 0-260 1-300 Organic matter 0-231 1-155 97-850 ' 2. Composition of the phosphates. Phosphates - - - ■ - - 4-09 Phosphate of peroxide of iron - • - - 0-90 Lime 0-73 Magnesia 2-08 Phosphoric acid - - - - - - 128 4-09 100-992 -'^.ntvjtir.: XVn. ANALYSIS OF THE ASH OF THE POTATO STEM (Early Shaw). Effervescent. Per centum. -Silica 5-000 Phosphates 13 000 Carbonate of lime 11-700 Magnesia ....... 0-560 Potash 20-740 Soda 2-000 Chloride of potassium 34-960 Sulphuric acid 4 000 Carbonic acid 9 032 52 ANALVsEs 6r Tikk potato. XVIII. GILKEY POTATO. MERCER, GHEHANGOEB, MESHOKIfOC, kerchakubck. The young tuber, obtained in the Albany market the 7th or 8th of June. They were only about half grown, or considerably less than when in market in their season. Organic analysis of 300 grs. Per centnin. Water 24300 Starch 3999 1333 Albumen ....... 338 1'12 Casein 364 1'21 Dextrine 1'81 060 Fibre, oil, sugar and gluten « - - 11 '85 3'95 S. From this analysis it appears that this variety, when yonitg, is as rich in nutritive matter as when mature. The fibre gave ash 1*8143, or 0-6037 per centum ; and consists of sulphate of lime, magnesia, and but a small proportion of phosphate of lime and magnesia. Proportions of water and ask of young and old potatoes. Young potatoes, 100 grs. g^ve Dry 17-55 Ash 107 Calculated dry 6 09 Old set, 100 grs. inside gave Dry matter 3-54 Ash 0-61 Old set outside, in 100 grs. gave Dry matter --...... 6"72 Ash ....-.-- I'Qi It will be observed, that in the old set, the inside is mostly water ; that the water in fact increases, while the inorganic matter diminishes, and it probably goes into the young set in the condition of nutriment. Proportion of water and ash in different parts of the vines. I. LeaTcs of one stalk or vine, collected on the 12th of June. Per centum. Quantity 781-50 grs. 10000 Dry matter 9310 llSa Ash 16-03 2-Ofi A*At,tl5)es or THE POTATO^ 2. Stalk divided in length into 3 equal pfcrts : bottom, middle^ top. Bottom. Per centum. Quantity - - • ' - - 210'00 grs. 100 '00 Dry matter 1-28 709 Ash ....*** 2*84 117 MtDsu. Per centum. Quantity 186 '70 100*00 Dry matter - • - ' • - - 8*73 4-68 Ash - * • * . - . 1'68 0-91 'tor. Per centum. Quantity 77 '200 grs. 100 00 Dry matter 3'440 2-65 Ash 0'408 0'53 Ash calculated dry. Aih. Water. Bottom 16'5 92-91 Middle 19'4 96'32 Top 200 97-3d 93^ XIX. HARPER'S POTATO. 1. Analytit of the ash. Silex ....*-.. 1-118 Coal 1-132 Phosphates 11*111 Potash ........ 50-094 Soda 7-607 Carbonate of liifte * . . * . 6-666 Magnesia 0 369 Phosphates of soda and potash ... 4-555 Chlorine 2*780 Organic matter ••.»..• 4*593 Sulphuric acid - - - - • - 7*321 2. Analysis of the phosphates. PHOSPHAtts • - - .-. • 11*111 Phosphate of peroxide of iron ... 0-308 Soluble silica 0-225 Lime 1-050 Magnesia 2293 Phosphoric acid 7-238 11*194 54 ANALYSES OF THE POTATO. rROPORTIONS. Water 77-66 Dry matter - • • - - - - 22 45 Ash 0-79 This potato was intioduced into this country by Mr. Hakpeh, from England, and is found to be an excellent variety, and very little subject to decay. From the foregoing analyses, it will not be dilTicuU to determine the exhausting powers of the potato crop. In doing this, it will be useful to consider the tuber only, as this is the part whicit is removed from the field. The stalks, I believe, almost invariably are left to decay upon the ground, and hence restore to the soil the substances they had taken from it during their growth. Sometimes, however, it may be an object with tlie farmer to put them into a compost lieap, for the purpose of securing a more perfect decomposition than will usually take place upon the surface. In tiiis case, it will be observed that the leaves and stem arc rich in inorganic matter : potash, from 25 to 35 per centum. Chloride of potassium and sodium, as well as the phospiiales of lime, magnesia and iron, fonn also important items in the ash, or inorganic matter. The tuber, however, being removed, and consumed often in a distant market, its elements are lost to the soil, and so far they exhaust it of important matters. But as the potato contains a large percentage of water, and a small amount only of ash, it would seem not to exhaust the soil rapidly ; still when it is considered that a large amount is yielded, it will not escape our observation, that the loss to the soil is quite large. So also it will be observed that the ash is rich in those ele- ments which it is expensive to restore, namely, the alkalies and phosphates, or bone earth as it is sometimes called. Nearly one half of the ash is potash. Hence it is evident that attention to the elements removed in the crop is of the highest importance. The amount of elements removed in an ordinary crop of potatoes, may be stated aa follows : In one ton of tubers. Removed from an acre. Potash 8-40 42-00 lbs. Soda - - 300 15-00 Lime 100 500 Magnesia 1-61 8'05 Phosphates of lime and magnesia - • 3-67 17-85 • Sulphuric acid 1-70 8-50 Chlorine 0-21 1-05 Silica 0-61 2-55 20-00 100-00 Thus one hundred pounds of inorganic matter is removed from an acre in the course of an ordinary crop of five tons; and this is a low estimate, as fourteen tons of potatoes are frequently obtained from the acre. More than one half is potash and soda, and a large ilem ron«i«t« of the phosphates of lime and magnesia. * ANALYSES OF THE TOMATO. 56 In the potato crop, as in the grain crop, magnesia and lime are in combination with phosphoric acid ; and it is only in a very small proportion that these important bodies ap- pear in the form of carbonates in the ash, a form which is derived from incineration, and consequent change of the organic acids present in the potato. It is necessary to remark here in regard to the estimates which are made of the removal of the inorganic matter, that no one variety could exactly represent the amount removed : there are small variations in the percentage of varieties. Tliese variations, however, are not much greater than those which are furnished by the two ends of the same potato ; a difference which is not accidental, but one by which important results are accomplished in the economy of this valuable plant. ♦ If we consult the analyses of the potato for the purpose of determining the best mode of culture, or what manures are the best adapted to it, we shall readily be able to satisfy our minds ; for it is evident that it is strictly a potash plant, and requires the use of those sub- stances which are rich in this element. There is no doubt, therefore, of the value of ashes, in some form or other, to this plant; and it is highly probable tlie potash in the soil is the element which is exhausted first of all. A plant, however, which every body feels com- petent to raise, scarcely requires comment in this place. Closely allied to the potato, is the Tomato, a vegetable which is already extensively cultivated, and is rapidly becoming more so. The vine and leaves have been cirefully examined in the laboratory, and are found to possess the following composition : XX. TOMATO VINES (the large red variety). They were cut .August 6, 1841, and were only half grown, 1. Proportions of water, ask, etc Per centum of water - - - - - 88 '39 Dry matter 11'61 Ash 1-68 Ash calculated from the dry matter - • - 14-47 2. Ajialysis of the vine or stem. Silica 4-720 Phosphates of lime, etc. 13-200 Lime 8-151 Magnesia .....-- 0-150 . Potash 45-482 Soda 1-632 Sulphuric acid ...--- 0-336 Chloride of sodium -.--•- 17-135 Carbonic acid trace. Organic matter ...--- 7-276 S. 06 ANALYSES OF THE TOMATO. 3. Composition of the phosphates. Phosphates 13-200 Phosphate of peroxide of iron - Phosphate of lime - • - Magnesia .... Silicic acid .... Phosphoric acid ... 1-450 3-243 0-100 0-450 7-957 Composition of tomato leaves obtained fbom the same vih^. ' 1. ProportioTU of water, ash, etc. Per centum 80030 Dry matter 19-970 Ash 4-260 Ash calculated from the dry matter - - • ,21-282 2. Analysis of the leaf (slightly effervescent). Silica 33-950 Phosphates Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Oi^anic matter 13-826 22-2ir 3-710 13-378 2-782 4-874 2- 139 trace. 1-425 98-294 S. 3. Composition of the phosphates. Phosphates .•-•-- 13*825 Phosphate of peroxide of iron • - - 4 825 Lime ...--... 3-991 Magnesia 0-075 Silicic acid 0-260 * Phosphoric acid - • 4-674 It will be observed that the tomato vine differs in composition from that of the potato. The leaf of the tomato contains more silica, and no chloride of potassium. This plant evidently requires a rich ?oil — a rich sandy loam. The varieties of it wliifh may be produced by cultivation, are equally numerous with its congener the potato. ANALYSES OF THE CARROT. 57 Composition of the leaves and stems, calcitlated without organic matter. 1. Stxks. 2 Leaves. Silica - - -, - - - - 5- 152 35-05 Phosphates 14-410 14-27 Lime 8-890 ' 22-94 Magnesia - - - - ^ ^ 0-163 3*82 Potash 49-660 13-81 Soda 0-770 2-87 Chloride of sodium .... 18-706 5-03 Sulphuric acid 0-366 2*20 By this comparison, ihe actual differences between the leaves and stems are more dis- tinctly seen. The organic matter is of no consequence, so far as the ash is concerned. It is remarkable that the leaves contain so large a percentage of silica, and so little potash in comparison with the stem. An analogous fact exists with respect to the potato vine. XXI. ORANGE CARROT. As only a few analyses have been as yet made of carrots, beets and other root crops, I deem it expedient to place them in this connection, rather than devote to them a separate chapter. The specimen analyzed was a large fine root eight or nine inches long, and one and a. half or two inches thick at the large end. It was of a bright salmon-color, and perfectly sound. It was raised in the Hudson-river district, upon a sandy loam based upon th6 Albany clay. Analyses of this soil have been given in the first volume, p. 260. 1. Analysis of 20 grs. Per centum. Silica 1-580 7-900 Phosphate of lime, iron and magnesia - 3-800 19-000 Lime 0010 0050 Magnesia ...... trace. trace. Potash 7-659 38-295 Soda 1-467 7335 Chlorine 0370 1-850 Sulphuric acid 0343 0-715 Carbonic acid 4591 22955 Organic matter - - - ' - - 0 ■ 036 0 • 180 19-856 98-380 {AOKICCLTITRAL RepOBT — VoL. 11.] 8 58 ANALYSES OF THE CARROT. 2. Calculated without carbonic add and organic matter. Silex 10-416 Phosphates, etc Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash Soda Chlorine Sulphuric acid 25051 0 060 trace. 60-391 9-660 2-438 2-261 100-176 PROPORTIONl. One hundred grains of the inside of the root, in a water bath at 212" Fahr,, gave Water 89-520 Dry matter -.-.--- 10480 Ash 2-200 Calculated drv 20-992 The outside treated in the same way, gave Water - - - Dry matter . - . - Ash Calculated dry . . . 83-78 16-22 2-58 15-91 The carrot, of which tiie foregoing is an analysis, was preserved through the winter and part of the spring of 1848. Probably it had lost a portion of its water ; and hence it would have furnished a larger percentage of dry matter and ash, had it been taken from the field. 3. Analysis of the young Orange carrot. Silica 4-40 Phosphates 28-60 Carbonate of lime - - - - - - 6-40 Magnesia - - - - • • • 9.58 Potash 27-54 Soda 16-28 Sulphuric acid 2*42 Chlorine 2-60 Carbonic acid 4-52 100-34 From this single onalysis, there appears more soda and less potash than in the old root. They were raised on different soils ; and in order to establisli the fact of material differences existing, it would require repeated analyses. ANALYSES OF THE CARROT. 59 4. Analysis of tie young carrot leaves, belonging to the preceding specimen. Quantity taken 20 grs. Silica Phosphates Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Per centum 1-900 9-500 3-710 18-550 1-960 9-800 0-446 2-230 6-979 29-895 1-359 6-795 1-235 6-175 1-750 8-750 2-101 10-605 20-431 102-200 Proportions of water and ash in the young root and stems. Root 100-00 • Dry matter 1048 Ash 0-94 Ash calculated dry 8-99 One plant, exclusive of root, weighing ... 252-3, gave Dry matter 35-5 Ash - 6-2 Per centum of ash in the whole top • - 2-06 From another specimen, I obtained from 100 grs. Dry matter 14-00 Ash - 1-30 The adherence of a small quantity of dirt may have aided in increasing the amount of dry matter, as well as of ash, though I am inclined to believe the last proportion nearer the truth than the first. \ 60 ANALYSES OF THE BEET. XXII. BLOOD BEET. Soil a sandy loam, based npon the Albany clay. 1. Analytu of 18 grs. Quantity obtained. Withont carbonic acid. Per eeninm. Silex 1180' 8-730 Phosphate 2-616 19'324 Carbonate oflime 0-140 1-042 Magnesia 0'676 4- 146 Potash 6-325 46-684 Soda 1-343 9-928 Chlorine 0-304 2-246 Sulphuric acid r032 7-628 Soluble silica 0-012 0061 Carbonic acid 4-307 17-834 99-788 PBOPOKTIOnS. 100 grs. gave, Water - - - - - 86 42 Dry matter - - - - 13-68 Ash 1-10 Calculated dry - - • 8-10 The specimen fnrnishing the foregoing results had probably lost a portion of its water, having been kept through the winter, and exposed a day or two upon a fruit stand in market. The herbage of one plant, weighing ... - 648 '6 grs. gave Dry matter 47-6 Ash 8-5 In one week, the herbage increased to - - ■ - 3400 grs. The root 408 Another beet and its top, three weeks afterwtlrds, weighed : Root ..... 15840 grs., or 2 lbs. I oz.; Top 7680 " or 1 lb. ; the root having increased much faster than the top, during the time specified. Those plants whose herbage is large, have large roots in the end. ANAtYSES PF THE BEET. 61 2. Ancdysit of the young beet. Diameter of the root, half an inch; length, 4 Inches. Silica 9-96 Phosphates 34-32 Carbonate of lime - • - - • • 7'96 Magnesia - 2'88 Potash 11-74 Soda . 1-16 Chlorine 4-00 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 9-90 Carbonic acid • • - • - • 5-56 Soluble silica 1-60 Organic matter - 8*82 97 90 3. Apoiyti* !H nr nrtranif TnatfAi* tttlU vl \Jtgalllti IIIAllCr • Silica .... 4-355 19-540 Phosphates - 3-346 14-666 Carbonate of lime 1-628 7 140 Magnesia 1-064 4-666 Potash 9-256 40-598 Soda - 1-437 6-302 Sulphuric acid 1-364 6-912 Chlorine 0-350 1-176 Carbonic acid 5-939 Organic acids 1-300 30-099 100-000 Removed in a ton of ripe straw. ] Removed in a ton of unripe straw Silica ... 21-907 lbs. 22-100 lbs. Phosphates . 14-555 16-587 Carbonate of lime 11-868 8-075 Magnesia - - 0-732 6.277 Potash 98- 167 45-915 Soda - 6-921 7-128 Sulphuric acid 9-408 6-686 Chlorine 0-9^ 50 1-330 163-498 113-098 I propose giving in this place an analysis of the straw of the same oat, divided into two parts, bottom and top ; the division being made about midway between the two points. It shows a fact which we have been conversant with a long time, namely, that parts of ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 95 the same organ may and do differ in composition. This difference is no doubt due in part to the ascent of fluids, after the roots have performed their office ; or, in other words, to the law of the upward and outward movements of the sap, which has been already referred to. I. ANALYSIS OF THE STRAW OF THE TANTAIN OAT. 1. TJwri'pe oat strmo. Top. Bottom. Silica 14-939 19-823 Phosphates 23-959 13-039 Carbonate of lime ..... •5-921 11-336 Magnesia ...'.-.- 1-206 3-125 Potash 45-072 43-541 Soda 2-200 1-251 Sulphuric acid 4-206 5-016 Chlorine 2-497 2-866 2. Ripe oat straw. Top. Bottom. Silex 14-839 12-417 Phosphates 10-637 9-355 Carbonate of lime 8-765 8-939 Magnesia 0-774 0-604 Potash 50-623 53-484 Soda 7-727 5-994 Sulphuric acid 4-044 6-800 Chlorine 2-586 2-395 It will be observed, that in the four preceding analyses, the percentage is calculated without organic matter or carbonic acid, both of which necessarily vary in every kind of ash. 3. Analysis of the phosphates of the unripe straw. Top. Bottom. Phosphates 4 290 2-220 Phosphate of peroxide of iron - - - 0-210 0-180 Lime 0-698 0-698 Magnesia 0-840 0-597 Silicic acid trace. 0-060 Phosphoric acid 2-542 0-685 96 ANALYSK8 OF THE OAT. n. ANALYSIS OF THE CHAFF OF THE TANTAIN OAT. 1. 15 gri. ash of unripe chaff. Per cenlnm. Silex 4-750 31-660 Phosphates 3-300 22-000 Carbonate of lime 0'850 6-660 Magnesia 0-384 2-660 Potash 2-081 13-860 Soda 0-341 2-260 Chlorine 0-423 2-820 Sulphuric acid ...... 0-841 5-600 Carbonic acid .!.... 1383 9-220 2. 20 gn. ash of the ripe chaff. Per centum. Silex 7-060 35-300 Phosphates 3-102 15-510 Carbonate of lime 3-254 16-270 Magnesia 0-244 1.220 Potash 2-150 10-650 Soda 0-431 2-155 Chlorine 1-234 6-170 Sulphuric acid 1-920 9-600 3. Analysis of the phosphates of the chaff of the ripe oat. Phosphates 310 Phosphate of peroxide of iron . . • • 0*50 Lime ........ 0-83 Magnesia 0-99 Silicic acid trace. Phosphoric acid . - - - - - 0-78 in. ANALYSIS OF THE RIPE GRAIN OF THE TANTAIN OAT. 20-000 grs. Silica 4-220 Phosphates 7-360 Carbonate of lime 0-050 Magnesia 0 016 Potash 2-947 Soda 0-534 Sulphuric acid 0-207 Chlorine 0-297 Phosphate of potash and soda - - . - 1-023 Carbonic Bcid ...---. 1-757 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 97 IV. AiNALYSIS OF OATS FROM GENESEE COUNTY. Raised by Judge Peters. Variety unknown. The soil is that peculiar clay loam which ia adapted to wheat, and belongs to the Onondaga-salt group. PROPORTIONS, Straw 703-20 grs. .Grain 765-50 Chaff 143-70 100 grs. dried in the sun, gave Straw 4-875 grs. of ash. Chaff 6-875 Grain 2750 An unfinished analysii of the grain and chaff. Grain. Cha£ Silica 39-80 45-QO Phosphates ^ . 27-50 11 00 Carbonate of lime 0-10 trace. Magnesia - 009 001 Potash 12-66 8-22 Soda 5-32 4-52 EXPERIMENT WITH THE OAT CROP. In accordance with the wish of the State Agricultural Society, I have made several analyses of soils and oats growing upon them, for the purpose of throwing additional light on the value of manures, and the exhausting power of different crops. The Society had offered a premium for experiments on three acres of ground, with three successive crops. These experiments were to be conducted in the following manner : 1. The acres to be contiguous to each other : 2. One acre was to be manured with not less than ten cords of common barnyard manure the first year, and plowed under ; the second acre to be ma- nured with fermented or composted manure, and the other acre to receive no manure : 3. The three acres to be planted with corn the first year; the second, to be sowed with barley or oats ; and the third year, to be cultivated with winter grain. Only one gentle- man undertook the execution of the experiment : Mr. I. F. Osborn, Port Byron, Cayuga county. It is proper to remark, that I have been supplied with the soil since the first crop was taken off. The soil which was supplied for the purpose of examination, to show what it was before the experiments began, was taken from the outskirts of the field. It was the (AoRICCLTDRAt RePOBT — VoL. II.] 13 9B ANALYSES OF THE OAT. intention, in the selection of the soil, to show, first, what it was ; and then to show what it became after the removal of the crops. Accordingly, two specimens of soil from each acre were sent me for analysis : the first, to show what it was ; and the second, to show what it is ; but as the selection was made as I have stated, it is evident that the analyses will be less satisfactory than if tiiey had been made in a dififerent manner. The only crop which has been forwarded for analysis, is the oat crop, a specimen from each of the three acres ; but the oat was incomplete, inasmuch as it was cut off about eighteen inches from the ground, leaving about one half or two-thirds of the straw. It is important to state these imperfections in the experiments. Besides it is stated that the acre which is unmanured is naturally the richest ; a fact which was suspected in the analysis of the oat. I will now proceed lo the details of the analyses ; premising, however, that my object in engaging in them was to throw more light on the composition of the soil of the Wheat district. The soil, as decribed by Mr. Osborn, is a gravelly loam, with a clay subsoil from eight to sixteen inches deep. For further details of the experiments, the reader is referred to the State Agricultural Society's Transactions for 1847. ANALYSIS OF THE SOILS REFERBED TO IN THE PRECEOING REMARKS. I. The east acre was manured with ten cords of barnyard manure, which was hauled on while wet, and spread as fast as it could be ploughed in. One hundred grains of the soil were saturated with moisture; 26' 886 grs. of water were absorbed, leaving 73*114 of dry soil. Another 100 grs. gave Soil as it was. Organic matter - 5-390 Water 1-905 Silica 84-375 Alumina, peroxide of iron and phosphates - 5-870 Soluble silica 0-145 Carbonate of lime • - - - - - 0'243 Magnesia 0-025 Potash 0-164 Soda 0-485 Chloride of sodium ..... 0-012 Sulphuric acid ...... 0-004 Carbonic acid not appreciable. 98-618 S. ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 99 According to this analysis, the soil, to the depth of one foot, contained Organic mattei Lime . . . Magnesia Potash - Soda Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Soluble silica 366856-875 lbs. 16539-187 1701-562 11182-250 33010-312 816-750 272-250 9869-062 The phosphates were appreciable, but too small in amount to be weighed. It may be repeated in this place, that the soils of the true Wheat district are not so rich in phosphates as the soils of the Hudson river and Eastern districts. The following exhibits the soil of the east acre as it is, or after a crop of corn and oats (I believe) have been removed, but which had been highly manured as stated in the fore- going remarks. One hundred grains, saturated with moisture, gave Soil as it is. Water 28-686 Dry soil ....... 71-314 100 grs. of dry soil gave Organic matter "Water - Silica - - - Alumina and peroxide of iron Soluble silica Lime ... Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Phosphates appreciable. Carbonic acid not appreciable, 6-935 2-765 82-725 6-360 0 025 0-217 0-092 0 032 0-444 0-022 0-013 98-630 S. k. 100 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. According to this analysis, the acre, to the depth of one foot, contains Lime 14769-562 lbs. Organic matter 472013-437 Magnesia 6261-750 Potash - - ... . - 2178000 Soda 30219-750 Chloride of sodium .... 1497 375 Sulphuric acid 884*812 Soluble silica 1701-562 For obvious reasons, the calculations are confined to those elements which exist in the smaller quantities. We have only to compare the analyses and the calculations, to form an opinion of the effects of cultivation. It is supposed that the greater absorbent power of the soil as it is, is due to the organic matter in part added in the manure ; inasmuch as we have fully shown, in another place, that the absorbent power of a soil is mostly due to the presence of organic matter. II. The soil of the middle acre was left unmanured ; but it is remarked that it is naturally the best soil of the three acres, as it receives the wash of adjacent lands. 1. Soil of the middle acre as it tea*. One hundred grains, saturated with moisture, gave Water 25-823 Dry soil .... 74-177 100 grs. of dry soil gave Organic matter 4-085 Water 2-220 Silica 85-185 Alumina and peroxide of iron 5-610 Soluble silica . . . . 0-075 Lime 0-198 Magnesia 0-044 Potash 0-158 Soda 1-093 Chloride of sodium 0-019 Sulphuric acid . . . . trace. Phosphates appreciable. 1 98-687 S ANALYSES OF THE OAT. According to the analysis, the middle acre contains, in the depth of one foot. Organic matter Lime - . . Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chloride of sodium 278035-312 lbs. 13476-375 2994-750 10753-875 74392-312 1293-875 2. Soil of the middle acre as it is. 100 grs. saturated with moisture, gave Water Dry soil In one hundred grains of the dry soil, there was found Organic matter ...... Water Silica • . - . - Alumina and peroxide of iron Soluble silica . . . Lime . . . . . Magnesia . - . . Potash . . . . Soda Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid ... Phosphates appreciable. 23-641 76-359 3-660 1-875 87-975 3-880 0-305 0 155 0-044 0-044 0-772 0-020 trace. 98-730 S. There is, therefore, contained in the acre, to the depth of one foot, 249004-750 lbs. 10549-687 Organic matter Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda - Soluble silica Chloride of sodium 2994-750 2994-750 52544-250 224946-562 1361-250 102 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. III. The soil of the west acre was prepared with rotted or partially rotted manure. 1. Soil of the west acre, as it teas. One hundred grains, saturated with moisture, gave Water 25- 161 Dry soil 74-839 100 grs. of the dry soil gave Organic matter ... Water Silica . - - - • Alumina and peroxide of iron Soluble silica ... Lime . . - - . Magnesia .... Potash Soda Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid ... Phosphates appreciable. 4- 116 1-470 86-095 6-615 trace. 0-172 0-242 0-032 0-208 0-010 0-002 97-960 S. The soil of this acre contained, in the depth of one foot, Organic matter Lime Magnesia Potash Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid 300077-187 lbs. 11706-750 16471-125 2178-000 14157-000 680-626 136-125 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 103 iron 2. Soil of the west acre, as it is. One hundred grains, saturated with moisture, gave Water Dry soil 100 grains of the dry soil gave Water - Organic matter Silica - • . Alumina and peroxide of Soluble silica Lime • . . Magnesia Potash - Soda ... Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Phosphates appreciable. The acre, in the depth of one foot, contains Organic matter Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid 27-851 72-149 2-450 6-080 83-435 6-125 trace. 0-185 0-255 0-057 0-258 0-002 0-009 98-856 S. 413820-000 lbs. 12585-625 17355-937 3879-562 17560-125 136-125 612-562 ANALYSIS OF THE CROPS RAISED ON THE THREE EXPERIMENTAL LOTS. Having given a full statement of the composition of the soil which was furnished from the three experimental acres, I now proceed to give the composition of the crops which were produced upon them respectively. The crop obtained was the common variety of oats, as usually seen in market, namely, a mixture of white and black oafs. Nothing, however, has been stated respecting the variety. The samples of the oats were furnished in small bags properly labelled, and in small bundles with about eighteen inches of the upper part of the straw. The proportions of straw, grain and chaff, therefore, could not be determined. The proportions of water and inorganic matter Were determined as the following statement will show : 104 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. PKOPORTIOffS. 1. East acre. Qnantitjr. Per centnin. Gbain 6I0-300 Water 9412 Ash 12-780 2-604 Chaff 67-680 Ash 3-675 6-438 Straw 225-100 Ash ...... 13-459 6-976 2. MiDDLK ACRE. Qoantiljr. Per centum. Grain 631 000 Water 10400 Ash 15- 120 2-396 Chaff - - - . . . . 80-880 Ash 5-675 7-016 Straw 244000 Ash 12-500 6122 3. West acre. Quantity. Per centum. Grain 712-300 Water 10-120 Ash 16-690 2-343 Chaff 96-800 Ash 5-680 6-925 Straw 369-800 Ash 24-940 6-931 I. Composition of the oats of each acke respectively. 1. East ACRE 1. Ash of the grain. Silica 20-000 grs. 5-140 Per centum : calculated without coal or carbonic acid. 30-382 Coal .... 0-180 Phosphates 4-740 28-017 Carbonate of lime 0-020 0-118 Magnesia ... 0-010 0-056 Potash 3-800 22-461 Soda 1-012 6-923 Sulphuric acid - 0-501 2-661 Chlorine .... 0-305 1-802 Phosphate of potash and soda 1-500 8-330 Carbonic acid and organic in alter 2-613 19-821 99-444 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 105 2. Ash of the straw. 25-000 grs. Calculated without organic matter. Silica 1-275 5-587 Phosphates 5-125 22-450 Carbonate of lime - - - - 0-970 4-247 Magnesia 0-180 0-788 Potash 12-568 55-048 Soda - 0-943 4-132 Chlorine 0-910 3-983 Sulphuric acid .... 0-865 3-788 Organic matter - - - - 1 • 380 24-216 100-023 3. Ash of the chaff. Silica 11-360 Phosphates 3-250 Carbonate of lime ..... 0-385 Magnesia 0-196 Potash 3-292 Soda 0-269 Sulphuric acid 0-423 Chlorine 0-268 Organic matter - - • - - - 0-443 19-886 COMPOSITION or THB PHOSPHATIS. Phosphates .•-.-. 3-250 Silica 0-060 Phosphate of peroxide of iron .... 0-250 Magnesia 0-207 Lime 0-924 Phosphoric acid ...... 1-809 [AOEICTJLTTTRAI, RePOHT — VoL. 11.] 14 106 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 2. MiDDLK ACRE. 1. Ask of the grain. Per centum calculated on the elements as oblaineJ without carbouic aoul or coal. Silica 37-527 Phosphates 33-581 Carbonate of lime - - - - - - 0-171 Magnesia 0-070 Potash 15-172 Soda 5-438 Sulphuric acid 1-288 Chlorine 1-623 Phosphates of potash and soda ... 4*210 * 99-080 2 Ash of the straw. 25-000 grs Silica 8-890 Phosphates 1-365 Carbonate of lime 3-080 Magnesia . 0-328 Potash 9-134 Soda - - . . 0-407 Chlorine • 0-129 Sulphuric acid - 0-577 Organic matter - 0-800 Carbonic acid 1-601 Calculated without carbonic ncid or orf^io matter. 37-160 5-703 12-874 1-368 38-178 1-698 0-535 2-409 26-311 99-925 3. Ash of the chaff. Silica Phosphates • Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash Soda - Sulphuric acid Chlorine Organic matter and carbonic acid 25-000 grs. 14-240 1-620 0-850 0-248 6-765 0 199 0-201 •131 •639 0- Per centnm : caloatated wiibout carbonio acid or organic matter. 58 976 6-698 3 520 1-026 27015 0-822 0-829 0-541 25-893 99-467 ANALYSES OK THE OAT, 107 COMPOSITION OK THK PHOSPHATES. Soluble silica - - - • - - - - 0-160 Phosphate of peroxide of iron - - - - 0 • 180 Magnesia - - 0-071 Lime 0-269 Phosphoric acid ...... 0-950 3. West acre, 1 . Ash of the grain. Per centum : recfcoued withom catljonic acid or foreign matter. Silica 33-129 Phosphates of lime, iron and magnesia - - 29-463 Lime 0-070 Magnesia 0*034 Potash 18-904 Soda 5-751 Sulphuric acid ...... 2-135 Chlorine 0-028 Phosphates of potash and soda - - • 10-291 99-855 Silica ... Phosphates : of iron of lime - of magnesia Phosphoric acid Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Sulphuric acid Chlorine - Organic matter Carbonic acid - 2. Ash of the itraw. 20-000 grs. 2-800 0-120 0-188 0-025 0-667 1-000 1-470 0-475 8-818 1-088 0-721 0-321 0-960 3-106 Calculated without carbtmic acid or organic matter- 16-656 5-952 8-745 2-827 52-483 6-475 4-291 1-905 20-759 99-334 108 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 3. Ath of the chaff. Silica 20-000 grj '7-500 • Calculated wilhont coal, carbonic acid or organic maltcr. 44-876 Coal 1-120 Phosphates .... Carbonate of lime ... 2-900 1090 17-348 6-520 Magnesia - - - . . Potash ..... 0-098 4-200 0-582 25 130 Soda 0-890 5-324 Carbonic acid and organic matter 1-742 19-540 99-800 COMPOIITION OK THE PHODPHATE*. Silica . - - . . 0-03 Phosphate of iron - Lime .... : : : 0-04 0-05 Magnesia ... Phoiphoric acid " " ■ 0-31 1-91 COHPOSITIOK OF THE PHOSPHATES OF THE GRAIN OF EACH ACRE. Soluble silica .... West. 0-025 Middle. 0-030 East 0-030 Phosphate of peroxide of iron Magnesia ..... 0-375 1-234 0-190 1-314 0-190 ' 1-234 Lime 0-727 0-665 0-694 Phosphoric acid - . . - 2 839 3-201 2-592 IL Organic constituents of the oat or grain of each acre respectively. 1. East acre. 236-40 grs. oats yielded of Paleffi or husks - Kernels ... 69-30 167-10 percentage. 29-314 70-686 194- 16 grs. kernels gave of Fine white flour 115-12 Bran (about like that separated at the mills) 79-02 Flour. 115- 12 grs. flonr gave of Starch 89-91 Epidermis, pilose*, gluten and oil - 4-32 Percentage of ash in the epidermis and pilose (mostly pilose) 2-315. Nothing more was obtained from this specimen of flour. 59-291 40-709 77-232 3-752 ' The piloae is the short hairs appended to the epidermis. ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 109 Percentage of water, dry matter and ash in the kernels. 100 grs. of kernels yielded of Water 9-412 Dry kernels 90-588 Ash 5-242 Ash calculated dry --..... 2-475 Organic matter calculated dry •-.... 97-525 Kernels. 100 grs. of kernels gave of Starch Albumen - . - . Casein or avenine - - - Dextrine, or gum and mucilage Oil Gluten Sugar and extractive matter Epidermis and pilose Water 55-000 Percenlage : calculated dry 59-291 1-800 1-932 15-769 16-984 7-280 7-861 3-380 3-644 1-680 1-803 2-120 2-278 5-750 6-207 9-412 102-582 100-000 289-06 grs. gave of Palese or husk Kernels 2. Middle acre. 89-06 200-00 Percentage, 30-810 69-190 196-40 grs. kernels yielded of Fine white flour - - - - 114-000 58-045 Bran (about as it is obtained at the mills) 82*400 41-955 Flour. 100 grs. of the flour gave of Starch 82-70 Epidermis, gluten, oil and pilose, mostly pilose - - 2-28 Percentage of ash in pilose 3-289. This gave no Co^, a large percentage of silicic acid, a small quantity of phosphates, lime and magnesia, and a mere trace of Soj. Casein - - - - 2-16 Dextrine or gum - - - - - - - 1'68 Water 10-40 The sugar, extractive matter, oil, gluten and albumen were not quantitatively obtained (very small, mostly in bran). no ANALYSES OF THE OAT. Bran. 82*40 grs. of bran gave of Starch 36- 165 42664 Casein and mucilage - - - • 9 • 176 1 1 • 135 Dextrine or gum - - - - 6-630 8-046 Epidermis, pilose, gluten and oil - 13-870 16-832 64-830 78-677 Percentage of ash in epidermis and pilose 3-466, mostly epidermis. This ash con- tains considerable silex, a large proportion of phosphates, and a small proportion of lime, magnesia and sulphuric acid. No effervescence on adding acid to ash. The albumen, sugfar, extractive matter, fluten and water were not obtained, hese, with loss, amount to - - 17-570 21-323 82-400 100-000 Kernels, 100 grs. of kernels gave of Starch - Casein or avenine -..-... Albumen Gluten Dextrine, or giun and mucilage .... Sugar and extractive matter ..... Oil Epidermis and pilose ...... Water 97-355 57-220 rcrcentage : calculated dry. 65-412 12-120 13-897 0-820 0-9A1 1-400 1-605 6-340 7-269 1-260 1-445 4-740 5-435 3-310 3-796 10- 145 100-000 3. West acre. Kernels. 100 grs. kernels gave of Starch Casein or avenine ...--. Albumen ........ Gluten Dextrine, or gum and mucilage - - . - Sug^r and extractive matter . . . . Oil Epidermis and pilose . . . . . Water 56-34 Percentage : calculated dry. 60-336 14-36 15-656 0-94 1-025 1-62 1-766 9-26 10-096 2-28 2-486 7-50 8-177 0-42 0-458 10-12 101-84 J 00 000 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. Ill Flour. 100 grs. of the flour gave of Starch 79-360 Casein or avenine --.•... 2 "120 Dextrine or gum ----... 1-660 Epidermis, pilose, gluten and oil - - - - 2-500 Water 9-714 95-354 The sugar, extractive matter and albumen were not obtained. Proportion of paloB and kernels. PaleiE or husks 29-052 Kernels 70-948 Proportion of flour and bran in kernels. Flour 58-958 Bran 41-042 Percentage : calculated dry. 92-637 2-475 1-939 2-919 100-000 ANALYSIS OF OATS FROM LEWIS COUNTY. This variety, which I have noticed under this name, grew upon the black slates of the Hudson-river group, which is usually a mixture of flat and round gravel and loam. The following is its composition : White oat. Water of the grain - - - - 10*10 Silica ... Phosphate of iron Phosphate of lime Phosphate of magnesia Phosphoric acid - Carbonate of lime Magnesia - Potash Soda - Chlorine Sulphuric acid Organic matter Carbonic acid lO-UUU grs. Perceatum : calculated wilhout 5-860 43-030 0 160 1-174 0-250 1-836 1-431 10-503 2-030 14.904 0-020 0-141 0-010 0-067 1-998 14-667 1-346 9-892 0-261 1-800 0-253 1-836 1-203 trace. 14-822 99-850 112 ANALYSES OF THE OAT. The following is the composition of a black oat from the same locality, cultivated in the same manner, and upon the same soil : Black oat. Water in the grain . - . . 9-88 Silica 15-000 grs. 6-030 Per centum : calculated without organic matter. 43-177 Phosphate of iron .... Phosphate of lime .... 0-180 0-330 1-287 2-357 Phosphate of magnesia Phosphoric acid - - - - ■ Carbonate of lime . . - 0-673 1-997 0-040 4-817 14-295 0-184 Magnesia Potash 0-010 1-491 0-067 10-670 Soda 1-342 9-606 Phosphate of potash and soda Chlorine - - . . - 1-680 0-126 12-025 0-894 Sulphuric acid . . . • 0-062 0-440 Carbonic acid .... trace. Organic matter .... 0-SOO 14-760 99-919 ANALYSIS OF A CAREX FROM BEMENT'S FARM. [ Received too late to be inserted in its proper place. See p. 81.] Cut June 10th, just before the flower spikes made their appearance : from 24 - 36 inches high. 100 grs. of fresh grass gave Water 71-783 Dry matter 28-217 Ash - - 1-538 Ash calculated dry ..... 5-451 Organic matter calculated dry ... 94-549 S. ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 113 ANALYSIS OF OATS FROM PITTSTOWN. Furnished by Mr. Newcomb. It was grown upon the soil resting upon the Taconic slates. The oat was fully ripe, with bright grain and straw. 1. Relative proportion of grain, straw aiid chaff. Actual quantities. Grain 636-000 Straw 666-000 Chaff 60-000 2. Analysis of the grain. Silica Phosphates of lime and magnesia Carbonate of lime Magnesia - - . . Potash .... Soda - . - . . Chlorine .... Sulphuric acid . . - Phosphate of potash and soda Carbonic acid ... Organic matter ... 20-000 grs. 8-100 Per centum : calculated without organic matter. 41-449 6-110 31-264 trace. none. 2-051 10-495 1-966 10-059 0-017 0-100 0-013 0 065 1-280 6-545 none. 0-412 19-949 100-077 3. Analysis of the straw, divided into ttoo equal parts, top and bottom. Silica • Phosphates • Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Soda - Sulphuric acid Chlorine Carbonic acid Top. Bottom. 7 070 4-200 2-615 2-240 0-990 0-280 0-043 0-108 6-559 7-833 1-233 1-463 0-310 0-338 0-093 0-061 1-012 3-145 19-925 19-668 [AaaicuLTtniAL Report — Vol, ii.] 15 Ill ANALYSES OF THE OAT. 4. ATuUyns of the chaff. Silica 10-375 Coal 0-480 Phosphates 0-935 Carbonate of lime 0-800 Magnesia 0-570 Potash 0-430 Soda 0-309 Sulphuric acid 0-447 Chlorine 0-123 14-569 ANALYSIS OF THE STRAW OF OATS GROWN BY Mr. PETERS*. Silica 12-350 Phosphate of peroxide of iron ... 0-925 Lime 6-247 Magnesia ....... 1-945 Silicic acid ....... 6-575 Phosphoric acid 4*933 Lime 0-761 Magnesia ....... 1-750 Potash 38-871 Soda 3-792 Chloride of sodium 0-214 Sulphuric acid 0-048 Carbonic acid 10-160 Organic matter 3-300 99-871 S. * Thii analysi* ibould have been inserted at page 97. The foregoing organic analyses of the oat of the three ex- perimental acres were made by Mr. Salmbukt, assistant in the laboratory. THE OAT CROP. 116 REMARKS UPON THE OAT CROP. The oat crop is very properly regarded, in all the temperate and more northerly coun- tries, as one of the most important. In some it is highly esteemed in domestic life as a grain for bread, and everywhere as one of the best kinds for cattle. Hence it is exten- sively cultivated : it therefore becomes proper to make a few inquiries as to its exhausting powers upon the soil, and as to the grounds upon which its reputation rests as an article of food for man and beast. The weight of this grain varies from thirty to thirty-four pounds per bushel, and a fair crop will not vary much from fifty bushels to the acre. Premium crops have been given, amounting from eighty-five to ninety bushels per acre. From these data, we may deter- mine the amount of mineral matter removed from the soil in a given crop of oats. The per centum of mineral or inorganic matter will be as follows, taking 5 '25 as the average per centum of the ash. Hence there will be removed Silica or silicic acid Phosphates Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Chlorine - Sulphuric acid - Phosphates of potash and soda For the foregoing calculation, I have taken the analysis of the a^h of the oat of the middle acre (p. 107) . Each analysis will give a result diflfering somewhat from this ; but this single calculation will be sufficient for our purpose, that is to show how much a givBn crop will remove of these valuable substances from the soil. The oat crop, it will be seen, may be regarded as one of the exhausting crops. We are not, however, prepared here to enter upon a comparison of this crop with those of the other cereals, as this will necessarily come up for consideration after I have given the analyses of the other grains. But I may now proceed to the important question. What elements does the oat possess, which render it a valuable article of food ? It seems proper, in the first place, to state that the value of food, or of matters to support and sustain life, do not depend upon any one single element. The idea that nitrogen is the important one, is entirely fallacious. It is true that high authorities are wedded to the notion that nitrogren is the body which sustains animal life. Hence when the quantity of nitrogen has been determined, the substance has a station given it in the list of nutriments, according to the amount of nitrogen it contains. It is, however, no more important than starch, or any of the other respiratory products. I assume this position, because I believe one bushel of grain. From ah acre. 8-960 OZ. 28-150 lbs. 8-000 25-000 0-019 0-059 0-022 0-071 6-141 16-068 1-564 4-888 0-007 0-023 0-580 ]-814 2-799 8-747 27-092 OZ. 84-820 lbs. 1 16 THE OAT CROP. there 18 a mutual relation subsi&tiug among the elements. Life does not consist simply in the formation of muscle, nor of bone. The acts of life are seen equally in respiration, as in digestion ; in supplying heat, as in supplying nutriment ; in supplying a bony frame-work, as in giving it motion. Each element has its use, and each organ its function ; and not one of them can fail in the performance of its office, without deranging the wliole fabric. Sulphuric acid, or oil of vitriol, is wanted in the animal economy ; so are brimstone and phosphorus, two highly combustible bodies ; and no doubt there are instances when life is too fully charged with them, still they are as necessary as nitrogen, and life would not manifest itself without their aid. We may therefore regard a body important to animal life, in proportion as it contains the requisite number of all those elements which a living body requires to give it the greatest degree of strength and energy. We may, with this view, look first to the inor- ganic bodies, potash, soda, lime and magnesia. In the same list, too, we may put the acids which combine with these bases, as the phosphoric and sulphuric, together with chlorine. These by themselves are useless in the absence of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The four lest, but especially carbon and oxygen, enter largely into the composition of living beings. The tissues of vegetables, as well as of animals, seem to be mostly composed of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, which, always taken in combination with the above bases, constitute a frame-work, delicate indeed, but yet essential to the performance of any function the tissue in its organic capacity is designed for. Nitrogen enters only into a certain class of organs ; in others it is entirely absent, as in the bones. In the red and fleshy parts, nitrogen is an essential constituent ; but even in these parts, iron, oxygen, hydrogen and the phosphates are equally important. A cereal, then, which contains the elements of bone and muscle in combination, or matter for the formation of the tissues generally, together with the maintenance of respiration, is the fittest nutriment in the economy of life. Of the inorganic constituents of the oat, we have found the phosphates in the ratio nearly of J or i ; potash in about the same quantity, in some instances in a greater ratio. Soda and sulphuric acid are also always present. Lime and magnesia, together with silica, make up an important though short list of matters which are essential to the con- stitution of bone, muscle and brain. In the list of bodies which are found by approximate organic analysis, are, starch, which exists in the ratio of | of the products, is a respiratory and fat-producing substance ; ave- nine, a nitrogenous element, in the ratio of ^ ; gluten and albumen, two other nitrogenous bodies, in a much smaller ratio; oil and sugar, two other respiratory and fat-producing bodies, are in the ratio of ^'j ; dextrine and mucilage, which probably contribute to the name end, but which also act favorably as demulcents upon the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal. With such a composition it is satisfactorily made out that the oat is a valuable nutriment, taking the word in its widest sense. It has the materials for bone and muscle, as well as for respiratory matters ; and it is not deficient in the elements of fat, that substance which gives fulness and beauty to the form. Experience, however. THE OAT CROP. 117 had in generations long past established the same facts ; and man, by his steady cultiva- tion of the crop, has shown the estimation in which it has ever been held by him. It becomes still more important, from the fact that it may be cultivated in higher latitudes than some of the other cereals, and rarely in a northern climate disappoints the farmer. The amount of organic elements in a bushel of oats weighing 32 lbs. is as follows : lbs. oz. Starch - - 17 4 Casein or avenine ..... 49 Albumen 0 4 Gluten 08 Dextrine 2 15 Sugar and extract . . . • . Oil Oil 2 6 Water 3 4 32 0 Diseases of the oat. The oat, in certain fields, especially those that are weedy, is subject to disease ; or rather to the attack of a fungous plant, whereby almost every kernel upon the panicle or head is totally destroyed. This fungus is called by authors Uredo avente. It is a species of smut. The kernels, or the places where they would have grown, is filled with a black smutty substance, which finally becomes dry enough to send out a powder of extreme fine- ness, which is really a cloud of seeds capable of germinating and growing, and producing, like other seeds, individuals similar to the parent. The smutty heads are well known undoubtedly to farmers, inasmuch as many may be found in most fields of oats. In addition to the smutty panicle, the whole plant is stinted, being shorter and more erect than the healthy one. The coverings of the grain, the husks, are apparently corroded through, so as to show upon the side the black mass v/ithin them. The spores, or seeds which have been already alluded to, are extremely minute rounded particles, whose forms are only made known by the aid of a powerful microscope. They are globular grains, not uniform in size, but with a diameter which does not exceed ijTT of an inch. These minute atoms are scattered over the field, and lodged in the soil ; and, without doubt, if we may rely upon analogy, they retain for a long time the power of germinating, and will do so when a favorable opportunity occurs. This fact renders it highly desirable that every smutty plant should be eradicated and burnt, when it first shows any symptoms of the disease in question ; for undoubtedly the spores are taken up by the roots, and conveyed to heads of the grain, where they at once begin the work of destruction. The fungous plant, which appears so much like a gangrene of the grain, is represented on Plate LV, fig. 23, in the first stage of its growth. It, however, more frequently appears 118 ANALYSES OF RYE. at in Plate LIV, fig. 2, where the plant is upright, rigid and dwarfish, as if the whole system had been poisoned. Figs. 24 and 25 represent the spores, under a high magnifying power ; and so also Plate LFV, fig. 3 represents them as seen in plants by myself this season. In many fields, the smutty heads are very numerous. II. RYE. The specimens were procured from Arbor Hill, near the city of Albany, the soil being a gravelly loam based upon Albany clay. Heavy beds of drift frequently occur, which aid in giving a rolling surface to the country. The plant was divided into parts, as grain, leaves, and top and bottom straw. 1. Uhripi: JITS!. Plant in blossom, and cut June 18, 1847. PROPORTIOKS. 1. Headt. Per centum. Water 67-5600 Dry heads 32-4400 Ash 1-5300 Ash calculated dry ..... 4-7165 2. Straw divided in two partM, top and bottom, and separated between the 3d arid ^th joints. Top. Bottom. Water 55-2600 61 7000 Dry straw 44-7400 38-3000 Ash 1-0010 1-2500 Ash calculated dry • - • - 2-2351 3-2637 3. Leaves arid leaf-sheaths. Water 69-8400 Dry leaves 30-1600 Ash 1-6300 Ash calculated dry 5-4045 S. ANALYSES OF RYE. 119 2. RiPK GRAIK AND STRAW. Growth large : straw divided between the 3d and 4th joints. PROPORTIONS. Per centum. Grain 43-206 Chaff 8-356 'ir:*-'"": : : ; : J^:!?n»«» Leaves and sheaths - . - . 9-360 2. Straw. Top. Bottom. Water 8-127 7-603 Dry straw 91-878 92-397 Ash 3-572 2-343 Ash calculated dry 3-888 2-636 3. Leaves. Water 7-933 Dry leaves 92-066 Ash 6-383 Ash calculated dry ..... 6-847 4. Chaff. Water 9-018 Dry chaff 90-982 Ash 9-042 Ash calculated dry 9-885 5. Graitt. Water 9-8450 Dry grain 90-1550 Ash 1-0445 Ash calculated dry 1 - 1585 S. 120 ANALYSES OF RYE. 8. Araltsib or the ash op the heads op ryb. Cut June 18, when in blossom. Silica - 61-800 Coal 4000 Phosphates : of peroxide of iron ... 1-500 Lime 3-102 Magnesia 2-700 Silicic acid - • - • - trace. Phosphoric acid - - - 9*798 Lime .... Magnesia ... Potash .... Soda .... Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Chloride of potassium • Organic acids - 17-100 0-507 trace. 0-266 none. 12-600 4-296 1-586 6-080 104-211 S. The heads, in this period of growth, are remarkable for the small amount of potash, and the absence of soda, except in combination with chlorine forming common salt. The composition of the leaves and leaf-sheaths is as follows : Silica 35-900 Coal - Phosphates : of iron Lime - Magnesia Silicic acid - Phosphoric acid Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash ... Soda - Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic acids 4-500 2-900 3-396 0-600 trace. 8-704 - 15-600 6-132 2-600 21-672 2-292 5-090 0-500 2-400 103-635 S. ANALYSES OK RYE. r RYE FROM ARBOR HILL, ALBANY (Growth large). Analysis of the ripe straw, which was divided into two parts between the third and fourth nodes or joints. Silica .... Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime Magpiesia Silicic acid Phosphoric acid Lime Magnesia - Potash Soda Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid • Organic acids • Top. Bottom. 70-700 28-250 0-250 1-350 7-304 8-489 - . trace. 0-050 trace. trace. 7-296 5-711 2-849 1-410 0-300 2-600 3-732 28-402 1-324 17-615 1-716 0-489 0-343 1-546 1-305 4-500 97-118 S. 98-412 S There will be removed, in a ton of straw, the following amount of mineral matter in pounds : Silica Phosphates Lime Magnesia - Potash Soda Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid - Organic acids • To!.. Bottom. 56-560 14-803 11-880 8-169 2-279 0-738 0-240 1-362 2-985 14-882 1-059 9-230 1-372 0-256 0-274 0-810 1-044 2-358 It is not forgotten, however, that it is a common practice to return a large part of the straw to the field again : it is not therefore lost. But in the vicinity of large towns, the straw is generaly sold in bundles for various purposes. [ASRICULTUKAI, RePOET — VoL. H.J 16 122 ilNALYSES OF RYE. The composition of the ripe leaves and leaf-sheaths is as follows : Silica Phosphates (14-250) Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime Magnesia Silicic acid Phosphoric acid Carbonate of lime Magnesia - Potash Soda Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid • Carbonic acid - Organic matter - Remove'! in a ton. 71-650 85-980 lbs 0-250 0-300 8-658 10-389 trace. trace. 6-342 6-410 0-817 1-000 0-500 0-600 2-720 3-264 3-333 3-999 1-184 1-420 0-100 0-120 trace. 2-650 3-180 97-204 S. 116-662 Arudynt of the ripe chaff of the rye of Arbor Hill. Silica - - - 85-600 Phosphates (4-60): Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime . - - . • 0-350 3-078 Magnesia - Silicic acid ■ trace, trace. Phosphoric acid Carbonate of lime ■ : . 1-182 ' 1-664 Magnesia Potash - . . • ' : : 0-500 3-922 Soda - . 1-994 Chloride of sodhim . 0-245 Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid • 0-206 trace. Organic acids - 1 - 150 99-891 S ANALYSES OF RYE. 123 Analysis of the ripe grain of the same rye. Silica 3-450 Phosphates (48-85): Phosphate of peroxide of iron ... 6-350 Lime 6-458 Magnesia ....... 0-816 Silicic acid ...... 0-. 0-010 0-002 Magnesia 0-020 0-004 Organic matter ...... Carbonic acid 1-340 0301 98-221 22-154 2. Analysis of the earthy phosphates. Per centum. Soluble silica 0-003 0-074 Lime 1-940 2-380 Phosphate of peroxide of iron - ■ • 1-880 4-470 Magnesia 2-920 12-440 Phosphoric acid 12-825 30-760 m. BLACK-SEA WHEAT FROM THE SAME COUNTY. Specific gravity 1-341. Kernel small, and but little lighter colored than the best kinds of rye. Soil based upon limestone. Attalysis of the ash. Sand 3-700 Silicic acid 1- 550 Phosphoric acid with part of the magnesia - 62*075 Lime 0-050 Magnesia - - 3-435 Potash 8-045 Soda 14-790 Sodium 0-320 Chlorine 0-490 Sulphuric acid 0-340 Organic acids 2 • 000 Carbonic acid not determined. Effervescence very slight on adding acid to ash. 96-795 S. [Agkicultuiial Report — Vol. ii.] 19 146 ANALYSES OF WHEAT. IV. ANALYSIS OF SUMMER WHEAT. Received from Mr. Petkrb of Genesee county. Removed (Vom Iha (era. Silica 2-633 0-687 lbs. Sand 1-607 0-419 Phosphates of lime, magnesia and iron - - 48 000 12-528 Phosphates of the alkalies ... - 19-440 5-073 Lime and magnesia ..... 0-020 0-005 Potash 14-720 3-841 Soda 3-356 0-875 Chlorine ....... none. Sulphuric acid - 0-544 0*141 Organic matter 8-480 2-213 98-864 25-782 Percentage of water of Black-sea Wheat grottm on different soils. On limestone ....-.- 10-52 On slate 10-72 On alluvial gravel .-••-. 10-27 On sandy soil - - - - - - - 11-10 The variety known as Harmon Wheat, grown upon clay loam based upon the rocks of the Salt group, gave water 11-82, after long drying in the water bath. The last had assumed a brown color, and appeared partially charred, although it had never been exposed to a temperature above 212° Fahr. From the preceding observations, and others of the same kind, I am led to believe that this grain has always in combination about the same quantity of water, and that soil and varieties do not cause it to vary much either way from 12 per centum of water. This amount of water, however, although it is comparatively small, has probably a decided influence upon its preservation in transportation to foreign countries. The hygrometric power of grains and flour has not been determined. The percentage of water may not of itself form an obstacle to its keeping ; and if it is not in a situation to imbibe more, it may perhaps remain for years in a sound state. ANALYSES OF WHEAT. mi V. BLACK-SEA WHEAT FROM LEWIS COUNTY. Grown upon the Trenton limestone. Analysis of the ash. Silica and sand ...... 14 "520 Earthy phosphates 43 • 333 Alkaline phosphates ..... 23 "646 Potash 12-629 Soda .5-06S Magnesia and lime ..... 0*030 Chlorine ....... trace. Sulphuric acid ...... trace. Carbonic acid ...... none. VL A WINTER WHEAT FROM THE SAME COUNTY. Grown upon sandy soil. Variety not given. Furnished by Mr. Beach. 1. Analysis of the ash. Silica . . - Sand and coal Earthy phosphates Alkaline phosphates Potash - Soda ... Lime ... Magnesia Sulphuric acid 9- 120 10-000 48-273 15-501 23-407 4-044 0 020 0-002 trace. 100-367 2. Analysis of the earthy phosp?iates. Soluble silica .•--.-. 0'08 Lime 1-98 Phosphate of peroxide of iron - - - - 4 "95 Magnesia - - - - - - - 6-64 Phosphoric acid ...... 28-31 113 ANALYSES OF WHEAT. VIF. WINTER WHEAT FROM THE SAME COUNTY. Furnished by Mr. Beach. Grown upon a gravelly soil. Analysis of the ash. Silica and coal 12-134 Earthy phosphates 37-072 Alkaline phosphates ..... 21-313 Potash , 22-496 Soda 7-348 Chlorine ....... trace. Sulphuric acid trace. Magnesia and lime ..... 0-031 Note. I was desirous of repealing all those analyses in which so much foreign niattert as coal and sand, existed. Experience subsequently enabled me to avoid this objectionable state of the ash ; still, the results are correct for all the elements except silica. In regard to this, I have lieen satisfied that it varies from 1-50 to 5 per centum ; and it is probable, in those varieties grown upon soils of Lewis county, that they reach the maximum per- centage. The grain has a thick cuticle, and is rather dark ; and it is in these kinds that the silica is in the largest proportions. VIII. STRAW AND CHAFF OF WHEAT FROM Mb. PETERS. 1. Ajuilysis of the straw. Silica Earthy phosphates Lime Magnesia - Potash Soda Sulphuric acid - Chlorine - 2. Analysis of the chaff. Silica Earthy phosphates Carbonate of lime Magnesia • Potash Soda Sulphuric acid Chlorine - 49-100 Remove* in a ton of «lra«r. 29-255 19-600 11-678 3-460 2-061 0-324 0 193 22-245 13-253 5-195 3-095 0-876 0-521 0-121 0-072 100-921 60-128 T. 80-60 Removed in a ton of chaff 143-893 8-80 15-710 4-70 8-390 1-80 3-213 3-20 5-712 1-21 2160 trace. 100-31 179-078 ANALYSES OF WHEAT. 149 Proportions of g-rain, straw and chaff of several varieties of wheat, 1. Old Eed-chaff Wheat * Actnal quantitieg. Per centum. Grain 724 grs. 100-000 Chaff 221 30-524 Straw 1154 159-392 2. Talaetra Wheat. Grain 1240 100000 Chaff 292 23-548 Straw 1444 116-209 3. Indiana Wheat. Grain 556 -50 100-000 Chaff 129-50 23-270 Straw 611-00 109-811 4. Improved Flint Wheat. Grain - ^ 1130 100-000 Chaff 272 24070 Straw 1323 117-079 5. Harmon Wheat. Grain 120750 100000 Chaff 300-00 24-844 Straw 1166-50 96-604 To determine the foregoing proportions of grain, etc., I took from a small bundle those heads and straw which remained perfect, a certain number, and shelled the grain, and weighed each part by itself. This method of determining the proportions of grain, chaff and straw, has been found as correct, if not more so, as weighing large quantities in the usual way. Due care must, of course, be taken to avoid losses in separating the grain. IX. IMPROVED WHITE-FLINT WHEAT. Analysis of the straw. Silica 42-60 Carbonate of lime - • - - - - 8-90 Phosphates of lime, magnesia and iron - - 9-30 Potash 22-76 Soda 6-28 Magnesia • - • - - • - 1-58 Sulphuric acid - - • • - • 6-85 Chlorine 1-86 98-13 150 ANALYSES OF WHEAT. X. OLD RED-CHAFF WHEAT. Analysis of the straw. Silica . - . . - Coal Phosphates of lime, magnesia and Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash • Soda Sulphuric acid Chlorine iron 70-00 0-25 8-89 1-80 015 12- 12 419 2-25 1-75 101-50 Removed in a ton oruriw. 78-40 lbs. 0-28 9-95 2-01 016 13-57 4-69 2-52 1-94 113-62 The straw of the Old Red-chafi* is stifT and rigid ; and from its characters alone, it would be inferred that it contained a greater percentage of silex. XI. WHEATLAND RED WHEAT. Analysis of the straw. Silica 76-75 Phosphates 8-21 Carbonate of lime - - - - - 1'06 Magnesia - - 0*25 Potash 7-20 Soda 2-10 Chlorine • • 0*24 Sulphuric acid ...... 2*21 97-01 Removed in a ton ornraw. 84-84 lbs, 9-19 1-17 0-28 8-06 2-35 0-26 2-47 108-62 \ ANALYSES OF WHEAT. 151 XII. SOULE'S WHEAT. Sftecimen taken from the State Agricultural Rooms. Fine plump berry. Calculated on dry matter. Starch 62-29 68-360 Sugar and extractive matter, with a little acid formed during the analysis ... 6*40 7*023 Dextrine or gum 1*21 1*328 Epidermis 7*20 7*903 Matter dissolved out of epidermis and other bodies insoluble in water and boiling alcohol, by a weak solution of caustic potash • - 6*82 7*485 Oil 1*02 1*119 Gluten 4-61 4-949 Albumen 1*67 1-833 Casein ....... trace. trace. Water - - 9*79 100-91 S. 100-000 The gluten in the above analysis is small, though I think correct. The matter insoluble in water was digested in successive portions of boiling alcohol for six hours, till nothing more was taken up. The matter insoluble in water and boiling alcohol was digested in a >mi' Ash 19-2 1-38 Ash calculated dry Dry matter 6. Sheaths (lost) Dry - - - - Water 207- 4-734 29-1 cii. Ash 19-25 "'■ Ash calculated dry 9-29 Note. The plant taken for August 23 happened to be one proportionally smaller than the preceding, yet at this tinoe the leaves began to dry and wither ; but this lightness of the herbage will increase with the development of the grain. II. WHITE-FLINT CORN. August 22. 1. Tassels 130-7 grs. Dry 57- Water 837 Ash 4-37 Ash calculated dry .... Dry matter ..... 2. Stalks 5766-9 Dry • 880-1 Water Ash 35-76 Ash calculated dry .... Dry matter . . . - - 3. Leaves 2797- Dry 763-8 Water 20332 Ash 81-35 Ash calculated dry .... Dry matter ..... 3-34 7-666 43-67 •691 4-006 15-26 2-908 10-637 27-31 168 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TUIK. fARTS. ftuAwrmr. per cnrrcrM AuousT 22. 4. SUks - Dry - Water Ash - Ash calculated dry Dry matter 6. Sheaths Dry ... Water 57- grs. 36- 21- 1-72 3-1 4-777 63-1 - 2536- 494- - 2043- **4 Ash - 40-46 1-596 WJ: t Ash calculated dry Dry matter 6. Husks Dry - Water Ash - Ash calculated dry Dry matter 7. Cobs • Dry . . - 8-192 19-47 3534- 802- 2732- 29-53 -835 3-682 22-68 2935-5 864- Water . 2070-5 70-53 Ash - 18- -613 Ash calculated dry 2-083 Dry matter 29-46 8. Kemeh 4170-5 (fully glazed). Dry - - . ■ 1633- Water 2537-6 60-84 i-'i Ash . 32-7 -759 9m ' Ash calculated dry Dry matter 2-002 39-15 III. CORN MIXED WITH LARC JE W '^HITE-FLINT AND TUSCARORA. September 26. 1. T.e/n!es 2198-6 grs. Dry - 476- Water Ash • . . 58- 2-061 Ash calculated dry 1205 Dry matter 21 •«4 2. Stalks ' . 7552 -6 Dry - - . 1290- Water Ash • 44-61 '69 Ash calculated dry 3-533 Dry matter 17-08 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 169 TIME. September 26. PARTS. - 612-3 Water 1663-7 Ash 34-1 Ash calculated dry .... Dry matter 4. Huiki 1972-5 Dry 440-3 Water 1532-2 Ash 12-08 Ash calculated dry .... Dry matter ..... 5. C<^ 1773- Dry 630- Water 1143- Ash 11-26 Ash calculated dry Dry matter ..... 6. Kemelt of one ear .... 3344- Dry 1744-7 Water 15993 Ash 23-625 Ash calculated dry .... Dry matter ..... Weight of foliage 15672-5 grs. Dry 3548-6 Ash 160-04 Weight of kernels 3344- Dry kernels 1744-7 Total weight of one green plant . . 19016-5 Total weight when dry . - - • 5293-3 Total amount of water .... 183723-2 PER CINTUM. 1-566 6-686 23-54 •612 2-743 22-27 64-46 •634 1-785 35-63 47-82 1-706 1-364 52 14 Remarks on the foregoing observations. A variety of facts relating to the progress of the crop may be deduced from the observa- tions, which may be regarded as correct in the main. The increase in weight, in ten days, of a single plant, an individual stalk, is as follows, taking the interval between the 18th and 29th of July, during which period corn probably grows as rapidly as at any other time : [Ag»icdi,tc»al Report — Vol. ii.] 22 170 ANALYSICS OF MA1Z£. Increase in weight 6671'62grs. Increase in solid organic matter • • - 1112*2 Total weight of the plant July 29 - - 9193- Containing water 7889 '5 The increase, therefore, of the plant every day, atnouDts to 657 grs., of which 546 are water and 111 dry matter. August 10. The individual plant weighed .... 16455 • grs. Containing water ...... 13255*3 Dry matter 3199*7 Total increase in weight from July 29 to August 1 1, 7262 * Increase per day for 1 1 days .... 660 * Inorganic matter assimilated August 11 - 195*54 Inorganic matter assimilated July 29 - . 87*06 Increase from July 29 to August 11 - . 108*48 Increase of inorganic matter about 10 grs. per day. It will be observed that the increase in weight for two periods, from July 18 to July 29, and from July 29 to August 11, is virtually equal, only three additional grains remaining in favor of the last period (See Meteorological Observations and Tables at the end of the volume). The perfect solution of the inorganic matter is maintained by the large amount of water always circulating in the plant : thus, in August 11, there was 13255 grs. of water, and only 165J grs. of mineral matter. IV. EARLY WHITE-FLINT CORN. Relation of the different parts of the plant to each other; observations, and the quantity of water, dry matter and ash in tfie several parts at different stages of its growth. — S. TUfC. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIES. PERCRNTAGE, June 3. Com planted. June 11. Plants begin to show themselves above the soil. June 15. Plants 5 inches high. Average weight of each plant 10-8925 grs. PROPORTIONS. Weight of four plants cut close to the roots - 43*57 Water 3905 89*626 Dry matter 4*52 10*374 Ash -59 1*354 Percentaga of ash calculated on the dry matter, 13 ' 053 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 171 nitB. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. June 21. Average height of plants lOi inches. Growth during the last 6 days, 5| inches, which is a little less than 1 inch per day. Average weight of each plant Average increase of weight of each plant during the last 6 days PROPOmTlON*. Weight of four plants cut close to roots - Water Dry matter ...--- Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter. QtJ.INTITlES. PERCENTAGE. 22-1 grs. 11-2075 88-4 78-86 89-203 9-54 10-792 1-83 2-07 19 182 June 28. Average height, 18 inches. Increase in height during the last week, 7^ inches. Before this, the plants have been made up entirely of leaves. The sheaths now begin to form on the longest leaves. Average weight of each plant ... Average increase in weight during the last week, being about 9 grs. per day. 84-15 grs. 62 05 Took three plants : divided each plant into the part above the soil, and the part in it. Relation of the part above the soil, to the part in it : Part above the soil .... 206-7 Part in the soil 45*75 Whole weight of the three plants 252-45 Divided the part above the soil into leaves and sheaths. Relation of leaves and sheaths : Leaves 163-3 Sheaths . - .... 43-4 206-7 PROPORTIOn*. . Leaves 163-3 Water 141-44 Dry matter 21-86 Ash 2-34 Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter - Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 81-877 18-123 79-003 20-997 100- 86-613 13-387 1-433 10-704 i 172 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TIXK. JuifxSS. OBtEXVATIONS, PAKTI AND PKOroBTION*. Sheaths of three plants weighed ... Water Dry matter ...... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter - Ash saline, with a slight taste of caustic potash. Part of plant in the soil contains a large per- centage of sugar. This part, from six plants, weighed Water Dry matter ...... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter. Ash very saline, greenish, more difficult to bum than the leaves. QUANTITIES. PEKCENTAOE 43-4 grs. 40-12 92-442 3-28 7-558 •48 1-106 14-628 91-5 84-39 92-229 7-11 7-771 1-20 1-311 16-878 Jdlt 5. Average height, 26 inches. Growth during the last week, 8 inches : a little over 1 inch per day. Weight of one plant Increase of weight during the last week Average increase of weight of each plant per day, The stalk begins to form. Relation of the different parts to each other : Stalk (f inch long, with 3 joints) • Sheaths ...... Leaves PROPORTIONS. 1. Stalks Water Dry matter Ash ...... Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter Ash very saline. Sheaths Water Dry matter - - - • Ash Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter Ash saline. 237-5 grs. 152-35 21-764 6-75 62-5 168-26 237-5 6-75 6-11 •64 •09 62-5 57-92 4-58 •65 2-844 26-312 70-844 100- 90-518 9-482 1-333 14-101 92-672 7-328 1-04 14 056 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 173 July 5. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. 3. Leaves Water Dry matter ..... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter Ash saline, with a slight taste of caustic potash Roots washed thoroughly with cold water, and the adhering moisture separated by pressing in paper. 4. Roots of one plant .... Water Dry matter ..... Ash ...... Percentage of a&h calculated on dry matter QUANTITIES. 168-25 grs. 146-5 21-75 2-1 PERCENTAGE. 81-01 18-99 1-248 6-666 77* 64-69 84-013 12-31 15-987 1-22 1-584 9-908 July 12. I I Average height of plants, 35 inches. Average increase of height of each plant during the last week, 9 inches : over 1 inch per day. Com has been hoed twice ; the first time on the 15th of June, the last on the 5th of July. Stalks about 1^ inches long, with 4 joints. The old kernels attached to the roots com- pletely absorbed, leaving nothing but the epidermis. Longest roots extend from 5-8 inches downwards, and from 8-10 inches laterally. Each plant has generally 12 leaves ; 7 of these have sheaths. Growth moderately thrifty. Weight of one plant Increase in weight of each plant during the last week ....... Average increase in weight of each plant per day, being 2| grs. per hour. Relation of the different parts of one plant to each other : Stalk . Sheaths Leaves ... Roots ... Weight of one plant 681-9 grs. 432-7 61-814 40-4 216-1 413-7 11-7 681-9 5-926 31-678 60-679 1-717 100- 171 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TntK. OWEXTATIom, PARTS AMD PKOPORTIOm. ^VAIfTITIEII. rBoroKTiom.. July 18. 1. Stalk 40-4 grs. Water 3806 Dry matter 2"34 Ash -42 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 2. Sheaths 216-1 Water 20455 Dry matter - 11'56 Ash 1-23 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash saline, with a slight taste of caustic potash. 3. Leaves 413-7 Water 366-81 Dry matter 46-89 Ash 5- 12 Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter Ash decidedly saline. 4. Roots (treated the same as those on the 5th) - 11-7 Water 9-48 Dry matter 2*22 Ash -26 Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter Ash tastes of caustic potash. PCRCINTAOB. 94-208, 6-792 1039 17-949 94-655 6-345 •569 10-649 88-665 11-335 4-288 11-37 81-026 18-974 2-222 11-711 JniiT 19. Average height of com, 43 inches. Increase in height during the last week, 8 inches : a trifle over 1 inch per day. About the average weight of each plant Increase in weight during the last week Increase in weight per day . . . . which is a little over 1 grain per hour. The longest roots extend into the soil 12 inches. 8 leaves have sheaths. Stalk 2^ inches long, with 7 joints. Relation of the difl[erent parts of one plant to each other : Stalk - Sheaths Leaves . . • Boots ... Weight of one plant 875-48 grs. 177 197 26-317 60-4 242-6 644-6 28-08 fl 75-48 6-899 27-699 62-194 3-208 100- ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 175 TJMK. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIES. PROPORTIONS. July 19. 1. Stalk 60-4 grs. Water 66- 16 Dry matter 4'24 Ash -68 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 2. Sheaths 242-5 Water 225-75 Dry matter 16-75 Ash 2-62 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash tastes of salt and potash. 3. Leaves 544-5 Water 47925 Dry matter 65-25 Ash 6-64 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash saline, with a slight taste of caustic potash. 4. Roots (treated as before described) - - 140-4 Water 121-87 Dry matter 18-63 Ash 1-76 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, PERCENTAGE. 92-98 7-02 1-126 16-038 93 092 6-908 1-081 15-642 88-016 11-984 1-219 10-176 86-802 13-198 1-253 9-498 July 26. Average height of com, 49 inches. Increase in height during the last week, 6 inches : a little less than 1 inch per day. Length of stalk from 4-5^ inches, with 8 joints. Tas- sels from 1-3 inches in length. About the average weight of each plant - - 2039 ■ grs. Increase in weight during the last week - 1191-6 Average increase in weight per day - - 170-22 Average increase in weight per hour ■ - 7*09 « Relation of the difierent parts of one plant to each other : Stalk 338-8 Sheaths 690-6 Leaves 1002-6 Tasiels 7-2 2039- 16 -125 34-056 49 -466 353 100- 176 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TIME. OMCavATIOns, PAXn AND PBOPORTIOKS. QUANTITIEa. rtoroxTioira. July 26. 1. Stalk 3388 grs. Water 317-12 Dry matter 2168 Ash 3-83 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 2. Sheaths 6905 Water 646 03 Dry matter 4447 Ash 7-33 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3. Leaves - • • ■ - - ■ • 1002-6 Water 857- 15 Dry matter 145-35 Ash 15-3 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 4. Tassels 7-2 Water 645 Dry matter '75 Ash 11 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6. Roots 91*4 Water 78-57 Dry matter 12-83 Ash -80 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, PERCENTAGE. 93-601 6-399 1-131 17-666 91-822 8-178 1-615 16-483 85-501 14-499 1-626 15-263 89-583 10-417 1-528 14-667 85-962 14-038 •875 6-235 August 2. Average height of com, 58 inches. Increase in height during the last week, 9 inches : being about H inches per day. Tassel 12 inches long : does not show itself yet above the sheaths. Stalk 12 inches in length, with 11 joints. Eleven or all of the leaves have sheaths. About the average weight of each plant • Increase in weight during the last week ■ Average increase in weight per day Average increase in weight per hour 3308-4 grs. 1269-4 181-34 7-566 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 177 TIME. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QU -ENTITIES. PERCENTAGE. August 2. Relation of the different parts of the plant to each other : Stalk 988- grs. 28-167 Sheaths 847- 24-294 Leaves 1358- 38-951 Tassels 121-4 3-482 Roots 178- 5-106 Weight of 1 plant 3486-4 100- PKOPORTlom. 1. Stalks 982- Water 929-15 93-999 Dry matter 5285 6-001 Ash 7-95 -809 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 13-481 2. Sheaths 847- Water - - Dry matter Ash 9-22 1-088 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Omitted weighing after sheaths were dry. 3. Leaves 1358- Water 11785 86-782 Dry matter 179-5 13-218 Ash 17-35 1-277 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 9 - 666 4. Tassels - - - - - - - 121-4 Water 10972 90-379 Dry matter 11-68 9-621 Ash 1-03 -848 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 8-818 5. Roots 178- Water 155-22 87-202 Dry matter 22-78 12-798 Ash 1-73 -972 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7-595 August 9. Average height of corn, 65 inches. Increase in height during the last week, 7 inches, or 1 inch per day. Tassels have extended them- selves from 2-4 inches above the sheaths. Average length of stalk, 22 inches. Increase in length during the last week, 10 inches. Each stalk has 13 joints, and the same num- ^ ber of leaves and sheaths. [AoRicuLTUn A L Report — Vol. ii.] 23 178 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. ' TUtK. OBSCBVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIEa. PERCBNTAOE. August 9. About the average weight of each plant • - 3827*5 grs. Increase in weight during the last week - - 286" 1 Average increase in weight per day - - 11 "92 Average increase in weight per hour - - "49 Relation of the difTerent parts of the plant to each other : Stalk 1241- 32-413 Sheaths 904-5 23-63 Leaves 1216- 31-769 Tassels 233- 6-094 Roots 233- 6-094 Weight of 1 plant 3827-5 100- PROFOBTIOm. 1. Stalk 1241- Water 11563 9309 Dry matter 84-7 6-91 Ash 9-58 -707 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 11-301 2. Sheaths 904- Water 81406 90-05 Dry matter 89-94 9-95 Ash 10-16 1-01 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 11 -02 3. Leaves 1216- Water 1000-38 82-268 Dry matter 215-62 17-732 Ash 20-66 1-699 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 9-581 4. Tassels 233- Water 191-5 82-104 Dry matter 41-5 17-896 Ash 2-16 -902 Percentage of ash calculated on the drj' matter, 5-201 5. Roots 233- Water 194- 83-206 Dry matter 39- 16-796 Ash 3-68 1-603 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 9-107 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. m IIME. OBSERVATIONS, FARTS AND PROPORTIONS. August 16. Average height of corn, 72 inches. Increase in height during the last week, 7 inches, or 1 inch per day. Nearly the whole tassel is above the upper sheath, in the plant taken for proportions ; length, 19 inches. Length of stalk, 46 inches. Increase in length during the last week, 24 inches, or 3^ inches per day. Two ears begin to form. Ears 3 inches long. Silks from 1-3 inches long. Each ear has 9 sheaths, 5 of which have leaf-blades. Length of husks, from 10 - 17 inches. Each kernel is entirely enveloped in husks of its own. Ear-stalks li inches long. About the average weight of each plant - Increase in weight during the last week - Average increase in weight per day Average increase in weight per hour Belation of the different parts of the plant to each other : Stalk .... Sheaths ... Leaves • . . • Tassels - Sheaths of husks of 2 ears Leaves of husks of 2 ears Two ear-stalks Two ears ... Roots .... QUANTITIES. PERCENTAGE. 6780 '85 grs. 2953-35 436-19 18-16 2738- 1450- 1640- 330-2 350-9 140-25 64- 67-5 360- Exact weight of the plant taken for proportions, 7140-85 38-343 20-306 22-967 4-624 4-914 1-964 •897 •943 5-043 100- rSOPORTIONI. 1. Stalk Water Dry matter ...... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2. Sheaths - Water Dry matter ...... Ash ....... Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2738- 2496-5 91 179 241-5 8-821 25-87 •945 10-712 1450- 1289-53 88-933 160-47 11-067 18-58 1-281 11-578 180 ANALYSES OF MAIZK. OBSEBVATIOm, PARTS AND PBOPORTIONB. QVANTITIEa. PEBCENTAOX. AcGCST 16. 3. Leaves --...... 1640" grs. Water 1334-2 81-353 Dry matter 305-8 18-647 Ash 34-14 2-081 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 11 - 164 4. Tasselt 3302 Water 213- 1 64-503 Dry matter 1071 35-497 Ash 4-95 1-041 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 4*602 5. Sheaths of husks 350-9 Water 311-72 88-802 Dry matter 39-18 11-198 Ash - 2-27 -604 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6*04 6. Leaves qf husks 140-25 Water 116-71 83-201 Dry matter 23-54 16 799 Ash - 1-36 -906 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 5-707 7. Ear-stalks 64* Water 57-63 89-89 Dry matter 6-47 1011 Ash - - -37 -578 Percentage of ash calculated on drj- matter - 5-718 8. Ears 67-5 Water 59-67 88'4 Dry matter 7-83 *ll-6 Ash -66 -829 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7-152 Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 9. Roots 360- Water 296-63 82397 Dry matter, 63-37 17-603 Ash 4-9 1-361 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7-732 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 181 TIME. August 23. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIES. Average height of corn, 76 iaches. Increase in height during the last week, 4 inches. In full flower. Silks show themselves. Stalks 59 inches long. Increase in length during the last week, 13 inches : or almost 2 inches per day. Tassel 17 inches long. The plant taken for proportions has 1 ear silked out : two others are just beginning to form. About the average weight of each plant - - 8170*7 grs. Increase in weight during the last week - - 1389 -85 Average increase in weight per day - - 198-55 Average increase in weight per hour - - 8*27 Relation of the different parts of the plant to each other : Tassel 173-2 Top stalk 1007- Butt stalk* 14S9-5 . Sheaths 1273-5 Leaves ....... 1540-2 Ear-stalks 338-5 Ears (each kernel is enveloped yet in its husks) 312-2 Silks 130-4 Sheaths of husks 933-2 Leaves of husks ..... 379* Roots 694- Weight of 1 plant 8170-7 noroBTiom. 1. Tassds 173-2 Water 119-95 Dry matter 53-25 Ash 3-36 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2. Top stalk 1007- Water 900-25 Dry matter 106-75 Ash 7.31 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3. Butt stalk 1489-5 Water 1320- Dry matter 169-5 Ash 16-43 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, •The stalk is divided at the insertion of the upper ear. PERCENTAGE. 2-12 12-335 18-239 15-596 18-812 4-143 3-821 1-596 11-421 4-638 7-279 100- 69-255 30-745 1-939 6-309 89-399 10-601 .726 6-847 88-62 11-38 1-036 9-103 182 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TIltE. OBSBrnVATIONH, TARTS AND PROrOKTIONS. QOAWTlTIES. Adod8t23. 4. Sheaths 1273-6 grs. Water 1 120- Dry mutter 153 '5 Ash 19-75 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6. Leaves --»-*-.. 1540-2 Water 1270 4 Dry matter 269-80 Ash 24-37 Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter 6. Ear-stalkt 338-5 Water 315-64 Dry matter 22-86 Ash 1-63 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7. Ears 3122 Water ....... 2844 Dry matter ...... 27-8 Ash 1-81 Percentage of ash calculated ion the dry matter, 8. Silks 130-4 Water • 120-32 Dry matter 1008 Ash -4 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash saline. 9. Sheaths of husks 933-2 Water 831-33 Dry matter 101-87 Ash 6-1 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 10. Leaves of husks - 379 • Water 315- 15 Dry matter 63-85 Ash 6-22 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 11. Roots 594- Water 486- 13 Dry matter 107-87 Ash 9-36 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter. rKRCENTAOB. 87-947 12053 1-561 12-866 82-482 17-518' 1-582 9032 93-246 6-754 -481 7- 13 91 096 8-906 -579 6-511 92-269 7-731 -306 3-968 89083 10-917 •654 5-988 83-153 16-847 1-641 9-741 81-84 18-16 1-674 8-667 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 183 TIME. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. August 23. 12. Anthers filled with pollen grains ... Water Dry matter ...... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. QUANTITIES. PERCENTAGE. 35- grs. 8-70 24-857 26-30 75-143 1-67 4-771 6-349 I AuaosT 30. Average height of plants, about 78 inches. The increase in height during the last week is but very little. Pollen nearly all fallen. About 1 of the bulk of each kernel protrudes from its husks. The plant taken for propor- tions is 83 inches high, and has 3 ears; two of which are very small, the silks having not yet appeared : the third is 8i inches long About the average weight of each plant - Increase in weight during the last week - Average increase in weight per day Average increase in weight per hour Stalk 78 inches long. Increase in length during the last week, 19 inches. Average increase in length per day, about 2| inches. Relation of the difTerent parts of the plant to each other : 10580-2 2409-5 344-21 14-34 Tassel (length 15 inches) - .160-6 1-363 Top stalk (length 46 inches) - . 1187-6 10-748 Butt stalk (length 22 inches) - - 2169- 19-632 Sheaths - 1561-3 14-132 Leaves - 1664-4 15-065 Sheaths of husks - - - - - 2349-2 21-263 Stalk of ear 409-1 3-703 Ear ..... 889- 8-047 Silks 200- 1-81 Roote 468-1 4-237 Weight of one plant - 11048-2 100- rRoposTiont. Tas$ds 150-6 Water 98-98 65-724 Dry matter .... 51-62 34-276 Ash 4-3 2-855 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry n latter, 8-33 184 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TI>iB. OBSKKVATIONH, PARTS AND PROPORTIONR. VUANTmKS. PERCENTAGE. August 30. 2. Top stalks 1187-5 grs. Water 1009-38 85- Dry matter ...... 178- 12 15' Ash 5-42 -456 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3-043 3. Butt Stalks 2169- Water 1858-75 86-696 Dry matter 310-25 14-304 Ash -....- - 14-56 -671 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 4 - 689 4. Sheaths 1561-3 Water 1349- 86-402 Dry matter 2123 13-598 Ash 16-8 1-076 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7-913 5. Leaves 1664*4 Water 1331-4 79-993 Dry matter 333- 20-007 Ash 30-62 1-839 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 9 - 195 6. Sheaths of husks 2349-2 Water 20577 87-591 Drymatter 2915 12-409 Ash 8-42 -368 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2-888 7. Stalks of ear 409-1 Water 376-24 91-967 Drymatter 32-86 8033 Ash, -7 -171 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2-13 8. Ears 889- Water 812- 13 91-353 Drymatter 76-87 8-647 Ash 3-02 -339 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3-915 9. Silks 200- Water 1846 92-3 Dry matter - - - . - . 15-4 7-7 Ash -77 -385 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 5- Ash saline, with a slight taste of caustic potash. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 185 TIME. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIES. AuGDST 30. 10. Roots 468-1 grs. Water 383-23 Dry matter 84-87 Ash 4-36 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Relation of kernels to cob : Kernels - - 202-66 Cob 532-5 735- 15 PBoroRTiom. 1. Kernels Water Dry matter ...... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash tastes of potash and chloride of sodium. 2. Cobs - . - 332-5 Water 2993 Dry matter 33-2 Ash -79 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, Ash tastes of chloride of sodium and potash. PERCENTAGE 81 878 18 122 931 6 137 27-566 72-434 100- 90-8 •41 4-456 80-015 19-985 •237 2-379 i; i Sbfteheeb 6. Average height of plants, about 78 inches. Corn in early stages of milk. Plant taken for proportions is 75 inches in length : it has 2 ears, one about 5J inches long. Kernels about I protruded from their husks, and about i grown. The other is 10 inches long : ker- nels I protruded from their husks, and about i grown. Specific gravity of kernels About the average weight of each plant Increase in weight during the last week Average increase in weight per day - Average increase in weight per hour - 0-9917 12717-18 2136-98 305-28 12-72 [AoEicuLTiniAL Report — Vol. ii.] 24 186 ANALYSES Ur MA1Z£. Septembek 6. OBtERVATIONS, PARTS AND PBOPOHTIOMI. Relation of the difierent parts of the plant to each other : Tassel (length 14 inches) Top stalk (length 35 inches) Butt stalk (length 26 inches) Sheaths - Leaves - Ear-stalks Silks - Sheaths of husks Leaves of husks Kernels of the largest ear Cob of the largest ear Weight of one plant raoroETiona. 1. Tatsels Water .... Dry matter ... Ash - - - - Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2. Topttalks Water Dry matter ...... Ash • - Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3. Butt stalks Water Dry matter ...... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 4. Sheaths Water - - Dry matter --..-. Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6. Leaves -....-.- Water Dry matter ...... Ash in part was accidentally lost. QUANTITIES. PERCEHTAt 147-9Sgrs. 1163 1128-S 8-886 2084-7 16-394 1239-8 9-759 1970-2 15-592 1217-2 9-581 260-3 2-047 2019- 1 15-729 466-4 3-667 926-8 7-297 1255-9 9-RS5 12717- 18 100- 147-98 94-38 63-779 53-6 36-221 3-39 2-297 6-325 1128-8 913-6 80-935 215.2 19-065 7-22 0-639 3-355 2084-7 1710-3 82-041 374-4 17.959 23-66 1-135 6-319 1239 1 1039-6 83-899 199-5 16-101 17-7 1-428 8-872 1970-2 1578-2 80-103 392- 19-897 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 187 ■mn:. observations, parts and proportions. quantities. percbntage. Septembers. 6. Ear-stalks -.--... 1217 -2 grs. Water 1055-8 86-74 Dry matter 161-4 1326 Ash - - - - ... - 5-95 -489 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3-686 7. Silks 260-3 Water 2323 89-243 Dry matter 28- 10-757 Ash 1-66 -638 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6 - 929 8. Sheaths of kuiks 2019-1 Water - - 162425 80-444 Dry matter 394-85 19-556 Ash 10-56 -523 Percentage of ash calculated on the diy matter, 2-674 9. Leave* of husks 466 • 4 Water 363- 77-83 Dry matter 103-4 - 2217 Ash 7-73 1-657 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7-476 Relation of kernels and cob to each other : Kernels 926-8 42-461 Cob 1255-9 67-539 \ Weight of one ear 2182-7 100- 1. Xer?i«& of the largest ear - . - . 676 8 Water 687-62 86823 Dry matter 89-18 13177 Ash 3-31 -488 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3 -693 2. Co6 of the largest ear 1105 9 Water 8664 78343 Dry matter 239-5 21-657 Ash 3-91 -354 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 1-632 Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 10. Roots 247-2 Water 171-9 69- 134 Dry matter 75-3 30866 Ash 4-62 1-828 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6-003 188 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TUtC OMKBVATIONf, PABTS AND PBOPOHTIOIfS. qVANTmCS. FEBCENTAOE. SxPTEMBER 13. Corn in the advanced stage of milk. Kernels nearly full size. Specific gravity of kernels, 1 • 055966. Relation of the difTerent parts of the plant to each other : Tassels 195- grs. 2239 Top stalk 7091 8- 145 Butt stalk 1842- 1 21- 169 Sheaths - 849-6 9759 Leaves 1317-2 16- 139 Stalk of ear 3731 4-285 Silks 98-8 1-019 Sheaths of husk 1021-25 11730 Leaves of husk • - - - - 53-5 -614 Kernels of one ear 1150- 13-309 Cob 1096-3 12-592 Weight of one plant .... 870595 100- This plant is smaller than the average. Relation of the kernels and cob to each other : Kernels 1150* 51 195 Cob 1096-3 48-805 Weight of one ear 2246-3 100- psoroBTiom. 1. Kemds 760- Water 590-65 78-753 Drj' matter 169 35 21-247 Ash 4-72 -629 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2-787 Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 2. CbJ* 896-3 Water 683-2 76-224 Dry matter 2131 23776 Ash 3-6 -402 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 1-689 Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 3. Tassdt 195- Water 126-5 64-359 Dry matter 69-5 35641 Ash 5-83 2-983 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 8 -374 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 189 TIME. OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIES. PERCENTAGE. September 13. 4. Top stalks • 709*1 grs. Water 56S-48 80-169 Dry matter 14062 19-831 Ash 6-1 -86 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 4-338 5. Butt stalks - 1842-1 Water 1493-35 81 067 Dry matter 348-75 18-933 Ash 16-1 -879 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 4-617 6. Sheaths 849-6 Water 679-8 80014 Dry matter 169-8 19986 Ash 15-72 1-85 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 9-252 7. Leases 1317-2 Water 968-42 73-521 Dry matter 348-78 26-479 Ash 32-1 2-437 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 9-203 8. Stalk qf ear 373- 1 Water 311 -26 83-426 Dry matter 61-84 16-574 Ash 1-86 -498 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 3-008 9. Silks 98-80 Water 86-5 87-551 Dry matter - 12-3 12-449 Ash -66 -668 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6-366 10, Sheaths of husks 1021-25 Water 812-2 79-529 Dry matter 209-05 20-471 Ash 6- -587 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2-865 11. Leaves of husks ...--- 53-5 Water 38-65 72-243 Dry matter 14.85 27-757 Ash 1-16 2-168 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7-811 190 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 133- grs. 1068 1026- 8-239 2786- 22-375 744- 6-975 1584- 12-721 763- 6 126 299- 2-401 81- •651 556- 4-465 3468- 27-852 1012- 8-127 Tim. OBSEKVATIOirs, PARTS AND PROPORTtONS. QUANTITIES, October 18. Corn ripe. The amount of water in the stalks, leaves and sheaths, has gradually decreased since the 13th of September. The kernels have gradually increased in specific gravity since their first appearance. Relation of the difTerent parts of the plant to each other : Tassels - Top stalk Butt stalk Sheaths - Leaves - Sheaths of husks Stalks of ears Silks - Roots Kernels - Cob 12452- Number of kernels on the above ear, 480. Average weight of each kernel ... 7-226 Specific gravity of kernels taken directly from the plant, 1-233378, Specific gravity of kernels after being deprived of water, 1-2753. Depriving the kernels of water, in this case, has increased their specific gravity. Relation of the kernels to the cob : Kernels 3468 Cob PBOPOBTIOSS. 1. Ktrnds ....... Water Dry matter .».-.. Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 2. Cob Water Dry matter ...... Ash Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter. Ash tastes decidedly of caustic potash. PERCKKTAOB. 100- 3468- 77-411 1012- 22-589 4480- 100- 1000- 374-6 37-46 625-4 62-64 8-06 •806 1-288 506- 295- 54-348 211- 45-652 2-94 -581 1-393 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 191 October 18. I I OBSERVATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIES. PERCENTAGE:. It will be noticed that this corn was taken di- rectly from the plant : this accounts for the large percentage of water. 3. Ttusdt 133- grs. Water 54-90 41-278 Dry matter 78-1 58-722 Ash 9-20 6-917 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 11-779 4. Top stalk 1026- Water 866-3 84-435 Dry matter 159-7 15565 Ash 11-25 1-096 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7-044 5. Buttttalk 2786- Water 2425-95 87-076 Dry matter 360-05 12-924 Ash 26-65 -956 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 7- 124 6. Sheaths 744- Water 525-7 70-658 Dry matter 218-3 29342 Ash 22-5 3-024 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 10 307 7. Leaves 1684- Water 948-7 59-892 Dry matter 635-3 40-108 Ash 79-8 5038 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 12*561 8. Sheaths of husks 763- Water 529-2 69357 Dry matter 233-8 30-643 Ash 13-46 1-764 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 5-757 9. Ear-stalks 399- Water 354-6 88-872 Dry matter - - - - - - 44-4 11-128 Ash 1-28 -321 Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter - 2-883 Ash slightly saline, and tastes decidedly of caustic potash. 192 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. TIMK. OMEKTATIONS, PARTS AND PROPORTIONS. QUANTITIES. PERCBNTAOE. October la 10. Silks 81- grs. Water 664 81-975 Dry matter 14-6 18-026 Ash -99 1-222 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 6*781 Ash saline, with a slight taste of caustic potash. 11. Nodes or joints of si alk .... 257 -C Water 216-35 83-987 Dry matter 4125 16-013 Ash 2-8 1-087 Percentage of ash calculated on dry matter • 6 - 787 Ash saline, with a slight taste of caustic potash. 12. Roots 556- Water - • • - - - - 4276 76-906 Dry matter 128-4 23-094 Ash 5-3 -953 Percentage of ash calculated on the dry matter, 4- 128 COMPOSITION OF MAIZE OR INDIAN CORN. The variety of corn, the analysis of which follows, is the small 8-rowed yellow corn, intermediate in size between the Canada corn and the 8-rowed white-flint. It was planted early in May, and was nearly ripe the 11th of August. It was strongly glazed at this time, and filled all the spaces upon the cob ; but the chit shrank some on drying. I am par- ticular to mention the variety examined, inasmuch as varieties differ in composition, both in the proximate elements and in the composition of the ash. Starch, in some varieties, is a very prominent element, and the phosphates in some occur in greater quantities than in others, while some varieties contain more oil than others. So during the periods of growth, the elements continually vary, and yet indian corn has a composition peculiarly its own. I am not sure that I have obtained more than a proximate determination of the compo- sition of this cereal ; still, I have obtained many facts of some importance, which I shall proceed to lay before the reader. One of the great difficulties met with in the outset of the examination, or analysis of corn, is the want of a good ash. It is one of the most diffi- cult of substances to burn. It is quite fusible when combustion has gone so far as to form an ash of a part of the material ; and when this fusion occurs, it is better to begin anew, than to proceed farther with the matter. The ash, however, may be obtained in a per- fectly white color, and free from coal, by proceeding in a certain manner. It should be burned at a low temperature, in a wide-mouthed crucible or capsule, and sufficient time be given it to consume. After the first part of the combustion, or tlie oil has been burnt off, it may be kept at a low red heat ; but if it becomes quite red from a slight inattention. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 193 it is very liable to end in fusion. The best mode of proceeding, when the ash begins to appear, is to remove it from the fire which is in common use, and which usually requires to be kept in a livel}' state while the work is going on ; and then at the approach of evening, when the heat of the stove is considerably diminished, to replace it, and suffer it to remain during the niglit. In the morning it will be found to have made considerable progress. Proceeding in this way for a week or more, a good ash for analysis will be obtained. Another requisite is a perfectly dry state of the corn : at least, very dry corn has burnt better than that which was moist at the beginning. The same mode of pro- cedure will be successful in wheat and its flour, or indeed in any of tiie cereals. O&U and barley, however, are not very diflicuU to burn. 1. ^Tudysis of the ash of the leaf of the small 8-rowed corn : cut August 4. Brisk effervescence of the ash on (he addition of acids. Silica • Earthy phosphates Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Chlorine Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter Per centum. 27-375 23-780 0-500 0-365 22-825 5-845 1-750 2-580 10-615 4-000 99-665 2. Analysis of the ash of the corn-leaf, cut August 11 ; the results of which may be stated as follows Quantity and Silica ... Phosphates of lime, iron Carbonate of lime Magnesia - . . Potash ... Soda - Chlorine ... Sulphuric acid - Carbonic acid Organic matter - Soluble silica [Agricultukal Report — Vol. ii.] magnesia 20-000 grs. 5-475 27-375 4-756 23-780 0-460 1-840 0-078 0-390 4-565 20-825 1-169 5-845 0-350 1-750 0-516 2-580 2-123 10-615 0-500 2-500 0-080 0-400 20-072 97-900 25 194 ANALYSES OF MaIZE. iron 3. Analysis of the ash of the com-»heath of the S-rowed yellow coin, cut i^ugusi 1 1 . Calculated without carbonic acid or organic matter. Per centami 20-000 18-750 0-900 0040 24-405 14-051 0-469 3-120 Silica . . - - - Phosphates of lime, magnesia and Carbonate of lime • Magnesia Potash - - - Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid 81-735 4. Analysis of the corn-stalk, cut August 11. Calculated without carbonic acid. Silica --.-.- Phosphates of lime, magnesia and iron Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Chloride of potassium Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Organic matter Per centum. 6-457 25-625 0-600 0-050 40-640 8-355 3-430 6-190 8-134 98-881 5. Analysis of the husks, cut August 11. Calculated without organic matter or carbonic acid. Per eentam. Silica 32-137 Phosphates of lime, magnesia and iron - - 29-431 Carbonate of lime 0-271 Magnesia 0-239 Potash 21-854 Soda 2-047 Chlorine 1-117 Sulphuric acid 11-117 98-213 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 195 6. Analysis of the cob of the same date. Calculated without organic matter or carbonic acid. Per centum. Silex 10-768 Phosphates of the earths and iron ... 36-570 Lime 0-244 Magnesia 0-539 Potash - - - - . - - - . 37-855 Soda 1-837 Chlorine 2-955 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 9-200 99-968 7. Analysis of the kernels of the same date, and borne upon the same stalk and cob. Per centum. Silex ...,,,.. 1-730 Phosphates of the earths and alkalies - - 52-759 Lime -•-..,..• trace. Magnesia ....... trace. Potash 27-357 Soda 5-796 Chlorine ....... 4-101 Sulphuric acid ...... 3*485 96-228 The small quantity of ash employed in this analysis gave only feeble traces of lime and magnesia. 8. Organic analysis of com of the sarrie date and stage of growth. Per centDm. 30-186 4-968 Starch - Sugar - Albumen Casein - Oil Fibrin - Dextrine Gluten - Water - 1-969 3-897 4-415 19-160 1-950 1-795 27-300 95-630 19^ ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 9. Analysis of the phosphates of the cob. Phosphates - - • - - - 2'840 Soluble silica 0-020 Lime 0-250 Magnesia ---•-.. 0-579 Phosphate of peroxide of iron - - - 0-120 Phosphoric acid - - - - - - 1-871 2-840 On consulting the proportion of inorganic or earthy matter in the cob, it will be seen that it is small ; still when the question respecting the nutritive value of the cob is dis- cussed, it is proper to take this into account. It is particularly rich in phosphates and other alkalies : so we have an additional reason for feeding the cob in conjunction with the grain. 10. Analysis of the cuticle of the small 8-rowed yellow corn*. Per cenlnm. Silica 3000 Phosphates of the earths and iron ... 54*200 Phosphates of the alkalies . - . . 12-100 Lime 0-020 Magnesia 0-010 Potash 22-570 Soda 6-510 Sulphuric acid ...... 1-400 Chlorine ....... none. Carbonic acid ...... none. 99-790 11. Organic analysis of the dry cob of the small 8-rowed yellow com: cut .August 11. Per centum. Insoluble matter or fibrin - - - - 86-74 Albumen 1*94 Casein 0-64 Dextrine or gum ...-.- 1-21 Sugar and extract - - • - • - 7-25 Oil and resin - 1-00 98-78 The amount of soluble matter in the cob exceeds what was expected when I commenced the analysis; and it may still exceed considerably what is here stated, inasmuch as it is * Obtained by oirtinK out the cuticle from coarsely ground com : hence not entirely free from the farinaceous matter. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 197 affected by the time occupied in washing. It shows, however, that the cob is not by any means destitute of value ; and that the practice of many farmers, of grinding the cob with the corn for feeding stock, is the most economical way of disposing of it. There is still another reason for the practice, namely, to increase the bulk of the food ; for it is unsafe to feed concentrated nourishment to herbivorous animals. They require a bulky food, for the purpose of effecting a moderate distension of the alimentary canal ; and hence if the cob was less nutritive than is here represented, it would still be the proper plan to be pursued in feeding cattle or horses, though not so necessary to the latter as to the former. It will be observed particularly that the nitrogenous compounds amount to 2-58, and the gum, sugar, extract and oil, to 9-46; and if the 86 per centum of insoluble matter had been subjected to the action of fluids equal in solvent power to the gastric juice, this would still have been diminished some four or five per centum. 12. Analysis of the leaves of Pennsylvania Dent com. Per centum. Silica 9-900 49-500 Phosphates 3-300 16-500 Lime 1-297 6-485 Magnesia 0-360 1-800 Potash 3-360 16-800 Soda 0-350 1-750 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 0-822 4-510 Chlorine 0-463 2-315 19-852 99-660 13. Analysis of the stalk of a variety mixed with the Tuscarora, White-flint and Sweet com: cut August 11. Slight efferrescence of the ash with acids*. Silica Phosphates of lime, magnesia and iron Carbonate of lime ..... Magnesia ....... Potash Soda Sulphuric acid ...... Chlorine ....... Organic matter and carbonic acid 19-772 99-994 * This variety, before ripening, was supposed to be the Pennsylvania Dent. It has the red cob of the Tuscarora, and about i of the kernels were of this kind. Percentage without organic matter and carbonic acid. 2-325 12-398 3-260 17-386 1-250 6-663 0-025 0-131 8-615 45-949 0-916 4-882 0-561 2-989 1-800 9-596 1-OfiO 198 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 14. Analysis of the ash of t/ie sheaths of the same variety of com. Silica 6-205 Phosphates of lime, magnesia and iron - 3*712 Lime 0-312 Magnesia ....... 0-361 Potash 6-945 Soda 0-474 Sulphuric acid •-.... 0*399 Chlorine 0-213 Organic matter and carbonic acid - • • 0-478 19-099 Percentage without organic matter or carbonic acid. 33-326 19-932 1-671 1-938 - 37-298 2-541 2- 137 1-142 99-985 15. Analysis of the ash of the husks of the mixed com, Tuscarora Sweet and White-flint. Per centum. Silica 36-331 Earthy phosphates 18-060 Lime 1-053 Magnesia ....... 0-205 Potash 21-061 Chloride of potassium - ... . . 19-587 Soda 0-953 Sulphuric acid ...... l • 105 Chlorine 1-316 99-671 16. .Analysis of the ash of tite kernels of the foregoing mixed com. Per centam. Elemenu in one buhet. Silica 2-417 0333 oz. Earthy phosphatea 45-839 6-600 Potash 32-726 4616 Soda 4-454 0-614 Lime ........ 0-160 0022 Magnesia 0-080 0011 Phosphoric acid 14 330 1-977 Chlorine ....... none. Carbonic acid ...... none. Sulphuric acid ...... none. 100 006 14-173 0Z. The ash contained between four and five per centum of organic matter, which was not reckoned. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 199 17. Analysis of the ash of the cob of the same corn. Per centum. Silica 17-626 Earthy phosphates - - - - - 1 6 • 140 Phosphates of the alkalies .... 4 "693 Magnesia 0-240 Lime 0-250 Potash 29-693 Soda 8-768 Chlorine 10-212 Sulphuric acid 11-332 98-954 The analyses of the Rocky Mountain corn, of the Pennsylvania Dent sweet corn, and of the middle size 8-rowed yellow corn, were made from crops which grew in 1847. The analyses were conducted with as much care as in any of the subsequent cases ; but the ash or materials were not in a condition as pure, and free from coal as the latter. As a whole, too, there are more discrepancies in the results, especially in the grain ; and greater losses were sustained, in consequence of leaving out of the determination the phosphates of the alkalies. Still I am satisfied that the general results are worthy of confidence, and hence ought not to be omitted in consequence of a loss in the analysis, which seems to be too great for a work which is conducted with care, and after the most approved modes. It is, however, mostly in the grain that these remarks apply, and it would have been easy to have supplied the losses by calculation ; but the rule which has been adopted, is, to note the actual results, and to take nothing for granted, unless it has been for organic matter or carbonic acid ; and these have in most instances been determined, for the purpose of confirming the accuracy of results, or for satisfying our minds as to the correctness of the whole work. THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN CORN. This variety has its kernels enveloped in a husk. The cob is loose and spongy. After a few years' cultivation, its husk disappears, and it differs in no important point from some one of the common varieties now under cultivation. There are two kinds of the Rocky Mountain corn. The one removed the fartherest from the cultivated varieties, has its kernels arranged on a panicle like oats. 200 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. I. ANALYSIS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN CORN. Kernels arranged on a cob or axis of growth. Grown in Cortland county, by Nathan Salisbukt, Esq. Growth large. The crop was perfectly ripened. 1. Stalks. Silica 1-376 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 2*375 Lime 0-719 Magnesia 0-060 Silicic acid 1-250 Phosphoric acid .... 3-875 Lime . Magnesia Potash - Soda • Chlorine Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 275 142 0-175 52-977 4-713 0-869 0-361 26-000 2-235 98-132 S. 2. Leaves and sheaths. Silica ..... Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime ..... Magnesia .... Silicic acid .... Phosphoric acid ... Lime . Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chlorine Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 14-000 3-125 4-216 0-075 8-350 6-684 21-450 5-145 2-080 39-124 3- 152 0-555 0-652 10-000 3-460 99-608 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 201 3. Cobs and husks of the kernels. ¥ Silica --.... Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime - - - • - Magnesia .... Silicic acid .... Phosphoric acid ... Lime . - . Magnesia Potash . Soda - . . Chlorine Sulphuric acid Chloride of sodium Carbonic acid Organic matter Coal - 11-950 6-650 2-058 0-410 0-350 9-482 18-950 0-140 0-270 52-060 9-202 3-034 0-722 trace. 2-100 98-428 S. 4. Kernels. Silica ...... Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime . . . - Magnesia .... Silicic acid ... Phosphoric acid Lime . . . Magnesia Potash . Soda - Chlorine Sulphuric acid Chloride of sodium Carbonic acid Organic matter Coal - 3-050 1-450 6-358 14-650 trace. 20-692 42-150 0-085 0-050 24-350 3-394 1-210 1-020 trace. 6-500 11-650 93-459 S. [AoRicoLTtreAL Report — Vol. ii.] 26 202 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. n. ANALYSIS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DENT CORN. "nw plant bad just past its period of flowering:. Grown upon Mr. Bement's farm, Albany county. Soil a sandy loam. 1. Leaves and sheaths. Silicic acid 53-450 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 0 • 350 Lime 1-466 Magnesia - - - - - 0 • 160 Silicic acid - - - - 0-250 Phosphoric acid - - - - 12-184 14-400 Lime -..-••-- 3-468 Magnesia 0-320 Potash 12-335 Soda 5-860 Chloride of sodium ..... 5-450 Sulphuric acid ...... 0-670 Carbonic acid ...... trace. Organic matter ..-..- 1-050 97-003 S. 2. Stalks, of the same date as the leaves. From Bemkitt'b 3-hill farm. Soil a sandy loam. Growth very large. Silica 2-385 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 0-625 Lime 3-497 Magnesia ..... 0-075 Silicic acid .... 5-075 Phosphoric acid .... 19-785 29-075 Lime 2-026 Magnesia '.....-. trace. Potash 44-943 Soda 0-005 Chloride of sodium 10-190 Sulphuric acid 0-283 Carbonic acid ...... trace. Organic matter 9*750 98-638 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 203 3. Husks of the same corn. ?'''<=^ 21-000 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 3-500 Linie 6-092 Magnesia o-200 Silicic acid - • - . 0-700 Phosphoric acid - . . . 26-608 _ . 37-608 \-"^^ - - ■• 0-280 *^*&nes'a 0-600 1°^^'^ 27-860 ^°?\, 9-400 Chloride of sodium 0*043 Sulphuric acid 1-244 Carbonic acid ,,., ^ . - - . trace. Organic matter 4-200 100-727 S. 4. Cobs of the same com. I''''^* ,- 5-200 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 0-300 J^iine 4-680 Magnesia 0-700 Silicic acid - . . . q.^qq Phosphoric acid - - . . 4-220 - . ■ 10-400 ,^™^ 0-160 ^"^^^ia trace. f"'^*^ 38-332 ^°J^^ 21-844 Chloride of sodium - - . . . 2-350 Sulphuric acid 0-688 Carbonic acid ---... 14-760 Organic matter 4-900 98-734 S. 9M ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 5. Young soft kernels of Pennsylvania Dent com. Silica .... 1-950 Phospiiates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron 1-450 Lime 0084 Magnesia - . . - - 12-298 Silicic acid .... 0-650 Phosphoric acid .... 16-706 Soda 6-382 Potash 0-695 » . ^fi•fifi,'; Lime ....--. 0-141 Magnesia .... 9-640 Potash 14-232 Soda 10-113 Chloride of sodium 0-203 Sulphuric acid 0-395 Carbonic acid trace. Organic matter and loss 20-537 100 000 S. Stalks and leaves of the Pennsylvania De Tit com, cut June 11 14 inches high, but grew in a shaded place. Silica 9-800 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 2-500 Lime ..... 4-456 Magnesia . • . - • 0-400 Silica trace. Phosphoric acid • • 11- 644 Lime^ . . . Magnesia Potash - - - Soda . Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Organic matter ntorosTiom. Water - Dry stalks, etc. Ash - Ash calculated dry 19-000 2-256 trace. 25-429 4-607 8-953 1-976 13-200 98-221 S. Per centum. 92-660 7-380 1-440 19-512 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 205 III. ANALYSIS OF SWEET CORN. 1. Stalk, cut below the ears. Plant in blossom. Soil a clay loam. Silica ........ Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 0"300 Lime 2-651 Magnesia 0*200 Silicic acid .... 4-300 Phosphoric acid .... 22-049 3-100 Lime • Magnesia Potash . Soda . Chlorine Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter raorosnoin. Per centum of water Dry stalks ...... Ash Ash calculated dry .... 2. Stalks cut above the ear. Silica •-..... Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime .... Magnesia .... Silicic acid ... Phosphoric acid ... - 29-500 0-169 0-150 44-912 5-302 1-089 11-885 trace. 5-200 101-307 S. 81-840 18-160 0-660 3-634 1-000 4-600 0-423 0-015 3-800 27-462 Lime . Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chlorine Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 36-300 0-344 0-015 19-682 31-589 4-736 1-516 trace. 4-600 99-721 S. 206 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. nopotnon. Water - Dry Ash • Calculated dry 3. Sheaths of the same com, cut August 6 Silica .-•--•-■ Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime .... Magnesia . . - - Silicic acid ... Phosphoric acid . - - Per centum. 91-660 8-340 0-680 8-163 in flower. 16-100 000 579 800 100 1- 1- 4- 6 12-621 Lime . - - Magnesia Soda - Potash - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter ntopoBiioin. Water - Dry - - - Ash - - ■ Ash calculated dry 25-100 2-707 0-900 0-406 31-881 7-883 lost. trace. 4-000 92-633 S. Per centom. 79-130 20-870 1-360 6-516 4. Leaves of sweet corn, cut while in blossom, August 6, 1847. Silica 19-700 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime . . . - Magnesia • • - • Silica .... Phosphoric acid - - - 3-100 8-010 2-920 6-600 14-370 33-900 Carried forward 63-600 ANALYSES OF MAIZE Brought forward Lime - - . Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 207 paopoETiom. Water - Dry - - . Ash - . . Ash calculated dry 53-600 2 -533 4-480 17-712 12-645 2-451 trace. 93-426 S. Per centum. 65-820 34-180 2-880 8-431 5. Tassels of sweet corn, cut August 6, 1847 Silica ••-.., Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime - • . . Magnesia • . . . Silica • . . . Phosphoric acid ... 17-800 2-600 1-804 5-440 trace. 4-956 Lime •--...., Magnesia -•-•-.. Potash Soda \ Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid ----.. Carbonic acid ----.. Organic matter jj 14-800 3-158 0-400 19-484 12-118 7-528 trace. 304 86-592 S. TBoroKTiom. Water - Dry - Ash - Calculated dry Per centam. 67-750 32-250 1-900 5-891 208 ANALYSES OK MAIZE. IV. ANALYSIS OF MIDDLE-SIZED 8-ROWED YELLOW CORN. Cut Aug^t 6. Just out of flower. 1. Sheaths. Silica 31-300 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 1 • 900 Lime 3-384 Magnesia 1-840 Silica 0-500 Phosphoric acid .... 6-876 Lime - . . Magnesia Potash . Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter rsopoBTiom. Water - Dry . - - A8h - - • Ash calculated dry - 14-500 2-989 6-920 30-363 2-499 4-738 trace. 92-139 S. Per centnm. 82-730 17-270 2-200 12-738 2. Stalk of the middle-sized 8-rowed yellow com, cut below the ear. Silica ...... Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime .... Magnesia ... Silica .... Phosphoric acid, potash and soda 8-950 0-300 1-144 0-100 0-350 17-406 Lime ... Magnesia Potash . Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter - 19-300 3-187 trace. 41-623 7-726 4-043 12-476 trace. 2-797 100-901 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 209 PROrORTIORS. Per centum. Water 81-220 Dry stalks 18-780 Ash 0-420 Ash calculated dry 2-236 3. Husks of the 8-rowed yellow corn. Silica 23-000 Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - trace. Lime 3-271 Magnesia - • - - - 0*150 Silica 3-910 Phosphoric acid - - . . 18-569 25-900 Lime 1-353 Magnesia 0-800 Potash 14-267 Soda 19-267 Chloride of sodium - - • • - 3 - 145 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 6-001 Carbonic acid ...... 4-765 Organic matter ...... 3-456 100-745 S. rEorosTioKi. Per centnin. Water 74-490 Dry 25-550 Ash 0-810 Calculated dry 3-175 Prvportions of elements in the ta»»els qf the same com. Per centum- Water 56-500 Dry 43-500 Ash 2-780 Ash calculated dry - - - - - 6*393 [AoKICULTUtAL RePORT — VoL. II.] 27 2i0 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 4. Stalks above tlie ear. Silica . - - - - Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime . . - - ■ Magnesia . • - - Silica . . . • Phosphoric acid - - - Lime - - - Magnesia Potash - Soda .' - - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 19 600 6 10 0 1 14 100 943 800 000 657 FKOPOBTIOnS. Water - Dry Ash Calculated dry 33-500 3-215 0-100 20-874 17-047 8-603 2-329 trace. 105-268 S. Per centum. 78-840 21-160 0-580 2-741 5. Leaves of the same com. Silica Phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron Lime Magnesia . • - - - Silica Phosphoric acid . - - - 37-550 8-800 6-289 trace. 2-350 7-210 Lime . - - Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 24-649 6 133 2-820 18-660 8-860 0-838 1-030 trace. 2-280 102 823 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 211 PROPORTIOKS, Per centum. Water 80-750 Dry 19-250 Ash 2-800 Calculated dry ...... 14-545 INORGANIC ANALYSES OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THE PLANTS OF THE EARLY WHITE FLINT CORN, AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THEIR GROWTH. The dates on which the plants were taken for analysis, correspond with those on which they were taken for proportions. I have hence, to save repetition, omitted to give descrip- tions of the stage of advancement of the plants with the following analyses, as these are given in full in connection with the proportions, and can be easily referred to. It would have been desirable to have made this series of analyses more complete ; but the plant was divided into so many parts, that it was quite impossible for one to do it, and carry on organic analyses of the same parts at the same time. Considerable, however, has been done. The analyses were conducted during several successive weeks, when the plants were growing most vigorously. They were also analyzed after they had ripened their grain. The roots were freed of foreign matter, by washing them carefully in cold water. The potash was obtained with bichloride of platinum. It is proper to state this here, intismuch as by this process less potash has been obtained, and of course more soda than by absolute alcohol. Both methods have been followed at different times; but in this series, the bichloride of platinum has been exclusively resorted to for separating the two alkalies. JULY 12. 1. Leaves (Description of plant on page 173) . | Carbonic acid ....... 7-60 Silicic acid 13-30 Sulphuric acid - - - - - . 2-06 Phosphates 22 00 Lime 0-68 Magnesia 0*27 Potash 9-88 Soda 32-17 Chlorine 5-08 Organic matter 4-60 93-54 S. 212 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. S/teaths. Carbonic acid -.-•--- 6*86 Silicic acid 11 -00 Sulphuric acid - - - - • - 6*54 Phosphates 10*40 Lime 7*42 Magnesia - - - • - • • 1*16 Potash 7*64 Soda 34-48 Chlorine 8-14 Organic matter • - - • - • 5*50 3. Roots (The following analysis is incomplete) Silicic acid Phosphates Lime Magnesia Potash • Soda Carbonic and sulphuric acids Chlorine and organic matters, and loss 99- 13 S. 31-00 7-00 3-40 2-40 9-25 20*55 26*40 100-00 S. JULY 19. The com plants are now growing rapidly. The roots have extended themselves from 7 to 12 inches into the soil. The stalk has just begun to form. A further description of the corn plants, at this date, will be found on page 174. 1. Leaves. % Carbonic acid 5-40 Silicic acid 13*60 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 2*16 Phosphates 21*60 Lime 0*68 Magnesia ....... 0*27 Potash 9-98 Soda 34*39 Chlorine - - - - - - - 4*65 Organic matter - - - - - - 6-60 98-03 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 213 Sheat/is. Carbonic acid Silicic acid Sulphuric acid Phosphates Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Chlorine Organic matter 400 15-60 9-84 7-60 5-06 1-64 9-96 32 12 8-04 5-40 99-26 S. 3. Roots (This analysis is incomplete) Silicic acid 36-60 Phosphates 4-66 Lime 1-56 Magnesia ....... 0-34 Potash 17-48 Soda 15-82 Carbonic and sulphuric acids, chlorine, organic matter and loss 23-54 100-00 S JULY 26. Corn plants are increasing rapidly in size. For a further description, refer to page 175. 1. Leaves. Carbonic acid - - - - - - - 5-40 Silicic acid 16-70 Sulphuric acid ...... 2*51 Phosphates 20-50 Lime 1-30 Magnesia ....... 0-75 Potash 13-12 Soda 27-41 Chlorine 3-06 Organic matter - - - - • - 6-60 97-35 S. 214 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 2. Sheaths (Owing to an error in obtaining the chlorine and sulphuric acid, this analysis is incomplete) . Carbonic acid - - - - - - 6" 20 Silicic acid -.-.-•- 8*30 Phosphates 10-60 Lime 6'76 Magnesia 2-62 Potash 13-39 Soda 29-68 Chlorine, sulphuric acid, organic matter and loss, 26-65 100-00 S. I can not account for the small percentage of silicic acid in the above analysis. It is ranch less than was obtained either the preceding or the succeeding weeks. AUGUST 2. Leaves (Description of plant on page 176) . Carbonic acid 2-850 Silicic acid 19-850 Sulphuric acid 1-995 Phosphates 16-250 Lime 4-035 Magnesia 2-980 Potash 11-675 Soda 29-590 Chlorine 6-020 Organic acids 2-400 97-645 S. Shaaths. Carbonic acid - - - - • - 9-60 Silicic acid 16-30 Sulphuric acid - - • - - - 3-64 Phosphates 8-90 Lime - - - - - -- - 3-27 Magnesia ....--- 2-45 Potash 10-46 Soda 33-60 Chlorine 8"68 Organic acids 2-80 99-65 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. Stalks. Carbonic acid - - - - - - - 13 '40 Silicic acid 2-50 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 3* 18 Phosphates 11-50 Lime 382 Magnesia - - 3* 60 Potash 12-35 Soda 35-09 Chlorine 7-21 Organic acids - - - « - - - 4-85 215 97-60 S. The two following analyses are not completed, there being too small a quantity of ash. Tassels. Carbonic acid Silicic acid Phosphates Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Sulphuric acid Chlorine, organic matter and loss 5. 2-40 2-00 21-67 1-50 0-67 10-70 37-77 23-29 100-00 S Roots. Silicic acid ---•-.. 16-916 Phosphates ....... 14-160 Lime ......... 2-634 Magnesia ....... 1-433 Potash 8-950 Soda 31-700 Carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, chlorine, organic matter and loss ....... 24-207 100-000 S. 216 ANALYSES OF MAIZ£. AUGUST 9. leaves (Description of plant on page 177) . Carbonic acid 1*200 Silicic acid 24-750 Sulphuric acid * 2-475 Phosphates - - ■> - * - - 16-900 Lime -•..-••• 4-365 Magnesia ....... 3-400 Potash 8-240 Soda 26-690 Chlorine 6-700 Organic acids ...... 2*025 97-750 S 2. Sheaths. Carbonic acid .... 4-85 Silicic acid . 14-80 Sulphuric acid Phosphates Lime 3-75 13-16 3-27 Magnesia Potash - 6-10 8-21 Soda 32-04 Chlorine . 7-21 Organic acids - . 6-70 98-08 S 3. Stalks. Carbonic acid 13-50 Silicic acid 2-90 Sulphuric acid Phosphates Lime 2- 15 11-80 4-67 Magnesia Potash - 2-72 10-88 Soda 29-66 Chlorine 14-90 Organic acids 4-65 97-63 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 217 Tassels (The following analysis is incomplete) . Carbonic acid ...... 2 -892 Silicic acid 1-335 Phosphates 20-248 Lime ........ 0-445 Magnesia ....... 0-445 Potash 11-081 Soda 39-494 Chlorine, sulphuric acid, organic matter and loss, 24*060 100-000 S. AUGUST 16. Leaves (Description of plant on page 179) . Carbonic acid ...... 3-025 Silicic acid 21-100 Sulphuric acid 6-220 Phosphates 14-650 Lime 5347 Magnesia - 1-510 Potash 10-170 Soda 31-390 Chlorine 1-975 Organic acids 2*800 98*187 S. Sheaths. Carbonic acid - • - - - . 2*60 Silicic acid 18*20 Sulphuric acid - - . • - - 3-01 Phosphates 11-20 Lime 0-62 Magnesia 1-02 Potash 10-73 Soda 32-62 Chlorine 16-42 Organic acids • . - - - - - 3-25 99-67 S. [AgUCULTUKAL ReFOBT — Vol. II.] 28 218 ANALYSES OF UAIZE. Stalks. Carbonic acid Silicic acid Sulphuric acid Phosphates Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Chlorine Organic acids 12-05 4-70 5-91 11-20 2-82 1-73 10-31 35-54 903 4-40 97-69 S. AUGUST 23. 2. Leaves (Description of p ant on page 181) . Carbonic acid 0-65 Silicic acid 34-90 Sulphuric acid 4-92 Phosphates - 17-00 Lime .... 2-08 Magnesia 1-59 Potash .... 10-85 Soda .... 21-23 Chlorine 306 Organic acids . 3-38 99-66 Sheaths. Carbonic acid - » • . • 4-82 Silicic acid 23-70 Sulphuric acid 4-26 Phosphates 12-70 Lime .... 1-13 Magnesia 2-16 Potash .... 5-21 Soda .... 33-44 Chlorine ... 4-69 Organic acids * 5-00 97-11 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 219 Butt stalk. Carbonic acid - - - - ■ - - 4*99 Silicic acid 6-20 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 5" 53 Pliosphates 17-30 Lime - - - ' 1-69 Magnesia - - -- - - - 2' 23 Potash 10-85 Soda 33-21 Chlorine 10-16 Organic acids - - - - - - - 5-50 97-66 S. Top stalk. Carbonic acid - - - - - - - 3-10 Silicic acid 10-80 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 6-88 Phosphates 25-60 Lime 1-18 Magnesia - - - - • • - 0-84 Potash 12-36 Soda 27-48 Chlorine 4-74 Organic matter - - - - - • 6-40 98-38 S. Tassel (The four following analyses are not complete : the carbonic and sulphuric acids, chlorine and organic matter, were not determined ; the rest were accurately obtained) . Silicic acid 23-00 Phosphates 2040 Lime 1-14 Magnesia - - - - - - - 1-60 Potash 6-10 Soda 25-12 Carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, chlorine, organic matter and loss 22 64 100 00 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. Leaves of husks. Silicic acid 25-40 Phosphates ^^'^^ Lime 0-56 Magnesia 0-60 Potash - 6-80 Soda ; 28-12 Carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, chlorine, organic matter and loss 22'78 100-00 S. 7. Sheaths of husks. Silicic acid Phosphates Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, chlorine, organic matter and loss .---•■ 15-80 17-60 0-46 0-40 6-56 32-84 26-34 100-00 S. Roots. Silicic acid 33-25 Phosphates ^"['^ x:„/ 0-66 Liime ... n.nR Magnesia . PotSh «-94 Soda .- 22-16 Carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, chlorine, organic matter and loss ^^ ^ 100-00 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 221 AUGUST 30. At this date, for want of time, only the leaves and sheaths have been analyzed. De- scription of plant on page 183. 1. Leaves of the stalk and husks. Carbonic acid - - • - - - 3*50 Silicic acid 36-27 Sulphuric acid - - - - - - 5*84 Phosphates 13-50 Lime 3*38 Magnesia 2*38 Potash 9-15 Soda 22-13 Chlorine 1-63 Organic matter 2-05 , 90-83 S. 3. Sheaths of the stalks and husks. Silicic acid 38-10 '^ Sulphuric acid ...... 6-36 ^ Phosphates 12-80 Lime 1'20 Magnesia ....... 2*02 Potash 7-76 Soda 19-68 Chlorine 4-34 Organic matter - - - - - - 3*40 Carbonic acid 4-14 99-86 S. SEPTEMBER 13. At this period, only the stalks and sheaths were examined. For proportions and description of corn at this date, refer to page 188. 1. Stalks. Carbonic acid ...---. 0-35 Silicic acid 10-90 Sulphuric acid 14-02 Phosphates 13-45 Lime 2-70 Magnesia ....... 1-58 Potash 19-22 Soda 26-22 Chlorine 3-80 Organic acids ....... 3-60 j 98-89 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 2. Sheaths. -' Carbonic acid 4-196 Silicic acid - 46-260 Sulphuric acid 2-406 Phosphates • 10-150 Lime - 1-803 Magnesia 1-300 Potash - 11-115 Soda • • ■ 17-799 Chlorine 2-355 Organic acids ■ «>••« 2-450 98-823 S OCTOBER 18 Corn ripe. 190. For proportions and further description of plants at this date, refer to page 1. Sfdks. Carbonic acid ...... 1-850 Silicic acid 12-850 Sulphuric acid 10-793 Phosphates 15-160 Lime 2-820 Magnesia .-...*. 0-936 Potash - - 16-210 Soda 24-699 Chlorine 10-953 Organic acids 3-200 99-461 S. 2. Sheaths. Carbonic acid - . - - - - - trace. Silicic acid 51-250 Sulphuric acid 12-270 Phosphates 9-750 Lime 2-139 Magnesia 0-792 Potash 7-488 Soda 12-449 Chlorine 2-960 Organic acids ...... trace. ' ' 99-098 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 223 I 3. Sheaths of husks. Carbonic acid Silicic acid - Sulphuric acid Phosphates Lime • Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chlorine, organic acids and loss Leaves. Carbonic acid Silicic acid - Sulphuric acid Phosphates Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chlorine Organic acids trace. 47-650 6-674 26-250 0-450 0-072 3-512 9-832 5-560 100-000 S. 4-050 58-650 4-881 5-850 4-510 0-864 7-333 8-520 2-664 2-200 99-342 S, 5. Tassels (The two following analyses are not complete) . Silicic acid Phosphates Lime - Magnesia Potash - Soda - Carbonic and sulphuric acids, chlorine, organic matter and loss Roots. Silicic acid .-••-•- Phosphates - - Lime ----•-.- Magnesia ....... Potash Soda Carbonic and sulphuric acids, chlorine, organic acids and loss 61-056 9-833 2-349 0-640 6-861 8-899 10-362 100 000 S. 23-608 11-856 4-666 1-039 11-334 25-450 22-038 100 000 S. 224 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. PROXIMATE ORGANIC ANALYSIS OF THE SEVERAL PARTS OF THE EARLY WHITE-FLINT CORN. AUGUST 2. (For a description of the stage of growth, refer to page 176.) 1. Stalk. A transverse section was taken from between the nodes near iu base. 100 grs, gave of Calculated wiihont the water. Starch trace. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol and water, mostly sugar, 1 -SI grs. ; insolu- ble in alcohol, 0-36 grs. - - - - 1-670 41-666 Fibre and chlorophyll .... 0-095 2-400 Fibre 1-400 35-353 Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of potash : resembles albumen - 0*535 13-510 Albumen 0-125 3-167 Casein ....... trace. Dextrine or gum 0-165 3-914 3-980 100000 Water 96-030 99-010 S. 2. Sheaths. 100 grs. gave of Calculated without the walar. Starch - - none. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alco- hol, 1-65; insoluble, 0-24 - • - 1-890 25-233 Fibre with chlorophyll - - - - 0-245 3-257 Fibre 3-290 43-672 Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, 1 * 120 14*861 Albumen 0-210 2-793 Casein 0-180 2395 Dextrine or gum 0-685 7-789 7-680 100-000 Water 91-486 99-006 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 225 Leaves. 100 grs. gave of Starch -..-... none. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, mostly sugar, 1-11; insoluble in alcohol, 1-89 3-000 Fibre with a little chlorophyll • - - 1-390 Fibre 8-620 Matter separated from the fibre by a weak solution of caustic potash : resembles al- bumen 0-290 Albumen •-.-..- trace. Casein ...... Dextrine or gum .... Oil and wax ..... Water Calculated without the water. 19-961 9-248 57-352 1-929 0-730 0-850 0-150 4-857 5-655 0-998 15-030 86-782 100-000 100-812 S. 4. Tassels. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, 0-70; insoluble, 2-10 .... Fibre with a little chlorophyll and starch - Fibre Matter separated from fibre by digesting se- verally in alcohol and a weak solution of caustic potash : oil, wax and albumen Albumen ..----- Casein ..-.».- Dextrine or gum . . . . - Water Calculated without the water. 2 -800 34-272 0-670 8-201 1-830 22-398 1-520 18-605 0-420 5-141 trace. 0-930 11-383 8-170 100-000 90-379 98-549 S. [AttBICCLTUKAL REPORT — VoL. II. j 29 I 226 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 1. Butt stalk. Starch AUGUST 23. (Kor deacription uf the plant at this date, refer to page 181.) A transverse section was taken from between the 3d and 4th nodes. CalculBted without th« warn. mere trace. Sugar and extractive matter, mostly sugar Fibre with a little chlorophyll Fibre Matter separated from fibre by a weak solu tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen Albumen ...... Casein ...... Dextrine ...... Water 3-090 32-543 0-295 3-106 4-200 44-234 1-160 12-218 0015 0-158 0-240 2-528 0-495 5-213 9-496 100000 88-620 98-115 S. 2. Top stalk. A transverse section was taken from between the 5th and 6th nodes. Sugar and extractive matter, mostly sugar - Fibre with a little chlorophyll ... Fibre ....... Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, Albumen ....... Casein ....... Dextrine . . • . ... Water Calculated without the water 2-176 31-224 0-446 6-389 2-925 41-997 0-825 11-846 0-075 1*077 0-060 0-862 0-460 6-605 6-695 100-000 92-399 99-094 S, ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 227 3. Tassels. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, 3 "08; insoluble in alcohol, 4*46 Fibre with a little chlorophyll and starch Fibre, oil and wax Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : albumen Albumen ------- Casein ....... Dextrine ....... Water 7-540 7-640 7-250 4-260 0-110 0-150 1-510 28-460 69-255 Calculated wiihout ihe water. 26-490 26-852 25-468 14-958 0-365 0-526 5-331 100 000 4. Sheaths. Sugar and extractive matter, mostly sugar Fibre with a little chlorophyll Fibre ...... Oil and wax ..... Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu' tion of potash : resembles albumen • Albumen ...... Caaein ...... Dextrine ...... Water 5. Leaves. Sugar and extractive matter ... Fibre with a little chlorophyll ... Fibre Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, Albumen ....... Casein Dextrine ... .... Oil and wax Water 97-715 S. Calculated wilhou 3-190 28-687 0-540 4-856 4-780 42-985 0-150 1-348 1-770 15-927 0-020 0-179 0010 0-090 0-660 5-928 11-120 87-947 99-067 S. 100 000 roloulaled without the water 3-300 18-856 3-350 19-142 6-950 39-720 2-380 13-600 0 020 0-113 0 100 0-571 1-270 7-256 0-139 0-742 17-500 100 000 82-482 99-982 S. 228 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 6. Sheaths of hvsks. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, mostly sugar, 3-78; insoluble, 0-87 - 4-650 Fibre with a little chloropyhll - - - 0-2S0 Fibre 1-880 Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : albumen - - 1*870 Albumen 0200 Casein 0010 Dextrine 0-210 Oil and wax 0120 Water 7. SUks. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, mostly sugar, 1-974 ; insol. in alcohol, 2-4, Fibre with a trace of starch and a little chlo- rophyll ..-•-•. Fibre Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen. Albumen Casein ....... Dextrine 7-968 Water 92-269 100-227 S. 8. Ears. Each kernel is yet enveloped in its husks. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, mostly sugar, 4*133; insoluble in alcohol, 0*707 4-840 Fibre with a little starch .... 0*606 Fibre 1-006 Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash - - - - 1 * 186 Albumen 0-086 Casein ....... trace. Dextrine 0366 8-090 Water 91 096 99* 186 S. Calculated without tlie water. 60-434 3-037 20-391 20-282 2*160 0*108 2-278 1-301 9-220 100-000 89-083 98-303 S. Calculated without the water. 4-374 64-964 0*860 10-806 1*266 15*909 0-846 10-631 0*006 0-076 0-226 2-839 0-380 4-775 100-000 Colctiloted without the water. 69-827 7-491 12-435 14*660 1*063 4-624 100*000 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 229 AUGUST 30. About one-third of the bulk of each kernel protrudes from its husks. For a description of the plant at this date, refer to peige 183. A proximate organic analysis was only made of the kernels and cob. 1. Kernels. Calculated without the water. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, mostly sugar, 3*30; insoluble in alcohol, 0-37 3-67 45-365 Starch with a little fibre .... 1-04 12-855 Fibre or epidermis ..... 1-42 17-553 Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, 1-03 12*732 Albumen 0-21 2-695 Casein 0-08 0-989 Dextrine 0-64 7-911 8-09 100-000 Water - * 90-80 98-89 S. 2. Cob. Sugar and extractive matter soluble in alcohol, mostly sugar, 3*47; insoluble in alcohol, 0-255 Fibre with a little starch . . . - Fibre Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, Albumen - - Casein ....... Dextrine -.....- Water Calculated without the water. 3-725 36-656 1-710 16-782 2-890 28-357 1-210 11-875 0-160 1-571 0-050 0-491 0-445 4-368 • 10-190 100-000 90015 100-205 S. 230 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. SEPTEMBER 6. Kernels about iwo-lhirds protruded from their husks, and about two-thirds grown. For a description of the plant at this date, refer to page 185. A proximate organic analysis was only made of the kernels and cob. 1. Kernels. Calculated without the water. Sugar and extractive matter, mostly sugar - 7"60 39*016 Starch 8-06 41-376 Fibre or epidermis, and oil ... 1-24 6*366 Matter dissolved out of epidermis by a weak solution of caustic potash : resembles al- bumen 1-48 7-697 Albumen 069 3-542 Casein - - 0-05 0-256 Dextrine 0-36 1-848 19-48 100-000 Water 80-43 99-91 S. Ether dissolved out of 100 grs. of fresh kernels, 2-64 grs. of oil, and a sweetish matter, probably sugar, which was teiken up by tlie water in the corn. Cob. Sugar and extractive matter, mostly sugar • Starch Dextrine or gum Fibre and resin Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, Albumen ..•---- Casein ....... Water Calculated without the water. 6-46 34.340 0-08 0-503 0-76 4-779 - 5-94 37-369 1-60 9-434 1-62 9-560 0-62 4-025 16-90 100-000 82-41 98-31 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 231 SEPTEMBER 13. Corn in advanced stage of milk. Kernels nearly full size. For proportions and specific gravity of kernels, refer to page 188. PROXIMATE OBGANIC ANAI.Y8n OF THX KCRKEI^ AND COB. 1. Kernels. Calculatec] without the water. Sugar and extractive matter, mostly sugar - 5' 100 25 '053 Starch 9-75-5 47-861 Fibre or epidermis, and oil ... 2-435 11-966 Matter dissolved out of epidermis by a weak solution of caustic potash : resembles al- bumen 1-530 7-523 Albumen - - 0-845 4-149 Casein - - ' 0-040 0-196 Dextrine or gum 0-660 3-261 20-365 100-000 Water - ,- 78*753 99-119 S. 2. Cob. Sugar and extractive matter, mostly sugar • Starch Fibre and resin ...... Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, Albumen --..... Casein ....... Dextrine or gum ..... Water Calculated wiihont the water. 7-34 23-724 0-06 0 193 15-39 49-742 6-45 20-847 1-21 3-911 0-05 0-161 0-43 1-422 30-94 100-000 69-45 100-39 S. 232 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. OCTOBER 18. Com ripe. For proportions, and specific gravity of kernels, refer to page 190. PROXUCATB OKOANIC ANALYSIS OF THC KSBNEI.S AMD COB. 1. Kernels. Oil . - Zein or gluten • Starch Sagar and extractive matter Fibre or epidermis Matter dissolved out o tion of caustic potash Albumen - Casein Dextrine or gum Water fibre by a weak solu' I resembles albumen 3-60 1-68 59-30 13-32 0-S9 5-99 4-29 0-08 3-26 92-41 8-45 100-86 S. Cslcolatsd wiihont the wutr. 3-896 1-818 64-169 14-415 0-964 6-482 4-642 0-086 3-528 100-000 2. Cob. Sugar and extractive matter - - - 4'700 Starch ....... trace. Fibre 44-188 Matter dissolved out of fibre by a weak solu- tion of caustic potash : resembles albumen, Albumen - - Casein ....... Dextrine or gum ..... Besins ....... Matter dissolved out of bodies insoluble in water, by boiling alcohol ... Water Calculated without tha water. 6-791 63-846 15-712 82-702 0-625 0-769 0-100 0-144 0-800 1-155 0-626 0-903 2-562 3-701 69-212 100-000 31-320 100-632 S. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 233 OCTOBER 5. The corneous portion of the kernels is quite firm, or glazed, as it is called. The amyla- ceous part around the chit is yet soft and milky. At this stage, the kernels burn into a white ash much more readily than when ripe. Composition of the ash of the kernels. Carbonic acid ...... trace. Silicic acid 0 900 Phosphoric acid, with a little peroxide of iron - 50 "010 Lime 0-075 Magnesia ....... 4 '240 Potash 28-405 Soda 11-840 Sodium 0-345 Chlorine 0-520 Sulpharic acid ...... 1-240 Organic acids - - - ' - - - 2 - 100 99-675 S. OCTOBER 18. Corn ripe. Composition of the ash of the kernels. Carbonic acid ...... trace. Silicic acid 0-850 Phosphoric acid, with a little peroxide of iron, 60-310 Lime 0-075 Magnesia ....... 6-500 Potash 23-175 Soda 3-605 Sodium 0-160 Chlorine 0-295 Sulphuric acid ...... 0-515 Organic acids - - 5-700 99 175 S. [AeRICULTUHAL RePORT VoL. ll] 30 234 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. Composition of the soil on which the plants of the Early White-flint corn were grown (Yard back of the Old State House) . Water 6205 Organic matter 4*750 Silex 82-620 Alumina and peroxide of iron ... 4*165 Lime 1*025 Magnesia 0*200 Potash 0*137 Soda 0*554 SuJphuric acid 0 160 Chlorine 0*065 Phosphates 0*025 99*906 S. The following observations upon the growth of indian corn were made by Mr. Ball, of Hoosic Corners, Rensselaer county, this last season (1848) : " Six varieties planted on a field descending to the north, on which a crop of eight-rowed yellow corn was raised the last year. Composition of the soil before manr^ring. Water 0*00 Organic matter - - - - - - 7*85 Silex 86-50 Alumina and peroxide of iron - - - - 5*50 Carbonate of lime --...- trace. Magnesia ....... trace. Loss - - - - - • - ■ 0*15 100*00 Compost was applied, containing 20 parts of barnyard manure ; 10 " hog manure; 10 " wood ashes, leached ; 1 " lime ; 1 " plaster. ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 235 Composition of the soil after manuring. Water 00-00 Organic matter - - - - - - 10-38 Silex 69-34 Alumina and peroxide of iron - - - - 10*50 Carbonate of lime - - - - - - 6-53 Magnesia 0-96 Sulphate of lime 1-74 Soluble silica 0-31 Chloride of sodiom 0*06 Potash 0-09 Loss 009 100-00 Wood ashes used in the hill. Water 6*00 Charcoal 0-67 Silex 9-85 Carbonate of lime - - - - - - 66-75 Magnesia ....... 3*40 Phosphates : of peroxide of iron ... 3*62 Lime 3-25 Magnesia - - - - - 2*19 9-06 Potash 3-00 Chloride of sodium ..... 0*44 Soluble silica 0*08 99-16 One whole stalk of com (eight-rowed brown) , four weeks after planting. Whole height 18 inches, raorosnom. Stalk 60-00 Leaf sheaths - - - - >■ . . 60-60 Leaf 68-60 189-00 4fl 236 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. Water in stalk - Ash in do Organic matter - Water in leaf sheath Ash in do Organic matter - Water in leaf Ash in do Organic matter - 66-00 0-10 3-90 55-50 0-25 4-76 67-25 1-37 9-88 60-00 60-50 68-50 In the whole stalk : Water - 168-76 Ash 1-72 Organic matter J8^ ^^^^^ One whole stalk of com {eight-rowed brown) , Jive weeks after planting. Whole height 32 inches. rKOPOSTIOH*. Stalk 307-60 Leaf sheaths 133-00 Leaves 181-00 621-60 Water in stalk 287-40 Ash in do 2-87 Organic matter ^7'^^ ^^ ^^ Water in leaf sheath - - - 119-69 Ash in do .... 2-00 Organic matter _11^ 133.OO * Water in leaf 146*00 Ash in do 403 Organic matter - ■ - - ^0-97 • ^ 181-00 Water in the whole 553-09 Ash do 8-90 Organic matter J^ ^^^^^ ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 237 One whole stalk of corn (eight-rowed brown) , six weeks after planting. Whole height 39 inches. FKOPOKTIOm. Stalk 611-00 Leaf sheaths 279-25 Leaf 427-00 1317-25 Water in stalk 568-25 Ash in do 4-00 Organic matter - - - - 38-75 611-00 Water in leaf sheaths - - - 252-00 Ash in do ... 2-75 Organic matter - - - - - 24*50 279-25 Water in leaf 358-94 Ash in do 5-25 Organic matter - - • • - 62-81 427-00 Water in the whole 1179 19 Ash in do ..... 12-00 Organic matter 126-06 1317-25 One whole stalk of corn {eight-rowed brovm) , seven weeks after planting. Whole height 53 inches. rKoroRTiom. Stalk 1230-00 Leaf sheaths 289-50 Leaf 763-62 2283-12 Water in stalk - - - - 1167-00 Ash in do 8-60 Organic matter - - - - 54-60 1230-00 Water in leaf sheaths ... 255-75 Ash in do .... 4-50 Organic matter - - - - 29-25 289-50 Carried forward 1619-60 238 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. Brought forward - - ... 1619'50 Water in leaf • - . . . Ash in do - Organic matter .... 630-37 11 50 121 75 763-68 Water in the whole 2053-12 Ash in do 24*50 Organic matter ...... 205-50 2283-12 One wltole stalk of com {eight-rowed brovm) , eight weeks aftei- planting. Whole height 68 inches. nopoaTion. Stalk - Leaf sheafhs Leaf Tassel • Water in stalk Ash in do Organic matter Water in leaf sheath Ash in do Organic matter Water in leaf • Ash in do - Organic matter Water in Tassel Ash in do Organic matter 3000-00 963-50 903-75 317-25 6184-50 2813-33 17-96 168-71 861-50 9-50 92-50 735-13 19-87 148-75 230-94 4-62 81-69 3000-00 963-50 903-75 317-25 Water in the whole Ash in do Organic matter 4640-90 51-95 491-65 5184-50 ANALYSES OF MAIZE. 239 One whole stalk of corn (eight-rowed brown) , 7iine weeks after planting. Whole height 78 inches. Stalk - Leaf sheaths Leaf Tassel - Young ear «OPO«TIOII». 4304-07 1706 -25 1789-50 483-50 668-00 8851-32 TABLE DESIGNED TO SHOW THE PROGRESSIVE GROWTH OF SEVERAL VARIETIES OF MAIZE RAISED IN THE TOWN OF HOOSIC, RENSSELAER COUNTY, IN 1848. t ?. O 2 ? 2 S g 1 •5 V •a 1 4> ■a 1 "s 1 .a s a E 9 z 1 •5 & I ■3 c O * 1 i •3 bo ■3 §• 3 1 1 f It ■< 1 ■< 1 ri 1 00 % < 1 o II g-a. •< J3 1 1 1 "3 i 1 i 1 ■a B "s 1 •s ■s .i 1 .1 i_^ H. m. 1 May 15 May 19 May 23 July 15 July 21 ^? 5 in 15 in 42 in 72 in 84 in 18-7 4-1 1-5 1-1 1-0 lbs. 8-0 oz. 30 1 ^ Ashes. 2 15 21 25 17 22 3 " 11" 35" 58" 75" 1 "* 1 ^ H. m. 3 16 21 22 4 14 16 51iii 15 in 43 in 70 in 78 in 15-4 2-4 1-1 0-13 1-2 7-14 2-2 Ashes. 4 16 22 23 7 16 4 " 12" 36" 64" 76" 1 H. m. 5 15 22 25 7 15 16 SJin 12 in 42 in 64 in 90 in 19-13 4-4 1-7 1-2 1-4 9-6 2-6 1 ^ Ashes. 6 15 24 28 10 16 21 " 10 " 1 36 ' 60" 82" u H. m. 7 15 22 25 14 19 19 1 4^inllin 34 in 60 in 78 in 18-8 3-6 1-1 0-8 1-0 6-1 1-8 F Ashes. 8 15 23 27 19 21 li" 8" 33" 67" 72" ]{>• H. m. 9 15 22 24 17 28 r 1 6 inl6io 46 in 70 in 108 in 26-11 9.6 2-3 110 113 7-6 4-5 9 o Ashes. 10 15 23 26 22 30 2J" 10" 32" 60" 104" i H. m. 11 15 19 23 17 28 Sept 14 6 in 17 in 46 in 75 in 102 in 26-12 911 2-3 1-7 115 9-1 31 r^ *» Ashes. 12 15 21 28 23 31 2 " 13" 32" 67" 96" 240 ANALYSES OK MAIZE. TABLE SHOWING THE CONNEXION OF THE GROWTH OF MAIZE WITH THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SOIL AND THE AIR. No- Of IMwidSd Mean 3d and 4th Mean SlhandSth Mean 7th and 8th Mean 9th and 10th Mean row. week. temp. week. temp. week. temp. week. temp. week. temp. 1 5 in. Air. 10 in. Air. 27 in. Air. 30 in. Air. 12 in. Air. 8 5 TioKs. 1. Sun-dried ^ax 100-00 grs. Dry 91-42 Water ...-•--.. 8-58 Ash 1-80 2. Flaxseed - 100-00 Dry 92-72 Water 7-28 Ash 3-70 1. Analysis of the straw and fibre. Soil based upon Taconic slate, and formed of round and slaty grarel and clay loam. Silica - - . Earthy phosphates Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Soda - Sulphuric acid Chlorine Organic matter Silica - . - Earthy phosphates Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Chlorine 2. Analysis of fiaxseed. Removed in a ton of straw. 7-500 2-272 lbs 23-225 7-037 25-400 7-696 2-680 0-812 25-870 7-838 7-835 2-374 3-440 1-042 0-440 0-133 2-130 98-530 29-204 Removed in every 100 lb» 8-00 0-666 47-50 1-757 0-20 0-007 0-10 0-003 18-09 0-669 20-09 0-743 7«66 0-279 trace. 101-54 4-124 I .im 304 • MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. Flax and hemp are exhausting crops : the earthy phosphates, lime and the alkalies, form important elements in the plants. 3. Analysis of hemp. ^ Silica 12-00 Earthy phosphates - • - - - - 36-50 Carbonate of lime - - - - - - 26-90 Magnesia - - - - - - - 4-50 Chloride of sodium - • - - - 1-00 Potash 15-00 Soda 3-30 Sulphuric acid • • - - - - 1*50 99-70 From the foregoing analyses, it is evident that both flax and hemp are exhausting crops. They have too the disadvantage in cultivation, that usually nothing is returned to the soil. The ash of the straw might, however, be scattered over the soil, though it is rarely if ever done. ANALYSIS OF SPEARMINT. Stem and leaves nearly dry. psoFoanoKs. Dry plant 100-00 Dry 98-00 Ash 2-72 ARALTin. Silica 13-00 Earthy phosphates - - - - - 24-16 Carbonate of lime - - - - - 23-50 Magnasia - - - - - - - 0-62 Potash 24-20 Soda 3-40 Chlorine 4-20 Sulphuric acid - • 3-40 Organic matter 1-60 97-97 The herbage of spearmint and peppermint, as is well known, is used for the oil they contain. The latter is cultivated extensively in some parts of the country. The sponta- neous growth of the former is depended upon mostly for its oil. Both are exhausting crops. ANALYSES OF TELLOW DOCK. 305 EXAMINATION OF THE YELLOW DOCK dRumex crispus). This plant, which is regarded as a troublesome weed, has some valuable properties which make it worthy of a passing notice in this place. My assistant, Mr. Salisbury, has given a very full account of its properties and composition in the American Journal of Agriculture and Science, which the reader may consult. The plant, as usual, was divided into several parts ; the leaves, seed, stem and root. The organic composition of the leaves, when in their mature state, is as follows : Starch ........ none. Fibre with a little chlorophyl .... 1'755 Albumen 0-030 Casein 0-200 Dextrine 0-920 Bitter extract 3-570 Lignin containing ash 8*053 .... 9-685 Dry matter 16-160 Water 83-680 99-680 S. The petioles contain nearly one per centum of free oxalic acid. The ash of the leaves is composed of the following elements : Carbonic acid 12-400 Silica 3-900 Earthy phosphates 24-000 Lime 1-633 Magnesia 0-880 Potash 10-613 Soda 22-880 Sodium 3-889 Chlorine 5-920 Sulphuric acid 1-477 » Organic acid ...... 8-500 96-092 S. [AaRicraTusAL Report — Vol. ii.] 39 # 306 ANALYSES OF YELLOW DOCK. The stalks gave the following result : Carbonic acid 12-800 Silica - - 2-800 Eartliy phosphates (containing phosphoric acid 14-747) 21-700 Lime .- 2-690 Magnesia 2'040 Potash 12-430 Soda 19-753 Sodium 3'368 Chlorine 5-085 Organic acids 9- 200 96-896 S. ProportioTis of water, etc. in the stalk. Water 83-800 Dry 16-200 - Ash 1-480 Calculated dry - ■ - - - - 9-512 Proximate organic analysis of the root. Starch 5-987 Albumen I'^l Casein 0-226 Dextrine ; - 2-024 Bitter extract (containing oxalic and tannic acids) 6 • 184 • Fibre (containing ash 1-998) ■ - - - 14'228 Total of dry matter 29-080 Water -.-.'.--- 70*320 99-400 S. The ash was found to contain : Carbonic acid H'OOO , Sflica - - ■ .- 0-500 Earthy phosphates (cctotaining 17-38 phosphoric acid) 26-200 Lime 3-827 Magnesia , - - 7-620 Potash 9-723 Soda 18-480 Sulphuric acid 4-502 Chlorine ' 3-898 Organic matter - - ■ - - " H-^OO 97-460 S. ANALYSIS OF COFFEE AND TEA. 307 ANALYSIS OF THE ASH OF THE COFFEE BEAN, AND OF THE LEAVES OF GREEN TEA. Silica - - - Earthy phosphates Carbonate of lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Sulphuric acid Chlorine Organic matter rsoroBTioit*, Coffee. Tea. 15-625 16-380 33-700 42-912 3-300 1-280 0-750 0-582 35-800 22-850 4-445 8-112 5-650 5-275 none. trace. 0-350 1-768 99-580 98- 159 Coffee. Tea. 800-00 250-000 25-88 12-125 Dry Ash Coffee and tea appear to be exhausting crops, both the bean and leaf being exported, and hence entirely lost to the soil upon which they grew. CHAPTER VIII. THE FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. or THE coMPOsmoiT or the ash or rRUiT and roREsT trees, with remarks on the distribution or THE ELEKENTS in the PARTS AND ORGANS COMPOSING THEM. The fact ascertained by Sadssure, that plants require a certain amount of inorganic matter for the perfection of their foliage and seed, has made the subject of inquiries into the chemical constitution of vegetables extremely interesting and important. This fact in- creases in interest in consequence of another fact well ascertained, namely, that plants not only require a certain amount of matter usually denominated inorganic, but that this amount differs essentially with the different families, and even with the different species of plants. So it appears too that different parts and organs of the same plant require different amounts of the elements composing the ash. The seed and fruit, the root and trunk, the leaves and branches, each secure for themselves different quantities of what we may call the solid food. Even the seasons of the year eire marked in the life of the vegetable by different proportions of inorganic matter. The vegetable system goes on accumulating inorganic matter slowly, until it has collected a store of food for future consumption. I shall not attempt to post up what is known upon the subject before us ; my object being to state generally the results of my investigations, and those which have been made by my assistant during the Survey. The analysis of the ash of forest and fruit trees has been prosecuted during a part of the last three years : more than a year of constant labor by myself and assistant has been thus bestowed. The analyses, it is proper to say, have not been made with the sole object of ascertaining the elements, or the proportion of elements, which enter into the constitution of plants ; but a higher object has "been in view, namely, the determination of the law of distribution of the elements. That a law should control their distribution appeared to be highly probable from analogy; and it may be inferred that the ends of existence are better subserved under its control, than if their distribution had been left to accident. I now proceed to state that it was early conceived that the inorganic matter, in the growth of plants, was constantly determined by two movements : first, an upward move- ment, which really constitutes the circulation ; and, secondly, an outward movement, by which the matters are transferred from the centre to the circumference, which movement results in a diminution of the inorganic matter of the interior, an effect which constantly FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 309 carries outwards certain elements which are of greater importance than otliers. I allude here particularly to the phosphates, which, it is well known, are of primary importance in the fruit. and seeds. The analyses have been conducted in part with reference to this supposed law of outward movement. The plan adopted, and which has been generally followed, was to divide the tree into the following parts : 1, the inside wood, or heart wood ; 2, the outside wood ; 3, the bark ; 4, the wood of the twigs ; 5, the bark of the twigs ; 6, the leaves ; 7, the seed, and the fruit with its envelopes. This plan of proceeding appeared to exhaust the subject, unless indeed we extend it so far as to inquire what changes lake place in the amount of the elements in ihe different seasons. A few analyses have been made under this inquiry. The subject is of sufficient importance to merit a careful investigation. The proper preparation of the ash is an operation that has been attended with some trouble. It is very liable to become caustic, or sub-caustic, and hence it happens that sufficient carbonic acid is never obtained to saturate the bases. This is not a matter of so much consequence as might at first appear : carbonic acid is not regarded as a constituent of the wood, but as a secondary product formed from the organic acid by ignition ; and the object in determining the amount of carbonic acid, is to test the accuracy of the ana- lysis. The ash should be prepared at as low a temperature as possible, which shall at the same time secure a perfect combustion of the organic matter. STATEMENT OF SOME RESULTS OF THE FOLLOWING ANALYSES. I. It appears as a general result of the following analyses, that solubility controls in part the distribution of the inorganic matter of vegetables. Water never accumulates in the interior, or in the heart wood of a tree, but is carried upwards and outwards, and hence is found in a greater proportion in the leaves and in the outside wood. Being itself the great medium through which the solid matters are conveyed and distributed throughout the organs of vegetables, it is agreeable to what we might deduce a priori in regard to the distribution of the several proportional amounts of the inorganic matter. Moving as it is found to do, in a larger quantity to the periphery of the head and trunk, it must necessarily carry to the periphery a greater amount of solids than to the interior, II. The distribution is not wholly controlled by the present movements of the water or sap which enters into the circulation of a tree. Some of the materials which form the wood of the interior is also absorbed and carried outwards to the periphery, or to the trunk. This statement is borne out by the results which have been so often obtained. The amount of ash of green and living wood is almost uniformly greater in the outside wood than in the heart wood. These two kinds of wood being weighed immediately after the tree is cut down, and equal portions of each taken, notwithstanding the water of the outside usually surpasses that of the inside, its ash exceeds that of the inside. III. The bark of trees, as well as the outside covering of seeds, differs essentially in 310 FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. constitution, as will be shown in the succeeding analyses, from the wood. In this part, the phosphates are deficient : altliough they are always present, still there is a great di- minution in their amount, and to this statement an exception is not known. The bark, in its chemical constitution, is composed mainly of lime, probably an organic salt of lime, which by ignition is converted into a carbonate. There is also a great deficiency of potash and soda : they are equally small in amount with the phosphates. One or two curious facts, however, are observed in regard to the alkalies : it was found, for instance, that the outside and apparently lifeless part of the bark (the corky part of elm bark, for example) was richer in potash than (he inside bark. This may be, and probably is, an isolated fact. It is well known to common observers that the elm is particularly rich in potash, which pervades all its parts and organs more generally than in other trees. The final cause of the accumulation of lime in the bark, is to serve as an outward defence of the internal or young wood : it secures a firmer covering than can be provided by the other elements. In this respect there is a very close analogy with the formation of the outer covering of the lower animals, which, as is well known, consists mainly of car- bonate of lime, as in the Crustacea and annulose animals. As in the animal tissues, out- ward defences are set up, so in the vegetable they are not left wanting. Here too a provision is furnished, by which this great amount of lime is returned to the soil. The bark is annually detached, and its store of soluble or partially soluble salts of lime is rapidly returned to the soil. An aged oak may have regenerated its bark repeatedly from its own debris : its outward covering, which is partially renewed every year, may derive a portion of its supply from what previously formed part of its own organism. Upon this general fact is founded the law of distribution, the inorganic matters respec- tively being determined to the periphery of the head and trunk. The few exceptions which have been found, and which militate against this law, can hardly be regarded as sufficiently numerous and important to overthrow it. Of the substances which appear to be more steadily and uniformly determined to the outside wood, I may state the following, leaving out of the account water, which acts as the medium through which every thing is conveyed into and throughout the tree. The phosphates abound more in the periphery than in the centre : they are found also in larger quantities in the young wood of the twigs ; therefore both the outside of the tree, and its growing branches, store up for the time being a larger amount of these essential elements than the interior. It is by this mode of distribution that the seeds and fruit re- ceive their needful supply of phosphates : at least the supply is derived more immediately and directly, than jf the contrary mode of distribution prevailed. The final cause of this distribution of the phosphates, is to restore again to the soil those important elements. They pass along the outside wood of the trunk, obtaining probably an accession from the interior by the outward or lateral movement of the sap : they then pass to the seed and fruit, through the small branches, twigs and leaves. All the surplus amount of the phosphates in the leaves is restored to the earth by their fall and decay ; and, besides, in a multitude of instances, the seed and fruit also return by their maceration FRUIT AND FOREST TREES. 311 and decay, or in consequence of their constituting the food of animals. The phosphates, in this case, after performing their several offices in the system of animals, return to the soil from whence they were originally derived. Another explanation, which may appear more plausible, is, that after a certain period in the life of the oak, or any tree, a greater amount of inorganic matter may accumulate, than at any previous period, in consequence of the spreading of the roots, and the sub- sequent increased supply of this kind of njitriment from the original sources. In its full maturity and strength, it takes up from the soil a greater amount of inorganic matter, which it is then more capable of assimilating or converting into wood. The quantity, however, of inorganic matter may vary with the season. There may be an accumulation of the phosphates and some other substances in autumn, which is designed to go on slowly during the winter, by which a suflSciency of these elements is secured for the immediate use of the tree in the spring when the leaves are about to be developed. This undoubtedly would take place in the periphery mainly, or newer wood. From some of the analyses which were made of winter cut wood, there appears a larger amount of phosphates in the wood than in that which was cut after the leaves were fully formed. Whatever view we may adopt, it is evident that the analysis of the ash, taken without reference to the organ or part, does not determine all we wish to know of the chemistry of vegetation. The truth of this remark is sustained by all the analyses of the organs of plants, as leaves, fruit and seed ; and I have no doubt it is equally true of the parts of the trunk, the heart and alburnum, and the smaller branches. PROPORTIONS AND ANALYSES OF THE ASH OF FOREST AND FRUIT TREES. 1. PROPORTIONS OF THE PROXIMATE ELEMENTS. I. SOFT WOODS, OR CONIFEROUS TREES. 1. White Pine (Ash of seasoned bark) . Water : . . 6-10 Dry bark 93-90 Ash 0-22 2. Yellow Pine (Pinus rigida) . 8>p wood. Bark of twigi. Water ■ - - 37-00 4032 Dry wood - - 63-00 60-68 Ash - - - 0-15 0-64 Heart wood. Leaves. Small limbs. 22-50 54-55 47-00 77-50 45-45 53-00 015 0-50 0-25 312 PROPORTIONS 3. Red Cedar {Juniperiis virginiana) . Water - Dry wood Ash - Organic matter Sap wood. 41-94 68-06 0-16 57-91 Haut wood. 17-50 82-50 0-04 82-46 Bark.* 20-90 79-10 8-42 Hemlock (^bies canadensis) , seasoned. Water 18-00 Dry wood 82-00 Ash 0-61 n. THE HARD WOODS. 1. White Oak {^Qmrctis alba) . Sap wood. Heart wood. Bark of the trunk. Bark of twigs. Small limb*. Water - 35-440 30-900 27-71 40-30 35-000 Dry 64-460 69-100 72-29 59-70 65-000 Aah 0-640 0-180 11-30 4-72 0-650 Organic matter, 63-920 68-926 69-39 54-98 64-450 Calculated dry, 0-991 0-261 16-63 7-90 0846 2. Black Walnut {Juglans nigra) . Sap wood. Heart wood. Barkof the tnink. Bark of the twiga. Wood of the twiga. Water - - 38-900 45-050 48-75 49-260 39-65 Dry - - 61-100 64-950 61-25 * 50-800 60-35 Ash - - 0-540 0-360 3-99 3-715 1-20 Organic matter, 59-936 47-286 Calculated dry, 0-950 0-919 Tap root of the young tree. Wood of the root. Bark of the root. Water 56-17 58-60 Dry . • • - 43-83 41-40 Ash 0-86 1-10 3. Common Butternut {Juglans cinerea) . Branch one inch in diameter. Wood. Bark. Water 38-60 40-00 Dry 61-50 60-00 Ash 0-37 2-80 . X * Seasoned stick 32 yean old. Sap wood. Heart wood. Wood of iwigs. Bark of twigs. 40 •45 37-40 35-61 59-55 62-50 64-39 0-85 0-26 0-47 5-53 Heart wood Wood bl twigs. Bark of twigs. 36-96 21-45 23-83 63-04. 78-55 76-17 0-301 0-64 9-321 62-739 77-91 69-07 0-475 0-815 9-321 OF ASH IN FOREST TREES. 313 4. Beech wood {Fagus sylvestris) . Water ... - Dry .... Ash .... The percentage of charcoal in beecli wood amounts to 17-16. Deducting 0*85 for in- organic matter, it leaves 16-94 from which all volatile matter has been expelled by ignition in a close vessel. 5. Iron- WOOD (Ostrya virginica) . .Sap wood. Water .... 30-00 Dry .... 65-00 Ash .... 0-196 Organic matter - . 64*805 Calculated dry . . 0-300 The iron-wood, when ignited in a close vessel, gives 16-21 pei- centum of charcoal, or matter free from volatile substances : deducting 0*30 for inorganic matter, it leaves 15 91 as pure charcoal. Seasoned wood of the Ostrya virginica, or Iron-wood. Heart wood. Water 14-80 Dry 85-20 Ash 0-40 Organic matter .... 84-80 Calculated dry - - • - 0-467 The Iron-wood is one of the instances in which the percentage of ash is greater in the heart wood than in the sap wood. The tree, as is well known, grows slowly, and never attains a large size ; and the one from which the wood was taken for experiment, was about eight inches in diameter. The seasoned wood was from a small tree about the same size as the preceding, but was one hundred years old. 6. Broad-leaved Laurel (Kalmia latifolia). Wood of the trtink Wood of the root. Water .... 3030 36-30 Dry .... 70-00 63'70 Ash .... 0-22 0-10 The percentage of charcoal of this very compact wood amounU to only 7-30; and de- ducting the inorganic matter, 6-60 is pure charcoal. [AoRicuLTUBL Report — Vol. II.] 40 ^- » Sap wood. Bark. 19-06 14-30 80-94 85-70 0-28 S-06 80-66 77-64 0-344 9-406 Bark of trunk. Leaves. 18-73 49-19 81-27 50-81 0-70 1-46 Water. Sap wood near III* bark. 50 00 Dry - 6000 Ash • 0-35 314 PROPORTIONS 7. Horse Chestnut (.^sculus hippocasianum) , Sap wood ue&r « Hetri wood. WikkI oC liinbi. Bark of lirabA. Ouuide bark Inside bark the heart. of the trunk. ot the trunk. 47.60 5805 23-70 3625 1735 44-35 52-60 41-95 76-30 63-75 83-65 55-65 0-62 1-60 1-15 3-50 10-00 5-00 Limbs of the iEsculus hippocastanum {same tree), at different stages. I. April 26. Limbi taken about two inchei in diameter. Buds just bursting. Bark. Wood. Water ...... 51-00 56-13 Dr)' matter 49-00 43-87 Ash 500 0-51 Ash calculated on the dry matter - 10-204 1-162 S. 2. May 29. Limbs about two inches in diameter. Flowers just fallen. Wood. Bark. Water 48-03 53-50 Dry matter 51-97 46-50 Ash 0-58 4-29 Ash calculated on the dry matter • 1*116 9-226 S. The two following analyses exhibit a difference in the amount of ash and dry matter in the leaves of two Horse Chestnut trees growing on the same soil, and subjected as nearly as they could well be to the same conditions. There was also much difference in the ap- pearance of the bark, flowers, and shape of the leaves in the two trees. The leaves were gathered May 18th, when the trees were in full bloom ; and the middle leaflet of equally vigorous leaves from each tree was selected for analysis. No. 1. The middle leaflet weighed 57*5 grains, and gave Actual quantities Per centum- Water 41-19 71-633 Dry matter 16-31 28-367 Ash 1-33 2-313 Ash calculated on the dry matter - 8-157 S. No. 2. The middle leaflet weighed 77-25 grains, and gave Actual quantities Per centum. Water 55-40 71-715 Dry matter 21-75 28 285 Ash 1-58 2-045 Ash calculated on the dry matter - 7-264 S. The leaves of No. 2 are much l.irger (the leaflets being wider and longer) than those of No. 1. OF ASH IN FOREST TREES. 315 8. White Elm ( Ui'mus americana) . Sap wood. Heart wood. Outside bark of trunk. Water - 34-65 49-50 19-00 Dry - 65-35 50-50 81-00 Ash - 0-80 0-35 8-25 The elm gave, on ignition in a close vessel, 15-84 per centum of charcoal, or matter free from volatile elements : subtracting the inorganic matter, it leaves 15-04 per centum of pure charcoal. The outside bark of this elm consists of alternate layers of common lig- neous matter and cork, which, though thin, is fine and elaistic. Inside diito. Bark of limbs. Wood of limba. 47-50 42-60 36-50 52-50 57-40 63-50 7-25 7-50 0-45 9. Chestnut {Castanea vesca). Wood of the tmnk Water 42-35 Dry 57-65 Ash 0-48 The percentage of charcoal in this wood amounts to 9-75 only : ash being deducted, it leaves 9-27. 10. White Maple {^cer dasycarpum) . Sap wood. Heart wood. Bark of the trunk. Bark of limbs. Wood of limbs. Water - 35-50 37-50 40-00 41-45 31 00 Dry • 74-60 62-50 60-00 58-45 69 00 Ash - ■ 0-25 0-20 3-25 2-75 0-35 11. Willow. Trunk ten inches in diameter. Water Dry Ash Sap wood. Heart wood. Bark of the trunk. 59-55 37-45 4110 40-65 62-55 58-90 0-28 0-25 6-26 12. Grape vine ( Vitis labrusca) . Wood. Water 40-26 Dry 59-74 Ash 0-98 13. Black Ash. Seasoned wood. Sap wood. Ash 0-34 Bark. 819 3t( PROPORTIONS 14. Bass-wood {Tilia americand) , Water Dry Ash Sap wood. 51-30 48-70 0-28 Bark. 46-32 53-68 3-57 15. Black Birch (Betxda excelsa) . Sap wood. Heart wood. 38-90 34-61 61-10 65-39 0-06 0-26 Water Dry Ash ... ... The black birch gives 16-01 per centum of charcoal : deducting the inorganic matter, it leaves 15 "96 per centum from which all volatile matter is expelled by ignition in close vessels. 16. Staff-tree (Cerastrus scandeTis) . Water Dry matter .... Ash ..... Ash calculated on the dry matter Bark. 39 091 60-909 4-608 7-582 Wood. 46 094 53.906 0-523 0-971 S. 1. Pear trek. Water Dry Ash III. FRUIT TREES. Sap wood. 48-80 37-20 0-20 ■ Root of the Pear tree. Water Dry - - - - Ash .... Heart wood. 22-05 77-95 0-10 Wood. 22-33 79-67 0-40 Bark of the trunk. 63-70 30-30 1-99 Bark. 58-80 46-20 3-26 The wood of the pear gives 9-79 per centum of charcoal. The wood of the pear is soft, close grained and easily wrought, and hence is sometimes substituted for box in large wood engravings. 2. Sweet Apple tree. Water - Dry - - - Ash Sap wood. Heart wood. Bark of the trunk. 39-«) 33-35 59-00 60-90 66-66 41-00 0-35 016 4-65 OF ASH IN FRUIT TREES. 317 3. Sour Apple tree. Water Dry Ash The apple-tree wood gives a heavy compact coal amounting to 15 "90 per centum, or 15 "70 abstracting the ash. Sap wood. Heart wood. Bark of the limbi. 39-13 46-30 45-10 60-87 53-70 54-90 0-25 0-20 3-33 4. Small Red Cherry. Seasoned. Wood. Water 10-00 Dry. 90-00 Ash 0-17 5. Peach tree. The leaves (August 7). LeaTu. Leavea jut formed. Water ..*.... 67-00 Dry 33-10 23-93 A«h 4-62 Bark of the twigs (May 10) . Water 60-8 Dry 39-4 Ash - 5-66 Healthy Peach leaves, from New- Jersey. Water 69-00 Dry 31-00 A«h 1-75 Peach leaves diseased with the yellows. Water 64-00 Dry 3600 Ash 1-82 Healthy Peach leaves (Malacotoon) , from New- Jersey. Water 63-10 Dry - • 36-90 Ash 3-00 Leaves diseased with the yellows. Water 54-46 Dry - - - - - . - . - 45-54 Ash • . 3-87 318 PROPORTIONS OK ASH IN FRUIT TREES. 6. Leaves of the Catawba Grape, picked June 2. Full size. Water 72-388 Dry matter 27-612 Ash 2- 139 Ash calculated on the dry matter • . • 7*746 S. 7. Leaves and petioles of the Virgalieu Pear-tree, picked May 23. Flowers just fallen. Water 73-082 Dry matter 26-918 Ash 1-299 Ash calculated on the dry matter ... 4*213 S. 8. Leaves and petioles of the Ox-heart Cherry, picked May 23. Flowers just fallen. Water 74*429 Dry matter 25*671 Ash - - - 1*669 Ash calculated on the dry matter ... 6*135 S. 9. Leaves and petioles of the Lady Apple, picked May 23. Flowers just fallen. Water 70*261 Dry matter 29739 Ash 1-412 Ash calculated on the dry matter • - - 4 - 747 S. The following proportions of water, dry wood and ash, were determined by my assistant Mr. Salisbury. The specimens of the trees were obtained in May. Tabli . I. The Rom. Xanthozylum american. Laurus saasa/raa. Populos tremuloidea. Wood. Bark. Wood. Bark. Wood. Bark. Wood. Bark. Percentage water. Percentage dry - Percentage ash - 32-67 67.33 0-33 36-92 63-08 2-41 24-00 76-00 0*49 22-05 77-96 7-88 30-38 69-62 0.38 46-26 63-74 2*17 40*62 69-48 0-33 50-70 49-30 3-95 Table II. Rhui typhina. WUd Plum. Comoa altamifolia. Bvk. 8«p wood. Heartwood Wood. Bark. Wood. Bark. Percentage water. Percentage dry - Percentage ash - 35-74 64-26 2-89 26-24 74-76 0-28 21-06 78-94 0-43 18-80 81-20 0-37 26-08 63-92 6-06 34.03 65.97 0-20 54-16 46-86 2-41 ANALYSES OF THE ASH OF FOREST TREES. 3!9 II. ANALVSKS OP THE ASH. I. FOREST TREES. 1. Hemlock {Pijius canadensis) . Tree sound. Diameter five feet from the base, 25 inches. Average thickness of the bark about one inch. Half of the diameter was produced during the last fifty years growth : these 50 outside layers were taken for outside wood; and the remaining l&yers, 154 in number, for inside wood. Whole number of layers five feet from the ground, 204: average thickness of each layer, 0-05637 of an inch. Bark. Outside wood. Inside wood. Bark of Iwigs. Wood of twigs Potash - - 2-86 19-23 1-64 1-575 0-506 Soda • .' 3-47 S-46 0-54 1-333 5-31 Chloride of sodium . . 0-03 0-10 0-03 0-994 0-42 Sulphuric acid - - 3-48 3-03 11-96 4-47 3-213 Carbonic acid - - 24-33 7-81 7-63 24-00 28-88 Lime . • 31-48 10-11 9-88 31-05 25-20 Magnesia - - - 0-01 2-48 3-24 0-30 2-88 Phosphate of peroxid e of iron, 1-49 2-72 0-29 1-55 Phosphate of lime - - 16-45 16-66 11-38 18-87 20-40 Phosphate of magnes ia - 5- 17 9-89 26-45 1-28 ) Organic matter • - 3-48 1-71 2-40 4-10 0-212 Insoluble silica - • - 13-40 5-28 105 0-40 0-70 Coal - - 1-22 1-24 0-82 0-48 1-51 106-87 S. 88-72 8. 77-31 S. 90-402 89-231 2. Sugar Maple {Acer saccharinum). Tree sound. Diameter three feet from the ground, 28 inches; do. twelve feet from the ground, 21^ inches. From the base to the limbs, 62 feet. Whole leng^ of the tree, 107 feet. Average thickness of the bark, J inch. Age 224 years. At twelve feet from the base, the 100 outside layers were taken for outside wood, making a thickness of 4f inches; the remaining layers were taken for inside wood. Growth Tery uniform. Average thickness of each layer, 0-04464 of an inch. Potash . . . - Bark. 0-88 Outaida wood 8-77 Heart wood 4-21 Soda 7-75 0-964 Chloride of sodium 0-08 008 Sulphuric acid ... 1-497 1-171 1-03 Carbonic acid . . . . 37-12 37 -24V 33-33 Lime 49-33 31-86 43-14 Magnesia .... 3-64 8-40 7-24 Phosphate of peroxide of iron 0-32 0-70 1-34 Phosphate of lime 3- 13 5-70 6.09 Phosphate of magnesia 0-02 1-80 0-22 Organic matter ... 1-50 2-40 1-93 Insoluble silica 0-15 0-50 0-55 106-417 S. 100-512 98-16 S. •&^ ANALYSES 3. Chestnut {Ccutanea vesca). Potash - Soda ... Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Lime ... Magnesia Phosphate of peroxide of iron Phosphate of lime Phosphate of magnesia Organic matter Silica . - - Coal - Moisture Buk. Outsid* wood. Inside wood 1-36 4-56 2-73 0-319 1-41 1-98 trace. 0-312 0-50 • 39-90 23-842 29-52 51-60 40-76 38-20 0-60 6-77 0-513 0-20 1-30 0-30 2-90 17-44 8-60 6-00 1-74 3-20 1-20 1-43 1-71 1-00 0-914 1-76 3-00 2- 13 107-391 99-666 90-143 4. Horse Chestnut (^sculus hippocastanum.) Tree in full bloom May 26, at which time the young sprouts (of about five weeks growth), petioles, leaves, peduncles and flowers were gathered for analysis ; but the root analyzed was cut from its tree in April Potash Soda Bark of root. 10-88 15-71 Wood of root. 16-83 3-27 Baik of spronis. 17-97 Wood of spronu 26-33 Petioles. 30-95 Leaf-blades. 7-58 Peduncles and flowers. 30-71 Chloride sodium , 0-76 0-36 2-27 4-47 4-12 Sulphuric ac^d. 7-32 6-39 26-45 28-46 30-93 21-94 30-55 Carbonic acid. 8-47 5-71 0-04 2-27 18-29 0-13 Lime 36-83 5-19 7-39 0-06 2-93 2-91 0-17 Magnesia - 0-90 5-30 0-25 0-05 0-10 3-00 0-01 Phos. perox. iron, 1-40 1-10 0-30 0-30 0-20 2-50 4-20 Phos. lime, 10-15 46-64 15-90 22-70 17-95 31-75 25-65 Phos. magnesia 0-25 0-01 0-50 0-02 0-75 0-75 3.75 Organic matter. 5-60 . 3-60 22-46 17.09 9.60 6-24 3-20 Insoluble silica. 2-00 3-30 0-80 0-50 0-20 5-50 2-00 Coal 0-80 11-00 101-07 3. 101-99 S. 100-OOS. 100-00 S. 100-00 S. 100-46 S. 100 -378. Per cent, water. 57-95 50-14 PROPOBTIONK, S2-90 88-10 87-94 74-80 85-24 Per cent, dry, 42-06 49-86 1710 11-90 12-06 25-20 14-76 Per cent, ash, 3.8SS. 1 -04 S. 1 -63 S. 1-15 S. 1 -66 S. 1 -68 S. 1-83S. OF THE ASH OF FOREST TREES. 321 5. Swamp White Oak {Quercus bicoloi) . Potash Bark. 0-459. Oaiside wood 20-49 Inside wood 14-79 Soda Chloride of sodium trnce. 3-15 • 3-69 Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid 0-295 40-335 32-919 34-61 Lime .... Magnesia Phosphates - 52-26 0-26 3-50 30-23 0-50 5-20 35-87 0-51 6-30 Organic matter Silica Coal .... 2-13 2-00 2-50 1-50 4-00 2-70 0-50 1-60 Moisture 2-60 103-729 97-999 103-17 6. White Oak {Quercus alba) . Afh obtained from the green wood. Sap wood. Heart wood. Wood of twigs. Bark of trunk. Bark of iwigt Potash 13-41 9-68 9-74 0-25 1-27 Soda- 0-52 5-03 6-89 2-57 4-05 Sodium 2-78 0-39 0-16 0-08 0-08 Chlorine - . - 4-24 0-47 0-25 0-12 0-13 Sulphuric acid 0-12 0-26 0-08 003 trace. Phosphate of peroxide of iror '' ) * 0-60 Phosphate of lime - ^32-25 13-30 23-60 10-10 14-16 Phosphate of magnesia . ) Carbonic acid 8-95 19-29 17-55 29-80 30-33 Lime - - - - • 30-85 43-21 34-10 54-89 47-72 Magnesia . - . • 0-36 0-25 0-50 0-20 0-20 Silica 0-21 0-88 0-55 0-25 0-65 Soluble silica 0-80 0-30 0-60 0-25 0-65 Organic matter - 6-70 7-10 5-90 1-16 1-52 100-18 S. 100-06 S. 99-99 S. 100-05 S. 100-00 S. The oak grew in the immediate neighborhood of Albany, upon a stiff clay known as the Albany clay. [AOKICULTURAL RePORT — VoL. H.] 41 3ki2 ANALYSES 7. White Elm {Ulmus americana). Tree sound. Diameter three feet from the base, 28 inches; ditto fourteen feet from the base, 25^ inches. Mean thickness of the bark, J inch. Whole length of the tree, 111 feet. Number of layers fourteen feet from the base, 208. Average thickness of each layer, 0'05769 of an inch. Thickness of layers quite uniform. From 80 to 85 outside layers taken for outside wood; the remaining layers, for inside wood. First Specimen. B>rk of trunk. Outside wood. Berk of twiga Wood of twig» Potash 3-79 5-82 9-61 Soda 1-65 B-63 18-41 Chloride of sodium - trace. 007 Sulphuric acid 0-14 12 02 2-80 3-98 Carbonic acid 39-44 24-72 26-07 Lime 27-46 16-92 14-77 Magnesia 13-10 3-00 2-40 Phosphate of peroxide of iron, j Phosphate of lime 3-40 24-60 22-35 Phosphate of magnesi a - ) Organic matter 200 1-60 Insoluble silica 1-75 0-60 Coal 0-30 Moisture - 310 85-86 12-02 96-82 97-49 Second SpEciaiEir. Sap wood. He»rt wood OttUide bark. Inaid* bark. Potash . . . . 15-85 S-64 5-32 1-17 Soda - . . . 7-64 20-49 3-22 2- 17 Chlorine 0-74 0-09 1-21 0 05 Sulphuric acid 0-12 0-14 0-10 0-04 Phosphate of peroxide of it on, 1-82 1-05 4-00 Phosphate of lime j 14-63 2-75 19-65 3-776 Phosphate of magnesia Carbonic acid - 29-61 28-226 13-26 42-516 Lime - . . . 20-08 22-635 30-26 42-495 Magnesia 4-72 10-08 4-84 8-16 Silica ... 2-00 3-23 12-15 1-25 Soluble silica 1-60 Organic matter 1-46 1-SO 4-12 0-40 98-46 S. 99-115 S. 99-59 S, 102 026 S or THE ASH OF FOREST TREES, 323 8. Red Elm ( Ulinus fulva) . Tree sound. Averag^e diameter four feet from the base, 20 inches. Average thickness of Average thickness of each layer, 0-0564 of an inch. Between 20 and 25 layers were side wood, thickness 2J to 3 inches; the remaining layers were taken for inside wood, uniform. Bark. oil Potash .... Soda .... Chloride of sodium Chloride of potassium Sulphuric acid ... Carbonic acid Lime .... Magnesia .... Phosphate of peroxide of iron, Phosphate of lime Phosphate of magnesia Organic matter Silica .... Coal .... 006 5-36 34-41 44-64 3-09 0-04 J6-36 j 210 2-8] Outside wood. 13-43 16-96 0-05 0-81 16-96 31-00 5-24 0-65 12-97 2-93 1-93 1-31 Heart wood. 7-34 7-89 0-05 4-67 26-59 34-79 2-20 1-35 11-28 2-18 1-60 0-55 Bark of twigs. 3-79 7-87 trace. 5-79 33-12 32-12 1-68 0-20 600 6-60 3-50 bark, | inch, taken for out- Growth quite Wood of twig*. 5-82 19-74 0-20 8-94 12-69 17-72 4-80 0-40 25.80 0-20 10-84 0-40 ^8-98 S. 104-24 S. 100-69 S. 100-57 107 -468. 9. Cork Elm {Vlmus racemosa) Wood. Bark. Potash 25-93 8-884 Soda 1-70 0-498 Chlorine .... 0-30 0-560 Sulphuric acid . . . . 2-57 4-485 Phosphate of peroxide of iron . ■ ) Phosphate of lime ... . S 13-77 5-605 Phosphate of magnesia ) Carbonic acid .... 17-70 19-568 Lime 22-83 46-912 Magnesia .... 8-20 1-557 Silica 3-57 11-214 Soluble silica 1-67 1-121 Organic matter . . . . not determined. 98-24 S. 99-807 S The structure of this wood is singular and beautiful, and is probably readily distinguished from any other wood by a transverse section (See PI. viii. fig. 2) . In this figure, the 3-<>4 ANALYSES wavy light bands mark the direction of the pores through which the sap ascends, and the circular zone of pores shows the commencement of a new annual layer. The last are always formed in (he spring, when the first growth of wood begins ; the former belong to successive periods during its summer growth. The Elm, together with the allied genus, the Celtis, exhibits (his peculiar wavy arrangement of its summer pores. There are variations, in tiie different species, in the arrangement of these pores ; yet the plan, as a whole, is the same. For magnificent specimens of the Elm, the vallies of the Genesee, and the Black river in Jefferson county, are surpassed by no other parts of the world. Hundreds of elms may be seen in either of these sections of country, exceeding by far the famous Pittsfield Elm in Berkshire, Mass. The elms of the Mohawk valley belong generally (o the pendulous variety, and do not excel in size, but many may be seen profusely decked with slender branches, and give great beauty to the landscape. This variety is figured in the first volume of Agriculture, PI. ii. The elm has been sacrificed in all parts of the State, during its first settlement, for the sake of its ash. It furnishes not only a large percentage, but it is also rich in alkalies. The elm is a favorite on both continents. It is highly ornamental, and (he wood is useful for many purposes. Like domesticated animals, it seems to have been designed for man in his more civilized state ; and, like them too, it breaks out into numerous varieties, in some of which we have the majestic trunk adorned with a towering, upright or spreading head ; or a trunk profusely decked with slender hmbs, as if covered with twining ivy, and a head profuse in long pendant and waving plumes. In some parts of New-York, especially where meadows skirl a sluggish stream, the White Elm stands unrivalled in height and girth. Its hundred feet to a branch, a girth numbering a score feet or more, mark but a common size. The rich alluvial bottoms are best adapted to the wants of this tree : it there finds an abundance of food and water ; and cis it continues to grow for centuries, it here attains its maximum strength and size, and well deserves the name of the forest monarch. For transplanting, it is recommended by its easy culture and rapid growth, and its ability to adapt itself to any soil or location. The Elm has a wide range of growth. The Saskatchawan, or in Canada at 48° 20' north, to Georgia south, constitute its extreme limits, and so it extends itself from the Atlantic far west. The north and south boundaries of New-York embrace probably the most favorable zone for this tree. The wood of the elm rarely if ever splits very free ; its fibres being too much twisted or interwove with each other, to admit of an easy separation. In consequence, however, of this very fault, it is better adapted to planks for stabling, for ox yokes, and all purposes where lightness and strength are required, and where an easy separation of its fibres would be a damage, as wngon hubs, and large ship blocks. OF THE ASH OF FOREST TREES. 325 10. Hickory (Carya alba) . He wood bad been seasoned during one summer and fall, and greV in tbe valley of tbe Mohawk. Outside sap wood. Inside sap wood. Heart wood. Bark. Potash . 7-472 20-187 12-210 2-340 Soda . 0-084 00S5 0-055 0-125 Chlorine ... . 0-096 0-085 0-065 0-145 Sulphuric acid - - 0-892 4-640 5-260 1-925 Phosphate of peroxide of iron \ Phosphate of lime - ( 14-440 11-450 6-340 5-000 Phosphate of magnesia . ) Carbonic acid - - 29-576 21-405 33-630 33-995 Lime . 38-264 27-695 43-520 51-105 Magnesia - . - . 6-200 8-600 4-000 0-820 Silica . 4-200 6- 150 1-300 4-550 Soluble silica . 0-280 0-010 trace. 0-250 Organic matter • • undetermined. 101-504 S. 100-331 S. 106-390 S. 100-25/5 S. 11. Ieon WOOD {Ostrya virginica) . Sap wood. 1-581 0 025 0-049 0-086 Potash Soda - Chlorine Sulphuric acid Phosphate of peroxide of iron, Phosphate of lime Phosphate of magnesia Carbonic acid Lime - • Magnesia - Silica - Soluble silica Organic matter Heart wood. Wood of twigs. Baik-of tmnk. Bark' of twigs. ► 6-65 36 159 48-791 4-20 0-20 2-853 14-549 0-086 0-098 0-378 23-10 20-139 27-461 4-40 0-40 20-76 2-97 0-25 0-64 35-4 12-22 20-98 5-6 0-4 undetermined. 0-696 0-023 0-04 0-086 5-10 33-853 57-932 1-20 0-25 0-276 2-78 0-405 0-15 0-52 10-55 33-975 48-225 1-00 2-30 99-577 S. 90-611 S. 99-21 S. 99 '456 S. 99-905 S. 326 ANALYSES 12. Black Bi&ch {Betida lento) . Tree ili^hlljr hollow at the base. Diameter eight feet from the base, 17J inches. Mean thickness of the bark, | inch. Number of layers eig-ht feet from the base, 235. Average thickness of each layer, 0-03564 of an inch. Growth quite uniform. From 80 to 85 of (he outside layers were taken for out- side wood : thickness 3} inches. Bull. Hun wood Potash 2-59 7-34 8-26 Soda 1-87 12-93 10-30 Chloride of sodium 0-10 0-12 Sulphuric acid .... 9-537 2-61 412 Carbonic acid . . . . • 37-156 24-06 26-44 Lime ....... 41-446 3114 34-86 Magnesia ...... 2-32 8-0 2-64 Phosphate of peroxide of iron 0-20 1-4 1-40 Phosphate of lime ... 10-20 16-4 19-89 Phosphate of magnesia none. 0-6 0-51 Organic matter .... 0-44 3-2 4-39 Insoluble silica . . . - 0-40 1-6 1-90 Coal 0-30 106-459 109-68 S. 114-82 S. 13. Yellow Birch {Betula excelsd) . Tree sound. Diameter four feet from the base, 21^ inches. Average thickness of the bark, j inch. Num- ber of layers four feet from the base, 184. Average thickness of each layer, 0-0557 of an inch. Bark. Ouuide wood. Heart wood. Potash 0-917 4-237 6-60 Soda . '. - . . 0-643 12-36 9-64 Chloride of sodium - 2-369 0-12 Sulphuric acid . - . 3-021 6-87 1-92 Carbonic acid - . . 33-25 18-857 36-69 Lime .... 48-22 27-50 22-33 Magnesia - . - - 2-40 8-96 9-76 Phosphate of peroxide of iron, a 2-30 1-41 Phosphate of lime • - > 9-70 ) 18-60 16-35 Phosphate of magnesia - ) Organic matter - . - 1-50 5-00 0-80 Insoluble silica - ■ • 1-60 0-90 Coal • - - - • 1>00 0-30 101-94 107-304 104-60 OF THE ASH OF FOREST TREES. 327 14. Bass-wood {Tilia americana) . Tree sound. Mean diameter four feet from the ground, 22 inches. Average thickness of the bark, 1 inch. Age 182 years. About 60 of the outside layers were taken for outside wood, thickness 4| inches; the remaining layers taken for inside wood. Growth uniform. Average thickness of each layer, 0-0549 of an inch. Bark. Outside wood. Heart wood. Bark of twigs. Wood of twigs. Potash .... 1-26 10-12 4-05 1-90 14-55 Soda 12-77 2-88 10-41 9-14 Chloride of sodium 0-24 0-50 0-52 0-15 0-10 Sulphuric acid 0-72 0-88 0-27 4-19 13-34 Carbonic acid 25-38 16-64 17-96 22-84 3-94 Lime . . - 41-92 38-36 45-24 29-56 11-56 Magnesia Phosphate of peroxide of Phosphate of lime - iron, 2-24 0-20 8-50 7-36 1-20 17-95 7-44 1-30 8-96 3-00 0-31 24-77 7-44 0-60 38-92 Phosphate of magnesia Organic matter Insoluble silica 0-30 1-70 4-60 2-60 2-53 210 0-04 2-00 1-40 • 0-72 2-40 0'40 * 1-28 9-61 010 Coal 0-80 99-83 S. 103-12 S. 99-59 S. 100-18 S. 101-44 S. 15. BuTTEBNUT {Juglons cinerea). Tree sound. Diameter three feet from the ground, 2 feet 8 inches; eleven feet from the ground, 1 foot 8 inches. The section for analysis was taken eleven feet from the ground. Average thickness of the bark, J inch. Age 146 years. Between 65 and 70 outside layers were taken for outside wood, thick- ness 4k inches; the remaining inside layers taken for inside wood. Growth of tree more rapid when young. * tJ Bark. Outiide wood. Bean wood. Bark of twigs. Wood of twigs. Potash .... 100 4-42 1-00 0-63 3-28 Soda .... 11-27 5-61 14-82 11-24 14-59 Chloride of sodium 0-15 0-16 0-13 0-03 0-03 Sulphuric acid 0-74 13-33 21-43 5-33 5-36 Carbonic acid 32-12 20-02 4-48 18-92 7-02 Lime .... 37-68 38-98 42-02 24-48 9-08 Magnesia ... 10-08 3-52 4-00 2-22 5-34 Phosphate of peroxide of iron , 0-30 3-40 3-41 0-41 0-50 Phosphate of lime . 2-25 2-20 0-59 29-25 40-39 Phosphate of magnesia . 0-15 0-06 0-28 1-04 1-61 Organic matter 2-80 3-40 3-20 4-41 5-20 Insoluble silica 0-30 4-80 5-40 0-40 0-32 Coal .... 0-80 1-21 Water .... 3-41 98-84 S. 100-20 8. 100-76 S. 99-16 8. 97-34 S. 328 ANALYSES 16. Red Bkech (^Fagus ferruginea). Tr«e a little hollow at the base. Diameter three feet from tlie g^round, 28 inches; fourteen feet from the g^und, 22 inches, sound. Average thickness of the bark, j inch. Section for analysis taken fourteen feet from the ^ound. Age 240 years. Growth quite uniform. Average thickness of each layer, 0-0453 of an inch. Between 60 and 65 outside layers taken for outside wood; the remaining layers for inside wood. Bark. < uuide wood. Heart wood. Bark of twigs. Wood of twigt Potash .... 0-13 12-13 4-04 0-63 11-00 Soda .... 15-58 25-53 4-63 11-79 Chloride of sodium 0-05 0-24 0-14 0-16 Sulphuric acid 0-47 0-62 4-54 14-68 Carbonic acid 40-41 24-39 24-59 18-18 1-79 Lime .... 52-29 31-56 31-82 23-52 2-31 Magnesia ... 0-32 6-44 1-44 3-41 6-08 Phosphate of peroxide of iron, \ < 0-85 0-40 0-41 0-80 Phosphate of lime [l-96. 17-23 22-04 18.89 35-60 Phosphate of magnesia - ) 1 0-93 0-02 0-10 10-89 Organic matter ' 1-86 2-80 3-01 10-50 Insoluble silica 3-30 1-45 1-60 29-00 0-92 Coal .... 1-50 0-31 99-91 S. 111-99 S. 115-14 S. 106 46 S. 106-83 S. 17. Black Cherry {Cerasus serotina). Tree sound. Diameter three feet from the ground, 36 inches; twelve feet from the ground, 301 inches; seventy-two feet from the ground, 24 inches. From base to limbs, 72 feet; whole height, 104 feet. Average thickness of bark, J inch. Number of layers twelve feet from the ground, 227. Average thickness of each layer, 0-06387 of an inch. The tree grew most rapidly during the first 100 years of its life ; for the last 60 years, growth very slow. Bark. Outside wood. Heart wood. Wood of twigs Potash .... 0-07 4-93 5-94 10-12 Soda .... 8-86 14-39 12-28 13-77 Chloride of sodium 0-08 0-12 0-12 0-26 Sulphuric acid 1-91 19-25 2-01 9-76 Carbonic acid ... 26-31 6-76 22-78 10-33 Lime .... 46-99 21-67 19-12 8-19 Magnesia .... 1-16 2-24 0-21 4-24 Phosphate of peroxide of iron, 1-01 1-61 1-90 0-80 Phosphate of lime 5-85 12-70 9-94 25-25 Phosphate of magnesia 0-84 2-44 2-76 1-20 Organic matter 4-01 3-60 6.01 7-20 Insoluble silica ... 1-20 6-80 10-70 1-10 Coal 1-80 1-70 5-20 3-20 Moisture .... 3-40 3-30 100-09 S. 100-60 S. 98-97 S. 98-72 OF THE ASH OF FORES3' TREES. 33& 18. Miscellaneous Analyses. 1. Leaoet of the Iron-wood, collected September 30. Yard of the State House. Silica Eakthy phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 5 "575 Phosphate of lime - - - 0-719 Phosphate of magnesia - - 0'125 Phosphate of silica - - • 7 '325 Phosphoric acid - - - 11 -SSI Lime . . - Magnesia Potash Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter Water Dry matter - Ash PROPORTIONS. 10-500 Ash calculated dry 25-325 37-484 0-075 7-369 5-902 1-900 0-223 10-400 2-850 102-028 S. 54-680 45-320 4-260 9-399 S. 2. ji $pecie» of foreign Rose-wood. Color dark, and much used in ornamental cabinet work. Silica • - - Earthy phosphates Lime ... Magnesia Potash Soda . Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 9-475 4-150 61 189 0-527 0-791 4-185 0-276 0-051 20-205 3-175 100-924 S. [AoBICtJLTUKAL RePOKT — VoL. II.] 42 33U ANALYSES 3. Bark of Maple twigs. Silica - 1-26 Earthy phosphates 18-00 Carbonate of lime 53-35 Magnesia 1-65 Potash 9-45 Soda • 5-71 Sulphuric acid 4-15 Chlorine trace. Organic matter 1-80 95-36 II. FRUIT TREES. 1. Plum {Prunus domestica). Tree cut first of May. Percentage water Percentage dry wood Percentage ash PR0P0RTI0N8. Bark of root. Wood of root. 48-51 51-49 3-12 S. 44-64 55-36 0-24 S. Bark of limba. 27-50 72-50 4-37 S. Wood of limb«. 20 33 79-67 0-38 S. AKAIiTBlS. Plum piu*. Bark of root. Wood of root. Bark of limba. Wood of limba. Potash - ■ 13-92 9-86 j 40-31 8-59 11-63 Soda . 10-08 6-63 19-49 Chloride of sodium m 2-25 4-22 0-103 1-03 0-18 Sulphuric acid - 6-11 5-22 4-64 4-09 20-34 Carbonic acid (not determined). > Lime ... - 23-30 22-74 • 0-17 39-42 8-12 Magnesia - 4-80 0-98 0-20 3-76 6-56 Phosphate of peroxide of iron, ) ( 6-90 1-20 2-30 0-60 Phosphate of lime - - S8-00^ 7-62 31-98 7-50 24-99 Phosphate of magnesia - ) ( 3-28 17-12 trace. 1-16 Organic matter - 6-65 1-76 2-50 1-40 4-60 Insoluble silica - 27-20 21-40 1-80 8-40 0-70 Coal 3-60 0-90 1-60 102-31 S. 94-21 S. 100-923 S 95-98 S. 80-53 S * Thia analysis was made with two grains of aih. OF THE ASH OF FRUIT TREES. 331 2. PiACH (^Amygdala persica). Small seedling peach. Age of the tree, 23 years. Mean diameter, 3J inches. Thickness of bark, \ inch. Growth rather slow. Average thickness of each layer, 0-0699 of an inch. Bark of Wood of Bark of Wood of liCave Bark of Wood of trunk. trunk. root. root. Fits*. limbat. limtwt- Potash - - h.2o| Soda - . i ( 7-11 3-162 8-58 12-4] I 18-47 8-85 19-21 11-15 1-92 15-92 5.21 8-11 Chloride sodium, 0-04 0-16 0-33 5-60 2-70 0-28 0-24 Chloride potassium. 0-36 Sulphuric acid 4*19 1-51 3-44 0-58 12-12 ' 15-12 6-18 8-07 Carbonic acid (not determined). Lime - - 42-17 23-26 38-48 0-11 14-77 16-80 31-98 24-64 Magnesia - 2-16 6-40 2-91 0-01 8-OC 1 1-33 6-00 9-76 Phosph. perox. iron, 0-45 0-32 ) ( 1-02 2-47 1-33 1-60 0-60 Phosphate lime, 18-79 29-19 • 10-40^ 18-10 10-44 I 17-98 8-50 13-20 Phosphate magnesia, 0-01 1-34 ) ( 30-00 3-15 002 0-20 0-20 Organic matter, 3-30 5-20 3-60 2-55 0-86 6-61 5-00 8-40 Insoluble silica, 4-15 1-35 9-40 6-46 6-42 1000 4-30 1-00 Coal 1-40 4-48 100 1-20 109-04 104-97 104-562 89-02 86-85 128-77 99-03 104-99 S. S. S. S. S. S. S. Leaves of the Pkach tree, July 22. Carbonic acid . 13-300 Silicic acid 0-600 Phosphates 9-600 16-220 Lime - Magnesia - • 5-900 Potash - 14-280 Soda . 21-220 Chlorine . 5- 120 Sulphuric acid 4-420 Organic aci ds 7-900 S. 98-560 * Analysis made with two grains of ash. t Peach limbs half an inch in diameter. 332 ' ANALYSES Leaves affected with the yellows. Carbonic acid 13-200 Silicic acid 0-800 Sulphuric acid . - 4-430 Phosphates 11-600 Lime 14-300 Magnesia 6-300 Potash 14-440 Soda - 22-280 Chlorine 4-740 Organic acids 4-300 99-390 S. 3. Apple {Pyrus malus) . ' Sweet apple. Age of the tree, 19 yean. Diameter of section taken for analysis, 6 inches. Thickness of (he bark, J inch. Average thickness of each layer, 0-1447 of an inch. Potash .... Soda .... Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid 'Carbonic acid Lime .... Magnesia ... Phosphate of peroxide of iron, Phosphate of lime Phosphate of magnesia Organic matter Insoluble silica Coal Bark. 0-44 1-53 0-30 38-39 49-56 1.86 2-66 3-60 Outsido wood. 3-288 3-33 0-33 12-21 15-79 16-66 3-52 37-50 3-36 3-20 1-26 0-45 1-26 0-36 104-21 95-528 Heart wood- 2-75 1-62 0-51 22- 17 38-98 2-66 2-93 24-40 3-60 0-20 0-01 99-83 Bark of root. 0-66 11-38 0-10 30-83 1-00 8-72 0-72 6-39 1-80 2-86 0-72 Wood of root. 15-07 21-99 0-11 1-84 11-64 0-16 0-91 13-96 31-35 1-20 1-46 66-18 S. 99-69 S. 4. Rose Trek. Potash . Soda Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid . Lime Magnesia Phosphates Phosphate of iron Organic matter Silica Coal Moisture Dark. 6-12 8-62 20 00 28-79 22-56 2-86 15-30 60 30 40 00 00 Wood. 11-60 6-99 3-00 6-00 15-87 10-46 3-80 31-00 3-00 2-30 0-50 1-00 GF THE ASH OF FRUIT TREES. 333 5. Miscellaneous Analyses. 1. Leaves qf the Lady Jpph, picked May 23. Flower* just fallen. Carbonic acid - . - • - • - - 8*55 Silicic acid - - • - - . • 4*65 Sulphuric acid 10 •12 Phosphates 26-60 Lime . 3-38 Magnesia • . 2*74 Potash 27'17 Soda • - - 11-83 Chlorine 0-79 Organic acids * 3-60 99-43 S. 2. Leaves of the Pear-tree, pitked May 23. Flower* just fallen. Carbonic acid ...... 11-560 Silicic acid ....... 1-760 Phosphates 25-050 Lime -- 4-715 Magnesia 4-500 Potash - . 18-950 Soda 15-190 Sulphuric acid, chlorine and organic acids not determinedt 81-715 S. 3. Leaves of the Oxheart Cherry, picked May 23. Rowers just fallen. Carbonic acid 11-450 Silicic acid 1 -850 Phosphates 26-650 Lime 3-941 Magnesia ....... 3-465 Potash 23-757 Soda 12-365 Sulphuric acid, chlorine and organic acids not determined. 83-478 S. 334 MISCELLANEOU8 ANALYSES. 4. Leaves of the Early Harnett jipple, collected September 30. Bearing fruit. Silica Earthy phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron - 4 '875 Phosphate of lime ... 1"416 Phosphate of magnesia • '• trace. Silica 5-125 Phosphoric acid - . - - 5 '359 5-775 Liine • Magnesia Potash • Soda • Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter Water - Dry - Ash Calculated dry rm»poRTroiw. Zitaves qf the Bergamot Pear, collected September 30. SUica Earthy phosphates : Phosphate of peroxide of iron • 4-600 Phosphate of lime ... 7-559 Phosphate of magnesia - - 0-660 Silica 0-450 Phosphoric acid •- - - - 3-781 - 16-776 36-398 0-076 13-179 11-616 0-060 0-137 16-200 2-860 101-065 S. 54-341 45-659 4-194 9-163 S. Bearing fruit. 4-250 Lime - Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chlorine Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter 16-560 39-853 6-920 8-793 Water - Dry Ash Calculated dry pioroiTioin. 0-554 4-464 17-125 3-000 100-509 S. 56-138 43-862 3-260 7-614 S. MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. 335 6. Leaves of the Large Yellow Spanish Cherry, collected September SO. Silica ... Phosphates - Lime . . . Magnesia Potash - Soda - . . Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Organic matter Water - Dry Ash Calculated dry rSOPOXTIOMS. 4-225 37-175 21-957 3-195 13-948 1-657 0-410 10-260 7-650 100-577 S. 58-628 41-372 3-434 8-300 S. 7. Leaves qf the Catawba Grape, collected September 30. Fruit abundant. Silica .... Earthy phosphates : Phosphate of iron Phosphate of lime Phosphate of magnesia Silica Phosphoric acid * 23-150 6-750 11-648 0-150 4-050 6-152 Lime . - . Magnesia Potash - Soda - Chloride of sodium Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Organic matter Water - Dry Ash Calculated dry PROPOilTtaKS - 28-750 26-258 5-330 1-710 2-983 0-305 1-426 8-900 3-450 102-262 S. 11-169 28-831 2-282 7-915 S. 336 MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. 8. Ltaot* of the Catatoba Grapt, picked June 2. Nearly full gfrown. Carbonic acid .... 3-050 Silicic acid .... 29-650 Sulpharic acid - 2062 Phosphates - . 32-950 Lime , • . 4-391 Magnesia .... 1-740 Potash -.-.... 13-394 Soda - . 9-698 Chlorine . 0-741 Organic acids - 2-260 99-926 S. 9. /Vu it of the Black fValnut. Rind. Shell. Meal. Silica - 1-35 C )-40 1-85 Earthy phosphates 15-60 18-60 40-95 Carbonate of lime 23-75 5-60 0-10 Magnesia 1-55 0 •10 trace. Potash 41-43 47 '•00 22-99 Soda 7-12 10-21 4-98 Sulphuric acid 2.65 9-84 11-05 Chlorine 1-60 2-15 trace. Organic matter 1-30 t i-40 5-00 Alkaline phosphates 910 96-35 99-20 96-02 10. Ourrant leaves and flowers. Two hundred grains of the leaves gave 4-00 grs. of ash, and the same weight of the flowers gave 2-95 of ash ; but the analysis was not finished. The leaves are particularly rich in soda and the phosphates. The analysis of the flowers was undertake* for the pur- pose of determining the amount of silica, an element which I have found rather abundant in floral organs, particularly the petals. In the ash of the blossom of the currant I found 9 per centum of silica, and 28 per centum of potash, a result which indicates the predomi- nance of potash rather than soda in these organs. N. B. It is due me to state, that in the following analyses having my initial, in the two preceding sheets, the carbonic acid was not obtained, viz : Analyses of the Hemlock and Sugar Maple, page 319; those of the Red Elm, p. 323 ; those of the Hickory, p. 325 ; those of the Black Birch, p. 320 ; and those of the Red Birch; p. 328. These are the only cases, in my analysis, where the carbonic acid is inserted without being actually determined : it was retained in these instances through mistake. In the following analyses having my initial, in the present sheet, the carbonic acid yiaa not determined, and is uot inserted, viz : Analyses of^e Plum, p. 330; those of the Peach, top of p. 331 ; and of the root of the Apple tree, p. 332. J. H. Sausbuky. MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSES. 337 ANALYSES OF THE ASH OF THE LEAVES, BARK AND WOOD OF THE CORNUS Carbonic acid SiJicic acid Phosphates Sulphuric acid Lime Magnesia Potash - Soda Chlorine Organic acids FLORIDA. • 3E Hand Smith, of Rochester. . Leaves. Bark. Wood. 17-250 17-479 15-396 4-850 4-785 6-200 24-850 18-500 31-850 3-050 1-750 1-925 33-493 44-470 21-391 1-240 1-150 0-450 5-561 1-390 11-373 6-820 4-370 5116 0-627 0-246 0-444 2-150 4-860 4-835 99-892 99-000 98-980 OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRECEDING ANALYSES. It is obvious from the foregoing analyses of the ash of fruit and forest trees, that a large supply of inorganic matter is essential to a vigorous growth. In fruit frees this is particu- larly the case. These enjoy, in a far less degree, the power to recruit themselves from a supply by their own waste or debris. In a forest, the leaves and bark fall to the ground and decay, and in due time return to that state which fits them for food. In an orchard, however, the usual mode of managing the grounds prevents an accumulation of food in this way. Hence they are placed in the same position as other crops, as to their effect in removing the nutriment from the soil ; and hence it is essential to their vigor, that a regular supply be furnished them. The substances which trees require are evidently calcareous and alkaline elements for the wood, and phosphatic and alkaline elements for the fruit. Lime exists in a large percentage in the bark. A compost of peat, lime and wood ashes, or the ordinary barnyard manures, will be always useful ; and a large outlay in these matters will repay the expense in the quality and size of the fruit. Ample experience proves the great utility of this mode of treating fruit trees ; and fruit trees which are neglected, and left to shift for themselves, will in time cease to grow, and will moreover be preyed upon by lichens and fungi. [AOKICULTUHAL RkPOBT — VoL. U.] 43 338 BEST TIME FOR CUTTING TIMBER. THE BEST TIME FOR CUTTING TIMBER, &c. Experience has proved that trees for limber, if cut at one season of the year, are far more durable than if cut at another. Various reasons have been suggested why this is so, and it is not perhaps yet fully determined ; still, as the time which experience has pointed out as the best for durability is during the autumn, it is generally supposed that this property is modified by the amount of sap in the trunk, and the maturity of the wood itself. In the spring, or at any early period of it, the trunk of most trees is pressed with the ascending sap. The leaves as yet kre still folded in the bud, and the surfaces for exhalation are only suflicient to carry off very slowly the watery part of the sap. Even after the leaves have expanded, or until mid-summer has arrived, the tree abounds in juices. When, however, the dry and sultry summer has arrived, and the new wood and buds have been matured and formed, the watery part of the sap is mostly exhaled, and probably too the circulation is less active as the leaves become sere. It is stated by Mr. Emerson, autiior of the valuable report on the trees and shrubs of Massachusetts, that the soft maple cut in September is three tiises more lasting than ash or walnut cut in the winter ; and from numerous inquiries which he has made in various quarters, and from information obtained from reliable sources, it seems he has established the fact that autumn is the time for cutting timber. When it is determined to cut timber, it is of considerable importance to strip off the bark in the spring, that the body of the tree may dry during the summer. When, however, it is an object to reproduce a forest from the remaining stumps, the winter, or the very first of spring, is much more favorable to the growth of sprouts. There are then two seasons for cutting wood : if it is expected to last, it must be cut the last of summer, or during the early part of autumn ; if it is wished to clothe the surface with a new growth of trees, the cutting must be made late in winter. It is, however, possible to modify these arrangements : if, for example, the wood is designed for timber, if it is deprived of its bark in tiie spring, it may be allowed to stand and season till winter arrives, which is a period when farmers have less to do than in the summer or autumn. In seasoning, wood retains an amount of water which may be regarded as its constitu- tional supply. This constitutional water is very important; for, upon its presence some of the most valuable properties of the wood depend. I refer to elasticity and strength. If wood, for example, is dried in a water bath at 212° till it ceases to lose weight, its elasticity and strength is very much diminished. Hickory, when dried in this way becomes as brittle as pine. In ordinary seasoning, or in steaming, I believe the strength of wood is not diminished. This observation may not be of much practical importance, as this last plan of seasoning is rarely followed. The amount of water varies, as will be observed, in different species of trees, as well as in herbacfous plants. BEST TIME yOR CUTTING TIMBER. 339 In another point of view, the amount of water is important to be known, for the dif- ference between taking green and dry wood to market, as well as in its consuming, is very great ; and so also, as ample experience proves, there is a material difference in burning green and dry wood. The quantity of water in the wood varies from 20 to 50 per centum, and probably the average amount will not differ much from 36 or 40 per centum. This water is not only of no use to the fire-wood, but it is prejudicial, as it must be dissipated by heat, in which act heat or caloric becomes latent and lost, especially if the wood is consumed upon a hearth or in a stove. In addition to the effect of water in diminishing the combustibility of wood, the alkalies have also considerable influence of this kind. Elm, which is a potash wood, burns with less freedom than hickory, which contains much lime. It is, however, possible that the size of the pores of wood may modify its combustibility. Black oak is a notable instance of a slow and drizzling combustion : the pores are large and numerous, from which the watery sap continually oozes. 340 ANALYSES OF SALT. ADDITION TO CHAPTER VIII. Analysis of several specimens of Salina salt, made for the purpose of com- paring its purity with that of foreign salt ; together with an analysis of the waste of the sediment, for the purpose of determining its value for manure. 1. Coarse sola?- salt obtained from a store in Mhany. Chloride of sodium (pure salt) - - • 92 980 Carbonate of lime 0010 Sulphate of lime 1-315 Sulphate of magnesia . . . - . 0-035 Sulphuric acid 0 669 ♦95019 2. Refined salt for the use of the dairy. 1. W. H. PoHTBR's brand. Chloride of sodium • - <• - - 97-466 Silica 0010 Sulphate of lime 1-799 Lime .- 0058 Magnesia 0-082 99-416 < 2. J. P. Haskin'b brand. Chloride of sodium 95-819 Silica 0-020 Sulphate of lime 1-753 Lime 0-043 Magnesia - - 0-074 Water 1-190 98-899 « 3. Brand of H. Greknman & Co., and of H. W. Nolton & Co. which is substantially the sam«. Chloride of sodium 95-113 Sulphate of lime 0-402 Magnesia 0-120 Water --.-.-.. 1500 97-136 ANALYSES OF SALT. 341 4. Smith's refined dairy gait. Chloride of sodium Chloride of magnesium Sulphate of lime - Insoluble matter Water .... 98 -836 0-139 0-375 trace. 0-500 99-900 This is probably as pure a manufacture as can be obtained. Taking out the water, there is but a trifle over one half per centum of what may be regarded as impurities ; which amount, in reality, can have no prejudicial influence as a preserver of organic bodies. The main or most important quality is dryness, inasmuch as the power of salt to take from meat a part of its constitutional water depends upon this quality. 3. Analysis of the waste called Pan-scale. Chloride of sodium 73*922 Chloride of lime 7-469 Chloride of magnesia ..... 1-683 Sulphate of lime - - - - - - 12-369 Silica 0-200 Organic matter ...... 1-500 97-143 It is evident from this analysis, that the waste of the salt-works, if this specimen is a fair example, is very valuable as a fertilizer, and hence ought to be saved. Indeed it seems that it might be redissolved, and the pure salt extracted. If used for a manure, it can be transported farther than gypsum, inasmuch as its composition is more valuable. It is a matter of great importance to the farmers of New- York, to know that their own salt-works furnish a material equal to any in market, for curing meat and butter, and for other domestic purposes. It is evident from the foregoing analyses, which were imdertaken at the request of the Secretary of the New- York State Agricultural Sociery, that the salt of Salina contains no substance injurious to dairying purposes. The only source of danger is that the salt may be damp. Wet salt is entirely unsuitable for preserving animal substances ; inasmuch as the principal operation of salt, as a preserver, is due to its power of absorbing water from the material to be preserved. Hence salt should be always thoroughly dried. If this rule is observed, in every case where it is doubtful as it regards the Onondaga salt of the brands given above, let it be dried. I may state that an individual has used this salt for 30 years in packing meat, without having in any ceise a spoilt barrel ; and being a merchant, extensive experience in this way is certainly suflScient testimony to place the Onondaga salt with the best in market, for private and public purposes. CONCLUSION. The first volume relating to the agriculture of New- York treats of the soils and the constitution of the rocks, and their relations to each other. It was designed to prepare the way for the present volume. Although it is perhaps as full as could be expected, still much at this time might be done to improve it and render it more useful, or at least better adapted to the wants of farmers. The statistics of agriculture are mostly omitted; and when introduced, it was for the purpose of comparing premium crops grown upon different soils, and in different parts of the State. This volume contains too much, perhaps, which relates to geology proper, but which was introduced for the purpose of giving an epitome of what was known upon the subject, this information being spread over the four volumes prepared by the gentlemen who had charge of this department of the Survey. In the part relating mostly to geology, I introduced an extended account of the Taconic System. I felt justified in this course, for the reason that in this State these rocks present a highly important feature in its geology. It is not an inconsiderable part of the State over which these rocks prevail, and hence as a geological fact the existence of this system could not be passed over by one who was well satisfied as to his position ; and although this position might be discredited, and a reputation for sagacity might be hazarded by a committal as to the fact, still I should not have felt justified in the mere statement of a conjecture or possibility. It is, however, proper to state, for the benefit of those persons who are unacquainted with the controversy upon this subject, that geologists are still divided upon the fact. Among those who have been the most strenuous in opposition to it, is my colleague Mr. James Hall ; as he has made it the subject of remark in his volume of Palaeontology, and has opposed the views which I maintained in the volume referred to, on the ground that the fossils which I there described were those which are common to (he Hudson-river group, I deem it a duty I owe to myself to say that a committee of the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists has reported adversely to Mr. Hall's position. This removes thus far the supposed or theoretical objections to my views, and favors the position I had taken as it regards the reality of this ancient system of sedimentary rocks. Other assumptions in the volume of Palaeontology would be noticed here, were it not that I propose to resume the subject at a future time. This volume, it is hoped, contains matter of a practical kind, in a form which has not been before accessible to the farmers of this country. The analyses, though numerous, have been conducted with as much care as it was possible to bestow ; and I may state that all the weighmgs of products, without exception, have been to the hundredth of a grain. CONCLUSION. 343 The volume contains original analyses ; and the composition of most of these substances had not been previously investigated in this country, except to a very limited extent. In preparing the work for publication, I could not feel satisfied with giving the results of others ; although they may have been obtained by chemists before whom I could. lay no claim to distinction, still our own soils and grains, our own products, were the ones which required this kind of labor. This view of the subject has always been entertained by my- self; and though I felt an interest in the analyses which have been made in Europe, still they do not, as it appears to me, give that full information which we want. I have been, as will be seen, influenced by this view of the subject in taking up for analysis so many kinds of food, and other productions of the earth, and attempting thereby to furnish that kind of information which seemed so important respecting their composition, I have not attempted to deduce, from these analyses, all the inferences which may clearly be drawn from them. Hence they stand more as facts, which may be used in various ways for illustrating the economy of the vegetable kingdom. APPENDIX. TEMPERATURE OF THE SOIL, AS INDICATED BY A SERIES OF OBSERVATIONS AT ALBANY, N. Y., FOR TWENTY MONTHS, BEGINNING WITH MAY, 1847, AND ENDING WITH DECEMBER 1848. The importance of determining terrestrial temperature is felt more and more as advances are made in scientific agriculture and gardening. We have no space here for general observa- tions on the utility of the subject. Albany is in latitude 42 deg. 39 min. The observed mean temperature of the place is 48 deg. 47 min., at an elevation of 130 feet above tide. The elevation of the place where the follovnng observations were made is about 100 feet above tide, in the open space in the rear of the old State House, where the morning sun shines early, and continues till the after part of the day, when the spot is shaded by the walls upon the west side of the area. [Agricultural Rep. Vol. II.— App.j OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. MAY. OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock rj. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. s II "■^ > n 2 o II DAT or MONTH. lull- i 1 ■a S U c < 1^ d 1 II 'J 'J i 1 ll < a-3 5 » 51 1 i ■a .9 1 4.3 .... 42 .... N. 56 1.... 47 N. s. 53 .50 8. W. 2 3 41 44 46 4.'> 8. W. 45 53 46 46 8. N.W 53 47 N.W. N.W. 46 48 46 48 8. N.W. 4 39 A.') W. 58 47 W. 60 49 N.W. m 50 N.W. 5 40 47 w. fff 48 W. 67 49 N.W. 61 51 N.W. 6 43 48 . . . * N.W 69 49 N.W 68 54 N.W. 62 53 N. 7 45 51 W. 73 52 N. 72 54 V ^xr 66 55 N.W. 1 Mean, 39J 4fi 59i 93 47^ 5? 6'> 50' V?' 50 Highest, Lowest, .... 48 ... 72 54 66 55 40 .... 'f 66 46 62 47 46 46 • •••,.... "'•''*'*"' >••• ...... 1 Observations. — 1. Morningclear. Afternoon few thin clouds. 2. Cloudy. Rainy. Moderate breeze. 3. Morn- ing rainy. Afternoon thick clouds. Stiff n. w. breeze. 4. Heavy dew. Afternoon few clouds. Stiff n. w. breeze. 5. Heavy dew. Few clouds. Slight breeze. 6. Morningclear. Heavy dew. Afternoon few clouds. Moderate breeze. 7. Morning clear. Smoky. Heavy dew. Afternoon few clouds. Slight breeze. OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. .•.■a SM >i. 9 tdt >t o (DAT or > It 2^ > o 1! OS 2 ■gS. > O ° a ■s- > 1. 1- "1 MONTH. w « ll IS fa, 1? 0, « ft II |2 -g" 1^ fl " — 0) c < ■- 4, s .« a> 3 "g il '1 a •3 a •Is a I '6 a 9 • < >• • • * • N.W. 73 62 58 . •• • 8. 74 65 58^ S. W. 68 62 59 8. W. 11 68 67 57 67 ....8. W. 74 62 58 . > < • 8. W. 754 62 68 • . . • 8. 69 64 62 8. 12 56 66 67 56 • • ■ • 6. 72 62^ 62 • < > • S. 69 65 60 . ... E. 66 63 59(| N. 13 63 55 69 49 .... N. 70 63 62 N. 72 65 68 N. 64 62 60 N. Mean 53;i S ^i 63j .... 69i| 60j 67? .... 71 ^3 ^3 ^^ i\^ ^4 Highest, .... Lowest, .... 58 52 57 59 634 93 67 49 .... 74 68 63 56i b2 53 . . . • 62 65 57 bO 54 . . . . 69 60 64 57 62 54 Ubservations. — 8. Cloudy. Commence^ raining at 5a. ni., and continued till 11 a. m. Afiernoon cloudy. Mo ■0 i, Xl Ci J3 W .C « .a (i> A » « loi^ £,2 « 01,2 v,5 V «t2 aj«2 « s..« c ij: t. js t. V . J= b .rt O 3 , u 3 a ,^ <2 0 3 u 3 "Z la " c » V, c « c « a « I c 00 a « 0 « OD « p 3 « ^ o» m . ^ m . (» 14 53 55 80 64 57 79 68 57 64 63 58 Heavy dew. Few thin cloutls. Soil dry. 15 42 53 55 72 62 57 80 70 60 65 63 59 Heavy dew. Few thin clouds. Smoky. 16 46 53 55 74 66 58 75 67 62 62 62 59 Clear. Smoky. Slight breeze. 17 41 49 53 76 65 67 88 73 58 66 65J 58i Few thin elds. Smoliy. Sliglit breeze. Horse chefciiut in flo. 18 ^^i 55 56 66 60 57 68 62 58 58 58 56) Morn, few thin elds. Smoky Afternoon cldv. .Stiffn br'ze. 19 52j 55 55 72 60 56 75 61 57 64 584 5;4 Forenoon cidy Rainy. Afternoon few elds. Soil wet 1 in d'p. 20 47 1 53 55 80 64 59 78 77 58 64 63 58 Clear. N. breeze. Smoky. 21 50 54 56 77 58 60 62 .tO Clear. Smoke. Strong S. breeze. 22 53 55 56 62 J 1 57 56 63 55 57 Cloudy. Strong S. wind. Slight sprinkle. Mean, .... 48 534 55 i 85 82J 57 "i 693 59? 62j{ 61 67? Highest, . 53 55 56 1 80 66 59 86 77 62 66 65 59 Lowest,.. 41 49 53 ! 64 62 56 68 61 £8 58 58 57 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. " *" DAY or MONTH. 6 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. 5: ll "J 5 |S II "J a d '1 i > 0 « . < as V ■s a 1- si "J i •3 a > 0 II 5 !^ II si U u S-3 si — » C U i > < §■5 a " ctrs — a, cd w .5 V •■2 D 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 48 46 47 45 54 50 48 56 54 44 44 44 42) 53J 51 47 52 64 40 40 43 42 63J 51 •56 524 53i 40 40 N. N.vr 9.W 70 71 74 70 75 65 70 71 70 74 71 65 66 72 N. Pf.W S.W. 8, K. N, N. S. s. 73 75 74 73 61 66) 72 74 74 74 74 744 61 664 72 75 72 72 73 N. N.W S.W. S, N. N. N. S. s. 68 69 66 70 66 59 67 65 63 65 66) 63 64 56 58) 59 67 66 N. N.W S.W s. N. N. N. S. s. 68 71 70J 64 62 '45' 53 WW S.W 8. 58 62 52 62 62 62 492 484 56 53 41 44 47? 66 40 681 74 66 68 74 62 67 71 en 61 75 61 71 75 61 72S 73 65 70 56 62) 68 56 61 64 58 Hig'hest, ' . ... • . . • 1' - OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. MAY. DAT OF MONTH. OBSE&VATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS. 5 o'clock a m 12 o'clock m 3 o'clock p m 7o'clookpiD 1 o li o u at 1 o || s 5> a ft 0 if B 1 1- 3> Surface. 4 inches below surface. 9 inches below surface. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 67 69 68 61 43 41 634 54 48 56 58 58 61 49 54 57 55 52 56 57 57 60 54 56 58 58 .8 65 72 88 59 66 74 78 57 58 59 64 69 58 58 63 66 67 56 57 58 66 58 56 58 62 58 65 64i 60 86 70 81 91 66 64 70 61 71 72 68 60 62 58 58 62 Ri 62 66 'eo' 704 70 66 52 60 61i 68 67 61 66 68 68 54 68 60 62 58 58 63 63 58 54 Cloudy, rf. h'eeze Mom. flight sliAWer. Soil wet 1 in deep. Cloudy. Slighi «hower«. Leaves and twigs of apple trees commenct^ dying at Syracuse. Moining cloudy. Slight shoA'ers. Aflernoon few heavy clouds. Morning cloudy. Slight showers Artern'ion few clouds. Heavy dew. Few clouds Slight breeze. Heavy dew. Few thin clouds Slight breeze. Heavy dew. Few clouds. Soil in irood working order. Morning cloudy. N. breeze. Afternoon few thin clouds. Morning few clouds. Aflernoon cloudy. Rainy. Soil wet at 7 p. ni 2 inches deep. r 58J 54 58 65 58 64 Mean, 521 Highest, 61 Lowest. 43 554 ^l 61 60 49 54 68j 88 57 61i 65 66 68j 66* M ^^ 86 56 64j 70' 56 68| 62, 62 70 64 52 68* 64 59, 63 54 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 6 o'clock A. M. 12 o'clock M. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. e - 1 e ■« l».-= *■« S.TJ'iJ'a > bov so bov lam » > o bov so bov Ian ^ 1^1^ DAY OF MONTH. f B •go^ to ^•s s«- 5» 3 Ba a« &'Z S. » -S »- •2 S .5 c\a «r :- ^ ' • 67 8. 7fi 78 62 S.VC 75 77 72 ••••S.W 71 66 62 S.W 26 64 63 62 68 8- 64 .W 54 ....1 8. 66 60 60 .... s.w 53 51 66 S.W 27 44 42 42 40 8. 66 64 64 .... S.E. 79 70 68 jl ....'s.E. 62 60 68 S.E. 28 .W 48 474 46 S.F.. 74 74 72 .... S.E. 80 80 78 Is.E. 74 69 67 S.E. 29 m 49 63 .->?. 52 N 78 78 77 .... .. . . * • * • > > • t • • ■ .... .... 74 70 68 N. 30 60 48 48 N 65 .55 .55 N. 67 56 56 .... S.E. 66 64 58 S.E. 31 48 j 46 4fJ 45 N.E 56 66 86 52 S. 54 1 62 51 |52 S.E. 52 51 53 ba N.E Mean 54; 53jl 62j 64 63 62 1 652 657 64J 78 78 77 66J 65.1 80 80 64S 78 63i 74 607 70* ^4 67 Highest, i""i::" LoweM, 44 46 46j....|.... .... 64 54 54 .... .... 54 m. 01 .... ....152 51 63 .... .... OBSEIIVATIONS ON SOILS. JUNE. DAT or OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'cl'k a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. m. 7 o'cl'k p. m. 5 o'cl'k a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. m. 7 o'cl'k p. m. 1 u 5 0 ^ S 9 Cm 5 s ^ s u b( u U u CD OQ 00 * ^ > > » ^ * ^ s S ^ ^ s & K ^ o o o o O 0 3 o o o o O S S »»<«<' * S a d) 2 S » V V v » » 3 »■- V S-2 II V ?^ S>2 « "Z^ » S^ 2"2 6 6 »«2 £11 U t^ ti i ^ j3 1 J3 £ S a U B M ^ 1 J3 ^ Si a JS § 1 1 a s 09 a> *J« 3> CO ^ » an ^ m u ^ |a. I aa •3' |o) m Tf 35 <* CJ> ^ a> 1 62 54 56 69 63 57 67 63 58 63 63 58 sa 53 64 68 69 55 68 m 57 63 6? 58 2 57 58 68 81 65 58 76 70 62 62 64 61 56 56 56 74 64 68 80 69 69 60 64 60 3 52 57 56 74 67 60 66 65 60 64 64 61 51 54 56 74 64 58 66 Ki 58 R:^ 6'^ •it 4 60 60 60 73 64 60 76 68 60 62 63 60 59 58 58 73 62 59 80 67 fiO 62, 62 60 5 53 57 58 77 62 60 74 70 61 61 64 61 50 54 58 69 59 58 77 66 fiO 68 62 59 6 54 58 69 ri 66 60 75 66 60 64 65 60 52 54 57 71 66 59 75 67 59 64 64 69 7 54 59 1 60 75 63 60 75 72 64 64 68 65 50 55 57 76 62 61 80 70 64 64 63 62 Mean, . . ^ 571 58 743! 64J 59j 72^ 67? 60ji 62 j 64i 60f 523 543 56S 72S 63? 58} 75S 66} 59J 62 62? 69if Highest 60 60 60 81 67 60 76 72 64 64 68 65 59 58 58 76 69 61 80 70 64 64 64 62 Lowest,! 52 54 1 55 69 > 62 57 66 63 58 1 61 1 63 68 50 53 54 68 59 65 1 66 63 67 58 1 62 58 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAT or MONTH. 6 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. « II 1 o o ■2 " 1 u s o 1;§ II CD cn ft) rt i > 5S "•3 S 5 Si < S.n- = nT OC s« SiJ t^ Hi- iJoT |-2 ,y«- .Si -1 -1 a 1 -j 1' .s -■• -1 '1 1 t ^ '■5 Is '1 B 'I ■a .3 'I (3 1 aa 1 52 .W. ....1 52 8. E. &1 1 66 64 S. 68 68 68 S. 66 64 64 S. E. 2 3 58! 57 52 49 57 49 W. W- 68 71 70 70 69 70 S. W s. 69 68 70 66 69 66 s. w. s. 64 66 60 65 58 64 S. W. s. 49 4 60 ! 60 61 58 8. W. 70 69 69 3. W 70 70 70 w. 62 62 62 N.W. 5 6 48 fa N. N.W. 64 68 63 68 63 68 8. W N. 66 74 66 72 65 70 w. 66 67 64 55 62 N.W. W. M 6? 62 ....N.W. 7 52 49 48 48 N. 73 74 74 E. 74 76 74 .... E. 68 64 64 s. Mean, Highest, . . . Lowest,.... 53J 52} en 1 en" 521 48 663' fi7 66j 7? 63 69^ 74 66 69| 76 66 683 74 66 64J 68° 56 62 66 65 61i 64 55 " " ... . 2x« 73 64 74 63 SO 149 .... .... Obsebtations — 1. Morning cloudy. Slight shower. Soil wet 4 inches deep. Occasional sunshine during day. Slieht wind 2 Morning cloudy. A fine thunder shower last night. Soil very wet. At 7 p. m. clear moderate breeze 3 Morning few clouds. Afternoon cloudy. Moderate wind. 4. Morning cloudy. Rainy. Soil wet 9 inches deep Afternoon few clouds. Warm. The leaves of the Button wood (Platanus occidentalis) begin to die "^ '^-"• floating clouds. Slight breeze. Pleasant. 6. Few floating clouds. Moderate breeze. Pleasant. Dew. "" of the Thorn bush (Crattegus coccinea) begin to die. 7. Clear. Slight breeze. Warm. Light dew. Few The leaves UBSEKVATIONS ON SOILS. JUNE. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS OH JTAXED SOIL. fto'eloeka.in 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock a m 7 o'clock pm 5 o'clock pm 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p m DAT or » ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft MONTH. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o is si V . V . ^ . U . : V . V . V . cv e> « .a « £ « a c a « f « X> V a V a « a V » tS v 3^ sJ u S^ V DC ^ sJ « sJ V sJ sJ V SJi£,S V %l ^ £ ^ £ w •C ^ 1 •c ^ •C ^ A ^ x: ^ iJ3 t« o « "- j= t- c Sic gi a " 3'" 3 5 g^ ^'^ J* " 3 igii " 3 Sii f, §s f^i^ 1 U =» c 3 a «lc " 5 65 64 68 66 64 69 66 63 67 66 63 12 60 eii 62 M 62 62 73 66 62 62 &t 63 58 58 60 63 60 60 Vi 66 60 59 as 62 13 56 68 69 T7 70 66 78 70 66 66 66 64 52 55 .08 77 67 R3 78 68 R3 66 64 61 14 62 62 63 73 65 63 69 67 63 60 65 63 61 60 60 71 64 61 70 66 62 60 64 62 Mean,.. 61 60 60f 69 66 64( 693 65 62 J 67 65* U\ 59^ 59? 60 72 65 63| 73J 78 62? 65 65| m Hi|:hest 68 66 65 1 77 71 67 83 72 66 72 72 64 68 65 W 85 74 70 84 73 70 72 72 66 Lowest. 56 68 59 1 65 62 62 65 66 62 62 64 63 62 66 68 63 60 69 67 61 60 60 63 61 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 6 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. • .•= 1 « •= •."3 «'a' «.-! (11 •a J) — »-3 o Sio a « ss SS e o « ss » SS DAT or MOKTH. > 1. 1.- -1 «9 n o £i5 ^. S2 111 = 1!? II j= bo II a be B 0) II a ^ «3 c < il ft (3 5 *3 c < ^1 Is 0 -I •3 < t-i II s 1 t ? < -1 1^ a 'I c 8 60 .56 58 .58 57 8. 74 73 83 8. 68 67 66 63 s. 66- 65 64 62 1 8. 9 10 11 12 13 68 71 68 59 .54 58 70 68 58 .54 57 70 68 68 64 8. 8. 8. 8.W 8. 67 82 70 69 76 67 84 68 59 74 68 82 68 59 76 S.E. S. S. w. 8. 74 81 70 65 74 76 82 70 67 75 72 81 70 65 75 .... s. 8. 8. W. 8. 71 70 68 60 66 71 76 68 60 66 71 75 68 59 66 ....1 a. '67" 64' 8. 8. W. 8. 63 14 62 61 61 .... S.E. 66 67 67 8. 65 71 66 8? 66 70* 81 62 W. 56 56 56 .... W. M fl* 60J 70" 64 60J 70 69 70 70| 8? 6'i 66 6'i , 82 84 8) 71 76 71 Lowest, 64 54 .... 59 69 69 . . . . 66 66 65 .... .... 56 56 56 .... .... Obsebtations. — 8. Cloudy in forenoon. Afternoon showery. South wind. 9. Night rainy. Forenoon cloudy. Strong 8. wind. Afternoon few clouds. Moderate breeze. The leaves of the Iron wood (Ostrya virginica) and Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) begin to die near Albany. 10. Few clouds. Strong S. breeze. 11. Cloudy. Strong 8. breeze. Towards night showery. The leaves and small twigs of Apple, Pear and Quince begin to die near Al- bany. 12. Forenoon cloudy. Towards night clear. Moderate breeze. 13. Morning clear. Moderate dew. After- noon cloudy at 7 p. m. Slight shower. 14. Showery during night. Heavy thunder ihower about 2 p. m. At 7 p. m. thick clouds. Strong W. breeze. Cool. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. JUNE. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 6 o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 7 o*clk p. m. 3 o'clk p. m. 5 o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p. m. U ti lu 111 u fc4 U, Ul It J^, u b4 u ^ 3 3 3 s d a s 3 d 3 3 PAT 01 so OD (A a » « OD MONTH. t» > » » » i ^ fe * S S & S S ^ ^ o . O . O . o . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 , 0 . ■°8 13 4) ^ 2| •3 V II I| Is II II -3^ II "3 « II «- ««- .^* ^•2 .• « r,'- , »■- rr.- . Y,"- ^"" m^ m**- rr,*- V V V 0) V v V V « V a> .« " « .,« J3 u ■a g .^ 0 ,^ 0 J5 u .« .a 0 0 ,s. J3 .S 0 j3 0 ki U, 3 c 3 9 3 "^ m ^ OS CO TP OS OD Kj" OS * 03 •ai tai 1 so 'T o> CO '^ OS m ■^ OS M kj* OS 15 66 57 60 56 68 69 56 58 58 55 57 58 50 54 59 55 55 56 63 55 57 .52 53 56 16 Vl "t^ 57 76 64 "W W 62 60 50 ')? 66 74 6(1 56 57 60 58 17 18 56 66 57 60 59 61 78 74 64 66 61 62 74 78 70 72 62 66 'ee' 'ct* 'es' 52 63 64 66 56 59 74 71 60 as 58 69 80 83 73 75 59 60 65 66 K^ 19 61 62 62 62 62 61 61 64 61 59 60 61 60 60 60 61 60 60 60 60 60 58 59 60 !» 62 60 1 60 68 63 62 66 64 62 64 64 62 60 58 58 68 64 60 66 64 60 64 64 61 21 62 62. 61 73 68 62. 68 67 64 61 61 60 73 70 64 68 68 63 22 64 64 62 70 68 64 82 72 63 70 70 66 64 62 62 70 64 62 82 73 65 69 70 64 Mean,.. ss-t 59} 60,' 604 56jf 831 61.' 68* 54i 65 55 Mi 56^' 571 58? 59* 53? 51S 62^ 88? 53S 54(5 55 53(5 HiphesI 64 64 62 78 68 64 82 72 65 70 70 66 64 62 62 74 68 62 Ki 75 m 69 70 64 Lowest, 53 55 57!56|58l58l56)58i58l55 57 68 50 53 66 56 66 56 l53 56 57 52 53 56 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. b »._; ».^ « « • 5;-2 >i > >i 0 5S = ti ° ° S ^ 0 ° 2 1! DAT or •3 ^^rS^ ■3 0^ ij ^^ ^ ^^ MONTH. ** * si w 2 "3 " £•2 II f be 1° 5 .s cT'.s 0 3 9,7 y« S,r t!» u. ? Se- .y oT c OS a e i ■5 1 "1 a ? -1 8 3 15 16 17 48 53 54 48 53 48 63 53 .... .... w. w. N. 52 66 70 62 67 72 52 66 72 .... w. S. w. N. E. 62 52 52 .... W. 51 60 61 59 51 59 .... w. w. 52 .... 72 73 74 * . . > N. E. 18 54 52 .53 50 • • ■ • N. 74 74 73 > > • > S. E. 76 78 76 . • • . S. 67 66 1 66 . . . . s. 19 61 60 60 61 8. 62 61 61 . . . . S. 63 62 62 57 8. E. 60 59 59 . ... S. E. 20 fff. 61 61 ■ • • ■ 62 S.E. 66 66 66 . . . . 8. E. 66 66 66 S. E. 66 66 65 . . . . S. E. 21 22 62 64 62 64 62 64 61 W 7? W 66 66 66 fi S. 67 67 67 s ' s. 71 71 71 s. 73 76 T5 s. 66 66 66 N. E. Mean, Highett,... Lowest, ... 56J 64 48 57i 74 67i 71 73 58i 76 Wl 58| 76 "vlj 67 54} 48 61 48 ■ ■ • • • ■ • • 78" 67 fi^" • • • • 52 52 52 . . • ■ 52 52 52 .... 51 51 5i Observations. — 15. Cloudy. Strong W. wind. Cool. 16. Morning few clouds. Strong W. breeze. Afternoon clear. Moderate breeze. 17. Morning clear. Light dew. Afternoon few clouds. Moderate breeze. 18. Morning clear. Afternoon few clouds. Light dew. Slight breeze. 19. Cloudy. Showery. Strong wind. 20. Cloudy. Show- ery Strong breeze. 21. Cloudy. Showery. Thunder shower at 12m. 22. Floating clouds. Soil very wet. Warm. 8 OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. JUNE. DAT or OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. fto'cloclca.m 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p m b O'clock a.m 12 o'clock m 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p.m * » > > > » * ^ » i > * » > > ^ MONTH. o o o o o o Q O o o o o o n 2< !ii 5« ii 5« D V ;.D 0) Xi 01 5« .s. o to sS sl « zM s.a « s^lsl V si si « 4 inches surfac 9 inches surfac « Si si « Sl>..8 1 a, I- u s •S" 31 Li a 00 p •* 3i C M Is ^ 1 .S 3i .2 1 ■as .s- .4* n £ 1 «lr§S .S lS 23 64 64 64 i 74 69 66 82 74 67 72 72 66 62 62 62 71 66 63 86 76 64 71 71 66 24 fS 64 61 ! 81 68 66 84 76 66 72 72 68 60 62 63 81 66 64 85 75 64 72 72 66 2S 64 63 66 ; »» 74 68 85 76 70 76 74 69 62 64 65 HH 73 67 88 80 69 76 76 69 26 69 69 68 82 71 68 78 75 71 72 70 68 68 67 66 83 72 69 78 75 69 72 72 68 27 68 68 66 78 70 68 86 78 72 74 74 70 66 66 64 80 70 66 88 84 67 74 76 69 28 67 «S 68 87 76 71 93 80 74 76 76 72 67 67 67 88 74 69 94 30 73 77 76 71 29 6» 70 69 68 68 68 67 68 68 66 67 68 68 68 68 68 68 67 67 68 67 66 67 67 30 64 66 67 72 70 68 84 74 68 68 70 68 61 64 66 72 70 66 93 76 66 68 71 68 Mean, • 65;^ e6i 661 78 70f ?7J 8^ 'B S2» 72 Zi? ^« ^ 65 ^* 3 ??' 5il« S!' 76 678 78 72|i68 Highest 6» 70 69 87 76 71 93 80 74 76 76 72 68 68 68 66 74 69 94 84 73 77 76 71 Lowest, 44 63 64 68 ; 68 6a 67 68 66 66 67 66 60 62 62 68 66 63 67 68 64 166 71 66 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAY or 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. • 1 It .S V Ill *' 5 « 1 1° 11 > O %6 o o 0).^* u > o j3 II MONTH. si c 5 ^1 -2S S2 3 " < I! •gi* .s«- -1 -1 IS a ■^ "1 51 .g <2 i ll 1 1 -1 5 * a 1 1 23 62 62 62 62 N. 71 72 71 .... N.W. 76 76 78 .... W. 70 70 69 w. 24 63 60 60 .-« N. E. 77 76 76 .... 8. W. 82 82 82 .... s. w. 73 71 70 W. 25 64 63 63 62 N. 84 84 84 . . . • S. 83 84 83 w. 78 79 77 s. w. 26 70 69 69 68 8. W. 81 82 83 . . . • 8. W. 76 75 75 .... s. 75 74 73 s. 27 72 70 70 66 W. 82 80 80 . . * ■ W. 86 87 84 . • • . w. 78 74 73 8. W. 28 68 68 68 66 N. 84 84 84 .... W. 86 87 86 .... w. 77 75 75 8. W. 29 30 68 60 68 61 67 61 N. N.W. 66 74 66 74 66 74 64 N. N. 66 76 66 78 66 76 69 N.W. N. 65 69 65 68 65 67 N.W. N. 61 Mean, Higheat, .... Lowest, .... 65| 7? eo 65i 70 70 7711 77i 81 T7i 84 ^^ 70| 87 78J 86 T.'ul 711 ^* 84* 78* 77" 61. 60 66 66 66 66 66 66 65 66 65 •"•' 1 OBSEHVATIONS ON SOILS. 1 JULY. OBSERVATIONS ON GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'clk. a.m. 12 0 clock m. 3o'cIk. p.m. 7 o'clk p. m. 5 o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clk p. m 7 o'clk p. m. u u fc| DAT or s a a a S a 3 3 a S 3 * ^ ^ > » it S t£ » ^ ^ s & 1* ^ k o . o . 0 . o , o . o . o . o . o . o . S . o , o • o . o ■ IS Is 11 11 II •°s n Is bel ace bel ace OJ o ms V £ 5 te g [6 1 Si a M c g f. a i 1 J3 u a 2 '•c si a M a la 3 a a a 3 a '"* a tXl tf 'oj OQ n* OJ Oi -f 05 O) ^ CJ> CA k< tn Tf a CO TT Ol CO h^i Ol 1 1 fi2 64 66 73 68 69 74 72 68 69 69 67 58 62 65 73 ()5 (i6 87 72 68 69 70 67 2 fi4 fi."! 66 79 72 68 78 7:} 68 70 71 68 60 64 65 82 72 68 85 74 69 72 71 68 3 m f,6 66 79 71 69 84 77 70 76 75 69 65 65 65 79 71 69 9(i 89 69 76 76 69 4 fi7 6.S 68 78 70 68 82 76 69 75 72 68 67 67 68 78 69 68 99 75 69 78 74 (iS 5 M 67 67 8i) 72 70 88 78 70 75 Ti 70 62 66 66 86 73 71 9!J 76 71 78 74 70 6 m 69 68 81 73 69 80 73 70 72 73 70 67 68 68 85 70 69 95 74 71 73 74 70 7 68 68 68 80 72 69 84 75 70 75 74 70 66 68 67 86 71 70 98 77 70 78 75 70 69 Mean,.. 6ft mn 67 79| 711 681 70 75 693 73 70 69 64 55 66 79f 7(H 68f 79^ 76? 69s 75 73 Hi^tiest 67 69" 68 85 73 70" 88 77 70 75 75 70 67 68 68 86 78 71 99 89 71 78 76 70 {Lowest 63 64 66 73 68 68 74 72 68 69 69 67 58 62 65 73 65 66 87 72 68 69 70 67 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 oclock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. 9~trs «di*^:i „-• «)-3 DAT or MONTH. a aq V « -1 > o •§ . ,8J 1- Si > o M 2^ a £ 1 |S1 111 Si3 se £ be " a < <1 « a 1 .S C JS a 1 c f J !■* S ■""a'-'a ■5 » S " 1 '3 S 11 s 1 I 59 58 58 56 N. 76 76 76 N. 78 78 76 N. 72 69 68 N. 2 65 64 61 62 N. 80 80 78 N. 80 80 78 N. 73 70 69 N.E. 3 66 66 (M 62 N.E. 80 80 80 N.E 85 86 86 N. 77 76 76 N. 4 68 68 66 67 N.E. 83 81 81 N.E. Ho 87 85 S. 78 76 75 W. 5 62 62 60 60 N. 84 85 84 N. 88 90 89 N. 78 77 75 N. 6 67 67 66 66 N. 84 84 83 N.. 86 86 85 N. 74 73 72 N. 7 67 67 66 66 N. 87 86 84 N. 87 86 84 N. 79 77 75 N. 65 70 65 621 82 81| 86 8n> 84 82j 90 8^ ... 1 75 ! lA 72, 76 Higliest, . . . Lowest, . . . 68 68 66 87 s? 87 89 79 77 .... iVi 58 58 'yd 76 76 76 78 78 76 72 fii 68 ! J Observations. — 1. Fewclouils. N. breeze. Leaves of Ostrya virginica and Aesculus hippocastannm continue to die. 2. Very few thin clouds. Moderate breeze. Light dew. 3. Few thin clouds. Moderate breeze. Light dew. 4. Morning clear. Afternoon few thin clouds. Light breeze. Light dew. 5. Very few thin clouds. Liglit breeze. Light dew. Warm. 6. Clear. N. breeze. Light dew. 7. Morning clear. Afternoon very few thin clouds. N. breeze. Light dew. [Agricultural Rf.p. Vol. II.— App.] 10 OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. JULY. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'clk a. m. 12 O'clock m. SJo'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p. m. 5 o'clk a. m. 12o'clockm. 3 o'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p. m. i 1 ft* 3 Ik 3 3 OB § 1 i 3 s i go 1 i i S DO 1 DAT or MOKTR. § j; ^ o . o , o . ft o . ft o . ft o . ft o . ft o . ft o . ft o . ft o . :l "3 s a g _ !l ^i »- !i 1 !l 73 » !l !l !l Jl 'J 9 s a s « 0) « « 0) « 0) V V u «i « s J3 .s £ s ^ u .S JS J3 U M .S si )i. J3 .« a 3 e 0 t .5 a C e a U .S c u B u b k go 1* e> n kr o> DO Ur h> 1 n Cw te 00 Ire K» C» w a M M- I05 1 8 68 69 69 90 73 70 82 76 70 77 76 70 65 68 68 91 77 69 1(6 76 70 84 76 70 9 69 70 70 89 78 71 84 78 72 78 76 72 69 69 69 104 82 71 94 98 72 81 80 73 10 70 72 72 86 7h 73 94 80 75 82 76 75 68 72 71 91 76 73 104 92 76 86 86 76 11 74 74 73 96 78 76 89 80 76 81 79 76 74 74 73 103 85 77 100 86 77 86 85 77 12 7S 74 73 92 78 76 90 79 76 78 78 76 76 75 74 98 )M 77 1(K) 86 77 80 84 77 13 70 72 72 90 80 76 78 76 73 74 76 73 69 71 72 100 84 76 78 76 73 74 76 73 14 64 69 70 90 77 71 »i 79 74 73 76 72 64 67 69 91 80 71 92 84 74 72 76 72 15 63 68 70 90 75 71 81 78 72 73 76 72 58 65 69 96 78 72 88 82 74 73 76 72 Mean,.. 69* 71 71* 91il 76f 73 85^ 78} 73^ 77 76^ 73.1 68 70J 70if ^i 80? 73.{ 94 85 7411 69,' 795 73J Highest la 74 Ti 96 80 76 94 80 76 82 79 76 76 75 77 104 86 7/ 105 98 77 86 86 VV Lowest, 63 68 69 86 73 70 78 76 70 73 76 70 68 65 68 91 76 69 78 76 70 72 76 70 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. » — «_; «_: >t 4)' "•s "■s > rs o S ■OS > o 2 sk > 22 s^ > 0 0 0 Sii rt-1 rt ,. a e«-3 " m " m ■0 " y: DAT or nl Z " " . n » » '» n P u, ^ MONTH. St S " « g 1^ II 22 1"! — 9i 3 ^- o < & ft a i 9 i C .5 •s a u 5 is Il 5i a 1 a 8 67 65 64 64 .... N. 87 89 88 S. 89 90 87 S. E. 84 8;^ 80 * • * * 8. 9 69 69 68 67 • • .• N. 88 90 88 S. 88 88 87 S. 81 80 78 .... S. E. 10 68 66 66 66 • • • • 8. E. 82 83 82 S. E. 86 88 88 S. 78 78 77 » • • • S. 11 73 71 7-1 E. 8*) 89 87 s. 84 84 8*^ S. E. S. N.W. 80 80 79 S E 12 13 74 69 74 69 74 69 8. W. 83 &3 89 87 88 87 E. N.W. 84 74 86 73 86 73 '73" 74 74 74 74 73 74 '73' W. N. • * • • 69 14 64 64 64 66 N. 76 77 76 N. 76 78 78 N. 70 70 69 ... . N. 15 57 57 57 55 .... N. 77 80 79 E. 76 78 77 ....S. W. 70 69 67 .... N. 67J 74 57 67* 74 57 68i 74 67 8?f 85J 90 77 84 89* 74 831 88 73 76| 84 70 76 Rm HiRhcst Lowest, .... .... 88* 76 88 76 90* 73 83 69 80 67 • •••! .... Observations. — 8. Clear. Smoky. Slight ilew. Moderate breeze. 9. Morning clear. Light dew. Afternoon few hazy clouds. Smoky. Light breeze. 10. Light dew. Few hazy clouds. Smolr|r, Light breeze. 11. Morning floating clouds. Light breeze. Warm 7 p. m. Cloudy. Stiffs. E. breeze. 12. Forenoon moderately cloudy. Slight breeze. Warm. 7 p. m. cloudy. Signs of rain. 13. Cloudy. Shower last night. Wet soil 1 inch deep. Heavy thunder shower between 1 and 2 p. m. Wet soil 8 inches deep. Moderate breeze. 14. Clear N. breeze. Soil wet from 8 to 10 inches deep. Shower during night. Few hazy clouds. Light dew. Moderate breeze. Smoky. OBSEKVATIONS ON SOILS. 11 JULY. DAT OP MONTH. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'clock a.m 12o'cloclim. 3 O'clock p.m 7 o'clock p m 5 o'clock a.m 12 o'clock m 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p.m o o o o o o S i ^ fe S & fc fc V . a; . 0) , 0) « . j-i » A e ■=• 6 fS » J= a, a o X> a £, o ■a a -O V XI v :a 6 Xi V Xi a X3 V o s| SJ lU S^ 'a V Si sJ V zMisM V V.M ^M OJ si s^ QJ f,.^ f.l V ?,l ?>.S .c »- ■C ^ ■A t* SS *-> JS t^ J3 ^ ■C ^ ^ fcH 'j5 t. u ,c *-• J5 ^ CJ X3 *-• as s S a « c " g3 •s a "12" 5 a " .Si C » 0 » £ ?.s S 3 ^ "!• 01 5 •* » s * « 3 3 OS ^ 35 3 OS •* Oi 3 i--^ P^ 3 ^ " 16 (jo tin 70 1 8S 66 72 87 77 73 77 76 73 62 67 69 10() 84 73 97 84 73 78 82 73 1 17 6y 71 72 90 78 73 90 80 75 81 79 75 67 70 71 IW 82 74 99 88 76 84 82 76 18 73 74 73 90 77 74 86 8U 75 81 80 76 73 74 73 97 78 74 90 84 75 82 80 76 19 74 75 74 99 82 76 86 84 77 82 80 77 72 74 74 106 86 76 86 94 77 SO 82 77 20 76 7« 76 102 8S 77 84 86 79 76 83 79 74 75 75 106 92 77 86 86 79 76 82 79 21 74 75 75 8!) 75 75 76 76 75 75 75 75 73 74 74 80 76 74 76 76 74 74 74 74 22 73 74 74 84 i 78 75 80 78 76 76 76 75 73 72 72 85 81 74 78 78 75 74 76 74 23 Mean,.. t>9 71 73 92 i 79 75 92 82 76 76 78 76 65 68 72 104 81 74 102 84 75 76 80 75 71] 73 733! 9iJJ 783 74J 85j 80J 75? 78 78? 75? 69^ 71? 72^ 97? 83^ 744 89i' 81 f 751 78 791 75i Highest 75 76 76 ,102 88 TJ 92 86 79 82 83 79 74 75 75 106 92 T7 102 94 79 84 82 79 Lowest, 66 m 70 1 8J 66 724 76 76 75 75 75 73 62 67 69 80 76 73 76 76 73 74 74 73 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAT or 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. « > 2 II 11 > s S-3 11 11 1 an MONTH. LSl II -si Si JS rt o 0 "0 s f5§ Si J3 tc sl ■^s .5 i-:.s « ■^g S i-lS «- : *s 2«" B cT ■S5 .S,T .S,r < Air, 4 surfac Air, 4 surfac .S Si i Air, 4 surfac Air, 4 surfac .3 .1 5 -0- 0 » 'i c s < -1 -1 ■a a 16 62 60 60 .59 .... N.E. 81 83 82 S. 83 1 84 83 • > > > s. 77 76 74 S. 17 67 67 60 .... S.E. 84 88 87 S.E 86 K7 86 . . . • s. 80 80 79 s. 18 72 72 72 78 8. 84 87 86 S. 81 82 81 .... S.W. 80 80 79 8. 19 75 74 74 72 8. 89 92 91 S. 81 81 79 79 8. 84 84 84 S.E. 20 76 76 75 .... S.E. 90 96 95 8. 76 77 76 77 8. 75 75 75 8- 21 72 72 72 70 S. 78 78 78 70 S. 74 74 74 70 S. 74 74 74 8. 22 23 75 66 75 66 75 66 s. N. 82 80 82 84 82 83 8. W. 77 81 78 84 77 83 74 S. N. 73 73 73 73 73 73 S. N. Mean, Highest, .. Lowest, . . . 70f 76 62 70] 76* 60 W 834 90 86! Riil 79i 86 80^ 87 79,7 77 76J 81 768 84 75* 60 96 i 96 86" 84 7S 78 i 's 71 74 74 73 73 73 . |. |. ' ' ••■• 1 Observations. — 16. Clear. Smoky. Light breeze. 17. Few heavy clouds. Strong breeze. 18. Morning, few heavy clouds. Afternoon cloudy. Thunder shower. 19. Morning few hazy clouds. Afternoon cloudy. Showery. Soil wet 14 inches deep. 20. Morning, floating clouds. Thunder shower between 2 and 3 p. m. 7 p. m. showery. 21. Cloudy. Showery. Soil wet f inches deep. Strong breeze. 22. Morning, thick clouds, strong 8. breeze. After- noon showery. 23. Few clouds. Smoky, north breeze. Warm. 12 OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. JULY. DAT or OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAN D. .m. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. S o'cl'k a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. m. 7 o'cl'k p 5 o'cl'k a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. m. 7 o'cl'k p. m. i § s g 1 S lu i t i 1 1 g 1 § s > ft ^ It > > > * > * » » » I i ^ O . o o o o o 0 O o o o o o o o li 8-2 si » g^ « 1^ t^ o 1^ » 8-2 £-2 « S-2 s-2 ? £-2 £-2 u £-2 £.2 1 J a ^ JZ u s a ^ .s u s £ s «S o a £ g ^ ^ ,3 a 1 J3 1, x s 3 3 3 IB >* 3> OD ■* 3> «> ^ P» do ■* o> OS T P OQ «■ » QQ .* cc * 31 24 68 71 72 »1 78 74 88 83 76 80 78 76 1 66 70 72 106 80 74 96 85 77 82 80 77 28 72 74 74 80 75 74 80 76 74 76 76 74 72 73 74 83 76 74 82 77 74 76 76 74 26 74 73 73 74 73 73 69 73 74 (M 71 72 74 72 72 74 74 73 69 72 73 64 70 72 27 62 66 68 68 72 68 84 75 73 66 n n 56 62 67 90 73 68 92 78 73 65 72 72 28 69 66 68 82 70 69 87 T7 72 63 70 71 56 63 68 93 71 69 92 80 72 64 72 73 29 69 62 66 84 7fi 70 82 77 72 72 76 73 57 64 68 92 80 71 88 81 73 74 76 74 30 62 64 68 80 73 70 70 72 70 68 71 70 61 63 68 82 75 71 70 73 71 68 72 71 31 68 66 68 82 72 68 86 77 69 82 77 69 68 66 68 85 75 69 88 80 70 82 78 70 Mean, . g** OTJ ^ m 73* 70? 80| 76^ 72^ m 74 72,' 63? 66^ 69* 88j 75.1 714 84jf 78,i 73 72 74J 73 HigbeRl 74 74 74 94 78 74 88 83 76 82 78 76 74 73 74 106 80 74 96 86 77 82 80 77 Lowest, 59 62 66 68 70 68 69 72 69 63 70 69 56 62 67 74 71 68 69 72 70 64 70 70 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAY or MONTH. 5 O'clock a. m. 5 J= 12 O'clock m. e4 ^ e «3* 00 «T3 > a ^ ao 3 o'clock p. m. S5 Si rf 3 09 5 CR SI ^3 I -tfS I ««2 ^ no [ * S i ^ ^ S fe ^ & fe MONTH. o o o o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 9 . 9 . 9 . V . 9 . V . « . 9 . 9 , 9 . A tt ^ o .O V S> (1> SI HI xs 0 J3 0 .0 0 ^ 9 Xi 0 Xi 9 J= 9 •^ V l>Q 0 a 9 JD 0 « ?!.S ^s 6 ^s s,- to T,M » a V S^ 0 sJ S^ 0 V £^£J 0 -9M 9- •a b " 'X «- j: a 'J ,= "3 -a >; a ■^, t! !- s Si ■a >; -<= h £ fjg « 3 U 3 in « £ 0 3 0 3 a " 0 " •E 0 " " 5 a » u |C " iB "^ u gSigg u a « q « •a a » S» 5 V P s - 01 5 r " a * F 5 '^ F- 3 to * \s^ i -* O) 3 CO t p 1 7?. 70 70 86 76 75> 87 76 72 74 75 72 72 70 70 86 76 72 88 77 72 74 75 72 2 fi7 67 70 86 77 72 82, 77 72 72 74 72 64 66 69 87 78 72 86 79 72 70 74 72 3 68 69 70 86 74 71 82 76 72 73 75 72 60 67 68 88 76 70 82 78 73 72 74 73 4 dR 68 70 90 77 72 86 79 73 74 76 73 64 67 69 92 80 73 88 81 74 74 76 74 5 68 69 70 86 7f> 71 83 76 73 74 75 73 65 68 70 90 77 72 84 78 74 73 75 74 6 67 68 70 84 75 72 79 76 73 75 76 73 63 67 70 88 77 73 82 78 84 76 77 74 7 69 70 71 69 70 71 69 70 71 69 70 71 68 69 70 68 69 70 68 69 70 68 69 70 Mean,.. fiS 681 70 84 75 71^ 81 75 i 72 73 74 72 63J 69 69 85 76 72 821 77 74 72i 74 721 Highest 72 70 71 90 77 72' 87 72' 73 74 76 73 72 70 70 m 80 73 88 81 84 72 75 74 Lowest, 66 67 71 69 70 71 69 70 71 69 74 71 II 64 66 68 68 89 70 68 69 72 168 69 72 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. * ~ '■s 9 S-d > 9^ 9 DAT or 1 ^1 1^ 0 .a a 1-3 0 0 at 1" 0 y 1 1- "•3 MONTH. 11 a 0 B 00 2 5>2 .5 0 ,S »- a S,r H« S,r y 0- „5 S„r So •r 1^ .3 <2 •d .s •3 e •a .s c < '1 a 1 •d a < -1 a 1 i 1 72 72 71 .... .... s. 80 s-,* 81 .... 8. r 81 . 83 . 82 .... 8. 74 74 74 ...., S.E. 1 2 66 66 65 62 N.W. 76 80 76 W. 77 79 78 • • •. W. 69 68 68 w. 3 65 65 65 62 . . . . W. 76 78 78 . . . . E. 76 77 77 . ■ ■ • E. 72 70 70 .... s. 4 66 65 64 62 . .. . N.E. 80 82 81 . . . . N.E. 80 82 81 . ■ * . N.E. 72 70 70 • . > ■ S.E. 5 64 64 64 62 N.E. 78 82 81 . ... N.E. 80 81 80 . . ■ • N.E. 72 70 70 .... S.E. 6 64 64 64 .... .... N.W. 78 80 79 . . .. N.W. 77 77 76 . . . . N.W. 74 74 74 S. 7 67 67 66 .... .... N. 68 68 68 66 N.E. 68 68 68 68 N.E. 67 67 67 67 N.E. IMean, 67 67 66 62 76 79 m 81 77 78 77 71 62 .W, i Highest, ... |Lowe»t,.... 7? 7'? 71 80 82 81 81 8'' 74 74 71 64 61 64 68 68 68 68 68 68 67 67 67 Observations. — Floating clouds. Slight sprinkling between 7 and 8 a. m. 2. Few floating clouds. Moderate dew. 3. Few heavy clouds near the horizon. Heavy dew. 4. Few floating'clouds. Heavy dews. 5. During fore- noon few heavy clouds. Afternoon thick clouds. Moderate dew. 6. Cloudy in morning, heavy thin clouds at noon. Thick floating clouds at night. 7. Cloudy. Slight sprinkling of rain in morning. Afternoon stormy. 14 UUSEKVATIONS ON SOII^. 1 AUGUST. DAT or OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED BOIL. S o'clock a.m I2oclockin. 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p.m 5 o'cl'k a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. m. 7 o'cl'k p.m. MOKTH. o » ft o o o ft o ^ » » » » » » > ft ^. ?!• ^^ ^<£ ^ni So- ^« s« V . » , ^ . "S . "S . « . "S , ■3 . ll 1 II II il 1 II « ^1 V s| si « ll gg V a'^ |i* 5- a- J2 £' 1° US 1 li 1 li M a " 3 |i ■= is a « 03 f 31 GO "T » 00 Tji 3> CO ■a- 5> 9 '"^ "^ ■" 3 a "^ ■■" r CO J-» 05 CO •V 35 CC ■3" 35 OQ >» P 8 6H 68 69 75 72 70 74 72 70 72 72 70 68 ()7 68 75 72 7(1 74 72 7(1 7-i 72 70 9 69 69 70 78 n 70 76 72 71 75 72 71 69 69 69 79 74 70 77 74 72 76 74 72 10 72 72 71 89 76 72 84 78 74 78 77 74 72 71 70 90 80 73 85 82 75 78 78 75 11 74 74 rs 92 81 74 93 82 76 78 80 76 74 74 73 94 85 74 96 84 76 78 80 76 12 Ti 73 74 86 78 74 86 82 76 75 78 76 72 72 73 88 79 74 90 84 76 74 78 76 13 71 73 74 87 78 74 86 82 76 76 78 76 69 70 73 92 80 74 «) 84 77 78 79 76 14 72 72 73 87 78 75 86 79 75 73 77 75 70 72 73 89 80 75 88 83 76 78 78 76 15 72 73 74 87 80 75 88 1 83 76 76 78 76 70 72 73 92 81 76 93 86 77 76 76i 78 77* 76 741 Mean, . l\^ IV' W !S5 76i 71|[ 844 78^' li* l^^ 76.1 74.i 70i 80? 71* 871 78J 73* 81i? 81 J 75 Highest 74 74 14 92 81 75 1 93 83 76 78 80 76 74 74 73 94 85 75 96 86 77 78 80 76 Lowest, 68 ! 68 69 76 72 70 74 72 70 72 72 1 70 68 67 68 75 72 70 74 72 70 72 72 70 EW, 1 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, D] RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. ■ 55 oo o o o o ■gfe ^ 0) • §•3 II BAT or MONTH. •2 • «4 li ■2" li x> " "■2 li s« O -"^ < il d ■^ ^ kT 5 ii 1^ d 1 i < 1 1 < d 1 1 8 eij 67 67 67 N.E. 73 74 75 w. 73 73 73 ....N.E. 72 72 Ti .... N.E.I 9 69 69 69 .... N.E. 78 79 78 E. T7 77 76 S.E. 76 76 75 S.E. 10 73 73 73 .... S.E. 84 86 85 8. 85 86 84 S. 78 78 77 8. 11 12 13 75 72 70 75 72 69 74 72 69 8. W. 86 80 82 88 81 84 87 80 83 N. N.E. S. 87 80 84 89 82 84 88 81 84 8. 73 74 74 73 72 74 73 72 74 73 N.E. W. N.E. ....1 W. w. E 14 68 68 68 N.W. 83 86 85 S. 82 84 83 .... S. 76 75 74 S. 15 70 70 70 S. 82 N6 85 S. 84 86 85 •••• S.E. 76 75 74 S.E. 1 Mean, Highest, ... 70j 75 ST 70i 75 67 70J 74 67 _^ m 89 73 83 88 74 82| 87 75 m 87 73 82i 89 73 81} 88 73 .... 74} 78 72 741 78 72 72 1 1 OBSlBVATtoNS.— 8. Clouily. Moderate breeze. 9. Cloudy. Moderate breeze. 10. Few thick floatinp clouds. Stiff south breeze io afternoon. 11. Few thin clouds in the forenoon. Clouds increased in the afternoon. Light shower at 5 o'clock p. m. Light breeze. 12. Few thin clouds, moderate breeze. Pleasant. 13. Heavy dew. Clear. igbt breexe, 14. Few heavy clouds. Light breeze. 16. Few heavy clouds. Light breeze. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. 15 AUGUST. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'clock a m 12 o'clock m 3 o'clock p m 7o'clock p m 5 o'cl'k a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. in. 7 o'cl'k p. m. DAT OF MONTH. & )f fc it i » fe * > > > ^ & S » ^ o o o o o o o o U « I*® « ^?, £ » ^S i?; .Si ^S ^» J2 V 41 . 0) . ^fls^f £f ".2 sf S-2 V tS S^ 6 si si V Si Si V slisl « u ■C s •a 3 u ■c S u J= 3 ■s a o JZ '- JS t- V f! "-. Ls t- J= ': J= t- i e 'j3 t" 1 W BO c «2 u .r B a .s" .s"" .2 gs .5- u e " U 3 a " .S" C " 1b • -f 35 5 ]■* [3. to 'a* 35 39 f 3> EC h (^ 03 ■w 35 w ;-* 35 cc ^ p 16 70 7? 74 82 76 1 74 81 7(i 74 73 76 76 1 68 71 73 86 76 74 82 76 74 75 78 76 17 72 7.-? 74 82 76 74 fVi 77 75 76 76 75 72 73 73 82 77 74 87 80 75 77 76 76 18 fi9 72 73 76 74 73 7h 75 73 69 73 73 69 72 72 78 75 73 76 76 74 67 73 74 19 62 67 70 74 71 70 72 70 70 (>5 69 69 62 67 69 75 72 70 71 70 70 64 68 68 20 60 Kt 68 74 70 69 74 73 70 68 72 70 60 6;i 67 81 72 69 77 75 70 68 72 70 21 M M 69 67 72 70 76 74 72 77 72 71 64 64 68 81 74 69 79 76 72 72 73 71 22 62 6:1 69 78 72 69 79 74 70 76 72 71 62 63 68 78 73 69 78 75 71 71 72 71 23 61 63 68 67 68 74 80 71 69 61 6'> 67 77 7'^ 61 24 25 60 62 63 72 69 80 74 70 60 62 62 64 66 67 81 74 69 81 77 77 ■ . *• Mean, 64| 66J 70 76i Til 70? 77? 74^ 71f 72 72? 72S 64 67S 69 793 74 70* 783 75,^ 72J 701 73J 73:1 Highest, 72 73 74 82 76 74 85 77 75 77 76 76 72 73 73 86 71 74 HI 80 75 77 78 76 Lowest. 60 63 67 67 70 69 72 70 70 I 68 1 69 1 69 1 60 1 62 66 75 n 69 71 70 70 64 68 1 68 1 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAT or MONTH. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. h r <1 II I! Pi J5 be a 1 a > 1. »i C < -1 1^ n 1 ■3 a 4) > II c < S3 '1 a t o &^ ^ 3 I-" ll S 2 ■Sbt -1 a 'I B 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 66 71 69 62 60 64 62 60 59 62 66 71 69 62 60 64 62 60 59 62 68 70 69 62 60 64 62 58 58 62 .... .... 8. 8. S. 8^- S. S. N. N. N. 81 81 73 69 70 76 75 70 74 82 82 73 69 70 76 75 72 76 80 80 73 69 70 76 75 70 74 S. S. w. w. 8.W. S.W. S. N.W. N. 80 85 74 67 72 76 73 82 87 84 67 71 77 74 81 85 74 67 71 76 74 s. N.W. W. .SW. S.W. s. 74 76 65 62 66 70 70 74 76 65 62 66 70 70 73 75 65 62 66 69 70 .... s. s. w. w. S.W. N.W. s. 56' 60 57 65 66 69 69 66 73 76 74 N. Mean, Highest,.... Lowest, .... 7«?* 69 59 63J 70 58 74J 80 69 75 82 69 74^ 81 69 75 85 67 76 87 67 75. 85 67 1 69 76 62 69 76 62 68i 75' 62 .... .... Obsebvations. — 16. Morning cloudy. Middle of day few hazy clouds. At 7 p. m. cloudy, moderate breeze. 17. Morning cloudy, rest of day few hazy clouds. Moderate breeze. 18. Thunder shower during night. Thick float- ing clouds, stiff breeze. 19. Morning cloudy, light shower. Middle of day, few clouds. 7 p. m. clear, moderate breeze. 20. Forepart of day few clouds. At 4 p. m. a moderate shower. Light breeze, heavy dew. 21.Fewclouds. Moderate breeze, light dew. 22. Few clouds, light breeze, moderate dew. 23. Morning clear, heavy dew. In afternoon few clouds, moderate breeze. 24. Morning clear, heavy dew. Afternoon few clouds, light breeze. 25. Clear north breeze. From the 25th to the 31st the weather was very moderate, |ibout like the 20th, 21st, 22d and 2:id. Most of time clear. Moderate north breeze. No rain of any consequence. Moilerate dews. Nights pleasant. 16 OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. SEPTEMBER. DAT OF MONTH. OBSHaiVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. B o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p. m. 5 o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p. m. « i * > i i S § ^ 1 i 1 i If 3 1 n IS f V r 1 « 1 o , !l s o . 1 "i 0 . V 1 0 . a 1 0 . « s « a 0 . 1 i a 0 . ■53 « V 0 e 8 «2 0 . V 0 3 inches belo face. inches belo face. §1 > 5§ MOXTH. i« S'S « c ««; s-2 "« ^•^i s^s ««; «-s 0) C leet rfac nch e, n M If s i c < Ji I -3 e < II if a -"a 0 'i -3 a 5 1 65 65 65 N. 78 77 76 N. .... .... .... 74 74 74 ...., N. 1 2 3 4 64 70 71 64 70 71 64 70 70 N.W. S. N. 76 79 76 88 80 78 77 80 77 N. S. N. 73 78 72 73 78 72 74 78 72 N. 8. N. ' 7fi 76 76 N. 6 6 7 8 74 66 61 64 74 66 61 64 74 66 61 64 8. N. N. 8. 80 70 74 73 80 70 70 80 70 74 73 S. N. E. 8. 80 71 74 71 80 71 75 71 80 71 74 71 8. N. E. 8. 76 67 70 70 76 67 70 70 76 67 70 70 S. W. E. S. 6RT 66} 74 66} 71 75| 80 77 75? 80 46i SO 46j 80 46i 80 72i 78 72} 78 72} 78 Hiirbeft, . . Lowest, .. 71 80 61 61 61 70 70 70 71 71 71 70 70 70 Obsebvations — 1. Clear N. breeze. 2. Clear N. breeze. Smoky. 3. Morning cloudy. Aflrrnoon clear. Mode- rate S. breeze. Warm. 4. Few hazy clouds. N. breeze. Smoky. 5. Think floating clouds. .Slnmg S. bree/.c. 6. Rained (luring night. Thick floatinir clouds. Moderate breeze. 7. Morning clear. Afternoon few clouds. Mode- rate breeze. 8. Cloudy. Moderate 8. breeze. OBSKKVATIONS ON- SOILS. 17 SEPTEMBER. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'clock a.m 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p m 5 o'clock a.m 12 o'clock m 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p.m DAT or » > > » * ^ ^ ^ ^ » * i > ^ !t fe MOIITH. o o o o o o o o o o o s o o O o o . V . « . V . V . « . « . o . « . V . V . V . V . V . J3 a J= » J= « JS « ■o « Xi a o « a « x> a J= ID j= a 1 = a, £: » J= « .a 01 a » A S^ s.^ c sj sJ u SsS S.S « 0° ^ S-f^ 6 S.« zM QJ Sj V sJ S^ V Si t.^. 2 u a I- u ^ «■ o u J3 fc- O S !- = t- " ■c «- •a is J5 fe JS t. J£ r. " Ss ■2 " S 03 \V c 3 c » 3 0 " " 3 ^ §s S3 O 3 a " b. c » U 3 •i: " 3 g^ i! S^ sg 3 "^ 3 3 a. 3 - "* 3 ■"^ 3 OS i« Oi 01 OS •* Cl OQ ^ oa rf 35 OJ ^ ( 31 03 Tt< c» 03 ^ p 9 7.3 70 70 r 74 73 70 70 72 , 70 65 69 [ 70 73 70 I 70 75 74 70 70 72 70 65 69 70 10 61 63 65 67 68 67 67 68 i 67 62 M 66 61 62 64 67 68 66 67 60 66 62 64 66 11 6() 60 63 69 66 64 68 61 ! 66 64 64 66 60 60 62 69 66 64 66 66 66 64 64 &} 12 62 62 64 66 66 64 67 66 fK> ft5 64 65 62 62 64 67 66 64 67 66 65 65 64 65 13 M 63 65 1 73 70 65 71 70 65 66 66 67 64 63 64 73 70 65 70 70 65 66 66 66 14 09 61 63 ! 62 63 64 59 60 62 56 59 61 .')9 61 63 62 63 64 59 60 62 56 59 61 15 la Xi 59 68 63 62 60 60 61 ."JS .58 60 52 .53 58 69 63 62 60 60 61 55 58 60 16 48 51 69 69 65 61 70 67 63 58 60 63 48 51 58 70 65 62 71 68 66,1 64 64S 58 61? 60 63 63 64| Mean, . 58jf 60j| 64 68^1 66J 66^ 65, 64S 61if 63 64j( 693 60; 62? 69 66? 64^ 66.! Highest ra 70 70 74 73 70 71 72 70 66 69 70 73 70 70 75 74 70 71 72 70 66 69 70 Lowest, 48 51 1 59 1 62 ; 63 61 69 6U 61 65 68 60 48 51 58 62 «i 62 60 60 61 55 58 60 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAT or 5 O'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. •3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. baire above d soil, above stand. > 0 11 «r3 il 0 Is |1 MONTH. ■ «•!» s 00 a sll-gsi-gs. 1 ^ « 2 It «-3 -2 S 1.542 « JSS 5,r OSS SoT a«- *s .s«- .Si- a 1 .1 < a i •5 '1 -1 S3 a 1 i < if .sS a ^ 9 76 76 76 ....1 g. 70 70 70 S.W. 65 (fi 65 65 S.W. 62 62 62 64 N. 10 fi? fff fi? N. 66 66 66 N. fi6 66 66 N. 64 64 64 N. 11 60 m 60 N. 68 68 68 N. 68 t > > W. 57 57 57 W. 16 49 49 49 44 8. 66 66 66 .... N.W. 67 67 67 .... N.W. 60 60 60 .... N.W. Mean, «^ «^ 60,.... 652 66| 65J 65| 65| 653I.... ^i*' ^' 61i Highest Lowest, .... 76 49 76 49 76 .... 49 .... 70 70 60 60 70 60 b8 60 68 60 68 [.... 60 1.... 66 66 54 1 54 bb 54 :::: [Agricultural Rep. Vol. II. — App.J IS OBSKRVATIONN ON SOILS. SEPTEMBER. 1 DAT OF OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'ellc a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'dk p. m. 1 7 o'clk p. m. 6 o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p, m. 1 1 la i 1 i 8 i s lit S >4 SI i s MONTH. k * » * > ^ > ^ ' ^ » > > ^ > * It ° 4I> o o . o o o o . o lo . o 0 0 0 !l !l !l !l !l !l 1| .B V at !l !l « V P V » a 0, V a V V s U ^ a 1 1 1 a 1 1 1 5? o a a a 3 *" a M u a s 1 1 a u a A S n la- \o> « G to) 'an Uf b> w ItP In M ■* bs ' to 'tj* K 00 TJ< lo} CO '•* 'o> 1 17 .V» 61 b1 80 63 61 70 66 61 61 bl 62 60 61 67 82 64 62 71 66 62 61 61 62 18 .V> .W 61 70 61 62 68 67 64 62 65 64 56 57 60 71 62 62 68 67 64 62 64 64 19 60 59 61 62 62 62 61 61 60 62 62 62 60 68 60 66 (>3 62 62 61 60 62 62 62 ao M S6 59 68 64 62 65 1 62 62 62 62 62 54 56 58 69 65 62 65 (>2 62 62 62 62 21 fi9 58 60 71 66 62 72 66 62 62 63 62 59 58 60 72 66 62 72 (16 62 62 63 62 22 f& 64 59 79 66 64 79 70 65 62 65 64 52 64 58 81 67 64 81 71 65 61 64 63 23 BS. 53 58 74 70 63 66 66 64 62 63 63 52 63 68 80 71 63 66 64 64 62 63 63 Mean, 54? 5^ 59jl 72 6441 62J 68J 65.i 62J| 61| 63 62* 54^ 55.i 58J 74,' 653 621 69! 65j' 665^ 61j: 62J 62^ Highest fiO 59 61 80 70 1 64 79 70 65 62 6a 64 60 68 68 82 71 64 81 1 71 i 65 62 64 64 Lowest 50 61 57 62 61 \ 61 61 1 61 I 60 ' 61 1 61 62 52 51 67 65 62 62 62 ! 61 ! 60 61 1 61 62 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 6 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. » e=! ••3 ?.■='£-= ©.•^ ^ ^ a-e 1 BAT OF MONTH. > at chesabov naked so chesabov grass Ian > 0 " S » S 2 1 oS •s-g 00 S 1 1" 1 0 « 0 a u so" n = f & « 0) •gs I& fc-i-! " » ° « ■^"E c .r n ... V ei s S c .^ :-^ ".£ Xi i q •§ 'ii .i2 ; -i! a 1 Zs '..S t,s s •a 'J ^J -.5^ a TS < : t« ^ a> CO f* 35 ) CO ■* bi 24 59 69 1 61 64 61 60 60 62 62 62 62 6!i 5<> 59 (50 68 63 02 62 62 60 62 62 60 25 57 57 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 56 69 60 67 67 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 56 58 59 26 54 55 67 59 57 58 58 hS 58 57 58 58 54 55 57 59 57 ."iS .■iS 58 58 57 68 ,68 27 56 56 58 71 63 58 68 63 58 60 63 58 56 56 58 72 63 68 68 ()3 68 60 63 58 28 60 60 58 77 68 60 77 71 61 64 68 61 69 60 58 80 70 60 80 73 61 64 67 61 29 53 54 68 69 61 60 69 63 61 60 61 61 63 54 58 71 61 69 71 fi;^ 61 60 61 61 30 53 54 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 55 56 59 52 53 57 58 58 68 68 68 58 55 56 68 Mean, . 56 568 ^H 65J 61* 59*1 641 62J 59| 69i! 61 1 59? 57i 56jl 68J 663 61* 598 652 621 59? 59J 60„= 698 Highest 60 60 61 77 68 60 77 71 62 64 i 68 , 62 69 60 1 60 80 70 62 1 71 73 61 64 68 61 Lowest, 63 64 67 58 67 58 68 68 58 55 1 56 1 58 52 53 1 57 58 58 1 68 ! 68 58 58 55 58 58 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 6 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. ; 4! .— ! » -3 w.t: «_: 4) -H N. 27 56 56 56 . . . . N. 64 64 64 S. 6? 6? 6? 8. 60 60 60 60 S. 28 fiO 60 60 W. 67 68 67 N.W. 69 70 69 N.W. 64 64 64 N. 29 63 53 53 52 k. . • N. 62 63 62 W. 63 64 63 • • > * W. 60 69 .68 • • • > W. 30 62 52 52 62 .... S. 56 56 56 56 N.W. 56 56 56 N.W. 56 55 54 .... N. Mean, 66j fin 563 562.... 617 617 611 67 61| 69 61* 70 613 69 691 59i 582 64 64 64 Highest, .... Lowest, 60 60 ... . 67 6r" Vf 52 ."ia .... 66 66 56 56 66 56 66 "^ "^ " * . . . . .. . . Ubsekvations. — 24. Morning li'ght dew, hazy clouds. Afternoon cloudy. 5 p. m. commenced raining. Moderate breeze. 25. Cloudy. Showery. Moderate N. breeze. 26. Morning cloudy. Rainy. Rained steady since 6 p. m. of the 24th. Afternoon cloudy. N. breeze. 27. Cloudy. Damp air. Commenced raining 4 p. m. Moderate breeze. 28. Few thin clouds. Moderate breeze. 29. Morning clear. Heavy dew. Foggy. Afternoon few floating clouds. 30. Morning cloudy. Light showers between 11 a. m. and 2 p. m. Moderate breeze. 20 OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. OCTOBER. DAT or MOKTH. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. So'el'ka. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. m. 7 o'cl'k p. m. 5 o'cl'k a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'cl'k p. m. 7 o'cl'k p. m. ^ § u 5 1 s i 3 § 3 3 3 t4 3 bi 3 ( 1 3 i i 3 » > » It ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft H m' o o o o o 2.3. o o o o o o o o 1 1- V « |« « u » V « 2 S>2 1 J3 i x: 1 3 1 IS 1 2 -e 1 1 a c 3 ,3 a a 1 1 1 si 3 to * » CO I" 3S to 1^ o> Ol X ■* » CO •a* SI to Ti* 91 lO '1* Ol 1 SO 52 57 .59 56 57 67 57 57 54 56 67 50 52 56 59 66 59 67 67 57 54 .55 66 2 49 51 .57 65 58 .57 67 63 58 56 60 68 49 51 56 66 58 67 67 63 68 56 60 58 3 49 53 66 70 64 59 72 67 60 69 6:s 60 49 52 54 73 64 88 74 67 60 59 62 60 4 50 52 56 76 62 .58 78 62 .57 .54 .56 .58 .50 .52 .54 78 62 57 78 62 58 .54 56 58 5 52 52 .^S 75 .58 .57 77 66 60 62 64 60 .52 .52 54 77 69 56 79 66 60 61 63 60 6 S3 53 56 68 60 .57 67 61 58 60 61 .58 .53 53 55 68 60 57 67 60 .58 59 60 57 7 53 53 57 69 61 58 63 61 58 60 60 58 53 53 56 70 61 58 63 61 58 59 59 58 Mean,.. sog 52| sen 68J 59J 57jh 68* 621 588 57? 60 588 52| 521 55 70j 60 578 698 623 57j 571 59| 68* Highest 63 53 67 76 64 69 78 67 60 62 64 60 53 53 56 78 64 59 79 67 60 61 63 60 Lowest. 4a 51 55 59 56 57 67 57 58 54 56 1 58 49 51 54 59 56 56 57 67 51 54 55 66 1 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. r' g-diSti g > Ud » • n ches abo naked so clies abo grass Ian o o o o g o abo (1 so abo s lar 0 9 DAT OF r§ J3 » XliJ ^ a L5 "» MONTH. £•2 •S-c O 0 ao 2 ♦J « m 0) - --1^-3 ft' .3 a '■5 i C < -J is 3 • • N. 3 47 47 47 47 N. 63 63 63 N. 65 66 66 N. 58 56 66 N. 4 .50 .50 .50 48 N. 63 64 63 N. 64 64 64 N. 60 60 60 N. 5 48 48 48 48 8. 62 63 62 8. 68 67 69 S. 62 61 60 * • < > S. 6 53 63 53 52 N. 64 64 64 s. 64 64 64 S. 60 59 58 8. 7 63 63 53 52 8. 64 66 66 S.E. 63 63 63 E. 61 60 59 .... E. Mean, 49J 53 49f 49| S3 19 62j «4^ 62? 66 622 65 S^ ^ 633 69 648 6^ 58i 60 Highest,... Lowest 63* 62 60* 47 47 47 47 61 69 59 60 6(> 60 67 66 66 ■ ••••'••••-1 Observations. — l.T>iphtdew. Cloudy. Damp air. Light showers from II a. m. to 1 p. m. 2. Hcary dew. Floating clouds. Mo > ^ ^ » t * S i: ^ * \t t ^ ^ k o , o . io . o . o . o . o . 0 . O • '2 • o . ft . ' ft .1 mi Sill Is'^Ss I« ^S n ss is S% ':^l'li '.a c^ .c cd v S £ « V « { V ! O-J 11" OJ 8 S^ .■iS ."jT fi2 59 58 1 62 61 .58 ,59 58 58 55 55 57 62 59 58 62 61 58 ,59 .58 ,58 9 XI ."W? 57 62 60 ,57 .55 .57 .57 53 56 57 53 56 56 62 60 57 66 57 57 52 ,55 57 10 .w 52 ^ 62 61 58 60 61 .58 ,55 56 58 50 52 55 63 61 58 60 61 58 .54 56 ,58 11 46 48 55 58 57 56 .56 .57 56 50 53 56 46 48 54 58 57 56 ,56 56 56 50 ,52 .56 12 42 4« 53 .W •W .W .50 .50 Xi ,50 .50 SH 42 46 52 50 50 52 50 50 ,52 ,50 ,50 52 • 13 !>2 52 53 58 56 55 64 56 .55 53 54 55 52 52 53 59 56 55 54 56 .55 .52 ,53 .55 14 42 45 52 •Vi .56 &i .56 .56 5:< ,50 ,52 5;^ 41 ■44 51 56 56 5:^ 55 ,56 .53 49 51 52 15 40 44 51 50 51 52 50 51 52 65 59 52 39 43 50 50 60 50 49 50 50 44 48 50 Mean,. . 47,' 49f 544 57J 56} 55} 5^ 56} 55, 51? 63^ 55} 47} 49j 53^ 51, 573 542 55,5 55? 543 51} 52? 543 Highest 65 55 57 62 61 58 62 61 58 59 58 58 65 66 67 62 61 68 62 61 58 ,59 58 .58 Lowest, 40 44 51 50 51 62 50 ! 60 52 45 49 52 1) 39 1 43 80 50 56 60 49 50 50 44 48 60 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAT or MONTH. 5 o'clock a. m. . 12 oclock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. « 1. II k 11 p. ■S * -J k - ll 11 i a 1 a k 11 a 1 a > Li < Air, 4 inches above surface, naked soil. Air, 4 inches above surface, grass land. a 1 •6 a 1 II :-= < Air, 4 inches above surface, naked soil. Airr4 inches^bove surface, grass land. a 1 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 66 54 51 47 47 62 42 36 55 54 51 47 42 52 42 36 55 54 51 47 42 52 42 35 N. 62 r 'W 62 89 60 56 50 87 54 48 SE-^if^i'^r [Ql^i^l.^1 N. W. W. 8. W. W. N.E. 59 60 56 50 67 54 48 69 60 56 60 57 54 48 w. w. N.W. s. w. w. N.W. 58 58 66 61 54 53 48 58 58 56 61 64 53 48 58 58 86 81 64 53 48 N. W. W. s. w. w. N.W. 56 53 50 50 48 47 43 55 52 60 50 47 46 42 54 51 50 50 47 46 42 N. N. W. s. w. w. N.W, 48 46 38 32 32 Mean, Highest, . . . Lowest 47| 55 36 48J 55 36 48 57 36 55J 62 48 62 48 62 48 551 60 48 55J 60 48 54| 60 48 5og 60 43 50j 60 42 50 60 42 .... > >> ■ Observations.— 8. Cloudy. Afternoon slight showers. 9. Few thin clouds. Fresh W. breeze. 10. Few float- ing clouds. Stiff W. breeze. 7 P. M. clear. Light dew. 11. Heavy dew. Morning clear. Afternoon few clouds. Strong W. breeze. 12. Morning cool. Light dew. Thin clouds. Afternoon cloudy. Strong S. breeze. 13. Few thin clouds. Moderate breeze. Smoky. 14. Morning clear. Light frost. Afternoon few clouds. W. breeze. 15. Few clouds. Heavy frost. Moderate wind. 39 UBSGRVATIONS UN SOII^. OCTOBER. OBSERVATIONS OH BOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSBRVATIONB ON NAKED SOIL. Ik O'clock a. m 12 O'clock m. 3 o'clock am 7 o'clock p.m 6 o'clock p.m 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p.m 7 o'clock p.m PAT or k >• ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft MONTH. o o o n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 1!. » . e . « . » . « . a • A V .O « ■a » .0 V A » lA « .0 u .0 « .0 a> .0 w js ci :.o « XI u ■a » « sJ iS • s^;s,s V S.fl zM 6 s^isl « sJ S^ V sJ'sJ V sJisJ q3 ss sl 1 JC ^ JZ *-• S e h Js ^ a ■C *-> •c (- 1 A •- :j3 !: i2 J3 h .s t s c ■- j: S: -= i 'J= b 1 J= t .0 b %^ gs o 2 " 2 a gij §i! rr grf §5! •= gsigs •s e " :C " s^ S^ •r » 00 'T SI a> do ^ 3» QO do * 0-. cc t |3> EC r i* to ■a- 5> 16 38 44 60 62 52 61 62 62 51 49 81 51 37 43 48 52 82 50 52 52 50 48 62 50 17 45 46 60 60 62 52 60 56 6;{ 64 53 53 46 46 49 61 52 61 61 55 53 64 54 63 18 19 SO 47 47 62 64 68 66 59 54 62 56 64 65 66 54 66 46 46 51 64 58 66 f>7 58 54 53 66 54 65 M 46 47 62 fiO 67 65 60 47 65 45 46 51 60 57 55 60 57 55 52 21 22 23 41 62 48 45 52 SO 51 54 52 57 68 56 54 55 54 64 66 62 64 65 53 64 54 63 40 62 48 44 62 50 49 53 52 67 58 56 54 65 53 61 56 52 54 65 53 64 53 53 . .. 66 mVm 65 53 53 . . • • Mean,.. 48* 47* 60| 66f 53} 52| 594 53|! 65 53j} 64} 53? 44t 46? 50? 57 53 52.{ 57!| 55 54 56J 64.J S*! Highest 52 62 54 fiO 67 1 65 M 68 56 wT 5S" 56 52 52 57 61 57 65 tj3 58 56 57 58 56 Lowest. 38 44 60 62 52 1 51 62 54 61 49 62 51 37 43 48 62 82 50 52 |62 60 43 52 50 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAT or MONTH. 5 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. i l| si i MS ".2 life h of -3 ■g = >-3 ■g to 0 p 1^ S"^ S„T '^ m S"^ ,S»r .So- |-= .a«- .y«- s- ,t!„" ,s« 1 tl ft d 1 1 ki 0 1 .1 •5 .5 1 1* -M m a ■0 a 16 17 18 36 45 46 35 46 46 36 46 4'> 32 .... 8. 8. S. 64 60 64 60 64 60 s.. 8.' 65 60 68 54 60 68 64 60 68 s. s. s. 46 56 63 46 56 63 46 55 62 8. S. S. 4") 19 20 ^ , M 62 54 52 64 51 w. N. 46 46 46 42 .... "n. 60 60 60 N. 60 60 60 N. 21 40 40 40 38 w. . . *. m 57 67 N. 54 53 53 N. 22 fV? 6? 6? 60 8. 62 62 62 S. 62 62 62 S. 23 46 46 46 W. 62 62 62 W. 51 51 50 w. • > > > . ... Mean, .... 44i|441 44i > • * • . .. . Sf.* 661 S?.5 ^J 60j' 60j 641 54J i?4i Highest, . Lowest,.. 621 62 62 361 36 36 .... .... 60 62 60 62 60 62 ::::!:::::: 68 54 68 i 68 641 54 63 63 46 46 bJ 46 OBsr-avATiONS.— 16. Clear. Heavy frost. Ground frozen slightly. Moderate breeze. 17. Mornin); clear. Light dew. Afternoon few thin clouds. 8. breeze. 18. Heavy dew. Very few thin clouds. S. breeze. 19. Cloudy. 8. breeze. 20. Heavy dew. Very few thin clouds. N. breeze. 21. Heavy dew. Few clouds. 22. Cloudy. 8. breeze. MonUng rainy. 23. Morning cloudy. Stiff W. breeze. 7 P. M. clear. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. OCTOBER. DAT or MONTH. OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL OF GRASS LAND. OBSERVATIONS ON NAKED SOIL. 5 o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p. m. 5 o'clk a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clk p. m. 7 o'clk p. m. 1 o V 1 i. I u 9 00 o . !■§ V A c (id o . "3 • 1 1 u 9 a o . !l « u c 1 o . ii V 1 OQ 4 inches below sur- face. i) Inches below sur- face. i u a CO s o . a 31 3 00 3 o . 3 o . 1 1 9 o . oa a; 1 s o . -1 to a; u .s t-l o . o . !l 1 24 25 26 27 , , 54 52 52 60 66 j54 54 52 52 60 66 54 ::::"" w 41 40 38 39 40 46 46 43 43 43 32 32 32 32 39 40 39 38 38 40 45 45 42 42 43 28 ^ 41 44 46 41 44 29 30 31 32 36 39 54 38 47 54 48 47 69 54 50 56 54 50 1 ^wi 35| 38 39 52 41 54* 32 35i 62 38 381 52* 42 ...J.... Highest S' 1 1 1 1 I 1 ' ' ■ . ' ' 1 OBSERVATIONS ON ATMOSPHERE, DEW, RAIN, AND WIND. DAT or MONTH. 6 o'clock a. m. 12 o'clock m. 3 o'clock p. m. 7 o'clock p. m. 1 l| II 1! |1 Ii a- "J 1 i > il 5 II Si Ii •1^ 1 1 ■^ > P < ■§ c .Si- <1" -J .a J, d 1 5 > II '•5 s» .2 5 2;=? Si^ ti? «C GQ CO !C •CACCCOOQOO COTf C^*-«r-i s^^ i^!9 1 ^ ^ s§§ ^«W^iO»r>'»OiO*^'Nm*1'»0 "^SOQ— 'f^^W^Cir- 2^i^!? ^ **-* ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^' 'T ^r ^ '^ " ^1 ^ ^ "(J" ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Tf ^ 'j' TT §!g55;555g^^^5j!^ ;gg§|i55^g^5!§!§!|? l—fefc"Wl— r., -^K* — K 5 ^^^rj'TfTTTt'^TJ'^C'SCO CO CO C^ ' ^ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO •rococorocQ roociosooi^ocoogcoo ■T'VrOCQCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO COCOCOCOtOCOCOCO CO CO CO CO CO c fo?ocofofoco55w«w !S5????S^15§5l5gJ ??s???s?? ^ rf ^ tO(0 CO CO CO CO CO fo CO CO coco SG2S28c3SI?3S;SSS85giS;; | is eg: &? 41 ■3 2.5 III ~~ q m — oi <§!! . s "cBo a .■-■ oo , - I*' « N o «>* 00 ^^ _,s • te.S-g, •S N S) 0° 5« a o •* <= S X.I-'.. — oo t^ >* . N -3 . e « « ST . . a U q"< o SCO I-: 3 0-° M a '■ >. ■" • b'E §x rt 2 2 IXJ * o *^ ^ « o . « oa "if o ^ M ^CG on 1.2 S5 "T " !► i= fc S 5 oo-°2 5 B ** ^ OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. 25 JANUARY, 1848. OBSERVATIONS 1 0BSEKV.4TI0NS DAY OF MONTH. ON SOIL. ON TRKZS. WEATHER. Is is u is 1* J<3 si Air. .N "3 . o S bus a S 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 1 3 6 8 3 9 1 a a. m p.m a. m p.m a. mp.m a.m p.m a.m a.m p.m p.m| 1. mp.m 1. mp.m g a. m P.n>^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lU 11 12 13 14 15 4U lo 43 43 43 43 42 42 41 *H 41 41 40i 40ll 40 411 43 43 43 421 42 414 4l| 41 42 41 40 40 42 /I9 , ; , , 1 48 66 S S 1 1 1 1 2 6 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 40 40i 40 40 40 in 32 36 24 20 12 22 42 40 32 21 22 26 28 4 30 30 32 38 42 N NW N N N N N N N N S S <5 N NW 8 N N N W N N N S S s 1 4 7 4 2 2 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 2 2 4 2 0 3 4 I 0 3 2 0 0 2 4 6 5 0 2 6 1 3 3 2 1 0 3 4 4 R 0 J' 2 0* I' 4, 5 394 40 39'^ 40 40 39 39 39 37 37 39 39i 40 40 39 39 39 38 37 37 1 3 11 20 15 34 40 ...1 . :::::::: i i 42 i 42 ^ Semi-monthly mean, 39.23 41.72 28 2.18 2.46 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 35 5^ 38 '^^ 36 33 29 9 21 33 25 21 44 38 29 19 36 42 42 28 30 40 36 38 40 35 32 41 NW S S N 8 S N N N S N N N NW W N N w N N S s N N S s N N W W W s 1 1 3 2 4 4 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 1 I' 2 3 3 I' 2 2i i; 2 1 3 2 2 0 2 3 0 3 4 1 3 0 2 3 4 0 4 1 1 0 1 3 0 1 2 3 1 0 3 5 6 1 4 2 2 0 I' 0 2 3 2 2 0 ^4* 5 4^ 1 1, 35 35 35 34i 34j 35 35 36 34, 34 34 34, 34 34 34 36i 35 36 344 35 36 35 34^ 34^ 34' 34' 34i 34 34 34, 39 3a{ 38 37i 37 38 38 38 37, 37 37 37 3ft 37 37 39 38 38 374 38 38 .38 37i 37^ 38 38 37 37 37 37 26 26 32 31 30 30 30 32 34 35J 32 32 32 25 32 32 31 31 29 32 33 344 38 35 35 35 26 21 27 30 27 28 26 29^ 30 31 30 31 31 25 25 29 29 27 24 29 30 31 31 30, 30 32 :::: 32 33 374 39 31 32 31 Semi-monthly mean, 1 Monthly mean, 34.7 37| 37 32i Observations.— 1. Hazy. Warm S. breeze. 3. Heary frost in morning. Warm clay. 5. Snow i inch deep. High wind. 6. Cold N. Wind. 8. Li^ht fall of snow. 9. Snow fell last night 8 inches deep. Strong W. breeze. 10. Very cold. 11. Very cold. 14. Light showers of rain. 16. Light showers occasionally. Ifi. Snow has nearly disappeared. Soil froze 6 inches deep. 17. Light frost during night. 20. Cold S. wind. 26. Smoky. Light show- ers during the afternoon. 27. Morning foggy. Smoky. Rain from 10 a. m. to 4 p.m. 28. Morning foggy and fmoky. 30. Light fall of snow. White frost during tlie night. 31. Soil froze { inch deep during night. [Agricultural Rep. Vol. II. — App.] OBSERVATIONS ON BOILS. FEBRUARY, 1848. OBSEKVATIONS OBSERVATIONS DAT or MONTH. ON SOIL. ON TKSJtS. WEATHEK. o . II 11 Horse Chestnut. Black Walnut. Air H 5 0 . = s OB £'■3 US V 0 05 8 a.m 3 p.m 8 a.m 3 p.m 8 a.m 3 8 p.m a.m 3 p.m 6 a.m 8 a.m 3 p.m 9 p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m i 1 34 M 3fi? 36; 36» 30 ^ 32 33 25 28 33 36 N W 2 2 1 1 1 0.5i 2 31 341 36? 31 31 31 32 22 21 37 20 N N 1 1 1 1 1 3 34 34 37 36S 30 30 31 31 13 14 31 30 N 8 1 1 1 2 n 4 34 34 37 36 30 30 31 31i 28 31 38 35 N 8E 1 1 5 3 4 6 34 34 36J 36J 30 30; 32 32; 33 33J 33 29 N N 1 1 5 5 5 1'-"^ 6 34 . . . . 36] 30 . . . • 31 . . . • 27 29 . > > < 26 N . ... • < .• 2 5 . . . • 2'0. 10 7 34 34i 361 'sej 30 30 30 30 26 24 28 22 N N 4 4 2 2 2' 8 34 341 37 36J 27 28 27 28 12 14 28 10 N N 1 1 0 0 0 9 34 34 36; 37 18 23; 22 28 1 7 33 23 N N 1 1 0 0 0 .... 10 34 34 36J 36i 23i 26 28i 30 26 241 26 14 N N 5 3 2 1 n '.'.'.. 11 334 33i 36 36i 11 16 20 25 -1 r 18 4 N NW 2 2 0 0 0 . ... 12 33 33? 33] 36 36 7 10 16 21 -3 1 19 12 N N 1 1 1 1 1 .... 13 334 36 36 9 . , , , 17 .* > > 0 2 20 16 N N 1 1 0 1 i 14 33. 33!l 36 36 9 15 16 19 4 4 25 17 N N 1 1 3 2 2i 15 33' 33l| 36 36 14 23 18 17 14 25 32 26 N N 3 2 0 0 0 Semi-monthly mean. 34v 36i 31 1 16 334 33| 33^ "^37 36 36 25 27 25 "W 24. 261 40 i6 N N 1 0 0 0 .... 17 33J 33I 333 36 36 23 26 17 28 10 12 32 23 N N 1 0 0 0 .... 18 36 36 23 25 23 27 8 13 38 25 N N 1 0 0 0 !!!! 19 33 36 36 20 26 22 29 12 10 36 36 N N 1 0 1 i .... 20 33 36 . . . . • • • • . • > > . . . . 36 36 38 S . • * • ■ • • ■ i 4 2 0.29 21 33 '33" 36 36 30 "36" '33" 33 43 42 '46' 40 SW W 3i 2 "i" li 22 334 33} 331 33I 36 36 30 31 33 34 36 31 36 38 s s 1 3 3 3 6! is 23 36 36 m 31 33J 38 37 36; 47 39 s s 1 3 2} 2J 24 33 33 36 36 30 30 32 32 29 30 30 27 w w 2i 2 2i 4 4 4 ■ • * • 25 33 33 361 351 35* 30i 30 28 31 12 14 24 17 NE NE 2 2 2 0 9 0 .... 26 33 33 35 35 29 30 26 31 9 15 31 27 N S 1 2 n 0 0 I) • . •• 27 33 33 35? 35I 28 30 30 32 22 28 35 22 S 8 2 2 2 n 2i 2 0.10 28 32} 32} 35 26 251 28 28 10 14 29 31 S S 2 35 2i 1 4' 2J 0.03 29 32^ 33 I35i 36 27 28 30 30 31 31 32 23 w SW 3 4 3J 2 3) 3 .... iemi-monthly mean. 33 36 29i Monthly mean Observations. — 1. Snow fell 6 inches »Ieep last night. Thaws slowly in sun. 2. Hard frost last night. Thaws slowly in sun. 3. Thaws slightly in sun. Freezes in shade, 4. Light snow storm in morning. P. m. warm, thaws fast. 5. About 4 inches of snow fell last night. Commpnced snowing again at 12 m. 6. Snow 10 inches deep. Snow has been falling almost constantly since 12 m. yesterday. Snow damp. 7. Snow 12 inches deep. Drifissome. 8. Thaws slightly in sun. Good sleighing. 9. Clear. Smoky. Thaws sliglitly in sun. 10. Smoky. Pleasant. 11. Clear and cold. 12. Cold, very. 14. Snow 10 inches deep. 15. Smoky. 16. Smolty. P. m. warm 17. Smoky. Cold morning. 18. Smoky. Thaws fast in sun. 19. Smoky. Snow is disappearing rapidly. 20. Rain and hail early a.m. to 2 p.m. Temperature 36°. 21. Snow nearly gone. 22. Rain and snow 12 m. afternoon and evening. 23. Snow disappearing rapidly. 27. Smoky. 28. Snow p. m. 29. Snow a. m. Snow ) inch deep. OBSERVATIONS OS SOIL. «7 MARCH, 1848. OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS D*y OF .MONTH. ON SOIL. ON TREES. WEATHER. » i V< m' is 0 . Is 0 « hH 01 0 A r. .21 Q ° 0 . ""3, 1* 0 oi N •» 0 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 6 1 8 3 9 a.m p.m a.m p.m a a.m n.m i a. m p.m 1. m [>.m a. m p.m 1. m p.m ». m a. m p.m [>.m 1 1 1 33 33 "36" 36 23 24 27 28 16 ■ 18 25 19 N N 1 »3 3j 1 1 1 . . . . il 33 33' 36 35i 35 18 23 23 26 11 16 27 24 W N 1 2 U 1 2 n 0.41 3 32? 33 35j 21 23 24', 26 29 20 27 27 N S 4 2 3 4 4 4 .... 4 33' 33 36 36 20 26 25 28 20 21 32 30 N W 0 1 J 0 3i 2J 0.04 5 6 '33" 33 33 36' 36 35j 23 14 23 20 22 31 18 33 s" NW SW '3" 6 2 3 21 '3' 4 4 2 3 0.02 "19 '24' '233 '27' 7 33 33 36 35 26 29 W 29 26 284 44 42 s s 2 1 li 2 1 li . . . . 8 33 33 35 36 30 31 32 36 36 32 52 50 s s 0 3 ^1 0 2 li . • • • 9 33 33 35 35 31 32 35 36 37 36 44 29 sw S 4 2 4 4 1 0.18 10 33 33 36 35 30 30 30 31 21 24 30 23 NW NW 4i 4 4 4i 4 4 1.08 11 33 33 35 35 30 30 29 32 14 24 32 24 N N 1 2 n 1 1 H .... 12 . . • 33 . . . . 35 . , < • > ■ , 9 16 38 40 t . • • S 3 1* .... 4 2 • • • • 13 '33 33 '35 35 30 30 32 ^ 36 32 34 25 SW W 0"' 2 0 4 2 .... 14 33 33 35 35 30 30^ 30 12 16 26 11 w w 1 3 H 1 2 1 .... 15 33 33 35 35 20 23 23 26 1 6 12 9 w w 0 2 110 1 i .... Semi-monthly mean , 33 353 25i "16- 33 33 35 35 10 19 18 25 1 6 23 10 N N 0 1 . 0 0 0 .... 17 32i 32j 35 345 10 21 18 25 1 10 32 22 N N 0 1 . 0 0 0 • • . ■ 18 32 32 32 34 j 34 J 3^1 34 21 23 25 25 22 25 37 27 8 S 1^ 1 1 3} 3 H ij 19 32t 23 . . . • 27 . • . > 18 28 42 38 8 s 1 1 1 0' 3 6! 15 20 32J 32 32 m! 34{ 29 29 32 33 35 37 43 44 W s 1 2 li 0 3 u 0.12 21 32i 34 34 31 33 35 38 39 42 49 44 SW w 2 3 % 3 4 4 .... 22 32; 32^ 34 34 31 34 35 38 31 37 48 39 W w 1 2 1 3 2 .... 23 321 32 34 34J 34 32 34 34 38 35 36 48 38 N s 1 1 1 4 3 H 0.17 24 32 32 44 34 34 31 34 33 36 34 32 48 35 S s 2 2 2 4 2 3 25 32 32 35' 31 36 32 35 28 32 53 46 S s 1 1 1 0 1 i 28 32 32 34, 34 34 36 38 32 41 43 44 46 46 S s 2 2 2 4 5 4i 27 32 32, 32I 34 37 38 40 40 44 41 42 43 S NW 1 1 1 4 4 2} o.hi 28 32 M 37 38 40 41 40 42 44 44 N N 1 1 1 5 6 .... 29 32 32^ 34i 34 34 34 38 42 40 44 41 42 53 45 NW w 2 3 H 4 1 • . • • 30 32 32; 32i 34 37 47 40 48 35 39 66 50 W 8 1 1 1 0 1 * ■ • • 31 32 34| 48 57 49 61 50 50 66 62 s S 2 4 3 2 3 2I .... Semi-monthly mean ,.. 32i 34i m Monthly mean ,.. . . . Observations. — 1. CoUl wind. 2. Snow 9 a. m. to noon of 3d. 3. Snow 8 inches deep. 4. Snow early a. m. S. Snow early a. m. 6. Wind shifted at about 12 m. at night. 7. Thaws fast. 8. Froze slightly during night, 9. Rain during night and early a. m. Snow, rain and hail 4i p. ra., till 2 p. m. of the lOtb. 11. Thaws fast in sun. 12. Smoky. 13. Smoky. 14. Smoky. 19. Rain and snow 6 p. m. 20. Rain 5 p. m. 21. Strong wind during night. 23. Snow and rain early a. m., occasional showers during the day and night. 26. Rain 2 p. m. to 12 m. at night. 27. Ilazy, slight showers. 28. Rain early a. m. till 12 m. at night. 29. Smoky 30. Smoky. 28 OUSEHVATIONS ON SOILS. APRIL, 1848. OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS DAT or MONTH. ON SOIL. ON TREES. WEATHER. ll Is Air. -3 ll a 0 . 8 a.m 3 p.m 8 3 8 3 a.mp.mla.mp.mi 8 1 i.mf 3 6 8 .ma.ma.m 3 9 p.mp.m i.m p.ma.mp.m S w s a.m p.m C % 0.22 1 33 33 34?| 343 36 35 48 49 49 50 49 50 60 37 W W 4 4 4 3 2 2U 2 33 33 35 . . . • . . • ■ 31 50 47 38 SW W 4 4 4 2 1 1 3 34 34 36 '37' '44 "38" 46' 30 34 64 44 8 s 1 3 2 1 2 1 4 33 33 36 36 39 43 41 44 39 39 44 48 S 8 8 4 4i 4 6 8 6!43 5 33 33i 36:y 37 45 47 45 49 48 47 54 41 W W 2 2 2 2 1 H 6 39 39 38 38 42 48 41 80 32 40 86 44 w w 1 2 H 0 1 0^ 7 40 40 39 38 m 49 43 49 33 42 60 42 w w 2 3 H 0 0 8 41 41 40 39 43 51 43 53 32 42 64 61 w w 1 1 1 0 0 0 9 42 42 40 40 48 52 47 53 38 38 78 61 w w 1 1 1 0 0 0 10 44 44 41 40i 51 51 50 52 39 44 74 63 w w 1 3 2 0 1 \ 11 45 45 42 41 53 51 62 52 43 50 71 55 w N 1 2 1^ 0 1 12 46i 46 44j 42 83 57 82 55 47 44 39 62 s 8 1 2 1 4 4 4' 6!o7 13 46 45^ 43 42i 52 51 50 50 42 43 41 39 s W 1 2 1 4 5 i\ 0.19 14 45 44* 43 ir 43 46 44 44 36 44 81 44 S' s 1 1 1 2 3 0.04 15 44 43i 42 424 41 51 41 63 34 43 68 54 N NW 1 1 1 1 1 1*1.... Semi -montlily mean. 39| 39j 46i 16 44i 45 43] 42J 48 65 48 57 41 48 66 55 w w 2 H 0 0 0 17 46 46 44 43 51 57 51 86 43 47 39 44 N w 2 H 1 0 \ • ■ • • 18 46J 46 43 44 46 48 45 48 34 38 81 35 N N 2 H 4 3 3*^.03 19 45 44 43 44 40 44 37 43 30 31 48 38 N N 3 4 2 3 .• ■ • 20 44 43^ 44 44 35 46, 36 48 27 35 60 45 N W 2 1, 0 1 1 ■ > • > 21 44 44 44 44 43 55' 44 56 37 44 70 88 S w 2 0 1 t > • • 22 46 46 44 44 53 62^ 52 62 50 81 74 82 s N 1 2 3 2^ 0.02 23 24 47 45 52 52 50 41 60 N 1 48 "m 45 45' '55' '54 40 '62 42 W "w "5' 2 "2' "2' h'.ik 25 47 47 45 45 '46' 51 '46' 52 36 '45 62 87 w w 2 1 1 1 . • . . 26 47| 47 45 45 52 54 50 84 47 46 1 89 49 w N 1 5 3 4 . . . . 27 47, 1 47 45j 45J 1 -w 53 47 54 36 45 65 49 N N 1 0 1 i . . . . 28 48 47J 46' 45 50 56 48 57 37 43 69 86 S S 3 0 2 1 0.08 29 48 48 46 46 M 54 53^ 53 53 61 60 48 S w 6 2 n 5 5 6 j.... 30 47^ 47 146 46 55 54 57 53 38 37 63 82 w N 2 2 2 1 0 4.... Semi -montliljr mean, 44? 444 48 Observations.— 1. Rain. 3. Smolty. 4. Rain. Tlicrraometer 44°. 5. Smoky. 6. Smolcy. 7. Smoky. 8. Smoky. 9. Smoky. 10. Smoky. II. Smoky. 12. Rain early. 13. Rain from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. 14. Rain and hail p. m. 15. UuiU or the Horse Chestnut begin to swell. 16. Morning foggy. Smoky. 17. Smoky. 18. Snow p.m. 20. hight dew. Smoky. 22. Rain p. m. 24. Rain early a. m. 26. Smoky. Leaves begin to show themselves on the Horse Chestnut. 26. Smoky. Lilac leaves ? inch long. 29. Rain a. m. Ostrya virginica in (lower. 30 Light dew. Currant and Gooseberry in flower. OBSEHVATIONS ON SOILS. 29 MAY, 1848. OBSERVATIONS i r- 2 o OB3EIIVA1 IONS ON SOIL. ON TREES, WEATHER. Is 0 . 0 . 1 -1 o| "0 a . Cm 0 . 2 o |8 a X 0 H Air. 'S a P •v » M 1 "i* ' 5 u hH 8 3 8 sis 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 6 8 1 3 9 c B Q a.m p.m Ei.m p.m'a.m ).m i.mi ].m i.m p.m: i.m p.m ii.ma.m p.m p.m a.m p.m a. m p.m V s a.m p.m 1 1 50 54 51 51 47i 474 46 46 52 57 50 564 39 51 62 53 N 8 4 24 1 5 3 O.IO 'Z 51 55 51 51 48 48 46 46 M 57 53 56 51 52 64 M S SW 1 1 4 5 44 1.34 3 53 54 52 53 48 48 46 46 M 66 53 M 51 53 61 53 N N 2 H 6 3 4 * . t > 4 SO 58 51 53 48k 48.1 46 46 62 59 50 61 45 51 78 67 E NE 1 1 0 1 4 . • • • 5 56 60 bii 55 60 50| 46^ 46i 59 62i 68 62 67 57 72 65 S 8 3 3 3 3 2 24 0.37 6 58 60 56 60 6I4 52 47 47 63 er 62^ 69 62 644 83 75 S S 1 1 2 1 14 0.31 7 60 67 59 61 53I 54 47^ 48 68 68 67 72 65 63 84 65 N 8 2 H 0 0 0 0.05 8 58 M 58 61 65 54i 48| 49 60 61 62 67 63 58 72 66 W W 2 H 1 2 1^ . . • • 9 57 58 68 57 66 Mi 49i 49i 68 57 61 60 53 53 62 M NW N 1 1 5 3 4 0.29 10 56 59 67 56 54 63 50 60 M 68 66 60 M 53 67 56 S S 2 4 3 4 6 44 2.32 11 56 51 56 54 53 53 50 50 M 52 55 62 50 474 50 49 s N 2 2 2 6 6 6' 12 53 56 64 65 52 52 50i 50 60 52 49 514 49 52 60 57 NW W 3 2 24 3 4 3» .... 13 53 58^ 64^ 554 52 52 60' 60 51 53 49 55 46 52 65 55 N s 1 3 2 2 3 2, .... 14 53 54' 661 56 62 52 50 50 52 61 50 51 45 45 65 53 W w 3 4 34 5 5 5 0.03 15 53 57 54 55 59 61 60 50 50i M 50 57 47 52 69 61 W w 2 3 2| 0 1 i S.m.me., 36.18 54.78 51.4 48.28 57j -is- 55 59 1 55 1 56 52 52 60 50 56 67 57 59 67 b6 69 60 s w 2 1 H 5 3 4 0710 17 55 60 56 57 52 62 50 50 56 67 56 54 53 56 70 66 8 w 1 3 2 1 1 1 18 65 62 66 58 53 53 50 50 56 60 59 67 63 56 84 70 sw sw 1 3 2 0 0 0 19 57 64 58 58 63 53 50 50 60 61 66 72 60 65 90 77 s s 1 1 1 0 1 a i)M 20 61 66 69 61 Mi 55 501 60 63 62, 71 73 65 67 72 71 8 E 2 1 14 3 5 4" 0.41 21 62 65 62 62 56" 66 51 61 64 65 71 73 66 67 82 66 N 8 1 1 r 3 0 2J, 1.41 22 62 64 61 61 57J 57 62 52 64 63 68 67 66 65 72 63 E N 1 2 1^ 6 3 44 0.03 23 62 64 62 61 58 57 52 52 , 62 62 64 65 62 62 76 69 W w 1 1 1 5 3 4 ... * 24 62 6i 62 61 68 57 53 53 62 62 64 66 63 63 64 64 8 8 3 3 3 4 6 44 .... 25 61 64 61 61 57, 57 53, 53 k 61 J 63 63 66 62 60 79 71 S S 2 3 25 5 1 3 .... 26 63 65 62 63 57, 68 53 53 65 62 64 68 70 67 67 81 68 E E 1 2 14 1 3 2 27 60 65 61 61 58' 68 M 53 62 65 70 57 63 80 68 N W 1 1 1 0 1 4 28 60 65 60, 61 58 58 56 55 62 62 65 70 62 59 80 70 8 E 1 1 1 2 1 H 29 62 65 61 62 58 58 M M 63 64 68 71 66 65 78 70 8 S 2 7 44 2 1 14 .... 30 64 M 62 62 58 58 M M 66 67 60 70 69 67 70 65 S 8 2 2 2 5 6 5| 0.89 31 60 62 60, 60, 584' 58 M^ 54 } 59 59 60 61 M 56 59 51 w W 4 4 4 4 3 3' S.m. r oe.,614 60 561 52^ 66^ Mo. r aean, Observations. — 1. Rain 6 to 8 p. m. Heavy dew in morning. 2. Rain 5 p. m. to 10 a. m. of the 3d. Tern. 53°. 3. Horse Chestnut buds at 8 a. m. Tern. M". 4. Heavy dew. 5. Rain early a. m. 6. Flower panicles of the Horse Chestnut begin to appear. Rain from 2 to 4 p. m. thunder shower. 7. Rain early a. m. Thunder shower. 8. Buds of the Black Walnut begin to swell. 9.Rain a. m. Tem. of rain 56°. Young twigs of Horse Chestnut from 9 to 11 inches long, those of the lilac from 10 to 14 inches long. 10. Rain a. m. 0.02. Rain 3 p. m. 11. Rain till late in the evening. Tem. 48°. 12. Lilac in flower. Horse Chestnut begins to flower. 14. Rain early a. m. and p. m. 16. Rain early a. m. Tem. 55°. 17. Heavy dew. 18. Heavy dew. 19. Rain from 9 to 11 p. m. Thunder shower. 20. Rain 12 m. to 3 p. m. Tem. 71°. Thunder. 21. Rain 2 p. m. to 11 a. m. of 22d. Tem. 65°. Pinguicula vulgaris, Polygala paucifolia, Uvularia sessilifolia and Convalaria bifolia in flower. 22. Rain p. m. 23. About § of the top of the Black Walnut is dead. Horse Chestnut shedding its petals. 24. Erythronium albidum and americanum in flower. 26. Slight shower. Viburnum roseum in flower. 26. Heavy dew. Tem. 66°. 27. Heavy dew. Tem. 58°. 28, Poa pratensis and Triticum repens begin to head. 30. Rain early a. m. to 4 p. m. anil from (> to 7 p. m Tem. of rain p. m. 68". w OBSEBVATION8 ON SOILS. JUNE, 1848. OBSEBVATIONS R OBSEBVATION8 ON SOILS. ON T&EES. WBATHEB. i H * » 1 » » •s II a 11 si u 11 u J<3 e* V Q ^ 1 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 6 8 3 a.mn.m ft»mp.m 8 a.m p.m § s.m p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m a.m i.m i.ma.mip.mi p.m 1 1 1 s r i s 1 56 60 S9i 60 674 67 S54 854 64] 534 55 53 57 42 48 62 56 w w 3 5 4 1 1 1 2 55 60 68 60 66 56 544 54 58 54 62 51 68 78 70 s s 2 3 34 1 1 1 . ... 3 58 63 59 62 56 56 54* 54' 60 62 62 66 62 64 77 71 s s 2 1 1 4 3 H .... 4 63 65 62 63 564 664 54 64 63 63 66 72 63 70 86 75 N s 1 1 1 1 1 1 .... 5 65 71 634 65 59 59 54 544 65 61 70 73 70 70 80 65 S s 2 2 2 2 2 2 0.53 6 64 67 61 66 60 60 55 56' 63 62 66 76 62 60 69 66 N w 2 4 3 2 2 2 0.04 7 60 61 63 62 694 594 56 56 56 68 60 59 51 53 66 54 W NW 2 3 24 4 4 4 0-06 8 59 63 61 62 68 58 564 56 57 69 57 60 54 67 70 63 N N 2 2 2 4 3 34O.O6I 9 60 68 61 64 68' 68 66 56 60 62 60 68 57 63 86 70 N N 2 2 2 2 1 H .. . . 10 62 69 63 64 59 89 56 66 m 62 64 67 64 63 74 66 S SW 2 3 24 3 4 1 0.28 11 64 72 64 66 59 594 66 56 63 63 65 69 64 68 72 65 W w 1 3 2 0 1 12 62 68 63i 64 60 60' 564 66 68 59 60 61 49 54 62 52 w w 2 5 3i 1 1 1 13 59 68 63^ 63 594 69 56 57 64i 58 56 59 46 50 66 59 w w 4 5 4i 2 1 H 14 61 65 63 62 684 59 57 57 57| 60 57 6U 53 58 72 62 NW W 2 3 St 1 1 1 15 64 68 63 64 69 59 57 67 61 62 63 1 68' 62 66 82 69 8 S 1 2 1 1 1 S.M.ni e., 63i 62^ 5Si 55 59| 63 63| 2J 1.8 0.97 16 67 76 65 68 6O4 61 56 664 66 67 70 75 70 79 94 86 NW NW 1 1 1 0 0 0 17 70 T7 68 71 62 63 57 67 69 68 74 77 72 78 90 82 W s 1 2 11 0 1 sl • . . • J8 72. 77 70 71 64 63 68 68 71 71 76 78 75 74 87 79 S s 1 2 1 6 0.26 19 71 78 70 70 66 654 58 59 724 71 76 78 77 74 84 79 S 8 1 3 2 3 6 4 0.02 20 71 77 70 72 66 66 60 60 72 71 76 75 75 70 82 69 S S 1 1 1 6 1 34'0.2C 1410.9s 21 69 72 69 72 66 66 60 60 68 68 71 73 67 70 84 69 8 w 1 3 2 1 2 22 68 68 * • • • 66 . . . • 60 60 67 • •■ • 68 . . . . 64 70 70 W 8 2 2 2 1 . . . • I 23 68 '73' 68 71 66 66 60 6O4 68 70 69 73 69 71 'so' 73 s S 1 5 3 3 6 ^1 6!34 24 67 72 68 68 66 66 61 61 67 67 68 69 65 64 76 65 w w 2 5 ^ 4 1 • .. . 25 65 72 66 68 65 644 61 61 61 66 64 67 60 66 80 70 w w 2 3 2. 1 1 1 .... 28 66 74 67 68 644 64 61 61 67 67 68 69 63 66 83 76 NE NE 1 1 1 1 3 2 .... 27 69 74 69 69 65 63 61 61 69 70 70 72 68 70 86 78 S S 3 3 3 3 2 24 28 70 78 70 72 66 66 61 61 72 72 72 73 74 75 88 71 s 8 2 2 2 4 6 5 i.'74 29 70 70 70 70 67 67 162 62 70 71 70 70 69 72 82 76 N W 1 2 H 6 1 3^ .... 30 71 74 70 704 674 674 62 62, ni 72 71 72 73 74 81 73 S E 1 1 1 4 4 4 0.24 S.M.ni le., 71.79 69.3 72.2 59.94 69.23 71.96 74.57 1.9 i.6 3.T5 Mo.m Ban 67.56 65.95 65.30 57.47 64.52 67.48 68.95 2.28 2.2 4.72 Obsebtations. — 1. Cypripidium acaule in flower. 3. Slig^ht sprinkle in the morning^. 4. Poa pratensis in flower 5. Rain early a. m. anti 4 to 7 p m. 6. Rain 6 to 7 a. m. 7. Rain 6 to 8 p. m. anil 12 m. at nigiit. 8. Rain 9 to lU a. m., and 9 to 10 p. m. 10. Rain 4 to 5 p. m. and light showers from 7 to 11 p. ra. 11. About J[ of the top of the Black Walnut tree is covered with leaves, the rest was killed by Are last September. 18. Rain 2 to 4 p. m. with thunder, and from 9 to 12 p. m. occasional showers. Very warm. 19. Slight showers occasionally from 10 a m to 3 p. m. 20. Rain from 10 p. m. to 2l8t 12 m. 21. Rain 7 p. m. to 5 a. m. of the 22d. Thunder. The Black Walnut begins to send out new shoots. Triticum in flower. 22. Scirpus tenuis in flower. 23. Heavy shower 3 to 5 p. m. and 9 to 10 p. m. 24. Conium maculatum, Verbascum blattaria, Lilium philadelphicum and Glyceria fluitans in flower just 8. of Albany. The Phleum pratense begins to flower. 28. Heavy rain 3 p. m. to 9 p. m. of the 29th. Thunder. The new shoots of the Black Walnut increase rapidly in size and number. 30. Rain 5 to 7 a. m. and 4 to 6 p. m. Heavy thunder storm. IKiiub.— North 34, South 13, East 4, West 94, Northwest 2, Northeast 1, Southwest 4, Southeast 0. Wtathtr. — Rain on 12 days. Warmest ilay 16th. Coldest day 1st. Highest temperature 94 degrees. Lowest tem- perature 42 degrees. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. 31 JULY, 1848. - OBSERVATIONS OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. ON TREES. WEATHER. * , » fc 1 - •o «M 00 4 S o S o . ■5S .c a Is o . •SS ■SS Sl -ga c . o-s 2^ °1 ^ ti A 5 ■OS £ 5 25 •^ c S 0 v.S o .•2 Ms .12 ..j'2 OK ^r; li «| s| Air. £? 'S l-^ 1 i ■6 67 64 61 71 71 70 70 71 73 82 71 8 w 2 2 2 1 3 2 6.05 6 664 68 66 «M 67 67 64 (>4 68 70 67 69 64 72 Ti 67 W w 2 2 2 1 2 M 7 63' 67 65 65 67 66^ CA 64 67 69 64, 68 60 66 84 73 s w 1 1 1 0 0 0 8 M ftS 65 66 66j 66 64 64 69 71 67 70 63 69 90 75 w s 1 2 M 0 0 0 9 66 69 66 68 67 67 64 64 70 71 68 70 67 72 84 74 s s 1 1 1 1 o M 10 66 70 66 69 67 67 64 64 71 73 65 70 90 76 8 NE 1 1 1 0 0 0 11 66 70 66( 694 674 674 64 64 72 73 68 70 86 78 S S 1 1 1 0 1 4 12 70 73 69 70 68 68 63 di 73 74 76 78 90 78 S S 1 1 1 2 2 2 13 69 74 72 70 68 68 62 62 73 75 70 72 93 76 S 8W 1 1 1 4 2 3 14 68 74 70 69 68 68 62 62 1 74 75 70 74 91 81 8E 8 I 1 1 1 1 1 16 71 75 72 701 69 69 624 62| 74 75 76 78 86 80 8 8 2 2 2 1 2 U S.m. m. 68.06 67.32 67.32 63.62 71 68.11 74.32 1.3 1.33 0.05 Tfi- ■70, 74" 71 72 69, 69, 62, 6i„ 74 | 73 75 76 R5 80 s S 1 3 2 i, -^ 2 • ■ • • 17 71 76 71 74 70' 70 62} 624 77 T7 90 74 s s 9 5 ?l 2 2 2 3.04 18 68 69 69 69 70 70 63 63 65 67 70 65 N N 1 2 5 6 6 > • • t IS 65 66 67 67 69 69 63 634 64 65 72 63 N N 1 5 5 6 . . •• W 61 67 65 66 67 674 63 634 56 68 80 66 M N 1 1 1 1 • • • • V.} 63 67 64j| 66 67 67 634 63 65 70 86 68 N N 1 2 1 14 > • ■ > 7S 62 67 64 66 mi 66 63 63 65 62 90 68 N 61 65 64 K) 66 66 63 63 66 60 73 67 >JE W 1 3 4 3 27 62 65 634 64 65 65 624 «4 62 58 63 85 71 SfE s 1 0 0 0 ■ • ■ • 28 62 Kt 64' 64 654 65 62 64 64 &i 68 SE SE 2 n 4 6 5 9.7C 2» 64 67 KJ 65 65 65 62 62 68 63 81 69 N >JE 2 5 1 3 . .■■ :«) 63 69 64 654 65 654 62 62 61 66 89 70 N SE 1 0 0 0 .* . . 31 63 70 64 66 66 66 62 62 .. ..1 60 65 92 73 NE| 8W 1 0 1 i .... S.m.ni. 65.97 65.97 66.84 62.73 69.53 1.37 2.06 3.74 Mo. me 67.01 66.64 67.08 63.17 71.92 1.34 1.69 Observations. — l.Heary dew. The potato rot has made its appearance in the vicinity of Boston. 3. Heavy- dew the 2• .is .Is t| H II £ g 1 fig "g Air. ¥ S.5 M 7^ [ £ a •* OS M 1 Tf R 8 3 8 3 8 3 1 8 3 8 3 8 1 ^ 6 8 |3 1 9 1 8 3 R.m p.m a.m a.m p.m a.mp.m a.m p.ma.mp.m a.m p.m a.mip.mja.iK a.m!p.mp.mja.n] p.Dl a ^ I 65 67 65 66 66 66 62 62 .. 72 73 82 69 w w 1 2 ^ 1 2 141.... 2 63 65 64 em 66 66 62 624 66 69 74 69 w w 2 3 4 4 3 3t .... 3 63 65 64 65 66 66 62 62^ Ki 66 80 70 N w 1 2 M 4 3 34 0.06 4 65 69 65 68 66 66 624 64 m 69 88 72 W NW I 1 1 3 3 3 U.04 5 64 69 65J 67 66 66 62? «4 62 66 81 73 w SW 1 2 14 1 4 ^4 0.12 6 63 66 66 66 66 66 62- 624 61 66 80 62 N w 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 60 64 63 64J 66 65^ 624 62 52 58 79 60 N N 1 2 14 0 2 1 8 58 64 62 65 64 61 62- 62 50 54 «0 66 K 8 1 1 1 0 1 i 9 t2 66 63 65 64 64 62i 62 62 64 78 61 SW W 1 2 14 2 2 2 10 57 64 62 62^ 64 mi 62 631 62 62 48 56 «1 63 N NK 1 ] 1 0 0 0 11 58 64 62 62* 63 63 62 56 59 76 66 S S 2 2 2 1 3 2 12 .W .W 63 60 63 62 62 64 65 63 53 W w 1 1 1 6 6 6 6.43 13 54 58 58 61 62 62 624 61i 61, 45 51 684 52 JS NK 2 2 2 0 1 4 .... 14 54 !)6 57 68 61 60i 61 i 45 49 53 57 w 8 1 3 2 4 5 4| 10.39 16 58 58 58 69 60 60 1 61 61 62 62 60 53 S i w 2 3 24 5 6 54 IO.O6 l.m.m. 61.83 45. 64.22 62.13 6 4.48 1.5b 2.36 1.10 Ifi 50 56 56 69 60 59it 61 61 42 47 59 49 NW N 2 1 14 2 4 3 17 49 65 56 68 68 58 60 60 38 45 61 56 8 8 1 1 1 0 5 24 0.60 18 54 58 58 68 S8< sm 60 60 64 55 64 59 N N 1 2 H 6 4 44 0.15 19 54 54 68 68 59 69 60 60 63 63 64 65 8 S 2 2 2 1 1 1 W 59 62 60 61 59 59:( 60 60 64 66 66 57 S N 3 3 3 4 6 5 n.76 21 56 58 68 68 60 60 60 60 55 54 66 54 N W 1 3 2 I 3 2 TO 53 55 m 56 69 88=1 594 594 45 46 50 41 N N 2 2 2 3 6 44 0.45 ?3 47 51 63 524 56 57 59 69 39 44 53 51 W W 2 2 2 2 4 3 24 62 63 63 53 56 56^ 58 59 60 56 64 54 8W W 1 2 M 1 2 M 0.02 yfl 51 55 63 54 56 56 584 58 50 50 58 56 N SW 1 2 14 5 5 5' (1.13 ?» 60 62 53 54 .■56 86 58 68 47 48 56 43 NW N 3 3 3 3 1 2 . . . . 27 41 49 60 61 54^ 544 57* 574 34 37 56 47 N N 1 1 1 0 1 4 . . . • 98 46 50 62 54 M 54 57 57 40 42 66 47 S W 2 2 2 5 I 3 .. . . W 45 48 51 52 .53 53 57 56 48 50 51 62 S w 3 3 3 5 4 44 . . .. 30 54 59 55 58 54 554 564 564 •• 61 63 68 62 8 SW 1 2 H 3 3 3' 0.02 9.M.me., 82.66 M.6 56. S6 58.82 1 )3.33 1.9 2.97 2.12 Mo.mean 57.25 49.8 60.59 60.48 « )8.92 1.73 2.67 3.22 Observations. — 1. Light dew. Smoky. 3. Light shower at 4 a.m. 4. Light shower early a. m. 5. Heavy dew. Smoky ami fair in forenoon. Rain 6 to lu p. m. 6. The rot is affecting the potato crop considerably in the central and western parts of the State. Many crops are almost entirely destroyed. It has not affected them much in this vicinity. 7. Heavy dew. Smoky. 8. Heavy dew. Cool night. Leavesof trees begin to turn slightly yellow. 9. Very smoky. Warm. 10. Light dew. Smoky. 11. Light dew. Smoky. Rain 6 p. m. to 12 at night. Rain 12at night to 9 a. m. 13. Light dew. Total eclipse of moon last night. Air cool. 14. Heavy dew. Rain p. m. with thunder. 15. Rain early a. m. 16. Cool air. Smoky. Light dew. 17. Very foggy morning. Light frost on banks of river, not enough to injure vegetation. Rain 5 p. m. to 12 at night. 18. Rain 12 at nipht to 4 a. m. and at 6. p. m. 19. Smoky. 20. Rain during the day and night with thunder. 21. Smoky. 22. Light dew. Smoky. Rain 2 p. m and during night. 23. Damp air. Smoky. 24. Rain a. m. Last night rain in Albany. A light snow storm on the Helderbergh. 25. Rain p. m. Smoky. 26. Smoky. StiffN. breeze. Cool. 27. Light frost. Foggy. Pleasant autumn days. 28. Very smoky. 29. Light shower a. m. 30. Rain early a. m. Smoky. Warm day. Wind$. — North 8 days. East 4, South 64', West 94, Northeast 1, Southeast 0, Southwest 2, Northwest I4. »Veo/A«-.— Warmest day, 4th. Coldest 27th. Highest range 88°. Lowest 34°. Rain on 15 days. Light frosts on the mornings of the 17th and 27th. Clear 34. More or less cloudy the remainder of the time. [Agricl'lti'Rai. Rep. Vol. IT. — App.] 5 34 OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. OCTOBER, 1848. OBSEBV&TIONS a § * OBSEJtVATIONS ON SOIL. OH THEES WEATHER. Is u » ( Horse Chestnut. Black i Ii \i •i o Is il 11 IS 3 Air. t .1^ 1* * s 1 < a 'T OS M •"T 1 1 Q C Ml 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 6 8 3 9 8 3 g s a.m p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m 1. ni p.ma.m p.ma.m a.m p.m p.m a.m p.m a.m p.m 0) a.m p.m V 1 «\ 68 68 60 55 56 564 56^ 56 59 .. .. 62 58 62 56 N N 1 1 1 6 6 6 ).25 2 54 65 m 68 56 56 56 56^ 51 53 .. .. 51 50 54 51 N N 1 1 1 5 6 5i 0.96 3 M 54 54 54 66 56 66 56| 56| 60 52 .. .. 60 48 53 62 W SW 1 2 H 6 6 6 0.65 4 !&3 66 63 64 561 554 66 56 56, 53 56 .. .. 51 63 60 59 N N 1 1 1 6 4 11 5 54 58 64 66 551 55' 56| 56 60 .. .. 56 67 63 59 N W 2 2 2 4 5 6 52 56 64 66 56 56 564 56 60 .. .. 61 51 65 51 N N 2 2 2 3 1 2 > ■ > • 7 50 56 53 55 55 56 56 56 56| 51 61 .. .. 45 47 66 60 N S 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 53 61 64 63 56 56 564 58 57 .. .. 58 60 55 44 W NW 3 3 3 3 1 2 6!66 9 44 49 48i 60 53 54 56 56 46 56 1 . . 1 .. 38 38 58 41 s S 1 3 2 0 1 i 10 ' 47 50 62 61 54 54 56 56 51 56 .. .. 49 49 60 48 SE NW 2 2 2 6 2 3 11 41 46 47 48 52 52 55{ 554 45 .'2 .. .. .■'4 40 56 46 NW NW 1 2 H 1 0 ■ 12 ,44 48 46 48 51 51 55 55 45 57 .. .. 36 44 63 63 W W 1 1 1 0 1 13 |44 47 46 48 52 51 544 544 46 51 .. .. 36 42 55 45 N w 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 44 47 46 47 50 61 544 54' 46 63 .. .. .W 44 56 52 S s 2 2 2 2 3 24 15 46 49 46 48 50 51 64 54 49 67 .. .. 43 46 68 54 N N 1 1 1 0 0 0^ :::: Smin. 50.47 63.03 60.72 56.82 63.37 51.42 1.53 2.6 1.9l| "IT -w 5S 48|6l 5i 614 54 54 -50- 68 .. .. 45 48 6^ 65 N 8 1 IT 1 =r =r H 0.06 17 63 57 53 54 52 62 64 54 61 63 .. .. 61 63 63 62 s w 3 3 3 1 6 3* 5.33 18 42 41 51 51 524 52i 64 54 46 45 .. .. 41 42 41 40 N N 3 3 3 6 7 ^1 l.Ol 19 44 i46 46 47 61 51 534 53 534 44 46 .. .. 40 43 44 47 N w 2 2 2 7 6 .''.' ao 45 46 461 45 47 49] 51 53 45 45 .. .. 45 46 47 46 W w 2 2 2 6 6 6' • > • • 21 42 i 46 46 50 53 53 42 46 .. .. 37 39 46 46 NE NE 1 2 Ii 6 7 6 0.27 22 44 i46 46* 46 50 50 63 53 44 46 .. .. 42 44 48 42 N W 1 3 2' 2 3 2 23 39 43 44 4H 47 48 624 624 41 47 .. .. 37 40 52 42 W w 2 3 ?l 0 1 > • • ■ 24 40 40 43 43 46 46 62 52 42 44 .. .. 37 40 43 49 N w 1 2 6 7 6 0.14 25 43 '45 45 45 49 48 52 52 46 50 .. .. 45 47 51 43 W w 3 1 2 2 2 2 * • > • 26 42 46 444 45 48 48 52 52 44 49 .. .. 41 43 50 48 sw w 1 2 Ii 4 4 4 • * ■ ■ 27 42 46 1 44* 44] 48i 48 52 514 51, 45 50 .. .. 40 45 51 46 N N 2 2 2 2 6 1 * < * • 28 4U :46 44 48 48 514 43 49 .. .. 35 48 60 50 N N 1 1 1 0 1 • • • • 29 46 49 46 47 48i 49 51 61 51 55 .. .. 50 51 69 57 N 8 2 2 2 5 5 6 < • • • 3U 62 63 !48 60 49| 50 514 51 6I4 51 56 60 .. .. 56 59 62 56 N N 4 1 2i 2 4 2 3 . . . • 31 49| 50 1 49i 50 50 504 .56 55 .. .. 54 64 52 57 s N 3 2 6 5 H 0 (H S.m.m. 45.7 46.86 49.58 52.5 48.84 46.6 2.72 4.03 4.03 Mo.me48.09 49.96 55.15 54.16 51.11 49.01 2.13 3.32 2.16 Obsf.kvations. — 1. Smoky. Rain from 3 p. m. to 12 at night. 2. Rain from 12 at night to 12 m. and from 2 p. m to 12 at night. 3. Rain 12 at night to 6 a. m. and from 3 p. m. to 12 at night. 4. Rain from 12 at night to 8 a. m. The potato crop in this vicinity, except on the HelJerbergh, has been mjiired but little as yet with the rot. The crop in Massachusetts and Connecticut, especially if late planted, are very good both in quality and quan- tity. The rot has appeared in Newfoundland, the eastern part of Maine, the northern part of Vermont, and in the Western States generally. In Western and Central New-York, although the vines are stout, yet in many cases but few potatoes are found under them. 5. Very smoky. 6. Very smoky. 7. Heavy dew with a dense fog. 8. Light dew. Rain early a. m. Leaves of Horse Chestnut tree begin to die. Fruit is falling. 9. Heavy frost. 10. Light shower in morning. 11 Light frost. Very smoky. 12. Light frost. Very smoky. J3. Heavy dew. Smoky. 14. Smoky. 15 Heavy dew. Smoky. 16. Smoky. Rain in evening. 17. Light dew. Rain from 9 p. m. till 12 at night. 18. Rain from 12 at night to 12 m. and from 4 p. m. to 6. p. m. 19. Light showers at intervfls through the day. 20. Light showers from 12 at night to 8 a. m. 21. Light dew. Rain 3 p. m. and during night. 2.3. Light frost. 24. lUin from 8 a. m till night. 2.'i. Smoky. 26. Smoky. 27. Heavy dew. Very smoky. 28. Heavy dew Smoky, foggy morning. 29. Leaves of Horse Chestnut | dead and 3 of them fallen off. 30. Smoky. Heavy dew 3l. Smoky. Light shower in afternoon. ICJiKto.— North 12! ''"vs, East 0, South 44, West 84, N.E. 1, S.E. 4, S.W. 1, N.W. 2, Monthly force 2.13. »'«a***r.— Warmest day 17th. Coldest W. Highest rang ■ S". Lowest 34°. Rain on 13 days. Clear 34 days. More or lets cloudy the remainder of the time. Frost on the mornings of the 9th, llth, 12th and 23 1 » » 1 "5 i 0 . 0 . 0 . 0.1 0 s *• < a •sg ".a '1 si 3> 11 Is II Is II u II Air. s t 1 8 3 8 3 8 { 3 8 sis 3 8 3 6 1 8 1 3 1 9 i 1 1 1 f3 K.mp.mi i.m( >.iDa.inp.in|a • mp.mU.mp .mil .mi .ina.m|a.inp.m j.m»-"P-"| dL.ta p.m a.m [>.m 1 34 40 40 39 38 40 43^ 381 43} 431 38 .39 .34 38 w N 3 2 tl 6 4 4i....l 2 37 45 41 42 39i 42 38 44 48 s w 4 3 7 7 7 3 :«i 40 38 41 42 42 44 4t 40 38 42 41 w w 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 36 38 38 40 40 40 43 43 38 41 34 45 NW NE 2 2 2 6 6 3 6 3n 38 38 39 39 39( 43 43 39 40 37 37 NE N 2 2 2 6 7 6 6 36 36 39 38 40 39 43 43 37 36 34 34 N NE 2 2 2 6 7 6 7 33 36 30 37 40 38^ 43 43 34 38 34 38 S S 2 2 2 7 6 6 « 38 38 38 39 40 39 43 43 44 46 43 64 8 S 2 2 2 6 6 6 9 38 39 38 42 40 42 43 43 43 43 44 42 44 W w 2 2 2 1 4 3 10 38 42 40 42 40 40 43 40 46 40 47 s s 3 2 2*1 7 6 6 11 39 40 42 43 40 40 44 43 41 40 40 38 NW NW 2 2 2 8 4 4 12 37 37 39 40 40 40 434 43 37 36 34 32 W sw 2 2 2 5 7 6 13 33 34 36 a6< 38 39 43 43 33 33 26 30 w w 2 2 2 6 4 5 14' 37 38 38 38 38 39 43^ 43 37 42 39 44 SE 8 1 2 It 6 6 6 15 40 40 40 40 40 40 43 43 44 43 43 41 8 w 1 2 7 2 H S.mm. 37^ 39 40 43^ 39^ nr 34 35 36 38 39 29 4d 43 S3 37 28 37 8W » 2 3 2i» 5 6 b • • • • 17 38 39 38 40 394 40 43 43 41 42 41 46 N N 1 1 1 3 2 2 • . . • 18 3S 37 37 38 39 39 43 43 41 43 40 47 W NE 1 2 M 3 2 2 > • • • 19 3) 42 41 44 39 39 43 43 43 60 42i| 62 s 8W 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 •• > 20 38 38 40 42 4U 39 43 43 40 40 .. 36 ■M N NE 3 2 2 5 6 6 21 35 34 39 36 38 38 43 43 33 33 26 22 N NE 2 3 2 5 7 6 • ••• 22 :« 33 36 36 37 37i 42j 42 31 29 13 18 N N 1 4 2 7 7 7 • • ■ • 23 33 33 35 35 38 37 1 42'i 42 24 26 10 15 N N 1 2 1 1 1 1 • • • • 24 XI 33 36 35 38 38 42 42 24 28 10 28 S S 2 5 3 6 7 ^ ■ •> • 25 3< 33 35 35 37 37 42 42 32 33 35 38 8 S 2 2 2 6 6 6 • • ■ • 26 33 33 .•» 35 36^ 34 41f 41 41i 41 t 31 ] 21 21 29 33 NW s 4 2 3 1 3 2 • ■ • • 27 33 133 35 35 34* 34 22 13 20 N N 2 2 2 6 7 6 ■ •■ ■ V a-? I33 35 35 35 35 41 41 23 27 31 29 NW N 3 2 2^ 1 1 1 • ■ • ■ 29 33 33 :« 35 35 .35 4! 41 . • • > • > • • , , , . , , , , ...• 30 33 ,33 1 35 34 35 .35 40 40 27 31 28 32 W W 2 1 1! 7 1 4 • ■■• 31 33 133 l34 34 35 1 35 40 40 32 33 32 35 w 8 2 1 41 414 .... 4.m.m '34 35} 37 411 30;i M.me. <&{ 34 38i 42i 36 Observations.— 2. Rainy. Heavy showers a. m. 3. Smoky. 4. Smoky. 5. Rain during night and from 9 a.m. to 12 at night. 6. Rain early a. m. till 12 at night. 7. Rain early a. m. all day. 8. Rain early a. m. P. m. pleas- ant. Smoky. 9. Smoky. 10. Rained all night and most of day. 11. Smoky. 12. Commenced snowing 2 p.m. and continued at intervals through the night. 13. Smoky. 14. Smoky. Ram from 8 a. m. to 10 a.m. 16. Soil froze -t inch deep. 17. Rain during uight. Day pleasant. 18. Smoky. 19. Smoky. 20. Smoky. 21. Snow fell .; Inch deep last night. Commenced again 11 a. m. and continued through the day. 22. Snow 3 p. m. 12 inches deep. 23. Smoky, pleasant. 24. Hail and snow from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. 25. Rain from 11 a. m. through the day. 26. Smoky. 27. Snow commenced falling 8 a. m. at 3. p. m. it had fallen 3 inches deep. 28. 8 inches of snow has fallen since 8 a. m. yesterday. 30, 4 inches of snow fell during night. 31. Pleasant. Thaws in sun. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. 37 OBSERVATIONS ON THE TEMPERATUKE ON THE SOIL, AT HOOSIC FALLS, RENSSELAER COUNTY, NEW-YORK. By L. C. Ball, Esq. These observations were made daily during the past summer. I have selected only the extremes of each half month as reported. Temperature of the soil 4 inches below the surface. riRST HALF. Air. Soil SECOND HALF. Air. Soil. May. Highett,.. Lowest, . Mean, JVHE. Highest, . Lowest, . Mean, ... JtJLT. Highest, . Lowest, . Mean, . . . AUOCST. Highest, . Lowest, . . Mean, . . . Septehbeb. Highest,. Lowest, . Mean, . . ■ 85 58 724 94 72 784 100 55 86 51 70? 80 55 65j 84 66 76 87 71 78i 89 49 67 91 54 ^^ 101 72 85J 100 70 80 109 60 80| 72 50 62 78 52 67| 90 72 80i 81 63 75 82 63 72i 64 50 m Rots. — The observations were continued through October and a part of November, but being taken at the depth of one foot, and a change also being made as to the position of the air thermometer, they are omitted, as they do not correspond with those made in the preceding months. as OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. OBSERVATIONS. OK THE TEMPERATUHE OF THE SOIL, MAUE AT SCOTT, CORTLAMD COUNTY, NEW-YORK. By Mr.C. B. Salisbury. MARCH, 1848. OBSESVATIONS AT 5 A. M. OB BEFOBE SVNBISE. OBSEBVATIONS AT 3 P. M. DAT or MONTH. Si |1 a a u ^ 2 J, a a Tem. soil 2 feet below the surface. Tem. soil 4 feet below the surface. 2 I S « a 2 S 3 1 a 9t So. es si « a '■5 a o o o a 0 .1 1 C u *3 O • r a !l Si 0 0 ag 0 1 l| a a t a la S| 0 g ■2| 1 S 1 1 1 1 I & 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 36 27 28 29 30 31 ie 12 16 20 40 32 20 18 24 24 11 0 3 4 14 16 29 44 31 40 26 28 42 33 32 33 30 46 31 31 31 32 32 32 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 34 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 33 32 32 33 33 32 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 35 36 36 35 35 35 36 ."." 6 3 3 0 0 4 4 3 4 6 3 4 2 1 3 2 3 4 4 4 1 2 5 4 4 3 1 2 s" NW S s s NW N NW S NW NW NW 'n" N NW S NW NW NW NW S s NW NW 8 S 8 "i 6 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 2 3 4 2 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 32 26 14 28 48 61 38 20 19 36 27 11 3 22 28 36 38 38 44 33 40 40 64 80 35 35 54 61 66 32 21 13 22 34 40i 36 20 18 30 26 11 # 16 24i 26 m 44 32 40 32i 41 46 34 ^ 31 32 33 34 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 34 34 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 33" 33 33 34 36 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 36 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 35 36 si 32 32 32i 33 32i 48 i'in "b 3 2 0 0 3 4 4 0 6 6 3 2 3 0 0 6 5 6 4 3 1 4 4 6 4 1 2 2 NW NW NW NW 8 8 NW N NW S N NW NW N NW NW S S NW NW N NW S SE NW NW S s "4 5 3 2 2 3 2 2 1 6 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 9 .... froz 40 .... r- Snl in (( (( 42 32 33 34 8 • ' ' * • " Remarks AT 6 A. M.— 4. Snow 8. inches deep.. 5. Much drifted. 6. Snowing. 9. Fell 1 inch snow. 10. Snow fell 6 inches. II. Snow fell 4 inches. 12. Snowing a little. 13. Snowing. 15. 2 inches snow fell. 18. Hazy. 19. Hbzj. 20. Foggy. 21. Some foggy. Sap runs. 23. Snowing. 27. Foggy. 28. Foggy. Rbmabks at 3 p. M. — 3. Snowing. 4. 4 more inches of snow. 6. Ground is frozen about 8 inches, bare. 8. Smoky. Sap runs. 9. Snowing. 12. Raining. 13. Snowing a little. 14. Snowing a little. Sleighing. 19. Rain- ing. Tamed to snow. 20. Rain. Thunder and lightning at night. 21. Little rain. Sap runs. 26. Foggy. 27. Lowry. 31. Mud and snow mostly disappeared. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. 39 APRIL, 1848. OBSERVATIOXS A.T 5 A. M. OR BEFORE SUNRISE. OBSERVATIONS AT 3 P. M. e IN » > « '^ . * * s Zl 4» o o ^ •S 0 0 0 7i S^ J3 ■3 = s SJI XI "fi to 00 DAT or MONTH. \i 3". =3 1 a ■5 t3 a 2 1 ■s e naked low sur 2 feet rface. a " a 0 ■a •a 4) a a o a ,2 3 o S s 0 2 S 2| o u s OXi 'X no • Si • 1^ e c 2 i 0 £ in s '5 «i » V V 4) V o; B V V V « 0) H r^~ H r< H H ■A o 0 ta t- H-|H n H q 0 0 [« 1 33 .. 35 36 .... 81 |in 4 NW 'A 4?. 85 36 .... 1 Nw 9 2 3 4 5 30 30 40 36 36 36 37 38 37 2 1 5 4 NW S 8 IVW 2 4 4 9. 40 49 40 38 36 37 37 49 38 88 2 3 4 8 S s s NW 2 3 2 2 38 .88 38 37 i 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 24 27 22 36 35 39 44 40 33 28 38 40 40 39 39 39 39 39 38 38 38 38 38 38 39 40 40 40 40 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 5 5 2 ?. w NW NW NW N S S NW NW NW NW 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 4 3 9 44 54 56 66 65 66 39 44 38 59 .'S4 48 62 46 61 39 39 39 39 39 40 42 42 42 42 42 38 38 38 38 38 39 40 40 40 40 40 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 5 4 3 3 NW NW NW NW N S N NW NW NW NW 3 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 4 5 2 47 40 lin 46 40 43 43 42 4?. 17 30 83 4? 41 1 NW 9. 41 35 42 41 ?. NW 8 18 19 32 28 38 40 42 4? 41 44 3 S NW 2 52 37 53 51 42 42 41 46 2 1 S NW 6 5 20 21 29 36 37 40 42 49. 40 40 2 NW^ 1 1 50 f>8 53 .55 42 42 40 41 2 2 sw SF, 2 ? 2 8W 22 44 49 4?. 41 .... 2 S 1 .-w !>2 42 41 50 1-16 6 NW 2 23 25 86 4? 41 2 S 1 df) 56 42 41 4 S 4 24 32 84 4? 41 4 NW 8 41 .85 42 41 froz i 8 NW 4 25 2& 26 40 32 42 43 48 42 4? 1 1 S 8W 2 2 51 51 45 46 43 48 42 4? 1 9. SW NW 2 2 27 28 85 48 4?. 1 fi 1 ."16 .W 43 42 1 S V 28 29 30 42 30 54 44 34 5? 43 44 11 42 42 42 2 <3 1 2 4 69 62 41 65 63 45 43 44 44 42 42 2 1 3 8 NW NW 4 2 4 1 NW 3 1 S 49 h Remarks at 5 A. m.— 1. Sprinkle of snow. 14. Snow, rain, hail. 20. Smoky. 21. Smoky. 22. Smoky. 23. heavy frost. 24. foggy on streams. 26. Hazy. 27. Heavy frost. 28. Smoky. Kemaeks at 3 p. M. — 13. Some show. 17. Hazy. 18. Smoky. 22. Some rain. 23. Smoky. 28. Smoky. 40 OMCRVATIONS ON SOILS. MAY, 1848. OBSEKTXTIOHS AT 5 A. M., OK BErOBE SUNRISE. OBSERVATIONS AT 3 F. H. a * . k ft 1 -s t ft ft « 5 o "3 o 9 h o 1 o 1 fa i DAT or MONTH. S s. a 23 H 1" |3 S 1 s B a !! a ■•3 a o o o 0) i i i oa a u '3 SI S3 go .jO a V . W V a !i 1- d e a .H 1 O V a ■ft s 1 ft 1 V «.= V « « V V S o V V V « « s S ,o 1h ^ H E- H H =1 a lo b, H IH H ■-< H 3 o y fa I 36 42 44 42 • >• • ,, .... 3 s 2 65 62 44 42 5 s 6' 2 40 ! 43 45 43 46 4 s 3 61 55 46 43 3 NE 3 3 38 44 46 43 , , .... 4 NE 3 67 61 47 43 2 NW 3 4 40 48 48 43 . . ■ . . . . • 1 S 1 78 72 60 44 2 S 2 0 66 54 60 44 • > ■• 43 3 s 3 82 73 60 44 3 sw 4 6 61 54 50 44 50.h . . . • 1 s 1 80 82 60 54 2 8 2 7 64 55 51 44 51.h 2 s 1 66 68 61 44 69 9 NW 8 8 40 44 51 41 46.h . . . > 2 NW 2 66 64 61 44 T2 NW 2 9 44 48 81 44 45 4 NW 1 57 63 61 44 49 . . > * 10 49 60 51 44 . > . > . . * . 3 S 2 48 53 51 44 6 S 3 11 48 50 61 44 • • • • 48 6 NE 1 50 50 51 44 50 i-ie 6 NE 2 12 63 54 49 46 55 . t . • 6 N 1 60 66 49 46 3 N 1 13 64 55 49 46 54" ■ , , * . . * 3 N 2 58 65 49 46 5 3 N 2 14 66 65 49 46 56 , , > *•• 2 N 3 54 66 49 46 2 •N 1 16 67 66 49 46 , , . • • • 1 N 1 , 2 N 1 16 63 64 49 46 56 . * . • 6 N 1 60 66 49 46 3 N 1 17 40 42 49 46 iJ-h , , • ■ • • 1 N 4 60 66 49 46 1 W 6 18 60 52 60 48 * . • * 1 S 1 78 75 50 48 1 s 1 19 60 52 60 48 62 -h . . . . 1 S 1 86 78 50 48 4 sw 3 ao 62 66 50 48 .... 60 9-16 3 s 2 78 72 52 48 3 sw 3 21 60 58 64 48 60.h 60 1-16 3 N 2 76 73 64 48 3 NW 2 22 60 60 64 48 . . . . * . . * 3 NW 2 63 68 54 48 5 NW 3 23 60 60 64 48 .... 60 1-16 3 NW 2 76 70 54 48 3 S 3 24 60 60 64 48 ... . , , • « * • 4 8 4 79 68 54 48 3 8 2 25 62 68 64 49 . .. . , , . . . . 1 S 1 88 75 54 49 3 8 2 26 58 64 64 49 56-1 , , . . . ■ 2 S 1 73 78 54 49 a • . 2 NW 2 27 44 62 64 49 .... , , . .. . 1 N 2 74 84 64 49 1 NW 2 28 60 66 64 49 52- . • • • I SW 2 88 82 66 50 2 8W 2 29 60 62 58 62 . ... . . . • 3 sw 4 88 78 58 62 8 SW 6 30 60 62 58 52 . .. . , . . . ■ 3 w 3 80 78 58 52 2 w 3 31 40 49 57 52} 40-h 40 4 NW 4 60 54 57 52 2 NW 4 Remarks at 6 a. m. — Smoky and hazy. 6. Wild plum In blossom. 9. Raining. 11. Raining still. 16. Rain> ing. 20. Fruit trees in full bloom. 23. Raining. Foggy. Remarks at 3 p. m. — 1. Rain. 4. Hazy and smolcy. 6. Some tiiunder. Sprinlcle of rain. 6. Woods begin to look green. 7. Heavy thunder shower. Hail storm, breaking windows and doing much damage. 10. Raining. 11. Raining. 19. Heavy thunder shower. 21. Some rain and thunder. 22. Dense cold fog. Lowry. 31. Looking for afroM. Nots.— h. Heavy daw. 1, Light daw. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. 41 JUNE, 1848. OBSEKVATIOITS AT 5 A. M., OH BEFORE SUNRISE. OBSERVATIONS AT 3 p. M. B s o o V o o i '3 § . — a* 00 V a « Si V J3 J3 '3 • C V . rs O' . 'XS DAY OF MONTH. £1 ax r Is ■^8 u s ■a 3 O o ■o Cm o T3 S o •g c si ,0) V 1" So "3 o i a. *Xi £ « n V ..a . E O.S !% u E B E B s s &!>. & 3 a s S a B be 9 a a « « 0) V 0) V V 0) V OJ NW 3 7 39 45 ,56 ,5? .... 38 i 5 NW 3 48 ,5-?, .56 ,52 4 NW 3 8 ."W 52 .56 .5? 49 4 N 2 .56 62 ,56 ,5? 4 N 3 9 4« 51 .56 .5? 46h 1 N 1 76 70 ,56 5? 1 NW 2 lU fi3 60 56 ,59 52 h 3 NW 9 78 70 ,56 ,52 .... 1 NW 2 11 f>? 57 .56 ,5? 5? 1 NW 3 69 73 ,56 ,52 2 NW 4 12 40 50 .56 .5? 1 NW 4 ,50 ,^5 ,56 .52 1 NW 4 13 39 48 56 52 1 NW 3 54 64 55 52 1 NW 4 14 44 50 55 52 ) NVf 2 58 59 55 52 3 NW 2 16 ■55 57 55 52 54 i <> NAAf 1 83 70 56 53 1 NW 2 16 70 66 57 54 1 NW ? 86 79 58 54 0 NW 5 17 60 68 5S 54 59 1 NW 1 88 78 58 54 2 NW 2 18 66 64 .58 .54 ? NW ? 78 68 ,59 ,54 3 NW 4 19 70 68 60 54 .... 68 l46 1-16 3 NW 2 76 66 60 54 76 1-16 3 NW 1 20 21 64 68 60 60 60 54 54 63 ,56 3 r 1 3 72 76 70 69 60 60 54 ,54 3 3 NW NW 2 3 22 48 59 60 54 to ? NW 7 80 7? 60 54 •f S 3 23 61 60 60 .54 .... 4 S 3 79 70 60 ,54 75 1-16 3 SW 4 24 ."iS 61 60 54 4 NW 5 70 65 60 ,54 1 NW 3 25 44 54 60 ,54 ?. NW ? 66 75 60 ,54 1 NW 2 26 55 60 60 ,54 56 1 NW 1 86 85 60 ,54 1 NW 2 27 69 73 60 ,54 1 S ?, 86 84 60 ,54 1 R 2 28 64 70 60 54 62 . • • • 3 8 2 64 70 60 54 70 if 6 NW 3 29 6? 64 6? 56 5 RW 1 ff^ 78 62 ,56 . . . • 2 RW 2 30 64 69 62 56 162 .... 3 SW 1 83 80 62 56 8.3 2 SW 2 Remarks at 5 a. m. — 1. Black frost, injured confclightly. 3, Foggy. 4. Foggy. 5. Raining. 7. Foggy. II. Light dew. 14. Smoky. 16. Hazy. 17. Heavy dew. 22. Heary dew. Hazy. 26. Heavy dew. 28. Light dew. 30. Light dew. Remarks at 3 f. m.— 13. Smoky. 14. Rain. 15. Beautiful weather. 17. Some smoky. 23. Thunder shower. 28. Heavy rain. Thunder. 30. Some rain. Sprinkle. [Agricultural. Rep. Vol. H. — App.J m CBSMVATIONS ON SOILS. JULY, 1848. OBSEKTATION8 AT 5 A. M., Ok BEFORE 8UNBI8E. OBSEBVATIONB AT 3 P. M. DAT or MONTH. a u s u 1 IS a c Si \l CO 2'tt .XI I s |o g 1 ! 1 •3 a 'J. V a •ill o w s a 1 o t § •a a 'i "o « ■a ei •g a b. '3 «_■ o a v i 1. - ^ II .Xi a V o % l« .•=s g- a t-i o a |« u 1- a 1 1 « s a '■5 3 O o I I a i 1 .1 * 1 2 3 4 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 S» 26 27 28 29 30 31 60 62 62 48 57 50 67 53 65 61 63 68 63 65 56 68 82 56 64 * 60 60 58 60 62 60 62 60 65 60 63 56 54 59 64 62 62 63 63 66 68 68 69 66 69 48 48 68 66 64 64 60 65 64 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 61 62 62 63 62 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 54 56 56 57 57 57 57 66 54 54 54 66 66 57 58 58 68 68 58 58 58 58 68 68 58 58 58 58 58 68 68 i 3 iKW 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 2 73 65 68 48 69 80 80 76 68 90 90 76 82 80 70 62 70 75 74 84 80 84 74 70 84 74 70 62 67 56 66 74 72 70 66 78 78 78 79 76 80 68 74 66 75 71 74 76 73 82 72 70 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 61 62 62 62 63 .63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 63 54 56 56 57 57 57 57 86 86 64 55 55 66 58 58 58 68 58 68 58 58 88 88 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 3 vu; 3 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 4 2 50h 62 b 2 sw 4 3 2 1 2 2 2 6 3 3 4 3 3 0 3 2 2 3 3 3 8 2 SW NW NW NW S E SE E 8 8 SW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW 8 NW NTTV H 7 2 0 2 3 4 4 3 3 4 0 3 3 1 3 NW NW NW NW SE SE E SE S 8 8 8 NW NW NW NW J 66h 48h 55 .... ' . ... . . ■ > 54h 60h 62 1-16 55h 65h N 1-16 55 . . . . "l 4 6 4 . 4 2 2 3 6 NW NW 8 SW NW NW 8 SE 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 6 67 h 60 52 h 59 h 61 h 4 2 jNW 3 1 R 63 63 60 1 70 ! 4 NW Hemasks AT 6 A. M. — 2. Lirht dew. 3. Continued raining all night. Still at it. 10. Lowry and foggy. 13. Foggy. 14. Foggy. 24. Raining. Remarks at 3 p. m. — 2. Commenced raining. Some thunder at evening. 4. Ceased raining p. m. 9. Lowry. It). Thunder. 11. Some thunder. 12. Raining. 13. Some thunder. 16. Sprinkle rain. 24. Day showery. 31. Rain- ing. • The blank space above was owing to loosing some of our notes. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. #8 AUGUST, 1848. OSSEKTATIONS AT O A. M. OR BEFOKE SUNRISE. OBSERVATIONS AT 3 P. M. DAT or MONTH. "5 s « = ■5 gS' ■-Si' o e V u ^J5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 la 16 17 18 19 2U 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 a o . £a. 3" ■n ^ V ax « Q o 63| 5S 62 59 62 59 t>i3h 4Sh 59 h 60h n- 48 h 63 h S5 57 h 69 h 66 h 'i8 h 66 h 61 f>4 M vi'ii 47 h M h 49 h "il 67 .... 52h NW NW S SE NW NW NW NW S 8 NW SW SE 8W 8 SW SW NW NE NW NW NW NW NE NW 8 S S NW N 8 r3 ^ ° % o o |C o g» 0-° O w 1» C3 e4 .2« s b'3 <« o '-a £.2 a2 1 NW NW S SW NW NW NW S 8 8 8 SE SW 8W 8 8 NW NW NW NW NW NW SE 8 NW 8W NW 8 NW !nw I 8 Remarks at 6 A. m.— 2. Foggy in valley. 3. Smoky. 5. Smoky. 7. Clear and cool. 9. Hazy. 10. SmoKy. 11. 12. Smoky. 13. Smoky. 15. Smoky. 18. Raining. 28. Raining. 29. Foggy and lowry. 30. Foggy.' Remarks at 3 t. m.— 1. Smoky. 2. Smoky and hazy. 6. Hazy. 7. Smoky. 8. Very smoky. 10. Smoky. 11. Smoky. 12. Smoky. 14. Smoky. 15. Smoky. 16. Smoky. 17. Foggy. Raining commenced a. m. 19. Very changeable weather. 26. Sprinkle rain. Thunder. OBSbRVATlONS ON SOILS. SEPTEMBER, 1848. OBSEKVATIONS AT 5 A. M. OR BEFORE SUNRISE. • OBSERVATIONS AT 3 P. M. DAT or MONTH. s 1 a Si ^•2 0 1 L a 1 f 1 a a S 1 Sa K ft i a o i i 0 § i O 1 4 1 ■3 g II It 0 4! H •I" 0 4! « . B 9t •-> a e 1 s a 1 o 0 1 i u A.. •a a 1 1 ^ &i 60 61 60 61 62 54 55 58 52 67 68 50 49 56 48 60 62 60 56 50 46 44 40 54 45 40 44 46 50 (a 63 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 60 60 60 58 68 58 66 56 56 56 56 56 54 54 54 54 54 54 64 60 60 59 69 b 6 6 3 1 3 0 0 6 0 3 6 0 6 4 0 2 4 0 3 5 4 4 3 6 8 t 4 6 W NW N N W NW N N NW NW 8 NW N SE S NW NW W NW S NW NW NW W NW N NW NW S S 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 5 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 4 4 1 6a 67 72 82 66 63 68 72 61 70 62 58 58 48 48 48 55 58 70 66 52 38 49 52 59 44 56 46 48 46 66 64 64 66 64 65 64 62 60 66 64 58 56 62 50 50 62 50 54 54 53 46 45 82 64 63 56 53 60 60 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 62 60 60 60 58 58 58 56 56 56 56 56 55 54 54 54 84 54 53 53 60 59 59 69 59 59 69 59 59 59 59 59 59 58 58 58 68 58 68 58 68 58 56 56 56 84 54 54 54 54 , 5 2 2 0 2 0 0 3 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 3 2 3 3 6 2 6 3 3 5 0 2 3 6 6 NW NW NW NW NW NW N NW NW NW W NW W 8 SE NW NW NW 8 NW NW NW NW sw N NW NW NW 8 S 2 4 1 1 3 4 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 6 2 1 2 5 4 2 3 5 1 4 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 26 26 27 28 29 30 57 58 62 54 54 39 42 67 32 65 49 31 47 68 4U 62 44 44 69 44 42 34 42 56 38 24 42 44 60 56 i Rt h 59 162 h 59 53 h 59 -^ h 1-16 59 69 59 59 59 59 59 41 h 57 30 d« 58 '-^ 1| 58 58 68 68 68 68 58 58 56 56 54 64 54 54 64 42 42 42h 43h 41 1-16 .... 69 ::::rAA' .... 42 1-16 ....150 7-16 Remarks AT 5 A. M. — 5. Smoky ^nd foRgy. 10. Frost. 13. Heavy frost. 18. Lowry. 21. Sprinkle of rain. 23. Hills white with snow. 27. Frost. 30. Raining and foggy. Remarks'at 3 p. M.— II. Thunder shower. 15. Raining. 22. Snow. 24. Sprinkle of rain. 29. Raining. 30. Raining. OBSERVATIONS ON SOILS. 46 OCTOBER, 1848. 0BSEaVA.TI0H8 AT 6 A. M., OS BEFORE SUNKISE. OBSERVATIONS AT 3 P. M. DAT or MOKTH. «-2 ■3 3 a o i- » ax V Q o o 3 3 5" [rfO a H la 2e S s c 3 O u ■a a o S V u be a 3 O U U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lU 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2U 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 54 . . . • 53 56 . • . * 63 54 . . * ■ 53 60 .53 48 . . . > S3 50 . . . . 53 36 . . . . 53 34 53 22 . .. . 5;< 38 . . .. 54 24 64 30 .... 54 32 54 36 .... 54 40 • . . * 63 42 .... 53 38 . > * • 63 36 ■ • • * 52 34 62 34 • . >• 62 38 . . . > 52 34 . . . . 62 30 • ■ . . 02 41 . . . . 52 38 . . . • 52 34 . . . ■ 52 .30 . . . . 62 .30 52 52 . ■ . > 51 51 * . *> 51 53 .... 51 54 7-16 1-f. SE S SE S NW NW S s N N 8 S S s NW NW NW NW NW NW NW S NW S N SW 8W 8 SW 8 S S 8 NW NW S N N N N N S S s s NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW NW S S S S S w Remarks AT 6 A. M.— 1. Foggy. 2. Raining. Lowry. 7. Frost. 9. Hard frost. 11. Frost. 12. Frost. 13. Frost. 17. Snow and hail, soon disappears. 18. Raining. 27. Frost. 27. Heavy fog. Smoky atmosphere. 29. Rain. 30. Foggy. 31. Thunder. Remarks AT 3 p. H.—l. Lowry. 2. Lowry. 4. Foggy. 19. Some rain. 24. Raining. 26. Sprinkle of rain. 28. Smoky. 29. Some rain. 30. Appearance of Rain. 46 OBSERVATIONS ON 80II ^ramr/i/x 1>( linj^raved»;Priiit.?di>7G^wiricDut>j.3 BKAND IN CKRHALS FtiilS 30S*pto-sporiumffrtimintr«>« >T K-bnacma Jr Xagr A*»aJl Punted lrG«Tkt]cl>ittw P.6 h ^ E . F. m TTi fj f I o ir licit LitK, of. K,H. Pease, Albaiiy. PI. 4. ISn-d, y SwmtoB i«l. SHP«»s.liiJi. Albijiy . MIiima®W ©QlWilSIE FIT). Svtatcs J»l . "R H "Pni.ro l,.'l. AHl-r,yi^» 3si ■m.^ ih K'ijii &^ (iawiig}:!iij; . • PI. 6. A i , .V* intoft del a feasi I.ith AI>)any. (!SW§'31'iiMa] SOlWASlil. • owtflion lie- K Jl i'eaie l.nli AlbaTiy. H©© IPILiiSS"^. PI 8 1 'jam wfr^UUmut .>::::<--«if£^n«e •tuav WOOID STMTDT. TTinRlB Trmm >r *£ Emmoa* Ji- ?a.^a»wI.i:Prm.teaJwGtLTit*:Duthy 1 «> :S.^ A^ J^ ii i ft ii'Bifi P1.9' 5 iiW'IffllrilUI^'l •ifiS h WHiWIliil llli:':':; //Hi- st4^^; u if ■ 'fill*' *»'■ 1- 1 ill tl Ift't, DrcwntT'lt Knaion«.Jr WWOIJ ST RTF C T urMlB. "Kndt»w4kPrintrfty Oa*itkl>uQri«-^ I ; -''"P^*^. '.,-U>>f :„j:m I',. Dram trf &Smmons.Jr WOOIP STMirCTimRE Ih>^r*™a k Printed 1;^ G«oll: Duthie . If ■ Am if illy 4 ■ifi ( iM, ^ ( ^i '/] I'. Jill! ]:0M: iJi, Ui nii;*! lit m jriTf^ ram)r LlMBoM Je ■WOO© STUSTtrCTIITHE Ko^&ied tPruKe.l ' '■ ■ i^^if iyTiltU"" . PI 12 ••4 I ^'If : At-r , I I : I liii '^^^'ij:,.:^f)'0fAs*.^ l>TttWB>7 &BmR)«m« Jr SXM-ITC XirjRTK OIF VfOOED. EivgtA'adfcPxiTitadly'Xv-.tltKullii?' PI 13 50i OO •"..P m iiL%% s^- jOb\ If / 1/ W'm ::id>ff Drawn V EKmmoti*. Jr STB-inCTlUIRE ©F WO®]©. KT-.^rareiSiPrinfeabrG-avitklMOit j I'L !!• I 1 ■V a MHiiK|,^i;'i-' I* 'J -"^^^ >T CTij, ^0. ,i.^W «?iV ^ |tW«*ll«|| ' ■ 'It /.n !/'/*<: £1 ai^^^l^^M^ HvtLWn iff BJInmoiUrtTt . STMUTCTiriRIE ©IK WO©I» En^8T'dl;}'niitei3bj'G&Tritli;I>c.tli-. I PI. 26 ^ o ^mmp y lO #^ 11 G • « IS IS 9 J,"' 8 9 14 f 15 l^i Dr rwa'>)rEXaauns.-1z C OH]^ . "Sii^awa fcPimtedlT tS-aitl'I^uflne . FLATE XX\'II . I.ITH 01 O * W KliniCOTT I » w«fiN:> J? p( 1 iN :.' H ri'ttK 2. Virtfuit/t mnr. J. Tea ^prin^ wheat. 4 Ys/re/ ^Aa/r^ali/ J. U'htUf/iurtti rf/Zptf. € I'lrtfifiia bitif ^U/ti . 7. ffrart/r// ha/lir . .9. .y//fnner/ ^nh. /// OU bfiirehJ tvx^any. i2. frat ffr t't-/rr/ ^a//v/*v/. Ifi J'/i/firrrti 1'^" » ■ IS if^////t/r .fnrt/ii/ wh^nt: FLJTE JCXF * CMII«M^ Ir OCL o a w r.NuicoTT r.PTH n touk. 'l //it/// /m/ttortt/^0. O. ffhrA- /r/ref C/ui/r. ff Ha/t/ /talrU: 7. U7iitr /}•«!■ furr. S. Mftiri/fi/ /a/aaya/s0. P.SouUs fi'/iite ChafT. /a OU ff'/Utt flint. //. Scotr/, C/iii. /nifiri(ftoii ff'/iciif (Sfiiiiiq H'/irii/.) /icU (/„uth3a iiy w 1! o rT^O ^ ^ (D 3,.£.:?-Tr^ll iTo 7 |i JI4RK!-"— rnr »- )BS]EMT'ATI<0>JH'§ OW TIE MIPE M_^Tir RE . A.LBA^K'Y, JAITIIAH.^, 184.J 2 ^ 3 4 S 6 7 S 9 lO U 12 13 1* li 16 n 19 19 SO 21 22 23 24, 25 26 21 2S 29 30 31 Drcwnkr EoV^riTffdtTimteaiy GaTitS:Diit!n.e ©IBSEmVATTlOTrS <0)W T]EM]P]E38.^TIUIRE ALBAS'y, IFB B 3R1ITAM.T", 18 4 8 , 2 2 3 * S s 7 S 9 W n M 13 It li 10 27 IS 19 W 11 21 23 2i 2S t6 27 2S 2i 50 45 1 y 40 / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ 4.peet ___^ ^ X _ 1 1 ^ \ / \ 35 j ^ / \ ^ l^H ^ , \ • ^ 1 ^ / \ X / \ X ^^x^ ^ \ " • r /»n / \ \ / \ / / / \ / ^ 1 \ / / \ / \ \ / / 25 20 15 10 \ \l \ 1 \ / / \ 1 / \ y \ / ^ ,' \ / \ / \ / \ / \ \ / \ / \ ' 1 \ / \ / \ / \ / / \ / / \ 1 \ / / / / I / / / / \ / / \ / / / / / / ' / / / / 1 ,/ / / / / / 5 / 1 o Kn^ftTpa*l^nt*d>7G«vitfcl>ul>ne )]B SEmVA.TIiOJK'S ©PT T IS M PE IR ATITM K ^ IIn^iaT-dtL'rmt-atrO&ntltDuUiift. ©B SIEKTA'ITJrOiT S ©I^ IT IE M P E ]R ATT HT M E 1 I 1 SCOTT, OOHT, CO.M:A]aCBr,1843. 2 3 * 5 S 7 * 9 JO U 12 13 l-t IS 16 17 W 13 JiO 21 Zl 23 2* 2S 26 Z7 ZS Z9 30 31 55 50 45 •to 35 / / / / f ,/ / y / / / i / \ / / \ / / / \ / y / / \ 1 \ / / \ \ / / y \ . j\ \ / / / ^ \ / / / ^ ^ / i.." ^ ^ y > J ^ U r ^ ^^ ^^ ^ ^" Lh ^ 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 i \ \ . ^ \ \ / \ \ \ / \ \ \ \ \ \ \ y \ \ / / \ / ' / i / ' , \ \ \ \ \ \ \ / \ / / / , / / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ 1 J DjaMk^Hn^BOB* "En^rAYedki'nBtedirTGa.Tittlhiiije €)"B SEM^ATIOKT S OS" T KMP IE M AT HT R IK -7 2 3 ■* 3 e 7 a 9 lO IZ 12 13 1* IS 26 17 la M 20 21 22 23 Z-t ZS 26 27 2S 29 30 1 1 1 \\ ^ / \ / \ ^ V / S, r V / s, y v r \ / \ / \ y 1/ \ ^\ / \ / . J \ / \ 1 / \ ^ \ / \ 1 \ / \ /' / \ / iiT / \ i 7^ \ / \ / \ / / \ / \ / / \ / s, / v^ \ 1 \ / \, / r \ / / \ ' \ ' / ' / 7'--^l/ ' / ' \ / \il 1 y-^ ^^0^^*"*^,^ 1 \ / 1 .-"^ 1 yV V l y ^^„^.^ t ,.,_ - •-^^ . i — -^ «i— ■ -p^ ^^ ! \^f^ zz ^ — 7^ ^^ — ' '^p^ ^ ^La^ "^^ H j^^ L-^ 1 K 1 i ^-^^ \ ^ 1 1 \ / ^ ^.^ ; i j TI /! 1 1 ^ \ / !^r > 1 \ / '-N ! \ f / 1 I P(vr ^^w^^^ / i • 1 »n. 1 1 1 \ 1 2 t 3 * i « 7 # » 20 22 It 23 2* IS 2e 21 29 la to 31 22 23 2* 2S 26 27 2S 29 30 ■ 15 i 1 i 1 . L rTawn^E Eii(jrawiil'nnWliyGuvitl;lliithie ©IBSEMVATIO:^'® O'W TTEMIPE MAT ILTME y> A. TLB A]?? T. MAT". IS-!-©. 13 3 * S 6 7 S 9 je n 12 13 1* IS le 17 IS 19 iO 21 22 23 2* Zi 26 21 za 29 30 31 1 1 1 7lt 1 \, / \ , \ / \. / s / \, / \ / S, / , / \ / \ / s. /IN / V / \ / s / \ / ~\ / \ ^-"^ \, / \ 65 / \ ' \, / \ / \ y \, / V / ■ \ / \ / / \ ^„,'^ M / s.\ / / ^ K ' \ ^ \ 1 _ V^ -/. \ , --=y— ^^ / ^^ 1 ■«^ — — :p- ^ rH^ 60 J r ?-^ / M-^ y r~^ r-^ \^ — \\ / ^ 1 / / ^ / \ / v/ / ■s / ^ ^ y J ^ / / / \ / \ / / / ^ Kt / / / N / ^'I'Ki 1 J ./ ' f / i ^--^"tS. / y ^ / '*^ ^ ^ ■^v^ \ ^ r\N ^ K 1 > / 1 y \ >^ ^ ^ /-' ^ ^ J/ \ / ^^.-^ -^ ■Wl ^ \/ ' ^ : y ^^-^ V ' / ^ <^ ^ j 4Fe«t ^ ♦5 1 1 1 1 t 40 _. ._ 1 ' I 1 12 3 * S 6 7 a 9 ie> 11 12 13 1* IS 16 IT IS 19 2e 21 22 23 2-t 25 26 27 2S 29 30 31 ' ' ' i 1 1 1 . \ \ 1 ' i L S6 1 ! \ 1 1 I I / / \ / \ / \ eo / \ / \ / / \ / \ J \ / \ y \ / \ /i \ 55 / \ ^ \ / \ \ \ / \ 1 \ \ / \ / \ / \ \ / / \ / \ / \ \ / \ / / i 50 / \ / \ / ^ \, / j / \ \ / \ / \ / s, / 1 / \ \ / \ / \ / N, K- / \ \ t \ / \ / ^ \ / \ \ \ I \ / ^ 1 i J aa \ / 1 ' \ t r^ '-*4s^ J^ \ / ^ \ J^-' \ t 1 7 V ^ 7 \ L 1 / ^ J \. \ \ 4^ ; / >< _^,^F^ ^ ' 2F«t*0 y^ / \ ^ ♦ Peet- / / _ 35 1 30 I>T awi. 1)7 1 1-nim'.'n '• B:v^r-tv'~'i LPrine.^ >v Ci^n^li.l^Jt'hl'' (OB SEIR^ATIOET S ©IT TIE M IPJK IK x^TTTrrM E ^ ^1 1 2 a * S e 7 8 B W U 12 13 1* IS 16 17 IS 19 ZO 2L iZ 23 »4 2S 26 ZT ZS 29 -30 3i 1 1 85 80 75- 7(> ; 1 1 , ' 1 \^ , \ / \ ; N. / s, / s. ,„,.--^ s / s, / \, / M.-> \ / \ ^,^-' 1 s. / jy^ \ / y I \ / y\ \ / \ / / 1 \ r u \ / \ / -A ^ ^ y 1 - - ^^ ^^^ »\ i / ' \ / ^ *^ M t^ y > r f A , s. / ^ y -J -^ V — / s -^ \^ Im /^— 1 \'^^'9kBV0 r 65 :=^ "TlJ k — =fc- ^itV^ tI ^ — \ — =^^ ^ -f-- -7[>Tv //^ /^'N -*N ^~^~" y^ — — 1 r-^H -L- •^^-M >^i^^ ' — -H 1^^ — ' — d ^ — *" 1^^ -tr-. r'^— r^^^a^.i. . Tl_]_,^ { 1 y^ ' ! faO ■ u ^ '^ 1^^ / i 1 ,^t--^-^i / i_,,*-^ -/ ^ / ^-^ L-n ' \ SC _^^,^ ^te "^ |3ht SjT - / / ' i \ / 1 ^ f / i 1 •• ' >■ 1-*^ r -K^ ,.--' filKj j/ JP3^ **i r ., . ., ^ — ^ T AU r>n 1 1 1 ( Z J SCOTT, COH-TIAMD. CO. Jrrins. 1848 . * .f e 7 « S W U 12 13 1* If IS 17 U 19 ZO 21 32 23 2t 2S 26 27 2S 2a JO 1 70 i 1 i 1 1 i , V / \, 1 I , / \, ' f \ / \ / \ / s. / \ / s ^ V / \ / \ / \ / s, / \ / \ / \, / V \ ^ \ / \ / \ \ f \ jr \ / / \ '''*«..»^ / \ / \ / r \ s. / \ / \ / \ \, / \ / 4 Ft 55- SO- , y iV s t 1 / / \ \ / 1 / \ \ / 4- -/ A : : uV- -/- -^ . : -h -/- 1 — T T" ^ 1 / / \ / A- 7- \ — ^ —i. — iX , . , ._ 4 \- br^ — /-- "■■" T^ ^ — 1 i ~\ —^ 4 ^\\ — — u — — / — -V- f^ L_ <=!_ -f 7^ -f- ^— "t" — I- / / , \ ) / / \ / / ^ ' \ / / \ / / 1 / / i' / / ~^" i. i II Drawn l^-BJ.TEmaa* Kn^raved JrI*T;ntfdiry I'JaTitfcl'c.tbie ®IB SEJRVATirOir S OIT 'iriEMTP.TEiaATTrr:i8.IE AIL,eA.l!3"Y, jriLT]Lir, 18 4,8. i i» a 4 1 9 7 T 9 lo a 12 M 14 IS IS J7 -7* J» 20 ^i ^^ 55 24 S6 ^ff 27 2S iS ^(? 3i 1 1 1 i - [ 1 .. '■^^ / \ / \ 1 A / \ / \ 75 1 /i\ / \ / \ i / , \ S" / \ / ■\ 1 I 1/ ! \U-^ ^^ \ /— -y ! 4-r_ ^i— ^ ,<•*>. > :-^ ^V -4 - __ ^ ^^ J^ --' ' — ^ ,\ 1 ^0 ^^ A ' |— — — 'i <^ \ — h/i - — «* ^ ^^ 1 ^ V u^ ^v^ *\t\^ —^^^"^^ • ^^r-^-^^ ^- "««. Wr^ L^ »-* r r> -i-^^'.^N S,.> ^ A 1. :""vj 21->e *. ■r*^?vv^^ Jfr H I ' ^ - ^ ? i*i-* ""^ — ^ r-:v _ 3^ — ' ^k ^"^ f r ^ < ^ [ ^-^ •^^ / 1 Y -^ 1^^ i^*^ ..._^ \^^ 1 L i i 1 i i 1 ! !' ^ ■ JL-.:^r{ _ t '^ ^-- 1 ■ 1 1^' 1 '^-^^ ,>^^\ 'ill '^ 1 1 60- 1 ' i ' 1 SS- 1 \ 1 ; 1 ' ! ! J i - ~ ; '■ 1 1 1 \ \ ' 1 ' 1 1 1 ! 1 ' 1 I i 1 i 1 1 ' 1 ; ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 i - [ i i ) 1 1 \ ' 1 ' ' ! 1 1 1 1 1 :- i : ' j S COTT. COaTLAiTQ C 3. JTtTlLT, 18 48 . I t J * 4 ft- 7 V a lO U la 13 !■» U U 17 IS 19 iO Zl Zi 23 H ir> in ^7 2.<< JO 3f .11 i i i i : i 1 . ... , , . : ; : ; t [ i ■ ; , i ; 1 1 j [ ; ^^ . _ ! 1 I 1 1 '" ! ,1 \ 1 1 I .. 1 .. / \ I ,' 70- /' \ / 1 _^ ■ ■■ i i / 1 I A ■ 1 t / i ! 1 1 , /.\ 1 -T / r 1 / \ 65- \ 7 : : y \ / \i ' /x / s / \ 1 \ " i I t ' / \ / \ i ! 1 /!X ^ "'^^ \-^ — h fi -1 — ^-/^ \/ ' ! i -4 ■^ ^ !/-f-J ' — 1 — ! I . -iOt \ 1 /i\ 1 J 1 r t^rT-i 1 — ^+— 1 -1_ -T— — ^^ I i ' — —] — \ — I \ / 1 '1 -t 1 ^ [ ; ; \y i_L j iu _ — ' \ — ^ ^H J i •«< — 1 1 1 — ^ r ! J ' ■"■"■ ' ■ L . \^00^ / yf" ' I 1 / ^v / 1 Jt:7 I I ' 1 !X ^ n- 1 ^ 1 1 1 \r' j 1 \ ' / H' 1 1 j 1,1 1 f t 1 w ; 1 1 . i u ! ! 1 1 45- : 1 1 ' ! ' ' I . ! i 1 : I ' ■ ' i 1 1 1 till - \ \ ■ 1 1 1 ' ; ill ! ! 1 1 ; ' 1 . \ ^ '■■ 1 1 ! : , ; 1 1 j j , , p- — i ' 1 1 ' !:'':! : i 1 T/r»wft"by KRminoni lin^iAv-'il k I'l ;r. [.;J ty Gant tDutlae . f s]Eiffi^''A'irir©]sr s oit tiemtpteir.at'utis.ie S70 1 t ■> ■* ■! »• 7 * » lt> U U la 14 U 26 17 W la 20 Zl it 23 i* a i6 27 2.9 19 30 .11 7.1 70 65 60 50 45 40 1 ! — 1 : I T 1 ■ 1— 1 — i 1 \J i I -I \ — V- — i— V _4 1 ] 1 > -^-^ -1 — ■■ — ' -1 — ; — ' ♦ » ■ ■ ■< ; — -- -— 1 — — J — , ! — J 1 > \ — f— F — \ i ' ■ Z ^— --r 1 .,. ,-j _ — 1 — ' — 1 — t^ — — ^ — 1 1 — -^1 — \ — ' — \ — — H — \ — 1 — > — ! 1 ' ^ — i — 1 — \ — i — — 1 — \ — i — 1 — i ' i i ! - 1 " 1 — ■■ 1 — — r—- 1 ; t \ — ^ ^ ^ — { — ' — \ ^ \ — i =^-H-=H= - ^= =^ =i^ ^^^ ^\^ U: MM 1 1 1 L^g^-f-^i ^^fA^— i-^ — =^ 1 \-\f ( 1 < ' ! 1 1 j ' ' — ' i 1 1- 1 \ 1 1 -^ ~ i ! 1 'Mi' 1 ' — ^ , — , — , — . — ^ — . : — . — \ — '. — \ — I , — \ — ! — , . — \ — , — ^ — > — , . — . — . — , — ^ — , i — ^ — ] ".T^wnty KFmir.on* 'j;Q^rdv.'d k i."! IT. wc ly OiTi t tLuiiae OlBSmMVATIOITS - ' ^ ^ /: N / \ / \ / 9Iji 1 '- ' '^^'- '^^^ ^ ^^ ^,1 \ / V / \ / r>^ ttoc'h^S "^ L.--' ^s<, ^ N ^ V v-^ \7 ^ "\ V ! y /^ *reei 1 "^ -^S^L--^/ 1 ^ [^.-^^ |"\ / j 60 t 1 1 -^ t 55 50 1 45 ■ 1 _ J _ __ __j.. r t 3 tf ^ tf 7 v 'y // // 12 13 I* li 16 n la 29 20 Zl J12 23 2^ 2S 26 27 2& 29 30 31 85 1 1 1 1 , ! 1 1 i 1 '-' 1 1 1 \ \ \ \ ' \ 80 \ / \ , / \ / \ / \ / \ \, /'^ 75- ,' ' \ / \ y V s, J 1 / \ / / s \ / 1 / \ 70 65 \ / \ / \, \ / / s \ / ]^ / \ ' / \ \ \ / \ \ I \ / \ \ ; ; , \ J V ' \ \ ■ /\ \ / \ \ ll /\ 1 / \^ \ / S, y \ fi f'cct - \| / \ ' / -V- -1 / \. / \ / ^ / \i7--( \i ^ \ / s ^ \ / / V 1 > ^ \ / \ ,, 1 \ / / 55 30 1 ^ / ^ ^ / _^„i^ ^^■v / J \ N \ ': Iiy*wiiij^ h Eiij£.*.<7i;^ Ea^r-ived fcl'rLnred by Gavit y DTjtbie OBS EM TAX I ID ITS QW XEMPIEM ATPlfMlE. - ■ " s, 1 1 ' 1 ALBAIfX, SEPTEMBEH..Zft4y Z « 3 ■* 5 6 7 S 9 IP n Zg 13 1* IS le U IS 19 iO 21 2Z JIJ i4 2S i6 27 2S 29 30 ; ! I 1 1 1 1 1 : ... '5- 1 / V. / \. 70 / s / \ \ 1 j 4l2]Ch^ \ \ J ^l V / [ jfeet^5 ^ r 1 ■ ' "^ ■^^ / 1 ! 60 X: "^ / / t ! 1 ■^ l^ ^ ^ / [ L ^ ^i/7 \\ "~o / 1 1 1 i \ '^^j^-^ ^N ^ A\. // NXN r^v^ J. \ T\ ^^/I ^ U ; \1\ \ Wn, 55 I \ 1 / ^ T Ak 7 ' ' X s. K \ t \ / W /I \ r^ \ \ '\ N 7/f 1 s. / \ >^ / wxi"^ s 1 ^~H.TI.A:srn' CO. S3PTEMBKR,1848 I 2 3 4 B e 7 9 9 W U 12 13 1* V 1« n 1» 1» 20 21 22 23 2* 2i 2e 27 2S 29 SC 1 75 1 i 70 65 ifeet - 55 i SO 45 i 1 1 V \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ s. s s. S s 7 , ^ ,.\ ^ / \ ^ ' . \ s. \ jf X s \ y \ / X \ / \ / ^ \ y \ / ^ \ f \ / ) f \ / / / \ / \ / / \ \ / \ / / \ \ f \ / \ ^ \ J \ / \ \ / \ / \ / \ 1 \ / )/ \ / \ \ / y 1 \ \ / r \ \ / ill ( \ f \ / ■ \ / 1 t : ■ : [ _. .!_..._. '/i \ ! 1 . 1. It hl.VA'1. .-tt i';ii 1^ Av^ i Pr in t- ^ 7l-^ i4^- -^^^ ■> "-N ^ H \a ^ ! \ iW/Vi^ ' 1 ^ /' J / \\ ;\ ' '\i^^'-^ \ / 'I ^ \ x\y A / J^ 1 \ N 1 1 Br^ ^liA\N /l\ ! Jr \ ^ y \t\/ ■ ^mSi r^ Lm ^ "^-^s^ / ' 11 V\ ' «S — 1 — — vT — 1 ->-. 1 ->^ ^ \^ ^-C -4 b^ ^. lT \ Ml/- w r r-^- A/^V ^V ^^=^-^±?^r< >^ !^'^Tib , 1 j \j'^ ; N / ^nS fj j 1 j 1 y^ 1 >L / y 4A >Vi f ; ; : 1 1 _ . \ 1 ( i 1 i 1 ' 1 35 1 ' 1 i 1 i , II' 1 1 1 I 1 i ; i 1 < 1 i : 1 1 ! 1 1 1 -I.. " -I ! ! ! ; ! ! 1 : 1 ! \ \ 1 SCOTT. CO RTlAinD CC O CTOBE H.,1.8*8 J i J * 3 e 7 « » JO n 2i 23 !■» IS le n la 19 to zi »i i3 24 zs ze 21 za 29 30 31 11= 55 J i i ■ ! i ; ' 1 i ' ' ' 1 ; 1 : 1 - -■ V ' >\ ! ! . 1 : i 1 i / Ni/ i\ ■ I ' ! 1 ' 1 / ' \ ' 1 i j \ .\ ill.. -.1 , . 1 J 1 e- -■ : \ ^^ 1 ' ' ; ! "^; ■^^ 1 ^ h "\ ' T ' ^-V — -^^—. ! — \ — 1 — ' -H — 1 — i-^ -L^ "^z^^ 1 ^^- — ^ /. 1 "! 1 , \ ' ,/ J s X 1 / / 1 / \ I / ^ , / \ I / ! / \ \ ' \ ' / 1 / V } \ ! y s. / \ / \ J \ / S, / \ / \ ^ 1 J S, / 4A \ A V ' \ / ' I 1 \ S \ \ / \ / \ / N ^ 1 / \ / \ / 1 ' 1 \ / \ / \ ' / \ / 3S ) / ' f \ / 30 2S an It \ / i \ / 1 L^ r ^ CTA-*nbT>.KTr xr* Engraved 3C Printed by Gevlt ft Diithie OiraSERVATIOKr § (Dm TIEMFIBMATIJM.E. J 2 3 * S 6 7 * 9 lO U 22 13 1* JS 16 If M 19 20 a 22 2.^ 2± Z.< i6 27 2S 29 30 65 1 t \ \ 1 ; J ' ! 60 1 1 1 i \ : 1 1 ; 1 M ! 1 1 i 1 i.- _ 1 i ; ; 55 ' 1 1 j 1 i ^i;^er - 1 1 N i SF^«t tJ\ 1 s ] 1 !_ [/" i V s \ \ 1 \ j ; \, i\ ' ^STA OT-nr''>i \ 1 Y \ \ \ k V" IXJ .. 'V^ 4t- L L !N /mn ^ i i N, ♦iTlCll **^ K \ ^' \\N \ i 1 \ / \. L. _ I i 1 \v y i \ i 1 ! i . V ^>a i 7\ / VK V ' V i 1 , h\ i / V N A ' ^ 1 ' 1 /J3^!\ / 1 40 1 \, A ^1 \^l~^ \ //] xK \ / 1 ' \ r\ V y\\ \h \ V 1 A \ / / 1 , V \ l\ \y V \\ y rxj^^i/' I \\ / i \ \ ^ i / 1 N ^ ' J \ \ / / ^ V -^ Nl n / ' ^ \ \ /! 35 \ 1 \ S y^ yf^ \ N f ^ y / \ \ / r«,«B ^t;.E3imioiui T.njJravcd&Prii.wa'bj' GaTlttThitliie, OBSEIRTATIOITS ©IT XEMPE MATirTIiJE . A.JL 3 ^I-r T, D E C H M 3 E M, 1 R 4- 3 It 3 * S « 7 a 9 W n IZ 13 !■* IS le 17 la 29 20 a ZZ 23 34 2S X6 27 IS 29 30 SZ i ;■'■,! ^ [ 1 1 1 1 1 [ I I 1 1 ' _, J i_ _1 . _ .. _l .._ 60 \ : 1 t 1 j i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i ( 1 ' ! 1 : 1 ' 1 ' 1 ill: 1 55 i 1 1 i ! ; 1 1 [ I 1 1 1 1 ' 1 I ] i 1 t 1 50 i 1 I / i 1 1 i ' / i I r ^ / , ■ 1 / I i 1 \ i / 1 45 j|\ \ 1 : 1 / 1 ' / \ ' \ I 1 / 1 i L-'^h^ 1 ! \ -^IN 1 1^ ' / 1 \ ^ ^ 1 ' Ki 1 \! ; ^ v/\ ^ ^ r / X 1 ir^t *° V'\ ' ' / ^ \ l\ /' ! / A ^ \> • //\/^ \ V 1 h >/!K, /, 1 /J l\ j\ 1 ainct X yy ' M \"^ „//:\^ r\ //■ ^h. 1 i 4 Inch \ 1$ ^ / ' K\ yy i \V7 Av/ i \\ w L^ \ 1 ! r N/^ ^v , \K\ // \ 1/ V 1 l\ N \ i ' 1 36 30 VNty \ \\ a \7 ' ' \ ^ ! ^ \^ I \y\ \ In ¥ 1 ^ k. i ' i \, \ ^ N T \ \ n T \ F TMIE S(D)IIL. ■ ~ — = — — ->. I 3CAXLCH AX, 3 XTf Y, 1 8 -^ 8 . i . 1 iXrmjSr iSBPTirMBim OCTOBxa l SDT£]nUB.pi!CZlIBEK 1 1 , i ■ ' 1 i 1 i i 1 i 1 1 75 ! 1 : i 1 1 1 i _ , , ! ^^ j - k r^ 1 ■ ' J!V A 70 r^ \ / 1 > f >fl \ ! 1 ^ i W ! \ i L_. J 1 \ / \ M \. \ 65 \ // V-! ^\ 1 N/l__ _ L_ 1 _ _. ^l / ' \ 1 1 1 1 / J^\ tv^ \ /• A 1 60 1 / ' 1 1 1 1 / A / J / / \ / / / v/ A ^ / / ' /\ : \ 1 55 / / \ \ / / g\ \\ ' 1 \ / ^ 1 \ j 1 \ 1 / / N V 1 1 J / / s \ V 50 __ _i_ 1 t / j ^ \ \ 1 1 j / 1 \ N [ ! J 1 / 1 1 \ v \ 1 j Jn, / / j \ \ \ ' 4..?ecr i *5 Air 1 Z' 1 // . \ \ \ — \ 1 \l/ cr \ \ w i \ \ \ A / y \ > V v\ \, \ / » s \ 4.0 \ \\ l \, I \\ //^ fj \, I _ \\ 1 / k \, 1 I ] 1 \ ^ »^ i / \ ' A ^/^ \ \ \^ ' \ '^^ / I /> ^ \ 1 35 \ \ / 1^ ^bf^ \ \ \' jj '\ s^ \ \ V^7 GantacDutiie 1 — ■ 0 OH Natural history of New York 105 N7N3 v.U Biok>«ic«I PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY