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PRESENTED

BY

Gbe trustees

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NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION

1901-1904

NATURAL HISTORY

VOL. VI.
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY

LONDON

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1912

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PREFACE TO VOL. VI.

WITH the issue of Volume VI the Report on the Natural History specimens collected
by the 'Discovery' National Antarctic Expedition (1901-4) is brought, for the
present at least, to a close ; Volumes I-III appeared in 1907, Volume IV in 1908,
Volume V in 1910.

The present volume was to have included an account of the Polyzoa ; the
specialist to whom the specimens were submitted has, however, been prevented from
completing it as soon as he had hoped, and it was decided to issue the volume
without the paper in question rather than delay further the publication of the
rest of the contents.

The thanks of naturalists are due to the numerous workers who, by their
careful study of the material and by their detailed descriptions, have added to our
knowledge of the Animals, Plants and Minerals found in a part of the Antarctic region.

A word of acknowledgment is also due to the sub-editor of the Zoological and
Botanical Reports, Mr. F. Jeffrey Bell, for the care and judgment with which he has
done the work entrusted to him more than seven years ago ; during that space of
time he has been charged with the distribution of the zoological and Tjotanical
specimens to the various investigators, obtained the reports from the respective
authors, prepared the manuscript for the printers, revised the proof sheets, and
supervised the preparation of the numerous plates and other illustrations.

L. FLETCHER,

Director.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
February 29<&, 1912.

250916

CONTENTS OF VOL. VI.

A GENERAL NOTICE OF THE BIOLOGICAL MEMOIRS . . . (p. vii.)

SYNOPSIS UK THE CONTENTS OF THE SEVERAL VOLUMES OF MEMOIRS. . (p. xi.)
CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF VOLS. I-VI . . (p. xiii.)

ECHINODERMA.

III. — ON A COLLECTION OF YOUNG HOLOTHURIOIDS. By PROF. E. W.

MACBRIDE, D.Sc., LL.D., F.RS (9 pp., 2 Pis.)

POLYCILffiTA.

By E. EHLERS, PROFESSOR IN GOTTINGEN . . (32 pp., 3 Pis.)

FRESHWATER ALG^E.
By F. E. FRITSCH, D.Sc., PH.D., F.L.S. . . (GO pp., 3 Pis.)

A GENERAL NOTICE OF THE BIOLOGICAL

MEMOIRS.

THE completion of these fifty memoirs, descriptive of the fauna and flora of that
part of the Antarctic area which was visited by the ' Discovery,' under the command
of Captain Scott, K.N., C.V.O., offers a suitable opportunity for saying a few words
on the collections that were obtained, and for suggesting some general reflections
on the inhabitants of the area that was studied.

First of all we have to note the extraordinary differences between the North
and the South Polar regions ; in the one there is the polar sea, in the other
solid land. In the one case, the surfaces of its solid places are dominated by
rapacious Carnivores which, ever hungry in such climes, have compelled all
defenceless animals to assume the same colour as themselves and the snow on
which they live. In the other, the absence of aggressors allows the Penguins
to assume the splendid and beautiful colourations which are so well shown in
Dr. Wilson's admirable drawings.

The Antarctic region, instead of being, as we might imagine, with its
inhospitable climate, almost devoid of life, teems with species, of which 227 new
forms are described in these volumes. Of some Amphipoda Mr. Hodgson writes —
"It was quite the usual thing to take 10,000 to 30,000 at a haul." And
the collection of the ' Discovery ' Schizopoda contained one species which was
represented by nearly 10,000 specimens. Students of Professor Ehlers' report
on the Polychseta will have only a faint idea of the number of specimens of
Harmothoe spinosa brought back by the Expedition.

The Alga Lessonia grandiflora was found to have a lamina as much as
24 feet long ; on the other hand, M. Cardot noted that most of the species of
Mosses showed signs, which he has detailed, of the severity of their struggle for
existence. With; the exception of some Algae, no freshwater organisms were
obtained by the ' Discovery ' Expedition.

viii A GENERAL NOTICE OF THE BIOLOGICAL MEMOIRS.

On parting with these reports, it may be appropriate to say a few words
on what has most struck me, in the prolonged and studious attention that I
have given to them. First of all there stands out the observant care of their
duties by Mr. Hodgson and Dr. Koettlitz as collectors, under conditions always of
discomfort, and often of danger. In the second place, one cannot but be impressed
with the varied attainments that Dr. Wilson brought to the tasks that he had to
perform ; of his memoirs it may be said that they breathe the true spirit of the
intelligent lover of animals, and they raised a number of interesting questions
which made another visit to the Antarctic regions a necessity for their solution.
Dr. Wilson is not only a naturalist, but he also possesses great power over brush and
pencil, and his drawings added considerably to the attractiveness of Volume II.
I shall not enter at any greater length into Dr. Wilson's observations on Birds,
for any zoologist who has not yet read them should make himself acquainted with
them at once. The same is true of his report on Whales and Seals, the skins of

which were brought home in excellent condition.

»

Morphological observations of considerable interest are to be found in the
memoirs on the embryos of seals, the development of the feathers of the penguins,
and the account of two new species of Cephalodiscus, whose possession of a noto-
chord and gill slits indicates a possible affinity to Man that would not be
expected at first sight.

Special attention should also be called to the two reports on Echinoderm
Larvse which open up several points of general interest.

Turning to the more strictly systematic memoirs I have to note that two
new sub-families have been created, both for Calcareous Sponges. In the zoological
reports 23 new genera are proposed, but none among plants; there appear to
be 201 new species of animals, and 26 of plants. As to the validity of the
new species, specialists alone can judge, and even these, as we know, differ
among themselves. I may suggest that another collection should be treated, not
so much as one containing new forms, but as one which, from the very conditions
under which it would be brought together, must offer an admirable opportunity for
the study of variation. I congratulate myself, at any rate, that the collection of
Echinoderms fell into my hands, for I tremble to think how many species some
other workers would have made, as a result of the bewildering amount of variation
exhibited by some of the forms,

A GENERAL NOTICE OF THE BIOLOGICAL MEMOIRS. ix

On the whole the naturalists, with the possible exception of Sir Charles
Eliot, K.C.M.G., who have contributed to these reports, do not appear to have
been struck by any resemblance between the faunas of the North and South
Poles, and it was therefore with some astonishment that I received late last year
an important memoir, by Professor Theel, urging the evidences of " bipolarity "
manifested by the Priapulids and Sipunculids collected by the Swedish Antarctic
Expedition. To this, of course, I can here only draw attention.

It may be remembered that one of the first objects of interest in the whole
collection was the ten-legged Pycnogonid or sea spider found by Mr. Hodgson ;
it was a curious illustration of the lacunar knowledge of zoologists that it was
some time before a person was found who knew that a ten-legged sea spider
had been discovered many years ago by Mr. Eights, and described by him under
the quite unintelligible name of Decolopoda. But, although the form from off
Victoria Land has ten legs, it differs in no other important point from the
common genus Nymphon, while Eights's genus, which had marked peculiarities,
was found by the Charcot Expedition in another part of the Antarctic.

It may be observed that there are striking differences between the fauna of
the area explored by English and that examined by French, German, and Swedish
navigators, but the time for an explanation of these has hardly yet come.

Most of the contributors to the biological volumes bear names well known
to zoologists or botanists ; it has been to me an especial privilege that I have
had the opportunity of introducing to zoological work and zoological workers
Mr. C. F. Jenkin, who is now Professor of Engineering in the University of Oxford.

Common treatment has been followed in the nomenclature of both plants and
animals.

F. JEFFREY BELL.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY),
Department of Zoology.

VOL. VI.

NATURAL HISTORY

OF THE

NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION,

1901-1904.

SYNOPSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF THE
SEVEEAL VOLUMES OF MEMOIRS.

VOLUME I. »

FIELD GEOLOGY By H. T. FERRAR, M.A., F.G.S.

ROCK SPECIMENS . . . . By G. T. PRIOR, M.A., D.Su, F.G.S.

VOLUME II.

MAMMALIA (WHALES AND SEALS) . . By EDWARD A. WILSON, M.B.

AYES . . . . . -By EDWARD A. WILSON, M.B.
ON SOME POINTS IN THE ANATOMY OF

THE EMPEROR AND ADELIE PENGUINS. By W. P. PYCRAFT.

PISCES . . ' . . . . By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

CEPHALODISCUS . . . . . By W. G. RIDEWOOD, D.Sc.
CEPHALOPODA . . . . . By W. E. HOYLE, D.Sc., M.A.

GASTROPODA . . . . -By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O.

NUDIBRANCHIATA . . . -By SlR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D.

AMPHINEURA . . . . -By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA . . . -By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O.
BRACHIOPODA . . . . -By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O.
DECAPODA . . . . . By W. T. CALMAN, D.Sc.
CUMACEA By W. T. CALMAN, D.Sc.

VOLUME III.

i ON COLLECTING IN ANTARCTIC SEAS . By T. V. HODGSON, F.L.S.

PTEROPODA . . . - . -By SIR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D.

PYCNOGONIDA . . . . . By T. V. HODGSON, F.L.S.

ACARI . . . . . -By DR. E. L. TROUESSART.

AMPHIPODA . . . . . By A. 0. WALKER, F.L.S.

LEPTOSTRACA . . . . -By DR. J. THIELE.

OSTRACODA . . . . -By PROF. G. S. BRADY, F.R.S.

CIRRIPEDIA . . . . -By PROF. A. GRUVEL.

CH.ETOGNATHA . . . . -By DR. G. HERBERT FOWLER.

NEMATODA . . . . -By DR. 0. VON LINSTOW.

b 2

xii SYNOPSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF THE SEVERAL VOLUMES OF MEMOIRS.

I CESTODA .
ALCYONARIA .
HYDROID ZOOPHYTES . .

TENTACLES OF A SIPHONOPHORE
HEXACTINELLIDA
Musci .
MARINE ALG.E
FLORIDE.E) .
MARINE ALG^E (

/ SOLENOGASTRES .
APTERA

SCHIZOPODA
COPEPODA
ECHINODERMA
ECHINODERM LARV/E

SlPUNCULOIDEA .

VOLUME III (continued).

AND

By ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, F.E.S.
By PROF. S. J. HICKSON, F.R.S.
By PROF. S. J. HICKSON, F.R.S. ,

F. H. GRAVELY.
By DR. J. RENNIE.
By R. KIRKPATRICK.
By JULES CARDOT.

By A. and E. S. GEPP.
By M. FOSLIK.

and

VOLUME IV.

ACTINI/E .

TETRAXONIDA
^ CALCAREA .

SEAL-EMBRYOS
TUNICATA .

ISOPODA .

NEMERTINEA
MEDUSA .
LICHENES .

By DR. H. F. NIERSTRASZ.

By PROF. G. H. CARPENTER, B.Sc.,

M.R.I.A.
By W. M. TATTERSALL, M.Sc.

By R. NORRIS WOLFENDEN, M.D.

By F. JEFFREY BELL, M.A.

By PROF. E. W. MACBRIDE, M.A., F.R.S.,

and J. C. SIMPSON, B.Sc.
By W. F. LANCHESTER, M.A.
By DR. RUDOLF RITTER v. STUMMER-

TRAUNFELS.

By J. A. CLUBB, M.Sc.
By R. KIRKPATRICK.
By C. F. JENKIN, B.A.

VOLUME V.

By DR. H. W. MARETT TIMS.

By PROF. W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S.

By T. V. HODGSON, F.L.'S.

By PROF. L. JOUBIN.

By EDWARD T. BROWNE.

By DR. OTTO VERNON DARBISHIRE.

VOLUME VI.

/A GENERAL NOTICE OF THE BIOLOGICAL

MEMOIRS .....
SYNOPSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF THE

SEVERAL VOLUMES OF MEMOIRS.
CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS

OF VOLS. I-VI.
ON A COLLECTION OF YOUNG HOLO- )

THURIOIDS j

POLYCH^TA .....

\ FRESHWATER

By F. JEFFREY BELL, M.A.

By PROF. E. W. MACBRIDE, D.Sc., LL.D.
F.R.S.

By E. EHLERS, Professor in Gottingen.
By F. E. FRITSCH, D.Sc., PH.D., F.L.S.

CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE

CONTENTS OF VOLS. I-VI.

ON COLLECTING IN ANTARCTIC

SEAS

> By T. V. HODGSON, F.L.S. . . . Vol. III.

ZOOLOGY.

VERTEBRATA.

MAMMALIA (WHALES AND ) T> -n \*T

gEAIS) > By EDWARD A. WILSON, M.B. . . „ II.

SEAL-EMBRYOS . . -By DR. H. W. MARETT TIMS . . . „ V.
AVES . . By EDWARD A. WILSON, M.B. . . „ II.

ON SOME POINTS IN THE 1

ANATOMY OF THE EM- ( ^ ,ir ^ n

PEROR AND ADELIE PEN- B? W" R PYC:RAFT » «•

GUINS ... j

PISCES . . . . By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S. . . . „ II.

TUNICATA.

By PROF. W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S. . . „ V.

PTEROBRANCHIA.
CEPHALODISCUS . . . By W. G. RIDEWOOD, D.Sc. „ II.

XIV

CLASSIFIED SUMMAEY OF THE CONTENTS OF VOLS. I-VI.

CEPHALOPODA

GASTROPODA

PTEROPODA

NUDIBRANCHIATA

AMPHINEDRA

SOLENOGASTRES .

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA

APTERA

DECAPODA .

COMACEA .

AMPHIPODA

ISOPODA

SCHIZOPODA

LEPTOSTRACA

COPEPODA .

OSTRACODA

ClRRIPEDIA

MOLLUSCA.

. By W. E. HOYLE, D.Sc., M.A. . . . Vol. II.

. By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O. . II.

. By SIR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D. . „ III.

. By SIR CHARLES ELIOT, K.C.M.G., LL.D. . „ II.

By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O. „ II.

. By DR. H. F. NIERSTRASZ „ IV.

. By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O. „ II.

BRACHIOPODA.

By EDGAR A. SMITH, I.S.O „ II.

ARTHROPODA.

(A) INSECT A.
. By PROF. G. II. CARPENTER, B.Sc., M.R.I. A. „ IV.

(B) PYCNOGONIDA.

By T. V. HODGSON, F.L.S. . . . III.

(C) ACAEI.

By DR. E. L. TROUESSART .... „ 111.

(!">) CRUSTACEA.

. By W. T. CALMAN, D.Sc. . . . „ II.

. By W. T. CALMAN, D.Sc. . II.

. By A. 0. WALKER, F.L.S. . III.

. By T. V. HODGSON, F.L.S. . V.

. By W. M. TATTERSALL, M.Sc. . . „ IV.

. By DR. J. THIELE „ III.

. By R. NORRIS WOLFENDEN, M.D. . . „ IV.

. By PROF. G. S. BRADY, F.R.S. . . „ III.

. By PROF. A. GRUVEL . . . „ III.

CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF VOLS. I-VI. xv

ECHINODEEMA.

ECHINODERMA . . By F. JEFFREY BELL, M.A. . . . Vol. IV.

v (By PROF. E. W. MAC-BRIDE, M.A., F.R.S. J

' i and J. C. SIMPSON, B.Sa . . . } •' IV"

G (By PROF. E. W. MAC-BRIDE, D.Sc., LL.D.,) V[

. ( F.R.S. . ... . . . j "

ON A COLLECTION OF YOUNG (By PROF. E. W. MAC-BRIDE, D.Sc., LL.D.,

HOLOTHURIOIDS .

POLYCILETA.
By PROF. E. EHLERS . . „ VI.

SIPUNCULOIDEA.
By W. F. LANCHESTER, M.A. . . . „ IV.

MYZOSTOMID^E.
By DR. RUDOLF RITTER v. STUMMER-TRAUNFELS . ,, IV.

CH^TOGNATHA.

By DR. G. HERBERT FOWLER . . . . „ III.

NEMATODA.
By DR. 0. VON LINSTOW ...... III.

NEMERTINEA.
By PROF. L. JOUBIN . . . . . . „ V.

CESTODA.
By ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, F.R.S ..... „ III.

CCELENTERA.

ALCYONARIA . . By PROF. S. J. HICKSON, F.R.S. . . ,, III.

HYDKOID ZOOPHYTES . ^ PnROF" S' 'L ITlc™> F'R-S" ^ F' H"l HI.

( GRAVELY . . . . . J

TENTACLES OF A SIPHONOPHORE By DR. J. RENNIK ...... III.

MEDUSAE . . . -By EDWARD T. BROWNE . . . . „ V.

ACTINIAE . . . . By J. A. CLUBB, M.Sc. . . . „ IV.

xvi CLASSIFIED SUMMARY OF THE CONTENTS OF VOLS. I-VI.

PORIFERA.

HEXACTINELLIDA . . . By R. KIRKPATRICK . Vol. III.

TETRAXONIDA . . . By R. KIRKPATRICK „ I\7.

CALCAREA . . . . By C. F. JENKIN, B.A „ IV.

BOTANY.

MUSCI.
By JULES CARDOT . . . . „ III.

MARINE ALGJL

AND FLORIDE^E By A. and E. S. GEPP . „ III.

CORALLINACE^; . . By M. FOSLIE ... ,, III.

FRESHWATER ALG.E.
By F. E. FRITSCH, D.Sc., PH.D., F.L.S. . ,. VI.

LICHENES.
By DR. OTTO VERNON DARBISHIRE . . ,, V.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

FIELD-GEOLOGY . . . By H. T. FERRAR, M.A., F.G.S. . „ I.

ROCK-SPECIMENS. . . By G. T. PRIOR, M. A., D.Sc., F.G.S. . „ I.

ECHINODEEMA.

III.-ON A COLLECTION OF YOUNG
HOLOTHUBIOIDS.

BY PROFESSOR E. W. MACBRIDE, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.,

Imperial College of Science.

(2 Plates.)

IN 1908 Professor Jeffrey Bell asked me to report on a collection of young Echino-
derms, which had been collected by the National Antarctic Expedition. When these
came to hand, they proved to be the post-larval stages of a Holothurioid. To this
collection was added a specimen of the Auricularia larva of some Holothurioid, the
first to be reported from Arctic or Antarctic waters. In an earlier report (5) by
Mr. Simpson and myself on the Echinoderm larvae of the Antarctic Expedition we
described for the first time the occurrence of the free-swimming larvae of
Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea in Antarctic waters. We can now assert the existence
of three out of the four types of free-swimming Echinoderm larvae in these waters.
This is important in view of the opinion which has been expressed that all
Echinoderms in Arctic and Antarctic waters had developments of the shortened
embryonic type without free larvse. I shall, first of all, consider this interesting
specimen, and then detail the results of my work on the post-larval stages which
were contained in the collection.

I. AURICULARIA ANTARCTICA.
(Plate I., fig. 1.)

This unique specimen is distinguished above all by the large number of
wheel-shaped calcareous bodies which it contains. These are distributed all over
the body, but are perhaps most numerous in the anal " field." Each consists of
a concave bowl, the sides of which are composed of 11 to 13 "spokes" connected
hy a rim. At the bottom of the bowl is the hub which projects slightly into the
concavity (fig. 2). Where a view can be obtained from the convex side the hub
is seen to consist of a coarse network of calcareous substance. Similar calcareous
bodies, but with a larger number of spokes, are described from the larva of Synapta
digitata, but this larva differs from that under consideration in the fact that its

VOL. VI. R

2 E. W. MACBRIDE.

"wheels" are few in number and confined to the lateral processes, 1-6 in each,
whereas in our larva they are extremely numerous. Numerous " wheels " with
13-16 spokes are described by Prof. Chun (2) in a peculiar Auricularia which he
fished up at Orotava at the Canary Islands, and which has been named Auricularia
nudibranchiata by Dr. Mortensen (8).

A few words upon the general anatomy of the Auricularia larva may not be
out of place here. As all zoologists are aware, it possesses, like other Echinoderm
larvae, a thickened band of ciliated ectoderm as locomotor organ, and this band has
the form of a folded loop, the longest axis of which is parallel to the long axis of
the larva ; in a word, the loop has two long parallel sides and shorter anterior and
posterior cross-pieces connecting them. The anterior cross-piece is folded backwards, so
as to form a frontal loop surrounding the forehead or " frontal field," whilst the
posterior cross-piece is folded forwards so as to surround an " anal field " in which
the anus opens. This loop may be termed the anal loop. The adjacent portions of the
frontal and anal loops are termed by Dr. Morteusen (" Quersaume "), which we may
translate as anterior and posterior " transverse bars." The mouth is situated in a
depression between the anterior and posterior bars termed the oral field. The ciliated
band, in addition to the re-entrant frontal and anal loops, is produced into a number of
" processes " which are homologous with the arms of the Echinopluteus and
Ophiopluteus larvae. Of these the prae-oral processes are developed from the
sides of the frontal loop ; and the post-oral processes from the sides of the
anal loop. Where the frontal loop passes into the sides of the ciliated band, there
are developed the antero-dorsal processes. From these same lateral portions of
the band are developed further back intermediate-dorsal and postero-dorsal
processes. Finally, where the anal loop passes into the lateral portions of the band,
we have the postero-lateral processes. These last, in the opinion of Johannes
MiAller, showed a resemblance to the human ear, whence the name " Auricularia "
was coined to designate the larva.

We have seen that A. antarctica cannot be identified with the larva of Synapta
digitata, since in the latter the " wheels " are few in number and are confined to the
processes (1-6 in each). But there are other differences scarcely less striking. In the
larva of Synapta digitata the outline of the ciliated band is flowingly sinuous, none of the
processes being very strongly marked, whereas in our larva the processes are marked off
by deep re-entrant folds and show some secondary plications. Then the spot where the
frontal loop passes into the lateral portions of the ciliated band is at the anterior pole
in the larva of Synapta digitata, but in our larva it is displaced far back on to the
dorsal surface. The oral field is comparatively broad in the larva of Synapta, but in
our larva it is reduced to a narrow slit, the anterior transverse bar actually overlapping
the posterior bar at the sides. On the other hand our larva resembles the Orotava
larva not only in the great number and wide distribution of the " wheels," but in the
displacement of the point of union of the lateral part of the ciliated baud with the

ECHIXODERMA. 3

frontal loop on to the dorsal surface, and also in the narrow oral field. But there are,
nevertheless, irreconcilable differences between the two forms. The ciliated band of
the Orotava larva in its lateral portions is produced into numerous secondary processes,
so that the whole animal acquires the appearance of a Nudibranch mollusc, whence
the name A. nudibranchiata. Further, in this larva the post-oral processes are
absent, but these are well marked (Plate I., fig. l) in our larva, and though the
primary processes are deeply marked there are no tag-like secondary processes such
as exist in A. nudibranchiata.

In spite of its considerable size (4 mm. long) our specimen is a young larva,
for the ccelom is still in the form of a single unpaired vesicle (eoe., fig. l) com-
municating with the exterior by a pore-canal.

Reviewing all the evidence, we arrive at the conclusion that our larva is a
new type of Auricularia, to which the specific name " antarctica " may be given.
It probably belongs to some large Holothurioid of the group Synaptidae.

II. POST-LARVAL STAGES OF CUCUMARIA sp.

The specimens composing this collection were mostly in a state of such intense
contraction that their shape approximated to that of a sphere, but a few were
considerably less contracted, an.d of these sections and whole mounts were made.

In PI. L, fig 3, one of the most successful of the whole mounts is shown. It will
be seen that at the oral end of the body there is an atrium overarched by five valves,
recalling the vestibule of a young Crinoid. In the intervals of the valves glimpses of
the buccal tentacles can be seen. Of these there are ten, as we learn from transverse
sections. The suckers of tube-feet can be seen to be developed along three radii.

But the most striking feature in the preparation is the presence of numerous
calcareous plates embedded in the skin, so numerous indeed as to constitute a veritable
cuirass, especially over the dorsal surface ; the plates do not touch edge to edge but overlap.
Each oral valve is supported by a special plate. Between the rows of tube-feet there
are also calcareous bodies to be found, but these are not fully formed plates. Through
the semi-transparent tissues the outline of the alimentary canal can just be made out,
and we can observe the thick oesophagus, the long stomach, and the slightly bent
intestine.

Now the identification of these specimens as the young of some species of
Cucumaria rests (i) on the number and shape of the buccal tentacles, (ii) on the nature
of the calcareous plates embedded in the skin.

With regard to the first point, Cucumaria is characterised by the possession of ten
" dendrochirote " buccal tentacles, i.e., tentacles which exhibit scattered lateral
branches. Further, these tentacles are devoid of specially developed ampullae, but on
the contrary the whole tentacle ring can be retracted as an introvert. With regard to the

B 2

4 E. w. MACBRIDE.

second point, the occurrence of " Gitterplatten " (lattice-plates) as calcareous bodies is of
common occurrence in the genus Cucumaria. Now, in the number of tentacles, the
presence of an introvert, and the shape of the calcareous bodies our specimens resemble
Cucumaria. In the presence of tube-feet on only three radii, they resemble Psolus
[and Colochirus, F.J.B.], but in Psolus the body is flattened on one side so as to
form a creeping sole, whereas in our specimens the body is almost cylindrical, as in
Cucumaria. But to me the strongest evidence of their relationship to this genus
is seen in their resemblance to the young Cucumaria — probably C. lactea, which I
obtained at Plymouth in 1905, one of which is shown in fig. 4. Here too we find
that the tube-feet are not developed on all the interradii, but are confined to two.
Prof. Ludwig (4) notes that in the development of C. planci a pair of tube-feet
are formed at the termination of the median ventral water-vascular canal and remain
for a considerable time the only tube-feet. These two terminal tube-feet are clearly
marked in transverse sections of our specimens (PI. II., fig. 80).

Our specimens, then, belong to the genus Cucumaria, but they show as yet no
obvious traces of the characteristic pulmonary trees. They are, however, quite adult
in their mode of obtaining food, for the stomach is filled with the half-digested remains
of Algae.

It would seem that a similar stage occurs in the development of Stichopus
japonicus. Professor Mitsukuri (8) has found that the just metamorphosed form has
" a coat of armour," consisting of " disked tables with tall spires united by several
cross-beams, which cover the body thickly, their bases even overlapping one another
when slightly contracted. The ventral pedicels were in three rows."

PI. I., fig. 5 shows a longitudinal sagittal section through a specimen in which the
course of the alimentary canal is quite straight, and in which both mouth and anus are
involved. No endeavour has been made to represent the histology, but the general
relationships of the organs are clearly shown. The mouth leads into an oesophagus
surrounded by a very thick layer of muscles. On this follows a long conical stomach
filled as noted above with Algse. The stomach leads through a short intestine into
the thin-walled cloaca which is attached to the sides of the body-wall by muscular
strands traversing the coelom. I was at first inclined to think that our specimens
might be older stages in the development of Cucumaria crocea, the embryos of which
have been described by Mr. Simpson and myself (6). But this cannot be the case, for
in these embryos the alimentary canal is already folded. The stone-canal ends blindly
in a thin-walled sac (ax., fig. 5) embedded in the body-wall ; there is no pore-canal
leading from this sac towards the exterior such as was described by Mr. Simpson
and myself in the case of the embryos of Cucumaria crocea in an earlier report,
nor is there as yet any communication with the body-cavity such as exists in the
adult Holothurians. This sac corresponds to the axial sinus of other Echinoderms.
The genital base (PL L, g. b., fig. 5), from which spring the rudimentary
genital organs, may be seen close to the stone-canal, but there is as yet no genital

ECHINODERMA. 5

duct. There is little doubt that this genital base corresponds to the genital stolon
of other Echinoderms. In a transverse section through the region of the tentacles
there is to be seen in each of the other four interradii a mass of deeply staining
rounded cells (PI. II., fig. 8a). The masses are attached to the body-wall, and
their component cells in some cases show a tendency to group themselves round a
lumen. Is it possible that these are vestigial antimeres of the genital organs
destined to be absorbed ? Our material does not allow us to answer this question,
as it shows neither the origin nor the fate of these structures. In the body-wall
on the right hand side of the section may be seen sections of rudimentary tube-
feet. The tip of the tube-foot, that is, the disc of sensory epithelium, appears as
an invaginated cup (pod. ect., figs. 5-8, PI. II.) — quite distinct from the outgrowth
from the radial-canal, which forms the inner part of the organ (pod. end., figs. 5-8).
From the radial nerve-cord proceeds a pedal nerve, accompanied, like the nerve
from which it took its origin, by an epineural space.

On each side of the mouth sections of the nerve ring are seen, outside of
which are sections of the epineural ring (ep.), but there is no perihsemal ring. The
buccal tentacle on the right side is seen to be retracted into a pocket of the oral
disc (or.); on the left side a section of one of the five valves of the oral vestibule
is seen.

As we examine similar sections through older specimens the same features can
be made out, and the alimentary canal gradually acquires the characteristic
curvature into three loops so well marked in the adult. The stomach remains
straight and the main portion of this curvature is due to the lengthening of the
intestine. In the latest stage which I found in the collections, a thin-walled
outgrowth of the rectum on one side (pul., fig. 7) may be regarded as the rudiment
of the pulmonary trees and a duct connects the axial sinus with the coelom. This
is the beginning of the "secondary madreporite" so characteristic of the adult (mad.,
fig. 6).

If we turn to transverse sections we see in fig. 8a the ten buccal tentacles
surrounding the mouth. In fig. 8b, a section taken lower down, we can see sections
through the five radii. In each we observe a section of the nerve cord, external to
which is the epineural canal. Internal to it we find a space lined by a thin flat
epithelium, the radial perihsemal canal. Internal to this is the radial water vascular
canal, and this is present in each radius, although only in the three ventral are sections
of tube-feet recognisable. In the adult Psolus, according to Professor Ludwig (3), the
two dorsal radial canals are absent. When the radial canals are followed in successive
sections to their tips they do not, as in Echinoidea, Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea, end
in terminal azygous tentacles, but terminate within the body-wall.

The most distal tentacles are laterally placed outgrowths of the median of the
three radial canals which bear tube-feet. These are shown in fig. 8c, which repre-
sents a section from the same series taken near the posterior end of the body.

6 E. W. MAcBRIDE.

When we review the account that is here given of these post-larval Holothurians,
we are, I think, confronted with a certain number of Echinoid features.

The almost complete dorsal cuirass of overlapping plates certainly suggests the
corona of an Echinoid, especially if we recollect that, in the earliest Echinoids, the
number of rows of plates in the corona was indefinite in number and the plates over-
lapped.

The closed axial sinus is another Echinoid feature.

Some investigators have made an attempt to show that Holothurioidea are
widely separated from the rest of the Echinoderma. From the development of Synapta
digitata, the only Holothurian in which the life history has been thoroughly worked
out, it has been argued that since in this form the primary evaginations of the water-
vascular rudiment give rise to the buccal tentacles, whilst the radial canals owe their
origin to secondary evaginations alternating with these, the radial canals of
Holothurioidea are not homologous with those of other Echinoderms. But in our
specimens the canals occupying the interior of the tentacles can be traced into contin-
uity with the radial canals. The fact is that Synapta is about the worst form that
could have been chosen to represent the Holothurioidea. Its radial water-vascular
canals are only transitory larval structures, and its buccal tentacles not only spring
directly from the water- vascular ring, but, in contravention of the rule which prevails in
all the other groups of Holothurioidea, their number is no longer a multiple of •five.
The functional importance of the buccal tentacles leads to their early appearance in
ontogeny, before the transitory radial canals appear. Professor Ludwig, who worked out
the early development of Cucumaria planci (4), points out that in this form the first
tentacles spring from the radial canals.

If we compare the youngest post-larval form with the Auricularia which was
described in the beginning of this paper, we see that the alimentary canal- in both
is very similar. The long stomach obviously corresponds in each case, as does the
short intestine. The short thick oesophagus of the post-larval form corresponds to the
inner part of the oesophagus of the Auricularia, whilst the shallow outer part becomes
(as we know from the life-history of. other Auricularia) the oral vestibule.

The chief difficulty in the way of deriving Holothurioidea from a primitive form
of Echinoidea has lain in the difference between the Ecliinopluteus and Auricularia
larvae, and the apparent retention by the latter of more primitive features than
those shown by the Ecliinopluteus. I have shown elsewhere (5) that the stomach
and intestine of the EchinopJuteus are directly converted into the stomach and
intestine of the young Echinoid. Further, in our specimens the stomach remains
unchanged in shape as growth proceeds, and the looping of the alimentary canal
is due solely to the growth in length of the intestine. This is also true of
the Echinopluteus. The " amniotic space" in the Ecliinopluteus inside which the
oral disc of the young Echinoid is formed corresponds to the oral vestibule of
the Auricularia — the difference between the two cases being that in the latter

ECHINODEEMA. 7

form the oral vestibule at the moment of metamorphosis, as Mr. Bury (l) has shown,
deserts its original median position and moves to the left side of the larva,
whilst in the Echinopluteus the original larval ossophagus disappears and a new
" oesophagus " is formed on the left side of the larva. This is undoubtedly the
more modified development, but in respect of the history of the ccelom the
Echinopluteus has retained a far more primitive arrangement than the Auricularia.
The fact that the original mouth is retained in Auricularia whilst it is lost and
re-formed in Echinopluteus, is paralleled by the fact that the mouth is retained in
the Ojihiopluteus larva, but lost and re-formed in the more primitive Bipinnaria larva,
yet no one would doubt that an Ophiuroid is derived from an Asteroid. Doubtless
in the primitive Echinoids from which the Holothurioidea diverged the larval mouth
was retained.

If, then, we accept provisionally the hypothesis that the Holothurioidea are
descended from primitive Echinoidea, a plausible physiological reason can be suggested
for their evolution. If ordinary regular sea-urchins be studied in their natural sur-
roundings it will be noticed that they frequent by preference crevices among rocks
and the vertical faces of rocks, where the numerous tube feet borne by their long
radial canals can take hold. Now from habits of climbing the transition to habits of
wriggling through narrow crevices and of burrowing is easy, and what little is known
of the habits of Holothurioidea points to the conclusion that their normal habits are
of this kind. I have myself dug up Synapta inhaerens from its burrows in the mud,
and Professor Mitsukuri (8) records that piles of stones are made in order to collect
Stichopus japonicus, which is one of the species used for food and known as Trepang.*
Sucli habits would require an increase in the muscularity of the body-wall and
a disappearance of the corona, and thus the distinctive features of Holothurioid
anatomy would appear to have been evolved.

* Compare F. D. Bennett's account of the habits of the Trepang, ' Whaling Voyage ' (1840), i., p. 175 :
" They usually lie exposed in the shallow waters, though we have very often seen them buried in beds of
coral sand, their plumy tentacles being alone exposed, and floating in the water above, apparently as a lure
for prey. Some may also be observed lying on the rocks, their bodies completely encrusted with coral sand,
which may either have been accumulated by a previous burrowing, or thus used as a disguise." — F. J. B.

8 E. w. MACBRIDE.

LIST OF WORKS REFERRED TO IN PROF. E. W. MAcBRIDE'S REPORT
ON A COLLECTION OF YOUNG HOLOTHURIOIDS.

(1) BURY, H. The Metamorphoses of Echinoderms. Q. J. Micr. Sci. Vol. 38 (1895).

(2) CHUN. Atlantis. Biologische Studien iiber pelagische Organismen. Bibliotheca Zoologica. Heft 19

(1896).

(3) LUDWIG, H. Echinodermen in Bronn's Klassen und Ordmingen des Thierreichs. Bd. n., Abt. 3,

Buch 1. Die Seewalzen. 1889-1892.

(4) LUDWIG, H. Znr Entwickelungsgeschichte der Holothurien. Sitzungsber. d. Berliner Akad. d.

Wissensch., 1891.

(5) MACBRIDK, E. W. The development of Echinus esculentus, together with some points in the

development of E. milaris and E. acutus. Phil. Trans, of the Royal Society. Vol. 95 (1903).

(6) MACBRIDE, E. W., and SIMPSON, J. A. Report on the Echinoderm larvae of the National

Antarctic Expedition. Vol. iv. (1908).

(7) MITSUKURI, K. Notes on the habits and life-history of Stichopus Japonwus : Annotationes Zoologicae

Japonenses. Vol. v., Part I. (1903).

(8) MORTENSEN, TH. Die Echinodermenlarven der Plankton-Expedition, etc. Ergebnisse der Plankton-

Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung. Vol. n. J. (1898).

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES I. AND II.,

ILLUSTRATING PROF. E. W. MAcBRIDE'S REPORT ON A COLLECTION

OF YOUNG HOLOTHURIOIDS.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

ax., Axial sinus.

circ. w. Water ring

coe., Coelom.

d.v., Dorsal blood-vessel.

ep., Epineural canal.

g. ?, Problematical interradial group of cells

resembling a young gonad.

ff.b. Genital base.

yon. Gonad.

int., Intestine.

mad. Rudimental internal madreporite.

muse, circ., Circular muscles of oesophagus.

muse, rod., Radial muscle.

nerv. circ., Nerve-ring.

nerv. rod., Radial nerve.

as., Oesophagus.

or., Oral pocket into which one of the

buccal tentacles is retracted.

ped. gang., Pedal ganglion.

perih., Perihaemal canal.

pod. eet., The ectodermal disc of a tube-foot

forming in its retracted state a cup.

pod. end., The endodermal canal of a tube-foot.

Pol., Polian vesicle.

pul., Rudiment of pulmonary trees.

reel. Rectum.

r.w., Radial water-vascular canal.

st. c., Stone-canal.

stom. Stomach.

ECHINODERMA. 9

PLATE I.

Fio. 1. — Aurintlaria antardica viewed from the ventral aspect. Magnification 25 diameters, coe., the
spherical coelomic vesicle.

Fin. 2. — Some of the calcareous wheels of A. antardica. Magnification 200 diameters. «., seen from the
convex side, b., c., and cL, from the concave side.

FIG. 3. — One of the youngest of the Holothurioids in the collection, viewed from the side. Magnification
CO diameters.

FIG. 4. — A young Cucumarian, presumably C. lactea, dredged at Plymouth in 1905. Magnification
110 diameters. A key is given to this plate.

PLATE II.

FIG. 5. — A median longitudinal section through one of the youngest Holothurioids in the collection.

Magnification about GO diameters. The intestine is seen to be perfectly straight and very short, and

the stone canal (st. c.) opens into a closed vesicle (ax.).

•
FIG. 6. — A somewhat lateral longitudinal section through an older specimen than that represented in

Fig. 5. Magnification 75 diameters. The axial sinus is seen to communicate with the coeloni by
a canal (mad.).

FIG. 7. — A median longitudinal section through a specimen about the same age as that represented in
Fig. 0. Magnification 75 diameters, pul., a diverticulum of the thin-walled rectum, which is in all
probability the rudiment of the pulmonary trees.

FIG. 8, a., b., and c. — Three transverse sections through one of the younger specimens. Magnification
75 diameters. 8«. is through the tentacles ; Sb. through the middle region of the body, and
8c. through the posterior end ; g. ? curiously deeply-staining packets of cells resembling rudimentary
gonads.

The restriction of the tube-feet to the three ventral interradii is seen, as also the fact that
the most terminal tube-feet belong to the mid-ventral radius.

VOL. VI.

Oral field.

2.

postero-lateraLp?

postero -lateral
P

1.

.oraivab-es

. ., feeler*
^''y

'- --,••'- .oral valves

feeler

stom.~l s

caLc:

stom:

cole.

Antarctic (Discovery) Exp .

Yoiang Holoth.urioida.pJ. I.
I Key.)

Ant. del . Huth,Htli et im

!•£/

-^-T2\ » ^'

Vnta,Tct/ic (Disco very) Exp. Young Holothurioids.pl.!. Aut,. del. Huth lith. et, imp.

..feeler.

8b.

itELrctic (Discovery) Exp. Young Holothurioids.p] II Aut.del Hufh lith . et imp.

POLYCH^TA.

Von E. EHLERS,
Professor in Gottingen.

(3 Plates.)

VORWORT.

DIE auf den folgenden Blattern aufgezahlten polychseten Anncliden gehoren zu der
Sammlung, die auf der englischen antarctischeri Expedition der ' Discovery ' in den
Jahren 1901-1904 gemacht wurde. Sie wurden mir zur Bearbeitung iibergeben, als
ich es unternommen hatte, die Anneliden, die auf der deutschen Siidpolar- (' Gauss- ')
Expedition gesammelt waren, zu untersuchen. Diese sehr umfangreiche Sammlung hat
mich lang beschaftigt. Ich hielt es fur angemessen, die aus der ' Discovery '-Expedition
stammendeu Wiirmer gleichzeitig zu bearbeiten. Die Bearbeitung beider Sammlungen
ist nun soweit abgeschlossen, dass die Ergebnisse zu ubersehen sind. Ich bin dadurch
in die Lage versetzt, diese, soweit sie sich auf die Thiere des antarctischen Kreises
beziehen, mit einander zu vergleichen, und um Wiederholungen zu vermeiden, in der
folgenden Darstellung auf die Ergebnisse der deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition hier schon
Riicksicht zu nehmen. Das geschieht mit der Notiz " Deutsche Siidpolar-Expedition." *

* It has not been thought necessary to postpone the publication of this Memoir till after the production of
Prof. Ehler's report, which may not be published till next year, in one of the volumes of the " Deutsche Siidpolar-
Expedition 1901-3."— F. J. B. (25. i. '12).

C 2

.„•;»>.*.••;: :•••'":

::/:?•'..• *: :..•:.••

2 E. EHLERS.

I. THEIL.

ZUSAMMENSTELLUNG.

Die ganze. Sammlung enthalt 46 Arten von Polychseten, die sich auf 38 Gattungen
und 20 Familien vertheilen. Von diesen sind 11 Arten bis jetzt unbeschrieben,
6 davon werden in den Ergebnissen der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition beschrieben,
5 davon gehoren der Sammlung der ( Discovery ' an.

Ini Folgenden gebe ich das Verzeichnis der gefundenen Polycheeten.

Aphroditidse.

Harmotlioe spinosa Kbg.
Harmothoe crosetensis Mclnt.
Harmothoe tuberosa sp. n.
Hermadion magalhaensis Kbg.
Enipo rhombigera Ehl.

Phyllododdse.

Eulalia magalhaensis Kbg.
Eteone sp. Larve.
" Phyllodociden " Larve.
Pelagobia longicirrata E. Greeff.
Maupasia caeca Vig.

Hesionidse.

Gyptis incompta sp. n.
Podarke comata sp. n.
Magalia inermis sp. n.

Alciopidse.
Alciope cari Her.

Syllidse.

Trypanosyllis gigantea Mclnt.
Syllis brachycola Ehl.
Pionosyllis comosa Grav.
Pionosyllis stylifera sp. n.
Eusyllis kerguelensis Mclnt.
Syllides articulosus Ehl.
Syllides sp. ?

Autolytus maclearanus Mclnt.
Autolytus longstaffi sp. n.

POLYCILffiTA. 3

Lycoridse.
Nereis vallata Gr.

Eunicidse.
Marphysa aenea Blanch.

Glyceridse.
Glycera capitata Ord.

Spionidse.

Nerinopsis hystricosa sp. n.
Polytroche Spioniden Larve.

Ariciidse.
Aricia marginata Ehl.

Opheliidse.

Travisia kerguelensis Mclnt.
Ammotrypane gymnopyge Ehl.

Typhloscoleddse.

Sagittella lobifera sp. n.
Sagittella cornuta sp. n.

Telethusse.
Arenicola assimilis Ehl. var. affinis Ashw.

Chlorsemidse.

Flabelligera mundata Grav.
Trophonia kerguelarum Gr.

Scalibregmidse.
Eumenia oculata Ehl.

Maldanidse.
Malclanella neo-zealandica Mclnt.

Ampharetidse.
Sabellides elongatus sp. n.

Terebellidse.

Nicolea bilobata (Gr.).
Nicolea chilensis Schm.

E. EHLERS.

Sabellidse.

Laonome antarctica Kbg.
Myxicola sulcata sp. n.

Serpulidse.

Serpula vermicularis L. var. narconensis Bd.
Spirorbis perrieri Caull. et Mesn.

Die weitaus grosste Anzahl der gefundenen Polychaeten stammt, entsprechend
der langeren Zeitdauer der Sammelthatigkeit, aus dem antarctischen Kreis mit dem
Mittelpunkt des Winterquartiers der ' Discovery,' und von der Kiiste des South Victoria
Landes und der vorliegenden Inseln. Hierzu kommen einige Funde von der Kiiste der
Auckland Inseln und der daneben liegendeu Shoe Insel, sowie solche, die auf der Fahrt
gemacht wurden.

Nach den Fundortangaben, die bei den gesammelten Thieren lagen, gebe ich
folgende Zusammenstellung. Die Bezeichnungen No. 1 hole-13 hole gehen Offnungen
an, die in das Eis geschlagen waren und aus denen gefischt wurde ; die Dauer der
Befischung mit dem Schleppnetz und die Beschaffenheit des Grundes ist danebeu
angegeben.

WINTER QUARTERS.

Harmothoe spinosa Kbg., 27. i. 02, 300 fms.* ; 29. i. 02 ; 26. ii. 02 ; 8. iii. 02 ;

18. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 21. iii. 02 ; 28. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 5. vi. 02 ; 15. vi. 02, D. net :

7. viii. 02, 175 fms. ; 22. ii. 03, 10 fms.

Harmothoe crosetensis Mclnt., 27. i. 02, 300 fms. ; 13. ii. 02, 178 fms. ; 1. v. 02.
Harmothoe tuberosa sp. n., 27. i. 02, 300 fms.; 8. iii. 02; 21. iii. 02, 10 fms.;

15. vi. 02, D. net.

Hermadion magalhaensis Kbg., 27. i. 02, 300 fms. ; 28. ii. 02, 20 fms.
Enipo rhombigera Ehl., 21. i. 02, 300 fms. ; 29. i. 02 ; 7. viii. 02, 178 fms. ; 1. ii. 03.
Phyllodociden Larve, 19. ii. 02.
Podarke coma.ta Ehl., 20. ii. 02.
Syllis brachycola Ehl., 19. iii. 02, 10 fms.
Pionosyllis comosa Grav., 20. ii. 02, 10 fms. ; 23. vi. 02.
Pionosyllis stylifera Ehl., 20. ii. 02 ; 22. iii. 02, 10 fms.
Syllides articulosus Ehl., 19. iii. 02.

Autolytus maclearanus Mclnt., 19. ii. 02 ; 19. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 22. iii. 02, 10 fms.
Nerinopsis hystricosa, 13. vii. 03, 10 fms.
" Poly 'troche Spioniden Larve," 19. ii. 02.
Aricia marginata Ehl., 13. vi. 02.

* Prof. Ehlers has, as others, translated " fathoms " by " Faden " ; I have enquired of the Naval Attache to
the German Embassy in London, who tells me that in the " Handbook of Navigation " a " Faden " is said to be
equal to 1'88 meters, and a "fathom "to 1-829. When multiplied by 100 the difference between the two is
considerable. — F. J. B.

POLYCH.ETA. 5

Ammotry pane gymnopyge Ehl., 5. vi. 02, D. net.

Flabdligera mundata Grav., 21. iii. 02, 10 fms.

Trophonia kerguelarum Gr., 27. i. 02, 300 fms.

Nicolea bilobata Gr., 20. ii. 02 ; 28. ii. 02, 107 fms. ; 19. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 13. ii. 04.

Laonome antarctica Kbg., 27. i. 03.

Serpula vermicularis L. var. narconensis Bel., 29. i. 02, 100 fms. ; 8. ii. 02, 100 fms.

No. 2 hole.
150 yards S. of Ship. 10 fms. Stones and Gravel. 10. iv. 02 to 29. iv. 02.

Harmothoe tuberosa, 28. iv. 02.

Pelagobia longicirrata R. Gr., 1. vii. 02, 4 fms. ; 1. viii. 02 ; 13. viii. 03, 10 fms.

Nerinopsis hystricosa sp. n., 1. vii. 02, 4 fms. ; 1. viii. 02, D. net.

No. 3 hole.
Half mile S. of Ship. 56 fms. Stones and Gravel. 23. iv. 02 to 11. vi. 02.

Maupasia cseca Vig., 11. vi. 02, 5 fms.
Nerinopsis hystricosa sp. n., 11. vi. 02, 5 fms.

No. 4 hole.
Half mile S. of Hut Point. 41 fms. Stones. 1. xi. 02 to 19. vi. 03.

Pelagobia longicirrata R. Gr. 14-25 ii. 02, 5-6 fms. ; 16. v. 02, 5 fms. ; 25. xii. 02,
6 fms. ; 16. ii. 03, 5 fms. ; 24. ii. 03, 5 fms. ; 21. iii. 03, 6 fms. ; 23. iii. 03, 6 fms, ;
29. iv. 03, 5 fms. ; 6. v. 03, 5 fms. ; 9. v. 03, 5 fms., 8 fms. ; 29. v. 03, 5 fms. ;
18. ix. 03, 10 fms.

Maupasia cseca Vig., 25. v. 03, 5 fms.

Autolytus longstaffi, sp. n., 18. ix. 03, 10 fms.

Nerinopsis hystricosa sp. n., 9. v. 03, 5 fms., 8 fms. ; 29. v. 03, 5 fms. ; 18. ix. 03, 8 fms.

" Polytroche Spioniden Larve," 16. ii. 03, 5 fms. ; 18. iv. 03, 10 fms.

Eumenia oculata Ehl., 14. xii. 02, 6 fms.

No. 5 hole.
Seal hole. l£ miles W. of Hut Point. 178 fms. 1. viii. 02-7. viii. 02.

Trypanosyllis gigantea Mclnt. 12. iii. 03, 10 fms.
Nicolea bilobata Gr., 14. i. 03.

No. 6 hole.
1| miles N.W. of Hut Point. 125 fms. Stony ground. 27. xii. 02 to 8. iv. 03.

Harmothoe spinosa, 10. i. 03, 180 fms. ; March, 1903 ; 10. iii. 03, 13 fms.

Pelagobia longicirrata R. Gr., 26. ii. 03, 6 fms. ; 12. iii. 03, 5 fms. ; 6. v. 03, Plankton.

Nicolea bilobata Gr., 4. iii. 03, 30 fms.

Laonome antarctica Kbg., 4. iii. 03, 130 fms. ; 13. vi. 02, 100 fms.

Serpula vermicularis L. var. narconensis Bd., 15. ii. 02.

E. EHLERS.

No. 8 hole.
30 yards S. of Hut Point. 8. ii. 04.

Pelagobia longidrrata R. Gr., 5. v. 03, 10 fms. ; 18. v. 03, 10 fms. ; 26. v. 03, 10 fms. ;

1. vi. 03, 10 fms. ; 28. vi. 03, 10 fms. ; 24. vii. 03, 10 fms. ; 1. viii. 03, 10 fms. ;

21. viii. 03, 10 fms. ; 27. viii. 03, 10 fms.
Maupasia cseca Vig., 28. vi. 03.

Gyptis incompta Ehl, 16 vi. 03, 10 fms. ; ix. 03, Grund, 200 fms.
Trypanosyllis gigantea Mclnt., 23 iii. 03, 10 fms.
Syllides sp. ?, 13. viii. 03, 10 fms.

Nerinopsis hystricosa sp. n., 28. vi. 03 ; 24. vii. 03, 10 fms. ; 13. viii. 03, 10 fms.
Serpula vermicularis L. var. iwrconensis Bd., 1. iv. 03, 10 fms.

No. 9 hole.

Halfway between No. 6 and Flagon Point. 51 fms. 16. iii. 03 to 1. iv. 03.
Pelagobia longidrrata R. Gr., 2. x. 02, 10 fms.

No. 10 hole.

lj miles S. of Ship. 127 fms. On the edge of a bank. Bottom,
small stones and organic debris. 14. iv. 03 to 14. viii. 03.

Harmothoe spinosa Kbg., 22. iv. 03, 127 fms. ; 3. vi. 03, 130 fms.

Harnwthoe crosetensis Mclnt, 4. v. 03, 130 fms.

Trypanosyllis gigantea (Mclnt.), 18. vi. 03, 130 fms.

Eusyllis kerguelensis Mclnt., 3. vi. 03, 130 fms.

Nicolea bilobata Gr., 18. vi. 03, 130 fms.

Laonome antarctica Kbg., 18. vi. 03, 130 fms.

Myxicola sulcata sp. n., 18. vi. 03, 130 fms.

No. 12 hole.

100 yards S. of Hut Point. 25-30 fms. D. net. 20. viii. 03 to 5. xi. 03.
Harmothoe spinosa Kbg., 20. viii. 03 ; 29. viii. 03 ; 4. ix. 03, D. net ; 8. ix. 03,

D. net ; 25-30. ix. 03, D. net.

Enipo rhombigera Ehl., 29. viii. 03, D. net; 8. ix. 03, D. net.
Pelagobia longidrrata R. Gr., 21. x. 03, 10 fms. ; 2. xi. 03, 10 fms. ; 5. xi. 03, 6 fms.
Gyptis incompta sp. n., 8. ix. 03, D. net.
Magalia inermis sp. n., 2. x. 02, 10 fms.
Autolytus maclearanus Mclnt., 25-30. ix. 03, D. net.
Glycera capitata Ord., 4. ix. 03, D. net.
Nerinopsis hystricosa sp. n., 5. xi. 03, 6 fms.
Arida marginata Ehl., 4. ix. 03, 257 fms.
Eumenia oculata Ehl., 4. ix. 03, 25 fms.
Nicolea bilobata Gr., 18. ix. 03, D. net.

POLYCH^BTA. 7

No. 12 hole (2).— HAZEN POINT.
Serpula vermicularis L. var. narconensis Bd., 17. x. 03, 20 fms.

No. 13 hole.
20 yards N.E. of Hut Point. 7. xii. 03 to 27. i. 04.

Pelagobia longicirrata R. Gr., 4. i. 04, 6 fms.
Nerinopsis hystricosa sp. n., 15. xii. 03, 8 fms.

MOLLENDO BAY near W.Q.

Hermadion magalhaensis Kbg., 13. ii. 02, 10 fms.
Autolytus maclearanus Mclnt., 8. ii. 02, 96-120 fms.
Nicolea bilobata Gr., 28. ii. 02, 20 fms.

HUT POINT.

Harmothoe spinosa Kbg., 13. ii. 02, D. net; 13. ix. 02, D. net; 24. ix. 02;

18. x. 02, D. net; 25. x. 02; 30. x. 02; 11. xi. 02; 13. xi. 02; 19. xi. 02;

15. xii. 02, D. net; 24. viii. 03, D. net.

Gyptis incompta sp. n., 25. x. 02, D. net; 15. xii. 02, D. net.
Trypanosyllis gigantea Mclnt., 300 yards S. Hut Pt, 8. ii. 03.
Nicolea bilobata, Gr., 18. x. 02 ; 13. ii. 04, D. net.

WEST POINT.
Hermadion magalhaensis Kbg., 18. x. 02.

FLAGON POINT.
Harmothoe spinosa Kbg., 17. i. 03, 102 fms. ; 23. i. 03, 20 fms. ; 23. ii. 03.

GLACIER HOLE.

Enipo rhombigera Ehl., 2. i. 04, 180 fms.
Laonome antarctica Kbg., 2. i. 04, 180 fms.

OFF CAPE ARMITAQE.

Laonome antarctica Kbg., 13. ix. 02, 100 fms.

Serpula vermicularis L. var. narconensis Bd., 13. ix. 02, 100 fms.

*

McMuRDO BAY.

Harmothoe spinosa Kbg., 8. ii. 02, 96-120 fms. ; 13. ii. 02, 107 fms. ; 28. ii. 02, 20 fms.
Enipo rhombigera Ehl., 8. ii. 02, 96-120 fms.
Pionosyllis stylifera sp. n., 28. ii. 02, 20 fms.

VOL. VI. D

E. EHLERS.

EREBUS AND TERROR.
Sabellides elongatus sp. u., 21. i. 02, 500 fms.

COULMAN ISLAND.

Hannothoe spinosa Kbg., 13. i. 02, 100 fms. ; 15. i. 02, 15-18 fms.

Enipo rhombigera Ehl., 13. i. 02, 100 fms.

Eulalia magalhaensis Kbg., 13. i. 02, 100 fms.

Pelagobia longicirrata R. Gr., 22. ii. 04, 13-20 fms.

Trypanosyllis gigantea Mclnt., 13. i. 02.

Glycera capitata Orel., 4. ix. 03, D. net.

Flabelligera mundata Grav., 13. i. 02.

Serpula vermicularis L. var. narconensis Bd., 13. i. 02, 100 fms.

CAPE ADARE.

Harmothoe spinosa Kbg., 9. i. 02, 20 fms. ; 24. ii. 04.

Eusyllis kergmlensis (Mclnt.), 9. i. 02, 20 fms.

Travisia kerguelensis Mclnt., Laminarian root, 12. ii. 04, 17-20 fms.

Spirorbis perrieri M. Caullery & F. Mesn., 24. ii. 04, 13-20 fms.

Von diesen Arten sind zur Zeit die folgenden nur als antarctische bekannt :—

Enipo rhombigera Ehl.
Gyptis incompta sp. n.
Podarke comata sp. n.
Magalia inermis, sp. n.
Pionosyllis comosa Grav.
Pionosyllis stylifera sp. n.
Autolytus longstaffi, sp. n.
Flabelligera mundata Grav.
Sabellides elongatus sp. n.
Myxicola sulcata, sp. n.

Die iibrigen Arten sind auch notial oder atlanto-pacifisch ; darunter hat Pelagobia
lonyisetosa R. Gr. pelagisch eine sehr weite Verbreitung und ist Glycera capitata Ord.
vielleicht bipolar.

POLYCH^TA.

AUF DER FAHRT GESAMMELT.

Lat. 41° 10' S., Long. 178° 18' 30" W.
Eteone, sp. Larve.

Lat. 49° 40' S., Long. 172° 18' 15" W.
Sagittella cornuta sp. n.

Lat. 54° 01' S., Long. 170° 49' E.

Pelagobia longicirrata R. Gr., 27. x. 01.
Polytroche Spioniden Larvc, 27. xii. 01.

Lat. G6° 52' A^., Long. 178° 15' E.
Sagittella lobifera sp. n., 3. i. 02.

Lat. 66° 53' S., Long. 178° 15' E.
Alciope cari Her., 3. i. 02.

AUCKLAND ISLAND, WILL POINT, LAURIE HARBOUR.

Nereis vallata Gr., 25. iii. 04.

Marphysa aenea Blanch., 25. iii. 04.

Arenicola assimilis Ehl. var. qffinis Ashw., 28. iii. 04.

Maldanella neo-zealandica Mclnt., 25. iii. 04.

Nicolea chilensis Schm., Shore, 16. v. 04.

•

SHOE ISLAND.

Nereis vallata Gr., 23. iii. 04.
Alle diese Arten haben mehr oder minder weite indo-pacifische Verbreitung.

D 2

10 E. EHLERS.

II. THEIL.

SYSTEMATISCHES.

APHRODITID.E.
HARMOTHOE SPINOSA Kbg.
Synonymie : Ehlers, Polychaeten d. Magell. u. Ckilen. Strandes, Festschr. Ges. Gottingen (1901), p. 41.

Von den maunigfaltigen Farbenvarietateu, unter denen diese im antarctischen
Kreise weit verbreitete Form auftritt, hebe ich einige besonders auffallende, nur selten
beobachtete Fprmen hervor. So das auf PL I., fig. 8 abgebildete Thier, das nach dem
Besitz der blaschenartigen randstandigen Warzen an den Elytren in die Vesiculosa- Gruppe
gehort : die braunvioletten Elytren sind hier iiber der Anheftungstelle mit einem
hellfarbigen runden Fleck gezeichnet. Ein anderes Thier trug uuter den Elytren auf
der Riickenflache eine aufFallende Zeichnung von queren Binden, ahnlich jener, die bei
Enipo rkoinbifjera Ehl. sich findet ; da das Thier vom gleichen Fundort wie diese Art
stammt, kimnte man an eine Art von Mimicry denken. Die auch sonst beobachtete
Bilduug, dass sich auf der Riickenflache des Elytron iiber der Anheftungstelle eine
einzelne grosse keulenformige Papille erhebt, ist einmal von mir beobachtet (W.Q. ;
15. xii. 02 ; D. net ; Hut Pt.).

Von Cap Adare aus 20 fins. Tiefe stammt ein junges 10 mm. langes Thier mit
31 Segmenten, bei dem auf dem Kopflappen hinter dem unpaaren Fiihler eine mediane
Leiste stand ; ich muss uhentschieden lassen, ob das mehr bedeutet als eine Variation.

Fundorte.—W.Q.,27. 1. 02, 300 fins. ; 29. 1. 02 ; 26. ii. 02; 8. iii. 02; IS.iii. 02,
10 fms. ; 21. iii. 02 ; 28. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 5. vi. 02 ; 15. vi. 02 ; 7. viii. 02, 178 fms. ;
22. ii. 03, 10 fms. -- No. 6 hole, 10. i. 03, 180 fms. ; March 1903 ; 10. iii. 03, 13 fms. -
No. 10 hole, 22. iv. 03, 127 fms. ; 3. vi. 03, 130 fms. - - No. 12 hole, 20. viii. 03, D. net ;
29. viii. 03 ; 8. ix. 03, D. net; 25-30. ix. 03, D. net. - - Hut Point, 13. ii. 02, D. net ;
13. ix. 02, D. net; 24. ix. 02 ; 18. x. 02, D. net; 25. x. 02, D. net ; 30. x. 02, D. net;
11. xi. 02 ; 13. xi. 02; 19. xi. 02; 15. xii. 02, D. net; 24. viii. 03. -- Cape Adare,
9. i. 02, 20 fms. ; 24. ii. 04. -- Coulman Isl., 13. i. 02, 100 fms. ; 15. i 02, 15-18 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, Siid-Georgien, Falkland Insel,
Magellangebiet, Kerguelen, Neu Seeland (Ehlers).

HARMOTHOE CROSETENSIS (Mclnt.).

Lnr/isca crosetensis, Mclntosh, Report ' Challenger,' Zoo!., vol. xii. (1885}, p. 88.

Von dieser Art habe ich eine ausfiihrliche Darstellung in der Bearbeitung der
Anneliden-Sammlung der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition gegeben, in der sie gut
vertreten war.

POLYCH^ETA. 1 1

Fundort.—W.Q., 27. 1. 02, 300 fins. ; 13. ii. 02, 178 fms. ; 1. v. 02 ; 1. viii. 02. -
No. 10 hole, 4. v. 03, 130 fms.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Laud (Ehlers). In der Nahe der
Crozet Insel (Mclntosh).

HARMOTHOE TUBEROSA, sp. n.

Nachdcm ich von der Ilarmothoe spinosa Kbg. eine grossere Reihe von Varietaten
kennen gelernt habe, muss ich die friiher * von mir vermuthungsweise gleichfalls als
eine Varietat dieser Art angesprochene Polynoine von der Bouvet-Insel doch von
dieser als gesonderte Art auffassen, da ich keine Ubergangsformen zu der so
sehr variabelen Harmothoe spinosa Kbg. gefunden habe. Der folgenden Beschreibung
liegt ein einzelnes Stiick zu Grunde.

Der zwischen Kopflappen und Aftersegment 35 Segmenten fiihrende, auf der
Bauohriache platte, auf der Riickenflache wenig gewolbte Korper ist 47 mm. iang, hat
seine grosste Brcite (13 mm.) zwischen dem 4ten und 6ten Elytron und ist nach vorn
und hinten wenig verschmalert. Die Riickenflache ist vollig von den imbricat-decussaten
braunlich-grauen Ely tren gedeckt, iiber die an den Seiten die braunen Borsten weuig
hervorragen (PI. L, fig. 1).

Der Kopflappen (PI. L, fig. 2), ist eine massig gewolbte farblose Platte, die etwa so
Iang als in der hinteren Halfte breit ist, nach hinten wenig, nach vorn fast um die Halfte
verschmalert und hier median tief eingefurcht. Zwei kleine punktformige schwarze
Augen stehen nahe vor dem Hinterrande, jedes etwa gleich weit von der Mittellinie
wie vom Seitenrande entfernt. Ein zweites grosseres Auge, von oben, nicht sichtbar,
steht unmittelbar hinter dem Ursprung der paarigen Fiihler. Am Vorderrande ent-
springt in dessen medianem Einschnitt mit einem grossen kegelformigen Wurzelgliede,
das die Lange des Kopflappens iibertrifft, der lange unpaare schlank kegelformige mit
feinem Endfaden auslaufende Fiihler, der mit Ausnahme des Endfadens von Papillen
zottig rauh ist. Unmittelbar neben ihm stehen die sehr viel kleineren, wenig iiber das
Wurzelglied des unpaaren hinausreichendeu, mit Ausnahme der Spitze gleichfalls
rauhen paarigen Fiihler. Zwei glatte schlank kegelformige Palpen kommen von der
Unterseite des Kopflappens und reichen nach vorn gelegt weiter als der unpaare
Fiihler.

Das erste Segment ist erheblich kiirzer als die folgenden ; diese sind mit Ruderu
etwa siebenmal, ohne Ruder nicht ganz fiinfmal breiter als Iang. Ihre Riickenflache
ist unter den Elytren in auffallender Weise durch eine mediaiie Reihe von Hb'ckern
ausgezeichnet (PL L, fig. 2). Am ersten Segment ist dieser Hocker ein kleiner nach
vorn auf dem Kopflappen liegender braunlicher Lappen ; auf den folgendeu Segmenten
verbreitert sich der Hocker zu einem queren Wulst mit starker vorspringenden nach

* Ehlers, Bodensassige Anneliden . . . Deutsch. Tiefsee-Expedition (Wiss. Ergebn. deutsch. Tiefsee-Exp.,
xvi., 1908), p. 43.

12 E. EHLERS.

hintcn gericlieten Ecken ; in der hiuteren Korperstrecke zieht sich die Bildung wieder zu
einem unpaaren medianen Hooker zusammen (PI. I., fig. 3). Ein Alterniren habe ich
hierbei nicht gesehen, wohl aber einmal auf eiuera Segmente den Ausfall eiiies solchen
Hockers. Dass diese Bildung variiert, zeigte eiu Exemplar aus 300 fms. Ticfe (27. i. 02),
bei dem diese Hocker nur auf den vorderen seeks Segraenten vorhanden waren.

Das erste Segment tragt jederseits zwei lange zottige Fiihlercirren mit nackter
Endspitze auf dicht zusammen stehenden Wurzelgliedern ; sie reichen nach vorn fast so
weit als die Palpen ; Borsten habe ich zwischen den Wurzelgliedern nicht gesehen.

An den folgenden Segmenten tragen die Euder in typisch alternirender Weise
(1. 3. 4. 6. ... 24. 27. 30.) 13 Paare Elytren und Eiickencirren. Das Ruder
(PI. I., fig. 4) hat einen kiirzeren dorsalen und langeren ventralen Ast ; der dorsale
erscheint als ein aufwarts gerichtete Fortsatz auf der Wurzel des seitwarts gewendeten
ventralen Astes ; ersterer hat eine kurze fingerformige, letzterer eine breitere lappen-
formige Lippe. Die dunkelbraunen Borsten des dorsalen Astes treten in einem
gebogenen stark gespreizten Facher aus, ihr schwach sabelformig gebogener, fast
gleich breiter quer gerippter Schaft lauft bei den meisten mit einem dichten Biischel
kurzer Faden aus, die detritusartige Massen tragen ; ich mag nicht entscheiden, ob
diese Faden durch Aufsplitterung des Borstenendes entstanden oder epiphytische
Bildungen sind ; andere laufen, mit kurzer heller Spitze aus, neben der aber ahnliche
Harchen stehen (PI. I., fig. 7a).

Die etwas helleren ventralen Borsten (PI. I., fig. 7b) bilden ein zusammenliegendes
Biindel ; die einzelne Borste liiuft von einer kurzen, rasch verbreiterten Endstrecke
spitz aus ; auf dieser Endstrecke stehen wenige (5-6) Randzahne ; die schlanke Endspitze
ist einfach. Der lange Riickencirrus sitzt auf einem grossen kegelformigen an der
hinteren Flache der Ruderbasis stehenden Oirrophor ; sein Schaft ist rauh von faden-
formigen Papillen, die fadenformige Eudstrecke nackt. Lateral von ihm steht, in
der Hb'he der Elytrophoren ein grosser kegelformige Elytrenhockcr. Die derben fest-
hafteuden Elytren sind mit Ausnahme der ersten kleineren kreisformigen am medianen
Rande nierenformig ausgerandet, mit excentrischer der Ausrandung geniiherter An-
heftung ; die untere Flache ist farblos, irisirend, die obere braiinliche mit hellen
zerstreuten kreisformigen Flecken besetzte Flache tragt auf dem freien Theile neben
vereinzelten fadenformigen harte gegen den Rand hin an Zahl und Grosse zunehmende
feste Knopfe oder kolbenformige auf der Kuppe morgensternartig stachelige Papillen.
Der Elytrenrand ist daneben mit groberen und feineren langen fadenformigen Papillen
gefranst. Der am unteren Umfang des ventralen Parapodialastes sitzende schlank
kegelformige Bauchcirrus ist am ersten Ruder viel langer als an den folgenden und
reicht iiber die Borsten biindel hinaus, an den folgenden Rudern erreicht er kaum die
Spitze des ventralen Astes. An fast alien Rudern stehen kleine Genitalpapillen.

Das kurze Aftersegment tragt zwei wie die Riickencirren gestaltete Aftercirren.

Fundort.—W. Q. 27. i. 02, 300 fms. ; 8. iii. 02 ; 21. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 1. v. 02.
— No. 2 hole, 28. iv. 02.

POLYCH^ETA. 13

Weitere Verbreitung. — Bouvct Ins. (Ehlers).

Siclit man von der Bilduug der mcdianen dorsalen Hocker ab, so liegt m. E.
kein Grund vor, diese Art aus der Gattung Harmothoe auszuschliessen. Uber den
taxonomischen Werth dieser Hocker wird erst zu urtheilen sein, wenn ihr Bau und
danach ihrc Bedcutuug erkannt 1st. Da solche und ahriliche Hocker an anderen
Apliroditiden vorkommen, wie bei Hemilepidia tuberculata Schm., Pvlynoe scolopendrina
(Sav.), Enipo kinbenji Mlmg., die naliere Verwandtschaft nicht besitzen, so ist ihre
Verwendung als Gattungscharacter zweifelhaft. Offenbar gehort der bei manchen
Polynoineu auftretende unpaare, ungleich gestaltete Nackenhocker in die Reihc dieser
Bildungen liinein ; seine Form wird dann fiir Artuuterscheidungen zu verwerthen sein.
Diese Bildung tritt in der Lepidonotus- wie in der Ilarmot/we-Grwppc auf.

HERMADION MAGALHAENSIS Kbg.

Synonymic : Ehlers, Polychaeten des magcll. u. cliilen. Strandes, Festschr. Ges. Gottingen (1901), p. 43.

Fundort.—W.Q., 27. i. 02, 300 fms. ; 28. ii. 02, 20 fms. --• West Point, 18. x. 02.
Mollendo Bai, 13. ii. 02, 10 fms.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kerguelen, Falkland Inseln, Magellangebiet.

ENIPO EHOMBIGERA EM.
Ehlers, Bodensiissige Anneliden d. deutsch. Tiefsee-Expedition, xvi. (1008), p. 47, pi. IV., fig. 1-12.

Diese bislang von der Bouvet Insel und aus dem Winterquartier der
deutschen Siidpolar - Expedition bekannte Art erweist sich nach den unten
verzeichneten Fundstatten der ' Discovery '-Expedition als ein im antarctischen
Kreise weit verbreitctes Thier. Der Wurm ist hier nach den beigelegten Notizen
auf Sertulariiden gefunden, und als daran parasitisch lebend bezeichnet.

Fundort.— Vf.Q., 21. i. 02, 300 fms. ; 29. i. 02 ; 7. viii. 02, 178 fms. ; 1. ii. 03.
No. 12 hole, 29. viii. 03, D. net; 8. ix. 03, D. net. -- Coulman Isl., 13. 1. 02,
100 fms. -- McMurdo Bai, 8. ii. 02, 96-120 fms. -- Glacier Hole, 2. i. 04, 180 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung.— Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers).

PHYLLODOCID^E.

EULALIA MAGALHAENSIS Kbg.

Kinberg, Annulata nova, Ofvers. k. Vet. Ak. Forh. (18G5), p. 241 ; id. Freg. Eugenies Eesa, Zool., vii.
(1910), p. 55, pi. XXIII., fig. 1.

Fundort. — Coulman Is., 13. i. 02.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Bai Biscoe (Gravier), Magellan- und Feuerlandischer
Bezirk (Ehlers), Ins. Bucket (Kinberg).

14 E. EHLERS.

ETEONE SP. Larve.

Kleine braunliche Thiere, bei 3 mm. Lange 23 Segmente mit unfertiger kurzer
praanaler Strecke, bei 4 mm. Lange mit 30 Segmenten, die praanaleu mit Rudern.
Bei beiden ein analer Wimperkranz. Segmente stark zweiringelig.* Kopflappen
mit sehr kleinen Anhiingen, die beiden ersten Segmente mit viel kleineren Rudern
als die folgenden. Diese Ruder von der Form, wie sie der Gattung Eteone zukommt.

Eine genauere Artbezeichnung scheint mir ausgeschlossen ; ich erwiilme die
Thiere als Beleg dafiir, dass solche noch pelagisch vorkommen.

Fundort.—Lai. 41° 10' S., Long. 78° 18' 30" W.

" PHYLLODOCIDEN "-Larve.

Eine Phyllodociden-Lax\e, deren nahere Bestimmung zur Zeit ausgeschlossen ist.
Fundort.—W.Q., 19. ii. 02.

PELAGOBIA LONGICIRRATA R. Greeff.

E. Greeff, Uber pelagische Anneliden . . . Zeifcschr. f. w. Zool., xxvii. (1879), p. 237.
I. Reibisch, Die pelagischen Phyllodociden und Typhloscoleciden der Plankton-Expedition. Ergebnisse
d. Plankton- Exped., Bd. ii., H. c. (1895), p. 21, pi. II., figs. 1-9.

Pelagobia longicirrata R. Gr. ist, wie die Zusammenstellung der Fundstatten
zeigt, im Sammelgebiet der ' Discovery '-Expedition sehr haufig, in ahnlicher Weise
wie in der Ausbeute der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition an Kaiser Wilhelm II Land.
Fur die sehr weite Verbreitung dieses pelagischen Wurmes ist das sehr characteristisch.
Gesammelt sind die Thiere in alien Monaten des Jahres mit Ausnahme von April und
September ; das Fehlen hier mag Sache des Zufalls sein. Aus grosseren Tiefen ist
hier die Art nicht gehoben ; die Sammlung von Kaiser Wilhelm II Land tritt hier
erganzend ein und weist eine grossere Vertikalverbreitung nach. Fiir die Fortpflanzungs-
periode ist der am 4. i. 04 in hole No. 13 auf 6 fathoms Tiefe gemachte Fang
kennzeichnend, in dem neben erwachsenen Thieren zahlreiche Junge von etwa 2 mm.
Lange gesammelt waren.

Fundorte.—W.Q,., 13. i. 02 ; 17. ii. 02 ; 19. ii. 02 ; 26. ii. 02 ; 18. v. 03 ; 26. ii. 04. -
No. 2 hole, 1. vii. 02, 4 fms. ; 1. viii. 02 ; 13. viii. 03, 10. fms. - - No. 4 hole, 14. und 25.
ii. 02 ; 16. v. 02, 5 fms. ; 25. xii. 02, 6 fms. ; 16. ii. 03, 5 fms. ; 24. ii. 03, 5 fms. ;
21. iii. 03, 6 fms. ; 23. iii. 03, 6 fms. ; 6. v. 03, 5 fms. ; 9. v. 03, 5 fms. ; 29. v. 03,
5 fms. — No. 6 hole, 26. ii. 03, 6 fms. ; 12. iii. 03, 5 fms. ; 6. v. 03, Plankton.

— No. 8 hole, 5. v. 03, 10 fms. ; 18. v. 03, 10 fms. ; 26. v. 03, 10 fms. ; 1. vi. 03, 10 fms. ;
23. vi. 03, 10 fms. ; 24. vii. 03, 10 fms. ; 21. viii. 03, 10 fms. ; 27. viii. 03, 10 fms.

— No. 9 hole, 2. x. 02, 10 fms. --No. 12 hole, 21. x. 03, 10 fms. ; 2. xi. 03, 10 fms. ;-
5. xi. 03, 10 fms. --No. 13 hole, 4. i. 04, 6 fms. — Coulman Island, 22. ii. 04. -
Lat. 54° 01' S., 170° 49' E., 27. x. 01.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers). Atlantisch und indisch,
vielleicht kosmopolitisch (Reibisch).

POLYCH^ETA. 15

MAUPASIA C/ECA Vig.

C. Viguier, Aniinaux infcrieurs de la baie d'Alger, Arch, de Zool. exper., iv. (188C), p. 382, pi. XXI.,
fig. 14-20.

Wenige in Einzelfundcn angetroffene Thierc ; ein grosstes war 5 '5 mm. lang und
hatte 19 borstentragende Segmente ; das Aftersegment feliltc. Die Bestimmung ist
nicht ganz sicher.

Fundort.—W.Q., No. 3 hole, 5 fms., 11. vi. 02. -- No. 4 hole, 5 fms., 28. v. 03 ;
29. v. 03. - - No. 8 hole, 28. vi. 03.

Weitere Verbreitung . — Mittelmeer (Viguier, Lo Bianco) ; Sargasso See (Reibisch).

HESIONHLE.
GYPTIS INCOMPTA Ehl.

Ehlcrs, Deutsche Siidpolar-Expcdition.

Bei einem weiblichen Thiere, das die Eier zum Theil abgelegt hatte und solche auf
der Korperoberflache angeklebt trug, fehlten die sonst vorhandenen dorsalen Borsten,
wohl aber war die Stiitznadel im Hocker nebcn dem Riickencirrus vorhanden.

Fundorte'.—'W.Q,., No. 8 hole, 16. vi. 03, 10 fms. ; 8. ix. 03, Grund, 200 fms. -
No. 12 hole, 8. ix. 03, D. net. — Jlut Point, 25. x. 02, D. net ; 15. xii. 02, D. net.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land.

PODARKE COMATA Ehl.
Ehlers, Deutsche Siidpolar-Expedition.
Fundort.—W.Q,., 20. ii. 02.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land.

MAG ALIA Mar. et Bobr., char. em.
Marion et Bobretzky, Annelides du Golfe de Marseille, Ann. Sc. nat. Zoolog., ii. (1875), p. 54.

•

MAGALIA INERMIS sp. n.

Von dieser Art liegen wenige, mehr oder minder gut erhaltene Stiicke vor.
Nach dem best erhaltenen, einem mit Eiern gefiillten Weibchen gebe ich die
Beschreibung, die ich nach Beobachtungen an anderen Thieren erganze, so dass sie
wohl allgemeine Giiltigkeit hat.

Der einfarbige, braunlich gelbliche Wurm ist 10 mm. lang und hat zwischen
Kopflappen und Aftersegment 38 Segmente ; er ist fast grade gestreckt, dorso-
ventral abgeplattet, mit weit vorragenden Rudern, die grosse Borstenfacher tragen
und, soweit sie vorhanden sind, mit langen Fiihlcr- und Riickencirren (PL II., fig. l).

Der Kopflappen (PL II., fig. 2) ist eine querovale Platte, die etwa urn ein
Drittel breiter als lang ist, mit gradem Vorder- und in der Mitte schwach ein-
geschnittenem Hinterrande, mit abgerundet vortretenden Seitenrandern. Auf

VOL. VI.

16 E. EHLERS.

seiner hinteren Halfte stehen vier rothbraune Augen im Trapez, die hinteren etwas
naher bei einander als die vorderen, beide dem Seitenrande naher als der
Mittellinie ; die vorderen Augen nach vorn ausgerandet, vermuthlich fiir die
Aufnahme einer - - im Leben vorhandenen - - Linse, die hinteren mit aufwarts
gerichteter Pupille. An den Ecken des Vorderrandes steht jederseits ein spindel-
formiger einfacher Fiihler, etwa so lang als die halbe Lange des Kopfiappens ;
darunter jederseits ein langerer, iiber ihn hinausreichender Unterfiihler der aus
zwei Gliedern besteht, von denen das lang eiformige Endglied etwas kiirzer als das
vorangehende basale 1st. Das basale walzenformige Glied ist haufig vor seiner
halben Lange mit einer ring- oder spangenformiger Furche schwachwinklig eingeknickt
und erscheint dann zweigliederig, ohne dass eine gliedmiissige Abgliederung besteht.

Die drei auf den Kopflappen folgenden Segmente sind vollig von einander
durch Segmentfurchen getrennt, das erste etwas langer als die beiden folgeuden,
diese etwa sechsmal breiter als lang ; alle Segmente tragen auf kurzen Wurzel-
gliedern sitzende, leicht abfallende und daher oft fehlende Fiihlercirreu, schwach
gegliederte, drehrunde Faden, die wohl immer langer als die Segmentbreite sind ;
nach den Wurzelgliedern tragt das erste Segment jederseits drei, das zweite
jederseits zwei, und das dritte jederseits einen Fiihlercirrus, so dass diese auf den
Kopflappen folgende Strecke im Ganzen 12 Fiihlercirren triigt. Borsten oder
Stiitznadeln habe ich nicht neben ihnen gesehen (PL II., fig. 2).

Die folgenden Rudertragenden Segmente nehmen von hinten nach voru an
Lange zu : wahrend die vorderen etwa viermal so breit als lang sind, sind die
grossten in der Korpermitte doppelt so breit als lang. Mit dieser Andcrung der
Dimension geht eine schiirfere segmentale Sonderung und grcissere Streckung der
Ruder Hand in Hand.

Das einzelne Ruder ist einastig, ein von vorn nach hinten abgeplatteter kegel-
formiger Fortsatz, der mit zwei ungleich langen Lippen, einer grosseren oberen, und
eiuer unteren kleineren auslauft ; die acht ersten, von vorn nach hinten an Lange
zunehmenden Ruder sind nicht so lang als der Korper hier breit ; diese Korper-
strecke enthalt im Innern den dickwandigen Magen ; weiterhin werden die Ruder
langer und ubertreffen die Segmentbreite, bis in der Endstrecke des Korpers diese
und die Ruderlange gleichmassig abuehmen. Mit der starkeren an diesen Rudern
auftretendeu Abplattung verbindet sich eine spiudelformige Gestalt der Endstrecke
(PI. II., fig. 4). Zwischen den Lippen tritt ein grosser Facher langer glasheller
zusammengesezter Borsteu aus ; diese tragen auf dem heterogomphen schraffirten
Schaftende ein messerfb'rmiges, auf der Schneide sehr fein gezahneltes, mit kleinem
Endhaken auslaufendes Glied, dessen Lange in demselben Btindel von 0'OG3 mm.-
0'21 mm. schwankt (PI. II., fig. 5). Zu dem Biindel gehb'rt eine einfache grade
Stiitznadel, deren Spitze in der grosseren Endlippe liegt. Auf der basalen Strecke
der oberen Ruderkante steht auf kurzem Wurzelglied ein langer, drehrunder schwach
und lang gegliederter Riickencirrus, der mit seiner Lange die Breite des Korpers

POLYCH^ETA. 17

iibertreffen kann. An der ventralen Kante entspriugt ctwa auf gleicher Hohe ein
ungegliederter griffclformigcr Bauchcirrus, der bis an die Ruderspitze reicht.

Am ruderlosen Aftcrsegment fehlten die, wohl abgefallenen, Aftercirren.

Uber den Kopflappen hinausragte ein kurzer dicker ausgestreckter Riissel,
dcssen Eingang von 12 weit von einandcr getrennten, stumpf kegelformigen
Papillen umgeben war (PI. II., fig. l). Auf der dorsalen Flache des ausgestiilpten
Riissels habe ich einmal in der Medianlinie nahe vor dem Vorderrande der
Kopfinppen einen spitz kegelformigen Hocker " Facialtuberkel " gesehen. Kiefer
fehlten. Im aufgehellten Thier nalim der dickwandige Magen den Raum der acht
vordcrcn Segmente ein. Am Ubcrgang zu dem folgendcn graden segmcntweise
eingeschniirtcn Darm king ein Paar kurzer schlauchformiger Driisen (PL II., fig. 3).

Fimdort.—W.Q., 2. x. 03. No. 2 hole, 10 fms.

Dass ich diese Art in die Gattuug Magalia (Mar. et Bobr.) einreihc, kann
beanstandet werden, da den Thieren die Kiefer fehlen, deren Besitz in die
Characterisirung der Gattung aufgenommen war. Allein die Bilduug und Ausriistung
des Kopflappens, die Zahl der Flihlercirren an den drei ersten nicht verschmolzenen
Segmenten, die Form des Ruders, seiner Borsten und Cirren entsprechen ganz den
bei der typischen Magalia perarmata Mar. et Bobr. vorhandenen Vernal tnissen. So
mag das Fehlen der Kiefer fur die Artbegrenzung Bedeutung haben, und ebenso die
Auwesenheit des von mir als " Facialtuberkels " bezeichneten kegelformigen dorsalen
Hockers auf der oralen Strecke des Riissels, wie er von der Gattung Leocrates Kbg.
und Leocra tides Ehl. bekannt ist. Dieser Hocker entspricht aber auch dem ahnlichen
Gebilde, das KINBERG * auf der basalen Strecke des Riissels der Hesione eugeniae Kbg.
abgebildet hat. Die von MARION und BOBRETSKY gegebene Diagnose der Gattung
Magalia ist dann mit Fortlassung der auf den Kieferapparat beziiglichen Worte
abzuandern.

ALCIOPID.E.

ALCIOPE CARI Her.

Hering, Zur Kenntnis der Alciopiden von Messina, Sitzungsber. k. Akad. d. W. Wien, Mathem.-natunv. Cl.,
Bd. ci., Abth. 1 (1892), p. 753, pi. VI., fig. 1-3.

Fundort.— Lat. 66° 53' S., 178° 15' E., 3. i. 02.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Atlantisch, Mediterran.

SYLLID^E.
TRYPANOSYLLIS GIGANTEA Mclnt.

Syllis gigantea, Mclntosh, Report, 'Challenger,' Zool., vol. xii., p. 193.

Trypanosyllis (ji/jantea, Ehlers, Hamb. magalh. Sammelreise (1897), Polychaeten, p. 35.

Von dieser im antarctischen und notialen Gebiet weit verbreiteten Art sind im
Februar und Marz Thiere mit Schwimmborsten gesammelt.

* Kinberg, Freg. Eugenies Eesa, Zool., vii. (1910), pi. XXIII., fig. SB.

E 2

18 E. EHLERS.

Fundort.— W. Q., No. 5 hole, 12. iii. 03, 10 fms. — No. 8 hole, 23. iii. 03, 10 fms. -
No. 10 hole, 18. vi. 03, 130 fms.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land. Siid-Feuerland, Siid-Georgien,
Magelhans Strasse, Kerguelen (Ehlers).

SYLLIS BRACHYOOLA Ehl.
Syllis brachycola, Ehlers, Hamb. magalh. Sammelreise, Polychaeten (1897), p. 88.

Die Art ist von der Magellan Strasse und Siid-Georgien im antarctischen Gebiet
weit verbreitet ; ausser von dem hier gegebenen Fundort auch von der Insel Booth
Wandel (Gravier), von Neu Amsterdam, St. Paul und Kerguelen bekannt.

Fundort.—W. Q., 19. iii. 02, 10 fms.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Ins. Booth Wandel (Gravier), Magelhaus Strasse, Siid-
Georgien (Ehlers), Neu Amsterdam, St. Paul, Kerguelen (Ehlers).

PIONOSYLLIS COMOSA Gravier.
Gravier, Annelides polychetes, Expedit. antarct. francaise (1907), p. 15.

Die von Gravier aus Port Charcot beschriebene Art findet sich an den angegebenen
Fundorten ; in der Sammlung der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition habe ich sie nicht
gesehen.

Fundort.— W. Q., 20. ii. 02, 10 fms. ; 23. vi. 02.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Port Charcot (Gravier).

PlONOSYLLIS STYL1FERA Ehl.
Ehlers, Deutsche Siidpolar-Expedition.

Fundort.—W. Q., 20. ii. 02 ; 22. iii. 02, 10 fms. -- McMurdo Bay, 28. ii. 02, 20 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land.

*

EUSYLLIS KERGUELENSIS Mclnt.

Mclntosh, Report, ' Challenger,' Zool., vol. xii. (1885), p. 191.

E. Ehlers, Hamb. magalh. Sammelreise, Polychaeten (1897), p. 42.

Gravier, Anuelides polychetes, Exped. antarct. fran?aise (1907), p. 17.

Fundorte.—W. Q.,No. 10 hole, 3. vi. 03, 130 fms. -- Cape Adare, 9. i. 02, 20 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Bai Biscoe (Gravier), Feuerland, Kaiser Wilhelm II Land
(Ehlers), Kerguelen (Mclntosh).

SYLLIDES ARTICULOSUS Ehl.

Ehlers, Hamb. inagalh. Sammelreise, Polychaeten (1897), p. 42.

Die Bestimmung der Art ist bei dem nicht guten Erhaltungzustande des vor-
liegenden Stiickes nicht ganz sicher.

Fundort.—W. Q., 19. iii. 02.
Weitere Verbreitung.— Magellan Str., Feuerland, Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers).

POLYCH^TA. 19

SYLLIDES sp. ?

Drci vordere Kb'rperstrecken eincr epitoken Syllidee gehoren zu einer Art der
Gattung Syllides. Die Artbezeichnung bleibt unsicher, da fast alle Fiihler und Cirren
den Thieren fehlen. Nur an einem Thier fand sich ein Fiihlercirrus, der undeutlicb
gegliedert und so lang war, dass er iiber den Kopflappen hinausragte. Das spricht gegen
die Art Syllides articulosus, wenn man nicht eine Varietiitenbildung annehmen will.
Die Form des Kopflappens und seine vier grossen Augen sind wie bei Syllides
articulosus besckaffen, des gleicken die kurze briiunliche Riisselrohre. Allein diese
weist im ausgestreckten Zustande einen starken Zahn an einem derl)en Ringe und
dahinter niedrige Papillen auf ; beides fehlt dem Syllides articulosus Ehl.

Die dorsalen langen Biindel feiner Schwimmborsten treten zuerst am 15ten Ruder
auf, bei Syllides articulosus am 12ten.

Fundort.—Vf.Q., No. 8 hole, 13. viii. 03, 10 fms.

AUTOLYTUS MACLEARANUS Mclnt.
Mclntosh, Report, ' Challenger,' Zool., vol. xii. (1885), p. 207.

Die von mir als Autolytus madearanus bezeichnete Art habe ich bei reicherem
Material ausfiihrlich in der Bearbeitung der Sammlung von der Deutschen Siidpolar-
Expedition behandelt. Hier ist das Vorkommen eines mannlichen epitoken Thieres
zu erwahnen, das am 19. Marz 02 gesammelt ist.

Fundorte.—W.Q., 19. ii. 02 ; 19. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 22. iii. 02, 10 fms. — No. 12
hole, 25-30. ix. 30. -- Mollendo Bay, near W.Q., 8. ii. 02, 96-120 fms.

Weitere Verbreitumj. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers), Kerguelen (Mclntosh).

AUTOLYTUS LONGSTAFFI, sp. u.*

Als Polybostrichus- und Sacconereisform der gleichen Autolytus-Art fasse ich
Wiirmer auf, die neben einander gefangen waren, die mannlichen Thiere zahlreicher
als das nur in einem Stiicke vorliegende Weibchen.

Polybostrichus (PI. II., fig. G).

Die Thiere waren ungleich gross, ein kleines hatte 6 • 5 mm. Lange, 34 Segmente,
ein grbsseres bei 12 mm. Lange 60 borstentragende Segmente, beide 7 vordere
Segmente ohne Schwimmborsten. Gleichformig warder Habitus der farblosen Wiirmer
durch die grossen dunklen Augen des Kopflappens, die sehr langen Fiihler am Kopf
und die Cirren des zweiten Segmentes, so wie durch die sehr grosseu Riickencirren
der vorderen Segmente und die weit abstehenden Ruder der hinteren Kb'rperstrecke
bestimmt.

Der querovale Kopfiappen (PI. II., fig. 6) tragt am Seitenrande jederseits ein
grosses kugeliges, aus zweien verschmolzenes Auge. Sein medianer, mit grossem

* Zur Erinnerung an den verdienten Forderer der 'Discovery '-Expedition.

'20 E. EHLERS.

Wurzclglied entspringender Scheitelfiihler ist sehr lang und errcicht nach hinten gelegt
die halbe Korperliinge. Die paarigen gegabelten Stirnfiihler stehen von einander
getrennt am Vorderrande des Kopflappen ; ihr Stammtheil und dcr dickere mcclianwarts
gekriimmte Zinken erscheint durch grosse in Eingen stchende HautdriLsen wie
eng geringelt, der aussere Zinken ist fadenformig, glatt und langere als der innere ;
an der Wurzel des medialen Umfang des Stammtheiles steht ein kurzcr kegelformigcr
Hocker. Nahe hinter dem Vorderrande des Kopflappen steht auf seiner clorsalen Flliche,
nahe dem medialen Augenrande, ein kurzer, schwach keulenformiger Zapfen.

Das erste buccale Segment ist vom Kopflappen nicht gesondert ; es triigt jederseits
zwei diinne fadenformige Fiihlercirren, von deneu der dorsale doppelt so lang als dcr
ventrale ist und iiber den Kopflappen weit hinausragt (PL II., fig. G).

Die folgenden sechs Segmente sind von denen der hintcren, Schwimmborsten
tragenden Strecke durch die geringe Ausbildung des Borstenhockers und grosse
Entwickluug der Riickeucirren unterschieden, etwa doppelt so breit als lang, wenig
von einander gesondert. Das erste von ihnen tragtauf einem fast blasig aufgetriebenen
Wurzelgliede einen sehr langen dorsalen Fiihlercirrus, der so lang als der unpaare
Fiihler ist ; unter ihm steht ein einfach fadenformiger Bauchcirrus, der an Lange dem
ventralen Fiihlercirrus des buccalen Segmeutes gleichkommt ; Borsten habe ich an diesem
Segment nicht erkennen konnen. An den nachsten Segmenten ist der schwach kegel-
fb'rmige Borstenhocker wenig liinger als die halbe Segmentbreite ; er tragt ein kleines
Biindel von Borsten, die auf dem schwach erweiterten Schaftende ein sehr kleines
0*005 mm. langes zweizahniges Endglied tragen. Daneben stehen Borsten, denen
das Endglied fehlt und bei denen die eine Ecke des schrag abgestutzten Schaftendes in
ein feines Haar auslauft (PL II., fig. 10).

Am dorsalen Umfange der Basis dieser Hocker entspringt ein Riickencirrus, der
die Segmentbreite an Lange etwas iibertrifft, seine grossere walzenformige basale
Halfte erscheint — nach Aufhellung in Glycerin — grobkornig, wohl durch Hautdriisen, und
liiuft mit einem diinneren glatten Endfaden aus (PL II., fig. 8). Bauchcirren habe ich
an diesen Rudern nicht gesehen.

An alien Segmenten der folgenden Korperstrecke ist die grosse Entwicklung der
Parapodien auffallig ; diese sind fast doppelt so lang als die Segmente breit, stehen weit
von einander entfernt und ragen sperrig seitlich hinaus. Sie entspringen hoch an der
Riickenflache der Segmente, sind fast dreimal so lang als breit, am bisweilen etwas
verdickten Ende kurz zweilippig. Die langen Schwimmborsten treten aus dem dorsalen
Umfange der Endstrecke aus, an einigen Rudern stehen zwischen den Lippen die
zusammengesetzten Borsten der vorderen Segmente. Nahe vor dem Ende steht auf dem
dorsalen Umfange ein einfacher fadenformiger Riickencirrus, der nicht so lang als das
Ruder ist (PL II, fig. 9). Bauchcirren fehlen. Diese Ruderbildung ist an der ganzen
hinteren Korperstrecke vorhanden.

Bei einem Thiere war das ruderlose Aualsegment erhalten, das zwei lange,
schwach blattartige Aftercirren trug (PL II., fig. 7).

1'OLYCH^TA. 21

Sacconereis (PI. II., fig. 11).

Das von Eiern fast in dcr ganzen Korperlange gefiillte Thier war etwas iiber
5 mm. lang und hatte 30 Segmentc, vom 6ten Ruder ab waren lange Biindel von
Schwimmborsten bis zu den letzten Rudern vorhanden.

Der querovale Kopflappen ist in der Mitte des sonst graden Vorderrandes schwach
eingeschnitten ; er tragt drei schlanke fast gleich lange Fiihler, von denen der mittlere
auf dem Scheitel nahe vor dem Hinterrande, die beiden seitlichen unter den ge-
rundeten Ecken des Vorderrandes stehen. Auf der hinteren Hiilfte liegt jederseits ein
Paar rothbrauner grosser linsentragender Augen, mit je einem oberen kleineren und
einem unteren grosseren Auge, die Linsen der oberen aufwtirts, die der unteren auf- und
seitwarts gerichtet (PL II., fig. 11).

Alle folgenden Segmenten haben borstentragende Parapodien und sind von
Eieru erfiillt, in der mittleren Korperstrecke dadurch aufgetrieben, wenig von einander
gesondert, die vorderen und hinteren Segmente halb so lang als die mittleren, alle
mehr oder minder doppelt so breit als lang. Das erste Segment ist auf der
Riickenflaclie gegen den Kopflappen hin zu einer niederen Firste erhoben. Es triigt
neben dem Borstenhb'cker, der wie an den folgenden Segmenten gestaltet ist, einen
fadenfbrmigen ungegliederten Riicken- und Bauchcirrus. Die Parapodien aller Seg-
mente sind einfache Ilocker, in den vorderen Segmenten kiirzer als weiterhin, wo sie
gestreckter werden, ohne an Lange die halbe Kb'rperbreite zu erreichen. Aus alien tritt
an der Spitze em Biindel kurzer zusammengesetzter Borsten aus, auf deren erweitertem
Schaftende ein kurzes doppelzahniges Endglied steht, das mit einer Lange von
0'012 mm. grosser ist als das entsprechende Endglied beim mannlichen Thiere.
(PI. II., fig. 12.) Neben dieseu zusamengesetzten Borsten finden sich die gleichen
auhanglosen Schafte, wie beim Polybostrichus, deren Ecke mit feinem Faden auslauft.
Die vom 6ten Ruder ab auftretenden langen Biindel von feinen capillareu Borsten
treten aus einem Hocker am dorsalen Umfange der Ruderbasis aus.

Uber der Basis des Borstenhockers steht ein ungegliederter Riickencirrus, der an
den vorderen Rudern nicht so lang als die Segmentbreite ist, an den hinteren Rudern
diese Breite an Lange iibertrifft. Bauchcirren habe ich nicht gesehen.

Fundort.—W. Q., 18. ix. 03, 10 fms.

LYCORID^E.

NEREIS VALLATA Gr.
Synonymic : Ehlers, Die Polycbaeten d. magell. u. chilen. Strandes, Festschr. Ges. Gottingen (1901), p. 110.

Fundorte. — Shoe Island, 23. iii. 04. — Will Pt, Laurie Harbour, Auckland Isl.,
25. iii. 04.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Indo-pacifisch, Atlantisch.

E. EHLERS.

EUNICIDJE.
MARPHYSA AENEA Blanch.

Blanchard in Gay, Histor. fis. y pol. de Chile, Zool., iii., Paris (1849), p. 19.

Synonymic : Ehlers, Neuseeliind. Anneliden, ii., Abhandl. k. Gcs. d. W. Gottingen, v., 4 (1907), p. 12.

Fundort. — Will Pt., Laurie Harbour, Auckland Isl., 25. iii. 04.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Indo-pacifisch.

GLYCERID.E.
GLYCERA CAPITATA Ord.

Synonymic : Ehlers, Hamb. magalli. Sammelreise (1897), Polyclmeten, p. 80.

Vergl. dazu J. Arwidsson, Studien iiber die Familien Glyceridae und Goniadidae, Bergena Museum
Aarbog, xi. (1898), p. 13.

Diese weit verbreitete Art erweist sich durch die hier verzeichneten Funde und
andere in der Ausbeute der Deutschen Siidpolar-Expedition aucli als Bewohner des
antarctischen Kreises, und verschiebt damit die Grenzen ihrer Verbreitung auf der
siidlichen Halbkugel iiber das Magellangebiet und die Kerguelen weiter siidwarts.

Fundorte.—W. Q., No. 12 hole, 4. ix. 03, D. net, — Coulman Isl., 13. i. 02, 100 fms.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Deutsche Siidpolar-Exped.) ;
Vielleicht bipolar.

•

SPIONID.E.

NERINOPSIS HYSTRICOSA sp. n.

Unter diesem Namen fiihre ich hier nur kurz eine im Plankton auf der Winter-
station der englischen und deutschen Siidpelar-Expedition haufig gefundene, offenbar
bisweilen schwarmweise auftretende Chsetosphsera an, und verweise fur die ausfiihrliche
Darstellung auf meine Bearbeitung der Ausbeute der " Gauss "-Expedition. Der Besitz
von Wimperkranzen und Binden an der vorderen Korperstrecke und am Analende
spricht dafiir, dass die Thiere pelagisch schwimmende Larven sind. Ihr Habitus und
der Besitz von grossen meist spiralig gedrehten Fiihlercirren verweist dann auf
Spioniden ; der mit einfacher Spitze auslaufende, vier Augen tragende Kopflappen auf
die Verwandtschaft zur Gattung Nerine. Allein es feblen auch bei den grossten 3 mm.
langen Thieren, die aus der Chsetosphsera in die gestreckte Form iibergegangen sind,
die fiir die Spioniden characteristischen gedeckten Hakenborsten. Die sehr grossen
dorsalen und ventralen Facher starker gerippter Borsten geben den Thieren ein
auffallendes Geprage. Ich habe aus dem Bereich, in dem die Thiere gefunden sind,
keine Spionide gefunden, auf welche dicse Larven bezogen werden konnten ; auch das
liisst ihre Beziehung zu dieser Familie unsicher erscheinen.

POLYCH^ETA. 23

Nicht ausgeschlossen ist, dass die Thiere stets pelagisch leben, dann miissten sie
geschlechtsreif nachgewiesen werden.

Zu beachten ist, dass die Tliiere in den Monaten Januar bis April nicht gefunden
sind ; dass sie auch in den Sammlimgen vorn October fehlen, mag auf Zufall beruhen, da
iiberhaupt in diesem Monat nur wenig Anneliden gesammelt sind. Danach ware es
moglich, dass die Thiere in den Friihjahrsmonaten nicht pelagisch, sondern boden-
sassig waren und hier geschlechtsreif wiirden.-

Fundorte.— W. Q., 13. vii. 03, 10 fma. -- No. 2 hole, 1. vii. 02, 4 fins. ; 1. viii. 02,
D. net. -- No. 3 hole, 11. vi. 02, 5 fms. — No. 4 hole, 9. v. 03; 29. v. 03, 5 fins.;
18. ix. 03, 5 fms. -- No. 8 hole, 28. vi. 03 ; 24. vii. 03, 10 fms. ; 13. viii. 03, 10 fms. -
No. 12 hole, 5. xi. 03, 6 fms. — No. 13 hole, 15. xii. 03, 8 fms.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser AVilhelm II Land (Deutsche Stidpolar-Exped.).

" POLYTROCHE SPIONIDEN LABVE."

Eine kleine Anzahl von 1 • 5-2 mm. langen, aus 20-23 borstentragenden
Segmenten bestehenden Larven, ungleich weit " vorgeschrittener Entwicklung sind
nach den nur zum Theil erhaltenen Schwimmborsten, den Kopfanhangen, den dorsalen
Anhangen der vorderen Segmente und dem verdickten Analsegment als Spioniden-
Larven gekennzeichnet ; in diesem sind stabchenfb'rmige Driisensekrete eingelagert,
wie sie von Spiophanes-Larven beschrieben sind. Der mangelhafte Erhaltungzustand
der Thiere lasst keine genauere Angaben zu.

Fundorte.— W. Q., 19. ii. 02. —No. 4 hole, 16. ii. 03, 5 fms. ; 18. iv. 03, 10 fms. -
Lat. 54° 01' 8., 170° 49' E., 27. xii. 01.

•

ARICIID^E.

ARICIA MARGINATA Ehl.
Ehlers, Hamburg, magalh. Sammelreise Polychaeten (1897), p. 95, pi. VI., fig. 150-156.

Die bis lang von den Kerguelen und von Siid-Georgien bekannte Art ist nach dem
hier verzeichneten Funde und der Sammlung der " Gauss "-Expedition weit antarctisch
verbreitet.

Fimdort.—W.Q., 13. ii. 02. -- No. 12 hole, 4. ix. 03, 257 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Deutsche Siidpolar-Exped.),
Kerguelen, Siid-Georgien (Ehlers).

OPHELIID.E.

TRAVISIA KERGUELENSIS Mclnt.

Mclntosh, Report, ' Challenger,' Zool., vol. xii. (1885), p. 357.

Die von Feuerland und den Kergueleu bekannte Art erweist sich nun auch als
Bewohner des antarctischen Kreises.

VOL. VI. F

24 E. EHLERS.

Fundort. — Cap Adare, 12. ii. 04, Laminarian root, 17-20 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Feuerland, Siid-Chile (Ehlers), Kerguelen (Mclntosh,
Ehlers).

AMMOTRYPANE GYMNOPYGE Ehl.
Ehlers, Bodeusiissige Annelid., Wiss. Ergebnisse deutsch. Tiefsee-Exped., xvi. (1908), p. 118.

Fundort.— W.Q., 5. vi. 02.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers), Kergueleu (Ehlers).

TYPHLOSCOLECID.E.
SAGITTELLA LOBIFERA sp. n.

Der einfarbig gelblich weisse, im Leben vermutlich glashelle 20 mm. lange Wurm
1st grade gestreckt, fast drehrund und fast gleichmassig 2 mm. dick, in der vordereu
und hinteren Korperstrecke wenig verschmalert ; er hatte 20 borstentragende Segmente,
die, mit Ausnahme der vorderen verklirzten, so lang oder etwas langer als breit waren
(PI. III., fig. 1). Da die Cirren fast alle abgefallen — im Glase aber danebeu vorhanden
waren — so traten an ihren Flanken die Borstenhocker deutlich hervor.

Der mit einer kurzen fadenformigen, nicht besonders abgesetzten Palpode aus-
laufende Kopflappen ist kegelfb'rmig, etwas langer als an der Basis breit. An dieser,
in die wahrscheinlich ein Segment aufgenommen ist, steht jederseits ein Paar von
blattformigen Cirren, die wie die weiterhin folgenden gestaltet sind ; Borsten habe ich
hier nicht gesehen.

Auf der Riickenflache erhebt, sich jederseits auf der Grenze zum ersten borsten-
tragenden Segment ein " Nackenorgau," das von fiinf, von gemeinsamer Basis aus-
gehenden kurzen schlauchartig erscheinenden Lappen gebildet wird (PI. III., fig. 2).

Auf der Bauchfliiche des ersten borstentragenden Segmentes steht die weite langs-
ovale Mundoffnung mit schwach gekerbten Rande.

Die borstentragenden Segmente sind gleiehformig ; an ihren Seitenumfange steht
jederseits ein fiir die Gattung ziemlich weit vorsprin gender stumpf kegelformiger
Hb'cker, aus ihm treten die beiden langen nadelformigen, gegen die Spitze schwach
gekriimmten Borsten heraus und zwischen ihnen wenig vorragend die Stiitznadel, die
mit einer fainen abgesetzten Endspitze auslauft (PI. III., fig. 3).

Uber und unter dem Borstenhocker steht auf kurzem Gruudgliede ein blatt-
formiger Cirrus, der die Lange des Segmentes erreicht, aber Riicken- und Bauchflache
nicht deckt. Die abgefallenen Cirren sind spitz herzformig mit tief eingeschnittener
Basis (PI. III., fig. 4).

Am Ende des Korpers stand ein ruder- und anhangloses Segment, das ich als
Analsegment anspreche, dessen Aftercirren abgefallen sind.

Fundort.— 3. i. 02. 66° 52' S., 178° 15' 0. Pelagisch.

POLYCH.ETA. 25

Durch den Besitz der als Nackenorgane bezeichneten Anhange stellt sich diese Art
neben Sagittella cornuta Ehl., von der sie durch die viellappige Bildung dieser Anhange
ubweiclit. Beide Arten bilden wohl eine besondere Gruppe.

SAGITTELLA CORNUTA Ehl.

Ehlers, Deutsche Siidpolar- Expedition.

Zu dieser Art, die durch den Besitz grosser einfacher schlauchformiger Naeken-
organe gekennzeichnet ist, ziehe ich zwei Warmer, deren schlechter Erhaltungzustand
die Bezeichnung nicht ganz sicher feststellen liess. Eine ausfiihrliche Beschreibung der
Art gebe ich in der Bearbeitung der Anneliden-Sammlung der Deutschen Siidpolar-
Expedition, in der zahlreiehe Stiicke vorhanden waren.

Fundort.— W.Q., No. 4 hole, 29. v. 03, 5 fms. — Lat. 49° 40' S., Long.
72° 18' 15" W.

TELETHUS.E.
ARENICOLA ASSIMILIS Ehl., var. AFFINIS Ashworth.

Ehlers, Hamb. magalh. Sammelreise (1897), Polychaeten, p. 103.

Ashworth, The Anatomy of Arenicola assimilis Ehl., Quart. Journ. Microsc. Sc., xlvi. (1903), p. 737.

Der Wurm hat 12 Paar von Kiemen, die erste am 8ten borstentragenden Segment ;
eine grosse Otokrypte mit kleinen Fremdkorpern.

Fundort. — Auckland Isl., Will Pt, Laurie Harbour, 28. iii. 04.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Im notialen Gebiet von der Magellanstrasse bis zum
neuseelandischen Bereich (Ehlers, Benham).

CHLCHLEMID.E.
FLABELLIGERA MUNDATA Grav.

Gravier, Annelides polychetes, Expedit. antarct. francaise (1907), p. 37, pi. IV., fig. 31-32.
Ehlers, Deutsche Siidpolar-Expedition.

Diese grosse durch ihre dicke und derbe durchscheinende Hulle ausgezeichnete
Art ist vielleicht ausschliesslich antarctisch, in diesem Bereich aber weit verbreitet, da
sie in den Sammlungen der franzosischen, englischen und deutschen Siidpolar-
Expeditionen vertreten ist. Da mir aus der letztgenannten ein reicheres Material
vorliegt, gebe ich in dessen Bearbeitung eine ausfiihrlichere Darstellung.

Fundort. — W. Q., 21. iii. 02, 10 fms. — Coulman Isl., 13. i. 02.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Port Charcot (Gravier), Deutsche Siidpolar Winter Station
(Ehlers).

P 2

26 E. EHLERS.

TROPHONIA KERGUELARUM Gr.

Grube, Annelidenausbeute . . . S. M. S. 'Gaaelle.' Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1877, p. 539.
Fundort.—W. Q., 27. i. 02, 300 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Magellangebiet, Siid-Georgien, Kerguelen (Ehlers).

SCALIBREGMID^.
ONCOSCOLEX DICRANOCH^TUS Schm.

Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, I., ii. (1861), p. 55.

Ehlers, Neuseeland. Annelid., Abhandl. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen, N. F., Bd. III., No. 1 (1904), p. 51.—

" Deutsche Sttdpolar-Expedition."
Synonomie : Eumenia oculata Ehlers, Polychaet. magellan. u. chilen. Strandes, Berlin (1891), p. 181.

Zwei vorliegende Stiicke weichen in einigen Punkten von cler Beschreibung ab, die
ich von chilenischen Exemplaren dieser Art gegeben babe. Das eine ist 34 mm. lang
und hat 46 borstentragende Segmente, ist also fast doppelt so lang als das friiher
gesehene und hat 9 Segmente weniger ; das andere maeerirte und braunlich gefarbte,
dessen Hiuterende verletzt ist, hat bei 10 mm. Lange 32 borstentragende Segmente.

Zwischen dem durch die Augenflecken characteristischen Kopflappen und dem
ersten borstentragenden Segment tritt auf der Riickenflache ein Ringel hervor, der
an seinem Seitenumfange je eine hockerartige Bildung zeigt ; dieser Eingel entspricht
wohl dem auf meiner Figur 15 hinter dem Kopflappen angegebenen Ringe, der bei
starkerem Vortreten des Kopflappens weiter zu Tage tritt ; ob zum Kopflappen gehorig
kann ich nicht entscheiden ; eben so wenig, ob seine Anhange etwa Nuchalorgane sind.

Die Ringelung und Reticulirung des Korpers weicht darin von meiner Beschreibung
ab, dass ich einen Unterschied zwischen dreiringeligen vorderen und zweiringeligen
hinteren Segmenten hier nicht finde.

Habituell characteristich ist, dass die Borstenbandel aus deutlich vortretenden
Parapodialhockern zwischen einer vorderen und hinteren stumpfen Lippe heraustreten.
Dieser Unterschied gegeniiber dem friiher beschriebenen Wurme geht wohl auf
verschiedene Contractionszustande des Korpers zuriick ; die Warzen, die ich friiher
neben der Austrittstelle der Borsten beschrieben habe, stehen dann mit diesen Lippen
in Zusammenhang.

Fundort. — W. Q., No. 4 hole, 14. xii. 02, 6 fms. — W. Q., No. 12 hole, 4. ix. 03,
25 fms.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Port Jackson (Schmarda), Neu Seeland (Schmarda-Ehlers),
Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, Siid-Chile (Ehlers).

MALDANID.E.

MALDANELLA NEO-ZEALANDICA Mclnt.
Mclutosh, Keport, ' Challenger,' Zool., vol. xii. (1885), p. 398, pi. XLYIL, fig. 4, pi. XXVA, fig. 13.

Ein bis auf eine Verletzung in der vorderen Kb'rperstrecke ganz erhaltenes Stiick

POLYCH^TA. 27

stimmt bis auf weiiig Puukte so mit der Beschreibung iiberein, die Prof. MC!NTOSH
von der oben genannten Art gegeben hat, dass ich den Namen dafiir verwende.

Es hat 55 mm. Lange, ist etwa 2 mm. gleichmassig breit, und besitzt 20 borsten-
tragende und 2 praanale borstenlose Segmente.

Die Abweichung besteht darin, dass der mediane Kiel des Kopflappen sich liber
eiuen grosseren Theil, etwa drei Viertel, der Oberflache erstreckt als es nach MclNTOSH
Angabe der Fall ist. Querfurchen sind vorhanden, aber undeutlich. Am ersten
Segment steht unter dem dorsalen.Biiudel der Capillarborsten eine kurze Reihe von
Haken, wie an den folgenden Segmenten ; diese Haken sollen der Maldanella neo-
zeulandica Mclnt. wie den beiden anderen Arten der Gattung (M. antarctica und
valparaisienxis) fehlen.

Die vorderen Segmente haben einen wulstig verdickten Vorderrand, sind kiirzer
als die folgenden, von denen das 5te-10te sich sehr bedeutend verlangert, wahrend die
folgenden rasch an Liinge abnehmen. Zwei praanale borstenlose Segmeute sind kurze
Ringe. Das Analsegment hat eine grosse trichterformige Endlamelle, deren Rand mit
22 kurzen Papillen besetzt ist, die ungleich lang sind und, wenn auch nicht ganz
regelmassig, alternieren. Der After steht terminal auf einem kurzen Kegel, der von
der Aftcroffnung aus radial langsgefurcht ist.

Fundort. — Auckland Island, Will Pt., Laurie Harbour, 25. iii. 04.
Welter e Verbreitung. — Neu Seeland (Mclntosh).

ARWIDSSON* ist geneigt die von MC!NTOSH aufgestellte Gattung Maldanella fest-
zuhalten, und nimmt unter deren Charactere das Fehlen der Haken am ersten borsten-
tragenden Segment auf. Das trifft bei dem mir vorliegenden Thiere nicht zu.

AMPHARETID^}.

SABELLIDES ELONGATUS Ehlers.
Elilers, Deutsche Sudpolar-Expedition.

Diese in der Sammlung der Deutschen Sudpolar-Expedition von der Winter Station
sehr zahlreich vertretene Art ist im Winter Quartier der ' Discovery ' nicht, und

•

nur einmal an dem angegebenen Orte in der Tiefe gefunden.
Fundort. — Mount Terror, 22. i. 02, 500 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung, — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers).

TEREBELLID.E.

NlCOLEA BILOBATA Gr.

Terebella (Pltyzelia~) lilolata, Grube, Monatsber. Akad. Berlin, 1877, p. 548.

Diese Art ist im Sammelbereich der ' Discovery ' baufig gefunden, haufiger als in
der Winter Station der ' Gauss ' Expedition. In dem von GRAVIER gegebenen Ver-

* Arwidsson, Studien iiber die skandinavischen und arktischen Maldaniden, Upsala, 1906, p. 127.

E. EHLERS.

zeichnis der Anneliden von Port Charcot fehlt sie. Die Thiere staken zum Theil in
dickwandigen, meist graden Schlammrohren, deren Wande mit Sandkornern und oft
auch mit Spongiennadeln durchsetzt waren. Damit stimmt die Angabe, dass bei Hut
Point die Wiirmer aus Spongien genommen sind. Junge Thiere waren im Februar
gesammelt ; bei solchen waren die zweiten Kiemen von einfachen kurzen Faden
gebildet.

Fundorte.—W.Q., 20. ii. 02; 28. ii. 02, 107 fms. ; 19. iii. 02, 10 fms. ; 13. ii. 04.
-No. 5 hole, 14. i. 03. — No. 6 hole, 4. iii. 03, 30 fms. — No. 10 hole, 13. vi. 03,
130 fms. —No. 10 hole, 18. ix. 03, D. net, — Hut Point, 18. x. 02 ; 13. ii. 04, D. net. -
Mollendo B., 28. ii. 02, 20 fms. — McMurdo B., 28. ii. 02, 20 fms.
Weitere Verbreitung. — Magalhaens Str. (Grube, Studer.).

NlCOLEA CHILENSIS (Sclim.).

Schmarda, Neue wirbell. Thiere, I., ii. (1861), p. 40.

Synonymic : Ehlers, Die Polychaeten d. rnagell. u. cliilen. Strandes, Festschr. Ges. Gottingen (1901), p. 208.

Ferner :

Terebella gracililranchis Grube, Annulata Semperiana (1878), p. 230, Taf. XII., fig. C.
Nicolea gracilibranchis (Grube), v. Marenzeller, Siidjapanische Anneliden, II., Denksclir. math, naturw. Kl.,

Akad. Wien, xlix. (1884), p. 207, Taf. II., fig. 2.

Fundort. — Auckland Isl., Laurie Harbour. Shore, 16. v. 04.

Weitere Verbreitung. — Pacifisch.

Ich bezeichne die an der Kiiste der Auckland Insel gesammelten Thiere als Nicolea
chilensis (Gr.) und ziehe als synonym dazu auch die Nicolea gracilibranchis (Gr.).

Dabei hebe ich hervor, dass die Zahl der Borstenbiindel erheblich schwankt ; ich
habe vom gleichen Fundort in mehrfacher Zahl Thiere mit 22, 21 Paar von Borsten-
biindeln gefunden, je einmal solche mit 20, 19 und 17 Paaren von Borstenbiindeln.
Dieser Unterschied in der Zahl der Borstenbiindel gleicht sich dadurch aus, dass
auf der Ubergangstrecke von der thoracalen zur abdominalen Kb'rperregion tiber den
Flosschen Hocker stehen, die offenbar parapodial sind, aber keine Borsten tragen. Tritt
hier eine Borstenbildung ein, so wiichst die Zahl der Biindel. Das mag in ungleicher
Weise je nach den Fundorten der Thiere variieren.

Wechselnd 1st auch das Verhalten der Kiemen. Die zweite Kieme ist immer
kleiner als die erste, bisweilen um das Zehnfache, was einmal zur Beobachtung kam ;
doch kann es sich in diesem Falle um eine Regeneration handeln. Die von VON
MARENZELLER gegebene Abbildung der Kieme ist fiir den Habitus sehr zutreffend. Wie
weit aber die Bildung der Kieme wechselt, geht daraus hervor, dass ich in einem Falle
die erste Kieme der rechten Korperseite, wie es fiir Nicolea typisch ist, mit einem
astlosen Stamme fand, der in der Endstrecke sich verzweigte, wahrend in der linken
Korperseite Seitenaste fast vom Grunde des Stammes ab entsprangen, ohne dass an
diesem in besonderer Weise ein contrahirter Zustand zu erkennen war.

POLYCH.ETA. 29

Die Formel fiir die Bezahnung der Hakenborsten war 1-22-3 und 1-222-33.
Die Art hat im pacifischen Meere eine weite Verbreitung von Japan, Philippinen,
Juan Fernandez bis nach Ncu Seeland und den Auckland Inseln.

SABELLID^E.
LAONOME ANTARCTICA Kbg.

Kinbcrg, Annulate nova, Ofvers. k. Vet. Akad. Forh., 186G, p. 354.

Diese Art ist mit ihren hornigen braunen Rohren ein characteristisches Glied der
antarctischen Fauna. Die grb'ssten hier gefundenen Thiere waren 170 mm. long.

Fundorte. — W.Q., 27. i. 03. — No. 6 hole, 4. iii. 03, 130 fms. ; 13. vi. — No. 10 hole,
18. vi. 03, 130 fms. —Glacier hole, 2. i. 04, 180 fms. — Off Cape Armitage, 13. ix. 02,
100 fms.

Weitere Merbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers), Siid-Feuerland, Siid-
Georgien, Marion Ins. (Ehlers), Kergueleu (Kinberg, Verrill, Grube).

MYXICOLA SULCATA sp. n.

Die Thiere (PI. III., figs. 5, 6) sind gleichmassig gelblichgrau, an den Kiemen
etwas heller als am Kb'rper gefarbt ; die Oberflache der vorderen Korperstrecke ist durch
starke Driisenentwicklung im Epithel feinkbrnig rauh, an den hinteren Segmenten
glatter. Die Korperlange eines Thieres betrug 31 mm., die Liinge der Kieme 13 mm.,
seine grbsste Breite in der vorderen Strecke 4 mm. ; in der hinteren Korperstrecke erfolgt
eine Abnahme der Breite bis auf etwa ein Viertel ; dorsoventral ist der Kb'rper schwach
abgeplattet. Die vordere thoracale Korperstrecke besteht aus einem borstenlosen
Buccal- und 9 borstentragenden Segmenten, bei 31 mm. Gesammtlange fielen auf sie
11 mm. ; die hintere abdominale Strecke hatte 34 Segmente. Die Riickenflache der
thoracalen Segmente ist von einer tiefen Medianrinne langsgefurcht (PI. III., fig. 6),
einer Fortsetzung der ventralen Liingsfurche der abdominalen Segmente, die am 9ten
Segment auf die Riickenflache hiuiibertritt (PI. III., fig. 5). Die abdominalen
Segmente sind durch tiefe spangenfbrmige Furchen, die auf dorsaler und ventraler
Flache fast bis an die Medianlinie reichen, zweiteilig.

Die Kieme hat in jeder Halfte 13 voll entwickelte gleich lange Kiemenstrahlen, die ini
hinteren Drittel ihrer Liinge durch eine diinne Membran verbunden sind (PI. III., fig. 5),
dariiber hinaus zeigt der einzelne Strahl eiuen diinnen Randsaum, lauft mit einem
nackten Endfaden aus, auf den sich der Randsaum des Strahles fortsetzt (PI. III., fig. 7).
Die Kiemenfaden stehen zweizeilig dicht gedrangt hinter einander am Strahl, und sind
etwa zehnmal langer als der Schaft des Strahles breit ist. Am ventralen Ende jeder

30 E. EHLERS.

Reihe der Kiemenstrahlen steht ein Strahl, der etwa die halbe Lange der voll
entwickelten Kiemenstrahlen erreicht, in der basalen Strecke kurze Faden tragt, gegen
die Spitze bin gezabnelt erscbeint. Neben ihm steht ein ganz kurzer, nackter, fast
stiftahnlicher Faden (PI. III., fig. 8).

Das borstenlose Buccalsegment ist auf der Riickenflache ganz kurz, auf der
Bauchnache zu einem etwa viermal langeren, dreieckigem, mit der Spitze nach vorn
gerichteten Lappen ausgezogen. Die vordere Flache tragt im Grunde des Kiemen-
kranzes die spaltformige Mundbffnung, die jederseits von einem breiten lappenformigen
Buccalblatte begrenzt wird.

Das erste der borsteutragenden thoracalen Segmente ist etwa halb so lang als die
folgenden ; diese sind viermal breiter als lang. An ihren Seiten steht auf der halben
Hbhe des Umfanges ein niedriger, von vorn nach hinten abgeplatteter Borstenhbcker
mit einem Facher einzeiliger weitlaufig gestellter Capillarborsten ; diese Borsten sind
glashell einfach, ohne Saumbildung, am Grunde 0 • 004 mm. breit, in der Endstrecke
meist hakenfbrmig gekriimmt (PI. III., fig. 10). Andere Borsten habe ich an den
thoracalen Segmenten nicht gesehen ; an der Stelle, an der an den abdominalen
Segmenten die Haken stehen, machte sich wohl in der Haut ein querer Streifen von
kleinen fester erscheinenden Kb'rnern bemerkbar, das waren augenscheiulich Driisen-
korner ; doch Hess sich keineswegs feststellen, dass es sich dabei urn rudimentare
Borstendriiseu handle, um so weniger als die Bildung nicht constant war.

An den abdominalen Segmenten standen tiefer gegen die ventrale Flache hin
verschoben als an den thoracalen Segmenten Borstenhocker mit den gleichen haken-
formig auslaufenden Capillarborsten wie dort, nur waren die Borsten etwa um die
Halfte schmaler. Hinter diesen Borstenhbckern liegt in der obenerwahnten spangen-
fb'rmigen Furehe eine Reihe weitlaufig stehender Haken (PI. III., fig. 9), kurze breite
Platten, die iiber die freie Schneide gemessen 0'017 mm. lang, an der Basis nicht ganz
halb so breit sind ; ihr Scheitel zeigt in der Seitenansicht zwei grosse spitze Zahne ; die
Ansicht der Schneide giebt'dafiir die Formel : 1-2- oder 1-22- (PI. III., figs. 11, 12).
Der dicke Basalhocker Hess bisweilen eine deutliche Langsschraffirung erkennen.
Stiitzfaden habe ich nicht erkennen kb'nnen.

Das einfache Aftersegment ist etwa doppelt so lang als das voraufgehende, ohue
Borsten, mit terminaler Afterbffnung.

Neben den Wiirmern lag eine lange unregelmassig gebogene hornartige Rb'hre,
vom Aussehen der Rbhren von Laonome antarctica. Es ist sehr unwahrscheinlich, dass
sie zu der Myxicola sulcata Ehl. gehbrt.

Fundort.—' Discovery ' W.Q., No. 10 hole, 18. vi. 03, 130 fms.

Der Mangel ventraler Borsten an den thoracalen Segmenten ist fur diese Art
characteristisch ; dabei ist zu beachten, dass die Form und Stellung dieser Borsten
auch bei anderen Arten ungleich ist.

Die Gattung Myxicola war bisher aus dem antarcticschen Kreise nicht bekannt.

POLYCH^ETA. 31

SERPULHXE.
SERPDLA VERMICULARIS L. var. NARCONENSIS Bd.

Synonymic : Elilers, Hamburg, magalh. Sammelreisc, Polychaeten (1897), p. 140.

Neben den durch die mit trichteriormigeu Absatzen auffallend gekennzeichneten
Rohren dieser im antarctischen Kreise weit verbreiteten Form fanden sich einzelne
Rohren, die mit einfacherer Bildung sich der Stammform naherten : so erne einfache
lange Rohre mit nur einem Trichterabsatz (29. i. 02), ferner eine einfache Rohre olme
Trichtererweiterungen, deren Erbauer, wenn auch der Hauptdeckel ihm fehlte, doch
wohl sicher als dieser Form angehb'rig anzusehen ist. Endlich fand sich eine mit den
TricTitererweiterungen besetzte Rohre, deren einfache mit einem Langskiel besetzte
Anfangstrecke spiralig ansteigend aufgerollt war (13. i. 02).

Futidorte.—W.Q., 29. i. 02, 100 fins. ; 8. ii. 02, 100 fms. —No. 6 hole, 15. ii. 02 -
No. 8 hole, 1. iv. 03, 10 fms. — Coulman Isl., 13. i. 02, 100 fms. — Off Cape Armitage,
13. ix. 02, 100 fms. — Hazen Pt, 17. x. 03, 10-20 fms.

Weitere Vtorbreitung. — Kaiser Wilhelm II Land (Ehlers), Ins. Booth Wandel
(Gravier), Kosmopolitisch.

SPIRORBIS PERRIERI Caull. et Mes.

M. Csmllery ct J. Mesnil, Etudes s. 1. morphol. compar. efc 1. phylogen. des especes chez les Spirorbes, Bull,
sc. de la France et de la Belgique, t. xxx. (1897), p. 208.

Zahlreiche Rohren auf dem Bruchstiick einer Alge, theils in einer Ebene aufgerollt,
theils in aufsteigenden Windungen.

Fundort.—Cap Adare, 24. ii. 04, 13-20 fms.

Weitere Verbreituny. — Port Charcot (Gravier), Magellangebiet (Ehlers), Pata-
gonien (Caullery et Mesnil).

ANHANG.

GYMNOCOPA.

Neben den Polychseten fand sich eine kleine Anzahl von Gymnocopen, die ich
unter dem Namen Tomopteris zusammengefasst hier nach ihren Fundorten erwahne.
Eine nahere Artbestimmung konnte ich nicht machen.

TOMOPTERIS sp.

Fundorte.—20. xi. 01, Lat. 57° 25^' S., Long. 151° 43' E. — 27. xii. 01, 54° Ol£' S.,
170° 03' E.— 7. i. 02.— 24. vi. 04, Lat. 58° 49' 45" S., 154° 48' W., 5 fms. — Winter
Quart, No. 8 hole, 28. vi. 03. --No. 8 hole, 24. vii. 03, 10 fms.

VOL. VI. O

• • . - -

32 E. EHLERS.

TAFELEKKLAKUNG.

PLATE I.

FIG. 1. — Harmotlwe tulerosa sp. n. Ganzes Thier, etwas schrag liegend ; Eiickenfliiche. Vergr. 2.

FIG. 2. — Vordere Korperstrecke ; die dorsale Korperwand ist mit Abbiegvmg der Elytren freigelcgt, um

die Hocker am Kopflappen und auf der Ruckenfliiche der Segmenfce zu zeigen. Vergr. 4.
FIG. 3. — Die Ruckenfliiche der mittleren Korpersegmente freigelegt, um die einfach werdenden medianen

Hocker der Segmente zu zeigen. Vergr. 4.

FIG. 4. — Siebzehntes Ruder von der liinteren Fliiche gesehen. Vergr. 8.
Fio. 5. — Abgelostes Elytron. Vergr. 8.

FIG. 6. — Elytrenwarzen und randstandige fadenformige Papillen. Vergr. 110.
FIG. 7. — 7A. Dorsale Borsten in Fliichen- und Seitenlage ; 7n. Ventrale Borsten in Flilchen- und Seitenlage.

Vergr. 110.
FIG. 8.—Harmothoe spinosa Kbg. Riickenfliiche.

PLATE II.

FIG. 1. — Magalia inermis sp. n., mit ausgestiilptem Riissel. Riickenflitche. Vergr. 13.

FIG. 2. — Vordere Korperstrecke desselben. Vergr. 24.

FIG. 3. — Ubergangstrecke des ' Magens ' zum Darm mit den Anhangsdriisen, aus dem mit Cedernholzol

aufgehellten Wurm. Vergr. 31.
Fm. 4. — Bin Segment aus der Endstrecke des Korpers mit anhiingenden Rudern ; rechts das Ruder in

Kantenansicht von der Ruckenfliiche, links das Ruder so umgelegt, dass die hintere Fliiche

vorliegt. Vergr. 37.

FIG. 5. — Borste mit kurzem Endglied. Vergr. 720.

FIG. 6. — Autolytus longstaffi sp. n. Polylostriclms. Ganzes Thier. Riickenfliiche. Vergr. 28.
FIG. 7. — Analende eines anderen Thieres mit Aftercirren. Vergr. 70.
FIG. 8. — Ruder der vorderen Korperstrecke. Vergr. 80.
FIG. 9. — Ruder der hinteren Korperstrecke. Vergr. 80.
FIG. 10. — Zusammengesetzte Borsten. Vergr. 1200.
FIG. 11. — Autolytus longstaffi sp. n. Sacconereis. Vergr. 28.
FIG. 12. — Zusammengesetzte Borste. Vergr. 1200.

PLATE III.

FIG. \.-Sagittella lobifera. Ganzes Thier, Riickenfliiche ; die Cirren sind abgefallen. Vergr. 6.

FIG. 2. — Vordere Korperstrecke mit dem lappigen Nuchalorgan und einem Cirrus. Vergr. 24.

FIG. 3. — Rnderhocker mit Borsten. Vergr. 114.

FIG. 4. — Abgefallener Cirrus. Vergr. 33.

FIG. 5. — Myxicola sulcata sp. n. Ganzes Thier. Bauchfliiche. Vergr. 3.

FIG. 6. — Dasselbe. Riickenfliiche. Vergr. 3.

FIG. 7. — Kiemenstrahl. Vergr. 6.

FIG. 8. — Kiemenstrahlen am yentralen Ende der Kieme. Vergr. 6.

FIG. 9. — Hakenreihe und Borstenfiicher. Vergr. 180.

FIG. 10. -Capillare Borsten. Vergr. 180.

FIG. 11. — Haken in schriiger Seitenlage. Vergr. 1410.

FIG. 12. — Haken von der Schneide gesehen. Vergr. 1410,

Antarctic (Discovery) Exp.

Polychaeta, PI. 1.

O.Peters iel
Bale & Danxelseon lA"1 imp.

Antarctic, ( Dis c every) Exp .

PolycliaetaPl.il

O. Peters dfd .
Bale &• Danielsstm T-i . rm £i -

Antarctic (Discovery) Exp.

PolycKaeta PL. LTT.

O.Peters del.
Bale St Danielsson L*^ imp

FEESHWATEE

By F. E. FRITSCH, D.Sc., PH.D., F.L.S.,
Professor of Botany, East London College ( University of London).

(3 Plates.)
A. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

UNTIL recently our knowledge of the freshwater Algal flora of the Antarctic has been
very deficient, but in the last decade the numerous expeditions that have undertaken
the exploration of this region of the earth have brought back collections which are
materially adding to the meagre earlier records. Apart from the few older
contributions, which are cited in my paper on the Algae of the South Orkneys,* we
have — all within the last ten years — communications by De Wildemanf and
Van Heurck J on the Algse of the Belgian Antarctic Expedition ; by Wille § and
Holmboe || on Algse collected by Borchgrevink at Cape Adare ; by the present writer *
on the Algse of the South Orkneys, and by W. and G. S. West^j on the Algse
collected by Sir E. Shackleton's Expedition in the vicinity of Ross Island and South
Victoria Land. Quite recently L. Gain ** has described two species of Nostoc from
the Antarctic ('lie Jenny'), and speaks of having recognised twenty species of
Algse (mainly Cyanophycese and Desmids) growing among mosses.

The collections of the British National Antarctic Expedition were made in the
vicinity of Cape Adare (lat. 71° S.), and in the region around McMurdo Strait
(lat. nearly 78° S.), i.e. in a latitude appreciably farther south than that of the South
Orkneys, and this may explain the rather different aspect of the flora in the two
cases referred to below (cf. Table on p. 6). The two collections have relatively few

* F. E. Fritech, " Freshwater Algse, coll. in the S. Orkneys by Mr. R. N. Budmose Brown of the Scottish
National Antarctic Expedition." Journ. Linn. Soc., xl. (1912), pp. 293-338, Pis. 10 and 11.

t E. de Wildeman, " Note preliminaire sur les Algues rapportees par M. E. Bacovitza, naturaliste de
1'expedition antaretique beige." Bull. Acad. Boy. Belg. 1900, pp. 558-569.

J Van Heurck, " Diatomees " in "Resultats du voyage du 8.Y. 'Belgica' en 1897-99." Antwerp (1909),
pp. 1-128, Pis. I.-XIII.

§ N. Wille, " Mitteilungen iiber einige von C. E. Borchgrevink auf dem antarktischen Festlande gesammelte
Pflanzen," iii., " Antarktische Algen." Nyt Mag. f. Naturvidenskab, xl. (1902), pp. 209-221, Tab. III., IV.

|| J. Holmboe, iv., " Navicula mutica Kutz. aus dem antarktischen Festlande," in N. Wille, " Mitteilungen,
etc.," op. cit., pp. 221-222.

IT W. West and G. S. West, " Freshwater Algse," in Reports on the Scientific Investigations, British
Antarctic Expedition, 1907-9, vol. i., Part vn., London (1911), pp. 263-298, Pis. XXIV.-XXVI.

* L. Gain, " Deux especea nouvelles de Nostoc provenant de la region antarctique sudamericaine." Comptes
Rendus Ac., Paris, clii. (1911), pp. 1691-1694.

G 2

2 F. E. FRITSCH.

species in common, and the representation of the main groups is rather different. The
collections made by the members of Sir E. Shackleton's Expedition, on the other
hand, come from very much the same region as those which form the subject of the
present communication, and there is a considerable degree of resemblance between
them, a fact which- is especially noticeable as regards the Diatoms. Owing to the
very appreciable delay * which has taken place in the preparation of this report,
Messrs. West's report on the freshwater Algae of Sir E. Shackleton's Expedition has
appeared since this manuscript left my hands. Professor G. S. West was good enough
to forward to me in the summer diagnoses and figures of the new forms found by him
and his father, and for the last two months a proof of their paper has been in my hands.
I am glad to have this opportunity of thanking Professor West for his courtesy, which
has to some extent relieved the great labour of working out the collections.

A considerable number of species and varieties are common to the -two
collections, and these include several of the new forms described by Messrs. West.
Nevertheless the present report brings a considerable number of new records and the
descriptions of sixteen new species and five new varieties. We may evidently look to the
Antarctic continent to furnish us with quite a large number of new representatives
of previously known genera, although thus far no new genera f have come to light.
This is rather surprising, as the extreme conditions under which the algal flora of the
Antarctic exists might be expected to lead to the development of new types.

The distribution of genera and species in the different groups is as follows :—

Genera. Species.

IsokontiE . . . . (j . . . . 13

Conjugates .... 1 . . l

Cyanophyceas . . . 17 . 52

Diatomaceas . . . . 11 . . . . 25

Totals . . . 85 . . . .91

The prevalence of Cyanophyceous forms and Diatoms, which this table discloses,
is true also of the number of individuals. It does not appear that any green Algae
are common in the freshwater flora of the Antarctic, except for species of Prasiola,
which have long been recognised as important constituents of the flora of these
regions, and species of Pleurococcus or allied genera. Species of Chlamydomonadacese
also appear in abundance, but their occurrence is probably rather local. On the
other hand numerous Protococcales that are prevalent in the waters of other ' parts
of the earth are completely wanting, the filamentous Chlorophycese are represented
only by Ulotlirix, and the whole host of the Conjugates are as good as absent. The
discovery of a few individuals of a Desmid (cf. pp. 20-21) is of great interest in this

* For this delay the author is alone responsible, although largely due to circumstances which were beyond
his control.

t A new genus was described among the Algse of the South Orkneys (op. cit., p. 304), but this came from the
yellow snow flora, a type of algal flora that was previously unknown.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 3

connection, as it shows that this group is not altogether unrepresented, although it
evidently plays no part in determining the character of the algal flora. It appears
that the group of the Conjugate becomes gradually less abundant as the Antarctic
circle is entered (cf. Table on p. G). Reinsch's reports on the Algse of Kerguelen
and South Georgia* disclose quite a considerable number of representatives of the
group ; stray representatives were found among the Algse of the South Orkneys
(Fritsch, op. cit.) ; while a study of two separate sets of collections from the extreme
southern latitudes, from which the ' Discovery ' Algae were gathered, has been
necessary to disclose the presence of a single Desmid. The same statement applies
with less force to the filamentous Chlorophyceae.

The prevalence of the Cyanophycese is truly astonishing. Huge sheets of
Phormidium and occasionally of Lyngbya flourish in the ice, and during the milder
part of the year in the waters of the ponds and lakes. The so-called " fragments " of
these sheets, brought back in a dry condition by the Expedition, indicate the
luxurious growth of these forms that must prevail. These sheets serve as a
substratum for a rich growth of other Cyanophyceous forms (Microcystis, Chroococcus,
Lynglya, Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Calothrix, Anabaena, etc.), as well as for species of
Pleurococcus (P. antarcticus W. and G. S. West, P. frigidus W. and G. S. West,
P. koettlitzi sp. n., P. dissectus Nageli). The composition of this epiphytic flora
is largely analogous or identical in the different ponds, as the lists given on p. 4 show.
It seems likely that these Cyanophyceous sheets are the breeding places for the bulk
of the algal flora. The material at my disposal consisted largely of such sheets with
their epiphytic vegetation, but Messrs. West were more fortunate in having several
collections containing free-floating Algae. I have encountered a number of the species
recorded by them from these samples as free-floating, leading an epiphytic life on the
Cyanophyceous sheets (e.g. Pleurococcus antarcticus, species of Oscillatoria, etc.).

As regards the actual composition of the blue-green flora the bulk of the species
certainly belong to the Oscillariese, but a considerable number of genera of
Chroococcacese are represented, and the ' Discovery ' collections contained appreciably
more heterocystous forms f than those examined by Messrs.- West. In short there is
every indication that further investigation will lead to the discovery of most, if not all, of
the leading Cyanophyceous genera in the extreme south. This relative abundance of the
group has already become evident as a result of the earlier reports on Antarctic Alg8e,J
all of which disclose a prevalence of Cyanophycese, and it is evident that this group must
be named together with Prasiola as an essential characteristic of the Antarctic flora.

There appears to be a great degree of uniformity in the freshwater Diatom-flora
of these regions. The common species are Naviculas (N. muticopsis Van Heurck,

* See Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc. London, 168 (1879), pp. 65-92 ; and " Die Internationale Polarforschung,
1882-83," Die Deutschen Expeditionen und ihre Ergebnisse, Berlin, ii. (1890), pp. 329-365.
t It is interesting to note that a large number of these are new.
J Of. P. F. Reinsch, op. cit.

F. E. FRITSCH.

TABLE SHOWING THE COMPOSITION OF THE EPIPHYTIC FLORA ON THE CYANOPHYCEOUS

SHEETS IN THREE ANTARCTIC PONDS.

Porid half-way between " Black " and
" Brown " Islands.

Ulothrix subtilis var. varialilis.
Pleurococcus antarcticus.

„ koettlitzi sp. n.
Prasiola (young stages).
Dactylococcopsis rhaphidioides.

Mifrocystis parasitica.
Lynybya lagerhrimi.

„ attenuata sp. n.
Oscillatoria tennis.
Calothrix antarctica sp. n.
Nostoc sphcvrii-um.

Nodularia quadrata sp. n.
Navicula mitticopsis.

„ cymatopleurus.

„ shackletoni.

„ globiceps.

Gap Pond, Winter Harbour.

Ulothrix subtilis var. variabilis.
Pleurococcus antarcticus.

„ koettlitzi sp. n.
Prasiola (young stages).
Chroococcus minutus.

„ minor.
Glteocapsa rupicola.
Mierocystis parasitica.

Lyngbya cvstuarii and var. ant-
arctica.

„ attemtalft sp. n.
„ (srugineo-cocrulea.
Oscillatoria irrigua.

„ koettlitzi sp. n.
Calothrix intrica/a sp. n.
„ gracilis sp. n.
Nostoc disciforme sp. n.
„ longslaffi sp. n.
„ hederulce,.
„ fuscescens sp. n.
Anabmia antarctica sp. n.
Nodularia spumigena var. minor.
Navicula midicopsis.
„ murrayi.

ffantzschia elongata.

Pond, Granite Harbour.

Ulothrix subtilis var. variabilis.
Pleurococcus antarcticus.

Prasiola (young stages).

Glococapsa rupicola.
Mierocystis 2)(irasitica.
Microcoleus vaginatus.
Lyngbya martensiana.

„ scotli sp. n.
Oscillatoria tennis.

Navicula muticopsis.
„ borealis.
„ shackletoni.

Hantzschia atap&ioxys.

N. globiceps Greg., N. shackletoni W. and G. S. West, N. cymatopleurus W. and
G. S. West, N. borealis Kiitz.), Fragilarias (especially F. tenuicollis Heib. var.
antarctica W. and G. S. West) and Plantzschias (H. amphioxys Grun., and H. elongata
Grun.), while the other genera appear to be more casual.* Diatoms were rather
scantily represented in my material, being common only in two of the samples ; in
many habitats they were exceedingly rare.

In comparison with Arctic regions the scarcity of green Algse is very noticeable
(cf. W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 265). The publications of Nordstedt f and
others have shown that Desmids are relatively abundant in these regions. The
other green Algse are well represented, while the Cyanophycese are appreciably
less important. Some of the species of Chlamydomonas ( C. caudata Wille,J and

* Messrs. West also mention the abundant occurrence of Tropidoneis Icevissima W. and G. S. West, in some
of the lakes ; I have not met with this form. It should be remarked that abundant fragments of the valves of
diverse Centricse were observed in several samples, although intact specimens were rare.

t Nordstedt, Desmid. ex ins. Spetsbergensibus et Beeren Eiland in expeditionibus ann. 1868 et 1870 suecanis
collectse. Ofvers. af Kgl. Vet.-Ak. Forhandl. (1872), Stockholm, No. 6, p. 23 ; Nordstedt, Desmidiefe arctore, op. cit.
(1876), No. 6, p. 13.

| Cf. F. E. Fritsch, op. cit., p. 322.

FRESHWATER ALG^E.

C. subcaudata Wille) and Chloromonas alpina Wille, are, however, as yet only
known to occur in the Antarctic and in the north of Europe, although it is
hardly likely that future investigation will fail to reveal their occurrence in
intermediate regions.

Another interesting case of distribution is that of species like Chloromonas
alpina Wille, and the genus Eucapsis, which have hitherto only been recorded
from alpine habitats. Parallel cases have long been known in the Arctic regions.

The collections of the ' Discovery ' did not include any material of snow floras.
On the other hand, two samples (Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 ; McMurdo Bay,
September 13th, 1902) came from the ice. It will be useful to give a list of the
commoner species found in these two habitats : —

CAPE ADABE (in freshwater ice under boulder).

McMuBDO BAY (dull brick coloured ice).

Chloromonas alpina Wille.
Eucapsis minuta sp. n.
Navicula muticopsis Van Heurck.

„ cymatopleura W. and G. S. West.

„ seminulum Grim.
Surirella angusta Kiitz.

Microcyslis parasitica Kiitz. var. glacialis var. n.
„ parasitica Kiitz.
„ merismopedioides F. E. Fritsch.
Phormidium frigidum sp. n.
* Pleurococcus antarticus W. and G. S. West.

„ dissectus Nitg.

*Nostoc disciforme sp. n.
*Melosira sp. (cf. p. 46).
Fragilaria tenuicollis Heib. var. antartka W. and

G. S. West.
Navicula seminulum Grun.

„ muticopsis Van Heurck.
,, cymatopleurus W. and G. S. West.
„ shacMetoni W. and G. S. West.
„ globiceps Greg.

The colour of the ice in the second case was due to Microcystis parasitica
Kiitz. var. glacialis nov. var. The species marked with an asterisk did not grow
directly on the ice, but were epiphytes on the Phormidium.

As above mentioned, the bulk of the material collected by the members of
the British National Antarctic Expedition consisted of Phormidium-sheets, with their
abundant epiphytic flora. The general character of this flora is sufficiently illustrated
by the Table on p. 4. Only a few samples comprised free-floating forms, the more
important of which were as follows :—

Chlamydomonas subcaudata Wille.

„ intermedia Chod.

„ ehrenbergi Gorosch.

EtormicKum-st&ge and young packets of
Prasiola-cel\s.

Penium sp. (cf. pp. 20, 21).
Microcystis marginata (Menegh.) Kiitz.
Merismopedia tenuissima Leinm.
Eucapsis minuta sp. n.
Phormidium antarcticum W. and G. S. West.

Oscillatoria tenuis Ag. and otlier species.
Nostoc disciforme sp. n.
„ longstaffi sp. n.
„ fuscescens sp. n.
„ sphcerimm Vauch.
Nodularia quadrata sp. n.
Navicula muticopsis Van Heurck.
„ globkeps Greg.
„ shacMetoni W. and G. S. West.
„ cymatopleurus W. and G. S. West.

F. E. FRITSCII.

It is hardly likely that this list approaches completeness, but it is probably fairly
representative of the general character of the floating flora. In particular the
number of free-floating Diatoms is certainly appreciably greater.

The material included a considerable number of samples from the Gap pond,
Winter Harbour, collected on four distinct occasions during 1902-1904. A critical
survey of these samples has failed to give any marked indication of periodicity,
although the period of collecting is spread over more than two months, which
in milder climates is quite enough to afford a prominent periodical change. The
samples collected in February (i.e. fairly late in the Antarctic summer) were rather
richer in heterocystouS Cyanophycese than the others, but this may well be due
merely to chance. No doubt the severe climatic conditions do not admit of a
rapid and abundant development of any one form or set of forms during the
short summer, and hence there can be no marked periodicity. One altogether
tends to come to the conclusion that reproduction in the bulk of the Antarctic
Algae must be a very slow process and possibly several seasons elapse before a
new generation reaches to maturity. In the case of the unicellular green repre-
sentatives of the flora matters will, however, be different, and the cyst-formation
of Chlamydomonas subcaudata Wille, described on p. 8, indicates the alternation
of a marked resting-stage and a motile stage in the annual cycle.

In conclusion the following Table will serve (in further illustration of some
of the above remarks) to contrast the algal floras of Kerguelen and South Georgia,
the South Orkneys and the regions from which the ' Discpvery ' and Shackleton's
Expeditions collected their Algae.

SOUTH GEORGIA AND
KERGUELEN.*

SOUTH ORKNEYS.!

' DISCOVERY '
AND SHACKLETON'S
EXPEDITIONS. J

Genera.

Species.

Genera.

Species.

Genera.

Species.

Protococcales

18

28

13

24

5 13

Siphonales (including Vaiicheria)

1

6

. ,

. .

. . . .

Ulotrichales (including Oedogoniacece)

15

25

4

5

2

7

ConjugatcR .

9

31

4

5

1

1

Heterokontce

1

1

1

1

t

^ t

Phceo- and Rhnclophycea

2

2

. ,

. .

, .

Ohroococcacece

5

7

8

10

9

20

Oscillariew .

4

4

2

5

6

41

Heterocystous Cyanophycete

10

26

3

8

5

16

DiatomacecK .

18

35

9

15

19

42

* Compiled from Reinsch's papers ; see footnote on p. 3.

t Of. Fritsch, op. cit.

J Compiled from the present report and that of Messrs. W. and G. S. West (op. cit.).

FRESHWATER ALG.E.

B. SYSTEMATIC ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES OBSEEVED.

ISOKONT^B.

CIILAMYDOMONADACE.E.
Genus CHLAMYDOMONAS Ehrcnb.*

1. CHLAMYDOMONAS SUBCAUDATA.
(PI. I, figs. 1-14 and 20.)f

Chlamydomonas subcaudata Wille, "Algol. Notizcn," xi., Nyt Mag. f. Naturvidenskab, Ixi. (1903),
pp. 118-120, Tab. III., figs. 12-18.

Long. cell. = 13-20 /x; lat. cell. = 7-14/x; diam. cyst. = 11-17 M aut 17-18/*
X 15-16 p..

Hob.— Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

This species was abundant in the above habitat together with Chlamydomonas
intermedia and C. ehrenbergi ; it is also recorded together with the first-named
species by Messrs. W. and G. S. West from Pony Lake (op. cit., p. 274). A
similar and closely allied species, C. caudata Wille, was abundant in material
collected from a pond in the South Orkneys (of. Fritsch, op. cit, p. 322). These
two species have, as far as I am aware, hitherto only been recorded from slightly
brackish ponds not far above high-tide level at Aalesund in Norway (Wille, op.
cit., pp. 118 and 119), so that their occurrence in temperate and tropical waters
still remains to be established. It is scarcely probable that they are restricted to
the cold regions of the earth.

The dimensions above given for C. subcaudata are appreciably smaller than
those given by Messrs. W. and G. S. West, although both sets of measurements
are almost included in the extremes given by Wille (viz., 15-39 M long, 8-18 /A
broad). The marked difference in size of the individuals seen by Messrs. West
and myself indicates the occurrence of a large and small form of the species.

With regard to the general characters of C. subcaudata there is not much
to add to previous descriptions. The cell-membrane was always separated by a
narrow space from the contents (figs. 1-5), but was not quite as prominently
thickened as Wille describes it. In the majority of the individuals the posterior

* In material from the Gap pond, Winter Harbour, Po7meZZa-stages, looking like those of a Chlamydomonas,
were found on the surface of the Phormidium-sheet,a ; they could not be further determined. Cells oval or circular
with a pyrenoid, about 8-9 /j. broad ; mucilage hyaline, not stratified.

t Nearly all the illustrations in this paper are the work of my wife.

VOL. vi. H

8 F. E. FRITSCH.

end was acutely pointed (figs. 1, 3, 4), but in some cases it was more or less
completely rounded off (figs. 2, 5). The cells are frequently somewhat asymmetrical
about the longitudinal axis (fig. l), sometimes even to a marked extent (fig. 4),
but in other cases (fig. 3) the cell was quite symmetrical, the pointed termination
being median. The shape of the individuals thus varies a good deal, but the
elongated form figured by Wille (op. cit., figs. 12, 13, 14) was rare (cf. my fig. 5).
The position of the nucleus is variable, as the figures show ; in some cases it
is quite near the front end of the cell (see especially fig. 2), in others much
nearer the pyrenoid (fig. 3). The latter was always situated near the middle of
the cell, but obviously in the posterior half. In many individuals the longitudinal
ribbing of the chloroplast was very prominent ; the chloroplasts were often charged
with numerous small starch-grains. Division-stages were not uncommon, division
being effected by oblique planes as recorded by Wille and the Wests.

In a considerable number of the individuals encystment had taken place
(figs. 6-11). Within the colourless membrane of the mother-cell the contents had
become rounded off into an oval or spherical mass and surrounded by a rather
thick and often stratified wall (figs. 6 and 7). Laterally this new envelope is
almost in contact with the old cell-membrane, but at the front and back ends
of the cell there is a considerable space between the two (figs. 6 and 7). The
pointed posterior end of the old cell-membrane is often very distinct (fig. 6).
The contents undergo no apparent change in this process of encystment, the
pyrenoid retaining its posterior and the nucleus its anterior position, and the shape
of the chloroplast is often quite recognisable (fig. 6). The cilia are evidently
drawn in or cast off prior to the occurrence of encystment, as no traces of them
could be found in these individuals. Perfectly similar encysted individuals were
found in which the membrane of the cyst showed protrusions of various kinds
(figs. 8-10). These protrusions are either single (fig. 8) or there are two of them
(figs. 9, 10), and, as the figures show, they are developed to a very varying extent.
Sometimes they cause protrusions of the old mother-cell membrane (fig. 10) and
lead to the assumption of very irregular shapes. Free cysts, which had escaped
from the enveloping mother cell-membrane, were abundant among the ordinary
CMamydomonas-iudividuals, appearing as circular or oval cells with a rather thick
and stratified membrane and the characteristic angular pyrenoid of the species
(figs. 11-13). Occasionally in these cells the membrane is much more markedly
thickened on one side than on the other (cf. fig. 11). Now and again a cell
of this kind with two pyrenoids was observed (fig. 14), thus possibly indicating
the commencement of division. Stages like that shown in fig. 20, in which the
contents of the cyst have undergone division into four parts, were extremely
rare. It is not known what the further fate of these cysts is.

Similar cysts are known for other species of Cldamydomonns and its allies ;
Dill ("Die Gattung Cldamydomonas und ihre niichsten Verwandten," Berlin, 1895)

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 9

has recorded them for C. gigantea Dill, Wille (op. cit.} for C. marina (Duj.)
Cohn, Cldoromonas alpina Wille, etc.

The spherical cysts bear an appreciable resemblance in size, thickness of wall and
general character to a " forma cellulis plerumque globosis sed hinc inde anguloso-
globosis e mutua pressione" of Pleurococcus pachydermus Lagerh., described by
Messrs. West (op. cit., p. 275), and, before their connection with Cklamydomonas
subcaudata was noticed, I was for referring these cells to that form. The pyrenoids
of this form of Pleurococcus pachydermus, however, appear to be circular and not
angular, and the chloroplast is described as "parietal" and "of considerable extent" ;
•the wall is also thicker and more prominently stratified. It is therefore quite
possible that the two forms bear no relation to one another, but of this I do
not feel absolutely certain, the more as it is not quite apparent on what grounds
the Wests refer their form to Pleurococcus pachydermus. Lagerheim's original
description and figures (" Bidrag till kiinnedomen om Stockholmstraktens Pediastreer,
Protococcaceer och Palmellaceer," Ofvers. af Kgl. Vet.-Ak. Forhandl., 1882, No. 2,
pp. 78-79 and Tab. III., figs. 40-42) give no indication of a pyrenoid in the cells,
and the membrane, though thick, is not stratified. The presence of a pyrenoid is
of course a rather variable feature in the genus Pleurococcus, but the cells of Messrs.
West's form are certainly as much like the cysts of Chlamydomonas subcaudata as
they are like Lagerheim's figures of PI. pachydermus. The processes sometimes
developed on the cysts recall in some ways the process on Messrs. West's forma
stipitata, but those on the cysts have a much broader attachment and do not
attain to nearly the length of those of the form described by the Wests.

2. CHLAMYDOMONAS INTERMEDIA.
(PL L, figs. 15-18.)

Chlamydomonas intermedia Chodat, Bull. Herbier Boissier, ii., p. 590, t. 22, 23 ; Wille, op. cit., p. 142,
t. iv., fig. 15.

Long. cell. = 10-1 3 p.; lat. cell. = 6-8 p..

Hob. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

This species has also been found in material from a pond in the South
Orkneys (Fritsch, op. cit., p. 324) and by Messrs. W. and G. S. West (op. cit.,
p. 275) in Pony Lake. The first of the three samples from the pond at Cape
Adare was almost a pure culture of this species, and exhibited a considerable
degree of variation in the individuals. The pyrenoid, which was frequently
angular, was generally situated in the posterior half of the cell (cf. W. and G. S.
West, p. 275) and not in the middle. The nucleus lay just in front of the
pyrenoid (i.e. in the middle of the cell, figs. 15, 17), sometimes directly adjacent to
it (fig. 16), and was not uncommonly slightly shifted to one side of the cell (fig. 16);

H 2

10 F. E. FRITSCH.

an extreme case is shown in fig. 18. The stigma, however, was the most variable
feature of all; in shape it was generally elongated and somewhat curved (figs. 15,
18), but occasionally it was almost round or oval (figs. 16, 17) ; it was generally
situated in the back half of the cell, slightly in front of the pyrenoid (fig. 15),
but this position was by no means constant, and in some of the individuals it
was found quite close to the front end (fig. 18) or even (though rarely) quite near
the back end of the cell (fig. 17). In a number of individuals, moreover, more
than one stigma (up to three) was apparent, the respective stigmata either being close
together or somewhat removed from one another (figs. 17, 18).

Messrs. West refer their C. intermedia to a forma antarctica (" forma minor,
stigmata juxta pyrenoidem "). The individuals from Cape Adare were even slightly
smaller than those recorded by these authorities, and in this respect they agree with
f. antarctica, but the position of the stigma, as above mentioned, was rather variable
and by no means always adjacent to the pyrenoid.

3. CHLAMYDOMONAS EHRENBERGI.
(PI. I., fig. 19.)

Chlamydomonas ehrenlergii Gorosch., Beitr. z. Morph. u. Systematik d. Chlamydomonaden, Bull. Soc.
Imp. d. Naturalistes de Moscou, 1891, pp. 128-131, Tab. III., figs. 10-25 ; Wille, op. ctt.,
pp. 123-124, Tab. IV., fig. 18.

Long. cell. = 14-22/u; lat. cell. = 10-17 '5 p.

Hab. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

This form is readily distinguished from C. intermedia Chod. by the shape of the
cells, which are ovoid and bluntly pointed at the front end ; the greatest width of the
cell is about one-third of the way from the back end. It was a rare form, far less
abundant than the two previous species.*

Genus CHLOROMONAS Gobi.
4. CHLOROMONAS ALPINA.

(PI. L, figs. 21-25.)
Chloromonas alpina Wille, op. cit., pp. 122-124 and 152, Tab. III., figs. 24-34.

Long. cell. = 10-11 /x; lat, cell. = 6-8 ju.

Hab. — In freshwater ice under boulder, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

This species appears previously only to have been recorded by Wille from

* A species of Chlamydomonas was also observed in a sample from the ice, McMurdo Bay, September 13th,
1902, but the material was too scanty and the preservation too bad to admit of its determination.

FRESHWATER ALG.E. 11

" Rondane " in Norway, where it was found on snow. The Antarctic individuals, like
those described by Wille, lacked all traces of a pyrenoid. The nucleus (figs. 21-25)
was prominent and situated in the centre of the cell, in which respect the specimens
differed from those described by Wille (cf. however, his fig. 25, where the nucleus
appears to be quite central). Numerous discoid chloroplasts were frequently
recognisable in the cells, and in some cases a slightly elongated stigma could be made
out, not far from the bases of the cilia (figs. 21, 25). Some of the individuals were
practically devoid of starch, while others contained a considerable amount. The cilia
were so delicate that in some of the individuals it was only possible to trace them a
very short way, but they appeared in general to be a little longer than the body of the
cell (fig. 21).

Some of the individuals were of a more elongated form than those described and
figured by Wille (long. cell. = 13 /* ; lat. cell. = 6 p, figs. 23, 24), but in view of their
resemblance to the type in other respects, I do not think that they belong to a different
species.

PROTOCOCCACE^E.

»

Genus TROCHISCIA Kiitz.

5. TROCHISCIA CRASSA.

Trochistia crassa Hansg., Physiol. und Algol. Mitteil. (1890), Tab. I. ; Proilr. d. Algeafl. v.
Bohmen, ii. (1892), pp. 240-241.

Diam. cell. = 50-55 /A. Cell-wall deep brownish-red, opaque.
Hal>. — Granite Harbour, freshwater pond, January 20th, 1902.

ULOTRICHACEyE.

Genus ULOTHRIX Kiitz.

6. ULOTHRIX SUBTILIS var. VARIABILIS.

Ulothrix subtilis Kiitz., Phycol. Germ. (1845), p. 197 ; Tab. Phycol. ii. (1852), Tab. 85, fig. 1.
Var. varialilis (Kiitz.) Kirchner, Alg. Schlesien (1878), p. 77.

Crass, fil. = 6-7 p. ; cells one and" a half times or twice as long as broad.

Hob. — Freshwater pond in ice off " Black Island," McMurdo Strait, December 31st,
1902 ; Gap pond, Winter Harbour, December 15th, 1903 (in both cases on surface
of Phormidium).

This form was not common.

12 F. E. PRITSCH.

PLEUROCOCCACE.E.

Genus PLEUROCOCCUS Menegh.
7. PLEUEOCOCCUS FRIGIDUS.

(PL L, figs. 43, 44.)

Pleurococcus frigidus W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 270, PI. XXIV., figs. 40-1 1.
Diam. cell. = 20-22 /A.

Hob. — Freshwater pond among eskers four miles north of Black Island, upon ice,
McMurdo Strait, September 12th, 1902; Gap pond, Winter Harbour, February 20th,
1904.

This form was rare and was always found attached to the Phormidium- sheets.

8. PLEUROCOCCUS ANTARCTICUS.

(PI. L, figs. 26-35.)
Pleurococcus antarcticus W. and G. S. West, op. cit., pp. 276-277, PI. XXIV., figs. 49-51.

Ilab. — Very widely distributed on the P/iormidium-sheets, especially Gap pond,
Winter Harbour, ponds in eskers near Black and Brown Islands, etc.

This is a very striking and characteristic constituent of the epiphytic vegetation
of the abundant Phormidium-sheets, but obviously much more variable than Messrs. W.
and G. S. West's material would lead one to suppose. According to their diagnosis the
characteristic features of the species are : the large spherical cells, which are isolated or
aggregated in small families ; the thick cell-wall, which is homogeneous or obscurely
stratified ; a large, indistinctly limited, parietal chloroplast ; the frequent presence of
drops of oil. The form, they observed, was free-floating, but they also distinguish a
forma robusta (op. cit., p. 276, PL XXIV., figs. 52-54), which grows on the surface of
the Cyanophyceous strata ; this form has huge cells with a very thick, stratified
membrane and is stated to lack drops of oil.

I have observed no free-floating specimens of P. antarcticus at all, probably
because my Antarctic material was mainly such as had grown attached to some
substratum. There occurred, however, on some of the Phormidium-sheets groups of
cells agreeing in all respects (except in the attached habit) with Messrs. West's
description (f. simplex, cf. below). .These cells varied in diameter between 18 and 35 p.,
the commonest dimension being 20 p. ; they contained no pyrenoid, but often numerous
starch-grains ; and globules of oil varying in size and number were often present
between the thick walls and the contracted contents (PL I., figs. 30, 31).

In other groups of cells, however, one (rarely two) pyrenoids were conspicuous
after staining with iodine, these cells otherwise agreeing in all respects with those just
described (PI. L, fig. 32, f. typica, cf. below). In other groups of cells again (PL L,

FRESHWATER ALG^B. 13

figs. 26, 29) the pyreiioids were much Larger and starch-formation was confined to their
immediate neighbourhood. It is evident, therefore, that in P. antarcticus, as in some
other species of Pleurococcus, the presence of a pyrenoid is a variable feature. A
pyrenoid was not observed in the large cells of forma robusta.

The distribution of the fatty oil in the cells of P. antarcticus is evidently also
very diverse. Sometimes it appears equally diffused through the cell-contents, which
then present a whitish, highly refractive appearance (figs. 30, 31) ; in other cases it is
located between cell-membrane and the contracted contents (figs. 26, 31-33), as already
described. A very characteristic form taken by the fat is that shown in fig. 29,
where it occurs in the shape of a considerable number of lumps, projecting radially
from the periphery of the contracted contents and giving the latter a peculiar spiked
appearance ; such cell-groups are very common. Drops of oil are also found between
cell membrane and contents in forma robusta (figs. 34, 35).

The size of the cells is also very variable ; it varies from 7 p. in forma minor
(cf. below) to nearly 100 /A in particularly large specimens of forma robusta. The
commonest dimension of the cell in my material was about 20-22 p. (in the Wests'
material 32 p.}. Not uncommonly all the cells of a group are approximately of the
same size (figs. 26, 27, 29, 32), but in other cases the cells of a group are of very
unequal dimensions. Occasionally the cells appear arranged in well-marked chains
(fig. 28, f. jilamentosa, cf. below).

In a few cases the contents of the larger cells were tinged a deep reddish-
yellow colour.

On the basis of these observations I give the following emended diagnosis of the
species and a list of its principal forms : —

PLEUROCOCCUS ANTARCTICUS W. and G. S. West, emend.

Cellulis globosis (vel rarius ellipsoideis), in forma typica 10-37 (plerumque 20
vel 32) p. latis (sed in aliis formis, 7-100 p. latis), singulis vel in familiis parvis
aggregatis, inter algas Myxophycearum libere natantibus vel intra stratum Myxo-
phycearum nidulantibus, membrana cellularum usque ad 2'2/i crassa, homogenea
vel plus minusve distincte lamellosa ; chromatophora magna, parietali, indistincte
limitata, plerumque cum pyrenoide conspicuo ; oleum saepe adest, forma globulorum
conspicuorum vel in cytoplasmate diffusum. Propagatio ignota.

Forma typica (PI. L, fig. 26).

Cellulis singulis vel in familiis parvis aggregatis, 10-37/x latis, cum pyrenoidibus
couspicuis et globulis oleariis inter membranam cellularum et cytoplasma dispositis ;
membrana cellularum usque ad 2 • 2 p. crassa, homogenea vel distincte lamellosa.

This was the most widely distributed form in the ' Discovery ' material.

14 F. E. FRITSCH.

Forma minor (PL L, fig. 27).

Cellulis multo minoribus, 7-8 /u- latis, exacte globosis vel moclice anguloso-globosis
e mutua pressione, in familiis parvis cellularum fequalium aggregatis intra stratum
Phormidii nidulautibus ; membrana eellulao eodem modo quo in typo incrassata ;
chromatophora cum pyrenoide.

This form gives rise to one-layered strata of circular or somewhat polygonal cells
of almost uniform size. This going hand in hand with the small dimensions of the
cells gives the strata a very characteristic regular appearance, in marked contrast to
the generally non-uniform strata of the larger-celled type. The cell-membrane is
prominently thickened to the same relative extent as in the larger forms, and the
cells have a conspicuous pyrenoid.

Forma robusta W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 276, PI. XXIV., figs. 52-54.

" (PI. L, figs. 34-35).

Cellulis majoribus vel multo majoribus, 35-78-100 p, latis, globosis vel distincte
ellipsoideis, intra stratum Myxophycearum uidulantibus, solitariis vel saepe dense
aggregatis ; membr. cell. 2 • 5-6 M crassa et lamellosa ; chromatophora saepe distincte
parietali, globulis oleariis nullis vel magnis et conspicuis.

The cells of this form attain immense dimensions and, although ordinarily
spherical, as the Wests' figures show them, are sometimes ellipsoidal (figs. 34, 35). In
my material the cells of this form generally contained large and conspicuous
oil-globules between the membrane and the contents. A pyrenoid does not appear
to occur. Occasionally the cell-contents are reddish-brown (cf. above). The outer
surface of the wall is frequently somewhat irregular, giving the appearance of flakes
of membrane becoming detached.

Forma filamentosa (PI. L, fig. 28).

Cellulis globosis vel modice depresso-globosis, 14-20 /A latis, in filamentis brevibus
dispositis, intra stratum Myxophycearum nidulantibus, cum pyrenoidibus conspicuis.
This form is rare.

Forma simplex (PI. L, figs. 30, 31, 33).

Cellulis globosis, 18-35ju, latis, solitariis vel in familiis aggregatis, intra stratum
Myxophycearum nidulantibus vel libere natantibus, sine pyrenoidibus, sed cum granulis
amylaceis multis.

This is the form originally described by Messrs. W. and G. S. West. The form
with small pyrenoids shown in fig. 32 connects f. simplex with f. typica.

Forma stellata (PI. L, fig. 29).

Cellulis globosis, ut in forma typica, saepe ca. 30 /u latis, cum globulis oleariis
conspicuis, radiatim circum cytoplasma cellularum dispositis.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 15

In view of the fact that this characteristic arrangement ot the oil-drops was
noticed in all the cells of certain groups, it appears to be typical of a definite
form of the species.

9. PLEUROCOCCUS KOETTLITZI* sp. n.
(PI. I., figs. 36-42).

Cellulis globosis vel saepe plus minusve ellipsoideis, plerumque 11-16 p. latis, in
familiis parvis irregularibus vel coelastriformibus vel quadricellularibus et tetraedricis
aggregatis ad superficiem stratuum Pkormidii affixis ; membrana cellularum tenui,
sed distincta ; contentu homogeneo, obscurato accumulatione magna olei, quod
semper adesse videtur et facit in familiis cellularum aspectum valde refringentem et
saepe nigrescentem ; contentu interdum rubescente ; chromatophora singula probabilis
est, cum pyrenoide. Propagatio divisione contentus cellulse in quatuor cellulas filiales,
quae sunt tetraedrice dispositge.

Diam. cell. = 11-16 ju, ; cell, ovales plerumque 15 fj. long, et 12-13 p, lat.

I fab. — Widely distributed on the Phormidium-eheete, especially from the Gap
pond, Winter Harbour.

The most prominent characteristics of this species are the often slightly oval
shape of the cells, the very prominent storage of fatty oil and the tetrad-like
grouping of the cells in young and often in older families. Young colonies are not
uncommonly to be found in which the four cells form an obvious tetrad (figs. 37,
39, 41); in the older colonies the grouping of the cells is frequently very similar to
that of such a form as Coelastrum microporum, but, when the colonies consist of very
large numbers of cells, their grouping becomes irregular (fig. 36). Even in these
irregular colonies, however, individual groups of cells are often in tetrads. This
prevalent tetrad-like grouping is undoubtedly due to the method of reproduction, foui?
daughter-cells arising within the membrane of the mother-cell (fig. 40, only three
cells are visible) ; it appears that some of the cells of the tetrad may occasionally
abort (cf. fig. 42). As detached pieces of cell-membrane are sometimes found lying
near the colonies of this species it seems probable that the membrane of the
mother-cell is ruptured and does not undergo gelatinisation.

The fatty oil generally obscures the whole of the cell-contents and gives the
colonies, under the low power of the microscope, a dark highly refractive appearance
which is very characteristic. Osmic acid gives a deep brownish-black colouration.
In some of the larger colonies the contents of occasional cells may be tinged
yellowish-red, without these cells presenting any other point of difference to the
normal ones. A pyrenoid and a limited number of starch-grains are generally present,
but the pyrenoid does not appear to be quite constant. The cell-wall is
generally thin.

* Named after the collector, Dr. Koettlitz, surgeon to the ' Discovery.'
VOL. vi. I

16 P. E. FRITSCH.

In view of the method of reproduction above described, this species should
perhaps be referred to the genus Chlorella ; it shows some resemblance to species like
CIdorella conglomerates (Artari) Oltmanns ( = Pleurococcus conglomeratus Artari) and
C. regularis (Artari) Oltmanns ( — P. regularis Artari).

10. PLEUROCOCCUS DISSECTUS.

Pleurococcus dissectus (Kiitz.) Niigeli, Gatt. einzell. Algen (1849), p. 65, Tab. IV., B, fig. 3.

Hah. — Freshwater pond upon ice among eskers, four miles north of Black
Island, McMurdo Strait, September 12th, 1902 ; Gap pond, Winter Harbour,
December 15th, 1903.

Isolated cells or flat strata on the surface of Pkormidium, as recorded by
Messrs. West (op. cit., p. 277).*

PRASIOLACE.E.

Genus PRASIOLA Ag.
11. PRASIOLA CRISPA.

(Text-figures A-D.)

Pra&iola crispa (Lighfcf.) Menegh. ; Kiitzing, Phycol. gener. (1843), p. 295 ; Eabenhorst, Flor. ourop.
algarum, iii. (1868), p. 308.

Hob. — Damp spot, summit of Cape Adare (1000 feet), January 9th, 1902 ;
under boulder, fifty feet above sea, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 ; probable
developmental stages common among the Cyanophyceous sheets from the Gap pond,
Winter Harbour, etc.

There can be no doubt that this is a common form in Antarctic regions (previously
recorded by Hooker and Harvey, Wille, Fritsch, W. and G. S. West, etc.), as the
frequency of the characteristic packets of cells throughout the material demonstrates.
The only mature thalli were obtained from the summit of Cape Adare, while the
material from beneath a boulder fifty feet above sea-level at the same locality
consisted almost entirely of the Hormidium-stage.

The expanded thalli were irregularly folded and bullate, the cells showing
ordinarily a very regular arrangement in groups of 16 or 32, separated by slightly
wider interspaces (text-figure B). The dimensions of the cell-contents were
6-7' 5 /A x 4-5 p. in surface view and 11 /A deep in section. At other points in the thalli,
where a formation of the cell-packets serving for reproduction was taking place, the
arrangement becomes far more irregular, the characteristic grouping being sometimes
almost completely lost. As stated in an earlier paper (Fritsch, op. cit., p. 331), this

* A form resembling Protoderma was observed on the Phormidium-sheeks in one of the samples from the
Gap pond, Winter Harbour, but too little of it was seen to admit of determination.

FRESHWATER ALGJE. 17

production of packets for purposes of propagation is not confined to the margin of the
thallus, as Wille (Nyt Mag. f. Naturvidenskab, xl., 1902, p. 215) describes it, but
can take place anywhere.

In the above-mentioned paper of Wille's a number of reproductive stages of
another kind are described and figured (op. cit., p. 216, Tab. III., figs. 13-19) ; these
are supposed to be the products of unicellular akinetes produced from the margins
of the thallus (cf. Gay, Recherches sur le developpement et la classification de
quelques Algues vertes, Paris, 1891, fig. 130). Stages like those shown in Wille's
figs. 13-15 were common not only in the material from Cape Adare, but more or less
isolated among other Algse from several other localities (notably from the Gap pond).
There can be no doubt that these stages arise from large unicellular akinetes, as such
were frequently observed in the mature thalli (text-figure A, k). These akinetes are
however by no means confined to the margin of the thalli, but can arise anywhere.
They are generally more or less separated from one another, the surrounding cells
being often quite irregularly arranged, pale in colour and apparently in a moribund
condition (text-figure A). The akinetes are spherical and vary in diameter between
10 and 14]u,; they have a thick membrane. Division of the contents of the akinete
(text-figures C and D) does not appear to take place until it is liberated by the decay
of the surrounding thallus, but there may be exceptions to this rule.

I have no doubt that Wille is right in regarding these cells as sporangial, as the
irregularity of arrangement of the products of their division excludes the possibility
of their being the beginnings of a new thallus. Wille thinks that the products
(his aplanospores) on liberation give rise to the Hor mid turn-stage. While this may
frequently be the case, there seems to be indirect evidence that they may sometimes
give rise straight away to the characteristic Pras/o/a-packets. The abundance of such
packets on the Phormidium-sheets from many localities is scarcely explicable on any
other hypothesis. There are no mature Prasiola-thalli, from which these packets
could have been derived, at hand in these localities, whereas the dividing akinetes
are not uncommon.

The filaments of the Hormidium-stage from Cape Adare measured 9-1 1 ^ in
diameter.

12. PRASIOLA ANTARCTICA.

(Text-figures E and F.)

Prasiola antarctica Kutz., Spec. Alg. (1849), p. 473 ; Tabul. Phycol., v., Tab. 40, fig. 4 ; Rabenhorsfc, op.
cit., in. (1868), p. 811.

Hob. — Growing on stones, Mt. Terror, January 22nd, 1902.

It is with some degree of diffidence that I refer the form from Mt. Terror
to a species distinct from P. crispa, as I do not feel quite convinced that the
differences are of specific value. P. antarctica might perhaps be regarded merely
as a variety of P. crispa, as I advocated in my paper on the Algae of the

I 2

18

F. E. FRITSCH.

South Orkneys (up. cif., p. 330). There is undoubtedly some variation in the
degree of separation of the cells in P. crispa, although it does not appear ever
to attain to the pronounced separation typical of P. antarctica. Since seeing the
typical form of the latter species in the present material, I have realised that
it was not present in the South Orkneys material at all.

The most pronounced difference between P. antartica and P. crixpa lies in the
thickness of the walls separating adjacent cells. In P. antarctica their thickness
is generally nearly equal to the width of the cell-contents, so that the latter

mm.

-~°

po

E

Od DO 00 DO DO 00 DO
DO DD °a 00 OD DO DQ

00 00 g DD DD QD no

oooooa on DD oo °a

00 DO 00 g g
D D

D a

D

a
a
a

DQ

DD
DD

H

OOODO
ooooa
aoOoo
ODQQ

A-D. frasiola crixpa (Lightf.) llenegh. ; A, part of thallus showing formation of akinetes (fc) ; B, a normal piece of the thallus ; C and D, '
stages in the germination of akinetes ; E, F, Praeiola antarctica Kiitz. ; E, normal piece of the thallus ; F, edge of thallus, showing
commencing formation of packets ; G-J, Prasiola calophylla Kiitz. ; G, two plants ; H, small part of stalk ; I, broadening out of stalk into
lamina ; J, edge of broad part of lamina. (G, magnified about 5 times ; C and D, X 700 ; all other figs., X 500.)

appear remote from one another (text-figure E). The arrangement of the cells in
groups separated by wide interspaces is thereby rendered far less distinct, and in
parts of the thalli from Mt. Terror was quite unrecognisable. As a consequence
the thalli present an even more uniform appearance under the microscope than
obtains in P. crispa. In the material from Mt. Terror there also appeared to be
a tendency for the cells to be squarer in surface-view than is usually the case in
P. crispa. The margins of the thalli were not as irregular as in the latter species,
and the size of the whole plant was appreciably less ; some of the thalli in my

FRESHWATER ALGM. 19

material were however considerably larger than those figured by Messrs. West (op. cit. ,
PL XXIV., fig. 10). We may add to the differences between the two forms the
habitat on moist stories, which has already been commented upon by J. G. Agardh,
Do Toiii and Messrs. West.

The greatest difficulty in the way of regarding P. antarctica as a species
distinct from P. cri&pa is the absence of all indications of a separate course of
reproduction in the former. Abundant reproduction by the characteristic packets of
cells was going on in the material from Mt. Terror, but, except that the production
of the packets in this case was certainly confined to the margins of the thallus
(text-figure F), there was nothing to distinguish them from those of P. crixpa. For
this reason I think it may ultimately appear that P. antarctica is only a variety of
P. crlspa, although one cannot agree with Wille (op. cit., p. 218) that the two
forms arc identical.

13. PRASIOLA CALOPHYLLA.

(Text-figures G-J.)

Prasiola calophylla (Cam.) Menegh. ; Rabcnhorst, op. cit., pp. 310-311 ; De Toni, Sylloge Algarum,
i. (1889), p. 144.

Hah. — Attached to rocks, freshwater pond in gap, Winter Harbour, January
12th, 1904 ; attached to stones, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

This form was markedly distinct from the two previous ones in the thread-
like form of the thalli and in being firmly attached to the rocks by a long
filiform stipe ; this slowly widens (consisting at first of one, then of two and then
of four longitudinal rows of cells) into a fairly broad thallus (25 or more rows
of cells wide), which is in no way sharply demarcated from the stalk. A number
of thalli arose from the same point, appearing to the naked eye like a bunch of
coarse filaments (text-figure G).

The base of the stalk is slightly enlarged to form an organ of attachment.
The cells of the stalk are prominently flattened and have thick walls (diam.
stalk = 20 /A ; diam. cell-contents = 9-1 1 p. ; long, cell-contents = 3-5 /A), but the
longitudinal walls are thicker than the transverse ones (text-figure H). Here
and there longitudinal division takes place in the cells of the stalk, so that
two rows of cells are present, but such divisions are merely local (leading to
slight bulgings of the stalk) and generally only extend to a few cells, beyond
which the stalk again consists of a single row. It is only at a considerable
distance from the point of attachment that the stalk becomes permanently biseriate
(text-figure I), and this condition may again persist for some distance before
further longitudinal divisions take place and a quadriseriate arrangement is attained.
After this, longitudinal walls appear to be formed more frequently and the stipe
rather rapidly broadens out into the flat thallus. Even after the bi- or quadri-
seriate condition is arrived at, there may often be local reversions to a uni- or

20 F. E. FRITSCH.

biseriate arrangement. The same thing may more rarely take place in the expanded
part of the thallus, which occasionally exhibits prominent constrictions. In spite of
all these irregularities there is a very sensible and gradual widening of the plant
after the first permanent longitudinal divisions set in.

In many of the plants the broadening out of the thallus did not go very
far, so that the whole plant had a filiform appearance, with a length many times
exceeding its breadth. This, and the very gradual widening of the stipe into
the thallus, appear, according to Imhauser (" Entwicklungsgesch. u. Formenkreis v.
Prasiola " Flora, 1889, Heft 3, Diss. Marburg, 1889, pp. 47 and 55) to be the two most
prominent characteristics of the species. These two characters are also well shown
in exsiccafca of P. calophylla (from Tristan d'Acunha, Hb. Dickie) preserved in the
British Museum, although the specimens are not as elongated as those from Winter
Harbour.

In the expanded thallus (text-figure J) it was often not easy to recognise the
longitudinal seriation of the cells, referred to in many descriptions of the species
(Imhauser, op. clt. ; De Toni, op. cit. ; Rabenhorst, op. cit. ; F. S. Collins, " Green Algae
of N. America," Tuft's College Studies, Scient. series, II., No. 3, 1909, p. 219). The
cells were regularly arranged in groups of four and were often practically equi-
distant, so that an areolation, such as that in P. crispa, was not manifest ; but
this grouping of the cells was frequently interrupted owing to the cells in adjacent
parts of the thallus showing a slightly different orientation. The cells in the
expanded thallus were often almost square, the cell-contents measuring 5-6 x 5-6 p.

Some of the larger thalli attained a length of 2 cm. and a breadth of about
a millimetre (at their widest point). The specimens from Granite Harbour were
much shorter than those from the other habitat.

No reproductive stages were observed, 'but intermingled with the other growth
on the stones from Winter Harbour were PraswZa-packets, which did not differ in
any respect from those of P. crispa. Presumably they belonged to P. calophylla.

CONJUGATE.

MESOT^ENIACE^E.

Genus PENIUM Breb.

14. PENIUM sp.
(PI. L, figs. 45, 46.)

Cellulis subcylindricis vel modice ellipsoideis, latitudine circa duplo longioribus,
polis rotundato-deplanatis, constrictione modica in media parte cellulse munitis ;
membrana cellules Isevis et hyalina, modice sed sequaliter incrassata ; conteutu

FRESHWATER ALG^l. 21

cellularum contracto, cum pyrenoide magno globoso in utraque parte cellulse ;
chromatoplioram non vidi.

Long. cell. = 35 p. ; lat. cell. = 16 /A.

llal>. — Isolated among sediment from freshwater ponds, Granite Harbour,
January 20th, 1902.

The discovery of this Desmid is of great interest, as it indicates that the group
is not quite unrepresented, even in these extreme southern latitudes. It may well be
that the form just described is new, but the material was too scanty and the
cell-contents too badly preserved to warrant the establishment of a new species. The
cells appear elliptical in shape and have somewhat flat rounded ends. There is a
slight constriction in the middle of the cell, as in many species of the genus. The
specimens show considerable resemblance to P. cruciferum (De Bary) Wittr. (cf.
W. and G. S. West, A monograph of the British Desmidiaceae, Ray Society, 1904,
Vol. I., p. 100, PI. X., figs. 18, 19), but the shape of the cell is rather different. The
contents were contracted in all the individuals seen, and no details of the chloroplast
could be made out ; each half of the cell however has a large circular pyrenoid. In
many cases the contents showed a faint constriction similar to that of the cell- wall.

CYANOPHYCE^E (MYXOPHYCE^E).

CHROOCOCCACEjE.

Genus CHROOCOCCUS Nageli.

15. CHROOCOCCUS TURGIDUS.

Chroococeus turgidus (Kutz.) Niig., Gatt. einzell. Alg. (1849), p. 46.

Diam. cell. = 13-14/i.

Hab.—G&p pond, Winter Harbour, February 20th, 1904 (on Phormidium).
The sheath was plainly stratified, thus distinguishing this form from C. minutus,
which was much more abundant.

16. CHROOCOCCUS MINUTUS.

Chroococeus minutus (Kutz.) Niig., op. cit., p. 46 ; Rabenhorst, Fl. Europ. Alg., ii. (1865), p. 30.

Diam. cell. = 8-1 1 p or sometimes even 13 p..

Hob. — Abundant on the surface of Phormidium in some of the material from the
Gap pond, Winter Harbour.

These specimens, like those recorded by Messrs. West (o/>. cit., p. 297) are larger
than the normal ; the cells were often grouped to form colonies of appreciable size.

22 F. E. FRITSCH.

17. CHROOCOCCUS MINOR.
Chroococcus minor (Kiitz.) Nag., op. eit., p. 47, Tab. I., fig. A4 ; Habenhorst, op. cit., p. 30.

Hob. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, December 15th, 1903 (on Phor mid turn}.

18. CHROOCOCCUS HELVETICUS.
Chroococcus helveticm Nag., op. cit., p. 46, Tab. I., fig. A3 ; Rabenhorst, op. cit., p. 31.

Diam. cell. = 5 /A.

Hob. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, December 15th, 1903 (on Phormidium).

Very typical colonies of exactly spherical cells ; colonies composed of 4-8-16 cells.

Genus DACTYLOCOCCOPSIS Hansg.
19. DACTYLOCOCCOPIS RHAPHIDIOIDES.

(PI. II, figs. 116, 117.)
Dactylococcopsis rliaphidioides Hansg., Prodr. d. Algenfl. v. Bohmen, ii. (1892), p. 139, fig. 49a.

Diam. cell, in media parte = 2-3 \i ; long. cell. = 25-27 p..

Hob. — Freshwater pond upon ice among eskers, four miles north of Black Island,
McMurdo Strait, September 12th, 1902.

The individuals were slightly longer than those described by Hansgirg, and were
all of semilunar shape ; the contents were pale blue-green, with a few small granules,
and pronouncedly vacuolar ; the ends of the cells were pointed and colourless. Some
of the cells showed a distinct septum across their middle.

20. DACTYLOCOCCOPSIS ANTARCTICA sp. n.
(PL II., figs. 121, 122.)

•

Cellulis minutis, numerosis in muco hyalirio nidulantibus, stratum planum in
superficiem algarum Cyanophycearum formantibus ; cellulis irregulariter dispositis,
fusiformibus vel in alterutro fine rotundatis, rarius leniter curvatis, coutentu dilute
serugineo cum granulis paucis, membrana tenui ; propagatio divisione paulo
obliqua fit.

Diam. cell. = 1 • 5-2 p. ; long. cell. = 4-6 p..

Hub. — Forming an extensive flat stratum on the surface of the thallus of
Nostoc commune, Granite Harbour, New Bay, January 20th, 1902.

The cells of this minute species are in the majority of cases spindle-shaped ; in
occasional cells however one end is rounded or one side may be almost flat. Curved
cells are rare. The ends of the cells are not protruded in any way and are
not colourless.

FRESHWATER ALGA 23

In its habitat I), antarctica resembles D. miwicola F. Hustcdt (Hedwigia, XLVIIL,
pp. 140-141), which also grows in the mucilage of a Nostoc, but Hustedt's species is a
much larger form with curved cells, having marked attenuated apices. The Antarctic
form is much nearer to D. montana W. and G. S. West ; the cells of this species are
however appreciably larger, are more pronouncedly spindle-shaped, and the species is
not endophytic. The cells in D. montana also appear to be more regularly arranged
than in D. antarctica (<;/. G. S. West, Brit. Freshw. Algae (1904), p. 348, fig. 162A).

A form like D. antarctica approaches very near to an Aphanotkece.

•

Genus GI/EOCAPSA Kiitz.

21. GLCEOCAPSA RUPICOLA.

Glacocapsa rvpicola Kiitz., Spec. Alg. (1849), p. 221 ; llabenhorst, Fl. Europ. Alg., ii. (1865), p. 43.

Diam. cell. = 4-5 //, ; diam. colon, usque ad 30 fj..

Uali. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, December 15th, 1903 (on surface of
Phormidium) ; freshwater pond, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902 (in sediment).

The small colonies were spherical or elliptical. The inner sheaths were deep
red-brown, often almost completely obscuring the cells. A closely allied species
(G. slwttleivorthiana Kiitz.) is recorded by Messrs. West (op. clt., p. 296).

Genus APHANOTHEOE Nageli.
22. APHANOTHECE PRASINA.

Aphanothece prasina A. Braun in Rabenh. Alg. No. '1572 ; Rabenhorst, Fl. Europ. Alg., ii. (1865),
pp. 65-66.

Hah. — Ice-wall, five feet above present level of river-like pond, "Penknife ice,"
McMurdo Strait, September 13th, 1902.

Small, but otherwise typical colonies, attached to Phormidium glaciate. This
species is generally free-floating.

Genus MICROCYSTIS Kiitzing.

23. MlCROCYSTIS CHROOCOCCOIDEA.

(PL II., figs. 102, 103.)
Microcystis chroococcoidea W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 296, PL XXVI., figs. 107-114.

Diam. cell. = 4 p..

Hob. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, December 15th, 1903.

Occasional colonies of this interesting form were found on the Phormidittm-shseis
from the above-mentioned locality. They agreed well with the description published
by Messrs. West, except that the cell-contents appeared homogeneous.

24 F. E. FRITSCH.

24. MlCROCYSTIS MARGINATA.
Microcystia marginata (Menegh.) Kiitz., Tab. Phyc., \. (1846), Tab. 8.

Hah. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (free-
floating) ; attached to Prasiola calophylla, freshwater pond in gap, Winter Harbour,
January 12th, 1904.

25. MlCROCYSTIS MERISMOPEDIOIDES.

Microcystis merismopedioides F. E. Fritsch, Freshw. Alg. coll. iu the South Orkneys, etc., Journ. Linn.
Soc., Bot., xl. (1912), p. 332, text-fig. E.

Hob. — Ice-wall, five feet above present level of river-like pond, " Penknife ice,"
McMurdo Strait, September 13th, 1902.

The colonies were loosely attached to the surface of Pkormidium glacial', and
differed in no respect from those previously described. The general investment was of a
bright yellowish-red hue.

26. MlCROCYSTIS PARASITICA.

(PI. L, figs. 67-70.)

Jllicrocys/is parasitiea Kiitz., Phyc. generalis, 1843, p. 170 ; Phyc. German., 1845, p. 148 ; Tab. Phyc., i.

(1 840), Tab. IX. ; Migula, Kryptogainenfl. von Deutschland, Ucutech-Osterreich und d. Schwciz, ii., 1

(1007), p. 36.

Anacystis parasitiea Kiitz., Spec. Alg., 1849, p. 209.

Microhaloajfirma Brcb. ; Kiitz., Tab. Phyc., i. (184(5), Tab. VII. ; Spec. Alg. (1849), p. 207.
Polycystis flrma (Breb. et Lenorm.) Rabenh., Fl. Europ. Alg., ii. (1865), p. 53.
Microcystisfirma (Breb. et Lenorm.) Migula, oj>. cit., p. 37.

llal>. — Ice-wall, five feet above present level of river-like pond, " Penknife ice,"
McMurdo Strait, September 13th, 1902 ; freshwater pond in eskers upon ice, half-way
between Black and Brown Islands, January 3rd, 1903 ; Gap pond and other pools,
Winter Harbour.

This form was very abundant on some of the P/iormidium-sheets from the
localities above-mentioned, and in several cases was found in large quantities on the
surface of aquatic micro-animals. The colonies varied very considerably in size
(15-40 /A) and were composed of numerous minute rounded cells, rarely exceeding 1 p
in diameter. The shape of the colonies was very diverse ; in many cases they were
more or less rounded and well defined (fig. 68), but in other cases the shape was quite
irregular (figs. 67, 70). These differences are not due to a difference in age, as large
colonies were often round and small ones quite irregular. The cells are, as a general
rule, very closely crowded, although in the more irregular colonies they tend to be less
densely placed at some points. The colour of the cell-contents varies from a pale blue-
green to a dark green. The colonies could in all cases be made to stand out
conspicuously against the background of the Phorrnidium by treatment with iodine,
which gave them a yellowish-brown tinge.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 25

It does not seem possible to distinguish adequately between Kiitzing's M'icroci/stis
parasitica and his Microhaloa finna ( = Microci/xtifi jlrma). The colonies observed in
the present material really combine the characters of the two species.

Var. GLACIALIS var. nov.

Cellulis minutissimis, dense aggregates in familiis plerumque et saepe valde
irregularibus, in muco rubiginoso involutis ; contentum cellularum dilute serugineum
csse verisimile est.

Diam. cell. = '5 ju ; diam. colon, usque ad 40 /*.

Hob. — Dull brick-coloured ice, situated in long level lino as though in situation
of former water-level, four feet above, frozen water-course through " Penknife " ice,
McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902.

This form is partly, if not entirely, responsible for the colouration of the ice in this
habitat. The minute cells are densely aggregated in a brownish-red mucus, which
seems to be the only essential point of difference from the type. As far as could be
made out the cells themselves have pale blue-green contents.

Genus MERISMOPEDIA Meyen.

27. MERISMOPEDIA TENUISSIMA.

(PL L, figs. 49-51.)

Merismopedia tenuissima Lemmermann, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Plankfconalgen, Bot. Centralbl., Ixxvi. (1898),
p. 154.

Diam. cell. ca. 1 • 5 p,.

Ilab. — Damp spot, summit of Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

The colonies were composed of small, generally closely placed cells, and consisted
of sixteen or frequently thirty-two or even sixty-four cells, forming very regular
compact plates of small dimensions. The cell-contents were pale blue-green and
homogeneous. Wille (Antarkt. Algen, Nyt Mag. f. Naturvidenskab, xl. (1902), p. 219)
' has recorded another form of this genus (M. f/laiicum (Ehrb.) Nag. var. punctatum
(Meyen) Hansg.) from Cape Adare, but the cells in the colonies of my material were
too minute to belong to this species ; they differed also in their frequently dense
aggregation.

Genus EUCAPSIS Clements and Shantz.

28. EUCAPSIS MINUTA sp. n.
(PL L, figs. 47, 48.)

Familiis ssepe irregularibus, sed e fasciculis cubicis 8-32-128 vel plurium
cellularum compositis, libere natantibus, cum tegumento hyalino mucoso arcto ; cellulis
hemisphsericis vel subglobosis, geminatim dispositis ut in genere Cliroococco,
cytoplasmate plerumque dilute serugineo (praesertim in familiis novellis), sed interdum

K 2

26 F. E. FEITSCH.

laete serugineo, homogeneo ; cellulis in familiis novellis minutissimis et dense
aggregatis, in familiis vetustis 1-1 • 5 /x cliam. et clistincte discretis ; cellularum divisio
fit in tres directiones alternantes.

Hob. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 ; in fresh-
water ice under boulder, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

The genus Eucapsis was founded by Clements and Shantz (Minnesota Bot.
Studies, iv. (1909), p. 134) for a species of blue-green Alga forming cubical packets of
cells in an alpine pond in Colorado. The Antarctic species differs from it in the much
smaller dimensions of the cells, in their wider separation in the mature condition, and
in the frequent irregularity of the colonies. The latter do not form the regular cubical
groups figured by the authors for E. alpina, but arc (especially the older ones) of
irregular outline (fig. 47), although composed of individual packets of eight or more
cells, which are quite regularly disposed. The investment is quite invisible in
unstained material, but is rendered obvious by treatment with methylene blue ; it.
closely follows the outline of the colony.

OSCILLATORI ACKffi.

Genus MICROCOLEUS Desmazieres.
29. MICROCOLEUS VAGINATU.S.

Microcoleus vaginatm (Vauch.) Gomont, Monogr. d. Oscill., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., 7 ser., xv. (1892),
pp. 355-357, PI. XIV., fig. 12.

Hal). — Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902 (rare).

Genus SYMPLOCA Kiitz.
30. SYMPLOCA sp.

Hal). — On rocks, freshwater pond, Winter Harbour, January 12th, 1904.

Only one specimen of this form was found and that proved insufficient for
determination. It appeared in the shape of very minute dense deep blue-green
tufts, not more than 30 p. high and composed of very narrow and closely placed
filaments. It may have been a specimen of S. thermalis (Kiitz.) Gom.

•

Genus LYNGBYA C. Agardh.

•

31. LYNGBYA AESTUARII.
Lyngbya cestuarii (Mertens) Licbm. ; Gomont, op."cit., xvi. (1892), pp. 127-131, PI. III., figs. 1 and 2.

Diam. fil. = 8-15 /A; diam. trich. = 7-12 p..

Hah. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, February 20th, 1904; dry ponds, Winter
Quarters, February, 1902.

The sheath was thick, stratified and provided with a rough edge.

FRESHWATRK ALGJS. 27

Var. ANTARCTICA var. nov.
(PL II., figs. 87-90.)

Filis elongatis, rcctis vel flcxuosis, interdum tortuosis ; vaginis hyalinis, plus
minusve tenuibus, levibus, ut videtur, setate provecta non erassis ; trichomatibus
rerugineis, apice baud vel raro attenuate, truncate, saepe massa intercellular! inflate
ct refringenti interruptis ; cellulis diametro tricbomatis quadruple ad sextuple
brevioribus, cytoplasmate soepe cum granulis magnis, dissepimentis plerumque non
granulatis ; apice tricbomatis interdum capitato, membrana cellulae apicalis superne
plus minusve distinct© incrassata in forma calyptrae.

Diarn. fil. = 8-13/x; diam. trich. = 7-12 p.

Jlafi. — Same as the type, but the variety was considerably more abundant.

At first there seemed to be good grounds for establishing this variety as a
distinct species, as it differs from the type in several prominent respects, viz.,
the thin character of the sheath, even in older filaments ; the rare attenuation of
the apex of the trichome ; the frequent presence of a prominent calyptra and
the marked capitate habit of many of the trichomes ; the presence of numerous
biconcave masses of refringent intercellular substance, which generally bulge a little.
None of these characters except the thinness of the sheath and the occurrence of
intercellular masses is, however, constant. The apex of the trichome may be flat
and rounded without any development of a calyptra or even a perceptible thickening
of the outer membrane (fig. 88) ; or the apical cell may have a prominent calyptra
without possessing a capitate character (fig. 89) ; or the apex may be distinctly
capitate with only a slight thickening of the outer membrane (fig. 90) ; or lastly
the apex of the trichome may be more or less markedly attenuated, capitate and
provided with a well-marked calyptra (fig 87). It is obvious that these different
forms of apex connect the variety with the type, a connection which is also
established by the identical width of the trichomes in the two cases and the
extremely flat cells. Should the different types of apex be constant we would
have f. attenuata, f. capitata, i. simplex, etc., of this variety, but it is possible that
some or all of them are merely stages in development.

The apical cell in the capitate trichomes was always very transparent and devoid
of contents. Occasionally the two end -cells of the trichome showed these characters.
In a few cases the cells near the apex of the trichome exhibited a faint constriction
at the dissepiments (fig. 89).

32. LYNGBYA MARTENSIANA.

Lynglya martensiana Menegh., Conspect. Algol, euganeae, 1837, p. 12 ; Gomont, op. cit., xvi. (1892),
p. 145, PL III., fig. 17.

Diam. fil. = 8-9 p. ; diam. trich. = 6-7 ' 5 p..

Hob. — Freshwater pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December
31st, 1902; Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

28 F. E. FBITSCH.

33. LYNGBYA ATTENUATA sp. n.
(PL II., figs. 79-84.)

Filis stratum definition non formantibus, sed numerosis ad superficiem stratuum
Phormidii affixis vel repentibus, flexuosis, fragilibus ; vaginis achrois firmis tenuibus ;
trichomatibus inter cellulas baud constrictis, cellulis tarn longis quam latis vel paulo
brevioribus, cytoplasmate homogeneo dilute serugineo, dissepimentis pellueidis, valde
indistinctis ; apice trichomatis plus minusve distincte attenuato, plerumque rotun-
dato, interdum paulo capitate, ssepe modice arcuato.

Diam. fil. = 5-6 p. ; diam. trich. = 4 • 8-5 • 7 /u..

Hab. — Pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st, 1902 ;
Gap pond, Winter Harbour ; pond among the eskers which border the shore of the
Western mainland, December 2nd, 1902.

The most distinctive character of this species lies in the marked attenuation
of the apex (figs. 79, 80), the terminal cell being sometimes somewhat inflated
and making the trichome capitate (figs. 82, 83) ; as a general rule the attenuated
apex is rounded, but occasionally the terminal cell is more or less pointed (figs.
81, 84). Iodine coloured the filaments a deep yellowish-brown, but left the apical
cell colourless.

L. attenuata appears to come nearest to L. seruyineo-ccerulea (Kiitz.) Gom.,
from which it differs in the following respects : the frequent curvature of the apex
of the trichome ; the rather longer cells ; the homogeneous cell-contents and the
absence of granules at the dissepiments ; the generally marked attenuation of the
end of the trichome, often beginning at some distance from the apex ; the absence
of special thickening of the outer membrane of the apical cell ; the very indistinct
septa. L. cladopliorse Tilden (Minnesota Algae, L, Minneapolis (1910), p. 11G,
PI. V., fig. 34) should also be compared.

34. LYNGBYA /ERUGINEO-CCERULEA.

(PL II., figs. 85-86.)
Lynglya (erugineo-carulea (Kiitz.) Gom., torn, cit., pp. 1-46-147, PI. IV., figs. 1-3.

Hab. — Abundant in Gap pond, Winter Harbour, on the surface of the
Phormidiuin-sheets, where it often formed an appreciable stratum.

In some cases the cell-contents were provided with abundant coarse granules
(fig. 85), in others some of the dissepiments were very markedly granulated (fig.
8 5 A). In several of the samples from the Gap pond the filaments of this species
were forming gonidia, a single round gonidium being observed in each cell (fig. 86).

FRESHWATER ALG.E. 29

•

35. LYNGBYA SCOTTI * sp. n.
(PI. II., figs. 91-93.)

Fills august is, plerumquc valde tortuosis, interdum subrectis, stratum in superficie
Phormidii formantibus ; vaginis prirao tenuibus hyalinis, demum modice incrassatis
extus rugosis cum particulis numcrosis adhserentibus, non lamellatis ; trichomatibus
cum cellula apical! acuta coiiica, uon capitatis aut attenuatis, plerumque modice inter
cellulas constrictis ; cellulis tarn longis quam latis vel paulo longioribus, plerumque
cytoplasmate homogeneo, dissepimentis indistinctis, sed interdum cum granulis dense
aggregates in utraque parte dissepimentarum ; calyptra uulla.

Diam. fil. = 3 '4-5 p. ; diam. trich. = 2 '6-3 //,.

lid). — Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

This species should be compared with Lymjbya kutzingi Schmidle, and its
variety distincta (Nordst.) Lemm. (= L. suit Hi* West). It differs from these forms in
the thickened rugose sheath of older filaments, in the acutely conical apical cell, the
slight constriction between the cells and the occasional granulation of the dissepiments.
The adhesion of small particles to the rough surface of older sheaths is a marked
characteristic, as the bulk of the filaments showed it.

Var. MINOR var. nov. (PI. II., figs. 94-96).

Filis augustioribus, plerumque valde tortuosis ; vagiuis tenuibus hyalinis ;
trichomatibus cum cellula apicali acuta conica, interdum paulo attenuatis, modice inter
cellulas constrictis ; cellulis tarn longis quam latis vel paulo longioribus, contentu
homogeneo.

Diam. fil. = 2 • 5-2 • 7 ^ ; diam. trich. = 1 • 5-1 • 8 ju,.

Ilab. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, February 20th, 1904 (forming a stratum on
Phormidium).

This variety differs chiefly from the type in its smaller dimensions and in the
apparent absence of thickening of the sheath in older filaments. The cell-contents
were in all cases homogeneous.

36. LYNGBYA LAGERHEIMI.
(PI. II., figs. 74-78.)

Lyngbya lagerJieimii (Mob.) Gomont, torn, cit., pp. 147-148, PI. IV., figs. G, 7 (Spirocoleus laffer/ieimii
Mobius, Hedwigia, 1889, p. 312, Tab. 10, figs. 1, 2).

Diam. fil. = 3-3 '5 p ; diam. trich. = 2-3 /*.

Ilab. — Freshwater pond in eskers upon ice, halfway between Black Island and
Brown Island, January 3rd, 1903.

* This species is named after Captain Scott, C.V.O., the leader of the British National Antarctic Expedition
[and of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910] .

30 F. E. FRITSCH.

This Alga, about the determination of which I am not quite certain, formed a
stratum together with Phormidium anyustissimum W. and G. S. West. The filaments
were very densely and irregularly entangled, and many of them showed a complete
spiral coiling of several turns (figs. 74, 75) ; others, however, were merely fiexuous
or even straight for a considerable distance, such filaments being on the whole in
the majority. The sheath was prominent, mostly fitting very close, although
occasionally a little off-standing. The cell-contents were pale blue-green and often
vacuolar or provided with scattered granules of moderate size. In no case could a
regular placing of granules with reference to the septa be recognised. Gomont himself,
however, queries this part of the diagnosis of L. layerhehni, and his figures certainly
fail to show anything of the kind. The cells of the trichomes were generally slightly
longer than broad (fig. 78). The apex of the trichome appears to be rounded and
obtuse.

Genus PHORMIDIUM Kiitz.

37. PHORMIDIUM AUTUMNALE.

(PI. L, figs. 53, 54.)
Phormidium autumnale (Ag.) Gom., torn, cit., pp. 187-190, PL V., figs. 23, 24.

Diam. trich. = 3 • 8-4 ' 5 p; long. cell. = 3 • 8 p.

Ilab. — Freshwater pond, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

The cells were sometimes a trifle longer than broad ; the septa were marked by
a prominent double row of granules. The apex of the filament was not always
prominently attenuated (fig. 53), but was markedly capitate, the apical cell being
depressed-conical.

This species was not as abundant in my material as in that examined by
Messrs. West (cf. op. cit., p. 291) ; in the locality above named it, however, evidently
formed extensive pure strata.

38. PHORMIDIUM LAMINOSUM.

Phormidium laminosum Gomont, Essai de classif. d. Nostoc. homocystees, Journ. de Bot., iv. (1800), p. 355 ;
Monogr. Oscill., torn, cit., pp. 167-168, PL IV., figs. 21, 22.

Diam. trich. = 1-1 *5 /u, ; cellulis saepe elongatis (usque ad 5 p,).

Hob. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour.

The cells were frequently much elongated, but apart from that the specimens
agreed well with Gomont's description. The inconspicuous septa were generally
provided only with two granules, one on either side ; according to Gomont there are
four, but his figures fail to show more than two. The bulk of Phormidium from the
Gap pond appears to belong to this species.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 31

39. PHORMIDIUM TENUE.

Phormulitim tcm/e (Mcnegh.) Gom., torn, cit., p. 169, PL IV., figs. 23-25.

Diam. fil. = 1 • 5-2 /x.

Hah. — Fresh water pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st,
1902 (forming a thin stratum overgrown by Nodularia koettlitzi and species of
Oscillator ia) ; Gap pond, Winter Harbour, December 15th, 1903.

The cell-contents were occasionally slightly granular.

40. PHORMIDIUM FRAGILE.

Fhormi'liimi fragile (Menegh.) Gom., torn, cit., pp. 163-164, PL IV., figs. 13-15.

Diam. trich. = 1 • 5-1 • 8 p. ; long. cell. = 1 • 5-2 //..

llali. — Freshwater pond in eskers upon ice, half- way between Black and
Brown Islands, January 3rd, 1903; Gap pond, Winter Harbour; growing in and
through ice in pond among the eskers which border the shore of the Western mainland,
December 2nd, 1902.

41. PHORMIDIUM FRIGIDUM sp. n.
(PL L, fig. 52.)

Strato, ut videtur, tenui, membranaceo, colore ? (ut videtur serugineo) ; filis
plerumque plus miuusve tortuosis et intricatis, iuterdum parallelis ; vaginis mucosis,
in muco hyalino difflueutibus ; trichomatibus inter cellulas distiucte constrictis, s?epe
fere moniliformibus, apice non attenuate, cellula apicali rotuudata ; cellulis tarn longis
quam latis vel ad duplo longioribus, cytoplasmate dilute aerugineo, homogeneo, rare
granulate ; dissepimentis plerumque cum granule magno distincto ssepe deplanato in
utraque parte, interdum modo in altera parte, vel sine grauulis ; calyptra nulla.

Diam. trich. = 0 ' 8-1 • 2 /j. (interdum ad 1 ' 5 p}.

Ilab. — Dull brick-coloured ice, situated in long level line, as though in situation
of former water-level, four feet above frozen water-course through " Penknife ice,"
McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902.

This form, which presumably grows on the surface of the ice, was only present
in minute pieces, so that the general colour of the stratum cannot definitely be stated.
It belongs to Gomont's first section Monlliformia, but differs from all other species of
that section in the frequent presence of granules at the dissepiments ; although
occasionally wanting, the granules were always present on the majority of the septa in
each filament. The granules were generally more or less flattened against the
dissepiments, which gives the trichomes a rather characteristic aspect (cf. the uppermost
filament in fig. 52).

Except for the shortness of the cells and the granulated dissepiments the species
resembles P. angustissimum W. and G. S. West. It also comes close to P. fragile

VOL. VI.

32 F. E. FRITSCH.

(Menegh.) Gom., but apart from other differences, the trichomes are more nioniliform
than they are in that species. The longer cells, granulated dissepiments and more
markedly nioniliform character distinguish P. frignlum from /'. ylwiale W. and
G. S. West (op. cit., p. 291, 292).

42. PHORMIDIUM ANGUSTISSIMUM.

Phormidium angmtissimum \V. and G. S. West, " Welwitscli's African Freshwater Algae," Journ. Bot.,
1897, pp. 298-299.

Nab. — Freshwater pond in eskers upon ice, half way between Black and Brown
Islands, January 3rd, 1903; freshwater pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo
Strait, December 31st, 1902.

In the material from the first habitat the septa were very indistinct and
constriction was scarcely obvious. In this latter respect the specimens were more like
P. treleasl Gom., which G. S. West (Algae from hot springs, Journ. Bot., 1902, p. 245)
has suggested may be identical with P. angustissimwn. In some cases the trichomes
tapered a little at the apex. The material from the second habitat was quite typical.

43. PHORMIDIUM ANTARCTICUM.
(PI. I., tigs. 71-73.)

Phormidium anfarcticum W. and G. S. West, Rep. Brit. Antarct. Exped., vol. i. (1011), p. 292, PL XXV.,
figs. 75A-75G.

Forma trichomatibus modo laxissime spiraliter contortis vel non spiraliter.

Hob. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

The material of this species occurred intermingled with CUamydomonds
tsubcaudata, C. intermedia, etc., i.e. the consorts were in part the same, as in the
material examined by Messrs. West. The filaments agreed in all respects with those
described and figured by the latter authorities, except that they did not show the
marked spiral character evident in Messrs. West's figures. They were sometimes
formed into a very lax and irregular spiral, but more commonly a spiral character
was not obvious at all, the filaments being almost straight or curved or looped in
various ways.

The diffluent sheaths of the filaments were rarely visible, but were often indirectly
rendered obvious by the marked adhesion of foreign matter (in the shape of minute
particles) to the surface of the filaments. The transverse walls were very indistinct in
unstained material, but after staining with methylene blue they appeared as rather
thick transverse bars.

The advisability of referring this form to the genus Pkonnidium may be
questioned. Except for the diffluent character of the sheaths, it is a Lyngbya, and it
might prove better to confine the limits of the former genus to such forms as consist
of sheets of agglutinated filaments.

FRESHWATER ALG^l. 33

Genus OSCILLATORIA Vaucher.

44. OSCILLATORIA PROBOSCIDEA.

Oscillatoria proloscitlea Gom., torn, cit., p. 209, PL VI., figs. 10, 11.
Diam. trich. = 12 A.

lt. — Freshwater pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st,
1902.

Isolated filaments, very similar to Gomont's fig. 1 1.

45. OSCILLATORIA SUBPROBOSCIDEA.
(PI. I., fig. 66.)

Oscillatoria subproboscidea W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 293, PI. XXV., figs. 91-94.

Hob. — Freshwater pond among eskers, four miles north of Black Island, upon
ice, McMurdo Strait, September 12th, 1902 ; very rare.

46. OSCILLATORIA IRRIGUA.

Oscillatoria irrii/ua Kiitz., Phyc. gen. (1843), p. 189 ; Phycol. Germ., 1845, p. 160 ; Gomont, torn, cit.,
pp. 218-219, PI. VI., figs. 22, 23.

Diam. trich. = 7-8 /A.

Hal. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, December 15th, 1903.

47. OSCILLATORIA SIMPLICISSIMA.

Var. ANTARCTICA var. n.

(Plate I., figs. 60-64.)

Oscillaloria simplicissima Gom., torn, cit., p. 219, PI. VII., % 1 (0. tennis f. aruginosa Sauter in Raben-
horst, Alg., 1874, No. 2383).

Trichomatibus ssepe valde elongatis, flexilibus, plerumque flexuosis, inter cellulas
non constrictis, massa intercellulari inflate et refringenti interrupts, apice recto neque
a'ttenuato neque capitate ; cellula apicali superue hemisphaerica ; protoplasmate
homogeneo vel subgranuloso.

Diam. trich. = 8 ju. ; long. cell. = 2-3 p..

Hal. — Freshwater pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st,
1902 (on surface of a sheet of Phormidktm an<ju*tissimum) ; pond among the eskers
which border the shore of the Western Mainland, December 2nd, 1902.

The specimens differed from those described by Gomont in two important respects,
viz., their highly flexuous character and the abundant occurrence of inflated bi-concavc
intercellular masses (fig. 60). The apices of the trichomes were perfectly straight and in

L 2

34 F. E. FRITSCH.

no way attenuated ; the apical cell was more or less hemispherical, its outer membrane
being unthickened or barely thickened. The trichomes were frequently overgrown by
filaments of the subjacent Pkormidium, which were in part very closely applied to the
Oxcilltifor/a (fig. 64). Not uncommonly the apices of the trichomes bore a small
cluster of Bacteria (fig. G3).

Apart from these typical specimens of the variety two peculiar forms were
noticed. In the one the apical cell of the trichome is produced into a point (f.
acuminata, fig. G2), although such cases were very rare. The other form is
characterised by a tendency for the tricliomes to coil up into a spiral or for
two parts of a trichome to become twisted spirally around one another, somewhat
as in Spirulina duple* "Wolle (f. spiral! s, cf. fig. 61).

48. OSCILLATORIA KOETTLITZI Sp. n.

(PI. L, figs. 55-59.)

Trichomatibus rectis vel modice flexuosis, sparsis in superficiem Phormidii repen-
tibus, obscure violaceis, haud vel vix inter cellulas constrictis, 7-9 /A crassis ; cellulis
valde deplanatis, longitudine l^-2plo latioribus (long. cell. 3-4 '5 p.), contentu
cum paucis granulis, dissepimentis ssepe indistinctis, granulis protoplasmaticis syepe
magnis et fere confluentibus obductis ; apice recto, lion attenuate, plerumque distincte
capitate ; cellula apicali ssepe decolorata, sine granulis et plus minusve inflata,
membrana superne interdum modice incrassata.

Hob. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour; dry ponds, Winter Quarters, February,
1902.

This species finds its place in Gomont's section Princ'ipes and is perhaps most
nearly allied to 0. limosa Ag., from which it differs in its smaller dimensions, in
the capitate habit and in the absence of attenuation. The terminal cell is certainly
a very characteristic feature ; in many of the trichomes it is prominently inflated
and quite devoid of contents, its membrane, however, being little if at all thickened
(figs. 55, 57, 58). The septa are generally completely obscured by often coarse
protoplasmic granules, which mostly form a dense double row on either side of
the septum, although in some few cases there was but a single row of granules
(fig. 57).

» 49. OSCILLATORIA TENTHS.

Oscillatoria temds Agardh, Alg. Decades, ii. (1813), p. 2f> ; Gomont, torn. «'/., pp. 220-221, PI. VII., figs.
2 and 3.

Diam. trich. = 6-7 /A.

ITdb. — Pond in eskers along shore of Western land, December 14th, 1902 ;
pond in eskers upon ice, half-way between Black and Brown Islands, January 3rd,
1903 ; pond in ice, off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st, 1902.

FRESHWATER ALG.E. 35

There was occasionally very little constriction between the cells. Some of the
filaments bore apical bacterial clusters.

50. OSCILLATORIA FORMOSA.

Oscillatorin formosa Bory, Diet, class, d'kist. nat., xii. (1827), p. 474; Gomont, torn, cit., pp. 230-231,

PI. vii., fig. ic.

Diam. trich. = 5 /A.

I Tab. — Damp spot, summit of Cape Aclare, January 9th, 1902.

This form occurred in tufts attached to the surface of Prasiola crispa. The
trichomes showed no indication of constriction at the dissepiments, but Gomont's
figure also shows nothing of the kind. Although many of the trichomes were
tapering and hooked, others in the same tuft were straight at the apex, not tapering
and obtuse. The trichomes often exhibited a slight terebriform character (cf. 0.
Borge, Algen aus Argentina und Bolivia, Arkiv f. Botanik, VI., No. 4 (1906), p. 11).

51. OSCILLATORIA PRODUCT A.

(PI. I, fig. 65.)
Oscillatoria producta W. and 0. S. West, op. cit., p. 294, PI. XXV., figs. 86-90.

Ilab. — Freshwater pond among eskers, four miles north of Black Island, upon
ice, McMurdo Strait, September 12th, 1902.

Only a few trichomes of this species were seen. They were quite straight
with a straight tip, which was rather longer than shown in any of Messrs. West's
figures (cf. fig. 65). The cell-contents were highly granular.

52. OSCILLATORIA BREVIS.

Oscillatoria brevis Kiitz., Pliyc. gen. (1843), p. 186 ; Gomont, torn, cit., pp. 229-230, PI. VII., figs. 14, 15.

r

Diam. trich. = 4-7 p. ; cellulis diametro ij— iplo kmgioribus.

Ilab. — Freshwater pond among eskers, four miles north of Black Island, upon
ice, McMurdo Strait, September 12th, 1902 ; pond among eskers, bordering shore
of Western Mainland, December 2nd, 1902.

The trichomes were frequently interrupted by inflated masses of intercellular
substance.

53. OSCILLATORIA DEFLEXA.
Oscillatoria deflexa W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 295, PI. XXV., figs. 95-97.

Hob. — Freshwater pond in ice, off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December
31st, 1902 (floating among Nodularia koettlttzi and Oscillatoria tennis).

36 F. E. FRITSCH.

RIVULARIACE^E.

Genus CALOTHRIX Agardh.

54. CALOTHRIX ANTARCTICA sp. n.

(PL III, figs. 161-163.)

Fills solitariis vel sparse congregatis, flexuosis, usque ad 300 ft longis, in stratu
P/tormidii frag His nidulantibus ; vaginis crassis, flavescentibus, indistincte lamellatis,
non ocreatis, spatio parvo a trichomatibus sejunctis, ssepe apice diffluentibus ; hetero-
cystis basilaribus, solitariis vel rare duabus, plerumque non in vaginis inclusis, ellipticis
vel plerumque deplanatis membrana crassa et contentu homogeneo, ssepe effetis ;
trichomatibus paulatim apicem versus attenuatis, ut videtur non in pilum productis,
interdum pseudo-ramosis, inter cellulas plus minusve constrictis, dissepimentis indis-
tinctis, ssepe granulatis ; cellulis ad basim trichomatis modice deplanatis, sursum
paulo longioribus quam latis, cytoplasmate cum paucis granulis magnis.

Diam. fil. ad bas. = 10-15 ft; diam. trich. ad bas. = 6-8 /A ; diam. fil. in media
parte = 8-1 3 ft ; diam. trich. in media parte = 5-6 p.; diam. heterocyst. = 10 ft; crass,
parietis vaginae = 2 ft.

liab. — Freshwater pond in eskers upon ice, half-way between Black and
Brown Islands, January 3rd, 1903.

This species was relatively rare, but very distinct owing to the yellow colouration
of the sheath ; this is thick, faintly stratified and diffluent at the apex. It does not
appear that the trichomes terminate in a hair, although I do not feel sure on this
point. The trichomes showed no constriction at the base, but in the upper portions
frequently appeared almost moniliform (fig. 162). The granulation of the dissepiments
(figs. 161, 163) is not a common feature in the genus.

C. antarctica appears to be rather closely allied to C. fusca (Kiitz.) Bornet et
Flahault, but the latter differs in the bulbous inflation of the base of the filaments,
the colourless gelatinous sheaths, the short cells and probably in the production of
the trichomes into a long hair. The characters of the sheath also serve to distinguish
this species from C. sandricensis (Nordst.) Schmidle.

55. CALOTHRIX INTRICATA sp. n.
(PL III., figs. 158-160.)

Filis in stratu parvo membranaceo dispositis dense flexuoso-contortis et intricatis
vel subsolitariis, subbrevibus, ut videtur usque ad 300 ft longis, ad superficiem
P/tormidii arfixis ; vaginis tenuibus, distinctis, achrois, non ocreatis, plerumque arctis, in
basi interdum paulo inflatis ; heterocystis basilaribus, singulis vel pluribus, plerumque
in vaginis inclusis, plus minusve hemisphsericis vel deplanatis, contentu interdum

FRESHWATER ALGJE. 37

•n-anuloso ; trichomatibus gradatini attenuatis, sed lion in pilum productis, non
pseudo-ramosis, inter cellulas vix coustrictis, dissepimentis distinctis ; cellulis ad
basin trichomatis tarn longis quam latis vel modicc deplanatis, sursum diametro ad
duplo longioribus, contcntu aerugineo granuloso.

Diam. fil. ad bas. = 8-9 fj. ; diam. trich. ad bas. = 5-G //, ; diam. trich. in media
partc = 4-5 p ; diam. hetcrocyst. = 5-6 /* ; crass, parietis vaginae = • 8 p.

Hal}. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour.

The filaments are curved and intertwined to such an extent as to make it almost
impossible to follow one from end to end (fig. 158). In places these densely
entangled filaments form a thin stratum completely hiding the underlying Phormidium,
but at other points they are much more loosely arranged. The base of the sheath is
often a little inflated, and in this case there is a rapid narrowing of the filament just
above the base ; beyond that point, however, the attenuation is very gradual, and the
termination of the filament is only slightly narrower than it is just above the inflated
base (figs. 159, 1GO). The terminal cell of the trichome appears to be more or less
pointed and acute (figs. 159, 160).

This species bears considerable resemblance to the Calothrix sp., described and
figured by Messrs. West (op. cit., p. 298, PI. XXV., figs. 55-57), which they regard as
probably being a new species of the genus ; but there are some important differences—
viz. the subtorulose cells (which are quite different to those of C. intricate), and the
obtuse terminal cell of the trichomes. Possibly Messrs. West's specimens are a variety
of C. intricata. The genus Calothrix is, however, evidently well represented in the
Antarctic with a considerable number of new forms.

There is some resemblance between C. intricata and C. epipkytica W. and
G. S. West, but, apart from the somewhat larger dimensions, the former differs in
the fact that the trichomes do not taper into a hair and in the highly tortuous
character of the filaments.

56. CALOTHRIX GRACILIS, sp. u.
(PI. III., figs. 164-172.)

Filis rectis vel saepe modice flexuosis, solitariis vel subgregariis, usque ad 400 /u.
longis, in superficie Phormidii repentibus, rare pseudo-ramosis ; vaginis tenuissimis,
hyalinis, arctis, basin interdum inflatis ; heterocystis basilaribus, et in filis longioribus
etiam intercalaribus, plerumque solitariis, in vaginis inclusis, deplanatis, hemisphaericis
vel rarius obconicis, membrana modice incrassata contentu homogeneo ; trichomatibus
non in pilum productis, plerumque gradatim attenuatis, sed ubi basis vaginae inflata est
subito attenuatis paulum supra basim, cellula apicali acuta ; trichomatibus in parte
basali inter cellulas modice constrictis ; cellulis inferne saepe paulo deplanatis
(prsesertim ubi basis fili inflata est), in media parte et superne diametro circa l^plo
longioribus, contentu cum paucis granulis ; sporis (an maturis ?) binis (semper ?),
cylindricis, diametro lg-2plo longioribus, membrana levi.

38 F. E. FRITSCH.

Diam. fil. ad bas. = 6 p (fil. inflat. 9-1 0/x); diam. trich. ad has. = 5 /A (trich.
iiiflat. 8-9 /A) ; diam. fil. in media parte = 3 • 5 /x ; diam. trich. in media parte = 3 /A ;
diam. heterocyst. = 5 • 5 /A ; diam. spor. = 5 /A ; long. spor. = 8-9 /A.

Ilab. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, January 12th, 1904.

The often much elongated and rather narrow filaments of this species present a
very graceful appearance under the microscope. In many cases there is quite a
gradual attenuation from base to apex (figs. 165, 172), but occasional filaments show
a prominent inflation of the base, as seen in fig. 166. False branching of the filaments
is rare (fig. 164). The heterocysts are slightly wider than the trichomes and are only
rarely found in an intercalary position (figs. 164, 170) ; their shape is remarkably
diverse (figs. 165, 166, 171). Only one filament with spores was seen (fig. 168), and
it is hardly likely that they were mature.

The species comes near to C. sandricensis (Nordst.) Schmidle ( = Lophopodrum
sandvicense Nordst.), a form which has as yet only been found in the Southern
Hemisphere. C. gracilis differs from it in the different shape of the spores, in the
absence of a hair-like termination to the trichome, in the simple sheath, and the diverse
shape of the heterocysts. It also resembles C. cartilayinea G. S. West, superficially,
but this species has no heterocysts and its trichomes are attenuated into hairs.

SCYTONEMATACE.E.

Genus TOLYPOTHRIX Kiitz.

57. TOLYPOTHRIX CONGLUTINATA.

(PI. Ill, figs. 145, 146.)

Tulypothrix eonglutinata Bovzi, Note alia Morf. o Biol. d. Alglie Ficocrom., Nuov. Giorn. bot. Ital., xi.
(1879), p. 371 ; Bornet et Flahault, Rev. d. Nostoc. hcterocyst., Aun. Sci. nat., Bot., 7 ser., v. (1887),
p. 125.

Diam. fil. = 16-1 8 /A; diam. trich. = 8-9 yu, ; crass, parietis vagiuse = usque
ad 5 ju,.

Halt. — Freshwater pond, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

Unfortunately only a single specimen of this form was found, but that was fairly
convincing. It formed an intricate mass of numerous branches, to which fig. 145 does
no degree of justice, but it was impossible to figure the confused tangle in its entirety.
The false branches were very numerous and followed closely upon one another.
They were superposed to such an extent as to make their course very difficult to
follow ; in many cases they were sharply incurved and more or less agglutinated with
the main filament and other branches. The filaments had very thick sheaths (up to
5 /A in thickness) with a rough edge, the sheaths being hyaline and not stratified
(fig. 146). The cells of the trichomes were very flat (often 3-4 times as broad as long)
with somewhat granular septa, the trichomes being slightly constricted between the

FRESHWATER ALG^J. 39

cells. The heterocysts were single and mostly almost spherical. The only point in
the published descriptions of the species that could not be verified is the irregular
widening of the sheaths and their occasional constriction (" vaginis irregulariter
ampliatis hie et illic constrictis "). The dimensions agree well.

As far as I am aware this species has hitherto only been observed on wet rocks
in Italy, by Borzi.

NOSTOCACELE.

. Genus NOSTOC Vaucher.

58. NOSTOC DISCIFORME sp. n.
(PL III., figs. 123-131.)

Thallo pallide serugiiieo, pellucido, deplanato, adnato vel postea libere natante,
forma disci tenuis ovalis vel circularis cum margins levi et regulari, non confiuentis et
diametro usque ad 4 mm. ; trichomatibus plus miimsve laxe intricatis, valde tortuosis,
vaginis arctis, hyalinis et modice inter cellulas constrictis, ssepe deficientibus ; cellulis
parvis, plerumque globosis, rarius paulo deplanatis et doliformibus, rarissime ellipsoideis,
remotis ; heterocystis globosis aut deplanatis aut doliformibus, singulis vel binis vel
interdum pluribus congregatis, membrana modice incrassata et contentu distincto,
diametro trichomatis circiter duplo latioribus ; sporis dcpresso-globosis vel rarius
globosis, confertis, in catenis dispositis, membrana levi et contentu paulo granuloso ;
thallus peridermate distincto, rnucoso, teuui, sed modice tenaci, circumdatus est ; thalli
juvenales circulares suut.

Diam. cell. veg. = 2 • 5-3 ' 5 /u, ; diam. heterocyst. = 5-6 ' 5 p. ; diam. spor. = 3 ' 5-4 p
(an maturae ?) ; diam. vagiuse = 6-7 p..

JIab.- — Gap pond, Winter Harbour ; on ice, four feet above frozen watercourse,
through "Penknife" ice, McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902.

This characteristic form was very abundant on the P/iormid turn-sheets from the
Gap pond, on which it forms small oval or circular transparent discs (fig. 126), which
may, apparently, later become detached, and exist in a free-floating condition. These
discs are of all possible sizes, but I have seen none that exceeded 4 mm. in diameter.
Numerous young colonies were observed and were found to be circular from the very
first (figs. 123-125) ; the delicate but rather firm investment is immediately developed.
In the mature thallus the much contorted trichomes-(figs. 127, 128, 130) are loosely
entangled (fig. 131). In rather rare cases a close-fitting mucilage- sheath could be
discerned around the trichome (fig. 130). The heterocysts are nearly double the width
of the vegetative cells and of rather varied shape (figs. 128, 130); most commonly
they are single or in pairs. The ordinarily subglobose spores are formed in long
chains (figs. 127, 129).

For a discussion of the position of this species, see under N. longstaji sp. n.

40 F. E. FRITSCH.

\l

59. NOSTOC LONGSTAFFI,* sp. 11.

(PI. HI., figs. 132-137.)

Thallo laste serugiueo, impcllucido, primo aduato, clemum libcrc natautc, forma
disci tenuis ovalis vel circularis cum margiue modice irregular!, non confluentis,
diametro usque ad 12 mm. ; trichomatibus dense intricatis, valde tortuosis, ssepe cum
vaginis distinctis amplis hyalinis marginc incrassata et inter cellulas constrictis ;
cellulis parvis, plerumque globosis vel interdum ellipsoideis (deplanatis doliformibus
post divisionem), plerumque remotis, coutentu bomogeueo Isete serugirico ; hejberocystis
plus minusve globosis, solitariis, diametro trichomatis circiter duplo latioribus, mem-
brana incrassata et contentu homogeueo ; sporis globosis, membrana levi, confertis,
in catenis longis dispositis ; thallus peridermate tenui, paulo lamellato, et firmo (multo
firmiore quam in N. discifonni) circumdatus est ; tballi juvenales elongati sunt.

Diam. cell. veg. = 3-4 p. ; diam. heterocyst. = 5-6 p ; diam. spor. = 5 /A ; diam.
vaginae = 10-12 p.

Hob. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour ; freshwater pond in ice off Black Island,
McMurdo Strait, December 31st, 1902 ; dry ponds, Winter Quarters, February, 1902.
This species has a great superficial resemblance to N. disc/forme (cf. fig. 132), but
there are important differences. The filaments are much more densely intertwined
than in that species (fig. 137), and as a result the whole thallus acquires a coarser,
opaque appearance, very different from that of the delicate transparent thalli of
N. disc/forme (cf. figs. 137 and 131, which show the thalli of the two species, magnified
to the same extent). The envelope of the whole colony is also much coarser and firmer
than the gelatinous investment of N. disciforme. These differences are sufficient to
enable one to distinguish between the thalli of the two species with the naked eye.

The trichomes are very similar in the two species, but in N. longatcffi a wide
mucilage-sheath is commonly found enveloping the individual trichomes (fig. 136).
This sheath is far more distinct than that occasionally found in N. disciforme ; it
has a thickened outer edge and is often obviously constricted between the cells. The
spores are absolutely spherical (fig. 135) and often form long chains, which were
abundant on the surface of the Phormidium-slieets in several of the samples, being
quite free from the colonies.

The young colonies appear to be quite different from those of N. dive/forme.
Those which I have seen were elongated (figs. 133, 134) with a heterocyst at one or
both ends and the contained trichome was already closely wound. I have not been
able to follow their further development.

The two species of Nostoc above described obviously belong to Bornet and Flahault's
section Cuticularia (see Ann. Sci. nat., Bot., 7 se'r., VII. (1888), p. 183). N. disciforme
comes nearest to N. maculiforme Bornet et Flahault, but it differs from it in the

* Named after Mr. Longstaff, whose generous contribution rendered the expedition possible.

FRESHWATER ALGJ3. 41

following respects : the very regular oval or circular shape of the thallus, the invariably
loose arrangement of the trichomes, the narrow sheaths, the rather wider trichomes
and in the spores. Unfortunately the authors give no details as to shape or size of
the heterocysts.

N. longstaffi, appears more nearly related to N. cuticulare (Breb.) Born, et Flah.,
but there are striking differences, viz., the non-confluent thalli and the heterocysts,
which are nearly double the size of the vegetative cells.

Bornet and Flahault's key to the species of this section may therefore be slightly
modified as follows :—

Srtt. i . — Plantse aquaticse, maculif ormes, adnatae vel postea libere natantes, ambitu

crcscentes ; fila laxe vel arete contorta ................................................... CUTICITLARIA.

(a) Trichomata 8-4 p. crassa, dense contorto-flexuosissiina ; sporje sphaericae.
Heterocystse eadem forma et magnitudine nt artieuli vegetativi vel

paulo crassiores ; sporae sphrcrieae 8-10 //. crassaa .................. N. cuticulare.

Heterocystte diametro articuli vegetativi ca. duplo latiores ; sporas

sphajricfe, 5^ crassae ...................................................... N. longstafli, sp. n.

(V) Trichomata 2 • 5-4 p. crassa, laxiora ; sporffi sphaericaa vel depresso-

globosae, in longas catenas seriate.
Trichomata 3 • 5-4 /* crassa ; sporae sphaaricaa ssepius 6 /j. crassaa, in

longas catenas seriatas ; heterocystas ? ................................. N. maculiforme.

Trichomata 2 • 5-3 • 5 p crassa ; sporae depresso-globosaa vel rarius
globosa3, in catenis dispositis ; heterocystaa diametro articuli
vegetativi ca. duplo latiores ............................................. N. disciforme, sp. n.

60. NOSTOC HEDERUL^E.

Nostoc Hederulce Meneghini ; Bornet et Flah., op. cit., vii. (1888), pp. 189-190 (N. punctiforme (Kiitz.) ;
Hariot, Journ. de Bot., v. (1891), p. 29).

Gap pond, Winter Harbour (on Phormidium).
Minute colonies of very diverse shapes with very densely crowded filaments of
more or less spherical cells.

61. NOSTOC FUSCESCENS sp. n.
(PL III., figs. 138-144.)

Thallo ab initio globoso, primo adnato (?), postea libere natante, flavo-fuscescenti,
fusco vel nigro-fuscescenti, setate provecta plus minusve cavo et interdum lacerato,
diametro usque ad 10 mm., peridermate tenui levi mucoso facile lacerato circumdato ;
trichomatibus laxe intricatis, ssepe valde contortis, interdum parallelis ; vaginis in thallis
parvis et in partibus exterioribus thallorum seniorum distinctis, lamellatis, plerumque
in duas regiones disjunctis, regione exteriore diffluenti hyalina vel dilute flavo-
fuscescenti plus minusve inter cellulas constricta, regione interiore densiore distincte
delimitata fusca vel nigro-fuscescenti et inter cellulas valde constricta (ssepe simili
septationis), in partibus interioribus thallorum seniorum ssepe dilute flavo-

M 2

42 F. E. FRITSCH.

fuscescentibus vel hyalinis, non lamellatis ; cellulis parvis, globosis vel interdum
doliformibus, arete vel laxe dispositis, contentu dilute serugineo, paulo granuloso ;
heterocystifl plerumquc non in vaginis inclusis, globosis aut interdum modiee clongatis,
ctiam ellipticis finibus paulo acutis, diametro articuli vegctativi circiter dtiplo latioribus,
plerumque singulis ; sporis ignotis.

Diam. cell. veg. = 3-4 fj. ; diam. heterocyst. = 5-7 p. ; long, heterocyst. = 6-7 ' 5 p.

Hob. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour.

This characteristic species was very obvious, owing to the dark colour of even
relatively small colonies. The latter were often completely spherical (fig. 139),
although young colonies of an elongated shape were not uncommon (figs. 143, 144) ;
in the older colonies, owing to the central part becoming hollow, the thallus often
appears flattened and may even become torn open and rather irregular. As no spores
were observed, it is conceivable that the thallus may attain even larger dimensions
than those given in the diagnosis.

The most striking feature lies in the highly developed sheaths of the trichomes
(figs. 140-142). They are excellently developed in the young colonies, but arc
generally quite distinct also in the outer parts of the older colonies. The sheaths are
sharply differentiated into two regions, an outer one, which is diffluent and hyaline or
pale yellowish-brown, and an inner one, which is denser, sharply demarcated from the
outer and of a brown or deep blackish -brown colour. This inner sheath shows very
obvious constriction between the cells, often amounting to complete septa tion (figs. 139,
141, 142). In the inner parts of older colonies there is no differentiation in the
sheath.

Although no spores werjs observed, young stages of this species were not
uncommon. They consist of a rather dense tangle of filaments, already provided with
well-marked brown sheaths (figs. 139, 144). Quite small colonies already possess
an investment.

L. Gain has recently (" Deux especes nouvelles de Nostoc provenant de la region
antarctique sud-americain," Comptes Rendus, clii. (1911), pp. 1693-4) described a new
species of Nostoc under the name of N, pachydermatleum, based on a single specimen.
It is possible that N. fuscescens is identical with Gain's species, but there are certain
striking differences. Thus Gain speaks of " articulis ellipticis, 2 • 5-3 /LI crassis,
4-5 /x longis," whereas the cells of N. fuscescens are nearly or quite spherical; the
sheaths are described as " amplis, mesentericis, fuscescentibus, 13-16 p. crassis," but
there is no mention of their characteristic differentiation which, as Gain evidently had
a very small colony before him, would have been very obvious. For these reasons I
scarcely think that the two forms can be identical, and have preferred to describe the
specimens from the Gap pond as a distinct species.

N. fuscescens will probably find its place in Bornet and Flahault's fourth section
Intricata, most of the species of which are spherical at first and have coloured sheaths,
although none show the striking differentiation characteristic of the Antarctic species.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 43

The sheaths somewhat resemble those of N. commune. The species is also somewhat
like N. sphsericum Vauch., but differs in the lax arrangement of the trichomes, and the
presence of distinct sheaths.

02. ? NOSTOC SPH^RICUM.

Nostoc sphcericum Vaucher, Hist. d. C'onferv. d'eau douce (1803), p. 223, Tab. XVI., fig. 2 ; Bornet et
Flahault, torn, cit., pp. 208-209.

Diam. cell. veg. = 3-4 p. ; diam. heterocyst. = 5 • 5-6 p.

Ilab. — Freshwater pond in eskers upon ice, half-way between Black and Brown
Islands, January 3rd, 1903.

This form appeared as small colonies loosely attached to the surface of the
Cyanophyceous sheets, or free-floating ; the colonies were spherical or ellipsoidal (or
slightly irregular as a result of mutual pressure) and up to 300 p. in diameter. Some
of the colonies were yellowish or brownish, the colour apparently being due to the
general mucilage. At many points large numbers of these small (and probably
young) colonies were densely aggregated. The trichomes were rather loosely inter-
woven, the only respect in which the specimens differed from the published descriptions
of the species. No spores were seen.

It seems possible that N. hornet i Gaiu (op. cit., pp. 1691-3) is a form
of this species.

63. NOSTOC COMMUNE.

Nostoc commune Vauch., op. cit., p. 222, Tab. XVI., fig. 1 ; Bornet et Flaliault, op. cit., pp. 203-207.

Diam. trich. = 4 • 5-5 p ; diam. heterocyst. = 6-7 p..

Hob. — Dry ponds, Winter Quarters, February, 1902 ; damp spots, Granite
Harbour, New Bay, January 20th, 1902.

The thalli were irregularly folded, flat, membranaceous, and of a bright blue-
green, olive or olive-brown colour. In parts of the colonies the flexuous filaments
were densely aggregated. At some points pale brown sheaths were very conspicuous
around the individual trichomes, being more or less constricted between the cells.
In the bulk of the filaments the cells were nearly spherical or barrel-shaped, but at
some points more elliptical. The heterocysts were also in rare cases somewhat
elliptical in outline. Young stages were also present.

Genus ANAB^ENA Bory.

64. ANAB^NA ANTARCTICA sp. n.
(PL II., figs. 118-120.)

Filis saepe remotis, stratum definitum non formantibus, subrectis vel modice
flexuosis, in superficie Phormidii epiphytis ; vaginis arctis, ssepe inconspicuis ; cellulis
parvis globosis vel ovalibus, diametro l-2plo longioribus ; heterocystis globosis vel

44 F. E. FRITSCH.

doliformibus, singulis, contentu exiguo, diametro cellularum sequalibus ; sporis in
catenis dispositis, pleruraque ab heterocystis remotis, cylindricis, interdum leniter
furvatis, diametro 4-8plo longioribus, finibus rotundatis vel modice acutis, cyto
plasmate cum granulis numerosis, membrana tenui levi.

Diam. cell. veg. = 5 • 5-7 p. ; diam. heterocyst. = 5 • 5-7 • 5 p. ; lat. spor. = 7 • 5-9 /A ;
long. spor. = (19)-48-58/u,.

Hah. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, February 20th, 1904.

This species belongs to the section Dollc.hospermuin and appears to be most
nearly allied to A. catenula (Kiitz.) Born, et Flah. It differs from the latter in
being epiphytic, in the occasional presence of a narrow sheath, in the frequently
oval shape of the vegetative cells (fig. 118), and especially in the spores. The
latter do not show the faint constriction characteristic of A. catenula, and are
longer and narrower (figs. 118-120); the ends are also different. The spores of
A. catenula var. americana Collins, are somewhat more like those of A. antarclica,
but there are still appreciable differences, as the spores of the latter cannot be
described as strictly cylindrical.

Genus NODULARIA Mertens.

65. NODULARIA SPUMIGENA.

Var. MINOR var. nov.
(PI. II., figs. 104-108.)

Nodularia spumigena Mertens, in Jurgens. Alg. Aquat. xv. (1822), No. 4; Bornet et Flahault, torn, cit.,
pp. 245-246.

Filis solitariis, subrectis vel varie flexuosis, elongatis, finibus non attenuatis ;
vaginis tenuissimis, hyalinis, arctis, ssepe evanescentibus ; trichomatibus leniter
torulosis ; cellulis planis plerumque longitudine duplo ad triple latioribus, membrana
tenui hyalina, contentu granulis ssepe magnis repleto ; heterocystis transverso-
ovalibus vel deplanatis, plerumque solitariis, sed interdum 2- vel 3-seriatis, paulo
latioribus quam cellulis vegetativis, membrana modice incrassata, contentu aerugineo
homogeneo; sporis?

Diam. cell. veg. =5-5 '5 /A; long. cell. veg. = 2'5-3'Sju,; diam. heterocyst. =

6*5-7 /t.

TIa1>. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour, February 20th, 1904 (epiphytic- on P/ior-
mldium); dry ponds, Winter Quarters, February, 1902.

This form differs from var. genuina Born, et Flah., of N. spumigena Mertens,
chiefly in its smaller dimensions ; the trichomes are, however, not nearly as torulose
as those of the type, and the thin sheath is highly diffluent, being often wanting.
The heterocysts of the Antarctic variety agree very closely with those of var.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 45

litorea (Kiit/c.) Born, et Flah. (figured by Bornct et Thuret, Notes algologiques,
tab. xxix.), the dimensions of which are, however, much greater.

There is also some resemblance to N. karveyana (Thwaites) Thuret, but the
filaments of the Antarctic form do not taper at the ends, and the cells are much
flatter.

66. NODULARIA QUADRATA sp. n.
(PI. II., figs. 109-115.)

Fills in stratum laxum dispositis, ssepe elougatis et modice rlexuosis, interdum
subrectis et parallelis, finibus vix attenuatis, cellula apicali rotundata vel plus minusve
conica membrana ssepe modice iucrassata ; vaginis tenuibus, hyalinis, plerumque
distinctis ; cellulis deplanatis, longitudine 2-3plo latioribus, confertis, contentu Isete
serugineo plus minusve granuloso ; trichomatibus modice torulo.sis ; heterocystis
singulis, raro binis, quadratis, plerumque tarn longis quam latis vel interdum paulo
longioribus, rare modice deplanatis, diametro cellulis vegetativis paulo latioribus,
membrana incrassata, contentu Isete serugineo homogeneo ; sporis subglobosis, paulo
longis quam latis, membrana levi, contentu granuloso.

Diam. cell. veg. = 3-4 fj. ; diam. vag. = 5-6 p. ; diam. heterocyst. = 5-6 p. ;
diam. spor. = 7 p. ; long. spor. = 8 //..

Hal. — Freshwater pond in eskers upon ice, halfway between Black and Brown
islands, January 3rd, 1903 ; pond in ice off Black island, McMurdo Strait,
December 31st, 1902 ; growing in and through ice in pond among the eskers which
border the shore of the Western Mainland, December 2nd, 1902.

The most striking characteristic of this species are the square heterocysts, which
are unusual in the genus (figs. 109-111). As the figures show, the heterocyst is square
or even slightly longer than broad (figs. 109-110), even in filaments in which the
vegetative cells are prominently flattened. The apices of the filaments are not
attenuated, but the apical cell is frequently long and more or less pointed, often
having an approximately conical shape (figs. 112-114). Unfortunately only one
case of spore-formation was seen, and I do not feel sure that this spore was mature ;
it was spherical with flat end-walls and had a thin membrane and granular contents
(% US).

The species probably stands nearest to N. harveyana (Thwaites) Thuret, but it
differs from it in the non-attenuation of the filaments, in the shape of the heterocysts
and in the generally flatter cells. The heterocysts somewhat resemble those of
N. tennis G. S. West (" Rep. Fresh w. Alg., incl. Phytoplaukton, of the Third Tanganyika
Expedition, 1904-5," Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot, xxxvm (1907), pp. 171-172), but this
species differs in its short trichomes, the attenuation of the ends of the latter, and the
square cells ; the dimensions are also less than in N. quadrata.

46 F. E. FRITSCH.

BACILLAEIE^E.

COSCINODISCACE/E.

Genus MELOSIRA Ag.

67. MELOSIRA sp.
(PL III., figs. 148, 149, 149a.)

Diam. cell = 7-9 /A; long. cell. = 12-1 3 /A.

Hob. — On Phormidium on ice, four feet above frozen watercourse through
"Penknife ice," McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902.

I have not been able to come to any satisfactory conclusions about the
determination of this form. It occurred rarely (but then in considerable masses) on
the surface of Phormidium at the above locality, and was always found dead. The
valves were, in most cases, hemispherical, perfectly smooth (I.e. without markings of
any kind), and there was generally a prominent constriction at the point of junction
of the two valves (cf. the figures). Occasionally the line of junction of the valves
showed a punctate structure like a number of minute interlocking teeth (fig. 149a).
Frequently the length of the valve was nearly equal to its breadth (fig. 149a), but
sometimes the cells were appreciably longer (fig. 148) than wide.

The frustules were generally isolated, as in the section Podvslra of the genus ;
but it does not appear to be related to any of the described species of that section.
It is most like P. moittagnei Kiitz., a much larger form, which has markings on its
valves. It may well be, however, that the frustules had fallen apart in the dead
material, and that our form belongs to the section Lysigonium.

The characters of the frustules agree fairly well with the descriptions of
M. subflexilis Kiitz., given by Rabenhorst (Fl. Europ. Alg., i. (1864), p. 39) and
Migula (Kryptogamenflora v. Deutschland, Deutsch-Osterreich, etc., ii., 1 (1907),
p. 153), but Kiitzing's figure (Bacill. (1844), Tab. 2, fig. xiii.) shows the valves as far
less convex than in the Antarctic form ; there is also practically no constriction and
no indication of teeth at the line of junction of the valves (cf. op. cit., Tab. 2, fig. vi. of
M. italica). Species like M. lineata (Dillw.) Ag., and M. salina Kiitz., should also be
compared. It is possible that the Antarctic form is a new species, but the material
was too inadequate to enable one to arrive at a definite conclusion on this point.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 47

Genus COSCINODISCUS Ehrenb.

68. COSCINODISCUS DECIPIENS.

(PL III., fig. 151.)

Goscinndiseii.* t/ei'ijii/'/is (trun., Diat. Franz Josefs Land, Denksckr. Ak. Wiss. Wieu, xlviii. (1884), p. 85 ;
Van Uourck, Synops. Diat. Belg. (1880-85), PI. XCI., fig. 10.

Diam. valv. = 18//,.

Hab. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (isolated).

The specimens agreed well with Van Heurck's figure. In the central part of the
valve the punctse are large and widely separated, but they gradually become smaller
and more densely crowded towards the edge. The margin bears twelve short spines,
symmetrically arranged. The valves are markedly convex.

69. COSCINODISCUS LACUSTRIS.

Coscinodiscus lacustris Grun., op. cit., p. 33, PI. D, fig. 300 ; Van Heurck, op. cit., p. 218, Suppl. PL C,
fig. 42.

Diam. valv. = 30 p..

Hab. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (isolated).

70. COSCINODISCUS GRISEUS.

Var. GALLAPAGENSIS.

Coscinodiscus griseus Grevillc, Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc. (1863), p. 230, Tab. IX., fig. 7 ; var. gallapayensis
Grun. in Van Heurck, op. cit., PL CXXXIL, fig. 1.

Diam. valv. = 57 fj..

Hab.— Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (isolated).

Unfortunately only a single specimen of this form was seen, and that was lost
before it was drawn. All attempts to find further specimens proved unsuccessful.
The single valve seen, however, agreed in every respect with Van Heurck's figure, and
I feel convinced that the determination is correct.

Genus CYCLOTELLA Kiitz.
71. CYCLOTELLA OPERCULATA.

(Plate III., fig. 150.)

Cycloiella operculata Kiitz., Bacill. (1844), p. 50, Tab. I., fig. 1 ; Van Heurck, op. cit., PL XCIII., fig. 22.
Diam. valv. = 20-38 p.

Hob. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (isolated).
I have seen too few specimens of this form to feel sure of its determination.
The central region of the valve was in part quite without markings of any kind, in part
provided with irregular granulation, much as in West's figure (Brit. Freshw. Alg. (1904),
p. 277, fig. 127, B).

VOL. VI. N

48 F. E. FRITSCH.

FRAGILARIACE^E.

Genus FRAGILARIA Lyngb.

72. FRAGILARIA CURTA.

(PI. III., fig. 147.)

Fragilaria curta Van Heurck, Result, du voyage du 8.Y. ' Belgica,' Bot., Diatomees (190'J), p. 24, PI. III.,
fig. 37.

Long. valv. = 1 9 /A ; lat. valv. = 6 p..

Hob. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (isolated).

The specimens agreed in all respects with Van Heurck's description and figure.
The valve is very slightly wider at one end than at the other. The striae are
interrupted in their transverse course by a scarcely perceptible division, the last three
or four "at each end being curved.

73. ? FRAGILARIA LINEARIS.
Fragilaria linear is Castracane, ' Chall.' Rep., Diatom. (1886), p. 56, PI. XXV., fig. 12.

Long. valv. = 38/a, ; lat. valv. = 6' 5 p..

Ilab. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (isolated).

74. FRAGILARIA OBLIQUECOSTATA.
Fragilaria obliquecostata Van Heurck, op. cit., p. 25, PL III., fig. 38.

Hob. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 (mostly
only broken valves).

75. FRAGILARIA TENUICOLLIS.

Var. ANTARCTICA.

Frayilaria tennicollis Heib., Consp. crit. l)iat. danic. (1863), fig. XIII. ; Rabenhorst, Fl. Enrop. Alg., i.

(1864), p. 119.
Var. antaretica W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 279, PI. XXVI., fig. 128.

Long. valv. = 37-46 /a ; lat. valv. = 3-3 ' 5 p..

Ilab. — Damp spot, summit of Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 ; on ice, four feet
above frozen watercourse through ''Penknife ice," McMurdo Bay, September 13th,
1902; pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st, 1902.

This form was relatively abundant. Many of the valves were rather longer than
those recorded by Messrs. West.

FRESHWATER A.LGJE. 49

TABELLARIACE.E.

Genus DENTICULA Kiitz.

76. DENTICULA TENUIS.
Var. ANTARCTICA var. nov.

(PI. TIL, figs. 156, 157.)

Dentifula tenuis Kiitz., Bacill. (1844), p. 43, t. 17, fig. vin. ; Smith, Brit. Diatom., ii. (1856), p. 20,
PL XXXIV., fig. 293.

D. parva valvis late ellipticis apicibus rotundatis ; costis transversis validis,
G-7 in 1 0 fji, in media parte reetis, sed polos versus gradatim plus minusve curvatis ;
inter binas costas sunt duse series puuctarum subtilium, circa 6-7 in quaque serie in
media parte valvarum ; polos versus punctse in quaque serie fiunt minus crebrse.

Long. valv. = 18-23 p.; lat. valv. = 7-8 /A.

Hob. — Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 ; on ice,
four feet above frozen watercourse through " Penknife ice," McMurdo Bay, September
13th, 1902.

This was a relatively rare form, of which not many specimens were seen.* The
new variety resembles var. frigida Grun. ( = D. frigida Kiitz.) in some respects,
but in the latter the number of costse is not as great as in var. antarctica, the costse
are not curved near the poles of the valves, and there are more than two rows of
dots between each pair of ribs. There is also resemblance to var. inflata Grun.
(= D. inflata W. Smith), in which Smith (op. cit., PL XXXIV., fig. 294) figures
many of the costse as curved (c/., however, Van Heurck, Synopsis Diat. Belg. (1880-85),
PI. XLIX., figs. 32, 33), but the curvature is different, as the convex surface faces
towards the poles, whereas in var. antarctica it is the concave surface.

In some of the valves the costse near the two ends were curved more towards one
side than the other (fig. 156), leading to a certain degree of asymmetry.

* The form here described bears an appreciable resemblance to the figure of Fragilaria antarctica Castracane,
given by Castracane ('Chall.' Rep., Diat. (1886), PI. XXV., fig. 12); this figure shows the same characteristic
paired rows of dots between each two ribs, and the general shape of the valve is also the same. The ribs are,
however, much more delicate and are scarcely curved at the ends of the valves. Van Heurck's figure (op. cit.,
1909, PI. III., fig. 48) shows nothing of the punctulations. Some doubt maybe felt as to whether the valve figured
by Castracane really belongs to the genus Fragilaria.

N 2

50 F. E. FRITSCH.

DIATOMACE^E.

•

Genus DIATOMA D.C.

77. DIATOMA ELONGATUM.

Var. EHRENBERGI.

(PI. III., figs. 152, 152a.)

Diatoma elongatum Ag., Syst. Alg. (1824), p. 24 ; Kiitz., Bacill. (1844), p. 48, t. 17, fig. xvin., 1, 2.
Var. ehrenbergii (Kiitz.) W. Sm., Brit. Diat. ii. (185G), pp. 40-41, PI. XLI., fig. 311 ft (D. ehrenlergii
Kiitz., Bacill. (1844), t. 17, fig. xvn., 1-3).

Long. valv. = 26-32 p..

Hob. — On ice, four feet above frozen watercourse through " Penknife ice,"
McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902.

This variety has already been recorded from the Antarctic by Van Heurck (op. tit.).
The ends of the frustules often appeared somewhat rounded in girdle-view (fig. 152).

ACHNANTHACE.E.

Genus ACHNANTHES Bory.

78. ACHNANTHES B.REVIPES.

Var. INTERMEDIA.

Achnanthes Irevipes Ag., Syst. Alg. (1824), p. 1.

Var. intermedia (Kiitz.) Cleve, Synops. Navic. Diat., ii. (1895), p. 193 (A. stilsessiUs Kiitz.).

Long. valv. = 30-31 '5 /A; lat. valv. = 9-9 '5 p..

Hab. — On Phormidium on ice, four feet above frozen watercourse through
"Penknife ice," McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902 (rare).

The specimens agreed in all respects with those described and figured by Messrs.
West (op. tit., p. 230, PI. XXVI., figs. 126-127).

NAVICULACEvE.

Genus STAURONEIS Ehrenb.

79. STAURONEIS ANCEPS.

Var. AMPHICEPHALA.

Stanroneis anceps Ehrenb., Verbr. u. Einfl. d. mikr. Lebens, etc. (1843), p. 134, Tab. II., 1, fig. 18 ;

Smith, Brit. Diat., i. (1853), p. CO, Tab. XIX., fig. 190.
Var. amphicqjhala Kiitz., Bacill. (1844), p. 105, Tab. 30, fig. 25.

Long. valv. = 28 /* ; lat. valv. = 8 /A.

Hab. — Freshwater pond, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902 (rare).

FRESH WATEK ALG^E. 51

Genus NAVICULA Bory.
80. NAVICULA MUTICOPSIFORMIS.
Navicvla mitticopsifornw W. and G-. S. West, op. cit., p. 284, PL XXVI., fig. 131.

Long. valv. = 12 '5 p.; lat. valv. = 5' 5 p..

Hal). — Freshwater pond, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902 (rather rare).

81. NAVICULA SEMINULUM.
(PL II., figs. 97, 98.)

Navicula Seminulum Grun., Verhandl. k.k. zool.-bofc. Ges., Wien -(1860), p. 552, Tab. II., fig. 2 ; Van
Heurck, Synops. Diat. Belg. (1880-85), p. 107, PI. XIV., fig. 9.

Long. valv. = 16-20 /A; lat. valv. = 4'5-5/u,.

1M>. — On ice, four feet above frozen watercourse through " Penknife ice," McMurdo
Bay, September 13th, 1902; pond in ice, off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December.
31st, 1902 ; in freshwater ice under boulder, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

The valves of this fairly common form were obviously swollen in the middle, and
very gradually tapered from there towards the two ends, which were occasionally very
faintly capitate. The striae were in many cases a little further apart in the middle of
the valve than elsewhere, in which respect the specimens approached N. minima Grun.,
but the shape of the valve in this species is rather different.

82. NAVICULA MUTICOPSIS.

Navicula muticopsis Van Heurck, Diatomees, Result, d. voyage du S.Y. 'Belgica' (1909), p. 12, PI. II.,
fig. 181.

Long. valv. = 13-25 p.; lat. = 7-9 /A.

I fab. — Pond, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 ; on ice, McMurdo Bay, September
13th, 1902; pond in ice, off Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st, 1902;
Gap pond, Winter Harbour ; freshwater pond, Granite Harbour ; pond in eskers upon
ice, half-way between Black and Brown Islands, January 3rd, 1903; in ice", under
boulder, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

This is certainly one of the most widely distributed of Antarctic Diatoms. Both
of the forms recorded by Messrs. West (op. cit., pp. 283-284) were of wide occurrence.

83. NAVICULA CYMATOPLEURUS.

(PI. II., fig. 101.) '

Navicula cymatopleura W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 285, PL XXVI., figs. 133, 134.
Long. valv. = 24-30 p. ; lat. valv. = 4-5 • 5 p..
Hab, — On ice, four feet above frozen watercourse, through " Penknife ice,"

52 F. E. FRITSCH.

McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902 ; pond in eskers upon ice, half-way between Black
and Brown Islands, January 3rd, 1903 ; pond in ice off Black Island, McMurdo
Strait, December 31st, 1902 ; on ice, under boulder, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

This also is widely distributed. Some of the specimens were rather larger than
'those recorded by Messrs. West. The intermediate swellings (i.e., those between the
central one and the subcapitate extremities) are often scarcely perceptible.

84. NAVICULA BOREALIS.
(PI. III., fig. 153.)

Navicula lorealis (Ehrb.) Kiitz., Bacill. (1844), p. 96, Tab. 28, figs. 08 and 72 ; Van Heurck, Synops.
Diat. Belg., p. 76, PI. VI., fig. 3.

Long. valv. = 30 /LA ; lat. valv. = 8 /A.

flab.— Pond some distance behind hut, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902 ; fresh-
water pond, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

This species was not as abundant as in the South Orkneys.

85. NAVICULA SHACKLETONI.
Navicula shackletoni W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 280, PI. XXVI, figs. 13G-138.

Long. valv. = 27-40 /A ; lat. valv. = 5-6 ' 5 p..

Hab. — On ice, McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902; pond in eskers upon ice,
half-way between Black and Brown Islands, January 3rd, 1903 ; pond in ice off
Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st, 1902; freshwater pond, Granite
Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

This species is almost as widely distributed as N. muticopsis Van Heurck. As
the above measurements show, some of the individuals were appreciably larger than
those described by Messrs. West. Both the type and the var. pellucida were common.

86. NAVICDLA MURRAY:.
Navicula murrayi W. and G. S. West, op. cit., p. 285, PL XXVI., fig. 129.

Long. valv. = 4 3 /A; lat. valv. = 10 /A.
//aft.— Gap pond, Winter Harbour, rare.

87. NAVICULA GLOBICEPS Greg.
(PI. III., figs. 154, 155.)

Navicula gloliceps Greg., Microsc. Journ., iv. (1856), p. 10, t. 1, fig. 34 ; Van Heurck, op. rit., p. 79,
Snppl. PI. A, fig. 13.

Long. valv. = 22-38 /A ; lat. valv. in media parte = 9 • 5-12 /A.

Hab.— On ice, McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902; pond in eskers upon ice,

FRESHWATER ALGLE. 53

half-way between Black and Brown Islands, January 3rd, 1903 ; pond in ice off
Black Island, McMurdo Strait, December 31st, 1902.

Next to N. muticopsis and N. shackletoni this was the most abundant Diatom.
There are obviously two well-marked forms of this species ; this the published figures
of the species already show, cf. for instance the figure of Messrs. West (op. cit.,
PL XXVI. , fig. 135), Van Heurck's figure (op. cit., Suppl. PL A, fig. 13), Wolle's figure
(Diatom, of North America (1890), PL IX., fig. 33), and Migula's figure (op. cit., PL 7o,
fig. 6). The one form is relatively short with a strongly bulged median portion
and prominently capitate extremities (fig. 154); the other is longer, the median part
is not so strongly inflated, and the capitate character of the apices is far less pronounced
(fig. 155). The var. elegans of N. murrayl W. and G. S. West (op. cit., p. 285,
PL XXVI., fig. 130) comes very close to this form.

The two forms may be described as follows : —

f. amphicephala (fig. 154). Valvis diametro 2^plo longioribus, iu media parte
valde inflatis, polis valde capitatis. Long. valv. = 22-25 /A ; lat. valv. in media
parte = 9 '5-10 fj..

f. elongata (fig. 155). Valvis diametro 3plo longioribus, in media parte inflatis,
apicibus subcapitatis vel plus minusve capitatis. Long. valv. = 35-38 /A ; lat. valv. in
media parte = 10-1 2 p.

Fig. 155 represents a very extreme form off. elongata.

Many of the specimens of N. globiceps showed the interruption by one or two
longitudinal lines of the strise, as described and figured by Messrs. West. In other
cases, however, I was unable to convince myself that this was the case, the striae
appearing uniformly punctate (figs. 154, 155).

88. NAVICULA STAUROPTEROIDES sp. n.
(PL II., figs. 99, 100.)

N. parva, valvis sublinearibus, diametro G-7plo longioribus, in media parte leniter
et late tumidis, polis late rotundatis vel subcapitatis, area centrali magna elongato-
elliptica, platea axiali subangusta, striis levibus, 20-21 in 10 //., in parte mediana
(adversus plateam centralcm) brevioribus et radiatis, polos versus valde convergentibus
et gradatim abbreviatis.

Long. valv. = 37-39 p. ; lat. valv. in media parte = 5-6 /A.

Hal. — On ice, McMurdo Bay, September 13th, 1902.

This species was rather rare. In general appearance it is much like a small
specimen of N. stauroptera Grun., from which, apart from its smaller size, it differs in
the non-curvature of the raphe at the apices of the valves, in the closer placing of the
stria3, in the presence of short striae around the central area and in the absence of striae
at the extreme ends. It should also be compared with N. gibba (Ehrb.) Kiitz., which
is again a larger form ; it also differs in having more markedly capitate poles, in the

54 F. Ei FRITSCH.

curvature of the raphe at the ends of the valves, and in the widely separated stria).
Some of the specimens (fig. 100) of AT. xtaurujfteruidcfs showed practically no dilation
of the poles of the valves.

NITZSCHIACEyE.
Genus HAXTZSCHIA Grim.
89. HANTZSCHIA AMPHIOXYS.

Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenb.) Grun., in Clove and Grunow, Arct. Dial,, K. Sv. Vet -Ak Handl XVII
'. (1880), No. 2, p. 103.

Long. valv. = 37-42 /* ; lat. valv. = 7-8 p..

Hal>.— Freshwater pond, Granite Harbour, January 20th, 1902.

90. HANTZSCHIA ELONGATA.

Hantzsctiia elongattt (Hantzscb) Grun., in Cleve and Grunow, op. cit., p. 101 ; Van Hcurck, op. cit., p. 109
PI. LVL, figs. 7 and 8.

Long. 176 /A; lat. 10/u.

Hal. — Gap pond, Winter Harbour ; rare.

SUBIRELLACEL&

Genus SURIRELLA Turpin.
91. SURIRELLA ANGUSTA.
Surirella anrju^ta Kiitz., Bacill. (1844), p. (il, Tab. 30, fig. 52.

•

Long. valv. = 30 /x, ; lat. valv. = 8 p.

IlaJi. — In freshwater ice under boulder, Cape Adare, January 9th, 1902.

Antarctic (Discovery) Exp. Frestrwater Algae PI. I.

h. r. del. A.J. E. T«

Bale &. Danieleson. LL.d imp.

Antarctic (Discovery) Exp. Fresh-water Algae PI. II.

H.F. .!,.!. A. J. r. Torn Hth.
Bale &Dam«lsson, !>? imp.

O°o'

sOO

oOoc &

Antarctic (Discovery) Rxp. Fresh.wa.ter Aldse PI. 111.

H.F. 3el. A.J. E. Ter-.i ]ilh.
Bale &. Damelsson, L . imp.

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 55

PLATE I.

FIGS. 1-5. — Chlamydomonas *itlii-iiinl/it//. Wille, ordinary individuals, cf. description, pp. 7, 8 ; ^, pyrenoid ;

// = nucleus, (x 700.)
FIGS. Q-lO.—ChleanydemoiUU xulirtni'/nta Willc, encysted individuals. In tigs. 0 and 7 the original shape

of the mother-cell membrane is easily recognised ; in figs. 8-10 the cysts show the

processes described on p. 8 ; /; = pyrenoid ; n = nucleus. ( x 700.)
Fids. 11-14. — Chlamydomonas eubeaudata Wille, free cysts; in fig. 14 the cyst contains two pyrenoids.

(X 700.)
Fids. 15-18. — Chlamydomoncu intermedia Chod., ordinary individuals ; p = pyreuoid ; n = nucleus ; c =

contractile vaeuolc ; x = stigma. ( X 1350.)
FIG. 19. — L'l/lamydommias ehrenbcrgi Gorosch., ordinary individual ; p = pyrenoid ; n = nucleus.

(X 700.)

FIG. 20. — CMamydomonas subraudata Wille, cyst showing division of contents into four parts, (x 700).
Fics. 21-25. — Ghloromonais nlpina Wille ; n = nucleus ; s = eye-spot. In most of the individuals the

cilia could not be traced to their full length, (x 1350.)

Fie;. 2(i. — Pleurococcus anlarctir-us W. and 0. S. West, f. typim ; o = oil-globules, (x 550.)
Kid. 27. „ „ „ „ f.minor. (X 550.)

FIG. 28. „ „ „ „ f . fila menlosa. (x 550.)

FIG. 29. „ „ ., „ LsMlata. (x 800.)

FIGS. 30, 31, 33. „ „ ., f. simplex; o = oil-globules, (x 550.)

FIG. 32. ., „ ., „ f. tt/pica, a group of appreciably larger cells than

those in Fig. 20. One of these cells has two pyrenoids. ( X 400.)
FIGS. 34-35. — Pleurococcus antardicus W. and G. 8. West, f. robusta, elliptical cells, (x 500.) These

are relatively small cells of this form.

FIG. 36. — Pleurococcus koettlitzi sp. n., group of cells seen at a low magnification, (x 220.)
FIGS. 37-42. — Pleurococcus koettlitzi sp. n. ; 37, 39, 41, ordinary tetrads ; 38, small part of group shown

in fig. 36 ; 40, development of daughter-cells within mother-cell ; 42, development of

daughter-cells within mother-cell, — some of the cells of the tetrad are abortive.

(39, 40 X 500 ; other figures X 400.)

FIGS. 43, 44.— Pleurococcus friyidus W. and G. 8. West, (x 400.)
FIGS. 45, ±Q.—Penium sp., cf. pp. 20, 21. ( x 500.)
FIGS. 47, 48. — Eucapsis minuta sp. n. 47, Surface view of &n older colony to show grouping of cells

( x 1800) ; 48, Diagram of eight cells of colony to show the cubical arrangement

(magnified about 4000 times).

FIGS. 49-51. — Merismopedia tenuissima Lemm. ; 49, young colony ; 50, 51, older colonies. (X 1400.)
FIG. 52. — Phormidium frigidum sp. n. (x 1800.)

FIGS. 53, 54. — Phormidium autumnale (Ag.) Gom., apices of two filaments. ( X 700.)
Fids. 55-59. — O-willatoria Itoettlitzi sp. n. ; 55, 57, 58 are typical trichomes. (X 700.)
FIGS. 60-04. — Oscillatoria simplicissima Gom., var. antarctica var. n. ; 62, f. acuminata; 61, f. spiralis ;

64, trichome overgrown by filaments of Phormidium anijustissimum. (X 550.)
FIG. bb.—0scilla!oriaproducta W. and G. S. West. (X 800.)
FIG. 66. „ subproboscidea W. and G. S. West, (x 800.)

FIGS. 67-70. — Microcyslis parasitica Kiitz. (x 700.)
FIGS. ll-TS.—Phormidiwn antarcticum W. and G. S. West, forma. (71, 72, x 850 ; 73, X 1800.)

56 F. E. FRITSCH.

PLATE II.

FIGS. 74-78. — Lyiigbya lagerheimi (Mob.) Gomont ; 74, 75, typical portions of the stratum ; 76, 77, two

filaments from the stratum, showing spiral coiling ; 78, a single filament on a larger scale

with the contained trichome. (74-77, X 500 ; 78, X 1200.)
FIGS. 79-84. — Lynglya attenuata sp. u. ; 79-83, different types of apex of the trichorncs ; 84, a filament.

(X 800.)
FIGS. 85-80. — Lyngbya ceriigMeo-carulea (Kutz.) Gom. ; 85, 85ff, normal filament ( x 700) ; 80, filament

with gonidia ( X 800).
FIGS. H7-90. — Lyivjbya astuarii (Mertens) Liebm., var. antarctica var. nov. &e p. 27. (87, X 800 ;

88-90, X 700.)

FIGS. 91-'.)3.—Lynglya scotli sp. n. (91, 92, X 700 ; 93, X 1200.)
FIGS. 94-96. „ „ „ var. minor var. nov. (x 1350.)

FIGS. 97-98. — Navicula seminulttm Grun. (x 1250.)
FIGS. 99-100. „ stauropteroides sp. n. (99, X 1800 ; 100, X 1250.)
FIGS. 101. „ njmatupleurus W. and G. S. West, (x 1250.)

FIGS. 102-103. — Mkrocystis chroococcoidea W. and G. S. West, (x 800.)

FIGS. 104-108. — Nodularia spumigena Mertens, var. minor nov. var. (104-106, x 800; 107-lo<s, x 1:>00.)
FIGS. 109-115. — Nodularia quadra/a sp. n. 112-114 show different types of apices ; 115 shows filament

with a probably immature spore. ( X 800.)
FIGS. 110-117. — Dactylococcopsis rhaphulioides Hansg. The group in fig. 116 shows a distinct septum in

several of the cells. ( x 800.)
FIGS. 118-120. — AnabcRna antarctica sp. n», filaments with spores; the smaller spores in fig. 118 are

probably immature. ( x 500.)
FIGS. 121-122. — Dactylococcopsis antarctica sp. n. ; 121, small part of the colony ; 122, a cell in process of

division, (x 1350.)

FRESHWATER ALG^E. 57

PLATE III.

FIGS. 123-125.— Noxtoc disciformc sp. n., young colonies. (12:!, x 140 ; 124-125, x 500.)

FIG. 12(!. — Nnstof tlisciforme sp. n., thalli. (Natural size.)

Fins. 127-130. — Noxtoc diseiforme sp. n. 127, 128, two filaments ; 127, with spores ; 129, two groups of

spores ; ISO, filament with sheath. (127, 128, 1:50, x 500 ; 129, x 700.)
FIG. 131. — Nfistni- (Hseiforme sp. n., small part of a mature thallus. (x 30.)
FIG. 132.— Nostoc longs tuffi sp. n., thalli. (Natural size.)
FIGS. 133-134. — Nostnc lont/staffi sp. n., young colonies, (x 500.)

FIGS. 135-136. „ „ „ filaments with spores. (135, X 700 ; 136, X 500.)

FIG. 137. „ „ „ smr.ll part of a mature thallns. (X30.)

FIG. 13H.— Nostoc fmcescens sp. n., thalli. (Natural size.)
FIG. 13!). „ „ „ a young thallus. (x400.)

FIGS. 140-142. „ „ filaments. (140, 142, X 700; 141, X 500.)

FIGS. 143-144. „ „ young thalli. (x800.)

FIGS. 145-146. — Tolypothrlc contjlutinata Borzi. 145, a small part of the richly branched filament;

146, the end of one of the branches. ( x 500.)
FIG. 147. — Fragilaria curta Van Heurck. (x 1350.)
FIGS. 148, 149 and U'Ja.—Melosira sp., ef. p. 46. (x 1350.)
FIG. 150.— ?Cyclotella operculata Kiitz. (x 550.)
FIG. 151. — Coscinodiscus decipiens Grun. (x 1250.)
FIGS. 152 and 152«. — Diatoma elonyalum Ag., var. ehrenlergi (Kiitz.) W. Sm. ; 152, girdle-view ;

152«, valve-view. (152, x 1950 ; 152«, x 1350.)
FIG. IbZ.—Navimla lorealis (Ehrb.) Kiitz. ( x 900.)
FIGS. 154, 155. — Navicula glolticeps Greg.; 154, f. amphkephala ; 155, f. elongata. (154, x 1250 ;

155, X 850.)

FIGS. 156, 157. — Denticula tennis Kiitz. var. anlarctica var. nov. (156. X 1250 ; 157, X 1500.)
FIGS. 158-160. — Calothrix intricata sp. n. ; 158, a typical part of the stratum (the trichomes are only

shown in two cases) ; 159, 160, single filaments. (158, x 400; 159, x 800; 1C>0, x 500.)
FIGS. 161-163. — Calothrix antairtica sp. n. ; 161, 102, filaments showing false branching. (161, 162,

X 400 ; 163, X 550.)
FIGS. 164-172.— Calothrix gracilis sp. n. 164, filament showing false branching; 165, 172, typical

filaments ; 166, 167, base of two filaments, showing inflation ; 170, part of a filament

showing an intercalary heterocyst ; 171, base of filament with a subconical heterocyst.

(164, 165, x 500 ; 166-169, 171, 172, X 700 ; 170, X 1200.)

0 2

INDEX

Achnanthaceaj, 50.
Achnanthes, 50.

„ brevipes, 50.
„ „ var. infer mn/ it i, no.

„ sulspssilis (syn.), 50.
Algje of Shackleton's expedition, 1, 2, fi.
Algal flora, freshwater, of Kerguelen, 3, (\ ; of
South Georgia, 3, 6 ; of South Orkneys, 1,3, 0.
Alpine Algse in the Antarctic, 5.
Analmna, 3, 43.

„ antarctica, 4, 43.
„ crttenula, 44.
„ „ var. americana, 44.

Anficystix parasitica (syn.), 24.
Antarctic Alga;, freshwater, 1 ; comparison

with Arctic freshwater Alga;, 4.
Aphanothece, 23.

„ prasina, 23.
Bacillariete, 40.
C'alothrix, 3, 30.

„ antarctica, 4, 30.

„ carttlaginea, 38.

., epiphytica, 37.

„ fusca, 30.

„ f/racilis, 4, 37.

„ intricafa, 4, 30.

„ sandvicensis, 30, 38.

sp. (W. and G. S. West), 37.
Centricfe, 4.

Chlamydomonadacefe, 2, 7.
Chlamijdomonas, 4, 7, 10.

„ caudata, 4, 7.

„ ehrenlergi, 5, 7, 10.

„ gigantea, 9.

„ intermedia, 5, 7, 0, 1 0, 32.

„ „ f. antfiretica, 10.

„ marina, 9.

„ subcaudata, 5, 6, 7, 32 ; cyst-

formation of, 0, 8.
Chlorella, 10.

„ conglomerata, 1C.
„ regular is, 1C.
Ghloromonm, 10.

„ alpirut, 5, 10.

Chroococcacea;, 3, 6, 21.
Chroococcm, 3, 21.

., helvetints, 22.

„ minor, 4, 22.

„ minuhis, 4, 21.

., fiirt/ii/i/:?, '21.

Conjugate, 2, 3, 0, 20 ; occurrence of, in fresh-
water algal flora of Antarctic, 3, G.
Coscinodiscaceas, 4(!.
Coscinodisrw, 47.

„ tlecipieiiR, 47.

„ (/r/>w.s, 47.

„ „ var. i/dlliipagenslK, 47.

„ htmstris. 47.

^ 'iiticulf/rur (sect. Nostoc), key to species of , 41 .
Cyanophycese, 2, 21 ; abundance of, in Ant-
arctic regions, 2, 3 ; hetcrocystou s forms,
:!, 0 ; representation in Arctic regions, 4.
Cyanophyceous sheets, 3 ; epiphytic flora

of, 3, 4.
Cyclotelht, 47.

„ opermlatd, 47.
Dactylococcopsis, 22.

„ antarctica, 22.

,, montana, 23.

„ muckola, 23.

,, rJutphidwide*, 4, 22.

Dentietila, 49.

., frii/'ula (syn.), 49.

„ inflata (syn.), 49.

„ tennis, 4'.).

„ „ var. antarctica, 49 ; var. fri-

gida, 49 ; var. inflata, 49.
Desmids, in Antarctic regions, 2, 3, 21 ; in

Arctic regions, 4.
Duttoma, 50.

„ ehrenleryi (syn.), 50.
„ elongatum, 50.
„ „ var. elmnliergi, 50.

Diatornacea:, 50.
Diatoms, in the Antarctic, 3, G.
Dolic/iospermum (sect. Anabwna), 44.
Epiphytic flora on Cyanophyceous sheets, 3, 4.
Eucapsis, 5, 25, 20.

INDEX.

59

Eucapsis alpitia, 26.

,, minuta, 5, 25.

Flora, epiphytic, 3, 4 ; floating, :!, 5 ; ice-, 5.
Fragilaria, 4, 48.

„ imtarctica, -19.
,, rnrtn, 48.
„ linear is, 48.
., obliqitecostala, 48.
„ tenuicollis, 48.
„ „ var. antarctica, 4, 5, 48.

Fragilariaceae, 48.

Gap pond, epiphytic flora of Cyanophyceous
sheets from, 4 ; periodicity of algal flora
of, 6.
Ghi'ocapsa, 23.

„ ritpicola, 4, 23.

., xlnitlleu'orthiamt, 2:!.
Gonidia in Lynglryu (rrvgiitfo-rirntlra, 28.
Hantzscltia, 4, 54.

,, amphioxys, 4, 54.
„ elongata, 4, 54.
Ileterokoutrc in freshwater algal flora of

Antarctic, C.
Horniidium-st&ge (of Prasiola crispu'), 5, 16,

17.

Ice-flora, 5.

Iiitriratd (sect. Nostoc), 42.
Isokontas, 2, 7 ; occurrence of, in freshwater

algal flora of Antarctic, fi.
Kerguelen, AIg£e of, 3, G.
Lophopodium sandvicense (syn.), 38.
Lyngbya, 3, 26, 32.

,, feruymeo-cccruha, 4, 28.
„ cestuarii, 4, 26.
„ „ var. antarctica, 4, 27.

„ attenuate, 4, 28.
„ cladophorce, 28.
„ kutzinffi, 29.
„ „ var. distincta, 29.

„ layerlwimi, 4, 29.
„ martensiana, 4, 27.
„ sfo/</, 4, 29.
„ „ var. minor, 2!).

,, suUilis, 29.
Lysiyonium (sect. Melosira), 46.
Melosira, 46.

„ italica, 46.
„ Uneata, 46.
„ salina, 46.
sp., 5, 46.
„ subftexiUs, 46.
Merismopedw, 25.

„ glawum var. punctatum, 25.

Merismopedia tenuissima, 5, 25.
Mesotseniaceaa, 20.
MicroKolew, 26.

„ rof/inatus, 4, 26.
Mii-fonjstis, 3, 23.

„ chroococcoidea, 23.
„ ^rw« (syn.), 24.
„ marginata, 5, 24.
,, merismopedioides, 5, 24.
„ pmastiica, 4, 24.
„ „ var. glacialis, 5, 25.

Min-ohaJod fii'ma (syn.), 24.
Myxophycese, 21.
Ndi'ifuln, 3, 51.

„ loreitlis, 4, 52.

,, cymatopleimt, 4, 5, 51.

„ 0/Mrt, 53.

„ globiceps, 4, 5, 52.

„ „ f. ampMcephala, 53 ; f.

elongata, 53.
., Minima, 51;
„ murrayi, 4, 52.
„ „ var. eleyans, 53.

„ muticopsiformis, 51.
,, muticopsis, 3, 4, 5, 51, 53.
„ semiiwhtm, 5, 51.

sfiarkletoni, 4, 5, 52, 53.
„ „ var. pellucidd, 52.

,, stauroptera, 53.
,. stauropteroides, 53.
Naviculacese, 50.
Nitzschiaceae, 54.
Noditlaria, 44.

., liarveymw, 45.

„ quadrata, 4, 5, 45.

„ spumigena, 44.

„ „ var. genuina, 44 ; var.

litorea, 45 ; var. minor, 4, 44.
„ tennis, 45.
^os/oc, 3, 39.
„ borneti, 43.
., commune, 43.
„ cutictiJare, 41.

„ disciforme, 4, 5, 39, 40, 41 ; relation-
ship of, 40.

„ fuscescens, 4, 5, 41.
„ hederulce, 4, 41.
., longstaffi, 4, 5, 40, 41.
„ matuliforme, 40, 41.
„ pachydermaticum, 42.
„ punctiforniK (syn.), 41.
„ sphcericum, 4, 5, 43.
Nostocacete, 39.

GO

INDEX.

(Edogoniacete, occurrence of, in the Ant-
arctic, 6.
Oscillariea;, 3, 6.
Oscillatoria, 3, 33.
„ breris, 35.

,. deftexa, 35.

„ formosa, 35.
„ irrigua, 4, 33.

„ Icoettlitzi, 4, 34.

„ limosa, 34.

,, proboscidea, 33.

„ products, 85.

„ simplicissima, 33.

„ ,, var. tnitarctica, So ; f.

anmiinuta, 34 ; f. spiralis, A-i.
„ suliproboscidea, 33.

„ tennis, 4, 5, 34.

„ „ f. (cntyinosa (syn.), 33.

Oscillatoriacete, 26.
Pen-turn, 20.

„ cruciferum, 21.
„ sp., 5, 20.
Periodicity of Antarctic freshwater algal

flora, 6.

Phseophycese in freshwater flora of Ant-
arctic, 6.
Phormidium, 3, 5, 30.

., anyustissimum, 31, 32.

„ antarctimm, 5, 32.

„ autumnah, 30.

„ fragile, 31.

„ frigulum, 5, 31.

„ glaciate, 32.

„ laminosum, 30.

,, fe«w, 31.

„ trekasi, 32.

Pleurococcaceaj, 12.
Plenrococcus, 2, 3, 12.

„ antarcticus, 3, 4, 5, 12.

., „ Lfilamentosa, 13, 14 ;

f. minor, 13, 14; f. robiista,
12, 13, 14 ; f. simplex, 12, 14 ;
f. stellata, 14 ; f. %«V«, 12, 13.
„ conglomeratus (syn.), 1C.

„ (Ussectus, 3, 5, 1C.

„ frigidus, 3, 12.
„ koettlitzi, 3, 4, 15.

„ pachydermus, 9.
„ „ forma (W. and G.

S. West), 9.

„ regularis (syn.), 16.

Podostra, 46.

„ montagnei, 46.

Polycystis firma (sjn.), 24.
Prasiola, 2, 3, 4, 5, 16.
„ anlarctica, 17.
„ calopliylla, ]',).
„ msyw, 16, 17, 18, 10, 20; akinetes

of, 17.

Prasiolacese, 1C.
Protococcaceo;, 11.

Protococcales in freshwater flora of Ant-
arctic, 6.
Protodenna, 16.

Reproduction in Anabcma antarrtica, 44 ;
in Cttlof liri.i- f/niciUs, 38 ; in ChlamydomonM
subcauduta, 8 ; in Dactylococcopsis ant-
arctica, 22 ; in Eii/'iipsia minitt/t, 2C ; in
Lyngbytt a'nif/ineo-c'i'ri/lea, 28 ; in Nodularia
quculrata, 45 ; in Nostoc ilixrifnrme, 39 ; in
N. lon/jstaffi, 40 ; in Pleurococeus kotttUtzi,
15 ; in Prasiola rriapa, 17.
Rhodophyceas in freshwater flora of Antarctic,

6.

Rivulariaceaj, 36.
Scytonematacese, 38.

Siphonales in freshwater flora of Antarctic, 6.

Spores of A na hfiiaantardlca, 44 ; of Galotli /•/./•

gracil'is, 38 ; of Nodularia quadrata, 45 ;

of Nostoc disciforme, 3D ; of N. longstaffi,

40.

Snow-floras, 2, 5.
South Georgia, Algse of, 3, 6.
South Orkneys, „ 1, 6, 7.
Stauroneis, 50.

„ aiiceps, 50.

„ „ var. amphicephala, 50.

Stirirella, 54.

„ angusta, 5, 54.
Surirellacea3, 54.
Symploca, 26.

sp., 26.

,, thermalis, 26.
Tabellariacese, 49.
Tolypothrix, 38.

„ conglittinata, 38.
Trochiscia, 11.

„ cr asset, 11.
Triijtiilontis hevissima, 4.
Ulofhrix,?, 11.
„ subtilis, 11.

„ ,, var. varialilis, 4, 11.

Ulotrichaceffi, 11.
Ulotrichales in freshwater algal flora of

Antarctic, 6.
Vauclmia in freshwater flora of Antarctic, 6.

At the suggestion of the Director the sul (joined alphabetical indices have been
prepared to show students in which volume they may find memoirs in which they
are particularly interested. Owing to the fact that the memoirs were submitted to
the Editor at very various times, and as it was important to publish them as soon
as possible after their reception, the fifty memoirs in the five volumes of " Zoology
and Botany " necessarily deal with subjects not closely allied in any systematic
arrangement.

F. J. B.

February 16th, 1912.

SUBJECT INDEX

TO THE

' D I S C O V E E Y ' E E P O E T S.

Acari

Actiniae

Alcyonaria .

Algse, Freshwater

Alga:, Marine

Amphineura

Amphipoda

Aptera

Arthropoda

Aves ....

Botany

Brachiopoda

Calcarca

Cephalodiscus

Cephalopoda

Cestoda

Chaitoguatha

Cirripedia .

Ooelentera .

Copepoda .

Corallinaceae

Crustacea .

Cuinacea .

Decapoda .

Echinoderm Larvae

Echinoderma

Florideae

Gastropoda

Geology, Field .

Hexactinellidfc

Holothurioidea (Young)

Hydroid Zoophytes

Insecta

VOLUME
III.

IV.
III.
VI.

m.

ii.

in.

IV.
II., III., IV., V.

ii.

. in., v., vi.
ii.

IV.

n.

ii.

in.

in.

in.

. m., iv., v.

IV.

in.

II., III., IV., V.

II.
II.

IV.
IV., VI.

III.

II.

I.

III.

VI.

III.

IV.

Isopoda

Lamellibranehiata

Leptostraca

Licheues .

Mammalia

Medusse .

Mollusca .

Musci

Myzostomida; .

Nematoda .

Nemertinea

Nudibranchiata .

Ostracoda

Penguins, Anatomy of

Phrcophyceas

Pisces

Polychaeta

Porifera .

Pterobrauohia .

Pteropoda

Pycnogonida

Rock Specimens

Schizopoda

Seal Embryos .

Siphonophore, Tentacles of

Sipunculoidea

Solenogastres

Sponges .

Tetraxonidtc

Tunicata

Zoology, Invertebrate .

Zoology, Vertebrate .

V.

II.

III.

V.

II.

V.

II., III., IV.

III.

IV.

III.

V.

II.
III.

II.
III.

II.

VI.
III., IV.

II.

111.

III.

I.

IV.
V.

III.

IV.
IV.

III., IV.

IV.

V.

II., III., IV.,

V., VI.

. II., V.

INDEX OF AUTHORS

OF THE

'DISCOVERY' REPORTS

Bell, F. J. (Echinoderma) . IV.

Boulenger, G. A. (Pisces) . . .II.

Brady, G. S. (Ostracoda) .... III.

Browne, E. T. (Medusa;) . . . .V.

Caiman, W. T. (Cumacea) . . .II.

„ (Decapoda) . . .II.

Cardot, J. (Musci) III.

Carpenter, G. H. (Aptera) . . .IV.

Clubb, J. A. (Actiniae) . . . .IV.

Darbishire, 0. V. (Lichenes) . . .V.

Ehlers, E. (Polychseta) . . . .VI.

Eliot, Sir Chas. (Nudibranchiata) . . II.

(Pteropoda) . . . III.

Ferrar, H. T. (Field Geology) . .1.

Fowler, G. H. (Chsetognatha) . . III.

Fritsch, F. E. (Freshwater Alga)) . . VI.

Gepp, A. and E. S. (Marine Algffi) . . III.

Graveley, F. H. (Hydroid Zoophytes). . III.
Gruvel, A. (Cirripedia) .... III.

Herdmau, W. A. (Tunicata) . . .V.

Hickson, S. J. (Alcyonaria) . . . III.

„ (Hydroid Zoophytes) . . III.

Hodgson, T. V. (Collecting in Antarctic Seas) III.

„ (Isopoda) . . . V.

„ (Pycnogonida) . . . III.

Hoyle, W. E. (Cephalopoda) . . .II.

Jenkin, C. F. (Calcarea) . . . .IV.

VOLUME

Joubin, L. (Nemertinea) . . . .V.

Kirkpatrick, R. (Hexactinellidas) . . III.

„ (Tetraxonida) . . .IV.

Lanchester, W. F. (Sipunculoidea) . . IV.

Linstow, 0. v. (Nematoda) . . . III.

MacBride, E. W. (Echinoderm Larvae) . IV.

„ (Young Holothurioidea) . VI.

Nierstrasz, H. F. (Solenogastres) . . IV.

Prior, G. T. (Rock Specimens) . . .1.

Pycraft, W. P. (Penguins, Anatomy of) . II.

Rennie, J. (Tentacles of a Siphonophore) . III.

Ridewood, W. G. (Cephalodiscus) . . II.
Shipley, A. E. (Cestoda) .... III.

Simpson, J. C. (Echinoderm Larvae) . . IV.

Smith, E. A. (Amphineura) . . .II.

„ (Brachiopoda) . . .II.

„ (Gastropoda) . . .II.

„ (Lamellibranchiata) . . II.

Tattersall, W. M. (Schizopoda) . . .IV.
Thiele, J. (Leptostraca) .... III.

Timins, H. Marett (Seal Embryos) . . V.
Traunfels, R. R. v. Stummer- (MyzostomidaV) IV.
Trouessart, E. L. (Acari) .... III.

Walker, A. 0. (Arnphipoda) . . . III.

Wilson, E. A. (Aves) . . . .II.

„ (Mammalia) . . .II.

Wolfenden, R. N. (Copepoda) . . .IV.

VOL. VI.

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