f &I

/ 2l *'

III

^tologital Surlits of t|t MiAt of |i«to gori

PAL^ONTOLOaT

Vol. VI.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA

TE3CT A.nsriD I'LV^.TES.

COtfTAIMIHO

DESCRIPTIONS AND FIGURES OF SPECIES

LOWER HELDERBEHG, UPPER HELDERBERG AND HAMILTON GROUPS.

BY

JAMES HALL,

STATE OEOLOOIST AND PALEONTOLOGIST. ^t

ASSISTED BY

GEORGE B. SIMPSON.

1^1

ALBANY, N. Y.:
CHARLES VAN BENTHUYSEN & SONS.
1887.

QH
r\l'if\/3

Statb of Nbw York, )

Albany, August, 1887. )

PublUbed under the Bu|>erviMon of the Trustees of the State Museum of Natural History, pursuant to

chapter 305 of the Laws of 18S3.

■i

DEDICATION.

To His Excellency

DAVID B. HILL,

Governor of the State of New York :
Sm: -^

I have the honor to present a new volume of the Natural History of the
State of New York, being a continuation of the work on the Paleontology
OP THE State of New York.

This volume is the sixth of the entire series, and the third published under
the provisions of chapter 355 of the laws of 1883, which directed that this
work be completed in five volumes beyond those at that time published. It is
devoted to the description and illustration of the Corals and Bryozoa of the
Lower Helderberg group, and to the Bryozoa of the Upper Helderberg and
Hamilton groups, and comprises over three hundred pages of text, and sixty-
seven plates, being the full amount of text and plates which could be used,
while making a proportionate allowance for the other classes of fossils, already
published as Vol. V, part 1, and to be published as Vols. VII and VIII under
this title.

The entire number of species described is about 371, which are included under
70 genera and sub-genera. Of this number 328 species are illustrated in the
volume. In addition to these about 100 species of the same class of fossils
have been critically studied and drawings made for their illustration, but from
the restriction limiting the extent of the present volume these could not be
includedoT This does not, by any means, exhaust the number of forms known
to occur in these rocks.

The volume must be regarded as only a partial record of our present know-
ledge upon this class of organisms, but at the same time I believe it will be

iv DEDICATION.

found more complete in ita illustration of the Palaeozoic forms of Bryozoa than
any work yet published.

Of the mechanical and artistic execution of the work I may speak in general
commendation, and of some portions with unqualified praise. In regard to its
scientific merit, I can only express the hope that students in Natural Science,
and the enlightened educators of our State and Country, may find this volume a
contribution worthy of their acceptance, and a source of material for that higher
education and intelligence, which the people of New York so earnestly desire ;
and in this respect I hope that this volume may commend itself to your Excel-
lency, as worthy of a place among the series of volumes already comprised in
the Natoral History of the State of New York.

I have the honor to be.

With great respect,

Your obedient Servant,

JAMES HALL,

Slate Geologist.
Albakt, August, 1887.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

DEDICATION jii

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

PREFACE vii-x

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA x-xxvi

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES ; . . . . 1-292

Streptelasma 1,2

Zaphrentis 2,3

aulopora 3-5

Vermipora 5,6

Striatopora 6,7

MiCHELINIA 7

Favosites 8-10

Alveolites 11

CttSTETES 11-14

Pttchonema 14, 15

Trematopora . 15, 16, 69-71, 175, 176

Orthopora 16-19, 70, 71, 176-189

DiAMEsopoRA 19, 20, 72

Callopora 21, 22, 75, 189

Callotrypa 24-27, 189

CtELocADLis 23, 24, 76, 77

Flstulipoka 27-29, 87, 88, 209-233

LiCHENALiA 30-32, 77-82, 195-208

Cbramopora 33,34,235,236

Palkichara 35-37, 67, 237

Stictopora . . . . 37,38,90-96,241-262

Ptilodictya 38-40, 270-272

RUINIDICTYA , 40, 41

Thamni.s<,u.s 41-43, 104, 274

Fbnestblla 43-54, 66, 104-130

Unitrypa 54-56, 131-142

Hemitrypa 57, 58, 145-150

PoLYPORA 58-65, 150-170

ICHTHYORACUIS 66, 67

MONOTKYPA ^7

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS.

DESCRIPTION OF 8PKCIKS (Contimied) : paob.

Table OF FBNKSTKLLinjB OF THB Lower Hki.dkrbero oRoup 68

Trfmatblla 69,70,175,176

Tropidopora 71, 72

ACAKTHOCLBMA 72-74, 190-192

Nbmataxis . 74, 193

PiLBOTRYPA, 8. 0 82-85

Odontotrtpa, 8. o 85

Qlossotrypa, 8. a. 85, 86

Sblbnopora, 8. o 86, 87

CosciNiUM 88, 238, 239

coscikotrtpa 89

Intrapora 97

Prismopora 97,98,265-267,288

Phractopora 99

Stalaripora ^00, 101

Thamnotrypa 101

GLAncoNOMB 101-103,273,274

Crisinella 103

Ctstopora 103

ISOTRYPA 143, 144

LocoLiPORA 144, 145

Ptiloporklla, 8. o. 171, 172

Ptiloporina, 8. a 172-174

Bactropora 193, 194

Favicella 234, 235

COSCINELLA 239, 240

Ceramella 240, 241

Semiopora 262, 263

Tjjniopora . 263-265

Acrooenia _ . . 267-269

Stictoporina, NOV. sna. oen 269, 270

Rkptaria 274-277

Uederella 277-281

Hbrnodia 281, 282

BoTRYi-LopoRA 282, 283

Ptilopora 283-285

Fenestkapora 286, 287

LiCIIENfJTRYPA 287

ADDENDA 290-292

INDEX 293

PL\Tl<>i AND EXPLANATIONS i-lxvi

EkRATA End of Plates.

PREFACE.

This volume includes the descriptions and illustrations of the Corals and
Bryozoa of the Lower Helderberg group ; of the Bryozoa proper, and allied
forms, from the Upper Helderberg and Hamilton groups.

When the study of the Broyzoa was begun, the plan of the author con-
templated the production of a work, as complete as possible, to illustrate the
structure and relations of this class of fossils from the Lower and Upper
Helderberg, the Hamilton and Chemung groups. With this object in view,
extensive collections were made from all accessible localities. The drawings
were commenced and carried on in accordance with this plan, and the better
specimens for the illustration of the Genera and Species were figured, while
awaiting other collections to supplement the incomplete material already
pos.sessed. In this manner some of the groups (or genera) have been very fully
illustrated, while others, for want of better material, have been less completely
represented.

Although considerable collections had been made in preceding years, it was
not until 1874 that the author, with the assistance of Mr. R. P. Whitfield
prepared preliminary descriptions of most of the Corals and Bryozoa of the
Lower Helderberg group, at that time known to us ; which were published in
the Twenty-sixth Report of the State Museum of Natural History. At a later
date, while the drawings for the illustrations of these species were in progress,
and after their completion, a careful review and revision of the species pre-
viously described, and of the new material in hand at that time, was made by

viii PREFACE.

the writer, assisted by the drivughtsman, Mr. Geo. B. Simpson. The results of
that investigation were publisJied in the Thirty-second Report of the State
Museum of Natural History, and the plates having already been lithographed
at that time, the species were referred to plate and figure as the same appear
in the present volume. These plates with explanations of the figures were
communicated with the Report of the State Geologist for 1882, and were pub-
lished in photo-lithography in 1883. In the same report there were also
published ten plates illustrating the Fenestellidae and other forms of the Upper
Helderberg group.

The greater part of the species described and illustrated in this volume have
been described in the Annual Reports of the State Museum, the Reports of the
State Geologist, and in the Transactions of the Albany Institute. In the
Reports of the State Geologist for 1882 and 1884, published in 1883 and 1885,
was printed a discussion upon the mode of growth and relations of the
FenestellidsB, which will be completed and published at a future time.

The total number of species from the Lower Helderberg group, described in
this volume is one hundred and three, of which two species are not illustrated.*
The immber of species described from the Upper Helderberg is one hundred
and fifty-four, of which thirteen .are not illustrated. From the Hamilton group
there are one hundred and twenty-one species described, of which thirty-five
are not illustrated in this volume, but it is hoped that they may soon be pub-
lished through some other medium.

The plates devoted to the illustration of the Lower Helderberg forms,
including the Corals proper, are from i to xxiii a. The species of the Upper
Helderberg group are illustrated by plates xxv to liv, the FenestellidaB alone
occupying twenty plates. The Bryozoa and Bryozo()id forms of the Hamilton
group, which are illustrated, occupy plates Iv to Ixvi inclusive.

There are some interesting facts connected with the Geological and Geo-
graphical distribution of these forms of life, but the space at my command will
not admit of a full discussion of this subject.

* The com|>Bt«tlvcly few formo of Coi-ala proper, in the Lower HeMerlmrg' proup, i-eiidered their intro-
duction in thin volume practicatile ; but fi-oin the Upper Helilei'berg and Hamilton groups, no attempt has
bMo made to introduce them.

PREFACE. ix

In the Lower Helderberg group the collections of Bryozoa have been chiefly
made from the outcrop along the north-eastern base of the Helderberg range,
in the neighborhood of Clarksville, Albany county. A less number of forms
have come from Schoharie, about twenty miles to the westward of the first
locality. Bryozoans are rarely, if at all, seen in this group to the west of
Schoharie county. A smaller number of specimens have been obtained at the
outcrop of the formation on Catskill creek, and a few at Becraft's mountain,
near Hudson. Beyond these points to the southward few forms are known.

In tlie Upper Helderberg group, the Bryozoa and Bryozooid forms are com-
paratively rare in the eastern part of the State of New York. It is not until
we reach the central portion of the State that these fossils become conspicuous
in a few localities, and their occurrence in these places seems due to the local
development of certain sediments, which form no important feature in the entire
formation. The best known localities are Onondaga Valley, Caledonia and Le
Roy, and from the latter point westward they become more abundant. In Erie
county we meet for the first time, so far as observation has been made, a
siliceous layer near the base of the formation, which is charged with Bryozoa,
especially of the family Fenestellidae. This deposit is much more fully devel-
oped on the west of the Niagara river, containing, in addition to the Bryozoa,
Trilobiies, Brachiopoda, etc.

The most prolific locality of the Fenestellidae at present known occurs in the
limestone of the Upper Helderberg group, at the Falls of the Ohio river,
where these fossils have been silicified and the inclosing calcareous matrix has
been removed by solution.

Notwithstanding the comparative dearth of Bryozoa in the Upper Helderberg
group in eastern and central New York, the Corals proper abound throughout
the entire extent of the limestone from the Hudson valley to the Niagara river.

In the Hamilton group all forms of Bryozoa are extremely rare in the sedi-
mentary deposits of the eastern part of the State. As the shales become cal-
careous in the central parts of the State, these organisms increase in number,
and become abundant in nearly all localities from Seneca lake westward, the
most prolific region being that portion of country extending from the Genesee
valley to Lake Erie.

X PREFACE.

The collections for the illustrations of this volume have been chiefly made
by myself and by assistants formerly occupied in collecting material for the
Palaeontology of the Stivte, and later by assistants connected with the State
Museum. Collections have been purchased by the author from Mr. Edmond
De Cew, and of the late Mr. John De Cew, of Cayuga, Ontario, Canada; the
latter having also matle special collections for use in this work from the siliceous
layers of that ptixt of the Helderberg group in Canada. This worii is indebted
to Mr. Victor W. Lyon, of Jefferson, Indiana, for important collections made
at the Falls of the Ohio. These specimens were in a perfectly preserved con-
dition, and have constituted an important element for the illustration of this
volume.

The original drawings have all been made by Mr. George B. Simpson, who
has critically studied all the species, and, with the appreciation of a naturalist,
has faithfully represented the delicate structure of these organisms in the
illustrations accompanying this volume. Credit is due him for the preparation
of a large part of the specific descriptions. In the execution of the drawings
Mr. Simpson has shown the same artistic ability which has characterized his
previous work.

The lithography has been chiefly done by Mr. Philip Ast, of whose ability
in reproducing the original drawings upon stone, we cannot speak too highly. A
few plates by the late Mr. H. Bergmann, give very accurate and elaborate repre-
sentation of Favosites Helderbergia and of species of Fistulipora, Ptilodictva,
etc., of the Lower Helderberg group. More recently some plates of the Upper
Helderberg and Hamilton groups have been done by Mr. Paul Riemann.

We are indebted to Mr. Charles E. Beecher for the preparation of the Synopsis
of tiie Genera and Sub-genera described and illustrated in this volume ; and also
for the arrangement of the explanations of plates, with references to the pages
of the volume and the localities of the species.

Mr. Beecher and Mr. Simp.son have rendered assistance in proof-reading while

the volume has been passing through the press.

THE AUTHOR.
Albamt, August, 1887.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA INCLUDED IN THIS VOLUME.

Streptelasma, HaU (Palaeontology of N. Y.,vol. i, p. 17. 1847).
[Type, Streptelasma expansum, Hall.]

Corallum simple. Lamellae usually simple, alternate, coalescing in the cen-
ter, forming a vesiculose core or pseudo-columella. Tabulas and fossette
obscure or obsolete.

The species grouped under this genus, from various geological horizons, show
considerable variation in form and character, and pass gradually into the genus
Zaphrentis, of which they may be considered as a sub-division or sub-genus.

Example: Streptelasma stridum, pi. i, figs. 1-10.

Zaphrentis, Rafinesque (Ann. des Sci. Phys. Brux., vol. v. 1820).
[Type, Zaphrentis phrygia, Rafinesque.]

Corallum simple, conical. Lamellae simple, alternate, rarely extending to the
center ; usually arranged in four fascicles, with a well marked septal fossette be-
tween the two anterior fascicles. Diaphragms or transverse laminar platesnumer-
OU.S, extending from wall to wall and deflected downwards around the periphery.

The species illustrated and described in this volume, from the Lower Helder-
berg group, offers a very good illustration of the uncertainty of many of the
characters which are often considered as of specific importance. The fossette
is variously developed, and is not constant in its position in the cup. The
lamellae are ahso subject to much variation in their number and extent ; some-
times they extend quite to the center and become irregular and involved ; in
other examples again they extend not more than one-third the radius of the
cup, and expose the central area of the diaphragm.

Example: Zaphrentis Roemeri, pi. i, figs. 11-21.

Aulopora, Goldfuss (Petrefacta Germaniae, vol. i, p. 82. 1826).

[Type, Aulopora serpens, Goldfuss.]
Colonies of procumbent tubes, usually attached for the greater portion of
their length. Tubes increasing by latero-basal gemmation; after budding each

xii SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

parent tube tunis upwards and ceases growth, and the young cells continue
the growth of the colony. Tubes without pores, and cominonly without
diaphragms ; sometimes with radiating lamella}.
Examples: Aulopora Schoharia, pi. ii, figs. 1-6.
Aulopora tubtda, pi. ii, figs. 7, 8.

Vermipora, Hall (Twenty-sixth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p.
109. 1874. [Type, Vermipora serpuloides. Hall.]

Corallum ramose, consisting of continuous serpula-like cell tubes, without
intercellular tissue, arising from the center of the branch, and increasing by
lateral gemmation. No transverse diaphragms or mural pores have been
observed in the typical species of the geims.

Example : Vermipora serpuloides, pi. ii, figs. 24-31.

Striatopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, p. 156. 1852).

[Type, Striatopora flexuosa, Hall.]

Corallum ramose, composed of thick walled tubes arising from the center of
the branch, turning outwards to the surface and opening in an expanded aper-
ture. The interior of the tubes is marked by strong longitudinal stria? or
ridges, and numerous mural pores connecting the cells; diaphragms often
present.

This genus is closely related to Cladopora, from which it is distinguished
principally by the greater development of the longitudinal striae within the
cell tubes, and more frequent mural pores.

Example: Striatopora Issa, pi. iii, figs. 14, 15.

Michelinia, DeKoninck (De.sc. An. Foss. Carb. Belg., p. 29. 1842).

[Type, Manon favosum, Goldfuss.]

Compound hemispherical corals, composed of elongate conical tubes, which
are usually in contact for their entire length, and connected by mural pores.
Tubes strongly striated longitudin.ally, and, in the larger species, intersected by
numerous coarsely vesiculose diaphragms.

The Lower Helderberg form, referred to this genus, is not a characteristic
species, on account of the absence of diaphragms and the few short campanulate
cell tubes composing the corallum.

Example : Michelinia lenticularis, pi. iii, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

xm

Favosites, Lamarck (Cours. de Zool. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 1812).

[Type, Favosites alveolata, Lam.]
Massive or branching Corals, composed of polygonal or circular cell tubes,
which are intersected by transverse diaphragms and connected by mural pores,
and in many species showing twelve longitudinal furrows.
Examples : Favosites Helderbergia, pis. iv, v and vi.
Favosites conicus, pi. iii, figs. 4, 6-13.

Alveolites, Lamarck (Hist. Nat. An. Sans Vert. 1801).
[Type, Alveolites escharoides. Lam.]

Corals massive, laminar or rarely branching ; composed of compressed cell
tubes, traversed by longitudinal furrows and intersected by diaphragms. Mural
pores large, usually situated near the angles of the tubes. Apertures with the
outer margin projecting.

Example: Alveolites explanatus, pi. xiii, figs. 15, 16.

Chaetetes, Fischer (Oryct. du Gouv. Moscou. 1837).

[Type, Chaetetes radians, Fisch.]
Corallum growing in hemispheric or globular masses ; base covered with an
epitheca. Cells polygonal, contiguous, intersected by straight diaphragms,
without interstitial tissue or tubuli.

With our pre.sent knowledge, it seems impossible to separate the forms
classed with Monotrypa from typical Ch^tetes.
Examples : Chmtetes colliculatics, pi. viii, figs. 1-4.
Chatetes monticulatus, pi. viii, figs. 5-7.

Monotrypa, Nicholson (Pal. Tab. Cor., p. 320. 1879).
[Type, ChaBtetes undulatus, Nicholson.]

Zoarium growing in irregular hemispherical or globular masses. Surface
smooth or with monticules of larger cells. Cell tubes contiguous, prismatic,
thin-walled and intersected by straight diaphragms. No interstitial cells or
spiniform tubuli.

Example : Monotrypa ? spinulosa, pi. xvi, fig. 25.

Monotrypella, Ulrich (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v. 1882).
[Type, Monotrypa agqualis, Ulrich.]
Zoarium ramose, smooth or tuberculated. Cells apparently of but one kind,
intersected by straight diaphragms. Walls thin, except in the peripheral
region.

XIV

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Examples : Chatetes (Monotri/pella) arbusculus, pi. ix, figs. 1-3, 6-8.
ChcUeles {Monolrt/pella) abruptus, pi. ix, figs. 9-11.

Ptychonema, n. s. g. [Type, ChiBtetcs tabulatus, H.all.J

Coralluin niius.sive or ramo.se ; composed of thin-walled, strongly corrugated
cells which are apparently without diaphragms in the typical species.

Example : Chatetes {Ptychonetha) tabulatus, pi. ix, figs. 12-15.

Trematopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, p. 149. 1852).

[Type, Trematopora tuberculosa, Hall.]

2k)arium ramose ; branches solid. Cells arising from the center of the branch
and continuing contiguous to each other until near the surface where they sep-
arate, becoming cylindrical and more or less surrounded by spiniform tubuli and
interstitial cells. Tabula) usually present ; no mural pores. Cell apertures
oval or circular. Interapertural surface sometimes showing evidences of the
interstitial cells beneath, but never with conspicuous open mesopores.

Although no true examples of this genus has been noticed among the mate-
rials used for the present volume, it is thought best to give a brief .synopsis of
the genus for comparison with the sub-genera arranged under it and also other
closely allied forms.

Trematella, Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1886, advance sheets. Expl.
pi. 25. 1886). [Type, Trematella annulata. Hall.]
Zoarium ramose, solid. Cells tubular, in contact below, diverging near the
surface, intersected by septa. Interapertural surface marked by pseudo-pores.
Examples: Trematopora {Trematella) annulata, pi. xxv, figs. 22,23; pi. xxvi,
figs. 1, 2.
Trematopora {Trematella) glomerata, pi. xxv, figS. 4, 5.

Orthopora, s. o.. Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1886, advance sheets.
Expl. pi. 25. 1886). [Type, Trematopora regularis. Hall]
Zoarium ramose, solid. Cell apertures arranged in parallel longitudinal
rows. Intercellular space solid, or occupied near the surface by minute tubuli
destitute of septa.

Examples : Trematopora {Orthopora) regularis, pi. ix, figs. 1-8 ; pi. xiii, figs.
1-3 ; pi. xxiii, fig. 1.
Trematopora {Orthopora) subquadraia, pi. Iv, fig. 10; pi. Ivi, figs. 1, 6.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

XV

Tropidopora, Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1886, advance sheets.
Expl. pi. 25. 1886). [Type, Tropidopora nana, Hall.J

Zoarium ramose, solid. Cell apertures arranged in irregular longitudinal
rows, separated by sinuous ridges. Interior structure unknown.

Example : Tropidopora nana, pi. xxv, figs. 25, 26.

Diamesopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, p. 158. 1852).
[Type, Diamesopora dicliotoma. Hall.]
Zoarium ramo.se, hollow, lined with an epitheca. Peristomes strongly ele-
vated on the posterior margin. Intercellular space solid.

Examples: Diamesopora constrida, pi. x, figs. 14-19 ; pi. xxiiiA, fig. 7.
Diamesopora camerata, pi. xxvi, figs. 9, 10.

Acanthoclema, Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1886, advance sheets.
Expl. pi. 25. 1886). [Type, Trematopora alternata, Hall.]
Zoarium ramo.se, solid. Cells arising from a filiform axis; apertures arranged
in longitudinal rows sep.arated by ridges. Usually with one or two nodes lon-
gitudinally between the cells, which are represented in the interior by short tubuli.
Examples : Acanthoclema alternatum, pi. xxv, figs. 8-10.

Acanthoclema scutulatum, pi. Iv, figs. 15-17; pi. Ivi, figs. 19, 20.

Bactropora, n. n. [Type, Trematopora ? granistriata. Hall.]

Zoarium with distant, bifurcations, solid. Base tapering, acute at the apex,
striated. Cells tubular, arising from the center of the branch, septate. Aper-
tures arranged in longitudinal rows.

Examples : Bactropora granistriata, pi. Ixvi, figs. 20-22.
Bactropora curvata, pi. Ixvi, figs. 14-16.

Nemataxis, Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1886, advance sheets. Expl.
pi. 25. 1886). [Type, Nemataxis fibrosus, Hall.]
Zoarium ramose, .solid. Cells arising from a filiform axis, in contact for the
greater portion of their length, but separated by a fibrous tissue near the surface.
Apertures arranged in longitudinal rows, separated by ridges.
Examples: Nemataxis fibrosus, pi. xxv, figs. 30-36.
Nemataxis simplex, pi. Ixvi, figs. 17-19.

Callopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, p. 144. 1852).

[Type, Callopora elegantula, Hall.]
Zoarium ramose solid. Cells cylindrical, septate. Apertures circular or oval,
often closed by a perforate operculum, marked by radiating ridges. Meso-

xvi SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

pores more or less numerous, sometimes surrounding the cell apertures. Inter-
cellular space occupied by septate tubuli.

Examples: Callopora perelegans, pi. xii, figs. 10-17; pi. xxiii a, fig. 14.

Callopora multiseriata, pi. xxv, figs. 6, 7 ; pi. xxvi, figs. 18, 19.

Callotrypa, n. s. o. [Type, Callopora macropora. Hall.]

Zoariuni ramose, solid. Cells tubular, arising from the center of the branch,
increjising by interstitial addition. Apertures oval or polygonal. Mesopores
minute. Inter-cellular space solid or with small tubuli destitute of septa.
Examples : Callopora {Callotrypa) macropora, pi. xi, figs. 25-29 ; pi. xxiii, figs.
15-19.
Callopora {Callotrypa) unispina, pi. xi, figs. 35-37.

Ccelocaulis, n. s. g. [Type, Callopora venusta, Hall.]

Zoarium similar to Callopora in general form and in the characters of the
cell apertures and inter-cellular structure, but growing in hollow stems, lined
with a concentrically wrinkled and finely striated epitheca.

Examples: Callopora {Calocaulis) venmta, pi. xii, figs. 20-24; pi. xxiii a, figs,
1-3, 4 ? 5.
Callopora {Calocaulis) aculeolata, pi. xxvi, figs. 16, 17.

Lichenalia, Hall (Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, p. 171. 1852).

[Type, Lichenalia concentrica, Hall.]
Zoarium explanate or massive. Cells septate, arising from the epitheca ;
apertures circular or trilobate, sometimes operculate, often denticulate with
the posterior portion of the peristome arched and elevated. Interapertural
space smooth; intercellular space vesiculose, vesicles irregularly disposed or
more regularly superimposed, giving the appearance of walled septate tubuli.
Examples : Lichenalia ovata, pi, xxxii, figs. 1-8,
Lichenalia lunata, pi. xxxi, figs. 1-9.
Pileotrypa, s. o., Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets.
Expl. pi. 30. 1886). [Type, Lichenalia denticulata. Hall.]
Zoarium, in its manner of growth and general character, similar to Lichenalia ;
but with the posterior portions of the peristomes strongly elevated, and arched
with distinct denticulations in the aperture, which in the course of growth
form two longitudinal striations along the interior of the cell wall.

Examples: Lichenalia {Pileotrypa) denticulata, pi, xxvi, figs. 21, 22, 26; pi.
XXX, figs. 12-20.
Lichenalia {Pileotrypa) pyriformis, pi. xxxi, figs. 21-27,

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

xvu

Odontotrypa, s. g., Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets.
Expl. pi. 30. 1886). [Type, Lichenalia alveata, Hall.J

The manner of growth and interior structure is similar to Lichenalia. The
oblique trilobate, closely arranged cell apertures, with strongly elevated denti-
culated margins, forming a crescentic projection over the aperture, constitute
the principal characters of this sub-genus.

Example : Lichenalia (Odontotrypa) alveata, pi. xxx, figs. 24-27.

Lichenotrypa, Ulrich (Contributions to Am. Palseontology, vol. i. No. 1, p.
24. 1886). [Type, Lichenotrypa cavernosa, Ulrich.]

Zoarium consisting of thin lamellate expansions, incrusting other objects.
In the earlier stages of growth the cell tubes are short and the apertures cir-
cular or oval and the inter-apertural space smooth, as in Lichenalia. In the
cour.se of more advanced growth the intermediate space is traversed by thin
walls enclosing the apertures in polygonal areas, forming an irregular net-
work. Inter-cellular space vesiculosa.

Example: Lichenalia {Lichenotrypa) longispina* pi. xxv, figs. 11, 12.

Selenopora, s. g.. Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets.
Expl. pi. 25. 1886). [Type, Lichenalia circincta, Hall.J
Zoarium explanate, incrusting. Apertures sub-circular, with an elevated den-
ticulate peristome, and situated within polygonal vestibular areas formed by con-
necting walls which traverse the surface. Interior structure as in Lichenalia.
Examples: Lichenalia (Selenopora) circincta, pi. xxv, figs. 13-15.
Lichenalia (Selenopora) complexa, pi. xxxi, figs. 19, 20.

Glossotrypa, s. g., Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31.
1887). [Type, Lichenalia paliformis. Hall.]

Zoarium tubular. Cells arising from the epitheca lining the cylindrical
frond, intersected by narrow projections (semi-diaphragms) from the cell walls,
extending partially across the cell tube. Apertures paliform. Intercellular
structure vesiculose.

Example: Lichenalia (Glossotrypa) paliformis, pi. xxxi, figs. 15-18.

Phractopora, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 12. 1881).
[Type, Lichenalia (Phractopora) cristata, Hall.)
ZoJirium explanate, free or incrusting, frequently contorted, celluliferous on
one or both faces. Surface elevated at irregular intervals into prominent

* Published 1881. This species is identical with Lichenotrypa cavernosa, Ulrich. 1886.

xvui SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

create. Cells tubular, without septa. Intercellular structure vesiculose near
the base, septate above.

Example : Phractopora cristata, pi. xxi, figs. 36, 37.

Fistulipora, McCoy (Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist, vol. Ill, p. 130. 1849).
[Type, Fistulipora minor, McCoy.*]
Zoarium lamellate or massive, free or incrusting, sometimes ramose, hollow.
Cells tubular, septate or non-septate. Interapertural space occupied by angular
pite. Intercellular tissue composed of vesicles, sometimes irregularly disposed,
at other times regularily superimposed, resembling septate tubuli.
Kxamples: Fistulipora intercellata, pi. xxxii, figs. 15-20.
Fistulipora confertipora, pi. Iviii, figs. 1-5.

Favicella, n. g. [Type, Thallostigma inclusa. Hall.]

Zoarium free or incrusting, consisting of a thin expansion. Apertures inclosed
in regular polygonal vestibular areas, similar to Selknopora. Surface between
the apertures and ridges occupied by minute mesopores. Intercellular structure
vesiculose. This genus bears the same relation to Fistulipora, that the forms
included under Selenopora l)ear to Liciienalia.

Example: Favicella inclusa, pi. Iviii, figs. 21, 22.

Ceramopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, p. 168. 1852).
[Type, Ceramopora iinbricata. Hall.]
Zoarium usually incrusting. Cells angular, radiating from one or more
centers. Apertures angular, with the posterior margin usually elevated, giving
to them an imbricating appearance.

Examples: Ceramopora maculata, pi. xvi, figs. 5-11.
Ceramopora labeculoidea, pi. xvi, figs. 1, 2.

Paleschara, Hall (Twenty-sixth An. Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p.
107. 1874). [Type, Paleschara incrustans, Hall.]
Zoarium consisting of thin expansions, usually incrusting other bodies. Cells
polygonal, in contact, with frequent maculae of larger cells.
Examples : Paleschara incrustans, pi. xvi, figs. 15-21.
Paleschara radiata, pi. xvi, figs. 13, 14.-

'Von.— Fitltdipura minor, ticCoy =s Oaiamopora incruntaTU, PhillipH, according to Pi-of. H. A. Nicholson.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xix

Coscinium, Keyserling (Petschora Land, p. 191. 1846).
[Type, Co.scinium cyclops, Keyserling.]
Zoarium forming lamellate expan.sions, celluliferous on both sides and per-
forated at regular intervals by oval or circular fenestrules. Cells arising from
a mesotheca, which is marked by arching undulations of growth and longitu-
dinal striaB. Margins of fenestrules non-celluliferous. Intercellular structure
vesiculose.

Examples: Coscinium striaturum, pi. xxxiii, figs. 20, 21.
Coscinium striatum, pi. Ixiv, figs. 13-15.

Coscinotrypa, Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets.
Expl. pi, xxix. 1886). [Type Coscinium cribiforme, Prout.]

Zoarium consisting of explanate fronds, celluliferous on both sides, with per-
forations or fenestrules at varying distances. At intervals the surface is raised
into angular folds or plicfitions, which continue growth, and in the same manner
give off similar elevations. Cells tubular, arising from a mesotheca. Aper-
tures trilobate, denticulated. Intercellular tissue vesiculose. Interapertural
space without mesopores.

Example : Coscinotrypa cribriformis, var carinata, pi. xxix, figs. 29-35 ; pi.
xxxiii, figs. 22-25.

Coscinella, n. o. [Type, Coscinella elegantula. Hall.]

Zoarium of the same manner of growth and general characters as Coscinium
but distinguished by the presence of minute, angular pits or mesopores on the
surface of the frond between the cell apertures and around the margins of the
fenestrules.

Example: Coscinella elegantula, pi. Ixiv, figs. 9-12.

Ceramella, n. o. (Type, Ceramella scidacea. Hall.]

Zoarium a thin foliaceous expansion, growing from a spreading base, celluli-
ferous on each face. Cells tubular, oblique. Peristomes elevated. Surface
marked by numerous sterile maculae which are usually depressed below the
general surface of the frond.

Example : Ceramella scidacea, pi. Ixiv, figs. 5-8.

Ptilodictya, Lonsdale (Murchison's Silurian System, p. 676. 1839).
[Type, Flustra lanceolata, Goldfuss.]
Zoarium pointed below, articulating into a spreading base ; above, a leaf-like
expansion, which is sometimes lobed at the distal extremity, celluliferous on

XX

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

both fiices, divided by a inesiiil liiiniua. Margin without cells. Apertures
circuhir or 8ub-<iU!ulrate. No intercelluhir tissue, altliough some species show
minute interapertural pits or tubuli on the surface of the stipe.

Examples: Ptilodicli/a tenuis, pi. xvii, figs. 7-12; pi. xxiii a, fig. 15.
Plilodidya plumea, pi. Ixi, figs. 9-12.

Acrogenia, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. 10, p. 11)3. 1881).

(Type, Acrogenia prolifera, Hall.]

Zoriuin ramose, proliferous ; consisting of flattened branches, two proceed-
ing from the truncate termination of the previous one, and continuing growth
in the same manner. Branches striated below, flattened and celluliferous
above. Intercellular structure vesiculose. Apertures arranged in longitudinal
rows.

PLxample : Acrogenia prolifera, pi. Ixiii, figs. 7-15.

Stictoporina, n. s. g. [Type, Trematopora claviformis. Hall.]

Zoarium obtusely pointed at the bcase, enlarging above and becoming flat-
tened ; bifurcations few. Cells tubular, arising from a mesotheca. Apertures
oval. Inter-apertural space elevated, angular, enclosing the apertures in rhom-
boidal or polygonal areas.

Example : Siiciopora {Stictoporina) claviformis, not figured.

Rhinidictya, Ulrich (Jour. Cinti. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v, p. 152. 1882).
[Tyjje, Rhinidictya Nicholson!, Ulrich.]

Zoarium slender, growing as in Stictopora, but with infrequent bifurcations.
Cells arranged in alternating longitudinal rows. Peristomes with small gran-
ules or spines, which on the interior are continued as tubuli.

The single species referred to this genus, in the present volume, is of doubt-
ful relations, and with equal propriety could be placed under Ptilodictya.

Example: Rhinidictya? granulosa, pi. xvii, figs. 5, 6; pi. xxiii A, figs. 18, 19.

Stictopora, Hall (Pal. N. Y., vol. i, p. 73. 1847).

[Type, Stictopora elegantula, Hall.]
Zoarium ramose, growing from an expanded base which is continuous with
the frond. Branches flattened, composed of two layers of cells separated by a
mesotheca; margins non-celluliferous. Cells tubular, separated by vesiculose
tissue.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

XXI

Examples: Stidopora Gilberti, pi. xxvii, figs. 20-35; pi. xxviii, figs. 21, 22.
Stidopora indsurata, pi. ix, figs. 1-18.

Thamnotrypa, n. g. [Type, Thamnopora divaricata, Hall.]

Zoarium consisting of a main branch or stipe, from which proceed lateral

branches at nearly right angles to the main stem, celluliferous on both sides.

Cells arising from a mesotheca. Apertures disposed in two ranges on the

branches, and in three or sometimes four ranges on the main stipe.
Example : Thamnotrypa divaricata, pi. xxxiii, figs. 9, 10.

Taeniopora, Nicholson (Palaeontology of Ontario, p. 108. 1874).
[Type, Taeniopora exigua, Nicholson.]

Zoarium ramose, branches triangular or flattened, celluliferous on each face.
Cells cylindrical, proceeding from laminae which radiate from the center to
each angle of the branch, or from a simple mesotheca in the flattened branches.
Intercellular tissue vesiculose.

Example : Taniopora exigua, pi. Ixii, figs. 15-26.

Prismopora, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 158. 1881).

[Type, Prismopora triquetra, Hall.]

Zoarium ramose, consisting of triangular branches, frequently forming irreg-
ular groups. Branches with the sides equal or unequal, concave ; celluliferous
on each side. Cells tubular, arising from mesial plates which extend from the
center of the branch to each tangle. Intercellular tissue vesiculose.

Examples: Prismopora triquetra, pi. xxviii, figs. 8-10; pi. xxix, figs. 9-15.
Prismopora dilatata, pi. Ixii, figs. 13, 14.

Scalaripora, Hall (Tran. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 159. 1881).
[Type, Scalaripora scalariformis. Hall.]

Zoarium consisting of groups of triangular prismatic branches, celluliferous
on each face. Sides of branches concave and crossed by transverse, elevated,
celluliferous scalae. Cells tubular, arising from the radiating mesothecae of the
branches and from the mesothecae of the scalae. Margins of branches and
scalae non-celluliferous.

Examples : Scalaripora scalariformis, pi. xxix, figs. 4-8.
Scalaripora subconcava, pi, xxix, figs. 1-3.

XXII

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Semiopora, Hall (Trans. Albany institute, vol. x, p. 193. 1881).
[Type, Semiopora bistigniata, Hall.]

Zoariuui ramose, flattened, growing from a spreading base. Branches cellu-
liferous on both sides ; cells arising from a mesotheca. Apertui-es separated
longitudinally by two minute pits or mesopores.

Example: Semiopora bistigmata, pi. l.\ii, figs. 27-29.

Intrapora, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, p. 157. 1881).

[Type, Intrajjora put«olata. Hall.)

Zoarlum as in Stictopora. Interapertural space occupied by minute angular
pit*. Intercellular structure irregularly vesiculose.

Example: Intrapora puteolata, pi. xxix, figs. 18-26.

Thamniscus, King (An. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., vol. iii, p. 389. 1849).
[Type, Ceratophytes dubius, Schlotheim.]
Zoarium ramose, growing in fl.attened or infundibuliform fronds. Branches
frcijuently bifurcating, not ansistomosing or connected by dissepiments, cellu-
liferous on one side. Cells tubular. Apertures circular or oval, sometimes
polygonal

Examples: Thamniscus variolata, pi. xxii, figs. 34—46.
Thamniscus muUiramus, pi. xxxiii, figs. 1-5.

Fenestella, Lonsdale (Murchison's Silurian System, p. 677. 1839).
[Type, Gorgonia antiqua, Goldfuss.]
Bryozoum ramose, forming Habellate or infundibuliform fronds, composed of
slender branches celluliferous on one side, connected by transverse processes
or dissepiments. Cell apertures in two ranges, separated by a carina or line
of nodes.

Examples: Fenestella Sylvia, pi. xx, figs. 4-7.

Fenestella variapora, pi. xlv, figs. 1-13; pi. xxxv, fig. 17.

Fenestrapora, s. o., Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1884, p. 36. 1885).
[Type, Fenestrapora biperforata. Hall.]

Bryozoum infundibuliform, branches connected by dissepiments. Cell aper-
tures in two ranges, separated by a carina bearing pores. Non-celluliferous
face with conspicuous pores.

Example : Fenestrapora biperforata, pi. Ixvi, figs. 34-39.

^r

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xxiii

Unitrypa, s. g., Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1884, p. 36. 1885).
[Type, Fenestella (Hemitrypa) lata. Hall.]

Bryozoum infundibuliform, branches connected by dissepiments. Cell ap-
ertures in two ranges, separated by carinae, which are elevated, widened at the
summit and connected by thin lateral processes or scalae which are sometimes
very closely arranged, at other times distant.

Examples: Fenestella {Unitrypa) lata, pi. Hi, figs. 1-10.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) pernodosa, pi. liii, figs. 1-11.

Isotrypa, s. g.. Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1884, p. 37. 1885).
[Type, Fenestella (Hemitrypa) conjunctiva. Hall. J

Bryozoum infundibuliform ; branches connected by dissepiments. Cell aper-
tures in two ranges, separated by carinae which are elevated and much thickened
above, and connected by distant lateral processes or pseudo-dissepiments,
giving to this face of the frond the appearance of the non-celluliferous face.
The reverse face of the frond or non-celluliferous face has conspicuous pores,
situated on or near the dissepiments.

Exnmple : Fenestella {Isotrypa) conjunctiva, pi. liv, figs. 10-21.

Loculipora, s. g., Rominger (ms.).

[Type, Fenestella (Loculipora) perforata. Hall.]

Bryozoum infundibuliform ; branches connected by dissepiments. Cell aper-
tures in two ranges, surrounding the fenestrules. Branches, and dissepiments
carinated ; carinae elevated and much thickened above, having the appearance
of the branches and dissepiments of the non-celluliferous face of the frond.

Example : Fenestella {Loculipora) circumstata, pi. liv, figs. 22-25.

Hemitrypa, s. o., Phillips (Pal. Foss. of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset,
p. 27. 1841). [Type, Hemitrypa oculata, Phillips.]

Bryozoum infundibuliform ; branches connected by dissepiments. Cell aper-
tures in two ranges, .separated by carinas which are elevated, widened at the
summit and connected by scalae which meet midway and coalesce forming
pseudo-carinae.

Example : Fenestella {Hemitrypa) biseriatis, pi. xxii, figs. 13, 16-18.

xxiv SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Polypora, s. g., McCoy (Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland, p. 206. 1845).
[Type, Polypora dendroides, McCoy.]
Bryozoum similar to Ffnestella in its manner of growth and general charac-
ters, but having three or more ranges of cell apertures on the branches.

Examples : Fenestella (Polypora) robusta, pi. xxxiv, figs. 4-7; pl.xxxix, figs. 1-3.
Fenestella (Polypora) hexagonalis, pi. xxxviii, figs. 14-20.

Ptiloporella, s. o.. Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1884, p. 36. 1885).
[Type, Fenestella (Ptiloporella) laticrescens. Hall.]

Bryozoum growing in the same manner as Ptylopokina, but with only two
ranges of cell apertures on the branches.

Example: Fenestella (Ptiloporella) laticrescens, not figured, p. 171.

Ptiloporina, s. g., Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1884, p. 36. 1885).
[Type, Fenestella (Ptyloporina) conica, Hall.]
Bryozoum infundibuliform or flabellate, having some of the branches much
larger than the others. The ordinary branches- originate laterally from one
or both sides of the primary or larger branches, not bifurcating as in the
ordinary forms of Fenestella. Cell apertures in three or more ranges.
Examples : Fenestella (Ptiloporina) conica, pi. xliii, figs. 2-4.
Fenestella (Ptiloporina) sinistralis, pi. xliii, fig. 9.

Ptilopora, McCoy (Synopsis, Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland, p. 200. 1844).
[Type, Retepora flustriformis, Phillips.]
Bryozoum flabellate, consisting of a primary stipe or rachis arising from a
spreading bsise, and having lateral branches connected by dissepiments.
Examples : Ptilopora striata, pi. Ixvi, figs. 30-33.

Ptilopora infrequens, pi. Ixvi, figs. 26-29.

Glauconome, Goldfuss (Petrefacta Germaniae, vol. 1, p. 100. 1826), as
emended by Lonsdale (Murchison's Silurian System, p. 677. 1839).
[Type, Glauconome disticha, Goldfuss.]
Zoarium consisting of a main stem or rachis from which proceed simple
lateral branches, at regular intervals, and occasionally branches having the
same manner of growth at the primary rachis ; celluliferous on one side. Cell
apertures in two ranges, often separated by a longitudinal carina.
Examples: Glauconome sinuosa, pi. xxxiii, figs. 11, 12.
Glauconome carinata, pi. Ixvi, figs. 23, 24.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. xxv

Ichthyorachis, McCoy (Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland, p. 205. 1844).
[Type, Ichthyorachis Newenhami, McCoy.]

Bryozoum plumose, consisting of a rachis with short lateral branches or
pinnules; celluliferous on one side. Cell apertures in two ranges on the
branches, and in three or more on the main stem.

Example: Ichthyorachis Nereis, pi. xxii, figs. 19-21.

Crisinella, Hall (Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl pi. xxvi, 1883).

[Type, Crisina ? scrobiculata, Hall.]

Zoarium ramose, solid, celluliferous on one face. Cell apertures arranged in
oblique, ascending rows from the center to the margin of the branch, peristomes
prominent. Interapertural space with large polygonal pits or mesopores.

Example : Crisinella scrobiculata, pi. xxxiii, figs. 6-8.

Cystopora, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 161. 1881).

[Type, Cystopora geniculata, Hall.]

Zoarium consisting of an aggregation of ampuUate tubular cells, arising from
the center of the stipe or branch, enlarging about the middle of their length,
turning abruptly outward and much constricted at the aperture. Cell tubes
exposed for more than half their length.

Example : Cystopora geniculata, pi. Ixvi, figs. 7-10.

Clonopora, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 162. 1881).
[Type, Clonopora semireducta, Hall.]

Zoarium ramose, branches consisting of an aggregation of elongate, cylin-
drical, tubular cells, which at more or less regular intervals become entirely
free and turn abruptly outwards in an umbelliform expansion or in alternation.
Cell apertures expanded.

Examples : Clonopora semireducta, pi. xvi, figs. 3, 4.
Clonopora incurva, pi. Ixvi, figs. 5, 6.

Reptaria, Rolle (Leonhard & Bronn, Neues Jahrbuch, p. 810. 1851).

[Type, Reptaria stolonifera, Rolle.]

Zoarium parcasitic, procumbent, attached for its entire extent; consisting of
a rachis from which proceed laterally, at regular intervals, cylindrical cell

xxvi SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

tubes, and at irregular distances tubes which have the same manner of growth
OS the primary rachis; this mo<le of growth is continued indefinitely, the
fronds covering a comparatively large area. Cell tubes turning abruptly out-
wanl-at their distal extremities and opening in an aperture parallel with the
axis of the branch.

Exiunple : Reptaria stotonifera, pi. Ixv, figs. 17-19.

Hederella, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 194. 1881).
[Type, Alecto ? Canadensis, Nicholson.]

Zoarium parasitic, consisting of a filiform tubular axis, with opposite or
alternate lateral budding of simple tubular cells ; also of lateral extensions
continuing in the same manner of growth as the initial axis.

Examples: Hederella cirrhosa, pi. l.xv, figs. 12, 13.

Hederella Canadensis, pi. Ixv, figs. 1-8, 14 and IG ?

Hernodia, Hall (Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 196. 1881).

I Type, Hernodia humifusa. Hall.]

Zoarium parasitic, consisting of tubular, annulated cells, enlarging to near the
aperture ; increasing by lateral gemmation, and the buds continue growth in
the same manner as the parent tube, so that comparatively large surfaces are
often covered.

Example : Hernodia humifusa, pi. Ixv, figs. 20, 21.

Botryllopora, Nicholson (Geological Magazine. April, 1874).
[Type, Botryllopora socialis, Nicholson.]

Zoarium consisting of small discoid bodies, occurring singly or in groups,
connected by vesicular tissue, 'adherent to foreign bodies by their under surface.
Cells tubular, disposed in double, radiating rows, forming alternating ridges.
Intercellular space vesiculose.

Example : Botryllopora socialis, pi. Ixiv, figs. 3, 4.

NoTB. — The restricted number of {Mices for the forei^foiiig SynopsiR has made it neceaaary to give the
briefest powihle dcHcription in order to notii-e the entire uumlier of genera in the volume. Much, thei-e-
fore, haa tieen omitted, cf<]>ccially the coniparisons and inter-i'ehitions of the genera.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA

LOWER HELDERBHRG GROUP.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.

STREPTELASMA, Hall. 1847.
Streptelasma stkictum.

PLATE I, FIGS. 1-10.

iStreptela*ma {Petraia) Hricta, Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Miis. Nat. Hist., j). 114. 1874.
stricta. Hall. ThiHy-se(-(Hi.l Rejif. N. Y. State Mus. Nat Hist., p. 142. 1879.
" strictuin, H \Lh. Report of State Keolog'ist for 1882. Kxpl. pi. 1, tig-s. 1-10. 1888.

CoRALLU.M .simple, conical, very gradually and regularly enlarging; straight or
very slightly curved, except at the apex, which i.s sometimes more a?jruptly
bent. Exterior marked with strong undulations of growth and numerous
fine concentric striae ; external rays very prominent, from forty-five to fifty
at a point where the diameter of the corallum is 15 mm.; the increase
in number taking place usually at three distinct points, but sometimes at
only two.

Calix deep, sides thin and nearly erect; a flat space at the bottom.
In one calix, having a diameter of 20 mm., there are fifty-four lamellae ;
alternate lamella) extending only a short distance from the walls at the
base of the calix and frequently coalescing with the primary lamellae.

2 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

For some distance below the calix-margin the lamellae are of the same size,
their edges smooth and rounded, becoming sharp below, and their sides often
distinctly granulose or spinulose. The primary lamellae unite and coalesce
at the center of the calix, forming an indistinct plate or vesiculose core from
3 to 5 mm. in diameter. Fossette obscure or obsolete.

This species is distinguished by the usually rigid straightness of its form,
and the .strongly ribbed exterior.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Catskill creek, Greene county; near Clarksville; at Schoharie and at
numerous other localities in the State of New York.

ZAPHRENTIS, Rafinesque. 1820.
Zaphrentis Roemeri.

PLATE I, FIGS. 11-21.

ZaphretitU Rnetneri, Edwabds & Haimb. Monog. des Polypiers Fossiles, Paris, 1851.

Report of State Geolog-ist for 1882. Expl. pi. 1, figs. 11-21.
1883.

CoRALLOM simple, turbinate, regularly or irregularly curved; acute at base.
The exterior often sharply and strongly annulated, with numerous fine con-
centric striae, and constrictions caused by intermittent growth ; radial costae
very distinct ; base acute.

Calix very oblique to the axis of the corallum, sides sloping, bottom broad,
marginally depressed, flat or slightly concave at the centre. Fossette com-
mencing at varying distances from the center of the calix, at first forming a
deep pit, becoming shallower <as it approaches the anterior margin. Lamellae
from eighty to ninety, alternating in size, the smaller ones being merely
rudimentary.

The extension of the lamellae toward the center is subject to great varia-
tion ; in some specimens the greater part of the tabula remains smooth, the
lamellae extending but a short distance from the margin ; in other specimens
extending to and becoming irregularly involved at the center. Tabulae thin
and very closely arranged.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 3

The height of different specimens varies from 15 to 90 mm.; but the
greater proportion have a height of from 35 to 45 mm., and a diameter at
the calix of from 25 to 30 mm.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

AULOPORA, GoLDFuss. 1826.
AuLOPORA Schoharie.

PLATE n. FIGS. 1-8.

Aulopora Schoharite, Ham,. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 110. 1874.
" •• " Thii-ty-second Rept. N. Y. State Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 142. 1879.

Rei)oi-t of State Genloj,'ist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2, fig-s. 1-6. 18S3.

CoRALLCM consisting of elongate, tubular, thick-walled cells, gradually enlarging
to the aperture ; increasing, sometimes by one individual budding from the
basal part of the calix and continuing in direct line ; at other times there is
a double latero-basal gemmation, the tubes growing at an angle of about 45°
to the parent. Exterior transversely wrinkled. All the tubes after budding
assume an erect position and cease growth. Diameter at smaller end .8 mm.,
at aperture 1.5 mm. ; length from 5 to 7 mm.

This species is much smaller than the one in the Hamilton group referred to
A. tubaformis, Goldf. It corresponds more nearly in size to A. serpens var. minor,
Goldf., in Petrefacta Germ., p. 82, pi. 29, fig. 16, but is larger than the figure
there given ; the extremities of the tubes are more unequal, and the mode of
growth and bifurcation differ.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Schoharie and Clarksville, N. Y.

Aulopora tobula.

PLATE n, FIGS. 7, 8.

Anlopora tvhula. Hail. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 142. 1879.
" " " Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2, fiffs. 7, 8. 1883.

CoRALLDM consisting of comparatively short, tubular, cylindrical cells, gradually
increasing in size to the aperture ; growing in close aggregation from frequent

\

4 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

geinraation. Generally there are two buds from each cell, diverging at an
angle of about 45°. Interior striated ; exterior transversely corrugated and
strongly striated longitudinally. Length of cell tubes about 2 mm. ; diam-
eter at the aperture slightly more than 1 mm.

This species differs from A. Schoharia in its shorter tubes and proportionally
greater diameter, its more frequent gemmation and closer aggregation of growth.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, Schoharie, N. Y.

Adlopora subtendis.

PLATE H, KIGS. »-13 AND 15^ 18.

Aulojxira subtenuis. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nut. Hist , p. 143. 1879.
In jMU-t " " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2, tigs 9-20. 1883.

CoRALLUM consisting of elongate, slender, curving, tubular cells, very gradually
enlarging to the aperture. Usually increasing by a single gemmation from
each cell-tube, but sometimes there are two and very rarely three buds. Tubes
usually straight to the point of gemmation, after which they turn abruptly
to one side and cease growth as shown in figs. 10 and 11. When there is
more than a single gemmation the parent tube continues curving and the
buds emanate from the convex or posterior side, as shown in fig. 16.
Interior smooth ; exterior strongly corrugated and longitudinally striated ;
many specimens finely granulose. Length about 8 mm.; diameter at the
aperture 1 mm., at smaller end .75 mm.

This species may be distinguished from A Schoharia by its more slender form,
greater length, and by its mode of gemmation. In A. Schoharia, when two buds
proceed from a parent tube, tiiey are at about the same distance from the
aperture, one on each side of a central line, while in this species they are in
the middle of the posterior part of the tube, in a direct line and sometimes
2 mm. apart. In all the specimens, so far observed, the cells turn to one side
and do not turn upward after budding.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 5

AULOPORA ELONGATA.

PLATE II, FIGS. 14, 19, 20.

Aulopora ehmgala, H.\ll. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 143. 1879.
In part " siihtenuis, " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2, figs. 9-20. 1883.

CoRALLUM consisting of comparatively large, cylindrical, tubular cells; increasing
by one or two buds from each cell, when two they are opposite. Exterior
transversely corrugated and longitudinally striated. Length of tubes about
8 mm. ; diameter at aperture 2 mm.

Formation and localitij. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

VEIIMIPORA, H.\LL. 1874.
Vermipora serpqloides.

PLATE II, FIGS. 24-31.

Vennipora terpuloides. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 110. 1874.
" " " Thirty-seconil Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 143. 1879.

" " " Report of State (reologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2, tigs. 24-31. 1883.

Corallum ramose, composed of contiguous, sub-cylindrical tubes, increasing by
lateral gemmation. Branches infrequent, generally diverging at an angle
of about 90°; diameter from 3 to 7 mm. Cell tubes Hexuose, sometimes
flattened or sub-triangular from mutual pressure. Some of the tubes attain
a length of 14 mm. ; diameter from .75 to 1 mm. Exterior marked by
transverse wrinkles of growth, and sometimes by numerous fine concentric
striae and obscure longitudinal striations. Interior smooth.

Dr. Rominger mentions diaphragms and lateral pores, in a form described
by him, but with a careful examination of numerous specimens and trans-
lucent sections, 1 have been unable to (ind either of the.se characters in the
typical species.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

6 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Vebmipora robcsta.

PL.ATK U, FIGS. Si, 33.

Vtn^pora rtibiuta. Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 144. 1879.

Rejiort of Stale Geologrist for 1882. Expl. pi. 3, figs. 32, 33. 1883.

CoRALLU-M ramose ; diameter of branch 7 mm. Exposed portion of the cell-
tubes from 6 to 8 mm. in length ; diameter at the aperture 2 mm. Surface
marked by obscure transverse strise and undulations.

This species differs from V. serpuloides in its much larger size and compara-
tively shorter cells.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

Vermipora? tortuosa.

PLATE n, FIG. 23.

Vmmiporar torlwtsa. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 144. 1870.
•« " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2, fig. 23. 1883.

CoRALLUM consisting of an aggregation of elongate, sub-cylindrical tubes,
increa.sing by lateral gemmation. Length of cell tube 4 mm.; diameter
at the aperture .50 mm. Surface marked by numerous oblique transverse
annulations which give to the cell tubes a twisted appearance.

Formation and locMlity. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

STRIATOPORA, Hall. 1852.
Striatopora Issa.

PLATE III, FIGS. U, 115.

Striatojxrra Issa, Hall. Twenty-sixth llept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 114. 1874.
" " " 'ITiirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 144 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 3. figs. 14, 15. 1883.

CoRALLUM ramose; diameter of the branches reaching 10 mm.; composed of
thick-walled, tubular cells, arising from the center of the branch, rapidly
increasing in size and quite abruptly curving to the surface ; cell tubes
polygonal, from four to six-sided ; unequal in size through the frequent inter-
calation of young cells ; diameter at the surface from 1 to 2 mm. ; interior

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 7

marked by very strong longitudinal striae, increasing in number with the
size of the cell tube and giving to the margins of the walls a crenulated
appearance. Mural pores large, circular, invariably occurring on the longi-
tudinal ridges.

This is the most robust species of the genus yet noticed, and the cells are
large in proportion ; it is not a common form and is generally found in detached
pieces on the weathered surfaces of blocks of limestone.

Formation and locality. In limestones of the Lower Helderberg group, Clarks-
ville, N. Y.

MICHELINIA, De KoNiNCK. 1842.

MiCHELINIA LENTICDLARIS.

PLATE III, FIGS. 1,2,3,5.

Michelinia Unticularis, Hall. Twenty-sixth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 113. 1874.

Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus Nat. Hist., p. 14.'). 1879.
" Report of State Geologist for 1883. Expl. pi. 3, figs 1, 2, 3, 5. 1883.

CoRALLUM forming small lenticular bodies, the lower surface usually the less
convex and covered with a strongly wrinkled epitheca. Cells large and few,
usually from seven to twelve ; broiidly campanulate. Partition walls about
1 mm. thick ; strongly marked longitudinally by nodose striations ; den-
ticulate on the margins. The number of striations and denticulations varies
with the size of the cell.

In a characteristic specimen 20 mm. in diameter, there are eight cells, the
central one having a diameter of 11 mm., and the peripheral cells measuring
from 6 to 8 mm. across. The entire height of this specimen is 9 mm.

This is a very small species, seldom attaining a diameter, of more than 25
mm., and is distinguished by its large cells and their strongly granulose-striate
character. A small individual 10 mm. in diameter shows one large central
cell and six smaller ones around the margin, also an incipient seventh cell.
Occasionally there are two central cells in large individuals, and the number of
peripheral cells in such specimens is from ten to twelve.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville and Schoharie, N. Y.

8 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

FAVOSITES, Lamarck. 1812.

FaVOSITES HELUGRBERGIiE,
1'l.ATE IV, FIGS. 1, S; PLATK V, FIGS. 1-3; I'l.ATE VI, FIGS. l-«.

FHPMitf* Hrlderbergkt, Hall. Tw.'iity-sixth Kept. N. Y. State Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 111. 1874.
'• Thiity-secoml Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 145. 1879.

" •• " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 4, tigs. 1, 2 ; pi. ">, tiffs. 1-3 ;

pi. 6, figs. 1-8. 1883.

CoRALLUM consisting of large, lenticular, depressed convex or heinisphericiil
nia.'^.ses; ba.se covered by a strongly wrinkled epitheca. Cell tubes polygonal;
their inner surfiice showing evidence of a few strong longitudinal striae.
Septa frequent, from ten to fifteen in the space of 10 mm. ; thickness equal
to that of the cell walls. Mural pores in one or two ranges, comparatively
large, circular, with margins distinctly elevated. Cell walls thin, but fre-
quently much thickened near the surface by silicification, and sometimes
granulo.se or spinulose on the inner face. On some specimens the cells, at
the surface, are nearly equal, having a diameter of about 1.5 mm. ; on other
specimens the diameter varies from .60 mm. to 1.5 mm.

On many specimens some of the cell tubes are larger and less angular than
those surrounding them, being a little more than 2 mm. in diameter. A
single specimen from Coeymans Landing has slightly larger tubes on one por-
tion, while on all the other parts the cells have the ordinary characters.

This species differs from Favosites Niagarensis, which it resembles in the size
of its cells, in having more numerous diajjliragms, and in the mural pores being
on the lateral laces instead of at the angles of the cells.

Formaticm and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, Albany county. It is here found weathered out from
the rock and silicified, frequently a foot or more in diameter. It is also found
in several localities in Schoharie county. Smaller specimens of what appear
to l>e the same or a closely allied species occur at Cole's quarry, Herkimer
county, N. Y. The species likewise occurs near Cumberland, Md., having the
cells uniformly somewhat smaller than those of the New York specimens.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA.

Favosites conicus.

I'LATE III, FIGS. 4, B-13.

Favosites conk-a. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 112. 1874.
" " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 146. 1879.

conicus," Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 3, fig-s. 4, 6-13. 1883.

CoRALLUM forming conical masses ; flattened at the base, which is covered by a -
strong epitheca, marked with concentric wrinkles and undulations and radi-
ating undulations formed by the cell tubes. Cells arising from the center of
the base and from an undefined central axis and quite abruptly curving to
the surface, increasing by interstitial additions; polygonal, from four to eight-
sided ; diameter at the surfiice varying from 1.5 to 3.5 mm.; walls compara-
tively strong ; interior with evidences of numerous spinules or small nodes.
Septa of about the same strength as the walls, irregularly arranged, varying
from eight to fifteen in the space of 10 mm. Mural pores comparatively
large, circular, with distinctly elevated margins, disposed in one, two and
sometimes three ranges. Where one or two ranges occur the pores are
reguliirly arranged one above the other; where three ranges occur the dis-
position is more irregular.

Tlie conical form of this species and the irregularity in the size of the cells
distinguish it from every other known species of Favosites in the Silurian
rocks of New York.

Formation and localitij. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Ciarksville, N. Y., and at Cumberland, Md.

Favosites sphjbriccs.

PLATE VII, FIGS. 1-12; AMD PLATE VIII, FIG. 8.

Uiirhtig .tj)li(erii„. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 111. 1874.

FiiDisitfK miniimui, " (In error) Thii-ty-.secontl Rejit. N Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 147. 1879.

tfol Fbrosifes sjihericiii, Ukll. (— Astylospoiifria) Thirty-second Kept N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist , p.

J4ti. 1879.
Fapositts sphtTKitx, Hall. ReixH-t of State Geologist for 1882. Kxpl. pi. 7, tigs. 1-12. 1883.

CoRALLUM ma.ssive, variable in form. Cell tubes polygonal, generally hexagonal ;
length from 2 to 13 mm. or more; diameter from .25 to .35 ram. On the
surface are frequent inaculoD .5 mm. in diameter, where the cells are larger

10 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

than the others. Cell walls thin ; smooth or with transverse wrinkles or
striiB, which sometimes form indistinct nodes at the angles. Septa strong ;
sometimes distant from each other ; at other times quite closely arranged.
Mural pores minute, comparatively distant, a single series on each face of
the tube.

This species is very variable in its mode of growth, sometimes occurring in
branching forms, with the cell tubes commencing at the centre and gradually
curving upward and outward to the surface ; others are in hemispherical
masses, with a flat base, the tubes radiating from the base to the surface ;
increasing by interstitial or lateral additions ; sometimes in m.asses formed of
successive layers, as if by interruptions in growth. It is also found encrusting
crinoid stems and other objects, especially the basal portion of Lepadocrinus,
occurring sometimes in layers of not more than 2 mm. in thickness.

It differs from F. proximus in its smaller cell tubes, the thinner walls and the
frequent miiculae of large cells.

Formation and localities. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, and near Clarks-
ville, N. Y.

Favosites proximus.

PLATE VU, FIGS 13-15.

Fbvogitet proximug, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 147. 1880.

" " Report of State Geologist for 1883. Expl. pi. 7, figs. 13-15. 1883.

CoRALLCM forming irregular masses, frequently by the superimposition of suc-
cessive layers of growth. Cell tubes pentagonal or hexagonal ; length from
2 to 10 mm. ; diameter from .40 to .50 mm. ; walls comparatively strong.
Septa of about the same thickness as the cell walls, five or more in the
space of 5 mm. Mural pores minute, occurring in one or two series on each
face of the cell tube.

This species in general appearance is very similar to F. spharicus, but may be
distinguished from that species by its larger cells, thicker and smoother cell
walls and the absence of maculae of larger cells.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 11

ALVEOLITES, Lamarck. 1801.
Alveolites explanatus.

PLATE XIII, FIGS. 15, 16.
Alveolites explanatus. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1883. Expl. pi. 13, figs. 15, 16.

Corallum growing a>s irregular incrusting expansions upon other organisms.
Cell tubes small, less than 1 mm. in longest diameter, compressed and rising
very obliquely to the surface; marked by obscure longitudinal striae.

The specimens of this species which have been observed, occur in explanate
masses on Favosites and Stromatopora, and seldom weathered so as to exhibit
their exterior structure, but are usually shown in sections and polished cuttings.
It presents very little detail of form or structure, and is of little interest except
as being the only species of the genus noticed from the rocks of this age.

Formation and localities. In the lower Pentamerus limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group, near Cedarville, Herkimer county ; near Clarksville, Albany
county, and at Schoharie, N. Y.

CHiETETES, Fischer. 1837.
Ch.«tetes colliculatus.

PLATE Vni, FIGS. 1-t.

Chatetes collictdatwt. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mua. Nat. Hist., p. 148. 1879.
" " " Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 8, figs. 1-4. 1883.

Corallum hemispheric. Base generally flat ; sometimes very concave, in
which case the corallum consists of a depressed conical mass. Base covered
by a strongly wrinkled epitheca. Cells polygonal, from quadrangular to
hexagonal, nearly equal in size; diameter at the aperture about .50 mm.;
walls thin and slightly undulating. Septa very thin, distant, five in the
space of 5 mm. Surface marked by inonticulae about 2 mm. in height, the
centers of which are distant from each other 5 mm., with cells the same
size as the others.

The largest specimen observed has a diameter at the base of 35 mm., and
a height of 25 mm.

12 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species may be distinguished from C. monticulatus by the larger size of
tlie cells.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

ClIiETETES MONTICULATUS.

I'LATK VIII, FIGS. 5-7.

Ckttteiet mtmticulaiuji. Hall. ThiHy-Beconil Kept. N. Y. Stiite Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 148. 187fl.
" " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. jil. 8, &gs. 5-7. 1883.

CoRALLUM forming spheroidal ma.s.ses. Cell tubes polygonal, generally pentago-
nal or hexagonal; diameter from .25 to .85 mm.; walls thin, strongly corru-
gated. Septa slightly thinner than the cell walls, occurring at irregular
intervals, varying from .33 to 8 mm. or more. On the surface are monticulae,
arranged in intersecting rows, the centers of which are distant from each
other about 5 mm., with cells of the same size as on other parts of the surfiice.

This species resembles C. colliculatus, but may be distinguished from that
species by its spheroidal I'orm, and its smaller cell tubes.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

NoTK. — Tilt; two jirecediiig «i)eeiiw poHse.ss tlii- fi-atui-es ii.siially recoj>:iiizo<l lus chtu-actcM istic of the
g«iiUH CiLKTirrKS, but which ii»!vertholL'.ss appear to be (•(imiiioii to the genus MoNoriivrA of Ulrich. In the
present Htate of our knowletlge I pi-opose to leave them, a.s originally described, under the g-enus Ch«tetk8.

CHiETETES (MoNOTRYPELLA) ARBUSCULUS.

PLATK IX, FIGS. 1-3, i>-8, (4, 5) ?

ChateU* frutiounui. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. IIL-^t., p. 148. 1879.
Not C/kbI'Uji /riitiro.iiig. Hai.i,. Ilhistrations of Devonian Fo-ssiLs, pi. 38, tigs. 1-5. 1876.
ClKttthitfnitUoMUji.WKU.. Report of State (ieologist for 1882. Kxj)!. pi. 9, figs. 1-8. 1883.

CoRALLUM fruticose, several stems arising from a single base ; bifurcations
frequent ; l>ranches generally diverging at an angle of about forty-five
degrees ; diameter from 2 to 3 mm. Cell tubes polygonal, arising from the
center of the branch and very gnidually diverging to the surface ; walls
thin ; exterior smooth or slightly wrinkled transversely. Length of tubules

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 13

reaching 5 mm.; diameter .20 mm. ; apertures slightly oblique to the surface.
Septa thin, infrequent.

This species may be distinguished from C. abruptus [plate i.\, figs. 9-11],
by its fruticose appearance, its more .slender growth, (which character appears
to be constant), the thinner and more infrequent septa, but especially by the
manner in which the cell tubes approach the surface.

Formation and localittj. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

Ch^stetes (Monotrypella) abruptus.

PLATE IX. FIGS. 9-11.

Chcttetai abruptus, Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 148. 1879.
'• " " Report of State (Jeologist for 1882. Kxpl. pi. 9, tigs. 9-11. 1883.

CoRALLU.M ramose, solid ; branches frequent, diverging at an angle of about
forty-five degrees. Cells tubular, polygonal ; arising from the center of the
branch and very gradually diverging until about 2 mm. from the surface,
when they abruptly turn outward. At this point they are generally con-
stricted, and the cell walls, previously very thin, become much thicker ;
length reaching 6 mm.; diameter at the surface from .20 to .25 mm.;
frequently spinulose at the angles. Septa rare or entirely wanting until
after the abrupt turning of the cell tubes, when they are numerous.

This species, when a longitudinal section can be seen, is easily recognized by
the abrupt turning of the cell tubes to the surface, aLso in the constriction and
thickening of the walls at this point, features in which it differs from any
other species of this formation.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

14 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

ChjETETES (MoNOTRYPELLA) DEN80S.

PLATE X, FIGS. U-IS.

TremaUtpora deiua. Hall. Tweiity-mxth Kept. N. Y. $Ut« Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 105. 1874.
Trrmainptfra {Chatties) rfoMO, Hall. Thirty-secimd Kept N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 150. 1S79.

Hepoi-t of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 10, figs. 11-13. 1883.

CoRALLUM ramose, solid ; diameter of branches from 3 to 4 mm. Cells tubular,
polygonal, arising from the center of the branch and quite regularly curving
to the surface ; diameter at the apertures somewhat variable, but generally
about .33 mm. ; walls thin, sometimes becoming much thickened at the sur-
face, constricting the apertures ; frequently spinulose at the angles. Septa
thin, occurring only near the surface. Surface marked by occasional
maculaB, where the cells are larger than on other portions, having a
diameter of .50 mm.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Catskill creek, and near Clarksville, N. Y.

PTYCHONEMA, N. G.

Pttchonema, n. s. g.
Distinguished by the strong corrugations of the cell walls and absence of septa.

Ch.«!tete8 (Ptychonema) tabulatus.

PLATE IX, FIG8. 12-15.

CStmUUatalmlatui, Haii. Illustrations of Devonian Fossils, Corals : PI. 37, figs. 16-19. 1876.
•* " " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 149. 1879.

" f " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pl. 9, figs. 12-15. 1883.

CoRALLDM forming spheroidal or hemispheric masses. Diameter of the largest
specimen observed 45 mm. Cell tubes polygonal, arising from the center of
the base and incresising by interstitial additions. Diameter at the aperture
about .50 mm. ; walls thin, very strongly and regularly corrugated, the cor-
rugations forming nodes at the angles ; about fifteen corrugations in the space
of 5 mm. Septa, so far as observed, wanting.

Formation and locality. Probably from the Upper Helderberg group, Scho-
harie, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 15

Ptychonema Helderbergi^.

PLATE IX, FIGS. 10, 17.

Chwtetes Helderhergiw, Hai.l. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 110. 1874.
Not Favosites helderberffiw, H.vll. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 111. 1874.
Favosites inerpectans. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 14B. 1880.
CJicetetes ffelderlerguB, " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 9, tigs. 16, 17. 1883.

CoRALLUM ramose; diameter of the branches 10 mm. Cell tubes polygonal,
arising from the center of the branch and very gradually diverging until within
1 min. irom the surface when they aljruptly turn outward, the .apertures being
parallel with the surface; length reaching 15 mm.; diameter of apertures of
larger cells from .50 to .65 mm. There are numerous intercalations of young
cells whose apertures have a diameter of from .20 to .25 mm. Exterior of
cell walls strongly and regularly corrugated ; about fifteen in the space of 5
mm. The corrugations sometimes form nodes at the angles of the walls.
Septa thin, distant in the lower portion of the tube, becoming more numerous
near the surface.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Catskill creek, near Clarksville, and at Schoharie, N. Y.

TREMATOPORA, Hall. 1852.

TrEMATOPORA ? (TrEMATELLA ?) CORTICOSA.

PLATE X, FIGS. l-IO ; PLATE XHI, FIG. 4 ; AMD PLATE XXUI, FIG. 20.

Trematopora corticom. Hall. Twenty-aixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 115. 1874.
Chatetet corticom. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 149. 1880.
Trematopora (Cluftetes) corticosa. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 10, figs. 1-10 ; pi.

13, fi)r. 4. 1883.

CoRALLUM ramose, solid ; branches sometimes frequent ; at other times distant ;
often diverging at an angle of ninety degrees; diameter from 4 to 5 mm.
Cells tubular, polygonal ; arising from the center of the branch, gradually
diverging until within a short distance of the surface, when they abruptly
turn outward ; diameter .'25 mm. Walls thin, sometimes transversely
wrinkled. Septa comparatively strong, distant from each other about .50

16 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

mm. Tlirouf^h the thickening of the cell walls near the surface the apertures
are constricted and oval in outline. The inter-apertural spaces are strongly
elevated, frequently forming irregular ridges, the surfiice then resembling,
in miniature, the roughened bark of a tree.

This species is easily recognized by its polygonal cell tubes, oval apertures,
it« peculiarly roughened surfjice and the widely diverging branches.

Formation and localitij. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

NoTB.— This form tloes not fully represent the charactei-s of Trbmatblla, but I prefer to leave it for the
present under that deslg^iation.

Orthopora, n. s. g.

ZoARiUM ramose, cell apertures arranged in parallel, longitudinal rows. Inter-
cellular space solid, or occupied near the surface, by minute tubuli, destitute
of septa.

Externally very similar to Rhombopora, but differing internally. These forms
differ from Trematella in the regular arrangement of the cell apertures.

Trematopora (Orthopora) regularis.

PLATE XI, FIGS. 1-8; PLATK XIII, FIG. 1-3; AND PLATE XXIII, FIG. I.

Tremaloimra regularis. Hall. Twenty-sixth Re)it. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. lOtJ. 1874.

Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. l.^jl, 1879.
In p»rt Trematopora reffularis, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, figs. 1-8; pi. 13,

figs. 1-3. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid; bifurcations infrequent; branches widely diverging,
slender, the diameter seldom exceeding 1 mm. Branches having a diameter
of only .50 mm. are not uncommon. Cells tubular, arising from the center
of the branch and gradually diverging till within a short distance of the
surface, when they turn quite abruptly outward. Near the center of the
branch the cells are in contact and frequently sub-polygonal from mutual
pressure, separating as they approach the surface. Aperture.s elongate-oval,
length from .15 to .18 mm., width from one-fourth to one-half the length ;
arranged in longitudinal parallel rows, fifteen in the space of five mm.; from

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 17

ten to twelve rows on a branch, separated by prominent serrated ridges,
which are frequently wider than the cell apertures, often obscuring them.
Twelve serrations in the space of one mm.

This species is very common, and when well preserved will be easily recog-
nized, but when so worn or macerated that the longitudinal ridges are obsolete
it closely resembles T. rhombifera.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Trematopora (Obthopora) ovatipora.

PLATE XI, FIGS 9-11 ; AND PLATE XXIH, FIG. 5

Trematopora ovatipora. Halt,. Thirty-second Rcpt. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. Lll. 1879.

.» ■• " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, figs. 9-11. 1883.

ZoARiOM ramose, solid, very slender; diameter .50 mm. Cell apertures ovate,
length .30 mm., width about one-third the length ; disposed in longitudinal
parallel rows: margins slightly elevated, and granulose; at the posterior
■ margin of each cell aperture a minute spine ; space between adjacent
apertures about .15 mm. Five or six rows on each branch, separated by a
slightly elevated granulose ridge.

This species may be distinguished from T. regularis by its larger, ovate aper-
tures and the number of rows on a branch.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Trematopora (Obthopora) canaliculata.

PLATE XI, FIG. 13; akd PLATE XXIII, FIG. 9

Tranatirpora caruUiculata, Hall. Thirty-secoml Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 151. 1879.
f '• " Repoi-t of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, fig. 1?. 1883.

ZoABiUM ramose, solid, diameter of branches .90 mm. Cell apertures oval, length
.25 mm., width from one-half to two-thirds the length ; disposed in longitudinal
parallel rows, alternating : margins distinctly and equally elevated, slightly
constricting the opening, sometimes having on one side a minute denticula-

18 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

tion. At each end of the aperture and frequently on other portions of the
n>ar<;in there is a short obtuse spinule. Interapertural space concave.

This species, in its arrangement of cell apertures, is very similar to T. rhom-
biftra, but differs from that species in having the apertures much more distinctly
oval, and more widely separated, and in the concave interapertural space.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Trematopora (Ortiiopora) rhombifera.

PLATE XI, FIGS. IS, 17-20; ANU PLATE XXUI, FIGS. U, 12.

TretiuUopnra rhtnnb\fera. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 103. 1874.

Thii-ty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mils. Nat. Hist., p. l.')2. 1879.
In part Treinato]xnra rJlombi/era, Hall. Report of St.-itc Geologist for 1883 Expl.pl. 11, figs. 15-20. 1883.

ZoARiu.M ramose, solid, diameter of branches from .50 to 2 mm. Cells tubular,
arising from the center of the branch, rapidly diverging till within a short
distance of the surface when they turn more abruptly outward. Apertures
oval or, occasionally, sub-rhomboidal, length .20 mm., width .12 mm. ; very
closely disposed in quincunx order: margins thin, very slightly elevated,
granulose; granules often obsolete. Interapertural space generally elevated
above the apertures, though sometimes Hat; in well preserved specimens
nodose or granulose, occasionally so set with minute spines that the aper-
tures are obscured.

This species, in some points, is closely allied to T. regularis, with which it is
often associated, but differs materially in the arrangement of the cell apertures,
that species having the apertures in longitudinal lines with a prominent ridge
between, while in this species they are always spirally arranged. In worn
specimens the difference is less distinctly seen.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, Albany county, and at Schoharie, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 19

Trematopora (Orthopora) parallela.

PLATE XI, FIGS. 13, U ; AND PLATE XXIII, FIGS. 7, 8.

Trematopora parallela. Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 1,52. 1879.

■' " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, tigs. 13, 14. 18S3.

Zoarium ramose, solid ; bifurcations infrequent ; diameter of branches 1 mm.
Cells tubular, arising from the center of the branch, gradually curving to the
surface. Apertures oval, length .20 mm., width from .12 to .15 mm. : mar-
gins equally elevated ; arranged in quincunx, forming longitudinal parallel
rows. Each aperture has some portion of its margin nearly or quite in
contact with four other apertures, the margins thus forming a continuous
elevation, which, especially when thickened by silicification, resembles a ridge
separating the rows of apertures. At each point of contact there is a small
spine.

This species closely resembles some forms of T. regularis, but the peculiar
arrangement of apertures will be sufficient to distinguish it.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

DIAMESOPORA, Hall. 1852.

Zoarium ramose, hollow, inner surface consisting of an epitheca. Intercellular
space solid.

These forms differ from Trematella in having hollow branches.

DiAMESOPORA C0N8TRICTA.
PLATE X, FIGS. 14-19 ; AKD PLATE XXIII A, FIG. 7.

7Vema<oporo coruitricta. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. T. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 104. 1874.
Traaatoporaf " " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 150. 1879.

Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 10, Ugs. 14-19. 1883.

Zoarium ramose ; branches frequent, hollow ; diameter from 2 to 4 mm. Thick-
ness of the bryozoum .33 mm. ; inner surface covered by an epitheca; marked
by strong concentric undulations of growth and fine striations ; fine longi-

20 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

tiulinal striae crnised by the recumbent portion of the cells. Cells tubular,
Kub-cylindrical, arising from the epitheca and for about one-half their length
parallel with it, then abruptly turning outward and opening obliquely to the
surface. Apertures oval, length .25 nun., width slightly less ; more or less
regularly alternating and imbricating. Posterior margin strongly elevated,
projecting over and concealing a portion of the opening ; sometimes with
two minute denticulations.

There are frequent maculae destitute of cell apertures; the apertures
imuiediately adjacent to these being larger than the others and radiating
from the maculae.

This is a very common species and can be easily recognized by the strong
projecting lip of the cell apertures, the prominent maculae and the arrangement
of the cells.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

DiAMESOPORA DISPERSA.

PLATE X, FIGS. 20, 21.

Tmnatrrpora tiixperxn, Haix. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 150. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 10, figs. 20, 21. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose; branches hollow, diameter 3 mm. Thickness of the bryo-
zoum .75 mm. Inner surface covered by a transversely wrinkled epitheca.
Cells tubular, opening slightly oblique to the surface. Apertures circular or
oval, diameter .30 mm., irregularly disposed, sometimes forming transverse
rows : margins thick, distinctly and sometimes, equally elevated ; at other
times the lower portion is the more strongly elevated, giving to the aperture
a sub-triangular appearance.

There are occasional maculae destitute of cell apertures, the cells, imme-
diately adjacent, radiating from them.

This species differs from D. constricta in the cell apertures being less oblique
and more irregularly arranged.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 21

CALLOPORA, Hall. 1852.
Callopoka oppleta, n. sp.

PLATE XI, FIGS. 2:!, 24.

In part Callopnra inacropnra, Hai.l. Thii-ty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 152. 1880.
" Callopom inacropora, " Report of State Geolog'ist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, figs. 23-29. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramo.se, .solid, diameter of branches 3 mm.; bifurcations frequent.
Cell apertures circular, diameter .33 mm., irregularly disposed, frequently in
contact: margins strong, equally elevated. Mesopores minute, not more than
one series between adjacent apertures.

Formation and localily. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, Albany
county, N. Y.

Callopora cellulosa.

I'LATK XII, FIGS 1-9; I'LATE XIII, FIG. 9; and PLATE XXHI A, FIG. 6.

CalUtpora cMulosa, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 154. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 12, figs. 7-9 ; pi. 13, fig. 9. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid, diameter of branches from 3 to 5 mm. ; bifurcations
frequent. Cells tubular, often sub-polygonal from mutual pressure ; arising
from the center of the branch, gradually diverging till within one mm. of the
surface, when they turn abruptly outward ; walls, except near the surface,
very thin. Septa thin, distant. Apertures circular or broadly oval, diameter
from .20 to .25 mm. ; irregularly disposed, frequently in contact: margins
strong, distinctly and equally elevated. Mesopores minute, angular: margins
of the same height as those of the apertures. Intercellular space septate for
a short distance below the surftice.

The surface of this species is variable in appearance ; very frequently the
margins of the apertures and mesopores are smooth ; at other times the
margins of the apertures have comparatively strong nodes, the mesopores
being nearly or quite obscured ; in others the margins of both the apertures
and mesopores are ornamented with minute spines, which often are so
numerous a.s to entirely obscure all other features of the surface.

22 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species closely resembles C. vmusta of this formation, but may be dis-
tinguished lus follows: The branches of that species are hollow, the cell aper-
tures are slightly larger, more decidedly oval, often regularly arranged in quin-
cunx over a large portion of the specimen ; but there are occasionally specimens
which could not be separated by the surface characters alone.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y,

Callopoba pereleoans.

I'LATE XII, FIGS. 10-17 ; AND PLATE XXIU A, FIG. M.

CcUlopom pereUgans, Hall. Twenty-sixth llept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 102. 1874.
" '• Thirty-second Ropt. N. Y. State Mua. Nat. Hist., p. 154. 1879.

•• " •• Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 12, tigs. 10-17. 1883.

ZoABiCM fruticose, several stems arising from a common base; bifurcations
very frequent. Branches solid, diameter from 2 to 5 mm., generally from 3
to 4 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the center of the branch, gradually
diverging till within one mm. of the surface, when they abruptly turn out-
ward ; walls very thin. Septa infrequent or entirely wanting. Apertures
circular or sub-polygonal from pressure, diameter .50 mm, ; irregularly dis-
posed, sometimes in contjict ; at other times distant one mm. or more : mar-
gins thin, distinctly and equally elevated. Mesopores frequently longer than
wide, length sometimes four times the width : margins equal in thickness
and height to those of the apertures. Intercellular space occupied by septate
tubuli of varying lengths, occasionally extending to the center of the branch.
Septa very thin and frequent, from eight to twelve in the space of one mm.

This species closely resembles C. elegantula of the Niagara group, and may be
only a variety of that species. Externally the mesopores of C. elegantula are
much smaller, and the width is usually about equal to the length. Internally
the cell-tubes have numerous septa nearly equal in thickness to the cell-walls,
frequently four in the space of one mm., while in this species the septae are
very infrequent or entirely wanting.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, Albany county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 23

C(ELOCAULIS, n. S. g.

Branching forms having the structure of Callopora, but growing as hollow
stems, the thin expansion lined with a striated epitheca.

Callopora (C(elocaulis) venusta.

PLATE XII, FIGS. 20-24; AND PLATE XXIIl A, FIGS. 1-3,4? 5.

Callopora venusta. Hall. Twenty-sixth Kept. N. Y. State Mua. Nat. Hist., p. 101. 1874.
Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Miis. Nat. Hist., p. 155. 1879.
Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 12, figs. 20-24. 1883.

Zoarium ramose, hollow ; diameter of branches from 3 to 5 mm. ; bifurcations
frequent. Thickness of tissue from .25 to 1 mm Inner surface a thin epi-
theca with transverse wrinkles and fine longitudinal striations caused by the
recumbent portions of the cell.s. Cells tubular, arising from the epitheca
and parallel with it for a short distance, then turning abruptly outward.
Apertures oval, length .33 ram., width .20 mm. ; sometimes irregularly dis-
posed, but generally in more or less regular quincunx order ; frequently in
contiict : margins thin, except when thickened by silification ; distinctly
elevated. Mesopores minute, polygonal ; generally only a single series be-
tween adjacent apertures : margins thinner and less elevated than those of
the apertures. The margins of the apertures and mesopores are usually
smooth, but are sometimes ornamented by numerous minute spinules. Sur-
fiice marked by distant, slightly elevated monticules, upon which the aper-
tures are larger than on other portions. Intercellular space sometimes
septate, at other times apparently vesicular

This form is distinguished from C. cellulosa by its hollow branches, and its
larger and more regularly disposed cells.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Callopora (Ccelocaulis) mediopora, n. sp.

plate XIV, FIG. 18; AMD PLATE XXIII A, FIGS. 11-18.

In part CttUopiira paraaitica. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State .Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 157. 1879.

Report (if State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 14, figs. 13-18. 1883.

Z0ARIU.M ramose, branches hollow, often flattened ; thickness .75 mm. Cells tubu-
lar, oblique to the surface. Cell apertures oval, sub-triangular or trilobate.

24 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

length from .33 to .50 ram., width from one-half to three-fourths the length ;
closely unci irregularly disposed. Anterior margin thin, slightly elevated,
gradually growing more prominent, and at the posterior end strongly
elevated, oblique, denticulated, constricting that portion of the aperture.
Mesopores variable in size, some having a diameter of only .15 mm., while
others are nearly as large at the cell apertures ; margins very thin ; height
equal to that of the anterior margin of the cell aperture.

I had formerly considered this species a form of Fistulipora parasitica, but its
apparent parsusitie character is due to the fllattening of the larger branches and
their atUvchnient to other bodies.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Callotrypa, n. s. g.

The species resemble Callopora in their general characters, but differ in
having a solid intercellular space, or which is sometimes occupied by minute
tubuli, destitute of septa ; while in that genus the intercellular space is vesicular
or occupied by septate tubuli.

Callopora (Callotrypa) macropora.

PLATE XI, FIGS. 25-29 ; AND PLATE XXUI, FIGS. 16-19.

CaUtipora macropora. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 101. 1874.
" Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 152. 1879.
In part Callvpora MOcrvpura, Hall. Report of State Geologiat for 1882. Expl. pL 11, figs. 23-29. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid, diameter of branches from 1 to 2 mm. ; bifurcations fre-
quent; branches diverging from forty-five to ninety degrees. Cells tubular,
arising from the center of the branch and regularly curving to the surface,
increasing by interstitial addition ; in contact for the greater portion of their
length. Walls thin, becoming thicker near the surface and slightly constrict-
ing the cell tube. Apertures oval or polygonal from mutual pressure, length
on different specimens from .33 to .50 mm., width from one-half to two-thirds
the length ; irregularly dispo.sed, generally some portion of each aperture in

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 25

contact with adjacent apertures: margins distinctly and equally elevated,
occasionally nodose. Mesopores minute: margins of the same height as
those of the apertures. No internal vesicular structure visible.

Formatim and localities. In tlie shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Catskill, Greene county; near Clarksville, and at Schoharie, N. Y.

Callopora (Calloteypa) macropora, var. signata.

PLATE XI, FKJS. M, 31.

Trematopota sUfiuUa, Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mils. Nat. Hist., p. 104. 1874.
CiUUtpni-a iiMcritpttra, vai-. xiguula. Hall. Thii-ty-secoiul Rept. N. Y. State Mius. Nat. Hist., p. l.")3. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 18S2. Kxpl. pi. 1 1, figs. 80, 31.
1883.

This variety differs from the usual form of C. macropora in the more distinctly
polygonal cell apertures, and in having but very few intercelhilar pits.
Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Callopora (Callotrypa) heteropora.

PLATE XI, VVii. 3i-3l ; PLATE XIII, FIGS. 6-8 ; AND PLATE XXIH, FIG. S.

Callopora heteropora. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 102. 1874.

ITiirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 153. 1879.
" •• " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, figs. 32-34; pi. 13, figs. 5-8.

1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid, diameter of branches from 1 to 1.50 mm.; bifurcations
distant; branches diverging at an angle of forty-five degrees. Cells tubular,
arising from the center of the brancli and very gradually diverging till within
a short distance of the surface, when they turn abruptly outward ; at this point
the walls, previously very thin, become thicker, slightly constricting the cell.
For the greater portion of their length the cells are in contact and sub-
angular from mutual pressure. Apertures oval, length .20 mm., width about
two-thirds the lengtli ; irregularly disposed : margins equally elevated.
Me.sopores minute, elongate, angular, so arranged that their margins often

26 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

resemble fine striations. The margins of the apertures and intermediate pits
are frequently spinulose.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, Albany county, N. Y.

Callopoba (Callotrypa) unispina.

PLATE XI, KIGS 35-;)7.

CaUapora uuixpina. Hall. Tweiity-tiixlh Rept. N. Y. State Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 102. 1874.
" " " Thii-ty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mns. Nat. Hist., p. 153. 1879.

In i>»rt Callopora unigpina. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, figs. 3.")-4l. I88S.

ZoARiUH ramose, solid, diameter from 1.50 to 2 mm. Cells tubular, arising
from the center of the branch and regularly curving to the surface. Aper-
tures broadly oval, length .17 mm., width about three-fourths the length;
occasionally circular, closely and irregularly disposed : margins moderately
strong, equally elevated. At the base of each aperture is a, comparatively,
very prominent spinule. Mesopores minute, elongate, angular, so disposed
that the margins give to the surface a finely striated appearance. No vesi-
cular intercellular space.

This species, when well preserved, will be easily recognized by the prominent
spinule at the base of each aperture ; when worn or macerated it very closely
resembles C. heteropora.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, on Catskill creek, Greene county, and near Clarksville, Albany county,
N. Y.

Callopora (Callotrypa) striata, n. sp.

PLATS XI, FIGS. 88-41 ; AND PLATE XXIH, FIGS. 13, U.

In part Callopora wiitpina. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. Ui3. 1880.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. II, figs. 35-11. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid, diameter of branches 1 mm. ; bifurcations infrequent.
Cell apertures oval, length .33 mm., width about one-half the length;
irregularly disposed, sometimes in contact; at other times distant .33 mm.
or more : margins moderately strong, distinctly and equally elevated. At

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 27

the base of each aperture there is usually a spinule. Mesopores minute,
elongate, the length often being from two to three times the width, so dis-
posed that the margins give to the surface a finely striated appearance.

This species may be distinguished from C. unispina by the elongate cell aper-
tures and mesopores, and the striated appearance of the surface.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, on Catskill creek, Greene county, and near Clarksville, Albany county,

N. y.

Callopoka (Callotrypa) oculifera.

PLATE Xm, FIG 10 ; and PLATE XXUI, FIG. 6.

CcUlopora oculifera, H.tix. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 155. 1879.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl pi. Vi, fi^. 10.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid, diameter of branches 1 mm. Cell apertures broadly
oval, length .33 mm., width about three-fourths the length; more or less
regularly disposed in longitudin.al rows; seventeen in the space of five mm.:
margins thin, distinctly elevated. Mesopores minute, angular: margins
equal in height to those of the cell apertures.

This species may be distinguished by the large broadly oval apertures,
arranged in longitudinal lines, and the minute mesopores.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

FISTULIPORA, McCoy. 1849.

FiSTCLIPORA PONDEROSA.

PLATE XIV, FIG3. 9-12; and PLATE XXUI A, FIGS. 8-10.

Callopora ptrndemxa. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 103. 1874.
" •' " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 156. 1879.

Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 14, figs. 9-12. 1883.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate fronds (?) of irregular, contorted growth,
generally massive from the superimposition of successive layers of growth.
Thickness of frond (?) varying from 1 to 5 mm., or more. Under surface

28 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

consisting of u strongly wrinkled epitheca. Cells tubular, arising from and
for tt short distance oblique to the epitheca, then turning abruptly upward ;
walls very thin. Septa infrequent or entirely wanting. Apertures circular,
diameter slightly more than .25 mm. ; irregularly, very closely disposed, fre-
quently in contact : margins thin, slightly elevated, ornamented with from
one to three very prominent spines. Mesopores very minute : margins thinner
than those of the apertures, but of the same height. Intercellular space
vesiculose; vesicles irregularly arranged, comparatively very large, frequently
from .25 to .33 mm. in diameter.

This species may be distinguished by its closely arranged circular cell aper-
tm^es with spiniferous margins, in which characters it varies from any other
species of this formation.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Schoharie, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA PARASITICA.

PLATE XIV, FIGS. 13, U ; ANU PLATE XXllI, FIG. 4.

In part CdUopora parasitica. Hall. Thii-ty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hiat., p. 157. 1879.
" •• " *• Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 14, &ga. 18-18. 1883.

ZoARiCM explanate, or ramose, with hollow branches, free or encrusting other
bodies. Thickness .75 mm. ; inner, or under surface consisting of a thin, con-
centrically wrinkled epitheca. Cells tubular; apertures oval or slightly
polygonal from mutual pressure, length from .25 to .33 mm., width from .17
to .25 mm. ; very irregularly disposed, sometimes in contact, at other times
distant .50 mm. or more: margins thin, slightly and equally elevated; fre-
quently with one or more minute spinules. Mesopores variable in size, some
having a diameter of only .10 mm., while others are equal to the cell aper-
tures: margins of the same thickness and height as those of the cell aper-
tures. Intercellular space vesiculose; vesicles sometimes regularly arranged,
appearing as septate tubuli; at other times irregular, especially near the base
of the cell tubes.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 29

The ch<aracteristics of this species are the very irregular arrangement of the
cell apertures, and the large and numerous mesopores. The ramose forms may
be distinguished from Callopora cellulosa by the much larger and more numerous
mesopores and the hollow branches ; from Callopora venusta by the smaller and
more distant cell apertures and the larger and more numerous mesopores.

Formation and locality In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

FiSTOLIPORA TRILOBA, n. Sp.

NOT FIGURED.

ZoARiUM generally explanate, sometimes ramose, branches hollow, of very
irregular growth, undulating or contorted ; often massive from the super-
imposition of successive layers of growth. Thickness of fronds (?) varying
from 1 t» 5 mm. Under surface consisting of a thin, concentrically wrinkled
epitheca. Cells tubular, arising from the epitheca, and almost immediately
assuming an erect position, and thus continuing to the surface ; walls very
thin. Septa infrequent or entirely wanting. Apertures sub-triangular or
trilobate, length .30 mm., greatest width .25 mm., or slightly more ; irregu-
larly disposed ; space between adjacent apertures less than the length of an
aperture : margins elevated, sometimes equally, at other times the posterior
is the most strongly elevated. At a little less than half the distance from
the posterior end there are two dentations, which give to the apertures the
trilobate form, and which in the course of growth form two fine striations on
the interior of the cell-wall. Mesopores minute, from one to three series
between adjacent apertures. Surface marked by maculae destitute of cell
apertures, the centers of which are distant from each other about five mm. ;
the apertures immediately adjacent are larger than the others and radiate
from the maculae. Intercellular space occupied by septate tubuli, except
near the base of the cells, where the structure is irregularly vesicular. From
eight to ten septa in the space of one mm. On one specimen the margins of
the apertures are very much elevated, thickened and in many cases closed.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Schoharie, N. Y.

so PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

LICHENALIA, Hall. 1852.

LiCHENALIA CRASSA.

PLATE XI, FIGS. 21, 22.

Trematapora cratta. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mils. Nat. Hist., p. 152. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1SS2. Expl. pi. 11, figs. 21, 22. 1883.
Not F%ttnlipora rrasta, RoMiN<iBK.

ZoAKiuM hollow, or expLanate. Thickness of specimens observed about 1
nun. Cell apertures circular, diameter .25 mm., quite regularly separated
from each other by a .space equal to half the diameter of an aperture, form-
ing somewhat irregular intersecting rows. Surface marked by numerous small
acellular maculae, the centers of which are distant from each other two or
three mm. Interapertural space smooth. Intercellular space occupied by
minute septate tubuli, except near the base of the cells, where the space is
occupied by irregularly arranged vesicles ; from one to three series of tubuli
between adjacent cells; from eight to ten septa in the space of one mm.

This species may be distinguished by its closely arranged cell apertures,
absence of mesopores, and the numerous acellular maculae. It resembles
specimens of Fistulipora ponderosa which have been worn or macerated, but that
species has mesopores and larger cell apertures, and is without acellular maculae.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA MACULOSA.

PLATE XIV, FIGS. 1-8.

JYematopora ponderosa. Hall. Twenty-sixth Re])t. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 126. 1874.

" inaculom, " Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106. 1874

CaUvpora inaaUoga, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist , p. 156. 1879.

" " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 14, figs. 1-8. 1883.

ZoARiDM explanate, generally of irregular growth, frequently much contorted ;
often massive from the superimposition of successive layers of growth. Thick-
of bryozoum varying from 1 to 8 mm. Under surface consisting of a strongly
wrinkled epitheca. Cells tubular, sub-cylindrical, arising from the epitheca
at right angles to the surface ; walls moderately thick. Septa thin and

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 31

infrequent. Apertures broadly oval, sometimes nearly circular, length .33
mm., width .25 mm. ; irregularly disposed, frequently in contact. Anterior
margins thin, very slightly elevated; posterior strongly elevated, oblique;
sometimes with two slight denticulations, which give to the aperture a sub-
trilobate form. Surface marked by maculae, the centers of which are distant
from each other about six mm. ; the apertures immediately adjacent are larger
than the others, more oblique and radiating from the maculae. Interaper-
tural space smooth or vesiculose. Intercellular space vesicular ; vesicles
irregularly arranged, many of them, comparatively, very large.

The surface of this species presents a variable appearance, according to the
degree of weathering.

Formation and loralities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Cat.skill, and near Clarksville, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA TORTA.

PLATE XV, FIGS. 1-5, 7.

Liehenalia torta, Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 157. 1879.
In part LidienalUi ti>iia,'ll\u.. Rejiort of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 15, tigs. 1-7.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions; sometimes flat, at other times more
or less involved and contorted. Under surface a thin epitheca marked by con-
centric wrinkles and striae, with fine radiating striae. When the celliliferous
tissue of the bryozoum has been removed, the radiating striae on the upper sur-
face of the epitheca are very sharp and prominent, and at their junction with
the concentric striae form minute nodes. Cell apertures broadly oval or circu-
lar, sometimes sub-triangular or trilobate, diameter .30 mm. ; space between
adjacent apertures equal to, or less than, the diameter of an aperture.
Anterior margin slightly elevated, posterior side strongly elevated, with two
slight denticulations. Surface with slightly elevated monticules,

Formation and localities. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, and at
Schoharie, N. Y.

82 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

LlCHENAUA 8ERIALIS, n. sp.

PLATE Xtll, WIGS. 17, 18 ; AMD I'LATU XV, FIG. 6.

In jMui LMkenalia torla. Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus Nat. Hist., p. 157. 1880.
Lieienalia tuHa {tortuona in en-oi). Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 13, tigs. 17, 18 ; pi. 15.

fig. 6. 1883.

ZoARiUM explanate, thin. Cells tubular, very oblique, alternating and imbri-
cating. Apertures circular, diameter .40 mm.; generally regularly disposed :
margins strong, the posterior portion elevated slightly more than the anterior.
Interapertural space marked by short interrupted striations. Maculae desti-
tute of cell apertures, distant from each other 6 mm. ; apertures adjacent to
them larger than on other portions of the frond.

This species may be distinguished by the large, circular cell apertures, and
their regular arrangement.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, Albany
county, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA DISTAN8.

PLATE XV, FIGS. 8, 9.

lAehetudia dAgtan», Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 157. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 15, figs. 8, 9. 1883.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions, free or encrusting. Thickness
1 mm. Cells tubular ; apertures somew^hat variable, usually oval or nearly
circular, sometimes sub-quadrangular, and occasionally sub-triangular, length
from .35 to .44 mm., width generally a little less than the length ; irregu-
larly and very closely disposed: margins thin, not prominent, except at
the posterior end, where they are strongly and abruptly elevated. Mesopores
variable in size, from one to two ranges between adjacent apertures : margins
thin and slightly raised, rendering the mesopores obscure. Intercellular
space vesicular ; vesicles comparatively large.

Over the greater portion of the specimen the margins of the apertures are
of equal height, but this is probably due to weathering ; on some portions of
the zoarium they are so sharply elevated that in an oblique view they have
the appearance of spines.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 33

CERAMOPORA, Hall. 1852.

Ceramopora macolata.
plate xvi, figs. 5-11.

Ceraiaopora vutculata. Hail. Twenty-sixth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106. 1874.

Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 159. 1879.
Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 16, figs. 5-11. 188a.

ZoARiUM discoidal, flattened or concave on the lower side; base attached at
the center to some foreign body, frequently a fragment of a crinoid stem or
a small gastropod ; the remaining portion free, covered by a strongly wrin-
kled epitheca. Thickness of zoarium from 1 to 5 mm. Cells tubular,
polygonal, arising from the epitheca, and radiating from the center, regularly
curving to the surface ; in the center being at right angles to the epitheca,
and gradually becoming more oblique as they approach the margin. Apertures
from .45 to .50 mm. in diameter, on some portions of the frond distinctly
alternating and imbricating. There are slightly elevated circular monticules,
the centers of which are distant about five mm., upon which the cells are
slightly larger than on other portions.

This species resembles C. imhricata of the Niagara limestone, but differs in
the less distinctly cucullate apertures, it also grows to a much larger size.

Formation and localities. Lower Helderberg group, Clarksville and Schoharie,
N. Y.

Ceramopora labeculoidea.

PLATE XVI, FIGS. 1, 2.

Ceramopora labeculoidea. Hail. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 158. 1879.
" " •' Report of 8t*te Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 16, figs. 1, 2. 1883.

ZoARiuM consisting of very thin, circular, lamellate expansions. Under sur-
ftice a concentrically wrinkled epitheca. Cells short, tubular, alternating,
imbricating and oblique to the surface; more or less regularly radiating from
the center to the margin of the expansion. Apertures arched or triangular,
with two minute denticulations ; width .33 ram. Surface marked by acellu-
lar maculae ; the apertures immediately adjacent to these are a little larger

34 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

and more oblique than the others, and the upper portions of the cell-walls
are exposed for nearly their entire length. The largest specimen observed
has a diameter of about 10 mm.

This species dififers from C. maculata (pi. xvi, figs. 5-11) in being much
thinner ; the cells smaller, more oblique and more decidedly alternating and
imbricating.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

CerAMOPORA ? PARVICELLA.

PLATE XVI, FIGS. 8, 4.

Ceramopora parvieella. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 1.58. 1879.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 16, &gs. 3, 4. 1888.

ZoARiDM consisting of a foliate expansion encrusting other bodies. Cells short,
tubular, rapidly enlarging in size. Apertures very oblique or rectangular to
the surface ; diameter .30 mm., alternating and imbricating. At irregular
distances upon the surface there are maculae, where the cells are larger and
more decidedly oblique than on other parts.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.
{Ceramopora (Berenicea) maxima.)

PLATE XVI, FIG. 18.

Cerwmopnra {Berenicea) maxima. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 109. 1874.

" Thirty-second Rept. N Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 1.59. 1879.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 16, fig. 12. 1883.

A FINAL examination of the specimen originally described, and another one
of similar character, still leaves the true nature and relations of the fossil
in doubt. Until something more satisfactory shall be learned regarding the
structure of the specimens, I prefer to drop the name from the list of deter-
mined species.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Schoharie, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 35

PALESCHARA, Hall. 1874.
Paleschaba inckustans.

PLATE XVI, FIGS. 15-21.

Palesckara incnistans. Hall. Twenty-.sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106. 1874.
" " " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 160. 1879.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 18S2. Expl. pi. 16, figs. 15-21. 1883.

Zoakium foliate, very thin, incrusting other bodies; thickness from .10 to 1
mm. Cells polygonal, in contact; walls thick, sometimes elevated at the
angles of the apertures into obtuse processes, which are not sufficiently long
to be characterized as spines.

This species is very common upon the valves of Spirifera perlamellosa .
Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Paleschaba radiata.

plate XVI, FIGS. 18, U.

PaUschara (?) radiata. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 160. 1879.

" " •• Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 16, figs. l.S, 14. 1883.

ZoARiUM consisting of a thin expansion incrusting other bodies. Cells polyg-
onal, contiguous, oblique. Length of apertures about .40 mm., width slightly
less ; irregularly arranged, radiating from maculae of slightly larger cells.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Paleschaba ? dissimilis.

PLATE XV, FIGS. 10-U.

Llchetialia dit^milU, Hall. Thirty-seconil Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 158. 1880.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 15, figs. 10-13. 1883.

Zoabium consisting of large, explanate fronds, irregularly undulating; thick-
ness from .50 to 3 mm. Cell apertures polygonal, contiguous, length from
.80 to 1 mm., width slightly less ; variable in form, sometimes arched and

86 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

8ub-imbricating; at other times presenting a reticulated appearance. Mar-
gins of the cell apertures frequently bearing short spinules on the angles.

This species, in its cell apertures, is very similar to Alveolites, and its true
generic relations are still undetermined.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

Paleschara? tenuis, n. sp.

ZoARiUM incrusting, very thin ; thickness sometimes not more than .10 ram.
Cells polygonal. Apertures occasionally circular, diameter .25 mm. ; irregu-
larly disposed, with frequent maculae of larger cells, having the apertures .33
mm. in diameter.

This species is so thin that the arrangement of cells is sometimes de-
termined by the object incrusted ; some specimens growing upon Trematopora
{Orihopora) regularis have their cells disposed in longitudinal, parallel rows. It
may be distinguished from P. incrustans by its much smaller cells.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Paleschara ? (Lichenalia ?) bilateralis.

PLATE XVI, F1G8. 22, 2S.

Paleschara t UlateraHx, Hai.i,. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 160. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 16, figs. 22, 23. 1883.

ZoARiUM consisting of an elongate, lamellate expansion, celluliferous on each
face; thickness about 1 mm. Cells tubular, arising from a mesotheca.
Apertures oval or polygonal, length .36 mm., width from one-half to three-
fourths the length ; sometimes irregularly disposed ; at other times in longi-
tudinal rows on the central portion of the frond, and on the lateral portions,
more irregularly disposed in oblique ascending series. The surface has
maculae of larger cell apertures. Intercellular space vesiculose. The sur-
face has not been observed in a perfect condition. Two fragments of this
Bpecies have been observed.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 37

The specimen has a general resemblance to a Ptilodictya, but differs in
having intercellular vesicular tissue.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Clarksville, N. Y.

STICTOPORA, Hall. 1847.
Stictopora papillosa.

PLATE XUI, FIGS. \i, 13 ; a.nd PLATE XXIII A, FIG. 16.

Stictopora papulosa. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mns. Nat. Hist., p. Kil. 1879.

Report of State Geolosfist for 18S2. Expl. pi. 13, tigs. 12, 13. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, flattened; bifurcations frequent; width of branch from 2
to 2.50 mm. Transverse section flattened oval ; greatest thickness 1 mm.
Cell apertures circular, diameter .25 mm., those nearest the margin somewhat
larger ; generally arranged in indistinct longitudinal rows, frequently in con-
tact: margins thick, strongly elevated, oblique, constricting the apertures.

The papillose margins of the cells, and the elongate form of a transverse
section of a branch, are distinguishing features of this species.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Stictopora obsoleta, n. sp.

PLATE XXIII A, FIG. 2-3.

ZoARiOM ramose, flattened ; bifurcations distant about 10 mm. ; width of branch
2 mm., increasing very slightly in width to the bifurcation. Width of the
non-celluliferous space at the margin .40 mm. Cell apertures ov.al, length
.25 mm., width .17 mm. ; disposed in longitudinal parallel rows.

All the specimens of this species, so far observed, have been worn or macer-
ated, but it is easily distinguished from any other of this formation by its larger
size and the form and arrangement of the cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

88 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Stictopora gbanatcla, n. sp.

PLATE XI, FIG. 18; AMD PLATK XXIII A, FIQ. 17.
In part TrenuUopora rhomMfera, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 11, figs. 15-20.

ZoARiDM ramose, flattened; bifurcations moderately distant; branches not
widely diverging; width, just above a bifurcation, 1 mm., increasing to 2
mm. Transverse section lenticular, greatest thickness .80 mm. Non-cellu-
liferous space, at the margin, very narrow, scarcely perceptible. Cell aper-
tures elongate-oval, length .33 mm., width .20 mm. ; very closely disposed
in more or less regular, oblique, transverse rows : margins very thin, slightly
elevated or obsolete. Intercellular space generally flat and granulose ;
sometimes elevated and smooth.

This species very much resembles a flattened specimen of Trematopora (Ortho-
pora) rhombifera, and might be readily mistaken for it when only the external
characters can be seen.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Catskill creek, and near Clarksville, N. Y.

PTILODICTYA, Lonsdale. 1839.
Ptilodictta lirata.

PI^TE XVII, FIGS. 1-4 ; and PLATE XXni A, FIG 20.

Bscharopora lirata, Halu Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 100. 1874.
" Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 161. 1879.
In part Bsefiartrpora lirata. Hall. Report of Stiite Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 17, fig-s. 1-6. 1883.

ZoARiuM small, ensiform ; gradually enlarging for a short distance from an
obtusely pointed, striated base, the sides then becoming parallel ; width from
1.50 to 2 mm. ; transverse section lenticular, greatest thickness .75 mm.
Celluliferous on both faces. Cells tubular, arising obliquely from the mesial
lamina. Apertures elongate-oval, length .30 mm., width from .16 to .20
mm. ; disposed in longitudinal parallel rows, five or six rows on each face.
The apertures of the two outer rows larger than the others and oblique to

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 39

them. Rows of apertures separated by prominent granulose ridges. Between
each two adjacent apertures are two minute triangular pits.

This species differs from P. tenuis (pi. xvii, figs. 7-13) in its smaller size,
proportionally longer cells and the Urate appearance given to it by the ridges
separating the longitudinal lines of cell apertures.

Formation and locality. In the upper shaly portions of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Ptilodictya tenuis.

PLATE XVII, FIGS. 7-l.i ; PLATE XIU, FIG. U; AND PLATE XXIU A, FIG. 16.

Bscharopora tenuis, Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 99. 1874.

" " " Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 161. 1879.

In part Bscharopora tenuis. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 17, fig-s. 7-13. 1S83.

ZoARiDM consisting of a thin elongate stipe, with a thickened base ; gradually
enlarging from an obtuse point, for a short distance, beyond which the sides
become essentially parallel ; width varying from 3 to 7 mm. ; transverse
section lenticular ; greatest thickness 1 mm. Cells tubular, arising obliquely
from the mesotheca. Apertures oval or subquadrangular, though frequently
assuming other forms from thickening by silicification ; disposed in longitudi-
nal parallel ranges ; on the central portion of the stipe they are essentially
of the same .size; length .30 mm., width .20 mm.; marginal cells variable in
size and arrangement and diverging from the axis of the frond. Between
adjacent cell apertures there are sometimes two minute cellules. Cell walls
of the parallel ranges in contact laterally, generally coalescing, and very
often becoming much thickened by silicification, especially on the surface,
where they form strong longitudinal ridges, separating the rows of cell
apertures ; outer portion of the cell wall very thin.

This species is associated with P. lirata, and further investigation may show
that the two forms represent different conditions or stages of growth of a single
species.

Formation and localities. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, Albany and Schoharie counties, N. Y.

40 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Ptilodictya nebulosa,

PI^ATK XVII, FIOS. 18-18.

BtAaropora nebulosa. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 99. 1874.

Thirty-second Rept. N. V. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 102. 1879.
In part Jixchanypora (Ptilodictya) tenuis, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 17, figs.

7-13. 1883.
Suckanipora {Ptilodic: ya) ii^tUosa, Hall. Repoit of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 17, tigs. 14-16. 1883.
PaletcJtofa bifniiata. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 107. 1874.
Bteharopora (/ Paiescfiara) bifoliata. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist, p. 162. 1879.
PuUteharaf foliata {ill tiivm), llxLh. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 17, tigs. 17, 18. 1883.

ZoARiDM a thin foliate expansion, with a thickened, narrow, striated base,
Ironi which it abruptly expands. Cells tubular, arising obliquely from a
mesotheca ; arranged in subparallel longitudinal rows, rarely interrupted by
the intercalation of additional rows. Apertures oval or subquadrangular, a
little longer than wide ; length 30 mm. Cell walls coalescing and thickened
on the surface by silicification, forming prominent longitudinal ridges. Sur-
face marked by slightly elevated monticules, the centres of which are distant
from each other about 3 mm. ; on these the cells are larger than the others
and the cell walls thicker ; width of the largest specimen observed 70 mm.

This species is readily distinguished from the others by its broadly spreading
form and the numerous slightly elevated monticules.

The fossil described as Paleschara bifoliata in the Twenty-sixth Report of the
State Museum of Natural History has proved, on further examination, to be a
specimen of Ptilodictya nebulosa, in a crushed and distorted condition.

Formation and localities. Lower Helderberg group, Catskill creek, and near
Clarksville, N. Y.

RHINODICTYA, Ulrich. 1882.

RhINODICTYA ? GRANULOSA, n. Sp.

PLATE XVII, FIGS. 6,6; AMD PI.ATK XXIU A, FIGS. 18, 19.

In part Etchanrpirra (Ptilodictya) lirata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pl. 17, tigs.

1-6. 1883.

ZoAuiUM consisting of a bifurcating flattened stipe; bifurcations very infrequent.
Base obtu-sely pointed ; sides essentially parallel, width 1.50 mm. ; transverse

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 41

section lenticular, greatest thickness .75 mm. Non-celluliferous space at the
margin extremely narrow. Cell apertures oval, disposed in longitudinal
parallel rows, six rows on each face of the branch. Length of apertures, of
the four central rows, about .18 mm., width .14 mm. ; the two outer ranges
are oblique to the axis and larger than the others; length .40 mm.: margins
of apertures of central rows sometimes obscure or obsolete. Interapertural
space elevated, angular, with a row of granules along the middle : margins
of apertures of outer ranges very thin, but distinct and granulose. Size of
apertures varying somewhat, from the thickening of the interapertural space
by silicification.

This species in some of its features is very similar to Ptilodictya, but it
differs from that genus in being bifurcate and having an obtusely pointed base.
This latter feature would exclude it from the genus Stictopora, which has a
thin expanded ba.se, attjiched to foreign bodies. The specimens of this species
examined possess the essential characters of Rhinouictva as described and
illustrated by Mr. Ulrich.

Formalion and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

THAMNISCUS, King. 1849.
Thamniscus variolata.

PLATK X.XII, FIGS. 3<-16.

Thamniscus variolata. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 175. 1879.

Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, figs. 34-46. 1883.

ZoARiUM fruticose, several stems arising from a common base, rapidly spreading
laterally, sometimes forming an infundibuliform frond. Bifurcations very
frequent, occurring at intervals of from 1 to 3 mm., but seldom more
than 2 mm.; branches clavate, much widened before bifurcation; width
of a branch variable, but generally about .75 ram. above a bifurcation, in-
creasing to 1.50 mm. On the specimens observed the non-celluliferous face
is smooth. Cells tubular, apertures circular, diameter .25 mm. ; those
nearest the margin sometimes slightly larger than the others; irregularly

42 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

and closely disposed, very frequently in contact and always distant less than
the diameter of an aperture : margins strong, elevated, those of the outer
ranges projecting beyond the branch. Branches usually round, but some-
times decidedly angular. Diameter of specimens 15 mm. or more.

The very frequent bifurcations and the clavate branches are distinguishing
features of this species.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

ThaMNISCDS FR0TICELLA.

PLATE XXII, FIG. :«

Thamnisctis fniiicella, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 17G. 1879.
" Report of State Geolog-ist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, fig. 33. 1883.

ZoARiUM consisting of a main stem and lateral branches. Bifurcations frequent,
occurring, on the specimens observed, at intervals of about 4 mm. Br.anches
above the bifurcation 1 mm. wide, increasing to 1.50 mm.; clavate; non-
celluliferous face rounded, striated. The celluliferous face has not been ob-
served, but some of the branches of the non-celluliferous face have been so
much worn by maceration, that the bases of the cells can be seen. They are
numerous, three in the space of five mm., and irregularly arranged.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Thamniscus? Cisseis.

I'LATE XXII, FIGS. 44-30.

Thamniscus f Cisseis, Hall. Tliirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat Hist , p. 176. 1879.

In part Thamniscus f Cisseis, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, fig-.s. 23-30. 1883.

ZoARiuM ramose, solid ; celluliferous on one face. Bifurcations occurring at
intervals of from 3 to 4 mm. Transverse section of a branch circular,
diameter 1 ram. Branches more or less curved; on the non-celluliferous
face marked by fine, numerous striae. Cells tubular, length about .75 mm.,
regularly curving and gradually enlarging to the surface. Apertures circular
or Ijroiully oval, sometimes sub-polygonal from mutual pressure; diameter
about .30 mm. ; those nearest the margin are larger and more oval than the

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 43

others ; very closely arranged in quincunx, nearly in contact : margins very
thin, scarcely elevated above the surrounding surface. Interapertural space
flat; granulose.

The general appearance and arrangement of the cell apertures will distinguish
this species from any similar form in the same horizon.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Thamniscus? Nysa.

PLATE XXn, FIGS. 31, 32, 47, 48.

ThamnUcux Nysa, Hah. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hi.st., p. 175. 1879.

" " var. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 176. 1879.

" " " Repoi-t of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi, 22, figs. 31, 32. 1S83.
" Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, figs. 47, 48. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid. Bifurcations frequent; branches 1 mm. in diameter,
very slightly enlarging Ijefore bifurcation ; frequently curved. Non-cellulif-
erous face ob.scurely striated. Cells tubular, opening directly outward;
diameter of apertures .15 mm. ; disposed in oblique transverse rows ; distance
between rows equal to the diameter of an aperture, the apertures forming the
transverse rows nearly or quite in contact : margins thin, strongly elevated.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

FENESTELLA (Miller), Lonsdale. 1839.
Fenestella crebripora.

PLATE XX, FIGS. 1-3.

Feiumtdla erebrlpora. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 95. 1874.

Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 167. 1879.
" " •• Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 20, tigs. 1-3. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches slender, rounded or sub-angular, marked
by very fine striae which are often indistinct. Bifurcations distant from
4 to 10 mm. Width of interstices greater than that of the branches. Dis-
sepiments slender, often oblique, on the same plane as the branches, five
in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, often rhomboidal,
width usually about one-half the length.

44 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

On the celluliferous fttce the branches are angular and the dissepiments
depressed. Cell apertures moderately large, circular, in two ranges opening
laterally ; eighteen in the space of 5 mm., with interspaces equal to the
diameter of an aperture. There is usually an additional aperture imme-
diately below a bifurcation. When the specimen is somewhat worn or mac-
erated, the apertures appear larger, more closely arranged, and open more
upon the side of the branch.

Width of branches above bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm. ;
diameter of dissepiments .20 mm.; length of fenestrules from .75 to .80 mm.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella junceus.

PLATE XX, FIGS 16-18.

FifnesiieUa jmuxiu. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mas. Nat. Hist., ].. 108. 1879.

" " Reiwrt of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 20. tigs. 1(5-18. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, gradually expanding. Branches slender, slowly
increasing in size ; rounded and marked by from six to seven striae on
each branch. Width of the interstices about equal to that of the branches.
Dissepiments slender, rounded, striated, very slightly expanding at their
junction, and on the same plane with the branches. Fenestrules elongate,
8ub-quadrangular.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular and the dissepiments
much depressed. Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite
face. Cell apertures comparatively large, circular, in two ranges, opening
laterally ; twenty-five in the space of 5 mm. ; separated by a distance equal
to the diameter of an aperture ; margins slightly elevated.

Width of a branch above bifurcation .30 mm., increasing to from 50 to
.60 mm.; diameter of dissepiments .25 mm.; length of fenestrules gener-
ally 1 25 mm., sometimes 1.50 mm., width from .25 to .40 mm., usually
about .33 mm

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Clarksville, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 45

Fenestella Cleia.

PLATE XX, FIGS. U, 15.

Fenestella Cleia, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 169. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1883. Expl. pi 2n, figs. 14, 15. 188H.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, broadly spreading; branches moderately strong,
somewhat rigid, sub-angular or rounded, smooth in the specimens observed,
regularly and rapidly increasing in size to the bifurcations, which occur at
intervals of from 3 to 5 mm. Interstices generally narrower than the
branches Dissepiments slender, rounded ; eight in the space of 5 mm. ;
not expanding, slightly depressed below the plane of the branches. Fenes-
trules sub-quadrangular, occasionally square near the base.

On the celluliferous face the branches are obtusely angular and the dissepi-
ments depressed. The fenestrules appear narrower than on the opposite
face. Cell apertures small, circular, in two ranges, opening directly out-
ward ; twenty in the space of 5 mm. ; separated by less than the diameter
of an aperture : margins elevated, very slightly indenting the borders of the
fenestrules. The middle of the branch is occupied by a low rounded ridge,
with frequently a slight groove on each side.

'Width of branches from .25 to ..30 mm., increasing to 50 mm.; diameter
of dissepiments about .20 mm. ; length of fenestrules about .40 mm., width
from .25 to .35 mm.

This species somewhat resembles F. quadrula, but the branches increase
mere rapidly in size, the dissepiments are stronger, and on the celluliferous
face the carina is very slightly elevated, while in that species the carina is
elevated and has an expanded, crenulated summit.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Hestia.

PLATE XX, FIGS. 12, IS.

FHaitella Hexlin. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. SUte Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 168. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 20, figs. 12, 13. 1883.

This species is represented in the collections by a small fragment showing the
non-celluliferous face. The branches are moderately strong, gradually in-

46 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

creasing in size to a bifurcation ; marked by from one to four sharp lines or
striae, which are strongly nodose along their summits. Bifurcations infre-
quent. Dissepiments slender, depressed. Interstices usually equal to the
width of the branches. Fenestrules oval or sub-quadrangular, length about
twice the width.

On the fragment described there are from nine to eleven branches in the
space of 5 mm. measured transversely, and seven fenestrules in the same
space measured longitudinally.

This species bears some resemblance to the non-celluliferous face of some
specimens referred io F. (U.) Nervia, but may be readily distinguished by its
more slender branches, wider interspaces and sub-quadrangular fenestrules.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, at Schoharie, N. Y.

FeNESTELLA iEsYLE.

PLATE XIX, FIGS. 11-13.

Fmestella SSsyU, Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 166. 1879.
• " " •' Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 19, figs. 11-13. 1883.

Bryozoum probably infundibuliform. Branches slender, rounded, marked by
obscure striae. Bifurcations frequent, occurring at intervals of from 2 to
5 mm. Width of interstices greater than that of the branches. Dissepi-
ments rounded, six in the space of 5 mm., slightly expanding at their
junction, and on the same plane with the branches. Fenestrules sub-quad-
rangular, or broadly oval, width from one-half to two-thirds the length.

Cell apertures small, circular, opening directly outward, twenty-five in the
space of 5 mm. ; disposed in two or three ranges, with sometimes an addi-
tional aperture just below a bifurcation.

Width of branch just above a bifurcation .20 mm., increasing to .50 mm. ;
width of dissepiments from .20 to .25 mm. ; fenestrules .60 mm. long.

The specimen represented by fig, 13, pi. xix, is more lax in its growth than
the ordinary forms of this species.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 47

Fenestella Noe, n. sp.

PLATE Xni, FIGS. 19-22.
Fenestella, sp. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 13, figa. 19-22. 1883.

Form not definitely known. Branches slender, rounded and smooth, increasing
in size more or less gradually according to the frequency of the bifurcations,
which occur at intervals of from 2 to 15 mm., generally about 7 mm.
Interstices wider than the branches. Dissepiments very slender, irregularly
disposed; four or five in the space of 5 mm., on the same plane with the
branches. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, varying in size, width generally
one-fifth to one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular, nodose along the mid-
dle and the dissepiments are depressed. Fenestrules of about the same
appearance as on the opposite face. Cell apertures circular, in two ranges,
opening somewhat laterally, eighteen in the space of 5 mm. ; margins
elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules.

Width of branch above bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .55 mm.
Diameter of dissepiments .20 mm., length of fenestrules .75 to 1.50 mm.

Formation and localilij. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Spio, n. sp.

PLATE XIX, FIG. 16.
FenegteUa sp. f Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 19, fig. IG. 1883.

Bbyozodm infundibuliform, compact. Branches moderately slender, angular,
frequently sinuous or zigzag on the non-celluliferous face. Bifurcations
infrequent. Interstices wider than the branches. Dissepiments strong,
angular, seven or eight in the space of 5 mm., expanded at their junction
and on the same plane with the branches. Fenestrules broadly oval or cir-
cular, width nearly or quite equal to the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are nodose and angular, or very
abruptly rounded, and appear much narrower than on the opposite face.

48 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Dissepiments rounded and much depressed. The fenestrules appear larger
and more quadrangular than on the opposite face. Cell apertures small,
circular, in two ranges, opening laterally; twenty-five in the space of 5 mm.,
distant less than the diameter of an aperture.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Alth^a.

PLATE XIX, FIGS. 17-19.

Fhiestella Althea, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 166. 1879.

Report of Stat" Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 19, figs. 17-19. 1883.

Bbyozoum infundibuliform, of somewhat lax growth Branches slender, rounded,
marked by fine striae. Bifurcations distant, frequently occurring at intervals
of 15 mm. or more. Interstices wider than the branches. Dissepiments
very slender, three in the space of 5 mm. ; frequently oblique to the branches.
Fenestrules quadrangular, sometimes rhomboidal from the obliquity of the
dissepiments.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular and the fenestrules
appear oval. Cell apertures circular or slightly oval, in two ranges, with
additional apertures just below a bifurcation ; about twenty in the space of
5 mm. ; distant less than half the diameter of an aperture.

This species, in some of its features,, closely resembles F. crehripora, but it is
of much coarser growth.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Albany county, N. Y.

Fenestella Adraste.

PLATE XX, FIGS. 19-22.

FmetMla Adraste, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 169. 1879.

Report of State Geologrist for 18S2. Expl. pi. 20, figs. 20-22. 1883.
tp. t " Reiwrt of State Geologist for 1832. Expl. pi. 20, fig. 19. 1883.

Bbvozoum infundibuliform, compact. Branches moderately strong, flat, with a
prominent carina along the middle, and on the wider portions of the branch
there is occasionally a striation on each side of the carina. Bifurcations

I

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 49

comparatively infrequent. Interstices usually narrower than the branches.
Dissepiments slender, six in the space of 5 mm., on the same plane as the
branches and much expanded at their junction. Fenestrules oval or sub-
quadrangular, width from one-third to one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments angular
and much depressed. Cell apertures circular, in two ranges, opening some-
what laterally, twenty in the space of 5 mm., closely disposed, frequently
in contact: margins strong, elevated and indenting the borders of the
fenestrules. Between the ranges of cell apertures there is a thin carina,
having a height of about .30 mm.

Width of branch above a bifurcation from .35 to .40 mm., increasing to
.75 mm. ; diameter of dissepiments .20 mm. ; length of fenestrules .65 mm.

This species, on the non-celluliferous face, is characterized by its flat cari-
nated branches, in which feature it differs from any other of this formation.
Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Sylvia.

PLATE XI, FIGS. 4-7.

renestdla Sylvia, Hall. Twenty -sixth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 96. 1874.
Thii-ty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 167. 1879.
Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 20, figs. 4-7. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, broadly spreading, strongly undulating. Branches
slender, gradually and regularly increasing in size to the bifurcations, which
occur at intervals of from 5 to 15 mm., generally not less than 10 mm.;
marked by from three to five moderately strong striae on each branch.
Sometimes the central striation is so prominent as to give an angular or
carinated appearance to the branch. Interstices wider than the branches.
Dissepiments very slender, expanding at their junction and on the same
plane with the branches, eight in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules variable
in form, regularly oval near the base, becoming broadly oval or sub-quad-
rangular above. Width usually from one-half to two-thirds the length, but
sometimes equal to, or greater than, the length.

50 PALMONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular and the dissepiments
much depressed. The fenestrules appear somewhat narrower and more reg-
ular than on the opposite face. Cell apertures small, circular, three in the
length of a fenestrule, disposed in two ranges, opening laterally at an angle
of forty-five degrees to the axis of the branch : margins elevated, slightly
indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Between the ranges of apertures
there is a line of nodes along the summit of the branch.

Width of branches at first .25 mm., increasing to .75 mm. Diameter of
dissepiments from .16 to .18 mm. ; length of fenestrules from .40 to .50 mm.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Philia.

plate xx, figs 9-11.

FfnesUlla Philia. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. SUte Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 168. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 20, figs. 9-11. 1883.

Bryozoum probably infundibuliform, and radially plicate. Branches slender,
rounded and smooth, from twelve to sixteen in the space of 5 mm. Dissepi-
ments slender, nine in the space of 5 mm. Interstices usually wider than
the branches. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular.

On the celluliferous fiice the branches are angular and marked by a line of
nodes along the center. Cell apertures in two ranges, small, circular or sub-
oval, three in the space of one fenestrule, distant from each other more than
the diameter of an aperture.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Thyene.

PLATE XXI, FIGS. 1-5.

PenetteUa Thyene, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 170. 1879.
FmateUa Thyene, Hall. Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 21, figs. 1-5. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, growing directly from a spreading base without a
pedicel. Branches moderately strong, angular, corapcactly arranged, straight

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 51

when the dissepiments are opposite, becoming more or less sinuous or zigzag
when the dissepiments alternate. Bifurcations frequent. Interstices nar-
rower than the branches. Dissepiments strong, angular, seven or eight in
the space of 5 mm., on the same plane, or slightly elevated above the branches,
sometimes continuing across the branches, uniting with other dissepiments
forming a continuous irregular elevation, which is more prominent than the
branches. Fenestrules broadly oval, sometimes nearly circular.

On the celluliferous face the branches are broadly angular and the dissepi-
ments rounded and much depressed. The fenestrules appear narrower than
on the opposite face. Cell apertui-es in two ranges, opening directly out-
ward, twenty in the space of 5 mm., distant a little more than the diameter
of an aperture : margins elevated, not indenting the borders of the fenes-
trules. Branches with comparatively strong carinae having a height of .10
mm., slightly expanded along the summits.

Width of branch above a bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm. ;
diameter of dissepiments .33 mm. ; fenestrules .38 mm. long.

This species on the non-celluliferous face resembles F. Coronis, but is dis-
tinguished by its more compact growth, slender branches and oval fenestrules.
Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Coronis.

PLATE XXI, FIGS. 10-13.

FhuMteUa Cnrtmis, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mua. Nat. Hist., p. 171. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 21, figs. 10-13. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, radially undulating. Branches strong, angular or
rounded on the non-celluliferous side, and flattened for a short distance below
the bifurcation. Dissepiments strong, angular, slightly expanded at their
junction, and on the same plane with the branches.. Fenestrules oval or
quadrangular, varying in size and form, and generally wider than the
branches.

On the celluliferous face, the branches and dissepiments are angular, and
the latter much depressed. The fenestrules appear narrower than on the

62 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, circular, opening directly out-
ward, twenty in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of
an aperture: margins elevated, not, indenting the borders of the fenestrules.
Branches bearing prominent carinae which are expanded and angular along
their summits.

Width of branches above the bifurcations .33 mm., increasing to .75 mm.;
diameter of dissepiments .25 mm. ; fenestrules varying from .60 to .75 mm.
in length and from .40 to .60 mm. in width ; height of carina .40 mm.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Idalia.
plate xxi, figs. 6-9.

FentKieUa Idalia, Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 95. 1874.
Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 170. 1879.
Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 21, figs. 6-9. 1883.

Bryozoom infundibuliform, broadly spreading, nearly flat for a short distance
above the base. Branches moderately slender, rounded, compactly arranged,
regularly increasing in size to the bifurcations, marked by from three to five
granulose striations on each branch ; sometimes so strongly granulose as to
ob.scure the striaB. Bifurcations frequent. Interstices usually about the
width of the branches. Dissepiments very slender, sub-angular, from six to
nine in the space of 5 mm., very slightly expanding at their junction, and
on the same plane with the branches. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, occa-
sionally oval.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular, or sub-carinated. Dis-
sepiments angular and much depressed. The fenestrules appear narrower
than on the opposite face. Cell apertures usually in two ranges, circular,
opening somewhat laterally and separated by less than the diameter of an
aperture : margins elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules.

Width of branch above a bifurcation .20 mm., increasing to .50 mm. ;
diameter of dissepiments .16 mm. ; length of fenestrules on different speci-
mens varying from .40 to .50 mm., width from .25 to .40 mm.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 53

This species is distinguished by the lateral spreading of the frond at a short
distance above the base, the compactly arranged branches and the very slender
dissepiments and small fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella quaurola.

PLATE XXI, FIGS. 19-22.

Fenestella quadrula. Hall. Thirty-second Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 172. 1879.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 21, figs. 19-22. 1883.

Brvozoum infundibuliforin, gradually expanding. Branches moderately strong,
rounded, very graflually increasing in size and becoming flattened before bifur-
cating; marked by from one to three striations on each branch. Sometimes,
for a short distance iibove a bifurcation, there is a single striation along the
middle of the branch, which then appears angular and carinated. Trans-
verse section of the branch usually nearly circular. The bifurcations are at
intervals of from 3 to 5 mm. Width of the interstices nearly equal to the
branches. Dissepiments very slender, nine in the space of 5 mm., on the
same plane with the branches, and not expanding at their junction. Fenes-
trules quadrangular, occasionally square.

On the celluliferous fiice the branches are angular, the dissepiments are
rounded and much depressed The fenestrules appear slightly narrower
than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges opening directly
outward, twenty in the spsice of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter
of an aperture : margins elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules.
Branches with prominent, thin carinas, which is abruptly expanded along
the summit and marked in the middle by a thin, sharp crest. The
margins of the expanded summits bear a row of small nodes which fre-
quently have the appearance of minute apertures, five in the space of
1 mm.

Width of branch at first .33 mm., increasing to .50 or .60 mm. ; diameter
of dis.sepiments .16 mm. ; fenestrules .40 mm. long and .30 mm. wide ; height
of carina .40 mm.

64 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species is charivcterized by its quadrangular fenestrules and its very
slender dissepiments which do not expand at their junction with the branches.
Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

UNITRYPA, Hall. 1885.

FeNESTELLA (UnITRYPA) PRiECURSOR.

PLATE XXI, FIGS. 14-18.

PmeiMla prOBenrtor, Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 94. 1874.
" " " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 171. 1879.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 21, figs. 14-18. 1883.

Brtozoum infundibuliform, not rapidly expanding, growing directly from the
spreading base without a pedicel. Branches moderately strong, gently
rounded, very gradually increasing in size to the bifurcations, often sub-paral-
lel for some disUuice ; marked by two or three coarse granulose striae on each
branch. The granules or nodes are sometimes so prominent as to obliterate
all other surface markings, but are often regularly arranged. Interstices
narrower than the branches. Dissepiments strong, rounded, granulose, six
or seven in the space of 5 mm., on a plane with the branches. Fenestrules
oval or sub-quadrangular, width from one-half to two-thirds the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches and dissepiments are angular and
the latter much depressed. The fenestrules appear somewhat smaller and
more regularly oval than on the opposite face. Cell apertures oval, in two
ranges, opening directly outward and obliquely to the axis of the branch ;
eighteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an
aperture: margins elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules.
Branches carinated ; carina thin below, rapidly expanding above, into an
angular summit with a thin sharp crest along the middle and on each mar-
gin a row of nodes, sometimes appearing like minute apertures. Either on
account of the more perfect condition of the frond or the more advanced
stage of growth, the nodes of contiguous carinae are sometimes extended
until they unite, forming slender bars connecting them.

Branches varying in width from .30 to .35 mm., increasing to .75 mm. ;
diameter of dissepiments .25 mm. ; fenestrules from .50 to .60 mm. in length

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 55

over the greater portion of the frond. The summit of the carina has a width
of .35 mm.

In the normal condition of this species, the margins of the expanded summits
of the carinas have simply a row of nodes. In some specimens a few of the
nodes extend and form lateral processes which unite with those opposite side
connecting the summits of the carinas. Over the greater portion of one specimen
all the nodes are thus extended and united giving to it the essential character
of Unitrypa. This species shows the manner of growth of Unitrypa and its
intimate connection with Fenestella ; also the impossibility of forming a dis-
tinctly limited genus from these forms.

Formation and locMliti/. Lower Helderberg group, Near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) Nervia.

PLATE XXU, FIGS. 1-3, 6, (9, 10) ?

FemenUlla Nervia, Hall. Twenty-sixth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 93. 1874.
Hemitrypa prima, " Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 98. 1874.
Fenestella (Hemitrypa) Nervia, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 173. 1879.
In part Fenestella (Heiaitrypa) Nerniaf Uall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, figs. 1-6,

9, lO. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, broadly spretuling and radially undulated or folded.
Branches moderately strong, rounded, granulose. Bifurcations frequent.
Interstices narrower than the branches. Dissepiments strong, about six in
the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, width generally about one-half the
length.

On the celluliferous fivce the fenestrules usually appear much narrower than
on the opposite side. Cell apertures in two ranges, small, circular, distant
less than the diameter of an aperture ; margins distinctly elevated, not
indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Branches marked by strong,
elevated carinas, wliich have their summits slightly expanded and connected
by slender lateral processes.

Width of branch above a bifurcation .33 mm., increasing to .50 or .60 mm. ;
width of dissepiments .35 mm. ; length of fenestrules .50 mm.

56 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

The elevated carinae with the connecting bars are very fragile and are want-
ing on the greater portion of the specimens observed.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg group,
Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) Nervia, var. constbicta.

FLATB XXII, FIQS. 11, U.

Feiuttdla (HemUrypa) ytrtia, var. (muitricta. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p.

174. 1879.
" " " .... Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 23, figs.

11, 12. 1883.

Beyozocm infundibuliform, compact. Branches moderately strong, slightly
diverging, es.sentially parallel, very gradually increasing in size to the bifur-
cations, marked on the non-poriferous side by from three to six strongly
granulose striae. Transverse section of branch broadly oval. Bifurcations
infrequent. Interstices narrow. Dissepiments rounded, granulose, very
slightly depressed, about eight in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, width
from one-half to three-fourths the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular and the dissepiments
much depressed. Cell apertures small, sub-circular, in two ranges, opening
somewhat laterally, twenty-five in the sp.ace of 5 mm., distant less than the
diametei* of an aperture : margins strongly elev.ated on the anterior, indent-
ing the borders of the fenestrules. Branch bearing a very thin carina, which
is slightly expanded along the summit and connected by irregular lateral
processes, which sometimes continue from the summit of one carina to that
of another ; at other times they meet midway, coalesce and form an indis-
tinct, irregular ridge.

Width of branch above a bifurcation .40 mm., increasing to .60 mm. Dis-
sepiments from .20 to .25 mm. in diameter ; fenestrules about .40 mm. long ;
height of carina .40 mm., summit .14 mm. wide.

This variety is easily distinguished by its compact form, sub-parallel branches,
the usually irregular character of the connecting processes, and the narrow
summits of the carinas.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 57

HEMITRYPA, Phillips. 1841.
Fenestella (Hemitrypa) biserialis.

PLATE XXII, riGS. 13, 16-18.

Eenettdla (Hemitrypa) biserialig. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 174. 1879.
In part Fenentella {Hemitrypa) biserialis. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, figs.

13-18. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, regularly expanding. Branches strong, rounded,
marked on the non-celluliferous face by single, prominent, triangular nodes,
which usually occur opposite the dissepiments. Interstices usually narrower
than the branches. Dissepiments strong, rounded, slightly depressed.
Fenestrules small, oval, width about one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular, and the dissepiments
rounded and depressed. The fenestrules appear narrower than on the oppo-
site face. Cell apertures small, circular, in two ranges, opening directly out-
ward, twenty in the space of 5 mm., distant less than the diameter of an
aperture. Branches bearing strong carinoe, which are expanded along their
summits, sending off processes, which, meeting with similar processes from
the adjacent carinae, coalesce midway between the branches forming a ridge,
which is not so strong as the summits of the carinae. There are four pro-
cesses in the space of 1 mm. Interstices formed by the connecting bars sub-
quadrangular, width greater than the length.

Width of branch above a bifurcation .30 mm., increasing to .50 or .60 mm. ;
dissepiments from 40 to .45 mm in diameter; fenestrules about .45 mm. long.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.
Fenestella (Hemitrypa) biserialis, var. exilis, n. var.

PLATE XXn, FIG.S. U, 15.

In part Fenestella (Hemitrypa) biserialis, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, figs.

13-18. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, gradually expanded. Branches moderately slender,
rounded or angular on the non-celluliferous face, .and frequently with a strong

58 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

node opposite the dissepiments. Width of the interstices about equal to that
of the branches. Dissepiments very slender, angular, slightly depressed
below the plane of tlie branches, eight in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules
8ub-quiulrangular, width from one-half to two-thirds the length.

On the celluliferous fiice the branches are angular and the dissepiments
rounded and depressed. The fenestrules appear more oval in form than on
the opposite face. Cell apertures small, circular, in two ranges, opening
directly outward, twenty-five in the space of 5 mm., distant less than the
diameter of an aperture : margins elevated and indenting the borders of the
fenestrules. Branches carinated ; the summits of the carinaB are expanded,
angular and connected by lateral processes which meet midway between the
branches, coalesce and form a flattened zigzag ridge. The lateral processes
correspond in number and are situated over the cell apertures. The inter-
stices are oval, and wider than long.

Width of branch above a bifurcation. .20 mm., increasing to .50 mm. ; dis-
sepiments from .18 to .20 mm. in diameter; length of fenestrules from .40
to .60 mm. ; height of carina .20 mm.

This form differs from F. {H.) biserialis in its more delicate growth, smaller
branches, and the more slender and closely arranged dissepiments.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

POLYPORA, McCoy. 1845.
Fenestella (Polypora) Eudora.

PLATK XLX, FIGS. 3, 4, 6 ? (i-lU.

Fau$teUa Eudora, Hall. Thirty-second R«pt. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 165. 1879.
" " " Report of State Geolojfist for 1882. Expl. pi. 19, fiifs. 3-10. 1883.

Bryozoum broadly infundibuliform, growing from a very slender pedicel,
having a diameter less than 1 mm. Branches moderately slender, very
gnidually increasing in size to the bifurcations, which occur at intervals of
from 3 to 15 ram., and are more frequent near the base than above. On the
non-cell id iferous fjvce the branches are rounded, sometimes flattened just
below a bifurcation, marked by from five to seven very fine, distinct striae

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 59

on each branch. Width of interstices about equal to that of the branches.
Dissepiments moderately slender, abruptly rounded, four in the space of 5
mm., slightly depressed below the plane of the branches and not expanding
at their junction. Fenestrules quadrangular, varying in width from one-
fourth to one-half their length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded, and the dissepiments
much depressed. Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite
face. Cell apertures circular, opening laterally, distant about one-half the
diameter of an aperture, from twenty to twenty-two in the space of 5 mm.,
disposed in two ranges, with occasionally one or two additional apertures
immediately below the bifurcation : margins thick, elevated, indenting the
borders of the fenestrules. The branch, sometimes, has a slightly elevated,
very thin carina, which is scarcely perceptible.

Width of branch above bifurcation .30 mm., increasing to .50 or .60 mm. ;
diameter of dissepiments .24 mm. ; length of fenestrules generally, about
1 mm.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Clarksville, N. Y.
Fenestella (Polypora) stricta, n. sp.

PLATK XLX, FIGS. 1, 2.
FmuUlla EuAnrat Reiwrt of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 19, figs. 1, 2. 1883.

Bryozoum probably infundibuliform, compact. Branches moderately slender,
rounded, becoming flattened for a short distance before bifurcating, marked
by fine, sharp, longitudinal striae. Bifurcations distant, often 15 mm. or
more apart. Interstices about equal in width to the branches. Dissepi-
ments rounded, seven or eight in the space of 10 mm., expanded at their
junction with, and on the same plane as the branches. Fenestrules quad-
rangular or elongate-oval, width from one-fifth to one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular, becoming rounded for
a short distance before bifurcation. Dissepiments rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite face. Cell apertures

60 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

circular, in two and three ranges, opening directly outward, eighteen or twenty
in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an aperture.
Three ranges of apertures usually occur, only for 1 or 2 mm. on the branch
before bifurcating, but sometimes the intermediate range extends for 4 or
5 mm. : margins elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Branch
with a very slight carina between the ranges of cell apertures.

This species is distinguished by its closely arranged, sub-parallel branches,
distant bifurcations, and its rigid appearance.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) Idothea.
plate xix, figs. 14, 15.

Polypora elegansf Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 97. 1874.
Feneslella Idothea, " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 1(56. 1879.

" •' Report of State Geologist for 18S2 Expl. pi. 19, tijfs. 14, 15. 1883.

Bryozoum observed only as flattened fragments, the form of a perfect specimen
is, therefore, not definitely known. Br.anches moderately slender, rounded
on the non-celluliferous side, and marked by fine strias. Bifurcations fre-
quent. Width of interstices greater than that of the branches. Dissepi-
ments slender, rounded, six in the space of 5 mm., expanded at their junction,
and on the same plane as the branches. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, longer
than wide.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular or sub-angular, appear-
ing stronger than on the opposite face. Dissepiments rounded, sometimes
angular and depressed. Cell apertures oval, in two and three ranges, open-
ing laterally, length nearly twice the width, and separated by a space equal
to one-half the length of an aperture, from eighteen to twenty-two in the
space of 5 mm. : margins slightly elevated, not indenting the borders of the
fenestrules Between the ranges of apertures, the branch is rounded or
sub-angular, and marked by very fine tortuous striae.

Width of branch above a bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .40 mm.;
diameter of dissepiments .20 mm. ; length of fenestrules from .40 to .60 mm. ;
width from .30 to .40 mm.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 61

This species is characterized by its somewhat straggling manner of growth,
and the comparatively large, distinctly oval, and closely disposed cell apertures.
Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) compressa.

PLATE XVIII, FIGS. 14-18

FeiKxtella compressa, Haix. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 164. 1879.

plaiiiraviosa, ■' Report of State Geolo/^ist for 1882. Expl. pi. 18, figs. 14-18. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, rapidly expanding. Branches strong, bifurcations
at intervals of from 4 to 10 mm. ; on the non-celluliferous side sub-angular,
becoming flattened and for a short distance before bifurcation concave, or
with a slight channel along the middle ; marked by from six to nine finely
granulose lines on each branch, which when the specimen is well preserved
are very distinct. Interstices usually wider than the branches. Dissepi-
ments comparatively slender, rounded, on a plane with the branches. Fen-
estrules sub-quadrangular.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular, sub-carinated, becoming
flattened or concave as they .approach the bifurcation. Dissepiments angu-
lar, ribbed, much depressed. Fenestrules essentially of the same appearance
as on the opposite face. Cell apertures large, circular, from twelve to fifteen
in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an aperture ;
disposed in two and three ranges, with occasionally four ranges immediately
below a bifurcation ; the outer rows open laterally, the central row or rows
directly outward: margins slightly elevated, not indenting the borders of
the fenestrules. Between the ranges of apertures the branches are angular,
with distant triangular nodes, and the wider portions of the branches are
nejvrly square in their transverse section, so that in looking directly at the
specimen, the outer rows of apertures cannot be seen.

Width of branches .30 to .40 mm., increasing to a little less than 1 mm. ;
diameter of dissepiments usually .30 mm. ; length of fenestrules 1.35 mm.,
width from .33 to .80 mm.

62 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species is characterized by the form of the branches, which are rhom-
boidal in transverse section for some distance above a bifurcation and square
in the wider portions. It resembles F. paxillata, but has somewhat stronger
branches, and is more lax in its m.anner of growth.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

FeNESTELLA (PoLYPORA) LiLiEA.

PLATE XVIII, FIGS. 19-22.

Polypora Lilia. Hall. Twenty-sixth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 96. 1874.

Fhiftflla {Polyi^ora) I/il<fn. Hai.l. Thirty-second Re|)t. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 16.5. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 18, figs. 19, 20. 1883.
iJe/^xwYi, n. sp.. Hah. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 18, tigs. 21, 22. 1883.

Brvozoum probably infundibuliform, growing from a very thin spreading
radicle, which merges into a slender pedicel above having a diameter of
1 mm. Branches moderately strong, rounded on the non-celluliferous face
and marked by obscure striae. Bifurcations frequent. Dissepiments strong,
expanding at their junction with the branches; four in the space of 5 mm.
Fenestrules oval, width generally one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded or flattened, and the
dissepiments rounded and depressed. Fenestrules of the same appearance
as on the opposite face. Cell apertures in from two to four ranges, the
marginal ranges opening laterally ; twenty in the space of 5 mm. When
the specimen is worn or macerated the cells are large, oval and in contact,
and without a careful examination this feature might readily be mistaken
for the normal condition of the fossil.

Width of branches just above the bifurcation .20 mm., increasing to
.70 ram. ; diameter of dissepiments .25 mm.

Formation and localities. Lower Helderberg group, Schoharie, and near
ClarksviUe, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 63

Fenestella (Polypora) compacta.

PLATE XVIII, FIGS. 1-3; PLATE 22, FIGS. 4, ,1.

Fmextdla compacta. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 163. 1879.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 18, figs. 1-3. 1883.
In part Fenestella (Hemilrypa) Nereia, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, figs. 1-6.

1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, compact. Branches on the non-celluliferous side
moderately strong, rounded, marked by obscure, granulose striations. Bifur-
cations occurring at intervals of from 3 to 7 mm. ; width of the interstices
usually less than the narrower portion of the branches. Dissepiments strong,
rounded, on a plane with the branches, seven or eight in the space of 5 mm.
Fenestrules oval, width from one-half to three-fourths the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded, and the dissepiments
.angular, while the fenestrules appear much narrower than on the opposite
face, the branches being, sometimes, nearly in contact. Cell apertures
minute, circular, in two and three ranges, opening directly outward, from
fifteen to seventeen in the .space of 5 mm., separated by less than the
diameter of an aperture : margins distinctly elevated, those of the lateral
ranges indenting the borders of the fenestrules.

Width of branches .33 mm., increa.sing to .66 mm. ; width of dissepiments
from .25 to .33 mm. ; length of fenestrules from .25 to .33 mm.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) Arta.

PLATE XVIII, FIGS. 4-7.

fhiettella Arta, Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 163. 1879.

In i>art Fenestella Arta, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 18, figs. 4-9. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches on the non-celluliferous side very strong
near the base, becoming more slender above; angular, usually straight;
sometimes sinuous or zigzag and presenting an irregular appearance ; bifur-
cating at intervals of 10 mm. or more. Width of the interstices less than
that of the branches. Dissepiments strong, angular, expanded at their

6i PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

junction and on the same plane with the branches; five in the space of
5 mm. Fenestrules oval, width generally about one-half the length. The
specimens observed are without ornamentation.

On the celluliferous face the branches are usually rounded, becoming
angular or carinated where there are two ranges of apertures. Dissepi-
ments rounded, depressed. The fenestrules appear narrower than on the
opposite face, the width frequently being not more than one-fourth the
length. Cell apertures minute, in two and three ranges, opening directly
outward ; twenty-five in the space of 5 mm. ; sometimes nearly in contact,
usually distant about one-half the diameter of an aperture : margins strong,
elevated, decidedly indenting the borders of the fenestrules.

Width of branch above a bifurcation, near the base of a bryozoum,
.50 mm., increasing to nearly 1 mm. ; at some distance above the width is
.30 mm., increasing to .60 or .70 mm. ; width of dissepiments .30 mm. ;
length of fenestrules .70 mm.

This species may be distinguished from F. (P.) obliqua, pi. xviii, figs. 8, 9, by
its less robust appearance, the larger and more distant apertures, and the pres-
ence of a carina between the ranges of cell apertures.

Formation and locality. In the lower Helderberg group, Catskill creek, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) obliqua, n. sp.

PLATE XVm, FIGS. 8, 9.

In part FenetteUa ortatUALL. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mub. Nat. Hist., p. 163. 1879.

" " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 18, figs. 4-9. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, compact, undulating Branches strong, angular,
straight, sinuous or zigzag, according to the arrangement of the dissepi-
ments. Bifurcations frequent. Dissepiments strong, angular ; six in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules elongate-ov.al.

On the celluliferous face the fenestrules appear much narrower than on
the opposite face, and the polyzoary presents a much more compact and
rigid appearance. Cell apertures small, circular, in from two to four ranges ;

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 65

twenty in the space of 5 mm. ; distant less than the diameter of an
aperture : margins strong, elevated, those of the marginal ranges indenting
the borders of the fenestrules and giving to them a crenulated appearance.

Width of branches .40 mm., increasing to .75 mm. ; diameter of dissepi-
ments .40 mm. ; length of fenestrules about .40 mm.

This species, in some respects, closely resembles F. (P.) Aria, to which it was
formerly referred, but it has a more robust appearance, the cell apertures are
more closely disposed, and the ranges are not separated by a carina.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the lower Helderberg
group, on Catskill creek, Greene county, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) paxillata.

PLATE XVIU, FIGS. 10-12.

FenexteUa paxillata. Hall. Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 164. 1879.

7Kipi«ata (in eiTor), Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1 SS2. Expl. pi. IS, figs. 10-12. 188.S.

Bryozodm observed only in fragments, the form is, therefore, not definitely
known. On the non-celluliferous face the branches are slender, at first
rounded, becoming flattened and concave for a .short distance before bifurcat-
ing, and marked by fine striae. Bifurcations distant. Dissepiments moder-
ately strong, rounded, slightly depres.sed below the plane of the branches.
Fenestrules sub-quadrangular ; width from one-half to one-third the length.
On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded, the dissepiments
sub-angular and very much depressed. The fenestrules appear of the same
form as on the opposite face. Cell apertures minute, circular ; fourteen in
the spjice of 5 mm. ; distant about the diameter of an aperture ; disposed in
from two to four ranges ; two ranges occur only for a short distance above
the bifurcation, while the greater portion of the branch is occupied by three
ranges. The central range or ranges open directly outward, the outer
ranges open laterally.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.

66 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella adornata, n. sp.

PLATE XXII, KIGS. 7, 8.
Fenestella, sp. t Hall. Report of SUte Geologrist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, flgs. 7, 8. 1883.

Bryozodm infundibuliform. Branches moderately strong, gently rounded ; very
grmlually and regularly increasing in size to the bifurcations, which are infre-
quent ; marked by from two to three prominent, granulose striations. Width
of interstices from one-half to two-thirds that of the branches. Dissepi-
ments strong, width .40 mm., six in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules regu-
larly oval.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. The interstices appear
narrower than on the opposite face. Dissepiments rounded, much depressed
below the plane of the branches. Cell apertures small, circular ; twenty in
the space of 5 mm., disposed in two ranges, opening somewhat laterally :
margins distinctly and equally elevated. Ranges of apertures separated by
a narrow, slightly elevated carina.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y.
ICHTHYORACHIS, McCoy. 1844.

ICHTHYORACHIS NeREIS.

PLATE XXII, FIGS. 19-21.

IchOiyorachla NereU, Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 98. 1874.
" " " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. Stete Mus. Nat. Hist., p 174. 1879.

" " Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 22, figs. 19-21. 1883.

ZoARiOM plumose ; midrib longitudinally striated, flattened on the non-celluliferous
face and marked by a groove along the center. Lateral branches or pinnules
slender, distant from each other about the width of the midrib. There are
two rows of apertures on the pinnules and three or more on the midrib.
The largest fragment observed has a length of 17 mm. ; width of midrib
.50 mm. ; width of pinnules about .25 mm.

The specimens are poorly preserved, and the characters of the cell aper-
tures are indistinctly shown.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 67

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, Schoharie, N. Y.

MONOTRYPA, Nicholson. 1879.

MONOTKYPA ? SPINOSULA, n. Sp.

PLATE XVI, FIG. 28.

iSpecies undetermiiied. Report of State Geologist for J 882. Expl. pi. 16, fig. 25. 1883.

ZoARiUM explanate. Cells polygonal; septa infrequent ; diameter of cell aper-
tures .25 mm. Surface marked by maculae composed of cells of nearly twice
the diameter of those on other portions of the zoarium. Centers of maculae
distant from each other 5 mm.

Formation and locality. Tentaculite limestone. Lower Helderberg group,
Schoharie, N. Y.

Paleschara concentrica, n. sp.

PLATE XVI, FIG. 24.
Speeiet wtdetermlned. Report of State Geologist for 1S82. Expl. pi. 16, fig. 24. 1883.

Zoarium foliate; cells polygonal, in contact ; walls thin ; diameter of apertures
.40 mm. ; disposed in a radiatingly concentric order.

This species may be distinguished from P. incrustans by the more regular
arrangement of the cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Lower Helderberg group, Clarksville, N. Y.

08 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

TABLE OF FENESTELLlDvE OF THE LOWER HELDEHBEKG GROUP.

Fenestella.

a. Simple angular branches with two ranges of cell apertures.
F. crebripora. F. Hestia.

F. Junceus. F. ^syle.

F. Cleia. F. Noe.

F. Spio.

h. Simple angular branches with three ranges of cell apertures just below the
bifurcations of the branches.

F. Althaea. F. stricta.

F. Eudora. F. Idothea.

c. Branches with prominent nodes or carina.

F. Adraste. F. Coronis.

F. Sylvia. F. Idalia.

F. Philia. F. quadrula.

F; Thyene. F. adornata.

d. Unitrypa, carina elevated, connected by simple bars.

F. (U.) prsecursor. F. (U.) Nervia.

F. (U.) Nervia, var constricta.

e. Hemitrtpa, carina elevated, connected by alternating bars, forming an inter-

mediate false crest.

F. (H.) biserialis. F. (H.) biserialis, var. exilis.

/. PoLYPORA, branches with three or more ranges of cell apertures.

1. Branches with two and three ranges of cell apertures — three ranges pre-

dominating.

F. (P.) compressa. F. (P.) compacta.

F. (P.) Lilaea. F. (P.) arta.

F. (P.) obliqua.

2. Branches with three and four ranges of cell apertures.

F. (P.) paxillata.

UPPER HELDERBERG GROUP.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.

Trematopora (Trematella) annulata.

PLATE XXV, FIGS. 22, 23 ; and PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 1, 2.

Trematopora annulata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 5. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, tigs. 1, 2. 1883.
TremaMla '• " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 22,

23. 1886.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid ; branches from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter ; bifurcations
occurring at intervals of from 4 to 15 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the
center of the branch and regularly curving to the surface ; in cont<act for the
greater portion of their length ; diverging and leaving a short intercellular
space as they approach the surface ; septate, septa closely disposed. Cell
apertures polygonal, diameter .25 mm.; irregularly disposed, lisually in contact,
frequently with small spinules at the angles. Pseudopores small, infrequent.
Monticules elongate, transverse to the branch ; two or more are usually in
the same line giving to the branch an annulated appearance. There is a
narrow space along the middle of each monticule usually destitute of cell
apertures, but frequently with small pits or pseudopores.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.
Trematopora (Trematella) arborea.

PLATE XXV, FIGS. 16-21.

TWmatopora arborea. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 5. 1881.

Trematella " " Report. of State Geologist for 18S5, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, figp. 10-21.

1 886.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid; branches from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter; bifurcations
occurring at intervals of from 2 to 7 mm. Cells tubular, polygonal, gradu-

70 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

ally diverging until near the surface, when they abruptly turn outward;
septa infrequent. Cell apertures oval, length about .22 mm., width from
one-half to two-thirds the length ; closely and irregularly disposed. Inter-
apertural space spinulose. The branches, when in a perfect condition, .ire
covertnl by closely arranged aculeate processes. Many of the branches are
annulated, but this feature is not constant.

In some varieties this species resembles Trematopora (TVematella) annulata, but
may be distinguished by the oval cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Tbematopoba (Tbematella) glomebata.

PLATE XXV, KIQ8. I, 6.

Tretnatella glomerata. Hall. Report of State Geologiat for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 4, 5.

1886.

ZoABiDM ramose, solid; branches from 1.50 to 2 mm. in diameter; bifurcations
frequent. Cells tubular, in contact for the greater portion of their length,
slightly diverging as they approach the surface ; septa infrequent or want-
ing. Intercellular space apparently solid. Cell apertures usually oval or
circular, length .30 mm. ; closely and irregularly disposed. Interapertural
area elevated, angular or nodulose. Pseudopores variable in number on
different portions of the frond, generally infrequent.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, N. Y.
Tbematopoba (Obtuopoba) scutulata.

PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 7, 8.

Treinatoptrra xcutuUUa, U&ll. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 6. 1S81.

" " " Rejwrt of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, figs. 7, 8. 1883.

Zoabium ramose, solid; branches widely diverging, 1 mm. in diameter; bifur-
cations frequent. Cell apertures oval, length .25 mm., width .18 mm. ; dis-
posed in longitudinal parallel rows, alternating, forming oblique transverse
rows, the latter arrangement being the most conspicuous : peristomes thin,
inclosing a rhomboidal area, with a minute spinule at etich angle.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 71

This species closely resembles T. (0.) rhombifera, but the apertures are com-
paratively larger, more closely disposed, and the branches have a more delicate
appearance.

Formation and localities. Upper Helderberg group, near Waterville, and
Onondaga valley, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) regularis.

PLATE XXV, FIGS. 27, 28 ; AND PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 5, 6.

Trematoyora regularis. Hall. Twenty-sixth Kept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 105. 1874.
Orthopora " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 2.5, figs. 27,

28. 1886.

The specimens from the Upper Helderberg group, referred to this species,
present essentially the same characters as those of the Lower Helderberg group,
described on page 16.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Trematopora (Orthopora) rhombifera.

PLATE XXV, FIG. 29 ; AND PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 3, 4.

Treutatopora rhomhlfera. Hall. Twenty-sixth Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 106. 1874.
Orthopora " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, fig. 29.

1886.

The specimens from this horizon present essentially the same characters as
the forms of the Lower Helderberg group, described on page 18.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

TROPIDOPORA, Hall. 1886.
Tropidopora nana.

plate XXV, FIGS. 25, 26.

Tropidopora nana. Hall. Report of Stale Geologist for 188.i, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 25, 26.

1886.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid; branches .60 mm. in diameter Cell apertures broadly
oval or circular, diameter .16 mm.; disposed in irregular longitudinal
rows, which are separated by sinuous ridges : peristomes very thin, slightly
elevated.

72 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

The interior of this species has not been studied, but the exterior chanacters
are so diflferent from other Trematoporoid forms that there seems a necessity
of separating it as a distinct genus.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, N. Y.

DIAMESOPORA, Hall. 1852.

DlAMESOPORA CAMBRATA.

PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 9, 10.

Trenudopora camerata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, figs 9, 10. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, lioUow ; branches 1.50 mm. in diameter; thickness of polyzoary
.50 mm. Cell apertures usually circular or slightly oval, sometimes arched,
diameter .33 mm. ; generally irregularly disposed, but sometimes forming
indistinct transverse rows. Anterior portion of peristome slightly elevated,
posterior margin strongly elevated, oblique.

This species may be distinguished by its hollow cylindrical stems and very
oblique, somewhat scattered cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Caledonia, N. Y.
ACANTHOCLEMA, Hall. 1886.

ACANTHOCLEMA ALTEKNATUM.

I'LATK XXV, FIGS. 8-10.

lyematopora cUUrnata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. ti. 1881.

AeeuUiloehma " " Repoi-t of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. i)l. 25, figs. 8-10.

1886.

ZoARiCM ramose, solid ; branches slightly more than 1 mm. in diameter. Cells
tubular, arising from a slender central axis, in contact for a little more than
one-half their length. Cell apertures oval, length about .20 mm., width two-
thirds the length ; disposed in longitudinal parallel rows, ten rows on a
branch, separated by strong longitudinal ridges, which are frequently granu-
lose : peristomes thin, scarcely elevated. Between each two adjacent aper-
tures, in the longitudinal direction, there is a prominent spiniform conical node.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 73

The characteristic features of the surface are the longitudinal ridges alter-
nating with the rows of nodes.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, N. Y.

ACANTHOCLEMA OVATUM.

PLATE XXVIII, FIG. 3.

Treinatcpnra, sp. undt.. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2,5, fig. 3. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid ; diameter 1 mm. ; bifurcations infrequent. Cell aper-
tures oval, length .22 mm., width one-half the length ; disposed in longi-
tudinal parallel rows; twelve rows in the circumference of a branch, separated
by narrow, slightly elevated ridges.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, Onondaga
county, N. Y.

ACANTHOCLEMA DIVERGENS.

PLATE XXVUI, FIG. 2.

Trematoporaf sp. undt.. Hall. Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 25, fig. 2. 1883.

ZoABitiM ramose, solid ; branches .60 mm. in diameter, diverging at an angle
of ninety degrees ; bifurcations infrequent. Cell apertures oval, length .24
mm., width about one-half the length ; disposed in longitudinal parallel
rows; six rows in the circumference of a branch, separated by narrow,
slightly elevated ridges.

This species closely resembles A. triseriale, but the cell apertures are pro-
portionally much larger. A critical comparison shows this form to be quite
distinct from the preceding {A. ovatum), with which it had been united in the
previous descriptions.

Formation and locaity. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, Onondaga
county, N. Y.

74 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

ACANTHOCLEMA TRISEBIALE.

PLATE XXVIII, FIGS. 5, «.

StietoporatrUertalig,BkJ.x.. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Kxjil. pi. 25 (xxviii), figs. 5, 6. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid ; diameter .50 mm. ; bifurcations infrequent. Cell aper-
tures oval, length 15 mm., width from one-half to two-thirds the length ;
disposed in longitudinal parallel rows ; six rows in the circumference of a
branch, separated by comparatively prominent ridges.

This species may be distinguished by its slender branches, and minute cell
apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Caledonia, N. Y.

N EM AT AXIS, Hall. 1886.
Nemataxis fibrosds.

PLATE XXV, FIGS. 80-36.
NeiiuUaxlt fibrosa. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, ailvance sheets. Expl. pi. 2.">, figs. 30-36. 1886.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid; branches 4 mm. in diameter; bifurcations comparatively
frequent. Cells tubular, polygonal, arising from a central filiform axis,
diverging at an angle of forty-five degrees until within a short distance
from the surface, when they abruptly turn outward. Cell walls in con-
tact for nearly their entire length. Cell apertures oval, length .30 mm.,
width about one-half the length ; clo.sely disposed in longitudinal parallel
rows, separated by prominent ridges ; about thirty rows on a branch : per-
istomes very thin, slightly elevated. At intervals of 3 mm. the surface is
marked by monticules which are destitute of cell apertures, and extend across
the branch, giving it an annulated appearance. The cell apertures are
frequently obsolete, the surfjujes being occupied by prominent longitudinal
ridges.

In a fractured specimen, near the base, exposing the interior below the sur-
face, the stipe exhibits a compact fibrous texture.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Ontario, Canada.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 75

CALLOPORA, Hall. 1852.
Callopora multiseriata.

PLATE XXV, FIGS. 6, 7 ; AND PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 18, 19.

Callopora mtMisenala, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 7. 1881.

" " " Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, figs. 18, 19. 18SJ.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 6, 7.

1886.

ZoABiUM ramose, solid ; branches 2 mm. in diameter. Cell apertures oval, length
.33 mm., width two-thirds the length ; irregularly disposed, distance from
each other varying from contact to a little more than the width of an aper-
ture: margins very thin, not elevated. Mesopores elongate, arranged in
longitudinal rows, giving to the surftice of the branches a striated appearance.

This species may be distinguished from C. gmiculata by the elongate meso-
pores and striated appearance of the surface.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Warner's Quarry, south of
Le Roy, N. Y.

Callopora geniculata.

PLATB»XXV, FIGS. 1-3.
Callopora geniculata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 1-3. 1886.

Zoarium ramose, solid; branches 1.50 mm. in diameter; bifurcations frequent.
Cells tubular, gradually enlarging. Cell apertures oval, length .33 mm.,
width two-thirds the length ; usually irregularly disposed, and sometimes
having an indistinct longitudinal arrangement: margins moderately strong,
not elevated. Mesopores minute, from one to three series between adjacent
cell apertures. Surface without maculae.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Ontario, Canada.

76 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

CCELOC AULI,S, Hall.
Callopora (C<EL0CAULI8) aculeolata,

PLATK XXVI, FIU3. 16,'.n.

CaUopora cteuleoUita, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 7. 1881.

" Report of State Geologist for 1883. Expl. pi. 24, figs. IG, 17. 1883.

ZoARiUM ramose, hollow; branches from 2.50 to 3 mm. in diameter. Cell aper-
tures oval, length .50 mm., width from one-half to three-fourths the length ;
irregularly disposed, frequently in contact: peristomes moderately strong,
equally elevated, with from one to three conical nodes. Mesopores minute,
indistinct; margins thin, slightly elevated.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, N. Y.
Callopora (Ccelocaulis) irregularis.

I'l.ATE XXVI, FIGS. 11-15.

Callopora irreffularU, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 7. 1881.

In part TS-ematopora {Callopora) irreffidaris. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, figs.

11-1.5. 1883.

ZoARiDM ramose, hollow ; branches from 2 to 3 mm. in diameter. Cell apertures
circular, irregularly disposed, diameter .33 mm.: peristomes strong, distinctly
and equally elevated. Mesopores Large, indistinct, frequently obsolete.
Peristomes and surface finely granulose.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Central New York.
Callopora (Ccelocaulis) Hyale.

PLATE XII, FIG.9. 18, 1«.

Callirpora Hyale, Halu Twcnty-sixte Rept. N. Y. State Mvis. Nat. Hist., p. 100. 1874.
'• " Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mas. Nat. Hist., p. 15.1. 1870.
Reiwrt of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 12, figs. 18, 19. 1883.

Zoabium ramose, hollow, thickness .60 mm. ; branches 5 mm. in diameter. Cell
apertures obscurely trilobote, diameter .33 mm., irregularly disposed ; distant
less than the diameter of an apertures. Peristomes strong, equally elevated.
Mesopores minute, two or three series between adjacent apertures. Surface
marked by frequent maculae destitute of cell apertures.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 77

This species may be distinguishrd from C. (C) irregularis by its trilobate cell
apertures and minute mesopores.

The original specimen of this species was supposed to be derived from the
Lower Helderberg group, near Clarksville, N. Y., but a more careful examina-
tion has shown that it is from the shaly layers of the Upper Helderberg group
in the central part of the State.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Central New York.

LICHENALIA, Hall. 1852.

LiCHENALIA LUNATA.

PLATK XXXI, FIGS. 1-9.

FUttdtrpora lunnta, Romihokb. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., abstract, p. 7. 1866.
Lichenalia lunata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, absti'act, p. 10. 1881.
Bwicopora daitata, Ulbich. Cont. Am. Pal., vol. i, p. 22. PI. 2, figs. 5, 5a. 1886.
Lichenalia lunata. Hall. Rfimrt of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 1-9. 1887.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions, free or encrusting other objects,
thickness from 1 to 5 mm. Cells tubular, oblique to the surface ; septate,
septa frequent. Cell apertures lunate or sub-circular, width .36 mm., oblique;
very clo.sely and usually irregularly disposed, sometimes forming diagonally
intersecting rows ; without elevated margins. On the posterior portion of
the aperture are two very narrow, prominent denticulations, which in the
course of growth form two striations along the inner face of the cell wall.
On the surface, at intervals of about 4 mm., occur maculae, which are slightly
elevated or flat, and destitute of cell apertures. The apertures adjacent to
these do not radiate from them and are not larger than the others.

On some specimens where the surface has been abraded the mouths of the
cells appear as sub-circular or circular apertures, with thin, equally elevated
margins, distant from each other the diameter of an aperture or more. Inter-
cellular structure composed of irregular vesicles or minute septate tubuli ;
both forms of structure sometimes occurring in the same frond.

On account of the tooth-like processes and accessory cells, Mr. Ulrich has
proposed for this species the generic designation of Buscopora. The denticula-

78 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

tions though very narrow frequently preserve the crescentic appearance com-
mon to the denticulations of many other species. The gradation through
various species from this form of denticulation to the wide crescentic form is
very gradual. Many specimens have been examined, but I have been unable
to discover the accessory cells mentioned by Mr. Ulrich as constituting a dis-
tinctive character.

Formation and localtiy. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA LUNATA, var. TDBULATA.

PLATE XXXI, FIGS. 28, 29.

Liehendlia lunata, var. tubulata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 28, 29 1887.

This associated variety differs from ordinary forms of L. lunata, in its tubular
mode of growth.

LiCHENALIA SCBSTELLATA.

PLATE XXVI. FIG. 26 ; AND PLATE XXX, FIGS. 1-11.

lAchenalia svbgtellata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 7. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, fig. 26. 1883.

" Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 30, figs. 1-11.
1886.
7 PUtvMjxyra normalis, Ulrich. Cont. Am. Pal., vol. i. No. 1, p. 20. 1886.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions, or of masses formed by the super-
imposition of successive layers of irregular growth, frequently contorted.
Cells cylindrical, usually at right angles to the surface ; septa infrequent
or wanting. Cell apertures circular, diameter .33 mm. ; closely and
irregularly disposed : peristomes strong, generally the posterior portion is
the more distinctly elevated, oblique, and occasionally denticulated. Sur-
face marked by flat or slightly elevated substellate non-celluliferous maculae,
the centers of which are distant from each other about 4 mm. The
apertures immediately adjacent to these are radiatingly disposed, larger and
more oblique than on other portions of the frond. Intercellular space, near
the base, occupied by irregular vesicles, above by septate tubuli ; from five to
eight septa in the space of 1 mm. Occasionally the apertures are operculate,

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 79

sometimes entirely covered by an organic deposit, and presenting a pustuli-
form aspect.

This species can be easily distinguished by the numerous, conspicuous, sub-
stellate maculae.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA BISTRIATA.

PLATE XXXn, FIGS. 6-14.

Lichetialia Hstriaia, Hall. 'I'rans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, \i. 8. 1881.

Repoi t of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 23, figs. 6-14. 1887.

ZoARiCM lamellate, free or encrusting. Cell tubes without septa. Apertures
lunate or semi-circular, diameter .40 mm. Anterior portion of the peristomes
very slightly elevated ; posterior portion strongly elevated, projecting over and
partially concealing the opening, which is margined by two slight denticula-
tions. When the surface is worn or macerated the elevated margins become
obsolete, the apertures appearing simply as lunate or semi-circular openings.
Surface with slightly elevated maculaB, the centers of which are without cell
apertures, the apertures adjacent to these radiate from them and are more
oblique than the others. Intercellular space septate.

This species resembles L. lunata, but may be distinguished by the strongly
elevated cell margins, and the absence of septa in the cell tubes.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA GEOMETBICA.

PLATE XXXII, FIGS. 21-23.

lAchenalia gtometrica. Hall. Report of State Geolo^st for 1885. Expl. pi. 32, figs. 21-23. 1887.

ZoABiUM consisting of very thin lamellate expansions, incrusting other objects.
Cell apertures oblique, sub-triangular, diameter .30 mm.; irregularly dis-
posed ; posterior margin very strongly elevated, oblique, angular. Surface
with maculae, the centers of which are distant from each other about 5 mm. ;
the cells immediately adjacent and radiating from them, are larger and more

80 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

oblique than the others ; the posterior or upper portions of the walls are
exposed for nearly their entire length, being more or less distinctly carinate.
There are slightly elevated, transverse ridges between the larger cells, giving
to the macula} a geometrical appearance.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA OVATA.

PLATK XXXn, FIGS. l-«.

LicAenalia ovata, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 32, figs. 1-5. 1887.

ZoARiuM consisting of lamellate expansions, free or encrusting. Thickness of
specimens observed 2 mm. Cells tubular, cylindrical, at right angles to the
surface ; septa wanting. Apertures broadly ovate and sometimes trilobate,
length .40 mm., width three-fourths the length ; radiating from maculae.
Posterior margin of peristomes strongly elevated, oblique, frequently with two
slight denticulations. Surface with substellate maculas destitute of cell aper-
tures, the centers of which are distant from each other about 5 mm., diame-
ter 2 mm. ; adjacent apertures not larger than the others. Intercellular
space regularly septate, septa distant.

This species closely resembles L. suhsfellata, but may be distinguished by its
larger, more ovate cell apertures, and the ab.sence of septa in the cell tubes ;
from Lichmalia (Odoniofri/pa) alveata by its less closely arranged, ovate cell aper-
tures, well defined apertural margins, and its thicker fronds.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA ALTERNATA.

PLATE XXXI, FIGS. 39-41.

Liehaudia aUfmnta, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 8. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 39-41. 1887.

ZoARiUM consisting of very thin lamellate expansions, incrusting other objects.
Cell apertures oval, length about .35 mm., width from one-half to two-thirds
the length ; closely disposed, frequently alternating and sub-imbricating. Pos-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 81

terior margin of peristomes strongly elevated, oblique. Surface marked by
slightly elevated monticules, the centers of which are distant from each other
about 5 mm. ; the apertures on these are of the same size and have the
same direction as the others. Intercellular space vesiculose.

This species may be distinguished by the large, oval, sub-imbricating cell
apertures having the same general direction, and not interrupted by the
monticules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA CONULATA.
PLATE XXXI. riG8. 10-U.

Lichenalia conulata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 9. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 10-14. 1887.

ZoABiUM ramose, hollow; diameter of frond 15 mm.; thickness from 2 to
5 mm. Cells tubular, at right angles to the surface ; septa strong, frequent.
Apertures circular, papilliform, diameter of opening .'20 mm., including
margins .33 mm. ; irregularly disposed, generally in contact : peristomes
strong, converging, posterior portion the most prominent. Monticules conical,
height l.oO mm., centers distant from each other 5 mm., bases in contact.
Cell apertures at center of monticules ovoid. Intercellular space near base
irregularly vesicular, above regularly septate.

This species can be readily distinguished by the papilliform cell apertures,
and prominent conical monticules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALU 8UBCAVA.

PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 28-46.

LieberuUia tttbcava,'llAhL. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 8. 1881.

Report of State Geolo^st for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, figs. 23-25. 1883.

ZoABiUM lamellate. Cells at right angles to the surface. Apertures sub-
triangular, diameter .20 mm., irregularly disposed. Anterior margin obso-

82 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

lete; posterior margin strongly elevated, slightly denticulated, projecting
over and partially concealing the opening. The surface contiguous to the
posterior margin is convex, giving to the apertures the appearance of small
openings in the side of a rounded elevation. Monticules destitute of cell
apertures, their centers distant from each other about 4 mm. Intercellular
space occupied by irregular vesicles or septate tubuli ; space beneath monti-
cules without interior structure.

This species may be distinguished by the hemispherical monticules and the
sub-imbricating appearance of the cell apertures.

Formation and locality: Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA PEBMAKGINATA.

PLATE XXVI, FIG. -20.

Lichenalia permarginata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 10. 1881.

Report of State Geologrist for 1882. Expl. pi. 24, dg. liO. 1883.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions; thickness of the specimens observed
.50 mm. Cell apertures circular, diameter .40 mm. ; irregularly and not
closely disposed : peristomes strong, distinctly and equally elevated. Surface
marked by non-celluliferous maculae, which are distant from each other 7
mm. ; the apertures immediately adjacent being slightly larger than on other
portions of the frond. Surface where well preserved finely granulose.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, Onondaga
county, N. Y.

PiLEOTRYPA, S. g.

Lichenalia (Pileotrypa) pyriformis.

PLATE XXXI, FIGS. 21-27.

Lichenalia pyriformU, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 12. 1881.

(PiUotrypa) pyrifonnis. Report of State Geologist for 188.5. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 21-27. 1887.

ZoABiUM consisting of thin lamellate expansions incrusting other objects. On the
thinner portions of the frond the cells are very oblique, sometimes a portion
of the walls being exposed for nearly the entire length, presenting a pyri-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 83

form appearance ; on the thicker portions of the frond the cells are slightly
oblique or at right angles to the surface. Apertures sub-circular, trilobate,
diameter .33 mm., margins parallel with the surface; separated from each other
by a space equal to or greater than their own diameter ; usually alternating and
frequently imbricating. On the thinner part of the frond the anterior portion
of the peristome is slightly, and the posterior portion very strongly, elevated ;
sometimes having a height of .40 mm. On the thicker portions of the frond
the margins are nearly equally elevated. On the posterior margin are two
prominent denticulations, which in the course of growth form two parallel
striations along the interior of the cell wall. Surface with slightly elevated
monticules, the centers of which are distant from each other 5 mm. Inter-
apertural space buUate. ' Intercellular space vesiculose.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Lichen ALIA (Pileotrypa) clivulata.

I'LATE XXXI, FIGS. 30-3i.

lAchenalia clinulata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 9. 1881.

" {Pileotrypa) clivulata. Report of State Geologist for 188.5. Expl. pi. 31, tigs. 30-32. 1887.

ZoARiUM tubular or ramose, hollow. In the specimen described the diameter of
the frond is 8 mm., thickness of zoarium about 1 mm. Cells tubular, at right
angles to the surface ; without septa. Apertures trilobate, length of opening
.15 mm., width two-thirds the length; radiating, closely disposed, not in con-
tact. Posterior portion of peristomes strongly elevated, denticulated, pro-
jecting over and partially concealing the opening. Monticules rounded,
centers distant 2 mm., bases in contact, a small space at the center smooth.
The cell apertures radiate from the centers of the monticules, those imme-
diately adjacent to them slightly larger than the others. Surface granulose.
Intercellular space occupied by septate tubuli.

This species may be distinguished from L. (P.) denticulata, by the less crowded
appearance of the cell apertures, less elevated posterior margin, slighter den-

84 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

ticulntions, more closely arranged monticules, the space at their centers being
without cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA (PiLEOTRYPA) GRANIFERA.

PLATE XXX, FIGS. 28-31.

JUdtatdlia groH^fera, Hall. Trani). Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. II. 1881.
" (PUeotrypa) granifera. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 30, figs.

28-31. 188«.

ZoARiuM consisting of lamellate expansions, greatest thickness observed 1.50
mm. Cell tubes at right angles to the surface, often with frequent constric-
tions ; septa occurring at short intervals. Cell apertures ovate, length .35
mm., width from one-half to two-thirds the length ; closely and irregularly
disposed. Anterior margin of peristome thin and slightly elevated ; posterior
portion strongly elevated ; denticulations slight or wanting. Maculae destitute
of cell apertures, distant from each other 5 mm., diameter 1.50 mm. ; the
cells immediately adjacent radiate from them, and are larger than the others.
Intercellular space regularly septate. Surface granulose.

This species may be distinguished by the constrictions of the cell tubes, the
ovate cell apertures, with strong posterior margins without denticulations, and
the granulose surface.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA (PiLEOTRYPA) DENTICULATA.
PLATE XXVI, FIGS. 21, 22, W; anb PLATE XXX, FIGS. 12-20.

Licbenalia denticulaia. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 8. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1882, Expl. pi. 24, figs. 21, 22, 26. 1883.
'• (PUeotryya) denliculata. Repoi-t of State Geologist foi- 188."), advance sheets. Expl. pi. 30,

figs. 12-20. 1886.
Compare Eridopora minima, Ulbich. Cont. Am. Pal., vol. i. No. 1, p. 21, pi. 2, fig. G, 6a. 1886.

Zoarium consisting of thin lamellate expansions, encrusting other objects. Cell
apertures trilobate, length .25 mm. ; crowded and irregularly disposed.
Anterior margin of peristome slightly elevated; posterior portion denticulate

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 85

and very strongly elevated, projecting over and partially concealing the aper-
tures. Monticules distinctly elevated, the centers distant from each other
about 3 mm., bases in contact. Near the center of the monticules the cell
apertures present a somewhat confused appearance. Intercellular space
occupied by septate tubuli.

This species can be easily distinguished by the crowded appearance of the
cell apertures, and their very prominent, denticulated posterior margins.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Odontotrypa, s. g., Hall. 1886.
LicHENALiA (Odontotrypa) alveata.

PLATE XXX, FIGS. 24-27.

LicJienalia alveata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 10. 1881.

" (Odtmtotrypa) alveata. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 30, figs.

24-27. 18S6.

ZoARiUM consisting of very thin expansions. Cells oblique, frequently imbricat-
ing. Apertures oblique to the surface, trilobate, diameter .40 mm. ; irregu-
larly and very clo.sely arranged, generally in contact. Peristomes thin,
anterior portion slightly elevated ; posterior portion more strongly elevated,
and having two prominent denticulations, producing a cresentic projection.
Surfiice with maculae destitute of cell apertures, depressed, elongate, length
4 mm., width 1 mm. Intercellular space vesiculose.

This species may be distinguished by its large, closely arranged, imbricating
cells, and elongate, depressed maculae.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Glossotrypa, s. g., Hall. 1887.
LicHENALiA ? (Glossotrypa) paliformis.

PLATE XXXI, FIGS. 15-18.

Lichenalia paliformis, H.vll. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 11. 1881.

(Glossotrypa) paJi/onaU. Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 15-18. 1887.

ZoARiuM tubular, cylindrical; diameter of frond 2 mm.; thickness of zoarium .40
mm. Cells tubular,with frequent narrow projections (semi-diaphragras) from the

86 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

cell walls, extcmling partially across the tube. Apertures paliform, diameter
.20 mm. ; very closely disposed, frequently in diagonally intersecting rows,
the surfiice presenting a reticulated appearance. Surface between apertures
elevated, forming ridges ; frequently a prominent node at the intersection of
the ridges, sometimes a depression or pit. Surface with prominent monti-
cules, which are transversely in contact, and longitudinally distant about 2
ram., giving to the frond an anuulated appearance. Intercellular structure
vesiculose.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

SELENOPORA, s. G., Hall. 1886.

LiCHENALIA (SeLENOPORA) CIRCINCTA.
PLATE XXV, FIGS. 13-16.

lAchenalia circincta, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 11. 1881.

SeUniipora " " Report of State Geolog-ist for ISS.'i, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 25, figs.

13-13. 1886.

ZoARiUM consisting of very thin lamellate expansions, encrusting other objects.
Cells oblique, frequently alternating and imbricating. Apertures circular or
broadly oval, diameter .10 mm.; anterior margin of peristome slightly ele-
vated ; posterior portion strongly elevated, denticulated, projecting over and
partially concealing the opening. The posterior portions of the peristomes
are connected by oblique walls which traverse the surface between the aper-
tures, uniting and forming polygonal vestibular areas. Maculae distant from
each other 4 mm., consisting of circular spaces, destitute of apertures, having
a diameter slightly less than 1 mm. ; the cells immediately adjacent, radiating
from them, being larger and more oblique than on other portions of the frond.

This species may be distinguished from S. complexa by its much smaller cell
apertures and vestibular areas.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 87

LiCHENALIA (SeLENOPORA) COMPLEXA.

PIRATE XXXI, FIGS. 19, 20.

Lichenaiia complexata (by error), Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 11. 1881.
Felenopora complexa. Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 19, 20. 1887.

The manner of growth of this species is the same as that of S. cirdnda, but
the cell apertures and vestibular areas are very much larger. Diameter of
areas .66 mm., of cell apertures .25 mm.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

FiSTULIPORA LAMELLATA.

PLATE XXX, FIGS. 21-'3.

Thallostigraa lamellata. Hall. Tran.s. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 13. 1S8K

Fishilijmra " Report of State Geologist for 1885. advance sheets. Expl. pi. 30, figs. 21-23. 1886.

ZoAKiUM consisting of very thin lamellate expansions. Cell apertures generally
circular, sometimes ov.al, diameter .36 mm. ; irregularly disposed, somewhat
distant. Peristomes strong, distinctly and equally elevated. Surface marked
by maculae, which are destitute of cell apertures, and distant from each other
about 5 mm. ; the apertures immediately adjacent to these are larger than
the others. Mesopores minute, indistinct, margins very slightly elevated.

This species may be distinguished from Lichenaiia permarginata by the much
smaller, more clo.sely arranged cell apertures, and by the presence of meso-
pores ; from F. scrobiculata of the Hamilton group, by its somewhat larger cell
apertures and very minute mesopores.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, Onondaga
county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA INTERCELLATA.

PLATE XXXII, FIGS. 15-20.

TJiaHostigma intercellatn. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 13. 1881.
Fixtuliimra " R.'port of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 32, figs. 15-20. 1887.

ZoARiUM consisting of thin lamellate expansions incrusting other objects. Cells
tubular, at right angles to the surface, without septa. Apertures oval, length

88 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

.25 mm., width two-thirds the length ; irregularly disposed, frequently in
contact. Peristomes strong, equally elevated, sometimes with one or two
comparatively strong nodes or spinules. Mesopores minute, usually only one
series between adjacent apertures ; margins the same height as those of the
peristomes. Intercellular space vesiculose.

This species may be distinguished from F. digita, of the Hamilton group, by
its manner of growth, that species being always more or less digitate, the less
closely disposed apertures and the absence of numerous spinules ; from F.
striata, it diflfers in its much smaller mesopores, those of that species some-
times obscuring the apertures ; from F. multiaculeata, it differs in having the
apertures smaller, more broadly oval, and without the numerous spinules
characteristic of that species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

COSCINIUM, Keyserling. 1846.

COSCINIUM STRIATUROM.

PLATE XXXni, FIGS. 20, 21.

Clathropara striatura. Hall. Reiwrt of SUte Geologist for 18S2. Expl. pi. 26, figs. 20, 21. 1883.

ZoARiDM consisting of lamellate expansions, celluliferous on each side; per-
forated at regular intervals by oval fenestrules. Cell apertures oblique, sub-
triangular, diameter .18 mm.; closely disposed, frequently alternating and
imbricating: anterior portion of the peristome not elevated; posterior portion
strongly elevated, projecting over and partially concealing the opening, and
having two slight denticulations. Fenestrules oval, length about 2 mm.,
usually occurring at intervals of about 4 mm. ; disposed in diagonally inter-
secting rows. There is a space around each fenestrule destitute of aper-
tures, much wider at the lower part of the fenestrule than above, and with
low, broad ridges. The general direction of the cells is not interrupted by
the fenestrules.
This species is easily distinguished from Coscinotrypa carinata by the absence

of lateral growths, and the general direction of the cells not being interrupted

by the fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Stafford, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 89

COSCINOTRYPA, Hall. 1886.

COSCINOTRYPA CRIBRIFORMIS, Var. CARINATA.

PLATE XXIX, KIGS. 29-35; AND PLATK XXXUI, FIGS, ii-ib.

Cosciniam cribrifurmis. Prodt. Ti-ans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 2B9, pi. 16, fig-s. 1, la. 1858.
Clathrnpora carinata. Hall Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 26, figs. 22-25. 1883.
Coteinotrypa " " Report of State Geologist for 1§85, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 29, figs. 29-35.

1886.

ZoARiUM consisting of e.x;planate fronds, celluliferous on both faces, with perfora-
tions or fenestrules at varying distances from each other. At unequal intervals
the surface is raised into angular folds or plications, which continue growth in
the same manner, and in a direction at right angles to the parent frond; these in
turn giving rise to similar elevations. Cells tubular, very oblique, slightly
curved, arising from amesotheca. Cell apertures trilobate, diameter .20 mm.;
sometimes when macerated appearing arched or sub-triangular; very closely
and usually irregularly disposed, but sometimes alternating and sub-imbricat-
ing. The apertures adjacent to the fenestrules invariably r.adiate from them.
At the posterior margin of the apertures there are strong crescentic denticula-
tions, which in the course of growth form two parallel ridges along the
interior of the cell wall. Fenestrules circular or oval ; diameter from 1.60
to 2 mm., distant from each other from 2 to 5 mm. ; a space, .75 mm. wide,
around each fenestrule destitute of cell apertures. Intercellular space
vesiculose. The variation in the size and distance from each other of the
fenestrules is so great, that frequently the extremes have only a generic
resemblance. In some fronds the fenestrules are small, irregularly disposed,
distant 5 mm. or more ; in others they are large, closely disposed in regular
intersecting rows ; while in still others, or in portions of the fronds having
small fenestrules, they are represented by maculae destitute of cell apertures.
All gradations may occur.

Two forms, from the Falls of the Ohio, have been described by Prout, as
Coscinium Keijserlingi and C. cribriformis ; the form here described is not C. Key-
serlingi, but has been identified with C. cribriformis, which was based upon one
of the many phases of the species as now recognized.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

90 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

STICTOPORA, Hall. 1847.
Stictopora Gilberti.

PLATE XXVII, FIUS. '20-35 ; AND I'LATE XXVIII, KIGS. SI, 2i.

Ptihtdietya {Stictopora) OilheHi, Mkkk. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Pliila. 1871.

8tictopora OUberIi (Mbbk). Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x. ab.sti-act. \i. Vi. 1871.

Hall. Report of State Geolojfist for 1882. Kxpl. pi. a."), tigs. 21, 22. 1883.

Repoi-t of State Geologist for 1883, ailvanoe sheets. Expl. pi. 27, figs. 20-35.
188ti.
CytUidictya QUberli (Mbbk), Ulrich. .loumal Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Amer. Pal. Bi-yozoa. PI. 2, fig.

5, no, 56. 1884.

ZoARiUM consi.sting of a dichotomously branched frond, proceeding from a
spreading base; transverse section lenticular, abruptly contracting to the
margins ; width of branches from 4 to 6 mm. ; margins diverging ; greatest
thickness .75 mm., width of non-celluliferous margin slightly less than 1
mm. ; bifurcations occur at interv.als of from 5 to 10 mm. Cells tubular,
length from 1.50 to 1.75 mm., for about one-half their length essentially
parallel to the mesotheca, then turning abruptly outward. Cell apertures
oval, length about .25 mm., width from one-half to three-fourths the length ;
the margin.'il apertures slightly larger than those on other portions of the
frond ; disposed in longitudinal rows, which increase by interstitial addi-
tions. Hows separated by prominent ridges, which sometimes have a
depression along the middle. Peristomes strong, distinctly and equally
elevated, eiich one with a defined lunate process, the extremities presenting
two prominent denticulations, which in the course of growth form two parallel
ri<lges on the inner surface of the cell walls. The denticulations are invariably
situated on the outer margin of the aperture. Intercellular space irregularly
vesicular.

This species may be distinguished from Stictopora incissurata, of the Hamil-
ton group, by its frequent bifurcations and the rapid increase in width of the
branches ; these characters and its larger size distinguish it from S. ovatipora ;
it differs from S. semistriata, by its more frequent bifurcations, strong
denticulations of the apertures, and more prominent continuous intercellular
ridges.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 91

Mr. Ulrich has founded the family Cystodictyonid^ oa the characters presented
by C. ocellata, but they are similar to those of all other species of Stictopora
of which we have been able to observe the internal characters.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Stictopora crescens.

PLATE XXVII, FIGS. 5-U.
Stictopora ere»ce7ts,'HAi,u Reportof State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 27, figs 5-11. 1886.

ZoARiU-M consisting ofa flattened, rigid, dichotomously branched frond; transverse
section broadly lenticular, nearly oval; branches from 3 to 3.50 mm. wide,
very gradually increasing in width ; margins essentially parallel ; greatest thick-
ness 1.20 mm.; non-cell uliferous margin with fine, oblique striations. Cells
tubular, length about 1.20 mm., regularly curving to the surface. Cell aper-
tures broadly oval, length from .25 to .33 mm., width three-fourths the length,
sometimes nearly equal to it, marginal apertures larger than the others ; all
disposed in longitudinal parallel rows ; about nine rows on each face of the
branch ; rows separated by prominent ridges. Peristomes thin, distinctly
and equally elevated, apparently not denticulated. Intercellular space
irregularly vesicular.

This species most closely resembles S. rigida, but is thicker, the non-cellulif-
erous space at the margin of the branch is wider and striated, the ridges
separating the ranges of apertures are rounded, those of S. rigida being acutely
angular ; the peristomes are equally elevated and without denticulations. From
S. frulicosa it differs in its much fewer bifurcations and more rigid appearance;
from S. incismrata, by its essentially parallel ranges of cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Ontario, Canada.

Stictopora rigida.

PLATE XXVIII, FIGS. 18, 16.

StUtopora riffida. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 14. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 15, 1(5. 1883.

ZoABlUM consisting of a flattened, rigid, dichotomously branching stipe ; trans-
verse section lenticular ; width of branches from 2 to 3 mm., margins essen-

92 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

tially parallel; non-celluliferous space at the margin very narrow; greatest
thickness .Go mm. ; bifurcations infrequent. Cell .apertures oval, length .25
mm., width from one-half to three-fourths the length ; marginal apertures
slightly larger than the others; all disposed in longitudinal parallel rows,
which are separated by prominent, sharply angular, fi)iely striated ridges.
Peristomes thin, slightly and equally elevated; denticulated; denticulations
moderately strong and situated on the posterior portion of the peristome.

This species may be distinguished from S. crescens, which it most nearly
resembles, by the very narrow, smooth, non-celluliferous space at the margin,
the angular longitudinal ridges, and the denticulations of the cell apertures.
The position of the denticulations on the posterior portion of the aperture,
will distinguish it from nearly all the denticulated forms.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, west of Le Roy, N. Y.

Stictopoka fruticosa.

PLATE XXVIH, FIGS. li-H.

StUitrpora fruticosa, Hall. Traus. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 14. 1881.

Report of State Geologist foi' ISS2. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 12-14. 1883.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched, fruticose stipe ;
transverse section lenticular; width of branches from 2.50 to 3 mm., mar-
gins nearly parallel; greatest thickness from .80 to 1.20 mm. Cell apertures
oval, length .40 mm., width one-third the length ; marginal ones larger than
the others ; all disposed in parallel longitudinal rows, six or seven rows on
each face of a branch. Surface between apertures obscurely striated, granu-
losa, elevated, resembling ridges. Peristomes thin, slightly elevated, granu-
lose, not denticulated.

The appearance of the surface varies according to the condition of the
frond ; when much weathered the apertures are enlarged, frequently polyg-
onal, sometimes giving to the surface a reticulated appearance.

This species may be distinguished by the narrow elongate cell apertures, the
granulose elevations between the ranges of apertures, and the frequent bifurca-
tions, which give to the frond a fruticose appearance.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 93

Stictopora ovatipora.

PLATE XXVn, FIGS. 12-19 ; and PLATE XXVni, FIGS. -23, 23a.

Stictopora ovatipora. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 14. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. lA. 25, figs. 23, 23 A. 1883.

Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 27, figs. 12-19. 1886.

ZoARiUM consisting of a dichotoinously branching, flattened stipe ; transverse
section broadly lenticular ; width of branches from 2 to 3 mm., margins
essentially parallel ; greatest thickness less than 1 mm. Cell apertures oval,
length about .25 mm , width from one-half to two-thirds the length ; mar-
ginal apertures larger than the others, and more nearly circular ; disposed in
longitudinal rows, increasing by interstitial addition. Rows separated by
prominent ridges. Peristomes strong, distinctly and equally elevated, having
two slight denticulations, which are invariably situated on the outer margin
of the aperture. Intercellular space irregularly vesicular.

This species closely resembles S. Gilberti, but may be distinguished by its
n.'irrow branches with essentially parallel margins, which give to the frond a
somewhat rigid appearance.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Stictopora vermicula.

PLATE XXVII, FIGS. 2-4.

Stictopora venaiciUa, Hall. Report of State Geologfist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 27, figs. 2-4.

1886.

ZoARiDM consisting of a dichotoinously branching and flattened stipe, of irregular
appearance ; transverse section sub-lenticular, abruptly narrowing and very
thin near the margins ; width of branches from 2.50 to 3 mm., margins
slightly divergent ; non-celluliferous space comparatively wide, flat; greatest
thickness about .80 mm. ; bifurcations frequent. Cells tubular, length about
.80 mm., for a little more than one-half their length essentially parallel with
the mesotheca, then abruptly turning outward. Cell apertures broadly oval
or circular, frequently pustuliform, diameter from .25 to .30 mm., the mar-
ginal ones larger than the others; disposed in indistinct longitudinal and

94 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

irregular transverse rows. The longitudinal ranges are sometimes separated
by a slight ridge. Peristomes prominent, equally elevated, usually con-
verging, giving to the aperture a pustuliform appearance ; apparently not
denticulated. Intercellular space vesicular.

This species will be easily distinguished by its irregular growth and pustuli-
form cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Stictopora invertis.

PLATK XXVm, FIGS. 24-26.

Stictopora invertis. Hall Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x. abstract, p. 15. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 188a. Expl. pi. 2."), figfs. 24-26. 1883.

ZoARiuM consisting of a dichotomously branching, flattened stipe ; transverse
section broadly lenticular or oval; width of branches from 2 to 3 mm., mar-
gins essentially parallel ; the non-celluliferous space narrow ; greatest thick-
ness 1.25 mm. ; bifurcations occur at intervals of from 8 to 10 mm. Cells
tubular, length about 1.25 mm., for one-half of their length essentially
parallel to the mesotheca, then turning very abruptly outward, continuing at
right angles to the axis. Apertures circular, diameter .20 mm. ; marginal
apertures of the same size as the others ; disposed in longitudinal rows,
and frequently, on the broader portion of the frond, forming V-shaped rows
across the branch, and arching, transverse rows on the narrower portions.
Peristomes moderately strong, prominent, equally elevated, not denticulated.

The characteristics of this species are. its proportionally great thickness,
small, circular cell apertures, and peculiar V-shaped arrangement of the cell
rows on the broader portion of the branches.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, N. Y.

I

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 95

Stictopoka semistriata.

PLATE XXVIII, FIGS. 17--20.

Stietopora semigtriata. Hall. Trans. Albany In.stitute, vol. x, abstract, p. 14. 1881.

" •' " Report of State Geolojjist for 1882. Expl. pi. 28, figs. 17-20. 1883.

ZoARiCM consisting of dichotomously branching, flattened stipes ; transverse
section lenticular ; width of branches about 3 mm., margins divergent ;
greatest thickness .50 mm. ; bifurcations moderately frequent. Cell aper-
tures nearly or quite circular, diameter 30 mm.; marginal apertures slightly
larger than the others; more or less distinctly disposed in longitudinal rows,
which increase by interstitial siddition, the rows being sometimes separated
by narrow ridges, at other times the space between them is smooth and the
apertures appear irregularly disposed. Peristomes thin, sometimes equally
elevated, but usually the anterior portion is slightly and the posterior portion
more strongly elevated, frequently with slight denticulations.

This species closely resembles S. Gilberti, but the fronds are somewhat nar-
rower, much thinner, the margins of the branches are more nearly parallel, the
cell apertures are circular, more irregularly disposed, and the branches are fre-
quently without longitudinal ridges. It mjiy perhaps be only a variety of
that species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, west of Le Roy, N. Y.

Stictopora rhomboidea.

PLATE XXIX, FIGS. 27, 28.

Stictopora rhomboidea. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 15. 1881.

Reiwrt of State Geologist .for 188.5, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 29, ligs. 27,
28. 1886.

Zoaricm consisting of a flattened, dichotomously bifurcating frond; width of
branches 2 mm., margins essentially parallel ; transverse section elliptical ;
greatest thickness 1 mm. Cell apertures oval, length .33 mm., width two-
thirds the length ; disposed in longitudinal rows, usually alternating. Ranges
of apertures separated by very sinuous ridges, which are frequently anasto-
mosing, giving to the aperture the appearance of being surrounded by a rhom-

96 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

boidal peristome. There are also frequent short, interrupted striations
between the cell apertures.

The characteristics of this species are so well defined that it will be readily
distinguished from any other.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, west of Le Roy, N. Y.

Stictopora perarcta.

plate xxix, figs. 37. s8.

Sticttrpora perarcta. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 15. 1881.

ReiwrtofStateGeologist for 188.'),advance8heete. Expl.pl.29,figs.37,38. 1886.

ZoARiuM consisting of a flattened, bifurcating stipe ; width of branches slightly
less than 1 mm., margins parallel; transverse section lenticular; greatest
thickness about .40 mm. Cell apertures oval, length .20 mm., width from
one-half to three-fourths the length ; disposed in longitudinal parallel rows,
which are separated by prominent ridges ; five ranges on each face of the
branch. Peristomes thin, very slightly elevated.

This species may be distinguished from S. linearis by its larger, oval cell

apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga valley, Onondaga

county, N. Y.

Stictopora linearis.

PLATE XXVra, FIGS. 4, 5; ANU PLATE XXVU, FIG. 1.

Stictopora liiiearis. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 15. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2.5, figs. 4. 5. 1883.
" rectUatera (in error). Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 27, fig. 1.

1886.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branching stipe ; transverse
section lenticular ; width of branches 1.50 mm., margins parallel; greatest
thickness .50 mm. Cell apertures circular, diameter .20 mm.; disposed in
longitudinal parallel rows, five or six rows on each face of a branch. Peris-
tomes thin, slightly and equally elevated. Rows separated by a narrow ridge.

This species may be distinguished by its narrow branches, with infrequent
bifurcations and circular cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 97

INTRAPORA, Hall. 1881.
Intrapoka puteolata.

PLATE XXIX, FIGS. 18-26.

Tntrapora puteolata. Halt,. Trans. Albany Institute, voL x, abstract, p. 16. 18S1.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 29, figs. 18-26.

1886.
Compare SticUrpordla interstincta, Ulrich. Journal Cin. See. Nat. Hist., vol. v, No. 3, p. 169. PI. 8, figs.

9, 9a. 1885.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously bifurcating or branching frond,
arising from a spreading base ; width of branches usually from 2 to 4 mm.,
but sometimes 20 mm. or more ; greatest thickness 1 mm. Cells tubular,
for one-half their length essentially parallel with the mesotheca, then turn-
ing abruptly outward. Cell apertures oval, length a little more than .25 mm.,
width three-fourths the length ; very closely and irregularly disposed, fre-
quently in contact. Peristomes strong, slightly and equally elevated. Inter-
apertural space occupied by minute angular pits, generally a single series
between adjacent apertures On the non-celluliferous margin of the branch
these pits are so disposed that their margins have the appearance of oblique
striations. Intercellular space irregularly vesiculose.

The surface of the broader forms of this species is very similar to that of
Fistulipora intercdlaia.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

PRISMOPORA, Hall. 1881.
Prismopora triquetra.

PLATE XXVUI, FIGS. 8-10 ; and PLATE XXIX, FIGS. 9-15.

Prismopora triqvetra, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 17. 1881. 1883.

lU^port of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 25, figs. 8-10.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 29, figs. 9-15.

1886.

ZoARiUM consisting of an irregular group of triangular branches, usually dichoto-
mously bifurcating, sometimes trifurcating. Faces of the branch equal,
width from 3 to 6 mm., concave, the concavity sub-angular along the middle,
a comparatively wide space at the margin destitute of cell apertures ; greatest

98 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

thickness about .80 mm. ; bifurcations very frequent. Cells tubular, arising
from a mesotheca which extends from the center of the branch to each
angle. For one-half the length the cell tubes are nearly parallel with the
mesotheca, then turn abruptly outward. Apertures trilobate, frequently
papillate, length .24 mm., width slightly less ; radiating upward from the
center of each face to the margin ; usually disposed in more or less regular
longitudinal rows, the longitudinal disposition being the more strongly marked
near the middle of the branch, sometimes irregularly disposed. Rows some-
times separated by comparatively prominent ridges Peristomes sometimes
equally elevated, but usually the posterior margin is the more strongly
elevated, having two denticulations. Intercellular space vesiculose, vesicles
small and of irregular size.

This species may be distinguished from P. paucirama by the much more fre-
quent bifurcations.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Prismopora paucirama.

PLATK XXVUI, KIU. II ; anu PLATE XXIX, FIGS. 18, 17.

Prismopora paucirama. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 17. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883. Expl. pi. 25, fig. 11. 1883.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 29, figs.

16, 17. 1886.

Zoarium ramose ; branches triangular, prismatic ; two of the faces equal, width
2.75 mm., width of the third 4 mm., concave; greatest thickness 1.20 mm.;
bifurcations occur at intervals of 20 mm. or more. Cell apertures oval or
trilobate, sometimes nearly circular, length from .20 to .25 mm., arranged in
lines parallel with the axis, smallest at the middle of the branch, gradually
growing larger and diverging, until at the margin they are at right angles to
the axis; dispo-sed in longitudinal and oblique ascending rows, which diverge
from the middle of the branch : peristomes strong, the posterior portion
elevated slightly more than the anterior.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Thomson's lake, Albany
county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 99

PHRACTOPORA, Hall. 1881.
Phractopora cristata.

PLATE XXXI, FIGS. 36, 37.

Phractopora cristata. Hail. Trans. Albany Institute, voL x, abstract, p. 12. 18S1.

Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 36, 37. 1887.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate fronds, celluliferous on one or both faces,
free or incrusting other objects. The surface is raised at irregular intervals
into elevated crests, which are celluliferous on each face, sometimes attaining
a height of 5 mm. or more. Cells tubular, arising from a mesotheca, oblique
to the surface ; septa wanting. Apertures sub-circular, oblique, diameter .30
mm. ; closely dispo.sed, usually in diagonally intersecting rows. Peristomes
thin, posterior portion strongly elevated, projecting over and constricting
the opening. The maculae consist of circular spaces, 1 mm. in diameter,
destitute of cell apertures, and occurring at intervals of about 4 mm. The
apertures .adjacent to these do not radiate from them. Intercellular struc-
ture, near the base, irregularly vesiculose, becoming regularly septate above.
On a portion of one frond the cell apertures are smaller, crescentic, <and
denticulated, presenting a very different appearance from the ordinary
condition.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.
Phractopora cristata, var. lineata.

PLATE XXXI, FIGS. »J, 36.
Phraclcpora cristata, var. liiteaia. Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 34, 35. 1887.

In this form the crests are not prominent; frequently the surface is traversed
by narrow, slightly elevated carinoe. The cell apertures are more nearly cir-
cular, less oblique, and the margins more equally elevated than in P. cristata
proper.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

f^-j

100 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

SCALAR IPO 11 A, Hall. 1881.

SCALARIPORA SCALARIFORMIS.

PLATE XXIX, FIGS. 4-8.

Sralaripara scalar^formis. Hall. Ti-jins. Albany Iiistilute, vol. x, abstract, p. 18. 1881.

•' " " Report of State Geolojjist for 188.5, advance sheets. Exjil. pi. 2tt, figs.

4-S. 1886.

ZoARiUM composed of an irregular group of triangular prismatic branches ; faces
of the branch equal, width from 3.50 to 4 mm., very concave, the concavity
along the middle sub-angular ; traversed transversely, at intervals of about
1.50 mm., by very thin, celluliferous scalaB, having a height at the middle of
the branch of about 1 mm., thickness .20 mm. Cells tubular, arising from
the radiating mesotheca and from the mesotheca of the scaloe, the latter being
very oblique, and nearly parallel with the surface. Cell apertures circular,
sometimes papillose, diameter about .24 mm. ; irregularly disposed, frequently
in contact: peristomes strong, sometimes equally elevated, at other times
the posterior margin is the most elevated. Intercellular space irregularly
vesiculose.

This species differs from S. subconcava in its larger branches, the deeper con-
cavity of the sides, and the comparatively more frequent bifurcations.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

SCALARIPORA SUBCONCAVA.

PLATE XXIX, FIGS. 1-3.

Sealaripora subcoTicava, Hali,. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 18. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 18S5, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 29, figs. 1-3.

1886.

ZoARiOM composed of triangular branches ; sides equal or sub-equal, width from
1 50 to 2 mm., slightly concave; scalae occurring at intervals of about 1.30
mm., height .50 mm., thickness .25 mm. Cell apertures nearly circular,
diameter about .18 mm; irregularly disposed. Peristomes thin, equally or
unequally elevated. Intercellular space vesiculose.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 101

This species may be distinguished from S. scalariformis by its much smaller
size, slight concavity of the face of the branches, and less frequent bifurcations.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

THAMNOTRYPA, N. G.

Thamnopora, Hall. 1881.
Not Thamnopora, Steininger. 1831.

Thamnotbypa divakicata.

PLATE XXXin, FIGS. 9, 10.

Thamnopora divaricata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, i>. 16. 1881.

" " Report of State Geologrist for 1882. Expl. pi. 26, figs. 9, 10. 1883.

ZoARiuM consisting of a main branch or stipe, from which proceed, at irregular
intervals, lateral branches diverging at an angle of nearly ninety degrees ;
width of stipe from 1 to 1.25 mm.; transverse section lenticular; greatest
thickness .50 mm. ; width of branches .50 mm. Cell apertures oval, length
.25 ram., width two-thirds the length ; on the stipe usually disposed in two
longitudinal rows, sometimes three, and rarely four for a short distance ; on
the lateral branches there are only two rows Ranges of cells separated by
a slight elevation. Peristomes strong, distinctly and equally elevated.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.
GLAUCONOME, Goldfuss. 1826.

GlAUCONOME 8INU0SA.

PLATE XXXm, FIGS. 11, 13.

Qlaueonome sinuo»a. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 18. 1881.

" " " Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 26, figs. 11, 12. 1883.

Width of main stem slightly less than 1 mm., of lateral branches .50 mm. ;
transverse section broadly sub-cuneiform. Celluliferous face angular, oppo-
site face rounded. Space between lateral branches equal to the width of a

102 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

branch. Cell apertures minute, circular, diameter .15 mm. Ranges of aper-
tures separated by a prominent sinuous carina.

This species may be distinguished from the others by the prominent sinuous
carina

Formation and localiUj. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.

Glauconome tenuistkiata.

PLATE XXXin, FIGS. 15-19.

Olomocmome tenuislrlata. Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 19. 1881.

« " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 26, figs. 15-19. 1883.

Width of main stipe .60 mm., of lateral branches .33 mm. ; transverse section
broadly oval ; space between lateral branches about twice the width of a
branch. Non-celluliferous face of frond gently rounded and finely striated;
celluliferous face angular. Cell apertures circular, diameter .20 mm., three
in the space of 1.15 mm. Peristomes distinctly and equally elevated. Sur-
face between ranges of apertures carinated, carina slight.

This species may be distinguished from G. sinuosa and G. nodata by the
greater space between the lateral branches.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.

Glauconome nodata.

PLATE XXXIII, FIGS. 18, U.

Qlauconome nodata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, Vol. v, abstract, p. 18. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologrist for 1882. Expl. pi. 26, figs. 13, 14.

Width of stipe .60 mm., of lateral branches .30 mm. ; transverse section
broadly oval. Space between lateral branches equal to the width of a
branch. Non-celluliferous face gently rounded, finely striated. Cell aper-
tures circular, opening laterally ; separated more than the diameter of an
aperture ; fifteen in the space of five mm. Surface between ranges of aper-
tures elevated with prominent nodes.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 103

This species may be distinguished from G. sinuosa by its more slender form
and the absence of a carinae, and from G. tenuistriata by the much closer
arrangement of the lateral branches.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Le Roy, Genessee
county, N. Y.

CRISINELLA, Hall. 1883.
Crisinella scrobiculata.

PLATE XXXni, FIGS. 6-8.

Criainat scrobiculata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 20. 1881.

CrUijuUa " " Report of Stete Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 26, figs. 6-8. 1883.

ZoARiDM ramose, solid, celluliferous on one face, diameter 1 mm. ; transverse
section circular. Cell apertures circular, diameter 25 mm.; disposed in
oblique ascending rows from the center to the margins of the branch ; the
two series of rows alternating at the center. Space between the rows equal
to twice the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes strong, distinctly and
equally elevated. Interapertural space occupied by large polygonal pits.
Non-celluliferous foce of frond finely and irregularly striated.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Western New York.

CYSTOPORA, Hall. 1881.
Cystopora geniculata.

PLATE LXVI, FIGS. 7, 8.
Cystopora geniculata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 20. 1881.

ZoARiUM consisting of a cylindrical aggregation of tubular cells ; length of cells
2 mm. ; width when first exposed .33 mm., increasing to .50 mm., then con-
tracting, having a diameter at the apertures of .28 mm. Cells alternating,
imbricating and forming spiral rows.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

104 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

THAMNISCUS, King. 1849.

TUAMNISCOS MULTIRAMUS.

PLATE XXXm, FIGS: 1-5.

Thamniscns multiramtts. Hall. Tratin. Albany Institute, vol. x, abati-act, p. 19. 1S81.

" " " Report of State Geolog-ist for 1S82. Expl. pi. 26, tig-s. 1-5. 1883.

ZoARiUM fruticose, several stems arising from a common base, with frequent

bifurcations and numerous lateral branches ; width of main branches about

1.50 mm., of lateral branches less than 1 mm. ; transverse section circular.

Frond celluliferous on one face. Cells tubular, length from 1 to 1.50 mm. ;

for the greater portion of their length procumbent, near the aperture abruptly

turning and opening directly outward. Apertures circular, diameter .40 mm.

Non-celluliferous face finely striated.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Schoharie, Schoharie county,

N Y.

FENESTELLA, (Miller) Lonsdale. 1839.

A. Species with two rows of cell apertures on the branch.
a. Forms having either a simple row of nodes, or slightly elevated carina with numerous

nodes.
Fenestella variapora.

plate XLV, figs. 1-13; AMU PLATE XXXV, FIG. 17.

FenaiteUa variapora. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, page 28. 1881.

" " " Repoi't of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 45, figs. 1-13.

1886.
pateUifera. Ulrich. Cent. Am. Pal., \>. 8, pi. 1, fig. 1. May, 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, of compact appearance. Branches very slender,
width just above a bifurcation, .18 to .20 mm., increasing to .25 mm.,
usually straight, but sometimes zigzag, rounded or slightly angular, smooth
in the specimens observed. Interstices usually of about the same width as
the branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width from .20 to .25
mm., rounded, on a plane with the branches or elevated above them, some-
times connecting with those of adjacent branches, forming continuous, irreg-
ular elevations, which are more prominent than the branches themselves ;
ten in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval or subquadrangular, sometimes
circular, length generally from .25 to .30 mm., width from .18 to .30 mm.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 105

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded and depressed.
Fenestrules much narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in
two ranges, opening directly outward ; thirty in the space of 5 mm. ; very
closely disposed, frequently in contact : margins distinctly elevated, indenting
the borders of the fenestrules ; often immediately below a bifurcation, and
sometimes on other portions of the branch, there are large cell apertures
having twice the diameter of the ordinary apertures. Branches between the
ranges of apertures angular, with a line of nodes along the middle.

This species, on the non-celluliferous face, presents so variable an appearance
that different fragments might be considered as belonging to different species.
Where the frond is macerated the elevated margins of the cell apertures are
obsolete, and the apertures apparently open laterally. The nodes are also
obsolete. The non-celluliferous face cannot be distinguished from that of
F. (f/.) acaulis. It very closely resembles F. serrata, but the frond is more
compact, the fenestrules much smaller, the branches of the celluliferous face
less angular. The branches and dissepiments are smaller and more closely
arranged than those of F. stellata.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella tenella.

plate xlv, figs. 18, 19.

Feneitdla tenella, Ha.ll. Report of State Oeologist for ISSS, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 45, figs. 18, 19. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, compact. Branches very slender, width just above
a bifurcation .18 mm., increasing to .35 mm., rigid, angular, with small
irregularly disposed nodes. Interstices of the same width as the branches.
Dissepiments extremely slender, width about .18 mm., rounded, slightly
depressed, eight or nine in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length
from .35 to .40 mm., width from one-third to one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded and depressed.
Fenestrules as on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening
outward ; twenty-eight in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the

106 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

diameter of an aperture. Surface carinated ; carinas slightly elevated,
strong, nodose ; nodes small, regularly disposed.

This species may be distinguished from F. depressa by the smaller size of the
branches ; from F. tenuis by its larger branches, and from F. serrata and allied
forms by its more delicate appearance.

Formalion and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella pertenuis.

PIJITE XLV, FIGS. 22, 28.

Fhtetldla pertetiuis, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 29. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 45, figs. 22, 23.

1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches very slender, rigid, rounded, smooth,
width just above a bifurcation .15 mm., increasing to .25 mm. Interstices
as wide or wider than the branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong,
width .15 to .18 mm., rounded, on a plane with the branches, twelve in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval or sub-quadrangular, length from .25 to
.30 mm., width from .20 to .30 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, depressed. Fenes-
trules narrower than on opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening
outward ; thirty in the space of 5 mm. ; separated by less than the diameter
of an aperture : margins indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Branches
carinated ; carinae broad, slightly elevated, nodose ; nodes comparatively
large, regularly disposed, equal in number to the cell apertures.

This species may be distinguished from F. tenella by the nearly equal size of
the branches and dissepiments ; the dissepiments being on a plane with the
branches. From nearly all other species it may be distinguished by the small
size and close arrangement of the branches and dissepiments.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 107

Fenestella parallela.

PLATE XLIV, FIGS. &-18.

Fenestella parallfla. Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 26. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 44, figs. 8-18. 1886.

Bryozodm infundibuliform ; fronds large, of compact appearance. Branches
very slender, width above a bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .35 or .45 mm.,
angular, very gradually enlarging, essentially parallel. Bifurcations distant.
Interstices of about the same width as the branches. Dissepiments slender,
width .20 mm., angular, slightly depressed, eight in the space of 6 mm.
Fenestrules oval, length .50 or .55 mm., Avidth from .25 to .30 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments angular,
carinated, depressed. Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite
face. Cell apertures in two ranges, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated
by the diameter of an .aperture. Surface between ranges of apertures cari-
nated ; carinas slightly elevated, strong, frequently nodose, four nodes in the
space of 1 mm.

This species may be distinguished from F. granilinea by the two ranges of
apertures and the smaller branches ; from F. variopora, F. tenella, F. pertenuis
F. latijundura and F. orbirama, by the coarser appearance of the frond, the
larger branches and less frequent dissepiments.

Formalion and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.

Fenestella cdrvijunctura.

PLATE XLTl, FIGS. 1-5.
Fenestella ewrvljunctura. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 29. 1881.

Beyozoum infundibuliform. Branches very slender, rounded, width above a bifur-
cation, 16 mm., increasing to .25 or .30 mm. Interstices wider than the
branches. Dissepiments slender, width from .16 to .18 mm., rounded,
curved, on a plane with the branches, eleven in the space of 5 mm. Fenes-
trules sub-quadrangular or oval, length from .25 to .30 mm., width usually
slightly less than the length, but often equal to it.

108 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, depressed. Fenes-
trules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures large, in two
ranges, opening directly outward, twenty-four in the space of 5 mm., closely
disposed, nearly or quite in contact: margins strong, elevated, indenting
the border of the fenestrule. Surface carinated; carinae broad, slightly
elevated, nodose ; nodes strong, about equal in number to the cell apertures.

This species may be distinguished by its delicate appearance and curved
dissepiments.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella confertipora, n. sp.

PLATE XLVI, FIGS. 7-11 AND 17-21.

Brtozoum infundibuliform. Branches of two kinds, usually slender, having
a width above a bifurcation of .20 mm., increasing to .35 or .40 mm., but
others frequently occur having sometimes twice the diameter of the ordi-
nary branches; the slender branches sometimes proceed laterally from the
stronger ones. The larger branches occur most frequently on the basal
portion of the frond, becoming less frequent above. Interstices of the same
width as the branches or slightly n.arrower. Dissepiments slender, width
from .20 to .25 mm., wider near the base of the frond than above, rounded,
smooth, very slightly expanding, on a plane with the branches, nine in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval or sub-quadrangular, length from .30 to
.35 mm., width from .20 to .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are sub-angular and depressed.
Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face, length more than twice the
width. Cell apertures large, in two ranges, opening directly outward,
twenty-four in the space of 5 mm., in contact ; margins elevated, strongly
indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Surface between the ranges of
apertures carinated ; carinae broad, slightly elevated, nodose ; nodes small.

This species may be distinguished by the frequent large branches, sometimes

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 109

approaching in character the sub-genus Ptiloporella and also by the large cell
apertures in contact, opening directly outward.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella stellata.

PLATE XLV, FIGS. U, 15; AND PLATE XLVII, FIGS. 20-36.

Fenegtdla stellata. Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 29. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheet,". Expl. pi. 45, figs. 14, 15.

1886.
" seulptilit, Ulbich. Journal of the Cincinnati Acad. Sciences. Cont. Am. Pal., p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 3.

188«.

Bry'Ozoum infundibuliforni. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm., rounded or sub-angular, sometimes
smooth, at other times with frequent, prominent, irregularly disposed nodes.
Interstices usually narrower than the branches. Dissepiments compara-
tively strong, width .25 mm., sometimes oblique, rounded or angular, on a
plane with the branches, six in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval,
length from .50 to .55 mm., width from .25 to .30 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are sometimes angular and cari-
nated, but usually both the branches and dissepiments are traversed by
narrow grooves or channels, with sharp margins, which are sinuous on
the branches. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite ftice. Cell
apertures in two ranges, opening somewhat laterally, twenty-four in the
space of 5 mm., separated by less than half the diameter of an aperture :
margins elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Along the middle
of the branches there is a row of very prominent nodes, which are some-
times conical, at other times they are expanded at the summit and present
a stellate tappearance. Carinated and channeled branches occur on the same
frond.

The peculiar channeling of the branches and dissepiments, and the promi-
nent, frequently stellate nodes serve to distinguish this species from any other.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

110 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella serrata.

PLATE XUVU, FIGS. H-l».
F)eiu*UUa samUa, HkLh. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 28. 1881.

Brvozoum iiifiindibuUform, frond compact. Branches slender, width above a
bifurcation from .20 to .25 mm., increasing to .40 or .42 mm., very gradually
enlarging, rounded or sub-angular, sometimes smooth but usually nodose, the
nodes on some of the fronds being very prominent, sometimes granulose ;
bifurcations distant. Interstices usually of about the same width as the
branches, but .sometimes one and one-half times and occasionally twice the
width. Dissepiments slender, width from .20 to .25 mm., rounded, slightly
depressed, eight or nine in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length
usually from .35 to .40 mm., width .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments acutely
angular, carinated, depressed below the plane of the branches. Fenestrules
of the same appearance as on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges,
opening laterally, twenty-two in the space of 5 mm., separated by
slightly less than the diameter of an aperture : margins thin, slightly ele-
vated. Surface carinated ; carinse strong, elevated, with sharp, triangular,
prominent nodes, about equal in number to the cell apertures.

The non-celluliferous face resembles very nearly some varieties of F. stellata.
The celluliferous face may be distinguished by the sharply angular branches
and dissepiments, which give to this face of the frond the appearance of being
divided into small squares, a feature distinguishing it from any otlier species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella verrucosa, n. sp.

PLATE XLU, FIG. 11 ; I'LATK XLVI, FIGS 22, 24.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, compact. Branches slender, width
above a bifurcation .20 to .25 mm., increasing to .40 and .45 mm., with
numerous small nodes, closely and irregularly disposed. Usually, when the

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. Ill

dissepiments are opposite each other, the branch midway between them is
elevated ; bifurcations distant. Dissepiments, as compared with the branches,
strong, width from .30 to .35 mm., rounded, occasionally with one or more
nodes, on the same plane or elevated slightly above the branches, six in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .45 or .50 mm., width .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges,
twenty-two in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an
aperture : margins thin, slightly elevated. Surface between rows of aper-
tures carinated ; carinae strong, slightly elevated, with small, closely disposed
nodes on the summit.

The non-celluliferous face resembles F. stellata but the branches of the
celluliferous face are never channeled and do not have prominent nodes.

This species may be distinguished from F. serrata by its generally coarser
appearance, the greater distance of the dissepiments, there being respectively
six and nine dissepiments in the same space.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella depressa.

PLATE XLV, FIGS. 16, 17.

Fenestella depretsa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x. abstract, p. 30. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 45, figs. 16, 17.

1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches slender, width above a bifurcation .30
mm., increasing to .45 mm., rounded, finely striated. Interstices narrower
than the branches. Dissepiments very slender, width .18 mm., rounded,
much depressed, nine in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval or sub-quad-
rangular, length .40 ram., width about .20 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules having the same appearance as on the opposite face. Cell aper-
tures in two ranges, opening directly outward, twenty-six in the space of 5
mm., separated by less than the diameter of an aperture : margins elevated.

112 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

strongly indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Surface between ranges
of apertures angular, nodose.

This species may be distinguished by the depressed dissepiments on both faces
of the frond.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

FeNESTELLA iEQDALIS.

PLATE XLVI, FIGS. 27-31.

FettesUlla mqual'ui. Halt,. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 31. 1881.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .30 mm., increasing to .50 mm., very gradually enlarging, rigid,
angular, slightly carinated. Nearly all the specimens observed are par-
tially covered by the original rock deposit, leaving only the summits of the
branches exposed, giving tliem a very slender appearance ; width not more
than .20 mm. : bifurcations distant. Interstices nearlv twice as wide as the
branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width .30 mm., angular,
slightly carinated, on a plane with the branches, five in the space of 5 mm.
Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, length 70 mm., width about .50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments angular,
much depressed. Fenestrules smaller and more oval than on the opposite
face. Cell apertures in two ranges, eighteen in the space of 5 mm., separated
less than the diameter of an aperture : margins thin, slightly elevated. Sur-
face slightly carinated and with prominent conical nodes which usually occur
opposite a dissepiment, but frequently on other portions of the frond.

This species may be distinguished by the rigid branches, sub-quadrangular
fenestrules, strong dissepiments, and the prominent nodes opposite dissepiments
on the celluliferous face.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 113

b. Forms having a smooth carina.
Fenestella biseriata, n. sp.

PLATE XLII, FIGS. 16-18.

Bbyozoom infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .35 mm., increasing to .50 mm.; very gradually enlarging, straight,
somewhat rigid in appearance, rounded or sub-angular, finel}^ striated, occa-
sionally with minute nodes ; bifurcations distant. Interstices wider than the
branches, sometimes twice the width. Dissepiments very slender, width .22
mm., rounded or sub-angular, sometimes slightly carinated, nearly on a plane
with the branches, five in the space of 5.50 mm. Fenestrules sub-quad-
rangular or oval, length nearly .80 mm., width usually about .50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments rounded
or sub-angular, very much depressed. Fenestrules a little narrower than on
the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening somewhat laterally,
twenty in the space of 5 mm., separated by the diameter of an aperture:
margins thin, slightly elevated. Surface between ranges of apertures angular,
8ub-carinated.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Cherry Valley, Otsego
county, N. Y.

Fenestella peculiaris.

PLATE XLII, FIGS. lB-21.
FtnesUUa peculiaris, Hali. Report of State Geologist for 1883. Expl. pi. 33, figs. 19-21. 1883.

BRTOzonM infundibuliform. Branches slender, very gradually enlarging ; width
above a bifurcation .33 mm., increasing to .40 or .45 mm. ; obtusely angular,
except for a .short distance before bifurcating, carinated, carina and other
parts of the branch nodose or granulose. When the frond is much macerated
the nodes are obsolete and the carina is much more prominent than in well-
preserved specimens. Interstices a little wider than the branches. Dissepi-
ments slender, width .30 mm., flattened, granulose, slightly depressed, five
in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .70 mm., width .35 to
.40 mm.

114 PALMONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments rounded,
depressed. Cell apertures in two ranges, fifteen in the space of 5 mm ,
separated by the diameter of an aperture. Branch carinated, carina slightly
elevated, but conspicuous.

This species may be readily distinguished by its obtusely angular, carinated
branches.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Caledonia, N. Y.

Fenestella dispanda.

PLATE XLIV, FIGS. 1-4.

Fenestella dispandus, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 44, figs.

1-4. 1886.

Bryozodm i n fund ibuli form, of lax growth. Branches slender, rounded, width
above a bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm. Interstices two or three
times the width of the branches. Dissepiments very slender, width .20 mm.,
frequently oblique to the branches, angular, slightly depressed, seven in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, length about 1.25 mm., width
.50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments angular,
depressed Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in two ranges, eighteen in the space of 5 mm., separated
by slightly more than the diameter of an aperture ; carinas slight.

This species may be distinguished by the slender branches and the straggling
appearance of the frond.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Western New York, par-
ticular locality not recorded.

Fenestella singularitas.

PLATE XLVI, FIGS. 12-16.
Penentdla singvXaritas, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 29. 1881.

Brvozodm infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .25 mm., increasing to .45 mm., rounded, finely striated ; generally

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 115

there is a prominent conical node below each bifurcation. Interstices nar-
rower than the branches. Dissepiments slender, width .20 to .25 mm,
usually rectangular to the branch, but sometimes oblique, rounded, on a plane
with the branches, eight or nine in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval,
length from .35 to .40 mm., width from .20 to .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are angular, depressed, com-
paratively strong. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell
apertures in two ranges, opening laterally, twenty in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by less than the diameter of an aperture : margins slightly elevated.
Surface between the ranges of apertures angular, elevated. Below each bifur-
cation, and sometimes on other portions of the branch, there is a strong node
similar to those on the opposite face.

This species may be distinguished by its prominent nodes which usually
occur immediately below a bifurcation on both faces of the frond.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella proceuitas, n. sp.

PLATE XLVI, FIGS. 32, 35, 36.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches slender, width above a
bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm., very gradually enlarging, the
increa.se in size often scarcely perceptible, straight, rounded, with very fine
granulose striations and small nodes ; bifurcations distant. Interstices much
wider than the branches. Dissepiments very slender, width .20 mm.,
rounded, finely striated, very slightly expanded, nearly on a plane with the
branches, four in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, length
from a little more than 1 mm. to 1.60 mm., widtli .45 or .50 ram.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments angular
and much depressed. Fenestrules somewhat narrower than on the opposite
face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening laterally, fifteen in the space of 5
mm., separated by a little more than the diameter of an aperture : margins
very thin, slightly elevated. Surface between ranges of apertures sharply
angular, elevated about .18 mm.

116 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species may be easily distinguished by its slender branches, of essen-
tially the same size for nearly their entire length, and the large, sub-quadran-
gular fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella sinuosa.

PLATE XLIV, FIGS. B, C.
Fenettella sinuoaa. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Exiil. pi. 44, K^. 5, ti. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches strong, width above a bifurcation .75 mm.,
incre.ising to 1.25 mm., sinuous, angular, slightly carinated. Interstices from
slightly narrower to wider than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width
.60 mm., angular, carinated, depressed, ten in the space of 5 mm. Fenes-
trules oval, length about 1.35 mm., width usually from .60 to .75 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, carinated, much
depressed. Fenestrules of about the same appearance as on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in two ranges, fourteen in the sp.ace of 5 mm., separated by one-
half the diameter of an aperture. Branches carinated, carinoe thin, prominent,
height, .25 mm.

The non-celluliferous face of this species so closely resembles that of F {Poly-
pora) robusta, that it is difficult to distinguish the two ; but the celluliferous face
has, of course, only a remote resemblance to that species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Caledonia, N. Y.

Fenestella tdberculata, n. sp.

I'LATE XbVl, FIGS. 25, 26, 33, 34.

Bbyozoum infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches moderately slender, very
gradually enlarging, width above a bifurcation .30 mm., increasing to .60 mm.,
straight, abruptly rounded or sub-angular, with frequent, prominent, conical
nodes, irregularly disposed and forming the most characteristic feature of the
frond. Interstices wider than the branches. Dissepiments very slender,
width .20 mm., rounded, slightly expanded, depressed below the plane of the

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 117

branches ; about six in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval or sub-quad-
rangular, length 1.40 mm., width from .50 to .60 mm. The celluliferous face
has not been observed.

This species may be distinguished by the comparatively slender branches,
with frequent, prominent, conical nodes, and the large fenestrules. It most
nearly resembles F. proceritas, but the branches are stronger and the fenestrules
larger.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella clathbata, n. sp.

(KOT KIOnRED.)

Beyozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .35 mm., increasing to .50 or .60 mm., sometimes more, angular and
slightly carinated, very gradually enlarging, increase in width scarcely per-
ceptible, sinuous or zig-zag, anastomosing or connected by very short dissepi-
ments ; bifurcations infrequent. Interstices of about the same width as the
branches. Dissepiments strong, width .66 mm., angular, slightly carinated,
the carinas connecting with those of the branches and on the same plane ;
when the branches anastomose the portions so connected have the same width
as the dissepiments ; the carinae of adjacent branches unite and at their
junction have a small conical node, four in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules
broadly oval, frequently nearly circular, length .55 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are sinuous. Dissepiments rounded,
slightly depressed. Fenestrules a little narrower than on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, twenty in the space
of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an aperture : margins very
distinctly elevated, but not indenting the border of the fenestrules. Surface
between ranges of apertures carinated; carinae moderately thick, slightly
elevated.

This species is similar in general appearance to F. eredipora, but may be dis-
tinguished by its smaller, more closely arranged branches and more closely

L.

118 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

disposed dissepiments, there being eleven branches in the same space occupied
by seven in that species ; there are twenty cell apertures in the same space occu-
pied by fourteen in that species ; from F. interrupta by the more regular appear-
ance of the non-celluliferous face and by the absence of prominent, expanding
carinoB ; from F. {Reteporina) coalescens by the more closely arranged branches and
dissepiments and, iis compared with the branches, much wider dissepiments; from
F. {Reteporina) rhombifera by the much closer disposition of the branches and
dissepiments, and the narrower dissepiments. It is very similar on its non-
celluliferous face to F. labiata of the Hamilton group, and from that face alone
it is very difficult to make a satisfactory distinction ; the celluliferous face is
very different.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella erectipora.

plate l, figs. 15, 17.

PmetUUa erectipora. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, absti-act, p. 32. 1S81.

" " " Report of State Geolog-ist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 50, figs. 15, 17.

1886.

Bryozodm infundibuliform, sometimes narrowly, at other times rapidly expand-
ing. Branches moderately slender, width above bifurcation .34 to .40 mm.,
increasing to .50 mm., very gradually enlarging, sinuous or zig-zag, usually
connected by short dissepiments, but sometimes anastomosing, angular, with
small conical nodes opposite the dissepiments or on the anastomosed portions,
sometimes slightly carinated ; bifurcations comparatively distant. Interstices
wider than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width .60 mm., rounded or
angular, on a plane with the branches, three in the space of 4 mm. Fene-
strules oval, length about .70 mm., width .45 to .60 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are slightly and regularly sinuous.
Dissepiments rounded, much depressed. Fenestrules smaller than on the
opposite face, the length sometimes appearing less than the width of the
dissepiment. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, fourteen
in the space of 5 mm., separated by one and one-half times the diameter of
an aperture: margins distinctly elevated. Surface between tlie ranges of
apertures carinated, carinaB sinuous, narrow, height about .25 mm.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 119

This species most nearly resembles F. (Reteporina) rhombifera and F. granifera ;
from the first it may be distinguished as follows : the branches are not so
decidedly anastomosing, the dissepiments are narrower and more closely dis-
posed, there being eight in the same space occupied by five in that species; from
F. granifera, by the branches being generally more angular, with small conical
nodes, and without the line of granules along the middle of the branch, charac-
teristic of that species ; the carina does not expand, is slightly elevated and has
no nodes on the sides.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.

Fenestella cdltrata.

PLATE L, FIGS. 1-5.

Fenestella cuUrata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 29. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 50, figs.

1-5. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .35 mm., increasing to .75 mm., rounded or sub-angular, becoming
flattened for a short distance before bifurcation. Interstices generally wider
than the branches. Dissepiments slender, width from .25 to .35 mm., rounded,
on a plane with the branches and frequently oblique to them ; usually about
two in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, length from 1.75
to 2.25 mm., width from .40 to .80 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite face. Cell apertures
in two ranges, opening laterally, eighteen in the space of 5 mm., closely dis-
posed, frequently in contact. Surface between ranges of apertures carinated ;
carinae strong, angular, height .30 mm.

This species most nearly resembles F. biserrulata, but is more lax in appear-
ance, the fenestrules are larger, the cell apertures open laterally, and the carina
does not expand and has no nodes on the side.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

120 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella (Reteporina) rhombifeba.

PLATE L, FIGS. 18, 19.

Finettdla rhotnbifera. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 32. 1S81.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1S85, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 50, figs. 18,

19. 1S86.
Compare JFhiestella striata. Thirty-sixth Annual Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., extract, p. 72. 1884.

Bbyozoum infundibuliform, rapidly expanding, sometimes having a diameter of
80 mm. at 30 mm. from the base. Branches moderately slender, width
above a bifurcation .35 mm., increasing to .45 or .50 mm., very gradually
enlarging, zig-zag, anastomosing, angular, slightly carinated, with a conical
node at the junction, the frond presenting a regular reticulated appearance.
Interstices much wider than the branches. The anastomosed portions have
a width of .70 or .80 mm. ; three in the space of 5.50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are straight or a little sinuous, con-
nected by short dissepiments, which are rounded and much depressed. Fenes-
trules narrower than on the opposite face, width a little less than .50 mm.
Cell .apertures in two ranges, opening laterally, fourteen in the space of 5
mm., separated by more than the diameter of an aperture : margins thin,
slightly elevated. Surface between ranges of apertures carinated ; carinae
strong, height .40 mm.

The non-celluliferous face of this species so nearly resembles that of i^. striata
of the Hamilton group, that no satisfactory distinction can be made. On the
celluliferous face the branches are more nearly straight, and rigid in appear-
ance, the carina is much stronger and higher, the fenestrules are larger, the cell
apertures open laterally, are farther apart, there being only fourteen in the
same space occupied by twenty or twenty-two in that species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Reteporina) coalescens.

HOT FiaURBD.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, very gradually en-
larging, width above a bifurcation .30 mm., increasing to .45 mm., angular,

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 121

zig-zag, anastomosing, and having a prominent conical node at the points of
junction. Interstices more than twice the width of the branches. Width
of anastomosed portion a little less than .50 mm., three in the space of 5.50
mm. Fenestrules regularly oval, length about 1.30 mm., width .75 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are sharply rounded, connected by
short dissepiments which are rounded and very much depressed. Fenestrules
much narrower than on the opposite face, the interstices being only a
little wider than the branches. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening a
little laterally, seventeen in the space of 5 mm., separated by about the
diameter of an aperture. Surface between ranges of apertures carinated ;
carina thick, height about .50 mm.

This species closely resembles F. {Reteporina) rhombifera, but the dissepiments
are a little narrower and the carina is smooth ; the carina of that species has a
row of small nodes on each margin of the summit; the non-celluliferous face
so closely resembles some forni.s of that of F. striata of the Hamilton group, that
it is very difficult to satisfactorily distinguish them ; on the celluliferous face
the carina is much thicker and higher.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

c. Forms having prominent carina with expanded summits.
Fenestella lunulata.

PLATE XLVII, FIGS. I-IO.

Flmestella lunulata, Hai.l. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 31. 1881.
Semicoscinium Miqitatum, Ulrich Cont. Am. Pal., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 13, pi. 1. 1886.

Beyozoum infundibuliform, frequently of irregular growth, sometimes twisted
or involved. Branches very slender, width above a bifurcation .25 mm.,
increasing to .45 mm., rounded or sub-cangular, often irregular. Interstices
of about the same width as the branches. Dissepiments strong, width from
.25 to .40 mm., oblique, having on the summit a prominent lunate elevation,
which extends upon the branches, the extremities connecting with the eleva-
tions of adjacent dissepiments, obscuring the branches, and sometimes giving
to the frond the appearance of being composed of oblique walled cells. On

122 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

the margin of the elevation there is a prominent conical node which fre-
quently projects over the fenestrules. On some fronds the dissepiments and
branches are also granulose. Fenestrules oval, frequently appearing trian-
gular from the projecting node of the dissepiments, length from .40 to .50
mm., width usually from one-half to three-fourths the length, but sometimes
equal to it.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules much smaller than on the opposite face ; the width of the dis-
sepiment being greater than the length of the fenestrule. Cell apertures in
two ranges, opening directly outward, twenty in the space of 5 mm., sepa-
rated by half the diameter of an aperture ; margins elevated, strongly
indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Surface between the ranges of
apertures carinated ; height of carina .30 mm. ; very thin below, expanding
to a width of .30 mm. at the summit.

This species may be easily distinguished by the lunate elevations, with
conical nodes, on the non-celluliferous face ; even when worn or macerated it
preserves evidence of these characteristics.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella bi-imbricata.

PLATE XLVin, FIGS. 6-11.

FenestMa hi-iinbricatti. Hall. Trans. Albany Institue, vol. x, abstract, p. 31. 1881.

" " " Report of St*te Geologrist for 1885, ail vance sheets. Expl. pi. 48, figs. 6-11.

1886.

Bbyozodm infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches moderately slender, width
above bifurcation .38 mm., increasing to .50 mm., sub-parallel, the enlargement
scarcely perceptible, angular, slightly carinated, decidedly zig-zag and very
irregular, anastomosing or connected by short dissepiments; thickness 1
mm., transverse section sub-cuneiform. Dissepiments stronger than the
branches, oblique, the summit frequently forming a semi-circular elevation
which extends upon the branches, the extremities connecting with those of
adjacent dissepiments, giving to the frond the appearance of a festooned-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 123

reticulate structure (fig. 8). At otlier times the reticulate structure has be-
come obsolete and the surface presents the aspect of an explanate frond,
penetrated by large oblique cells as in fig. 7. At other times the dissepi-
ments, or anastomosed portions, are elevated above the branches continuing
across them, coalescing with those of adjacent branches and forming very
irregular transverse, continuous elevations, which form the most prominent
feature ; this condition of the frond so obscures the branches that it is nearly
impossible to trace them, the frond presenting a stelliform reticulate appear-
ance. Fenestrules variable in size and form, oval, circular or sub-triangular.
The celluliferous face is very regular, the branches slightly sinuous, very
closely disposed, nearly parallel. Dissepiments strong, width from .90 to
1.15 mm., oblique, rounded, depressed, three in the space of 5 mm. Fenes-
trules regularly oval, small, length .40 to .45 mm., width .25 mm. Cell
apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, twenty-two in the space
of 5 mm., very closely disposed, nearly or quite in contact : margins thin,
distinctly elevated. Surface between ranges of apertures carinated, height
of carina .50 mm., thin below, then expanding, the summit flat and having
a width of nearly .50 mm. ; generally one side of the carina is more expanded
than the other, the summits imbricating, as shown in figs. 10, 11. Some of
the fronds have no resemblance to the branches and dissepiments of a
Fenestella, but resemble some forms of Lichenalia

This species most nearly resembles F. interrupta, but may be distinguished by
its oblique, much wider dissepiments, and the coarser appearance of the frond.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella interrupta.

PLATE XLVIII, FIGS. 12-17.

Finestella iiUeirupta, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, voL x/abstract, p. 32. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 48, figs. 12-17.

1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, compact. The non-celluliferous face
of the frond is so irregular, that it is usually almost impossible to trace the

124 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

branches except for a short distance. Branches slender, width .30 mm., in-
creasing to .50 mm., angular, slightly carinated, decidedly zig-zag, anasto-
mosing or connected by very short dissepiments. Transverse section of a
branch sub-cuneiform, thickness .75 mm. The dissepiments or anastomosed
portions are wider than the branches, and elevated above their plane, con-
tinuing across them, coalescing with those of adjacent branches, forming
irregular continuous ridges, which are the most prominent feature of the frond,
obscuring the branches and giving to the non-celluliferous face a stelliform-
reticulate appearance. Fenestrules variable in form and size, oval, circular,
or sometimes rhomboidal.

The celluliferous face of the frond presents a rigid appearance, the branches
are slightly sinuous, very gradually enlarging, sub-parallel. Dissepiments
very short, width .60 mm., rounded, depressed, five in the space of 5 mm.
Fenestrules regularly oval, small, length .40 mm., width about .25 mm. Cell
apertures in two ranges, opening somewhat laterally, twenty-four in the space
of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an aperture. Surface be-
tween ranges of apertures carinated ; carina .40 mm. in height, thin below,
then expanding, the summit flat, and having a width of .30 mm.

The two faces of the frond are so unlike each other that seen separately they
would easily be mistaken for different species. The non-celluliferous face of
this species may be distinguished from that of F. semirotunda by its coarser
appearance ; the celluliferous faces have little resemblance. Both faces of the
frond very nearly resemble F. bi-imbricata, but the structure is not so coarse in
appearance, the dissepiments and branches are smaller ; there are four dissepi-
ments in the same space occupied by two in that species ; the dissepiments of
F. bi-imbricata having frequently a width of more than 1 mm. From other species
of similar manner of growth it may be distinguished by its size.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 125

Fenestella granifera.

PLATE L, FIGS. 12-14, 16.

Fenestella (Hemitrypa) granifera. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 33. 18S1.

" jrani/era. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 50, figs. 12-14, 16.

1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds very large, with frequent broad folds or un-
dulations on a line with the branches. Branches moderately slender, width
above a bifurcation .30 mm., increasing to .45 mm., very gradually enlarging,
sub-parallel, frequently sinuous, flattened, sub-angular or angular, with a row
of fine granules along the middle ; bifurcations distant. Interstices wider
than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width usually .55 mm., flattened,
on a plane with the branches, four in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules broadly
oval, length .70 mm., width from .40 to .50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, depressed. Fen-
estrules more elongate-oval than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two
ranges, twenty in the space of 5 mm., opening directly outward, separated
by less than the diameter of an aperture. Surface between ranges of aper-
tures carinated ; carinae strong with the summits expanded, and having on
each margin a row of minute nodes.

Formalion and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Leroy village, Genesee
county, N. Y.

d. Forms having the carina expanded midway of their height and contracting above,

with the margins nodose.

Fenestella semirotunda.
plate xlix, figs. 11-23.

Fenestella semirotunda. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 32. 1881.

Bryozodm broadly infundibuliform, compact. Branches slender, width above
a bifurcation .20 to .25 mm., increasing to .40 and .45 mm. ; transverse section
sub-cuneiform, thickness about 1 mm.; anastomosed or connected by short
dissepiments, sinuous or zig-zag, rounded or angular, slightly carinated, fre-

k

126 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

quently witli numerous, irregularly disposed, small conical nodes. The
branches are sometimes regular, at other times very irregular. Interstices
wider than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width usually about .50 mm.,
on a plane with the branches or elevated above, sometimes continuing across
the branch, coalescing with those of adjacent branches and forming continuous,
very irregular transverse ridges, which are more prominent than the branches,
often giving to the frond a reticulated appearance, five dissepiments in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .50 mm., width from .30 to 40 mm.
On the celluliferous face the frond is more regular. Dissepiments rounded,
very much depressed. Fenestrules smaller than on the opposite face. Cell
apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, twenty in the space of 5
mm., closely disposed, nearly or quite in contact : margins thin, distinctly
elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Surface between ranges
of apertures carinated ; carina about .50 mm. in height, at first thin, expanding
for about one-half the height, then contracting, the summit being thin ; on
each margin of the expanded portion there is a row of small triangular nodes,
about equal in number to the cell apertures. There are calso, at irregular
distances, but always over a dissepiment, semicircular projections, extending
half way to the adjacent carina ; these when occurring opposite to each other
frequently coalesce

The non-celluliferous face of this species resembles that of F. interrupta, but
the branches are smaller ; the celluliferous face may be readily distinguished
from any other species of this formation by the semicircular projections on the
dissepiments ; from F. labiata of the Hamilton group, it may be distinguished
by its .smaller and more closely disposed branches and dissepiments, the
presence of nodes on the carinae, and the more irreguhar appearance of the
non-celluliferous face.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 127

Fenestella permarginata.

PLATE XLIX, FIGS. l-IO.

Fenestella pennarginata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract p. 30. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 49, figs.

1-10. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .30 mm., increasing to .50 mm., rounded or flattened. Interstices
slightly wider than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width .60 to .65 mm.,
gently rounded or flattened, on a plane with the branches, about four in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .60 mm., width .25 or .30 mm.; in
well preserved specimens there is usually an elevation .20 mm. wide and of
about the same height, extending around each fenestrule, giving to the
branches and dissepiments the appearance of being concave.

The celluliferous face of the frond is more regular. Dissepiments rounded,
much depressed. Fenestrules smaller than on the opposite face. Cell aper-
tures in two ranges, opening directly outward, twenty in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by less than one-half the diameter of an aperture : margins strongly
elevated, indenting the border of the fenestrule. Surface between ranges of
apertures carinated ; carina about .60 mm. high, slightly expanding for
about one-half its height, then contracting, the summit sharp ; on each mar-
gin of the expanded portion there is a row of triangular concave nodes,
equal in number to the cell apertures.

This species may readily be distinguished from any other of this formation,
by the prominent elevation surrounding the fenestrules ; from F. exornata of the
Hamilton group, it may be distinguished by the much smaller and more closely
disposed branches and dissepiments, and the rows of nodes on the margins of
the expanded portion of the carina.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

128 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella biserrclata.

PLATE L, FIGS. 6-11.

Fbnettella buerrulata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 30. 1881.

•' " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 50, figs. 6-11.

1886.

Bryozoom infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .33 mm., increasing to .70 mm., rounded or sub-angular, with a row of
granules along the middle of the branch. Interstices slightly wider than the
branches. Dissepiments slender, width .30 mm., rounded, on a plane with
the branches, about three in the space of 4.50 mm.; each dissepiment is
marked by an elevation which extends upon and along the branch nearly to
the next dissepiment, frequently giving angularity to the narrower portions
of the branch. Fenestrules oval, length about 1.25 mm., width from .35 to
.50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules slightly narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in
two ranges, opening directly outward, "eighteen in the space of 5 mm., sepa-
rated by less than the diameter of an aperture. Surface between ranges of
apertures carinated, carina about .40 mm. in height, expanding for one-half
the height, then contracting ; on each margin of the expanded portion there
is a line of minute nodes, about equal in number to the cell apertures.

This species may be distinguished from similar forms by the large fenestrules.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella latijpnctura.

PLATE XLVIII, KIGS. 1-6.

PmaiteUa latijunetura, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 31. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 188.'), advance sheets. Expl. pi. 48, figs. 1-5.

1886.

Bbtozoum infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches moderately slender, width
above a bifurcation .25 to .30 mm., increasing to .50 mm., irregular, usually
angular, slightly carinated, sometimes rounded, with more or less prominent.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 129

conical nodes. Interstices of about the same width as the branches. Dis-
sepiments strong, width from .60 mm. to slightly more than 1 mm., on a
plane with the branches, sometimes angular, with a slight carina, which con-
nects with that of the branches ; at other times flat, and having on the upper
portion a semicircular elevation, which extends upon the branches ; on some
fronds these are elevated above and continue across the branches, coalescing
with those of adjacent branches, forming very irregular transverse ridges.
The dissepiments are so prominent that the branches frequently appear
merely as short processes connecting the strong transverse elevations, from
three to five in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length usually about
.50 mm., width .30 to .35 mm.

The celluliferous face of the frond is very regular. Dissepiments rounded,
very much depressed. Fenestrules smaller and more regularly oval than on
the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward,
eighteen in the space of 5 mm. ; closely disposed, separated by less than one-
half the diameter of an aperture : margins thin, distinctly elevated, indenting
the borders of the fenestrules. Surface between ranges of apertures carinated ;
carina having an elevation of about .70 mm., extremely thin, slightly expanded
at a little less than one-half the height, then contracting, the summit being
sharp : margins of the expanded portion of the carina marked by a row of
concave, triangular nodes, equal in number to the cell apertures.

This species will be easily recognized by the interrupted appearance of the
branches on the non-celluliferous face, and the high, thin carinae, with rows of
nodes ; in the latter respect resembling F. biserrulata, but it is distinguished from
that species by the irregular appearance of the frond, and the much smaller
fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

180 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella perplexa.

MOT FIGDIIKD.

Pneildki (HanUrypa) perplexa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 33. 1881.
" blgeneris, Ulkioh. Cont. Am. Pal., vol. i. No. 1, p. 11, pi. 2, figs. 1, la.

Bbyozoum infundibuliform. Branches slender, width above a bifurcation usually
from .20 to .25 mm., increasing to .35 or .40 mm., usually straight, some-
times irregular, rounded, nodose ; nodes small, irregularly disposed; transverse
section of branch cuneiform, width .25 to .40 mm., depth 1.25 mm. Inter-
stices of about the same width as the branches. Dissepiments slender, width
.25 mm., depth 1 mm., rounded, on a plane with the branches or elevated
above, sometimes continuing across the branch and coalescing with adjacent
dissepiments, forming very irregular transverse ridges, seven in the space
of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .45 mm., width about .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are angular, carinated, the carin£B
extending upon the branch and to the summit of the carina of the branch.
Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ran-
ges, opening laterally, twenty in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than
the diameter of an aperture. Branches carinated; carinae thin, height. 25 mm.,
and having, on the summit, a row of irregular nodes, which extend beyond
the carinae and have precisely the appearance as if they had been originally
extended and connected adjacent carinae forming scalse, which had been
broken away, leaving only the attached portions ; twenty in the space of
5 mm. .

This species may be very easily distinguished, by the peculiar appearance of
the summit of the carina.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 131

e. Forms in which the carine of adjacent branches, on the celluliferous side, are connected

by transverse scala.

UNITRYPA, s. G., Hall. 1885.

(See page 54.)

Fenestella (Unitrypa) acaulis.

PLATE LI, FIGS. 1-6.

Fenestella (Hemitrypa) acavZit, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 33. 1881.

" ( Unitrypa) " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 51,

figs. 1-6. 1886.
Unitrypa conferta, Ulbich. Cont. Am. Pal., vol. i, No. 1, p. 17, pi. 1, figs. 8, 8a. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, compact. Branches slender, width above a bifur-
cation .20 to .24 mm., increasing to from .35 to .50 mm., the strength
varying on different fronds, straight, angular when well preserved,
rounded when worn, sometimes smooth, at other times nodose; nodes irregu-
larly disposed, or in one or more longitudinal lines. Interstices usually
narrower than the branches, but on some fronds wider. Dissepiments slender,
width from .20 to .25 mm., angular or rounded, on the same plane or elevated
above the branches, sometimes continuing across and coalescing with those
of adjacent branches, forming irregular, continuous transverse elevations
more prominent than the branches, about eight in the space of 5.50 mm.
Fenestrules oval, length .40 to .50 mm., width usually from .20 to .25 mm.,
but on some fronds occasionally .35 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, very much depressed.
Fenestrules narrower than on opposite face, length often three times the
width. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, oblique to
the axis of the branch, twenty-four in the space of 5 mm., separated by less
than one-half the diameter of an aperture : margins elevated, strongly in-
denting the borders of the fenestrule, those of adjacent branches sometimes
nearly in contact. Surface between ranges of apertures carinated ; carinse
.50 mm. in height, very thin below, expanding to a width of about .15
mm.; carinaB connected by scalae, the summits of which have a width of
about .14 mm.; these extend downward till within a short distance of the
branch, for half the distance obliquely toward the base, then abruptly bending

132 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

in the opposite direction, twenty-four in the sp.ace of 5 mm. (See fig. 4.)
Interstices oval or lenticular, as wide or wider than the summits of the scalae.
The summit of the carina extends above the scalae and is very conspicuous,
sometimes slightly carinated, occasionally with very prominent, sharp nodes.

This species may be distinguished by the very slender, closely disposed,
scalse, and by the prominence of the summit of the carina. The non-cellulifer-
ous face so nearly resembles that of F. variapora that it is not possible to make
a satisfactory distinction ; the celluliferous faces have little resemblance to
each other.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) acaulis var. inclinis, n. var.

NOT FIGURED.

The dissepiments are very oblique, their summits sharp, more or less curved
and frequently extending upon the branches, which are angular and slightly
carinated. The non-celluliferous face is very dissimilar to the ordinary forms
of F, (U.) acaulis, but the celluliferous face is similar.

Formation and localitij. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) pugjecta, n. sp.

KOT FIGDBBD.

This species is very similar to F. (U.) acaulis, but the branches are somewhat
stronger and more rigid ; the dissepiments are oblique and have on the upper
portion a prominent, paliform node, which projects over the fenestrule.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) transversa, n. sp.

SOT FIQDBBD.

Branches very slender, width above a bifurcation .20 mm., increasing to .30
mm., sinuous or ziz-zag, angular. Interstices wider than the branches. Dis-
sepiments comparatively strong, width .25 mm., angular, six in the space of

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 133

5 mm., on a plane with the branches or elevated above them, very frequently
extending across the branch, uniting with adjacent dissepiments and forming
prominent, irregular, transverse elevations, which are the most conspicuous
feature of the frond and give to it a very irregular appearance. Fenestrules
oval, length .50 mm. or more, width from .25 to .30 mm.

On the celluliferous face the scaloe have a width of .25 to .30 mm., twelve
in the space of 5 mm. ; summit of carina angular, slightly carinated, elevated
above the scalae.

This species most nearly resembles F. (U) stipata; on the non-celluliferous
face the branches are more slender and much more irregular ; the dissepiments
more prominent: on the celluliferous face the scalae have broader summits,
which are not oblique ; on the side of the carina the scalae are directed obliquely
toward the base of the frond only, not bent as in F. (U.) stipata and F. (U.)
tegulata.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) nana, n. sp.

NOT FIODRBD.

Beyozoum infundibuliform. Fronds small, rapidly expanding. Branches very
slender, width above a bifurcation about .16 mm., increasing to .30 mm.,
straight, rounded or sub-angular; when perfectly preserved slightly carinated,
when a little worn or marcerated, smooth ; bifurcations frequent. Inter-
stices wider than the branches. Dissepiments extremely slender, width .12
mm., rounded, much expanded at their junction with the branches, slightly
depressed, ten in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .38 mm.,
width .28 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, slightly carinated,
very much depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cells
in two ranges, opening outward, twenty in the space of 5 mm., separated by less
than the diameter of an aperture : margins thin, indenting the borders of the
fenestrules. Summit of carina .10 mm. in width ; scalae very thin, oblique,
twenty-two in the space of 5 mm.

134 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species may be distinguished from F. (U.) acaulis, by the more slender
and closely disposed dissepiments, which are slightly depressed below the plane
of the branches; from F. (U.) stipata, by the more slender and more rapidly
enlarging branches, the narrower and more frequent dissepiments, there
being eleven in the same space occupied by seven in that species, and by the
much more numerous scalae; from F. (U.) tegulata by the much more closely
disposed scalae.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) stipata.

PLATE LI, FIGS. 7-U.

fhiesUlla (Haaitrypa) stipata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 34. 1881.

" {Unitrypa) " " Report of State Geologist for 188.'), advance sheets. Expl. pi. 51,

figs. 7-14. 1886.

Brvozoum infundibuliform, compact. Branches slender, width above a bifurca-
tion .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm., sometimes straight, but generally sinuous
or zig-zag, connected by very short dissepiments, angular, carinated ; carina
slight," sometimes granulose or nodose ; on some fronds the carinas of adjacent
branches unite on the dissepiments, having a small, conical node at the junc-
tion. Interstices usually a little narrower than the branches. Dissepiments
strong, width generally from .35 to .40 mm., angular, carinated ; carinse similar
to tho.se of the branches and connecting with them, six in the space of 5 mm.,
on the same plane or elevated above the branches, very frequently extending
across them, coalescing with adjacent dissepiments, forming irregular, con-
tinuous elevations, which are more conspicuous than the branches, and give
to the frond an irregular appearance. Fenestrules oval, length generally
from .45 to .50 mm., width .33 mm. ; on one frond length .25 mm., width
.20 to .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face, length more than twice the
width. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening nearly directly outward, eight-
een in the space of 5 mm., closely disposed, nearly or quite in contact: mar-
gins elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Surface between

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 135

ranges of apertures carinated ; height of carina about .70 mm., very thin be-
low, then expanding to a width of about .25 mm., connected by very thin
scalae, the summits of which are about .18 mm. wide. These processes ex-
tend inward nearly to the branch, at first obliquely toward the base, then
abruptly bending, continue in the opposite direction, fourteen in the space of
5 mm. Interstices narrow, oval. The summits of the caringe extend above
the scalae.

This species very closely resembles F. {U.) tegulafa, but the non-cell uliferous
face is more irregular, the dissepiments wider and the fenestrules smaller : on
the celluliferous face the scalae are thicker and less oblique ; the summits of the
carinae are wider and more elevated above the scalae ; those of F. {U.) tegulata,
being sharp and either very slightly, or not at all, elevated above the connect-
ing scalae.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Palls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) tegulata.

PLATE LI, FIGS. 15-23.

F^iettella {Heinitrypa) trgvlata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 34. 1881.

" ( Unitrifpa) " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 51,

figs. 15-23. 1886.
Unitrypa retrorgti, Ulrich. Cent. Am. Pal., vol. i, No. 1, pi. 1, figs. 7a, b, c. 1886.

Bryozodm infundibuliform. Branches slender, width above a bifurcation .25
mm., increasing to from .30 to .40 mm., very gradually enlarging, increase in
size hjirdly perceptible, sub-parallel, straight or sinuous, rarely zig-zag,
angular, slightly carinated ; bifurcations distant. Interstices wider than the
branches. Dissepiments slender, width about .25 mm., angular, carinated,
on the same plane or elevated above the branches, sometimes continuing
across the branch, connecting with adjacent dissepiments and forming
irregular, transverse ridges, very rarely prominent enough to obscure the
branches, six in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length from .50 to
.60 mm., width .25 or .30 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two

136 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

ranges, opening outward, twenty-two in the space of 5 mm.; closely disposed ;
margins thin, distinctly elevated. Surface between ranges of apertures cari-
nated ; carince thin, height .60 mm., summits frequently sinuous ; scaloe very
thin, fourteen in the space of 5 mm., directed obliquely away from the
base for a short distance, then abruptly bending and continuing toward the
base, the latter portion having twice the depth of the former. Fenestrules
narrow, elongate oval. Summit of carina not elevated above the scalar.

The celluliferous face of this species closely resembles that of F. (U.) fasti gata,
but the dissepiments of that species, so far as observed, are never elevated above
the branches, and there is frequently a .slight elevation around the fenestrules.
The scaloB of both species, near the surface, are obliquely directed from the
base, but those of this species are more closely disposed, there being fourteen
in the same space occupied by six in that one. From F. (U.) stipata it may
be distinguished by its somewhat coarser and more regular aspect, its larger
fenestrules, its thinner and more oblique scalaa. The summit of the carina is
thin and not elevated above the scalae.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) lata.

PLATE LU, FIGS. I-IO.

thiesteUa (Hemitryi>a) lata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 34. 1881.
Unitrypa spatiosa, Hall, in error. Report of State Geologist for 1884. PI. 2, fig. 12. 1885.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, with frequent, broad, radial undulations
or folds. Branches slender, width above a bifurcation .30 mm., increasing
to .50 mm., very gradually enlarging, often the same size for nearly the entire
length, rounded or flattened, nodose ; nodes small, conical, sometimes forming
a row along the middle of the branch, at other times irregularly disposed ;
bifurcations distant. Interstices as wide as the branches. Dissepiments
slender, width .25 to .30 mm., rounded, on a plane with the branches, four
in the space of 4 mm., carinated ; carinoe thin, slightly elevated, but very
distinct. Fenestrules oval, length .70 to .75 mm., width .35 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, carinated, much
depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 137

in two ranges, opening directly outward, slightly oblique to the axis of the
branch, sixteen in the space of 5 mm. : margins elevated, strongly indent-
ing the borders of the fenestrule. Carina nearly 1 mm. in height; the
lower half very thin, then slightly expanding, width at the summit .20
mm. Scalae thin, extending downward nearly to the branch, for a short
distance oblique toward the ba.se, then abruptly bending and continuing in
the opposite direction, width of the outer portion about .30 mm.; eleven
or twelve in the space of 5 mm. Interstices oval, slightly narrower than
the scalse.

This species may be distinguished from any other of this geological formation
by the large size of the branches, which are rounded or flattened and some-
times nodose ; the carinated dissepiments and the thin scaloe which at the
summit are directed obliquely toward the base. From F. {U.) sedans of the
Hamilton group, it may be distinguished as follows : the branches are less fre-
quent, they are without carinae iind regular rows of nodes or granules : there
are only six branches in the same space occupied by from eight to ten in that
species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) ficticius, n. sp.

PLATE LH, FIGS. 11-15.

Brvozoom infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches slender, width above a
bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm., rounded or slightly flattened,
sometimes carinated. Interstices of about the same width as the branches.
Dissepiments slender, width .30 mm., flattened or gently rounded, frequently
with aslight elevation near the upper margin, which extends upon the branches
bordering the lower portion of the fenestrule, four in the space of 5 mm.
Fenestrules oval, length .80 mm., width .33 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, carinated, very
much depressed. Fenestrules narrower, than on the opposite face. Cell
apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, oblique to the axis of the
branch, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by somewhat less than the

138 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

diameter of an aperture ; margins slightly elevated, not indenting the borders
of the fenestrules. Carina .60 mm. high; for a little less than half the
height very thin, expanding and contracting, the summit angular and slightly
carinate. Scalae very thin, oblique from the base, outer margin arched,
width, as seen from above, .35 mm., seven or eight in the space of 5 mm.
Interstices oval, of nearly the same width as the scalsB.

This species may be distinguished from F. (U.) slipata, F. {U.) fastigata and
F. (U.) tegulata by the size of the branches and fenestrules, and from other
species of Unitrypa of this formation by the direction of the obliquity of the
scalae.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) acclivis, n. sp.

PLATE LU, FIGS. 16-23.

Beyozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .30 mm., increasing to .55 or .60 mm., rounded or flattened, sometimes
with a prominent line of nodes along the middle of the branch, and scattered
nodes on each side; at other times with two equally prominent lines of nodes;
occasionally, on the wider portions of the branch, there are three rows of nodes,
which are small, but very distinct, four or five in the space of 1 mm. Inter-
stices wider than the branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width
.45 mm., rounded, irregularly nodose, very slightly depressed, four in the
spjice of 5 mm. Fenestrules regularly oval, length .80 mm., width .50 mm.
On the celluliferous face the branches are usually slightly sinuous. Dis-
sepiments short, rounded, very much depressed. Fenestrules narrower than
on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening almost directly
outward, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter
of an aperture. Carina .60 mm. in height, thin. Scalae thin, strongly curved,
the outer margin forming a halt circle, with the convexity toward the base,
oblique in the same direction, five or six in the space of 5 mm. Summit of
carina interrupted, obscured by the scalae ; this surface of the frond has

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 139

the appearance of being composed of oblique, imbricating, walled cells. Fre-
quently the frond is broken in such a manner, that the under side of the
carinas and scaljB are shown, when they present precisely the same appear-
ance as the non-celluliferous face of some frond of a species having very
slender, angular branches, strong, rounded dissepiments and nearly circular
fenestrules.

The character of the scalag separates this species from all others of this for-
mation, except F. (U.) pemodosa and F. (U) ekganiissima ; from the former of
which it is distinguished by the more regular branches, narrower, more rounded
dissepiments and the lines of nodes on the branches ; from the latter, by the
more slender branches and dissepiments, smaller fenestrules and the ornamenta-
tion of the branches.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) pernodosa.

PLATE Llir, FIGS. 1-11.

Fenestella {Hemitrypa) pemodoaa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, absti-act, p. 35. 1881.

" ( Unitryya) " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi.

53, figs. 1-11. 188(5.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches slender, width above a bi-
furcation about .30 mm., scarcely increasing in size until just before bifur-
cating, when the width is from .50 to .60 mm., sub-parallel, rounded or
sub-angular, ornamented with prominent nodes, irregularly disposed, but
usually at varying distances along the middle of the branch. Interstices a
little wider than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width .75 mm., flattened
or gently rounded, a little depressed, occasionally nodo.se ; when the dissepi-
ments of a brancli are opposite to each other the branch has the appearance
of a slight ridge crossing the dissepiments. Fenestrules oval, length .90 mm.,
width about .45 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches appear stronger, usually sinuous.
Dissepiments rounded, much depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the
oppo.site fjice. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening nearly directly outward,

140 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an
aperture : margins distinctly elevated and indenting the borders of the fenes-
trules. Carinse thin, height .60 mm. Scaloe very thin, oblique ; outer mar-
gin strongly curved, forming a semicircle, the curvature being toward the
base of the frond, and oblique in the same direction ; six in the space of 5 mm.
Summit of the carina very thin, sometimes straight and distinct, at other
times interrupted by the scalsB and indistinct ; sometimes this surface of the
frond is so irregular that it closely resembles some forms of Alveolites.

The obscured or interrupted branches, wide dissepiments and prominent
nodes of this species will be sufficient to distinguish it from any other of this
geological formation.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) elegantissima.

PLATE LIII, FIGS. 12-17.

Fhtegtella (Hemitrypa) elegantissiina. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 36. 1881.

" (Unitrypa) " " Report of State Geolojfist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl.

pi. 53, fiffs. 12-17. 1886.

Bbyozoum infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches moderately slender, width
above a bifurcation .35 mm., increasing to .65 mm., gently rounded or flat-
tened, sub-angular, carinated ; carina slightly elevated and with small but
very distinct nodes, four in the space of 1 mm. Interstices wider than the
branches. Dis.sepiments strong, width from .75 mm. to 1 mm., gently rounded
or flattened, slightly depressed, four in the space of 9 mm. Fenestrules
oval, length 1.25 mm., width .60 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded, usually sinuous. Dis-
sepiments rounded, very much depressed. Fenestrules of nearly the same
appearance as on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening
directly outward, oblique to the axis of the branch, sixteen in the space of
5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an aperture. Carina3 thin, 1
mm. in height. Scalae thin, outer margin forming a semicircular or semi-
oval curvature which is convex toward the base of the frond, oblique in the

I

\

b

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 141

same direction, two in the space of 5 mm. Summits of carinse very thin,
sometimes distinct and straight, at other times interrupted and obscured by
the scalae ; under these conditions this face of the frond appears to be com-
posed of oblique, imbricating, walled cells. Fenestrules oval, length 1.25
mm., width .70 mm.

This species may be distinguished from F. (U.) pernodosa by the size of the
branches and fenestrules and in the character of the ornamentation of the
branches; from F. (U.) accHvis by the larger size and more distant branches
and dissepiments, and from all other species at present known by the character
of the seal as.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) fastigata.

PLATE LIV, KIGS. 1-8.
Fenettdla (Hemitrypa) fastigata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 36. 1881.

Brvozoum infundibuliform. Branches slender, width above a bifurcation .25
mm., increasing to .35 or .40 mm., very gradually enlarging, for the greater
portion of their length of essentially the same size, angular, carinated ; carina
slight, but distinct. Interstices of the same width as the branches. Dissepi-
ments comparatively strong, width .25 mm., flat or angular, on a plane with
the branches, six in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .55 mm.,
width .30 mm. Very frequently there is a narrow elevation on the dissepi-
ments and branches surrounding the fenestrules.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ran-
ges, opening outward, twenty in the space of 5 mm., separated by half the
diameter of an aperture : margins elevated, strongly indenting the borders of,
and partially obscuring the fenestrules. Carina thin, height 1 mm. Scalae
very thin, curved, oblique, the direction being away from the base, lower
portion the stronger, not bent, seven in the space of 5 mm. Summits of
carinas very thin, not elevated above the scalae. Interstices nearly circular.

142 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species may be distinguished by the elevations around the fenestrules,
the distant scalse which are directed obliquely away from the base, and not
curved; and by the circular interstices.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

/. Forms similar to Unitrypa but having the scala. distant from each other.
Fenestella (Unitrypa ?) consimilis, n. sp.

PLATE LIV, FIGS. 7-9.

Bryozocm consisting of large infundibuliform fronds, very gradually expanding
from the base. The non-celluliferous face has not been observed.

On the celluliferous face the branches are moderately slender, width .35
mm., increasing to .60 mm., very gradually enlarging, essentially parallel,
straight, angular. Interstices of the same width as the branches. Dissepi-
ments strong, width .60 ram., rounded, slightly carinated, much depressed,
four in the space of 6 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .90 mm., width .35 mm.
Cell apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, very broadly oval,
slightly oblique to the axis of the branch, sixteen in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by half the diameter of an aperture : margins elevated, indenting
the borders of the fenestrules. Branches carinated ; carina .60 mm. high,
at first very thin, but immediately expanding, the summit having pre-
cisely the appearance of the branches of a non-celluliferous face ; width above
a bifurcation .33 mm., increasing to about .60 mm., rounded, slightly cari-
nated. ScalaB or pseudo-dissepiments slender, width about .30 mm., rounded,
slightly carinated, on a plane with, or elevated above the carina, five in the
space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .70 mm., width .35 mm.

This species is very easily distinguished from any other at present known
in this geological formation.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 143

g. Forms having the lateral processes or scald distant, and the dissepiments of the non-
celluliferous face with circular apertures.

ISOTRYPA, Hall. 1885.
Fenestella (Isotrypa) conjunctiva.

PLATE LIV, FIGS 10-21.

Fenestdla (Hemiti-ypa) conjunctiva. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 36. 1881.
Isotrypa bifaria. Hall, in error. Report of State Geologist for 1884, extract. Expl. pi. 2, figs. 13, 16.

1885.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches moderately slender, width
above a bifurcation .38 mm., increasing to .60 or .70 mm., straight, rounded
or angular, slightly carinated, sometimes small, at other times nodose ; on the
narrower parts of the branch the nodes are usually disposed in a row along
the middle of the branch ; on the wider portions in two or three rows, some-
times irregularly disposed, and at other times the branches, especially the
wider portions, are striated. Interstices slightly wider than the branches.
Dissepiments comparatively strong, width .40 mm., rounded, carinated, a
little depre.ssed, four in the space of 5 mm.; very frequently there is a com-
paratively large circular opening in the upper portion of the dissepiment,
having a diameter about .25 mm., the margins slightly elevated. This
aperture very rarely occurs in any other position. Fenestrules oval, length
.85 mm., width .40 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are often slightly sinuous. Dissepi-
ments rounded, very much depressed. Fenestrules of about the same appear-
ance as on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening at an
angle of forty-five degrees, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less
than the diameter of an aperture : margins elevated, thin, slightly indenting
the borders of the fenestrules. Carina at first thin, expanding and having a
width of .33 mm. at the summit, which is angular and slightly carinated ;
carinas connected by scalae or pseudo-dissepiments of the same width as the
summit of the carina, angular, slightly carinated ; five in the space of 5 mm.
Interstices broadly oval or sub-quadrangular, length .67 mm., width .50 mm.

144 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This face of the frond has precisely the appearance of the non-celluliferous
face of a Fenestella, with slender distant branches and dissepiments. The
under side of the carina and scaljE have a stronger appearance than the upper
face. When the carina is broken away, it gives to the brjanch the appearance
of having a line of small nodes along the middle.

This species will be easily distinguished on the non-celluliferous face by the
conspicuous apertures in the dissepiments ; on the celluliferous face by the
slender, distant scalao connecting the carinae, and the angular appearance of that
surface of the frond.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

A. Forms having both the branches and dissepiments carinated, carina much expanded
above ; the two faces of the frond similar in appearance.

LOCULIPORA, RoMiNGER MS., nov. gen.

Compare Semicoscinium, Prout. 1859.

Fenestella (Loculipora) circumstata, n. sp.

PLATE LIV, FIGS. '22-25.

BRyozouM consisting of large infundibuliform fronds of irregular appearance.
Branches moderately slender, width above a bifurcation about .35 mm., and
continuing of essentially the same size until within a short distance of a
bifurcation, where the width is about .50 mm., usually decidedly zig-zag,
sometimes so irregular that the branch can be tr.aced only a short distance,
the frond presenting a somewhat regular, reticulate appearance ; sometimes
anastomosing, but usually connected by a short dissepiment, acutely angular,
slightly carinated ; bifurcations infrequent. Interstices wider than the
branches. Dissepiments strong, width variable, sometimes not wider than
the branches, but usually from .50 to .60 mm., angular, carinated, on a plane
with the branches, three or four in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules broadly
oval, length from .75 to 1 mm., width .50 to .60 mm., sometimes nearly equal
to the length.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 145

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are angular, on a plane with the
branches. Fenestrules of about the same appearance as on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, disposed around the
fenestrules, there being two apertures on each dissepiment, seven or eight
apertures around each fenestrule : margins distinctly elevated but not in-
denting the borders of the fenestrule. Branches and dissepiments carinated,
connected, carina about .50 mm. in height, at first very thin, but immediately
expanding and giving an appearance very similar to the non-celluliferous
face of the frond ; carinse of branches about .30 mm. in width, gently en-
larging before bifurcation, angular, slightly carinated; dissepiments .45 mm.
wide, angular, slightly carinated, on a plane with the branches ; interstices
• broiidly oval. This surface, if seen from above, would be very easily mis-
taken for the non-celluliferous face of some frond.

This species very nearly resembles F. (L.) perforata of the Hamilton group,
but the frond is coarser, the fenestrules larger, the dissepiments less frequent ;
there being only two in the same space occupied by three or four in that species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg gx'oup, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

I. Forms having the carina connected by scalm which meet midway between the carince,
of adjacent branches, forming a pseudo-carina.

HE MITRYP A, Phillips. 1841.

FeNESTELLA (HeMITRYPA) CRIBR08A.

NOT FIUDRUD.

Fetuitella {Hemitrypa) cribrota. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p, 35. 1881.

Bbtozocm infundibuliform. Branches slender, width above a bifurcation .30
mm., increasing to .50 mm., more or less rapidly expanding, arising from a
thin, broadly spreading, striated base, incrusting other objects. The pedicel
is of uniform appearance and char.acteristic, usually having a length of about
5 mm., and a nearly constant diameter of a little more than 2 mm. ; the
branches extend its entire length, and when well preserved they are
generally rounded, but sometimes angular, frequently concave below a bifur-
cation, with numerous small, elongate, narrow nodes, which are sometimes

146 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

irregularly disposed, at other times in one or more longitudinal lines ; there
are also fine, slightly elevated striations; when worn or macerated the
branches are flattened and smooth ; bifurcations frequent. Interstices nar-
rower than the branches. Dissepiments very slender, width about .18 mm.,
rounded or sub-angular, very slightly depressed ; nine in the space of 5 mm.
Fenestrules oval, length .40 mm., width from .15 to 20 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are very much depressed, rounded.
Fenestrules very narrow. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening outward,
, twenty in the space of 5 mm., separated by the diameter of an aperture :
margins elevated, indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Carina having a
height of about .30 ram., thin, expanded and flat at the summit, width about
.12 mm., frequently sinuous or zig-zag. Scalaa and pseudo-carina flat and of the
same width as the carinaB ; twenty scalae in the space of 5 mm. Interstices
circular, diameter about .25 mm. Around each fenestrule is a slight elevation,
which gives to the summit of the carina? and scalae the appearance of being
concave. From each one of the scalae there is a slight elevation on the
sides of the carina extending inward to the branch ; in peculiar conditions of
weathering the intermediate thinner portions of the carina are destroyed,
leaving the summit with the appearance of being supported by rows of
miimte columns.

This species may be distinguished by the characteristic pedicel, and by the
elevation around the interstices of the hemitrypic face ; also when ornamented,
by the peculiar appearance of the nodes of the non-celluliferous face.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Hemitrypa) columellata.

HOT riGORBD.

BRyozoDM infundibuliform, frond compact. Branches slender, width above a
bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .40 mm., very gradually enlarging, straight
or sinuous, angular or sub-angular, slightly carinated, usually with a small
node opposite each dissepiment ; bifurcations comparatively distant. Inter-
stices narrower than the branches. Dissepiments, compared with the

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 147

branches, strong ; width .33 to .38 mm., angular, slightly carinated, seven
in the space of 5 mm., on a plane with the branches or elevated above them;
sometimes continuing across the branches and uniting with adjacent dissepi-
ments, forming irregular, continuous elevations, which are very prominent,
but do not obscure the branches. Fenestrules oval, length from .33 to .38
mm., width .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are straight : dissepiments rounded
or sub-angular, slightly carinated, depressed. Fenestrules much narrower
than on the opposite face, the length being frequently as much as three times
the width. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening directly outward, twenty-
five in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than half the diameter of an aper-
ture : margins remarkably elevated, attaining a height of .10 mm., indenting
the borders of the fenestrules; carina .40 mm. high; summit sometimes
sharp, at other times .10 mm. wide. Scalae and pseudo-carinae, usually slightly
narrower than the carinae, twelve scalaa in the space of 5 mm. Interstices
nearly circular or sub-quadrangular ; frequently the summits of the carinaB
are sharp and irregular, this face of the frond then having the appearance
of some form of Paleschara. (In fact, some authors have mistaken similar
forms for incrusting corals.) The carina is apparently formed from the con-
necting of a row of small columns by a thin plate ; when this is removed
there is no evidence that the thinner portion proceeded from the branch, the
base having very much the appearance of a row of nodes or cell apertures.
This face of the frond with the carinae removed, might be very easily mis-
taken for some form having three rows of cell apertures.

The non-celluliferous face of this species so closely resembles F. {Unitrijpa)
stipata, that it is not possible to satisfactorily distinguish them. The celluliferous
faces are, of course, very different. From F. {Hemitry pa) favosa or F. {H.) nana,
it is distinguished by its stronger branches and very much stronger dissepi-
ments ; from F. {H.) cribrosa by its much stronger dissepiments ; from F. (H.)
biordo, by its more slender branches, more closely disposed branches and dis-
sepiments and much smaller fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

148 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella (Hemitrvpa) favosa.

NOT FIGURBD.

tinettella (Hemitrypa) favosa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, absti-act, p. 35. 1881.

Bryozocm infundibuliform, compact. Branches very slender, bifurcating at
varying distances ; width above a bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm. ;
rapidly enlarging when the bifurcations are frequent ; often increasing in
size, then contracting and again enlarging before bifurcation ; angular and
slightly carinated when well preserved. Interstices of the same width, or
slightly narrower than the branches. Dissepiments extremely slender, width
from .15 to .18 mm., angular, slightly carinated, depressed, rounded when
worn or macerated, from eight to ten in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules
oval, length from .35 to .40 mm., width usually about .25 mm.

On the celluliferous face the frond has a more compact appearance. Dis-
sepiments angular, slightly carinated, much depressed. Fenestrules smaller
than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in two ranges, opening laterally,
twenty in the space of 5 mm., separated by a little less than the diameter of
an aperture ; margins equally elevated, slightly indenting the borders of the
fenestrules. Carina thin, height .25 mm., summit not expanded. Scalar and
pseudo-carina of the same strength as the summits of the carinas proper ;
eighteen scalae in the space of 5 mm. The carinaB and pseudo-carinae are
frequently zig-zag, the interstices then having the appearance of hexagonal
cell apertures ; when the carina is broken away the base has the appearance
of a row of prominent triangular nodes, along the middle of the branch.

The non-celluliferous face of this species resembles that of F. ( Unitrypd) nana,
but the branches are more closely disposed, the fenestrules narrower, and when
the bifurcations are frequent the branches increase in size more rapidly ; the frond
also presents a more compact appearance ; on the celluliferous face the difference
is at once observed. From F. (H.) columellaia it differs by the less uniform size
of the branches and the more slender dissepiments, those of that species being
as wide or wider than the branches ; on the celluliferous face the summit of the
carinsB and the scalsB are more slender. The non-celluliferous face so closely re-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 149

sembles that of F. {H.) cribrosa that it is very difficult to distinguish them, but the
branches are angular, slightly carinated, never nodose as in that species. On
the celluliferous face the difference is more apparent ; the summits of the carinas
and the scalae in this species are sharp, while in that species they are expanded
and flat, the interstices are smaller and surrounded by a slight elevation, but
the two forms are very nearly related.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Hemitbypa) biordo, n. sp.

NOT FIOCRBD.

Bevozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, compact. Branches slender, width
above a bifurcation .25 mm., increasing to .50 mm., very gradually enlarging,
increase in size scarcely perceptible, sub-parallel, rounded and smooth on the
specimens observed ; bifurcations distant. Interstices wider than the branches.
Dissepiments comparatively strong, width .35 mm., rounded, sometimes
slightly carinated, on a plane with the branches or elevated above, sometimes
continuing across the branch, coalescing with adjacent dissepiments and
forming very irregular, transverse ridges, which though prominent, do not
obscure the branches, nine in the space of 10 mm. Fenestrules regularly
oval, length .55 mm., width from .35 to .40 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are straight and rigid. Dissepiments
rounded, very much depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite
face, the length being more than twice the width. Cell apertures in two
ranges, opening laterally at an angle of about forty-five degrees, sixteen in
the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an aperture :
margins slightly elevated, not indenting the borders of the fenestrules.
Carinae very thin, width of summit about .12 mm. Scalae and pseudo-carinae
of the same width ; eighteen scalae in the space of 5 mm. Interstices sub-
quadrangular, nearly square or sub-circular. When the scalae alternate the
carinas and pseudo-carinae are zig-zag, this surface of the frond then having
the appearance of being composed of hexagonal cells, resembling the surface
of a Favosites.

150 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species may be distinguished from F. (H.) columellata, by the more
distant branches and dissepiments, and consequent larger fenestrules, there
being only nine dissepiments in the same space occupied by fourteen in that
species; from F. (H.) favosa, by the much wider dissepiments and their greater
distance, the dissepiments of that species being very slender ; from F. (H.) nana,
by the same characters that distinguish it from F. (H.) columellata ; from F.
{H.) cribrosa, by the wider and more distant dissepiments ; from all the species
at present known it is generally distinguishable by the much coarser appear-
ance of the frond.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

POLYPORA, McCoy. 1845.

B. Species having more than two ranges of cell apertures on the branch.

a. Forms having two and three ranges of cell apertures.

Fenestella (Polypora) celsipora.

PLATE XLI, FIGS 16-22 ; AND PLATE XLII, FIG. 5-10.

Fenestdla celsipora, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 24. 1881.

(Polypora) celsiporat Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 33, figs. 5-8. 1883.
" " J " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 33, figs. 9, 10. 1883.

" •• «< " Report of the State Geologist for 1885, atlvance sheets. E;cpl. pi. 41,

figs. 16-22. 1886.

Brtozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, with frequent, strong, radial undula-
tions. Branches moderately slender, very gradually increasing in size,
rounded or sub-angular, occasionally granulose ; width above a bifurcation
.25 to .30 mm., increasing to .50 or .60 mm., bifurcations at intervals
of from 15 to 40 mm. Interstices usually wider than the branches, some-
times twice the width. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width varying
from .33 to .50 mm., rounded, granulose, five in the space of 5 mm., on
the same plane with the branches and expanded at their junction. Fenes-
trules variable in size, broadly oval or sub-quadrangular, width from two-
thirds to three-fourths the length, sometimes the two dimensions are nearly
or quite equal.

On the celluliferous face the branches are sub-angular. Dissepiments
slender, depressed. Fenestrules much narrower than on the opposite face.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 151

Cell apertures usually in two and three ranges, three ranges occurring on the
greater portion of a branch, the central range strongly elevated, twenty in the
space of 5 mm., nearly or quite in contact ; margins strongly elevated, indent-
ing the borders of the fenestrules. Ranges of apertures separated by more or
less prominent ridges.

This species very closely resembles F. (P.) jistulata of the Hamilton group,
but may be distinguished as follows : the branches are not angular, nor so strong,
the dissepiments are more distant, and the branches on the celluliferous face are
not so closely arranged, in that species the branches being frequently in contact.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) celsipora, var. minor.

PLATE XLI, FIGS. 14, 15.

Fenestella ceUApora, var. minor. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 24. 1881.

" ( Polypora) celsipora, var. minor. Report of State Geologfist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 41,

figs. 14, 15. 1886.

This form is very similar in appearance to F. celsipora proper, but the branches
and dis.sepiments are smaller and more closely arranged.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) celsipora, var. minima.

PLATE XXXV, FIGS 1-4; AND PLATE XLI, FIGS 11-13.

Fenutdla celHpora, var. minima. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 24. 1881.

{Polypora) celsipora. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 28, figs. 1-4. 1883.
" " " var. minima. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885. Expl. pi. 41, figs.

11-13. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, compact. Branches slender, width above a bifurca-
tion usually about .25 mm., increasing to .40 and .50 ram., but on some fronds
the branches are stronger, rounded or angular. Interstices generally wider
than the branches. Dissepiments slender, width .20 mm., rounded, on a
plane with the branches, nine or ten in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules
usually sub-quadrangular, sometimes oval or circular, length about .35 mm.,
width usually from one-half to three-fourths the length, but frequently equal-
ling or greater than the length.

152 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Oil the celluUferous face the branches are gently rounded. Dissepiments
extremely slender, rounded, depressed. Fenestrules much narrower than on
the opposite face, frequently appearing as mere slits. Cell apertures in from
two to four ranges, twenty-four in the space of 5 mm., distant less than the
diameter of an aperture, sometimes nearly or quite in contact; margins
strongly elevated ; ranges sometimes separated by a narrow striation.

This variety will be easily recognized by the narrow interstices of the cellu-
Uferous face, the closely disposed apertures and their very prominent margins.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) adnata.

PLATE XLI, FIGS. 1-8, 10.

Fenestdla adnata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, absti-act, p. 25. 1881.

" {Polypora) adnata, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 41, figs.

1-8, 10. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation about .35 mm., increasing to .45 or .50 mm., very gradually enlarging,
anastomosing or connected by very short dissepiments, sinuous or zig-zag,
angular, carinated ; carinae slight, those of adjacent branches frequently uniting
on the anastomosed portion. Bifurcations distant. Interstices slightly nar-
rower than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width .65 or .70 mm., angu-
lar, on a plane with the branches, six in the space of 7 mm. Fenestrules
oval, length .50 mm., width usually two-thirds the length, sometimes nearly
equal to it. This face of the frond frequently presents a reticulated ap-
pearance.

The celluliferous face presents a more regular appearance, the branches are
rounded, slightly sinuous, essentially parallel. Dissepiments rounded, de-
pressed. Fenestrules smaller than on the opposite face. Cell apertures
usually in three ranges, twentj'-two in the space of 5 mm., nearly or quite in
contact: margins strong. There are, occasionally, apertures much larger
than the ordinary ones.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 153

This species will be distinguished by the essentially parallel branches, scarcely
increasing in size, and the peculiarly rigid appearance of the celluliferous face.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) elongata.

PLATE XLII, FIGS. 8, 4.
Fenestella (Polypora) elongata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 33, figs. 3, 4. 1883.

Bryozocm inlundibuliform. Branches moderately strong, very gradually en-
larging, width above a bifurcation .40 mm., increasing to .70 mm., flattened,
sub-angular, with a comparatively strong, slightly elevated carina along the
middle. Interstices of about the same width as the branches. Dissepiments
slender, width .20 mm., angular, slightly depressed. Fenestrules oval, length
1.75 mm., width about .50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are slightly rounded. Dissepiments
rounded, much depressed. Fenestrules a little narrower than on the opposite
face. Cell apertures in from two to four ranges, very minute, sixteen in the
space of 5 mm., .separated by twice the diameter of an aperture. Space be-
tween the apertures striated.

This species may be distinguished from F. (P.) orbirama, by its coarser appear-
ance and its much larger fenestrules ; from all other species by the flattened,
carinated branches, the distance between the minute cell apertures and the
striated surfiice.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, Onondaga
county, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) carinella, n. sp.

plate XLII, FIGS. 1, 2.
Fenettella (Polypora) n. sp.t Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 33, figs. 1, 2. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately strong, width above a bifur-
cation .33 mm., increasing to .75 mm., gradually enlarging, straight or very
slightly sinuous, angular, slightly carinated ; bifurcations distant. Inter-
stices narrower than the branches. Dissepiments very slender, width about

164 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

.20 mm., angular, slightly carinated, much depressed below the plane of the
branches, about five in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length about
.80 mm., width from .35 to .40 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded Dissepiments angular,
slightly carinated, much depressed. Fenestrules a little narrower than on
the opposite face. Cell apertures in two and three ranges, opening outward,
sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an
aperture, outer ranges slightly oblique to the axis of the branch ; margins
unequally elevated, the upper portion being the strongest: the apertures
apparently open obliquely toward the base of the frond. Ranges of apertures
separated by fine, slightly elevated, but very distinct ridges.

This species has a general resemblance to F. (P.) elongata, but the branches
and dissepiments are smaller and more closely disposed, there being two dis-
sepiments in the space occupied by one in that species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) gkanilinea.

PLATE Xi-, FIGS. 20-28.

JFmestella graniliiiea. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 27. 1881.

" (Polypora) granilinea, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 40,

figrs. 20-23. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, compact. Branches slender, width
above a bifurcation .38 mm., increasing to .55 or .60 mm., very gradually
enlarging, essentially parallel, angular, with a row of granules along the
middle resembling a carina, occasionally there are two or three lines of
granules below bifurcations ; bifurcations distant, usually occurring at inter-
vals of from 30 to 50 mm. Interstices slightly narrower than the branches.
Dissepiments slender, width .25 mm., rounded or angular, slightly depressed
below the plane of the branches, eleven in the space of 10 mm. Fenes-
trules oval, length .65 mm., width .40 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are sub-angular. Dissepiments
angular, carinated, depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 155

face. Cell apertures in two and three ranges, fifteen in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by the diameter of an aperture, central range the most prominent.
When only two ranges occur they are separated by a slightly elevated
carina.

The general appearance of this species is similar to F. parallela, but the
branches are larger, the dissepiments occur at less frequent intervals, and there
are more than two ranges of cell apertures. From other forms it is distinguished
by the distant bifurcations, and the straight, essentially parallel branches.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

b. Forms having three or more ranges of cell apertures.
Fenestella (Polypora) rigida.

PLATE XXXIV, FIGa 1-3.

Fenestdla rigida. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 22. 1881.

(Polypora) rigida. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 27, ^gs. 1-3. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately strong, angular, width above
a bifurcation .50 mm., increasing to 1 mm. ; bifurcations at intervals of
from 10 to 20 mm. Interstices slightly narrower than the branches. Dis-
sepiments slender, width .40 mm., four in the space of 5 mm., depressed
below the plane of the branches and much expanded at their junction.
Fenestrules broadly oval, width equal to two-thirds the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded and the dissepiments
depressed. Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in from three to five ranges, which are separated by a slightly
elevated, sinuou.s ridge ; sixteen apertures in the space of 5 mm.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Thompson's lake,
Albany county, N. Y,

156 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

, Fenestella (Polypora) robusta.

PLATE XSXIV, KIG8 4-7 ; PLATE XXXVII, FIG. 1 ; PLATE XXXIX, FIGS. 1-3 ; AND I'LATE XLVI, FIG. 6.

Flmettella ivbust-a. Hall. Ti-iins. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 22. IS81.

" (Polffpora) robusta. Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 27, figs. 4-7 ; pi. 30, fig. 1 ;

pi. 32, fipp. 1-3. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Brunches very strong, angular, sometimes with a
slight carina; width just above a bifurcation .66 mm., increasing to 1.50 mm ;
bifurcations usually occur at intervals of from 20 to 50 mm. Interstices
slightly wider than the branches. Dissepiments .66 mm. wide, four or five
in the space of 5 mm., on the same plane with the branches and expanding
at their junction. Fenestrules broadly oval.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments rounded
or sub-angular, much depressed. Fenestrules elongate-oval, narrower than
on the opposite face. Cell apertures in from four to seven ranges, eighteen
in the space of 5 mm., separated longitudinally by slightly less than the
diameter of an aperture ; transversely they are nearly or quite in contact ;
margins strong, equally elevated.

This is a characteristic species and will be easily distinguished from the
associated forms, by the large size and rigid appearance of the branches.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) largissima.

PLATE XXXIV, FIGS. 8, 9.

FenesteUa largissiina. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p 22. 1881.

(Polypora) lorgixsima. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 27, figs. 8, 9. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, of coarse and irregular growth. Branches strong,
angular, width above a bifurcation .90 mm., increasing to 1.50 or 2 mm.;
bifurcations at intervals of from 6 to 10 mm. Dissepiments strong, width
about 1 mm. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular or oval, variable in appearance,
length from 2 to 4 mm., width from 1 to 1.50 mm. Cell apertures in four to
six ranges.

This species may be distinguished by the large size of the branches and
dissepiments and its irregular growth.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 157

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Corniferous limestone, Cen-
tral New York.

Fenestella (Polypora) propeia.

PLATE XXXIV, FIGS. 10-13.

Fenettella propria. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 22. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 27, figs. 10-13. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, of lax growth, fronds large. Branches moderately
strong, sinuous, angular, carinated, width above a bifurcation .50 mm., in-
creasing to .90 mm. ; bifurcations at intervals of from 8 to 30 mm., seldom
less than 12 mm. Interstices wider than the branches. Dissepiments
slender, angular, carinated, width .33 mm., four or five in the space of 5
ram., slightly depressed below the plane of the branches and much expanded
at their junction. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular or oval, length from 1.75
to slightly more than 2 mm., width about one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments angular,
carinated, depressed. Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite
face. Cell apertures usually in three and four ranges, sixteen in the space
of 5 mm., separated by slightly more than the diameter of an aperture,
situated on low, rounded ridges.

This species may be distinguished by the lax appearance of the frond, the
frequently sinuous, angular, strongly carinated branches on the non-celluliferous
face, and the low rounded ridges of the celluliferous face of the branches, in
which respects it differs from any other species of this formation.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) aculeata.

PLATE XXXV, FIGS. 5-7 ; AND PLATE XL, FIGS. 6-11.

Fenextdla aevieata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 21. 1881.

•' {Polypora.) aculeata. Hall Report of State Geologist for 18S2. Expl. pi. 28, figs. ."J-V. 1883.
" " " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 40,

figs. 6-11. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, arising from a broadly spreading striated base;
pedicel short, thick. Branches moderately strong, width above a bifurcation

158 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

.33 mm., gradually increasing to .50 mm.; near the base stronger, rounded,
with numerous strong, conical, irregularly disposed nodes; bifurcations
at intervals of from 6 to 15 mm. Interstices of about the same width
as the branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width from .40 to .50
mm., rounded, smooth, five in the space of 5 mm., on the same plane with
the branches, slightly expanded at their junction. Fenestrules oval, width
equal to one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular, becoming rounded
below a bifurcation. Dissepiments angular depressed. Fenestrules slightly
narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in from two to four
ranges, fifteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter
of an aperture ; ranges of apertures separated by ridges with numerous,
prominent, conical nodes.

This species may be easily distinguished by the prominent nodes and the
longitudinal ridges separating the rows of apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) quadrangularis.

PLATE XXXV, FIGS. 8-13; PLATE XXXVl, FIGS. 23, M ; AND PLATE XL, FIGS. 1,2.

Fenestella quadrangtilarix, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 21. 1881.

" {Polypora) quadrangularis, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 28, figs. 8-13 ;

pi. 29, figs. 23, 24. 1883.
«« " " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi.

40, figs. 1, 2. 1886.

BRrozouM infundibuliform. Branches strong, width above a bifurcation .50
increasing to 1 mm., angular, carinated ; carina broad, angular, with promi-
nent, conical nodes, which usually occur opposite dissepiments, but are
sometimes irregularly disposed ; bifurcations at intervals of from 8 to
15 mm. Interstices narrower than the branches, sometimes less than half
the width. Dissepiments strong, width .50 to .60 mm., angular, carinated,
slightly depressed below the plane of the branches, five in the space of 5 mm.
Fenestrules regularly oval, width equal to two-thirds the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments rounded,
depressed. Fenestrules of the same size as on the opposite face. Cell aper-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 159

tures in from three to six ranges, eighteen in the space of 5 mm., separated
by less than the diameter of an aperture. On some fronds, especially near
the base, there are prominent, irregularly disposed nodes.

The non-celluliferous face of this species so nearly resembles that of F. (P.)
kevistriata, that a satisfactory determination cannot always be made ; usually
the fenestrules are more elongate-oval. On the celluliferous face this species
may be distinguished by the more prominent cell apertures, their closer dispo-
sition and the absence of striations separating the ranges of apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) l^vistriata.

plate xxxv, figs. 14-16.

Fhtatella {Polypora) IcBvUtriata, Uall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 28, figs. 14-16. 1883.

Bryozodm infundibuliform. Branches strong, width above a bifurcation .50
mm., increasing to 1 mm., angular, carinated ; carinas with prominent, conical
nodes, which usually occur opposite the dissepiments, but are sometimes
irregularly disposed. Interstices narrower than the branches, sometimes not
more than half the width. Dissepiments comparatively slender, width .33
mm., five in the space of 5 mm., on a plane with the branches. Fenestrules
oval, length .60 mm., width about one-half the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are gently rounded. Dissepiments
rounded, depressed. Fenestrules of the same size as on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in from two to four ranges, eighteen in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by slightly more than the diameter of an aperture ; margins dis-
tinctly elevated. Ranges of apertures separated by slight ridges.

The non-celluliferous face of this species so closely resembles that of F.
(P.) quadrangular is, that it is difficult to distinguish them. On the celluliferous
face the apertures are smaller, more distant and more distinctly arranged in
longitudinal rows, which are separated by ridges.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

160 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella (Polypora) cultellata.

PLATB XZXTI, riGS. 8-23 ; AND PLATE XLI, FIO. 9.

FeiuMtMa cultellata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 21. 1881.

" (Polypora) cultellata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 29, figs. 3-22. 1883.
" '• " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 41,

fig. 9. 1886.

Bbyozodm infundibuliform, fronds large, strong ; near the base there are usually
elongate projections, which frequently have their distal extremities attached
to foreign substances, serving as additional supports to the frond. Branches
moderately strong, width above a bifurcation .40 mm., increasing to 1 mm.
or slightly more ; angular when perfectly preserved, with a slight carina and
occasionally with prominent, oblique, conical nodes ; when slightly worn or
macerated they are rounded or flattened and smooth ; bifurcations near the
base at intervals of from 10 to 25 mm., at some distance above, from
30 to 90 mm. Interstices narrower than the branches. Dissepiments
slightly oblique, width .50 mm., five or six in the space of 5 mm., on the
same plane and much expanded at their junction with the branches. Fenes-
trules broadly oval, sometimes nearly circular, length about .50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded and depressed, very
frequently traversed by narrow channels with sharp margins, which extend
for a short distance on the branches. Fenestrules narrower than on the
opposite face. Cell apertures in from three to seven ranges, eighteen in the
space of 5 mm., very closely disposed, usually in contact ; margins distinctly
elevated. At frequent intervals along the middle of the branch the margins
of the apertures are prolonged into elongate, sharp, node-like elevations,
having a height of about .50 or .60 mm. and a length of .75 mm.

This species is very abundant at the locality cited, and may be readily dis-
tinguished by the peculiar elevations on the celluliferous face, and the channels
traversing the dissepiments.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 161

Fenestella (Polypora) distans.

PLATE XXXVII, FIGS. 2-10, IS, 16 ; and PLATE XLIV, FIG. 7.

FenesteUa dixtana. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 24. 1881.

" (Polypora) distans. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 30, figs. 2-5, 15, 16.

1883.
" " *' " I Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 30, figs. 6-10. 1883.

" " " " Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 44,

fig. 7. 1886.

Bryozoum consisting of infundibuliform fronds of somewhat lax and irregular
growth. Branches strong, width above a bifurcation .50 mm., increasing to
1 or 1.50 mm., acutely angular, with small nodes, occurring at irregular
intervals. Interstices equal in width or wider than the branches. Dissepi-
ments comparatively slender, width .40 mm., rounded or sub-angular, four or
five in the space of 10 mm. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular or oval, width
variable, usually from 1 to 1.50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments flattened,
depressed, generally traversed by a shallow channel, which does not extend
upon the branches. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in from three to six ranges, fourteen in the space of 5 mm.,
nearly in contact ; ranges separated by a narrow sinuous ridge ; margins
slightly elevated. When worn or macerated, the cell margins and inter-
mediate ridges are obsolete, the apertures appearing immersed and in contact ;
disposed in quincunx order.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, near Buffalo, N. Y.
Fenestella (Polypora) flabelliformis.

PLATE XXXVII, FIGS. 11, U.

Fenestella Jlabelliformis, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 23. 1881.

" (Polypora) flabelliformis. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi 30, figs. II, 12.

1888.

Bryozoum flabelliform, non-celluliferous face not observed.

On the celluliferous face the branches are moderately strong ; width above
a bifurcation .50 mm., increasing to 1 mm., rounded. Interstices wider than

162 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

the branches. Dissepiments slender, width .30 mm., rounded, depressed.
Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, length generally a little more than 2 mm.,
width from .70 to .90 mm. Cell apertures minute, in from three to five
ranges, fourteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by more than the diameter
of an aperture ; margins slightly elevated, and separated by comparatively
prominent, gently sinuous ridges.

This species will be readily distinguished, as it is the only flabellate form at
present known, from this geological formation.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, Onondaga
county, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) perangulata.

PLATE XXXVn, FIGS. 18, 14.

Penettella perangvJata, Haix. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract; p. 23. 1881.

" (Polypora) perangulata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 30, figs. 13, 14.

1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches strong, width above a bifurcation .50
mm., increasing to .80 or .90 mm., acutely angular, with a very slight carina,
which is sometimes sinuous. Interstices wider than the branches. Dissepi-
ments comparatively slender, width .40 mm., angular, carinated, depressed,
about three in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length 1 mm., width
usually about .70 mm., but sometimes the fenestrules are nearly circular ; at
other times the width is not more than half the length.
The celluliferous face has not been observed.

This species may be distinguished from F. (P.) rigida by the coarser appear-
ance of the frond, and from F. (P.) distans, by the more compact growth of the
frond and the oval fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Western New York.

r

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 163

Fenestella (Poltpora) porosa.

PLATE XXXVin, FIGS. 1-6.

Fenestella porosa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 26. 1881.

" (Polypora) porosa. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 1-6. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, somewhat rigid in appearance, rapidly
expanding. Branches moderately strong, width above a bifurcation .33 mm.,
increasing to .70 mm., angular, slightly carinated. Interstices slightly nar-
rower than the wider portion of the branches. Dissepiments comparatively
strong, width .33 mm., angular, slightly carinated, on the same plane with
the branches, four in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules regularly oval, height
.60 mm., width usually about .40 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments angular,
carinated, slightly depressed. Fenestrules much narrower than on the
opposite face, length from two to three times the width. Cell apertures in
three and four ranges, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by a little
more than the diameter of an aperture.

This species may be distinguished from F. (P.) hexagonalis, by the smaller
size and closer arrangement of branches and dissepiments ; from F. (P.) nexa
and F. (P.) mutabilis by the stronger and more compact appearance of the frond
and absence of ridges separating the ranges of apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) perundata.

plate xxxviii, figs. 7-ls.

FenegUlla peruiideUa, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 27. 1881.

" (Poiypora) perundata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 7-13. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, with frequent, strong, radial folds or
undulations. Branches strong, width above a bifurcation .60 mm., increasing
to 1 mm., angular or with a slight carina, anastomosing, sinuous or zig-zag,
irregular, the face often presenting a reticulated appearance. Interstices

164 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

slightly wider than the branches. Fenestrules oval, length usually about
1.50 mm., width two-thirds the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded, sinuous, never zig-zag.
The anastomosed portion is depressed below the center of the branches.
Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in from three
to five ranges, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than half
the diameter of an aperture ; margins strongly elevated.

This species most closely resembles F. hexagonalis, but may be distinguished
by its coarser growth ; from F. robusta, it may be distinguished by the zig-zag,
anastomosing branches on the non-celluliferous face.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) hexagonalis.

PLATE XXXVin, FIGS. 14-20.

Fenestella hexagonalis. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 27. 1881.

(Polypora) hexagmMlis,\iku.. Report of State Geologist fori 8S2. Expl. pi. 31, figs. 14-20. 1883.

Bryozodm infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches strong, very gradually en-
larging, width above a bifurcation .50 mm., increasing to .75 mm., angular,
with a slight carination, usually sinuous, sometimes anastomosing ; bifurca-
tions usually occur at intervals of from 20 to 50 mm. Interstices slightly
wider than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width from .50 to .70 mm.,
three in the space of 5 mm., angular, carinated, on a plane with the
branches. Fenestrules oval, length usually about 1 mm., width .60 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded and sinuous. Dissepi-
ments rounded, depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face,
width about .40 mm. Cell apertures in from two to four ranges, sixteen in
the space of 5 mm., closely disposed, frequently in contact; margins distinctly
elevated. The central range is often very prominent.

This species may be distinguished from F. {P.) perundaia, by the smaller and
more regular branches, which are usually connected by dissepiments ;. from the

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 165

other associated species of this geological formation, it differs in having angular,
sinuous branches, and in the size of the branches and fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypoka) hexagonalis, var. foraminulosa.

PLATE XXXIX, FIGS. 16-20.

FenesteUa hexagonalis, var. foraminulosa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 27. 1881.
" (Pulypora) hexagonalis, var. foraminulosa. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl.

pi. 32. fig-s. I(i-20, 1883.

This variety is very similar to the ordinary forms of F. (P.) hexagonalis, but
on the celluliferous face it has numerous, very prominent, hollow, conical nodes.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) nexa.

PLATE XXXIX, FIGS. 4-8.

FenesteUa nexa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 25. 1881.

" (Polypora) nexa. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 32, figs. 4-9. 1883.

Bkyozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately strong, very gradually in-
creasing in size, width above a bifurcation .33 mm., increasing to .65 mm.,
angular, slightly carinated, very seldom sinuous. Interstices usually a little
wider than the branches. Dissepiments comparatively slender, width .33
mm., angular, slightly carinated, on a plane with the branches, about three
in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length about 1.20 mm., width
.50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments angular,
slightly carinated, much depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the
opposite face, the interstices being slightly narrower than the branches.
Cell apertures in from two to four ranges, sixteen in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by about the diameter of an aperture ; where only two ranges of
apertures occur, they are separated by a slightly elevated carina.

This species may be distinguished from F. (P.) separata by the somewhat more
lax appearance of the frond, the more slender and less frequent branches and
dissepiments.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

166 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella (Polypora) separata.

rUATE XXXIX, FIGS. 10, II.
Fenettetla (Polypora) separata, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 32, figs. 10, 11. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. The non-celluliferous face has not been observed.
On the celluliferous face the branches Jire moderately strong, width above
a bifurcation .35 mm., increasing to 1 mm. Interstices narrower than the
branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width .40 mm., rounded,
slightly depressed, with a faint carina, three in the space of 6 mm. Fenes-
trules elongate-oval, length 1 mm., width a little less than .40 nam. Cell
apertures in from two to four ranges, eighteen in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by less than the diameter of an aperture ; margins distinctly ele-
vated. Ranges of apertures separated by narrow prominent ridges.

This species may be distinguished from F. (P.) mutabilis by the more rigid
appearance of the frond, straighter branches and prominent ridges separating
the ranges of apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) mutabilis.

PLATE XXXIX, FIGS. 12-15.

Emestella mutabilli, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 25. 1881.

(Polypora) mutabilis. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 32, figs. 12-15. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, of lax and irregular growth. Branches moderately
strong, width above a bifurcation from .33 to .40 mm., increasing to .60 and
.70 mm., straight, sinuous or zig-zag, according to the position of the dissepi-
ments; on some portions of the frond angular and carinated, becoming
flattened below a bifurcation ; on other portions rounded, with three or four
prominent striations. Interstices of the same width as the branches. Dis-
sepiments comparatively strong, width .35 mm., angular or carinated, on the
same plane as the branches, four in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval,
length slightly less than 1 mm., width .45 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments rounded,
depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures

I

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 167

in two and three ranges, seventeen in the space of 5 mm , separated by a
little less than the diameter of an aperture.

This species may be distinguished from others, having branches and dissepi-
ments of about the same size, by its irregular growth and the prominent
striations on the branches of a portion of the frond.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada,

Fenestllla (Polypora) submutans.

PLATE XL, FIGS. 3-6.

Fenettella submutans, Hali,. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 21. 1881.

" (Polypora) submutans. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 40,

fife's. 3-5. 1886.

Bbyozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately strong, width above a bifur-
cation .33 mm., increasing to .60 mm., somewhat irregular, rounded or sub-
angular, sometimes slightly carinated. Interstices narrower than the
branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width .35 mm., sometimes
oblique to the branch, rounded or sub-angular, occasionally slightly carinated,
on a plane with the branches, occurring at irregular intervals. Fenestrules
variable in form, sub-oval, immediately above a bifurcation lanceolate, length
about 1 mm., width from .25 to .50 mm.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments rounded,
a little depressed. Fenestrules slightly narrower than on the opposite face.
Cell apertures in from three to five ranges, opening outward and laterally,
eighteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by less than the diameter of an
aperture ; margins distinctly elevated, strongly indenting the borders of the
fenestrules and visible from the opposite face of the frond. Ranges of aper-
tures separated by low, rounded ridges ; the ridges and surface between aper-
tures with numerous, small, conical nodes.

This species most nearly resembles F. (P.) aculeata, but the frond is more
irregular, the branches more slender, and the fenestrules more elongate.
Formation and localliy. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

1G8 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella (Polypora) brevisulcata.

PLATE XL. FIGS. 12-16.

F^negUUa bmUvicata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 26. 1881.

" (Polypora) brevisulcata. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 40, figs.

12-15. 1886.

Bryozodm infundibuliform, fronds large. Branches moderately slender, width
above a bifurcation .33 mm., increasing to .66 mm., angular or sub-angular,
becoming flattened, and concave immediately below a bifurcation, with a
row of small nodes at irregular intervals, along the middle of the branch,
which is occasionally carinated ; bifurcations distant. Interstices wider than
the branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong, width .30 mm., rounded,
very slightly depressed below the plane of the branches, five in the space of
9 mm. Fenestrules oval, length about 1.25 mm., width from .40 to .60 mm.
On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments rounded,
depressed. Fenestrules of the same size as on the opposite face. Cell aper-
tures in three and four ranges, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by
less than the diameter of an aperture.

This species may be distinguished by its angular branches, which become
flattened as they increase in size and have a depression along the middle,
immediately below a bifurcation.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) stbiatopora.

PLATE XL, FIGS. 16-19.

Fmeatella striatopora, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 2H. 1881.

" {Polypora) striatopora. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 188.5, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 40,

figs. 16-19. 1886.

This form very closely resembles F. (P.) quadrangular is, and may possibly be
only a variety of that species. The longitudinal di.'^position of the cell aper-
tures is very distinct, the ranges sometimes being separated by comparatively
prominent ridges ; at other times the margin of one side of the cell aperture
is very strongly elevated, coalescing with adjacent margins longitudinally, and
forming an elevation which has the appearance of a prominent ridge separating
the ranges of apertures.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 169

Fenestella (Polypora) l^vinodata.

PLATE XLII, FIGS. 12-15.

Feneatdla lemnodaia. Hail. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 28. 1881.

" (Polypora) Imvirutdata, Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 33,

figs. 12-15. 1883.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation .35 mm., increasing to .50 mm., straight or sinuous, angular, with a
very slight carina. Interstices wider than the branches. Dissepiments
strong, width .50 mm. or more, angular, carinated, on a plane with the
branches, six or seven in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length 1.20
mm., width .60 mm. or slightly more.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded. Dissepiments very
short, width .65 to .70 mm., depressed. Fenestrules smaller than on the
opposite face. Cell apertures in from three to five ranges, twenty in the
space of 5 mm., distant less than the diameter of an aperture. Ranges
of apertures separated by slightly elevated ridges.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.
Fenestella (Polypora) rustica, n. sp.

PLATB XLUI, FIGS. 10-13.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, fronds large, irregular. Branches strong, width
above a bifurcation .75 mm., increasing to from 1.60 to 2 mm., sometimes
straight, but frequently irregular, rounded ; sometimes the surface is concave
immediately below a bifurcation ; on the specimens observed it is smooth ;
bifurcations comparatively frequent. Interstices as wide or wider than
the branches. Dissepiments strong, width .85 mm., rounded, very nearly on
a plane with the branches and frequently oblique to them, occurring at
irregular intervals. Fenestrules varying in shape, usually sub-quadrangular
or oval, often lanceolate immediately above a bifurcation, length from 2.50
to 4 mm., width from .75 to 1.25 mm., occasionally a little narrower.

On the celluliferous face the branches are rounded or sub-angular. Dis-
sepiments rounded, sometimes slightly carinated, much depressed. Fenes-

170 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

trules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in from three to
six ranges, usually either four or six ranges, opening outward and laterally ;
twelve in the space of 5 ram., separated by less than half the diameter of an
aperture : margins equally elevated. There is usually a prominent, rounded
ridge along the middle of the branch, which is smooth or nodose.

This species may be distinguished from nearly all others of this geological
formation, by the size of the branches, dissepiments and fenestrules ; it is the
only form of Polypora, at present known, having a prominent, nodose ridge
along the middle of the branch. The only species to which it has a close re-
semblance is F. (P.) largissima, but the branches are a somewhat more slender,
the bifurcations more distant, the fenestrules narrower and the whole frond,
though irregular, is much more regular than in that species.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) crebescens.

PLATE XLV, FIGS. 20, 21.

FinesteUa crebescens. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1885, advance sheets. Expl. pi. 45, figs. 20,

21. 1886.

Bryozoum infundibuliform. Branches moderately strong, width above a bifur-
cation .35 mm., increasing to .65 mm., rounded, rigid, with prominent nodes,
which are irregularly disposed and frequently occurring opposite a dissepi-
ment. Interstices narrower than the branches. Dissepiments strong, width
.35 ram., rounded, slightly depressed, eleven in the space of 5 mm. Fenes-
trules oval, length about .55 mra., width frora one-half to two-thirds the
length.

Celluliferous face not observed.

This species is referred to the genus Polypora on account of the compara-
tively great width of the branches, which indicate the existence of more than
two ranges of cellules.

Formation arid locality. Upper Helderberg group. Western New York.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 171

PTILOPORELLA, s. G., Hall. 1885.
Fenestella (Ptiloporella) laticrescens, n. sp.

NOT FIGDRED.

Bryozoum infundibuliforra, composed of primary and secondary branches. The
celluliferous face of this species only has been observed. Branches straight or
very slightly sinuous, width of primary branches about .50 mm., of second-
ary ones .33 mm., some of the secondary branches greatly increase in size, the
others continue for their entire length without enlarging. Interstices of the
same width as the smaller branches. Dissepiments comparatively strong,
width .35 mm., gently rounded, very much depressed, three in the space of
4 mm. Fenestrules regularly oval, length slightly less than 1 mm., width
.33 mm. Cell apertures in two ranges, minute, opening directly outward,
separated by one and one-half times the diameter of an aperture. Surface
between ranges of apertures carinated, on the primary branches carinae strong,
height .50 mm., expanded at the summit to a width of .45 mm., and slightly
carinated ; carinae on the secondary branches comparatively thin, height .35
mm., summit not expanded.

This species may be distinguished from F. (Ptiloporina) sinistralis by its having
only two ranges of cell apertures, from F. {Ptiloporina) disparilis by the larger
size of the branches, dissepiments and fenestrules.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Ptiloporella) inequalis, n. sp.

IfOT FIQCKBD.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, composed of primary and secondary branches, pri-
mary branches .45 mm. wide, the secondary ones .20 mm., straight, rounded,
the primary branches elevated about .25 mm. above the others. Interstices
very slightly wider than the secondary branches Dissepiments compara-
tively strong, width .18 mm., rounded, sometimes slightly carinated, nearly
on a plane with the branches, sometimes elevated above and continuing across
the branch, coalescing with adjacent dissepiments and forming continuous,

172 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

irregular, transverse elevations, nine in the space of 5 mm., which, though
prominent, do not obscure the branches. Fenestrules oval, length about
.38 mm., width .25 mm.

The celluliferous face of this species has not been observed, but the species
may easily be distinguished from any other at present known by the smaller
branches, dissepiments and fenestrules, and the much more compact appearance
of the frond.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

PTILOPORINA, s. G., Hall. 1885.
Fenestella (Ptiloporina) conica, n. sp.

PLATE XLm, FIGS. 2-4.

Brvozoum infundibuliform, rapidly expanding, composed of primary and second-
ary branches. The primary branches are very frequent, strongly elevated
above the others, width .50 mm. ; secondary branches about .30 mm. wide,
all angular and slightly carinated. On one side of a frond, for some distance
above the base, all the branches are large and directly connected by dissepi-
ments. Interstices wider than the primary branches. Dissepiments very
slender, width .20 mm., angular, slightly carinated, much depressed, three or
four in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules sub-quadrangular, length 1 to 1.25
mm., width .35 to .50 mm. Cell apertures in two or three ranges, sixteen in
the space of 5 mm.

This species can be distinguished from the others of this sub-genus, by the
numerous primary branches, slender dissepiments and large fenestrules.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Schoharie, N. Y.

Fenestella (Ptiloporina) pinnata, n. sp.

PLATE XLin, FIGS. 6, 8.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, composed of primary and secondary branches. Pri-
mary branches distant, width .50 mm., widthof secondary branches .35 or .40
mm., all angular and slightly carinated. Interstices wider than the branches.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 173

Dissepiments slender, width .25 mm., rounded, sometimes slightly carinated,
depressed below the plane of the branches, four in the space of 5 mm. Fen-
estrules broadly oval, somewhat variable in size, length usually about 1 mm.,
width from .35 to .50 mm.

Celluliferous face not observed.

This species may be distinguished from the others of this sub-genus by the
comparatively wide interstices, and the size of the secondary branches ; also by
their great divergence, which gives to each primary branch, with its lateral
secondary branches from it, a pinnate appearance.

Formation and locally. Upper Helderberg group, Schoharie, Schoharie county,

N. Y.

Fenestella (Ptiloporina) disparilis, n. sp.

PLATE XLm, FIGS. 7. 8.

Bryozoum infundibuliform, of coarse appearance, composed of primary and
secondary branches ; primary branches .70 mm. wide ; the secondary ones .40
mm., increasing to .50 mm., probably on larger fronds some of the secondary
branches would increase to .70 mm.; secondary branches straight; primary
branches sinuous, all angular, slightly carinated, the primary branches elevated
about .40 mm. above the others. Interstices of the same width or wider
than the secondary branches. Dissepiments slender, width .25 mm., angular,
slightly carinated, depressed below the plane of the branches, about five in
the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length .75 mm., width .40 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded, much depressed.
Fenestrules of the same appearance as on the opposite face. Cell apertures
of the primary bnanches in from three to five ranges, those of the secondary
branches in from two to three ranges, opening outward and laterally, eigh-
teen in the space of 5 mm., closely disposed.

On the celluliferous face this species may be distinguished from F. (Ptilo-
porella) laticrescens by the stronger branches and larger fenestrules, the sinuous
character of the primary branches and less frequent dissepiments, the number
of branches being nearly the same.

Formalion and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

174 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Fenestella (Ptiloporina) sinistralis, n. sp.

PLATE XUII, FIG. 9.

Bryozoum infundibuliforra, length of the largest fragment observed 65 mm.
with a width of 75 mm. The primary branches, commencing at the base,
do not increase in size, but have a uniform width of about .60 mm. ; the
secondary branches have a width of about .30 mm., some of these, on the frag-
ments observed, continuing their entire length without increase in size, while
others attain a width of .60 mm. and have smaller lateral branches ; all these
are straight, angular and slightly carinated ; the primary branches are
strongly elevated above the others. Interstices a little wider than the
secondary branches. Dissepiments slender, width about .35 mm., angular,
slightly carinated, on a plane with the secondary branches, six in the space
of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length a little less than .60 mm., width .35 to
.40 mm.

On the celluliferous face the dissepiments are rounded and depressed.
Fenestrules slightly narrower than on the opposite face. Cell apertures in
from two to five ranges, two ranges occur only immediately above a bifur-
cation, opening outward and laterally, eighteen in the space of 5 mm.,
separated by less than the diameter of an aperture : margins elevated, in-
denting the borders of the fenestrules.

This species may be distinguished from F. (Ptiloporina) disparilis by its second-
ary branches, dissepiments and fenestrules, and the more compact appearance of
the frond ; from F. {Ptiloporella) laticrescms by its secondary branches, closer dis-
position of the dissepiments, and by the greater number of ranges of cell aper-
tures, that species having only two ranges ; from F. {Ptiloporella) inequalis it is
distinguished by its larger branches, dissepiments and fenestrules, the greater
number of ranges of cell apertures, that species having only two ranges, and
by the coarser appearance of the frond. From all other similar species, at
present known, in the fact that the secondary branches proceed only from the
left side of the primary branches.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Schoharie grit, Schoharie,
N. Y,

HAMILTON GROUP.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES.

TREMATOPORA, Hall. 1852.
Tbematella, s. g., Hall. 1886.

(See pages lo and 69.)

Tbematopora (Tbematella) pebspinulata.

NOT KIGtRKD.

IVematopora perspinidata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 181. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 11. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid; bifurcations infrequent; branches diverging at an angle
of forty-five degrees, diameter from 1.50 to 3 mm. Cells tubular, apparently
polygonal, arising from the center of the branch and gradually curving to
the surface. Cell apertures from elongate-oval to nearly circular, variable in
size, some having a length of .30 mm., and a width of .15 mm., others are
nearly circular and have a diameter of about .28 mm., closely and irregularly
disposed ; all intermediate forms occur. Peristomes usually obsolete, and
when occurring are very slight. Inter-apertural space, sometimes flat, at
other times a little elevated and with a very slight striation, occasionally
granulose. There are numerous, prominent, conical nodes or spinules,
irregularly disposed, forming a prominent feature of the surface.

The irregular size and shape of the cell apertures, and the numerous, com-
paratively prominent .spinules, will distinguish this species from any other at
present known, from this geological horizon.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

176 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Trematopora (Trematella) nodosa, n. sp.

HOT FIGDRBD.

ZoARiuM ramose, solid; bifurcations infrequent; branches diverging at an angle
of forty-five degrees, diameter 2 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the center
of the branch, in contact for nearly their entire length, gradually diverging
until near the surface, when they abruptly turn outward ; septa moderately
frequent. Cell apertures oval, length .30 mm., width a little more than one-
half the length, closely and irregularly disposed, separated by about one-third
the width of an aperture. Peristomes obsolete, the apertures appearing
immersed. Inter-apcrtural space elevated, convex, with numerous, prominent,
slightly oblique, conical nodes.

The irregularly reticulated appearance of the surface, oval cell apertures and
numerous, prominent, slightly oblique nodes, will be sufficient to distinguish
this species from any other at present known in this geological horizon.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Jaycox's run, between Geneseo and
Avon, N. Y.

ORTHOPORA, s. g.

(See pages 16 and 70.)

Trematopora (Orthopora) polygona.

NOT FIQDBBD.

Trematopora polygona. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 180. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 9. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose ; bifurcations infrequent ; branches widely diverging, diameter
from 1.25 to 1.50 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the center of the branch,
in contact for the greater portion of their length, somewhat abruptly curving,
and slightly separating near the surface ; walls thin, a little undulating ;
septa very thin and infrequent. Cell apertures oval, length .25 mm., width
usually about one-half the length, but sometimes not more than one-third,
disposed in longitudinal rows, alternating and forming oblique transverse
rows at an angle of forty-five degrees to the axis of the branch, the latter
arrangement being the most conspicuous. Surface between the apertures ele-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 177

vated, angular or rounded, forming polygonal areas inclosing the cell aper-
tures, length about .45 mm., width one-half the length. There are compara-
tively prominent, conical nodes at the angles of the elevations ; when the
frond is well preserved the elevations are rounded and strongly granulose ;
when a little worn or macerated they are acutely angular and the granules
are minute.

This species has a general resemblance to T. (0.) suhquadrata and T. (O.)
hexagona ; from the former it is distinguished by the stronger branches, the
larger cell apertures and the larger and more elongate vestibular areas ; from
the latter by the somewhat larger cell apertures and vestibular areas, and by
the more prominent nodes at the angles of the elevations, and the smaller
granules : from T. (O.) nexa it is distinguished by its larger cell apertures and
much stronger angular elevations between them, and their more irregular
disposition.

Formation and hcalitij. Hamilton group, West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) scbquaurata.

PLATE LV, FIG. 10; ANU PLATE LVI, FIGS. 1,6.

Trnnatopora tuhqvadTota, Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 181. 1881.
" •' " Report of SUte Geologist for 1>83, p. 11. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid ; bifurcations infrequent ; branches widely diverging,
diameter about 1.25 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the center of the
branch, length a little less than 1.50 mm., for the greater portion of their
length oblique, straight, curving outward near the surface, in contact for
nearly their entire length, slightly separating as they approach the surface ;
cell walls apparently corrugated ; septa very thin and infrequent. Cell aper-
tures oval, length about .18 mm., width one-half the length, very closely and
sometimes irregularly disposed, but usually in longitudinal, parallel rows,
alternating and forming oblique transverse rows, having an angle of about
forty-five degrees to the axis of the branch, the latter arrangement the most
conspicuous. Peristomes obsolete. The narrow space between the cell
apertures is elevated, sharply angular, enclosing the apertures in a rhomboidal.

178 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

or polygonal vestibular area ; margins of the elevations finely granulose
and at their angles are comparatively prominent nodes. The surfhce
frequently presents a regularly reticulated appearance. In the process of
growth the nodes form minute tubuli between the cell tubes.

When the surface is worn the longitudinal arrangement of the cell aper-
tures is more clearly apparent, the nodes frequently have the appearance of
quadrangular pits, and the surface of the frond seems divided into minute
squjires, in this condition being very unlike that of a well preserved specimen.

This species most nearly resembles T. (0.) poli/gona, but may be distinguished
as follows : the cell apertures are smaller, proportionally shorter, the polygonal
elevations are less elongate, more sharply angular, the granules on the margins
are much more minute : from T. (0.) hexagona it is distinguished by its smaller,
less elongate cell apertures and much narrower, angular elevations : from T.
(O.) ornata it is distinguisiied by its somewhat larger cell apertures, the much
narrower, more sharply angular elevations and the absence of prominent nodes,
except at the angles of the elevations : from T. (0.) reticulata by the less regu-
lar arrangement of the cell apertures and the wider, angular elevations : from
Acanthoclema scutulatum by the less elongate and more irregularly disposed cell
apertures and the absence of very prominent nodes and pits at the base of the
nodes : from T. (0.) rhombifera of the Lower and Upper Helderberg groups, by
the broader cell apertures and the less elongate and polygonal vestibuhir areas.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) hexagona, n. sp.

PLATE LV, FIG. 8; AND PLATE LVI, FIG. 6.

This species is very similar to T. (0.) polygona, but the cell apertures and
vestibulair areas are somewhat smaller, there are no prominent nodes at the
angles of the elevations between the cell apertures, and the granules on the
elevations are fewer and more prominent.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. Eighteen-mile creek, shore of Lake
Erie, Erie county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 179

Trematopora (Orthopora) reticulata, n. sp.

PLATE LV, FIG. 8; AND PLATE LVI, FIG. 5.

Zoarium ramose ; bifurcations infrequent ; branches 1 mm. in diameter. Cells
tubular, arising from the center of the branch. Cell apertures oval, length
.20 mm., width one-half the length, disposed in longitudinal, parallel rows,
alternating and forming oblique transverse rows, the latter arrangement
being the most conspicuous. Surface between the ranges of apertures
elevated, angular, the elevations enclosing the cell apertures in rhomboidal,
vestibuLar areas, and having a row of minute granules along the crests and
prominent spinules at the angles.

This species in its surface chiiracters very closely resembles Acanthoclema
scutulatvm, but the branches are somewhat larger, the cell apertures more broadly
oval, and the angular elevations between them are granulose, a feature
which h.as not been observed in that species ; internally their characters
are very different : from T. (0.) subquadrata it is distinguished by the closer and
more regular disposition of the cell apertures and the more prominent nodes at
the angles of the elevations, the vestibular areas are never polygonal: from
T. (0.) rhombifera it is distinguished by the more broadly oval cell apertures and
the prominent nodes at the angles of the elevations.

Formation and hcalilij. Hamilton group. West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) carinata, n. sp.

PLATE LV, FIG. i ; and PLATE LVI, FIG. 3.

Z0ARIU.M namose; bifurcations infrequent; branches .75 mm. in diameter.
Cells tubular, arising from the centre of the branch Cell apertures oval,
length .20 mm., width one-third the length, disposed in longitudinal, parallel
rows, alternating and forming obliquely transverse rows, the longitudinal
arrangement being the most conspicuous. Peristomes obsolete. Longitudinal
ranges of apertures separated by prominent, rounded ridges, which are
wider than the apertures. There is a small conical node, and occasionally
two, in the transverse space between adjacent apertures.

180 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species very nearly resembles some of the forms of Acanthoclema
Hamilionmse, but there are fewer ranges of apertures on a branch, the longi-
tudinal ridges are stronger, the nodes between the cell apertures are somewhat
stronger, and there are no evidences of interapertural pits : from the forms
like Acanthoclema scutulalum having straight ridges, it may be distinguished by
the stronger ridges, smaller cell apertures and nodes : from Acantholema alter-
nalutn, of the Upper Helderberg group, it may be distinguished by its stronger,
more prominent, longitudinal ridges, and the less prominent nodes between the
cell apertures : from Trematopora (Orthopora) bi-spinulaia by the much stronger
and more regular longitudinal ridges.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, West Williams, Ontario, Canada.

Trematopora (Orthopora) tortalinea.

PLATE L^^, FIG. 9.

Trematopora tortalhiea, Hai.l. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 180. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 10. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid, growth usually somewhat sinuous, bifurcations infre-
quent; branches frequently diverging at an angle of ninety degrees, diameter
from .60 to .75 mm. Cells tubular, septate, arising from the centre of the
branch, abruptly curving near the surface, in contact for about two-tliirds
of their length. Cell apertures elongate oval, length .20 mm., width usually
about one-third the length, but sometimes not more than one-fourth,
di.sposed in longitudinal rows, which are sometimes regular and parallel, at
other times somewhat irregular ; apertures frequently alternating, forming
oblique transverse rows; nine or ten longitudinal rows on a branch ;
the surface between them is elevated, forming low, rounded, sinuous or
twisted ridges; the longitudinal ridges are marked by small nodes or
granules, giving them a serrated appearance. The cell apertures fire indis-
tinct and frequently almost entirely obscured by the ridges. When the
frond is slightly worn or macerated the longitudinal ridges are indistinct
or obsolete, and the obliquely transverse disposition of the cell apertures
is the most conspicuous; the frond in this condition presents a very different
appearance from that of a well-preserved specimen.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 181

This species most nearly resembles T. (0.) lineata of this geological forma-
tion, and T. {().) regularis of the Lower and Upper Helderberg groups ; the
diameter of the branches is about the same, but it may be distinguished by the
disposition of the cell apertures in sinuous, longitudinal rows ; the ridges
separating them are much less prominent than those of the other species ; the
whole appearance of the frond is much more irregular : when those species are
worn or macerated the longitudinal disposition of the cell apertures remains
the most conspicuous. From Acanthoclema sulcatum it is distinguished by the
low, rounded ridges, the greater number of rows of apertures, and its more
irregular appearance. When worn or macerated it is similar to T. (O.) rhombi-
fera of the Lower and Upper Helderberg groups, but the cell apertures are
surrounded by low, broad ridges, and not situated in a vestibular area as in
that species ; it has also a close resemblance to a macerated condition of
Acanthoclema HamUtonense.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Hamburg-on-the-Lake, Erie county,
New York.

Trematopora (Orthopora) lineata, n. sp.

PLATE LV, FIGS. 3-6; AND PLATE LVI, FIG. 10.

Zoarium ramose, solid; bifurcations infrequent; branches often diverging at
an angle of ninety degrees, diameter about .60 mm. Cells tubular, arising
from the center of the branch, oblique to the axis, in contact for about two-
thirds their length, abruptly bending outward near the surface. The arrange-
ment of the cells is obscurely similar to Acanthoclema. Cell apertures
elongate-oval, length .18 mm., width about one-third the length, distant,
disposed in longitudinal, parallel rows, eight or nine rows on a branch,
apertures longitudinally distant a little more than their length. Peristomes
very thin, scarcely elevated. Rows separated by prominent, granulose ridges,
which present a minutely serrated appearance, intermediate surface smooth.
The granules on the ridges, in the course of growth, form very minute tubuli
between the cells.

182 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species most nearly resembles T. (O.) regularis of the Lower and
Upper Helderberg groups, but the branches are usually more slender, the cell
apertures are proportionally larger and more consjjicuous, and there are
usually fewer ranges of apertures on a branch : from T. (0.) tortaline.a. it may
be distinguished by its more rigid appearance, the more prominent and
straighter longitudinal ridges ; when the frond is worn or macerated the
longitudinal, parallel arrangement of the cell apertures is preserved, while
in that species the obliquely transverse arrangement is the most conspic-
uous : from Acanthodema sulcatum, it may be distinguished by the fewer ranges
of cell apertures on a branch, by the rounded ridges separating the apertures,
and the flattened surface between the ridges: from T. (0.) carinata it may
be distinguished by its smaller size, smaller, more distant cell apertures, and
the absence of nodes between the apertures : from A. Hamiltonense it is
distinguished by its smaller size, fewer ranges of apertures on a branch,
and the absence of minute pits between the cell apertures : from T. (0.)
bispinulata by its smaller size, fewer ranges of apertures, more prominent,
rigid, longitudinal ridges, and the absence of nodes between the cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, Erie county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) bispinulata.

PLATE LV, FIGS. -27-30 ; ANU PLATE J>VI, FIGS. 1«-18.

CaUopora bUpinulata, Hall. IVans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 182. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 14. 1884.

Bryozoum ramose, solid ; bifurcations infrequent ; branches diverging at an
angle of forty-five degrees, diameter from 80 to 1.25 mm., enlarging and
becoming a little flattened before bifurcation. Cell apertures tubular, arising
from the center of the branch, oblique to the axis for about one-half their
length, and then abruptly bent toward the surface. Cell apertures oval,
length about .25 mm., width from one-third to one-half the length, usually
disposed in longitudinal lines, frequently alternating and forming oblique,
transverse rows, sometimes somewhat irregularly dispo.sed ; di.stant longi-
tudinally the diameter of an aperture. Rows of apertures separated by more

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 183

or less prominent ridges, which are sometimes straight, but usually sinuous
and occasionally irregular ; generally only one ridge between adjacent rows,
but rarely two ; when the apertures are irregularly disposed the ridges appear
interrupted and involved. Peristomes very slight, scarcely perceptible.
Between adjacent cell apertures there are usually two comparatively promi-
nent, hollow, conical nodes, which, in the course of growth, form minute
curved tubuli between the cells. One specimen shows indications of the
longitudinal structure characteristic of the genus Rhombopora.

Some specimens of this species closely resemble forms of Acanthoclema
Hamiltonense, but the longitudinal ridges are less prominent and more irreg-
ular, and there are prominent nodes between the cell apertures in place
of pits, internally it is without the filiform axis characteristic of the genus
Acanthoclema. From A. altematum of the Upper Helderberg group it may
be distinguished by the less prominent and more irregular, longitudinal ridges,
and by the smaller size and greater number of nodes : from T. {().) irregularis
it is distinguished by its less prominent and more irregular longitudinal ridges
and the conspicuous nodes. Its general appearance is similar to T. (0.) cari-
nata, but there are more ranges of apertures on a branch, the longitudinal
ridges are not so rigid and prominent and are more irregular, and there are
usually two nodes between adjacent apertures, there being only one in that
species.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Moscow, Livingston county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) elongata, n. sp.

PLATE LV, FIG. II ; AUD PLATE LVI, FIG. 16.

ZoARiUM ramose ; bifurcations infrequent, sometimes distant 30 mm. ; branches
frequently diverging at an angle of nearly or ([uite ninety degrees, diameter
about 1.25 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the centre of the branch,
about 1.50 mm. long, oblique, straight and in contact for the greater portion
of their length, abruptly bending outward near the surface, apparently
without septa. Cell apertures elongate-oval, length about .25 mm., width a

184 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

little less than one-half the length ; sometimes irregularly disposed, but usually
in longitudinal rows, alternating and forming oblique transverse rows, the
two arrangements being equally conspicuous. The peristomes are usually
very slight or obsolete, the intermediate space flat or convex, the apertures
appearing immersed ; sometimes the peristomes are comparatively strong
and the intermediate space slightly concave, the surface often presenting a
confused appearance. The surface is nodose, nodes sometimes irregularly
disposed, at other times there is a single row between adjacent apertures,
usually surrounding the aperture, but sometimes disposed in straight lines,
resembling ridges, and frequently partially obscuring the cell apertures. In
the process of growth these nodes form minute tubuli between the cells. When
the frond is worn or macerated the nodes are partially obliterated and the cell
apertures are much more conspicuous than in a perfectly preserved specimen.

This species most nearly resembles T. (0.) transversa, and it will • sometimes
require a careful examination to distinguish them, but the branches are more
slender, and the cell apertures more elongate-oval. Internally the cell tubes
are not regularly curved. From T*. (0.) interplana it may be distinguished by
its more elongate-oval cell apertures and their closer disposition. From other
species of this geological formation it is distinguished by its elongate cell aper-
tures, generally surrounded by a row of comparatively prominent nodes.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, near Canandaigua Lake, and shore
of Owasco Lake, N. Y.

Tkematopoka (Orthopora) ornata, n. sp.

PLATE LV, FIG. 1 ; AND PLATE LVI, FIG. 4.

ZoAKiUM ramose, solid ; branches 1 mm. in diameter. Cells tubular, arising
from the centre of the branch. Cell apertures oval, length about .20 mm.,
width a little less than one-half the length, disposed in longitudinal, par.allel
rows, alternating and forming oblique transverse rows, at an angle of forty-
five degrees to the axis of the branch. Peristomes very thin, scarcely
elevated. Surface between the apertures elevated, obtusely angular, and
with numerous irregularly disposed nodes.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 185

This species most nearly resembles T. (0.) immersa, but may be distinguished
by its smaller and more closely disposed cell apertures : from T. (0.) hexagona
it differs as follows ; the cell apertures are smaller, the elevations between
them are less angular, and do not have a regular row of nodes or granules
along the middle ; from T. (0.) subquadrala it is distinguished by the fewer
ranges of cell apertures on a branch, their somewhat more regular disposition,
the wider and less angular elevations between the cell apertures, and the more
irregular disposition of the nodes on the surface.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Railroad station near Genesee, N. Y.

Teematopora (Orthopora) immersa, n. sp.

PLATE I. VI, FIG. 11.

ZoARiDM ramose ; bifurcations infrequent. Cells tubular, arising from the center
of the branch. Cell apertures oval, length about .20 mm., width from one-third
to one-half the length, disposed in longitudinal rows, alternating and forming
oblique transverse rows. Peristomes obsolete. Surface between the longi-
tudinal rows of apertures elevated, forming prominent ridges, slightly
narrower than the cell apertures ; at the base of each aperture there is a
comparatively prominent, conical node, and also a minute shallow pit.

This species most nearly resembles T. (0.) carinata, but may be distinguished
as follows ; the branches are somewhat larger, the ranges of apertures are more
numerous, the longitudinal ridges are not so prominent and are somewhat
irregular ; the oblique transverse rows of apertures are much more conspicuous
than in that species, the transverse space between the apertures is much less
depressed : from T. (O.) ornata it is distinguished by its somewhat larger cell
apertures, the more prominent longitudinal ridges, the fewer ranges of cell aper-
tures on a branch, the more prominent nodes and their more regular disposition ;
the oblique transverse rows of apertures are much less conspicuous: from
T. (0.) bispinulata by the stronger, more prominent, longitudinal ridges and
more irregular disposition of the cell apertures

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, Genesee county, N. Y.

186 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Trematopora (Ortiiopora) interplana, n. sp.

PLATE LVI, FIG. 14.

ZoARiDM ramose; branches infrequent, diameter 1 mm. Cell apertures broadly
oval, length .18 mm., width three-fourths the length, dispo.sed in very oblique,
indistinct transverse rows, separated by less than the diameter of an aperture.
Peristomes very thin, slightly elevated. Surface between the apertures flat,
nodose, nodes comparatively prominent, one or two series between adjacent
apertures.

This species most nearly resembles T. (O.) transversa and T. (0.) elongata : from
the former it is distinguished by the smaller size of the branches, and more
broadly oval cell apertures : from the latter by the smaller size of the branches,
the smaller, more broadly oval cell apertures, and the comparatively greater
space between the apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) granifera, n. sp.

MOT FIODRBD.

ZoARiUM ramose ; bifurcations infrequent, branches widely diverging, diameter
from 1.50 to 2 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the centre of the branch,
for the greater portion of their length very oblique to the axis, at about
.50 mm. from the surface, abruptly bending outward, and separating from
each other about the diameter of a cell tube; septa thin and infrequent.
Cell apertures oval, length about .22 mm., width equal to two-thirds the length,
generally irregularly disposed, but sometimes having an indistinct, oblique
transverse arrangement. The surface between the cell apertures is elevated,
with numerous small nodes, generally only one series, but sometimes two,
between iwljacent apertures. In the course of growth the nodes form
minute tubuli, occupying the space between the cells near the surface. There
is also a longitudinal structure, which, in a translucent section, appears as fine
lines, bending abruptly downward at the cell tubes.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 187

I have hesitated to place this species in the sub-genus Orthopora on account
of the irreguliir disposition of the cell apertures, but the internal structure,
except as noted in the last sentence, is precisely the same as in undoubted
species of that sub-genus.

This species most nearly resembles T. (O.) transversa and T. (0.) elongata, but
it may be distinguished from both these by the irregular disposition of the
cell apertures ; from all other species of this geological formation it is dis-
tinguished by the numerous, comparatively prominent nodes on the elevated
surface between the cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Owasco Lake, N. Y.

Trematopoea (Orthopora ?) transversa.

PLATE LV, FIG. 12; AND PLATE LVI, FIGS 13, 14

Trtmaiopora trannversa. Hall. Trana. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 180. 1881.
" Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 8. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose, bifurcations infrequent, branches widely diverging, diameter
about 1.75 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the centre of the branch, length
1.50 mm., for the greater portion of their length in contact, gently curving,
and abruptly turning outward near the surface ; septa near the center of the
branch wanting, in the outer portion numerous, thicker than the cell walls,
generally extending only partially across the cavity. Cell apertures oval,
length .22 mm., width generally about one-half the length, usually disposed
in longitudinal rows, frequently alternating and forming oblique transverse
rows, and sometimes irregularly disposed. Peristomes moderately strong,
slightly elevated. Surface between the cell apertures flat or slightly con-
cave, with numerous small nodes or granules, one or two series around each
aperture. The nodes in the course of growth form minute curved tubuli
between the cell apertures.

This species most nearly resembles T. (0.) elongata, but may be distinguished
by the thicker branches and more broadly oval cell apertures. The cell tubes
are more regularly curved and the interstitial cells are more numerous, the
septa are stronger, occur much more frequently and extend only partially

188 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

across the cavity : from T. (0.) interplana it may be distinguished by its larger
branches, more elongate cell apertures, and the narrow intermediate space ;
from all other species of this geological formation it may be distinguished hy
the comparatively prominent nodes surrounding the cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora?) orbipora.

PLATE LV, KIGS. 13, 14 ; AKD PLATE LVI, KIG. 8.

Trematopora orbipora. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 181. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 12. 1884.

Zoaricm ramose ; bifurcations infrequent ; branches widely diverging. Cells
tubular, arising from the center of the branch, increasing by interstitial
addition, in contact for the greater portion of their length, abruptly bending
outward and separating near the surface ; walls very thin ; septa thin, in-
frequent, in many of the cells entirely wanting. Cell apertures broadly oval,
frequently circular, length .38 mm., width usually about three-fourths the
length, but on some fronds not more than one-half, very closely and usually
irregularly disposed, but occasionally forming indistinct, oblique transverse
rows ; the peristomes are sometimes obsolete, and the surface between the
apertures is elevated, angular or rounded, with numerous minute nodes ;
at other times the peristomes are moderately strong and equally elevated, with
minute nodes, the surface between the apertures is flat or slightly concave,
and in some specimens apparently with very small pits. The nodes in the
course of growth form minute tubuli between the cell tubes near the surface.
The internal characters of this form are the same as those of the species
included under the sub-genus Orthopora, though some of the fronds have
their cell apertures irregularly disposed, others have them regularly arranged
in oblique transverse rows. I have, therefore, concluded to place it under this
sub-genus, although the external characters of some of the fronds are similar
to those of the sub-genus Trkmatella.

This species most nearly resembles T. (0.) transversa, but may be distinguished
by the larger, more nearly circular cell apertures, their more irregular dispo-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 189

sition, the peristomes and the absence of strong septa; from T. (0.) ehngata it
is distinguished by the size of the branches, the larger and much more broadly
oval cell apertures, their more irregular and much closer disposition.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Fallbrook, four miles east of Canan-
daigua lake, N. Y.

CALLOPORA, Hall.

(See jjages 21 and 75.)

Callotrvpa, s. g., Hall.

(See page 24.)

Callopora (Callotrvpa) internodata.

NOT FlaUliBD.

Ccdlvpora internodata, Hku.. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 182. 1881.
" " " Report of SUt(" Geologist for 1883, p. 16. 1884.

Zoarium ramose; bifurcations frequent; branches diverging at an angle of forty-
five degrees, diameter from 1 to 2 mm. Cells tubular, arising from the
center of the branch. Cell apertures oval, length about .28 mm., width from
one-half to two-thirds the length, closely disposed, frequently nearly or quite
in contact, sometimes irregularly, and at other times regularly arranged in
longitudinal and oblique transverse, parallel rows, the transverse rows
being at an angle of forty degrees to the axis of the branch. Peristomes
moderately strong. Inter-apertural space occupied by minute angular pits,
the margins of which are elevated equally with the peristomes ; there are
also one or two conical nodes at each aperture, which form the most promi-
nent feature of the surface : sometimes when the cell apertures are very
closely arranged these nodes are apparently situated on the peristomes.

This species resembles T. (0.) transversa in having oval cell apertures, dis-
posed in oblique transverse rows, but differs in having intermediate pits and
strong, conical nodes, and by the absence of granules.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, Erie county, N. Y.

190 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

ACANTHOCLEMA, Hall. 1886.

(See page 72.)

ACANTHOCLEMA SCUTULATUM.

PLATE LV, KIGS. lS-17 ; AND PLATE LVI, PJ(iS. 19, 20.

Tremalapora acniiilata, Mku.. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 180. 1881.
" Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 7. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose, bifurcations infrequent ; branches diverging at an angle of
from sixty to ninety degrees, diameter about .70 mm. Cells tubular,
arising from a filiform axis at the center of the branch, in contact for the
greater portion of their length, oblique to the surface and very slightly
curved. Cell apertures oval, length on different fronds from .18 to .25 mm.,
width about .10 mm., disposed in longitudinal, parallel rows, those of adja-
cent rows alternating and forming oblique transverse rows, the latter
arrangement being usually the most conspicuous. Peristomes very thin,
slightly elevated, or entirely obsolete. The longitudinal ranges are sepa-
rated by ridges, which generally unite between the cell apertures, enclosing
them in a rhomboidal, vestibular area, and having at their junction a prom-
inent, conical, hollow node. When the frond is well preserved the surface
between the cell apertures is apparently solid ; when slightly worn or
macerated there is a crescentiform opening at the base of each aperture.
There is a short tubule longitudinally between adjacent cells.

This species very closely resembles A. allernatum, of the Upper Helderberg
group, but it is usually a little larger, the longitudinal ridges and nodes are
more prominent, the ridges are nearly always sinuous and unite between
the cell apertures, while in that species they are generally straight. From
Trimatopora (Orthopora) reticulata it may be distinguished by its more elongate
cell apertures, the less angular and smooth longitudinal ridges ; internally tlie
structure is very different : from T. (0.) subquadrata it is distinguished by its
much more slender branches, its more elongate-oval cell apertures and by the
rhomboidal, vestibular areas From T. (O.) rhombtfera, of the Lower and Upper
Helderberg groups, it is distinguished by its more elongate-oval cell apertures

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 191

and the prominent nodes at the junction of the longitudinal ridges ; from all
other species, of this geological formation, by the strong, longitudinal ridges,
which coalesce between the apertures, and the prominent conical nodes at the
points of junction.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

ACANTHOCLEMA HaMILTONENSE.

PLATE LV, FIGS. 18-3B.

Ceriopnraf BamiUonensia, Nicholson. Geological Magazine, April, 1874.
Caltopora " Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 182. 1881.

" bipiinctala, " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 1.5. 1881.

ZoARiUM ramo.se, solid ; bifurcations infre(|uent ; branches diverging at an angle
of from fifty to ninety degrees, diameter about .75 mm. Cells tubular,
arising from a filiform axis at the center of the branch, a little oblique to
the surface, and .slightly curved. Cell apertures oval, length .20 mm., width
from one-half to two-thirds the length, usually disposed in longitudin.al,
parallel rows, frequently alternating and forming oblique, transverse rows ;
sometimes, on portions of the frond, they are somewhat irregularly disposed.
Peristomes thin, scarcely elevated. The longitudinal ranges of apertures
are separated by prominent ridge.-*, which are sometimes straight, but
usually slightly sinuous, freij-uently approaching e.ich other between the
apertures, but rarely in contact. In the transverse space between the
apertures there are usually two small, usually quadrangular pits, generally
situated one above the other ; when the cell apertures are irregularly
arranged, they are occasionally entirely surrounded by these pits ; a small
node also often occurs at the base of each aperture, and .sometimes at each
end of the aperture, obscuring the pits. These pits in the course of growth
form minute, curved tubuli between the cell apertures.

This species most nearly resembles Trematopora (Orthopora) bispinulata, both
species having the cell apertures disposed in longitudinal ranges separated by
ridges, but the ridges of this species are much more prominent and regular,
and the surface is marked by inter-apertural pits ; the frond has also a more

192 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

delicate appearance. When well preserved this species does not resemble A,
scutulatum, but when worn or m.icerated it sometimes presents a similar
appearance, the inter-apertural pits being obsolete, and the ridges nearly or
quite in contact between the cell apertures ; but it is always without the
node at the junction of the ridges, which is a characteristic feature of that
species, from A. alternatum, of the Upper Helderberg group, it may be distin-
guished by its inter-apertural pits, and from T. (0.) regularis, of the Lower and
Upper Helderberg groups, by its larger cell apertures and the presence of inter-
apertural pits.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, West Hamburg, Erie county,
and near New Berlin, N. Y.

ACANTHOCLEMA SULCATUM, n. Sp.
PLATE LV, FIG. 7 ; PLATE LVI, FIG. 7.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid ; bifurcations comparatively infrequent; branches widely
diverging, diameter about .50 mm. Cells tubular, arising from a filiform
axis at the center of the branch, in contact for the greater portion of their
length. Cell apertures oval, length .20 mm., width about one-half their
length, disposed in longitudinal parallel rows, distant more than the
length of an aperture ; six rows on a branch, separated by very prominent,
angular, granulo.se ridges ; the surface between the ridges is concave, giving
to the cell apertures the appearance of being situated in channels. Peri-
stomes very thin, scarcely elevated.

This species most nearly resembles Acanthoclema triseriale of the Upper Helder-
berg group, but may be distinguished as follows : the branches are somewhat
more slender, the longitudinal ridges are more prominent, the cell apertures are
much smaller. From Trematopora {Orlhopora) regularis it may be distinguished
by the more prominent, angular, longitudinal ridges, the comparatively larger
cell apertures, and the concave surface between the longitudinal ridges ; nearly
the same features distinguish it from T. (0.) tortalineu: from Acanthoclema
alternatum of the Upper Helderberg it is distinguished by its angular ridges and
absence of nodes between the cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 193

NEMATAXIS, Hall. 1886.

(See page 74. )

Nemataxis simplex.

PLATE LXVI. FIGS. 17-19.

ZoARiUM ramose, solid; bifurcations very infrequent; branches 1.50 mm. in
diameter. Cells tubular, arising from the center of the branch, oblique,
making a sinuous curve, in contact for the greater portion of their length,
separating at a very short distance from the surface. Cell apertures oval,
length about .16 mm., width two-thirds the length, disposed in parallel,
longitudinal rows ; sometimes alternating and forming obliquely transverse
rows ; separated by about one-half the length of the aperture, about eight-
een rows on a branch. Peristomes very slight or entirely wanting. Surface
between the apertures elevated, convex, finely granulose. In some con-
ditions of weathering the peristomes are elevated and the surface between
the cell apertures is flat.

This species is easily distinguished from N. fibrosus of the Upper Helderberg
group, the only other species of this genus at present known, by its much
smaller size. The surface has some resemblance to that of Badropora grani-
striata, but the cell apertures are much smaller, and the space between them
much narrower.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, Erie county, N. Y.

BACTROPORA, nov. gen.
Bactbopora granistbiata.

•PLATE LXVI, FIGS. 20-28.

Tretnatopiyraf granistrlata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 182. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 13. 1884.

ZoARiOM ramose, solid ; bifurcations distant ; base tapering, acute at the apex,
finely striated, striae minutely granulose. Cells tubular, arising from the center
of the branch, oblique, curved, walls comparatively thick ; septa thin and

194 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

very infrequent Cell apertures oval, length .25 mm., width two-thirds the
length, disposed in longitudinal, sometimes twisted rows, often alternating and
forming oblique transverse rows. The apertures near the basal portion of
the frond are distant from each other about the width of an aperture, above
this they are more closely disposed ; the inter-apertural surface is fiat, striated,
striae granulose. On some portions of the frond the apertures are nearly
in contact, the surface between them slightly elevated, angular and gran-
ulose, inclosing the apertures in polygonal areas.

This species may be distinguished from Nemaiaxis simplex by its larger cell
apertures, their less distinct arrangement in longitudinal rows, and the more
prominent granulse : from Trematopora {Orthopora) orbipora by the more oval
apertures, more distinct arrangement in longitudinal rows and the granulose
striations.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, Erie county, N. Y.

Bactjiopoka curvata, n, sp.

I'LATK UCVI, FIGS. U-16.

The specimens observed consist of simple stipes, but it is probable that larger
specimens would show a ramose character: diameter .75 mm., base obtusely
pointed. Cell apertures oval, length .25 mm., width one-half the length,
disposed in longitudinal parallel rows, distant the width of an aperture. Six
or seven rows on a branch, separated by comparatively prominent nodose or
granulose ridges ; nodes small, one or two ranges on each ridge, the other
portions of the surface similarly ornamented.

This species is peculiar and will be readily distinguished from any species at
present known in this geological formation.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Can.andaigua lake, N. Y,

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 195

LICHENALIA, Hall. 1852.

(See pages 30 and 77.)

LiCHENALIA STELLATA.

PLATE LVIII, FIGS. 15, 18.

LieheruUia stellata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 183. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 33. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions, free or incrusting, or of masses
formed by the superimposition of successive layers of growth ; fronds varying
in thickness from 1 to 5 mm. ; under surface consisting of a thin epitheca,
concentrically wrinkled, and with numerous fine, sharp, concentric striae, and
also, by rounded, somewhat obscure, radiating lines. Cells tubular, recum-
bent for a short distance, but for the greater portion of their length at right
angles or oblique to the surface; walls thin, smooth or slightly wrinkled;
septa moderately frequent. Intercellular tissue composed of vesicles ; near
the base these are large, irregular in size and arrangement, regularly super-
imposed above, forming septate inter-cellular tubuli, septa numerous, fifty or
sixty in the space of 5 mm. Cell apertures oval or slightly circular,
diameter .35 mm., sometimes opening directly outwafd, but usually a little
oblique to the surface, occasionally operculated, closely disposed, radiating
from the mticulae and frequently forming diagonally intersecting rows.
Peristomes thick, anterior portion slightly elevated, posterior strongly
elevated, oblique, .smooth. Interapertui-al space smooth. Surface marked
by prominent rounded monticules, the centres of which are distant about
6 mm., and have an elongate depression destitute of cell apertures ; the cell
apertures immediately adjacent to the depressions radiate therefrom, and
are larger than the others, having a diameter of .50 mm. The disposition
of the cell apertures in rows radiating from the central depressions give to
the monticules a stellate appearance.

This species in its characteristic forms is easily recognized, but in some
fronds there are variations, in which the resemblance to other species is
greater : it most nearly resembles Fistulipora operculata, but may be distinguished

196 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

by its somewhat more numerous and prominent monticules, the more pronounced
depression at the center, the closer disposition of the cell apertures, the
absence of inter-apertural pits or vesicles, and the very few oporcula : from
F. variapora, to which it bears a close general resemblance, by the depression
at the center of the monticules, the oblique cell apertures, and absence of
mesopores : from F. umbilicata by the less pronounced depression at the center
of the monticules, the oblique cell apertures and absence of mesopores : from
F. serrnlata and F. confertipora by the depression in the monticules, the oblique
cell apertures and absence of mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, West Bloomfield, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA SCBTRIGONA, n. Sp.

NOT. FiaORBD.

ZoARiuM consisting of free or incrusting explanate fronds, or of masses formed
by the accretion of successive layers of growth ; under surface a thin epitheca
with strong concentric wrinkles or undulations, frequently irregular or con-
torted, and also with fine radiating markings, caused by the recumbent
portions of the cells ; thickness of fronds from 1 to 5 mm. Cells tubular,
rectangular to the surface, walls thin ; septa moderately frequent. Inter-
cellular tissue vesiculose, vesicles large, frequently having a diameter of
between .30 and .40 mm., and rarely of more than .50 mm. ; near the base
they are always very irregularly disposed, and usually so for the whole depth
of the frond, but sometimes more regularly superimposed above, but never
having the appearance of walled, septate tubuli. Cell apertures ovate or sub-
trilobate, length .33 mm., width three-fourths the length, irregularily dis-
posed, sometimes in contact, at other times separated by more than the
width of an aperture. Peristomes moderately thick, usually equally
elevated, but sometimes the posterior portion is the stronger, and also shows
faint indications of denticulations. The surface is marked by maculae,
destitute of cell apertures, the centers of which are distant about 8 mm.;
the adjacent apertures are larger than the others, more nearly circular, and
have an indistinct radiation therefrom.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 197

This species may be distinguished from L. stellata by the absence of promi-
nent monticules, the nearly equally elevated peristomes, and the coarser and
more irregularly disposed vesicles: from L. vesiculata by the more distant,
more elongate, less distinctly trilobate cell apertures, and the circular, not
depressed, maculae ; the maculae of that species being elongate and depressed :
from Fistulipora trifaria by the much less distinctly trilobate cell apertures and
the absence of mesopores : from L. substellata, of the Upper Helderberg group,
by the more elongate, more distant cell apertures, the usually more equally ele-
vated peristomes, and the much less prominent maculae : from L. ramosa by the
incrusting mode of growth, elongate cell apertures, and smooth inter-apertural
space : from L. cuUellata, L. colliculata, and L. cornuta it may be easily distin-
guished by the absence of monticules.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Williams, Ontario.

LiCHENALIA DISTANS, n. Sp.

NOT PIQUBBD.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate fronds incrusting other objects, usually Cyatho-
phylloid corals ; greatest thickness observed 2 mm. Cells tubular, cylindrical,
at right angles to the surface, non-septate, or septa very infrequent. Inter-
cellular space vesiculose ; vesicles near the base large and very irregularly
disposed, more regularly superimposed above and sometimes, when the cells
are closely disposed, appearing as septa dividing the space between the cell
tubes, but never, in the specimens observed, having the appearance of walled,
septate tubuli ; twenty-five or thirty septa in the space of 5 mm., measured
longitudinally. Cell apertures obscurely trilobate, length .40 mm., width
two-thirds the length, irregularly disposed, usually distant a little more than
the width of an aperture. Peristomes strong, nearly equally elevated.
Inter-apertural space flat, smooth, when slightly worn or macerated occupied
by shallow angular pits. Surface marked by broad, slightly elevated mon-
ticules, the centres of which are distant from each other between 6 and
7 mm., with a small, flat and smooth central area, the apertures immediately
adjacent are slightly larger than the others.

198 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

This species may be distinguished by the sub-trilobate form of the apertures,
their distance from each other, the nearly equally elevated peristomes and the
smooth, Hat, inter-apertural space.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. Western New York ; particular
locality not recorded.

Lichen ALIA vesiculata, n sp.

PLATE LVn, FIGS. 14-19; AND PLATE HX, FIGS. 1, U.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions free or incrusting other objects,
generally Cyathophylloid corals ; no massive specimens have been observed ;
thickness of fronds from 1 to 3 mm. ; under surface a thin epitheca with
strong, concentric wrinkles, and obscure, rounded, radiating markings, caused
by the recumbent portion of the cell tubes. Cells tubular, cylindrical, for
nearly their entire length at right angles to the surface, septate ; septa very
thin, moderately frequent ; cell walls finely wrinkled or corrugated. Inter-
cellular tissue vesiculose, vesicles comparatively very large and irregularly
disposed near the base, more regularly superimposed above, but in the
specimens observed, never having the appearance of walled septate tubuli ;
width of a vesicle generally about equal to that of a cell aperture, fifteen or
twenty in the space of 5 mm., measured longitudinally. Cell apertures nearly
circular, having a small fold or plication in the posterior portion of the walls,
which frequently gives an obscurely trilobate or triangular form, diameter
.50 mm., closely disposed, often in contact, frequently forming irregular,
intersecting rows. Peristomes strong, equally elevated, not denticulated,
when well preserved the summits are obscurely granulose, giving them
a minutely, serrulate appearance. Inter-apertural space flat, when well
preserved granulose, when slightly macerated smooth. Surface marked
by elongate-depressed maculae, having a length of 5 mm., width about 1
mm., and destitute of cell apertures. The cell apertures immediately adjacent,
are not larger than the others and sometimes the general direction is not
altered. On some fronds the cell apertures are distinctly trilobate (Plate 59,
fig. 1), but these fronds, in all other respects, agree with the ordinary forms
of the species.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 199

The elongate depressed maculaB resemble those of L. alveata of the Upper
Helderberg group, but the species may be distinguished as follows ; the cell
apertures are on a plane with the surface ; the peristomes are equally elevated,
are not denticulated and the apertures do not distinctly radiate from the maculae.
The cell apertures, in form and size, very closely resemble those of L. ovata of
the Upper Helderberg group, but it presents the following differences ; the
peristomes are equally elevated, are not denticulated, the maculae are narrow,
elong<ate, depressed, the apertures nearest the maculae are not larger than the
others, and sometimes do not radiate from them : from L. substellata it is dis-
tinguished by the narrow elongate maculae, the obscure radiation of the aper-
tures and equally elevated peristomes : from other species of this geological
formation it is distinguished by the narrow, elongate-depressed maculae, uniform
size of apertures and non-radiation from the maculae.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, shore of Canandaigua lake, Ontario
county ; York, Livingston county, and four miles south of Le Roy, Genesee
county, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA RAMOSA, n. sp.

HOT FIGURBD.

ZoARiUM ramose, hollow, branches very frequent, diameter from 4 to 10 mm.,
thickness of frond from .50 to 2 mm.; the inner surface is a concentrically
wrinkled epitheca. Cell tubes rectangular or oblique to the surface ; septa
very infrequent or entirely wanting. Intercellular space vesiculose ; the
vesicles are large and irregularly disposed near the base, they are smaller
and more regularly superimposed above, but not having the appearance of
walled, septate tubuli, from four to eight vesicles in the space of 1 mm ,
measured longitudinally. Cell apertures nearly circular, diameter .25 mm.,
irregularly disposed, generally separated by less than the diameter of an
aperture and frequently in contact. Peristomes thin, scarcely elevated, and
having on one side two slight denticulations. Interapertural space gently
convex, granulose. Surface marked by circular, granulose maculae, destitute
of cell apertures, the centres of which are distant about 3 mm., and their

200 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

diameter a little more than 1 mm. ; the apertures immediately adjacent are
slightly larger than those on other portions of the frond.

This species, in its manner of growth and general appearance, is similar to
Fistulipora utriculus, of Rominger, but the apertures arc circular, while in that
species they are decidedly trilobate ; the manner of growth is similar to that of
Lichenalia cHvulata, of the Upper Helderberg group, but the apertures are much
larger and more closely disposed, the denticulations are much less conspic-
uous, and the peristomes are equally elevated ; the surface resembles that of
F. interaspera, but the manner of growth is diiferent, there is no depression
at the centre of the monticules, the denticulations are much less prominent,
and there are no interapertural pits : from F. constricta it is distinguished by
its manner of growth, its less prominent monticules, the flattened or gently
convex interapertural space, and the absence of mesopores ; the size of the
cell apertures and strength of denticulations are about the same in both species ;
from F. unilinea it is distinguished by its manner of growth, less prominent
monticules, smaller and more distant cell apertures, the absence of mesopores,
and the somewhat stronger denticulations ; from Lichenalia cornuta by the
manner of growth, larger and more distant cell apertures, and the much less
prominent denticulations : from Lichenalia substellata, of the Upper Helderberg
group, by the manner of growth, the thin and equally elevated peristomes, and
the granulose surface.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Williams, Ontario.

Lichenalia colliculata.

KOT KiaUKBD.

Lichenalia colliculata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, Vol. x, p. 184. 1881.
" Report of State Geolojfist for 1883, p. 36. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of free or incrusting lamellate expansions, or of masses
formed by the accretion of successive layers of growth ; epitheca strongly
wrinkled concentrically, frequently contorted. Cells tubular, cylindrical,
oblique or rectangular to the surface ; septa thin, in some cells moderately

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 201

frequent, in others very infrequent. Intercellular tissue vesiculose, the
vesicles near the base are irregularly disposed, they are regularly super-
imposed above, giving the appearance of walled septate tubuli, septa very
numerous, almost in contact, fifteen in the space of 1 mm. Cell apertures
oval, sometimes sub-quadrangular, length about .22 mm., width a little more
than one-half the length, regularly and irregularly disposed, comparatively
distant. Peristomes moderately thick, decidedly elevated, posterior portion
a little the more prominent, smooth. When the frond is well preserved the
inter-apertural space is granulose. Surface marked by prominent monticules,
the centers of which are distant about 8 mm., and have a granulose area
1 50 mm. in diameter, destitute of cell apertures ; the adjacent cell apertures
radiate from these in straight lines, forming elevated rows and are larger
than the others, gradually becoming smaller as they recede ; they are more
oblique than the ordinary apertures, and the upper portion of the cell wall is
carinated and exposed for about .25 mm.

The radiation of the apertures on the monticules is similar to that of Fistuli-
pora longimacula, but the difference in the form of the monticules and the pres-
ence of me.sopores will be sufficient to distinguish that species. It most nearly
resembles Lichmalia cullellata, but may be distinguished by the non-celluliferous
central area of the monticules, the absence of the prominent ridges, radiating
from the centers to the adjiicent apertures, and the less distinctly trilobate form
of the apertures ; internally the vesicles are more numerous and have the
appearance of walled, septate tubuli, which is never the case in that species :
from L. comuta it is distinguished by the more decidedly oval cell apertures,
absence of prominent denticulations, and much more prominent monticules and
peristomes : from L. denticulata, of the Upper Helderberg group, by its larger
cell apertures, much more conspicuous monticules and the absence of prominent
denticulations : from other forms having prominent monticules it may be dis-
tinguished by the small, frequently sub-quadrangular, oblique cell apertures
and their radiation in straight lines from the centers of the monticules.

Formation and locality. In the shales of the Hamilton group, at York,
Livingston county, N. Y.

202 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

LiCHENALIA CULTELLATA.

PLATE LXIV, FIGS. 1, 2.

Liehentdia eultdlata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 35. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate fronds, free or incrusting other objects, thick-
ness usually about 1 mm. No masses formed by the superimposition of
successive layers of growth have been observed. Cells tubular, cylindrical
rectangular or oblique to the surface, non-septate, walls very thin. Inter-
cellular space vesiculose, vesicles comparatively very large, usually irregu-
larly disposed, sometimes more irregularly superimposed, but in the speci-
mens observed, never appearing as walled, septate tubuli. Cell apertures
trilobate or trifoliate, the posterior lobe or fold is remarkably well devel-
oped, being much larger than the other two combined, length .30 mm.,
width three-fourths the length, radiating from the center of the monticules,
forming irregular, intersecting rows. Peristomes thin, posterior portion the
more strongly elevated and with two moderately prominent denticulations.
Interapertural space flat, smooth. Surfaqe marked by strongly elevated,
obtusely conical monticules, the centers of which are distant about 5 mm.,
irregularly disposed ; on one side of the monticule, commencing at the
center and extending to the base, there is a narrow, gradually enlarging
depression ; the apertures nearest the center are slightly larger than the
others, and extending from the center of the monticules to these apertures
there are sharply angular, gradually enlarging, prominent ridges ; this feature
gives to the cell the appearance of being so oblique that the upper portions
of their walls are exposed for the entire length, but a section shows that
they are only slightly oblique. In a transverse section the trilobate form
of the cells is more conspicuous ; the interapertural vesicles vary greatly in
size and are frequently larger than the cell apertures.

The cell apertures of the specimen from which fig. 1, pi. 64, was made do
not show the usual trilobate form.

The strong monticules and prominent ridges extending from their centers
to the adjacent apertures are features which distinguish this species from any

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 203

other at present known, except L. colliculata, and it may be distinguished from
that species by the somewhat larger cell apertures, greater prominence of the
features above mentioned, and the larger vesicles.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Fall brook, four miles east of Can-
andaigua lake, and near York, Livingston county, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA CORNUTA, n. Sp.

KOT KIGDRBD.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate fronds, incrusting other objects, generally
Cy.athophylloid corals, having an observed thickness of about 1 mm. Cells
tubular, septa obsolete. Intercellular tissue composed of vesicles, which are
sometimes irregularly disposed, at other times regularly superimposed. Cell
apertures circular or trilobate, oblique, subimbricating, diameter .30 mm.,
very closely disposed, radiating from the monticules and forming diagonally
intersecting lines, frequently in quincunx order. Peristomes thin, slightly
elevated, often scarcely perceptible, and having on one side a prominent
crescentiform projection, the extremities of which are prolonged into den-
ticulations, which in course of growth form two parallel striations along
the inner surface of the cell tube. Interapertural space slightly convex and
minutely granulose. Surface marked by monticules, the centers of which
are distant between 4 and 5 mm., arranged in sub-regular intersecting rows;
the center of the monticules are convex, minutely granulose, and destitute
of cell apertures for the space of 1.50 mm., the apertures immediately
adjacent are sometimes very slightly larger than those on other portions of
the frond. When the frond is worn or macerated, the interapertural space
is flattened, the granules are obsolete, leaving very minute, angular pits in
'their place ; in this condition it has but a slight resemblance to a perfectly
preserved frond.

This species may be distinguished from Fistulipora constrida by the smaller
cell apertures, more prominent denticulations, and the granulose inter-apertural
space ; from F. ramosa by the manner of growth, being incrusting only, the

204 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

smaller cell apertures, their trilobate form and the more prominent denticula-
tions, the resemblance however is frequently very close : from other species
it is distinguished by the small apertures, prominent denticulations and convex,
granulose, inter-apertural surface.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, near York, Livingston county, and
four miles south of Le Roy, Genesee county, N. Y.

LiCUENALIA CONFUSA, n. sp.

NOT FIGURED.

ZoARiUM consisting of thin explanate fronds incrusting other objects, usually
Cyathophylloid corals; greatest thickness less than 1 mm., though fronds
of nearly 90 mm. in diameter have been examined. Cells tubular,
cylindrical. Intercellular space vesiculose, vesicles irregularly disposed.
Cell apertures circular, broadly oval or sub-triangular, diameter .33 mm.,
very closely and usually irregularly disposed, genierally in contact and sub-
imbricating. Peristomes moderately thick, the posterior portion the more
strongly elevated ; the peristomes of adjacent apertures are frequently in
contact and coalesce, the frond then presenting a regularly reticulate
appearance ; and when in contact, but not coalescing, the frond often
presents a festooned appearance ; when the peristomes are not in contact, a
condition seldom occurring, the inter-apertural space is smooth. Surface
marked by slightly elevated, closely disposed monticules, the apertures
nearest their centers radiate from them, are less closely disposed, slightly
larger and more oblique than the others.

This species will be easily distinguished from the others by the crowded
cell apertures, and the festooned or reticulate appearance of the surface of
the frond.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, four miles south of LeRoy, Genesee
county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 205

LlCHENAHA BULLATA, n. Sp.
PLATE LVII, FIGS. 12, 13.

ZoARiUM consisting of free or incrusting explanate fronds. Cell apertures
circular or oval, diameter .50 mm. Peristomes moderately thick, the pos-
terior portion the more strongly elevated, a little oblique. Inter-apertural
space occupied by vesicles nearly equal in diameter to the cell apertures.
Sometimes on portions of a frond the vesicles are much enlarged and the
cell apertures correspondingly small.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, four miles south of Le Roy, Genesee
county, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA OPERCULATA, n. Sp.

NOT FIQUBBD.

ZoARiuM consisting of free or incrusting lamellate expansions, or of masses,
formed by the superimposition of successive layers of growth ; thickness of
fronds from .50 to 5 mm. Cells tubular, cylindrical, rectangular or slightly
oblique to the surface ; septa thin, moderately frequent. The intercellular
space is vesiculose ; near the base the vesicles are large and very irregularly
disposed ; they are smaller and regularly superimposed above, frequently
having the appearance of walled septate tubuli, with from twenty-five to
forty septa in the space of 5 mm. Cell apertures circular, often pustuliform,
oblique to the surface, diameter .40 mm., radiating from the centers of the
monticules, generally forming closely disposed, diagonally intersecting rows,
frequently in contact, usually operculated ; the opercula are conspicuous,
consisting of thin, slightly convex plates, extending entirely across the cell
apertures. Peristomes thick, sometimes equally elevated, but usually the
posterior portion is the more prominent, oblique, longitudinally striated.
Inter-apertural space occupied by bullae, which are marked by short, broad,
interrupted striations ; when the frond becomes slightly worn these bullae
are broken away, leaving the appearance of shallow angular pits. Surface
marked by broad, rounded monticules, the centers of which are distant from

206 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

each other about 6 mm., the bases nearly in contact ; there is an elongate,
non-celluliferous space at the center occupied by bullae, the cells immediately
adjacent being slightly larger than the others and much more oblique.

This species in general appearance approaches very nearly to L. stellata, but
may be distinguished by the less prominent monticules, the absence of a pro-
nounced central depression, the operculated cell apertures, and the striato-
bulhate inter-apertural surface : in its conspicuous opercula it resembles Fistu-
lipora serrulata, but may easily be distinguished by its larger and more oblique
cell apertures, the larger apertures on the monticules and the absence of meso-
pores : nearly the same features distinguish it from F. umbilicata, F. variopora
and F. confertipora.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, and four
miles south of Le Roy, Genesee county, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA PUSTULOSA, n. Sp.

NOT FIGURKD.

ZoARiuM consisting of free or incrusting explanate fronds, or of masses formed
by the superimposition of successive layers of growth ; thickness of fronds
observed from 2 to 5 mm. Under surface consisting of an epitheca with
strong, concentric wrinkles and undulations, and fine radiating markings,
caused by the recumbent portion of the cells. Cells tubular, rectangular or
slightly oblique to the surface, walls strong, smooth ; septa very thin, in some
of the cells moderately frequent, in others obsolete. Intercellular tissue
vesiculose, the vesicles near the base are. very irregularly disposed, more
regularly disposed above, having the appearance of septa, transversely
dividing the intercellular space, or of walled septate tubuli ; septa very
closely disposed, from sixty to ninety in the space of 5 mm. Cell apertures
circular, diameter about .25 mm., irregularly disposed, sometimes in contact,
and seldom distant more than one-half the diameter of an aperture. The
apertures are generally operculated, the opercula consisting of convex or sub-
conical plates extending entirely across the apertures ; sometimes they are
convex, with a comparatively prominent node at the center. Peristomes

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 207

moderately thick, sub-equally elevated, and having on one side two denticula-
tions. Inter-apertural space flat, smooth or with indications of the vesicles
below. Surface marked by prominent, conical monticules, the centers of
which are distant about 7 mm., and have cell apertures larger than the
others, more oblique and pustuliform, often presenting a confused appear-
ance. When the frond is worn or macerated the surface presents a much
different aspect from that of well preserved specimens ; the cell apertures
are obscurely trilobate ; the peristomes are strong and equally elevated ; the
inter-apertural space is occupied by minute angular pits, the margins of
which are elevated a little less than the peristomes.

In having conspicuous opercula this species resembles L. operculata and
Fistulipora serrulate ; from the former it may be distinguished by the more
prominent and more frequent monticules, the equally elevated peristomes, the
absence of bullae on the inter-apertural surface, and the prominent apertures at
the center of the monticules ; in that species there is a circular space destitute
of cell apertures : from F. serrulata it may be distinguished by the more promi-
nent monticules, more closely disposed cell apertures, the presence of denticula-
tions and the absence of mesopores ; in the pustuliform apertures at the center
of the monticules it resembles L. conulata of the Upper Helderberg group, but
the mode of growth is different, the monticules are much larger and more
distant, and the ordinary cell apertures are not pustuliform : from the other
species, at present known, it may be distinguished by its conspicuous opercula
and the prominent pustuliform cell apertures of the monticules.

Formalion and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA TESSELLATA, n. sp.

>OT rlaUHBD.

ZoARiuM consisting of flattened expansions or of masses formed by the accretion
of successive layers of growth; fronds observed from 2 to 5 mm. in thick-
ness; epitheca very thin and, on the specimens examined, not strongly
wrinkled concentrically, as in nearly all other species. Cells tubular,
apparently polygonal, generally rectangular to the surface, walls thin.

208 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

strongly and regularly corrugated ; corrugations sharp, five in the space of
1 mm. Septa extremely thin, in some cells moderately frequent, in others
obsolete. Intercellular tissue vesiculose ; the vesicles near the base are large
and very irregularly disposed, they are smaller above and more regularly
superimposed, frequently having the appearance of septate tubuli, with strongly
corrugated walls. A transverse section shows the cells to be cylindrical,
frequently partially in contact and the ordinary cells never distant more than
.10 mm. Cell apertures circular, diameter .30 mm., very closely and usually
irregularly disposed, but sometimes forming sub-regular curved lines on the
monticules, generally distant a little more than one-fourth the diameter of
an aperture. Peristomes usually obsolete. Inter-apertural space elevated
angular, sometimes with minute nodes at the angles, giving to the apertures
a polygonal appearance, much resembling those of some form of Favosites.
Surface marked by broad, convex monticules, the centers of which are distant
from 5 to 8 mm., and have a granulose circular area, about 1.75 mm. in
diameter, destitute of cell apertures. The apertures immediately adjacent
are a little larger and more distant than the others, a little oblique and with
very thin peristomes, the posterior portions of which are the stronger, with
evidences of very slight denticulations ; the space between these apertures
is somewhat flattened and sometimes with a very slender striation.

This species may be distinguished from Fistulipora conslrida by the broader,
more distant monticules, the larger cell apertures, destitute of peristomes
and denticulations, the smooth interapertural space and the absence of
mesopores : from F. unilinea it is distinguished by the more prominent monticules,
the absence of peristomes and denticulations and the angulated inter-apertural
Bpace without mesopores ; nearly the same features will distinguish it from F.
interaspera. From any other species at present known, in the Lower and
Upper Helderberg and Hamilton groups, it may be distinguished by the circular,
closely disposed cell apertures without peristomes or denticulations, and the
smooth angular, inter-apertural space, giving to the apertures an appearance
similar to those of some forms of Favosites.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Genesee Valley, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 209

FISTULIPORA, McCoy. 1849.

(See pages 27, 87.)
FiSTULIPORA LONGIMACULA.

NOT FIQUBBD.

Thallostigma Irnighnacula, Hall. Trans. Albany In.stitute, vol. x, p. 185. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 23. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions, incrusting other objects, thickness
from .50 to 1.50 mm.; no masses formed by the accretion of successive layers
of growth, have been observed. Cells tubular, round or sub-angular, oblique
or rectangular to the surface ; septa infrequent or entirely wanting. Inter-
cellular space vesiculose ; near the base the vesicles are irregularly disposed,
and more regularly superimposed above, giving the appearance of septate
tubuli ; septa numerous, fifteen or twenty in the space of 5 mm. Cell aper-
tures oval or trilobate, frequently sub-quadrangular, length a little more than
.20 mm., width about two-thirds the length, regularly and irregularly dis-
po.sed, comparatively distant. Peristomes thin, sometimes equally elevated,
at other times the posterior portion is the more strongly elevated and has
occasionally two slight denticulations. Mesopores variable in size, frequently
larger than the cell apertures ; margins slightly elevated, smooth. Surface
marked by low, elongate monticules, at the middle of each there being a com-
paratively deep depression, having a length of between 3 and 4 mm., and a
widtli of little less than 1 mm., destitute of cell apertures and occupied by
mesopores; the adjacent apertures are larger than the others and radiate
from the depressions in straight lines, forming elevated rows, gradually grow-
ing smaller as they recede. The cell apertures on the other portions of the
frond are irregularly disposed.

The cell apertures in size and shape resemble those of Lichmalia cultellata, but
this species will be easily distinguished from that one by the elongate monticules
with depressed centers, and the presence of mesopores ; these features will dis-
tinguish it from any other species at present known, from this geological
formation.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

210 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

FiSTULIPORA VARIAPORA.

PLATE LVm, FIGS. 9-14.

Thattostigma variap<mi. Hall. Tnin.s. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 184. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologrist for 1883, p. 18. 1884.

ZoARnjM consisting of explanate, free or incrusting fronds, or of m.asses formed
by the superimposition of successive layers of growth ; fronds from 1 to 1 5
mm. or more in thickness ; the under side consists of a thin, strongly
wrinkled epitheca, from which the cells arise rectangularly to the surface.
Cells tubular, cylindrical, septate ; septa thin, occurring at irregular, usually
somewhat distant intervals. Intercellular tissue composed of vesicles, which,
near the base, are irregular, becoming more regularly disposed above, and
having the appearance of septate tubuli ; septa very frequent, about sixty in
the space of 5 mm. Cell apertures circular, obscurely triangular or trilobate,
diameter .35 mm., irregulary disposed, sometimes in contact, usually distant
about one-half the diameter of an aperture, frequently operculated ; opercula
smooth, solid and slightly convex at the center, with several radii extending
to the peristome. Peristomes strong, equally elevated, when perfectly pre-
served having two minute denticulations. Mesopores obscure ; margins
slightly elevated, diameter usually about one-half that of the cell aperture.
The surface is marked by broad, rounded monticules, the centers of which are
distant from each other about 5 mm., the bases nearly or quite in contact ;
a central space of 1 mm. in diameter is occupied by mesopores, which
are smaller than those on other portions of the frond ; the cell apertures
immediately adjacent are Larger than the others, having a diameter of .50
mm., from twelve to fifteen of the larger cells on each monticule.

This species most nearly resembles F. umbilicata, but the centers of the
monticules are very slightly, if at all depressed, the space destitute of cell
apertures is much smaller, and the apertures are a little larger, more distinctly
trilobate and more closely disposed : from Lichmalia stellata it is distinguished
by the absence of a pronounced depression at the centers of the monticules, by
the equally elevated peristomes and the presence of mesopores : from F. cm-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA.

211

fertipora by the more prominent and distant monticules, the larger and more
distant sub-trilobate cell apertures, the stronger peristomes, the absence of
nodes on the peristomes, and the comparatively indistinct raesopores : from
F. serrulate by the larger cell apertures, their form and closer disposition, the
much greater variation in the size of the apertures and the absence of serrula-
tions on the peristomes.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, "West Williams, Ontario, Canada ;
shore of Canandaigua lake, and York, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA CONFERTIPORA.

PLATE I.VIII, FIGS. 1-5.

ThaUostigma confertipora. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 184. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 19. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate, free or incrusting fronds, or of masses formed
by the superimposition of successive layers of growth ; fronds varying from
.50 to 5 mm. in thickness; the under surface consists of a thin, strongly
wrinkled epitheca, from which the cells arise, obliquely for a short distance,
but for nearly their entire length are rectangular to the surface ; cells tubular,
cylindrical, septate, transverse section circular ; septa thin, occurring at irreg-
ular intervals, infrequent ; cell walls thin, with numerous fine corrugations
which frequently resemble nodes, about six in the space of 1 mm. Intercel-
lular tissue composed of vesicles which are irregularly disposed near the base,
becoming more regular above, having the appearance of narrow septate tubuli,
from fifty to sixty septa in the space of 5 mm. Cell apertures circular, diameter
.30 mm., closely and irregularly disposed, very frequently in contact. Peri-
stomes moderately strong, distinctly and equally elevated, when well
preserved having several short spines, which sometimes form the most con-
spicuous feature of the surface. Mesopores minute, usually only a single
series between atljacent apertures ; margins elevated slightly less than the
peristomes. The surface is marked by low, rounded monticules, the centers
of which are distant from each other about 4 mm., disposed in diagonally
intersecting rows with their bases in contact. The cell apertures on the

212 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

monticules extend to the center and are not larger than those on other por-
tions of the frond.

The cell apertures and mesopores of this species are very similar to F.
ponderosa of the Lower Helderberg group, but it may be distinguished by the
numerous monticules and the regular disposition of the vesicles, forming septate
tubuli ; the surface of that species is without monticules or maculae, the vesicles
are irregularly disposed, and the spines on the peristomes are stronger : from
F. variapora it is distinguished by the more numerous monticules, the smaller
and more nearly circular cell apertures, their closer disposition, their uniform
size and the absence of a non-celluliferous space at the center of the monticules:
from F. serrulata, by the more numerous monticules, the much closer disposition
of the cell apertures and the minute mesopores : from F. scrobiculata by the
prominent monticules, the closer disposition of the cell apertures and the
minute mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Moscow, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPOBA SCROBICULATA.

I'LATK LVm, FIGS. 17, 18.

ThaUostigma scrobiculata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 184. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 20. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate, free or incrusting fronds, or of masses formed
by the superimposition of successive layers of growth ; the fronds observed
vary from .50 to 2 mm. in thickness; the under surface consists of an
epitheca, strongly wrinkled concentrically, and showing radiating markings,
caused by the recumbent portion of the cell tubes. Cells tubular, for a short
distance nearly parallel with the epitheca, but for nearly their entire length
rectangular, or slightly oblique to the surface, invariably opening directly
outward, walls thin, smooth ; septa infrequent. Intercellular space vesicu-
lose ; near the base the vesicles are irregularly disposed, more regul.arly
above, having the appearance of septa dividing the space between the cell
apertures, and occurring at irregular intervals, sometimes four or five in the
space of 1 mm , at other times only one or two. Cell apertures circular,

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 213

diameter about .25 mm., irregularly disposed, generally distant from each
other a little more than their diameter. Peristomes strong, equally elevated,
granulose when well preserved. Mesopores large, frequently equal in size to
the cell apertures ; margins elevated slightly less than the peristomes. Sur-
face marked by sterile maculae of 1 to 2 mm in diameter, occurring at ir-
regular intervals, the cell apertures immediately adjacent not larger than the
others.

• The characteristics of this species are the absence of monticules and the
comparatively distant cell apertures. It may be distinguished from F. serrulata
which it resembles in size and frequency of the cell apertures, by the absence
of monticules and conspicuous opercula : from F. variapora and F. confertipora
by the absence of monticules and by its large mesopores.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Eighteen-Mile creek, Erie county,
and Bellona, Yates county, N. Y.

FiSTUUPORA UMBILICATA.

MOT FiaURBD.

Thallostigma umbilicata. Hall. Trana. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 185. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 22. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of free or incrusting lamellate expansions, or of masses
formed by the superimposition of successive layers of growth ; greatest
thickness of the fronds observed 1.50 ram. ; under surface consisting of an
epitheca with strong concentric wrinkles. Cells tubular, cylindrical,
rectangular or slightly oblique to the surface, usually opening directly
outward. Intercellular space vesiculose; near the base the vesicles are
irregularly disposed, above they are regularly superimposed. Cell apertures
circular, diameter about .30 mm., irregularly disposed, usually distant about
three-fourths the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes strong, equally
elevated, smooth. Mesopores variable in size, sometimes minute, at other
times nearly as large as the cell apertures ; margins slightly elevated, some-
times continuing upon the peristomes and giving them a strongly striated
appearance. Surface marked by broad, rounded monticules, the centers of

214 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

which are distant from each other from 5 to 6 mm., very much depressed
and destitute of cell apertures ; the apertures immediately adjacent to the
depressed portion are larger and much more oblique than on other parts of
the frond.

The surface varies in appearance according to the degree of preservation ;
when weathered the peristomes are stronger and more elevated, and the
mesopores more conspicuous than when the frond is perfectly preserved ; in
the latter case the intermediate pits are very obscure.

This species may be distinguished from F. variapora by the circular, slightly
smaller and more distant cell apertures, the depressed centers of the monticules,
the larger mesopores, and the more irregular vesicular structure ; in the
latter species they have the appearance of septate tubuli : from Lichenalia
stellata by the deeper depression at the centers of the monticules, the smaller
and more distant cell apertures, the equally elevated peristomes, the presence
of mesopores, and the more irregular arrangement of the vesicles : from F. ser-
rulata by the depression in the monticules, the larger and more oblique cells
near their centers, the closer disposition of the apertures, and the absence of
serrulations on the peristomes.

Formalion and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPOBA SERRULATA.

PLATE LVm, riGS. 6-8.

Thallostifftna serrulata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 185. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 20. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of free or incrusting explanate fronds, or forming masses
composed of successive layers of growth. Cells tubular, cylindrical, sep-
tate, rectangular or slightly oblique to the surface, invariably opening
directly outward; septa very infrequent or obsolete; cell walls com-
paratively thick, longitudinally striated Intercellular tissue composed of
vesicles, which are sometimes very irregularly, at other times regularly
disposed, but not having the appearance of tubuli divided by septa as
in many species, but of vesicles superimposed in somewhat regular order.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 215

Cell apertures circular, diameter .30 mm., irregularly disposed, usually dis-
tant from each other about the diameter of an aperture ; apertures usually
operculate, the opercula rounded or conical at the centers, with five or six
ridges radiating from the center to the peristomes. Peristomes strong,
equally elevated, the striations of the cell walls extending over their mar-
gins and giving them a serrulate appearance. Mesopores large, their diameter
being frequently more than that of the cell apertures; margins slightly
elevated, and when well preserved granulose.

Surface marked by low, rounded maculae, the centers of which are distant
about 6 mm., having a small area occupied by mesopores ; the apertures
immediately adjacent are a little larger than the others, but the difference in
size is not conspicuous.

The characteristic features of this species are the opercula, which are well pre-
served in all the specimens seen ; the same feature is also conspicuous in F. oper-
culata, but this species may be readily distinguished by the smaller size of the
cell apertures, the equally elevated peristomes, the difference in the character
of the opercula, and by the mesopores, that species having vesicles between
the cell apertures : from F. confertipora it is distinguished by its larger, more
distant monticules, the more distant cell apertures, the minute serration of the
peristomes, and the much larger mesopores : from F. variapora by the more
distant cell apertures, their more nearly uniform size, and the larger mesopores :
from F. scrobiculata by the prominent monticules, that species having maculae
not elevated above the surface ; the mesopores and cell apertures are very similar
in appearance, except that the opercula are rarely present in the cells of the
latter species.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Bloomfield, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA PLANA.

PLATE LVin, FIGS. 19, 22.

Thallostigma plana. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 187. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 30. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of thin lamellate expansions, incrusting or free, thickness
less than 1 mm. No masses formed by the accretion of successive layers of

216 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

growth have been observed. Cells tubular, cylindrical, opening directly
outward. Intercellular tissue vesiculose ; vesicles sometimes irregularly
disposed, at other times apparently forming septate tubuli. Cell aper-
tures circular, diameter about .33 mm.; on some fronds regularly dis-
tant from each other a little less than their diameter, on others irreg-
ularly disposed, distance varying from contact to twice their diameter.
Peristomes thick, equally and strongly elevated, the apertures being very
prominent. Mesopores obscure, variable in size, frequently nearly as large
as the cell apertures ; margins very slightly elevated, sometimes obsolete,
the surface being smooth ; when the surface is worn or much weathered they
are more prominent. Surface marked by circular or elongate, depressed
maculae, destitute of cell apertures, the adjacent apertures being a little larger
than those on other portions of the frond.

This species most nearly resembles F. serrulata in the size and prominence
of the cell apertures, but may be distinguished by their greater distance,
the absence of striations on the cell walls, and of grarmles on the peristomes
and margins of mesopores, and the flattened maculae ; from F. scrobiculata by
the stronger peristomes, much more prominent cell apertures, and much more
obscure mesopores. The depressed maculae will distinguish it from all the
forms having monticules : from F. segregata it is distinguished by the larger
cell apertures, the much larger, but less conspicuous, mesopores : from Lichenalia
substellata, of the Upper Helderberg group, by the more prominent apertures,
equally elevated peristomes, and absence of conspicuous maculae or monticules :
from L. permarginata, which in some respects it closely resembles, by the less
conspicuous maculae, non-radiation of the cell apertures from them, and by
the presence of mesopores.

Formation and locality. Shales of the Hamilton group, Darien Centre, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 217

FiSTULIPORA UNILINEA, n. Sp.
PLATE LVII, FIGS. 1,2, 5.

ZoARiUM sometimes consisting of thin lamellata expansions, incrusting Cyatho-
phylloid corals or other objects, but very frequently forming hemispherical
or spheroidal masses by the superimposition of successive layers of growth.
Cells tubular, cylindrical, rectangular to the surface ; septa wanting. Inter-
cellular space vesiculose, vesicles near the base large, irregularly disposed,
more regularly superimposed above, but never having the appearance of
septate tubuli. When the vesicles are regularly superimposed there
are about forty in the space of 5 mm. Cell apertures circular, diameter
.33 mm., very closely and irregularly disposed ; on different fronds and
under different conditions they vary greatly in appearance ; usually the
peristomes are thin, equally elevated, and the apertures surrounded by one
series of mesopores ; on other fronds the peristomes are more decidedly
elevated and the apertures are a little more distant. Sometimes there is an
oblique projection or slight denticulation on the posterior portion of the
peristome ; at other times, on portions of a frond, the peristomes are thick-
ened, coale.scing with those of adjacent apertures, obliterating the mesopores,
which in this condition resemble the polygonal cell apertures of a Ch^tetes.
When the frond is well preserved there are frequent spinules on the peri-
stomes. Mesopores minute, usually only one series between adjacent aper-
tures ; margins elevated a little less than the peristomes, granulose, the
granules very frequently obscuring the mesopores. Surface marked by very
slightly elevated monticules, the centers of which are usually distant about
6 or 7 mm., with a space 1.50 or 2 mm. in diameter, destitute of cell aper-
tures and occupied only by mesopores, which are obscured by the prominent
granules on their margins ; the adjacent cell apertures radiate from the sterile
areas and are larger than the others, having a diameter of .50 mm.

This species most nearly resembles F. spheroidea, but may be distinguished by
the smaller cell apertures, the granulae on the margins of the mesopores, and
the presence of monticules : from F. constrida it is distinguished by the some-

218 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

what larger cell apertures, the more elevated mesopores, the more prominent
monticules, and the greater central space, destitute of cell apertures.
Formatim and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA INTERASPERA, n. Sp.

KOT FiaUBBD.

ZoARiCM consisting of explanate fronds incrusting other objects, usually Cyatho-
phylloid corals; no masses formed by the superimposition of successive
layers of growth have been seen; thickness of observed fronds from
.50 to 1 mm. Cells tubular, cylindrical, rectangular to the surface ;
septa frequent. Intercellular space vesiculose, vesicles near the base large,
irregularly disposed, a little smaller and more regularly superimposed above.
Cell apertures trilobate, length about .25 mm., width usually about two-
thirds the length, but sometimes equalling it, radiating from the maculae,
forming irregular, intersecting rows, which are usually distant about the
diameter of an aperture. Peristomes moderately thick, posterior portion
the more strongly elevated, with two slight denticulations, which, in the
course of growth, form two parallel ridges along the interior of the cell Avail.
Inter-apertural space flat, occupied by small angular pits, with comparatively
prominent nodes at the angles ; the nodes often almost entirely obscure the
mesopores, the interapertural surface appearing solid, granulose, and the
frond in this condition apparently belongs to the genus Lichenalia. Sur-
face marked by low, rounded, irregularly disposed monticules, the centers of
which are distant from each other about 5 mm. ; a depressed central space
of 1.50 or 2 mm. in diameter, destitute of cell apertures and occupied by
the minutely nodose mesopores.

This species has a close resemblance to F. constrida, but may be distinguished
from that species by the more distant cell apertures, much more prominent
peristomes, more decidedly trilobate apertures, and the flat interapertural
surface ; it most nearly resembles F. unilinea, but it may be distinguished by
the somewhat smaller, more elongate and decidedly trilobate cell apertures,

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 219

the greater space between them, and the more prominent projection from the
posterior portion of the peristome : it may be distinguished from F. confertipora
by the trilobate cell apertures, the denticulations and the more prominent and
distant monticules : from F. spheroidea by the manner of growth, the smaller
cell apertures, their trilobate form, and denticulations: from L. vesiculata by
the prominent monticules, the less frequent cell apertures, and the nodose or
granulose mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, on the shore of Canandaigua lake,
Ontario county, New York.

FlSTULIPOKA SEGREGATA.

PLATE LIX, FIG. 4.

Tballostigma seffregata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, ji. 186. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 27. 1884.

ZoARiUM forming thin lamellate expansions, free or incrusting other objects; the
fronds having an observed thickness of .50 mm. ; under surface a thin, wrin-
kled epitheca. Cells tubular, cylindrical, gradually increasing in size to the
aperture, arising obliquely from the epitheca, curving and opening directly
outwiird. Cell apertures broadly oval or circular, length .25 mm., irreg-
ularly disposed, generally separated by a space equal to or greater than the
diameter of an aperture. Peristomes strong, distinctly and equally elevated,
smooth on the specimens observed. Mesopores comparatively large, gene-
rally two, but frequently three series between adjacent apertures ; margins
elevated slightly less than the peristomes. Surface marked by low, rounded
monticules, the centers of which are destitute of cell apertures, and are
distant from each other about 3 mm. ; the apertures on the monticules are
not larger than those on other portions of the frond.

This species has a general resemblance to F. micropora, but the cell apertures
are larger, more ne.arly circular and more distant from each other, and the meso-
pores are larger : from F. multacukata it is distinguished by the more broadly
oval, nearly circular and more distant cell apertures, larger mesopores and absence
of spinules on the peristomes and margins of apertures : from F. decipiens by the
more broadly oval cell apertures, their greater distinctness, and the smaller

220 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

mesopores ; in that species the cell apertures are sometimes polygonal, and it
is frequently difficult to distinguish the apertures from the mesopores : from
F. conferlipora by the smaller and more distant cell apertures : from F. tegens
by the larger cell apertures and mesopores : from F. minuta by the more distant
cell apertures and their more irregular disposition : on that species they are
generally so arranged that the peristomes and margins of the mesopores give a
striated appearance to the surface of the frond : from F. digitata by the larger and
more distant cell apertures, the larger mesopores, and the absence of compara-
tively strong nodes between the cell apertures : from F. densa by the larger
and more distant cell apertures, and the absence of maculae composed of
larger cell apertures : from F. intercellala, of the Upper Helderberg group, by its
more nearly circular and more distant cell apertures, thinner peristomes and
larger mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Eighteen-Mile creek, Erie county.
New York.

FiSTULIPOKA MICROPOKA.

PLATE LVII, FIG. 20 ; AMD PLATE LIX, FIG. 3.

Thallogligma micropora, Hall. Trans. Albany Institue, vol. x, p. 186. 1881.

Report of State Geolo^st for 1883, p. 26. 1884.

ZoARiDM consisting of very thin lamellate expansions, incrusting other objects,
especially crinoid columns ; greatest thickness observed .33 mm. Inter-
cellular tissue vesiculose. Cell apertures broadly oval, frequently nearly
circular, length about .18 mm. or less ; irregularly disposed, varying from
contact to a space equal to the width of an aperture. Peristomes thin,
equally elevated, and smooth on the specimens observed. Mesopores minute,
about ten in the space of 1 mm., generally only one series between adjacent
apertures, rarely two ; margins of the same height as the peristomes.

This species may be distinguished from F. segregata by the thinner fronds,
the smaller cell apertures, their closer arrangement, and the more delicate
appearance of the surface of the frond : from F. digitata by the diffijrent
manner of growth, the smaller cell apertures, their less frequent occurrence.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 221

and the absence of comparatively strong conical nodes between the cell
apertures : from F. multaculeata by the more delicate appearance of the surface
of the frond, the smaller and more broadly oval cell apertures, and the absence
of minute spines on the peristomes and at the angles of the margins of the
mesopores : from F. minuta by the smaller cell apertures, the much smaller
mesopores, and the difference in the arrangement of the cell apertures, which,
in that species, are disposed so as to give a striated appearance to the surface :
from F. intercellata, of the Upper Helderberg group, by the finer appearance of
the surface of the frond, the smaller cell apertures, and the much thinner
walled mesopores ; in manner of growth, habit and general appearance it most
nearly resembles F. tegens of this geological formation, but the cell apertures
are slightly larger and more oval, the mesopores are larger, and generally only
one series between adjacent apertures, while in that species there are usually
two and sometimes three series : from F. densa it is distinguished by the smaller
and more distant cell apertures, and the absence of maculte composed of larger
apertures : from F. decipiens by the smaller, more regularly oval cell apertures,
and the much smaller mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Eighteen-Mile creek, Erie county,
New York.

FiSTDLIPORA INVOLVENS, n. sp.
PLATE LIX. FIG. 2.

ZoARiDM consisting of thin foliaceous expansions, incrusting other objects ;
greatest observed thickness less than .50 mm. Cell apertures nearly cir-
cular or broadly oval, diameter about .15 mm., irregularly disposed, usually
separated by more than the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes thin, not
elevated above the surrounding surface, the apertures frequently appearing
immersed. Mesopores very minute, from two to four ranges between adja-
cent apertures ; margins equal to or higher than the peristomes.

This species most nearly resembles F. micropora, but may be distinguished
by the more nearly circular cell apertures, their wider separation, the more
minute mesopores, and the greater number of series between adjacent cell

222 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

apertures ; from all other species, at present known in this formation, it is
distinguished by its smaller cell apertures and extremely minute mesopores.

Formation and locality. Shales of the Hamilton group, two and a lialf miles
east of Alden station, Erie county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA TRIFARIA, n. Sp.

MOT FlaORBD.

ZoARiUM consisting of free or incrusting explanate fronds ; greatest observed
thickness about 1 mm. Cells tubular, cylindrical, rectangular to the surface ;
septa very thin and infrequent. Intercellular space vesiculose; near the base
the vesicles are large and very irregularly disposed ; they are somewhat
more regularly superimposed above, but never having the appearance of
septate tubuli in the specimens observed. Cell apertures trilobate, length
about .30 mm., width slightly less, irregularly disposed, sometimes in con-
tact, at other times distant the diameter of an aperture or even more.
Peristomes thin, equally elevated, apparently not denticulated, sometimes
having minute nodules or spinules. Mesopores variable in size, frequently
nearly as large as the cell apertures. Surface marked by elongate, slightly
depressed maculae, disposed at irregular intervals.

The cell apertures of this species most nearly resemble those of Lichenalia
vesiculata, but it is easily distinguished by the presence of mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Fallbrook, four miles east of Canan-
daigua lake, N. Y.

FiSTOLIPORA TRIANGULARIS.

NOT FIGURED.

Thallostigma triangularis. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 187. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 32. 1884.

ZoARiTJM consisting of free or incrusting lamellate expansions, or of masses
formed by the accretion of successive layers of growth ; thickness of a
single layer 1 mm. ; under surface a thin epitheca, concentrically wrinkled
and striated. Cells tubular, cylindrical, oblique. Intercellular tissue vesi-
culose ; near the base the vesicles are very irregularly disposed, and

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 223

more regularly disposed above, but not having the appearance of septate
tubuli. Cell apertures arched or sub-triangular, diameter .25 mm., fre-
quently nearly rectangular to the surface, often regularly arranged,
alternating and sub-imbricating, 'separated by about the diameter of an
aperture. The upper portion of the cell walls are exposed for .25 or .30 mm.
Mesopores minute, margins scarcely elevated above the surface, and having,
at the angles, minute nodes or granules. Surface marked by low, rounded
monticules, the centers of which are distant about 6 mm., having a sterile
space of 1.50 mm., in diameter, which is occupied by mesopores slightly larger
than those between the apertures. The nodes or granules frequently obscure
the mesopores so that the centers of the monticules and inter-apertural spaces
have the appearance of a solid granulose surface.

This species may be distinguished from Lichmalia colliculata by the less
elevated and more distant monticules, the non-radiation of the cells on the
monticules, and the central sterile space ; the inter-apertural space resembles
that of F. serrulata, but it is easily distinguished from that species by its smaller
and oblique cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. Western New York.

FlSTULIPORA MINUTA (?).

PLATE LIX, FIGS. 5-8.

Compare FUtulipora minuta, Rominukr. Pi-oc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 120. May, 1866.
TheUUMtiffina striata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 186. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 28. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of thin lamellate expansions, free or incrusting other
objects, usually Cyathophylloid corals; thickness from .50 to 1 mm.; epitheca
very thin, concentrically wrinkled. Cells tubular, at right angles to the
surface, non-septate. Intercellular tissue vesiculose, vesicles comparatively
large, irregularly disposed at the base, more regularly superimposed
above, but not forming regular septate tubuli. Cell apertures oval, fre-
quently obscurely sub-polygonal, length .25 mm., width generally about
two-thirds the length, sometimes nearly equal to it, occurring at irregular
intervals. Peristomes moderately strong, equally elevated, and when well

224 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

preserved having several nodes or short spinules. Mesopores usually minute,
but sometimes equal in size to the cell apertures ; margins elevated equally
with the peristomes, and when well-preserved having minute nodes at the
angles. Surface marked by low, rounded monticules, the centers of which
are distant from each other about 4 mm., occupied by apertures and
mesopores of the same size as those on other portions of the frond.

The surface of the frond presents a varying appear.ance according to the
condition of preservation ; when perfectly preserved the margins of the
mesopores are elevated equally with the peristomes ; the apertures and
mesopores being so disposed as to give a striated appearance to the surface,
and it is often difficult to distinguish the cell apertures from the mesopores ;
when the surface is worn or macerated the striated appearance is obscure or
obsolete, and the cell apertures are very conspicuous, frequently somewhat
obscurely disposed in quincunx order ; in this condition of the frond the
apertures frequently appear much larger than when perfectly preserved.

This species most nearly resembles F. decipims, but may be distinguished by the
smaller and more nearly oval cell apertures, and their disposition,which in connec-
tion with the mesopores, gives a striated appearance to the surface ; the smaller
mesopores, the smaller and more closely disposed monticules, and the uniform
size of the cell apertures : when macerated it resembles F. segregata, but the
cell apertures are smaller, more closely and regularly disposed : from F. viicro-
pora it is distinguished by the larger cell apertures and mesopores, and the
coarser appearance of the frond : from F. multaculeata by the smaller and more
broadly oval cell apertures, and the absence of prominent spinules on the peri-
stomes and angles of the mesopores : from F. dense by the greater interval
between the cell appertures, and the absence of maculae compo.sed of cells larger
than on other portions of the frond : from F. intcrcellata of the Upper Helderberg
group, it may be distinguished by the thinner and more elevated peristomes,
the greater interval between the cell apertures, and the much larger mesopores :
from F.digitata by the manner of growth, the greater interval between the cell
apertures, and the absence of prominent nodes between the apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Erie county, and at Delphi, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 225

FiSTULIPORA SPIIEROIDEA.

PLATE LVII, FIGS. S, 4.

TballoKtiffirui gpheroidea. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 187. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geolo^st for 1883, p. 31. 1884.

ZoARiUM usually consisting of spheroidal masses formed by the accretion of
successive layers of growth; diameter of the largest specimen observed
45 mm., thickness of each layer from 2 to 10 mm. Cells tubular, cylindri-
cal, in the thinner fronds curved, in the thicker fronds straight and at right
angles to the surface for nearly their entire length ; septa very infrequent
and in many of the tubes entirely wanting. Intercellular tissue usually
consisting of irregularly disposed vesicles, but where the cells are very near
each other, they are regularly superimposed, appearing as septate tubuli,
twenty-five or thirty septa in the space of 5 mm. Cell apertures circular or
sub-polygonal from mutual pressure, closely and irregularly disposed, usu-
ally some portion of the margins in contact with adjacent cell apertures.
Peristomes thin, distinctly and equally elevated, when well preserved hav-
ing numerous short spinules. Interapertural space occupied by minute
mesopores, which partially or entirely surround the apertures, frequently
appearing like the interstitial cells of a CHiETETEa. Surface without mon-
ticules or maculae.

The generally spheroidal form of this species will distinguish it from others
of the genus Fistulipora, with the exception of F. unilinea and F. hemispherica ;
it bears a very close resemblance to the former, but may be distinguished by
its somewhat larger cell apertures, their more crowded appearance, the spinules
on the peristomes and the absence of maculae destitute of cell apertures :
from the latter by the circular or sub-polygonal cell apertures, their crowded
arrangement, and the much smaller mesopores ; in some conditions it is similar
to F. pmderosa of the Lower Helderberg group, but the cell apertures are
larger and the mesopores fewer in number ; where the surface is well pre-
served the difference is more apparent: from F. constrida it is distinguished by

226 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

its manner of growth, the larger cell apertures, the much more prominent
peristomes, and the absence of maculae destitute of cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA HEMISPHERICA.

PLATE LVII, FIGS. 8-n.

Cnllopora hemispherica. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 183. 1881.
" " '• Reiwrt of SUte Geologist for 1883, p. 17. 1884.

ZoARiTJM consisting of hemispherical masses, the base attached to foreign
bodies, usually Cyathophylloid corals; under surface consisting of a
thin concentrically wrinkled epitheca. The largest specimen observed
has a diameter of 25 mm. and a thickness of 12 mm. Cells tubular
cylindrical ; at the center they are at right angles to the epitheca,
becoming more and more oblique as they approach the margin ; non-
septate ; walls very thin, smooth. Intercellular space vesiculose, vesicles
large and irregularly disposed near the base, regularly superimposed
above, often appearing as septate tubuli, or as septa dividing the space
between the cell tubes, the latter condition closely resembling a septate cell
tube. Cell apertures oval, circular or obscurely trilobate, .sometimes polygo-
nal from mutual pressure, diameter .50 mm., closely and irregularly disposed,
frequently in contact. Peristomes moderately strong, slightly elevated when
the frond is well preserved ; when worn or macerated they are much
more prominent ; many have a spine-like projection from .20 to .25 mm. in
height, others, apparently equally well preserved, are smooth. Interaper-
tural space occupied by angular pits, varying greatly in size and shape
according to the position of the cell apertures ; when the frond is well pre-
served they are often obsolete, or their margins appear as obscure ridges on
the surface ; when slightly worn or macerated they are very conspicuous.
Surface marked by obscure monticules.

In shape this species resembles F. spheroidea and F. unilinea, but the mode of
growth is different. The massive forms of those species being composed of

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 227

the superimposition of successive layers of growth, while in this species the
cell tubes continue from the base to the surface without interruption; the
apertures are usually oval or sub-trilobate, and the mesopores are larger and
more variable in shape.

Formation and locality. Shales of the Hamilton group, York, Livingston
county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA CONSTRICTA.

»0T FIGDKED.

LieheTUilia coTistricta, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 183. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 36. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of explanate fronds, encrusting other bodies, generally
Cyathophylloid corals and Crinoid columns, or of masses formed by the accre-
tion of successive layers of growth. Cells tubular cylindrical, rectangular
to the surface, non-septate ; walls thin. Interapertural space vesiculose, near
the base the vesicles are comparatively large and irregularly disposed, being
much smaller and more regularly superimposed above, frequently appear-
ing like septate tubuli, from sixty to one hundred septa in the space
of 5 mm., near the surfjice almost in contact ; the vesicles are more numer-
ous than in any other species observed. Cell apertures circular, diameter
about .25 mm., disposed in irregular intersecting lines, usually distant about
two- thirds the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes thin, slightly elevated,
sind having on one side two minute denticulations, which in the course of
growth form two parallel striations along the inner face of the cell walls.
Interapertural surface elevated above the peristomes, angular or rounded,
and occupied by minute, very shallow pits, which frequently appear oval or
circular, generally one or two series between adjacent apertures, sometimes
three, especially on or near the monticules.

When the frond is a little worn or macerated the interapertural surface is
flattened and the pits have the usual angular form, diameter about .10 mm.,
sometimes even less. Surface marked by obtusely conical monticules, the
centers of which are distant from each other about 5 mm., with a central

228 . PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

space about 1.50 mm. in diameter destitute of cell apertures and occupied
by the minute mesopores, the apertures immediately adjacent being slightly
larger than the others.

This species most nearly resembles Lichenalia cornuta, but may be distin-
guished by the larger cell apertures, the much less prominent denticula-
tions, the elevated interapertural surface and the presence of mesopores : the
cell apertures and denticulations are of nearly the same appearance as
those of L. ramosa, but it may be distinguished by the elevated interapertu-
ral surface and the presence of mesopores : from Fistulipora unilinea by the much
more prominent denticulations, the elevated interapertural surface, the different
appearance of the mesopores, and the more frequent and prominent obtusely
conical monticules.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, four miles south of Le Roy, Gene-
see county, and York, Livingston county, N. Y.

Fistulipora mdltaculeata.

PLATE LIX, FIGS. 10, 11.
Thalloatigma multacideata, Hall. Report of State Geologfist for 1883, p. 23. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a thin foliaceous expansion, incrusting other objects,
especially Cyathophylloid corals ; the fronds observed are from .25 to .30
mm. in thickness, and have sometimes a digitate form. Cell apertures
oval, length about .25 mm., width a little more than one-half the length ;
irregularly disposed, sometimes in contact, at other times separated by more
than the width of an aperture. Peristomes strong, distinctly and equally
elevated, and when well preserved having several small nodes or spinules.
Mesopores small, from one to three series between adjacent apertures, but
generally not more than two ; margins elevated slightly less than the peri-
stomes, and having similar nodes at their angles. Surface not marked by
monticules or maculae.

This species most nearly resembles F. intercellata of the Upper Helderberg
group, but it may be distinguished by the somewhat larger and more distant

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 229

cell apertures, and the numerous spinules on the peristomes and at the angles
of the mesopores ; the resemblance, however, is very close, and with a compari-
son of more specimens it may perhaps be possible to unite the two forms :
from F. digitate it is distinguished by the larger and more distant cell aper-
tures, the more prominent peristomes, and the numerous spinules on the peri-
stomes and at the angles of the mesopores : from F. micropora, by the larger
cell apertures and more prominent peristomes, the comparatively smaller meso-
pores, and the numerous nodes of the peristomes and mesopores : from F. seg-
regata, by the somewhat smaller, more decidedly oval and more closely dis-
posed cell apertures, smaller mesopores, and numerous nodes of the peristomes
and mesopores : from F. involvens, by the larger and more decidedly oval cell
apertures, and the numerous nodes : from F. minuta, by its more closely dis-
posed cell apertures, the much smaller mesopores, and the difference in the
appearance of the nodes ; the cell apertures and mesopores are never so
arranged as to give to the surface a striated appearance, a feature which is
characteristic of that species. From F. mediopora of the Lower Helderberg
group, it is distinguished by its much smaller mesopores; and from F. parasitica,
by the larger cell apertures and smaller mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA DIGITATA.

PLATE LIX, FIGS. 12, 13.

Thallostigina digitata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 185. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 24. 1884.

ZOAR10.M consisting of thin lamellate expansions incrusting other objects,
especially Cyathophylloid corals ; greatest thickness of fronds observed about
.50 mm. All the specimens seen present a digitate appearance. Cell ap-
ertures oval, length about .20 mm., width from one-half to two-thirds the
length, clo.sely and usually irregularly disposed, but sometimes somewhat
regularly arranged in diagonally intersecting rows, separated by a space
equal to one-half the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes very thin,
smooth, slightly elevated, the apertures often presenting a somewhat im-

230 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

mersed appearance. Mesopores very minute, generally only a single series
between adjjieent apertures. There are numerous, comparatively, very
strong conical nodes, each one occupying the place of a mesopore, and fre-
quently forming the most conspicuous feature of the surface.

This species may be distinguished from F. muliaculeata by the smaller,
more closely and regularly disposed cell apertures ; the nodes are much
stronger, fewer in number, and are situated not on the peristomes, but between
the cell apertures, replacing a mesopore. From F. densa it may be distin-
guished by its smaller, less closely disposed cell apertures, less numerous and
much more prominent nodes, and absence of monticules on which the cell
apertures are larger than on other portions of the frond : from F. segregata by
the smaller, more oval, much more closely and regularly disposed cell apertures,
smaller mesopores and the prominent nodes : from F. micropora by the slightly
larger, more decidedly oval, and more closely disposed cell apertures, compara-
tively smaller mesopores and prominent nodes: from F. minuta by the smaller,
more decidedly oval cell apertures, smaller mesopores, and more prominent nodes,
which are situated between the apertures, and not on the peristomes and mar-
gins of mesopores as in that species : from F. involvens by the somewhat larger,
more oval and more closely disposed cell apertures, there being but a single
series of mesopores between adjacent apertures, and also by the prominent
nodes : from F. intercellata, of the Upper Helderberg group, by the smaller cell
apertures, thinner peristomes and more prominent nodes : from F. mediopora,
of the Lower Helderberg group, by the smaller cell apertures, much smaller
mesopores, and more prominent nodes : from F. parasitica, of the same geolog-
ical horizon, by the more closely and regularly disposed cell apertures and the
prominent interapertural nodes.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 231

FiSTULIPORA DENS A.

NOT FIQDRBD.

Thallostigma densa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 186. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 25. 1884.

ZoARiOM consisting of thin lamellate expansions incrusting other objects,
especially Cyathophylloid corals; greatest thickness observed .75 mm. Cell
apertures broadly oval, sometimes nearly circular, often sub-polygonal, length
.25 mm., width generally from two-thirds to four-fifths the length, very
closely and generally irregularly disposed, though sometimes in compara-
tively straight lines ; some portion of the margins of adjacent apertures are
in contact. Peristomes thin, equally elevated. Mesopores minute, on the
specimens observed never entirely surrounding an aperture, very frequently
having the appearance of the interstitial cells of a Monotrvpa. When the
apertures are arranged in lines there are usually two mesopores between
adjacent apertures longitudinally, but often only one. Surface marked by
maculae, the centers of which are distant from each other from 2 to 3 mm. ;
the apertures occupying these are larger and more nearly circular than the
others, having a diameter of about .30 mm.

Some portions of the frond resemble F. digitaia, but it may be distinguished
from that species by the larger, sub-polygonal cell apertures, which are never
entirely surrounded by mesopores, the maculae, composed of larger cell aper-
tures and the absence of prominent nodes : from F. multaculeata it is distin-
guished by the much closer arrangement of cell apertures, the smaller and fewer
mesopores, which never entirely surround an aperture, the maculae composed
of larger cell apertures, and the absence of nodes on the peristomes and mar-
gins of mesopores : from F. minuta by the somewhat smaller and much more
closely disposed cell apertures, fewer and smaller mesopores, and the absence
of a striated appearance of the surface caused by the peristomes and margins of
mesopores, a feature which is characteristic of that species : from F. decipiens
by the more closely disposed cell apertures, the much fewer and smaller meso-
pores ; the same features separate it from F. mediopora of the Lower Helder-
berg group : from F. inter cellata, of the Upper Helderberg group, it is distin-

232 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

giiished by the smaller, sub-polygonal, more closely disjiosed cell apertures, and
its maculjc of larger cell apertures : from F. micropora and F. segregata by the
much more closely disposed cell apertures, and the fewer mesopores, which
never entirely surround an aperture.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTUUPORA DECIPIENS.

PLATE LIX, FIG. ».

Thalloatigma decipiens, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 187. 1881.

" " Report of State Geologrist for 1883, p. 29. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of lamellate expansions, incrusting other objects, usually
Cyathophylloid corals. Cells tubular, cylindrical, oblique or rectangular to
the surface, always opening directly outward ; the septa occur more fre-
quently near the surface than in the lower portion of the cell tubes. Inter-
cellular tissue vesiculose, vesicles comparatively large, and irregularly dis-
posed near the base, more regularly superimposed above, but not having the
ajjpearance of septate tubuli, from four to six in the space of 1 mm.
ineiisured longitudinally. Cell apertures polygonal or sub-polygonal, diame-
ter from .25 to .30 mm., irregularly disposed, sometimes in contact, at other
times separated by nearly twice the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes
thin, equally elevated. Mesopores variable in form and size, sometimes
minute, at other times equal in diameter to the cell apertures; margins
of the same height and thickness as the peristomes. Surface marked by
broad, slightly elevated monticules, upon which the cell apertures and meso-
pores are of the same size as on other portions of the frond.

When the frond is well preserved it is frequently very difficult to distinguish
the cell apertures from the mesopores, both being polygonal and often of the
same size, the surface resembling that of a Paleschara ; when the frond is
worn the appearance is very different, the apertures being larger, less angular,
more nearly circular, and much more conspicuous than the mesopores : without
a very careful examination, it would naturally be supposed that this appear-
ance of the fossil Wcas due to an extremely thin Paleschara incrusting a
FiSTULiPORA, some portions being worn away, showing the Fistulipora be-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 233

neath ; but on different jmrts of the frond all the gradations between the
extremes can be observed. This feature is also characteristic of the allied
forms F. minuta and F. ? subtilis.

This species may be distinguished from F. minuta by the larger cell apertures
and mesopores, and their more irregular disposition ; in that species they are
very frequently so arranged that the peristomes and margins of mesopores give
to the surface a striated appearance : from F. ? subtilis it is distinguished by
the larger size of the apertures and mesopores.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA ? SUBTILIS.

NOT FIGURED.

Thcdlmtigma snJbtilix, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 187. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 30. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of extremely thin foliaceous expansions incrusting other
objects ; thickness of observed fronds .25 mm. Cell apertures circular, oval
or sub-polygonal, diameter or length .16 mm., irregularly disposed, some-
times in contact, at other times separated by three times the diameter of an
aperture. Peristomes moderately strong, usually equally elevated, and some-
times having a comparatively strong node or spinule. Mesopores usu-
ally from one-half to two-thirds the size of the apertures ; margins of the
same height as the peristomes. The apertures and mesopores are sometimes
so disposed that their margins give to the surface a striated appearance, and
it is often difficult to distinguish the cell apertures from the mesopores, the
frond having the appearance of a Paleschara.

This species resembles F. decipiens and F. minuta, but may be distinguished
by its smaller cell apertures and mesopores, and the more delicate appearance
of the frond.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Williams, Ontario, Canada.

NoTB. — Dr. Rominger has described (loc. cit. under F. minuta) five species of Fistdlipora from the
Hamilton group of Michigan ; two from the same horizon at Widder, Ontario, Canada, and two from Ham-
burg, Erie county, N. Y. I have had no opportunity of comparing the specimens of these species with
those here described, and the comparison with the descriptions has not always proved satisfactory.

234 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

FAVICELLA, n. q.
Favicella inclusa.

PLATE LVin, FIGS. 21, 22.

T/iallostigina inclusa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 188. 1881.

" i;ic2u«a2x>ra (in error), Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 33. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of thin lamellate expansions, free or incrusting other
objects ; thickness of observed specimens 1 mm. Cells tubular, cylindrical,
for nearly one-half their length parallel with, and resting upon the epi-
theca, then somewhat abruptly bending, continue almost rectangul.ar to the
former portion, opening directly outwai'd. Intercellular tissue vesiculose,
apparently forming tubuli about two-thirds the diameter of the cell tubes,
divided by thin, closely disposed septa. Cell apertures circular, diameter
about .25 mm., usually regularly distant a little more than the diameter of
an aperture. Peristomes slightly and equally elevated. Midway between
the cell apertures are comparatively strong, sharply angular ridges, which
unite and enclose the apertures in pentagonal or hexagonal vestibular areas.
The surface between the ridges and apertures is flat and occupied by minute,
angular mesopores, about ten in the space of 1 mm.

Surface marked by low monticules, the centers of which are distant from
each other about 4 mm., and having cell apertures larger than those on other
portions of the frond, the vestibular areas having a diameter of nearly
1 mm.

This is a characteristic form, and very distinct from any other at present
known in this geological horizon, with the exception of Fistulipora con-
strida, which sometimes resembles it in having circular cell apertures, with
thin, slightly elevated peristomes, surrounded by angular elevations ; but it
differs in having the whole interapertural space raised in angular elevations,
with minute, obscure mesopores occupying every portion. It resembles Seleno-
pora circincta and S. complexa, of the Upper Helderberg group, in having the
cell apertures enclosed in polygonal areas, but in those species both the
elevations and cell apertures are oblique, the apertures are strongly denticu-

r

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 235

lated, and there are no mesopores. This form, in its general features, has sim-
ilar relations to the genus Fistulipora that Selenopora has to Lichenalia.

Formation and locality. Shales of the Hamilton group, York, Livingston
county, N. Y.

CERAMOPORA, Hall. 1852.

(See page 33.)

Ceramopora ? (Lichenalia) foliacea.

PLATE LVII, FIGS. 6, 7.

Lic)ienalui foliavea. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, \^. 183. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologrist for 1883, p. 35. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a thin, foliaceous expansion, attached at the center to
other bodies, the greater portion of the frond being free ; under surface a
thin epitheca, with strong concentric wrinkles, and radiating striations
caused by the recumbent portions of the cell tubes. Cells tubular, gradually
enlarging to the aperture, oblique to the surface. Intercellular tissue vesicu-
lose. Cell apertures circular or broadly oval, diameter .33 mm., the width equal
to three-fourths the length ; on a plane with the surface or oblique, disposed
in diagonally intersecting rows, usually alternating and imbricating. Peri-
stomes moderately thick, sometimes equally elevated, but usually the pos-
terior portion is the more strongly elevated and oblique, the upper part of
the cell walls being sometimes exposed for a distance equal to the diameter
of an aperture, or even more, angular and carinated, giving to the aperture
a sub-triangular form. Liter-apertural space smooth. Surface marked by
elongate maculse, which are destitute of cell apertures, and occur at some-
what irregular intervals. The apertures immediately adjacent to these are
larger than the others, having a diameter of .50 mm.

This species differs from Ceramopora explanata, of the Niagara group, in hav-
ing smaller cells, which are less closely disposed, and less distinctly alternating
and imbricating ; the maculae are much more distant and are destitute of cell aper-
tures : from Lichenalia stellata it diflfers in having the apertures more regularly
arranged in alternating and imbricating order ; the maculas are not elevated

236 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

and are more distant from each other : from C. imbricella in having the cells
less oblique, less distinctly arranged in alternating and imbricating order, the
maculae more distant and destitute of cell apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Western New York.

Cekamopora imbbicella.

NOT FIODRED.

Lichcnalia (Ceramopora) imbricella. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 37. 1884.

ZoARiDM consisting of a thin lamellate expansion, attsiched by the center of the
under surface to foreign bodies, epitheca thin, with concentric undulations,
and comparatively strong concentric, rounded striae. Cells tubular, arising ob-
liquely from the epitheca, gradually enlarging. Cell apertures very oblique,
sometimes rectangular to the surface, broadly oval or circular, sometimes
having an arched or triangular appearance, diameter about .40 mm., dis-
posed in diagonally intersecting lines, regularly alternating and imbricating ;
upper portion of cell walls exposed for .50 to .66 mm., and having along the
middle a comparatively strong carina. Surface marked by slightly elevated
monticules, the centers of which are distant from each other from 6 to
7 mm. The apertures on the monticules are usually slightly larger than the
others, and the cell wall is exposed for 1 mm. or more ; they have some-
times an indistinct radiation, but usually the same general direction as those
on other portions of the frond.

This species resembles C. ? (Lichenalia) foliacea, but may be distinguished
by having the cells more oblique to the surface, the upper portion of the
cell walls more exposed, the maculae elevated and entirely covered by cell
apertures, which do not radiate from the center : from Lichenalia pyriformis it
differs as follows ; the cells regularly enlarge to the aperture, and are without
denticulated processes : from L. alternata it is distinguished by its smaller and
more nearly circular apertures ; in that species they are elongate-oval.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near Alden, Erie county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 237

PALESCHARA, Hall. 1874.

(See page 35.)
Paleschara PERTENUIS.*

KOT FlaURED.

Paleschara pertenuis. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, x>. 179. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1S83, p. 7. 1884.

Paleschara intercella.

NOT FIOURED.

Paleschara inlercdla. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 179. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 5. 1884.

Paleschara reticulata.

NOT KIQDRED.

Paleschara reticulata. Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 179. 1881.

Report of SUte Geologist for 18S3, p. 6. 1884.

Paleschara variacella.

NOT FIODRBD.

Paletehara variacdla. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 179. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 6. 1884.

Paleschara amplectens.

NOT FIOURKD.

Paleschara amplectens. Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 179. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 7. 1884.

♦ The descriptions of this and the following species of Paleschara are omitted, since the restriction in
the number of pages to be included in the volume will not j)ermit their insertion.

238 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

cose IN I UM, Keyserling. 1846.

COSCINIUM STRIATUM, 11. Sp.
PLATK LXIV, FIGS. 18-16.

ZoARiUM consisting of an explanate frond, celluliferous on each face, with oval or
circular perforations or fenestrules, at somewhat regular distances ; length of
fenestrules about 2 mm., width from 1.25 to 2 mm., generally distant trans-
versely about 3 mm., longitudinally 4 mm. ; transverse section between the
fenestrules, broadly lenticular or acutely oval, greatest thickness 1.75 mm.
Mesotheca thin, marlted by arching undulations of growth and also by longi-
tudinal striations, caused by the recumbent cell tubes. Cells tubular cylin-
drical, for about one-half their length parallel with, and resting upon the
mesotheca, then abruptly bending and continuing at right angles to the axis,
opening directly outward. Intercellular tissue vesiculose, vesicles minute,
irregularly disposed, or regularly superimposed and having the appearance
of septate tubuli. Cell apertures broadly oval, length .30 mm., width
.20 mm., or more, irregularly disposed, generally separated by a little less
than the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes thin, slightly and equally
elevated, having on one side two minute denticulations, which in the course
of growth, form two parallel striations along the inner face of the cell wall.
In the cell apertures adjacent to the fenestrules the denticulations always
proceed from the external margin. There is a non-celluliferous space of .75
mm. wide bordering each fenestrule. Interapertural space slightly con-
vex, and in common with the non-celluliferous space around the fenestrules
is striated ; striae fine, sinuous, interrupted, from three to six between adja-
cent cell apertures. Sometimes when the frond is worn so that the strisB
are obsolete the vesicles are externally visible, appearing as minute angular
pits.

This species may be distinguished from the ordinary forms of Coscinium by
the striated surface, the size and form of the fenestrules, and their distance from
each other. In gener.-il aspect it closely resembles Coscinella elegantula, but it

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 239

may easily be distinguished from that form by the oval cell apertures, the
presence of denticulations, and the absence of inter-apertural pits: the
peristomes, denticulations and absence of interapertural pits, distinguish it
from Coscinium cosciniforme. It is the only species of the genus at present
known, from the Upper Helderberg and Hamilton groups, having a distinctly
striated surface.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Widder, Ontario, Canada.

COSCINELLA, nov. gen.

COSCINELLA ELEGANTULA.
PLATE LXIV, FIGS. 9-12.

ZoARiUM consisting of an explanate frond, celluliferous on each face, with perfora-
tions or fenestrules at somewhat regular distances from each other, the whole
having the appearance of being composed of sinuous, anastomosing branches.
Base spreading, adhering to Cyathophylloid corals or other bodies ; pedicel
cylindrical, short, diameter about 18 mm. ; fronds large, fragments occurring
which have a length of 80 mm. and a width of 110 mm. The fenestrules
vary in form from circular to elongate-oval, length generally from 1.50 to 2
mm., width a little more than 1 mm., both larger and smaller fenestrules
occurring, usually distant about 3.50 mm. A transverse section of the frond
between the fenestrules is lenticular, greatest thickness 1.30 mm. The
mesotheca is very thin, marked by arching undulations of growth and also
by longitudinal striations, caused by the recumbent portion of tlie cell
tubes. Cells tubular, cylindrical, for one-half their length parallel with,
and resting upon the mesotheca, then abruptly bending and continuing
rectangularly to their former course, opening directly outward. Intercellular
tissue composed of tubuli, with very closely disposed septa, or of vesicles so
disposed that they have the appearance of septate tubuli. Cell apertures cir-
cular, diameter .25 mm., closely disposed, very frequently in contact, seldom
separated by more than one-half the diameter of an aperture, usually by not
more than one-third, generally irregularly disposed, but sometimes forming

240 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

somewhat regular intersecting rows. Peristomes strong, equally elevated.
The surfjice between the apertures, and a space about .70 mm. wide bordering
each fenestrule, is occupied by minute angular pits ; generally only one or two
series between adjacent apertures, about twelve in the space of 1 mm. ; mar-
gins about one-half the thickness of the peristomes and elevated equally with
them. The non-celluliferous space at the posterior end of the fenestrule is
always wider than at the anterior end.

This genus bears the same relations to the genus Coscinium that Intrapora
does to Stictopora or Fistuupora to Lichenalia. The manner of growth and
structure is the same, except that the interapertural surface .and a space
bordering the fenestrules is occupied by angular pits or mesopores. It bears a
very close resemblance to Ptilodidya cosciniformis, of Nicholson, but may be dis-
tinguished by the circular, and more distant cell apertures, and somewhat smaller
fenestrules ; in that species the apertures are elongate-oval and nearly or quite
in contact : from Coscinium striatum it is distinguished by the presence of inter-
apertural pits, and the absence of denticulations.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Widder, Ontcirio, Canada.

CERAMELLA, nov. gen.
Ceramella scidacea, n. sp.

PLATE IjaV, FIGS. 8-8.

Zoarium consisting of an extremely thin foliaceous frond, proceeding from a
spreading base, greatest thickness observed .30 mm. Celluliferous on each
face. Cells tubular, arising very obliquely from the mesotheca. Intercel-
lular tissue probably vesiculose. Cell apertures circular or very broadly oval,
oblique, diameter .25 mm., seldom separated by more than half the diameter
of an aperture, regularly disposed in quincunx order, alternating and imbri-
cating. Peristomes strong, the upper portion of the cell wall carinated and
frequently exposed for two-thirds its entire length, the carina sometimes
projecting very slightly over the aperture. Surface marked by elongate
depressed maculae, which are sometimes disposed in alternating rows, ejich
one having a length of from 3 to 5 mm., and a width of 1 mm., often lenti-

I

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. , 241

cular in form. The cells immediately adjacent to these have an indistinct
radiation from them and are larger than the others.

The surface has a very close resemblance to Ceramopora (L.) foliacea, but the
cell apertures are smaller, the maculae more elongate-oval, and the frond is cellu-
liferous on each face. From similar forms of the Niagara group this one may
be distinguished by the elongate depressed maculae. This is the only species of
the genus at present known from any formation above the Niagara horizon.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Spurgen's Glen, Norton's Landing,
Cayuga Lake and Darien Centre, N. Y.

STICTOPORA, Hall. 1847.

(See pages 37 and 90.)

Stictopora INCISURATA.

plate lx, figs. 1-18.

Siietopora incUmrata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 189. 1881.

" Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 38. 18S4.
Stictopora indenta. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 189. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 40. 1883.

Stictopora obliqua. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 189. 1881.

" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 39. 1884.

Stictopora muUijtora, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 190. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist foi- 1883, p. 43. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond, proceeding
from a spreading base ; distal extremities of branches obtuse ; transverse
section varying from narrow lenticular to acutely oval. Branches varying
from 2 to nearly 6 mm. in width, margins slightly diverging, frequently
almost pcarallel, thickness from .50 to 1 mm. ; width of noncellulifcrous
space at margin usually less than .50 mm. On some fronds the bifurcations
are frequent, occurring at intervals of from 7 to 10 mm., but usually they
are more distant, and often a branch continues, without bifurcating, for 30
or 40 mm., and rarely even more. Mesotheca thin, with sharp, divergent,
longitudinal striations, caused by the recumbent portion of the cell tubes,
and strong, arching undulations of growth. Cells tubular, recumbent for
the greater portion of their length, then turning abruptly outward, opening

242 . PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

parallel with, or obliquely to the surface. Intercellular space occupied by
irregularly disposed vesicles. Cell apertures varying from elongate-oval to
nearly circular, disposed in longitudinal, divergent lines, increasing by
interstitial additions; apertures of marginal rows larger than the others.
Peristomes strong, equally or unequally elevated. Ranges of apertures sepa-
rated by more or less prominent ridges, which often continue obliquely
across the non-celluliferous space, and with the adjacent margins extend be-
yond the other portions, giving to the border a sinuate appearance.

The variations of this species are so great that where only the extremes are
observed, they would naturally be regarded as belonging to different species.
On some fronds the cell apertures are circular, diameter about .18 mm., separated
by more than twice the diameter of an aperture ; on others they are oval,
length .35 mm., width a little more than one-half the length, margins in con-
tact: all intermediate forms occur. On some fronds the ranges of apertures
are separated by slender, slightly elevated striations, on others by broad flat-
tened ridges, wider than the apertures and obscuring them, on still others by
two or more striations, frequently one of the striations passing obliquely
between two apertures, and uniting with adjacent striations ; on most of the
fronds these markings are narrow, rounded and prominent. Upon those fronds
originally described as S. obliqua (pi. Ix, fig. 3), the ridges are slightly elevated
or frequently obsolete, the posterior portion of the peristomes is much the more
prominent, the apertures being very oblique and seemingly irregularly disposed,
varying gre.atly in appearance from the forms represented by figs. 7-13 of pi. Ix.
The forms described as S. muUipora are very narrow, having a width of only 2
mm., the apertures are minute, circular, diameter .15 mm., very closely dis-
posed, sixteen apertures in the space of 5 mm., being twice the number that
occur in the same space on some other forms of the species. Peristomes some-
times smooth, at other times denticulated ; on some fronds the denticulations
are invariably situated within the exterior margin of the aperture, are very slen-
der, not elevated above the peristome, frequently continuing nearly across the
opening, and in the course of growth forming two parallel ridges along the
inner face of the cell walls (pi. Ix, figs, 13, 14); on other fronds the denticula-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 243

tions proceed from the posterior part, and are elevated above the peristome,
obscuring the cell opening (pi. Ix, fig. 16). In the collections made from the
Hamilton group this is by far the most common species of Stictopora.

This species most closely resembles S. Gilberti, of the Upper Helderberg group,
but the branches are usually narrower, the bifurcations less frequent, the mar-
gins straighter, much more gradually diverging, and are frequently notched
or serrated : from S. ovatipora it is distinguished by its usually wider
branches ; the less nearly parallel rows of apertures, and the margins of the
fronds are notched or serrated : from S. simosa, by the continuous longitudinal
ridges : from S. gronifera, by the continuous longitudinal ridges and absence of
granules on the ridges and peristomes : from S. palmipes, by the different man-
ner of growth, narrower and thicker non-cell uliferous margins, and the absence
of nodes or spinules on the longitudinal ridges.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Lodi landing, Seneca county; North
Bristol, Ontario county ; near Geneseo, Livingston county ; Darien Centre,
Erie county ; Bellona, Yates county ; near Norton's landing, Cayuga county ;
near Canandaigua lake, Ontario county ; Borodino, Onondaga county, and other
localities in Central and Western New York.

Stictopora trilineata, n. sp.

PLATE LXI, FIGS. 26, 27.

ZoARiDM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond arising from
a spreading base, or from several rootlets attached to foreign bodies ; for 2
or 3 mm. .above the base the stipe is cylindrical and has a diameter of about
1 mm., it then bifurcates and becomes flattened. Branches from 2 to 2.50
mm. in width, the margins essentially parallel, scarcely expanding before
bifurcating ; non-celluliferous marginal space very narrow, width less than .50
mm. ; transverse section of a branch lenticular, greatest thickness observed
.75 mm.; marginal angles acute; bifurcations frequently distant 10 or 12
mm.; branches usually diverging at an angle of about sixty degrees ; on some
of the fronds, near the base, there are occasionally lateral branches which
diverge at an angle of ninety degrees. Cells tubular, for a portion of their
length nearly parallel with the epitheca, then abruptly curving and opening

244 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

directly outward. Intercellular space occupied by irregularly disposed
vesicles. Cell apertures oval, length about .18 mm., width two-thirds the
length, disposed in regular longitudinal rows, about eight rows on each
face of the branch ; apertures of the marginal rows slightly larger than
the others, and are sometimes indistinctly trilobate in form. Peristomes
thin, distinctly and equally elevated, usually smooth, but sometimes with
indications of slight denticulations on the posterior wall. The non-celluli-
ferous Hiargin and interapertural space are marked by thin sharp striations,
which are elevated equally with the peristomes ; from two to four striations
between iidjacent ranges of apertures, often presenting an irregular appe.ar-
ance : the lower portion of the frond, for the space of 10 mm. or more, is
very frequently entirely covered by the striations, and sometimes nearly the
entire frond is similarly marked, the cell apertures sometimes faintly show-
ing beneath, but very often they are obsolete or covered.

This species may be distinguished from S. indsurata by the more nearly par-
allel m.argins and ranges of apertures, the finer and more numerous longitudinal
striations, the narrower and finely striated non-celluliferous margin which is
entire, never notched or serrated. It most- nearly resembles S. tumulosa,
but may be distinguished by the larger, more oval cell apertures, which never,
so far as observed, h.ave a pustuliforra appearance, and by the more numerous
longitudinal striations over the greater portion of the frond : from S. incras-
sata, by its more slender form, smaller cell apertures, narrower non-celluliferous
margin, and the numerous longitudinal striations : from S. rigida, of the Upper
Helderberg group, by the less rigid appearance of the frond, the flat inter-
apertural space, and the finer, more numerous striae: from S. crescens, by the
presence of fine striations in place of prominent ridges : from S. interstriata, by
the coarser and continuous longitudinal ridges : from the other species, at
present known, from the Lower and Upper Helderberg and Hamilton groups,
it may be distinguished by the flat interapertural space, and the fine, some-
what irregular longitudinal ridges.

Formation and localities. In the shales of the Hamilton group, Moscow, Liv-
ingston county, and near Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 245

Stictopora rectalinea.

PLATE LXIII, FIG. 23.

ZoARiDM consisting of a flattened dichotomously branched frond, arising from
a spreading base. Branches about 3 mm. in width ; margins parallel, the
branches not expanding before bifurcating ; non-celluliferous marginal space
very narrow, flat, width about .25 mm. ; transverse section lenticular,
abruptly narrowing near the margins, the remaining portion regularly con-
vex, greatest thickness .75 mm. ; bifurcations comparatively distant, branches
diverging at an angle of about forty-five degrees. Cells tubular, cylindrical,
for about one-half their length parallel with the axis, then abruptly turning
and opening almost directly outward ; the marginal cells are a little oblique
to the axis of the branch, the others are parallel. Intercellular tissue vesicu-
lose ; vesicles irregularly disposed, more compactly arranged near the surface
than below. Cell apertures oval, length about .20 mm., width a little more than
one-half the lengtii, sometimes two-thirds, disposed in parallel longitudinal
rows, eleven or twelve rows on each face of the branch ; marginal apertures
larger and more nearly circular than the others ; apertures separated longi-
tudinally by a space about equal to their diameter ; in the central rows
there are fourteen in the space of 5 mm., in the marginal rows there are
eight or more in the same space. Peristomes thin, in the central rows, scarcely
elevated, with evidences of two slight denticulations within the outer margin.
The apertures frequently appearing immersed ; approaching the margin the
peristomes become more distinct, the outer portion being the most strongly
elevated and denticulated. The space between the rows of apertures is a
little more than twice the width of an aperture, convex or sub-angular and
striated : the striae are very fine, minutely granulose, three or four between

adjacent rows.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Williams, Ontario, Canada.

246 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Stictopoba tumulosa.

PLATE LXI, FIGS. 18-22.

ZoARiDM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond, arising from
a spreading base; branches from 2.50 to a little more than 3 mm. in width,
not expanding before bifurcating; margins parallel; extremities acutely
rounded ; width of non-celluliferous marginal space a little less than 50
mm.; transverse section flattened-lenticular, abruptly contracting near the
margins, greatest thickness .50 mm. ; bifurcations on the specimens observed
distant, occurring at intervals of from 12 to 20 mm. or more ; branches
diverging at an angle of about forty-five degrees. Cells tubular, nearly
parallel with the mesotheca for the greater portion of their length, then
abruptly turning and opening directly outward. Intercellular tissue vesicu-
lose, vesicles irregularly disposed. Cell apertures circular, pustuliform, diam-
eter of the opening from .12 to .15 mm., of the pustules about .25 mm.,
disposed in parallel, longitudinal rows, very frequently alternating and form-
ing oblique, transverse rows ; apertures of the marginal rows a little larger
than the others, having a diameter of about .18 mm. Peristomes thin, slightly
and equally elevated, not denticulated. Ranges of apertures separated by thin,
moderately elevated striations, of which there are usually one or two between
adjacent rows, but occasionally more ; these are generally continuous, but
sometimes tortuous and interrupted, and occasionally so numerous as to
somewhat obscure the cell apertures Sometimes the cell apertures are very
prominent, the bases of the pustules being in contact and presenting a
crowded or confused appearance.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Moscow, Livingston county, N. Y.

Stictopora striata, n. sp.

PLATE LXin, FIG. 22.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened dichotomously branched frond arising from
a spreading base. Branches from 3 to 4 mm in width ; margins sometimes

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 247

parallel, at other times slightly diverging, the greatest increase in width in
a length of 15 mm, being 1 mm. ; non-celluliferous marginal space narrow,
width .25 mm., not flat ; transverse section regularly convex on the two sides,
greatest thickness .50 mm.; bifurcations comparatively distant; branches
diverging at an angle of sixty degrees or more. Cells tubular, for the greater
portion of their length very oblique, often nearly parallel to the mesotheca,
then turning and opening a little obliquely to the surface, on the narrower
portion of the branches frequently recumbent for nearly their entire length.
Intercellular tissue vesiculose ; vesicles irregularly disposed, more compactly
arranged near the surface than below. Cell apertures very broadly oval,
often circular, sometimes slightly pustuliform, length .25 mm., width from
.18 to '.25 mm, disposed in somewhat irregular longitudinal rows, but the
rows being very clo.se together and the apertures forming them being sepa-
rated by more than twice their diameter, the arrangement is indistinct; they
sometimes alternate and form oblique transverse rows, and often irregular,
direct transverse rows; the apertures forming these are closely disposed,
generally nearly or quite in contact ; the marginal apertures are very little,
if at all larger than the others. Peristomes moderately thick, strongly ele-
vated, the posterior portion being the most prominent, not denticulated,
smooth. Interapertural and marginal space striated ; striaB short, tortuous,
interrupted, length from .25 to 1 mm., from eight to ten in the space of
1 mm. mejisured transversely ; they are abruptly rounded, slightly elevated,

the peristomes being very prominent above them.

* * »* « * * * *

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Ontario county, N. Y,

Stictopoba sinuosa.

PLATE LXI, FIG. 17.

Stictopora siniu)sa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 190. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 42. 1884.

ZoARiOM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond of somewhat
rigid appearance; bifurcations occurring at intervals of about 7 mm.

248 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Branches 2 mm. in width, diverging at an angle of forty-five degrees ;
margins essentially parallel; non-celliiliferous marginal space very narrow
or obsolete ; transverse section lenticular, greatest thickness observed a
little less than 1 mm. Cells tubular, arising very obliquely from the
mesotheca. Inter-cellular space occupied by irregularly disposed vesicles.
Cell apertures broadly oval, often nearly circular, length .25 mm., disposed
in sub-regular longitudinal lines, sometimes alternating and forming obliquely
transverse rows, six apertures in the space of 5 mm. measured longitudi-
nally ; apertures of the marginal rows slightly larger and more distant than
the others. Peristomes strong, posterior portion the more elevated. Aper-
tures separated by sinuous, interrupted longitudinal ridges, which are elevated

equally with the peristomes.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, south of Auburn, shore of Cayuga
lake, N. Y.

Stictopora ovata, n. sp.

PLATE LXm, FIG. 24.

ZoARiuM consisting of a flattened dichotomously branched frond, proceeding
from a spreading base ; branches about 3.50 mm. in width ; margins parcal-
lel, not expanding before bifurcating; non-celluliferous margin nari'ow,
width less than .40 mm. ; transverse section of the branch broadly lenticular
or somewhat acutely oval, greatest thickness about 1.30 mm.; bifurcations
comparatively distant, some of the branches continuing 25 mm. or more
without bifurcating; bifurcations diverging at an angle of from thirty to
forty-five degrees. Cells tubular, short, arising obliquely from the mesotheca,
curving and opening directly outward, gradually enlarging to the aperture.
Inter-cellular tissue consisting of irregularly di.sposed vesicles. Cell aper-
tures broadly ovate, the broader end toward the base of the frond, length
.35 mm., width three-fourths the length, regularly disposed in parallel
longitudinal rows, frequently alternating and forming oblique transverse rows;
longitudinally distant from .30 to .50 mm. ; transversely they are separated

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 249

by about one-third the width of an aperture ; generally seven or eight longi-
tudinal rows on a branch ; the apertures of the marginal rows are not larger
than the others. Peristomes moderately thick, distinctly elevated, the
posterior portion the more prominent, oblique, not denticulated, and on the
specimens observed smooth. The narrow space between the ranges of aper-
tures is flat or slightly concave, with a thin, angular, sinuous striation along
the middle, usually continuous, but on portions of the frond sometimes inter-
rupted and tortuous, occasionally having the appearance of entirely surround-
ing an aperture.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near the head of Canandaigua lake,
N. Y.

Stictopora incrassata.

PLATE I,XU, FIGS. 1-6.

stictopora incrassata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 190. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 47. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond, proceeding
from a spreading base attached to foreign bodies. Branches generally from
3 to 3.50 mm. in width : margins parallel, except for a short distance below
a bifurcation, where they are slightly expanded ; non-celluliferous mar-
ginal space a little more than .50 mm. in width; transverse section oval or
broadly lenticular, greatest thickness 1.60 mm., sometimes one face of the
branch is more convex than the other; bifurcations distant, occurring at
intervals of from .15 to .25 mm. on the specimens observed. Cells tubular,
short, arising obliquely from the mesotheca at an angle of about forty-five
degrees, curving and opening directly outward, gradually enlarging to the
apertures. Intercellular tissue vesiculose ; vesicles irregularly disposed.
Cell apertures ovate, the smaller end toward the base of the frond, length
.50 mm., width a little more than one-half the length ; frequently operculate,
the opercula consisting of thin, flat or slightly convex plates, extending
across the apertures, and having one or two very prominent, sub-conical
nodes, which are more frequently situated near the margin than at the

250 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

center of the aperture. Peristomes thin, distinctly and equally elevated,
not denticulated, sometimes finely granulose or with minute nodes. Cell
apertures regularly disposed in parallel longitudinal rows, from six to eight
rows on a branch, generally seven ; longitudinally the apertures are in con-
tact ; transversely they are separated by about half the diameter of an
aperture ; the apertures of the marginal rows are only a very little larger
than the others. The space between the rows of apertures is generally flat
or slightly concave, with a fine angular striation along the middle ; some-
times smooth, at other times the whole space is elevated and angulated ;

when well preserved the surface is finely granulose.

*********

*

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Williams, Province of Ontario,
Canada.

Stictopora limata, n. sp.

PLATE LXI, FIGS. 14-16.

ZoARiOM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond, proceeding
from a spreading base attached to foreign bodies. Branches a little more
than 1.50 mm. in width ; margins parallel, the branches not widening before
bifurcation ; non-celluliferous marginal space extremely narrow, not wider
than .20 mm.; transverse section lenticular, angles at the margins very
acute, greatest thickness observed about .50 mm.; bifurcations compara-
tively distant, branches continuing for 15 mm. or more before bifurcating.
Cells tubular, parallel with the mesotheca for a portion of their length, then
abruptly curving and opening directly outward. The intercellular tissue
consists of irregularly disposed vesicles. Cell apertures oval, length about
.15 mm., width a little more than one-half of the length, disposed in longi-
tudinal parallel rows, separated longitudinally by the length of an aperture ;
transversely by twice the width of an aperture ; five rows on each face of
of the branch ; the apertures of the outer rows are larger than the others,
having a diameter of .25 mm., and are sometimes slightly oblique to the axis
of the branch. Peristomes thin, slightly and equally elevated ; there are
occasionally slight evidences of minute denticulations from the inner face of

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 251

the peristomes. Rows of apertures separated by prominent, rounded, smooth

ridges, having twice the width of the cell apertures.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, N. Y.

Stictopora subbigida.

PLATE LX, FIG. 21.

Stictopora subriffida. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 190. 1881.
" " Rejwrt of Stat* Geolofcist for 1883, p. 43. 1884.

ZoARiOM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond ; the base is
composed of several rootlets, which are attached to foreign bodies ; for a
short distance from the base the stipe is broadly oval, not expanding before
bifurcating; branches about 1.50 mm. in width, margins parallel; trans-
verse section lenticular, greatest thickness observed .75 mm.; non-cellu-
liferous marginal space narrow, margin frequently crenulated ; bifurcations
comparatively very distant, sometimes occurring at intervals of 15 mm. or
even more ; branches diverging at an angle of about sixty degrees. Cells
tubular, for a portion of their length nearly parallel with the mesotheca,
then abruptly turning and opening directly outward. Intercellular space
occupied by irregularly disposed vesicles. Cell apertures circular, minute,
diameter .10 or .12 mm., somewhat pustuliform, disposed in parallel longi-
tudinal rows, five or six on each face of the branch ; apertures separated
longitudinally by more than twice their diameter. Peristomes thin, slightly
and equally elevated, not denticulated on the specimens observed. Ranges
of apertures separated by prominent, rounded ridges, having a width greater
than the diameter of an aperture, and forming the most prominent feature

of the frond.

*********

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, near Middleburg, Schoharie county,
and railroad cutting, two and a half miles east of Alden station, Erie county,
N. Y.

252 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Stictopora crenulata.

PLATE LX, FIG. 22.
/Stictopora crenulata. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 44. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, frequently sinuous, dichotomously branched
frond, arising from a base composed of several rootlets attached to foreign
bodies ; the frond for a little more than 1 mm above the base is sub-
elliptical in section, striated, non-celluliferous, then becoming flattened.
Branches about 1.50 mm. wide; non-celluliferous marginal space very
narrow, width .25 mm.; margins essentially parallel, frequently crenulated,
the branches scarcely expanding before bifurcation ; transverse section len-
ticular, abruptly contracting near the margin, the angles very acute, the
remaining portion regularly convex ; bifurcations comparatively distant ;
branches widely diverging. Intercellular tissue consisting of irregularly
disposed vesicles. Cell apertures a little oblique, circular, diameter about
.18 mm., arranged in parallel longitudinal rows, separated by about twice
the diameter of an aperture, usually five or six rows on a branch ; the
apertures of the marginal rows are larger than the others and more oblique,
the upper portion of the cell walls frequently being exposed for a distance
equal to twice the diameter of an aperture. In the central ranges there
are fifteen apertures in the space of 5 mm., in the outer ranges nine or ten
in the same space ; opposite each of these cells the margin is extended,
giving to it a crenulated appe.arance. Peristomes thin, nearly equally
elevated, the posterior portion being slightly the more prominent. Space
between the ranges of apertures flat or slightly convex, striated, generally

three thin, angular striations between adjacent rows of apertures.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near Alden, Erie county, N. Y.

Stictopora angularis, n. sp.

PLATE LXI, FIG. M.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened dichotomously branched frond, arising from a
spreading base. Branches from 2 to 2.50 mm. in width : margins essentially

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 253

parallel, scarcely expanding before bifurcating ; transverse section lenticular,
sub-angular at the middle, somewhat abruptly contracting near the margins ;
angles very acute ; non-celluliferous marginal space about .33 mm. in width ;
bifurcations occurring at intervals of from 5 to 7 mm. on the speci-
mens observed ; branches diverging at an angle of about forty-five degrees.
Cells tubular, for part of their length recumbent, then abruptly curving
and opening directly outward. Intercellular space occupied by irregularly
disposed vesicles. Cell apertures circular or very broadly oval, pustuliform ;
disposed in nearly parallel longitudinal rows, and separated by two or three
times the diameter of an aperture ; at the center of the branch they have a
diameter of about .15 mm., those of the marginal rows are larger, having a
diameter of about .22 mm.; diameter of the pustules .25 mm., increasing to
.35 mm. Peristomes thin, very slightly elevated. Ranges of apertures
separated by prominent, rounded ridges, having a width equal to or greater
than the diameter of an aperture, and elevated equally with the pustules.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, four miles south of Le Roy, Genesee

county, N. Y.

Stictopora recta, n. sp.

NOT KIGURKD.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened dichotomously branched frond. Branches
from 1 to 1.25 mm. in width, margins parallel, the branches not expanding
before bifurcating ; transverse section lenticular, abruptly contracting near
the margins, greatest thickness .33 mm. ; non-celluliferous space at the mar-
gin very narrow or ob.solete ; bifurcations comparatively distant, occurring
at intervals of about 6 mm. on the specimens observed ; branches diverging
at an angle of forty-five degrees. Cells tubular, arising very obliquely from
the mesotheca, abruptly curving and opening directly outward. Intercellular
tissue vesiculose, vesicles irregularly disposed. Cell apertures oval, length
about .18 mm., or slightly less, width a little more than one-half the length;
regularly dispo.sed in parallel longitudinal rows, separated by less than the

254 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

length of an aperture; five or six ranges on each face of the branch. The
apertures of the marginal ranges are a little larger and more prominent th.an
the others. Rows sep.arated by prominent granulose or nodulose ridges, which
have a width equal to that of the cell apertures ; granules numerous, irregu-
larly disposed. The ridges frequently partially obscure the apertures.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Stictopora bifurcata, n. sp.

PLATE LXni, KIG. 17. '

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond, proceeding from
a spreading base. Branches from 1 to about 1.50 mm. in width, with the
margins sub-parallel, only slightly expanding before bifurcation ; non-
celluliferous marginal space very narrow or obsolete ; transverse section len-
ticular, greatest thickness a little less than .50 mm. ; bifurcations frequent,
sometimes occurring at intervals of 3 mm ; from the frequency of the bifur-
cations the branches have occasionally the appearance of trifurcating. Cells
tubular, opening directly outward. Intercellular tissue vesiculose, vesicles
irregularly disposed. Cell apertures oval, length about .20 mm., width about
one-half the length, disposed in longitudinal sub-parallel rows, from five to
seven rows on a branch ; apertures of the marginal rows a little larger than
the others, having a length of .25 mm. Peristomes thin, the posterior por-
tion a little the more strongly elevated, but not denticulated on the specimens
observed. Ranges of apertures separated by prominent, moderately strong,
nodose ridges, which frequently very much obscure the cell .apertures ; nodes
small, regularly distant, about twenty in the space of 5 mm.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near Muttonville, North Bristol
township, Ontario county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 255

Stictopora palmipes.

PLATE LX, FIGS. 19, 20.

stictopora palmipes. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 189. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 41. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond ; base thin,
spreading, attached to foreign bodies ; for a distance of 2 mm. above the base
the stipe is nearly cylindrical, with a diameter of less than 1 mm., theii
rapidly expanding to a width of 3 mm. The mode of growth is different
from that of the usual forms of Stictopora ; in addition to the ordinary
bifurcating branches there are intermediate lateral branches or lobed expan-
sions, which are very short, not exceeding 1.50 mm. in length and generally
about 1 mm. wide, with the extremities, rounded ; transverse section
lenticular, greatest thickness observed 50 mm.; the non-celluliferous mar-
gin is flat, very thin, having a width .50 mm or more, bordering the entire
frond, occupying all the space between the lobes or lateral branches ; the
celluliferous portion has thus somewhat the appearance of incrusting a flat,
smooth surface. Cells tubular, recumbent, for a portion of their length
abruptly curving and opening directly outward. Intercellular tissue con-
sisting of irregularly disposed vesicles. Cell apertures oval, length about
.20 mm., width a little more than one-half the length, disposed in regular
longitudinal rows, the apertures of the marginal rows being a little larger
than the others. Peristomes thin, equally elevated, not denticulated on
the fronds observed. Rows of apertures separated by prominent ridges,
having a width of .10 mm or more, much elevated above the peristomes,
and very frequently partially obscuring the apertures and having conspic-
uous, equi-distant, conical nodes, ten in the space of 5 mm.

Formation and localities. Shales of the Hamilton group, West Hamburg, Erie
county ; Pavilion, Genesee county, and near Canandaigua lake, Ontario county,
New York.

256 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Stictopora lobata, n. sp.

NOT FIODBBD.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond, proceeding
from a spreading base, which is attached to foreign objects. Branches from
2 to 2.50 mm. in width, margins sub-parallel, the branches slightly expand-
ing before bifurcating ; non-celluliferous margincal space narrow, width a
little more than .25 mm. ; transverse section lenticular, greatest thickness
.75 mm. ; on the margins of the branches, at intervals of a little more than
1 mm., are lobes or projections, extending beyond the margin about .75 mm.,
and having a width of about 2 mm.; they have the appearance of aborted
lateral branches ; the cell apertures upon them extend entirely to the
margin ; bifurcations comparatively infrequent, occurring at intervals of
8 mm. or more on the specimens observed. Cells tubular, recumbent for
the greater portion of their length, then abruptly turning and opening
directly outward. Intercellular tissue consisting of irregularly disposed
vesicles. Cell apertures oval, length about .20 mm., width from one-half to
two-thirds the length, disposed in longitudinal, nearly parallel rows, about
six rows on each face of the branch ; apertures of the rows separated
by less than their length ; the apertures on the lobes are larger and less
regularly disposed. Peristomes strong, posterior portion a little the more
elevated, smooth, not denticulated. Ranges of apertures separated by prom-
inent, narrow, nodose ridges, which have a width of about two-thirds that
of the apertures ; nodes small, regularly disposed, about equal in number to
the cell apertui'es.

In its manner of growth this species most nearly resembles S. palmipes, but
the lobes are never prolonged into lateral branches, the frond is more rigid in
appearance, the margins more nearly parallel, and the frond is without the
thin, wide, non-celluliferous marginal space characteristic of that species ; from
other species it may be distinguished by its marginal lobes.

Formation and locality. Reed's Corners, near Canandaigua lake, Ontario
county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 257

Stictopora granifera.

PLATE LXI, FIGS. l-«.

stictopora granifera. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 191. 1881.
*• " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 4.'). 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond. Branches
above a bifurcation 2.50 to 3 mm. in width, increasing to 4 or 5 mm. ; on
some of the fronds there are slight contractions in the branch at frequent
intervals ; transverse section flattened-lenticular, greatest thickness observed
about .40 mm.; non-celluliferous marginal space very narrow. Cells tubular,
length about 1.50 mm., for the greater portion of their length nearly
parallel with the mesotheca, then turning abruptly and opening directly out-
ward Inter-cellular space occupied by irregularly disposed vesicles. Cell
apertures oval, length about 33 mm., width a little more than one-half the
length ; closely and irregularly disposed, frequently in contact, never distant
more than the width of an aperture. Peristomes strong, equally elevated,
and having eight to ten minute nodes or granules. On the non-celluliferous
margin, cand on the surface between the cell apertures there are compara-
tively frequent, interrupted, longitudinal, granulose striations of about the
same thickness and height as the peristomes. When the frond is well pre-
served the striations and peristomes are so similar in appearance that it is

often very difficult to distinguish the limits of the cell apertures.

*********

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, near Pavilion village, Genesee
county, and Muttonville, North Bristol township, Ontario county, N. Y.

Stictopora divergens, n. sp.

PLATE LXni, FIGS. 18, 19.

ZoARiDM consisting of a flattened dichotomously branched frond, arising from a
spreading base, or from several rootlets attached to foreign bodies ; some of
the fronds are a little sinuous in their manner of growth. Branches from 1.50
to 2 mm. in width ; margins slightly divergent, expanding but little before
bifurcation ; non-celluliferous marginal space extremely narrow or obsolete ;

258 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

transverse section lenticular or flattened oval, greatest thickness about .50
mm. ; bifurcations frequent, branches widely diverging. Cells tubular, aris-
ing obliquely from the inesotheca, curving and oiiening directly outward.
Intercellular tissue consisting of irregularly disposed vesicles. Cell apertures
oval, length a little moi-e thcan .25 mm., width a little less than two-thirds
the length, disposed in longitudinal lines, separated by from once and one-
half to twice the length of an aperture, usually having the appearance
of being irregularly disposed ; transversely the apertures are very frequently
in contact. Peristomes moderately thick, distinctly and equally elevated,
not denticulated ; when well preserved the summits have from seven to ten
minute nodes or granules. The interapertural space is marked by interrupted
longitudinal striations, of about the same thickness and height as the peri-
stomes, which frequently somewhat obscure the cell apertures. When well

preserved these strise are granulose; granules similar to those of the peristomes.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, N. Y.

Stictopoea permarginata.

PLATE LXm, FIG. 16.

8tietopora permarginata. Ham. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 191. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 46. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of flattened, dichotomously branched fronds, arising from a
spreading base, or from rootlets attached to foreign bodies. Branches from
1.25 to 1.75 mm. in width, with parallel margins, not expanding before bifur-
cating; non-celluliferous marginal space extremely narrow or obsolete; trans-
verse section broadly lenticular or oval, greatest thickness .75 mm. ; marginal
angles not acute ; bifurcations infrequent, sometimes occurring at intervals
of 15 mm. or more ; branches diverging at an angle of about sixty degrees.
Cells tubular, gradually enlarging to the aperture ; for about one-half their
length nearly parallel with the mesotheca, then abruptly turning and opening
outward. Intercellular tissue consisting of irregularly disposed vesicles.
Cell apertures oval, length .25 or .30 mm., width about one-half the length,

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 259

closely and irregularly disposed, often in contact, sometimes forming very
irregular transverse rows ; apertures forming the rows with their margins in
contact. Peristomes comparatively very thick, converging, equally elevated,
not denticulated, when well preserved having several conspicuous nodes or
granules. On the interapertural space there are occasional short, inter-
rupted, granulose striations of the same strength as the peristomes.

This species, under different conditions of preservation, varies much in
appearance. When the frond is well preserved the apertures are indistinct,
being obscured by the nodes, but when macerated, so that the nodes are obso-
lete, the apertures are very conspicuous ; when still further macerated the
vesicles are seen, appearing as angular pits between the cell apertures. The
apertures are sometimes so arranged . that the peristomes give to the surface
a striated appearance.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Stictopora interstriata.

PLATK LXn, FIGS. 7-12.

Stictopora interstriata. Hail. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 191. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 45. 1884.

ZoARiOM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond. Branches
2.50 mm. in width, with essentially parallel margins, scarcely enlarging
before bifurcation ; non-celluliferous marginal space .33 mm. wide ; trans-
verse section lenticular, angles very acute, greatest thickness observed
.65 mm. ; the bifurcations usually occur at intervals of from 10 to 20 mm.,
but on one specimen, which in all other respects is similar to the ordinary
forms, they occur at intervals of 5 or 6 mm. Cells tubular, for the greater
portion of their length recumbent, then turning abruptly and opening
directly outward. Cell apertures oval, length about .30 mm., width a little
more than one-half the length, disposed in longitudinal rows, the apertures
being separated by one and one-half times their diameter the arrangement
is indistinct; they often form irregular, transverse rows, the apertures of

260 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

the rows being nearly or quite in contant ; on some fronds they are disposed

in regular, oblique transverse rows, at an angle of about forty-five degrees

to the axis of the branch. Peristomes thin, equally elevated, with

several minute, spinuliform projections from the inner surface of the cell

walls. Non-celluliferous margin and interapertur.al space with numerous,

fine interrupted striae, which very frequently have the appearance of elongate

mesopores ; height slightly less than that of the mesopores, from fifteen to

eighteen in the space of 1 mm.

« * * * * * * **

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Fall-brook, four miles from Canan-
daigua, Ontario county, N. Y.

Stictopora recubans, n. sp.

PLATK LXin, FIGS. 20, 21.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond proceeding
from a spreading base attached to other bodies ; branches frequently curved,
about 3 mm. wide, with margins essentially parallel ; non-celluliferous mar-
ginal space flat, width a little more than .50 mm. ; transverse section lenticular,
at .50 mm. from the margin abruptly contracting and extremely thin, the
remaining portion convex, the greatest thickness .50 mm. ; bifurcations
comparatively frequent, on the specimens observed occurring at intervals of 6
mm. or less. Cells tubular, those at the middle of the branch recumbent for
one-half their length, then abruptly bending and opening directly outward ;
marginal cells recumbent for nearly their entire length. The central ranges
of cells are parallel with the longitudinal axis, becoming more oblique as
they recede, the marginal ones being at an angle of about forty-five degrees
to the axis. The intercellular tissue consists of irregularly disposed vesicles.
Cell apertures circular, frequently pustuliform, diameter about .12 mm.,
regularly disposed in longitudinal, nearly parallel rows ; six or seven rows
on a brtanch, separated by about twice the diameter of an aperture ; the
marginal apertures are slightly larger than the others, and a portion of the
cell walls is often exposed for more than half of its entire length. Peri-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 261

stomes thin, equally elevated, not denticulated. Ranges of apertures near the
middle of the branch separated by a smooth, narrow ridge. When seven
ranges of apertures occur the ridges nearest the middle of the branch are
more prominent than the others ; when six ranges, the central ridge is the
most prominent, sometimes having the appearance of a carina, the two outer
ranges of each margin are not separated by ridges.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, shores of Seneca lake, Seneca

county, N. Y.

Stictopora subcarinata.

PLATE LXIII, FIGS. 1-8.

Stictoporaf tvbcarinata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 191. 1881.

" (». g. f) dickotoma. Hall. By eiTor. Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 48. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened, dichotomously branched frond, arising from a
spreading base, or from several rootlets attached to foreign bodies ; distal ex-
tremities obtusely angular ; for a few mm. above the base the stipe is slender,
width less than 1 mm., having only two or three ranges of cell apertures ;
the frond then somewhat abruptly widens and becomes more flattened ;
branches above a bifurcation about 2 mm wide, very gradually and regu-
larly increasing to 2.50 mm. before bifurcating; non-celluliferous marginal
space a little less than .50 mm. wide ; margins sometimes crenulate ;
transverse section lenticular, abruptly contracting and very thin near the
margins, the intermediate portion convex or sub-angular; bifurcations on
the specimens observed occurring at intervals of from 4 to 10 mm. ;
branches diverging at an angle of about forty-five degrees. Cells tubular,
for a portion of their length recumbent, then abruptly curving and open-
ing directly or obliquely outward ; the cells at the middle of the branch
have a direction parallel with the longitudinal axis, becoming more and
more oblique as they approach the margin, where they are occasionally
nearly rectangular to the axis. The intercellular tissue consists of irregu-
larly disposed vesicles. Cell apertures oval, arranged in essentially parallel,
longitudinal rows, and very frequently in oblique, ascending rows from the

262 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

middle of the branch. The apertures of the central ranges are minute,
circular, sixteen in the space of 5 mm., diameter .18 mm or less; peiistomes
strong, equally elevated ; marginal apertures oval, length .25 mm., width
two-thirds the length, ten in the space of 5 mm. ; posterior portion of peri-
stomes the more strongly elevated ; frequently the central ranges are the
smallest, each succeeding range increasing in size ; usually six or seven rows
of apertures on a branch ; generally there are three ridges on each branch
separating the rows of apertures, the central ridge being the most prominent
and often having the appearance of a carina ; the two outer ranges of aper-
tures on each margin of a branch are seldom, if ever, separated by ridges.
*********

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, two and one-half miles east of Alden
Station, Erie county ; Bellona, Yates county, and York, Livingston county, N. Y.

SEMIOPORA, Hall. 1881.
Semiopoea bistigmata.

PLATE LXir, FIGS. 27-29.

Seiawpora bistiffmata, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 193. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 51. 1884.

Zoarium consisting of a flattened dichotomously branched frond, proceeding
from a spreading base attached to foreign bodies. Branches a little less
than 2 mm. in width ; margins parallel, not expanding before bifurca-
tion ; non-celluliferous marginal space extremely narrow ; transverse section
abruptly narrowing and very thin near the margins, obscurely sub-angular at
the middle, greatest thickness a little less than .15 mm. ; bifurcations com-
paratively distant on the specimens observed, occurring at intervals usually
of from 10 to 20 mm. ; branches diverging at an angle of about thirty de-
grees ; in one instance a branch trifurcates. Cells tubular, oblique, gradually
enlarging ^to the aperture. The intercellular tissue consists of irregularly
disposed vesicles. Cell apertures oval, sometimes nearly circular, length
about 22 mm., width usually two-thirds, but sometimes four-fifths the length;

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 263

regularly disposed in parallel longitudinal rows, eight rows on each face of
the branch ; the apertures of the marginal rows are larger than the others,
having a length of .30 mm., and are oblique to the axis of the branch.
Peristomes thin, slightly and equally elevated, not denticulated, and when
well preserved granulose. Between adjacent cell apertures, in a longitudinal
direction, are two minute pits, arranged laterally, partitions very slightly
elevated ; in the course of growth these pits form minute tubuli between
the cell tubes. The peristomes are laterally wholly or partially in contact,
according as the apertures are opposite or alternate, and coalesce, giving to
the ranges of apertures the appearance of being separated by comparatively
prominent granulose ridges.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. West Williams, Ontario, Canada.

T^NIOPORA, Nicholson. 1874.

TiENIOPORA EXIGUA.

PLATE LXn, FIGS. 15-26.

TcBtMtpora exifftM, Niciiolsox. Pateontology of Ontario, p. 108. 1874.
" " Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 192. 1881.

Ptempora duogerierLt, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 192. 1881.
Twniopora exiffita. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 49. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose, flattened, proceeding from a spreading base, or from rootlets
attached to foreign bodies ; branches triangular or flattened. The branches
of the lower portion of the frond are usually triangular, although this condi-
tion may occur on all portions of the frond, sides concave, equal or nearly so,
width 3 mm. or a little more ; from each angle proceed depressed quadran-
gular branches, which both bifurcate and ramify laterally, continuing growth
in the same manner as the parent branches; the flattened branches are
from a little less than 3 mm. to 4 mm. wide, with parallel margins, not
expanding before bifurcation ; non-celluliferous marginal space flat, smooth,
width from .33 to .50 mm. ; transverse section rhomboidal, sometimes
abruptly contracted near the margin, angular at the middle, with a prominent

264 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

sharp elevation ; greatest thickness, without the elevation, from .50 to .75
mm. ; bifurcations on the specimens observed occur at intervals of from 15
to 30 mm. ; lateral briinches very frequent, occurring usually at intervals of
from 5 to 8 mm. ; lateral branching and bifurcation sometimes occur together
giving to the branch a trifurcating appearance ; the branches usually diverge
at an angle of about forty-five degrees. Cells tubular, cylindrical, gradually
enlarging to the apertures; in the triangular branches they proceed from
laminae which radiate from the center to each angle of the branch;
in the flattened branches they proceed from the mesotheca, and are
recumbent for about one-half their length, then abruptly turning and gener-
ally opening directly outward (pi. Ixii, fig. 18) ; at the center of the branch
their direction is parallel to the axis of the frond, each succeeding row of
cells becoming more and more divergent until frequently the marginal cells
are nearly rectangular to the axis (pi. Ixii, fig. 19). Intercellular tissue
vesiculose ; near the base the vesicles are large, smaller and more compactly
disposed near the surface. Cell apertures disposed in longitudinal paral-
lel rows, and very frequently in oblique ascending rows, from the middle of
the branch ; usually six or eight longitudinal rows on each face of the branch ;
the apertures of the central rows are minute, circular, with a diameter of
about .12 mm., sixteen in the space of 5 mm. ; marginal apertures sometimes
circular, diameter .25 mm., at other times oval, length .30 mm., width two-
thirds the length, ten in the space of 5 mm. ; sometimes the apertures, with
the exception of those of the marginal rows, are of the same size ; at other
times those of the central range are the smallest, those of each succeeding
range being a little larger; on some fronds the apertures are distinctly
papilliform. There is often a prominent, angular carina along the middle of the
flattened branch, which has a height of from .50 to .75 mm., and a width at
the base of .25 mm., generally straight, but sometimes a little sinuous; the
sides of the triangular branches are concave and have no ridges or carina.
Usually there are not more than eight ranges of apertures, and forms occur
having only four ranges, while others have ten, but as all intermediate
gradations occur, no specific distinction can be based upon this character;
there is also considerable variation in the strength of the carina.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 265

This is one of the most common and characteristic species and will be readily
distinguished from any other form. The triangular branches, with their alate
marginal extensions, present so different an aspect from the ordinary flattened
forms of this species that the name Pteropora was suggested for them. In
this direction also these forms approach Prismopora, and it may yet be found
desirable to unite the different modifications under one generic term.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Montieth's Point, Ontario county ;
Bellona, Yates county; West Hamburg, Erie county; Unadilla Forks; Borodino,
Onondaga county ; near the head of Canandaigua lake ; near Arkona, Bosanquet
Township, Ontario, Canada, and numerous other localities.

PRISMOPORA, Hall. 1881.

(St'c i>agu 97.)

Prismopora dilatata.

PLATE LXII, FIGS. 13, 14.

Pristnopora dilatata. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, voL x, p. 193. 1881.

Report of State Geolog-ist for 1883, p. 50. 1884.

ZoAEiUM ramose, proceeding from a spreading base, which for the space of a few
mm. above is nearly cylindrical, with a diameter of about 3 mm., then
rapidly expanding; the frond is apparently bifurcated and also laterally
branched ; branches generally triangular, sides unequal, two of them very
concave, sub-angular, the other much less concave ; on one branch measured
the width of each of two sides is 3 mm., of the third side 5 mm. ; some of
the branches are larger than this, and others smaller, but generally preserv-
ing about the same proportions; margins slightly diverging; non-celluli-
ferous marginal space about .50 mm. in width ; below each bifurcation and at
the angles formed by two branches there is an elongate, triangular space
1 mm. wide and 3 mm. long, destitute of cell apertures; bifurcation and
lateral branching frequent, occurring at intervals of from 8 to 10 mm.; the
lateral branches are both alternating and opposite. Cells tubular, arising
from mesial plates, which radiate from the center to each angle of the
branch. Intercellular tissue composed of irregularly disposed vesicles. Cell

266 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

apertures circular or very broadly oval, diameter .35 mm. ; irregularly and
very closely disposed, usually very nearly or quite in contact. Peristomes
strong, generally equally elevated, but sometimes the posterior portion is the

more prominent.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near Leonardsville, Madison county.
New York.

Pbismopora lata.

NOT KIGURBD.

ZoARiDM consisting of a dichotomously branched frond, arising from a spread-
ing base attached to foreign bodies ; branches triangular, two of the sides
of equal width, the third wider ; on the specimens observed the two equal
faces of a branch have a width of 6 mm. each, the other 9 mm. ; the other
branches of the same frond are somewhat smaller; margins of each face
essentially parallel, the branches scarcely increasing in size before bifur-
cation : non-celluliferous marginal space comparatively broad, width nearly
.75 mm. ; there are also, at more or less regular intervals along the margin,
obtusely triangular areas, destitute of cell apertures, having a width of about
3.50 mm., and a depth of nearly 2 mm. ; sometimes these areas are con-
tinuous ; bifurcations comparatively infrequent on the specimens observed,
occurring at intervals of .20 mm. or more ; branches diverging at an angle of
about sixty degrees. Cells tubular, cylindrical, arising from mesial laminae,
which radiate from the center to each angle of the branch. Along the
middle of the branch the cells have a direction parallel with the axis, becom-
ing more and more oblique as they recede until the marginal cells are some-
times nearly rectangular to the axis ; septa very infrequent or obsolete.
Intercellular tissue vesiculose ; vesicles more compactly disposed near the
surface than at the center of the branch. Cell apertures trilobate, pustuli-
form, length about .20 mm., width from one-half to two-thirds the length ;
near the middle of a face of the branch they are disposed in somewhat
irregular, longitudinal rows, but over the greater portion of the face in more
or less regular, oblique, ascending rows, which are distant nearly twice the

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 267

length of an aperture ; the apertures forming the rows are closely disposed,
the pustules being in contact and giving to the apertures the appearance of
being situated on curved elevations or ridges. The marginal apertures are a
little larger than the others, having a length of about .25 mm. Peristomes
thin, the posterior portion a little the more prominent and having two
slight denticulations. There are no longitudinal striations on the specimens
observed.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group. Hill's gulch, four miles south of
Le Roy, New York.

ACROGENIA, Hall. 1881.

ACROGENIA PROLIFERA.

PLATE LXIII, FIGS. 7-15.

Acrogenia prolifera. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, voL x, p. 194. 1881.

" Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 52. 1884.

ZoARiUM ramose, branches flattened, proliferous. One frond, which is very
well preserved, has the following manner of growth : the basal extremity
for the space of 5 mm. is simple, with several lateral rootlets ; it is strongly
striated, and has a diameter of about 1.25 mm.; this portion bifurcates, the
two parts very gradually diverge and have frequent lateral striated rootlets,
the striae somewhat spirally disposed ; the ends are conically truncated ;
from these truncated ends proceed two short growths, both extremities of
which are conically truncated ; from the apices of these proceeds a striated,
cylindrical stipe, conically truncated at each end, and having a length of
8 mm., and a diameter of 2 mm.; the striae are of unequal strength, some of
them extremely fine : from the truncated apex of this stipe proceed apparently
several branches with conically truncated bases which are at first cylindrical,
becoming flattened and very gradually expanding: from this point the
growth is regular, two depressed, quadrangular branches proceeding from
the truncated extremity of each preceding branch ; length of internodes

268 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

varying from 10 to 15 mm., width near the base about 1.50 mm., very
gradually enlarging to 3.50 mm.; on some fronds the branch is flattened
immediately above the truncated base and the surface has the same appear-
ance as above ; on others the lower portion is cylindrical and striated, grad-
ually becoming flattened ; the striae on different branches vary in appearance ;
on one branch the striations continuing for the space of 8 mm., about fifteen
in the space of 5 mm. measured transversely, a few of the striae being much
stronger than the others ; the contiguous branch has the lower portion for
the space of 5 mm., striated, but a portion of the striae become compara-
tively strong rounded ridges, seven ridges in the width of the branch ;
another branch has the rounded, finely striated ridges similar to the preced-
ing, but between them are cell apertures which continue to the truncate
base ; these variations occur on the same frond. Non-celluliferous marginal
space extremely narrow : transverse sections of a branch, for the greater
portion of its length, are lenticular, obtusely angular at the middle, greatest
thickness observed about .65 mm.; branches diverge at an angle of from
thirty to forty-five degrees. Cells tubular, recumbent for a portion of their
length, then abruptly curving and opening directly outward, gradually
enlarging to the aperture. Intercellular tissue vesiculose, vesicles irregu-
larly disposed. Cell apertures oval, width usually a little more than one-
half the length, arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows, from eight
to twelve rows on each face of the branch ; the apertures of the marginal
rows are slightly larger and more distant than the others, .33 mm. in length,
eight or nine in the space of 5 mm. ; on the central ranges the length is
,25 mm., and there are fifteen in the same space. Peristomes very slight,
posterior portion with a prominent projection, the extremities of which form
two denticulations; the peristomes are often indistinct, and the denticulations
are so extended as to give the appearance of minute, circular cell apertures
or of a succession of loops. Ranges of apertures separated by continuous
ridges, sometimes narrow, angular, and smooth, at other times broader, more
prominent and finely striated, the central ridge is always the strongest and
has the appearance of a carina.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 269

This species is very characteristic and can be easily distinguished from any
other at present known, in this horizon, by the peculiar manner of growth.
A fragment of a branch, where the base is not preserved, somewhat resembles
Stidopora subcarinata, but the branches are wider, the ridges separating the rows
of apertures are stronger, the central ridge is much more conspicuous, the
marginal cell apertures are smaller and the marginal non-celluliferous space is
narrower.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group. Black Point, Canandaigua lake ;
Bellona, Yates county ; Lodi Landing, Seneca Lake, and Darien Centre, Genesee
county, N. Y.

Stictoporina, nov. sub. gen.
Stictopora (Stictoporina) claviformis.

KOT FIGUBBD.

Trtmatopora clavlfonnis. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol x, p. 181. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geologist foi- 1883, p. 12. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of an erect frond of 8 to 10 mm. in height ; base obtusely
pointed, and for a short distance above the frond is cylindrical, diameter about
.80 mm., gradually enlarging and becoming flattened ; width above a bifurca-
tion a little more than 1 mm., increasing to 2 mm. ; no non-cclluliferous
mfirginal space ; transverse section broadly lenticular or flattened oval, greatest
thickness observed about .80 mm. The first bifurcation occurs at 5 mm.
above the base, the others at intervals of 3 mm. ; on the specimens observed
there are not more than three bifurcations, and this number occurs on one
specimen only. Cells tubular, arising obliquely from amesotheca. Cell aper-
tures oval, length about .25 mm., width two-thirds the length, disposed in
more or less regular oblique transverse rows, at an angle of about forty-five
degrees to the axis of the branch, separated by about one-third the width
of an aperture. Peristomes obsolete. Interapertural space elevated, angu-
lated, enclosing the apertures in a rhomboidal or polygonal area. The crest
of the elevation is marked by a row of very minute granules and at the
angles by a more prominent node.

270 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

The surface characters are somewhat similar to those of Stidopora rhomboidea
of the Upper Helderberg group, but the manner of growth will readily serve
to distinguish it. From all other species, at present known, it may be distin-
guished by the clavate form of the frond.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Kashong creek, Bellona, Yates county,
N. Y.

PTILODICTYA, Lonsdale. 1839.

(See page 38.)

Ptilodictya parallela, n. sp.

PLATK LXI, FIGS. 7, 8.

ZoARiUM consisting of a simple stipe, having an acute base, transverse section
near the base circular, striated, rapidly enlarging and becoming flattened
above ; stipe about 3 mm. in width, the margins for the greater portion of the
length essentially parallel ; transverse section lenticuLar, greatest thickness
about .50 mm. Cells tubular, arising obliquely from the mesotheca, curving
and opening directly outward ; the marginal cells are slightly oblique to the
axis of the frond, the others are parallel. The intercellular tissue has not
been observed. Cell apertures circular, diameter about .20 mm., disposed
in longitudinal parallel rows, from ten to twelve on a branch, the apertures
of the rows are separated by a little less than their diameter; in the
central rows there are sixteen apertures in the space of 5 mm. ; in the
marginal rows twelve in the same space. Peristomes thin, slightly elevated,
the posterior portion the most prominent, and with two minute denticula-
tions. Ranges of apertures separated by smooth prominent ridges, about
one-third the width of the cell apertures ; the ridge along the middle of the
branch is stronger than the others and sometimes has the appearance of a
carina.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, Genesee county, and
near the hea<l of Canandaigua lake, Ontario county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 271

Ptilodictya plumea, n. sp.

PLATE LXI, FIGS. 9-12.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened stipe, base conically truncated, distal extremity
of frond rounded. One well-preserved frond, immediately above the trun-
cated basal apex, is cylindrical, having a diameter of 1 mm., very gradually
enlarging and becoming flattened for the distance of 6 mm., where it expands
much more rapidly and becomes very thin ; at a point 7 mm. above the base
the frond is 17 mm. in width, above that point the margins are sub-parallel,
the frond very slightly expanding ; on other examples the margins are parallel
and the frond continues of uniform width"; transverse section flattened-lenticu-
lar, greatest thickness .30 mm.; non-celluliferous marginal space obsolete. Cells
tubular, oblique for the greater portion of their length, but usually opening
directly outward. The cylindrical basal portion of the frond is striated ;
striaB conspicuous, sharp, interrupted, granulose. Cell apertures circular or
broadly oval, immersed, diameter about .18 mm., separated by from one-
third to one-half the diameter of an aperture, generally irregularly disposed,
but sometimes forming sub-regular intersecting rows oblique to the axis
of the frond. Near the margins the cell apertures are oblique to the axis
and present a confused appearance. Peristomes obsolete. Interapertural
space elevated, convex or angulated, granulose, usually only one series of
granules between adjacent apertures, but occasionally two, sometimes, where
the apertures are disposed in intersecting rows there are more prominent
nodes at the angles of the interapertural ridges. The surface is marked by
low convex monticules, the centers of which are distant about 2 mm. ; the
apertures on these are a little larger than the others, and sometimes present
a slightly confused arrangement.

* * * * * * ** *

Formation and localily. Hamburg-on-the-Lake, Erie county, N. Y.

272 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Ptilodictya retiformis, n. sp.

PLATE LXI, FIG. 13.

This species, in its manner of growth and general appearance, is very similar
to P. plumea, but the cell apertures are more nearly oval, and more closely dis-
posed. The interapertural space is angular, minutely granulose, and with a
prominent node at each cell angle. The surface is not marked by maculae or
monticules. It may be distinguished from P. scutulata, which it closely resem-
bles in its surface characters, by its much wider frond.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Alden, Erie county, N. Y.

Ptilodictya scutulata.

NOT KiaURBD.

iStictoporaf scutulata, Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 191. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geolo^st for 1883, p. 47. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a flattened frond, width from 1.50 to 2.50 mm.; without
non-celluliferous marginal space. Transverse section lenticular, greatest
thickness .25 mm. ; marginal angles not acute. Cells tubular, arising from a
mesotheca. Cell apertures oval, length .20 mm., width two-thirds the length,
closely disposed, nearly in contact, sometimes irregularly disposed, at other
times forming oblique intersecting rows. The interapertural space is elevated,
angulated, having a line of minute nodes or granules, and frequently
more prominent nodes at the angles. The surface presents a reticulated
appearance.

Since no bifurcations have been observed, and as specimens more than 20
mm. in length occur without branches, it seems sufficient evidence to remove
it from Stictopora to which it was originally referred. The cell apertures
resemble those of Ptilodictya retiformis, but the species may be distinguished
by its much narrower form. It has precisely the appearance of a flattened
frond of some specie, of Orthopora, but the mesotheca and manner of growth
of the cell tubes show its alliance with Ptilodictya.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, near the head of Canandaigua lake,
Ontario county, N. Y.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 273

GLAUCONOME, Goldfuss. 1826.

(See page 101.)

Glauconome CARINATA.

plate lxvi. figs. 23, 24.

Glauconome carinata. Hall Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 196. 1881.
" " " Report of State Geolog-ist for 1883, p. 60. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a midrib or rachis proceeding from a spreading base,
attached to foreign bodies, and having slender, equidistant, lateral branches,
which preserve the same manner of growth as the primary rachis; celluliferous
on one face only ; midrib from .30 to .35 mm. in width ; transverse section
broadly sub-cuneiform ; the non-celluliferous face flattened, and with three
prominent ridges, one at each margin and one along the middle, sometimes
equally elevated, at other times the central one is the strongest and has
the appearance of a carina. The lateral branches have a width of about .18
mm., and are regularly distant from each other between two and three times

. the width of a branch, very nearly on a plane with the rachis, flattened and
with a slender striation along the middle, sometimes minutely granulose.
On the celluliferous face the midrib and branches are sub-angular. Cell aper-
tures circular, in two ranges, one on each side of the midrib and branches,
opening almost directly outward, separated by from once and one-half to
twice the diameter of an aperture, fifteen in the space of 5 mm. Peri-
stomes comparatively strong, equally elevated. Lateral branches depressed
below the cell apertures of the midrib. Ranges of apertures sepa-
rated by comparatively prominent carinae, the midrib being much the
strongest.

Numerous fragments of this species have been observed, it being not
uncommon ; on all the specimens the lateral branches are very short, the
length not exceeding .50 mm., and very frequently less. This species may be
distinguished from any other, at present known, by its small size and the three
comparatively prominent striae or ridges on the non-cellulifer ous flattened
face of the rachis.

274 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Eighteen-mile creek, Erie county ;
Lodi Landing, Seneca lake, and near the head of Canandaigua lake, Ontario
county, N. Y.

THAMNISCUS, King. 1849.

(See pages 41 and 104.)
TnAMNISCUS PAUCIRAMU8.

NOT FIOURBD.

Thamnlictus ■pauclramius, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 197. 1S81.
" Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 60. 1884.

ZoARiUM fruticose, several stems arising from a common base, bifurcating
and laterally branched, celluliferous on one face ; branches occurring at inter-
vals of from 2.50 to 7 mm., diverging at an angle of about forty-five degrees;
just above a bifurcation a little less than .50 mm. in width, very gradually
increasing to .60 mm , sometimes of essentially the same size for nearly their
entire length. On the non-celluliferous face the branches are gently con-
vex, striated, from three to five striations on a branch, minutely granulose.
Cell apertures oblique, circular, or sub-polygonal from mutual pressure,

irregularly and very closely disposed, usually in contact.

*********

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Monteith's Point, west shore of Can-
idaigua lake, Ontario county, N. Y.

REPTARIA, RoLLE. 1851,*
Reptaria stolonifera.

PLATE LXV, FIGS. 17-19.

Reptaria sMonif era, Rollk. Leonhai'd & IJronn. Neues Jahrbucii, p. 810, pi. ix, figs. 5, (i. 1851.
Ptilionella peimifonnis, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, ]i. 19"). ISSl.
" " " Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 56. 1884.

ZoARiuM parasitic procumbent, attached for its entire extent; consisting of a
rachis, from which proceed laterally, at regular intervals, simple cell tubes,
and, at irregular distances, tubes which have the same manner of growth as

*I am injlebted to Mi-. John M. Clavlte for calling my attention to this genus, published in a worlc which
has not lieen accessible to me.

an

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 275

the primary rachis ; this mode of growth is continued indefinitely, the
fronds covering a comparatively large area. Cell tubes sub-cylindrical,
sinuous, especially near the base, the attached portion flat, the free portion
convex; length about 2 mm., width .50 mm., turning abruptly outward at
the extremities, the apertures being parallel with the axis of the branch
and broadly oval, generally alternating, occurring at intervals of about
1.33 mm.; for a short distance they are nearly parallel with the rachis, then
diverging at an angle of from thirty-five to forty degrees, margins of the
branches in contact, but not coalescing, the end of each succeeding cell
tube projecting beyond the previous one, giving a serrated appearance to
the margins of the frond. In well-preserved specimens the cell tubes are
strongly annulated and generally obscurely angular along the middle, giving
the annulations the appearance of a row of nodes ; on some portions of the
frond the cells are not angular, but the annulations still have somewhat
the appearance of nodes along the middle of the tube ; the annulations are
broad, abruptly rounded, three in the space of 1 mm., with indications of
faint longitudinal striations.

This species forms comparatively large fronds, fragments occurring nearly
100 mm. in length ; numerous branches apparently originate at a common
ba.se ; on different fronds and on different portions of the same there
is a great irregularity in the frequency of branching ; on one specimen there
are five widely diverging branches in the space of 60 mm. ; on another
frond in the same space there are fourteen branches, diverging at an angle
of thirty degrees, on one portion three branches in the space of 7 mm. The
branch becomes gradually narrower toward the extremity, the last cell being
terminal and extending beyond all the others. All the specimens observed
occur upon the shells or casts of Cephalopoda.

This species may be distinguished from R. nodata by the narrower cell tubes,
and the much less prominent annulations and nodes ; from Hederella conferta by
the difference in the character of the rachis, the more regular arrangement of
the cell tubes, and the prominent annulations.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Cazenovia, Madison county, N. Y.

276 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Reptaria nodata.

KOT FIGDRBD.

PtUinnellanodata, Hau.. Tmns. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 195. 1881.
" " " Report of Stjite Geologist for 1883, p. 57. 1884.

ZoARiUM incrusting or free, procumbent, ramose, consisting of a rachis, from
which proceed lateral tubular cells, and at irregular dist<ance8 branches or
tubules, which have the same manner of growth as the primary rachis ; angle
of divergence from fifteen to ninety degrees. Cell tubes sub-cylindrical, more
or less angular, transverse section depressed-oval, length from 3 to 3 50 mm.,
width a little less than .60 mm., near the extremity turning abruptly outward ;
generally alternating, occurring at intervals of a little more than 1 mm. on
each side of the rachis, and diverging from it at an angle of about thirty-five
degrees ; in contact for nearly their entire length, frequently overlapping
and having the appearance of coalescing; each succeeding cell projects
about .50 mm. beyond the preceding one, giving to the margin of the frond
a serr.ated appearance ; apertures parallel with the axis of the branch, not ele-
vated above the surface, broadly oval, width about three-fourths the length.

The cell tubes are strongly annulated or nodose ; sometimes the annula-
tions extend entirely across the tube, but frequently there is a line of strong
nodes along the middle, and others on the margins ; on account of the over-
lapping of the tubes the marginal nodes are often in contact with the central
line of nodes of the succeeding cells, coalescing with them, and giving to the
cells the appearance of being connected by lateral processes ; there are about
four annulations or nodes in the space of 1.50 mm., and also fine undulating
striae, which have the appearance of being continuous from one cell to another.
On account of the overlapping of the cells the angularity is obscure, and upon
cursory examination they often appear flat, with two rows of prominent
nodes, one on each margin.

This species may be distinguished from Reptaria stolonifera by the larger
cells, wider frond, and much more prominent nodes : from Hederella conferta by
the different appearance of the rachis, the angular cell tubes, and the prominent
annulations and lines of nodes.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 277

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Hopeton, shore of Seneca lake,
Yates county, and in the Genesee Valley, Livingston county, N. Y.

HE DE EEL LA, Hall. 1881.
Hedeeella cirrhosa.

PLATE LXV, FIGS. 12, 13.

BedereUa cirrhosa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 194. 1881.
Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 53. 1S84.

ZoARiDM consisting of a filiform, tubular axis, from which proceed laterally
simple tubular cells, and at irregular intervals other tublues having the same
manner of growth as the main axis ; parasitic, procumbent, attached for
its entire length, occurring on Cyathophylloid corals, Brachiopoda and
Crinoid columns. Cells about 1 mm. in length ; diameter .20 mm. ; trans-
verse section nearly circular, turning abruptly outward at the extremity, the
aperture being parallel with the axis of the branch and circular, generally
alternating, distant on the same side of the branch from 2 to 2.50 mm.,
though sometimes occurring at irregular intervals. Surface marked by
transverse striae and angular annulations.

This species may be easily distinguished from others of this genus by its
much more slender, filiform character.

Formalim and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

Hedeeella Canadensis.

Pi:4ATK LXV, FIGS. 1-8, U and 18?

Alectol Canadensit, Nicholson. Canailian Naturalist, vol. vii. No. 3. 1874.
AiUoporat Canadensis, Nicholsoit. Pal. Prov. of Ontario. 1874.'
Hederella " Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p, 194. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. ,53. 1884.

ZoARiOM parasitic, procumbent, attached for its entire length ; usually occurring
on Corals or Brachiopoda, most frequently on Heliophyllum Haiti. It consists
of a primary cylindrical, tubular axis, which has lateral tubular cells at fre-
quent intervals, and occasionally cells having the same manner of growth as
the primary axis. This mode of growth is indefinitely continued so that large

278 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

surfaces are covered by the zoariura. The cell tubes are sub-cylindrical, at
first rapidly expanding, but for the greater portion of their length the mar-
gins are parallel ; transverse section oval in outline, length from 1.25 to 2
mm., diameter .33 mm., generally arranged in alternating order, and often
regularly distant, on the same side of the branch 1.50 mm. ; the angle of
divergence from the axial tube is sometimes equal to forty-five degrees, at other
times they are in contact with the axis for nearly their entire length, turning
abruptly outward near the end, the apertures being parallel with the axis of
of the branch and a little constricted ; during the process of growth the
apertures are rectangular to the axis. Surface marked by numerous, strong,
transverse striae, with finer striations between, and frequently the stronger
striae have the appearance of prominent annulations ; the cell tubes vary in
their surface characters, some of them having only the prominent annula-
tions, others only the fine striae, while still others have both the annulations
and finer striations, and when well preserved they have also numerous,
very fine longitudinal striae.

This species is intermediate in size between Hederella cirrhosa and Hederella
filiformis ; from the former it is easily distinguished by the greater size of the
cell tubes and the coarser appearance of the frond ; from the latter it may be
distinguished by the smaller diameter and greater length of the cell tubes, the
cells of that species being more than .50 mm. in diameter, and seldom having a
length of more than 1.25 mm.; the frond of this species is also much less com-
pact in appearance : from H. magna it is distinguished by the much smaller size
of the cell tubes, those of that species having a diameter of more than 1 mm.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y.

Hedekella filiformis.

PLATE LXV, FIGS. 9-11.

Anhrpiyra jUiformU, Billisos. Caniulian .Journal, New Series, vol. 4, p. 119. 1850.
Hederella " Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 194. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 54. 1884.

ZoARiUM parasitic, procumbent, attached for its entire length, consisting of an
elongated, sub-cylindrical primary axis, from which proceed, laterally, simple

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 279

tubular cells, and occasionally tubular extensions having the same manner of
growth as the primary axis. Fronds comparatively large, some specimens
entirely cover the exterior of Cyathophylloid corals, which have a length of
75 mm., and a diameter at the calix of 45 mm. Axial tube and lateral cells
sinuous or tortuous, diameter a little more than .50 mm. ; length of cells
generally from 1 to 1.25 mm. ; just before ceasing growth the cell tubes
turn abruptly outward, the apertures being parallel with the axis of the
branch and constricted, the width a little more than one-half the length. Cell
tubes sometimes alternating, at other times occurring opposite to each other,
rapidly expanding for a short distance, but for the greater portion of their
length essentially of the same size ; those on the same side of the axial tube
are quite regularly distant from each other 1.50 mm. One side of the cell
for its entire length is very frequently in contact with the axial tube and
the base of the succeeding cell tube, the frond presenting a compact appear-
ance, but others diverge at an angle of forty-five degrees. The axial tubes
and lateral cells are sharply striated and wrinkled transversely, and when
well preserved have numerous, very fine, longitudinal striations ; on some
cells there are evidences of a line of nodes along the middle.

This species may be easily distinguished from Hederella cirrhosa by the much
larger size of the cell tubes, those of that species having a diameter of only .20
mm., and a proportionally closer arrangement ; it is intermediate in size between
H. Canadensis and H. magna ; from the former it may be distinguished by the
greater diameter and lesser length of the cell tubes, and from the latter by its
more slender form and less compact appearance.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county; near

Canandaigua lake, Ontario county, N. Y., and near Arkona, township of Bosan-

quet, Ontario, Canada.

Hederella confeeta.

SOT FIGDKBD.

PtUicmella con/erta. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 195. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 56. 1884.

ZoARiUM parasitic, usually occurring on Cyathophylloid corals, most frequently
on Heliophyllum Haiti ; procumbent, attached for its entire extent; con-

280 PALjEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK'.

sisting of a main tube or axis from which proceed laterally, at more or less
regular intervals, simple tubular cells, and at irregular distances other tubu-
lar extensions which have the same manner of growth as the primary
axis. This mode of growth is indefinitely continued, so that comparatively
large surfaces are covered by the fronds. The coll tubes are sub-cylindrical,
transverse section broadly oval, length from 2 to 2.50 mm., diameter .50 mm.,
turning abruptly outward at the extremity, the apertures opening on a line
parallel with the axis of the branch and very broadly oval or nearly circular.
Cells generally alternating, distant on the same side of the main axis from
1 to 1.25 mm. ; the angle of divergence from the axial tube is usually from
thirty-five to forty degrees. Surface marked by numerous, very fine, sharp,
transverse striations, and nearly equally fine longitudinal striae, often pre-
senting a minutely cancellated appearance ; on many of the cell tubes there
are also more prominent annulations and wrinkles.

On account of the frequent occurrence of the cell tubes, their margins are
in contact for their entire length, the frond presenting a much more compact
appearance than usual in species of this genus and frequently so closely resem-
bling the genus Reptaria, that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish its generic
relations.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Darien Centre, Genesee county,
N. Y.

Hederella magna.
plate lxv. fig. 15.

Hederella magna. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 195. 1881.
Report of State Geolopst for 1883, p. 55. 1884.

ZoARiUM parasitic, usually occuring on Cyathophylloid corals, most frequently
on Heliophyllum Haiti ; procumbent, .attached for its entire length, consisting
of an axial tube from which proceed lateral, simple, tubular cells, and at
infrequent intervals tubular extensions having the same manner of growth
as the primary axis ; length of cell tubes from 2 to 3 mm , diameter a little
more than 1 mm., transverse section broadly oval ; at first rapidly expand-

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 281

ing, afterward continuing of essentially the same width, bending abruptly
outward near the extremity, the apertures being nearly circular, and having
their margins parallel with the axis ; during the growth the margin is
rectangular to the axis. Cells generally alternating, but sometimes occur-
ring irregularly, very often regularly distant on the same side of the branch
about 2 mm. Surface marked by extremely fine, transverse striae, and fre-
quently by strong annulations, which are more prominent on some tubes
than on others, and sometimes are entirely wanting ; the fine striations
invariably occur, and there are faint indications of longitudinal striae. The
angle of divergence of the cell tubes from tlie axial tube is variable, some-
times being forty degrees, at other times the cells are parallel with and
partially cover the primary axis, overlapping each other ; in this condition the
axial tube is obscured, and the frond has somewhat the appearance of con-
sisting of two parallel lines of cell tubes with the apertures opening outward.

This species can be distinguished from other forms of this genus by its much
larger size.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, York, Livingston county, N. Y,

HERNODIA, Hall. 1881.
Hernodia humifusa.

PLATE LXV, FIGS. 20, 21.

Hernodia humifusa. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 196. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 58. 1884.

ZoARiCM parasitic, procumbent, consisting of tubular cells ; increasing by lateral
gemmation ; from one to three buds from each cell. The cells have a length
of 5 mm., gradually enlarging to the aperture, diameter at the smaller end
.35 mm., the greatest diameter of 1 mm., is at .50 mm. from the aperture.
Apertures slightly constricted, not elevated, rectangular to the axis of the
cell on the specimens observed; transverse section sub-circular; attached
surface flattened, upper surface convex. After budding the parent cell
continues its growth frequently for the extent of 1.50 mm. or even more.

282 PALAEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Surface marked by comparatively strong animlations, concentric and fine
longitudinal Htrisa.

This form, in being parasitic, procumbent and increasing by gemmation,
resembles the genus Aulopora, but the budding is always lateral, the young
cells, for some distance, are in contact and frequently coalescing, with the
parent cell ; the gemmation is more irregular and occurs nearer the base.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Cazenovia, Madison county, N. Y.

BOTRYLLOPORA, Nicholson. 1874.

BOTRYLLOPORA SOCIALIS.

TLATK LXIV, FIGS. 3, 4.

BiitrylUrptnxi socicUU, Nicholsoh. Geological Magazine. Aj)ril, 1S74.

" " " Pal. Piovime of Ontario, Canada. 1874.

Hali,. Report of State Geologist fur 1883, p. 01. 1884.

ZoARiDM consisting of small discoid bodies, occurring singly or in groups, con-
nected by vesicular tissue, adherent to foreign bodies by their under surface
which consists of a concentrically wrinkled epitheca : nearly all the specimens
observed are parasitic on Cyathophylloid or Favositoid corals, sometimes occur-
ring in groups of from seventy-five to a hundred zoaria ; each one having a diam-
eter of from 3.50 to 4 mm., convex, with a concave central area, which is some-
what variable in size, but usually from 1 to 1.50 mm. in diameter. Cells
tubular, rectangular to the surface, disposed in double radiating rows, extend-
ing above the surface and forming prominent ridges about .30 mm. in width;
a<ljacent ridges generally separated by a space about equal in width to that
of a ray, but sometimes more closely disposed. Alternate ridges extend
from the margin to the depressed central area, the others from one-half to
two-thirds that distance. Cell apertures minute, circular, diameter .10 or .12
mm., in contact, often inosculating, having the appearance of being immersed.
Each zoarium has from twenty to twenty-four rays, or from forty to forty-
eight ranges of cells. Intercellular space vesiculose, vesicles comparatively
large, and irregularly disposed.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 283

The concave central space, lying between the ridges of apertures, and be-
tween the zoaria forming the colony, is buUate ; the bullag in the central space
have a diameter of from .15 to .25 mm. and are polygonal; those between
the ridges are much smaller, having a diameter of from .6 to .10 mm. ; those
between the individual zoaria are of two kinds, one circular or sub-polygonal
from mutual pressure, the diameter generally from .50 to .60 mm., rarely a
little more ; these are very frequently in contact, and when separated the
space between them is occupied by bullae similar to those between the
celluliferous ridges. When the surface becomes worn the upper walls of the
bullae or vesicles are worn or broken away, they have the appearance of
shallow pits.

This genus isvery similar to some forms of the genera Radiopora, or Actino-
PORA, of D'Orbigny. (Paleontologie Francaise ; Cretaceous Bryozoa. Plates
644 and 649.)

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Le Roy, N. Y., and West Williams,
Ontario, Canada.

PTILOPORA, McCoy. 1849.

Ptilopora striata.

plate i.xvi, figs. 30-33.

Ptilcpora Ktriata, Hall. TranR. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. lOli. I8S1.
" " " ReiMirt of Stole Geologist for 188:i, p. 58. 1884.

ZoABiDM consisting of a strong stipe or midrib, proceeding from a spreading
base, or from rootlets attached to foreign bodies, and having slender equi-
distant lateral branches, connected by slender processes or dissepiments ;
celluliferous on one face only. The base of the stipe has a width of 1.50 mm. or
more, gradually tapering to .25 mm. ; transverse section circular or broadly
oval; lateral branches .25 mm. in width, uniform in size, diverging from
the midrib at an angle of about forty-five degrees, regularly distant a little
less than twice the width, seven in the space of 5 mm., transverse section
broadly oval or circular.

On the non-celluliferous face the midrib and branches are rounded and
striated ; on the lateral branches the striae are of uniform size, five or six

284 PALJEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

on each branch ; on the midrib they are alternating, the smaller ones very
fine, scarcely perceptible. Dissepiments very slender, width less than half
that of the branches, rounded, finely striated, depressed below the plane of
the branches and scarcely expanded at their junction, usually distant about
1 mm., but sometimes two occur very close together, not more than .20 mm.
distant. On the celluliferous face the mibrib is of about the same convexity
as on the opposite side ; the lateral branches are more abruptly convex, the
midrib striated, striations similar to those of the opposite face. Cell aper-
tures in two ranges, those on the midrib oval, opening laterally, so that look-
ing directly upon the surface they can scarcely be distinguished ; separated
by less than the length of an aperture, fourteen in the space of 5 mm.
Lateral branches very much depressed ; apertures a little larger, more nearly
circular and more conspicuous than on the midrib, opening laterally, sepa-
rated by about two-thirds the diameter of an aperture ; when occurring
opposite a dissepiment they frequently extend a short distance upon it and
open directly outward. Peristomes of all the apertures thin, distinctly and
equally elevated. Dissepiments abruptly rounded and very much depressed.
** * * * * * * *

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Moscow, Livingston county, and
other localities in Central and Western New York ; and also at West Williams,
Ontario, Canada.

Ptilopora infreqoens, n. sp.

PLATE LXVI, FIGS. 26-39.

Midrib slender, width, on the fragments observed, about .33 mm., scarcely
tapering; branches one-half the width of the midrib, distant about 1.25 mm. ;
midrib and branches striated, striae alternating in size. Dissepiments very
slender, much depressed below the plane of the branches, and not expanding
at their junction. The celluliferous face has not been observed.

This species will be easily distinguished from Ptilopora striata and P. nodosa
by the much less frequent lateral branches.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 285

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Western New York. Particular
locality not recorded.

Ptilopora nodosa.

PLATE LXVI, FIG. 25.

Ptilttpora nodosa. Hall. Ti-ans. Albany Institute, vol. x, p. 196. 1881.

Report of State Geologist for 1883, p. 59. 1884.

ZoARiUM consisting of a stipe or midrib proceeding from a spreading base
attached to other organic bodies, and having equidistant lateral branches,
connected by dissepiments. On the fragments observed the stipe is
about .33 mm. in width, essentially uniform in size ; transverse section
circular or broadly oval ; lateral branches about .20 mm. in width, regularly
distant more than twice the width of a branch, eight or nine in the space of
5 mm., diverging from the midrib at an angle of about seventy-five degrees.

On the non-celluliferous face the midrib and later.al branches are convex,
and finely striated. Dissepiments abruptly rounded, finely striated, depressed
below the plane of the branches and scarcely expanding at their junction,
usually occurring at intervals of about 1 mm. or a little less.

On the celluliferous face the midrib is of about the same convexity as on
the opposite face ; the lateral branches are more abruptly convex ; midrib
finely striated, and with a row of comparatively prominent equidistant
nodes along the middle, about eleven in the space of 5 mm. Cell aper-
tures oval, in two ranges, opening laterally ; looking directly upon the midrib
they are scarcely distinguishable, on the branches they are more conspicuous ;
separated by about two- thirds the length of an aperture, fifteen in the space
of 5 mm. Peristomes thin, distinctly and equally elevated. There is a row
of nodes along the middle of the branches, smaller and morie closely disposed
than those on the midrib. Dissepiments sharply rounded, striated, much
depressed below the plane of the branches.

Formation and locality. Hamilton group, Railroad cutting, two and one-half
miles east of Alden station, Erie county, N. Y.

286 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

FENESTRAPORA, Hall. 1884.
Fenestrapoba biperforata.

PLATE LXVI, FIGS. 34-39.
Ptnestrapora hiperfitmia. Hall. Report of State Geologist for 1884, pi. 2, tig-. 17. 18!>r).

Bryozoum infundibuliform ; branches moderately slender, width above a bifur-
cation from .20 to .30 mm., increasing to .45 or .50 mm., straight, sinuous or
zig-zag, according to the position of the dissepiments ; narrower portions of
the branches rounded or sub-angular, becoming flattened as they approach a
bifurcation ; sometimes there is a strong striation along the middle of the flat-
tened branch, having the appearance of a carina ; at other times there are irregu-
larly disposed, short, interrupted striations and frequently the branch is marked
by numerous, comparatively strong granules or small nodes ; there are also
pores or perforations, irregularly disposed and greatly varying in number in
different fronds, often numerous, sometimes oval, length .30 mm., width one-
third the length, without peristomes ; at other times these pores are elongate-
triangular, the upper portion strongly elevated ; these pores sometimes occur
on the dissepiments, and altogether they frequently form the most conspic-
uous feature of this face of the frond. Interstices wider than the branches.
Dissepiments strong, width from .30 to .40 mm., and occasionally even more,
flattened or rounded, on a plane with the branches and expanded at their
junction, five in the space of 5 mm. Fenestrules oval, length generally from
.60 to .70 mm., width from one-half to two-thirds the length.

On the celluliferous face the branches are angular. Dissepiments rounded,
much depressed. Fenestrules narrower than on the opposite face. Cell
apertures in two ranges, sometimes slightly oblique to the axis of the branch,
opening almost directly outward, eighteen in the space of 5 mm., separated by
less than the diameter of an aperture. Peristomes strong, distinctly elevated,
indenting the borders of the fenestrules. Surface between the ranges of
apertures carinated ; carina about .25 mm. in height, for about one-half that
distance very thin, then rapidly expanding to a width of .10 or .12 mm., the
summit usually flat, and with a row of oval pores, which are frequently

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 287

nearly or quite in contact ; one portion of the peristomes is much the more
strongly elevated, sometimes giving a nodes appearance ; occasionally
the summit of the carina is angular and has two rows of nodes.

Formation and localities. Hamilton group, Moscow, Livingston county ; Mut-
tonville. North Bristol Township, Ontario county ; Montieth's Point, west
shore of Canandaigua lake, Ontario county ; Black Point, Canandaigua lake,
N. Y., and other localities in the central and western part of the State.

Note. — The two fuUowing species were omitted in the proper place in the text of the volume, pag«s

87 and 98.

LICHENOTRYPA, Ulrich. 1S85.

LiCHENALIA (LiCHENOTRYPA) LONGISPINA.

PLATE XXV, FIGS. U, \1.

Lichenalia limgispina, \\ khi.. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p II. 18S1.
Liclienatrypa lavemota, Ulrich. Cont. Amer. Pal., vol. I, No. I, p. 24. 188.').

" lon.gii>pina,'il\u,. Report of State Geologist for ISSti, advance sheets. PI. 3,5, ligs. 11, 12. 1886.

" cuipera, Ulbicu. Cont. Amer. Pal., vol. 1, pi. '.', tig. 1.

ZoARiUM consisting of thin lamellate expansions, incrusting other objects. In
the earlier stages of growth the cell tubes are extremely short, the apertures
oval, length from .25 to .30 mm., width two-thirds the length, closely and
irregularly disposed. Peristomes strong, sub-equally elevated. Interaper-
tural space smooth, flat or slightly concave. In the course of growth the
intermediate .space is traversed by thin walls, having a height of .50 mm. or
more, and frequently connecting the posterior portions of the peristomes,
inclosing the apertures in polygonal areas, and having the appearance of
an irregular net-work. At the angles of the elevations there are prominent
spines which sometimes attain a height of 1 mm. or more. The peristomes
of many of the apertures are elevated equally with the interapertural walls.
Intercellular space irregularly vesiculose.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Falls of the Ohio river.

288 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

Prismopora sparsipora.

PLATE XXXII, FIGS. 2t-«8.

Thalloftiff'nn sjMrsipora, Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 13. 1881.
Pri»mi>pora " " Report of State Geologrist for 1885, advance sheets. PI. 32, figs. 25-28.

1886.

ZoARiUM consisting of triangular, bifurcating branches, sides concave, two of
them equal in length, the third a little wider. Cell apertures minute, oval
or obscurely trilobate, arranged in oblique, ascending rows, from the middle
of each face, comparatively infrequent ; the apertures at the middle of the
branch are the smallest, having a length of about . 1 8 mm., gradually growing
larger to the margin, where they have a length of from .22 to .25 mm., and
are frequently pustuliform. Peristomes strong, equally elevated, and with two
slight denticulations on the posterior portion. Surface flat, finely granulose.

All the specimens observed are flattened, and in this condition have very
much the appearance of Lichenalia. It may be distinguished from P. subcon-
cava and P. triquetra by its wider branches and more distant apertures ; from
P. paudrama by its smaller and more infrequent cell apertures ; from P. lata by
its narrower branches, smaller and more infrequent cell apertures.

Formatim and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

CORALS AND BRYOZOA. 289

CLONOPORA, Hall. 1881.
Clonopora fasciculata, n. sp.

PLATE LXVI, FIGS. 1, 2.

Zoarium simple or ramose, from 1 to 1.50 mm. in diameter. Cell tubes cylin-
drical, of nearly uniform size their entire length, diameter about .33 mm.;
for two-thirds their length they are sub-parallel, diverging very gradually,
then turning abruptly outward, they continue growth at an angle of about
forty-five degrees to the axis of the zoarium. On one frond, which is appar-
ently well preserved, the cells cease growth on turning outward.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Onondaga Valley, N. Y.

Clonopora semireducta.

plate LXVI, FIGS. 3, 4.
Clinurpnra semireducta. Hall. Trana. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 20. 1881.

Zoarium ramose, branches generally consisting of an aggregation of cylindrical
cell tubes, diameter about 1 mm. ; cell tubes 2.50 in length, diameter .25 mm. ;
essentially parallel with the axis of the branch until within about 1 mm. of
the aperture, where they turn abruptly outward and continue at nearly right
angles to the axis. Most of the specimens consist simply of an aggregation
of cell tubes, but some of them have apparently an intercellular substance.

This species may be distinguished from C fasciculata by its smaller size.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Clonopora incurva.

I'LATK LXVI, FIGS. 8, 6.
Clonopora incurta. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, (). 20. 1881.

Zoarium about 1.50 mm. in diameter. Length of cell tubes from 3.50 to 4 mm.,
gradually enlarging to the aperture, where the diameter is about .50 mm.
Eight or ten cells commence growth at the same time at the center of the
stipe, gradually diverging till within 1.50 mm. from the apertures, when
they turn abruptly outward. The apertures are spirally arranged, the group
of cells being umbelliforra, the zoarium consisting of a succession of these
groups of cells.
Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group, Manlius, N. Y.

ADDENDA.
RECEPTACULITES, De France. 1827.

ReC'EPTACULITES INFUNDIUULIFORMIS.

I'LATK XXIV, FIOS. 3-11.

Cosciwqtora 'mfuiidibtdif<rrmh, ((joldkiiss) Eaton. Qeol. Text Hook. 1833.

ReceptaciiUUs iufwulibuliformis, (Eaton) Hall. Sixteenth Rc{)t. N. Y. State Cabinet of Nat. Hist., p. 67.

1863.
•• «« " " Report of SUte Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 23, fig. 10.

1883.
ReceptaculiUs inonticulatus. Hall. Rejwrt of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 23, figs. 3-9, 11. 1883.
Not Cose'mopora infimdibulifonais, Goldkdss.

Sponge usu<ally discoid, sometimes broadly infundibuliform. The upper sur-
face is more or less depressed with frequently a small conical projection in
the center. The summit plates of the spicules are from 1 to 4 mm. in
width. The best preserved specimens show prominent nodes or spines at
the angles of junction of the cavities left by the solution of the plates of
the upper layer, which probably are the fillings of perforations at the angles
of the junction of the spicular plates, as described by Dr. J. G. Hinde in
R. occidentalis, Salter, (Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. xl, pi. 37, figs. 3d, f g.)
Vertical spicules from 4 to 8 mm. in length and from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter.
The largest specimen observed measures 140 mm. across the disk and has a
central depressed area 100 mm. in diameter. The smallest specimen yet
noticed has a diameter of 29 mm., and the height of the cup is about 15 mm.

The forms indicated under the name R. monticulatus, in the Report of the
State Geologist, prove to be small and better preserved specimens of the
original species described by Eaton.

Formation and locality. In the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group, near Clarksville, Albany county, N. Y.

PROTOZOA. 291

ISCHADITES, MuRCHisoN. 1839.

ISCHADITES SQUAMIFER.

PLATE XXIV, PIGS. 1, 2.

Dictyocrinites, Conrad. Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey, N. Y. 1841.

DUtyocrinus gquamifer, Hall. Pal. N. Y. Vol. iii, p. 135, p. 7a, figs. 11-13. 1859.

Beceptaculites " " Rejiort of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 23, figs. 1, 2. 1883.

Body pyriform, regularly rounded on the base, conical above and perforate at
the summit by an aperture about 5 mm. in diameter. The summit plates of
the spicules have curved edges and appear to imbricate, the lower sides being
depressed below the anterior edges of the adjacent inferior plates. In the
zonal region the plates have a width of from 1 to 2 mm., and their size
decreases very gradually towards the base and quite rapidly towards the
summit, where they have a width of less than 1 mm. The vertical spicular
rays were very slender, having a thickness of about 5 mm. from their distal
extremities. The original specimen figured by Mr. Conrad has a height of
34 mm., and a diameter of 33 mm. at the lower third of the height.

Specimens of this species are quite uncommon and so far as observed they
are usually completely filled with chalcedony. The type specimen, however,
is filled with calc spar.

Formatum and locality. In the limestones of the Lower Helderberg group at
Schoharie, N. Y.

ISCHADITES BCRSIFORMIS.

I'l.ATK XXIV, FIGS. I'J-U.
ReceptacfUiUs bandformis, Halu Report of State Geologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 23, figs. 12-14. 1883.

The original form of this sponge is not clearly shown in the specimens at hand
on account of the various degrees and directions of compression to which
they have been subjected. Three specimens are sub-pyriform with terminal
summits, and two are discoidal with eccentric summits. The zonal plates
have a width of about 2.5 mm. Near the summit they are small and very
numerous, and have a width of about 1 mm. None of the specimens show

292 PALEONTOLOGY OF NEW YORK.

the nature of the vertical spicules, but they usually preserve the impression
of the terminal radial spicules in the rhombic concavities left in the removal
of the summit plates of the spicules. The largest specimen observed is very
much compressed and shows a length of 100 mm., and a diameter of nearly
80 mm. A small pyriform specimen has a length of 33 mm., and a diam-
eter of 25 mm.

These sponges are very poorly preserved, in common with the majority
of the fossils from the Schoharie grit, and show obscurely the superficial
characters. It is, however, interesting to record this form from that horizon,
as none have previously been described from aren.aceous rocks.

This species may be readily distinguished, from 7. squamifer., of the Lower
Helderberg group, by the larger summit plates of the spicules, with no .appear-
ance of imbrication.

Formation and localities. In the Schoharie grit, Albany and Schoharie
counties, N. Y.

Thamniscus nanus.

PLATE LXVI, FIGS. U-13.
Thamniaeiui nanus. Hall. Trans. Albany Institute, vol. x, abstract, p. 19. 1881.

ZoARiUM fruticose ; bifurcations frequent, occurring at intervals of from 1 to
2.50 mm. ; branches diverging at an angle of from fifteen to forty-five degrees.
Non-celluliferous face rounded, becoming flattened just below a bifurcation.
Cells tubular, cylindrical. Cell apertures circular or slightly oval; diameter
from .20 to .25 mm. ; very irregularly disposed, distance apart varying from
contact to .50 mm. or more. Peristomes strong, usually equally elevated,
but sometimes the posterior portion is the more prominent.

Formation and locality. Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

IISrDEX

TO GENERA AND SPECIES DESCRIBED OR NOTICED IN THIS

VOLUME.

[ The heavy-faced numbers indicate the description of a genus or species

]

PAGE.

PAGE.

ACANTIIOCI.EMA, HaU,

XV, 72, 183

190

Callopora (Callotry|)a) maciopora, Hall.

xvi

a*

A.

atiemata. Hall, .

72

C.

(C. ) macropora, v;ir. sij?

nata. Hall,

25

A.

nltci-natiim, JJall, .w, 72

180, 183, 190

192

C.

(C. ) oculifera, HaU,

27

A.

(livergerKs, Hall,

73

C.

(C. ) paucipora, HaU,

Kxpl. pi.

x.xiii

A.

llaiiiiltnnensc, HaU, . IHO

181, 182, 183,

191

C.

(C. ) striata. Hall,

. 26

A.

ovalam^ HaU,

73

C.

(C. ) unispina, HaU, .

xvi

26

A.

scutulaluni, HaU, .vv, 178,

17i), 180, 190,

192

c.

(Coilocaulis) aculoolata, HaU,

. xvi

■ 76

A.

Buk'atiiii), HaU, .

181, 182

192

c.

(C. ) Hyale, HaU,

76

A.

trlnvrinlc, HaU,

73, 7*,

192

c.

(0. ) irregularis. Hall,

76

"7

ACKOUKNIA, Hall, ....

XX,

.67

V.

(C. ) mediopora. HaU, .

23

A.

I)rolifem, Hall

XX,

267

c.

IC. ) venusta, HaU,

xvi

23

Ac

TINOI'OKA, Jrurbigny,

283

Callotuvi-a, Hall,

. xvi, 24

189

Alectol Canadentit, Nicliolsoii,

. XXTi,

277

Cekameli.a, HaU

. xix

240

Ai

VEOi.iTKS, Lamarck, .

XHI, 11,

3«

C.

scidacea, HaU, . . .

xix

240

A.

escliaroitlvr'., Lamarrk»

xiii

Ceramopoba, HaU

xvill, 33

285

A.

ex|>laiialu», HaU,

xiii.

11

0.

cxplanata, HaU,

235

Ai;i.uF(>KA, aoU/uu, ....

Xl.3,

202

C.

imbricala, RaU,

xviii, 33

236

A

1 Canadentit, NiclioJ.wii, .

.

277

C.

labcculoidea, HaU,

xviii

33

A.

elonjpita, HaU,

a

C.

maculata, HaU,

xviii, 33,

34

A.

fil^ormit, Uilliiiirti,

278

C.

parvicella. Hall,

35

A.

.-Scholiai la;, HaU,

. xii,:;.

4

C.I

parvicella, HaU,

34

A.

tH:ri>eiid, Ootd/utt,

xi

V.

(Bercnicea) maxim.i, HaU,

34

A.

ticr\Minn var. iiiinur, GoUlfuta,

8

C. ?

(Lic.lienalia) foliacea, Hall, .

. 235,

236

A.

Hubtciiuid, HaU,

. •*.

5

C.

{!'. ) foliacea. Hall,

241

A.

tubairui'iiiU, OoU/utt,

3

Ceralophytet dubius, tiiMolUeUn,

xxii

A.

tabula, HaU,

xii.

S

Cerioporal HamUtoneittis, UlcUoiaon, .

,

191

UactkuI'oha , J7(ii<, . . . .

XV,

193

Ch.etetks, Fischer

xiii, 11,

12

B.

curvata, HaU,

XX,

194

C.

abruptus. Hall,

13

li.

j^raiiUlriala, HaU,

XV,

193

c.

colliculatus, HaU,

xiii, 11,

12

BoTBVl.l.oi'OKA, .ATicAoiJon.

. XXTl.

262

c.

corticosa. Hall,

15

11

Hoc.ialU, (NichottonJ HaU,

. xxvl,

282

c.

fruticosus. Hall,

12

Butcopora dentaia, Ulrirh,

77

c.

HOderbergia, Hall,

15

Cttl

aiiiapora incrurftaii.-*, PhUlipt,

(Viii

c.

nionticulalu8, HaU,

xiii.

la

(J A

.huvuiiJi. HaU, ....

XT, 21, 75,

189

c.

railian.s, Fischer, .

xiii

c.

acultotata. Hall,

76

c.

tphasrica. Hall,

9

c.

bipunctata. Hall, .

191

c.

Uibulatut, Hall,

xiv.

14

c.

bitpiimUUa, Hall,

162

c.

undulatua, Nicholson,

xiii

V.

rollulosa, Hatt,

21.23,

29

c.

(Monolrypella) abruplua. Hall,

xiv.

13

c.

elCKaatula, HaU,

xy,

22

y).

IM. ) arbusculin. Hall, .

xiv.

12

c.

geiiicnlata, HaU, .

75

C.

(M. ) dcnsus, HaU,

14

c.

191

C.

irtyclionema) tabulatu.s, HaU,

. xiv,

14

c.

hemUpherica, Hall,

KU

Cladopora, HaU, ....

xii

Valtoporaheteropora, lliiU,

25,

20 !

Clathropora carinata, Ha.l\, .

89

C.

Hy<iU, Hall,

76

c.

tiriatura. Hall, .

88

C.

internodata. Hall,

189

C'LONOPOKA, HaU, ....

xxy.

289

C.

irreffularU, Hal

76

C.

Bcmireducta, HaU,

XXV,

289

C.

maercpora. Hall, .

21,

24

C.

incurva, HaU, ....

. XXV,

Z89

C.

maaUota, Uall,

30

C.

fasciculaUi, HaU, .

289

C.

mulU8crlala, HaU,

xvi.

75

C(Elx>CAULIg, HaU, ....

xvi, 28,

76

C.

oeuHfera, Hall,

27

Cornulites modestus, HaU,

. Expl. pi.

ii

C.

o|i|ilcta, HaU,

21

tkjSCINELLA, H<lU, ....

xix

C.

paratUica, Hall,

• 23,

28 1

c.

eleganlula, HaU, .

. xix, 238,

239

c.

|ier(]legan4, HttU, .

xvi.

22 1

Coscii,lVM, Keyierling, . . xix, 88, 238,

240

c.

ponderota. Hall,

S7 t

c.

coacini/urme. Hall,

239

c.

vtnutta. Hall,

xvi, 22, 23,

29 1

C.

cribri/orme, l*roui, .

89

c.

unitpina. Hall,

28,

27 ;

c.

Cyclops, Keyterling,

,

xix

Calloporn (Callotrypu) heleropora, HtiU,

25

c.

Keyeerlingi, J'rout, .

89

C.

(U. ) intemodata, BaU, .

.

189

c.

striatum, HaU,

xix, 238,

210

294

INDEX.

CoMlnium striatarum, Hall, .... xix, 88

Fenttttlla aUteUata. HM.

PAGE.

ino

119

CoicbMpora it^ndilmUfonni; (Gol.inis*) Baton, . ' im)

F.

lultiata, HaU. .

CoaCIKOTRYPA, JIall xlT. 89

F.

euivijuiictiua. Hall.

107

C.

earinata. Hall, 88, 89

F.

(lepiessa, Hull.

. 106, 111

C.

eHbrVormU var. earinata. Hall, . . xix. SB

V.

dispanda. Hall. .

114

Critinal $erobiculata, UtM, xxv, im

F.

dispandut. Hall,

. 114

CKI8INKLI.A, Htdl XXV,' 103

F.

dittans. Hall,

161

C.

scrohiculaln. Hall. xxv 10.1

V.

cicclipoia, Hall.

117, 118

CJf»ro<«e<»o 0*»«rt'. Meek, ... go

V.

Kuiloia HaU,

. 58, 68

C.

ocellata. Uliich at

F.

Kudoral Hall,

59

CvsToi-ORA. UaU, 3IXT loa

F.

cxoniata, Hall.

U7

c.

KeniculatJi, Hall xxv. 103

F.

JUibeUiformis. Hall

. I«l

UlAMBlM>IH>KA. Hall. XT 1» 7->

F.

Ki-.-inileni, Hall. .

119, litS

u.

cami-ralii, Hull, . xv ^9

*■.

yrtmilinea. Mall.

107. 1.^4

D

constricla. Hall, .... xv, 19, 20

F

hexagonalis, Hall, .

164

I).

ilii-liotonia. Hall, .... xx

F.

ItexagmuUiavar. /oraminuloaa,l\»\\, i(a

u.

ilispei-sa. Hall, ..... go

K.

llotia, HaU.

48, 68

tHctyocriniitt, Coniail, . . .291

F.

lilulia, Hull. .

88, 68

D

sgiumiftr, Hall 291

/•.

Idothea. Hall

«0, 68

Kri<lo|K)i-a minima, Ulrich, , . .81

K.

iiUciiupta, Hall.

1 18, 123, 128

E*eharopom lirata. Hall, ... 38

F.

iunceus, HaU.

44. 68

S.

7iebuU>$a, Hall, ...... 40

K.

labiala. HaU. .

ll.S 126

E.

tenuit, Hall, . . • . . $9

F.

Uirgissimti, Hall,

166

E.

(? Palcschaia) liifolinl.i, flii//. .40

F.

lalijiiiictiua, Hall, .

107, 128

Etcharopora C Ptilodictt/aJ liratu. ll!il\, 40

K.

levihiidata. HnU,

169

£

(P. Jnebulotu, HM, .40

F.

liiimlala, HaU,

121

B.

(P. Jtenuit, H 11. . . . 40

F

inullaruluala, .

219,221, 224

FAV0.SITE8, iomnrci xlll.,-<. 11. 208

.F.

muUMlis. Hall,

> 166

K.

alvcolala, Lamar'^b, .... xiii

.F.

Nervia. Hall, .

55

F.

conir.as. Hall. . . .^jij^ 9

/■.

nexa. Hall, .

16.1

F.

HeMcrhcrBi.T, Hnll, . . . . 8, IB

F.

Noo, HaU,

47, 68

F.

minimus Hall. ..... 9

F.

orliirania,

107

F.

Niagarensl.'i, Halt, .... 8

.F.

papilUita. JIall,

. 65

F.

prnximug. Hall. ... 10

F.

paiallcla, HaU, .

•07, 155

F.

splijericus, Hall, . , . . 9, 10

/•.

paieUifera, Uliiili,

. 104

r.

tpherieut. Hall, .... 9

F.

paxUhiUi, Hall. .

. 62, 65

FAVICKbl.A, Hall, .... XTlil, 2.11

F

ptHMiliaris, HaU,

113

F.

inclusa, flaU, .... xvili, i834

.F.

perangulata. Hall

162

ntHEBTKU.A, {Miller) LotuilaU, xxli, xxlv. 43, .\5, 68, 101

.F.

perundaia, Hall, .

163

F.

aeuleaia. Hall, ..... 1B7

F.

pormarginala, Hall, .

. 127

F.

adnata. Hall, . . .152

F.

peiplu.Na, HaU,

ISO

F.

a<lnniatn. Hall, 66, 68

F.

penciuii.s, HaU..

. 106, 107

F.

Ailrasic, Hall, ..... 48, 68

K.

f liilia, HaU.

60, 68

F.

scquMs, H<dl, . .lis

/•.

planiramosa. H;ill,

61

F.

-«8\le, HaU, 46, 68

.F

porosa. Hall,

163

F.

Ailhxii, Hall, .... .48, B8

/■.

prascursor. Hall,

54

F.

Arta, Hall, ,11, ei

F.

pr(M;LTita.>4, HaU, .

118, 117

F.

W^wnert*, Ulrich, i:jo

/■•.

propria. Hall, .

. 157

F.

ItiimhriraUi. HaU, .... ai2, 124

.F.

quadrangulurit, Hall,

158

F.

bi8criala. Hall, 113

F.

i|uailiula. Hall,

45, 83, 68

F.

biserrulata, fliji/, .119, 188, 12!)

F.

rigi<ln. Hall,

155

F.

broHttllcata. Hall Kjg

F.

rhombi/ara. Hall,

. 120

F.

etUiporii, Hall ijo

F.

robutta. Hall,

l.K, 164

F.

edtiporn var minima. Hall, ... 151

F.

tculplitit. Uliicli,

. 109

F.

ce2j{pora var. minor, II all, . .151

F.

scmirulunila, .HnU,

124, 128

V

clatlirata, //ni/, . .117

F.

scirata, ft/«, .

lOS, lOli, 110, 111

K.

Cleia, Hall 48, 68

F.

ulngularltaa, HnH,

114

F.

compada. Hall, ..... 63

F.

siniiona, HaU, .

. 116

F.

comprata. Hall, ... 61

F.

.Spio, fla«, .

47, 68

f.

confertipora, /7aU, |o8, 196

F.

Btellata, HaU, .

105, 109,1111, 111

F.

coroniH, HaU, . . 81, 68

F.

striata, /Tott

l-HI, 181

r.

ertbfeeiu. Hall, ..... 170

F.

stiiatdpora, HaU,

. 188

V.

orebrlpora, HaU, 43, 48, 68

F.

HtricU, HaU,

68

INDEX.

295

FmesteUa submutam. Hall, .

r. Sylvia, Hall,

¥. Thjene, Hatt, .

F. tcnella, Ball,

F. tenuis. Ball,

F. tulierciilata, floK,

F. variapora. Ball,

F. vcri-ucosa. Ball,

F. {Btmiirypa) acaulit, Hall,

K. (H. ) bioido, Ball,

F. (H. ) bisciialis. Ball,

PAGE.

. 167

xxii, 49, 68

60, 68

105, 106, 107

. ■ . 109

116

xxii, 104, 107, 13-2

110

. 131

147, 149

xxiii, 67, 5»<, 68

F. (H. ) biserialis, var. i-\ilis. Ball, 57, 68

F. (H. ) columellata, BaU, 146, H8, 150

F. (II. ) crilirosa, BaU, 148, 147, 149, liW

F. [H. ) conjunctiva. Hall, xxiii, I4.-J

F. {H. ) elegantUsima, Hall, 140
*". (J?- )/a$Hgata, Hall, .141

F. (H. )t&\o»a,BaU, . 117,148, ISO

F. [B. )granifera,\\M, . 12.1

F. i.B. )lata,HM, . xxiii, 136

F. (H. ) nana, Ball. 147, 1.50

F. (H. ) -Vervia, Ball, . . M, 63

F. {B. ) Ifervial, Ua» . . M

.*". IB. )Nerviavar conitricta,UaU, 96

F. {B. . )perpUxa, Hall, 130

F. (B. ) pernodota, IIM, ... 139

F. (.ff. ) ^ipata. Hall 134

)tegulata,Uan, . . 13.5

. 143

xxiii, 144

. xxiii, N.*)

187, 167

F. (B. .

F. (Uotrypa) conjunctiva, BaU.

F. (IvOculifKira) circumbtata. Ball

r. (L. ) iicrfoiata, B<ai,

F. (Polypors) aculeala, Ball.

V. (I*. ) adnata. Ball, .... 16*

F. (P. ) arts, BaU, .63, t»5, Ii8

F. (P. ) brcvisuIcata.'fliiO, . 168

r. (P. ) carineila, BaU, 163

F. (P. ) cclsipora, BaU, . . 160, l.il

F. (P. ) celsipora ?, .ffoU, ... ISO

F. (P. ) celsipora var. minima. BaU, . . 181

F. (P. ) celsipora var. ininur, Hall, 181

F. (P. ) compacta, HiUl. . .63, m

V. (P. ) compressa, /r<iU. 61, 0^

F. (P. ) crebcscens, ffrtU, .170

r. (P. ) cnltcllata, BaU, 160

F. (P. )<\.\t,\Ana, Batt, . 161, 16'

F. (P. ) elongata, Batt, 183, ISI

F. (P. ) Eudora, BaU, .88

F. (P. ) Setulata. BaU, ISI

F. (P. ) flabellirormiK, B<M, ■--. • 16'l

F. (P. ) granllinea. BaU. 184

p. (P. )hexagonali.'i, AaU. xxiv, in:i. 164. I6'i

|r, (P. ) hexa^nalis var. foraininulosa, //aU, 106

F. (P. ) Idotliea, BaU 60

F. (P. ) IvTinodata, BaU, 160

F. (P. I lavlgtriata, BaU, . . 160

F. (P. ) larerissima, BaU, . 186, 170

F. (P. )LII«ea, flafl, . 62, 68

F. (P. ) mntabiliB, BaU, . lliS, 166

F. (P. ) nexa, BaU. lex, 166

(P. ) obliqaa, BaU, 64, 68

(P. ) orbirama, BaU 1S3

K
K
F.

r.

(P-
(P.

) paxillata, HaU,
) peraopilata, HaU,

as, tm

. 162

PAGE,

Fenestella (Polypora) perundata, floiJ, . 103, 164

F. (P. ) porosa. Ball, .... 163

F. (P. ) propria, BaU, . 157

F. (P. ) quadrangiilaris, iTn?/, . 158,159, 168

F. (P. ) rigida, fioK, . 155, 162

F. (P. ) robusta, flaZf, xxiv, 116, 136

F. U'. . ) rustica, BaU, . . . 169

F. (P. ' ) separata, fliiJJ, . . 165,166

F. . (P. ) striatopora, Ball, . .168

F. (I". ) alvXcla., Ball, . .59

F. (P. ) submutaiis, iTnH, , 167

F. (Ptiloporella) inequalis, -flwW, . 171, 174

F. (P. ) laticrcscen.-*. ffn/f. xxiv, 171, 173, 174

F. (Ptiloporina) conica, /r«W, . . xxiv, 173

F. (P. ) disparilis, flViK. . 171,173, 174

F. (P. ) pinnata, flaJJ, .17a

F. (1*. ■ ) sinislralis, flail, . xxiv, 171, 174

F. (Ilcteporina) coalescens, flnii, 118,180

V. (U. ) rhoinbifera, flo/J. 118, 119, 180, 121

F. (Unitrypa) acaulis. Ball. 105, 131, 132, 134

F. (U. ) acaulis var inc'linis, flaii, . 138

F. lU. ) acclivis, flh//, . . 138, 141

F. (U ? ) consimilis, HaU, . 14^

F. (IJ ) elegantissima, fln«, 139,140

F. (U. ) fivstigata. Ball. . . 136, 138, 141

F. (U. ) Bcticins, HaU, . 137

F. (U. ) lata. Ball, . xxiii, 136

F. (U. ) nana, Bull, . . 133, 148

K. {V. ) Ncrvia, BaU. . 46, 65, (58

K. (U. ) Nervia var. constricta, Hall, 50, 68

K. tU. ) precursor, Ball, 54, 6S

F. (U. ) pernodosa. Hall, xxiii, 130. 141

F. (U. ) projecta, HnU 138

F. lU. ) scalaris, HnU. . 137

F. lU. ) stipata, HaU. 133, 134, 136, 138, 147

F. (U. ) legulata, HaU. 1:B, 134, 138, 138

F (IT. ) transvonsa, HaU, . 132

FENKSTKAPOKA, Hall. .... XXll, 286

F biperlorala, Hall, .... xxii, 886

FISTULIPORA, McCiiy, Xvlll, 27, 209, 235, 240

K. conlertipora, Ball, xviii, 206, 811, 21.i, 215, 219, 220

F. constricta. Ball, 200, 203, 208, 217, 218, 225, 287, 234

F. crassa, Rominger, . .30

F. dccipiens, .ffoJJ, . 219, 221, 224, 231, 838, 233

F. dcnsa, flrt«, 220,221,224,230,231

F. digitata, BaU, 88, 220, 224, 889, 231

F. heraisperica, BaU, . 225, 226

F. interaspera, BaU, .... 200, 208

F. interoellala, flaii, xviii, 87, 97, 220, 221, 224, 228

230, 231

F. involvens. Ball, . 221, 229, 230

F. lanicUata, Ball. 87

F. longiniacula, BaU 201, 209

F. lunata, Itominger, .... 77

F. mediopora, BaU, . . . 229, 230, 231

F. mioropora, flnH, . 219,220,221,224,229,231), 232

F. minor, MeCoy, ..... xviii

F. minuta, Rominger, 220, 221 , 223, 229, 230, 231, 238

F. minuta(?), B<M 223

F. multaculeata, fldii, . . .88,228,230, 231

F. normalit, Ulricli, ..... 78

F. operuulata, HaU, .... 195, 215

F. plana, BaU, 216

296

INDEX.

PAOK.

■n, 30,

Fistallpora paraailica, Hall,

V. ponderofa. Hall,

F. ramosa, Hall, ......

r. scrobiculala. /TaU, . 8I,«13,'215,

F. sejfreKata, floU, 216, aiO, 240, '«4, 229, 230,

r. ecrrulata, Hn«. 196, 206,207,211, 212,21S,ai4, 216,

r. sphoroiilcii. Hall, . 217, 219.

V. strlau IliiU

F. 7 8ubtllis, Hall, . . ...

F. tegens,

F. triangularis, ^aVl,

F. trihria. Ball,

r. triloba. Hall. .

t'. unibilicalA, /Tall,

F. unilinea, Hall, .

F. utriculas, Romingar, ....

r. variopora, HaU. 190, 206, 810, 212, 118, 314, 216,

Flustra Innceolata, OoUI/uts, ....

Glaucokome, OoUifuta,

22S

220,

197,

196, 206, 210,
200, 208, 817, 218, 225, 226,

G. carinata. Sail,

(i. dislicha, Ooldfut;

Q. nodala. Hall,

O. siiiuosa, HaU, .

6. tcnuistriain. Hall,

Glossotrtpa, Hall, .
Gorgonia antiqua, Goklfuss,
IlEUEUELLA, Hall,

xxIt, 101,
xxiv.

H. Canadcnnls, Hull, .

H. cirrhosa. Hall, .

H. confcrta, Hall,

H. fllirormiB, HaU,

I{. magna. Hall,

Heliophyllum llalli,
Hemitkyi-a, PhilUpt,
H. ocutata, I'hillips,

B. prima. Hall,

Hrrnodia, Hall, .
H. hamiftisa. Hall,

ICHTHTOKACHIS, McCoy,
I. Nereis, Hall,

I. Newcnhami, McCoy

INTRAPMRA, Hall,

I. pntcolnta. Hall, .

I8CUADITEH, Uurchiaon,
I. bursiromiis. Hall,

I. g<|aamirer. Hall,

ISOTRVPA, HaU,

I. bifaria. Hall

Ixipadocrinus, ......

LICHENAI.IA, .?»/{, . xTl,XTiii,30, 77, 195,218,235,210,

216
•2»1
223

%96
88

!i33
221

%%■»

89

813

228

200

219

-xix

273

273

xxiv

102, IDS

xxiv, 101, 102, 1U3

108

. xTii, at

xxii
XXTl, 277

xxvi, 277, 279

xxvi, !«77, -m, 279

. 275, 27B, 279

. 278

. 278, 279, 280

. 280

XXlii, .■>7, 68, 145

xxiii

55

XXTi,

. xxvi,

XXT,
XXV,

xxil, 97.

xxii.

. 801,
xxlll,

L.
L
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.
L.

U
L.

altcrnata, HaU,
alveata. Hall,
agpera, Ubrich,
bistriata, HaU,
bullata, HaU,
cavei-noBa, Ulrich,
eircincta, Hall,
cUvulata,,l\M,
collicninta, HaU, .
amtpUxata, Hall,
concentrica, Hatt, .
conflin, HaU, .
eanUrieta, Hall, .

80,

xvii,85.

xvii,

83,

197, 200, 203,

28
281

66
66

XXV

240
97

291
201

2tl2
143
143

10
288
236
199
287
79
20S
287

86
200
223

87
xvi
201
227

Liclienalia cornulala. Hall, .

1,. conmta. Hall, 197

L. crtiHHa, Hall,

I,. cullellala, Hall, .

L. denticulata. Hall,

L. dlssimiUa, Hall,

L. clistJins, Hall, .

L. foliacea, Ilnll,

Ij. gconietrica. Hall,

L. granifera. Hall,

I.,. longii^piim, HaU,

L luiiata, Hall,

L. lunata var. Itibiilata, Hall,

L. maculosa, Hall,

L. operciilata, HaU,

L. ovata, HM,

L. pali/ormis, Hall,

L. peimarginatii, Hall,

L. pustulosa, HaU,

L. pyriformia. Hall, .

L. raniosa, Hall, .

L. serialis, HaU, .

L. stellata, HaU.

L. subcura, HaU, .

L. siibstcllata, HaU

It. subti'igona, HaU,

L. teijsellata, HaU,

I,. torta, HaU,

\i. vesiculata, HaU, .

Jj. i.Ctramopora)ifnbriceUa,\\i\.\\,

L. tGl0S8Oti> pa) palifiiniiis, Hull,

I,. (I.iclicnotrypa) loiigispiria, //((i/,

I,. (Oilontolrypa) alventa, HiM,

L. U'hractopora) crittata, \li\\\, .

b. (Filcotrypa) clivulata, Hall.

L. (P. ) ilonticulata, HaU,

L. (P. > granlfora, HaU.

L. (P. ) pyriformis, Hull,

L. (Selenopora) eircincta, HaU,

L. (.S. ) complcxa, ^aU,

LiCHENOTKVPA, UlHch, .

L. cavernosa, Uli'ich,

I.ocm.ii'oRA, TJomiiiffer, .
Manonfavosum, (iolill'uss,
ilWllKIAKi \, De Koninck,
M. lenticularis, HaU,

MoNOTRVPA, Nicholton, .
M. ji'qualis, Ulrich,

M. ? 8piiiosula, HaU,

NEMATAXI8, HaU,

N. nbrosus. Hall,

N. simplex, Hall,

OlJUNTOTRVl'A. HaU,

Okthopoka, Hall, xlv,

0. reffularis. Hall,

0. rhombifera. Hall,

Pai.esciiara, HaU,

P.

/'.

P.I

P.

P.?

P.

xvi, 7r,

. 805,

xvi, 80,

. xvii,

88,87,

197,

82,
199,

195, 197,206,210,214,
78, 80, 197, 199, 200,

31.
197, 198, 219,

amplofHons, HaU,
bi/oliata. Hall,
bilateralit. Hall,
concentricii, HtUl,
(lisblrailix, HaU,
/oliata. Hall,

page.

81, 207

200, 201, 803, 822

. 30

197,201,202, 209

xvi, 84, 201

.^1

. 32, 107

234

. 70

84

. 287

79

78

30

207

199

85

216

206

2.16

228 •

32

2,35

81

216

196

807

32

222

. 2:i6

xvii, 85

xvii, 887

xvii, 80, 8S

xvii

83

84

84

88

86

87

287

xvii

144

xli

xll, 7

. xii, 7

III, 12, 67

. xiii

67

193

193

194

85

272

71

. 71

xvlll, :I5, 232, 237

. 837

10

36

67

. 8S

40

xvi, 83,

. xvi,

xvii,

. xvii,

xvll,

xxlll.

XV, 74,

. XV, 74,
XV, 193,

XTii,

Hi, 176, 186, 188,

INDEX.

297

Paleschara incnistans, HaU,

V. intcrcclla, Hall,

v. pcrteiiuis, Hall,

V. lailiata. HaU,

P. 1 radiata, Hal), .

I*. reticulata, HaU,

v. '! tenuis, HeM,

v. vai'iacella, HaU, .

P. (Lichennlia':') bilatcralis, HoU,

Phbactopoka, HalX,

P. cristaUt, HaU, .

P. cristaia var. lineata, HaU,

PII.EOTBVPA, HaU,

POLVPORA. McCoy,

P. ilcndroides, McCoy, .

P. eUgans.lUM,

P. Lilaa, Hall,

PsisnoroKA, HaU,

P. ililatat.'i, Hall, .

P. lata, HaU, .

P. paucirania, HuU,

P. sparsipora. HaU, ,

P. subconcava, HaU,

P. triquetia, Hall,

Ptbropoka, UaU,

P. duogenerit, HaU, .

PUUondia eonfarta. Hall,

P. nodata. Hall,

P. penniformit. Hall,

P. (Reptariti)penn\formu,llM,

Ptilouictva, LontdaU,

P. coscinifonnid, SMtolton,

P. liiata, HaU,

P. nebiilosa, HaU,

P. parallela, HaU,

P. plunica, HtUi,

P. retironnis, HaU,

P. scutulata, HM, .

P. tenuis, HaU,

P. [.Stietopora) OOberti, Meek,

PtiU)P<)BA, McCoy,

P. infrefjuens, HaU, .

P. nodosa, HaU, .

P. striata, HaU,

Ptilofukeixa, HaU, .

Ptilopokina, HaU,

Pttchonkma, HaU,

P. Hcldcrbcrgix, Hatt,

KADIUPOB.A, D'Orbigny,

Receptaculitbs, Dt France, .

H. buniformU, Hall

K. infunilibulifurmis, {Eaton) HaU,

K. monticulatus, HaU,

X. iguami/er, Hall, .

Kbptabia, RoUe,

B. nodata, HaU,

B. stolonilera, XoUe, .

Retepoba, Lamarck, .

R. fiiUtriforifUi, Phillips, .

RHiNiDicrrA, Ulrick, .

It? granulosa, HaU, .

K. Nicholsonl, Ulrieh, .

KBOMJiuPOBA, Meek,

page.

page.

xviii, 35, 67

SCALARirouA, HaU, .

. xxi, 100

837

S.

scalaritbrmis, BaU,

xxi, 100, 101

. 337

s.

subconcava, HaU,

. xxi, 100

XTiii, 36

Selenopoha, HaU,

xvli, xviii, 8(!, 235

K

s.

circincta.lflfiK,

80,87, 234

837

5.

complexa. Hall,

8(i,87, 234

. 36

SEM

COSCINl UM, ProM*,

. 144

«37

S.

oblifjuatum, Ulrieh,

121

. 36

SiiMiopoBA, Hall,

. xxii, 262

xvil, 99

S.

bistigniata, HaU, .

.xxii, 868

xvlll, 99

Spiri

fora perlamellosa, Hall, .

35

99

.STiCTOPOKA, fliiW, . XX, xxii, 37, 41, i)0, 91, 241

. xvl, 82

S.

allcruata, HaU,

. Expl. pi. xxiii A

xxlT, 58, (8, !50

S.

angularis, HaU,

868

xxiv

s.

bifurcala, HaU,

. 854

60

s.

crenulata, HaU,

358

. 6-2

s.

cresccns, HaU, .

91,92, 214

. xxl,97, 265

s.

divcrgeus, Hall,

.~ 857

. xxi, 866

s.

clcgantula, HaU,

. XX

866, 28S

s.

IVuticosa, HaU,

91, 98

98, 288

s.

iiiU,erti,(MeekJHaU,

XXi,90, 93, 95, 2(3

888

s.

graiiifera, HaU,

243, 857

. 288

s.

granatula. Hall,

. 38

. xxi, 97, 288

s.

incisiirata, HaU, .

xxi,<JO, 91, 241, 244

. 265

s.

iiicrassata. Hall,

. 244, 349

26S

s

indenta, Hall,

241

. 279

s.

intcrstriata, HaU,

. 244, 859

276

s.

invertis, HaU,

94

. 274

s.

liniata. Hall,

. 350

288

s.

linearis. Hall,

96

Klx, S7, 3», <l, 271)

s.

hibata, HaU,

. 356

240

s.

muUipora, Hall,

241, 242

38, 39

s.

obliqua. Hall, .

. 241, 242

40

s.

obsoltta, HaU,

37

. a70

s.

ovata, HaU,

. 348

XX, 871

s.

ovatipora, Hall,

93, 2:3

. 878

s.

palmipes, HaU,

243,363, 256

878

s.

papillosa, HaU,

37

. XX, 39

s.

pcrarcta, HaU, .

. 96

90

s.

pcrraarginata, HaU,

868

xxir, 283

8.

recta, HaU,

. 863

xxiv, 884

s.

rcctalinoa, HaU,

245

. 886

s.

rectUalera, Hall,

. 96

xxiv, 883

s.

recubans. Hall,

860

. xxiv, 109, 171

s.

rhomboidea, HaU,

. 95, 270

xxIt, 172

s.

rigida, Hall,

91, 244

. xIt, 14

8.

scitula, ffaU,

Expl. pi. Ixi

16

s.n

scutulata. Hall,

272

. 2f3

8.

semistriaLa,* ifaZ^

90, 95

289

8.

sinuosa, HaU,

243, 347

. 591

8.

striata, HaU, .

. 346

890

s.

subcarinata, HaU, .

861, 269

. 890

5.7

subcarinata. Hall,

. 261

■m

s.

subrigida. Hall,

881

XXT, 274, 280

8.

triliiicata. Hall,

. 243

275, 876

s.

trUerialU, Hall, .

74

XXV, xxvi, 874

s.

tumulosa, HaU,

. 244, 34«

62

s.

vcrmicula, HaU, .

93

xxiv

s.

(Slictoporina) claviformis.

BaU, . . XX, 369

XZ, 40, 41

s.

(8. g? ) dichotoma.

HaU, . 261

XX, 40

Stictoporella intcrstinota, Ulrieh,

97

. XX

Stictopokika, Hall,

XX, 269

16

Stkeptelasma, Hall,

. xi, 1

298

INDEX.

Streptelasmn oxpnnsum, BaU,

8. Btriclum, HtM,

8. (/Virntiil ttricta. Hall

Stkiatuposa, HaU,

8. floxnuea, HaU, .

8. lasa, UaU, .

Strom ATUi'oitA,OoI(i/tM<,

TitNIoI'OitA, A'fcAo/<on, .

T. exiRua, Nicholson,

ThaUottigma co»ftrtipora. Hall

T. deoipiem. Hall, .

T. deiua. Hall,

T. difUata, Hall, .

7*. indum, Hall,

T. indOMpora, Hall,

r. intercellntti. Hall, .

r. lameOuUi. Hall,

7*. lon^nidcula, Hall,

7*. micropora. Hall,

7*. muUmitleatn, Hall,

7". p!<imi, Hull,

7". tegregiUa, Hall,

7*. «crru2«(a, Hall,

7*. spnrsipora. Hall, .

7*. spheroulea. Hall,

r. »«f*i«o. Hall,

r. tubtais. Hall, .

T. trintifftilarit. Hall,

r. umM<tca<n, Hall,

7". txiritipora. Hall, .

TlUUMSCUH, /r<n^,

r. T CisscU, HaU,

T. fiuticolla, HaU,

T. mnlliianiuH, ^itU, .

T. nanus, HaU,

T. Nysa? HaU, .

T. Nysa var. HaU,

T. pauclraniiis, A(i^2,

T. vaiiolata, HaU,

Thamnopora, Hall,

THAMsoponA, Sleininger,

T. divaricata. Hall,

Thamnotbvi'A, HaU,

T. (livaricala, iiTaU,

Tbkmatella, HaU,

T. annulala, Hall,

r. arborai. Hall,

7*. ^toincrnfa, Hnll,

Trbmatopoka, HaU,

T.

T.

T.

T.

T.

T.

T.

T.I

T.

T

T.

T.

T.I

T.

aUemata, Hnll,
anmUnta, Hall,
airbona. Hall, .
eamerata. Hall,
canaUeulata, Hall,
cJott/ormit.'Hall,
co>M<ric(a, Hall,
eonttricla. Hall, ,
cortico$a. Hall,
cra»ta. Hall,
derwn, Hall,
ditperta. Hall,
granUtriata, Hall,
orUpora, Hall

ii.

16,

FAOE.

Xi

Xi, 1

1

. xll, 6

. xii

. xii, 6

II

zxi, va

xxi, 863

2-*

. 1M

%\\

. 229

xviii, 2U

. 234

87

. 87

2(19

. 220

228

. 215

219

. 214

288

225, 226

223

. 233

222

. 213

210

41, 104, 274

*%

48

104

. »98

. 43

43

. 274

xxil, 41

. 101

101

. 101

xxl, 101

xxl, 101

19, 175, 188

xiv, «9

69

70

It, 15, 175

XV, 72

72

17

269

19

19

15

SO

14

20

XV, l»:i

188

xxii.

TVanatopora ovatipora. Hall,

T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.

T.
T.

parattda. Hall,
ptrtpi»ulata,'n>M,
ponderota. Hall,
regularU, Hall,
rhomH/era, Hall, .
scutulata. Hall,
tignata. Hall,
tubquadrata, Hnll,
tortaUrua, Hall,
transversa. Hall,
tuberculosa, Hall, .
iCaUopora) irregularis, Hall,
(Chateies) corticosa. Hall,
(C. )de7Ua, Hall,

(Ortliopora) bisjiinulala, HaU,

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.V

lO.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.

(O.
(O.

) canaticulala, HaU,
) carinata. Hall,
) elon^'ata, HaU, .
) granilcra, Halt,
) gmnillnun, //aU,
) hoxagoua, HaU,
) imnicrsa, Hall,
) intcrplana, HaU,
) irregulaiis, HaU,
lllneata. Hall,
) ncxa, HaU,
) nodosa, Hall,
) orbipoia, HaU, .
) orbipora, HaU,
) ornatn, HaU,
) ovatipoia, HaU,
) parallcla, Hatt, .
) polygona, HaU,
) rcgularis. Hall, .

) rcliculatn, HaU,
) rlionibil'oin. Hall,

ISO, 188, 185,

179, 182, 18.!,
183, 186, 187,

T. (O. ) scutulata. Hall,

r. (O. ) subquailrata, HaU

T. (O. ) toitalinen. Hall,

T. (O. ) transversa, HaU,

T. (O. ? ) transversa, HaU,

T. (Trematclla) aiinulata,://«U,

T. (T. ) arborca, Hall,

T. ? (T. ? ) corticosa, HaU,

T. (T. ) glonierata, HaU,

T. (X- ) nodosa, HaU,

T. (T. ) porepinulata, .

Tbopiuui*uba, HaU, ,

T. nana, Hatt,

Unitrvi-a, /ZaZi, .

U. con/erta, Ulrich,

U. retrorsa, Ulrich,

U. spaiiosa, Ulricli,

VBRMiroKA, HaU, .

V. robusta, HaU,

V. scrpuloidcs, HaU,

V. ? tortnosa, HaU,

ZAI'lIRENTts, Itaflnesque,

Z. jdirygia, Itaflnesque, .

Z. Ucumcri, Edwards if Haime

xiv

ISI

16, 17. 18, 19,
17,18,38,

FAOE.

. 17

19

. 175

30

71

71

70

25

177

180

187

xiv

76

15

U

191

17

185

189

186

Expl. pi. xxiii

. 177, 178, 185

. 186

181, 186, 188

. 183

181

. 177

Expl. pi. xxiii

. 188

194

185

17

19

178

181

192

190

178

190

70

190

19Si

189

187

70

no

15

70

17«

175

71
71

138

181

135

136

6

6

6

6

I, 2

xi

xi, ii

178, 184,

176,
xiv, 16, 36, 71,

mi,

178, 179,
18, 38, r I,
179,181,

177,179,186,

180, 183,

, 186, 187, 188,

. xiv, 69,

XT.

XV,

xxiii, 54, 65. 63, 131,

xii,

xii.S,

PLATES AND EXPLANATIONS.

PLATE I.
Stkeptelasma stkiotum.

Page 1.
An indi\-idual of the ordinary or prevailing size.
A lateral view of an individual of somewhat smaller size, showing the rapid inci-ease of lamellae

by interstitial additions along a single line upon one side of a continuous ray.
Anterior view of another individual where the rays increase by additions on one side of the

anterior ray.
All unusually large indiNadual of the species, showing a rapid increase in the number of rays on

one side, for some distance from the base, above which point the increase takes place in another

part of the coral.
An individual showing an increase by successive budding — a rare condition in the Helderberg

and Schoharie regions, but common in some other localities.
A long^itudinal section showing the vertical lamellae which are somewhat complicated at the center,

but without transverse septa.
The calyx of a well-preserved specimen showing the disposition of the lamellae.
An enlargement of the calyx from another specimen in which the an-angement of the lamellce is

very distinctly shown.
A vertical section of a specimen showing a central columella.

A transverse section below the base of the open calyx showing the disposition of the lamellae.
Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y.

Zapheentis R(EMERI.

Pago 2.

Fig. 11. A lateral view of a specimen of the ordinary or prevailing size and form, showing the intermittent

growth usually characteristic of the species.
Fig. 12. A more elongate and less regular form which has expanded much less rapidly in its progress of

growth than the prevailing forms. ^

Pig. 13. An individual of unusually large size, preserving the epitheca almost entire.
Fig. 14. A very large individual from which the epitheca has been principally i-emoved.
Figs. 15, 16. The calyx in specimens where the depression of the anterior ray is sti-ongly marked.
Fig. 17. The calyx of a specimen where the anterior ray is not conspicuous.

Fig. 18. A calyx whei-e the anterior ray is obscurely marked a little on one side of its usual position.
Fig. 19. A calyx where the condition of growth presents the transveree septum over a considerable portion

of its ai-ea, the lamellse not having extended to the center. The antei-ior fosette is conspicuous.
Fig. 20. An individual which has been broken so as to exhibit the trausveree septa.
Fig. 21. A specimen broken longitudinally and showing numerous closely arranged tabulae in the central

portion, with the lamellse well preserved in the upper part of the calyx.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. T.

Fig.
Fig.

1

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.
Fig.

7.

8.

Fig.

Pig.

9.
10.

llJl;'5TIglEiIIIIi:iL]Ji;i^lBill31i;LiU.:i> &j^iD-u:j^..

{ I'AVOSITID.K )

palaspntology of NYVoiM.

Plato I

G B-SiruDBor. de

Phil.Asl.lith.

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

4.
5.
6.

PLATE II.

AULOPORA SCHOHARIiE.

Page 3.
A specimen, natural size, attached to the surface of Atrypa reticularis.

Lower Heldei-berg group. ClarksviUe, N. T.
A specimen upon a piece of limestone, showing a mode of budding in a more direct line than usual.

Lower Helderbei-g group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Another sijecimen on the surface of a fragment of limestone, showing a compacty arranged
colony, the cells diverging and tending to form a reticulate arrangement.
Lower Helderberg gi'oup. iSchoJiarie, N. Y.
An enlargement from tig. 3.

An enlai'gement showing a varying size of cells on the same specimen.

An enlargement of a specimen, showing a partial abortion of two of the cells, while a third has
continued to enlarge.

AULOPOKA TUBULA.
Pago 3.
Fig. 7. A colony of cells attached to a fossil shell and closely crowded in their mode of growth.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 8. A colony of cells which have grown upon the surface of a Strophodonta — less crowded in their
mode of growth than in tig. 7.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.

AULOPOUA SUBTENUI8.
Page 4.
Fig. 9. A fragment of rock preserving a small colony in which the budding is more directly lateral and
more distant, and the tubes more slender than in either of the preceding species.
Lower Ueklerberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Figs. 10, 11. Two slender specimens, natural size, showing some slight variation in the budding.

Lower Helderberg grouj). ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Figs. 12, 13. Enlargements, to three dianietei-s, of parts of a specimen of this species.

F^g. 15. A group of cells of natural size, which are slightly stouter, and enlarging more rapidly than the
preceding specimens.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 16. An enlargement from the pi-eceiiing, showing the mode of growth, and the manner of budding in
a dii-ect line along the convex side of the tube. The surface shows distinct longitudinal strise
with transverse cun-ngations fjiving a papillose surface.
Figs. 17, 18. Specimens pi-esitnting the same charactei'S as the preceding, except that the tubes are more
direct, leas curved and more slender.

PLATE U— Continaed.

AULOPORA ELONGATA.
Page S.
Fig. 14. A snecimen showing some variation in the mode of growth.

Lower Helderberg group. Sr}u)harie, N. Y.
Pigs. 19, 20. Natural size ami enlargement of a stouter form, having a smoother surface and otherwise
" ■"' ' differing from the preceding.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. T.

COUNULITES MODESTUS, 11. sp.

Aulopora? Cornulites. Report of State (xeologist for 1882. Expl. pi. 2, figs. 21, 22. 1883.
Figs. 21, 22. Natural size and enlargement of a single tul>e, showing a strongly corrugated auT^^^.~ , .,
••iftrf inidt «'.(iil« . Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y. , , ,,^^ ,., '^j-,,

VERMrPORA ? TORTUOSA.
Page 6.
Fig. 2. A group of three tubes enlarged to six diametei-s.

Vermipora sekpuloides.

Page 5.
Fig. 24. A small branch, natural size, showing the bases of branchlets which have been broken off.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 25. An enlargement fi-om fig. 24, .showing the form and arrangement of the cell tubes.
Fig. sit). A large specimen with numerous branches.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Schoharie, iV". Y.
Fig. 27. A larger branch with a single bifui-cation.

Lower Heldei'berg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 28. An enlargement of a specimen showing angular cell tubes.

Lower Helderlierg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 29. A longitudinal section, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 30. An eiJargement illuHli-ating the characteristic mode of growth. A single tube on one side may
be traced f(ir nearly two-thirds the entire length of the specimen.

Lower Helderberg group. Svhoharii:, iV. Y.
Fig. 81. A longitudinal translucent section, showing the mode of increase of the cells.

Vekhipoua bobusta.

'■- ..ii.j .,,.. i,,,ii i,|- Page ». {■■■ ■''■i ,Vl

Figs. 32, 33. Two fragments, natural size, shoNving the form of cell ajjertures and mode of gwwth.
Lower Helderb«<rg group. Clarksville and Scholiarie, N. Y.

Palasontology of NYVolVI.

( AULOPORID^ )

Plate n.

r- B. Simpson, del.

Phil.Asi.iidi..

PLATE III.

MlCHELINlA LENTICULAKI8.

Page 7.
Vig. 1. The summit of a specimen of ordinary dimensions. The cells are partially filled with the original
matrix, and their full foi-m and depth is therefore not represented in the iig^ure.
Lower Helderberg gi^up. Schoharie, iV. T.
Fig. 2. A profile of the preceding specimen.

Fig. 3. A.n enlargement of a single cell, which is partially filled with rock.
Fig. 5. The base of an example, preserving the epitheca and pedicel of attachment.
Lower Helderberg group. Sclioharie, N. T.

Favosites conicus.

Page ».
An enlargement of some of the cell tubes, showing the mural pores.

The summit of a yoxmg specimen which is imperfect from the presence of some extraneous object
which has become imbedded in it during growth.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, df. Y.
The base of a specimen which partially preserves the epitheca.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
The base of a small specimen with the epitheca presei'ved on one side.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksniUe, N. Y.
A vertical section of the oi-dinary full-sized specimen, showing the cell tubes and mural pores.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, X. Y.
A vertical section showing the cell walls and septa.

Lower Helderl^erg group. Near Cumberlaiul, Md.
An outline showing form and size of the largest specimen of the species observed.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
A lateral view of a large individual showing the cell apei'tures and preserving t^e epitheca near
the base.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 13. The base of the same, showing a partial preservation of the epitheca in some parts.

Striatopoka Issa.

Page 0.
Fig. 14. A fragment of a specimen, natural size.

Fig. 16. An enlargement, showing the striations on the inner side of the cell walls and the mural pores.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Fig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

Fig.

11,

Fig.

12.

Palasontolo^y of N.YVoiyf

( FAVOSITinvF, )

Plate HI.

£ Emmons del

FhilAst.hth.

ii

PLATE IV.

Favositks Helderberqi^..

Pago 8.
See Plates 5, 6.
Fig. 1. The lower side of a highly conical form which preserves the epitheca in. an unusual degree of
perfection.

Lower Helderbevg group. ClarksxAlle, N. Y.
Fig. 2. The lower side of a more explanate form, from which the epitheca has been nearly removed by
weathering or solution, leaving the silicified cell walls and some of the septa. . Some of the
cells are entirely filled with siliceous matter and others are free.
Lower Helderberg group. Ctarkgnille, N. T.

Palasontology of N.YVolVI.

iLCE:)"N3Tigm mi^iLiDjif suBniii© rj,iK.®TiriR

f FAVOSlTlDvE .)

G.B.Simpscm del

Plate IV.

H.Bergman lith.

PLATE V.

Favosites Helderbergi^.

Page 8.
See Plates 4, 6.
Fig. 1. An elong-ate subturbinate form, showing larger cells at intervals, most of which are filled with
siliceons matter.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, iV. F.
Fig. 2. A broad, turbinate form of the species.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 3. A depressed, hemispheric, foi-m where the vertical extent is about one-fifth <u' one-sixth of the
diameter. The figure represents the convex upper side of the specimen, fig. 2, plate 4, which
is the prevailing form in many localities.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. ClarkmlUe, N. Y.

iLre)'\j7iiiR iarEiLii)isimi3iiiE3.c& ©mcEOTip.

Palaeontology of N.YVolVI

( FAVOSlTlD;E

Plate V

G.B Si:apsgr del

H.Bergman Uth.

-m^-^"'

^m^'

PLATE VI.

Favositks Helderbeugi^.

PaRe 8.
See Plates 4. 5.
Fig. 1. The upper surface of a subtui-binate foiin, which differs from the prevailing specimens in having
numerous and somewhat i-egulai-ly distributed larger cells, which are subcircular at their
apertures.

Lower Helderberg g^-oup. Clarksmlle, N. Y.
Fig. 2. A specimen of unusually elongate or elevated turbinate form, presenting numerous larger cell
apertures, which are more conspicuous near the base.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksvitle, N. Y.
Fig. 3. A vertical section of a specimen similar to fig. 3 of the preceding plate, in which the cells are fi-ee
from filling, and preserve, in an unusual degree, the transverse septa.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 4. A portion of a similar specimen enlarged, the septa being somewhat thickened from silicification.
Fig. 5. A vertical section where the cells are filled with siliceous matter, marked by the transverse septa
and showing the pores in the lateral walls, the mass being quite solid.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Rg. 6. A portion of specimen fig. 5, enlarged to show more distinctly the mural poi-es.
Fig. 7. A portion of a hemispheric mass where the columns, or filled cells, are slightly smaller, and the
open cells with more closely arranged septa than the prevailing forms of the species in New
York.

Lower Helderbei-g group. Near Cumberland, Md.
Pig. 8. A hemispheric form, which is entirely silicified and solid, in which the cells are distinctly smaller
than the prevailing forms in New York.

Lower Helderberg group. Near Cumberland, Md.

IL®">;5NfIim lilHILlDJIlUlIBIllIi© C&lliCDIOriP,

( C-YATIIOPHYLI.ID.C )

Palaeontology of NYVolVl .

Plate Vr.

nV;i91K^

Q.B Simpson del

PhilAstlith.

#•:■

'.«SS»%>

PLATE VII.

FaVOSITES 8PHERICU8.

Pag« 9.
See Plate 8.
Fig. 1. A vertical section showing the columns and illustrating the mode of growth.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. T.
Fig. 2. A lateral view of a specimen showinjj the depressed conical form, the expanded margin being in
part broken away.

Lower Helderberg group. /Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 3. A jwrtion of a coral growing in an irregular form.
Fig. 4. A specimen which has grown upon the base of the stem of Lepadocrinus.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Schoharie, N. T.
Fig. 5. An individual of this species, which is more distinctly laminateil in its moiie of growth. The
coral commenced its gi-owth upon the stem of a crinoid which it entirely enveloped, hut the
latter has subsequently become exposed fi-ora the weatl»ering away of the coral.
Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig 6. An elongate form, having the same structure iis the massive forms.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksnUle, N. Y.
Fig. 7. A jwrtion of a massive form which has been perforated by some boring animal, and now pre-
serves the filling of these cavities.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 8. An enlargement from the specimen fig. 1. The columns ai-e essentially smooth.
Fig. 9. An enlargement of the columns from another specimen, erroneously showing mural pores.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 10. An enlargement from fig. 3, showing the columns with corrugated surface.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarkxville, N. T. v

Fig. 11. An enlargement of the surface showing the form of the cell openings.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the open cells from a translucent section, showing comparatively few and
irregularly distributed septa (X 6).

FaVOSITES PROXIMCS.
Page 10.
Fig. 13. An irregular hemispheric mass showing the mode of growth.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the surface showing the cell apertures.

Fig. 15. An enlargement from a translucent section showing the septa and obscurely the mural pores.
Lower Helderberg grroup. Schoharie, N. Y.

palaeontology of N.YVolVI .

( FAVOSlTlDvE )

Plate W

0 B. Simpson del

Phil.Asl.hth.

mv :iTAJM

■uOattsaas^nAi'.)

V'AtU. -i

A .r .T^'j

'DM ■.HI iiiii;

Fig.

1.

Fig.

2.

Fig.
Fig.

3.
4.

PLATE VIII.

CHjETETES colliculatus.

Page 11.
An ovoid depressed-conical form, showing the mode of growth and the nodes covei'ing the surface.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. iSchoharie, N. Y.
A subhemispheric form showing the nodose character of the surface.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
An enlargement from the surface of fig. 1, showing the form of cell apertui-es, etc.
An enlargement from a vertical ti'anslucent section from specimen fig. 'J.

CH/ETETES MONTICULATUS.
I'age 12.
Fig. 5. A spheroidal-ovoid specimen, natural size. The nodes are well preserved on the upper part, but
obscui-e on the lower part.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 6. An enlargement of the sui-face from fig. 5.

Fig. 7. A translucent section from fig. 5, showing the irregular form of the cells, the transvei-se septa,
and the laminte causing inten'uption in the continuity of the cells.

Favosites 8ph.s;ricus.

Page 9.
See Plate 7.
Fig. 8. A growth of this species upon Fhvosite.'i Helderberffia, which continuing for some time is succeeded
by Stromatopora, which in turn is followed by Favosites sphericus, and again by Stromatopora.

pplasontology of NYVolM.

Plato m.

E.tmmons del.

Phil.Asi.litk.

,>

:*

■.n-l-./ii-jlJ -lyv/oJ

>1^

;_iu; OA -.ii .-^i t
run* A .51 .^gi'^

Fig.

:'•

Fig.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.
Fig.

7.
8.

PLATE IX.
Ch.«;tete8 (Monotrypella) arbusculus.

l*Ug« 12.

A branching specimen on a fragment of limestone, natural size.

Tentaciilite limestone. Schoharie, N. T.
A separate branching specimen, natural size.

Tentaculite limestone. 8choharie, N. ¥.
The base of a group of the same character as fig. 2.

Tentaculite limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.
A fragment, natural size, showing a peculiar mode of growth, and referred to this species with
doubt.

Tentaculite limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fragments of branching forms, natural size, apparently of the same species as fig. 4.

Tentaculite limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.
An enlargement from the surface of fig. 5, showing the character of the branches and the cell

openings.
An enlargement from fig. 1, showing cell apertui"es and form of the columns from the cell filling.
A branching specimen, somewhat more slender than the prevailing fonns.

Lower Helderberg g^oup. Schoharie, N. Y.

CHiKTKTES (Mo.VOTRYPELLa) ABRUFIU.S.
Pago 13.
Fig. 9. An irregularly branching specimen which is weathered or broken so as to show the columns.

Lower Pentamerus limestone. Schnharie, N. Y
Fig. 10. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the surface characters and cell apertures.
Fig. 11. A translucent section, enlarged, from the base of a bifurcation, showing the charactei-s of the
cells, which in the center are nearly or quite free fi-om septa, turning rapidly outward and
becoming frequently septate as they approach the surface.

Ptychone.ma tabulatum.

Page 14.
Fig. 12. A vertical section of a hemispheric mass showing the columns with corrugated sides.
Fig. 13. An enlai-gement of a portion showing the peculiar corrugated surfaces of the columns.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of a vertical translucent section showing the undulated cell walls.
Fig. 15. A transverse section showing the form of the cells. (X 6).

PtYCHONEMA HBLDERBBROIiS.

Page 16.
Fig. 16. A portion of a branching form presenting the same character of cell walls as the preceding.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of the sui-face showing the form of the cell apertures.

Palaeontology of N.Y.Vol-VI.

( FAVOSITID^ ^

Plate K

G 3 Simpson del

Plul.Ast.li1h.

*

tvwoi

f

PLATE X.

TrEMATOPORA ? (TkEMATELLA?) C0RTIC08A.
Page IS
See Plate 13.
Fig. 1. A. branching' fi-apnent, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 2. An enlargement from the pi-eceding. showing the regularly oval cell apertures.
Fig. 3. An enlargement fi-ora another specimen, showing the presence of elevated ridges between the
ranges of cell apertures.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, iV. Y.
Fig. 4. An enlargement showing cell apertuiv.s somewhat transveraely arranged, and a little more elongated
than in figs. 1 and 2. A fragment of a Callotrypa adheres to the upper part of the specimen.
Fig. 5. An enlargfement showing vai-ious form.s of cell apertui-ea.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 6. An enlargement from a translucent section, showing the cell walls, the septa, and the divergence

of the cells towai-d the surface.
Fig. 7. A specimen of natural size, showing a rectangular mode of branching.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig 8. A specimen of natural size, showing the branches diverging almost rectangularly.
Fig. 9. A curving stijie with the branches diverging rectangularly from one side.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 10. A branching stipe where the long branch on the light-hand side shows the mark of a branch
broken from the upper side, and the ba-se of one coming off on the lower side.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

CHiETETES (MoNOTRYPELLA) DENSUS.

Page 14.
Fig. 11. A branching specimen of natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 12. An enlargement showing the sui-face characters, cell apertures, etc.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 13. A longitudinal section enlarged, showing the mode of increase in the cells, their freedom from
septa in the center of the branch, and their septate charactera as they appix>ach the apertures.

Diamesopora constriota.

Page 19.
See Plate 23 A.

Fig. 14. A fragment, natural size, showing in part the poriferous surface, and where the branch is broken,

the wrinkled interior of the epitheca.
Fig. 15. An enlargement from the preceding,- showing areas of larger cells and their mode of radiating

from the more prominent ones.
Vig. 16. Fragments on a piece of limestone ; the upper part of the right-hand specimen in the figure is of

this species, growing upon or incrusting another form shown below it.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 17. A surface enlargement fi-om the preceding, showing a more regnilar arrangement of cell apertures

than in fig. 15. The cell apertures are more trilobate than repi-esented in the figure.
Fig. 18. A bifurcating fragment of the species.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Rg. 19. An enlargement from fig. 18, showing the constriction of the cell apertures.

Diamesopora disperaa.

Pago 20.
Fig. 20. A fragment, natural size.

Pig. 21. An enlargement from the surface of the preceding, showing the form and irreg^ular distribution
of the cell apertures.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Palaeontoloev of N.YVo

( FAVOSITID^ )

G B.Simp&otL drl

PM.Ast.lilli.

PLATE XI.

Trematopoua (Okthoi'oha) uegularis.

Page 16.
See Plates 13 and 23.
Fig. 1. A piece of limestone with a group of fragments of this species, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 2. A specimen showing a rectangular nioile of branching.

Lower Helder1)erg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 3. A piece of limestone with this and other species on the surface.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 4. An enlargement, showing constricted cell apertures. (X 6.)

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, iV. Y.
Fig. 5. An enlargement, showing smooth, intermediate ridges.

Fig. 6. An enlargement, showing the transverse and longitudinal intercellular spaces neai-ly equal.
Fig. 7. An enlargement, showing the longitudinal spaces thickened and serrated.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 8. A specimen of this species, showing gi-anulose longitudinal ridges and a minute spine at the base
of each cell aiierture.

Tbematopora (Orthofora) ovatipora, Hall.

Page 17.

See Plate 28.
Fig. 9. A fragment, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. New Salem, N. Y.
Fig. 10. An enlargement, showing the surface charactei-s. The longitudinal interapertural spaces are granu-
lose, the cell apertui-es are ovate and margined with granule, and have a minute spine at their
lower and broader end.

Lower Helderberg group. Nete Salem, 2V. Y.
Fig. 11. A weathered specimen of this si>ecie8.

Lower Helderberg Group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) canaliculata.

Page 17.
See Plate 23.
Fig. 12. An enlargement from the minute S])ecimen. The margins of the cells are raised and the inter-
apertural spaces channeled and with comparatively strong granules at the extremities of the
cells and on other parts of the surface.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Helderberg Mountains, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) parallela.

Page 19.
See Plate 23.
■ Fig. 13. A small fragment of the fossil, natural size.
Fig. 14. A portion of the same enlarged.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

PLATE XI— Continued.

TrEMATOPORA (OKTHOrOKA) KHOMBIFERA, Hall.

Page 18.

8«e Plate 23.

Fig. 15. (16a.) Two specimens of natural size, showing the extremes of raze.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksvtlle, N. T.
Fig. 17. A specimen, natural size, having the principal branches nearly parallel with the main one, which
is bifurcated above.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarktvUle, N. Y.
Pig. 18. A larger branching specimen, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUie, N. T.
Fig. 19. An enlargement showing the arrangement and form of apertures, with the interapertural partitions.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksvilte, N. T.
Fig. 20. An enlargement of a bifurcating branch where the cell apertures are constricted by the thickening
of the intei-cellular substance.

Lower Helderberg grouj). Clarisville, N. T.

StICTOPORA GltANATULA.

Page 38.
See Plate 23 a.
Fig. 16. A specimen, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. CaUkill Greek, N. T.

LiCHKNALIA 0RA8SA.
Page 30.
Fig. 21. A flattened or crushed branching form, showing a distinct poriferous surface.
Fig. 22. An enlargement from fig. 21, showing the round and regularly ai-ranged cell apertures in some
parts, while the macula are without cell apertui-es.
Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.

Callopora (Callotrypa) macropora.

Page 24.
See Plate 23.
Fig. 23. A weathered branching specimen, natural size.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Catskill Creek, N. T.
Fig. 24. An enlargement from fig. 23.
Fig. 25. A bifurcating branch, natural size.

Lower Helderberg grouji. ClarkuvUle, N. Y.
Fig. 26. An enlargement from the preceding, showing oval cell apertures and mostly one range of inter-
apertural pits.
Fig. 27. A slender, branching form of this species.

Tentaculite limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.

Fig. 28. A small branching fragment.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 29. An enlargement from fig. 28, with larger cells than in fig. 26, and with few and irregularly dis-
posed interapertural pits.

Callopora (Callotrypa) macropora var. signata.

Pago 2S.
Fig. 80. A branching specimen, natural size.

Fig. 31. An enlargement from the preceding, showing cell apertures with occasional interax)ertural pits.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksvtlle, N. Y.

iLcy'jyiiiEi iiiLgjLiDj^iii^iieiiiR© c&LEd^inip.

Palasontology of N.YVolVL

plate.Xl.

0 B-SirapBon d4.

Phil.Ast.hth.

^

PLATE XI— Contiiincd.

CaLLOPORA (CaLLOTRVPA) HETEROrORA.

Page •&.

See Plates 13 and 23.

Kg. 32. An irreg^ilarly branching form, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksv'dle, N. X.
Fig. 33. A bifurcating branch, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarkgville, N. Y.
Fig. 34. An enlargement, showing the surface characters, and the small oval cell apertures with iiiter-
apertural pita.

Callopora (Callotrypa) unispina, HciU.

I' age 'iO.
Fig. 35. A branching specimen, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksmlle, N. T.
Fig. 36. An enlargement, showing the surface character — a minute spine at the base of e.ach oval aperture
with one or two ranges of interapertural pits.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville., N. Y.
Fig. 37. An enlargement, showing soim- of the cells with a minute spine, while it is absent fi-om othera.
Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y.

Callopora (Callotrypa) striata.

Pugu iB.

See Plate 23.
Fig. 38. A small fragment, natural raze.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 39. An enlargement from the surface of the preceding, showing distant oval cell apertui-e-s the inter-

a}>ertural pits elongate quadrang-ular, and this part of the surface striated.
Fig. 40. A piece of liraestoiie with gome small fragments distributed over the surface.

Lower Helderberg group. ScholMrit, iV. Y.
Fig. 41. An enlargement, showing irregularly arranged oval i-cll apertures without spines at their base,_
and the intermediate q>aces sti-iate, without being distinguished by pits.

».*•».•

PLATE XII.

CaLLOPORA CELLUL08A.
Page 21.
See Plates 13 and 23 a.
Fi^. 1. A fragment, natural size, showing modo of bifm-cation and the numerous lateral openings.
Lower Helderb«rg group. ClarksvUle, N. Y.

Fig. 2. A simple stipe having the openings more regularly arranged.

Lower Helderberg group. Near Catskill, N. Y.
Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of the preceding.

Fig. 4. A piece of liraeatoue with a fragment of this species ami portions of several other fonus.
Fig. 5. An enlargement of a portion of a branch, showing oa^ of the fistulous openings from which radia-
ting stria; extend.
Fig. 6. A fragment, natural size, showing numerous irregulai-ly arranged openings.
Figs. 1-6 were originally described as CaWipora fistiitusa. Haul. (Thirty-second Rept. N. Y. State Mus.
Nat. Hist., p. 154. 1879.) Subsequent observation.s have shown that these specimens ai-e
merely forms of g7"0wth of the present species.

Lower Helderberg group. Vlarksiille, N. Y.
Fig. 7. Two fragments of branching fonns, showing mode of growth, cell apertures, etc.
Fig. 8. A small branch.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarhmiille, N. Y.
Fig. 9. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the .surface characters of the species.

Callopora pereleoans.

.WiiW Page 2^.

See Plate ii a.

Fig. 10. An iri-egrularly branching specimen, natural size. »nrd!>ii«-t'

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUle, N. T.
Fig. 11. A more slender form with numerous branchlets. , „_ ...

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUle, i\r. Y. " '' ' '^'

Fig. 12. A small specimen with branches diverging in several directions, some of which are thickened at

their exti-emities.
Fig. 13. A branching form, similar to, but raoi-e slender than the one I'epi-esented in fig. 1 1 .

Lower Helderberg group. Clarkstnlle, N. Y.

Fig. 14. A branch, moi-e slender in the central portion, and thickened above from the incipient branching.

Fig. 15. An enlargement of fig. 10 showing surface characters.

Fig. 16. A longitudinal section showing cell tubes, tlieir mode of growth and divergence from the axis.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUle, N. Y.
Fig. 17. The cell tubes and intermediate cellular interspaces, as seen in a longitudinal translucent section.

Callopora (C(elocaulis) Htale.

I'aso IG.
See Plate 12.
Fig. 18. An irregularly gi-owing branch which has been partially crushed.
Fig. 19. An enlargement, showing the surftice characters.

Upper Helderberg group. Onondaga Valley, N. Y.

Callopora (CfELOCAULis) venusta.

I'ago 23.

See Plate 23 a.
Fig. 20. A slender branch, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUle, N. Y.

Vig. 21. A larger bifurcating branch.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUle, N. Y.

Fig. 22. An enlargement of the preceding, showing the surface characters.

Fig. 28. An enlargement showing the interior of a bifuT-cating branch, and a portion of the epitheca.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. ClarksvUle, N. Y.
Tf\g. 34. A portion of a branch enlarging toward a bifurcation, showing constricted cell apertures, and also

maculs without ceUa.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUlo, N. Y.

u:.!!;' >r^m ii:riE'i,iDiiu.iii3ii]jacB- c&ira.cDio'iK

Palaeontology of NYVol VI.

Plate M.

G B Siinpson d^A

Phil.Ast.lilh.

PLATE XIII.

Trematopoka (Orthopora) regularis.

Page 18.
See Plates 11, 23.
Fig-. 1. An enlargement of a small branch where the cells are not separated by a longitudinal ridg-e, and
the interspaces are marked by comparatively strong- apinides. (X 6.)
Lower Helderberg- group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 2. A fragment enlarged, having ajiertui-es elongated from weathering. The spinules in the inter-
spaces ai-e fewer and more slendei- than in the preceding specimen. (X 6.)
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksinlle. N. Y.
Fig. 3. A fi-a^ient of another indivi<lual enlarged as the preceding. The surface presents an unusual num-
ber of ranges of cells, and the interai)ertural ci-enulate ridges are remarkably well preserved.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, iV. Y.

Trkmatopora ? (Trematella ?) CORTICO.'SA.

Page 15.
See Plate 10.
Fig. 4. A natural longitudinal section showing the mode of growth and the angular forms of the cell tubes.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, iV. If.

CaLLOPORA (CaLLOTRYPa) HETEltOPORA.
Page 2».
See Plates 11, 23.
Fig. 5. A bi-ancbing fragment showing the natm-al size and mode of branching.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, iV. Y.
Fig. 6. A fragment of limestone preserving specimens of this species, with Treinatapora (Orthopara)
regularis and a 8j>ecies of Fenestella.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 7. An enlargement from fig. 5, showing the disposition of the cell apertui-es and the minute spines at

their margins.
Fig, 8. An enlargement of a fragment of * branch of this species, where the spinules are so closely dis-
posed as to obscure the cell apertures.

Lower Helderberg group. Albany county, N. Y.

CaLLOPOKA CELLUI.OSA.

Page 21.

See Plates 12, 23 a.

Pig. 9. A fragment of a branch enlarged, showing the closely arranged spinules on the margins of the

cell ajiertures, and the interai)ertural pitted surface. (X 6.)

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Callopora (Callotrypa) OCULIFERA. . ^

, / Page 27.
, See Plate 23.
Pig. 10. A fragment of a branch enlarged, showing the form and aiTangement of the cell apertures and the
interapertural pitted surface. (X 6.)

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Near Catskill. N. Y.
Fig. 11. A fragment of limestone, showing the mode of occurrence of these forms of Oallopoka, Fknes-

TMLLA, etc.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

i i 1/, .1 i ;..n

PLATE Xni-Continned. -i-

.Hint • I'lOl / M.IJI I

Stictopora papiixosa.

Pijp. IS. A fig^are showing the mode of brtvochinf^ and arrang'einent of cell apertures.

Lowor Helderberjj: group. Clarksmlle, N. Y.
Vig. 13. An eul&r^ment of a fragment showing' the foi-ni and arrang'eraent of the cell «peir(area. (X *i«)
Lower Heldei'bei-jf group. CtarkavUle, iV. Y. i« (i9»4qa

I

-mnalmueiwii iiKHiafmartfiatuihu'' PtiLODICTYA TE.VUI8. nalii J<r'>urHWi'i

■■>wi<i lli»w^M«3(t«iii9n yinaayl'i-i •'. Pajre 39.

■* See Plates 17, 23 a.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the surface to show the mode of forp^tion o^ the intercellular longitudinal
partitions.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

.hi) Kti 'lilt In i<mno1 ■\id\i'!iiu: •'i^'aVOSITES HeLDERBERGI^, ETC. ••■nil'iithMi'"' I«iittJ»n

Fig. 15. A fragment of i'bwwifes HelderbergicB which has been overgrown by several other forms of corals
as i-epi-esented in the figure, each of which is indicated by a letter, as follows : a. Favonites
HelderbergicB ; 6. Fhvogites sphOBricux ; c. AlveoUtex explanafu.1 ; d. Pistulipora ponderosa ;
h. an inclosed cyathophylloid coral. The different expressions of Alveolites, c, are owing to the
direction in which the cells are cut in a plane section of the mass.

Lower Helderberg group. Sclmliarie, ^. X* ^,fiiwfiilB lasnnja-rt ytnid-ynttui ■

,„.„^,AW» fn^x^^^y^<^r.<\ ,Uh, ....i-,. ALVEOLITES EXPLANATU3. i„-„n^,1

Page II. • , , , : . v.i in' 'y v.

Fig. 16. An enlargement of the surface, showings the form acd 8t!'ia,tio» of the cell lipertures of the same
-»i.iq>( »Ji'speciea as shown in fl^. IBi aril ^ noiiiaoqaib <t6$ yiiwod^ ^ .^ on.-.

hIU ^IflMla m tnm asluaiqa sdt anadv . LiCHBNALlA 8BRIALI8.

Page 33.
See Plate 1.5.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of the surface to show the form and an-angement of the cell apertures

Lower Helderberg group. ' Clarksmlle, N. T.
Fig. 18. An enlargement from the upper side of the 'epitheca, showing the procumbent position of the
cellules, and the strong lateral cell walls on the left-hand side of the figure, where the cellulea
have been broken away. in-iKr. ■ ^i'J

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y. t-i9<i« llao

I

Fenestella Noe.

- 1,1 II ■ , . r»»*%-u )j I ;n>-iw I 1/ I

Fig. 19. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Ctarhmille, N. T.
Fig. 20. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous side. (X 6.)
Pig. "Jl. An enlargement of the celluliforous side of a specimen.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarhtville, N. Y.
Kg. 22. An enlargement of the celluliferou.s side. (X 6.) .1

.^,:■^■i,,■■■ Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y. inaui-;^!'!

r

^alFBontology of N.Y.VolVI.

( FENESTELUD-E )

PlateKHl.

■J B.Simpoor. del

Phil.AstUtji.

PLATE XIV.

LiCHENALIA MACULOSA.
Page 30.
Pig. 1. An irregularly laminated ma-ssive form of the species.

Lower Helderberg group. C'larksviUe, N. T.
Pig. 2. A. conical form, presenting maculsE fi-ee from cells, and with the epitheca exposed at the base,
from weathering.

Lower Helderberg group Near Catskill, N. T.
Fig. 3. A vertical section, enlarged, showing the tubes and intei-cellular spaces.

Lower Helderberg group. Sc?u>harie, N. T.
Pigs. 4-6. Surfaces, showing vai-ious phases of the arrangement and expression of the cell apertures.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Albany and /Schoharie countien, N. Y.
Fig. 7. The tubes cut transversely, as seen in a translucent section.

Fig. 8. An enlargement from the surface of specimen fig. 1, showing the cell apertures and the repent
position of the cell tubes.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarkwilU, N. T.

FlSTULIPORA PONDEROSA.

Page 27.

See Plate 23 a.
Fig. 9. A massive form, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. F.
FHg. 10. A vertical section of a portion of the preceding, showing the cell tubes.

Fig. 11. An enlargement from the surface of the specimen fig. 9, showing the characters of the cell aper-
tures and the interapertural spaces.
Fig. 12. A portion of the sui-face of a specimen, which has been worn or partially exfoliated, showing the
form of the cellules and the character of the intercellular spaces.
Lower Helderberg g^roup. Near Catskill, N. T.

FiSTCLIPORA PARASITICA.
Page 28.
See Plate 23.
Rg. 13. A specimen, natural size, growing on the frond of a Fenestella.

Lower Helderberg group. Near Catxkill, N. Y.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the preceding, showing the character of the cell apertures and interaper-
tural spaces.

FiSTULIPORA, Sp. ?

Fig. 15. A branching fragment of Monotrypa overgrown with a species of Fistulipora.
Fig. 16. An enlargement from the surface of the preceding.

Fig. 17. A longitudinal section of the same, enlarged, showing the thin crust of Fistulipora. This speci-
men is introduced on this plate in error.

Hudson River group. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Callopora (Ccelocaulis) mediopora.

Page 23.
See Plate 23 A.
Fig. 18. An enlargement from the surface of a specimen, showing the cell apertures and interapertural
pits of nearly equal size.

iL^'jyiim mniLBDiEiBiBiiiE.© CB-HiCDisrip.

Palasontology of N.Y.VolVT.

Plate XK

^7. * ,' ..'it

'^miE-i

GB Simpson del.

H Bergman li&.

m

un<!iic u.a;i-ii

/.J1

llJ

It'MHnK

■ I ■< t.(tr-|iu. ■fmiif ■•if'r

H tiwiKr

;;■■!

PLATE XV.

LlOHENALlA TORTA.
Pago 31.
Fijf. 1 . The external surface of the epitheca, showinjf a folded and contorted condition of growth.

Lower Pentamerus limestone, fichoharle, N. T.
Figs. 2, 3. The epithecal surface of two .sjiecimens, both of which ai-e irregularly infolded and somewbat
contoi-ted.

Lower Pentamerus limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 4. The inner surface of the epitheca from which tho cellules have been removed by exfoliation.

Lower Pentamerus limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 5. An enlargement of the preceding, showing the concentric undulations, the finer concentric stris,

and the radiating shaiiily elevated strise.
Fig. 7. A j>ortion of the celluliferous face of a specimen, showing the minute cell apertui-es with irregular
low nodes which do not interrupt the continuity of the cells. A portion of the lower part is
denuded of the celluliferous crust, and presents the character of the surface shown in fig. 4.
Lower Pentamerus limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.

LiCHENALIA SERIALI8.
Page 32.
See Plate 13.
Fig. 6. An enlargement from the celluliferous face showing the cell apertures.
Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.

LlOHENALlA DISTAN8.
Page 32.
Fig. 8. A portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, natural size. The i-ight hand portion of the figui-e
repi"esents a broken and macerated fragment of a Dalmanites partially overgrown by a species
of Ceramopora.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 9. An enlargement of the above, showing the fonn and arrangement of the cell apertures.

PaLESCHAKA ? DI8SIMILI8.
Page 36.
Fig. 10. A portion of a large frond, natural size, showing the mode of g^rowth, cell apertures, etc

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Schoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 11. An enlargement from the preceding, showing form of cell !ii)ertures.

Fig. 12. An enlargement from another specimen, showing a portion of the surface with the celluliferous part
denuded, and preserving long continuous channels with walls of the recumbent cell tubes.
Lower Helderberg g:i-oup. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 13. An enlargement from the surface of the same specimen, showing a different form of cell apertures
from fig. 11 (possibly representing a distinct species).

i£.®'\?^niiii iiiisiLiDigmiBiiiM© ©'TBCDiarip,

Palaeontology of N.Y.VolVT.

PI ate XV

G.B. Simpson del

H Bergman lith.

PLATE XVI.

Cerampora labeculoidea.

Page 33.
Fig. 1. A frond, natural size, growing on the surface.of a iBenestella.

Fig. 2. An enlargement from the surface of the above, showing tljie form and mode of increase of the
cellules.

Cerampora ? parvicella. '' "'>!"'''>»'>

PageM.
Fig. 3. A frond incrustiiij^ a Meristellai showing mode of growth, arrangement of cell aperjtui-es, etc.,
natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 4. An enlargement from the i>rcceding, showing tho form and arrangement of the cellules and form
of cell apertures.

■' I .■'.;ll ■ ,

Cerampora MACULATA,„4<p.xiy, -uMij^i-.ni m

Pago SI.
Fig. 5. The base of a nearly circular form, showing the epitheca.
Fig. 6. The baae of a specimen having the epitheca partially removed, showing radiating cell tubes.

Lower HeJderborg group. Clarh»eUU, N. 7.
Fig. 7. The base of a subelliptical form preser^nng the epitheca and showing the remains of a Tentaculite
on which the zoariimi began its growth. j^. ,.,. ^ :-,,

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, iV. Y.
Fig. 8. The base of a large individual preserving the epitheca erni}, showing the jx>int of attachment to
some foreign body.

Ijower Helilerberg group. Schoharie, N. Y. . ,
Fig. 9. The celliilifei-ous side, natural size, ■howing elevated niaculie with larger cells.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Srhoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of the surface showing form of cell apertures.
Fig. 11. A vertical section showing mode of giowth and increase of the cellules.

{Cermnpora [Berenicea) maxima.')

Page 34.
Pig. 12. A zoarium, natural size.

Paleschara radiata.

Page 3.5.
Rg. 13. A fragment, natural size, growing upon another fns.'<il.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the surface of the above, showing form and arrangement of the cellules.

PI.ATK XVI— Conllnuoil. >' .baiyA A .1 .^W

Paleschara incrustans.

Vig. 15. A specimen incrusting the surface of Spirifera perlameUosa, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clark.wille, iV. T.
Fig. 16. An enlargement from the preceding, contrasting with tig. 14.
Fig. 17. An enlargement from the surface of another specimen, showing slightly larger and more regular

aiTangement of the cell apertures.
Pig. 18. A Trematapora incrusted with this species^ ' .

Lower Helderberg group. ClwfUiiUte, N. Y.
Fig. 19. An enlargement fi-om the pi-eceding, showing the arrangement of cell apertures, which are smaller

than in fig. 16.
Fig. 20. A zoarium incrusting Streptalaama strictum.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 21. An enlargement fi-om the prece4in£> allowing form and arrangement of cell apertures.
Maiui Has ■v,m\Bd>«i ^iiiwoifs .liivimr-t yjfiiii

Pale8chara'?v(Liohenalia?) bilateualis.

■ .tii'r-.ii!i!"'r !■ '" '-I'iiiiM-.-i 'lilt -. Page 36.

Figs. 22, 23. A fragment of a large frond, natural .size, and an enlargement showing cell arrangement; the
margins of the cell apertures appear to have been worn away.
Lower Helderberg gi-o\ip. Clarksville, N. y. "'""

■■| 1^: 111 I // t.i 11

Paleschara concentrica.

( f. ...page 67.
Fig. 24. An enlargement of a portion of a foliate expansion of this species.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y. " i '

MONOTRYPA ? SPINOSULA.
Page 67.
Fig. 25. An enlargement of a portion of the specimen showing the elevated nianilsB and iine(|ual cell
apertures.

Tentaculite limestone. Schoharie, N. Y.

.;.M(iilli-i'iilt "to in«»raf<-i»n«THi

■ILrD'\mi3i mHILIDllUlIBIlIR©- C&HiCD'CDriP.

Palaeontology of NYVolVI

Plate M.

Q.B.Simpson del

H-Bergman lith..

PLATE XVII.
Ptilodiotya lirata.

Page 38.
See Plate 23 A.
Fig. 1. The base of an individual, natural size.

Lower HeWerberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 2. An enlargement from the preceding.
Fig. 3. A fi-agment of a fi-ond, natui-al size.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvilU, N. ¥.
Pig. 4. An enlargement from the preceding.

RhINODICTYA ? (JRANUL08A.
Page 40.
See Plate 23 a.
Pig. S. A slender stipe, natural size.
Pig. 6. -An enlargement of a poHion of a stipe.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarkmnUe, N. T.

Ptilodictya tenuis.

Page 39.
See Plates 13, 23 a.

Pig. 7. A narrow curving stipe, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. T.
Fig. 8. An enlargement from the preceding.
Fig. 9. A base of a specimen, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvUle, N. T.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of the pi-eceding, showing the minute intercellular pits.

Fig. 11. An enlargement from another specimen, differing somewhat in the size and shape of the cell
apertures from figs. 8 and 10.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, iV. Y.
Fig. 12. A longitudinal section, showing origin and mode of growth of the cellules.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.

Ptilodiciya nebulosa.

Page 40.
Fig. 13. An enlargement of a portion of a fragment.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 14. The lower portion of a frond with the base of attachment.

Lower Helderberg group. Near Catskill, N. Y.
Fig. 15. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the form and size of cell apertures, and nodes with

partially ban-en. spaces.
Fig. 16. An enlargement fi-om another specimen, showing larger cell apertures which are often polygonal ;
the elevated nodes are larger and are covered with cellules as on the other parts of the frond.
Lower Helderberg group. Near Catskill, N. Y.
Fig. 17. An irregular fragment, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group, fichoharie, N. Y.
Fig. 18. An enlargement, showing polygonal cell apertures and strong nodes on the surface.

lLi2J'571Em IlIIlIL]Dl^llill31^lBCB- 'WSi:D^ni£^.

Palano;i'nloe>' of N.Y.''ol7[

plate XVIL

0 B Simpsor, d«l.

n Berpman Irth.

I'luii ^•iiif'n?^**!

PLATE XVIII.
Fene8teli,a (Polypora) oohpaota.

Page 63.
See Plate 22.
Fig. 1. A fragment from near the base of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 2. An enlargement of the surface of the non-cellulifei-oua side.
Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of the frond.

Fenesthu-la (Polypora) Arta.

I'age 83.
Fig. 4. A fragment of a frond, showing a diffei-ence in the size of the branches and of the fenestrules on

the non-celluliferous side, natural size. .
Fig. 6. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face, with slender branches and large fenestrules.
Fig. 6. The non-cellulifHrous face of a fragment, natural size.
Fig. 7. An enlargement from the preceding, showing stouter branches and smaller fenestrules than fig. 5.

Fknestella (Polypora) obliqua.

Page 66.
Rg. 8. A fragment of the celluliferous face, natural size.
Fig. 9. An enlargement from the above, showing cell apertures, etc.
Lower Helderberg group. Near Catskiil, N. T.

Frnestella (Polypora) paxillata.

rage 65.
Fig. 10. A fi-agment showing the non-celluliferous face of the frond.

Pig. 11. An enlargement from the above ; one branch is decorticated showing the interior structure.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the celluliferous side of a specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) .sp. irnlet.

Fig. 13. An enlargement from a fragment worn down from the non-cellulil'ei'ous face and showing two, thi-ee
and four ranges of cells.

Fenestella (Polypora) compressa.

Page 61.
Fig. 14. A fi-agment, natural size, presenting the non-celluliferous face.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 15. An enlargement fi-om the pi'eceding.

Fig. 16. An enlargement of the non-cellulifei-ous .side of a specimen, showing the finely granulose strise.
Fig. 17. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a frond, showing the obliquely upward opening of
the pores. The surface is modified from weathering.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of the cellulifei-ous face of a fragment, showing tke cell apertures opening rect-
angularly to the axis.

Lower Helderberg group. CatskUl creek, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) Lil.£A.

Pago 62.
Pig. 19. A fragment of the celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 20. An enlargement from the preceding.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksvilU, N. Y.
fig. 21. A fragment of a frond, natural size, showing the celluliferous face.
Pi^. 22. An enlargement of the preceding.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.

(-rF;NESTELLin.« )

Palaeontology of N.YVol VI.

Plate XWn.

G B.Simpsor. del.

PhilAst.lith.

PLATE XIX.

Fenestella (Poi.yi'ora) stricta.

PajfO 5».
Fig. 1. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Clark.iville, N. Y.
Vig. 2. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of the preceding.

Fene-stella (Polypora) Eudora.

Page 6fl.
Fig. 3. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 4. An enlargement of the preceding.
Fig. 6. An enlargement of the cellulifennis face of a frond, referred to this species with doubt.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. ClarksvUle, N. Y.
Fig. 6. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of the frond.

Pig. 7. An enlargement of the celluliferous face of the pi-eceding, showing smaller cell apertures, which
are in some parts more numerous.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksvitle, N. Y.
Fig. 8. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a specimen.
Fig. 9. An enlargement from the cellulifei-ous face of the preceding, showing more elongate fenestrules

than the above forms.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of the specimen fig. 8.

Fenestella ^syle.

I'agc 46.
Fig. 11. A portion of the frond, natural size, showing the non-celluliferous face.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face, from the preceding.

Lower Helderberg group. New Salem, N. Y.
Fig. 13. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of another specimen, showing more slender branches
and wider fenestrules.

Fenestella (Polypora) Tdothea.

Fig. 14. A portion of a frond, natural size, showing the celluliferous face.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 15. An enlargement from the preceding.

Fenestella Spio.

Pago 47.
Fig. 16. A portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, enlarged.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Althaea.

Page 48.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of two fragments a and b, which are probably pai-ts
of the same frond.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksinlU, N. Y.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of another specimen, showing larger fenestrules.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Fig. 19. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of a fragment from another fi-ond.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y.

( FENESTELUD^

Palaeontology of N.YVol'Vl

G B.Simpson del

Phil.Astlith.

Piy.

1.

Pi«.

3.

K«.

3.

PLATE XX.
Fenestella crebripoka.

Pufro 43.
A fi-agment of the celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
An enlargement of the noncelluliferous face of a frag^ment.
An enlargement of the celluliferous face of specimen fig. 1.
Lower Helderberg group. CtarksvUle, N. T.

Fenestella Sylvia.

Page «.
Figr. 4. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Pijf. 5. An enlarg'ement of the non-celluliferous face of the preceding'.

Pig. 6. An enlargement from the non-cell uliferous face of specimen fig. 4, showing the fomi of fenestrules,
and from three to five lines or striffi on each of the branches, contrasting with fig. 5, from another
part of the same frond.
Rg. 7. An enlargement of the celluliferous face from another specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. T.

Fenestella, sp. ?
Fig. 8. The non-celluliferous face, worn in such a manner as to show the base of the cellules.

Fenkstella Philia.

Page 50.
Pig. 9. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face, natural size.
Pig. 10. An enlargement from the pi-eceding.
Kg. 11. An enlargement of the celluliferous face.

Lower Helderberg group. New iSalem, Albany Co., N. Y.

Fenestella Hestia.

Page 4S.
Pig. 12. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face.

Pig. 13. An enlargement of a portion of the preceding, showing pustules and the strongly striated surface
of the branches.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. T.

Fenestella Cleia.

Page 45.
Pig. 14. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face of a frond.
Pig. 15. An enlargfement of the celluliferous face.

Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella junceus.

Page 44.
Pig. 16. A fragment of the celluliferous face, natural size.
Pig. 17. An enlargement of the non-cellulifei-oua face of the frond.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of the celluliferous face from the specimen fig. 16.
Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella Adraste.

Page 48.
Pig. 19. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a frond.
Pig. 20. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Pig. 21.. An enlargement from the preceding.

Fig. 22. An enlargement of the celluliferous face of a frond, with an outline section of a branch at the right
hand side of the figure.

Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. Y.

:L-U P/IMli-i LilLg;LLlL)lE;iliLi;iLi;ifi® 'EylSi' O'lJ^.

( FENBSTKLUD.*: .

Palaeontology of N.YVolTI

GB. Simpson, del

?hil.A.£tliih.

Wl «¥>|a|^

/. M ■

.JK.

' yi'lML"

oAg^

PLATE XXI.
Fenkstella Thyene. '

Page 50. .
Fig'. 1. A fragment of the iioii-coUuliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Pig'. 2. An enlarg-ement from the j)i"e<;eilinjj.
Fig. 8. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face showing more slender branches.

Lower Helderberg group. Sclwharie, iV. Y.
Fig. 4. An enlargement of the celluliferous face with an outline section of a branch at the left hand of the

figm-e.
Fig. 6. A large funnel-shaped frond, natural size.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, iV. T.

Fenestella Idalia.

Page 52.
Fig. 6. The non-celluliferous face of a funnel-ahaped fi-ond, natural size.
Fig. 7. Aa enlargement of the non-celluliferous face.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fijf. ' 8. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face showing slender striate branches.
Fig. 9. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, with stouter branches.

Fenestlla Coronis.

Page 61.
Fig. 10. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 11. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face showing the thickened base, and the entire surface free

from striae.
Pig. 12. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face. The upper part of the figure, from the outer ex-
tension of the frond, show.s elongate fenestrules and strongly striate granulose branches.
Pig. 13. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of the specimen tig. 11.
Ijower Helderberg group. Near ClarksvUle, iV". Y.

Fenestella (Unitrypa) PKyEOuasoR.

Page 5i.
Fig. 14. An enlargement_of the non-celluliferous face of a frond.
Pig. 15. An enlargement of the celluliferous face, showing the carinate branches, with the carinas expanded

above and covei-ing the cell apertures, except in the upper part of the figure where they have

been i-emoved.
Pig. 16. An enlargement of the celluliferous face, with the carina removed, exposing the cell apertures.
Pig. 17. An enlargement .showing the alate carinae, which in some parts are united by the extension of the

marginal nodes into slender connecting bars.
Pig. 18. An enlargement from the ends of the branches showing the foi-m of the carinse with their lateral

expansions.

Lower Helderberg-gi-oup. Near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella quadrula.

Page 53.
Fig. 19. A fragment of the n(in-(;ellulifei-ous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 20. An enlargement from the pi'eceding.

Fig. 21. An enlargement of the celluliferous face with the carinas broken off, leaving the branches appar-
ently grooved.
Fig. 22. An enlargement of the celluliferous face, showing the presence of the alate carinae with the mar-
ginal crenulations.

Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. Y.

I FKXE.STEU.ID.E J

palaeontology of NY'/olTT.

PlareHl

GB. Simpson aci

--^.A-;.i.aL.

PLATE XXII.
Fenestella (Uni'irypa) Nervia.

Page 55.
Fig. 1. The celluliferous face of a funnel-shaped frond.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. T. .! .VJ.

Fig. 2. An enlargement of the preceding, sho\\'ing the cell apertures, with a portion of the surface ex-
foliated, disclosing the interior structure, cell walls, etc.
Fig. 3. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of specimen fig. 1, where the carinal crests are ex-
tended into lateral bars, meeting those from the opposite side.
Fig. 6. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of another specimen.

Fig'. 9. A fragment ; natural size, showing the extension of the lateral bai-s connecting the intercellular
carime.

Lower Helderberg group. Olarksville, iV. T.
Vig. 10. An enlargement of the preceding.

Fenestella (Polypora) compacta.

Page 63.
See Plate 18.

Fig. 4. The non-ceUuliferous face of a fragment. .-,,

Fig. 5. An enlargement from the preceding.

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y.

Fenestella adormata.

Page «,. ,.^^^^

Fig. 7. An enlargement of the non-ceUuliferous face. """^^ :

Lower Heldei-berg group. Clarksville, N. V.
Fig. 8. An enlargement of the ceUuliferous face of the preceding.

Fenestella (Uxitrypa) Nervia, van constricta.

Page 66.
Fig. 11. An enlargement of the non-cellulifei-ous face, showing the thickened gi-anulated branches and small

fenesti-ules.
Fig. 12. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of the preceding specimen, showing the thickened

inter-cellular crests and connecting bars on a pai*! of the surface.

j

Fenestella (Hemitrypa) biserialis.

Page 57.
Fig. 13. The base of the celluliferous side of a funnel-shaped frond, natural size.
Fig. 16. An enlargement of the non-ceUuliferous face of another specimen.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of the celluliferous face from the specimen tig. 13, where the elevated crests of

the intercellular cariua! are broken off showing the cell-ajjertures.
Fig. 18. An enlargement from the celluliferous side of specimen tig. 13, preserving the elevated crests of
the carinae, and the lateral processes uniting in a longitudinal bar.
Lower Helderberg gi-oup, ^ear Clarksville, N. Y,

Fenestella (Hemitrypa) biseralis, var. exilis.

Page 57.
Vig. 14. A sectional view enlarged, sljowing the elevation of the interceUular crests and the connecting

processes. (X 4.)
Fig. 15. An enlargement from the nou-celluliferous face of a specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. Y.

Fig.

24.

Fig.

2.';.

Fig.

26.

Fig.

27.

Fig.

28.

Fig.

29.

PLATE XXIl—Conttnuecl.

ICHTHYORACHr.S NeREIS.

Page 66.
Fig. 19. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Lower Helderberg gi'oup. Schoharie, N. Y.
Pig. 20. An enlargement of the specimen fig. 19.
Fig. 21. An enlargement of the celluliferoua side of another si^ecimen.

Sysocladia .' .sp.
Fig. 22. The noa-celliUiferous face of a fragment of undetermined relations.

TiiEMAToroKA ? iiulct. - •

Fig. ,, 23^ A , fragment, natural^^i;^., Introduced on this plate in error, and pi-eviouHly referred tu tbtf
following species.

Thamniscus? Cisseis.

Page ti.
A piece of rock with several fragments of the fossil on its sui-face.
2.'). This species as-sociated, on a piece of rock, with other species of Bryozoa and Aulopora.
A bi-anching frond, natural size.
A fragment enlarged ; the branch is twisted showing both the striate non-celluliferous side and a

portion of the celluliferous surface.
An enlargement of the striated surface of a branch.

An enlargement of the celluliferous face of a branchlet, showing, in some parts, granulose cell
margins, with some intennediate pustules or short spinules.
Fig. 30. The celluliferous face, partially worn, and with more circular apertures.
Lower Helderberg group. Near Clarksville, N. Y.

Thamniscus ? Nysa. -^i'l

"' ' Page 43.

Figs. 31, 32. A branching fi-agment and an enlargement from the 8ame.io') 'tdJ lo lasmafu-. .'^i'-l

Fig. 47. A fi-agment, natural size.

Fig. 48. An enlargement of the preceding. li/i'J)

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. T.

Thamniscus fkucticella.

,..,,, •.,,.■' Page *2.

Fig. 33. The non-celluliferous fece of a branching form.

^1 j^ ijj.^Thamniscu8 variolata.

Page 41.
Fig. 34. A iX)rtion of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 3.'5. A fragment showing a striated surface with cells on the margins of the branchlets.

Fig.' 36. The celluliferous face of a larger fi*ond.

Pig. 87. The non-celluliferous face of an unusually large frond, showing cells on the margins of the

branchlets.
Pig. 38. The non-cellulifei-ons side of a fragment with closely-crowded branchlets.
Fig. 39. A fragment showing the smaller exti-emitiea of the branchlets.
Figs. 40, 41. Two fragments showing the characters of the frond near its base. ' "'
Fig. 42. A transverse section of a branch, showing numerous cellules.

Pig. 43. An enlargement of the cell tubes, as seen looking vipon the lateral margin of a branch.
Fig. 44. An enlargement from the celluliferous lace of a branch and branchlets, showing the irregular

_),,,•,.,„„ distribution of the cellules. ...di i.. n.iiiwil.'* fuli >iiiv/ -iiu ,hoi,i I, v. ,; / !k ■■ ii-.;w a t'

Fig. 45. An enlargement from the specimen fig. 36, showing the celluliferous face and a part of the striated

surface.
Fig. 46. An enlargement of an irregularly-branching specimen, showing unequally distributed cell openings.
Lower Helderberg group. Near ClarksoUle, N. Y.

( FENESTELLtn n .

Palagontology of NY.VolV.
i_.

Plate ISl

G B.Simpson del

?.':;,AiT i.-a.

PLATE XXIII.

TkEMATOPORA (OllTHOrORA) REGULARIS.

Page 16.

See Plates 11 and 13.

Fig. 1. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen showing the cell apertures obscured by the prominent,

nodose longitudinal ridges. (X 18.)

Lower Heldei-berg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Tkematopoka (Outhopoka) qranilinea, u. sp.

Fig. 2. An enlargement of a jjortion of a spei^imen, showing the form and an-angement of the cell
apertures, the nodes and granulose striationa of the sui-face. (X 18.)
Lower Heldorlierg gi-ouji. ClarksviUe, N. Y.

Caixopora (Callotrypa) heteropora.

Page 25
See Plates 11 and 13.

Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen, showing the form and arrangement of the cell
ajiertui-es and mesopores. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

FlSlXLlPORA, sp. ?
See Plate 14.
Rg. 4. An enlargement of a portion of the surface, showing the form and arrangement of the cell aper-
tui-es and mesoporea. (X 18.)

Trematopora (Okthopoba) ovatipora.

Page 17.
See Plate 11.
Fig. 5. An enlargement of a specimen, showing the form and an-angement of the cell apertui-es, their
grannloae margins, the node at the base of each aperture and the nodose longitudinal ridges
separating the ranges of apertures. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. New Salem, Albany Co., N. T.

Callopora (Callotrypa) occulifera.

Page 27.
See Plate 13.
Fig. 6. An enlargement showing the foi-m and arrangement of the cell apertures and mesopores. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) parallela.

Page 19.
See Plate II.

Fig. 7. An enlargement showing the peristomes in contact and a pominent node at each angle. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 8. An enlargement showing the longitudinal ranges of apertures separated by nodose ridges. ( X 18. )

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) canaliculata.

Page 17.
See Plate 11.
Fig. 9. An enlargement showing the foi-m and arrangement of the cell apertures. (X 18.)
Lower Helderburg group. New Salevi, AUxv^y Co., N. Y.

I

PLATE XXin— Oontinaed.
TkEMATOI'OKA (OkTIIOPOKa) nodosa, II. SI).

Fi^. 10. An enlargement showinf<f the form and arrangement of the cell apertures, their slightly elevated
margins and the pi-ominent nodes. (X 18«)

Lower Helderberg grouji. Clarksville, N. Y.

Trematopoba (Outhopora) hiiombifkra.

Pasre 18.
See Plate 11.
Fig. 11. An enlargement of a s[)ecimen, the sni-face of which has been somewhat weathei-ed.

Lower Helderberg group, ('lur/civille, N. T.
Fig. 12. An enlargement showing pi-ominent nodes at the angles of the vestibular arua«.
Lower Helderberg gi-oiip. ClarlisvWc, N. Y.

Callopoka (Callotrypa) striata.

Page 26.
See Plate 11.
Fig. 13. An enlargemeift showing the fonn and airivngement of the cell apertures, the prominent node at
the base of each aperture, and the mesopores so arranged that their margins have the appear-
ance of longitudinal striations. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. T.
Fig. 14. An enlargement showing the cell apertuies with slightly elevated margins, without nodes. The
mesopores appear simply as interrupted stnations. (X 18.)
Lower Heldei-berg group. Schoharie, N. Y.
-•t*l« Ilao sdJ ^o ti\r<in->vi\i:ru. i ,. , :t

Callopora (Callotrypa) macropora.

Page 24.

See Plate 11.

Fig. 15. An enlargement showing the oval cell apertures with their equally elevated margins, which are

frequently in contact. (X 18.)
li-.il) .<-.•■•(■, Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, K. Y. .i',|

Fig. 16. An enlargement showing cell apertui-es without elevated margins. The sui-face between the
apertures is elevated, angular and with few mesopores.
Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fijj. 17. An enlargement showing the margins of the cell apertures distinctly and equally elevated and
with two or three ranges of mesopores between adjacent cell apertures. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. Slingerland's Creek near Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig 18. An enlargement showing the cell ajjertures without elevated margings. Interapertural space
elevated, rounded and with moderately pi-ominent nodes. Mesopoi-es few and often obsolete
over a poHion of the specimen.

Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 19. An enlargement showing the cell apertui'ea polygonal in form, fi-om mutal pressure and vrith con-
spicuous mesopores. The peristomes ai-e thin and sti-ongly and equally elevated. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

''"' ''"Trematopoba ? (Trematella ?) corticosa."'"'"'^'"'" ^■'

Page 15. • r i o mr

See Plates 10 and 13. M^fnaoA .8 .„«

Fig. 30. An enlargement showing regularly oval cell apertures. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

Callopora (Callotrypa) paucipora, n. sp.

Fig. 21. An enlargement showing the form iind .•iiTJiiitri'raent of the cell apertures, thescattered mesopoi-es
and nodes. n--M ii"'- l.ci-. i,.-,. ijiiiro iiA .'.' .-aiA

Lower Helderbeiif group. CLarksvQle, N.T.

mimmn mmMMMSMmm 'imimF .

Palaeontology of NYyolVT

Plate XXIII.

u

20

UlAi^ri

J o Simpson aei

Phil.Astlitti.

PLATE XXIII A.

Callopora (Ccelocaulis) vknusta.

Page 23.
See Plate 12.
Fig. 1. An enlargement showing the foi-m and arrangement of the cell apertures, and their strongly
elevated, and inflated margins. The nie.wpores are obsolete. (X IS.)
Lower Helderberg group. Clarkiville, N. T.
Fig. 2. An enlargement showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertui-es with thin slightly
elevated margins. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 3. An enlargement showing the cell apertures disUmt from each other, irregularly disposed and with
u.sually a single row of mesopores between a^ljacent apei-tui-es. (X If.)
Ijower Helderberg group. Clarksmlle, N. Y.
Fig. 4. An enlargement showing irregularly disposed cell apertures and numerous prominent nodes on

the elevated jieri8t<ime8.

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.

Pig. 5. An enlargement showing irregularly disposed cell apertures and comparatively large mesopores.

(X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. Clarkimlle, N. Y.

CaI.LOI'OKA cellulosa.

Page n.
See Plates 12 and 13.
Fig. 6. An enlargement showing irregularly disposed, distant cell apertui-es and numerous comparatively
small mesopores. (X 18.)

Lower Helilerberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.

Pig. 7.

DiAMESOPORA rONSTRICTA.
Page 19.
See Plate 10.
An enlargement showing the foi-m of the cell ap»;rtui'es. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. C laikscille, N. Y.

FlSTULIPOKA PONDEROSA. ,„,„.. ^^ gf ^^^

Page i7.
See Plate 14.
Fig. 8. An oblique view of a si)orimen, showing the conical fonn of the nodes of the surface. (X 18.)
Lower Helfli'i>)erg group. Schoharie, iV. Y.

Pig. 9. An enlargement showing the appearance of a specimen when the surface has been worn or
marcerated. (X 18.)

Lower Helderl)erg group. Catskill creek, near CatukUl, iV. Y.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of a portion of the surface of a well preserved specimen, showing the form and
arrangement of the cell apertures, the metiopores and the numerous prominent conical nodes.
(X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. C larks mile, N. Y.

Callopora (Ccelocauli.s) mediopora.

Page 'i.i.
See Plate 14.
Fig. 11. An eulargemeut showing elongate oval cell ai)erturu8 and mesopores which are fi-equently equal
in size to the cell apertures. (X 18.)

Lower Helderljerg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 12. An enlargement showing larger and moi-e broadly oval cell apertures than in the preceding figure,
with minute mesopoi-es and small spines on the elevated mai'gins of the apertures and meso-
poi-es. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.
Fig. 13. An enlargement showing small cell apertures which ai-e sometimes nearly circular, and the meso-
pores which are sometimes larger than the apertures. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. ClarksviUe, N. Y.

PLATE XXni A— Coniiniied.

Calixjpoka PERELEGANS.

I'UKO ii.
Seo Plato 12.
Vif. . 14. An enUM-frement of a portion of the surface of a specimen, showings the form of the cell apertures
anii raesopores. (X 18.)

Lower Held<»rTw>rg' p-oiip. Clarhsville, ff. Y.
^lirfy'h nid iHsqji If'' ' iiiin ni

Ptilouictva tenuis.

' '^' ■ ~ I'agc 39.
See Platp« 13 and 17.
Fig. 15. An enlarg'ement showing the appearance of the cell apertui-es near the marffin of a specimen.
(X IS.)

Lower Helderlwsrg KTf>"P- tSlinfferlaTid's ereek, near dnrksville, iV. T.

, , ., StICTOPORA PAPILI.OSA.

Page 57.
See Plate 13.
Pig. If. An enlargement showing the form anil arranffemeiit of the papillose cell apertui-es. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. Ciarkspille, N. T.

Stiotopoua ORANATULA.
/ItiiUtntifninemafWimin UaMKoittHaqt, Vaga SS. iirwodii insmenrutinn >

See Plate 11. ,...,.„,,..

Fig. 17. An enlargement of a portion of the surface of a specimen, showing thfe'fdrtn and aiTangement of
the cell apertui-es, with the thin, slightly elevated granulose peristomes. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. CaUkili creek, N. Y.

RhINODICTYA ? OKANUIXJ.SA.

Page 40.

See Plate 17.

Fig. 18. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen showing the foi-m and arrangementof the cell apertures

and the numerous gi-annles of the surface. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. Catskill creek, N. Y.
Fig. 19. An enlargement of a portion of a very slender specimen, sho%ving the form and ar-rangement of
the cell apertures and the conspicuous granules of the surface. (X 18.)
Lower Helderberg group. ClarhivUle, N. Y.

, ..« .moi 9dj «..iw»,d. Ptilodictva urata.

>-.Ml)on l«.'>i(io» JaaaJdi"! I ^'"8° **■

See Plat« 17.

Fig. 20. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen, showing the form and ari'angement of the cell aper-
tures and the minute triangular pits thin. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg group. Sclioharie, N. T.

StICTOI'ORA ALTERNATA, II. .sp.
Fig. 21. An enlargement showing th^ fonm and an-angeniorit of the cell .ipertnif s, and the elevated inter-
ai)ertural area. (X 18.)

Lower Helderberg gi-oup. Clarkgvllle, N. Y.

.■'■ili-.,n -^■'\'<t"ni\ "irit ni

—tas rxMi wtdJ-mhi* -. Stiotopora obsoleta.

Pngo 37.
Fig. 22. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen, shdwing the fonn and an'angement of th? c^lj aper
tures and the wide non-celluliferous margin. (X 18.)
Lower Helderlierg group. C larkavUle, N. Y.

U^Ifm^R m^(£im3SMMI<i'h CMJUimP.

Palaeontologvof N YyolVT.

PlateXXlIIA,

^.

m

V

u

V/bV

12

Zl

22

0 B Simpsc;'. del

ji^tiil.Astlith.

■i

4

4

PLATE XXIV.

ISCRADITES SQUAMIFER.
I'ago 290.
Fig. 1. A lateral ^^ew of the ty[ie specimen. The base is imiiei-fect.

Fig. 2. A i«)rtion of the zonal surface eiilarg-ed, showing the imbricating aj)i)earance of the simimit
plates of the spicnlea.

Lower Helderberg group. Schoharie, N. Y.

Receptaculites infundibulifoumis.

Page 289.
Fig. 3. A lateral view of a small silicified sjiecimen.

Lower Helderberg group. Ulnrksmlle, N. Y.
Id. The upper side, showing the ai-raiigement of the summit jilates.
Id. An enlargement, showing a division of two of the vertical spicules, and the angulai- i:avities

left by the solution of the summit plates.
Id. An oblique view of a portion of the Sui-face, showing the ajiinifei-ous ridges of the specimen.
Id. Similar to the preceding, but vertical to the surfac(!.
The summit of a larger specimen.

The broken edge of the preceding, showing the cavities left by the vertical spicular rays.
A large specimen which has been marerated, corapi-essed, and the substance of the sponge
removetl.

Lower Helderberg group. CJark-tinUe, N. T.
Fig. 11. A section similar to lig. 9, from a thin lenticalar specimen.
Lower Helderberg group. Clarksville, N. Y.

ISCHADITES BUR8IFORMIS.

X'age 24H).
Fig. 12. A lateral view of a large compressed specimen, preserving the impress of the calyces of three
cyathophylloid corals.

Schoharie giit. Clarksville, N. Y.
Fig. 13. A small discoid compi-essed specimen with eccentric apex.
Fig. 14. A fragment, showing a different condition of weathering.
Schoharie jfriU Schoharie, N. Y.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

,■).

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

Pig.

8.

Fig.

9.

Fig.

10.

miRFn^i ^ TBnpS^ISia HSlILIDIllMBIlIlil? ij&Mp3)lF© ,

Pai ^ontology of NYYoIVI

Plate XXIV.

£ EmmoTvsdel

"elrul Art '-'"-I

PLATE XXV.

Callopora genicolata.

Page 75.
Fig-. 1. A specimen, natural size, showing foi'm and mode of p-rowth.

Upper Helderberg group. Ontario, Caimda.
Pig. 2. All enlargement of a portion of the pi-eceding, showing the form and arrangement of the cell

ajiertures and intermediate pits. (X 6.)
Fig. 3. The interior of the same, showing the form and manner of growth of the cell tubes.

Trematopoka (TkemAtella) glomerata.

Page 70.
Fig. 4. A specimen, natural size, showing form and mode of growth.

Upper Helderberg group.
Fig. 5. A portion of a branch enlarged, showing the form and an-angeraent of the cell apertures and
ornamentation of the inter-apertural space. (X 18.)

Caixopoka MULTKSEKIATA.
Page 75.
See Plate 26.
Fig. 6. A fragment, natural size.

Upi)er Helderl)erg group. Near Leroy, Oenexee Co., N. Y.
Fig. 7. A portion of the i)rereding, enlarged, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures
and intermediate pits. (X 18.)

, ,,,,i ACANTUOCLEMA ALTEKNATUM.
Page n.
Fig. 8. A fragment of a specimen, natural size, showing the fonn and mode of growth.

Upiier Helderberg groiiji. (/iioiidaga Valhy, N. Y.
Fig. 9. A portion of the i)receding, enlargeil. showing the surfa<;e charactei-s, the form uiid ai-rangement

of the cell ai)ertures, the alternating nodes and longitudinal ridges. (X 6.)
Fig. 10. A jmrtion of the same still further enlarged, showing moi-e distinctly the characters represented
in fig. 9. (X18.) , ,.,„^, , „, ^ ,„ ,;.,

LlCU£XALIA (LiOHENOTRYPA) IX)NGI8PINA.

Page ac.
Fig. 11. A jKirtion of the surface, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures, the partitions
with Hpin<w at the angles. (X <>.)

Upper Helderberg gnmp. Falls of the Ohw river.
Fig. 12. A portion of the same, showing the form of thi; ci-Il ii|M'rtui-e8 before the formation of the dividing
walls. (X 18.)

LiCHENAUA (SeLENOPOUA) CIUCINCTA.
Page Mi.
Fig. 13. A s|>ecifflen, natural size, encrusting Potij}Kmi rultellata. i

Upper Hehlerberg group. Falls of thi OhUi river. ■, ,

Fig. 14. Apdi-tionof the surface of the same, showing one of the uiaculje and a<lja4-ent cell ajiertunw. (XB.)
Fig. 15. A portion of the surface, showing more distinctly the form and arrangement of the cell apei-tui-es,
the lunate denticulations of the jteristomes and the elevations separating them. (X 18.)

Trematopora (Trematella) arborea.

PageW.
Pigs. 16, 17, 18, 20. Four specimens, natural size, showing variation in the mode of gi-owth and method of
branching.

Upper Helderberg group. FWU of the Ohio river.
Fig. 19. An enlargement of a, portion of lig. 18, showing oval cell apertures, and areas destitute of aper-
tures, with the lower portion of the siii-face s|)inulo8e. (X 6.)
Fig. 21. A portion of tig. 2<l enlargeil. showing distinct annulations, the apertui-es obscured by abrasion

and a portion of the surfu'c graniUose.
Fig. 24. The base of a frond, probably of T. arborea.

PLATE XXV— Continued.

TrKMATOPORA (TrEMATELLA) ANNUIiATA.

, , , Paj?e S9.

Ii') -id; lo Jnnm-rjau«Tta i>iir _

See Plate 26.
Vig. 23. A Rpeciraen, natnrnl size.

ITpjior HeMt'i-berg' group. Fall* of the Ohio river.
Kg. 23. A poi-tion of tho surface of the preceding, showing the polygonal and closely arranged cell
ai^rtures. (X 18.)

TROPIUOrOKA NANA.

Page 71.
Pig. 25. A specimen, natural size, associated with Anfopora and FeneMella.

Fig. 20. A i>ortion ( X 18) ahowinj; the form mid iiiTanfrement of the cell ai>ertui-es and the undulating
longitudinal ridges.

Upper Helderberg gi-oup.

TREM.4TOPORA (OrTHOPORa) REGITLARIS.
Page 91.
See Plates 11, 13, 23 and 26.
Fig. 27. A fragment, natural size.

Pig. 28. A iK)rtion (X 6) showing rows of granules between the cell ajiertures.
Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

■'""«■"" '

Trematopora (Orthopoka) RHOMBIFERA. ;

Page 71.
See Plates 11, 23 and 26. ir lo u.iU-khj ..

Fig. 29. A specimen, natural size, showing an unusual mode of branching. ^) .« .'gft ni

Upper, Helderberg group. Faili of the Ohio i-iver.

•■■ -1 NeMATAXIS FIBK08U8.

Page 74.

Fig. 30. A .sjiecimen, natural size, imbedded in the rock, and fractured so as to show t^ie|^Jtpraal structure

and also the mode of branching. alljiw

Upper Helderberg group.

Fig. 31. A portion of another specimen. The cell apertures are obsolete and the surface is marked by

broad, somewhat irregular, longitudinal striations. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. iMnfosKp V

Fig. 32. A portion of the surface of another specimen, pi-esenting charactei-s similar to those in tig. 31,
but having finer and more regular striations. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg gi-oup. , ,

Fig. 33. A portion of a specimen broken below and showing the angular cell iiibes. (>^ IB.)

Upper Helderberg gi-oup. I«;|}(1'

Fijf. 34. A portion of a specimen, showing the oval cell apertures aiTang«d in regular longitudinal rows
lo lioilJ'ii and macule destitute of cell apertures. (X 6.) ' "- .("I ."I ,'''1 f-v'i

Uppei- Hehlerberg group. '''■

-Fig. 3S. A portion of fig. 30, showing the cell tubes and the fibrous stmcture near the surface.
Fig. 36. A pcfrtion of the interior of a specimen, showing the dii-ection of the cell tubes. (X 6.)

•j3IPli^:S liT-SXlrjlKiillJ-^IIi© 'BSMlEiH^.

Palasontology of NYyolVT

Plate XXV

0 B Simpson dei.

r'nil.Aui .

PLATE XXVI.

Tkematoi'oka (Tkematella) annulata.

Pase 69.
See Plate 25.
Fig. 1. Showinff the natui-al size and manner of sfrowth.

Fig. 2. The same, eiilai-g-ed. showing- the form and arrangement of cell aiiertures, and the anniilated
appeal ance of the branches. (X t>.)

Upper Helderberg group. FiUls of the Ohio river.

Trematopora (Orthopora) KHOMBIFERA.

Page 71.
See Plates 11, 23 and 25.
Fig. 3. A specimen, natural size, showintr the manner of growth.

Fig. 4. The same, enlarged, showing the form and aiTangeuient of .cell apertui-es, and granulose char-
acter of intercellular space. (X t>.)

Upj>er Helderbcrg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Trematovora (Orthopora) regularis.

Page 71.
See Plates 11, 13, %i and 25.

Fig. 5. A s|)frimeu, natural size, showing the manner of growth.

Fig. 6. The same, enlarge<l. showing the fonn and arrangement of the cell apertures, and the jiustu-
lose intercellular spaces.

Upper Helderlicrg group. Fhllg of the Ohio rinr.

Trematopora (Orthopora) .scutulata.

Page 70.
Fig. 7. A s|)ei-inien, natiinil size, showing the manner of growth.

Fig. 8. The same, enlarged, showing the fonn and arrangement of cell apertures, and the spinules at
the angles of the cell walls (X C)
Upper Heldertierg group.

DlAMK.SOI'ORA CAMERATA.

Page 72.
Fig. 9. A 8j)ecimen. natural size.

Fig. 10. The same, enlarge<l, showing the form and arrangement of cell apertures, and the non-cellulifer-
ouM spaces. (X •"'-)

Up|>er Helderberg gTt>U|i. Near Caledonia, N. T.

OaLLOPORA (CoSLOCAUUS) IRREGCLARI8.
Page 78.
Fig. 11. Natural size of a spe<;imeu, showing the manner of growth.

Fig. 12. An enlargement of fig. 11, showing the comparatively small cell ap»rture8, whichare distantly
and irregidarly arranged on one portion of the frond, and more closely arranged and with
intermediate i>itfl on the other. (X 6.)
Fig. 13. Another specimen, natural size, larger than that of fig. 11, and somewhat compr-eased.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of cme portion of fig. 13, showing cells somewhat more closely arranged than in

fig. 12 ; with no inf<-rmediate jiits, and with macular destitute of cell aiiertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 15. An enlargement of another portion of fig. 13, .showing the cell apertures still larger, and arranged
in quite regular an'hing transverse rows. The peristomes composing the rows are fre-
quently in contact. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg' group. Central New York.

PLATS XXVI-CouUnueU.
CaLLOPORA (C(EL0CAUL18) ACULKOLATA.
Page 76.
Fiff. 16. A specimen, natural size, somewhat cruaheil.

Kg'. 17. An enlargement of tig'. 16, sliowiiifr the form ami arrangement of the cell apertures, the minute
spines on the elevated peristomes ami the intermediate pits. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. New York.

./ IIC'III. CaLLOPORA MULTiaEKlATA.
Page 75.
-- 'See Plate 25.
Fig. 18. A specimen, natural size, showing the manner of growth.

Fig. 19. An enlargement of fig. 18; showing the form and ari-anneineut of the cell apertures and the
intermediate pits, so ari'ange<l an to give a sti-iated appearance to the surface. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. JVear Le Roy, If. Y.

'^'■"■'LlCHENALIA PEKMARGINATA.

Page 82.
Fig. 30. An enlargement, showing the form and ari-angement of cell apertures. A single macula destitute

of cells, and the larger cell a|)ertures immediately surrounding it. (X 6.)
-atmuq itilt fiiu, Upper Helderberg group. Onondaga Valley, N. Y.

Lichenalia (PirtioTiiVrA) denticui.ata.

Page 81.
See Plate 30.
Fig. 21. A specimen, natural size, incrusting a feiwutdla.
Fig. 22. An enlargenieut of a portion of the specimen, showing the form and arrangement of cell aj)erture8

ami maoulaj of larg-er cells. (X 6.)
Fig. 27. An eidargement of a portion of the surface of a si)ecimeii, showing the cells nearly parallel with
the surface, ami macular destitute of cell apertures. The apertures contiguous to the macula;
indistinctly radiate from tbero.

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the UhUi river.

Lichenalia subcava.

Page 81.
Fig. 23. A specimen, natural size.

Fig. 24. A natural section, showing the hollow spaces beneath the elevated niaculie.

Fig. L'5. An enlargement of a jiortion of tig. 23, showing the form and arrangement of cell apertures,
and appearance of the elevated macule.

Upper Helderberg gi-oup. EcUls of the Oltlo river.

,i! ,. Lichenalia substellata.

Page 78.
See Plate 30.
Fig. 26. An enlargement of a portion of the surface, showing the form and arrangement of cell apertures.
One of the sterile macula*, in the center uf the figure, shows the adjacent cell apertures larger
than the others and radiating from it.

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

p3l«on'ologyof NYVo!';

PlateXM.

• •♦♦«••* • *, * ^ ?
T » >» « A— * .JL- i^

•/nBVK **.•.•■ • • * • Kii ml iff

20

26

•, • V • «*.|

»,..»•

.V-

27

-J c.DiTLpsoT. aei

PMl.Ast.lu:..

PLATE XXVII.

Stiotopora linearis.

Page 96.
See Plate 28.
Fig. 1. A fragment enlarged to six diameters.

Upijer Helderberg group. Onondaga VaUey, Onondaga Co., N. Y.

Stiotopora vermicula.

Page 83.
Pig. 2. A specimen, natural size, showing the form and manner of bifurcation.
Pig. 3. The meaotheca enlargeil. showing the aivhing lines of growth, and tho diverging and undulating,

longitndinal narrow lines formed by the recumbent portions of the cell tubes. (X 6.)
Pig. 4. The sui'face enlargeii, showing the arrangement and appearance of the cell apertures, some of
which are separated by longitudinal striie. fX "•)

Upper Helderberg group. Ontario, Canada.

Stiotopora crescens.

Page 81.

Pig. 5. A fragment, natural size.

Pig. 6. A sjieciraen enlarged. The lower i)Ortion of the tigui-e shows the surface ; the upper portion, the
mesotheca with longitndinal striations and arching undulations of growth ; the central portion
of the figure presents the inner face of the opposite half, showing tho broken ends of the cell
tubes just below the ajwrtui-es and the vesicnlose slmctui-e between them. (X 6.)

Fig. 7. The mesotheca enlarged, showing the longitudinal striations anil trltnsverae undulations. (X 6.)

Rg. 8. A portion of the surface enlarged, showing the comparative size, form and arrangement of the
cell apertures, the longitudinal elevations, and the ol)li<iiie stiiie on the non-celluliferous margin
•of the frond. (X 6.)

Pig. 9. A transverse section, showing the vertical portion of the cells. (X 6.)

Fig. 10. A transverse section of a thinner branch. (X''-)

Pig. 11. A long^tuilinal section, showing the form of the cell tubes and their manner of growth. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Ontario, Canada.

>-■»•;

WM&i

Stiotopora ovatipora.

PageM.

See Plate 28.
Fig. 12. A sjiecimen, natui-al size.
Pig. 18. A transverse section, showing the interior chai-acter of the i-idges separating the longitudinal

ranges of apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 14. A transverse section, showing the vesicnlose intei-cellidar structure. (X 6-)
Pig. 15. All enlargement of a portion of the siii-fiure of a speriraen, showing the pu-stidiform api)earance

of the cell aperture- ^' ■! *h" tiilol>nt<' form of tho o]ii>iiiiii^ jirodiweil by the lunate denticu-

lations. (X 18.)
Pig. 16. A lateral view of a s|iociirii'ii, showing the elevation of the oi'llnles. (X •!•)
Fig. 17. A transverse section of the same specimen, showing the sharply carinate margins. (X 6.)
Fig. 18. An enlargement of a jKirtion of the surface of a specimen, showing the form and arrangement of

the cell apertures. The denticulations are obsolete. (X 6.)
Pig. 19. An enlargement of the surface of another sjiecimen, showing the cell apertures more distinctly

denticulated.

Upper Helderberg gi-oup. fiUU of the Ohio river.

PLATE XXVn— Continued.

SriCTOroRA Gilbekti.

Page 90.
See Plate 28.
Fig. 20. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 21. An enlargement of the adherent surface of the cells, the mesotheca having been removed. (X 6.)
Fig. 22. A transveree section, showing the form of the branch and the upright portion of the cell tulies. (X ti.)
Fig. 23. The lower portion of the figure (a), showing the natural surface of the frond, and on the left

hand, the part adjacent (6), shows the cell tubes, the outer covering having been broken

away ; the upper right hand comer (c), shows the inner jispect of the opposite face. (X 6.)
Fig. 24. A longitudinal natural section enlarged, showing the form and manner of growth of the cell tubes,

the strongly annulated appearance caused by the intercellular vesicular structure, and the

striations on the interior of the cell-walls formed in the courae of growth by the lunate denti-

culation of the apertui-e. (X 6.)
Fig. 25. A transverse section enlarged, .showing the form of the branch and the interior chai-acter of the

ridges separating the ranges of apei-tures. (X 6.)
Fig. 26. One of the cells greatly enlarged, showing moi>e distinctly the character of the lunate denticula-

tion. (X 40.)
¥ig. 27. A transvei-se section enlai-ged to six diametei-s.

SW. 28. An enlargement of the surface of a specimen, which has been much macerated, the cell apertures
' " ' having the appearance of the fenestrules of some fonn of Feiiegtella, and the intervening 8i)ace

resembling the branches and dissepiments. (X 6.)
Fig. 29. The inner portion of the coencecium eidarged, showing the in-egular vesiculose structure between

the cells. (X 6.)
Fig. 30. An enlargement of a portion of the sui-face of a branch, showing the strong lunat« denticulations,

the extremities of which in the process of growth, form the parallel striations along the intei'ior

of the cell tube. (X 6.)
Fig. 31. An enlargement of a portion of the surface of a branch near the margin, where the cell apertures

are pustuliform. (X 6.)
Fig. 32. An enlargement of a portion of a branch where the exterior has been removed, showing the form

and arrangement of the basal portion of the cell lubes as they rise from the mesotheca.
JP\g. 33- A portion of the surface of a froml enlarged, showing strong denticulations and a sharp depression

along thu midiUe of the ridge .separating the ranges of cell aperatures. (X 6.)
Fig. 34. An enlargement of a portion of a frond near the spreading base. (X •)■)
Fig. 35. The mesotheca enlarged, showing the radiating longitudinal lines, which mark the direction of

the cell tubes, iand the transverse arching undulations of growth. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Iialh of the Ohio river.

isfipipiiai ansLMmjiiiiiitii^ (wmmp.

Palaeontology of NYYolVI

Plate XXVU.

0 B Simpson del

r^nilAst lith

PLATE XXVIII.

'"" LiCHENALIA, sp. ? ..,!,„.. /

Fig. 1. An enlargement of a portion of the weathei-ed face of a specimen, showing the form and arrange-
ment of the recumbent portion of the cell tubes as they lie upon the epitheca. (X 6.)
Upper Helflerbei-g group.

ACANTHOCLEMA DIVERGENS.
Page 73.
Fig. 2. The natural size of a specimen, showing the form and mode of branching.
Upper Helderberg group. Onondaga Valley, iV. Y.

AcANTHOCLEMA OVATUM. 't" ^ ■"

Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen, showing the form and arrangement of cell aper-
tures, with ridge.s separating the longitudinal ranges of apertures. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Onondaga Valley, JV. Y.

StICTOPORA LINEARIS.

Pa^ 9«.
See Plate 27.
Vig. 4. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen, showing the form and arrangement of cell aper-
.;: .,, tures, and the longitudinal ridges separating the range.s of upertui-es. (X 6.) ,

r\g. 6. An enlargement of a portion of a weathered specimen. The surface between the cell walls is
worn away, giving to the surface the appearance of having contiguous, quadrangular cell
apertures.

Upper Helderberg group. New York.

AcANTHOCLEMA TRISERIALE.

Page 74.
Fig. 6. A specimen, natural size.

V^ff^,.;.%i A portion of the preceding enlarged, showing the form and an'angement of the cell apertures,

and the strong granulose ridges separating the longitudinal ranges. (X 6.)

Upper Heldei-berg group. Near Caledonia, N. T.

Prismopora triquetra.

Page 97.

See Plate 29.
Fig. 8. A specimen, natural size.
Fig. 9. An enlargement of a portion of a specimen, giving an oblique view of two of the three faces.

(X6.)
Fig. 10. An enlargement from the same specimen, showing the concave face, and the form' and arrange-
ment of the cell ajiertures. : -iil'iH -liil'l
Upper Helderberg group. FhlU of the Ohio river.

■ Hinn --'

Prismopora pauoiraha.

Page 98.
See Plate 29.
]?M(: ' l- ^" enlargement of a transverse section, .-ihowiiig the internal plates radiating from the center to
eaoh of the nnglen, a few of the cell tubes, and the intercellular vesiculose structure. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. T)uniipson's lake, Albany Co.^ If. Y.

PLATE XXVIII-Continue.!.

StIOTOPOKA FKUTIC08A.

Pngc M.
Pi(r. 12. A specimen, natiirnl size, showin)f tl;ie mpd^ of br^pchinp ami arrang-einent of cell apertures.
Fig'. 13. An enlnrfronient from a jwrtion of fijf. 12, the surface being- well preserved, sliowing the form and
- .-jiun ui ■ arrautrement of cell ape«.>toi'ee«.4iMl>4be oi-namentatMn of lUtftinliencfUulM'Bpace and.of the non*

:. eellulifei-ous margin. i' , .ill r. -■:' , n..i,fi.»| i,r»U,<irrn .iii t ■ •,:'■>„:

Figf. 14. An enlarg<>meMt from a portion of fijf. 13, the siirfiuie being- much weathei-ed. The cell apertures
are larg-er than tho.'ie of fijf. 13, and ap|)ai-<'nlly more irrejfuhii'ly arranged. The ornamenta-
tion of the surfacre is nearly or quite obBoleta. ,, iifT>ixoA
Upper Helderl)erg group. NfW Y>frk.

'.id 1o »Ij<y '■ f)rfi viiit«..i(- r. )o Mia Imutan 9tlT .& .■ji^

StIOTOPORA BIGIDA. .,,j,.,i,i^Hi».iqU
Page 91.
Rg. 15. A specimen, natural size, showing the rigid form and mo<Je of branching.

Pig. 16. A jwrtion of fig. IB, enlarged, showing the form ami arrangement of cell apertures, the striated
longitudinal ridges and the non-colhiliferous margin. (X 6.) . , , ,. ,_.

. .ygper Hdfippberj^ group. Near Le Roy. N. T.

■ StifOTOPORA 8BMI8TRIATA.

Page 05.
Fig. 17. A specimen, natural size, regularly bifui-cating.
Fig. 18. A specimen, natural size having lateral branches.
Pig. 19. A portion of a specimen enlarged, showing (he form and aiTangement of cell apertures, and

-•t'Klii li'., strong longitudinal lidges. (X 6.) ' I'l !■ < - '!

Fig. 20. An enlargement of a portion of another specimen, on which the cell apertures are apparently
''■' " moi-e irregularly aiTanged, and the longitudinal stiiations are obsolete. '';'■'

Il«) I*!"*""'!'"!.,, .- pj,pg,. jjg,^g,.,,g,.g ^,.„„p Near U Roy, N. T-- "' yn^/i^i ,/J'w« mow

,».nv-

Stictopora Gilberti.^''*'"'*''''^ ■•*»'«"

Page 90.
.5fJAlH.H>]gee Plat^ ».i'HT//.0 A

Fig. 21. A specimen, natural size, showing the form and mode of branching. ,

Piff. 22. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 21, showing more plainly the mode of bifurcknbn, tne'hon-c^F.

luliferous margins, the form and arrangement of cell apertures, and the longitudinal striations

or ridges. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg grtiup. Phils of theOhio river.

Stictopora ovatipoba.

Pago 93.
See Plate 27.

Fig. 23. A specimen, natural size, showing the form and mode of gi-owth near the base.
Pig. 23a. An enlargement of fig. 23, showing tte base, mode of branching, non-celluliferous margin, form
and arrangement of cell apertm-es, and the strong longitudinal ridges. (X 6.) j

Upper Helderberg group. Palls of the Ohio river.

Stictopora invebtis.

,, , ;, P»ge,9^,,.,, ^ /r

Fig. 24. A specimen, natural size, showing the form and mode of branching.

Fig. 25. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 24, showing the non-celluliferous margin, and the form and
arrangement of the cell apertures. . ^

96. A vertical section from Sg. 24, showing the mesiAl septum and the form and manner' of grdWth
of the cell tubes. ■

Upper Helderberg group. New York, l'"*"'^ S''"" "1

%•

wiPS'lsm !iiis:LiEiiE3i3is:a:B ©m^Dinrip^

Palaeontology of NYVolTI

PlateMVm

G.B.Siiif Gon del

.Phil.Ast.lith,

1^'

PLATE XXIX. V, -

SCALARIPORA SUBCONCAVA.

Page 100.
Fig. 1. A fi-ag-mciit, natural size.

Fig. 2. A transvei'se section of a branch, showing its form, the celluliferoua scala;, the internal radiating
mesotheca, and the intei-cellulai- vesicular structure. (X t>.) i-i-.r'l L'

Fig. 3. An eulargement of one of the faces, showing the scalae and the form and ai'raugement of the cell
apertui-es. (X ti.)

Ujijier Heldei'berg group. Falls of the Ohio rioer.

SCALAKIPOKA SCALAKIFORUIS.

I'llffO 100.
Fig. 4. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 5. An enlargement of one of tli« fa<es of a fragmfiit. shuw'niir th'' scale ami tlic form and arrange-
ment of the cell apertui-es. (X H)

Fig. 6. A view, looking directly upon one of the angles, siiiowiii),' the angular margins, the scahe of two of
the faces and the form and arrangement of the cell a|>erturef. (X 6.)

Fig. 7. An obliipie view of one of the faces, showing the concavity of the sui-face, the arrangement of the
external celiulifei-ous sc;il:u, and the form ami diaivMitioa of the cell apertures (X (>.)

Fig. 8. A transverse section of a lirauch. showing the foinn of Hie cellaliferous seals, the radiating meso-
theca and the divergent cell tubes. (X 6.)
I Upi>er Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river-

•■luiii ■f>gri I

Prismopora TRIQUETRA. ^ i^i

■ I !/ Page W. ol J ASYUiUMIOacO

See Plate S8.
Figs. 9, 10, 11. Fragments, natural size, showing the ordinary variations in form and appearance.
Fig. 12. A portion of one of the faces of a frond enlarged, showing the non-cellulifei-uns margiiis, and the

foi-m and arrangement of the cell aiM'rtui-es. (X 6.)

Pig IS. kn enlargement, of the sinface from near the margin of one of the faces, showing the very

(iblii|ue cell apertures, with prominent denticulate margins ; the denticulations giving to the

apertures a subtrilobat/> form. (X 18.) " •"■nr ■ i i

Vxg. 14. An enlargement from another specimen, showing the ranges of apertures separated by pi-oi'ninent

""" ridges; the denticulations of the cell margins are much more' conspicuous than in figui-e 13.

(X6.)
Fig. 15. A transverse section of a branch, showing the concave faces, the radiatityg^ plates or mesothecse
and the upnght portion of the cells.

Upper Helderberg group. Pallii of the Ohio river.

PrISMOHIRA PAUCIRA.MA. *'° '''''?''

I 'age M.

See Plate 28.
Fig. 16. A. fragment, natural size.

Fig. 17. An enlargement of one of the faces, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures. ( X 6. )
Upper Helderberg group. Onondaga Valley, Oitondaga County, N. Y.

xi/:

PLATE XXIX— Continued.

Inteapora PUTEOLATA. ,1 /. .1 .-^n

^nii<iilMn Imnotiii '>»ll .••l*'* in^nslilnllM • ••ill Page 97. ''A L' .'ji'-I

"Figi. 18-22. Frag-ments, natural sizo, shuwiiiff the ordinafj' vnriatidiis in form of ditlV-rent fi-onds

'tSgi 23. An enlarg:ement of a portion of the siirface of a frond, showing circular cell aperlui-es ( the intet-^
apertural pits on a portion of the figure are obsolete. (X 18.) ' '' '••'•iiil'i'"p

Fig. 24. An enlargement of a part of a frond, showing the form and tnod^ ' oT"b}fiireation, the arrange-
ment of the cell ajiertures, the interaiiertural j)it,s, and the non-celluliferous space at the mar-
gin ha\-ing indi.stinct pits arr»ng*d in oblique rows, resembling oblique striations.

Fig. 2.'>. A transverse section of one-half of a frond, enlarged, showing the mesotheca and the upright
l)ortion of the cell tubes. (X 6.) .' :)>! / .1 .jil

Fi^. 36. An enlargement, to eighteen diametei'H, of a poKion of the sj^ecimen, fig.^tfi'omneav'tbe mar-^
gin, showing more distinctly the character of the«eH npertures and intermediate pits and the
non-cellalifei'ons striated margin. • ■li .: ■ii ; ,i ,,,:„/ J. ■ '• '

Upper Helderbei-g gi-oup. fWls of tke Ohio Hver. ■ »i»l sdt

-.,1 1 I" Ji.-iii-'ai *. ' ^1. -'til . ■ -I. I !■ ' ' ' t

(.;< X) R-.i.iif..|« iir. Stictopora rhomboidea.

Pago 95. ■*' *

Fig. 27. A fragment, natural size.

Rg. 28. The surface, enlarged, showing the form and an-angenient of the cell apertures. ( X 6 )

Upper Helderberg group. Near Le lUty, N. Y.

Coscinotrypa cribriformis, vai-. carinata.

Page as.

„. _ . , , . See Plate 33. iimv""? .U .01 .« .a%,i^

Fig. 29. A fragment, natural size. , .. , „, ...

Fig. 30. A transvei-se section, natural size. ■, . , - ■

Fi^. 31-3^<. Fragments, natural size, showing the coinuion \'ariatious of the different ^^^mda.^n tile ,aize.,(rf'i

the fenestrules and general appearance of the surface. . ,, i,,., ",, , ,1,1

Fig. 34. A portion of the surface of a frond, enlarged,, showing alternating and imbric|»tin^,c^ll apertui-es.

Fig. 35. An enlargement, sho.ving one of the feneatrules, and the oi'dinai:y fomiaii(i arrangement of the

denticulated cell apertui-es. (X 6.) i

*•.•... Upper Helderberg gn)iy>,.i^atf«,</;tte,(?A^<>n,«!ir. .^ f-nsvaiimJ A .81 .^i^

Stictopora perarct^, Uall.

PaseM.

Fig. 36. A fragment, natural size. , 1// ;ii) ;ai A;i(VJOKi<i;tM

Kg. 37. The surface enlargeil, showing the form an<l arrangement of the cell apertures. (X 18.)

Upper Helderberg group. Onoiidaga Valley, N. Y.

.^- ■■:j;i'( ■■ '

Uiujaa .Jii<>ii]^«il A .dl .yV
u'lKlimuA .VI -T^n

iiQn?3^3m amsMiiiisisiii© ©h^jmif.

Palaeomology of NYYolVr

Plate XXIX .

3

fsrv.^

K^ 1

m

"j D oimpson del

PMl.Asl luii

PLATE XXX.

LiCHENALIA SDBSTELLATA.

Page 78.

See Plate 26.

Fig. 1. A specimen, natural size, havinjr elevated tnaculs.

Fig. 2. A specimen, showing the general asiiect of the species, the fonn and ai-i-angement of the maculae,

and the large cellules immediately sun-ouuding them.
Fig. 3. One of the maculse, showing the cijntiguou.-J cell ai>ertui-e.s. (X 16.)
Fig. 4. A portion of the sui-face, showiiitr the cell apertui-es closed by opercula. (X 16.)
Fig. 5. Another portion, showing the cell ai)Prtui"es. (X 16.) '".I'l

Fig. 6. An enlargement of the oblique cell apertures, with a i)ortion of the cell tubes exposed. (X 16.)
Fig. 7. A portion of a frond, where the surface ha.>< l)een wora away, ."showing the intei-stitial pits. (X 16.)
Fig. 8. A portion of the surface, showing cell ajierlui-eswith elevated margins and obscure dehticulAtions.

(X 16.) • ' '

Fig. 9. A vertical section, showing cell tubes and septate intercellular tubuses.
Fig. 10. A vertical section fi-om (inothfer fr<iiid.' showing the cell tubes mftre- fclosely ari-anged than in the

preceding.
Fig. 11. A (lortion of the surface, showing some of the cell apertures, closed and preaeuting a pustulifocm
1, aaytect. fX 16.) • i

Upj>er Helderberg gi-oup. Falin of the Ohio rieer.

LiCHP.NALIA (PiLEOTRYPa) UENTICOLATA.

See Plate 2ti.,

Fig. 13. A specimen, natural size, showing the general appearance of the species, the form and arrange-
ment of the maculte etc.
Fig. 13. A portion of the surface of the preceding, showing the form and arrangement of itie cell Apertures.

(X 6.) '..'..'.'.' '

Fig. 14. An obli(iue view of a portion of the sarfacej showing the height and form of the elevated cell
margins. (X 6.) . n . . - ,. ,, /<.^^ ^

Fig. l.l. Two views, each one of a single cell apertur^ apen obliquely from above, and greatly enlarged,
showing more distinctly the ap(>earance of itie elevated cell margins. The figure has been
inadvertently shaded between the cells which should be i-epresented as two distinct figures.

Fig. 16. Front and lateral views of the elevated cell margins. (X 16.)

Fig. 17. A portion of the surface of a frond, showing the form and arrangement of the cells and the denti-
culated cell margins. (X 16.)

Pig. 18. Three cell apertures much enlarged, to show the vai-iation in their fomi and margins.

Fig. 19. A vertical section of a i)ortion of a frond, showing oblique cell tul)e8.

Fig. 20. A vertical se<;tiou from another frond, showing the cell tubes and intereellular vesicular structure.
Upper Helderberg group. Pall8 of the Ohio river.

^%

XXX 3TAJH

PI-ATK XXX— CoiiUnued. . yj'j
F18TULTPORA I,AMEI.LATA. "" '"'•

Page 87. *;

Fig. 21. A portion of the surface, showing the iQiin and a^-rfingeinentpf the ciell a^eHures atid ioteri^-.

^ ,, , hilar pits. (X«-):. ,,, ,_,, '" ' ■■" •- ' «-. - .i: . > i. .. .-yj^-^

Fijff ..23. A portion of the same!' '^X 18.) '.' ^l,_j

Pi)f. .23. The, sm-face of another apeciuien, in which the intercellular pita lu-e obsolete. (X.lf'"), „ •-,

Upper Helderberg group. Onondaga Valley, N. Y.

I A

LiCHENALrA (OdONTOTRYPA) AIA'EATA.

Page 86.

Fig. 24. A specimen, natural size, iiicrusting a iiV)M«fc/te. . ; li ._:■]

Fig. 25. A poi-tion of the surface of the preceding, showing the foi-m and arrangeUi^tit of Iheeell apertures.

(X 6.^ '' — ■■• ,.,- — --■- ■ . ■'! i

Fig. 26. A front view of the cell apertures, showing their form and the elevation of the mai-gins. (X 6.)
Fig. 27. A portion of their suifface. (X IB.,) , / ., y., ,o:i.!i'|) / i.1/./;iikj1lI
Upper Helderberg group. ^cUls of the Ohio river.

Lichenalia (Pileotrypa) granifera.

ii<imi99qa.A .E£ .f^

Page 84, , . ■. .

_.„„..,,. ■'' ' liiitMiiii -ujl l«> iirtKt

Fig. 28. A specimen, natural size. , 1,1. 1 . ■■ 11

Fig. 2fl. A portion of the surface fii im the preceding, stiOwing the form and aiTangemeD'^ of tne cell aper-
tui-es and the interapertural granules. (X fi.) . 11/

tng. So.'' A few of the cell apertures, showing more distinctly the elevated maivms anU ihe' granulated
interapertural space. (X 18.) ''. ,,

Vvir, 81. A vertical section of a portion of a frond, showing the constricted and sepiiale cell fiAea and inter-
mediate septate tubuh.

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of i^e jOhio river.

-iiasli uiU LiUi Uluu 'Jill lu J.iMiiiujjii iwoile rbno'i't r. ■^V'i

(..■»r y.

.itar%-utta iuMt ario'1 .Kl .>^i'?

i:I .-Hi'-I
.yiiiJMnJa-uiluaiBs/ •wl/illaoisl, ■>^i'>l

-KiPiPif ^ liMi.iLiis'jiiD-FJi© ■'Mim^d'.

Palaeontology of NYYolVr

PlateXXX.

«^J

:|-l^::;:i:M:AVli/fy;^

iiiniiMi

^kj:^

-4 ^

17

m^

^^^^^illMI

i'Atf^'^

'if

A V-4i

30

34

18

>> V

^ 9. Simpson, oci

Phii.Ast.lith.

PLATE XXXI.

LlCHENALIA I.UNATA.
Page 77.
Fig. 1. The upper surface of a specimen, natural size.

Fig. 2. An enlargement of the surface to show the arrangement of the cell apertures. ( X 6.)
Fig. 3. A specimen in which the surface has been remi)vo<i, showing the intercellular structure. (X 6.)
Fig. 4. A vertical section, showing the septate cell tabes, the striations left by the denticulations of the
; -. II aperture in its ailvancing growth, and the intermediate septate tubuli. (X 6.)

Fig. ,5. A vertical section, showing the irregular vesicular structure of the intercellular tissue. (X 6.)
Fig. 6. A vertical section, showing the striation of the cell walls ami a solid intercellular space. (X t>.)
Fig. 7. A portion of the sui-face, enlai-ged, showing the cell apertures »nd denticulations. (X 18.)
Fig. 8. A single cell aperture, enlarged to 40 diameters^ i / i,i/ /.ni )iil
Fig. 9. A portion of an abraded surface, showing the character of the intercellular tissue.
Upper Helderberg group. FaUt of the Ohio river.

LlCHENALIA CONULATA.
Page 81.
Fig. 10 A fragment of a specimen, natui-al .size.

Pig. 11. A portion of the surface enlai-ged, showing an inflated puetaliform condition. (X 10.)
Fig. 12. An enlargement of the surface from the center of a monticule, showing the cell apertui-es
pi-ojected on the exterior in the form of inflated oviform expansiona with contracted aper-
tures. (X 18.)
Fig. 13. An enlargement of an abraded sui-face, showing the intercellular tissue. (X 18.)
Fig. 14. A vertical section, showing an in-egular vesiculose structure near the baae, becoming more
regular above.

Upper Helderberg group. PaUa of the Ohio river.

LlCHENALFA? (GlOSSOTKYPA) PALIFORMI.S.
Fag« «6
Fig. 15. A fragment of a tubular branch or frond, natural size.

Fig. 16. An enlargement of the preceding, showing the ai-rangement of the cell apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 17. An enlargement of a jwrt ion of the 8urfai:e. (X 18.)

Fig. 18. A section of the tubular frond, showing the cells with indications of intarcellalsr tisBue. (X 6.)
Dpper Helderberg group. FaiU of the Ohio river. ■iMaU ■I'l-ci i

LiCHENAUA (SeLENOPORA) COMPLEXA.

Page KT.

Fig. 19. A portion of the natural surface enlarged, showing the character of the cell apertures with their

ve.itiliiilar ai'eas. (X 6.)
Fig. -0. The surface of another specimen, showing larger apertures and surrounding areas than the prsj-

ceding. (X 6.)

;^ .'r.tu-uy> •

Upper Helderberg group. Falh of the Ohio river.

LlCHENALIA (PiLEOTRYPA) PYKIFORMIS.

Paife 82.
Fig. 21. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 22. A portion of the surface whei-e the cell openings have strongly elevated and denticutated
posterior margins. (X 18.) The anterior margins of the apertures, ae represented iri'tlie
figure, are too prominent.

Fig. 23. A vertical section, showing the intermediate vesicular structure which has marked the exterior
of the cell walls. (X 6.)

PLATK XJCXI— Coiitlnueii.
Fig. 24. An oblique view of the surface, showing' the projecting po8t«rior margins of the cell aper-
tures. (X 6.)
Fig. 25. A vertical section of a thin lamina i^Ci-usting a Fbnkstklla, and showing prominent posterior

cell margins. (X 6.) " ••■-('■'

Fig. 26. A portion of the surface of a specimen enlarged, showing the denticulate peristomes at right

angles to the general surface, with the interme<iiate space bullat«. (X 18.)

Jflg, 27. An enlargement of the surfa<«! of a si>ecimen where the cell apiM-tnitis, on the lower part of the

.,ii' • ■ fig^ii-e, are very oblique, while in the upper poi-Uon they are nearly rectangular to the surface,

with a liuUate intermediate space. This latter featui-e is obscurely shown on some parts uf

the Buiface where the cells are oblique. , /

nj .a»B«]s ijiliilDpper Helderberg group. .PbUs of the Ohio river. itisv A .8 .^i'-I

'■ ■-'■ ' .Jioq A .r .f^'i

LiCHENALIA LUNATAV'Nratt*. ■TUBULATA;"t-'9qs Il»n9lna« A .8 .%n
Page 78. V, noiHor, /

Fig. 28. A fragment of a tubular specimen, natural size.

Fig. 29. An enlargement of a portion of the preceding, showing the form and ain-angement of the den-
ticulate apertui'es. (X 6.) ■ . > .

Upper Helderterg group. Fallt of the Ohio river.

i A or .gi^

I'M V. rv-ri! LlOHENALIA (PiLEOTHYPA) CUVULATA. A .U .-^n

«». Page a. ' "' '""" '>■ -^^ -"^"^

ftg. 30. A fragment of a tubular ramose form, natural size.

Fig. 31. A portion of the surface enlarged, showing one of the monticules and adjacent cell apertures.
Fijr. 32. A portion of the surface further enlai-ged, showing an irregular disj^osition of the cell apertures,
'■ ' marked by the prominent peristomes which are excessively developed on the posterior side,
and the intermediate nodulose sui-face. (X 18.)
Fig. 33. A vertical section, showing the open cells and the i-egularly septate mlei'cenular space. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

.-!;, . . / ; ;/ /"riruJ

PhRACTOPORA CRISTATA Vur. LINKATA.

Page 99. '■■ •''•' •«'•'

Fig. 34. A fragment, natui-al size. '■ fl ■a'''!

Fig. 36. An enlargement of the surface of the preceding, showing the character of the cell apertures and

the narrow slightly elevated ci-ests traversing the surface. (X B.) .. •

Upper Helderberg gitmp. FblU uf the Ohio n'wKi'l'l'»H ■t'iqrfj

.A.ZJl.niFHKACTOPORA CRLSTATA.

PBg« 99.
Fig. 36. A portion of a ft-ond, natui-ai size. ,,, ,„.,(,,,,r,

Fig. 37. An enlargement fi"om the surface of the preceding, showing the ch^'SAter. i of the cell aper-
tures. iX 6.) . , , ,
Pi^. 38. A section through the carins, showing the radiating mesotheca, the cells and intereellular struc-

*"••«■ (X "■> „i, .! ;.il i..,(q i

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

.HIV _ ■• f ■,; iii:i.i''l ' I 1/ 1 , iiJ.

LiCHENALIA ALTERNATA.

Page 80. ■.-. Ijnift«ii ,lnMiT^i1 A .tSi .■^n
Fig. 3fl. A fragment, natural size. .,,i. ■> : / ...i . : .,

Tig. 4p. A portion of the surface enlarged, to show the character and arrangement of cell apertures. (X 6.)

Fig. 41. A portion of the surface still furthei' enlarged and presenting a somewhat diflerent aspect of the

loh-jlxs mU P*" apertures. ,,.„,,.,„.„„ .,^(„..;^.. , ..i„il;-M,.-.-.^- ■.,[■

Upper Helderberg group. Fnlls of the Ohio river. ^^ jj^ ^^. .j ^

T2fS'iPiS3i m!ii,iD:i!ii:^isiBS ^mmmi^.

Palaeontology of NYVolVr

PlateKXX!

J

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mip li^iufii mmm.

I'

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GE SiTOcson dfll

PhilAsiluli

PLATE XXXII.

LiCHENALIA OVATA.

Page 80.

Fig. 1. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 2. An enlargement of a portion of the sui-face, to show the form and arrangement of the cell
apei-tures. (X 6.)

Fig. 3. A portion of the surface still further enlarged, showing broadly ovate cell apertures with the
denticulations more or less distinct. (X 18.)

Fig. 4. An enlargement, showing the apertures more nearly circular and u.sually destitute of denticu-
laHons. (X 18.)

Fig. 5. A section, showing the vertical non-septate cells with the intercellular space regulai-ly sep-
tate. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. fiUU of the Ohio river.

LiCHENALIA BISTRIATA.
Pago 79.

Fig. 6. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 7. A portion of a surface of fig. 6 enlarged, showing one of the maculse and adjacent cells. (X 6.)

Fig. 8. An enlargement from a surface which hae been weatbei-ed, pai-tially obliterating the peris-
tomes. (X 18.)

Fig. 9. An enlargement, showing the character of the cell apertures when well-preserved. (X 18.)

Fig. 10. A vertical section, showing the cells without septa, the intermediate space being vesiculose or
regularly septate. (X 6.)

Pig. 11. A fragment of another s^iecimen, natural size.

Fig. 12. An enlargement of the surface which has been somewhat weathered, showing the lunate form of
the apertures. (X 6.)

Fig. 13. A portion of the surface enlarged, showing the character of the cell apertures when in a perfect
condition. (X 18.)

Fig. 14. A vertical section, showing the cells without septa, with the intermediate space regularly
septate. (X 6.)

ITpjier Helderberg group. Palls of the Ohio ririer.

FiSTULIPORA INTERCELLATA.
Page 87.
Fig. 15. A fragment of a specimen, natural size, incrusting a Fenbstklla.

Fig. 16. A portion of the same enlarged, showing the foi-m and arrangement of the cell apertures and
int»'rmediate pits or mesopores. The surface is partially covered by other organisms. (X 6.)
Fig. 17. A fragment of another specimen, natural size.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of the preceding, showing the cell apertures larger and more closely arranged

than in fig. 16. (X 6.)
Fig. 19. A portion of the specimen 6g. 17, still further enlarged, showing the character of the cell aper-
tures and the mesopores. (X 18.)
Pig. 20. A vertical section, showing the non-septate cells and the septate interspaces.
Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Falls of the Ohio river.

lltilWtt) tIUu"<<I ImU« f^lflVli'i /(lUMil u: '-r

PLATE XXXII-Continuetl.

LiCIIKNALIA OEOJIKTRICA.

Page 79.
Fig. 21. A frapnifnt, natural size.

Fifr. 22. An enlar(r«nn'iit of <>"e of the inaculn-, shiiwinfr the smooth or carinated radiating' cell tube.s, with
oval a]>erturea, and the charafter of the iiitaviaediat« apace. (X 18.)

Fig. 23. A portion of the surface of the specimen fig. 21, incrusting' a Fknbstblla. (X 6.)
Upixjr Helderberg group. PaiUi of the Ohin river.

I :j|Dil4n»iil<(r) (lUr PeiSMOPORA SPARSIPOUA.

Pig. "ii!

Fig. 26.
Kg- 37.

t ■71 1-,.| i;

/I lAlirav*

(See Supplement.)
A fr«gtri^h<;*il.iral size. ^ '■ "" "'' '" '

Ah' «ni1ai-pement of the sni-face fi-oin tlie precedihg, showing the arrangement of the cell apertures,

and the non-celluliferous margin of the froml. (X ().)
A portion of the surface still further enlarged. The figur-e, eri-oneonsly, shows two tainnte
'''bppnsite dcnticulations in each cell aperture. (X 6.) '

A transverse section of a specimen, apparently of the same species, which shows a tubular mode

'■■ tJf growth, "i " ■ '■' ■^"'"■■'■! -^

Upper Helderl)erg group.

iffiv/ i-.i

LiCHEKALIA sp. iiidet.

Fig. 28. A iwrtinn of the surfa<-e of a species of this genus, showing the contraction, and final closing of the
cell ai)ertures by a thickeuing of the 8unerfi(;ial. tissue. ,1

Upper HeUlerberg group.

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l01Ki^l&i -lOlIiiliJlKiiJJliniil/ MiiiriJIP.

Palaeontology of N Y.VolVI

PlateXXXll.

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r'liiLAstlu>i.

PLATE XXXIII.
Thamniscus multiramus.

Page lOi.
Figs. 1-3. Specimens, natural size ; showing the foi'ra and mode of bi-anching'.

Fig. 4. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 3. The surface is weather,eii or macerated, so that the re-
cumbent portions of the cell-tubes are shown ; a small part of the sui-face is preserved, show-
ing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures.
Fig. 5. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous side of a specimen, showing sharp striatious. (X 6-)
Upi>er Helderberg gi-oup. Schoharie, N. Y.

Crisinella scrobiculata.

I'age 103.
Fig. 6. A specimen, natural size, showing the form and mode of branching.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of a jjortion of the non-celluliferous side of fig. 6, showing fine strialions, and

cell-tubes projecting beyond the margin.
Fig. 8. An eidargement of a portion of the celluliferous side of fig. 6, showing the form and arrangement
of cell apartui-es, and the shallow intei-cellular pits on a portion of the surface.
Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Wettern New York.

Thamnotrypa DIVARICATA.

Page 101.
Fig. 9. A specimen, natural size, showing the form and mode of branching.

Fig. 10. An enlargement of a portion of one side of fig. 9, showing the non-celluliferous margins the
central ridge, and the form and arrangement of cell a{)ertni-es.
Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Near Buffalo, N. Y.

Glauconome sinuosa.

Page lul
Fig. 11. A specimen, natui-al size, 8howing the foi-m and mode of growth. hImii .um,;

Fig. 12. An enlargement of a jmrtion of the celluliferous side of fig. 11, showing more distinctly the mode of
growth, the sinuous cariute, and the form and arrangement of the cell apertuivs.
Upper Helderberg group. Near Buffalo, N. Y.

Glauconome nodata.

Page :08.
Fig. 13. A 8j>ecimeu, natui-al size, showing the form and mode of branching,

Fig. 14. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous side of fig 13, showing more distinctly the mode
of growth, the foi-m and aiTangemeiit of cell apertures.

Upper Helderberg group. Ntdr Le Roy, N. Y. ,

:^TAJ*J

"JMAHU 1

-■»'

Fig.

IS.

Fig.

17.

Fig.

18.

PLATK XXXIII— Continued.
GX.AUCONOME TENUISTHIATA. , j, t„ Inn, A..* ^.^Vi

i ■ . -■-.. •■.' ! ■ ■ Pllfro IW. 'U'-' ■

A specimen, natural size, showing the foi-m and inoilo of bii>n(!hin(,'. v"

An enlargement of the non-cellnlifei-ouB side of fig. IB, showing more distinctly the mode of '

branching-, and the fine striations.
An enlargement of a portion of the eelliiliforous siile of another specimen, showinfr the narrow

carina, and the foi-m anil arrangement o£ the cell apertures. {X <>.)
An eidargement of the non-celliiliferous side of a specimen ; a portion of the sui-face has been

worn away, showing the polygonal cells. |, .,;, h- . ,.,i ,.., ii , . - / .■

Fig. 19. An enlargement of the celluliferous side of a specimen, , The specimen is macer.ip.ted,' the surface

having been worn away, .'showinif th(' striated cliaracter of the solid portion pf. the branch.
Upper Helderberg- group. iVe«r Buffalo, N. Y.

,, iiil-ui<iii llaa lo

C9S9INrVM STRIATUKUM. ^ ,„| ,

Pajto 88.
Fig. 20. A 8i)ecimen, natural size, shunring the ^isse an<l position of the pei-forations, and indistinctly the

cell tubes.
Fig. 21. An enlargement of a portion of tig. 20, showing oik? of the perforations; the form and arrange-
ment of the cell apertures, with coarsely striated texture beneath the exterior surface. '.,,
Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Stafford, If . T^ '^

I i ...... 1

COSCINOTRYPA CUlBRIFORMIS, Viir. CARINATA. '

. AWJ'/l I '^"Mf* SB-
See Plate 29.

Fig. 22. A 8))ecimen, natural size,, showing a strongly elevated carina, and the; .)^|^ ^(]^,,a,rra^((en^^nt ^.^

the perforations. „ ,. . i a 1.. Iii«m9>r««lii9 aA .81 .-^

Fig. 23. The revcifie side of the preceding specimen. ,,,,j^ .,,(, ,{,,...„,.

Fig. 24. An enlargement of a portion pf lig. 22, showing the caiination, the aapegt; of the perforations,

and the form and arrangement of the cell apertui-es ; the surface is somewhat macerated, and

the cell apertui-es ai-e not in a perfect condition,..,. . , . j >
Fig. 25. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 23.

Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Palls bf the Ohio river.

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'If^KinKh M!MiL!XSJi331LEB' wsiump.

Palaeontology of N YyolVI

Plate XXA'lir

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PLATE XXXIV.

Fenestella (Polypora) rigida.

I'agc 155.
Fig. 1. A specimen, natural size.

Fig. 2. An enlai-geiuent of a poi'tion of tig. 1, showing' the appearance of the non-celluliferous side.
Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous side of a specimen, showing the form and
ari-angement of the cell apertures, and the longitudinal ridges dividing the ranges of cell
apertures. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Near Thinnpson's lake, Albany eowUy, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) robusta.

Page IM.
See Plates 37, 39 and 4ti.
Fig. 4. A portion of the non-celluliferoua aide of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 5. A portion of the celluliferous side of a fi-ond, enlarged, showing the form and arrangement of

cell apertures, and comparative size of branches and dissepiments. (X 6.)
Fig. 6. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous side of a frond ; the greater portion of th« exterior

of the branches is broken away, showing the bases of the polygonal cells. (X 6.)
Fig. 7. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous side of a specimen, showing the form and compai-ative size
of branches and dissepiments : the branches of this speoimen are narrower than those of the
frond fi*om which tigs. 5 and (5 were made. (X <i.)

Upper Helderberg group. IValpole, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) largissima.

Page 160.
Fig. 8. The BOn-celluliferous side of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 9. An enlargement of a portion of tig. 8, showing the form and comparative size of the non-celluliferous
face of branches and dissepiments. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Central New York.

Fenestella propria.

Page 157.
Fig. 10. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 11. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 10, showing the character of the non-celluliferous face of a

frond. (X 6.)
Fig. 12. An enlargement of an impression of the non-celluliferous face of a frond. tX 6.)
Fig. 13. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of a fi-ond, showing the form and aii-ange-
ment of cell apertures and the carinaled dissepiments. (X B.)
Upper Helderberg group. Near Buffalo, N. Y.

TSiFiPisiii imiaiDisiiis:siii® 'KEi/i/ir^

Palasontobgy of NYyolVI

Plate XXX1\'

hilA-stlitli

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PLATE XXXV.

Fbnestella (Polypora) oelsipora, var. minima.

Pnge 151.
See Plate 41.

Fig. 1. The base and lower portion of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 3. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond. (X 6.)

Fig. 3. A portion of the celluliferous face of a fi-ond, enlarged, showing the fenestrules narrower than on
the non-ceHidiferous side, and the foi-m and arrangement of the cell apertui-es. (X 6.)

Fig. 4. A portion of one of the branches of fig. 3, enlarged, showing the form of cell apertures and mar-
ginal ra<liating lines, which are proliably caused by weathering. (X 18.)
Upper Helderberg group. Fhlls of the Ohio river.

Fbnestella (Polypora) aculeata.

Page 157.
See Plate 40.
Kg. S. A specimen, natural size, showing the spreading striated base and lower poi'tion of the frond.
Pig. 6. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of the preceding, showing the form and nodose

character of the branches.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of the celluliferous face of the same, showing the comparative size of the
branches and dissepiments, the form and arrangement of cell apertures and the numerous
spinules.

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) quadrangulabis.

Page 168.
See Plates 36 and 40.
Fig. 8. The non-celluliferous face of a specimen, natui'al size.
Fig. 9. A portion of the celluliferous face of the preceding, enlarged, showing the comparative size of

bi-anches and fenestniles, the form and arrangement of cell apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 10. A portion of the non-celluliferous .lide of the same, enlarged, showing comparative size of the

branches and dissepiments, the carination of the branches and the less distinct carination of

the dis-sepiments.
Fig. 11. An enlargement of one side of a branch, to show the form of the spines of the non-celluliferous

face of the branches.
Fig. 12. A specimen, natural size, showing the base and lower portion of the frond, with numerous

processes attached to, and growing upon a frond of FeneMella ( Unitrypa) stipata.
Fig. 13. A portion of the celluliferous face of fig. 12, enlarged, showing the form and arrangement of the

cell apertures and the prominent, irregular nodes. (X •>•)
Upper Helderberg group. Fallji of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) l^evistriata, n. sp.

Page 159.
Kg. 14. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 15. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous side of fig. 14, showing the comparative

size of the branches and dissepiments, and the angular and spinulose branches.
Fig. 16. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of fig. 14, showing the character of branches
and dissepiments and the form and an-angement of the cell apertures.
Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella, sp. indet.

Fig. 17. A specimen, showing the bases of several fronds, growing upon an overthrown individual of the

same or another species.
Vig. 18. A specimen, showing the concentric aggregation of the substance as produced daring the process

of silification.

Upper Helderberg group.

ififTps^i^Bi miilLIDIEIEIBIEIE© ©mffiWIP.

Paiaeontolo^v of NYVolVl.

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Pnii.Ast.iith.

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PLATE XXXVI.

Fenkstella, sp. indet.

Figp. . 1. A fragment, showing' the non-cellulifcrous face, natural size.
Pig. 2. A portion of the jii-eceding, enlarged, showing the flat thickened branches.
Upper Helderberg group.

Fenestella (Polypoka) cultellata.

Page 160.

See Plate 41.

Figs. 3-8. Specimens, showing different forms of the elongated supporting processes which pi-oceed from

the frond and attach themselves to foi"eign bodies, forming an additional support to that

afforded by the basal attachment.
Fig. 9. The sharjjly-stnated, spreading base of a frond attached to a valve of Atrypa retiadaris.
Fig. 10. An enlargement of a portion of a frond having iniusually strong branches, which ai-e anchylosed

and solidified towai-d the margin. (X 2.)
Fig. 11. A portion of the frond having small fenestrules and flat branches and dissepiments.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 11. (X 6.)
Fig. 13. The non-celluliferous sidg of a portion of a fi-ond, the. branches of which have comparatively

strong spinules.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of the preceding, showing more plainly the prominent oblique spinules, and

comparative size of the branches and dissepiments. (X 6.)
Fig. 15. A j)ortion of the celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 16. An enlargement of a portion of fig. \f>, showing the fenestrules much narrower than on the non-
celluliferous side, the fonn and arrangement of the cell apertures, the channeled character of

the dissepiments and, on a portion of the figure, the central row of shai-p, elongate, cuneiform

nodes. (X 6.)
Fig. 17. The celluliferous side of another specimen, natural size.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 17, showing the branches larger than in fig. 16 ; the cell

apertures partially obsolete on some portions, the dissepiments not channeled, and a row of

sharp, cuneiform elevations along the middle of each branch. (X 6.)
Fig. 19. A lateral \icw of one of the branches of fig. 17, to show, more distinctly, the character of the

sharp elevations along the middle of the branch (enlarged.)
Fig. 20. The non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Pig. 21. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 20, showing more distinctly the character of the branches and

dissepiments.
Fig. 22. An enlargement of another portion of the same. It differs from fig. 21, in having the fenestrules

compai-atively nan-ower and more elongate. The upper left hand portion of the figure shows

the pi-esence of strong lateral processes.

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella quackangulakis.

Page 158.
See Plates 36 and 40.
Fig. 38. A portion of a frond, natural size.

Tf\g. 34. An enlargpement from the preceding, showing the angular branches and the strong nodes or
spinules.

Upper Helderberg group. Folia of the Ohio riwr.

ir!f2>':i?if;isi siii;iLiDigis35ism© ©miijwi|j=

Palffiontoloey of NYVolVI .

PlaieSffiVl

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r'h)l.y\piiith..

PLATE XXXVII.

FbHSSTELLA (PoLTPORA) KOBU8TA.

Page 1S6.

See Plates 34, 39 and 46.

Pl^. 1. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face, showing (lecideilly angular ami carinated branches
and dissepiments. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. IValpole, Ontario, Canada.

FeNE8TKL1<A (PoLYPOUA) DI8TAN8.

Page 161.

See Plate 44.

Fig. 2. An enlargement of a portion of tig. 3, showing more distinctly the form of the branches, the
prominent distant no<les and tine indistinct striations. (X 6.)

Fig. 3. The non-celluliferous face of a fi-ond, showing the size of branches and dissepiments, and mode of
growth.

Pig. 4. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of another specimen ; a.s compared with fig. 2, the
branches are more slender ami destitute of nodes, and the stnation.s are stronger. (X 6.)

Fig. 6. A jwrtion of the celluliferous face of a specimen, enlarged, showing the form and arrangement of
the cell ai)ertures and the intermediate interrupted striie. (X 6.)

Fig. 6. The non-cellulifei-ous side of a specimen, natural size.

Fig. 7. A iK)rtion of fig. 6, enlarged, showing more distinctly the character of the branches and dissepi-
ments, and the fine indistinct striation of the branches. (X B.)

Pig. 8. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of another specimen, showing the form and
aiTaiigement of the cell apertures and the indistinct intermediate strise ; the elevated margins
of the cell apertures are obliterated by weathering or maceration. (X 6.)

Fig. 9. The celluliferous face of another specimen, natural size.

Fig. 10. An enlargement of a portion of tig. 9 ; the specimen i.s much more macerated than that repre-
sented by fig. 8, the branches flatter and the cell apertures open obliquely ; the dissepiments
are channeled.

Fig. 15. A specimen, natui-al size, showing the arrangement of the branches and dissepiments, and their
manner of growth.

Vig. 16. An enlargement of a portion'of fig. 15, showing more distinctly the character of the branches and
dissepiments, and their comparative size. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. I!fear Buffalo, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) flabelliformis.

Page 161.
Fig. 11. The celluliferous face of a frond, natural size, showing the disposition of branches and dissepi-
ments, and manner of growth.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of a portion of flg. 11, showing more distinctly the comparative size of the
branches and dissepiments. The branch on the light is in a pei-fect condition, and shows the
form and arrangement of the cell apertures, the comparatively .strong ridges sepai-ating the
ranges of ai)ertures, and the interrupted striations. The surface of the other branch has been
macerated and removed, showing the polygonal cells below. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Oiumdaga Valley, N. Y.

Fenestella (Polypora) peranoulata.
Pa^ les.
Pig. 13. The non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the disposition of the branches and dissepiments,

and mode of growth.
Pig. 14. An enlargement of a jjortion of the preceding. (X 6.) The branches should appear more
sngfular than \n represented in the figures.

Upper Helderberg group. Western New York.

lQIPLi^31Ji l£f3ILLD211ii33LIi^ iMJiBSlI^..

PalaBomolosvofNYVoM

Plate X:<XV1!

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PhiLAstliih

"Wt:

PLATE XXXVIII.

Fenestella (Polypora) porosa.

Page 163.
Vig. 1. The non-celluliferoiis side of a specimen, natural size, showinff considerable variation in the size

of the branches on different portions of the frond.
Pig. 3. Another specimen, natural size, the branches being nearly uniform and smaller than those of fig. 1.
Fig. 3. The celluliferous side of a specimen, natural size.
Fig. 4. An piilargement of a portion of fig. 1, showing more distinctly the variation in the size of the

branche.s, and the character of the branches and dissepiments. (X 6.)
Fig. 5. An enlargement of a jwrtion of fig. 2. It varies from fig. 4 in having the fenestrules larger and

much wider than the branches ; the branches are more angular and occasionally sub-carinated .

(X6.)
Kig. tj. An enlargement of a poHion of fig. 3, showing the fenestrules narrower than on the non-cellulife-

rous side, the carinated dissepiments and the form and arrangement of the cell apertures.

(X6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) perundata.

Page 1«3.

Fig. 7. A iKirtion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size ; the branches over a portion of the
fi-ond ai-e quite regularly arranged and united by anastomosis.

Fig. 8. A iMirtion of the non-celluliferous face of another frond, in which the branches are more irregular
than those of fig. 7.

Fig. 9. A i)ortion of the .celluliferous face of a frond, showing the size of the branches and their manner
of growth.

Fig. 10. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 7, showing more distinctly the character of the branches and
their connection by anastomosis. (X 6.)

Fig. 11. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 8; the branches are narrower than those of fig. 10, usually
rounded ; the fenestrules, in proportion to the branches, are much wider. (X 6.)

Fig. 12. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 9, showing the regularly sinuous form of the branches, and
the foi-m and aiTangement of the cell apertures. (X 6.)

Pig. 13. An enlargement of a portion of two branches of the celluliferous face of a frond, showing the
triangular non-celluliferous space immediately below the bifurcations, which extends down-
ward between the central ranges of cell apertures, in the fonn of a narrow groove.
Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypora) hexagonalis.

Page 16 1.

Pig. 14. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a specimen, showing the size of the branches and dis-
sepiments, and their manner of growth.

Pig. 1.'). A portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, natural size, showing the regularly sinuous form of
the branches.

Pig. 16. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a macerated frond, the branches
having lost their angularity, and presenting simply a roundeci form.

Fig. 17. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 14, showing more distinctly the charactei'of the branches and
dissepiments and their comparative size. (X ti.)

Fig. 18. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond. The bi-anches and dissepi-
ments are pai-tially imbedded in the rock, which gives to them the appearance of being nar-
rower than they really are. (X 6.)

Rg. 19. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 15, showing more distinctly the regularly sinuous form of the
branches, and the form and arrangement of the cell apertures. (X *>.)

Fig. 20. An enlargement of a portion of the surface of another frond, showing, immediately below the
bifurcations, the triangular non-celluliferous space continued downward between the central
ranges of cell apertures in the fonn of a narrow groove. Compared with fig. 19, the branches
of this si>eciinen are wider, not angular ; the fenestrules are longer and narrower.
Upper Helderberg group. IValpole, Ontario, Canada.

iflipii^iii liisasiiiiij^-iiEi® ijDSiimi^.

Palaeontology of NYVblVI

Plate XXXVIII

CrbSirtipsondel.

fMAstlnh.

PLATE XXXIX.

Fbnestella (Polypoka) robusta.

Page 156.
See Plates 34, 37 and 4«.
Pig. 1. A specimen, natural size, showing angular branches and dissepiments.

Fig. 2. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a macerated frond, showing the
texture of the solid portion of the branches. The lower portion of one of the branches is stiU
further worn away, showing the bases of the polygonal cells.
Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 1, showing more distinctly the character of the branches and
dissepiments, when in their natural condition.

Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Polypoka) nexa.

Page 166.

Kg. 4. A portion of the non-cellulifei-ous face of a fi-ond, showing the size of branches and dissepi-
ments, and their manner of gi-owth.

Fig. 5. A portion of the celluliferoiis face ' •" ~ T ;' ' ize.

Fig. 6. A portion of the, non-celliUiXei-ouis ~irg«(l,,«howii>g^Qgul»r, l^ranches, narrow

dissepiment.s, and strong striatioiib on two of tlie bi-anches. . (X 0.)

Fig. 7. An enlargement of a i>ortion of fig. 4. The branches are rojriilarly rounded, and dightly nar-
rower than the fenesti-ules. (X 6.) ' "1 / M -j: I

Fig. 8. All enlargement of the ujiixT portion of fig. 4. Thn branrUi's are very irregufari H)Unaedi* Vf
carinated, and fre(iitently less than one-half 'the width of the fbnestriiles. (X 6.) '' ■^''

Fig. 9. An enlargement of a portion of fig. .5, showing moi-e distinctly the form and coni'imrative size of
the ))ranch<'s and dissepiments', the form and arrangements of the' cell apertures and the lon-
gitudinal RtriiE on a portion of one branch. (X 8.)

Upper Helderberg group. 'WaXpole, Ontario, CiinaSa.

FEXK.'^TEt'L.i (1^<^^^0«^)" ste'l^AUATA'. " '

Fig. 10. The celluliferoiis side of a .specimen, natural size, showing th« si^e of ^he branchea and dissepi-
ments, and their maouer. of jjrowUi. II Ml , J - 1 .,1 r,l,|'.|| r . , ',

Fig. 11. An enlargement of a portion of fig. in, showing moi-e distinctly the character of the branches and
dissepiment!*, their comparative size ; the form and arrangement of cell apertures, and the
longitudinal stria' stjparating the ranges of apertures. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Cantida.

Fenestella (Polypoka) mutabilis.

Page 106.

Fig. 12. A portion of the non-celluliferous fa<;e of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 13. A portion of fig. 12 enlarged. The branches are strong, wider than the fenestrules, rounded,
with a narrow carina along the middle. The upper jiortion of the branches is strongly striated,
the dissepiments carinated. (X 6.)

Fig. 14. An enlargement of another jiortion of fig. 12 ; the branches are more irregular than those of
fig. 13 ; not so strong and more angular ; the dissejiinients are angular. (X 6.)

Fig. 15. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, .showing the form and compara-
tive size of the branches and dissepiments, and the form and ari-angement of the cell aper-
tures. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

PLATE XXXIX— Continued.

Fenestella (Polypora) hexagonalis var. foraminui^osa.

Page 165.
Pig. 16. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fi|f. 17. A portion of the cellulifei-ou.s face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 16, showing the character and comparative .size of the

branches and dissepiments; on the right of the figure th^ dissepiments foi-m the bases of

branches growing at right angles to the others. (X 6.) jj^ j,^,^.

Fig. 19. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 17, showing the form and comparative size of the branches

and dissepiments, the form and ai-rangement of the cell apertures, and the prominent nodes

characteristic of this variety. (X 6.)
Fig. 20. An enlargement of another portion of fig. 17, showing the non-celluliferous space, immediately

below the bifurcations, continued downward between the central ranges of cell apertures in

the form of a gi-adually narrowing shallow gi-oove. The fenestrules are somewhat wider than

those of fig. 19. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. IValpole, Ontario, CaJiada.

r(J lo fioij' -n'tH

Ti^.^.

ji imiaiDiiiiiSLfiiiS MumnF.

Palaeontology of NYYoIVI.

Plate XXXIX

GBSimp:j'jr; lei

FhilAsthth.

PLATE XL.

FeNESTELLA (PoLYPORA) QUADRANGUIiARIS.

Page 158.
See Plates 35 and 36.
F\g. 1. A lateral view of a branch. (X 6)

Fig. 2. A portion of the non-celliiliferous face of a fronrt. distinctly showing the carinse of the branches
and di.s.sepiments, and the nodes opposite the di.ssepimenta. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) sdbmutans.
PiigB is;.
Fig. 3. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 4. A poi-tion of the preceding, showing comparatively regular branches, with dissepiments nearly

equal in width to the branches. (X 6.)
Fig. 5. Another pai-t of the same, showing more irregular branches and proportionally narrower dissepi-
ments. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. FWls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) aculeata.

Page IS7.
See Plate 35. '

Pig. 6. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferou.<< face. (X 6.)

Fig. 8. An enlarnement from another fi-ond. having stronger branches, widei- dissepiments, and more
numerous and prominent nodes. The fenestrules over a portion of the specimen are also more
broadly oval. (X B.)
Fig. 9. Transverse section of the branches of fig. 10, showing their form and the interior space occupied

by the cells. (X 6.)
Fig. 10. A portion of the cellulifei-ous face of a frond, showing the carinate branches and dissepiments,

with nodes on the cariiiie of the bi-ani^hea. (X S.)
Fig. 11. A latei-ftl view of one of the branches of fig. 10, showing the node-like spines on both the cellu-
liferous and non-cellnlifenms faces. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. FalU of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) brevisulcata.

Page 168.
Fig. 12. The non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.

Figs. 13, 14, 1.^. Enlargements of <iifferent portions of fig. 12, showing the comparative size and character
of the branches and dissepiments. (X 6.)

Upi)er Helderberg group. WalpoU, Ontario, Canada. H^Uj

Fenestella (Polypora) striatopora.

Page 168.
Fig. If). Transverse section of the branches of fig. 17, showing their form and the space occupied by the

cells. (X 6.)
Fig. 17. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the comparative

size and character of the branches and dissepiments. (X t5.)
Fig. 18. An enlargement of a poi-tion of the cellulifei-ous face of a frond whei-e the elevated margins of

one siile of the cell a|>ertures are very strongly developed. (X 6.)
Fig. 19. An enlargement from another portion of the same frond, showing the margins of the cell

apertures more equally developed. (X ti.)

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

.j: ^'!

iirui-j vf!

-: Unoian . iHorj A .(:

v!:--.M -. : , . . , -iv . ■ 'i.v ' ...

(.a X) .fc

•'•■'■^^■^^J'^kiVi'.il^liconWuea'.'-"

Fenestella (Polypoka) gkanilinea.

rage lai.
Fi(f. 20. The non-cellulifei-ous tfube of a frond, natui-al size.

Figii" 31v/A partioii of the preceding, fi'oiii near the base, showing- branches wi<ler than the fenestrates, and
..I i,ri ■-Ui •■ 'Over the greater portion of the tigui-e from two lo thi-ee ranges of nodes. (X iJ.)
Fig. 23. An enlargement of a portion of the same frond at a distance from the base, showing the bi'anches
i -.niii-i-H) •frielightly wider than the fenestrules, but more angular than those of the preceding figure, and
having but one range of nodes, forming a nodulose carina along the middle of the bi-anch.
.i-Ui-ti\i'f\->-''{X, 6.) ■■;. i.j, - '. .* I ■■^.l

Tig. 23. An enlargement from the celluliferooe face of a frond, showing the comparatiTe size of the
-idl^i sdi ij bi'anches and dissepimente, the caiinate (lissepiments, and the foiin and arrangement of the
cell apertures. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg gix)up. Ontario, Cancula.

lion sdT .1
■I'il^ruut-i bna oxm 9vii«-is<! I .61 .ftl ,'

)!i lo

III -iiiiyififn Ii'»'*i/'i>» -111; '<! ,

(

list ad) lo Bnrgtnai oil) -»

) tA) V «iii^

mPJ^IlSi IinELID:^iSL!3iS miiulf^.

Palsomology of N YVolVT

Plate X(,.

L- 6;rnpson '^^ .

PhiLAst lull.

PLATE XLI.

Fenkstella (Poltpora) adnata.

Pase 152,
Fig. 1. A ]>ortion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Vig. 2. The celliiliferous face of fig. 1 .

Fig. 3. A portion of the non-cellulifei-ous face of a frond, having very in-egular branches, with the dis-
sepiments frequently wider than the branches. (X 6.)
Fig. 4. An enlargement from fig. 1, showing regular anastomosing branches with slender distinct carinse

along the middle. (X 6 )
Pig. 5. A portion of fig. 2, showing the character of the celluliferous face of the frond, the form and

arrangement of the cell apertures and occa-sionally larger cell apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 6. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing reg^ular angular

branches without carinae, while the diss<;piments ai*e often carinated. (X 6.)
Fig. 7. A lateral view of one of the branches of fig. 1, showing the form of the dissepiments and the small

spines on the celluliferous face. (X 6.)
Fig. 8. A portion of a non-celluliferous face of a frond, having very regular branches and strongly

carinated dissepiments. (X 6.)
Fig. 10. A portion of a macerated fi-ond, showing nearly equal, rounded branches and dissepiments, with

cii-cular or sub-circular fenestriiles. fX 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Fhllg of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) cultellata.

Page 160.
See Plate 3H.
Fig. 9. A portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, showing very distinctly the form and arrati'gemeiit
of the cell apertures and the sharp, securiform elevations along the middle of the branch.
(X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. itW* of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) celsipora, var. minima.

Page 151.
See Plate 35.
Fig. 11. A portion of the celluliferous face of a fi-ond, showing the cell apertures an-anged in regular

longitudinal rows, separateil by narrow i:arina>. (X ti.)
Fig. 12. The non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing quadrangular fenestrules wider than the branches.

(X 6.)
Fig. 13. A portion of the non-cellnliferous face of another specimen, showing cii-cular fenestrules which
are narrower than the branches. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. I'hllji of the Ohio river.

Fenestella (Polypora) celsipora, var. minor.

Page 151.
Fig. 14. An enlai-gement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the comparative size

and character of the branches and dissepiments. (X 6.)
Fig. 10. A portion of the celluliferous face of a frond. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Ontario, Canada.

JAX

I'l-ATE XLI— Continued.

Fenestella (Polypora) CELSIPORA.

Page 150.
See Plate 42.
Ky. 16. A portion of the celluliferous face of a fi-ond, showing the ("omjiai-ative size and character of the
■ ' branches and dis.sepiments, the form and an-angeinont of the cell apertui'es and the ridges

separating tliem. (X 6.)
Fig. 17. An enlargement fi-om a giitia )iei-cha cast of the impression of the celluliferous face, where the

tissue haa been i-emoved. (X 6.)
Fig. 18. The non-eel lulifernus face of a frond. The branch at the left is worn so that it presents a flattened

appearance, filiform ti.«sue, and tlie other bmncthe." ai-e still more worn and the surface entirely

removed, showing the fibrous condition of the solid portion of the branch. (X 6.)
Fig. 19. A portion of the celluliferous face. The brunch on the light side of the figiu-e shows the cell

apertures in a pei-fect condition ; the i-eniaining branches have the surface macerated and tbe

cells filled with solid matter, making them moi'e prominent. (X 6.)
Fig. 20. A poi-tion of the niin-oellnliferous face of a frond, showing considerable vai'ialion in the size and

foi-m of the fenestrnles. (X t!.)
Fig. 21. A portion of a specimen, in which the branches are more slender than in the pi-eceding ; the

fenestrnles ai'C quadrangular and frequently twice the width of the branches. (X 6.)
Fig. 22. A portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, showing the longiludinal rows of cell apertures, the

elevation of the central row, the narrow fenestrnles and angular dissepiments. (XI).)

, Upper Helderberg group. Ontario, Canada.

mEEi'm. 'im^emjiijmiiiS^ i^niimp.

Palaeontology of N.YyoM

PlateXLl.

5 E Simpson dbl.

Phil /Willi;

PLATE XLII.

Fenestella (Polypora) carinella.

Page 153.
Fig. 1. An enlargement from the celluliferous face, showing the character and comparative size of
the branches and dissepiments, the form and arraiigreraent of the cell apertures, and the long-
itudinal carinre separating the ranges of apertures. (X t>.)
Fig. 2. An enlargement from the non-cellaliferou.s face of the frond, showing the compai-ative size and
character of the branches an<l dissepiments, and the form of the fenestrules. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Near Buffalo, N. Y.

Fexestela (Polypora) elonoata.

Fig. 3. An enlargement from the nou-celluliferons face of a frond, showing the comparative size and
character of the branches and dissepiments and the foi-m of the fenestrules. (X 6.)

Fig. 4. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a frond, showing the form and arrangement of
the cell apertures, the continuous strise between the ranges of apertures, and the intermedi-
ate inten-upted striie. The surface of the branch at the right is broken away, showing the
fonn and ari-angement of the cells (X •>■)

Upjier Helderberg group. Oiumdaga Valley, N. V.

Fenestella (Polypora) celsipora.

Page ISU.
See Plate 41.

Fig. 5. The non-celluliferous face of a frond, natui-al size

Fig. 6. An enlargement of a portion of fig. .'). The bran<'hes have from three to five stnations, and are
from two to four times the width of the dissepiments, and fi-om two to three times the width of
the fenestrules. (X <>•)

Pig. 7. An enlargepient of another jKirtion of flg. 5. The bi-ancht>s are moro slender than in the pre-
ceding figure, the f<!ne.sti-ules are sub-quadrangular, and their width is equal to or greater
than that of the brunches. (X 6.)

Fig. 8. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a frond, showing the comparative size of the branches
and dissi^piments, the form and aiTangement of the cell apertures, the carinie separating the
ranges of apertures, when more than two ranges occur, and appearing as a central carina
where only two ranges occur. (X 6.)

Fig. 9. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 10. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 9, showing the comparative size and character of the branches
and dissepiments, and the quadrangular form of the fenestrules. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. WaXpole, Ontario, Caiuula.

Fenestella verrucosa.

Page no.

See Plate 46.

Fig. 11. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the comparative size and

character of the branches and dissepiments, and the irregulai-ly nodulose surface. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Palls of the Ohio river.

PLATK XLII— ContlnncU.

Fknestella (Poltpora) L.EVINODATA.

Pago 169.

Fig. 12. A fragment of the non-celluliferoiis face of a fi-ond, natural size.

Fig. 13. An enlargement of a portion of tiff. 12. The brancho.'s are angular, sometimes carinated, very
irregular and with comparativi'ly strong, iri-egulni-ly disposed nodes. (X B.)

Fig. 14. An enlargement of another portion of fig. 12. 'ITie branches are regular ; branches ami dissepi-
ments angular and carinated, with minute nodes on the carination of the branch opi)Osite the
dissepiments. (X H.)

Fig. 15. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a frond. The surface of the branch at the right is
remove<l, showing the cellular interior and the form and arrangement of the cells. The con-
tiguous branch has the surface partially worn away, showing the apertures of the ccsUs very
much enlarged, and but partially retaining their circular form The remaining branches ai-e
in a perfect condition and show the form and ari-angement of the cell apertures, the granules
between the apertui-es, and, on the branch at the left, the comparatively strong ridges sepa-
rating the longitudinal i-anges of cell apertures. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg g^oup. FWls of the Ohio river.

Fknestella BISERIATA.

Page 11 J.
Fig. 16. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of a portion of tig. 16, showing the comparative size and character of the branches

and dissepiments, and the fonn of the fenestrules. (X t>.)
Fig. 18. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a frond ; the branches and dissepiments are angular
and carinated ; the cell apertures in two ranges. (X 6.)
Upjier Helderberg group. Cherry Valley, iV. Y.

Fbnestella PEOULIARIS.
Pace 113.
Fig. 19. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a specimen, natural size.
Fig. 30. An enlargement of a jiortion of fig. 19. The sui-fiu;e has been macerated and the external

markings are obsolete, the branches appearing flat. (X *>■)
Fig. 21. An enlargement of another portion of fig. 19. The upper portion is well preserved, showing the
nodes as the most prominent feature. The branches of the lower part of the figure are in the
same condition as those of tig. 20. (X <).)

Upper Helderberg group. Near Caledonia, N. T.

TinpTpisji jii;iLsiSL5iiD3iii& 'm\imp.

PalaeontoloeyofNYVolVI

Plate XLII.

3 B Simpson de

PhilAr,t1ilh

PLATE XLIII.
Fenestella (Polypora) robusta.

Page 158.
S«e Plates 84, 37. 39 and 46.
Fiff . 1 . An enlargement of a jidrtion of the celluliferous face, showing the rows of cell apertui-es separated
by narrow riilg-es. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Oittario, Canada.

Fenestella (Ptiloporina) conica.

Page 172.
Fig. 2. A nearly entire frond, natui-al size.

Figs. 3, 4. Enlargements fi oni the preceding, showing the pnmary and secondary branches.
Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Scholiarie, N. T.

Fenestella (Ptiloporina) pinnata.

Page 172.
Fig. 5. A portion of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 6. An enlargement fiiim the preceding, showing the striated branches snd dissepiments.
Upper Helderlierg grouj). Schnharie, N. Y.

Fenestella (Ptiloporina) di.sparilis.

Page 173.
Pig. 7. An enlargement of the non-cellnliferons face of a frond. (X 6.)

Fig. 8. An enlargement from a decorticated specimen, showing the aiTangement of the cells on the
interior of the branches. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Ptiloporina) sinistralis.

Page 174.
Fig. 9. The non-celluliferoua face of a large portion of a frond, natural size, showing the disposition of
the primary and secondary brancnes.

Schohane grit. Schoharie, N. Y.
I

Fenestella (Polypora) rustica.

Page 169.
Fig. 10. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 11. An enlargement fi-om the pi-eceding. (X 6.)

Fig. 12. An enlargement of the celluliferous face, showing a weathered coniiition of the specimen. (X 6.)
Fig. 13. An enlargement showing the charactera of the celhiliforous face of the frond. (X (i.)
Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Ca7iada.

iJti^J^lii liilillLlUllDiLBjaiiiS ^MIiiMli^„

PalaBontolof y of NYyolVT.

Plate XI.III

I. I'leiTi-r.-UU ail:

\, -,-,v

PLATE XLIV.

Fbnestella dispanda.

Vngell*

Fig. 1. A fragment, showing tlie comparative size of tlio branches and dissepiments and manner of
growth, natural size.

Fig. 2. An enlargoment of a i>orlion of tho non-<'i'lliiIiferous face of a frond. (X 6.)

Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of tlie cclluliforoiis fare of a fnind, showing the fomi and arrange-
ment of the cell apertin-es. (X t5.)

Fig. 4. An onlai-geinont of a jMirtion of the celluliferous face of another froml, showing a somewhat more
lax mode of gi-owth than the i)i-eceding specimen ; the cell apertures are more widely sepa-
rated, and the intenne<liate surface of the branch is tinely striated. (X <)•)
Upi>er Heldei'bcrg group. M'esterii New York.

Fenestei-la sinuosa.

Pago 116.
Fig. 5. The celluliferous face of a frond, natural size.

Fig. (i. An enlargement of a portion of the same fi-ond. showing the form and arraiigement of the cell
apertures and the sinuous carinie. (X 6.)

I'p|)er Helderberg group. Ntar CalecUmia, N. Y.

Fe\e.stklla (Polypoka) distans.

Page 161.
See Plate 37.
Fig. 7. A small fragment, showing the strong striated branches connected by slender dissepiments. (X 6.)
Upi>er Helderberg grouj). Near Buffalo, N. Y.

Fenestella parai.lela.

Page 107.

Fig. 8. A portion of a frond, natural size, showing the appearance of the non-celluliferous face under
different degrees of weathei-ing.

Fig. 9. A part of another well-preserved fr(md, natural size, showing angular branches and dissepiments.

Fig. 10. A lateral view of a bianch without nodes. (X t!.)

Fig. 11. A lateial view of a brunch, showing nodes perfectly preserved. (X 6.)

Fig. 12. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frend, showing angular branches and slightly curved
difsepiments. (X 6.)

Fig. 13. A portion of the celluliferous face of a froml, without nodes. The elevated margins of the aper-
tures being well pi-eserved it is not prol)able that this specimen was ornamented with noiles.
(XO.)

Fig. 14. A portion of the celluliferous face of a fi-ond, showing distinct nodes on the cai-inse and oblique
cell apertui-es with prominent elevated margins. (X ti.)

Fig. 15. A portion of the cellulifei-ous face of a fmnd showing nodiferous caiinte, more pi'ominent cell
ai>ertnrcs, and generally a moi-e robust apjiearance than either of the pi-eceding specimens.
(X6.)

Fig. 11 G. A portion of the non-cellulifei-ous face of- a frond. This specimen has been so much weathered
that the carinse have disappeared, leaving a slight narrow channel along the middle of the
branches. (X '»•)

Fig. 17. A Ri>ecimen whore the branches ami dia.<M;piments have been removed by solution. The illustra-
tion shows the filling of the fenestrules and cells. (X H.)

Fig. 18. A jiortion of the non-cellulifemus face of a frond, weaihered so aa to show the fibrous structure
composing the more solid iM)rtion of the branches. (X •>.)
Upper Helderberg group. Near Buffalo, N. Y.

isipii^iii Jii:ii,:D:^jij3Li;iEs mium'.

Palaeontology of NYVolVr

Plate Xl.IV.

GB Simpson at.

PhilAaiiith,

PLATE XLV.
Fenestella variapora.

Page 104.
See Plate 35

Fig. 1 . A portion of a frond near the base, natural size.

Fig. 2. An enlargement of the preceding-, showinjr moi-e distinctly the shape of the fi-ond, the elongate
supporting processes near the base, the form and comparative size of the branches and dissepi-
ments and the aspect of the fenestrules. (X •>•)

Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of the celhiliferous face of the same fr-ond, showing the form and
arrangement of the cell aj>erture8 and the occasional large cells immediately below the bifur-
cations. (X 6.)

Fig. 4. An enlargement of another portion of the cellulifei-ous face, showing angular and carinated
branches. The carinse are nodose, the nodes being essentially equal in number to the cell
apertui-es. (X t>.)

Fig. 5. An enlargement of the celluliferous face of a frond ; the cell apertures are obsolete, with the
exception of a portion of one branch. (X 6.)

Fig. 6. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of a fi-ond ; the sui"face of the two branches
at the left of the figure is worn away showing the interior of the cells ; the remaining branches
are still more deeply weathered, the cells being entii-ely woni away and the interior of the
non-celluliferous ]x>rtion of the branches exjKised. (X ♦>.)

Fig. 7. An enlargement of a portion of a non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing very irregular
branches, which have a width about ecjual to that of the di.s.sepinientR; the fenestrules vary in
foi-m from elongate-oval to circular. (X fi.)

Fig. 8. A portion of the non-celluliferous facte of a frond, showing the branches much more regularly
disposed than in the preceiling figure Over the greater iKirtion of the sjiecimen the fen-
estrules are nearly circular. (X 6.)

Fig. 9. An enlargement of the celluliferous face of the preceding, showing the form and arrangement of
the cell apertures and the prominent nodes between the ranges ; both the nodes and apertures
are more closely arranged than on fig. 4. (X <>.)

Fig. 10. An enlargement of another portion of the celluliferous face of the same specimen, showing very
large cell aijertures occurring at iri-egular intervals, but invariably opposite a ili.ssepiment.
(X6.)

Pig. 11. A lateral view of a branch, showing a transverse section of the dissepiments, the cell apertures
and the form of the nodes along the middle of a Itranch. (X 6.)

Fig. 12. A lateral view of a branch (mm another fionil whei-e the nodes ai-e obsolete. The dissepiments
are more nearly circular in section anil more <listaiit than in fig. 11. (X tJ.)

Fig. 13. A portion of the non-celluhferous face of a' frond encrusted by other organisms. (X 6.)
Up|)er Helderberg group. t\ilU of the Ohio river.

Fenestella stbllata.

Page 109.
See Plate 47.
Fig. 14. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond. (X 6.)

Fig. 15. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of the pi-eceding, showing the form and
arrangement of the cell apertures and the strong nodes along the middle of the branches.
This specimen differs very much in appearance from the usual varieties of the species, but as
every gratlation between the two extremes occur, there are no means of separation from the
typical forms. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. JPiUli of the Ohio river.

PLATE XLV— Continued

Fkxk.stei.la UETUKSSA.
Page 111.
Fig. 16. An enlttig-enient fi-oni the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the striated branches and the
slender dis-sepiments, which are only about one-third the width of the branches, and very
much depreseed below their plane. (X t>.)
Fig'. 17. A portion of the celluliferous face of the same specimen, showing the comparative size and chai--
acter of the bi-anches and dissepiments, and the form and arrangement of the cell apertuios.
(Xti.)

Upper Helderberg group. i'W/« of the Ohio river.

Fenestklla tenella.

Paife 106.
Fig. 18. A portion of 'the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the chai-acter of the branches and

<li.s.se|iiment8, their comparative size and moile of giowth. (X 6.)
Fig. 19. A portion of the cellulifeious face of the same specimen, sliowing the form and arrangement of the
cell apertujes, and the conii>aratively strong nodes along the middle of the branch. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. I^allx of the Ohio river.

FEXESTErXA (PoLYPOUA) CKEBK.SCENS.
Page 170.
Fig. 20. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 21. A portion of the non-celluliferous fare of a frond enlaiged to six diaraetere, showing the distnbu-
tion of nodes upon the surface.

Upper Helderberg group. Wtatem New York.

Fknkstella pektenlis.

PHgo 106.
Fig. 22. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the comparative

size and character of the bi-anches and dissepiments and their mode of growth. (X 6.)
Fig. 23. A portion of the celluliferous fa<:e of the preceding, showing the form and arrangement of the
cell apertures, the occasional larger apertui-es opposite the dissepiments and the prominent
nodes along the middle of the branch. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Falls of the Ohio river.

•J^J^lUlii m^lLLrlSUillilllii^ Maul/IP.

Palseontology of NYYolVr

Plate XLV.

Mm

■ r- Simpson fi"!.

PhilAsilui:

PLATE XLVI.

Fenestella curvuunctura.

Page 107.

Fig'. 1. A. figure, natui'al size, showing the mode of gi-owth and the disposition of the bi-anches and dis-
sejiiments.

Fig. 2. An enlargement from the preceding, showing more distinctly the appeai'ance of the branches and
the curved dissepiments. (X 6 )

Fig. 3. An enlargement from the cellulifei-ous face, showing the foi-m and disposition of the cell aper-
tures. (X 6.)

Fig. 4. An enlarfjement of a lateral view of a branch, showing the oblique dissepiments, and the noiies
on the middle of the branch. (X 6.)

Fig. 5. An enlargement of a ti-ansvei-se section of the branches. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg gi-oup. Mills of the Ohio rirser.

rE.\E.STELI.A (PoLYI'OKa) KOBUSTA.

I'age 186.

See Plates ;i4, 37, 39 and 43.

Fig. 6. An enlargement fi-ora the non-celluliferous face, showing very slender dissepiments, and both
angular and striated V>riiiiches. (X 6.)

Upper HelderlxM-g gn>up Walpule, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella [Ptiloporina ?] confertii>oka.

Pajro 1(W. ,

Fig. 7. A fragment, natural size.
Fig. 8. An enlargement from a portion of the preceding, showing the onlinary slender branches and one

of the larger braiu;hes. ( X tt- /
Fig. 9. An enlargement from the celluliferous face, showing the circular, crowded cell apertures, and

occa.sional larger apertures. (X 6.)
Pig. 10. An enlar^'ement of a trau.iverse section of sevei-al bi-anches. (X ti.)
Fig. II. An enlargement of a lateral view of a bi-anch, showing the cell apertures and a section of the

dissepiments. (X <5). See figs. 17-21.

Upi>er Helderberg group. fWi* of the Ohio rivKr.

Fene.stem,a sinqularitas.

Pag« 114.
Fig, 12. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 13. An enlargement from the pi-eceding, showing more distinctly the appearance of the branches and
dis.<<epiments, and the conspicuous no<ies below the bifurcations (X 6.)

Fig. X4. An enlargement from the cellulifei-ou.s face, shoM-ing the obtusely angular branches, prominent
nodes, and the disposition of the cell apertui-es. (X ').)

Fig. 15. An enlargement of a transvei-se seittinn of several branches. (X 0.)

Pig. 16. An enlargement of a hiteral view of a bianch. showing' sectiou.s of the dissepiments, the cell
apertures and the distant notles im the two surfaces. (X 6.)
Upper Helderlxii-g group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella [Ptilopori.na ?j confertipora.

_. „ , Page 108.

Fig. 17. A fi-agment, natural size.

Fig. 18. An enlargement from thi- preceding, showing more distinctly the form and disposition of the

branches and dissepiments. (X ti.)
Fig. 19. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a specimen moi-e macerated than fig. 9. (X tJ.)
Fig. 20. An enlargement of a transverse section of branches. (X <i.)
Fig 21. An enlargement of a lateral view of a branch, showing transverse sections of dissepiments, and

the very prominent nodes upon the celluliferous face. (X 6). See figures 7-11.
Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

PLATK XLVI— ConUnueU.

Fenestella verrucosa.

Page 110.
Fig'. a2. An enlai-gement from the noii-cellulifei-ous face of a fiviid, showing in-egular branches.
Fig. 23. An enlargement fi-oni the cellulifei'oiis face of a froml, showinjf the ilisposition of the Ct II aper-
tures, and the noiles alon^i: the mitlille of the branch. (X 0.)
V\);. '24. An enlargement of a tranKverse section of the branches. (X ti.)
Uj)j)er UeUlerbei-g group. jFVi//.« of the. Oh'ut rhx-r.

Fenestella tl bekcllata.

Pace 116.
Fig. 25. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 2<J. An enlargement fii)m the |)rece<ling, showing moi-e distinctly the form and disposition of the
branches anil dis-sepiment.-*, and the prominent nodes. (X 6.) See tigs. 33, 34.
UpiMjr Uelderberg group. IValpole, Oittario, Canada.

Fenestella iEQUALis.

Page 11-2.
Fig. 27. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face. (X 6.)
Fig. 28. An enlargement from a .^iiecimen which ha.s tlie cellulifei-ou-s portion of the branches covered by

a i-ock. deposit ; the carina, with prominent nodes alone being exposed. (X t>-) 'I

Fig. 29. An enlargement of the lateral view of a bi-anch, showing the nodes on the non-celluliferous face.

(X6.)
Fig. 30. An enlargement fi-om the celluliferous face ; the branch on the right has been macerated and the

organic matter removed, K-aving the siliceous tilling of the cavity of the branch and of the cell

tubes. (X ti.)
Fig. 31. An enlargement fn>m the non-cellulifenius face, the branches being partially imbedded in the

i-ock. The branches are straight, sinuous or zig-zag, according to the i)08ition of the dissepi-

mentti, whethei' alternating or opposite. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. F'alls oftlie Ohio river.

Fen estella t u he itc u lata .

Page 116.
Fig. 33. An enlargement of a lateral view of a branch. (X 6.)

Fig. 34. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face, showing striated branches and prominent nodes.
(X 6.) See figs. 25. 26.

Upper Helderberg group. Wodpole, Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella i'koceuitas.

Page lis.
Fig. 32. A fragment, natural size.

Kg. 35. An enlargement fi-om the non-celluliferous face. (X 6.)
Fig. 36. An enlargement from the celluliferous face. (X 6.)

Upi)er Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario,- Canada.

iTiPiFissa msimmiiiEjiiiii© ©nMoip.

Palaeontology of NYyoM.

PlateXLVI.

GB Simpson del

PhiAstlith.

PLATE XLVII.
Fenestella ldnulata.

P&ne 121.

Fig. 1 . An enlai'gement of a iiortion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond ; the dissepiments are broad,
curved and somewhat elevated aliove the bi-anches, giving to the surface a peculiar appear-
ance. The nodes upon the upper margins of the dissepiments are but moderately developed.
(X6.)

Fig. 2. An enlargement of a portion of the noncelliilifei-ous face of a frond ; the branches and dissepi-
ments are flattened from maceration. (X 6.)

Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous .side of a fTOn<l ; the dissepiments and their
noiies being so prominent as to in a measure obscure the branches. (X •>.)

Fig. 4. An enlargement of a portion of the non-oellulifei-ous face of a frond ; the crescentiform elevations
on the dissepiments, and the moi-e slender no<ies on their upper margins. (X 6.)

Fig. 5. An enlargement of the expanded summits of the cai-inie. (X ti.)

Fig. 6. An enlargement of a portion of the cellulifei-ous face of a frond ; the carinae, having been i-emoved,
showing the foi-m and arrangement of the cell apertures. (X ^•)

FigfS. 7, 8, 9. Transvei-se sections of bran(thes from ilifTcriMit specimens, showing considerable vai-iation in
the comparative height an<l width.

Fig. 10. An enlargement of ii lateral view of a branch, showing transverse section of oblique dissepiments,
the height of the carina, ami the cell aj>ertui-e.s. (X 0.)

Opj>er Helderberg group. Fallx of the Ohio river.

FeNE-STELLA 8EKRATA.

Page no.

Fig. 11. An enlargement of a portion of the non-cclluliferous face of a frond, having comparatively large,

quadrangular fenestrules, slender liis-sepiments, and string, spiniform nodes on the branches.

(X6.)
Fig. 12. An enlargement of a pfrtion of the non-celluliferous face of another specimen, having smaller,

more oval fenestrules, and comparatively much sti-onger branches, without nodes, though this

may in a m('a,siire l>c due to maceration.
Fig. 13. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous .side of a frond, having subangidar fenestrules

wider than the branches, the latter having numei-ous granules or .small nodes, which are much

less conspicuous than those shown in tig 1 1 .
Fig. 14. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond ; the fenestrules are narrower

than in figs. 11 and 13, the nodes numei-ou.s and moi-e prominent than in fig. 13, though not as

much so as in fig. 11. (X ti.)
Fig. 15. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous side of a fi-ond, showing angular branches and

the cells o|)ening laterally, with the t)ran<-hes and disseiiiments sharply angular. (X 6.)
Fig. It). A lateral view of a branch enlarged, showing transverse .section of dissepiments, cell apertures

and nodes. (X ')•)
Fig. 17. An obli<ine view of a portion of the celluliferous face of a frond ctilarf^-i'il, showing the serrated

appearance of the summits of the branches. (X 6.)
Fig. 18. A transvei-se section of the branches. (X ti.)
Fig. 19. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous surface of a frond, referred with <loubt to

this 8i)ecies. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg grouj). Falls of the Ohio river.

PLATE XLVII— Continued.

Fknestki.la STELLATA.

Page 109.

See Plate 45.

Fig. 20. An enlai'gement of the non-celluUferous fa<re of a frond, having' branches quite rapidly and
bi*oadly widening to the bifui'cation.s, and with strong, oblique spinifovm nodes. (X 6.)

Fig. 21. An enlargement fi-om near the base of a specimen, with the branches very much thickened. (X 6.)

Fig. 22. An enlargement from the same specimen as fig. 20, but at a greater distance from the base, show-
ing strongly striated, nodose branches. (X 6.)

Fig. 23. An enlargement, showing branches very gradually increasing in width, frequently of essentially
the same size for their entii-e length, and i-egulai-ly oval fenestrules which are slightly wider
than the branches. (X 6.)

Fig. 24. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, showing numerous vei-y large
cell apertures, usually occurring neai- a di.ssepiment. (X 6.)

Fig. 25. An enlargement of an oblique view of a portion of the celluliferous face of a specimen, to show
Ihe appearance and height of the elevations along the middle of the branch. (X <>•)

Fig. 26. A lateral view of a branch enlarged, showing the nodes, and narrow dissepiments at right
angles to the axis of the branch. (X 6.)

Rg. 27. A lateral view of a branch enlarged, to show the strongly elevated nodes on the celluliferous face,
the oblique nodes on the non-celluliferous face, and the oblique dissepiments. (X 6.)

Fig. 28. A lateral view of a branch, showing i-egular nodes and dissepiments of a greater height than
those of the two i>receding specimens.

Fig. 29. .\n enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, showing the form and arrange-
ment of the cell apertui-es, and the nodose elevation along the middle of the branch.

Fig. ;}0. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of a frond, showing the cell apertures filled
with mineral matter, and a channel along the middle of the branches and sometimes along
the dissepiments. This is the most frequent condition of this species. (X 6.)

Fig. 31. An enlargement of the top of a node or elevation ; a is the end of a nan-ow node. (X It!)

Fig. 31a. The stellate summit of a node like tig. 32b.

Fig. 31b. An enlargement, giving a lateral view of the upper part of a simple node. (X Hi.)

Fig. 82. a. An enlargement of the top of an elevation, and 6. the side of the same elevation or node, all
gradations of elevations or nodes between fig. 316. and 326. occur. (X 16.)

Fig. 32a. The summit of a more simple form of node than 32b.

Fig. 321). An enlargement, giving lateral view of a more elevated form of node with plicated upper mar-
gins and stelliform summit. (X 16.)

Fig. 33. A fragment of a frond, natural size, showing the comparative size of the branches and the mode
of growth.

Fig. 34. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 35. An enlargfement of the non-celluliferous face of a frond. (X 6.)

Fig. 36. An enlargement of the celluliferons face of a frond. (X 6). Figures 34, 35 and 36 are doubtfully
referred to this species.

Upjter Helderberg group. FalU of the Ohio river.

ISil^LPlSia 3M£.2)'JlIiiilJ^lIMP ©SMiMP.

Palaeontology of NYYoiVI

Plate XLVII,

'J

}B Simpson dfel .

fhilAstlilh.

i

Fig.

2_

Rg.

3.

Fig.

4.

Fig.

5.

PLATE XLVIII.
Fenestella latijunotuiu.

I'aife lis.
Fig. 1. An enlargement of a jwrtioii of the nou-celluliferous face of a fi-oiid, showing very irregular
branches, with frequent elevations ai-ound the lower portion of the fcnestrulea and numeroufl
8tn)ng nodes. (X 6.)
2. A iMirtion of the non-cellulifei-ous face of a frond. The branches present a very irregular
appearance, and many of the .strong nodes are pi-olonged into spines. (X 6.)
(lortiou of the celluliferous face of a frond with the carinse removed, showing the foi-m and
arrangement of the cell apertures. The bi-anches are remarkably i-egular as compared with
the opposite face. The lithogi-aphic figure fails to I'epresent the oi-iginal drawing. (X 6.)
lateral view of a branch, showing a transvei-se section of the dissepiments, the cell apertures
oi)ening directly outwai-d, and the strongly elevated carina, with its lateral denticulations.
transverse section of the branches and carinse.

Upper Helderberg group. I^alls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella bi-imbricata.

Page 121.
Fig. 6. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of a fi^ond, presenting a very iri-egular appearance,

making it difficult to distinguish the branches and dissepiments. The surface of the frond

also has been somewhat affected by macei-ation. (X 6.)
Fig. 7. A portion of the non-cellulifei-ous face of a frond, in which the branches and dissepiments cannot

be distinguished from each other, the face of the frond jiresenting very much the appearance

of some encrusting zoarium. (X 6.)
Fig. 8. An enlargement of a portion of the non-cellulifei-ous face of a frond, showing the branches and

dissepiments so thickened and involved as to have lost their distinctive character. (X 6.)
Fig. 9. An enlargement from the celluliferous face of a frond. The branch at the left of the figure sliows

the expanded summit of the carina. The two adjacent branches show the interior ; the next

branch shows the surface neai-ly worn through, and the two branches at the right preserve

their normal condition. (X 6.)
Fig. 10. An enlargement of the summits of the carinte on the celluliferous face. (X 6.)
Fig. 11. A transverse section of the branches and carina;. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella interrupta.

Page 123.

Fig. 12. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond which has been woni and
ma<;erated. (X 6.)

Fig. 13. A transverae section of the branches and carina\ (X ti.)

Fig. 14. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frend, somewhat macerated. The
branches and dissepiments are essentially undistinguishable fi'om each other and are frequently
disposed in a stellate manner. (X 6.)

Fig. 15. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face of a fi'ond, showing angidar and cannated
branches and dissepiments of nearly equal width, which are so irregularly disposed that they
cannot i-eadily be distinguished from each other. (X C.)

Fig. 16. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing the branches and dissepiments of
nearly etjual width, but so irregularly disposed as not to be readily distinguished from each
other. (X 6.)

Fig. 17. An enlargement of a portion of the cellulifei-ous face of a frond of this species. On the left of
the figure the carina; are broken away, showing the foiin and arrangement of the cell aper-
tures. On the right of the figure the sunnnits of the caiina* are shown. (X C.) (The litho-
graphic figure has failed to give the pi-oper effect.)

Ujiper Helderberg gro' p. l'\dls of the Ohio river.

tSfIP3>lim ■JTiSI.aDlIIiiSaJIMB' ©HiiMiP^

Palaeontology of NYVoIVr

PlateXLVllI.

1^. Jin':p5or. cc

P.Biemanniith,

■Jl^^

PLATE XLIX.
Fenestella pkkmaroinata.

I'ago 127.
Pigs. 1, 2, 3. Enlargements from the non-cellulifei-ous face, showing the obscure characters of the branches

and diasepiments.
Fig. 4. The celluliferous.face, with the carinae i-emoved, showing the arrangement of the cell apertures.
Fig. 5. A jwrtion of the celluliferous face of a frond. The lower half of the figure shows the carinsB

united and with some veaiculose tissue in the lower part.
Fig. 6. An tmlargement from the non-celluliferoua face, showing numerous nodes ornamenting the

branches and dissepiments.
Pig. 7. The base of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 8. A lat4!ral view of a portion of a branch, enlarged.
Pig. 9. A transverse section, showing the form of the bi-anches and cannse.

Fig. 10. A section similar to the pi-ece<ling, in which the branches are largei-and the fenestrules narrower.
Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella semirotunda.

Page li&.
Rg. 11. The base and lower portion of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 12. The celluliferous face of a. fragment, natural size.

Fig. 13. A transvei"se section of sevei-al branches, showing the elevation and expansion of the carinse.
Fig. 14. A transvei-se section of branches raoi-e cylindrical than the preceding.
Fig. 15. An enlargement of the summits of the cannse from the lower portion of the frond whei"e they are

coimected by vesiculose tissue.
Fig. It). An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face, showing the involved and iri-egular branches and

dissepiments.
Pig. 17. The non-celluliferous face of a specimen with moi-e i-egular fenestrules.
Pig. 18. An enlargement similar to the pi-eceding, but with stronger branchesand dissepiments, and smaller

fenestrules.
Fig. 19. 'llie non-celluliferous side of a fragment, showing charactei-s similar to fig. 16.
Fig. 20. The non-celluliferous face of a specimen preserving ii'regularly distributed nodes on the branches

and dissepiments.
Fig. 21. The celluliferous face with the carinse removed, showing the cell apertures.
Fig. 22. The celluliferous face of a specimen showing the sununits of the carinie and their iri-egular lateral

expansions.

Upper Helderberg group. FaUa of the Ohio river.

lEHPiPsai nnsismiiisniB© i^iaspip.

PalsBontologyof NYVolVr

Plate XL IX.

u

IMU

ill

ii

ss •^■kft

jwi^iyia

28

20

< B.Simpscfn dei.

P. Biemannlitn.

PLATE L.
Fenestella oultrata.

Page 120.
Fig. 1. A fragment, natural size, showing the manner of growth.
Fig. 2. A transvei'se section of the branches. (X (>.)
Fig. 3. A lateral view of a branch, showing a transverse section of the dissepiments, and the irregular

ai-rangement of the cell apertures.
Fig. 4. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond. (X 6.)
Fig. 5. A portion of the cellulifei-ous face. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Ii\xlls of the Ohio river.

Fenestella biseurulata.

I'age 13d.

Fig. 6. A fragment natural size, showing the manner of growth.

Fig. 7. A transvei-se section, showing the form of the branches and carinse and the space occupied by
the cells. (X 6.)

Fig. 8. A lateral view of a branch, showing a traiisvei'c section of the dissepiment"*, the cell apertures,
■ the crennlations in the margin of the carina, immediately above and corresponding in iiumbei'
to the cell apertures. The projections on the side of the carina have somewhat the appear-
ance of a range of minute cells, but the lithographic figure does not propei-ly represent the
original drawing. (X 6.)

Fig. 9. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, Showing the comparative size and character of
the branches and dis-sepimentM. (X 6.)

Fig. 10. A portion of the celluliferous face, showing the cell apertures and also the expanded summits of
the cariu* with their lateral crennlations. The lithogi-aphic figure has failed to preserve the
effect of the original di'awing ; the same criticism will apply to tig. 11.

Fig, 11. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face, having the carinas broken away, leaving
the branch grooved along it« center, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures,
and theii' elevated margin.-* slightly indenting the borders of the fenestrules. (X ti.)
Upper Uelilerberg group. Palh uf the Oh'ui river.

Fenkstella UKAMFKKA.
Page \a.

Fig. 12. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face, showing angular sinuous branches \vith
dissepiments much wider than the branches. (X 6.)

Fig. 13. An enlargement of a {>ortion of the non-celluliferous face, showing flattened branches and dissepi-
ments, with a row of minute granules along the middle of the branch. The flattened branches
and dissepiments would indicate that the specimen has been woni or mac§i'ated, but in that
case it seems hanlly jxissible that the granules should be so well preserved.

Pig. 14. An enlargement of the celluliferous face of a portion of the frond from near the base, covered by
an organic deposit, which forms a solid crust over that portion of the specimen.

Fig. 16. A portion of the non-celluliferoua face enlarged to six diametere ; the left side of the figure shows
two branches in the same conditions as those of fig. 13 ; the two adjacent branches are apjiar-
ently woi-n so that the cells are partially exposed ; the right of the figure shows the branches
broken away so that the under sides of the expanded crenulate carinse are exposed.
Upper Helderberg group. Near Le Roy, N. Y.

1 i.i r>.i/M'r

PIvATE I^Continaed. ' '

Fenkstella erectipora.

.rfl hna -onriai t.<.i. Page U8.

tig. IB. A |M)rtion of the non-celluliferous face enlarged, showing the appearance and comparative size
,.,,,,„ of the brauchea and disaepimeuts. (X t>.)

1Hgf^,,Xfr ^ jiortion of the celluliferoiia face of the fi-ond with the carinse broken away, showing the form
and arrangement of the cell apertures. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Ontario, Canada.

Fenestella (Reteporina) uhomiufera.

Page U9.
Pig. 18. A portion of the non-cellnliferous face of a frond which is much worn or macerated. The four
branches on the left of the fig-ure ai-e so much worn that the l)ases of the cells are exposed to
view ; the remaining branches are less worn, but the surface charactera are obsolete. (X 6.)
Pig. 19. A portion of the non-cellnliferous face of another frond, showing the branches well preserved
and anastomo.sing, with a prominent node at the center of each junction. The celluliferous
face in a jierfect condition has not been observed, so that it is impossible to say with certainty
to what subgenus it belongs, but probably to Reteporina. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Le Jioy, Genesee comity, N. Y.
.kH'A'ilAKHV AJJHliwtiiia'i

1o noilfn.i >vt£lns aV.

n^o^iS3i liEgjxaiioiLiiiiia© mnum^.

PalsBontology of NYyolVT.

Plate L.

G 3 oimpoou de'i.

p. Piemanix luh

I'lm gniMv

H lO »'lli1

iiiwnds ,dtitBii{ ji 'I,

/oam merf avju

Mifi^atl loialtMrttH-.

:

m w

Irnt^'ia'A ^^^^^Bb

■ 111)11 siiT

- J/dE&i

1 Ip irfTjbil

ri-lil-) oil J "l.

■1
ir

v\g.

7.

RJT-

8.

Fijr.

9.

Fig.

10.

Pig.

11.

PLATE LI.

Fbnestella (Unitryta) AOAULIS.

Page 131.

V\g. I. The celluliferotis face of a specimen, natural size, showing the summits of the carinse and scalse.

Fig. 2. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of the preceding. (X 6.)

Fig. 3. A jwrtion of the non-cellulifei-ous face of another specimen, showing more slender branches.

(X6.)
Kig. 4. A lateral view of a branch, showing the cell apertui-es, minute pits in the base of the carina, and

a transverse section of the lamelliform connecting bars, or scalse.
Fig. 5. The celluliferous side of a fragment, fi-om which the carinsR and scalie have been i-emoved, show-
ing two rows of cell apertui-es on each branch. (X 6.)
Fig. 6. An enlargement, to six diameters, of fig. 1, showing more distinctly the character of the summits
of the carinfle and seals.

Upper Helderberg group. FbUs of the Ohio river.

FbNKSTBLLA (UnITRYPA) 8T1PATA.
Page 134.
The non-celluliferous face of a fragment, natural size.

A portion of the preceding, showing the angular branches and irregular fenestrules. (X 6.)
The non-cellulifei-ous face of another fragment, natural size.

A portion of the same, showing smaller fenestrules than the preceding specimen. (X 6.)
The celluliferouR face of a fragment from which the carinse and scalie have been removed. The
branch at the left of the figure shows the natural condition of the cell apertures ; on the two
adjacent branches the margins of the apertures are thickened and the opSTiings closed ; the
next branch shows the margins broken away, and in the right hand branch the entire upper
test has been removed, showing the interior of the cells.
Fig. VI. A fragment, natural size, showing the summits of the carinee and scalse.
Fig. 13. A portion of the same. (X 6.)

Rg. 14. A transvei-se section, showing the form of the branches, the height of the carinte and the extent
of the scalse.

Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

Fenestblla (Unitkypa) TEGULATA.

Page 13JS.
Fig. 15. A portion of the non-celluliferous face of a specimen. (X 6.)
Fig. 16. The non-celluliferous face of another specimen, showing a marked contrast with the preceding,

in its irregular angular branches and fenestrules. (X 6.)
Fig. 17. The celluliferous face of fig. 15, with the carinse and processes removed ; the right-hand branch

has the tissue broken away, showing the interior. (X 6.)
Fig. 18. The celluliferous face of the same, natural size, showing summits of the carinK and seals.
Fig. 19. A portion of the same, enlarged, showing more distinctly the charactei-s of the specimen, fig. 18.

(X6.)
Fig. 20. The summits of the carins with the scalte, from the celluliferous face of fig. IK. (X 6.)
Fig. 21. A transverse section, from the specimen fig. 15, showing the form of the branches, the elevation

of the carinse and the extent of the scalar. (X 6.)
Fig. 22. A lateral view of a branch, natural size.

Fig. 23. A ix)rtion of the same enlarged, showing the direction of the lamelliform scalip. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Falls of the Ohio river.

mpy^.m. -jmmrjnums^ mnuf^.

Pv^laeontology of N YyoM

Plate LI.

OB Simpson del

PhilAslluh .

PLATE LII.

Fenestella (L'nitrypa) lata.

Page 136.
Fig. 1. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, showing- very regular

branches and angular carinate dissepiments. (X 6.)
Fig. 2. An enlargement having a somewhat more i-obust appearance than the preceding. (X 6.)
Fig. 3. An enlargement ; the branche.s and di.ssei)iuient,s are partially imbedded in a sediment and jireaents

a much more slender apjx'ai'ance than would be the case if the whole surfai* could be

observed. Without a careful examination, this would seem to be the full size of the branches

and dissepiments (X ti.)
Fig. 4. An enlargement, i-epi-esenting an impression in the rock ; the left of the illustration represents

the impi-ession left by the carinje an<l cimnecling scalse, the right the impression of the cell

bases. The tissue ha.s been pai-tially destroyed by maceration ; the solid portion left is the

filling in of the cells and of the 8)Mu:e8 Vbetween the seals ; the solid oval spaces ai-e the tilling

of the fenestrules. (X 6.)
Fig. 5. An enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous face of a ft-ond, showing the foi-m and ari-ange-

nient of the cell apertui-es, the caiintR having \>een bi-oken away. (X 6.)
Fig. ti. An enlargement of the summits of the carina; ami the seals- connecting them.
Fig. 7. An enlargement ; the upper left comer repi-esent.s the non-celluliferous face of the branches ; the

remainder of the illu.stration repi-esents the base.s of the carinjp, that is, the portion joining the

celluliferous face of the branches and the under aide of the scalte connecting the carinte. The

entii-e substance of the cell-bearing portion of the branch has been i-emoved from this portion

of the specimen. (X ti.) ' '

Fig. 8. An enlargement ; the upper portion of tfie figui-e i-epresenting the intenor of the branches and

the exterior with cell apertui-cs ; the lower anil left hand jwi-tion, the summits of the carina,

and the scalie connecting the carina". (X •> )
Fig. 9. A lateral view of a branch enlarge<l, showing a transverse section of tile rtissepiments. and the

Rcalie connecting the carinK, which ai-e abruptly bent at a point a little above the middle of

their depth. (X •).)
Fig. 10. A. fragment, natural size, comprising il jioflion of the base of a fronil.

FeNESTET-F A (UnITKYPa) FICTICIITS.
Page up.
Fig. II. An enlargement ; the lower jwrtion represents the non-celluliferous face of the hi-anches ; the
ujijier portion the ba.Me of the carinie and the nmler 8i<le of the scaliP. (X H.)
An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a fronil. (X 0-)
An enlargement of the summits of the carina; and the obli<iue scaljE. (X tJ.)

An enlargement of a jxirtion of the cellulifei-ous face of a fi-ond, having the carinse and scalte
removed, showing the form and aiTaiigement of the cell apertui-es. (X 6.)
Fig. 1.1. An enlargement of the luise of the carinae and the under side of the connecting scalse, .similar to
the upper portion of fig. 1 1. This illustration is given to .show how easily it might, by itself, be
mistaken for the (-ellulifi-rous face of .some form Of Fenestella. (X ti.)
Upper Helderlxirg giiiuji. IVnIjHile, Ontario, Canada.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13.

Fig.

14.

.-Inill-yi /-I'tv 'J.

PLATE LII— Continaed.

Fenestella (Unitrtpa) acclivis.

Page 138.

Vig. 16. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous side of a frond, showing- for the most part a
ridg« of prominent nodes along the middle of the branch ; the dissepiments ai-e also nodose.
(X 6.)

Fig. 17. An enlargement of a portion of the non-celluliferous face of a frond, the bi'anches having two
i*ows of nodes, and the dissepiments being without nodes. (X 6.)

Fig. 18. An enlargement of the celluliferous face, the cariiiaB broken away, showing the foiin and arrange-
ment of the cell apertures. (X 6.)

Fig. 19. An enlargement ; the lower left hand corner represents a bifurcating branch ; the remainder of
the figui-e represents the curveii pi-ocesses connecting the carinse. These are for the most part
BO prominent as to obliterate the summits of the cai'inse, and might be very easily mistaken
for some form of encrusting Bryozoa. (X 6.)

Fig. 20. An enlai-geraent of the mold in the rock of a portion of the non-celluIifei"OUS face of a frond. (X 6-)

Fig. 21. An enlargement of the mold left in the rock by the dissolving away of a frond ; the left portion
of the figure represents the filling of the cells and fenestrules ; the light, the tilling of the
spaces between the processes connecting the carina. These fillings, which are a deposit of
siliceous sediment, have in some cases been mistaken for orgaiiic structure. (X ti.)

Fig. 22. An enlargement of the mold of the side of a branch, when the cell apertures and intei-stices be-
tween the scalte have been filled with siliceous matter. (X 6.)

Fig. 23. A tranvei'se section of the branches and cai'inK enlai-ged, showing the depth of the scales
connecting the carinae, (X t5.)

Upper Heldei'berg group. Walpole, Ontario, Cavada.

n^IPIFISIli SiliSIDIEJilBllLaS iMfJmSW.

Pal»ontology of N YyolVT.

Plate LU.

rSP(

'J BSimpeon de^

" Hierr.annllth.

''•^14'

^JU

''^

n

PLATE LIII.

Fknestella (Unitkypa) pernodosa.

Page 120.

Fi(f. 1. A portion of the iion-celliilifei"ous face of a frond, natural size.

Fiff. 2. A portion of another specimen enlarffed. showing the irregulaj" nodes. (X 6.)

Pi(f. 3. A similar si>ecimen, with stronger nodes. (X 6.)

Pig. 4. A 8j)ecimen, which has been macerated, showing the striated structure of the branch, beneath the
surface, on the non-celluliferous side. (X 6.)

Fig. !5. An oblique view of two branches of fig. 2, showing the form and arrangement of the nodes. (X 6.)

Fig. 6. The cellulifei-ous face of a fragment from which the carinre and scahp have been removed, .show-
ing the sinuous form of the branches on this face. (X G.)

Fig. 7. The summits of the canna> with the oblique subtubular openings to the interior of the frond,
formed by the oblique transvei'se seal*. (X 6.)

Fig. (*. A similar view, showing a moi-e irregular arrangement, in which the summits of the carin.-e are
not continuous in right lines. (X 6.)

Fig. 9. A view of a specimen similar to tig. 7. in which the czarina;, scaliE and outer portion of the cellu-
liferous test have bt-en removed from the lower half, a.s shown in the figure, exposing the
interior of the branches. (X 6.)

Fig. 10. The i-evei-se of the preceding, as shown in a natural mould in the rock. (X <i.)

Fig. 11. The cellnliferous face of a specimen, showing the structure of the frond ; the lower part of the
figure shows the cellnliferous face with two rows of cell apertures on each branch ; above
this the figure i-epresents the specimen with the celluliferous crust removied, exposing the
interior of the branches ; the central portion shows the filling of exti-aneous matter occujiying
the oblique tubes formed by the carina; and scala; which have bei-n removed by solution ;
in the upper right-hand portion of the figure, the summits of the carinie and scate are repre-
sented. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. tValpole, Ontarw, Canada.

Fknestklla (Unitrypa) elegantissima.

Page 140.
Fig. 12. The non-celluliferous face of a fragment, natural size.

Fig. 13. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the single row of small nodes on each branch. (X 6.)
Fig. 14. The non-cellulifei"Ous face of a specimen imbeilded in the rock ; the branches have t)een i-emoved

from the lower left-hand portion, exposing the bases of the carina; and the under side of the

scalffi. (X 6.)
Fig. 15. An oblique ^^ew of two branches, showing the elevation of the nodes. (X fi.)
Fig. It;. The celluliferous face of the branches with the carinae and scala; removed. (X "■)
Fig. 17. The celluliferous aspect of a fragment. The principal i>art of the figure shows the summits of

the carina; and the scalse, leaving tuV)ular openings into the interior. On the upper portion of

the figure the cai-inje are removed, exposing the celluliferous face of the branches. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, (JaiMda.

=MpiPIlia mnaiDIlIMBIilM^ ©SiSSlF,

Palaeontology of NYyolVT

PlateLIII

GB Simpson del

PhilAsUitli

PLATE LIV.

.Fenestella (Unitrypa) fastigata.

Page Ul.
VifT. 1. A fraj^ment, natural size, showinij the carina and connecting' processes.
Fig. 2. The same fragment, natural sizo, showing: the non-celluliferous side.

Fig-. 3. A lateral view of a branch enlarg-ed. showing a transveree section of the dissepiments and con-
necting pi-ocesses or scalae. (X 6.)
Pig. 4. A transvei'se section of the bran(!hes, also showing the depth of the connecting scalse. (X 6.)
Fig. f). An enlargement of a portion of the non-cellnlifei-oiLs face of a frond. (X ti.)
Fig. 6. An enlargement of the summits of the cai-inaB and the connecting scalse. (X 6.)
Upper Helderberg group. ^alU of the Ohio river.

FeNKSTELLA (UmTRYPA ?) CONSIMILI8.

I'age 14i.

Fig. 7. An enlargement of the 8UMimit.s of the carinte and connecting scalse. This form might very

readily l>e mistaken for the non-celluliferous face of other Fenestelloid forms. (X 6.)
Fig. 8. An enlargement of the cellulifei-ous face of a frond ; the carina is broken away, showing the form

and arrangement of the cell apertui-es. (X *"•)
Fig. 9. An enlargement; the two branchet* on the right have the surface broken away, showing the
inteiior ; the next two bran<'hes have the carina broken away and show the form and arrange-
ment of the cell apertuivs ; the left of the figure shows the siiniraits of two carinje and their
connecting gcalie. (X H.) il .'Kiirii'.

Upi>er H-l.l.ii .' .'■•■•nn. Wnh"'!'\ ii.ilnr,,., Canada.

i**wil ml

FkNKSTKLLA (I.-i()IHVI'.\) CO.NMITNOTIVA.
I'nge US.
^1^, 10. An erUargemeiit of a portion of the non-ctdluliferoiis side of a fi-oml, showing somewhat flattened
branches, with a row of nodes along the miiMle, .ind .i pdriforrn opening on nearly all the

dissepiments. (X 6.) , . ,

« ' y^ ■• ' ,(!(niK 1.11.. 1' , . , • -

Fig. 11. An enlargement, showing raanued branches without nodes aiul witl),yery conspicuous openings in
the dissepiments. '

Fig. 12. An enlargement, showing the angular and carinated branches and dissepiments, with a few open-
ings in the latter, and these on the lower portion ; in this respect differing from every other
specimen (X 6.)

Fig. 13. An enlargement, showing a mold, in the rock, of the celluliferous face, and the summits of the
carinie. (X 6.)

Fig. 14. An enlargement of the snmmit of the carina and connecting scalse. (X 6.)

Fig. \ft. An enlargement of the celluliferous face, the carinae having been broken away, showing the form
and arrangement of the cell apertui-es. (X 6.)

Fig. 16. A lateral view of the uj)|ier half of a branch. (X 6.)

Fig. 17. A fragment of a fi-ond, natural size, showing the summits of the cariniE and connecting scalse.

Fig. l!^. A fragment of the non-celluliferous face of a fi-ond, natural size, showing the size of the branches
and mode of growth.

Fig. 19. An enlargement, showing angular, carinated branches, which are straighter than those rejire-
sented in fig. 12 ; the porifopra openings are on the upper side of the dissepiments. (X 6.)

Fig. 20. An enlargement, showing the under sides of the summits of the carinae and their connecting
»cal«. (X 6.)

Fig. 21. An enlargement of the specimen illustrated by fig. 11, to show more plainly the striations on the
branches and the character of the openings on the dissepiments. (X 18.)
Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

M

fjfr

;ii>3 !»rin iJa:*(rii<t

PLATE LIV— Contlnaai.

Fenestklla (Loculipoka) CIKCUMSTATA.

lisrii iiiifl SMirijn o« I Id B>i" Page 144. .,] yrf) ; ;. lii Instil

Pigr. 23. An enlargement of the celluliferous face ; the cannae, having been broken away, showing the forai
and arrangement of the cell apertures.

Fig. 23. An enlargement ; the lower portion of the figure I'epresents the non-celluliferous face ; the upper
right hand portion i-epresents a specimen with the non-cellulifei-ous face broken away, show-
ing the base of the reverae side. (X 6.)

Fig. 24. An enlargement, showing reverae side, corresponding to the summits of the carinse and connect-
ing scalae of Hemitrj-pa ; the lower right hand comer represents this tissue broken away, show-
ing the celluliferous face of the frond. (X 6.)

Fig. 25. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of a frond similar to the preceding. (X tJ.)
Upper Helderberg group. Walpole, Ontario, Canada.

itead) Koj

-',-trf«vT <**;4i»(l nnti'

^iTpiKEia iiEsass-ii^sm,:^ %miwmp.

Palaeontology of N YYolVI

Plate LIV.

3 B-Sjrapson ael.

P.Biemannlith.

i

PLATE LV.

Trematopora (Orthopora) ornata.

Page 1*4.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 1. An enlargement, showing the foi-m and disposition of the cell apertures and the character of the
interapertural space. (X 6 )

Hamilton group. Qenesea, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) carinata.

Page 179.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 2. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell a]>ertni-e3, the nodes between them,
and the prominent ridges sej>arating the ranges of a^Mirtures. (X 6.)
Hamilton group. West WUliains, Ontario, Canada.

Trematopora (Orthopora) linkata.

Page 181.

See Plate 56.

Fig. 3. An enlargement of a portion of a well-pi-eserved frond, showing the foi-m and arrangement of the

cell aj)ertures, and the granulose ridges separating the range.s of apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 4. An enlargement, showing the appeai-ance of a frond when macerated. (X 6.)
Fig. 5. An enlai-gement of a longitudinal section, showing the manner of gi-owth of the cell tubes, and
the intercellular space. (X 6.)

Hamilton group IVest Hamburg, Krie county, N. Y.
Fig. 6. An enlargement of a portion of a sinuous frond having a greater number of ranges of apertures
than tig 3. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Ogdens Ferry, Cai/uga lake, N. Y.

Acanthocle.ma sulcatum.

Page IW.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 7. An enlargement, showing the form and ilispoeition of the cell apertures, and the sharply angular,
smooth ridges separating the ranges of apei-turea.

Hamilton group. Oarien Centre, Qenesee county, iV. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) hexagona.

Page 173.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 8. An enlargement, showing the form and di.sjiosition of the cell apertures, and the appearance of
the interapertural space. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Bighteen-miU-ereek, Brie eminty, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) reticulata. \

I'ago 179.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 9. An enlargement, showing the foi-m and arrangement of the cell apertui-ea, an<l the gi'aiiulose and
nodose interai>ertural 8)iace. (X 6.) '

Hamilton group. IVeitei-n New York.

Trematopora (Orthopora) subquadrata.

Page 177.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 10. An enlargroent, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the polygonal areas.
(X 6.)

Hamilton group. Darien Centre, Qenesee county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) elo.voata.

Page 183.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 11. An enlargement of a longitudinal section, showing the manner of gj-owth of the cell tubes, and
the intercellular space. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Oicasco Lake, N. Y.

PLATB LV— OonUimol.

TrEMATOI'OKA (OuTllOrORA?) TRANSVERSA.
Page 187.
See Plate 56.
Pljf. 12. An enlargement of a longfitu<linal section, showing: the manner of growth of the cell tubes, and
the iuterapertural S])a(;e. (X •>.)

Uauiiltoii {f I'oup. Hamburg, Lake Brie shore, Erie cowdy, N. T.

TrEMATOPOKA (OrTHOPORA?) ORBIPORA.
-I.V!:' Pagfo 188.

See Plate .^B.
f\g. IS. An enlargement, .showing the fonn and disposition of the cell apertures, and the chai-acter of the

'• int4'rai>ertural Bjiace. (X H.)

Fig. 14. An enlargement of a longitudinal section, showing the manner of growth of the cell tubes, and
the intercellular space. (X t! )

Hamilton group. iV«ir Ca7umdaiguu lake, N. Y.
: '■ I ;,r. I ; ;;()'|< il /.I.

ACANTHOCLEMA SOUTULATUM.

Page lao.

See Plate 56.

Fig. 15. An enlarg^ement of a longitucHnal section, showing the filiform axi.s. the cell tubes anil the inter-

Imiji Bwiiu mediate tubuli fonued by the nodes. (X (>.)

Hamilton group. N(ar Dri.sden, N. Y.
Pig. 16. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertui-es, the alternating nodes,
. .ij^,j. I and the longitudinal ridges not coales<:ing between the cell apertui-es. (X 6.) ;

Hamilton group. Western New Yi>rk.
Kg. 17. An enlargement, showing the form and dis|iosition of the cell apertures, \hv. longitudinal ridges
coalescing between the cell apertures, an<l the prominent nodes at the point of junction. (X 6.)
Hamilton group. Near /Jrenden., iV. Y.

ACANTHOCLKMA HaMII.TONENSE.

Fig. 18. An enlargement, showing the iri-egulai- form and disx)Osition of the cell apertures; interapei-tural
pits obsi>lete. (X •). )

Fig. 19. A still farther enlargement, showing more plainly the characters i-epresente<l in fig. 18. (X 18.)

Fig. 20. An enlargement, showing th(! form an<l disposition of the cell apertui'es, and the sinuous longi-
tudinal ndges. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. IVt.H WiUianin, Ontario. Caiiada.

Kg. 21. An enlargement, showing the regular disposition of the cell apertures, the interapei-tural pits,

t.. flDiutiAu.! »"'l*'^'"""""^"'ise8- (X 18.) uiL'iiW'/ 'I

Hamilton group. West Hamlmrg, Erie coimiy. If ,x. •

Fig. 22. An enlargement of a longitudinal section, showing the intercellular structure ; the section is a little
to one side of the center of the branch, and consequently the filiform axis is not seen. (X ti.)

Fig. 23. An enlargement, showing both a regular and irregular disposition of the cell apertui'es. (X 6.)

Fig. 24. An enlargement from a macerated specimen, showing the spiral arrangement of the cell aper-
tures more distinctly than the longitudinal. (X 18.)

Fig. 25. A still farther enlargement of the specimen represented l)y fig. 23, showing more distinctly the
irregular form and disitosition of the cell apertures. (X 18.)

Fig. 26. An enlargement, showing large cell apertui-es regularly disposed, the interapertural pits, and
their sinuous lidges. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. VVest Williatns, Ontario, Canada.

TrEMATOPORA (OutHOPORA) BI8P1NULATA.

Page 182. •

See Plate 5(i. ,. . , ;.,

Fig. 27. An enlargement, showing indistinct cell apertures, prominent nodes and interrupted longitudiniU
ridges. (X 6.) ' ■1)4 itoJliiii

Hamilton group. Moseow, Livingston, cowdy, N. T.
Kg. 28. An enlargement of a longitudinal section, showing the iuternal structure neai' the surface, the
cell tul>es and the intercellular tidiuli formed in the course of growth by the hollow nodes. (X 6.)
Fig. 29. An enlargement, showing the form and regular iliK|>(>sition of the cell ajiertures, the interapertural

nodes and the longitinlinal 7-idges. (X •)•)
Kg. 30. An enlargement, showing a regular disposition of the cell apertures, and also a somewhat irregular
order above.

Hamilton gninp. Darlen, Genesee county, N. Y.

iiM^iHai£'®ii!r ©iMiMi> ,

Palaeontology of N YYolVI

Plate i.V,

B Simpson del

P. Hiemaniililh.

PLATE LVI.
Trematopoka (Orthopoka) sdbquaurata. J^ttl

Page 177. r^^^

See Plate 55.
Fig. . 1. An enlargement, showing- the form and disposition of the cell apertures and the character of the
interapertural space. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Darien Centre, Genesee cmmty, iV. Y.
Fig. 6. An enlargement, showing the cell apertures more broadly oval, and more closely disposed than in
tig. 1. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Near Canandaigva Lake, N. Y.

Trematopoka (Orthopora) hexagona. ^^k

Page 178.
See Plate 55.
Fig. 2. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the angular inter-
apertural space. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Hlghteen-miU-creek, Erie comity, N. Y.

Thematopora (Orthopora) carinata.

Pago 17».
See Plate 55.
Pig. 3. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, the alternating nodes,
and the prominent longitudinal ridges. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. West Williams, Ontario, Canada.

Trematopora (Orthopora) ornata.

Pago 181.
See Plate 55.
Fig. 4. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the character of the
intei-apertural sui-face. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Oetuseo, N. Y.

Trematopoka (Orthopora) reticulata.

Page 179.
See Plate 55.
Fig. B. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertui-es, and the angular, granu-
lose and nodoee interapertural space. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Western New York.

Acanthoclema sulcatum.

Page 19-i.
See Plate 56.
Fig. 7. An enlargt'ment, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the prominent
angular ridgen separating the ranges of apertures. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Darien Centre, Qenesee county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora ?) orbipoka.

Page 1S8.
See Plate 55.
Fig. 8. An enlargement, showing the foi-m and disposition of the cell apertures ; on a portion of the figure
the jKjri.ftnmes ai-e obsolete, and the interajiertural space elevated and nodose ; on the other
portion the peristomes ai-e moderately strong, and the interapertural space is flat or slightly
concave. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Near Canandaigva Lake, N. Y.

PLATK I.VI_CoDtlnue<l.

TitKMATOl'OKA (OuTIIOI'OKA) TOKTALINEA.

i'tige ItiO.
Fig. 9. An enlarg-emeiit, showinjf the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the sinuous, gi-anu-
lose ridjfes 8*!j)aratinff the rantjes of apertures. (X 18.)

Hamilton gnmp. Wext Hamburg, EHe county, N. T.

V

Tkematotora (Oijthopoua) lineata.

I'age 181.
See Plat* 55.

Fig. 10. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, the extremely thin,
slightly ekniiled peristomes, and the pi-omineut, granulose ridges separating the ranges of
ai)ertui-es. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. West Hamlmrg, Erie county, N. Y.

' I <i I \r. i;i '{

TKEMATOrORA (0kTI1O1*OUa) IMMERSA.
Pago 18S.
Fig. 11. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the character of the
inlerapertural space. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. M e.si Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Tre.matopora (Orthopora) interplana.

I'agc 186.
Fig. 12. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, the slight pei-istomes,
and the Hat, graiiulose, interapertural space. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Western New York.

Trematopora (Orthopora?) tran.sversa.

Page m.

See Plate f,:>.

Fig. 13. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the flat, granulose

interapertural space. (X H.)
Fig. 14. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the characters illustrated in fig. 13.
Hamilton group. West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) elonoata.

Page \m.
See Plate 55.
Fig. 15. An enlargement, showing the fomi and disjxisition of the cell ai>ertui'es, the extremely thin peri-
stomes, and the granulose interapertural space. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Near the head of Owasco Lake, N. Y.

Trematopora (Orthopora) uispinulata.

Page ISi.
See Plate 55.

Fig. 16. An enlargement, showing elongate-oval, regularly disposed cell apertures, the alternating nodes

and prominent Umgituilinal ridges. (X 18.)
Fig. 17. An enlargement, showing somewhat broadly oval cell apertures, regularly disposed in longitudi-
nal rows, with two nodes between each two adjacent apertures, and sinuous longitudinal ridges.
(X 18.)

Hamilton group. Darvn Centre, N. Y.
Fig. 18. An enlargement, showing indistinct cell apertures, prominent nodes and interrupted longitudinal
ridges. (X 18.)

Hamilton gi-oup. Moscvw, Livingston county, N. Y.

ACANTHOCI.EMA SOUTULATUM.

Page 190.

Sec Plate 55.

tig. 19. An enlargement, showing regularly disposed cell apertures, and longitudinal ridges coalescing

between the apertures, with nodes at their junction. (X 18.)
Fig. 20. An enlargement I'rom a slightly niaceiated specimen, showing regularly disposed cell apertures,

strong longitudinal ridges, ami a node an<l pit between each two adjacent apertures. (X 18.) '
Hamilton group. }Vest Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

m^^siiimnsi]^ mMLs:m> .

Palaeontology of NYVolVr

Plate LVI

Q B.Simpsuri del

>R;eaia.....a:-.

PLATE LVII.

FiSTULIPORA UNILINEA.
Page 217.
Fig. 1. An enlargement of a transverse section of the cell tubes, and intercellular vesicles. (X 18.)
Fig:. 2. An enlai-gement of a transverse section, .showing- the form and <lisposition of the cell tubes, inter-
cellular vesicles and one of the sterile niaculs. (X t)-)
Fig. 5. An enlargement of a vertical section, showing the form and manner of growth of the cell tubes and
intercellular vesicles. ( X 6. )

Hamilton gi-oup. Near York, Livingston county, N. T.

FiSTULIPORA 8PHEBOIDEA.
Page 235.
Fig. 3. An enlargement, showing more distinctly the charactei-8 illu.strated in fig. 4. (X 18.)
Fig. 4. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and mesopores. (X B.)
Hamilton group. York, Litnngston county, N. Y.

Ceramopora? (Lichenalia) foliacea.

Page 23S.
Fig. 6. An cnlarg^ement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertui-es, and one of the maculae

destitute of apertures. (X fi.)
Fig. 7. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the form of ihe cell apertui-es. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Wettem New York.

FiSTULIPORA IIEMISPIIERICA.

Page 226.

Pig. 8. An enlargement, showing the form and diapusition of the cell apertures, and interapertui-al pita.

(Xii.)
Fig. 9. An enlargement, showing broadly oval or circular cell apertures, with sti-ong peristomes, and

elongate interajtertural pits. (X 18.)
Fig. 10. An enlargement, showing subtrilobate cell apertures, and the interapertural pits obsolete on a

large jMirtion of the sui-face. ( X 1 8. )
Fig. 11. An enlargement of a vertical section, showing the form and manner of growth of the cell tubes
and the form ami dis|H>8ition of the intercellular vesicles. (X 6.)
Hamilton gi-oup. Near York, Livingston county, N. Y.

Lichenalia bullata.

Page 206.
Fig. 12. An enlargement, showing very small cell apertures and large interapertural bullte. (X 18.)
Fig. 13. An enlargement, showing cell apertui-es of normal size, their fonn and disposition, and the inter-
apertural bullie. (X 18.)

Hamilton gi-oup. Near York, Livingxton county, N. Y.

PLATE LVn— Continued.

LrOHENALIA VE8ICULATA.

Page 19S.

See Plate 59.

Fig. 14. A sjiecimen, natural size, showing- the manner of growth upon a Cyathophylloid coral.

Figs. 15-17. Enlargements of vertical sections from different portions of the same frond, showing vanations

in the form and disposition of the intei-celhilar vesicles. (X 6.)
Fig. 18. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell ajiertures, and a portion of one of

the elongate depressed maculs destitute of apertures. (X (J.)
Fig. 19. An enlargement of a transvei-se section, showing more distinctly the subtrilobate foi-m of the
cells, and the form of the intercellular vesicles. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. York, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPOKA MICROPORA.

Page 220.

See Plate 59.

Fig. 20. An enlargement, showing the manner of growth of the frond, the form and disjKwition of the eel!

apertures, and interapertural pits. (X 0-)

Hamilton group. Wtst Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

m^lESS; JLitt? iMsiS^SS' ,

Palaeontology of NYyolVr.

PlateLW.

QB Simp son del.

PhilAstliih.

PLATE LVIII,

FiSTULIPORA CONFERTIPORA.

PaRe 211.

Fig. 1. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures and interapertural pits;

also one of the monticules, the centers of which are destitute of apertures. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Tu>o milfs east of Alden, N. T.

Fig. 2. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the form of the cell apertures, the strong

nodose peristomes and interapertural pits. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Moscow, Livingston county, N. T.
Fig. 3 An enlargement from another specimen, showing the cell apertures slightly oval, an unusual
occurrence. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. 7V>o inilet south of Darien Centre, N. T.
Fig. 4. An enlargement of a natural vertical section, showing the corrugated walls of the cell tubes. ( X 6.)
Fig. 5. An enlargement of a translucent vertical section, showing the septate cell tubes, and the form
and disposition of the intereellular vesicles. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. 2Vv) miles east of Alden, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA SERRULATA.

Pago 214.

Fig. 6. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures and interapertural pits ;

also a portion of one of the monticules destitute of cell apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 7. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the form of the cell apertures and inter-
apertural pits, and the opei-cula of the ajwrluitis. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. York, Livingston county, N. Y.
Fig. 8. An enlargement of a portion of another specimen, which has the interapertural pits obsolete. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Moscow, Livingston county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA VARIAPORA.
Pago 210.
Pig. 9. An enlargement of a transverse section. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. IVestem New York.
Fig. 10. .\n enlargement of one of the monticules, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures

and intera))ertural pits. (X 6.)
Fig. II. An etilai'gement of a vertical section, showing the septate cell tubes, and the intercellulai' vesicles
forming tubuli with very closely disjmsed septa. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. West iVilliatas, Onlario, Canada.
Fig. 12 An enlargement of a natural vertical section, showing the form of the cell lubes, and the vesicles

disposed as tubuli. (X 6.)
Fig. 13. An enlargement of a vertical section, showing the septate cell tubes, and the vesicles disposed as

tubuli, with septa more distant than in Hg. 11. (X 6-)
Fig. 14. An enlargement of a vertical section. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. York, Livingston county, N. Y.

LlCHEJ^ALIA STELLATA.
Page 195.
Fig 15. An enlargement of one of the monticules, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures.
(X6.)

Hamilton group. West Bloomfield, Ontario county, jV. Y.
Fig. 16. An enlargement of a vertical section, showing the cell tubes, and the intercellular vesicles dis-
posed as tubuli. (X 6.)

Hamilton gi-oup. West Williams, Ontario, Canada.

1'LA.TE LVIII— (Joiitinuca

FiSTULIPOKA SCROBICULATA.

Page 212.

Fig. 17. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apei-tures and interapertiii-al i)its,

and a portion of one of the mac.ulaB destitute of cell apertures. (X S.)
Fig. 18. A still farther enlargement, showing moi-e distinctly the form of the cell apertures and inter-
ai>ertural pita. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. York, Livingston county, N. Y. .

FiSTULIPOKA PLANA.

Page 215.
Fig. 19. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures ; the specimen is covered
with a thin incrustation which obscui-es the interapei-tural pits over a portion of the surface.
(X6).
Fig. 20. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the form of the cell apertures. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Near CanaTidaigtM Lake, N. Y.

FaVICELLA INCLU8A.
Page 234.
Fig. 21. An enlai-gement, showing the foi-m and disposition of the cell apertui-es, the angular elevations
suiTOuniling them, the interapertural pita, and the monticules, the centers of which ai-e desti-
tute of cell apertures. ( X 6. )
Pig. 22 A still farther enlargement, showing nid-e distinctly the cell apertui-es, the suiTOunding eleva-
tions and interapertural pits. (X 18)
Fig. 23. A vertical section, showing the manner of gprowth of the cell lubes and the intermediate vesicu-
lose structure. (X 6 )

Hamilton group. York, Liviiigston county, N. Y.

w£^si^mrisms mmmi' ■.

Paiasontology of N Y yolVI

Plate LVllI.

■'/y^m^f'^^^^ijm

■r

■■'r

m

20

l^lP.^^'^

r

r:»L^!eM2

mmM^m

'3 B. Simpson del

PhilAsilith.

PLATE LIX.

LiCHENAMA VESICULATA.
Page 198.
See Plate 57.
Fig. 1. An enlargement, showing trilobate cell apertures. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Miiir miles south of Le Hoy, ffenesee county, N. T.
Fig. 14. An enlargement, showing a depressed stelliform macula, and the form and disposition of the
adjacent cell apertui-es. (X 6.)

Uamiltou group. Darien, N. Y.

FiSTUUPORA INVOLVEN8.
Page 2.'1.
Pig. 2. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures and mesopores. (X 6.)
Hamilton group. Jiwit of Aldea Station, iV. Y.

FlSTULIPOKA MICKOPORA.
Page2'JU.
See Plate 57.
Fig. 3. An enlargement, showing the form and di.sposition of the cell apertures and mesopores more dis-
tinctly than in fig. 20. pi. 57. (X 18.)

Hamilton group JVett Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

FiSTULIPORA SEGREGATA.
Page il».
Kg. 4. An enlargement, showing circular cell a|>erture8, and numerous mesopores. (X 18.)
Hamilton gi-oup. Wext Hamlxu-g, Erie ruunty, N. Y.

FlSTULII'OUA .MIXUTA.

Page ii$.

Pig. 5. An enlargement, showing the foi-m and disiMwilion of the cell apertures and mesopores ; they are

nearly eijually pn>minent and so disposed that their margins give to the surface a striated

ai)i>earance. (X 18.)

Fig. 6. An enlargement from a slightly macerated portion of the same frond, showing the cell apertures

much more prominent than the mesopoi-es. (X 18.)
Kig. 7. An enlargement from another jxtrtion of the same fi-ond, showing some of the ai>ertures to be sub-
trilobate. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. IVeM Hamlmrg, Erie county, JV. Y.
Fig. 8. An enlargement from another si>eciraen, showing elongate oval cell apertures. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. JJelp/ii, Onondaga county, N. Y.

FlSTULIPOKA DECIPIEN8.
Page 232.
Fig. 9. An enlargement, showing the form an<l disjiosition of the cell apertures ; the lowei' ijortion of the
figure is worn, and the ai>ertures are larger than when the surface is well pi-eserved.
Hamilton groui). Yirrk, Lieingxtim county, N. Y.

PLATE LIX-Continaed.

FiSTULIPORA MULTACULEATA.

Page 223.

Fiff. 10. An enlargement of a specimen incrusting a Cyathophylloid coral, showing the manner of growth,

and the form and disposition of the cell apertui-ea and mesopores. (X 6.)
Fig. 11. A still farther enlargement, bhowing more distinctly the form and disposition of the cell apertures
and the numerous nodes on their margins. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Darien, iVT. Y.

FiSTULIPORA DIGITATA.

Pago 229.

Pig. 12. An enlargement of a specimen incrusting a Cyathophylloid coral, showing the manner of growth,

and the foi-m and disposition of the cell apertures and mesopores (X 6.)
Fig. 13. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the form and disposition of the cell apertures
and mesopoi-es, and the prominent nodes between the apertures. (X 18.)
Hamilton gi-oup York, Livingston county, N. Y.

lllA^JiiaZf'U^ iSLSi^EJlStS^ :

Palaeontology of NYVolVT.

Platel.IX.

rmmii

'^M^

^r

»')*

G6 Simpson del

PhilAsllilh,

PLATE LX.

StICTOPORA INCISURATA.
Page 241.
Fig. 1. A pai-t of a frond, natural size, showing its form and manner of growth.

Hamilton gi-oiip. Near MutUmville, township of Nirrth Bristol, Ontario county, N. Y.
Fig. 2. An enlargement, showing decidedly serrulate margins. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Kashong creek, Bellona, Yates county, N. Y.
Fig, 3. An enlargement from another fi-ond, showing irregularly disposed, oblique cell apertures,
originally described as Stictopora obliqua. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Near Lodi Landing, Seneca Lake, N. Y.
Fig. 4. An enlargement of a section, showing the intercellular vesicles. (X 6.)

l^Iamilton gi-oup. Lodi Landing, N. Y.
Fig. 5. An enlargement, showing the rootlets and pedicel of a frond. All the bases observed have a

similar appeai-ance to this one. (X 6.)
Fig. 6. An enlargement, showing very oblique cell apertures, disposed in essentially parallel longitudi-
nal rows. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. FaU-brnok, four milet east of Canandaigua Lake, iV. Y.
Fig. 7. An enlargement of a narrow branch, showing oval cell apertures, where the ranges are sep-
arated by strong striae. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Near Muttotiville, North Bristol township, Ontario county, N. Y.
Fig. 8. An enlargement, showing bi*oad, tlattened, longitudinal striations. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Fall-brook, Ontario county, N. Y.
Fig. 9. An enlargement, showing the cell apei-tui-es very closely disposed. (X 6.)

Hamilton group, lu the vicinity of Oeneseo, N. Y.
Fig. 10. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the characters illustrated in the preceding

figure. (X 18.)
Fig. 11. An enlargement, showing the most common appearance of the surface of a frond. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Near Lodi Landing, Seneca lake, N. Y.
Fig. 12. An enlargement of a broad frond having simple longitudinal striations. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Norton's Landing, Cayuga lake, N. Y.
Pig. 13. An enlargement, showing lunate projections from the outer margins of the peiistomes. (X 18.)

Hamilton gioup Kashong creek, Bellona, Yates county, N. Y.
Fig. 14. A still farther enlargement of one cell aperture. (X tiO.)
Vig. 15. An enlargement, showing regularly disposed obli(jue cell apertui-ea. (X 6.)

Vxg. 16. An enlargement, showing jirominent denticulated projections from the posterior portion of the
cell apertui-es. (X 18.)

Hamilton gi-oup. Near Muttonville, North Bristol township, Ontario county, N. Y.
Fig. 17. A fragment, natural size.
Fig. 18. Enlargements of ti-ansverse sections of diflerent fronds. (X 6.)

StICTOI'OKA PALMIPE.S.
Page 25S.
Fig. 19. A frond, natural size, showing the base and manner of growth.

Fig. 20. An enlargement from the pi-ece<ling, showing the l)road non-celluliferous margin, the oval cell
aijertures, with slight peiistomes. and the nodose longitudinal ridges. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Near Pavilion, N. Y.

PLATE LX— Continncd.

StICTOPOKA SUBBIGIDA.
Page 251.
Fig. 21. An enlai'^ement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertui-es, and the longitudinal
ridges. (X 6.) ' f

Hamilton groapi Tu>o and one-half miles east of Alden Station, N. Y.

StICTOPORA CRENUI.AT.A.

Page -252.
Fig. 22. An enlargement, showing the foi-m and disposition of the cell apertures, the .striations separating
them and the crenul.ited margins of the frond. (X 6.) ,|,,,,,

Hamilton gi-oup. Two and mie-half miles east of Alden Slathm, N. Y.

liLfe^afflaicmY ■ws^qwj'.

Palaeontology of NYVolVI.

Plate!-:

GBSllupson ^

T'talAslIi*,

PLATE LXI.

Stictopora granifera.

Page 257.
Fig. 1. A fragment of a frond, natural size, showing wide branches, much enlarged before bifurcation.

Hamilton grouj). One mile north of Pavilion Village, Genesee county, iV. Y.
Fig. 2. An enlargement of a portion of another fi-ond ha\'ing narrower branches.

Hamilton group. North Bristol township, Ontario county, N. Y.
Fig. 3. An enlargement, showing the cell apertures obscured by the granulose striations. (X 6.)
Fig. 4. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, which are unusually
distinct in this specimen. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. I^l-brook, four miles east of Canandaigua lake, N. T.
Fig. 5. An enlargement, showing the cell apertures with granulose peristomes, and intermediate striae.
(X 18.)

Hamilton group. York, Livingston county, N, Y.
Fig. 6. An enlargement of transverse sections of two fronds.

Ptilodictya parallela.

Page 270.
Fig. 7. A fragment of a frond, natui-al size.

Fig. 8. An enlargement from the pi-e(!eding, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures and
the longitudinal striations. ( X 6.)

Hamilton gi-oup. Fall-brook, four miles east of Canandaigiia lake, Ontario county. N. Y.

Ptilodictya plumea.

Page 271.
Fig. ft. A part of a frond, natural size, showing the manner of growth, and the frequent monticules of

the surface.
Fig. 10. An enlargement from the portion of the frond imme<liately above fig. 11, showing oval cell aper-

tui-ea between the longitudinal striations. (X 18.)
Fig. II. An enlargement of the base of the spe<!imen fig. 9, showing the truncate apex, and striated

portion above. (X 18.)
Fig. 12. An enlargement from the same frond, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and

the elevate<l, granulose interme<liate space. (X H.)

Hamilton group West Hamburg, Brie county, N. Y.

Ptilodictya retiformis.

Pace 272.
Fig. 13. An enlargement, showing the form and disjioeition of the cell apertures and the i-eticulate appear-
ance of the Bui-face. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Alden, Brie county, N. Y.

Stictopora lihata.

Page2S0.
Fig. 14. A fragment, natural size.
Fig. 15. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the small cell apertures and broad longitudinal

ridges. (X 6.)
¥ig. 16. An enlargement of a narrower form, with lesa prominent longitudinal ridges. (X 6.)
Hamilton group. Darien Centre, N. T.

PLATE LXI— Continued.

StICI'OPOKA SINU08A.
Page 217.
Fijf. 17. An enlargement, showinif the form iiiul dispo-sition of tlie cell apertui-es, and the strong sinuous
8triations. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. South of AiUnbrn, on the slmre of Cayuga lake, N. Y.

8T1CTOPOKA TUMIILOSA.

Pago 246.

Fig. 18. An enlarf;t>ment. showing slightly pustuliform cell apertures, separated by longitudinal stria-

tions. (X 18.)
Fig. 19. An enlargement fi-om another portion of the same frond, showing decidedly pustuliform cell aper-
tui-es, iri-egularly dis|>osed. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Vicinity of Oeneseo, Livingstun county, N. Y.
Fig. 20. An enlargement, .showing the obtuse distal extremity of a specimen, and the disposition of the

cell ai)ertures in longitudinal parallel rows, separated by striations. (X ti.)
Fig. 21. A still further enlargement, showing moi-e distinctly the pustuliform cell apertures. (X 18.)
Fig. 22. An enlargement from another specimen, showing a finely granulose surface. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Moscxrw, Livingston county, N. Y.

Stiotopora a.vgulabis.

Pago 242.
Fig. 23. An enlargement, showing both the oval and circular pustulose cell apertures, separated by longi-
tudinal ridges.

Hamilton group. Four miles south of Le liny, N. Y.

StICTOPOKA .SCITULA, II. sp.

Fig. 24. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, and the longitudinal

striations. (X 6.)
Fig. 2.5. A stil! fui-ther enlargement, showing more distinctly the charactera represente<l in tig. 24. (X 18.)
Formation and locality. Niagara group, Lockport, N. Y.
This fossil is one of a collection purchased fi-om the estate of the late Mr. Pickett of Rochester, N. Y.,
an<l was originally arranged with the collections of the Hamilton group, the specimen diflering in no
appreciable character from the Hamilton shale. It was only after it had been drawn an(i lithographed,
that, finding no other specimen of the species in the extensive collections of the Hamilton group, critical
attention was directed to it, when a small fragment of Spirifera Niagarensis was found in the shale, and
from the presence of this fossil the Geological age has been determined.

Stiotopora trilineata.

Page 24.).
Fig. 26. An enlargement from near the base of the frond, showing the striations extending over the entire

sui-fate. (X 6.)
Fig. 27. An enlargement, showing the circular cell apertui-es, with equally elevated, smooth peristomes,
and disposed in longitudinal parallel rows separated by striations. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. Moscow, Livingston county, N. Y.

i^M^^tmzr'Diir 'Mmmni'.

Palaeontology of KYyolVr.

PlateLXl.

Q J

11!' It^^'Jf-M

12

23

22

"to'^si^

24

21

8 ^

olw i

CfcSTmps''?. "i'l

PhilAsilith.

PLATE LXII.

StICTOPORA INCRA88ATA.

Page 249.
Fig. 1. A fi-agment. natural size.
Fig-. 2 An enlargement, showing the longitudinal disposition of the obovate cell apertures, the equally

elevateil i>eri8toines and the sinuous ridges dividing the ranges of ai)ertures. (X 6 )
Fig. 3. A still further enlargement, showing moi-e distinctly the charactei-s represented in fig. 2. (X IS.)
Pig. 4. An enlargement, showing the cell apei-tures with nodulose opereula, their arrangement, and the

flattened space between the rows of apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 5. A still further enlargement, showing more distinctly the charactera repi-esented in fig. 4. (X IS.)
Fig. 6. An enlargement of the transvei'se section of a frond. (X t5.)

Hamilton gi-oup. IVett yVUliainn, Ontario, Canada.

Stictoi'ora intekstriata.

Page 259.
Rg. 7. A fi-agment. natural size, showing the form and manner of gi"Owth.
Fig. 8. An enlargement, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures, the equally elevated

iwristomes, the spinuliform pi-ojections, and the sliiated, non-celluliferous marginal space.

(X6.)
Fig. 9. A still further enlargement, showing more distinctly most of the features represented in fig. 8.

(X IS.)
Fig. 10. A still further enlargement of one of the cell apertures, showing more distinctly the spiniform

projections from the interior. (X 70.)

Hamilton gronj). FcUl-hrmk, Ontarit) amnty, N. Y.
Fig. 11. An enlargement of the fi-ond at a bifurcation, showing numerous longitudinal striations obscuring

the cell ajiertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 12. An enlargement; the greater portion showing the mesotheca, with markings caused by the

i-ecumbcnt jmrtion of the cell tubes ; the upper part shows the appearance of the cell aper-
tures when the frond is macerated. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Near Alden, Brie county, N. Y.

Pbismopora dilatata.

Pafre265.
Pig. 18. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 14. An enlargement of a portion of fig. 13, showing the form and arrangement of the cell aper-
tures. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. T%ree miles south-west of LeonardstAUe, Madison county, N. Y.

PLATE LXn— Continue<l.

T^NIOPORA EXIGUA.

Pageaen.
Vig. 1&, A tn^gment of a frond, naturnl size.

•""I"' '"<• •"••■' Hamilton gi-oup. Near Drenden. N. T.
Fig. 16. 'Ah enlargement, showing the usual appearance of the tVoml, and the form and disposition of the
cell apertures. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Qenexeo. TAvhigsffm county, N. ¥.
Fig. 17. An enlargement of a poi-tion of a narrower frond, showing only four ranges of cell apertures.
(X 6.)

Hamilton gi-oup. Fhur mien east of CanaitdaigiM lake, iV. Y.
Fig. 18. An enlargement of a transverse section, showing the form and mode of growth of the cell tubes.

(X6.)
Fig. 19. An enlargement, showing the recumbent part ef the cell tubes and their increasing obliquity
to the longitudinal axis of the branch. (X 6.)

Hamilton grouj). Eightee7i-iidle-creek, Erie county, N. T.. , , i ^ , -
Fig. 20. A transverse section of a branch, showing the intercellular, vesiculosa tissue. (X 6.)
Fig. 21. An enlargement of a transvei'se section from another frond, showing a much stronger carina than
in fig. 20. (X B.)

Hamilton group. Dresden, iV. ¥.
Fig. 22. A fragment, natural size ; the main branch is triangular, the lateral branches fiatteneil. (X 6.)
Fig. 23. An enlargement, showing two sides of the triangular main branch, and flattened latei'al branches.

(X6.)
Fig. 24. An enlargement from Kg. 22, showing a concave face of the triangular main branch, and the form

and aiTangement of the cell apertures. (X <5.)
Fig. 25. An eidargeincnt from fig. 28, showing two faces of the triangular main branch, and two flattened

lateral branches. (X 6.)
Fig. 26. rt ti-ansvei-se section of the triangular main branch.

Hamilton group. Fi-mn loose speciiaen.i of the rock at Vnadilla Forks, Otsego county, JV. Y.

( 'r .,

Semiopora bistigmata.

Page 262.
Fig. 27. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 28 An enlargement, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures, the int»!rapertur{il pita,
and the striated non-celluliferouB margins. (X 6.) .\ >I .^j-j

Fig. 29. An enlargement of a transvei'se sec;tioh. (X ti.)

Hamilton group. West Williams, Ontario, Canada.

t^AVV-'lFf^fi^l

[LS'jDsr ©aiB'stp

Palaeontology of NYyolVI

PlateLXIl ,

GtB Simpson del

PhilAsihlh,

PLATE LXIII.

Stictopora subcaeinata.

Page 261.
Fig. 1 . A fragment, natnrtil size.

Hamilton group. Bellona, Yates county, N. T.

Fig. 2. An enlargement from a decidedly angular specimen, showing the form and arrangement of the

cell apertures, and a single i-idge along the middle of the branch. (X 6.)

Fig. 3. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the character of the cell apertures. (X 18.)

Fig. 4. An enlargement from another branch of the same frond, showing a more flattened foi-m, and a

moi-e irregular disposition of the cell aiiertui-es. (X 6.)

Hamilton giiiup. Darien Centre, Genesee county, N. Y.

Pig. 5. An enlargement from another frond, showing several ranges of apertures separated by striationa

or ridges. (X 6.)

Fig. 6. A still further enlargement, showing more distinctly the longitudinal ridges and the character of

.!, i'.rj ■ the cell apertures. (X 18.) ■: "n-'i

Hamilton group. Bellona, Yates county, iV. Y.

^jyH

ACROOENIA PROMFERA.

Page 267.

Fig. 7. A frond, natural size, showing the rootlets and manner of growth.

Fig. 8. An enlargement from the preceding, showing inoi-e distinctly the character of the roots. (X 3.)
Fig. 9. An enlargement of the base of a branch, showing the conical, ti"uncated apex, and the striated
portion above. (X 6.) o '

Hamilton gi-oup. Vicinity of MutUmville, North Bristol tovmship, Ontario county, N. Y.
Fig. 10. An enlargement from near the base of a bi-anch from another frond, showing a different character

of striation from the i>i*eceding. (X •>•)
Fig. 11. A still further enlargement from near the margin, showing the characterof the striation. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. One milenirrtli of Pavilion Village, (renesee county, N. Y.
Fig. 12. An enlargement, showing the conirally ti-uncated base, Btriated longitudinal ridges, with ranges
of cell apertures between them. (X !>•)

Hamilton group. Near Lodi Landing, Stneca lake, N. Y.
Fig. 13. An enlargement, showing the form and arrangement of the denticulated cell apertures, and the
longitudinal ridges. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Daritn Cetitre, Oenesee county, N. Y. '^ ' ■^' '

Fig. 14. An enlargement, showing pi-ominent denticnlations which have the appearance of circular cell
ajiertures. (X 6.)

Hamilton gi*oup. EighteeTi-mile-creek, Erie county, N. Y.
Pig. 15. Enlargements of transvei>e sections from different portions of a branch, o, near the apex, b, a
little above, c, from the flattened (lai-t of the branch.

Hamilton group. Vicinity of Muttonmlle, North Bristol tottmship, Ontario county, N. Y.

Stictopora pekmakginata.

Page 268,
Fig. 16. An enlargement, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertures. (X 18.)
Hamilton group. West Hamburg, Erie county, N. Y.

Stictopora bifurcata.

Page 2S4.
Fig. 17. An enlargement, showing the mode of growth, the form and arrangement of the cell apertures,
and the longitudinal nodose ridges. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Near MuttonvUU, North Bristol totunship, Ontario county, N. Y.

PLATE LXin— Continued.

Stictopora DIVBROENS.

POKeSST.
Fig. 18. Fragments, natural size.

Fig. 19. An enlargement, ehowing the form and aiTangement of the cell apertures, and the granulose

striations. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Darien Centre, N. Y.

Stictopora recubans.

Page 260.
Fig. 20. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 21. An enlargement, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertui-es. (X 6.)

Hamilton gi-oup. S/urre of Seiieca lake, N. T.

Stictopora striata.

Page 246.
Fig. 32. An enlargement, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apei-tui>e8, the sti-ong pei-istomes,
and numerous short striations.

Hamilton group. Genesee valley, N. Y.

Stictopora rectalinea.

Page 24S.
Fig, 23. An enlargement, showing the form of the cell apertui-es, and their disposition in lonpituilitiMJ,
, .. parallel rows, 6eparate<l by stnated ridges. (X tJ.)

Hamilton group. West Williaias, Ontario, Canada.

,1 Stictopora ovata.

Page«8.
Pig. 34. An enlargement, showing the form and arrangement of the cell apertui-es, the strong peristomes,
and the thin, angular, longitudinal .striations. (X t>.)

Hamilton group. FaUrbrook, four miles eaut of Caiiaiuiaigiia lake, N. Y.

llI£^CffiEL'll"iJDSS' i^SilM?.

Palasontology ofKYyolVr

Plate LX I

3B Simpson del

i^iiliin.

PLATE LXIV.

LlCHENALIA CULTEJXATA.

I'&ge -iiyi.

Fi(f. 1. An enlargement of one of the monticules, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures;

usually the cell apertui-es are trilobate. (X 6-)
Fi(f. 2. A still farther enlargement of the center of the monticule, showing the ridg'es extending fi-om the
center to the adjacent cell apertures. (X 18.)

Hamilton) gi-oup. FaU-brmk, four miles east of Caiuindaigua lake, on the old Geneva
mod, Ontario county, N. Y.

BOTRYLLOPORA SOCIALIS.

I'age 28i.

Fig. 3. An enlargement, showing the general appearance of a specimen, the arrangement of the cell

ai>ertui-es, and the bullae of the surface. (X 6.)
Fig. 4. An enbii-genient of a vertical section, showing the form and mode of growth of the cell tubes,
an<l the intercellular vesicles. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Y(yrk, Livingston county, N. T.

Ceramella scidacea.

I'age 240.
Fig. 5. A fragment of a frond, natural size, showing the foi-m and arrangement of the maculae.
Fig. ti. An enlargement, showing one of the miiculas, and the form and disposition of the cell apertures.
(Xti.)

Hamilton group. SIturger's Cflen, Norton's Laiiding, Cayuga lake, N. Y.
Fig. 7. A fragment of a frond, natural size, showing narrow, elongate maculae ; the surface is macerated.
Fig. 8. An enlargement from the preceding, showing one of the maculae, and the appearance of the
macerated surface.

Hamilton group. Near AUxandtr, Qenesee county, N. Y.

COSCINELLA ELEGANTULA.

I'agc 239.
Fig. 9. A part of a frond, natural size, showing the general appeai-ance, the radiation, and the form and

disposition of the fenestrules or pei-forations.
Fig. 10. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the foi'm and di8j)Osition of the cell apertures, the

interme<liate pits, and the pits surrounding the fenestrules. (X 6.)
Fig. U. An enlargement of a vertical section, showing the form and manner of growth of the cell tubes,

and the intei-cellular vesicles. (X 6.)
Fig. 12. An enlargement of a transvei'se section, showing the form of the frond between the fenestrules.

(X ti.)

Hamilton group. Widder, Ontario, Canada.

COSCINIUM STRIATUM.

I'age 2.38.

Fig. 13. A part of a frond, natural size, showing the general appeai'ance, and the fonn and disposition

of the fenestniles.
Fig. 14. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the disposition of the cell apertures, the inter-
mediate stiiations, and the non-celluliferous space bordering the fenesti'ules. (X 6.)
Fig. Ifi. A still fui-ther enlargement, showing circular cell apertures, slight, denticulated peristomes,

and the intermediate no<ies and siriie. (X 18.)
Fig. IG. An eidargement from another portion of the same frond, showing oval cell apertures; the other
cbaractei-s being similar to those of the preceding figure. (X 18.)
Hamilton grou}>. West Williams, Ontario, Caiuula.

SiMML'SSSr ®!I]iI®IP,

PalaBontolopv of N YyoM.

Plate.!, XIV,

^•3 Simpson del

PhilAslliih.

Fig.

1.

PifT.

2.

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4.

Pig.

5.

Fig.

6.

Fig.

7.

R«r.

8.

Fig.

14.

PLATE LXV.
Hedeuella Canadensis.

Pago 277.

1. A fpond, natural size, showing the form ami mode of growth.

2. An enlargement, showing an unusually compact growth. (X 15.)

3. A still further enlargement of a compact growth, showing more distinctly the form of the cell
apertui-es. (X 12.)

An enlargement, showing distant cell tubes. (X 12.)

An enlargement, showing the cell tubes parallel to, and in contact with the main axis. (X 3)
An enlargement, showing distant, sharply annulated cell tubes. (X 6.)
An enlargement, showing alternating cell tubes in contact with the main. axis. (X 3.)
An enlargement, showing the usual mode of growth. (X 3.)

An enlargement, showing the transverse wiinkles and striations of the cell tubes and main axis.
(X3.)

Hamilton group. York, Livinytlun comity, N. Y.

Hederella filiformis.

Page 278.
Fig. 9. A frond, natural size, showing the form and mode of growth.
Pig. 10. An enlargement, showing strongly annulated cell tubes. (X 6.)
Fig. 11. An enlargement, showing the form of the cell tubes and mode of growth. (X 2.)
Hamilton gi-oup. York, lAvluyaloii cinmty, N. Y.

Hederella cirrhosa.

Pago 277.
Fig. 12. A fi-ond, natural size.

Fig. 13. An enlargement of fig. 12, showing moi-e distinctly the foi-m of the cell tubes and mode of growth.
(X6.)

Hamilton group. West BUxnafield, N. Y.

Hederella magna.

Page 2X0.
Fig. 15. An enlargement, showing the form and mode of growth of the cell tubes, the annulations and fine
longitudinal striations. (X 6.)

Hamilton gi-oup. Yirrk, Livingston county, N. Y.

Hederella Canadensis.

Page 2(7.
Fig. IC. An enlargement of a frond. (X 3.)

Upper Helderberg group. FaXla of the Ohio river.

PLATE LXV— Contlnacd.

Reptakia stolonifera.

Page 274.
Fip. 17. Fi-agTnenta of fronds, natural size, incrusting Orthoceras eonstrictum, showing the form and mode

of growth.
Fig. 18. An enlargement from fig. 17, showing more distinctly the annulated cell tubes and their mode of

growth. (X 6.)
Fig. 19. Natui-al size of a somewhat broader frond than that represented in fig. 17.
Hamilton group. Cazemmia, N. Y.

Hernodia humifusa.

Page -m.
Fig. 20. Natural size of fi-onds incrusting Ghmphoceras abruptum, showing the form and mode of growth.
Fig. 21. An enlargement from the preceding, showing more distinctly the form of the cell apertures and
their mode of gi-owth.

Hamilton group. Cazenovia, N. Y.

Ill£v5Ml!Zt'Ll!i!f imi'Ll^m^^

PalaBontologyoi NY.Voiyi.

PlateLXV:

GB Simpson del.

PhilAstlrth.

PLATE LXVI.

Clonopora fasciculata.

Psge289.
Fig. 1. An enlargement, showing the form of the cell tubes and their manner of growth. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Onmidaga Valley, N. T.
Fig. 2. An enlargement from another specimen having somewhat larger cell tubes than the preceding-
(X 6.) ^'

Upper Helderberg group. Onondaga Valley, N. T.

Clonopoka semireductus.

rage 389.
Fig. 3. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 4. An enlargement from the preceding, showing more distinctly the form of the cell tubes and their
moiie of growth. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group. Patlx of the Ohio river.

Clonopora incurva.

Page 289.
Fig. 5. A fragment of a frond, natural size.

Fig. 6. An enlargement of the preceding, showing more distinctly the form of the cell tubes and their
spiral mode of growth. (X S.)

Cystopora GENICULATA.

Page 103.
Fig. 7. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 8. An enlargement, showing the ampuUiform cell tubes and the constricted apertures. (X 6.)

Fig. 9. An enlargement from a specimen having the outer portion of the cell tubes broken away. (X 6.)

Fig. 10. An enlargement, showing more distinctly the characters illustrated in figure 8.

Upper Helderberg group. liblls of the Ohio river.

Thamniscus nanus.

Page 293.
Fig. II. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 12. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face of a frond. (X 6.)

Fig. 13. An enlargement fi-om the celluliferous face, showing the form and disposition of the cell aper-

tui-es. (X 6.)

Upper Helderberg group, fhlls of the Ohio river.

Bactkopoka curvata.

Page 194.
Fig. 14. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 15. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the obtusely pointed base, the form and disposition

of the cell apertures and the Hdges separating them. (X *)■)

Fig. 16. A still farther enlargement, showing more distinctly the charactei-s of the cell apertures. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Fall-brook, near Canandaigua lake, N. Y.

Nemataxis simplex.

Page 193.
Fig. 17. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 18. An enlargement of the preceding, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 19. An enlargement of a natural section, showing the foi-m and manner of growth of the cell tubes.
(X 6.)

Hamilton group. Darien Centre, N. Y.

PLATE I>XVI— ConUnneil.

Bactropou,v OUANISTRIATA.
Page 193.
Fi^. 30. A frapnent, natural size.

Pig. 21. An enlargement from the preceding, showing the pointed, striated base, and the foi-m and disposi-
tion of the cell ajMirtures. (X 6.)
Fig. 22. A still farther enlargiMiient, showing more distinctly the character of the cell apei-tures and the
intermediate siu-face. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Darien Centre, Oenesee county, N. Y.

Glauconome carinata.

Paso 273.
Fig. 23. Two fragments, natural size.

Fig. 24. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face, showing the sharp ridges and the mode of
branching. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Fall-brook, four miles ea^l of Canandaigua lake, N. Y.

Ptilopora nodosa.

Pago 285.
Fig. 25. An enlargement, showing the intervals between the lateral branches,'the form and disposition of
the cell apertures, and the nodes on the midrib a"d bi-anches.
Hamilton group. Near Alden, N. Y.

Ptilopora lnfrequens.

Page 284.
Fig. 2G. A fragment of a frond, natural size.
Fig. 27. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face of the preceding, showing the manner of growth

and alternating striations of the surface. (X 6.)
Fig. 28. A fragment, natural size.
Fig. 29. An enlarjjemfnt from the pi'eceding. (X 6.)

Hamilton group. Western New Yar/c.

Ptilopora striata.

Page 283.
Pig. 30. A fragment, natural size.

Fig. 31. A specimen, natural size, i-estoi-ed, showing the general appearance and mode of growth.
Fig. 32. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face of a specimen, showing the appearance of the

midi-ib, lateral branches and dissepiments, and the form of the fenestrules. (X 6.)
Fig. 33. An enlargement from the cellulifei-ous face, showing the form and disposition of the cell apertui-es.

(X 6.)

Hamilton group. Moscow, Livingston county, N. Y.,and West WUliams, Ontario.

Fenestrapora biperforata.

Page 286.
Fig. 34. A fragment, natural size.
Fig. 35. An enlargement from the non-celluliferous face of a fi-ond, showing the comx)arative size of the

branches and dissepiments, the form of the fenestrales and the i)erforations of the branches.
Fig. 36. An enlargement from the cellulifei-ous face ; the lower portion of the figure shows the pei-forateil

summit of the carina ; in the upper portion the carinse are broken away, showing the form

and arrangement of the cell apertures. (X 6.)
Fig. 37. A still farther enlargement of the summit of the carinie, showing moi-e distinctly the oval and

triangular perforations. (X 18.)
Fig. 38. An enlargement of the non-celluliferous face, showing triangular perforations, the remainder of

the branch being smooth. (X 18.)
Pig. 89. An enlargement from another specimen, showing ti-iangular perforations, short sti-iations and

comparatively conspicuous nodes. (X 18.)

Hamilton group. Moscow, Livingston county,',N. Y.

UTif^iPHiii msiLifjirjiiiiisim' ^ ^ iiM^^a.ic'u-i?f ii/Oii^irip© .

Palaeontology of N YYolVT

PlateLXVL

[ "jB Simpson del

PhiiA<?lli*

ERRATA.

Pa^ 12, line 18, for Ulbich read NicHOLSoif.

Pag:e 16, line 11, for N. s. o., read Hail. 1886.

Pag'e 40, lines 6 and 7 from bottom, for Rhinodictya read Rhikidictta.

Pag-e 41, line 15, for Rhinodictta read Rhinidictya.

Page 74, lines 2 and 3, for 5, 6, read 6, 7.

Page 83, line 15, for figs. 30-32, read figs. 30-33.

Page 84, line 9 from bottom, for 26 read 27.

Page 96, lines 7 and 9, foi- 37, 38, read 36, 37.

Page 103, line 21, fer 7, 8, read 7-10.

Page 106, the name Fknestblla pbrtkndis was given to a Niagara species in 1879, and the present species
is named FBjrE.STKLLA Prodtana by S. A. Miller, and the name should have been adopted in this volume.

Page 110, line 4 from bottom, for 22, 24, read 22-24.

Page 120, line 4 from bottom, Fbnkstella (Rbtbpobina) coalbscbns is a new species.

Page I.IH, line 2, insert plate xliii, fig. 1.

Page 178, line 7 from bottom, for fig. 6, read fig. 2

Page 179, line 2, for fig. 8, rea<i fig. 9.

Page 182, line 18, for Erie county, read Genesee county.

Page 189, line 1 from bottom, for Erie county, read Genesee county.

Page 193, line 3, Nkmataxis simplex is a new species.

Page 193, line 9 from bottom, for Erie county, read Genesee county.

Page 194, line 14, foi' Erie county, read Genesee county.

Page 215, line 5 from bottom, for 22, read 20.

Page 239, line 9, Coscikblla blboantdla is a new species.

Page 243, line 16, for Erie county, read Genesee county.

Page 245, line 1, Stictopoba bbctalinea is a new sjiecies.

Page 246, line 1, Stictopora tumulosa is a new species.

Page 249, line 9 from bottom, for .15 to .25 mm., read 15 to 25 mm.

Page 266, line 8, Pbismopora lata is a new species.

Page 28;^, line 17, for 1849, read 1844.

Kxplatiation of plate xxiv under Rbckptacclitbs ikfuhdibulifobmis for page 289, read page 290 ; under
Ih<;h ADITK8 8<ju AM IKBB, for page 290, read page 291 ; under IscH aditbs bdbsifobmis, for page 290, read page 291 .

0

BINDING S^CT. JUL 10«e9

QH Natural history of New York

105

N7N3

V.27

Biologkal
& MediciJ

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