I • ISLIOTHCEK NATUURLIJKC HISTORIC LEIDEN NATIONAAL NATUURHI8TORISCM MUSEUM IN' IN’ BIBLIOTHEEK NATIONAAL NATUURHISTOfilSCH MUSEUM Postbus 9517 2300 RA Lsldsn Hedsrlsnd \ #■ I I i i 1 LIST OF VOLUMES OF THE NATURALIST’S LIBRARY, IN THE ORDER IN WHICH THEY HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED. Ui, HUMMING-BIRDS, Thirty-six Coloured Plates ; with Memoir and Portrait of Linn^sus. •id, MONKEYS, Thirty-two C'oloured Plates; with Portrait and Memoir of Bupfon. ‘id, HUMMING-BIRDS, Thirty-two Coloured Plates ; with Portrait and Memoir of Pennant. Uh, LIONS, TIGERS, &c.. Thirty-eight Coloured Plates; with Portrait and Memoir of Ouvier'. m, PEACOCKS, PHEASANTS, TURKEYS, &c Thirty Coloured Plates ; with Portrait and Memoir of Aristotle. Gth, BIRDS OF THE GAME KIND, Thirty-two Co- loured Plates ; with Portrait and Memoir of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. 1th, FISHES OF THE PERCH GENUS, &e.. Thirty- two Coloured Plates; with Portrait and Memoir of Sir Joseph Banks. 8^111 a decided desideratum. In what follows, we have endeavoured to reduce the merely professional fea- Wres of his character to their just proportions; and ''e trust that the following sketch will be found by the Naturalist to be at once interesting and instructive. ^ e shall only further observe, that the portrait at commencement of this volume, is a faithful copy ® Sharp’s celebrated and now scarce engraving of >c Joshua Reynolds’ picture. It is recorded, that cn these lineaments of Mr Hunter’s interesting f°“NWnance were shown to Lavater, he observed, . ^nat man thinks for himself,” — a remark of the Justness of which the following pages will afford “Nundant evidence. OBjj Hunter was the son of John and Agnes narr*^'^ Kilbride (Easter), in the county of Ea- rn • His father was descended from Hunter of Unterston, an old family in Ayrshire, and his mo- 20 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. tiler was a daughter of Mr Paul, a respectable citi- zen of Glasgow, and treasurer of the burgh. He was born at Long Calderwood, a small estate belonging to tlie family, on the ISth-Hth Febiiiary 1728. Sir E. Home states his birth, by mistake, on the 14th But the parish-register bears the 13tb February, and on the 14th of that month, the Royal College of Surgeons of London celebrates the anniversary of the birth of this distinguished indivi- dual. John was the youngest of ten children, five of whom died in infancy. James, the eldest of the brothers who attained to manhood, was born in 1715. After prosecuting the legal profession in Edinburgh for some time, he, in the year 1742, visited his bro- ther William, then a teacher of anatomy in London ; and so much was he captivated by this pursuit, that he resolved to abandon his profession, and devote himself to medicine. His success promised to rival that of either of his brothers ; but his health unfor- tunately gave way, and he died of a pulmonary com- plaint in the 28th year of his age. The next brother, William, born in 1718, early rose to unrivalled distinction as a teacher of anato- my in London, attained a professional reputation which could not be exceeded, and a celebrity second only to that of his brother John. By unwearied industry, and at vast expense, he formed the mu- seum which immoi'talizes his name, and which, by his liberality, now enriches the University of Glas- MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 21 gow. It was under the fostering care of this elder brother that John was initiated into those pursuits in which he soon became the rival of his instructor. Of the daughters of the family, Janet married Mr Buchanan of Glasgow, of whom more presently; and the younger married Dr James Baillie, Profes- sor of Divinity in the University of Glasgow, from whom descended the illustrious Dr Matthew Baillie, ^nd the not less distinguished Mrs Joanna Baillie. The subject of this memoir was born when his father had nearly reached his 70th year. Hence we ca^ot be surprised to learn, that he at no time re- '■etved the benefit of paternal restraint. At the age ten, he lost his father, and was then left under the sole direction of his mother, who proved too indul- gent to her youngest child. At the parish school, I's studies were neglected, and the greater part of “s time was spent in amusements. His early edu- eation was thus extremely imperfect; and hence arose ■iiany deficiencies, distinct proofs of which, most painful to himself, were not wanting in his subse- fiuent history. M hen he had attained the age of seventeen, a pe- iiod at which it was high time to engage in some *'agular employment, he went to Glasgow on a visit *0 his brother-in-law Mr Buchanan. The object of * 'IS visit has been variously represented. Mr Bu- ® lanan had lately returned from London, to settle in 3sgo w as a cabinet-maker and carpenter. He was a Han possessed of many agreeable qualities, and having 22 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. won the heart of ^lias J. Hunter, she, contrary to the wishes and advice of her relations, consented to become his wife. The marriage proved unfortu- nate. Buchanan got into company, and neglected his business, which of course became involved. Ac- cording to one representation, Mr Hunter removed in these circumstances to Glasgow, to comfort his sister, and to assist, in extricating her husband’s aflairs ; but, according to another account, his object was to asso- ciate himself in the business, and prosecute the trade. It is obvious, however, that these two objects are in no way incompatible ; and it would be false shame to throw a veil over the transaction. If probabilities and local tradition may be depended upon, there aj)- ])ears little doubt that John worked at his brother- in-law’s trade for some time; but matters do not seem to have benefited by bis interference, and even- tually be returned to Long-Calderwood. How far John Hunter was chagrined by tliis finlure, or what influence it may have had on his fu- ture character, we have no means of determining. Up to this period, howovei', it is ajiparent, that liis powerful mind had found nolhiiig to arouse its ener- gies. The drudgery of grammar, and of a mecha- nical trade, had proved .alike uncongenial ; and, though wayward in his temper, and too little school- ed by discipline or art, it is not to be doubted that his active mind was spontaneously exercised in some manner which tended to strengthen its faculties, and enabled him to maintain through life an individuality MEMOIR OP JOHN HUNTER. 23 of character, and an independency of thought, which liave rarely been surpassed. Having returned liome in the summer of 1748, and finding nothing there upon which to employ his energies, John Hunter addressed himself to his bro- ther William, requesting permission to visit him in London, and making an offer, at the same time, to assist him in his anatomical employments. In an- swer to his letter, he received a very kind invitation fi'om his brother, and immediately joined him. Mr Hunter arrived in London in the mouth of September, about a fortnight before the commence- Went of his brother’s course of lectures. Dr Hun- immediately introduced him into the dissecting- t^oom, where his first essays were so promising, thsit Hr Hunter did not hesitate to pronounce that his l^rother would make a good anatomist, and that he should not want employment. Under the instruc- tions of Dr Hunter, and his assistant Mr Symonds, he now enjoyed every opportunity of improvement, all the practical anatomy at this time carried on in London being confined to this single school. In the following summer, tiie celebrated Chesel- ‘'an, at the request of Dr Hunter, permitted John tp attend Chelsea Hospital ; and here he was ini- tiated into the first rudiments of surgery. In the succeeding winter, Mr Hunter was so far advanced as to become Demonstrator of Anatomy, assisting and directing the pupils in the dissecting- fooms, while his brother confined his attention al- 24 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. most entirely to the regular lectures in the class- room. The assiduous discharge of the most labo- rious duties of this situation, gave him full employ- ment during the winter 1749-50. During the summer, Mr Hunter resumed his at- tendance at the hospital at Chelsea ; and in 175 1, he became a pupil at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, of which Mr Pott was then the distinguished ornament. During the winter months, his more pressing avoca- tions must have confined him in a great measure to his brother’s premises, though he always endeavour- ed to be present at the hospital when any thing oc- curred of more than ordinary interest. In 1753, he entered gentleman commoner at St Margaret’s Hall, Oxford, for what specific object does not very clearly appear. We do not learn that he passed any of his time at the University : and the constant routine of his London employments was not for a moment inteiTupted. In 1754 he became surgeon’s pupil at St George’s Hospital, where he attended during the summer; and two years later, he discharged the duties of house-surgeon for a period of five months. In the year 1755, after John had acted as his as- sistant for five years. Dr Hunter admitted him into a partnership in his lectures. A certain portion of the course was allotted to him, and he w'as expected to supply the Doctor’s place, when professional en- gagements prevented his personal attendance. This proved a most irksome task to John. Anatomical MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 25 lectures, to be rendered interesting, must be deli- ■'"ered extempore — a style of lecturing in which Dr Hunter had attained the highest possible excellence ; I'ut, unfortunately few men were less qualified than John to be placed in competition with his brother, m this exercise of talent. Making anatomical preparations were at this time ® new art, and very little understood. Every skil- ful preparation, therefore, became an object of ad- niiration ; and as many of them were required for the Use of the lectures, and Dr Hunter had himself enthusiasm for the art, lie left no means untried to infuse into his brother a love for his favourite pursuit. How well he succeeded, the collection afterwards made by Mr Hunter will sufficiently ®rince. M’e thus, at length, find Mr Hunter placed in a **'tuation which was in every respect adapted to his talents and his tastes, and where he was surround- od with every advantage calculated to stimulate ami direct the application of his energies. The late Sir Everard Home remarks, that ana- touiy seems to have been a pursuit for which Mr Hunter’s mind was peculiarly fitted ; and he applied tu it with a perseverance of which there is hardly ®uy example. He laboured for ten years in this branch of science, during which period he not only ^ocame acquainted with what was already known, **ut made considerable additions to that knowledge, ^ome of his discoveries called forth the highest 26 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. fouiiKiendatioiis of Bai on Haller, then considered the first physiologist in Europe, and still command ad- miration to the present day. It would be out of jdace to enter into details of these anatomical and purely professional investiga- tions. They were regularly expounded in the lec- tures of Dr William Hunter for a succession of years, and some of them were published in his Me- dical Commentaries. Further information regarding them may be found in Dr Simmon’s Life of Dr Hunter, to which we refer those who are interested in such subjects. The same observation applies to Mr Hu liter's’ [labours in the department of surgery, which, though of the highest merit, are of such a nature as to preclude their being introduced to the notice of any but the professional reader. As we have already hinted, however, Mr Hunfer's labours were not confined to professional investigations. He soon discoveretl that human anatomy presented too narrow a field for his ardent research. Many parts of the human frame being so complex that their structure and uses had hitherto baffled inquiry, he was led to examine similar jiarts in other animals, where the structure was more simiile, and more within the reach of observation. Hence he was conducted not only to comparative anatomy, but to the whole science of zoology, which thencefonvard became the favourite pursuit of his life. Even at this early stage of his career, we find him laying the foundation of that Museum of Comparative Anato- MEMOIR OK JOHN HUNTER. 27 tile progress of which was altogether unex- ampled^ anti the labours connecied with which just- V place his scientific even above his professional 'eputation. fn this new line of pursuit, Mr Hunter com- ’nenced by investigating the structure of the more fommon animals, and making preparations of such parts as appeared, by analogy or otherwise, to throw '’ght upon the animal economy. It was not his in- ^‘^ntion to make dissections of the whole of these ^aimals, but to institute an inquiry into the various '’'ganizations by which the functions of life are per- formed, and thus attain to a knowledge of general principles. The design was nearly as original as 't Was great, for little, if any thing of the kind, had f’itherto been accomplished. It Was at this time Mr Hunter delected the ex- •stence of lymphatic vessels in birds. lie also traced fm-iher than had previously been done, the. ramifica- ^miis of the olfactory nerves, and discovered the t^ourse of some of the branches of the filth pair of nerves. — those nerves, a minute attention to the functions of which is even now leading to some of ’^*'6 most interesting discoveries of modern times. His observations on the latter of these subjects were niade in the summer of 1734; and in them he had assistance of Dr Smith, then a student in Lon- ‘Hn, afterwards Saviiian Professor of Geometry, and Hecturer on Physiology at Oxford. Short notices *®garding their labours were published in 1786, in 28 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. a treatise entitled, “ Observations on certain parts of the Animal Economy but these notices were taken from the description prepared by Dr Smith in 1754, In 1755 or 1756, Mr Hunter made preparations and drawings of the growth of the chick, in the pro- cess of incubation. His extensive series of experi- ments and observations connected with this subject have never, so far as we know, been permitted to see the light ; but we find him making some use of them in illustration of another subject, to w'hich he ap- plied all the energies of his mind ; and they may be seen noticed in his well known work “ On the Blood,” &c. So eagerly did Mr Hunter at this time attach himself to the study of comparative anatomy, that he left no means unemployed to obtain possession of the rarer kinds of animals, with the view of exa- mining into their peculiarities. For this end, he ap- plied to those who had the charge of the Royal Me- nagerie at the Tower, for the bodies of the animals that died there ; and he made similar applications to all those who made a business of collecting and ex- hibiting wild beasts to the public. He also pur- chttsed any of the rarer animals which came in his w'ay ; and these, with such others as were presented to him by his friends, he entrusted to the showmen, to keep till they died, the more to encourage them to assist him in his labours. After twelve years had been spent in the manner MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 29 which we have dcscnbed, Mr Hunter, in the very •midst of his career, suddenly left London. It must liave been some very violent cause which could thus tear him from his favourite pursuits, and from the m>dy scene in which they could be advantageously Pt'osecuted. The cause is by no means a secret ; and •a explaining it, while we are required to expose the •mfirmities of two distinguished men, and the dissen- sions of two near relations, let us not fail to observe, ^ovv that as both were probably more or less to lilame, so both suffered the penalty of their unge- aerous conduct, in the embittered feelings which *liey carried with them to the grave. Had William and John Hunter allowed just scope ^0 their fraternal feelings, they might have added not °aly to their common success, but incalculably to their aiutual happiness. Unfortunately, they were both oqually ambitious, and both equally jealous of fame. Their proximity, and the identity of their pursuits, thus became a source of dissension ; and the success the one was apt to he regarded as an encroach- *ment by the other. It has been remarked, that Dr William Hunter Was one of those fortunate men wdio are placed early life exactly in the situation for which Nature and ®ducation designed them. He had a solid under- standing, a correct eye, and an innate love of order, which evinced itself in every part of his conduct, and a perseverance which could only have been supported hy a genuine love of his occupation, and the success which crowned his labours. His classical acquire. 20 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. ments were of a superior order. Tlie.se, with his native endowments, ^ave him a facility of expression, and a most happy choice of words, joined to a talent for demonstration never to he exceeded. Whether from an originally correct ear, a refined taste, or the early society in which he mingled, his dialect had all the polish of the southern metropolis, with enough of the northern accent to strike and yet to please. His person, though small, was graceful — his cast of features regular and interesting — his voice musical — his manners attentive and flattering. In short, Dr Hunter was a polite scholar, an accomplished gentleman, a complete anatomist, and probably the most perfect demonstrator, as well as lecturer, the world had ever seen. When his younger brother arrived in London, Dr Hunter entered upon the delightful task of instruct- ing a scholar every way worthy of him — diligent, orderly, inquisitive, and of quick apprehension — it could not hut add to his gratification that such a disciple was his near relation ; and we can easily be- lieve tliat their mutual satisfaction remained un- broken, so long as the elder might consider every discovery made under his eye, and in his premises, as his own property. But the relative position of the parties could not always continue to answer tliis description. Ttie scholar became the equal, if not the superior, of his instructor ; and as often as he ventured to offer a well-founded opinion in contra- diction to, or even in anticipation of, his master, a trial of temper must have ensued — a trial which MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 31 event too clearly shewed the character of the brothers did not qualify either of them to sustain. Both the brothers were in the habit of committing their views to writing, even when they did not in- tond to give them an immediate publicity; and thus '0 their works, when at length published, we some- ttntes find a record of feelings of an early date, "'hich, though not expressed to each other at the t'ine, nevertheless operated on their mutual con- ‘Inct. Thus, Mr John Hunter informs us, that, ®fter making those investigations on the nerves smelling to which we have already alluded, he 'Wtnediately had drawings taken, with the view of Presenting the account to the Royal Society ; but ®ther puvsuits interposed. Of these very drawings, ewever, we find that engravings were afterwards 'T'^de by Dr William Hunter ; and they, and the preparations themselves, were repeatedly displayed t’t his lectures, while he at the same time explained ° r^e students the inferences to be deduced from f discovery; — in other words. Dr Hunter appro- P'tated to himself the merits of a physical discovery, ®r*d the physiological views thence derivable, all of "^'ch Was properly d;ie to his brother. however, was by no means a solitary in- stance ; and the particulars of another may be alluded ) as clearly exhibiting the nature of the offence, the cause of the umbrage. In the month of May ^ 54, Dr Mackenzie, a friend of Mr Hunter’s, had ***> particularly fortunate in procuring an interesting Poftion of anatomical structure, and so struck was 32 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. he witli its value, that, hefore touching it, he secured Mr Hunter’s attendance, and requested him to con- duct the examination. This Mr Hunter accordingly did, in the presence of several individuals, and, with his usual address, succeeded in unravelling a struc- ture, the anatomy of which had not before been un- derstood. He immediately made some preparations illustrative of the facts, returned home in the even- ing, and communicated what he had discovered to Dr Hunter, who at first (says he) “ treated it and me with good-humoured raillery ; but on going to Dr Mackenzie’s with me, he was soon convinced of the fact.” After this, he and ]3r Hunter together took opportunities of re-examining the point, which was thus made out to the complete satisfaction of all capable of judging. John’s feeling, in his own words, was, that he had a just claim to the disco- very of the structure, together with the further me- rit of showing the purposes of the structure so dis- covered. But, notwithstanding this, Dr Hunter in his lectures never took any notice of his brother’s share in the investigation, and some years afterwards published a very splendid and elaborate work, in which he accurately delineated and minutely de- scribed the anatomy and physiology of the parts, without once mentioning the author, or the mode, of the discovery. These two instances may suffice to shew the na- ture of that injury which was offered on the one side," and the cause of that offence which was felt MEMOIil OF JOHX HUNTER. 33 the other. The injustice beyoiul all question 'vas great, and was the less excusable, as coming from one so nearly related, and who was himself al- ready basking in the brightest sunshine of popularity and success. That offence should have been taken Can scarcely excite either surprise or censure. But arill it can never be sufficiently lamented, that two and] men should have allowed occurrences of tliis nature, which, w'iih a little kindly feeling, might have f*^en so easily adjusted to their mutual credit, to be- come a source of heart-burning and division. We liave not the means of judging how far these and annilar occurrences were attended with personal al- tareatioH ; but it is a melancholy fact, that the spark thus early kindled, occasionally burst into a flame, ‘Inring the remaining years of their lives. Not that they lived in a state of uninterrupted hostility; very fnr from it, as we shall have ample occasion to ob- serve in the sequel, and as the facts to which we have J'rst been adverting themselves sufficiently evince. although these painful events occurred when •fnhn had been only six years in London, he coiiti- tttied in connection with bis brotlier for six years longer. In fact, John’s labours at this period con- tributed so much to his brother’s museum, and were altogether so gratifying to his disposition, that though, rrs Sir E. Horae remarks, in many respects they did trot agree, the powerful bond of interest, in conjunc- tton, it may be hoped, with the remnants of better eelinggj long delayed their separation. '^OL. IV. r 34 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. It is not to be doubled, that the unfortunate state of mutual feeling existing between the brothers was the main cause wduch induced John, at length, to determine upon withdrawing from London for a sea- son. At the same time, it is not less certain, that the state of his health, impaired by incessant application, rendered change of scene, and a suspension of la- bour expedient. We find, accordingly, that he was advised to go abroad ; and Mr Adair, Inspector- General of Hospitals, having appointed him a sur- geon on the staff, he, in the following spring, ac- companied the army to Belleisle, leaving Mr Hewson to assist his brother. From these facts, we may conclude, that Mr Hunter’s indisposition was not of a very alarming character, as, had it been dangerous in its nature, he would probably have sought for milder skies, and, at all events, would not have encountered the perils and fatigues incident to active military service. The change, however, besides effectually breaking up his connection with his brother, must have no doubt tended to invigorate his constitution; while active service with the army, presented to him the best possible field in which to familiarize himself with the countless details of an art which can be practically legrned only by personal experience. Of these ad- vantages tliere is no want of evidence that he assi- duously availed himself, both for his own improve- ment, and for the advancement of science. On the 29th of March 1761, a secret expedition MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 35 '''liich had been some time in preparation, set sail from Spithead, and shaping its course for the coast Brittany, reached Belleisle on the 6th of April. Ihe land forces under Major-General Hodgson amounted to about 10,000 men, and the squadron ’mder the command of Commodore Keppel, consist- of ten sail of the line, and sixteen frigates, and smaller vessels. An unsuccessful attempt to effect a landing was made on the 8tli, when the troops were •"opulsed with the loss of 500 men, killed, wounded, and prisoners ; but another and more fortunate at- tempt was made on the 22 ( 1 . As no pains had been spared to put the island into the best state of de- frnce, under the command of the Chevalier St Croix, nne of the best officers of the French army, it was till after much skirmishing, and the capture of aaveral forts, that it finally surrendered on the 8tli J une. In the interval between the landing and capitulation, a reinforcement of 3000 troops, and ships of the line arrived, raising the military force 13,000 men. It was to this large force that Mr hunter was attached in the important rank of Sur- S^on on the Staff. At the termination of hostilities, '*■ Was found that the British loss amounted to more 300 men killed, and upwards of 500 wounded, the French ganison, a still greater number were hehind in the hospitals ; and by a distinct article the capitulation, these were to remain on the *®iand during the treatment of their wounds. We still to add, that the loss sustained from the ene~ 36 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. my was Imt small, compareil with that arising from sickness, the great fatigues of the siege, and the want of refreshment, bringing much disease along with them. In the following ye.tr, hostilities commenced with Spain, and powerful succours were dispatched to the aid of Portugal. A small garrison being left in Belleisle, the greater part of the troops were con- veyed to the Peninsula, and fresh reinforcements ar- rived from Britain, which enabled the army to cope with their powerful antagonists. The Spaniards, with 8000 French auxiliaries, invaded Portugal at three distinct points simultaneously ; hut, after very considerable success, and the capture of many towns, they were repulsed at all points towards the close of the campaign, so that they had not much to eva- cuate at the peace in November of the same year. IMr Hunter continued with the army after termina- tion of hostilities, and did not quit it till 1763. Few situations could have been more honourable than that filled by Mr Plunter in these campaigns, and few men were ever better qualified to discharge its important duties- He brought all his stores of know- ledge, and all his acute powers of mind, to bear on the subject, and his unequalled industry did not Hag when engaged in his country’s service. The most ample proofs of his zeal, and the success attending it, were subsequently afforded by his career in London — by the estimation in wbich he was ever after held by the Army — by the prominence which, in his lec- MEMOIR OF JOHK HUNTER. 87 tures, he gave to Military Surgery — ami by hi& pub- lieation on Gun-abot Wounds, See. by which he in- troduced no inconsiderable improvement into tlie art. I^ut it is more to our purpose to remark, that, in these years of active service, Mr Hunter still found time for the prosecution of bis favourite study of natural history. Many allusions to his observations and experiments made at this period, occur in pa- pers which were not written till years afterwards. ®nr limits do not permit us to enter on an analysis nf any of these observations, and still less of the pnpers in whiclt they were presented to tlie public. But We cannot refrain from inserting one or two spt- '^'niens, which wdll serve to verify the representa- tions we have given of Mr Hunter’s assiduity, and at the same time exhibit the inventive and ori- ginal character of his mind. In a very elaliorate paper of Mr Hunter’s on the attbject of Digestion, the following passage occurs : making comparative experiments upon the 'digestive power, the different animals sliould be un- t^or similar circumstances. They sliould be equal in *ee, in condition, in liealth. They should likewise of the same temperature; for the different classes unimals are variously affected by the same degree lieat. Experiments made upon snakes in the "’Inter, will differ greatly from those made in the ®Utnmer ; while similar experiments made on dogs "ill have nearly the same result in both seasons. 38 MEMOIR OF JOHX HUNTER. Nor will the powers of the stomach he found always equal in the same class. Sleeping animals of the quadruped kind, as liedgehogs, do not digest in the winter, hut in the summer only; therefore conclu- sions s either incorrectly quoted, or delivered as the scoveries of others, that he found it absolutely ®ace^ary himself to explain them systematically, same time, he dwelt much on the advantages At the ever y naan derives from putting his thoughts in writ- He compared it to a tradesman taking stock, ' out which he neither knows what he has, nor ®t he needs. For two years he read his lectures to the pupils of St George’s Hospital, in 1775 publicly delivered them in his house 62 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. in Jermyn Street, on the terms of other teachers. Delivering lectures was always particularly unplea- sant to him ; so that his desire of submitting his opi- nions to the world, and learning its general estimate of them, were scarcely sufficient to overcome his natural dislike to public speaking. He never gave the first lecture of his course without taking lauda- num, to take off the effect of the uneasiness. His class was not large, and of those who attended iiira, the greater part acknowledged the difficulty they had in comprehending him, which was often proved by their incapacity of keeping up their atten- tion. He seemed quite conscious of the difficulty he experienced in making himself understood, and yet appeared delighted when he succeeded, always waiting at the close of each lecture to answer in- quiries, and evincing evident satisfaction when the questions put were pertinent, and when he perceived that his answers were satisfactory and intelligible. He was so diffident of himself, that he trusted nothing to memory. He wrote his lectures on de- tached pieces of paper, and, such was his confusion, that frequently he found himself incapable of ex- plaining his opinions from his notes ; and, after ha- ving in vain attempted to recall the transitory ideas, now no longer floating in his mind, nor obedient to his will — after having in vain rubbed his face, and shut his eyes, to invite disobedient recollection, he would throw the subject by, and take up another. Although a great part of the contents of his lectures MEMOIR OP JOHN HUNTER. 53 ^ere afterwards copied out fair by another hand, yet, in every fresh course, upon any new opinion ‘'Squiring to he stated, scraps of paper were intro- ‘^ed, and renewed embarrassments were encoun- ^^•'ed in explaining them. This unusual and extraordinary difficulty was ob- ®®ii'ed in Mr Hunter, as we have already hinted, at early period, and it continued unabated, till the ' ose of his career. It has given occasion to much ^®>nark, and has been variously accounted for. Some- *eg no doubt must he charged to the effects of his ®‘*'ly education ; for, as a contemporary observes, “ to ^Wagine that this undertaking of lecturing was car- on with equal facility by John Hunter, as it ®^*^d have been had he been properly educated, ^e romantic, more especially as nature had ^ery sparing to him in the gift of elocution.” Way further illustrate tliis peculiarity in Mr *>5'ters mental constitution, by noticing the ap- heen We h^srance he made on the celebrated trial of Do- ® an for the murder of Sir Theodosius Brough- ^on A plot, it was alleged, having been laid to ^6 away with this young Baronet, a draught of . *'S laurel -water w'as administered to liim wliile Pcifect health, in consequence of which death en- of ' Iwurs, attendeil with all the symptoms f>,, ^°*®°niiig from that pre[)aration. The Oxford Anatomy, with all the faculty in the 8 bourhood, liad decided that the deceased had poisoned. Mr Hunter’s high celebrity, and 54 MEJMOin OF JOHN HUNTER. t!ie pa])er lie had read before the Royal Society, led to his being brought as a uitness, and with respect to his appearance, it may be enough to quote the words of the learned Judge in his able charge to the ■lury: “ For the piisoner you have had one gentle- man called, who is likewise of the faculty, and a very able man. I can hardly say what his opinion is, for he does tiot appear to have formed any opi- nion at all in the matter. He, at first, said be could not form an opinion whether the death was, or was not, occasioned by the poison, because he conceived it might be ascribed to other causes. I wdshed very much to have got a direct answer from Mr Hunter, if I could, as to what, upon the wdiole, was now the result of bis attention and application to the subject, and wdiat was his jiresent opinion ; but be says he can say nothing decisive.” This brief notice, how'ever, gives in fact but a most imperfect idea of Mr Hunter’s embarrassment, • and, as he was himself aware, apparent equivocation on this itnportant trial. The nature of his evidence was not only remarked hy the Jury and the Court, but became matter of general observation. It would almost appear that there was a difficulty of express- ing himself, arising not merely from a defect of lan- guage, but from a certain degree of inaccuracy and confusion of thought. As a man of genius, he un- questionably thought much and deeply, and that, too, on very abstruse’ subjects; but still there w'ere not wanting some who maintained that the san e MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 55 P®r|)lexity and obscurity pervaded many of his views ; ®®d tile mode by which such persons solved the dit- ficulty, was by alleging that Mr Hunter did not un- derstand himself. It must be allowed that some of his writings are from being perspicuous, whilst others, again, are *-'®ar, and readily understood. In conversation he Expressed himself grammatically and well, and yet **■ Certain he never could lecture satisfactorily, and that he wrote with difficulty, and often incorrectly. 'Ite some other eminent men of science, he is saiil |'®t unfrequently to have obtained in the revision of t'a Works the aid of friends, and of other literary men, t'^hose services he could more certainly commanil ; ^t'd among the latter of these, the famous Smollet ^ been named, as one who occasionally lent his assistance. If* the spring of 1776, Mr Hunter again expe- ^'Cnced a very severe attack of sickness; — differing ®f*i the former, hut still, like it, of a singular cha- '"‘feter. It, originated, as the previous attack hud doi duced by violent agitation and anxiety of mind, pro- in the present instance, by a heavy and une^ Pccted pecuniary loss. In the course of the day he ‘ taken a short journey in a post-chaise, during "cl* he had felt as if he liad drank too much. At ^'Sht, he had no sooner laid down in bed, than lie "s if suspended in th.e air, and soon after, the ""*n appeared to go round ; the quickness of the seemed to increase, and at last was very rapid. 56 MEMOIK OF JOHN HCNTER. It continued for some time ; then hecame slower and slower, till the whole was at rest. After this, he slept pretty well, and continued so during the course of the next day. On the succeeding day, however, the symptoms returned. He could now hardly move his head from the horizontal position, and was brought home in his carriage, the motion of which was most disagreeable. On getting to bed, the gid- diness, and the idea of being suspended in the air, increased, and the least motion of the head upon the pi iow appeared to be so great, that he hardly durst uuempt it. If he moved his head but half round, it appeared to be moving to some distance with great velocity. The idea that he had of his own size was that of being two feet long ; and wdien he drew up his foot, or pushed it down, it appeared to him to be moving a great way. All his sensations, too, of light and sound, became most painfully acute. He remained in this state for about ten days, and was fed as he lay. After this, his ideas of his state became more natural : the deception concerning his size was in part corrected, and the feeling of sus- pension in the air ceased. For some time the fire appeared of a deep purple red. When he got so w'ell as to be able to stand without giddiness, he was unable to walk without support, for his feelings did not inform him concerning his centre of gravity, so that he was unable to balance his body, or prevent himself from falling. The real nature and cause of this attack, as of MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 67 former, seems to have entirely eluded both his Own ingenuity and the acumen of the faculty ; nor it appear that medicine proved of the slightest ^*Pnefit. As soon as he was able he went to Bath, ^here, however, he staid but a short time, being ''Ofy anxious to resume his various employments ; ^od in a few weeks he got well. Mr Hunter was now advancing rapidly into pub- Celebrity : he still enjoyed the patronage of his brother, at this time in the highest credit with the Royal Family and the high nobility; and in 1776 bo had the honour of being appointed Surgeon Ex- ^•■oordinary to the King ; and, ten years afterwards, '''Wi gazetted as Deputy Surgeon-General to the ■^rmy. Professional success, however, was never ultimate aim of his ambition ; and he prosecuted b with ardour, mainly as affording the necessary b*oans for the attainment of those scientific objects **0 which his soul was centred. The emoluments of '0 profession were unremittingly lavished on these objects, and every moment he could redeem from necessary engagements was devoted to his scien- Pursuits. The results of these labours were tific *bust abundant. ^n 1773, at the request of Mr alsh, he dissect- the Torpedo, and laid an account of the electrical “'■gans before the Royal Society. A, young elephant presented to the Queen by Sir ubert Barker, having died, the body was given to 58 MEMOIR OF JOHN HCNTER. Dr \\ illiam Hunter. This afforded Iiis brother an opportunity of examining the structure of tliat ani- mal. After this time two other elepliants died in the Queen’s Menagerie, and both of them came under Mr Hunter’s examination. In 1774, he published in tlie Philosophical Trans- actions an account ot certain receptacles of air in birds, which communicate witli the lungs, and are lodged both in the soft parts and in the hollow bones of these animals. He also published this year a paper on the Gillaroo Trout, commonly called in Ireland the Gizzard-trout. In 1 775, several animals of that species called the Gymnotus electricus o{ Surinam having been brought alive to this country, excited the greatest curiosity by their electrical properties. Mr Walsh being de- sirous of pursuing his investigations in animal elec- tricity, made a number of experiuients on the living animals ; and to give bis friend Mr Hunter an op- portunity of examining them, he purchased those that died. An anatomical account of their electrical organs was drawn up by Mr Hunter, and published in the Philosophical Iransactions. In the same vo- lume, there is another pnper by him, containing an account of his experiments on animals and vegetables, respecting their power of producing heat. In 1 <76, he read the first of the Croonian Lec- tures delivered by him, choosing Muscular Action foi Ills subject, and jirosecuting it through a series SIEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 59 six lectures, wliich were (lellvered in as many ysars. Ill these lectures he collected his numerous ®Wrvations on Muscles — treated of their powers, ^t>(| the effects of the stimuli by wliicli they are af- ^•^cted — anles Greville, Mr Walsli, and many others, lie also under particular obligations; and thus Mr I lost no opportunity of turning his high cele- to the best possible advantage. If any thing j, ’^Pottance happened within the range of Compa- Anatomy, Mr Hunter was sure to be apprized to l''' ^ mummy were to be examined, or a body ® embalmed ; if any curious structure was dis- 'ed, or if any thing strange in nature attracted Mr Hunter’s services were applied for, tUn' I'eadily granted. Possessing such oppor- ****** materials from such varied standing nearly alone in this branch of ee, uo new animal was brought into the conn- jjj’^ "•'t* was not shewn him ; very many were given Wd ' *** which were for sale, he commonly Coll cetusal. Under these circumstances his Ijj ***f‘°“ made a progress which would otherwise cen impossible. a V Everard Home, then roan, and staff-surgeon just returned from Mj. ^ ^O'vice, attached himself to the fortunes of "'fuel '^■**^**^’ adhered to him with a pertinacity onlv ' with their years, and terminated I U’itli Mr Hunter’s life. Sir Everard was his cc-in law. The year after Mr Hunter’s mar- “foth, * "ge p ’*'**'* ^'*“* riunier s mar- fof ^erard became his pupil, continuing with him years. For a period of six years thereafter 04 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. iie was engaged in service in various .parts of tlie world, during wliicli time he procured and transmitted to Mr Hunter many interesting objects of natural history; and now he returned to afford liirn still more immediate aid. Nor was Mr Home the only individual to whose active personal aid Mr Hunter was indebted. Among various other individuals, the names of Mr Bell and Mr Andre deserve'to be particularly mentioned. In the course of his pursuits Mr Hunter met with many parts of animals where the natural apiiearances could not be preserved ; hence the importance of having correct drawings of such subjects taken. The eX" pense of employing professed artists, the difficulty of procuring them, and the disadvantage under which they laboured in being ignorant of the subject they were to represent, made him desirous of having an able person in his house entirely for that purpose. With this view, he, so early as 1775, entered into an engagement for ten years with Mr Bell, an inge- nious young artist, who agreed to live with him» and devote his whole time to drawing and making anatomical preparations. Mr Bell soon became a good practical anatomist, and was thus enabled to give a striking and accurate delineation of the sub- jects presented to his pencil. By bis labours, Mr Hunter’s collection is enriched with many valuable drawings, and a great variety of curious anatomical preparations. After working for fourteen years with Mr Hunter, and obtaining his surgical diploma, Mr MEMOIR OF JOHN HL'NTEli. Go obtained an appointment as assistant-surgeon, Went to Sumatra, where lie died a year before first master and patron. Andre’s connexion with Mr Hunter began ® ^®ler period, apparently about 1784. He joined ‘ Hunter when already a first-rate anatomist. He "'Ss bred in the school of Watson, and seems to have **>*146 preparations purely from the admiration of the His delight in excellence was such, that he '^oubi not allow any undertaking to leave his hands ^Hh the possibility of its being improved. His otvledge of natural history, and his modest deport- made him a valuable assistant. H Was while enjoying such assistants as these, that j ' Hunter, in April 1785, removed his collection to ’'ow museum room in Leicester Square. The ®''dour with which this arrangement was made, may 'llustrated by the following anecdote. One day . ® '^*0 Dr Gartshore finding Mr Hunter very busy In h* ^ j j museum, exclaimed, “ Ah ! John, you are al- at Work.” “ I am,” replied Mr Hunter, “ and I am dead you will not soon meet wdth another Hunter.” in the midst of all this occupation and success, Hunter was not without his share of trials and ^^*^PP®mtments ; for his prudence was moderate, jj feelings were more than ordinarily acute. ® tvas always a had economist ; not that he squan- tion earned gains in pleasure or ostenta- fiis passion for natural history was ever apt 66 MEMOIK OF JOHN HUNTER. to carry him into an excess whicii, however lautiable, in some points of view, was nevertheless attended with the usual penalties of imprudence, not less than more vulgar extravagance. We have already seen that his marriage was delayed for several years on account of the embarrassed state of his affairs ; and notwithstanding this sacrifice. Sir E. Home informs us, seven years afterwards, that his annual expendi- ture had always exceeded liis income. At a later period, again, when he purchased tlie leasehold in Leicester Square, he was enabled to defray the ex- pense only by means of mortgages, and for several additional years, he used to regret that all he could collect in fees went to carpenters and bricklayers. Mr Hunter was not the man «ho could be exposed to the annoyances arising from such a state of his affairs, wdthout feeling it most keenly, and we have accordingly seen that both his attacks of illness were connected with his embarrassments. For a consider- able time his professional income increased but slowly. During the first fourteen years after his settling in London, it did not average L. 1000 a year, but it subsequently improved greatly, amount- ing for several years previous to his death to L. 5000, and at the time of that event it had reached L.6000. But there was another source of distress of a still bitterer kind, arising from a revival of his unfortu- nate dissensions with his brother William, a subject which, though painful, is not without both interest and instruction. We have seen William’s kindness to his brother on bis first arrival in London ; and MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 67 have likewise had the pleasing duty of record- several subsequent instances of affectionate in- But we have also h&d occasion to trace some ywptoins ofrivalryand selfish jealousy which seemed indicate that the preservation of a certain distance ^^ntween the brothers was essential to their mutual ^nmony. Por years this plan succeeded ; or, at all ®''^nts, there was no apparent rupture. In 1 780, how- '‘^ni'e occurred a crisis, the immediate cause of inn is jiot perhaps very well ascertaitied. The probable account, however, states it thus. Mr Unter having on hand some interesting anatomical '"'estigation, invited his brother William to come and Witness it ; when he, conceiving that the preparation ^°nld prove a very valuable addition to his own ®Puni, caused it to be conveyed to his premises _^‘'eat Windmill Street, and when subsequently lined by John, he refused to return it. * has been said that a great French anatomist 'vas Sent iiiont to express his opinion of his more emi- professional brethren in these few words : nnaroTwtrfe, grand voleur ; and it would ap- to'^* the apophtliegm ought not to be restricted Hue side of the Channel. John Hunter has not npej similar charges any more than his sta accused in any in- He of direct pilfering ; hut in regard to scientific V^alT^'^^ mill literary property, it has been frequent- eged that he concealed the successful labours of vlQ^j.o 1 1 • . > anil claimed the results as his own. We 63 JNtKMOIIl OF JOHN HUNTEH. liave ncitlier spare nor iiirliiiation to enter into an investigation of these cliarges ; liut historical honesty required us to mention that they had been advanced ; we believe tliera to he untrue ; and having thus no- ticed them, we willingly dismiss the subject. At the time when the unfortunate accident we Itave jtist mentioned occurred, William Hunter was caressed by fortune, and abounding in wealth ; John, on the other hand, was poor, in these circum- stances, William, who had been the liberal patron of his brother early and late, may' perhaps have thought that he might he allowed to gratify himself in a tride, however unceremonious the mode he took of ob- tainitig it. But this was by no means in accordance with John’s nature. He wouhl not submit to what lie considered an insult as well as an injustice, and he determineil to resetit it. The affair of the ana- tomical discovery before alluded to (p. 31), iti which Dr Mackenzie had a part, had now slept for the best part of twenty years. In an unhappy hour John determined to revive it, and with that view to send a full account of the circumstances to the Royal Society. Tliis was five years after William had published his splendid work, in which only a gene- ral acknowledgment was made to his brother. Mi Hunter’s communication was accordingly read ; but at the next meeting Dr Hunter put in his claim to the discovery in question, and John replied. The Society manifested its sense of the affair, and its consideration for the brothers, by publishing none of JIEJIOIU OF JOHN HUNTER. 69 *•^6 papers ; tliougli tliey are still preserved in its Archives. breac’n thus made was loo wide to be healed, nliam Hunter survived for three years, but it does appear that the brothers ever again met on lendly terms. At his death, Dr Hunter, though *y aware of Ids brother's embarrassments, did not ^*^6 him a single shilling of his spletulid fortune ; ’^®y> he conveyed to a more distant relation, the fa- |®’ly property of Long Calderwood, and allowed his '’’other no share in the superintendence of his ’’Oseuin. To the honour of the late Dr Baillie, the |’®phew of the brothers, and the residuary legatee, '‘"gbt to ho recorded, that he lost no time in coni- ®ying the family e.state, as well as the lands of Kil- "^ble, to Mr John Hunter. b)r Hunter’s last illness having been protracted about ten davs, Portu John availed himself of the op- j . onity to ask permission to visit the dying bed of ®”ly brother, patron, and instructor, and the re- Was complied with ; but we have it not in out power to state that there was any mutual explanatioii earty reconciliation. The survivor felt the parl- or h ini S Scene most severely. The melancholy event oc-i ””1 just at the conclusion of his course of lec- to circumstances having led him to allude ^ 't in the class, an eye-witness informs us that Mr ’inter seemed to finish, yet to have more to say ; 'cogth appearing as if he had just recollected at ^ometli ”ng, he began , — “ Ho ! Gentlemen, one thing 70 MEMOIll OF JOHN HUNTER. move : — I need not remind you of . You all know the loss anatomy has lately sustained.” He was obliged to pause, and turn Ids face from his hearers. At length recovering himself, he stated that Mr Cruickshank would occupy the place of Dr Hunter. This, and a few words more, were not spoken without great emotion, nor with dry eyes. The scene was so truly pathetic, that a general sym- pathy pervaded the whole class ; and every one, though all liad been preparing to leave the place, stood or sat motionless for several minutes. The period of Mr Hunter’s removal to his sump- tuous premises in Leicester Square, with a few suc- ceeding years, may be regarded as the brightest era of his life. He was then at the height of his sur- gical career. His mind and body were both in full vigour. His hands were capable of performing whatever was suggested by his mind, and his judg- ment was matured by a most ample experience. At this time he performed many successful opera- tions, and his improvements in the art of surgery were numerous and splendid. (Witness his treat- ment of Aneurism, Hydrocele, &c.) He was en- gaged in very extensive practice ; was Surgeon to St George’s Hospital ; delivered a long course of lectures during the winter ; kept up a School of Practical Anatomy, while he was all along forward- ing his discoveries in Comparative Anatomy and Natural History, and accumulating in his museum many splendid proofs of his indefatigable zeal. MEMOIR OP JOHN HUNTER. 71 About this period he publislied his great Practical "treatise on Surgery ; and it may be mentioned as ®ne of the peculiarities of his character, that he chose have his works printed, published, and sold in his own premises ; till finding that the plan was unpo- pular with the booksellers, ho abandoned it. About the same time, Hawkins had withdrawn from practice, and Sharp was following his example, and Mr Hunter was the individual who principally Supplied their place. He was highly esteemed by ^**0 rising generation of medical men, who seemed ul(l have been those with which Providence had ''ourecl him. Besides his house in town, he still ’■'^^ained his prnpinquum rus, a retreat every way y^^culated to soothe and delight, not less than to ’’^'Prove his leisure hours. pttt in the midst of all his prosperity, Mr Hun- *"’’8 health had become essentially impaired. The ^^t-^cks of illness to which we. have already had oc- ®^'on to advert, proved, after a considerable interval, Precursors of others which finally terminated his I* 'orious life. The case was considered very pecu- > and that inquisitiveness of mind which formed **'* conspicuous a trait of Ills character, was not dor- ’^^^•it in regard to the nature of his own complaints. c noted the iirogress of the symptoms, and iheo- ^^t>d upon them vvith his accustomed ingenuity, lik^ ”*‘'dical men by whom he was surrounded, ®rvise watched and investigated every turn, so that 74 MEMOIK OF JOHN HUNTER, there are few cases, the liistory of which has been more fully recorded ; a fact of which we cannot give a stronger proof, than by stating, that of the bio- graphy drawn up by Sir E. Home, more than a third part is occupied with tliis subject. We 000 preparations and drawings, and also what y Well be styled a prodigious quantity of manu- _ Opts, the great majority of which related to the ow ^*^**'’ being voluminous notes in Mr Hunter’s bandwriting, and also the labours of several , uenses, who for many years had been in the of writing under his direction. As the pre- 78 MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. mises of tlie College of Surgeons, in which the museum was eventually deposited, were not ready for its reception, it was not removed thither till the year 1800, and many years elapsed before it was in a state for exhibition. At the first transfer of the Collection, Sir Everard, wlio was then also ap- pointed principal keeper of the Museum, ordered the manuscripts to be removed to his private dwell- ing, alleging they were not properly arranged, nor in a fit state for public inspection. No sooner was the museum suitably accommodated, than it became an object with the Trustees appointed by Govern- ment, to have a descriptive catalogue prepared, the materials of which were to be found in the ma- nuscripts in Sir Everard's possession. The Trustees accordingly intimated their desires to Sir Everard, who for a long while evaded compliance, under a va- riety of pretexts, notwithstanding that for years the Trustees never met without dispatching an additional and more urgent demand. After having been long principal keeper, Sir Everard himself became a Trus- tee ; hut all the efforts of his colleagues, many of whom were his intimate fripnds, to procure the ma- nuscripts, continued to be wholly abortive, till at last Sir Everard with his own hand secretly, but most deliberately, committed nearly the whole of them to the flames, and reduced them to ashes. The motives which prompted to this most unworthy deed are soon told. Besides being the brother-in-lavV and pupil of Mr Hunter, to whom in a great degree MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 79 ® owed his professional success ; besides being se- ®<=ted by Mr Hunter as executor over that pro- perty which had absorbed his fortune, and to which, ^ the anticipated monument of bis posthumous Jhnie, he had devoted the indefatigable exertions of his * ® > besides being appointed to the honourable of- of keeper of his relative’s museum, and finally, of its Trustees, for the public interest, Sir Eve- unfortunately for liimself, determined at all *^®hs to become an author. He was long one of Vice-Presidents of the Royal Society, and one its most unwearied and voluminous contributors, subjects connected with Natural History; he was ^'so a lecturer on Comparative Anatomy, and pub- *h^'l, at various times, several splendid volumes on most popular and captivating science; and the ’futerials of these volumes and papers in the Philo- ***Phical Transactions, which astonished Europe, ®®tuetimes by their originality, and still more by multiplicity, were clandestinely, and without Acknowledgment, pilfered from Mr Hunter's ma- ^Ascripts. It is impossible to conceive a more ex- ^‘'Aordinary infatuation. His base conduct was sus- ***'^‘6(1 at the time, and the fact of the spoliation, as A'ell as the desperate resource to which he betook him- ' iu order to destroy the means of his detection, Ai'e been irrefragably established before a Commis- A'un of Parliament. Thus, Mr Clift, the present A^assuming and devoted keeper of the museum, long ® Assistant and friend of Sir Everard, being inter- feO MKMOiK OF JOHN HUNTER. rogateil by the Cotniiiission on Medical Education, answered, “ That all his life he liad been employed by Sir Everard in transerihing portions of Mr Hun- ter’s manuscripts, and in copying drawingsfrom his portfolios, which Sir Everard issued to the public as his own.” And in 1823, the verv week in which Sir Everard received from the printer the last proof of his last volume of Comparative Anatomy, wh.en his career was well nigh run, it is established on his own testimony, that he proceeded to commit to the flames that treasury of science and research which he had so long plundered. The iireparable loss which Mr Hunter’s museum and the public have sustained by this deplorable transaction, will be judged of by the following quo- tation from the evidence of Mr Clift. “ I cannot give an enumeration of half of the papers which were burned. Among those described, were nine folio volumes of Dissections of Animals; Ist, lliiminants ; 2d, Animals sine cmco ; 3il, Monkey and its grada- tions ; 4th, Lion and its gradations ; 5th, Scalpris Dentata ; 6th, Anatomy of Birds ; 7th, Of the Tri- coilia ; 8th Anatomy of Fishes ; 9th, Anatomy of Insects ; one volume on the Natural History of Ve- getables. There were also a great number of fasci- culi, among which were the following : Introduction to Natural History ; numerous Physiological Obser- vations ; Comparative Physiology ; Comparison be- tween Man and the Monkey ; On Muscular Motion, being subjects of the Crooniaii Lectures ; Effects of MEJIOIR of JOHN HUNTER. 81 ^''•■acting one of tlie Ovaria upon the number of young produced ; Experiments on Ewes, connected to'^ * ; On Monsters ; On the Skele- ** 'Dissection of the Tapir; Dissection of the Ar- ^ adillo witli nine hands ; Animals of New Holland ; an Bottled-nose Whale, Fin-back Whale, 'I' , ^o^'poise ; Worms in Animals of the Whale the ; Bell-barnacle ; On the Eel ; Anatomy of the j,j ” °thuria ; Anatomy of the Siren of North Ame- g ® ! Account of the Unicorn of Hispaniola ; The Q^^th-worm; Progress and Peculiarities of the j > Description of Rymsdyk’s Drawings of the •tuhation of the Egg ; General Observations on aiid^*^**’ Tribe, Humble Bee, Wasp, Hornet, on Beetles ; Anatomy of the Silk-worm ; Ana- of the Moth ; Red-piped Coral ; On Fossil pai'ts ; and numerous professional works.” "'ell * *■"'■^8*' below the middle stature, ■tom 'uuscular action ; his shoulders 8'vhat high, and standing slightly forward. Fie "'as hodi] hard ' "aturally active, and capable of great exertion, y "nd mental. His features were somewhat ®i'cl high, eyes small and light, and the bony "'as ^*^**'*'“*o"*'' His countenance upon the whole open^ though strongly impressed with "'"s by no means habitually severe, but hanc**^*^ "’bli tenderness, and sparkled with bril- His lu the impression of the moment, tin’ were interred in a vault under St Mar- “"■‘"'the-Fields. '^L.iv. j, 82 SIEMOIR OP JOHN HUNTER. j His temper was very warm and impatient, readily provoked, and when irritated not easily soothed. This is Sir Everard Home’s account of it in his own words ; and Mr Bell, who, from living so long with him, had equal opportunities of forming a judgment, entirely concurred in its accuracy. The keenness ot his temper increased towards the latter period of his life ; and it is evident that much must be attributed to the want of restraint in his youth, and much to the nature and severity of his disease. His disposition was candid, and very free from reserve. He despised deceit, and perhaps incau- tiously avowed his sentiments. His mind was na- turally formed for investigation, and he gi'atified that | tendency even on the most trivial occasions. He soon tired in mixed company where there was no op- portunity for connected conversation : and this was more particularly observable during the last ten years of bis life. Mr Hunter undoubtedly was one of the most in- dustrious of men. The manner in which he appro- priated his time, before infirmity impaired his exer- tions, was as follows : He rose very early in the morning, and went immediately into his preparation rooms, where he worked himself, and gave direction* concerning what he would have done during the course of the day. After breakfast, which was n* eight, he attended to those patients who came to the 1 house. At eleven, he went abroad, and was eiO' ' ployed in visiting the hospital and his patients. MEMOIR OF JOHN HUNTER. 83 St dinner, and rarely drank more in of wine, often not that. In the eren- lie h ^ engaged in writing down the observations tiir during the day ; in preparing his lec- or advancing his next forthcoming publication, jj® seldom retired to rest till twelve or one o’clock, but seldom more than four hours in bed, , he usually indulged himself with a siesta for an after dinner. It ®piti ^ eminently distinguished by his public «nabl' "valued money no farther than as it and prosecute and extend his various endless researches. Hurried on by the httle”*°*^ "f benefiting mankind at large, he paid ajjj ®^’‘ention to his own or his family’s interests ; 'nan"^ ^ewed in a professional light, or as a oug science, his zeal for his profession on the ftch] ***'^’. Natural History on the other, y entitles him to the gratitude of posterity. 84 APPENDIX. SIR E. home’s account OF THE HUNTERIAN MUSEUM, LONDON. In this Collection we find an attempt to expose to view the gradations of nature, from the simplest state in ivhich life is found to exist, up to the most perfect and complex of the animal creation — Man himself. By the powers of his art, this collector has been enabled so to expose, preserved in spirits, or in a dried state, the different parts of animal bodies in- tended for similar uses, that the various links of the chain of perfection are readily followed, and may be clearly understood. This collection of .animal facts is arranged accord- ing to the subjects they are intended to illustrate, which are placed in the following order : 1st, Parts constructed for motion ; 2d, Parts essential to ani- mals, respecting their own internal economy; 3d, Parts superadded for purposes connected with ex- ternal objects ; 4th, Parts for the propagation of the species, and maintenance or support of the young. The first class exhibits the sap of vegetables and the blood of animals, from which fluids all the dif* APPENDIX. 85 ferent parts of the vegetable and animal creation are “'•tied, supported, and increased. These fluids being more and more compounded, the vegetables and animals become more perfect, coagulated, and form a regular series. The sap many plants does not coagulate spontaneously, *' made to undergo this change by adding the ®*tract of Goulard ; the sap of such plants is consi- ®d as the most simple. In the onion there is a spontaneous coagulation. In insects the blood coa- ^olates, but is witbout colour; in the amphibia co- ff superadded. The moving powers of animals 0® the simple straight muscle, to the most com- 'oated structure of that organ, with the different ^plications of elastic ligaments, form a second series. ® growth of bone, horn, and shell, come next in •■•ler ; joints, wliich admit of free motion, ^I'is subject. , ne second class begins with those animals of the l^ind, which receive nourishment, like vege- from their external surface, having no mouth. follow those which are sinjply a bag or sto- ^itb one opening, as tlie polypus, having no ^ tans of generation, as every part of the bag is en- ^'•"'ed with that power. In the leech, the structure Com niore complex : for although the animal is gan^°*^^ nf a bag with only one opening, the or- d°^ Sc^cration, brain, and nerves, are super- , ’ thence a gradual series is continued to tflOsg • ® nnimals in which the stomach forms only a 86 APPENDIX. distinct part of tlie animal, for the purpose of diges- tion. The stomachs themselves are also arranged in the order of their simplicity. First, the true mem- branous digesting stomach ; then those with the ad- dition of crops and other bags, to prepare the food for digestion, as in the ruminating animals ; and lastly, those with gizzards. Annexed to the sto- machs is a very complete and extensive series of teeth, which are varied according to the kind of food and stomach. After the stomachs are the different appearances of the intestinal canal, which exhibit almost an infi- nite variety in the structure of their intenial surface, from which the aliment is absorbed. The quantity of surface is increased in some by transverse folds, in some by spiral and longitudinal ones, and in others, puts on a loculated appearance, as in the whale. To these are added the glands, connected with the intestines, as the liver, pancreas, spleen, which may properly be considered as appendages. After digestion, follows the system of absorbing vessels, the simplest being tlie roots of plants ; aftei' which are the lymphatic and lacteal vessels of diffe- rent animals. These in the human subjects and the elephant are small, and in the turtle large and move numerous ; but in the spennaceti whale, where they are^employed for conveying the spermaceti, of a siz® infinitely beyond all that is met with in any othet animal. To these are annexed the thoracic ducts n' different animals. APPENDIX. 87 The natural order iu following the course of the ®linient from the stomach as a guide, leads fi'om the absorbents to the heart, which in the caterpillar is a a*®ple canal or ai’teiy running along the middle of the back, admitting of undulation of the blood. Trom this simple structure it becomes, in different animals, by small additions, more and more complex, ’■>11 it arrives at the degree of perfection which is dis- P%ed in the human heart. These are followed by •be different structures of valves in the arteries and ''ains, and the coats of these vessels. Then the *angs are shewn in all their gradations, from the a'niple vascular lining of the egg-shell, which serves aa lungs for the chick, to those of the more per- j^®nt animals. In one instance, viz. that of the siren, “•b giiig jangg are seen in the same animal, he windpipe and larynx are then shewn, under all •heir different forms. The kidneys make the last of tliia subject. The third class takes up the most simple state of •be brain, which is in the leech a single nerve with •^•nifications. In the snail, the brain forms a circu- nerve, through the middle of which passes the •®®opliagus, from which circle there are branches to every part of the skin of the animal. In be insect, the brain has a more compact form ; is .®''8er in jjnt gtill more so in birds, gradually bteteasing in size as the animal is endowed with a St'eater degree of sagacity, till at last it becomes the 'Se complex organ found in the elephant, and in 88 APPENDIX. the human subject. The coverings of the brain, and tte ganglions, and peculiarities of the nerves, are an- nexed. The organs of sense are an-anged in the or- der of tlieir simplicity, beginning with that of touch, which is only a villous vascular surface, the villi very short, where the impression is to be made through a thin cuticle, or in the human finger ; very long w'here the covering is thick, as in the hoof of the horse. The organ of taste is only a modification of the or- gan of touch, and therefore nothing in the organiza- tion is different ; but the varieties in structure adapt- ing the tongue for different purposes are numerous. In many animals it serves the purposes of a hand, to bring the food to the mouth, as in many shell- fish, the ant, bear, woodpecker, and chameleon. Con- nected with the tongue are the fauces, which in many animals have peculiarities. In the electric eel, they have a very curious carunculated appearance ; but they are yet more extraordinary in the camel, which has an apparatus to moisten the parts, so as to pre- vent the painful sensation of thirst, thus adapting it to the sandy deserts which it is destined to inhabit. This apparatus consists of a large bag hanging down several inches in the fauces, and attached to the palate, which tlie animal can at pleasure m.ove up and down, and lubricate the fauces. The organ of smell is variously constructed, and is more compli- cated m many animals than in man, as in the lion and sea-cow. The organ of hearing in fish consists of three semicircular canals, but is much more com- APPENDIX. 89 P'fix in land animals. The organ of seeing is diffe- in those animals which are formed to see in '''ater, and in those which see in air ; it differs again those which are to see with little or much light ; those peculiarities are illustrated by preparations, ''a pigmentum nigi-um in some fishes resembles Po'ished silver ; in ruminating animals, at the bottom the eye it has a greenish hue ; in the lion and cat a portion of the bottom is white, but as a.ge- principle, the colour of the pigmentum is the ®aine as the retc mucosum of the skin of the animal, white in white animals, and black in very dark "ties. j After the brain and senses, are arranged the cellu- **>embrane and animal oils, which are followed by ® external coverings. These are divided into the ^^nerent kinds, as hair, feathers, scales, &c., with ® fete mucosum, or that membrane which is inter- Pesed between the true and scarf skin, for the pur- ^®®e of giving the peculiar colour. Added to these the parts peculiar to different animals for offence defence, as spurs, hoofs, horns, stings, and also ** ®etric organs. There follow next such peculiar ®^'nctures as occur in certain tribes of animals, as ® 'bladders in fish, &c. t he fourth class begins with the animals which have distinct parts allotted for generation, that power diffused over the whole animal. In these the I't'g grow out of the old, as in the coral and ypt ; and next in order come the hermaphrodite 90 APPENDIX. organs both of plants and of animals. The male or- gans are then taken up as a distinct subject, first in plants and then in animals, both at the times in which they do not breed, and in the breeding season, to shew their different states. To these are added a number of parts which answer secondary purposes in generation, and may be considered as appendages. The female organs are next exhibited in the maiden state, in every class of animals, demonstrating the shape and length of the oviducts, the form of the uterus, the length of its horns, with the varieties in their structures, and tlie instances in which these horns are entirely wanting, as in some monkeys ; to which are added other peculiarities of structure. They are then exemplified in the impregnated state, beginning with the seeds of vegetables, and those which have both seeds and young shoots, as the onion. The eggs of insects follow next, with their changes, particularly the silk-worm. The spawn of fish are next shewn, first in those which have eggs> and then in those which have their eggs hatched in the oviducts, as the dogfish. The airangement then proceeds to the formation and incubation of the egg in the fowl, and the pro- cess of fmtation in the quadruped, with their pecu- liarities, and the different structures and appearance* of the placenta. Added to these are the peculiari- ties of the fcetus, and the different modes by which the mother gives nourishment to her young. Besides the preparations of the parts themselves APPENDIX. 91 ^ Spirits, in a dried state, or corroded, there is a I'Onslderable number of very valuable drawings of subjects which could not well be preserved. This sketch will give an idea, but a very inade- ^^ate one, of the system which is comprehended in ' Hunter’s collection. It also includes a very s® series of whole animals in spirits, m'ranged ac- to their internal structure, and many of the cordii •tiost ®ountr rare specimens of preserved animals in this y, as the caineleopavd, guanaco, hippopotamus. t*fgU8-pheasant, &c. &c. -tbere is also a series of skulls of dllFerent animals, ®liew their peculiarities : and skeletons of almost y known genus of animals. There is a large ®ver, coll, Action of shells and insects ; a prodigious number Calculi of different sorts from the urinary and oJadders, the stomach, and intestinal canal. are also the most uncommon deviations from natural structure, both in man and other ani- ® ■ the most extraordinary specimens of this kind c a double human skull perfectly formed, the one Pon the top of the other, and a double uterus, one ction of which is in the impregnated state. There Jp ‘^'so one of the largest and most select collections extraneous fossils that can be seen in this coun- try. 4r\ 93 RUMINATING ANIMALS. Uor first Volume devoted to these useful and iii- animals, was terminated by the clescription ^ form of great elegance and beauty of colouring ; 've have chosen to commence the present one a series of animals, which begin to leave the Deer and Antelope, and to Sh tnore compact make of the Goats and As we proposed in the commencement, we ih *^*’'**'’'’*® arrangement of Major Smith, as ® f*est which has been hitherto proposed, and based actual observation in the greater number of in- ‘"Cs. {j,g sjjjjje time, we liave to acknowledge great benefit we liave derived from his various * *Dgs upon the different groups of ruminants — ®*’'als which must foim the groundwork of every on the subject, until our knowledge ar- a much higher degree of perfection. Cat' ’roltune appeared, the new classifi- ed '! ®oimals by Mr Swainson has been publish- ig ’ *®“'® '^hey are attempted to be arranged accord- ® file principles of Mr MacLeay. Major Smith, 94 RUMINATING ANIMALS. who is here also the groundwork of the portion de- voted to the Ruminants, is followed nearly in his ar- rangement, with the exception that the Camels are placed as the ruminating form among the Solipedes, but of course in either position forming the passage between the two, and standing between the Ca- tneleopards and the Horse. Mr Swainson makes the Bovidse or Oxen typical, and names the other families Antelopes, Stags, Musks, Giraffes.*" He also considers these animals as represented by the Rasores among birds, a position^jwhich has always appeared to us to be incontestible, but which is dis- puted by Mr MacLeay, who, if we recollect rightly, considers the Ruminantiaand Grallatores or Waders as representing each other. The animal we commence with will illustrate the Tragelaphine group of Major Smith ; and, while it retains the elegance of the antelopine form, the horns will be seen to begin to assume an angular and com- piessed chat actor; — on our Plate is represented • At the conclusion of this volume we have given a table, the arrangement proposed by Mr Swainson. ,1 95 THE IIAEXESSED ANTELOPE. Tragelaphus scriptus^ Smith, PLATE I. -^iitilope scripta, Pallas. — Harnesseil Antelope, Pennant^ — Tragelapliiis scriptus, Ma}or Smilli. — Guib, femelle, Cuv, Hist. Nat. des Mammifcres. This is an animal of very great beauty, from the ^‘^nt fulvous-bay which is the prevailing colour of ® l>0(ly, being marked or divided by longitudinal ^**d transverse lines of white, which divide the gi'ound *^lour into patches almost like those of the Cameleo- P^rd. 'pijg jg j,gaj.]y of the size of the fallow tile horns black, and about seven inches long. th°*^ accompanying representation, we have used ® figure of Frederic Cuvier, which is a female, and ‘^gret that we have not been able to procure the ob- ®‘^''^ations of Lichtenstein in the Berlin Magazine. * appears to have been first noticed by Mr Adan- in Senegal, in the county of Podor, about sixty aagnes inland from the sea. Lichtenstein says it in- _^a its Caffraria, but Mr Burchell did not meet with ’ and, as far as w'e yet know, it is either very rare, ^ inhabits only those districts in the interior which 96 THE HARNESSED ANTELOPE. have hitherto been scarcely penetrated by Euro- peans. 1 he next animal approaches much nearer to the Goats. PLATE V' ■ ) THE CAMBING OOTAN. N amorUmdus Sumatrensis, Smith. PLATE II. Cambing Ootan, Marsden. — Cambtan, Fred, Cuv, Hist, Nat. des Mammiferes, Specimens of this animal are yet uncommon, and ^Iniost all its later describers have been indebted to imperfect materials. Mr Marsden was the first '^dividual who noticed it, and for a long period re- ^ained almost the sole authority for the descriptions. In 1821, Frederic Cuvier received drawings from IM. Diard and Duvancel, but without a detailed ^®®ci >ption. Those were published in his Histoire aturelle des Mammiferes, which we have now made *ise of. It is an animal standing from between 2 feet 2 inches 2 feet 6 high. The hair on the head and body is antirely of a deep greyish-black, and is long. The and above the shoulders is covered with neai'- y white hair, also long, forming a sort of mane, ^"I a strong contrast with the dark colours of the The suborbital sinus is very large, and se- t^tetes a yellowish liquid. The Cambing Ootan in- IV. Ct 98 THE CAJIBIKG OOTAK. liabits the wooded mountains of Sumatra, cxhilnfs much activity, and is very goat-like in its appearance and habits. Major Smith refers the Goral of General Hard- ■wicke to this division ; — a goat-like antelope inhabit- ing the Himalaya range and the mountains of the Nepaul frontier. The general tint is a grey mouse colour, but almost white about the lower part of the neck and throat ; and darker, with the liair longer, along the upper part of the neck and back, inclining to fenuginous about the legs. The horns are simple, nearly connected at the base, and about four and a half inches long. The height of the ani- mal is about two feet. It is considered by the in- liabitants of Nepaul as the most active of the ante- lopes, it is seen in numerous herds, but is rarely taken, except by stratagem ; if the herd is pursued, they disperse, and fly to precipices, and places to w'hich no dogs can follow them.* In the proceedings of the Zoological Society for August 1834, there is some information regarding this group communicated by Mr Hodgson. The centre of the horns is hollow and porous, and com- municates with the frontal sinus, which are, however, small, while the core of the horns is only subcellii- lar. The form is suited for heavy climbing or leap- ing. As the species of this group, he enumerates, 1. The animal we are now describing: 2. The •'General Hardwicke, in Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv- p. 518. THE THAR. 99 ^uvancellii, Smith, which he hints may be a variety of General Hardwicke’s Goral : 3. Tlie Goral, which ^6 considers extremely goatdike in form, allied to antelopes only by its round and ringed honis ; '‘od, 4. ^ ngj,, species, N. Thar, Hodgson, the "f'fiar of the Nepalese, closely allied to the Cambing- ootan, and furnisbed with a suborbital sinus, which Accretes a viscid humour, as in that animal. It is a f^rge animal, standing about thirty-eigbt inches high, and Weighing about 2001b. The hair is scanty, a''sh, and applied to the skin. The colour of the ^cimal above, with the entire head and neck is jet- ack, on the flaidjs mixed with deep clay-red. The ^nibs and hams outside, as far down as the great azures, clay-red, nearly or wholly commixed ; the *est of the limbs hoary, or rufescent hoary. Out- a'des of the ears dark. Chest pale. No stripes a^n the legs. Lips and chin dull hoary, and a abipe of pure hoary running backwards over tlie from the gape. Horns, hoofs, and muzzle inhabits the precipitous and wooded mountains P central region of Nepaul, up and down which lushes with fearful rapidity, though it does not ®P*ing or leap well, nor is it speedy.* The llupricaprine group, consisting of a single '"uial, Well known by name, “ The Chamois,” fol- f834. Proceedings of the Zool. Soc. August 12. 100 THE CHAMOIS. lows this. It has no suborbital sinus, but possesses the inguinal pores, and the nose of the sheep. In form it resembles somewhat a slender formed goat, but is remarkable in the erect form of the horns sud- denly bending at the tip to a hook, by which the animal might be suspended. It will be illustrated in the accompanying plate. rUK CHAMOIS TLATE 3. .1 '.a 101 THE CHA5IOIS. Rupicapra vulgaris. PLATE III. Capra rupicapra, Linn Chamois, Buffon, ^o. — Fred. Cuv. Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes. The general form of the Chamois is that of a slender formed goat, with less shaggy hair, and marked by the peculiarly turned horns. It inhabits '•he alpine districts of Europe and Asia, holding an intermediate station between the elevated glaciers nnd the wild but more covered country somewhat below them, making excursions into both, and , ex- hibiting amazing agility amidst the precipices of *hose fearful regions. Two varieties are mentioned, the Pyrenean, and those inhabiting the Persian Alps, the latter smaller, and of a paler colour, with the hoiTis bending from the base. The general height nf the European animal is two feet three or four inches, the horns black, round, and hooked backwards nt the tips. The colour of the hair a yellowish or Sieyish-brown, with a black streak extending through the eyes. The Chamois is gregarious, living in 'eids of fifteen or twenty ; they rut in October or No- 102 THE CHAMOIS. vember, and produce one or two kids early in tlie ensuing spring. They feed on the alpine pastures, which give a richness and flavour to their flesh, much esteemed as venison ; and for this purpose, and the skins, do the hunters ply their often peril- ous employment, which carries them to places of the wildest and most precipitous description, and adds to the dangers in view, the terrors of an avalanche, or the giving way of some chasm, concealed, but slightly covered. Few ravines, however, walled their sides, will stop this active animal ; it will either scale or leap them. “ We have seen it,” says Major Smith, “ leaping down a precipice, sliding first the fore legs down the steep, while, with the spurious hoofs of the hind feet, it held the edge of the rock with firmness, till the centre of gravity was lowered as far as possible, then bound- ing forward by a jerk of the body dining descent, turn the croup under, and alight on the hind feet first, with such apparent ease, that the fore feet dropp- ed close to the hinder, and all expression of effort vanished. These descents we have witnessed more than twelve feet, and it will not hesitate to leap down twenty, and even thirty.” * All the senses of the Chamois are extremely acute, and these, combined with its great agility, are the guards and defence from danger with which Providence has endowed this otherwise defenceless animal. The sense of smell, it is said, will enable • Griffith’s Cuvier, iv. 282. THE CHAMOIS. 103 It to perceive an aggressor at the distance of half a league. Its voice, when undisturbed, is a kind of low bleating, but, when alarmed, it is changed into 3- shrill blast or whistle, which is known to the herd, and at once sets them upon the alert. As at the commencement of these volumes we proposed following the arrangement of the llumi- nantia by Major Smith, we shall now proceed to his next forms, though, by later writers of authority and Correct investigation, the species to be noticed has teen placed with the Goats. The Aplocerine group ef the above-mentioned author is represented by 104 THE WOOL-BEAEING ANTELOPE. Aplocerus lanigcru. PLATE IV. Ovis montana, Ord. — Antilope lanigera. Smithy Trans, Linn. Soc. xiii. — Aplocerus lauigera. Smith, in Griffith's Cuv. Capra Americana, Eocky Mountain Goat, Richardson, Fauna Roreali- Americana, pi. 22. Major Smith considers this animal as approach- ing nearest to the ovine form, or that of the sheep. It has no lachrymal or inguinal sinus, and no muzzle, while the horns are apparently distinct from either the goat or sheep, being “ simple, conical, ob- scurely annulated, the points bent back.” The interesting animal typical of’ this form was noticed so far back as 1697 by the Spanish mis- sionaries, and, since that period, has been described by Blainville, Lewis and Clark, Ord, Major Smith, and, lastly, by Dr llichardson, whose trivial name we have adopted, and to whose description we shall now have recourse as the latest published. This animal inhabits the north-west coast of Ame- rica, frequenting the lofty peaks of the Rocky Moun- tains, and always keeping to a greater elevation than the sheep of the same regions ; and Dr Richard- PLATE THE WOOL-BEARING ANTELOPE. 105 son tliinks its range of distribution may be from the 40t]i to the 64tb or 65th degree of latitude. The size of the animal is about that of an ordinary sheep, and a resemblance exists to the Merino breed, in the mode in which the fleece hangs down the sides. The ears are pointed. The horns are awl-shaped, sharp, pointed, and nearly erect, having but a slight curvature and inclination backwards ; they are mark- cng both in colour and in the quality of the wool, or rather the fine hair, of which the fleece is composed. The principal points in the most approved breeds are large ears, tlie limbs slender and cleanly formed, the horns not spirally twisted, and above all, the fleece being long, straight, silky, and white. A spe- cimen in the Edinburgh Museum agrees nearly in these particulars, and is represented on the accom- panying plate, together with one of the varieties of the ®ame race, which has been figured by Fred. Cuvier in his great work. The last varies only in the head and t'eck being of a very deep black. Besides the true Cashmere breed, from which originally the celebrated Cashmere shawls were made, there are several others tvhich have been employed for the same purposes in fliflerent parts of India ; and there is a Tartar half- hfeed, which has been found to survive well in a colder climate, and which has been introduced with Considerable success into France. The most in re- ‘I'lest, however, are still brought from the kingdom 0^ Cashmere. 124 THE GOAT OF CASHMERE. Sixteen thousand looms are there supposed to be in constant motion, each giving employment to three men, and it is calculated that 30,000 shawls are dis- posed of annually. The wool of Thibet is thought to be the best. Twenty-four pounds weight of it sells at Cashmere, if of the best sort, for twenty rupees, but an inferior and harsher kind may be procured for half the money. The wool is spun by women, and afterwards coloured. When the shawl is made, it is carried to the custom-house and stamped, and a duty paid agreeably to its texture and value. The per- sons employed sit on a bench at the frame, some- times four people at each, but if the shawl is a plain one, only two. A fine shawl with a pattern all over It, takes nearly a year in making ; the borders are worked with wooden needles, having a separate needle for each colour. There is a headsman who superintends and distributes the pattern, and the rough part of the shawl is uppermost while it is ma- nufactured.* Two more grotesque looking goats, which have been generally placed as varieties of the domestic breeds, are represented gi'ouped on the next plate, taken also from the figures of Fred. Cuvier. They are * Tour in the Upper Provinces of Hindostan, by A. T>. p. 187. 1823. XfixoH tin.i.iii y sxvoo PLATT. 10. »• is THE NEPAUL GOAT AND THE GOAT OF UPPER EGYPT. PLATE X. These two animals would almost seem not to be varieties> but distinct species, though perhaps there is not so much difference as we see in some of the races of the dogs; and this is one of those points in natural history which is extremely difficult to prove, even with the most extensive menageries and most favourable situations. The most marked characters in the black figure, the Nepaul Goat, is its high and slender figure. The arched form of the nose, occa- sioned by the convexity of the nasal bones ; and the long and pendulous ears generally of a white colour, or paler than the tint of the body. The other figure on the plate, the Goat of Upper Egypt, is generally of a brown colour, standing high, tind somewhat of the form of the Nepaul Goat. The hair longer and more shaggy, the bones of the nose ''ery much raised, and the appearance of the chin S’ttd face, with the exhibition of the teeth, putting one in mind of the pugs among dogs. The ears are nlso ample and pendent ; from the neck there is fi-e- quently hanging two fleshy tubercles, an accessory 126 THE NEPAUL GOAT, &C. which is also sometimes seen in some of the breeds of sheep. In the female, the udder is always very pendent, sometimes almost touching the ground. One of the prettiest breed of Goats is a dwarf va- riety, originally from Guinea, but now, according to Major Smith and Fred. Cuvier, multiplied in South America. Two of these animals are figured in the work of the latter naturalist, a male and female, prick- eared, but bearing very much in other respects a re- semblance to the young or females of the common domestic breed. The horns are short, and bend backwards. The colour varies to the usual tints of the domestic races, and the forehead and nasal bones are rather concave. The height of the male was only twenty-two inches, that of the female about eighteen. 127 Genus OVIS. From the Goats, so closely allied, we naturally pass to the generally accepted genus Ovis or Sheep, and as we proposed, we add Major Smith’s character. “ Horns common to both sexes, sometimes want- ing in the females. They are voluminous, more or less angular, transversely wrinkled, pale coloured, turned latterly in spiral directions, first towards the rear, vaginating upon a porous bony axis. The fore- head and chaffron arched ; they have no lachrymal sinus, no muzzle, no inguinal pores, no beard pro- perly so called. The females have two rnammse ; tail rather short, ears small, legs slender, hair of two hinds, one harder and close, the other woolly. In a rlomestic state, the wool predominates, the horns vary ®r disappear, the ear and tail lengthen, and several other characters undergo modifications. The genus is gregarious in the mountains of the four quarters of the globe.”* On comparing the above with the characters given to Capra, the differences will not be found to be very great, consisting chiefly in the form of the horns • Major Smith in Griffith’s Cuvier. 128 GENUS OVIS. and in the presence of a beard, with sharp-pointed ears ; and to these might be added the remark of an able naturalist, that the males of Capra are always very strongly odorous during the rutting season, while the reverse is the case with the sheep ; and it is mentioned in the IconograpJda of Bonaparte, as a characteristic mark, that Ovis or the True Sheep are always furnished with an interdigital hole, opening on the anterior part of each foot, and secreting a se- baceous substance. This, he remarks, is wanting not only in Capra but in every other ruminant. They are timid, defenceless, and of a more dependent cha- racter than the Goats. The Sheep is certainly one of the animals which was first placed by the Divine Providence under subjection to man. From the earliest period of the world’s history it has continued administering to the wants of almost all nations, and at the present time, is more extensively used in the human economy than any other animal. It is even sometimes em- ployed in the less usual character of a beast of burden. Major Skinner relates in his excursions in India an instance of this fact. “ I met several merchants, natives of the province of Bisehur, returning from it, driving a flock of sheep, bearing loads from thirty-five to forty pounds each. The burdens were swung in bags over their backs, without any cords to bind them on, and they moved up the steep crags with the greatest nimbleness and indifference to the weight. It is very rare to find a GENUS OVIS. 15>9 slieep a beast of burden ; it is not uncommon how- ever here. In this case, they were tlie bearers of their master’s food, and were natives of the northern part of the mountains, a larger race than the common animals of tlie hills. They are used for trade, and are made to carry grain from a fertile to a less happy quarter. They travel with surprising quickness, and are kept together without the least trouble. No four-footed animals but goats and sheep could be used for such a purpose in any part of the mountains ; and the former being too apt to roam, perhaps the latter are the only ones that could be safely turned to such account.”*' Mr Wilson also remarks, on the authority of Dr Gillies, that in some of the districts of South Ame- rica, the children use tame sheep as ponies, on which they ride to school.j-j- Four or five animals are now ranked as distinct species of sheep, one of which, at least, we find a native of each continent. In nearly every case the 'vild breeds are subjected, though they retain their outward characters, while the different cross breeds and cultivated varieties have been distributed to other pi'ovinces and continents ; and there are few districts * Skinner’s Excursions in India, 2d edit. vol. ii. p. 73. + Wood was formerly so scarce at Buenos Ayres and Rattle so plentiful, that sheep were actually driven into the urnaces of lime kilns, in order ito answer the pnrposes of Uel. X decree of the king of Spain, prohibiting this bar- tJT exists.— //istoryo/iTossi; Fuel and Coal of Britain. VOL. IV. 180 GEXUS OVIS. in the world, if we except the extreme poles, which have not some breed of this useful animal carefully watched and tended ; and even in those regions so remarkable for the want of Riiminantia and all large animals, they have been introduced, and are becom- ing of the utmost importance in the commerce of the colonies. In a wild state, they are all gregarious, watchful, defenceless, and extremely timid. They inhabit mountainous countries, and though possessing less activity than the goat, climb rocks and precipices with facility and speed, few hunters being able to come up with them if once alarmed. Their fleece, in their wild state, approaches nearer to hair than wool, or at least the wool is short, and forms the under covering, and is plentifully mixed with long and coarser hair. In the llocky Mountain sheep, again, the fleece has the character of the hair of the deer, being strong and crispy, and having the woolly part of the coat quite concealed, being short but very thick. In the frequent mention of the terms wool and hair, as partly characterizing the Goat and Sheep,, it may be proper to notice their distinction. In a very great many animals the fur is composed of two substances, the one long and appearing outwardly, the other short and thick, and occupying the part next the akin. The lower covering has received the name of wool, and the getting rid of the long portion, or the hairs, is termed the “ improvement of the fleece.” The under or woolly part possesses a qua- GEXCS OVIS. 131 lity decidedly characterizing it, its tendency to Felt, produced by its structure, the edges appearing ser- rated, and the surface imbricated, when viewed under a strong magnifying power, while hair is always cy- lindrical. An examination of the minute structure of the coverings of animals is yet much to be de- sired, and it will without doubt throw much addi- tional light upon their properties. Although attempts have been made to trace the stock of our breeds and varieties, it is a subject which has never been done to the satisfaction of the writers themselves, and one on which it will perhaps be •mpossible to come to an accurate decision. The Musmon of Corsica, and the Asiatic Argali, al- though there are some discrepancies between the skeletons of these animals and the domestic races, have generally been considered as the most probable origin, the appearance being also nearest to that of Some of the breeds; and as we pursued the same plan t''hen speaking of the goats, we shall notice these otiimals, and one or two of the others, before men- tioning some of the principal and best breeds, or more singular varieties. And first. 1S2 THE MUSMON OF CORSICA. Ovis Miismon. PLATE XI. Musmon of PSra)/.— Mufflon, Buffon, Cuvier, Fred. Cuvier. Hist, des JHammif. — Ovis Musmon, Hamitt. Smith — Ca- pra Musmon, Ariete Muffione, Bonaparte, Iconogra- phia. This Sheep, now, we may say, so comparatively little known, inhabits the mountainous wilds of Cor- sica and Sardinia, and has there only to contend against man as its enemy, no large carnivorous ani- mal existing which would carry destruction among its herds; and it is to this circumstance probably that these inlands are indebted to the remnants of the flocks which appear to have formerly existed among the mountains of Spain, and some neighbouring parts of the Continent of Europe. We have chosen to extract the description which the Prince of Musignano has given in his erudite and highly finished Iconographia, as one of the latest, and, as far as we can judge, most authentic* In 1818, there were living specimens in the Parisian PLATE n THE MUSMON OF CORSICA. 13S menagerie, taken when young in Corsica. They reached the ordinary size of sheep, and bred with the domestic races. They became completely domesti- cated, losing their great timidity; and the males would even attack their keeper. They were ex- tremely hardy, and required little care, and their senses of hearing and sight, particularly the former, were very acute. By the Prince of Musignano, the Musmon is placed in the genus or subgenus Capra, on account of the absence of the interdigital glandular hole : he has thus described it : “ The head is long, with the muzzle compressed, the nose is somewhat raised. There is a trace of a lachrymal sinus : the forehead is swollen ; the ears moderately large, erect, sharp. The horns of the males are large and long, triangular, bending with an arch which constitutes more than half a circle. Their bases are so extended that they Occupy almost all the forehead, and are separated only by a small space. They are attenuated almost Uniformly from the base to the tip, which is obtuse ; and for the whole length they are marked with trans- verse wrinkles, and with raised rings. The chin is without a beard : the neck is of a mo- tlerate size, with the appearance of a dewlap be- ueath. The body is large and muscular ; the tail Very short, composed only of twelve vertebra) (where- as in the domestic sheep there are nineteen or twen- ty)) indexed, bare on the under side. The legs are pretty long, the hoofs short. 134 THE MCSMON OF CORSICA. The general tint of the body is a yellow, tending to chestnut or ash colour, deepest on the neck, and clear on several parts of the back and lumbar re- gions. The bead is ash-grey: the muzzle more or less approaching to pure white, which colour occu- pies also the region of the eyes, the interior of the ears, the belly and inside of the thighs, the edges of the tail, and the extremity of the legs. A band of ill-defined brown stretches along the back to the up- per part of the tail. The horns are brown, tending to ochraceous. All the fleece owes its tints to the -ong hair, which exceeds the woolly part in length. In the parts more intensely coloured, the hair is of a deep yellow, black, or black and yellow, in different proportions, according to the different parts they clothe. The curled hair which constitutes the wool properly so called, is of an ash colour or rusty white. In winter, all the hair is thicker, more inclining to chestnut on the coloured parts. The line along the back is blackish, especially upon the shoulders. In some specimens, the tints, notwithstanding the sea- sons, are all pale or whitish. The female is constantly distinguished from the male by the want of horns ; but we have seen indi- viduals furnishedtvith them, though only one or two inches long. The young are generally of a paler yellow. It inhabits the highest peaks and desert places of the mountains in the various provinces of southein Spain, in Sardinia and Corsica, European Turkey* THE MUSMON OF CORSICA. 135 in some of the islands of the Archipelago, and in the isle of Cyprus. The flocks consist sometimes of a hundred and more, placed under the guidance of some old and courageous male. In a domestic state, the young males and females are docile and gentle ; but the old males become subject to ill-natured fits, and sometimes assail children, women, and even men, attempting to bear them down by butting. Mr Hodgson has lately noticed an animal from the Nepalese territory, under the title of Ovis Na- hoor, but which he at the same time acknowledges to be very closely allied to the Musmon, and most pro- bably to be only a variety of it. The adult is about forty-eight inches in length, and thirty-two high ; the head coarse and expressionless, and clad with close short hair ; the chaffron considerably arched. The fur is of two sorts : the outer hair of a harsh, brittle, quill-like character, serpentined internally with salient bows of hair fitting into the resilient bends of one another ; externally straight, porrect over the skin, and being abundant, of medial uni- form length all over the body: the inner coat soft ^nd woolly, rather spare. Horns twenty-two inches along the curve : they diverge greatly, but can scarce- ly be said to be spirally turned ; they are uncom- pressed, triangular, broadly convexed to the front, and cultrated to the back ; they are transversely 136 TUB NEPAUB SHEEP. wrinkled, except near the tips, which are smooth and round. Tile colour of the animal is a pale slaty-blue, ob- scured with earthy-brown, in summer overlaid with a rufous tint. Head below, and inside of the limbs and hams, yellowish-white, edge of the buttocks be- hind, and of the tail, pure white ; face, parts of the limbs and chest, blackish ; bands on the flanks the same, and also the tip of the tail. It is found in the wild state in the Kachar region of Nepaul, amid the glaciers of the Himalaya, and both on the Indian and Thibetian sides of the snowy crests of that range, and is sufficiently bold and scandent, but far less pugnacious, capricious and curious than the Jharal or goat foi'merly noticed. The female has the chaffron straight, the horns erect,* subrecurved, and greatly depressed. The young want the marks on the limbs and flanks. It differs from the Musmon by the decided double flexure of the horns, their presence in the females, and the want of a tuft beneath the throat. | • P. 117. .)• Hodgson, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Sep- tember 9. 1833. THE ASIATIC ARGALI. 137 The Asiatic Argali is another animal from which some of the eastern races of sheep may have sprung. It is a very large and powerful creature, inhabits the highest mountain-ranges of Asia; Cau- casus, and the plains of Siberia, and the flesh is much esteemed, while in Russia the skins are still used as articles of dress. They are extremely wild and Watchful, but, when taken, are easily domesticated. The males are said sometimes to reach a weight of 2001b., and to stand about three feet high at the shoulder. The horns are of an immense size, weigh- ing 30 lb., and reaching four feet in length. Alto- gether it must be a noble animal, approaching the dimensions of a stag rather than according with our ideas of the bulk of our sheep. The fur is short, fulvous-grey in winter, with a fen'uginous, buff-co- ionred streak along the back, and a disk of whitish- i>rown on the buttocks. During summer, the tints nf the fur are more rufous. It will stand as the Ovis ommon of our systems. * There is also an animal inhabiting the mountains ®f northern Africa, in a wild state, which may have Some claim to assistance in producing our present breeds : it has been considered in the light of a spe- *^'cs, and distinct from any of those we have been Noticing. It is • Major Smith. VOL. IV. M 138 THE BEARDED ARGALI. Ovis tragelaphus.—X^Aixss .= PLATE XII. Tragelaphus, Cains ? — Mouflon d’Afrique, Geoffrey, Mem. de VlnslUute d'Egypie — The Bearded Argali, Ilamillon Smith, There is an uncertainty in tlie history of this animal. The older writers, to whom we have re- fen-ed in the synonyms, on the authority of Major Smith, state it to be a very large animal, of a dark colour, mannd, and with lengthened hairs on the dewlap ; but the sheep represented on the accom- panying plate, supposed to be a variety, allowing something for age »ind exaggeration in the old de- scribers, was discovered by the naturalists attached to the Egyptian expedition on the mountains of that country, and is figured in the great work on Egypt, one of the most remarkable publications for its splendour in existence. We have copied the figure, and it is described in the following terms “ Under the general name of Mouflon, are in- cluded all kinds of wild sheep ; and the term is like- wise used with a more restricted application, to in- rut: tst:.\uni i> .\N-» S O o S ^ ■ ."P o uw .S Q Pm © (ip O rt O Q tD .-p .-p o -3 5!" C 'P 'P © .- © S 'P .S o p w Q to Ji S o o ® 5 5 ^ ^ ^ ^ © r 3 ^ ^ ^ ^ pP © g rt o © ^ « «g prt ^ s*- ^ ?:• Si §> a fS © > 2 § eP PJ cJS © ^ o to 03 © p ® g « o 'p: 2 ^ 00 oo 3 M !» P a c ^ a „ Q o "S S S OOP o j: ^ p ;g ig la S O Hl^ a o .-^ c *3 -5 fe p © sill _r b ■T! «> 55 O ^ *' "fe o pP O i—J ^ p .Z? tb- pP ’i - - ' • “ Cl d — cc ^ •§ i I pi 02 ci CO ■» “5 “ VOL. IV P 162 THE AFRICAN BREEDS. We quote the following from M'Culloch’s Com- mercial Dictionary, 1825 : Number of long-woolled sheep in England and Wales _ in 1800, was , . , ^ ^ 303 Number of short, woolled do., . . u’ssi’a.OO Slaughter of short-woolled sheep per an- ' • . . 4,221,748 Carrion of do. . . 2 II 087 Slaughter of long. woolled do. 1,180,'413 t Carrion of do. . . 59 q-oq Slaughter of lambs, . . I,400,’o60 Carrion of do. . , 70 gog — 7,140,855 Total Number of Sheep and Lambs, 26,148,463 “ In some parts of England there has been an in- crease in the number of sheep since 1800, and in others they have decreased. But we have been as- sured by competent judges that upon the whole the number has not materially varied in the interim. “ During the last half century a very decided in- crease has taken place in the number of sheep in Scotland, and a very great improvement in the breed, particularly in the Highlands. “ In the General Report of Scotland (Vol. iii. Appen. p. 6.), the number of sheep is estimated at 2,850,000; and allowing for the increase that has taken place since 1814, we may perhaps estimate the total number of sheep in that part of the empire at this moment (1835), at 3,500,000. THE AFRICAN BREEDS. 163 “ 111 Iielaiul, the total number may be estimated at about 2,000,000; and on the whole, therefore, 32,000,000 may he assumed as the grand total num- ber in Great Britain and Ireland at the present time.” Of the African breed of sheep, one of the most abundant is the Long-legged Sheep ; according to F. Cuvier, the Ovis AfricanasaA Mthiopica of syste- matists, but evidently only a peculiar form of the animal. It is particularly characterized by the great length of the legs, the pendulous ears, the arch- ed forehead, and the fleece, which is short, curled, and crisp ; upon the neck it assumes the form of a mane, and on the shoulders often spreads out from a centre, like hair on the rump of the camel or dro- medary, Cuvier’s figure is represented black and white, and was procured from Faisan. We may here notice, as somewhat allied, a breed from Per- 164 THE PERSIAN SHEEP. PLATE XVI. This seems somewhat allied to these, has the pen- dulous ears and arched profile, stands somewhat high, and has short crisp wool. It now forms part of the collection in Edinburgh. For several years it was kept tame in Mr James Wilson’s garden, and we are indebted to that gentleman for the account of its life and manners during the period he preserved it. “ ’1 he black-headed sheep which lived with me as a pet for nearly a year and a half, was, I understand one of a small flock (originally from Persia) received some time before by Sir James Gibson Craig. The mdividual in question had been sent to the Edinburgh Museum as a specimen. It was thin, and in poor condition ; but being otherwise an interesting crea- ture, I begged and obtained its life from Professor Jameson, on condition that when it died a natural death, I would return it. I accordingly took it out to VVoodville, where it rejoiced greatly in its first feed of sweet fresh grass, after a sojourn of some days in a large lumber room in an old part of the College now no more. As winter was approaching, we generally housed it in the stable before night"; •J lIK FKHSIAK .SJ/KK>‘. tMin‘ f.' ifrismiiii PLATE IC>. ,( THE PERSIAN SHEEP. 165 but it was always on the alert at an early hour in the morning, and anxious to be brought to a little plot of grass before our cottage windows, where it seemed to enjoy the vicinity of human beings, and delighted to be spoken to or fondled by children. It was extremely mild, gentle, and affectionate in its disposition, — never attempting to make a butt of, or otherwise annoy, its friends. It would follow us about the garden, and, if talten no notice of, would frequently remind one of its presence by a gentle in- sertion of its muzzle into the hand, or even pocket. This habit probably arose from its being so frequent- ly fed throughout the day with bits of bread, biscuit, apples, &c. Although, of course, not allowed to go at large in the garden, it often escaped there from its own little plot of grass, and wandered about, appa- rently vrith a view to satisfy rather its curiosity, or love of company, than its appetite; for it seldom touched any of the plants, except those (of the culi- nary kind) to which it had a legal right. It conti- nued thin and rather feeble all winter, but as the weather improved in warmth and brightness, it ob- viously increased in health and spirits, and thiough- out the summer season its motions were very fiee and graceful, and its attitudes at times expressive of great boldness. To human creatures, howevei, es- pecially children, it continued to be uniformly gentle and attached ; but it shewed great spirit in driving all strange dogs from the door, and I once saw it greatly astonish a large bull-terrier, by suddenly 1C6 THE PERSIAN SHEEP. bounding upon it, and knocking it head-over-heela. When in a state of eagerness or excitenaent, it paced about more like a deer than a domestic sheep ; that is, it held its bead and neck very erect, and its fore limbs very straight and firm, lifting its feet high while walking, and setting them down with force. The stuffed specimen conveys no notion of the way in which it stood upon its pins. W hen a carriage came to the door, it would stamp with its feet, and utter a deep tremulous angry bleat, as if to deter the horses from entering any farther upon its domains. “ It became again feeble and emaciated about the middle of the second winter, and died in the stable during the prevalence of a severe storm of frost and snow. Though of a picturesque and pleasing aspect, it was not of a form or countenance to be admired by the cultivators of our domestic sheep ; its ai’ched front, and various other characters, partaking strong- ly of the acknowledged attributes of our unimproved breeds. Its death, however, was deeply regretted by us all.” It appears to spread itself into many varieties ; the Morocco breed : the Congo breed, with a very arched profile, and covered with very loose wool instead of hair; the ears very pendulous, two wattles beneath the throat, and the tail very long and slender : the Guinea breed, and the Angola races, which have a finer wool, and the profile more nearly approaching to the form of the sheep of Europe. There is a cu- rious variety which Major Smith refers to the Angola THE ANGOLA BREED. 167 race, and has given a 6gure under the name of the Zunu or Goitered breed, “ it has the singular pecu- larity of a mass of fat rising in the form of a high Collar behind the horns, and I'esting upon the occiput, while upon the larynx another mass of fat hangs like a goitre under the throat.” But one of the breeds of Africa which has been perhaps as often noticed as any other, is the large- tailed or fat-rumped sheep of South Africa. The races of this variety also extend to other parts of Africa, and apparently also to Asia. We here re- present 168 THE BARBAUY BEOAD-TAILED SHEEP. PLATE XVII. From the great commercial intercourse possessed by the Cape of Good Hope, we might expect to find a large proportion of varieties among those animals •which are domestic, and accordingly we find very various breeds both from Europe and India, and par- ticularly some of the Dutch and Flemish breeds ; but the Broad or Fat-tailed, is now what is termed the South African or Hottentot breed. It is below the middle size. The fleece soft and short wool, and the name is derived from two masses of fat on each side of the inferior part of the tail, which often reach a great weight, and are esteemed as a delicacy ; those sheep which can grow them heaviest and largest be- ing picked out and endeavoured to be continued as a breed, on account of the luxury of this part ; a little carriage with wheels is sometimes attached to bear up the tail and protect it from rubbing on the ground. The Ovis steatopyga of southern Tartary, also belongs to these, but the ears are long and pen- dulous, while the broad-tailed breeds of northern and THE BARBARY BROAD-TAILED SHEEP. 169 middle Asia have the ears pointing forwards, the pro- file much arched, and the horns from three to six in number. The O. steatojiyga or Fat-ruraped Sheep of Pallas, the same we have just alluded to, is reared through- out all the temperate regions of Asia, from the fron- tiers of Europe to those of China in the vast plains of Tartary, where the hordes of Kirguize Tartars lead a wandering life, seeking fresh and fitting pas- ture. The body of the animal towards the posteriors swells gradually with fat ; but the characteristic mark is the deposition of a solid mass of fat on the rump, which falls over in the place of a tail, divided into two hemispheres, which take the form of hips, with a little button of a tail in the middle, to be felt with the finger. It sometimes becomes so loose as to incom- mode the sheep, and weighs thirty-eight pounds.* The subject of our plate is from the figure of Fre- deric Cuvier, and is the Barbary breed, with the profile arched, the ears of middling size and pendant ; the fleece of a thick but coarse wool, the horns have the direction of those of the Moufflon, and the tail, nn each side, is loaded with an accumulation of fat. All observers have attributed this accumulation of fat to the peculiarity of feeding, but there seems no reason or detail of experiments which can prove any >;lfing satisfactorily; Fred. Cuvier remarks, that the • Pallas’s History of Kussian Sheep. Q VOL. IV. 170 THE ASIATIC BilEEDS. fat of the tail when run, will never assume the so- lidity or consistency of the tallow of the other pai-ts of the body, — arguing from this that there is some- thing dilferent in its secretion. Dr Pallas suggests that it may be the prevalence of wormwood in the Asiatic pasture, which causes fat on the 0. steato- pyga, and the efflorescence from the salt lakes which impregnate the pasture. Among the Asiatic breeds, besides the Fat-mmped Sheep, w'hich we have noticed, that of the Broad- tailed extends very widely, to India, China, and Russia. One of the most celebrated, however, is the Astracan breed or Boucharian breed of Pallas, belong- ing also to this. It is reraai'kable for the fine spirally twisted wool ; and it is from this breed that a great portion of the lamb skins, so much in request by the furriers, is procured. The colour of the wool is ge- nerally a pleasing mixture of black and white ; and Fred. Cuvier remarks, that among the broad-tailed breeds, the wool of the young has a very great ten- dency to be united into two small twisted curls, closely united, but which, soon after birth, are sepa- rated ; on this account, the skins of the lambs which are taken from sheep which have died, are much more valuable, and those of an entirely black tint are most sought after. A small flock of this breed was inti’oduced into France in 1821, by the Duke de Richelieu, with the intention of having them extended and brought to propagate in the country, and endeavour to organize THE TSCHERKESSIAN SHEEP- 171 a commerce of the Iamb skins. The attempt, we be- lieve, has not since been heard of.* The Tscherkessian Sheep of the Russians an-A/oscAiCameleopardis,&yf. skin. ) 1. Cameleopardalis, antiq. At the commencement of the Sth Tribe Solipedes, is placed the Camels, &c. 1. Camelus, Linn. 2. Auchenia, Illig. 3. Equus, Antiq. Thus the Camels and Llamas, with which Major Smith has commenced his Ruminants, are placed here at.the con- clusion, to represent these animals among thesingle-hoofed quadrupeds, of which the Horse will be typical, and con- cluding the great and interesting order of the Ungulala. • This genus Is placed by Major Smith among his Captidas. CONCLUSION. 263 Having finished our sketch of this important tribe of animals, we would wish to impress upon in- dividuals abroad the imperfect knowledge we yet possess of a very great number of these animals, which seem capable of being applied to so many of the wants of mankind. Many gentlemen follow with great keenness the sports of the field, and undergo great fatigue, and risk much dangei ; and a little at- tention at the conclusion of their day’s sport, and a little care of some of the animals killed, besides those which are good for the table, would, in time, add to our knowledge, and would greatly increase the pleasure and satisfaction derived from their hunt- ing expeditions. T.he skins, perhaps, could not al- ways be preserved, but in a warm country, skele- tons are easily made, and the skull, with the horns attached, are always of much importance in discri- minating a species, and have the farther qualification of not being easily spoiled or destroyed. Native artists, particularly in India, draw with great accu- racy; and, next to the animal itself, a correct draw- ing is of importance. Immense districts of our pos- sessions in every part of the world are yet unex- plored ; and, wherever man has gained a footing for a short space, the animals are fleeing before him, and none more than the ruminants dislike interrup- tion, and delight in solitude. Oui’J Indian posses- sions are examples of this, in the extirpation of al- 264 COXCLUSION. most all the large animals from the cultivated lands ; and the colony of the Cape is another, where the herds of antelopes are so fast receding. The re- gistration of a single fact, the putting down of a memorandum of the habits of an animal, or a single measurement, is often thrown aside as insignificant, or it is not made at all (after it has been resolved up- on), as being only one ; but it may be of very great importance, and may solve some intricate question. A commencement will often carry with it a conti- nuance, and one examination by its interest will be- get another ; while, in addition, it may be borne in mind, that their endeavours will increase our know- ledge of the works of Him by whose power and goodness “ all things viere made, and viithout ixhom •was not any thing made that was made.” t ILLUSTRATIONS OF ORNITHOLOGY. SECOND SERIES. Sir William Jardine^ witli the co-operation of P. . 1 . Selby, Esq. has in preparation the first Fascicu- lus of a Second Series of Illustrations of new and in- teresting species, together with the different forms of the Class AVIS, with a prospective glance at an il- lustrated Genera Avium. These Fasciculi will con- tain from eight to ten Plates in each, royal imperial 4to size, coloured in the most careful manner. The first will soon appe.ar, when a more minutely detailed view of the intentions of the Editors will be given. In the mean time, some of the Plates in the first Part arc taken from very exquisite Drawings of specimens in the collection of the Earl of Derby, the British Mu- seum, &c. by Mr Lear. The Editors request that the Ornithologists of this country would favour them with the use of any unde- scribed or rare species, or with drawings, and any in- formation regarding them which they may possess, ac- knowledgments for which favours will be made in the Work, and the specimens carefully returned. Communications to be forwarded to the Publisher, Edinburgh, published by W. H. Lizabs ; S. Highley, London ; and W. Curry jun. & Co. Dublin. WORKS PUBLISHED BY W. H. LIZARS, EDINBURGH; S. HIGHLEY, LONDON ; AND W. CURRY JUN. AND CO. DUBLIN. Tlus day is publ^ted, And sold by all Booksellers, Foolscap 8vo, Illustrated witb numerous Coloured Plates and Wood-Cuts, price (?8. extra morocco clotb boards, THE IVatur%la!^t’§ Erary; CONDUCTED BT Sitt WILLIAM JARDINE, Baet. F. R. S. E., F. L. S. ^c. 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Illustrated by Thirty-two Plates, coloured, with Portrait and Memoir of Aristotle. VOL. IV. NATURAL HISTORY OF GALLINACEOUS BIRDS, Part II. (Containing Birds of the Game kind), Illustrated by Thirty-two Plates, coloured ; with Memoir and Portrait of Sir Tiioiias SiAMroRD Raffles. 4 NATURALIST S LIBRARY. VOL. V. NATURAL HISTORY OF GALLINACEOUS BIRDS. Part III. PIGEONS. By P. J. SELBY, Esq. F. R. S. E. Illustrated by Thirty-two Coloured Plates, numerous Woodcuts : And Portrait, and a Memoir of Pliny. By the Rev. Andrew Crichton, Author of “ The His- tory of Arabia,” See. MAMMALIA. VOL. I. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MONKEYS, Illustrated by Thirty-one coloured Plates, and Wood-cuts, toge - ther with Portrait and Memoir of Buffon, VOL. II. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FELINiE, OR LIONS, TIGERS, Sec. Illustrated by Thirty-seven Plates, with Wood-cuts, together with Portrait and Memoir of Cuvijer. VOL. III. RUMINATING ANIMALS. Part I. Bv SIR WILLIAM JARDINE, BART. F. R, S. E., F. L. S. Sec. &C. 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Do. of BRITISH QUADRUPEDS. By Wm. Mac- OILLIVRAT, Esq. Do. Do. of BRITISH NOCTURNAL LEPIDOPTERA. By Rev. James Duncan. 6 naturalist’s library. .WILSON’S ILLUSTRATIONS OF ZOOLOGY, PART X VOL. II.— Price I6s. Being representations of new, rare, or otherwise remarkable subjects of the Animai. Kingoom, Drawn and Coloured after Nature, with historical and descriptive details ; By JAMES WILSON, EsQciaE, F. R. S. E., M. W. S., &c. The Publishers deem it unnecessary, in announcing the com- mencement of the Second Volume of these Rlustrations, to enter into any detailed explanation of the nature of the Work, Its merits, both in a scientific and pictorial point of view, may now he judged of from an inspection of the first volume. ILLUSTRATIONS OF ORNITHOLOGY, By Sib WILLIAM JARDINE, Babt., F. R. S. E., F. L. S., M. W. S., &e. &c. ANn PRIDEADX JOHN SELBY, Esg. F. R. S. E., F. L. S., M. W. S.. &c. &G. Now completed, (Parts I. to X.) WITH THE CO-OPERATION OF J. E. Bicheso, Esq. Sec. L. S. &c. ; J. 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Elenbant 4to, containing upwards of Fifty Plates, engraved hv W H LizaRS, and coloured after nature, accompamed Jtb Descriptive Letterpress, half-bound, cloth and lettered, L.3, 3s. THE EDINBURGH PENMAN. A New Set of Copy Linos, designed and engraved- for the use of Schools. By W. H. LIZARS. Price 6d. eacK No. I, Large Text._No. 2, Half Text._No. 3, Current Hand. No. 4, Ornamental Alphabets. — No. 5, Select Sen- tences.-No. 6, Business Forms.— No. 7, German Text, Old English, and Italian Hand.— No. 8, Ladies’ Hand. TO TEACHERS. The Publisher, in offering this improved set of slip copies, has endeavoured, by a few examples, to illustrate plain and or- namental writing, and business forms, which are practically use- ful ; thereby obviating to the Teacher the trouble of instructing from a multiplicity of slips of the same character, and to the Scholar the perplexity of having before him a lengthened aeries of laboured specimens, which only consume time when at School, and which are thrown aside on entering the pursuits of life. 8 naturalist’s library. ILLUSTRATIONS OF BRITISH ORNITHOLOGY, IN TWO SERIES, viz. I. LAND BIRDS II. WATER BIRDS. By P. J. SELBY, Esq. F. R. S. E., F. L. S., M. AV. S., &c. The First Series, already published, consists of Seven Parts, containing upwards of 160 Figures, and comprising all the BrU tisk Land Birds, down to the Order Grallatores (with the ex- ception of one or two Species recently discovered, and which have now been figured) ; also an octavo volume of Letterpress, price 10s. 6d., systematically arranged, and to be had with or without the Plates. SECOND SERIES— WATER BIRDS. In Eleven Parts, each containing Twelve Plates, also an oc- tavo volume of Letter-press, price 10s. 6d. bds., systematically arranged, and to be had with or without the Plates. NEW WORKS m ®:t)eolos0, AND GENERAL LITERATURE, PUBLISHED BY JOHN REID & Co., GLASGOW: and sold by WHITTAKER Sc Co.. LONDON ; OLIVER & BOYD. EDINBUROH ; JOHN ROBERTSON «e Co.. DUBLIN; AND ALL RESPECTABLE BOOKSELLERS* ' In One Voluine, 8vOj Price 123. Cloth Boards, LECTURES ON INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY, Br THE LATE JOHN YOUNG, LL.D. PKOFESSOtt OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY IN BELFAST COLLEGE, mUii) a iaemoit of ii)t ^utljor. EDITED BY PROFESSOR CAIRNS OF BELFAST. TLo rAiriAins of one of the most original and comprehensive minds naryofpublicinstractlon.’— Newt Lel/er. <■ Wo think this ono of Ui» very best books on tho subject that we have nSd- it deserves a geueral reading, and will save many who ^!h to be conversant on this abstruse inatter the trouble of studjonghuge TOlumes of very profound unintelUgibihty. Dr Young never endeavours to mystify.”— iWefropoWo”- , ... “ The result of so mudi abilUy, united to so much sound judgment, is, that we hive presented to our notice a bonk, which every person capable of aoweclltinrite wU' "I!*'** “ f? '“'I’"?,?}' “ "mmKInt of intellectual science, and which wuU, m all probab^ty, tXIte place as a standard work in that branch of Lnghsh literature devoted to the abstniae subject of which it treats. —New Monthly Mag. This work ricUy deserves a place in the libwy of cverjr ardent of Intell^ual PhUosophy, and will repay a careful perusal. —Chustum Instructor. . . *.*. 1 . v “ Of his lectures ffcnerally, we have pleasure m saying that they show him to have been a man of considerable mental vigour acuteness. They are marked by a perspicuous, and manly style, which sometiraes rSo animation, if not to e^oquence.’*-£rfm6«rg/* lievww. *' The oriffinality and brilliancy of his illustrations, as well as the sound and substantial system he has transmitted to 0 * 1 . be gie means of gaining for him high and permanent honour. —Minburgh Patriot. “ There is a close approximation to the system of Professor Mylne.’ — Scots Times. I 1 the SCOTTISH ANNUAL, For 1836. Price 10s. Cd., This work is best style, “Jj'fSaVeUe, Nipol^n, Sir Walter Scott, Washing- ing oriyiiiU letters by Lal?y J' ti^^Godwin, Southey, Sc. Sc. with In One Volnme, Diamond ISmo, neatly bound in Cloth, price Is.; elegantly bound in Morocco, 6s. THE DIAMOND FRENCH TESTAMENT. The smallest edition of the French New Testement ever panted, being uniform with the Oxford Diamond 4Smo, English Testament. LE NOUVEAU TESTAMENT DB NOTRB SEIGNEUR JESUS CHRIST. Edition Stereotype— Be™' '• Corrifee avec Join. This is the most minute and beantifnl specimen of stereotype printing ''''ThrabOTfmay*aUo'‘be‘had with Enghsh Psalms, containing Brow’s Mar^nM Ref” euccs, Price 5b. in Cloth, and 7b. elegantly bound m ’“K'p.alms with Marginal References, may Ukewise be had apart, in One Volume 8vo, Price 12s.-Large Paper, £5.55. bibliotheca SCOTO-CELTICA; OR AN ACCOUNT OF ALL THB BOOKS WHICH HAVE APPEARED IN THB GAELIC LANGUAGE, fflSaiitl) 13ililto0r8j)l)ical auli JSiostaptiical NToticee. BY JOHN REID. 2 In Two Volumes, Koyal 18mo, bound in Cloth, Price 12s. THE POSTHUMOUS WORKS OF THE LATE WILLIAM M'GAVIN, Esq. AUTHOR OF THE “ PROTESTANT,” &C. TO WHICH IS PREFIXED, A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OP HPS LIFE AND WRITINGS, EMBRACING AUTOBIOGRAPHY, LETTERS, &C. « We venture to say, that no man has fully appreciated the character of William M'GavIn, who has not perused and comprehended these vol- umes.”— ■Scof# J'itMS. « much of the individual appears in every page— so fresh does his char- acter tSe to view in its varied excellence, that yon almost fancy as you «rd w m-e \n his company again, and listening to his voice. Seldom, we can it be so tirJy said of any postliumous wnungs, that by means of^hem the author, though dead, yet speaketh .”— Church is fall of Information. The second volame contains twenty - nine dlionrses, on a variety of subjects, evangelical in doctnne, lo^cal m Sneraent, nervons In Unguage, and powerful in argument. The first ^me Sains a memoir of Mr M‘Gavin,iyith copious extracts, and an IStoWoiXhical sketch, wbich are big with instruction to those entering upon the world.’’ — Edinburgh Fntriou “We can assure onr readers that these volumes sure theremiuns of a man of extraordinary mind, and that they are worthy of him.”— £tian- Thi*BecS*volnmo contains thirty of his Discourses and Lectures, characterised by that native good sense, sound scnptural knowledge and elevXd piety, which wm-e always apparent in his occasional nuniatra- tions."— CongregatumarMagazine. ALSO BY THE SAME ADTHOB, In One Volume, Royal ismo. Price 28. REPLY TO SMITH’S DIALOGUES ON THE PROTESTANT AND CATHOLIC RULES OF FAITH. In One Volume, Royal 18mo, Price 2s. LETTERS TO A COVENANTER, ON CHURCH ESTABLISHMENTS. In One Volume, 16mo, Price 6d,, Stitched, and Is. bound in Cloth, THE LIFE OF DANIEL THE PROPHET. 3 In One Volame, 12mo, Price 48. MILLER ON THE WARRANT, NATURE, AND DUTIES OF THE OFFICE OiF RULING ELDER IN THE FRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. asaitf) nn Introtructor!! iSssaB, by the rev. william LINDS.AY, GLASGOW. “ This is a bank oat of which Christians of every denomination may nlean a Freat deal of useful and valuable information. The work merits a place in every Christian Library.” — Paisley AdwertJser. “ This is a work of very {jrcat learning and research, and, from a peru- sal of it, we have formed a high opinion of the talents and attainments of the autlior. The duties of Rifling Elder are very important, and not only ali who ofheiate in this capacity should possess this httle volume, but also every niinidtor of the Preabyteriao cx^(iA."—CcUedonutn Mercury, “ This is a work which ought to be earefully perused by every Presby- terian. The true nature ot the New Testuraeut Church, its economy and discipline, and its excellent adaptation for the proniotton of social inorality, order, and happiness, are elaborately defined and forably illus- trated. —GreewocAr Intelligencer, " This U one of the roost elaborate and important works, on the subject of Church Government, which have appeared in the present affo. vVe are obliged to confess that we had no idea that such an ovewhelmnig of evidence, both divine and human, could be adduced m favour of the Presbyterian form of church government. To all who wish for a Scrip- tural, efticient reform, we recommend this volume.* ^Christian Aav. In One Volume, 18mo, Cloth, Price 43. BRITISH HINDOO RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENT. SUTTON’S NARRATIVE OP THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE MISSION AT ORISSA, THE SITE OP THE TEMPLE OF JUGGURNAUT mati) an Jntpotiuctote 3£«s(ag, BY TUB REV. JAMES C. EWING, PARTICK. “ We have read this Narrative with unbroken interest. Indeed, the interest becomes at times so strong, as to amount to pain. — Gto/gow Argus. . j -i, X “ It contains fourteen chapters, in which the pious reader will meet with much that lie will sincerely deplore, much to excite his sympathy, and much to awaken his leal."— Baptist Magazine. “ This is uaguCBtionably one of tlie most interesting narratives we ever perused^^^ in the cause of Missions, particularly to those who have road Duchanan’s description of Hindoo Idolatry mid wretchodnesi we recommend this vcilume, as containing more minute details of that particular species of idolatry of which it treats, than any other work we have parmei.’’— Edinburgh Patriot. b In the account of the Orissa Mission, one of the winch iras at Jugguniaut’s Temple, we trace the mischievous eficcts of tho Csocem ment Patronage Of Idolatry."— t'otrentary Charch Magamne. 4 In One Volume, 18mo, Price 3s. Cloth boards, memoirs of AMERICAN MISSIONARIES, Containing Sketches of the Lives and Labours of about Fifty Mission- aries, embraoins Gordon Hal!, Samuel John Mills, Samuel Newell, Adoniram Judson, See. &c, ffliSlit}) an introlinctovB iEwae, BY THE BEV. GAVIN STKUTHEES. " When we inform our readers that this interesting volume ooutains vivid sketches of the life and labours of forty-two Amencan mission- Iries, we Le satisfied that this will secure an extensive /’'f "^/of It is deserving of the widest nirculalion, especially among the friends ot missions.”— Magazine. « It boasts of nn Introductory Essay, which we take leave to character- ize as hWy credStablR to Mr Struthers. and M-hicb, in is a spirited mfd accurate sketch of what we may denominate the history and pnncl- pilfs of missionary labours. Altoijether, the sketches are exceedingly in- teresting.”— Scofr Time». . . .1 ‘ e e » This is an pveellent little book. It contams the memoirs of no fewer than fmt?-twii'chri8tiau men who devoted thems^lvos to spread the gos- nTover the dark places of the earth. . It is introdnced by an eloquent enumeration of the consolations of a missionary, and an essay in which the progress of the truth from the earliest tunes is developed. —Edm- burgh ratriot. In 12mo, Vol. One, Price 10s. 6d., bound in Cloth, NOVUM TESTAMENTUM-GR.$CUM, WITH THE GREEK ROOTS IN THE MARGIN, BY HOOLE ; anil SinaliBi) NTotcB by the hev. t. smith of Cambridge. “ Tothetextthe editor has subjoined alargebody ofnote^ which throw lo tlietexcini^aii.o j perusal of which can scarcely Suo bl nriXctivo o^enefiL In a word, all the most learned men who mve ever written upon the New Testament have been cousulted to fur- nish materials fur tills editiou."— CAriffian Journal. In One Volume, 18mo, Price Is. Stitclied, Is. 6d. bound in Cloth, THE THEOLOGICAL CLASS BOOK, A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION; A system of Bivinity, in the form of Question and Answer, for the use of the higher class of Sabbath Schools. ffiSBitij an jEntioliuctors i£«sas, BY THE BEV. A. HARVEY “ This is really a line idea I The syllabus of divinity is accurate and the whole is arranged with perfect adaptation to tile young mind."— Eean- ^elical Magazine. 5 In One Volume, Royal 32mo, Price 3s. THE YOUNG LADY'S BOOK OF PIETY, A Practical Manual of Christian duties for the formation of the Female Character. « This ia a neat little volume fully verifving- tlie important titlepage we have just quoted. It is tliorourfdy practical— in no instance, that we could discover, turninjf to the right side or to the left, to discuss doctrines or controverted points. We cordially recommend ii^ satisfied as we are, that it ia calculated to be eminently useful.*’— A'eof/ Tinm. “ The spirit which breathes throueh this little book is admirable. There is not a duty incumbent upon a Christian which is not set forth in this interesting book, and love to Cod is shown as the true and sure spring from which they originate. We would say to mothers, put this work into the hands of your daughters.”— Patriot. “ We have met with no work that is more richly stored, with sound good sense, and Christian principle than this little yolnma."— Christian Instructor. “ The titlepage of this little volume is almost the only part of it that we are disposed to quarrel with. Why the author lias tliought fit to style it a Yoimg Lady's book, we cannot exactly determine, for there is much in it fitted to be useful to ladies both young and old, and to the other sex Presbyterian Review. ALSO JUST READY BY THE SAME AUTHOR, In One Volume, Royal 32mo, uniform with the above, Price 3s. THE YOUNG MAN’S BOOK OF PIETY, A Practical Manual of Christian Duties for the formation of the Manly Character. In One Volume, l2mo, Price 4s. fid. bound in Cloth, A SKETCH OP THE POLITICAL CAREER OP THE EARL OF DURHAM, BY JOHN REID. Containing the whole of his Parliamentary Speeches— Speeches at Public Meetings, &c. “ With respect to Lord Durham, we have a high respect for him, both as a man and as a politician.”— Ca/erfow/an Mercury. “ The work will form an addition to the Political Library of those of all modes of thinking ; but to the admirers of Lord Durham it must be pecn* liarly acceptable.”— “The Earl of Durham is a political character, towards whom the eyes of all extreme reformers are turned. There arc at present but two ob- stacles between him and power— Sir Robert Peel and Lord Stanley.**— Pauley Advertiser. 6 In One Volnme, Koyal 32mo, elegantly bound in Cloth, Price 33. THE CASQUET OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN GEMS. Being elegant Extracts from the most celebrated American and European writers of the Nineteenth Century, with an Introductory bketch of AtneriCAO Literature* “This is indeed a casket of gems— thanks to the taste of the selector, whoever lie uiay be.”“‘S't’ofx runes, •* Miifh taste has been exliibited in seloctiiig the pieces contained m this laAnMtifiiUittle volume which, as its title promises, contains not only many British authors, but numerous and wv lavoaraWe epwimens of American compOBition, both in verse and proL."— erecnot* JnteUigencer. „ . ^ „ .„a “ It contains upwards of a hundred well-,,udged selections m prose and Itcontmns upwa European a nthore of the present day. imetry, from the ..natch of the progress and state of Amen- 'There is olced of this country would do well to read, can literature, which the pr^idmed^^ I everything ?h7s“Ltn'e«e« 1^^^^^ volnme, but it is yet some- « • Jp ir ^ a MvSty in its >v»y, at least it is so to us ; tor we do thing more. before any work containing specimens of, or not to Imve seen ^ Sketch of American Litera- Scotsman. In One Volume, 4to, Price 48. THE YOUTH’S BOOK OF PLATES ON NATURAL HISTORY, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. “Tho work before ns is a series of beautiful lithograpbicplaW8,execnt- •^R Er£s.'!;.5sv“t: sttSSl-SESHSTssssi; Others.”— '/’j'mcf. ... « The animals to the amount of many hundreds, are f3*acceptable! useful, and entertaining present to nurseries, infant schools, and young children."— Tuifr Magaxme, kepi. 7 In Quarto, Price 2s. 6d. ILLLUSTRATED WITH LITHOGRAPHIC SKETCHES } THE ANATOMY OF INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA, FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS, BY WILLIAM NIMMO, M.D. Member of the Faculty of Physicians and SuTg:eons, Glasgow, and Assistant Surgeon to the Eye Infirmary. In One Volume, 18mo, Price 23. with Plates, neatly bound in Cloth, THE MEANS OF AMELIORATING INDIA, More especially the Useful Employment of British Subjects and Capital in that country. BY ARCHIBALD GRAHAM, Surgeon, BONOCRABLE BAST INDIA COMPANY’S BOMBAY ESTABLISHMENT. With a Preface by Rev. H. Stowell, Rector of Ballaugh, Isle of Man. “ (^ntjuns many valuable hints for the improvement of the British Em- pire in India.”~y?fAtewfTwm. “ With much ability our author points out the course which ought to be ^9 .