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Bee LT URALIST:

MONDE OURNAL: OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

ev ONES ON ROEBU C Ky Elis:

RECORDER TO THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND Hon. SECRETARY YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’
Union, &c.;

AND

Ret Be Glee Ce AOR KB IU.St,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, AND OF THE BriTISH ASSOCIATION
COMMITTEE ON THE MIGRATION OF Birps; Hon. SECRETARY, YORKSHIRE
NATURALISTS’ UNION, &c.

Volk 10:
AUG. 1884— DEC. 1885.

LONDON:
McCorRQUuODALE & Co, LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ;
: AND
LEEDS: BASINGHALL STREET.

1885.

een

On the completion of their first volume the present Editors tender
thanks to the contributors and subscribers whose generous and hearty
co-operation has assured the success of the journal and made it what
it aims to be, the recognised natural history organ for the ten northern
counties of England and the Isle of Man. Reference to the list of
contributors at p. 407 will show how extensively the sympathies of
northern naturalists have been enlisted, and the value and importance
of their contributions may be ascertained by an inspection of the
contents of this volume.

The papers on the micro-palzeontology of the northern carboni-
ferous shales, the oolites of the Cave district, the botany of Teesdale,
and the natural history of Spurn, together with the lists of marine
algee of Scarborough (including one described as new to science), of
the coleoptera and lepidoptera of Lancashire and Cheshire, and of
the avifaunas of Teesdale, Coquetdale, and the Solway, together with
the regular series of meteorological observations, may be cited as
useful contributions towards the systematic working out of definite
lines of investigation. Besides this, numerous important new specific
records have been made. ©

For Northumberland and Durham, Avenaria serpyllifolia, Centun-
culus minimus, Radiola millegrana, Viola curtistt, and Corallorhiza
mnata among the plants, Cherocampa nerit among the insects, the
Spotted Eagle and the Red-breasted Flycatcher among the birds,
and the Noctule among the mammalia, are important additions, the
two birds and the Corallorhiza being also new to the north of
England.
~ For Cumberland and Westmoreland two new maritime varieties
of well-known British plants are described for the first time.

For Lancashire and Cheshire, besides various cryptogams and the
numerous species of coleoptera and lepidoptera, elothis peltigera is
recorded.

For Derbyshire (and the Isle of Man) little appears to have been
done of late, except among the cryptogamia, one or two of which are
probably new.

For Nottinghamshire the additions are two—the Puffin and
Amalia gagates.

For Lincolnshire the Wild Cat, the Sperm Whale (a three-century-
old record), ‘Temminck’s Stint, and Amalza gagates may be cited.

The Yorkshire additions are numerous and important. The two
Whales—Sowerby’s and Rudolphi’s—are both species of extreme
rarity anywhere, and quite new to England also. The Barred Warbler,
Desert Chat, Whiskered Tern (all three new to the north), and
Little Owl raise the recorded avifauna to 311, and Paludina contecta

Dec. 1885.

PREFACE.

among the mollusca is a novelty for South-East York. In Lepi-
doptera the new records are Lvrastria fuscula, Melanippe unangulata,
Fledya servillana, Eupeclia dubttana, and Phoxopleryx diminutana,
and in Hymenoptera the county list is strengthened by 31 additions.
In other groups Bdella hexophthalma, and Chernes nodosus are new
for Yorkshire and for Britain. In botany Sagzna ciliata, Agrimonia
odorata, Polypodium calcareum, and one or two Chare are new for
North-West York, and among the cryptogamia there are several new
county records.

Numerous mosses and hepatics have been recorded, including
Fledwigidium imberbe in the Lake district, many of which are
probably new county records, but in the absence of a standard of
reference it is difficult to say.

In geology and palzeontology may be cited the papers on drift coal
in Durham, and a lacustrine deposit in Yorkshire, and the record of
what is incomparably the most perfect specimen of MMZegalichthys
hibberté known to exist.

The papers of general interest and wider application which appear
in this volume, those dealing with variation in lepidopterous insects,
fertilisation in phanerogamic plants, the reproduction of the eel, the
natural history of the bull-trout, and the distribution of Achatina
acicula, may be referred to.

For the convenience of readers, and more especially of working
- naturalists, the index has been compiled on a somewhat novel principle.

So much for the volume now concluded.

For the future, the magazine is to be enlarged to 32 pages
monthly, and the leading features of the present volume are to be
retained. This enlargement makes it necessary that the list of
subscribers should be not only maintained but enlarged, and the
Editors, whose wish it is to maintain a high standard of excellence,
confidently rely upon the continued co-operation of their present
contributors, and upon the support of all who take interest in the
detailed and systematic study of the physical features and natural
history of the Northern Counties of England.

Naturalist,

No. 109. AUGUST, I884.

avi

A

in

JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,,
AND

WM PAGLE CLARKE, F.L-S.,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Contents : he

THE SpurN—¥ohkn Cordeaux . : Se ae ‘te ae ia
RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER IN NorRTHUMBERLAND—Geo. Bolam .. bs ve Oe AB ese)
1O

TEESDALE Botany—Yames Backhouse

THe SEVEN SLEEPERS IN MANX TRADITION—%. M. Feffzott. Soy een
Deposit or Lacustrint MARL In WesT MOREE e: G. A. Lebour, M.A. BGS: Hen eLO
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION aT Hawes .. Be : a 2 oe 17

9 19

ORNITHOLOGICAL NorTeEs
Nesting of Twite at Thorne, T. Bunker: Breeding of Hewhnch 3 in Durham and Northum-

berland, W. E. Clarke, FL. S53 Avifauna of Washburndale, Lovd Walsingham, M.A.,
Lelie Co W. Fe. Clarke, FL. S.; Great Tit and Bees, ¥. Whitaker, F.Z.S.; Spring
Birds near Mansfield, ¥. W hitaker, Le ZAeSis

20

ConcHotoaicaL Notes.
Unio pictorum at Ossington, W. Gain: ; ’ Paludina contecta in Yorkshire, W. Nelson ; Slugs:

in co. Durham, W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S.; Zonites radiatulus v. viridescenti-alba in York-
shire, W, Nelson.
.- 13 & 21

BoTanicaL Notes
Dewsbury district flora, Pg Lee: AEscidium ‘pimpinellze v v. apii, ' Thomas Dennis: Man-

chester Cryptogamic Society ; Physcomitrium pyriforme, C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.; Rosa

tomentosa in Notts., W. Gain & HLA. Lees.

MISCELLANEOUS .. 8 & 15
Ornithological impossibilites, C. M. Adamson) Eupeecilia dubitana at “Huddersfield, G. op

Porritt, F.L.S.
Boox Notices eaneys uate Birds of eee and pre ene a of Ore beige.
Nores anp News ; Ae 5 at ee
RAINFALL .. PS oe se s6 ie en m3 an AG fe oe ae «.) 24

LONDON:
McCorQuoDALe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGYON STREET, EUSTON;

AND
BASINGHALL STREET, LEEDS.

1884.

The NATURALIST.

— >< —_ .
Ir being the wish of the Editors to make the journal the recognised organ for
information concerning the natural history of the North of England, they hope
to rely on Naturalists keeping them supplied with articles and short notes
from time to time.

—— oe

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Short Notes of important occurrences will be received up to the 20th of
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BOOKS, RECEIV-ED.

A List of Diurnal Birds of Prey, with references and annotations. By John
Henry Gurney.

Another Book of Scraps. By Charles Murray Adamson.

Grevillea. edited by M. C. Cooke, June, 1884.

Report on the Migration of Birds. Fifth Report, 1883.

Journal of Conchology.

The Naturalists’ World.

Annual Report of the Liverpool Geological Association.

&e., &c.

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Duplicates. “Zcidium pimpinelle var. Api will be forwarded to persons
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Duplicates.— Velleda, Statices, Auroraria, Progemmaria, var. Fuscata,
Cesiata, Cerago, Phragmitella. _DESIDERATA.—Numerous macro-lepidoptera,

also types of most Deltoides and Pterophori.—WM. E. BRADY, I, Queen Street,

Barnsley.

Plants.—Offered L.C., 7th Edition, Nos. 197. 398, 406, 859. 1,008, 1,333,
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Now ready, 8vo, cloth, price 6|- post free.

LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA,
By G, 7. PORRITT; FL. S.

The list contains copious records of the localities, &c., of the 1,340 species of
macro- and micro-lepidoptera known to inhabit the county; particulars of local

variation in species; with all other necessary information connected with the

subject.
To be had only from the Hon. Secretaries of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
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WM. EAGLE CLARKE,
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CO eee er

fee NATURALIST.

INE Wis ERS, 2 ViOL xX:

WSS SiS) 5:

THE SPURN.

By JOHN CORDEAUX,

Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire; Menztber of the British Ornithologists’ Union ;
and of the British Association Migration Conmittee ; &c.

Tue long, narrow, and curved promontory called the Spurn, Spurn
Head or Point,* lies between the northern sea and the Humber.
The actual Spurn of to-day is—geologically speaking—of modern
origin, a narrow ridge of sand and gravel, some three miles in length,
occupying the place of once solid land, the old Yorkshire coast line,
which terminates at or near Kilnsea. Northward from this point for
thirty-six miles, till we reach the chalk of Flamborough, the coast
presents no solid rock, low cliffs of gravel, sand and clay, rising at
Dimlington to one hundred and fifty feet above high water, and
resting on purple boulder clay, of remarkable stiffness and tenacity,
containing an immense variety of derivative and far-travelled rocks.
Through all the range of history and probably far back into pre-
historic times the sea has been constantly stealing away the land ;
it is calculated that since the Norman conquest one mile in breadth
has been lost, and more than two miles since the Roman occupation ;
a waste equal to two and a half yards in a year on an average of the
whole coastt line. Our own experience points to a more rapid
waste, and near Dimlington we have seen large masses of cliff break
away fully fifty yards in length and several yards in breadth in the
course of a single winter. ‘There are those now living who can very
well remember Kilnsea oid church, which sixty years since stood on
an eminence east of the present village, with a road and intervening
lands between it and the beach. The site of the church is now
in deep water, from one to two hundred yards beyond the lowest fall
of spring tides. In 1836 the village itself was removed to the

*The Rev. G. S. Streatfeild in ‘ Lincolnshire and the Danes,’ p. 241, note 3,
says: ‘Head is probably redundant ; cf. Icelandic Spyrza, to strike with the feet,
Anglo-Saxon Sfurnan. But Mr. Charnock would derive it from Anglo-Saxon
Spyrian, to track. The two words Spyrian and Spurnan are radically connected.’

+Phillips’s ‘ Yorkshire.’ Ed. II., p. 122,
Aug. 1884. B

2 CORDEAUX : THE SPURN.

Humber side of the fast narrowing promontory. In old maps and
records of Hoiderness are names of villages as Frismerk, Tharlethorpe,
Pottersfleet, Upsal, Redmayr, Pennysmerk, Hartburn, Auburn, Hyde
and others all now beneath the sea-bed.* Everywhere along this
lonely coast-line is waste and ruin; no place so strong but in time
succumbs; frost, rain, and wave are the tools with which nature works
to undermine and carry off the solid land. Village church and
homestead alike disappear, and the bones of the buried dead drop
from the shattered cliff to find a final resting place beneath the
waters of the wild north sea.

The gravel, sand, and boulders of these fast-vanishing cliffs are
drifted southward and deposited in large quantities along the
promontory, which indeed owes its existence to the waste of
Holderness; in itself, too, Spurn is constantly undergoing change, for
we find along the Lincolnshire coast beds of pebbles and water-worn
boulders which can only have been derived from the Yorkshire cliffs.

Spurn is rich in memories of many races. The conquerors of
the world knew it well; they had a station at or near Patrington
(Pretorium) from which a branch road (va vicinalis) ran to York,
and grain from Yorkshire cornfields was shipped from Spurn to the
Rhine and Gaul.t Roman remains have been found at Easington,
and we have seen a small bronze bull dredged up in the bay, which
perhaps once figured as the head of a military standard. The low
cliff east and west of Kilnsea contains seams—kitchen-middens—
made up of shells, bones and broken pottery, the latter apparently
used for cooking, of Brigantian or Romano-British workmanship ;
these have been turned on the wheel, and the dark clay, probably of
local origin,{ mixed with coarsely pounded calc spar to give strength
and consistency to the vessel. Bones found in these localities are
generally those of the small British ox, Bos longifrons, represented by
the Welsh cattle of to-day, red deer, swine and wild boar,§ also
considerable quantities of oyster and mussel shells, and Helix
nemoratts, the last no doubt also used as food. Coins, mostly

* ©Tracks on Holderness.’ Thos. Thompson, 1821.

+ There is no mention made in the voyage of Pytheas of Massilia (circa
330 B.C.) of the Humber estuary, although it is apparent that this Humboldt of
his time coasted along the eastern shores of Britain on his return voyage from
Scandinavia and Ultima Thule. Ptolemy the geographer, who lived in the first
century after Christ, marks it on his chart as Ades flumen, and the point to the
north Ocellum promontorium.

| The name Kilnsea is suggestive of ancient potteries, as is also Kilnwick near
Driffield and Kilnhurst near Rotherham.

§ Recent examinations of the Holderness gravels have resulted in finding
remains of Bos primigenius, Cervus megaceros, C. elaphus, Rhinoceros and Trichecus
rosmarus,

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: THE SPURN. 3

those of the latter empire, have frequently been picked up on the
beach below the cliffs. ,

The chief historical interest associated with the promontory
centres in the ancient port of Ravenspurne, Ravensrode,
Ravensburgh or Ravenser—for the name is variously written.
Northmen and Danes probably made much use of this port, which,
like Grimsby on the opposite coast, afforded them unusual facilities in
their marauding excursions ; and of both it may be said-—

‘ The old sea-faring men
Came to me now and then,
With their Sagas of -the seas ;
Of Iceland and of Greenland,
And the stormy Hebrides.’
The Humber port was a large and flourishing place at a time when Hull
was a poor fishing village, a borough also in the reign of the first,
second, and third Edwards, sending two members to Parliament.
There was a fair here which lasted thirty days, commencing on the
eve of the nativity of Our Lady (Sept. 7th), besides two weekly
markets. In 1332 Edward Baliol sailed from Ravensburgh with
a considerable army, and on arriving in Scotland was crowned king.
In 1399 the young Duke of Lancaster landed and commenced
the campaign which placed him on the throne as Henry IV., and
in 1471 Edward of York, returning from Flanders, landed and
moved on York, subsequently to march southward and fight the
battle of Barnet, an event which placed him likewise on the throne
of England, and dyed the white rose of York a crimson red.

Leland, writing c7vca 1540, places Ravensburg at the extreme
point of Yorkshire just within the Humber, and from this date
we hear no more of the famous port. The actual site of old
Ravenspurne is probably somewhere in the bay to the north-westward
of the lighthouses.

There was probably a watch tower, or a light, on the promontory,
at the time of the Romans, and some think Ptolemy’s ocel/um (the
little eye) may have reference to this. The first historical light or
_ beacon was placed on the Spurn by the hermit Richard Reedbarrome
in 1428; and in 1677 a lighthouse was erected on Conny hill
(wherever that may be) by Mr. Justinian Angel, of London, by
patent of Charles II. In later years (1786) Smeaton erected a
lighthouse which was superseded by the present modern erections.

To have a just idea of the position and proportions of the
headland we should view it from the lantern of the higher lighthouse,
from which point of vantage we overlook the entire length of
; ‘The long low dune, and lazy plunging sea.’

Aug. 1884.

4 CORDEAUX : THE SPURN.

Spurn it will be seen resembles a long pear-shaped island, a mile
in length and.a few hundred yards in breadth, joined to the mainland
by a narrow curved isthmus of sandhills, so narrow that, at high
water, it is not difficult, standing on the ridge, to pitch a stone
into the sea on one side and the Humber on the other. Ona clear —
day the view from the lighthouse is very pleasing, to the south
and west the Lincolnshire coast, trees and houses distinctly visible
at the distance of seven miles, backed by the range of the wolds, on
the highest level of which we can see Pelham’s pillar in the
Brocklesby woods ; to right and left there is

‘The long, grey, horizontal wall of the dead calm sea.’

Northward is the Yorkshire coast line, Dimlington high-land and
the towers of village churches, and homesteads buried in trees.
At low water a vast extent of mudflat is laid bare on the Humber
or concave side; in the autumn and winter this is the resort and
favourite feeding ground of thousands of waders; on the sea or
convex side there is a comparatively narrow belt of firm yellow sand,
sweeping northward in one bold curve to Kilnsea beacon and
Dimlington.

Perhaps the chief interest of Spurn is connected with the
periodical occurrences of various birds during the vernal and autumnal
migrations. Migrants following the coast-line at the latter season on
their southward journey pass to the extreme end of the point before
launching out to the Lincolnshire side. Numerous species, too, which
come direct across the north sea by an east to west flight find here a
temporary resting place before proceeding inland ; hence it follows that
in favourable seasons there is a constant succession from day to day
of winged travellers. To enumerate all the species recorded here
and in the neighbourhood would exhaust the greater portion of the
British list, and many of what are designated casual and accidental
visitants in the Yorkshire avifauna* have occurred at or near Spurn.

Recent additions are the Rustic bunting (Zméeriza rustica Pall.)
a native of north-eastern Europe and northern Asia, shot near
Kilnsea beacon, on September 17th, 1881; a fine example of
White’s Thrush (Zurdus varius Pall.) obtained at Rimswell, near
Withernsea, in November, 1881, and now in the collection of
Mr. R. T. Burnham, of the former place; and the Bluethroat ( Cyane-
cula, ? species) in immature ‘plumage, one of a pair obtained at
Spurn on August 11th, 1882. In the schedules recording the
migration of birds at the Spurn lighthouse in 1883, a Manx

**A Handbook of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire,’ 1881. Clarke and
Roebuck.

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: THE SPURN. 5

shearwater is entered as killed against the lantern at 2 a.m. on
August-5th, and a Honey buzzard was taken alive on the balcony of
the low light, at 2 a.m. on September 14th.

Woodcocks arrive in considerable numbers with north and north-
east and south-easterly winds. Coast shooters affirm that it is a
south-east wind which brings /arvge grey or light-coloured cocks, a
north wind bringing small red-coloured birds, the former no doubt
coming from more southern localities than the small red Scandinavian
bird. At the time the Woodcocks are expected, the sandhills frequently
swarm with Gold-crested Wrens; so regularly do these appear that they
are locally known on the coast as ‘woodcock pilots. Only a few
birds nest on the promontory; about a mile north of the lighthouse
there isa colony of the Lesser Tern, which unfortunately is becoming
smaller each year through the senseless and relentless plunder of
the nests by excursionists. The Ringed Plover nests also on the
beach above high-water level; Pipits and Linnets are plentiful
amongst the sandhills, and the nest of the latter is an extremely
pretty structure, lined with the white feathers of the Tern. Cuckoos
abound in May, and frequently appropriate the nest of the meadow
pipit for their egg. ‘The Sheldrake recently nested here, and no
doubt would continue to do so if left unmolested.

It is a curious fact that in the spring migration the Bar-tailed
Godwit, Knot, ana Grey Plover, which, during the first week in May,
are very common on the Humber shores, do not appear to go north
of Spurn, but leave the coast there to cross the North Sea; this line
of migration is suggestive of an ancient coast line, which, towards
the end, or perhaps subsequent to the last glacial epoch, swept east
or north-eastward from Holderness to southern Scandinavia and the
mouth of the Baltic. It is a striking fact, as mentioned by Mr. J. R.
Mortimer in a paper read before the British Association at York,
1881, that chalk boulders south of Hornsea contain black flints,
which are never found in the Yorkshire chalk, and which must have
come from Norway; the flints north of Hornsea are more of the
Yorkshire type, and probably derived from Flamborough.

Spurn has also long been famous for the capture of rare insects,
many of these, such as the lepidoptera, unquestionably coming from
beyond the sea. The observations taken at Heligoland by Mr.
Gatke, and recorded from time to time in the migration reports,
show that not only birds but immense numbers of butterflies and
moths pass that island, travelling from east to west. Some years
since many Convolvulus Hawk-moths were washed up by the waves
on the coast between Spurn and Kilnsea, having doubtless perished

Aug. 1884. B 2

6 CORDEAUX : THE SPURN.

in crossing;* and quite recently we received three Death’s-head
Moths taken on vessels far from land in the North Sea. Occur-
rences also in recent years of Locusts at Spurn and the continental
form of Vanessa Antiopa in Lincolnshire, and the great flight of Colas
edusa in 1877 from the eastward, all point to the same conclusion—
the migration on a large scale of insects to our shores from the
Continent. Judging from. Heligoland captures, a list of the
night-flying moths which settle on the panes of the lanterns of
east coast lighthouses, would give very interesting results.

In 1877 Mr. Lawton found a larva of Dedlephila galiz, the Bed-
straw Hawk moth, which feeds on the plant known as the Ladies’
Bed-straw on sand hills near the coast. Other moths more or less
common are Cherocampa porcellus, the Small Elephant Hawk-moth ;
Euchelia jacobee ; Leucanta littoralis (the only locality for Yorkshire) ;
Tapinostola elymt, the Lyme-grass, whichis common ; /Vonagria lutosa,
the Large Wainscot ; Alamestra abjecta, a very local species, of which
in 1880 Mr. Dobrée took eleven exampies and missed several others ;
Agrotis valligera; A. corticea; A. ripe, but differing considerably
from the southern form; A. cursorza, much darker than southern
specimens; A. ¢ritici; A. aqguilina; A. precox,; and A. ravida.

Many of the fishes of the estuary may be considered deep-sea
forms, which approach the shore for spawning. The Common Skate is
plentiful in winter. The Lesser Weever or ‘Sting-fish’ is very common;
so also is Cottus scorpius, occurring in prodigious numbers, the stomachs
of this fish being generally full of freshly swallowed crabs about an
inch across the carapace; most abundant also in summer is the
Pogge, or Armed Bullhead, locally known as ‘ Rough-nose,’ but it
disappears in the winter, probably retiring to deep water. The
Viviparous Blenny is commonly taken in the seine nets, as also is
the Lesser Grey-mullet (A/ugz/ septentrionalzs Giinth.), acommon fish in
the spring and:summer. The Cod, Coal-fish, Turbot and Plaice, Sole
and Founder all occur, mainly young fish; the Turbot run about nine
inches in length, or about as large as a dinner plate. Salmon are not
uncommon during the period of migration, as also is the Salmon-trout
Salmo trutta). A salmon fishing station was worked some years ago
at Stallinborough, on the Lincolnshire side of the Humber. The
Great Pipe-fish (Syzgnathus acus) is common, and a single specimen
of the Straight-nosed Pipe-fish (WVerophis ophidion) was brought
up in a-crab-pot in May 1884. ~The King-fish (Lampris luna)
was cast up at Spurn some years ago; and in April 1882, the

* According to Mr. P. W. Lawton, of Easington, this species (Sphzzx
Convolvitlz) is sometimes very plentiful.
Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: THE SPURN. 7.

Torpedo (7: hebetans) was taken in the surf at Easington; while in
1877, a Boar-fish (Capvos aper) was caught at the mouth of the
Humber.*

As might be expected, the plants growing at Spurn are, as a rule,
such as flourish in maritime situations. The Sallowthorn (4/7ppophaé
rhamnoides) grows abundantly, both here and on the Lincolnshire
coast, the dense thickets often swarming in September with migrating
warblers, and in October with the tiny Gold-crest. Many a Ring-ousel
and Redwing, after a weary sea passage across the ‘flint-grey flood,’
drops at dawn into the welcome shelter to find a breakfast ready
prepared in the crimson coronal of berries which adds so much to
the beauty of the shrub. The Sea Holly, with its spiny glaucous
leaves and grey blue-flowers, 1s a conspicuous plant, as is also the Sea
Bindweed, whose trailing stem and rose-coloured flowers adorn the
sand hillocks, and flocks of ‘Twites and Linnets linger in the autumn
to feed on the seeds, as well as on those of Glaux maritima, Arenaria
peploides, and the common Sea-purslane.

There are few places where the pretty variegated shell of Helzx
nemovalis can be found in greater numbers, and after a shower
of rain the stems of the seagrass swarm with them, as also with
flelix ericetorum ; the latter everywhere a common heath and down
shell, and it is alleged its consumption by sheep in their ordinary
food gives the superior quality to down fed mutton.

The geologist will find much to interest him in the fine section
of the purple boulder clay exposed in the cliffs at Dimlington,
containing derivative fossils and numerous erratics ice-grooved
and polished. In the ‘basement’ or ‘shelly boulder-clay’ which
underlies this, and is exposed along the beach at low-water mark,
shells of an undoubted arctic character have been found—twenty-
seven species in all. ¢

To some, the daily life of the small colony on the Spurn may
appear uneventful and monotonous in its practical separation from
their fellows on the mainland. ‘The naturalist, however, will not
share this view, for there are probably few situations on our northern
shores which offer greater attractions; we have rarely visited the
place without finding something to interest, it may be a waif or
stray of the sea cast on the beach, the arrival of migratory birds,
an insect, plant, or shell not noticed before. If all these fail,

* We have to thank Mr. William Eagle Clarke for lists of the fishes and
insects which have occurred at Spurn.

+ For further information we would refer our readers to a paper by Mr. G. W.
Lamplough, published in the Geological Magazine, December, 1881.

Aug. 1884.

8 ORNITHOLOGICAL IMPOSSIBILITIES.

there are the infinite changes of sea and cloudland—wonderful
effects of parting day, as the sun dips beyond the western wold and
when for a short space the grey river is transformed as burnished
copper, and the oozy mudflats are purple with reflected hight. Then
there is the solitude and all-aloneness of the place—never more felt
perhaps than at night when, from the clearness of the air itself, the
soft light of star and planet glows as silver lamps let down in space,
when the far-off cry of shore birds comes low and subdued, and the
whispering breeze through the wiry seagrass is as the tinkling of
fairy harpstrings, and beyond and above all minor notes the
intermittent boom of the great sea, like a child sobbing itself to sleep
in the darkness.

Ornithological Impossibilities.—It has often struck meas unintelligible
why some, even scientific men, have proclaimed the occurrence in this country of
birds which inhabit distant regions, without having ascertained the possibility or
impossibility of their having flown here. Now, it seems to me probable
that some species of, say American, migratory birds which go to the far north to
breed might appear here, they, whether old or young, having travelled across
from land to land where the distance is not so great, and having once got across
from one continent to the other, their migratory instinct would probably lead them
southwards; but the reported occurrence of American species which do not
migrate very far north, should I think be always open to suspicion. It must be
a not very difficult matter to find out the distance birds really can fly, and
common sense I think tells us that this should be ascertained before credit is given
for what may prove to be an impossibility.

Ornithology, as a study, is not merely noting the capture or the having
observed birds. The first thing to be done is to acquire knowledge so as to be
able to determine what a bird really is when obtained (not seen only), and this
knowledge can only be acquired by long training. One having gone through this
training (not as a bird stuffer only) 1s alone capable of forming an opinion. There
cannot be the least doubt but that hosts of the recorded notices of birds are
totally incorrect, even of those which have found their way into scientific works.
Were attention paid to this matter many of the reputed British species would have
to be omitted from our lists—amongst the rest the Swallow-tailed Kite, which is
merely a summer resident in North America, and apparently does not go far north
even in summer. Now most of our occasional visitants appear either in spring
or autumn during migration, and in such cases as the one mentioned, its migrations
would not in any circumstances, so far as we can judge, bring it this way. Shaky
evidence, ancient or modern, is of little value unless corroborated by facts which
are capable of being proved satisfactorily.

There seems to be a desire to make collections of British birds. A correct one,
such as would give people an idea of what they are likely to meet with alive,
should contain the birds in the plumages in which alone they are actually met with
in this, not in the various plumages they acquire in other countries. Many of our
English birds (together with those reputed) have, perhaps, only appeared here in
immature plumage, but in collections a mature foreigner very oftensrepresents the
species, and gives a wrong impression, and not only so, but eventually the
foreigner is looked upon as if really obtained in this country.

I hope the remarks I have made will not discourage any one from studying
ornithology. I only wish to point out how little is yet known substantially, and
how few there are whose judgment can be depended on.—C. M. ADAmMSON,
Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES. 9

OCCURRENCE IN NORTHUMBERLAND OF THE
RED-BREASTED FLYCATCHER.
By GEORGE BOLAM,

Berwick - ot -Tweed.

On the 5th of October, 1883, I was fortunate enough to shoot a
specimen of the Red-breasted Flycatcher (AZuscicapa parva Bechst.)
in our garden in Berwick; and the example is now in my
collection. On examination it proved to be a young male,
in the sombre brown of the autumnal plumage, and in colouring
it agrees generally with the short description given in the last
edition of Yarrell’s ‘British Birds.’ The tertials are broadly
margined and tipped with pale yellowish brown, and the breast and
under parts are more or less of a fine warm buff. The tail, which
consists of twelve feathers, 1s hair brown and white, the brown being
darkest on the middle feathers ; the first three pairs of quills from the
outside are brown and white in nearly equal proportions, the basal
halves being white, the tips brown. ‘The fourth pair have the outer
web only, white for about an inch near the middle of the feather, with a
small portion of the inner web next the shaft of a like colour: while
on the fifth pair from the outside the white is confined to a rather
narrow margin on a small portion of the outer web. ‘The sixth or
centre pair are wholly brown. In the fourth edition of Yarrell’s
‘ British Birds,’ above referred to, it 1s stated that the Red-breasted
Flycatcher has only ten feathers in the tail; but Professor Newton
informs me that since the account for that work was written, he has
found that specimens are met with having twelve feathers: and
Mr. John Hancock, to whom I have often been indebted for useful
information, at all times most kindly given, tells me that he finds, by
examination of a large series of specimens in his collection, that
twelve is the normal number of tail feathers in JZ. parva; and that the
only specimen he has which has only ten, has evidently lost two.
Twelve would therefore seem to be the number of tail feathers in this
species, and, unless abnormally, that number probably never varies.

This Flycatcher is quite new to the avifauna of the northern
counties of England ; in fact it has only on three previous occasions
been noticed in the British Islands, once near Falmouth, when two
birds were seen and one of them killed, and twice in the Scilly Islands.

Nesting of the ‘['wite on Thorne Waste.—In the Handbook of
Yorkshire Vertebrata, page 31, the nesting of the Twite on Thorne Waste, which
is only just above sea-level, prior to 1844, is mentioned on the authority of the late
Mr. Thomas Allis. You may be interested to know that I found a nest of this bird,
with eggs, on the Goole edge of the Waste, on the 26th of April this year. It
was placed low down in some heather, overhanging a small cutting from which
peat had been cut.—THoMAS BUNKER.

Aug. 1884.

ize) THE NATURALIST.

*

TEESDALE BOTANY:

HISTORICAL AND PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS.
By JAMES BACKHOUSE.

THE original discoverer of most of the botanical rarities of Upper
Teesdale was John Binks. He was a miner, who worked in the lead
mines near Middleton in Teesdale, very early in the present century.
Though in humble hfe, Binks was an ‘observant and intelligent
man, of ‘gentlemanly appearance, apparently ‘above his station.’
He was described as ‘like a little smart French (!) doctor’ (or in words
to that effect), with a delicately formed and highly intellectual face !
utterly unlike ‘a working miner.’ Owing to the unhealthiness of the
occupation, four days only in the week were devoted to mining ; the
remaining two being taken advantage of for recreation, and for
obtaining from the adjacent hills any plants that ‘the druggists wanted,’
by which a slight addition could be made to his scanty income.

Among these plants, I believe, were the Rose-root (Sedum
Rhodiola), the Common Juniper, and the ‘Bear Berry’ (Arctostaphylos
uva-urst). ‘The latter he found abundantly on Cronckley Fell.

John Binks loved a good ramble right well, and his powers of
endurance were not small. Living in the most frugal way, he could
‘rough it’ with a pleasure known to comparatively few.

He it was who first found and brought under notice

Potentilla fruticosa L.. Vaccinium uliginosum \..
Gentiana verna I.. Lartsia alpina 1.
Arctostaphylos Uva-urst Spr. Juncus triglumts L.
Saxifraga Flirculus LL. Dryas octopetala 1.
Flelianthemum canum Dun. Malaxis paludosa Sw.

and the other ‘Teesdale rarities’ which became known to the
botanical world previous to the year 1820.

Binks brought down his treasured discoveries to a clergyman and
to a ‘doctor,’ both of whom resided at Middleton (or Barnard
Castle?). These gentlemen sent up the plants, so received, to
Sir Jas. E. Smith, and (I have always understood) ‘got the personal
credit’ of the discoveries by so doing.

When my father was young, his health was very delicate: so much
so that it seemed questionable whether he would ever reach manhood.
The fine air of Teesdale was recommended for him, and he was
consequently located for a time, in 1810, with a farmer named -
Applegarth, at Sledwick, near Barnard Castle. His attention had
already been turned to botanical subjects by his elder brother, and
by several of his relatives at Darlington and Sunderland; so that the
moorland region of Upper Teesdale offered an attraction to him in a

Naturalist,

BACKHOUSE: TEESDALE BOTANY. If

double sense. Casually hearing of John Binks and his love of botany,

my father ‘borrowed John Applegarth’s little black pony,’ and rode
up to the Middleton lead mine to seek him. A mutual ‘arrangement’
was soon entered into, and many a fine and wearying ramble they
had together ; beginning gradually at first, and extending their range
as my father’s health grew stronger.

There was no ‘High Force Hotel’ then! and no road up the
valley where it now exists, only a narrow moorland lane or track,
passing along the northern ridge from Middleton to a farm five or six
miles up the valley, called Moor Riggs House, which still exists. So
that a journey in that day ‘round Micklefell,’ taken from Middleton,
was ‘no trifle,’ especially when the weather was rough. During these
trips John Binks showed to his young companion, in addition to the
plants already named, “fzlobium alsinifolium, Saxifraga stellaris,
and several other interesting plants, if I may judge from the dates
attached to these specimens.

Many years afterwards, when the first figure of Woodsia was
published, from a specimen found in Scotland, my father instantly
recognised it as a fern which he had seen in Teesdale. His botanical
friends and relatives ‘ did not believe it,’ but he declared that it was
‘certainly there, and that he would ‘go and fetch it.’ He did so;
and I possess the specimen—a fine example of Woodsia dilvensis
R. Br., with several fronds (one of which is 34 inches long)—having
the words attached, in his handwriting:—‘ Foot of Cauldron Snout,
Teesdale, 1821, first found there. olystichum Lonchitis Roth. was
apparently gathered about the same time.

I will now mention the plants of Teesdale and the adjoining
region, with the discovery of which I have been personally associated.

fiieracium tiricum Fries
f1. gothicum Fries

FT, pallidum Fries

Ff, anghcum Fries

fT. crocatum Fries | DOA 2:
f1. corymbosum Fries
Poa alpina L.

P. Parnellit Bab.
Crepis succisefolia Tausch }

The above Mveractia and Poa Farnell were first examined and
virtually found by Prof. C. C. Babington ; whom, in company with
the late Mr. J. E. Winterbottom, we had the pleasure of (first)
meeting at the ‘High Force Inn,’ during the summer of that year.
FH. tricum was then described as ‘A. Lapeyrousi, and H. anglicum
as ‘Hf. Lawsont.

Aug. 1884.

at

12 BACKHOUSE: TEESDALE BOTANY.

Saxifraga nivalis
S. Hirculus, second station 1843.
Polemontum ceruleum |

The first of these I found. ‘The other two we ‘visited’: but they
had been previously discovered in these stations by a mining inspector.

Alsine stricta (Wahl.), 1844.—To my late friend, Mr. G. S.
Gibson, of Saffron Walden, belongs the credit of this discovery. We
were together, and I believe saw the plant almost at the same
moment; but he first said ‘What is that?’ fixzmg my attention
specially upon it.

Saxifraga umbrosa v. crenata. — Two stations for this met with
during the same year (on Falcon Clints and near Winch Bridge—the
latter doubtless from seed washed down from some higher station).
They were apparently the last vestiges in Teesdale. It was probably
abundant there at one time; at least so my father believed, from
what he heard in that region when he was young. Three new
stations for S. H7rculus, also Equisetum pratense Ehrh. = £. umbrosum
Willd., were found during the same year, 1844,

Pyrola secunda JV. 1847 or 1848.

Three stations.

Polygala austriaca PB uliginosa R. |
Primula farinosa v. acaulis f EOG 2.
Myosotis rupicola

A second station for the JZyosotis was found subsequently, I
think probably during 1853, though I cannot find a memorandum of
the exact date. Its position was too ft. or more lower, and some
miles distant from the original station on Micklefell. A third station
was discovered by my son, William Edward, and myself, many miles
distant from both the foregoing, in 1880. The plant is still tolerably
abundant in all the three localities. Prof. Babington regards the
Teesdale plant as specifically identical with JZ. alpestris Schm. If
SO, it is very distinct, as a variety, from any that I have seen in, or
obtained from, Continental sources.

Viola arenaria DC., 1862, first discovery. I found a second
station, ten miles or more distant, many years later. It was growing
in this (second) station when again visited in 1880.

Lipilobium anagallidifolium Lam.
Saxifr. Hirculus, in 3 new stations on Micklefell |
1872

Equtisetum arvense v. alpestre Wahl.
Cystopteris alpina

Mr. Richard Potter, of York, first gathered the Cystopteris when
with me in Teesdale, where it is well developed and characteristic.
So far as I am aware, it is the only known British locality; the ‘old

Naturalist,

+

*

BACKHOUSE: TEESDALE BOTANY. 13

station’ for it, on a wall at Low Leyton, Essex (at best an ‘unsatis-
factory’ locality), having been destroyed many years before. We
were only able to find three roots, so that it may well be called
‘very rare.’

Some years later when crossing the moors alone, I found another
station for S. Airculus. It was growing in vast profusion, covering,
more or less, an area probably as large as that of all the other
stations I have seen put together. No one, I believe, has visited
the locality since. I now know of nine stations for this plant in the
Teesdale district. Six out of the nine IJ have personally discovered.

Senecio spathulefolius DC. is the last novelty which has ‘turned
up’ in this rich region. I detected it by the peculiar aspect of its
rosettes when out of flower, and brought roots home to prove. My
friend, Professor Babington, seems certain that it is the above-named
species, and that the Holyhead plant, which has long been known
under the name of Czneraria campestris v. maritima, is the same.
If so, it is a remarkably interesting illustration of the similarity
(in points doubtless ‘well understood’ by the plants themselves!)
of maritime (z.e. ‘littoral’) and Alpine or sub-alpine climates.

The ‘Teesdale’ plant, though growing at an elevation of
probably 1500 feet, cannot apparently exist, except upon a northern
slope! Though there is apparently no change in the soil or its
grassy covering, yet ‘the moment’ the slight roll of the hill
changes its aspect, the plant ceases altogether. The variation in the
incline (to south or north) is so apparently trifling—both receiving
full sunshine—that the atmospheric difference must be subtle indeed !

In 1881, my sons again visited the locality of this plant, and
found that it was scattered over a considerable region where the
‘roll’ of the undulation was northerly.

It may be interesting, in connexion with this subject, to mention
that, in eight instances out of the nine, where Saxcfraga Hirculus
grows, it also affects a slight incline, having an aspect due north
or very nearly so. In one instance only the trend of the slope
is north-west.

West Bank, York, 18. vi. 1884.

Additions to the Dewsbury district-flora.— At the meeting of the
Dewsbury Naturalists’ Society, on the 1oth July, Mr. P. F. Lee, as botanical
recorder, reported the following additions to the flora of the district :—Avrassica
nigra (black mustard), Ranunculus Lenormandi (the rarer form of the mud crow- |
foot), Carex pilulifera (round-headed sedge), C. pallescens (pale sedge), and
C. levigata (smooth-stalked beak-sedge). At the same meeting, he gave a racy
address on ‘insect-eating plants,’ illustrated by living specimens and microscopical
sections of the digestive process, glands, etc.—J. S.

Aug. 1884.

14 THE NATURALIST.

‘THE SEVEN SLEEPERS, ACCORDING TO
MANX TRADITION.

By J. M. JEFFCOTT,

Castletown ; Member of the House of Keys; and of the Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and Treland.

THE supposed ‘seven sleepers, in the Manx tongue called
Yn cadlagyn, were crammag=snail; craitnag =bat ; cooag = cuckoo ;
cloghan-ny-cleigh = stonechat; gollan-geayee=swallow ; doallag = dor-
mouse ; and graynoge = hedgehog.

The term crammag is apparently from cvamman =lump or bulb.

Craitnag has seemingly reference to the wrinkled membrane of
which bats’ wings are formed. The adjective craztuagh = belonging
to skin, wrinkled, or like a bat, is from craztnyn, the plural of
crackan = skin.

Cooag is, I believe, an onomatopceia, as is the English word
‘cuckoo.’ In their aérial gambols cuckoos often utter a sound
which ‘ cooag’ well represents.

Cloghan-ny-cleigh is the wheatear (Saxzcola enanthe), often, though
improperly, in the Isle of Man called the stonechat. It is a well-
known summer migrant, while the stonechat (Saxicola rubicola) is a
resident species, and is to be seen at all seasons. The coghan-ny-
cleigh for the most part frequents upland solitudes. It delights to
visit old cairns and tumuli. Its alarm note has been compared to
the sound produced by the breaking of stones with a hammer. ‘This
note, often uttered as it flits from grave to grave in some ancient and
haunted cemetery, has caused this beautiful little bird to be associated
with the superstitions which belong to the archaic depositories of the
dead.

Gollan-geayee literally means the ‘fork of the wind’—a poetic and
very beautiful appellation, mdicating the form and character of the
swallow.

Doallag has reference to the supposed blindness of the dormouse,
from doa/ = blind.

Graynoge implies something causing horror.

The erroneous belief that the swallow and cuckoo hibernated in
torpidity was formerly very general.

The poet Cowper, in a letter to Joseph Hill of thé 6th March,
1794, says, ‘I and the swallows shall appear together. They have
slept all the winter, but I, on the contrary, have been extremely busy.’
The same mistaken notion is indicated in the following lines by him :—

‘The swallows in their torpid state

Compose their useless wing.’

Naturalist,

JEFFCOTT: THE SEVEN SLEEPERS. 15.

_ The amiable and ingenious naturalist, Gilbert White, concurred
in the opinion held by many of his co-temporaries, that at least a part
of the swallow tribe spent the winter in torpidity. In reference to
the first appearance of sand-martins in the spring, he says: ‘It is
easy to suppose that they may, like bats and flies, have been awakened
by the influence of the sun amidst their secret /azebr@, where they
have spent the uncomfortable foodless months in a torpid state and
the profoundest of slumbers.’—Nat. Hist. of Selborne.

Isaac Walton tells us, on the authority of naturalists of his time :
‘It is well known that swallows and wagtails, which are called half-
year birds, and not seen to fly in England for six months in the year,
but about Michaelmas leave us for a better climate; yet some of
them that have been left behind their fellows have been found, many
thousands at a time, in hollow trees or clay caves, where they have
been observed to live and sleep out the whole winter without meat.’

Anacreon had clearer views of the swallows’ habits and migrations
than Gilbert White. The following lines are from one of the prettiest
of his odes :—

Lv pev, piryn xedwdwy,
eTHoin PoAovTa
Oeper TAEKEIS KaAINY.
yeyove 0 es GdayTos
7 NetAov, 7} mi Menduy.
‘Once in each revolving year,
Gentle bird! we find thee here ;
When nature wears her summer vest,
Thou com’st to weave thy simple nest :
But when the chilling winter lowers,
Again thou seek’st the genial bowers i
Of Memphis, or the shores of Nile,
Where sunny hours for ever smile.,—Moore.

The following oft-repeated but ridiculous tale was told me in my
boyhood. Acuckoo had adopted as its winter resting place a hole in
the dead trunk of atree. The trunk had been severed, and the hollow |
section was removed to form a yule-log. It was placed on the
chiollagh, or fire-place. The bird was, by the heat, awakened from
its sleep, and, though denuded of its feathers, emerged from its
seclusion, and cheered the company with its vernal song.

Kupeecilia dubitana in Yorkshire.—This very nice addition to the
Yorkshire list of Lepidoptera was taken freely by Mr.S. L. Mosley, at DungeonWood,
Huddersfield, last month (June). Mr. Mosley has very kindly presented me with
a series of the specimens. —GEo. T. PorriTT, Huddersfield, July 23rd, 1884.

Aug. 1884.

16 GEOLOGY.

NOTE ON A DEPOSIT OF LACUSTRINE MARL
IN WEST YORKSHIRE.

By GA. LEBOUR; MA, FG:S:, -
Professor of Geology in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Ir may be interesting to many wandering geologists in West
Yorkshire to know that just now there is exposed.to view in the
Settle district a beautiful example of what was once an upland lake,
and is now a patch of lacustrine marl.

Last Easter, whilst engaged on the annual geological week’s
excursion of this College, we unexpectedly came upon a deposit of
white marl, which had evidently only quite recently been broken
into and was being dug and gradually carted away for agricultural
purposes. The marl was pure white, like crumbly chalk, and was
almost entirely made up of fresh-water shells, chiefly of the genera
Linnea and Cyclas, with some others.

We had not much time at our disposal, and we had no idea that
this old lake bottom was unknown to Yorkshire geologists, so we
merely marked it down in our maps, noted a few particulars in our
books, secured a lump or two of the shell-marl, and went on our way.
Since then we have looked up the authorities on West Riding
Geology, and find that our little ancient lake is not mentioned by
them. Miall’s ‘Geology of Craven,’ Davis & Lees’ ‘Geology and
Botany of the West Riding,’ Phillips’ quarto classic, and his smaller
‘Mountains and Rivers of Yorkshire’—none of these said a word
about it. Still it might be well-known to some of the many
geologists familiar with that delightful region. But the other day our
friend, Professor A. H. Green, of the Yorkshire College, informed us
that he had never seen or heard of it. This has decided us to put
on record our meagre observations, in order that others may not
pass by the spot without extending them, and especially without
collecting and identifying the species of the perfectly-preserved but
dreadfully friable and fragile shells.

The old lake is easily found. It is four miles north-west of
Settle, about half-way between Horton-in-Ribblesdale and Clapham,
and occupies the bottom of the Crummach valley between Moughton
Fell and Norber. This valley bottom is carved out of hard slaty
Silurian rocks, which, close to the marl pit, are seen beautifully
polished and grooved zz s¢ti by ice, and which at Norber close by,
have supplied that wonderful assemblage of ice-carried boulders
which stand out so black and sharp against the white weathered
mountain limestone scars on which they lie. That the lake bottom

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. 1 7/

was due to a little glacier (the side-feeder of a larger one probably)
coming down from Crummach towards Austwick and_ grinding
out a hollow in its course is most likely, though it is possible that
a damming of the dale below the lake by glacial detritus may have
had something to do with it. Other observers, with more time than
we had, will easily decide the point. Among other things their
attention shouid be directed to a thin layer of peaty vegetable
matter which divides the white marl, and seems to show that for
a period the old lake was dried up. On a small scale the
circumstances of many of the miocene lignites of central Europe are
here reproduced, though of course, there is ‘no correspondence in
age nor in the climatal conditions under which the deposits were
formed. The Crummach lake is Post-glacial undoubtedly.

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT HAWES.

The third meeting of the season of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, held on the
28th of June, was devoted to Upper Wensleydale, from Hawes as a centre. Mr.
F. Arnold Lees, of that place, who acted as local secretary, had prepared an
attractive programme, and the elements were propitious. The weather was
very fine, sunny, and hot, so that the work on the various routes was cut down
by the omission of such portions of the routes as involved unnecessary
expenditure of muscular force. Mr. Lees led a party of botanists who
took train to Askrigg Station, and from thence worked Bainbridge Gill and Lake
Semerwater; while another party of botanists walked from Hawes through Gayle,
and over Counterside to Semerwater, around of eight miles. Mr. William Horne,
of Leyburn, led a party to Mill Gill and Whitfield Gill Forces and the adjoining
woods, working up stream and then crossing country to Askrigg Station, returning,
in company with the previously-mentioned parties, to Hawes by 5.23 train. Other
members, conducted by Mr. William Whitwell, of Skipton, and the Rev. G. P.
Harris, M.A., vicar of Hawes, investigated Cotterdale, Mossdale, and Appersett ;
and yet another body—ornithologically inclined—made the ascent of Great
Shunnor Fell.

Tea having been served at the Crown Inn, Hawes, the meetings, both sectional
and general, were held in the National Schoolroom, the chair of the latter being
occupied by Mr. Washington Teasdale, F.R.M.S., of Leeds, in the absence of all
the vice-presidents. There were about fifty members present, representing
fifteen of the forty societies which the Union includes—viz., Heckmondwike,
Liversedge, Bradford (3 societies), Leeds (3), Goole, York, Selby, Dewsbury,
Keighley, Ripon, and Scarborough. The Hull Great Thornton Street Wesleyan
Field Naturalists’ Society, with thirty members, was admitted into the Union, and
the following new members were elected:—Messrs. R. B. Mackie, M.P., Wake-
field ; Percy Lund, Ilkley; C. S. Irvine, Leeds ; James Booth, F.G.S., Ovenden
Grange ; John Clayton, Bradford; A. R. Waller, York ; Rev. T. Milville
Raven, M.A., F.R.S.E., Vicar of Crakehall; Rev. R. V. Taylor, B.A., Vicar of
Melbecks, near Richmond; John Henry Metcalfe, Leyburn; E. D. Swarbreck.
Bedale ; Seth Ward, Dewsbury ; Rev. G. P. Harris, M.A., Vicar of Hawes; and
William Horne, Leyburn. After the thanks of the meeting had been voted to
Mr. F. Arnold Lees for his efficient services as local secretary, to the Rey. G. P.
Harris for the use of the schoolroom, and to these two gentlemen and Messrs.

Aug. 1884.

18 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION.

Horne and Whitwell for acting as guides during the day, the reports of the
Sections on the day’s investigations were given.

The Entomological section was first on the list, and the Rev. G. P. Harris
reported, he and Messrs. J. H. Rowntree and B. Illingworth having taken charge
of the section in the absence of its officers. Very little had been done, the list of
captures including /veris brassice, P. rape, P. napi, males of Anthocharis
cardamines, Vanessa urtice, V. Atalanta,’V. carduit, Chortobius Pamphilus,
Lycena Alexis, Vanessa Lo (larve), Melanippe montanata (common), Coremza
munitata (one), LHepialus hectus (pupa-shells), and 4. hzzmli (plentiful). The
vicar stated that Venzusia cambricaria was not uncommon near Hawes, though he
had not taken it of recent years.

The secretary of the Botanical section, Mr. P. F. Lee, of Dewsbury, reported
the observations of the various parties who had visited Mill Gill Force, Askrigg,
Semerwater, Gayledale, &c. Owing to the excessive heat of the day, and the
general dryness of the season, the sphagnums and mosses presented little but
dried-up remains, while the flowering plants and ferns too seemed to hide away
in the more exposed situations. The charm, though, of the rare and varied flora
of the margin of Semerwater, and of the banks of the stream from there down to
Bainbridge, made ample amends for any short-comings of the other districts visited
during the day. By the lake side were Ranunculus cespitosus (the mud form of
R. agquatilis), Polygonum viviparum, Salix phylicifolia (the tea-leaved willow),
Carex acuta, Primula favinosa, and ’ Blysmas compressus. The best among the
many good things bagged at the other parts of this alpine district, were—
Trollius europeus, Actea spicata, Viola arenaria, Cardamine amara, Stellaria
nemorum, Geum intermedium, Saxifraga aizoides, Galium sylvestre, Carduus
heterophyllus, Melica nutans, and Asfplenium viride. Altogether 238 species
were noted. Mr. F. Arnold Lees stated that during the past day or two he had
observed about 250 plants in bloom or fruit in the district, and he considered the
number just given a fair day’s work. He also said that Veola arenaria had
been discovered by him a little while ago, and that it was new to Yorkshire.
[Since the excursion, Mr. Lees has verified the occurrence of ‘ Melampyrum
sylvaticum L. on south-west side of Whitfield Gill, above the main fall’ ].

Mr. J. E. Wilson, of Bradford, secretary of the Geological section, reported
on the geological observations made during the day.

For Vertebrate Zoology, Mr. James Backhouse, junr., of York, secretary of
the section, stated that most of the birds found nesting by Mr. F. Arnold Lees,
and mentioned in the programme of the meeting, were observed with one or two

-exceptions, the actual numbers being 29 resident species and 16 summer
migrants. Of the former the Dipper, Grey Wagtail, Red Grouse, Curlew, and
Golden Plover may be mentioned, and the Redstart, Whinchat, Ring Ousel (nesting),
Lesser Whitethroat, and Sandpiper of the latter. An interesting spectacle was
witnessed by several members in the stream below Whitfield Gill force, a Mole
being observed swimming across the water at only some two or three feet from
the spectators, who watched its movements for some time. The only reptile of
note was the Viviparous Lizard, seen in the Buttertubs Pass.

In the absence of the officers of the Conchological section, Mr. W. Denison
Roebuck, F.L.S., Leeds, reported on the observations made by himself and by
Messrs. Baker Hudson, and William Coates, of Middlesbrough. The total
number of forms observed was 23 species and 3 varieties; two species being
additions to the recorded fauna of Upper Wensleydale. These were Limax levis,
Whitfield Giil, and Papa marginata, found by Mr. Hudson close to Hawes
Church. The smallness of the number seen was due to the intensely hot and dry
character of the day (and season, for next to no rain had fallen for three months) ;
though, as regards this, it was somewhat curious to note that of ,specially damp-
loving forms Limax levis. new to the list, was found, and Z. arbo*um was common
in Whit Gill, a locality where it had not ‘before been noticed ; ; several other kinds
of slugs occurred, and also Swccinea putris and Zonites fulvus. The other species
worthy of mention were Helix sericea, Clausilia laminata, C. dubia,and Cochlicopa
tridens, all found at Aysgarth by Messrs. Hudson and Coates, and Azodonta
anaina, brought by Mr. F. Arnold Lees from Semerwater. A vote of thanks to
the chairman concluded the meeting.—W. D. R., W. E. C.

. Naturalist,

SHORT NOTES: ORNITHOLOGY. 19

Breeding of the Hawfinch in Durham and Northumber-
land.—Through the kindness of Mr. H. T. Archer, of Newcastle, and Mr. Thomas
Thompson, of Winlaton, I have pleasure in recording a northward extension of the
breeding range of this bird, a nest having been found this year in each of these
counties. In Durham, a nest containing two eggs was found in an oak, fifty feet
from the ground, on the 29th of May, and in‘ Northumberland, one near Riding
Mill on Tyne, in a pear tree, about five feet from the ground, also contained eggs,
all but one of which were broken by some unknown means. Both nests and the
eggs are now in Mr. Thompson’s collection.

This record is of great interest, as the Hawfinch is a species which, like the
Missel-thrush of old and the Stock-dove, Nightingale, and others, at the present
day, is slowly, but surely, extending its range northwards. A retrospect of its
position as a British bird shows that in 1839 Yarrell noted it as a resident in some
numbers locally in the south of England, and as having occurred casually elsewhere.
Macgillivray (1840) said it was a winter visitant, ‘individuals’ being permanently
resident, especially in the vicinity of Epping Forest. From the days of the first
edition of Yarrell and of Macgillivray down to the present, we are able to trace
in the succeeding works on British ornithology, its gradual diffusion as a resident
throughout the southern and central counties of England, northwards to and
including Yorkshire. This county, however, has hitherto formed the northern
limit to its range during the breeding season, and a reference to Mr. John Hancock’s
authoritative work on the ‘Birds of Northumberland and Durham’ (1874), informs
us that in those counties the Hawfinch was a rare casual visitant, not known to
breed. WM. EAGLE CLARKE, July, 1884.

Additions to the Avifauna of Washburndale—On the 3ist of
August, 1883, whilst fishing in Fewston Reservoir, I saw an Oyster-catcher on the
south side, near to the small streamlet known as Thackeray Beck. The bird was very
shy, not allowing me to approach it, but by sending a man round to drive it from
its feeding ground, and concealing myself behind some trees where it was likely to
pass, I soon got a shot at it. It proved to be a mature bird in good plumage,
and was well fed and in good condition. You may be also interested to know that
on the 7th of September, 1883, an Arctic Tern in its first year’s plumage was picked
up dead on Blubberhouses Moor. On the 4th and 5th, the wind had been blowing
strong from the west, and the bird may have been driven before it from the West
Coast.— WALSINGHAM.

—Since the publication of the list of birds of Washburndale, in last year’s
‘Naturalist,’ (1883, page 12), I have observed the following species in the district,
their occurrence being chiefly interesting as additions to the list:—-the Linnet
(Linota cannabina), the Black-headed Gull (Larus rzdtbundus), and the Common
Gull (Z. canus), the two latter species being observed on Fewston reservoir in early
Junethis year. In January last, the Goldeneye was not uncommon on the reservoir,
and among the party were several old males, which is especially worthy of note,
since mature birds of this species are always considered rare in the county.—
WILLIAM EAGLE CLARKE, July, 1884.

Great Tit and Bees.—A Great Tit has this year nested and reared her
young in one of the boxes I have near the garden, and when the young ones were
a few days old I found the parents were feeding them on bees. _ They visited the
hives every few minutes, settling on the stone in front of the hive, and taking a
bee, flew off to the box. Having plenty of bees, and being fond of the Tits, I own
I was pleased to see the performance, but often wondered how the young birds
swallowed the insects without getting the stings into either their mouths or
throats.—J. WHITAKER, Rainworth Lodge, near Mansfield, Notts.

Spring Birds near Mansfield.—The arrival of spring birds this year has
been a little later than the average, and many of them in smaller numbers, especially
Chiffchaffs ; and about here, where we have usually forty or fifty pairs, we have
this year only three pairs. Cuckoos and Corncrakes are scarce; but there are more
Willow Wrens and Hedge Warblers than I ever remember ; and Turtle Doves are
well represented : on May 1oth I saw thirty-one in a flock. After seven years’
absence the Garden Warbler is again visiting us, and we have five or six pairs about,
but I am sorry to say there are no Nightingales.—J. WHITAKER.

Aug. 1884.

20 SHORT NOTES—CONCHOLOGY.

Unio pictorum at Ossington, Notts.—Some time ago I determined
to explore the ‘Lake’ at Ossington, having heard that the water had been run off
for cleaning out purposes. I knew it was a case of ‘ now or never,’ so set out to
hunt for shells yesterday (26th June). I found the whole of the muddy bottom
exposed, four and a half feet of as sticky a mass of filth as ever a man stuck fast
in, no water weed, and only two species of shells to be found, Avzodonta cygnea and
Unio pictorum. These, near the sides at the lower end, were lying in and out of
the mud by hundreds, but the getting them was no agreeable task, off boots, &c.,
and into the mud, knee-deep at the first step! So I went no further, but raked in
the shells by means of the scoop. The Azodons were all of the type form, and
moderately large. The finest I got out was OF in. by 3} in. by 2 in., another, rather
more ventricose, measured 6 in. by 3 in. by 2 in. There were a few specimens,
aippeseuilly larper out of reach. The Unzos were monsters; the largest I procured
is 442 in. by 24 in. by 13 in. I got a good quantity of fine specimens of these
nels but saw no others, not even Lemna peregra.—W. GAIN, Tuxford, Newark,
June 27th, 1884.

Paludina contecta in East Yorkshire,—In June of this year I found
several living specimens in a small tributary of the Derwent between Breighton
and Wressle, thus again firmly establishing it as a member of the Yorkshire fauna.
It formerly occurred in the immediate neighbourhood of York, but appears now
to be extinct there; and the specimens from Askern are merely subfossil shells of a
dwarfed form, occasionally turned up by the moles, In 1883, my friend, Mr.
Clarke, found a single dead example in the county, just upon the border of
Lincolnshire. It is, therefore, interesting to ascertain that it still exists in a
living state in the county Wm. NELson, Leeds, July 15th, 1884.

Slugs in County Durham.—So little attention has been paid to these
animals that a record of specimens recently collected in one of our northern
counties. will be interesting. Mr. Baker Hudson, of Middlesbrough, when staying
at Durham in April, sent me a large number of the common slugs he met. with.
These included several specimens of the Tree- slug (Lehmannia arborum), found
on the roots and boles of beech trees near the ‘city ; CoE hinoe? maxims var.
cellaria, which were of large size, and were the usual form of the district,
found in many places. Of Limax agrestis, the Field-slug, the specimens sent
were of several varieties. Of the type (described as ‘ cemereus, immaculatus, by
Lessona) there was but one, the prevalent form being the irregularly maculated
one which answers to Moquin’s description of his variety sylvatica, but which
should, probably, have been considered the type ; there were also a specimen of
var. allida, pure white, from a lane near Old Elvet, and a very dark sepia-brown
individual, almost black, referable to var. ¢rvzstis. Of the Arions there were
numerous and very puzzling specimens. The most remarkable was an unsym-
metrically marked example (from a coppice at Kelly mill) of Avzoz ater var. rufa ;
this had on the left side a very dark broad length-stripe, while on the right side of
the animal there was but the faintest shadow of a band. There were other and
adult specimens of this variety, and of the usual black type of the species. Of var.
marginata there were three, and of Avzoz hortensis there were numerous and very
variable examples, including the typical form. In June, Mr. Hudson was in Upper
Teesdale, whence he sent me a specimen of Lehmannia arborum, taken on a wall
behind a cluster of hazels, near Middleton, on the Durham side of the Tees.—
Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK, Leeds, June 23rd, 1884.

e
Zonites radiatulus var. viridescenti-alba in West York-
shire,—Yorkshire appears to be very fortunate in possessing habitats for this rare
variety, Mr. Whitwham having found it near Huddersfield, and Mr. W. West at
Shipley Glen near Bradford. To these localities I am able to adda third, having
found it at Crossgates, near Leeds, during January of the present year.—WM.
NELSON, Leeds, July 15th, 1884.

Naturalist,

SHORT NOTES—BOTANY. 21

A&cidium pimpinelle var. apii.—On Bank Holiday last (June 2nd),
my friend Mr. E. Peak and I had an enjoyable botanical ramble on the Lincolnshire
coast, where, amongst other things, we found several interesting fungi, Mr. Peak
being fortunate enough to find, near Cleethorpes, an czdium on Afpium
eraveolens which was new to both of us. Finding no record of it, I sent a
specimen to Dr. M. C. Cooke, who kindly named it as above, observing, ‘It has
been said that it never grows on Agim graveolens,’ and at his request I have since
sent him specimens of it for the herbarium at Kew Gardens.

On the 21st June, accompanied by Mr. Peak, I succeeded in finding the same
fungus on this side of the Humber, near to Hedon, but it was not by any means
common.

The beautiful “cidium statices was plentiful on the leaves of Statice imonium
on the Lincolnshire coast, and there were great quantities of Spergularia marina,
almost every leaf of which was dotted with Cystopus Lepigoni. S. marina was
not so plentiful near here, but almost every plant of it was more or less affected
with the ‘white rust. —THos. DENNIS, Hull.

Manchester Cryptogamic Society,—At the meeting on the 16th of
June, Dr. B. Carrington, F.R.S.E., in the chair, the secretary (Mr. Thomas Rogers),
exhibited specimens of Zortala mucronata in fruit, and Campylopus paradoxus,
collected by Mr. Boswell in South Wales, and Brywne turbinatum from Oxford-
shire. Mr. George Buyers having spent a few days during Whit week in the
lake district, had the good fortune to find Hedwigrdium zmberbe, this being the
first time of record for an English county. Mr. G. Stabler sent specimens of the
rare Jungermannia Helleriana, collected by Mr. Michie at Balmoral, being the
second station recorded. Mr. G. A. Holt sent several rare mosses, recently
collected, amongst them P/z/onolis rigida from the Isle of Man, and Lejeznea
calcarea from Miller's Dale, Derbyshire. Mr. W. H. Pearson exhibited and
distributed specimens of the rare Coscznodon cribrosus, recently collected by Mr.
Sunderland and himself at Coniston. Mr. W. Forster exhibited a beautiful variety
of Scolopendrium vulgare, the fronds being generally of a pale yellow, with stripes
of bright green between the lateral veins from the mid-rib. He had sown spires
of a variegated form, but the plant he raised did not show variegation until the
third year of its growth THOMAS ROGERS, Sec.

Physcomitrium pyriforme.—A few days ago, whilst rambling down
the course of a stream running eastwards through the deep valley to the south of
Thornhill Edge, I gathered a few tufts of this pretty moss in full fruit. They
were growing on the bare clay forming the banks of the stream, which rise about
eighteen inches above its bed. This, I believe, is the first time this interesting
moss has been recorded for this portion of the ‘ Colne-with-Calder’ district.—
C. P. Hopxirk, Dewsbury, July 7th, 1884.

Rosa tomentosa in Notts.—A few days ago I found a fine plant in full
bloom near Sutton-on-Trent. I have never seen this species before.—W. GAIN,
Tuxford, June 27th, 1884.

[Mr. Gain sent us a specimen, which we have sent to the Botanical Locality
Record Club. Mr. Lees has since favoured us with the following critical notes on
the specimen.—EbDs. |

—This is var. b of the old aggregate wz//osa of Hudson’s ‘Flora Anglica,’ Ed. 2.
It is now known as Rosa tomentosa Sm., and is mainly distinguished from 2. v7//osa
L. (which is 2. wollisstma Willd.) by the more curved and stouter broader-based
prickles and pinnated sepals. The fruit varies in shape and armature. ‘The
leaves vary, too, from very downy on both sides to glandulous and nearly
glabrous. ‘This Trent-side plant appears to approach the var. szd-g/obosa Sm.,
of Baker’s monograph. It is, truly, less common in the south and east than in
the north, but ranges from Devon and Wight to Caithness. Both I myself and
the Rev. W. Fowler have gathered it in several parts of Lincolnshire, and near
Torksey, but the flora of Notts, as modern botanists know it, taking especial
note of critical ‘splits,’ still needs working out, and lists verifiec by authority as
to names would be valuable. Rosa ‘tomentosa,’ as distinct from &. ‘villosa,’
is given as ‘frequent’ in Howitt’s ‘Notts Flora’ (1839), and stands recorded like-
wise for county 56 in Watson’s ‘Topographical Botany.’—F. A. LEEs.

Aug. 1884.

22, BOOK NOTICES—-NOTES AND NEWS.

BOOK NOTLTCES:

‘A List of the Diurnal Birds of Prey, with references and
annotations; also a record of specimens in the Norfolk
and Norwich Museum,’ By John Henry Gurney (London: Van
Voorst, 1884).

This is a complete enumeration of the known species and sub-species of the order
Accipitres, arranged according to the author’s own views on the important subject
of classification. In addition to its usefulness as a list, other valuable features are
added in the shape of references to the works in which various species are described
and figured, or where an account of their habits and geographical distribution may
be found ; and, as appendices, a series of notes on critical and little-known species.
The book also contains a reference under each species to the author’s articles con-
tributed to the ‘Ibis,’ which is, to our mind, an honourable memento of Mr.
Gurney’s ornithological usefulness; and a list of specimens and skeletons of the
group contained in the magnificent collection in the Norwich Museum. As the
production of a master, for Mr. Gurney is admittedly the highest authority on the
subject, it is indispensable to those studying this most interesting order, and should
find its place in the libraries of all who seriously take up ornithology as a science.

‘The Ferns of York, ineluding also Nidderdale, and the
districts around Thirsk, Searbro’; and Whitby.—By Henry
Ibbotson. Edited by B. B. Le Tall, ESAS, and Alfred R. Waller (York, 1884).

Under this title is published a very complete—not to say elaborate and detailed

—account of the ferns, lycopods, and horsetails of a considerable portion of York-
shire. By way of appendix is given a table of heights, and also a table of the
chief localities for ferns near York, indicating what species occur at each place.
The enumeration of species includes 31 ferns, 5 clubmosses or lycopods, 1 pillwort,
and 6 horsetails. In their preface the editors trust that their work ‘ will not fall
into the hands of any whose object it is, for “ filthy lucre’s sake,” to root out and
exterminate,’ as it is ‘not the work of any true lover of nature so to do.’ These
words we thoroughly endorse, looking, as we do, upon the dealer in ferns as one of
the curses of modern civilization. We would also hint to lovers of nature the
desirability not only of avoiding these gentry, but also of dealing in a sparing
manner with such of these beautiful objects as they may themselves chance to
meet with. It is not so much that the fern roots taken by any one individual
are of consequence in themselves, as that the recurrence of similar thoughtlessness
on the part of many individuals tends in the long run to thin out, or even
exterminate, the species of less frequent occurrence with us. The professional
exterminator needs to be dealt with somewhat severely, and we for our own part
should be heartily glad if it were found feasible to place ferns and orchids, nay
even primroses, &c., under legislative protection.

NOTES “AND NEWS,

Members of local scientific societies who intend participating in the British
Association Meeting at Montreal, and who may wish to attend the Conference
of Representatives of Local Scientific Societies which will be arranged during the
same week, should send in their names at once to Mr. W. Whitaker, 33, East
Park Terrace, Southampton, or—after August 12th—Reception Room, British
Association, Montreal. RUE Mae

The following north-countrymen were elected members of the British Orni-
thologists’ Union, at the anniversary meeting held in London last May :—Joseph
Whitaker, Rainworth Lodge near Mansfield; C. J. Holdsworth, Wilmslow,
Cheshire ; J. G. Goodchild, of the Geological Survey ; H. Heywood pest
Liverpool ; and Abel Chapman, Sunderland.

00x
Dr. Jeffreys has parted with the whole of his collections of British Mollusca to the
United States Government, and they will find their final resting-place at Washington.
How a collection so indispensable to British conchologists, so rich in the types from
which British forms have been described, should ever have been permitted to leave
the country, is incomprehensible to us, and not only conchologists, but all British
naturalists will share in the disappointment which one cannot but express.

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 23

An important gathering of zoologists took place at the British Museum, on the
and of July, to meet Dr. Elliot Coues, the distinguished American ornithologist,
and confer with him as to the desirability or otherwise of engrafting upon “the
existing Linnean binomial system of nomenclature a trinomial system to meet
certain exigencies. The American ornithologists have already done this, and
their line of argumentation is to the effect that while the binomial nomenclature
in its strict application was admirably suited to the Linnean notion of what con-
stituted a species, our altered views on the latter point rendered it desirable to
adopt some method by which geographical races, or subspecies, having a range
adjacent to but not identical with that of what may be called the primary species,
may be designated so as to show at once their true affinities. Thus Zurdus
migratorius propinguus is a geographical race closely allied to 7. migratorius, but
having a distinct distribution. Were it called ‘ 7. Zropinquus’ its affinities would
be totally obscured. On the other hand, to call it simply 7. mzgratorius would be
to ignore its difference from the type. It will be seen from this that it is not
proposed to use the new system to a very large extent, and, in point of fact, its
American adyocates deprecate its application to other than geographical sub-
species—subspecies whose ‘variation’ is ‘according to conditions of physical
environment, using this term in its largest sense, to cover all those exterior
influences which exert a modifying influence upon animal organisms.’ The con-
ference was attended by a large number of British zoologists, including such
well-known men as Professor Flower (who presided), Dr. Giinther, Professor
F. J. Bell, Dr. P. L. Sclater, Dr. Woodward, Lord Walsingham, Mr. R. B. Sharpe,
Mr. Blandford, Dr. Sharp, Dr. Traquair, Mr. H. T. Wharton, Mr. Howard
Saunders; Mr. Seebohm, and Mr. J. E. Harting; and, as might be expected, there
were some divergences of opinion. But on the whole the majority seemed dis-
posed to accept the adoption of the proposed system, with certain limitations.
Full details of the conference are given in recent numbers. of the /ve/d and
Nature; and Dr. Coues’ views are fully expressed in his address'to the National
Academy of Sciences, which is contained in the July number of the Zoolog?st.

a OK

This year’s list of the 15 newly-elected Fellows of the Royal Society includes a
somewhat large percentage of men from the northern counties. The colleges of
science are represented by four professors or lecturers; Owens College at
Manchester by Professor Morrison Watson, M.D., and Arthur Ransome, M.D. ;
the Yorkshire College by Professor A. W. Riicker, M.A.; and the Newcastle
College by Professor A. S. Herschell, M.A., F.R.A.S. Independent scientific
research is represented by Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston, M.A., the well-known
Yorkshire geologist, and by Mr. Joseph Baxendell, F.R.A.S., of Manchester.

Among the honours conferred upon northern workers during the past few
months it is gratifying to note that the Geological Society of London have
shown their appreciation of the value of the researches which Mr. Martin Simpson
of Whitby has made among the Jurassic rocks, especially upon the classification
and distribution of the Ammonitidz, by awarding to him the balance of the
proceeds of the Murchison Geological Fund.

~~ 007 -——

In like manner the Linnean Society have marked their recognition of the
sound and useful character of work done in the investigation of the Flora of the
English Lake District, by electing Mr. William Hodgson one of their Associates
(a class limited to twenty-five in number).

a —>00< ——_——_—

Our bryologists will soon be able to possess the second edition of Mr. C, P.
Hobkirk’s ‘Synopsis of British Mosses, which is to be published by Lovell
Reeve & Co. It has been entirely revised and completely re-arranged, and will
contain all the species (numbering 576) and varieties known as occurring in Britain
up to date.

Aug. 1884.

24 NOTES AND NEWS: RAINFALL.

The Chester Society of Natural Science is about to publish a list of the
Lepidoptera of Cheshire, west of Warrington, Flintshire, and Denbighshire ; and
the secretary, Mr. A. O. Walker, F.L.S., will be glad to receive marked lists from
all entomologists who have collected in the district. It is of importance that the
records of the rarer species should be accompanied with particulars as to locality
and date, and that the occurrences be well authenticated. These we shall be glad
to note in the Waturalist.

ase SS

The handsome, — striking and massive new building of the Natural
History Museum at Newcastle-on-Tyne, erected at a cost of £40,000, the
whole of which has been subscribed by residents in the district, is fast
approaching completion, and is to be opened by the Prince of Wales
about the end of August. The building is of stone, and stands in its own
grounds at the north end of the town. Enriched as it has been by the
labours. of the men who made the scientific fame of Newcastle, and par-
ticularly fortunate in possessing the magnificent collection of birds presented
by Mr. John Hancock, most of them preserved by himself, and the equally
valuable collection of shells formed by the late Joshua Alder, the Museum will
take high rank among similar institutions.

RAINFALL FOR JUNE 1884.

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WENTWORTH CASTLE. ) j
Mr. Fisher} | 22°} 133
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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

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EDITED BY
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Contents:

THE Marine SHELLS oF YORKSHIRE—Rev. W.C. Hey, M.A.
Wicp Cat In LINCOLNSHIRE— Fohn Cordeaux
A New Variety oF Cow-WHEAT—G. Claridge Piraee. EL. s.
Micro-PALZONTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN CARBONIFEROUS SHALES
INTRODUCTION: FORAMINIFERA, &c.)—G. R. Vine
COLEOPTERA OF LiveRPoot District (Part 4: BRACHELYTRA)—¥. W. Ellis, L.R.C.P., &c.
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION AT HELMSLEY
MamMatian Notes :—
Badger near Barnsley—W. E. Brady.

ORNITHOLOGICAL NoTEs :—
Hawfinch in Cumberland— Rev. H. A. Macpherson, M.A. - Garganey i in Cumberland Tg
Nesting of the Quail in Wensleydale—John Percival; Woodcock breeding in N idderdale
—W, Ve ‘Vhick- knee and Temminck’s Stint in ihavieainetire mero: W. W. Fowler,
M.A., F.L.S.; Smew in Cumberland—fRev. H. A. Macpherson, M.A.; Little Gull at
Whitby—. Bee oie, Fun.
ConcHoLocicaL Notes :—
Marine Shells at Mablethorpe—W. Gain

EnTomotocicat Notes :—

Heliothis peltigera at Wallasey—¥. W. Ellis; Phycis betulella near Doncaster—G. T.
Porritt, F.L.S.; “Lepidoptera at Windermere—Z. P. P. Butterfield; Lepidoptera near
Bingley—Za. ; Agdistes Bennettii at Redcar—G. T. Porritt, F.L.S.

Boranicat Notes :—

Manchester Cryptogamic Society ; Mosses, &e. * at Sherburn-in-Elmete—J/. B, Slater;

Some good Surrey plants—P. /. Lee.

MisceLttaneous Notes .
Etymology of Spurn and Ravenspurn—Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A.

Book Norices (Report on the Migration of Birds in 1883)
_ Notes anp News
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Revue Bryologique, 1884, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. [From the Editor. ]

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The Auk, a Quarterly Journal of [American] Ornithology.—Edited by J. A. Allen.
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* On the Breccia-gashes of the Durham Coast, and some recent Earth-shakes at
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*On a Great Fault at Annstead, in North Northumberland.—By Prof. G. A.
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Grevillea, a quarterly record of Cryptogamic Botany, No. 65, Sept. [Editor.]

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EXCHANGES.
Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.
Duplicates.— Velleda, Statices, Progemmaria var. fuscata, Cesiata, Cerago,

Connexa, Typhe. DESIDERATA.—Numerous macro-lepidoptera ; also types of most
Deltoides and Pterophort.—WM. E. BRADY, I, Queen Street, Barnsley.

Duplicates.—/opuleti*, Autumnaria*, Senex, Typha*, Unca, Mesomella, -

Lignata, Antigua", Biundularia, Hectus, Vespertaria, Immanata, Ocellata,
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Duplicates.—Anodonta cygnea, A. anatina, Unio tumidus, VU. pictorum,
Paludina wivipara, Limnea stagnalts, L. glabra, Planorbis corneus, P. contortus,
P. nautileus, &c. DESIDERATA.—Other Land and Fresh Water Shells,—R.
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Plants.—Duplicates of Nos. (L.C. 8th edit.) 7, 40, 41, 131, 270, 273, 274,
275, 280, 374, 398, 568, 572, 587, 594, 813, 823, 356, 858, 998, 999, 1,008, 1,031,
1,039, 1,040, 1,261, 1,265, 1,280, 1,282, 1,283; 11206, 1,205, 1,325, 1,327,240,
1,334, &c. Send lists to H. Goss, Berrylands, Surbiton, Surrey.

Transactions of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society for those of other
Societies. —S. L. Mos.Ley, Hon. Sec., Beaumont Park Museum, Huddersfield.

25
THE MARINE SHELLS OF YORKSHIRE.

By THE Rev.. W. C. HEY, M.A.,
St. Olave's Vicarage, Vork; President of the Conchological Section of the Vorkshire
Naturalists Union.

THE land and freshwater shells of Yorkshire have been carefully
studied by numerous collectors in different parts of the county, and
the importance of recording exact localities has been fully recognised.
Of the Marine Shells, in spite of the indefatigable labours of Bean
and Leckenby, there is still much lack of definite and collected
information. The present paper indeed professes to be no more
than a contribution in the direction of the formation of a complete
and elaborate catalogue, which surely ought to be looked for at no
very distant period. I intend, therefore, in the following list, to
give, as a rule, merely my own personal observations, but to make
them as accurate, full, and exact as possible.

The Yorkshire coast presents a fertile field for conchological
research, owing to its very varied character. To begin with, we have
some almost unequalled sandy beaches—the chosen haunt of so many
species of bivalves. From Redcar to Saltburn, from Filey to Speeton,
and from Sewerby southwards, immense sand reaches occur, where
Solens, Mactras, and many other kinds of shells find a most congenial
habitat. Even more prolific in molluscs, though hardly so pleasant
to the collector, are the mudflats which border the mouth of
the River Tees, and the similar tracts of ground occurring in the
various harbours.

The flat expanses of shore-rocks, called ‘Scars,’ on the Yorkshire
coast, are both numerous and extensive, and are, as everybody knows,
the habitat of a large group of shells, both univalve and bivalve. On
the south side of Flamborough Head the chalk occupies a wide
-area. For many miles south of Scarborough the shore consists
of flat scars of the gray (or Scarborough) limestone, or of the upper
sandstone series—these last occurring again in a similar way north
of the Castle Hill. Beds of the Upper Lias form the curiously
smooth surface between tide-marks near Whitby, and _ below
Huntcliffe we have an equally extensive display of the lower
beds. But richest of all our rocks to the marine zoologist, are
the long reefs which are only exposed to any extent at spring tides,
namely, Filey Brig, and the well-known Redcar reefs, East Scar,
West Scar, and Salt Scar.

Two other forms of sea-frontage (if 1 may coin such a compound)
Occur on our coast-—the rugged and broken cliffs, whose foot the
retiring waves scarcely expose even at the lowest tides, and the

Sept. 1884. Cc

26 HEY: YORKSHIRE MARINE SHELLS.

almost perpendicular and deeply cave-pierced cliffs of Flamborough
Head. The former style of coast-line (well exemplified just north
of Filey Brig) is very unpropitious to life, owing doubtless to the
fierce and sweeping dash of the waves. A dwarf species of
periwinkle and a rough-ribbed limpet have it pretty well to themselves.

The caves of Flamborough Head, too, much as they will delight
the lover of nature with the dazzle of their white walls, the dimness of
their long recesses, and the unearthly flash of their crystal water, as
each wave rises and sinks like the very pulse of the sea, wiil
certainly disappoint the zoologist who has seen or read of the
wonderful riches of the caves of the Channel Islands. For some
reason, they are almost devoid of life, and, indeed, the spotless
appearance of their floors would quite justify a superstition that they
are daily swept and scoured by the mermaids.

Dredging near shore does not produce much which cannot be
obtained equally well after rough weather on the beach ; one must
go far to sea—further than the ordinary collector will care to venture
(or the ordinary pocket afford!)—to obtain the rare shells which, on
Bean’s authority, are so often labelled ‘Scarborough.’ In those
spots which look pleasant for a little quiet dredging (such as
Bridlington Bay) there is no depth of water. Some of the deepwater
shells may, however, be obtained from the fishing boats, and it is
almost always worth while to examine both the lines and the bottom
of the boats.

Before concluding these introductory remarks, I may add that
any person wishing to form a collection of Yorkshire Marine Shells
should unquestionably select Redcar as his headquarters, for here
occurs the greatest variety of ground, and a corresponding richness
of fauna. The sandy beach of Coatham, the mudflats of the Tees,
the long reefs of Lias in front of Redcar, are all rich in marine life,
while, after a rough sea, the shore is often one vast collection of
marine spoils.

PHOLADIDZ:.
Xylophaga dorsalis Turton.

Not, I believe, indigenous to the Yorkshire coast, but it
has occurred in drift-wood, picked up by a friend of mine near
Saltburn.

Pholas candida L. .

Fairly abundant in the softer parts of the upper sandstone
series, which occur as flat scars near low-water mark on the
North shore at Scarborough, but the specimens are only small. J
have found larger valves (dead) washed ashore at Bridlington
Quay.

Naturalist,

HEY: YORKSHIRE MARINE SHELLS. 27

Pholas crispata L.

An abundant species on the Yorkshire coast, which has
flourished here at least since the times of the ‘Bridlington
Crag.’ In the Lias Scars at Redcar. At Scarborough, both
on the North shore in company with P. candida, and also on
the South shore, in the gray limestone—very fine in the last-
named locality. Also in the chalk near Danes’ Dike.

SAX CA VIDE.
Saxicava Norvegica Spengler.

Occasionally brought in by the deepwater fishing boats. <A
Mr. Ferguson thus met with two specimens at Redcar. The
Rey. F. Hayden, of Skelton, obtained a specimen from a Scar-
borough fisherman. Mr. Bean used to get it occasionally.

Saxicava rugosa L.

Abundant along the coast, both in burrows and attached
by a byssus to the roots of Laminaria digitata. Danes’ Dike.
Scarborough. Redcar, where it is occasionally washed up in
vast numb:rs. ‘The large water-worn lumps of chalk flung up
by the sea under Flamborough Cliffs are often full of old specj-
mens, which may be almost termed semifossilized.

: MYIDA.
Mya arenaria L.

Occurs in the mudflats which border the estuary of the
Tees. The Redcar fishermen occasionally use it for bait, but
it is not abundant. I have once taken it alive in Bridlington
Harbour.

Mya truncata L.

This species also occurs in the Tees estuary, and after certain

winds is sometimes cast up in considerable numbers on Coatham

Sands.
PANDORID.

Lyonsia Norvegica Chemn.
Has been taken at Scarborough.

ANATINIDA.
Cochlodesma pretenue Pult.

I have only once met with this scarce shell on the Yorkshire
coast, viz., at Redcar, where I found a perfect specimen on the
beach after a violent storm. It has been dredged at Scarborough.

SOLENIDE.
Solen pellucidus Penn.

On the sandy beaches of Coatham and Bridlington, but far

from common. Also at Scarborough.
Sept. 1884.

28 HEY: YORKSHIRE MARINE SHELLS.

Solen ensis L.
Coatham Sands, but in no great plenty. The young of the
next species is often mistaken for it.
Solen siliqua L.
Abundant on sandy beaches near low-water mark. After
rough weather it is cast up by thousands on Redcar beach, and
sometimes in equally large numbers at Bridlington Quay. This
species is a favourite bait with the fishermen, who dig it up with
a fork at spring tides. It must be wonderfully prolific and rapid
in growth to maintain its numbers as it does.

MACTRIDA.
Mactra solida L.

May always be obtained alive on Coatham Sands after rough

weather, though seldom very plentiful.
Mactra subtruncata Da Costa.

Very abundant at Coatham and Redcar, but all the specimens

I have seen are very small.
Mactra stultorum L.

The commonest of the genus, often cast up in thousands
alive near Coatham. Frequent also at Saltburn, Scarborough,
Filey, and the south sands at Bridlington. On one occasion
Redcar beach was strewn exclusively with very young specimens
only a few lines broad.

Var. cinerea Mont.
Hardly less common than the type. Fine at Redcar.
Mactra elliptica Brown.

A deep-water species, which I have taken from the stomachs ot

haddocks caught at Staithes. Also obtained at Redcar and
Scarborough.
Lutraria elliptica Lam.

This fine shell lives with the 4Zy@ in the estuary of the Tees,
and is cast up at Coatham after rough weather, sometimes in
numbers. I have also taken it alive in Filey Bay. The animal
will sometimes startle the collector by squirting salt water into
his face with surprising violence.

Scrobicularia piperata Gmel.

This thoroughly estuarine species was very numerous in the
Tees mudflats, and its dead shells strew the ground recovered
by banks from the sea, but I cannot now find it in a living
state. I once observed it thrown up in cleaning out some ditches
near Coatham, a quarter of a mile distant from present high-
water mark. These ditches twenty-five years ago contained

Conovuli ; now they are tenanted by Zzmneade. ‘This species

Naturalist,

‘ee a? A pate

HEY : YORKSHIRE MARINE SHEELS. 29

is very plentiful near Eston, with the valves still zz szfw, and also
occurs at Scarborough.
Syndosmya prismatica Mont.

Dredged off Cayton Bay, between Filey and Scarborough,

June 1882. Also got at Redcar.
Syndosmya alba Wood.

After a long storm from the north in November, 1878, the
beach at Coatham was in places quite white with this pretty shell.
One specimen I obtained then measures—L. 0.7, B. 1.0. The
dimensions given by Jeffreys are L. 0.5, B. 0.8.

Syndosmya tenuis Mont.

This shell may generally be got at the mouth of the Tees,
near Eston, where the water is brackish. Sometimes it is left
abundantly at high-water mark.

TELLINIDE..
Tellina Balthica L.

An abundant shell where there is mud at low-water mark.
Common in Bridlington Harbour. Scarborough (North sands).
This is one of the few shells found plentifully in the basement
clay at Bridlington.

Tellina tenuis L. 3

Very common at Redcar. Also at Saltburn, Filey, &c.
Tellina fabula Gron.

Similarly distributed.
Psammobia tellinella Lam.

I obtained a single specimen at Bridlington Quay many years
ago; and there is one in Scarborough Museum obtained at that
place.

Psammobia Ferroensis Chemn.

This charming species is unusually abundant on the Yorkshire
coast. Very rough weather brings it up alive on Coatham beach
in numbers. It can also be obtained very plentifully by dredging
off Filey.

Donax vittatus Da Costa.
Very common on all sandy shores, as at Redcar, Filey, and

Bridlington.
VENERIDA.
Venus striatula Donov.
Common on sandy beaches, particularly so at Redcar and
Filey. The specimens vary greatly in colour and markings.
Venus ovata Penn.

Venus fasciata Da Costa.
These shells are quoted from Scarborough on Bean’s authority.

SB

Sept. 1884. C

30 HEY: YORKSHRH MARINE SHELLS.

Artemis exoleta L.

Very. scarce on the Yorkshire ‘coast, i havertakcarit iat
Redcar, and seen it from Scarborough.

Artemis lineta Pult.

Abundant off Coatham and Redcar. After rough weather I
have seen the beach from Coatham Pier to the Tees Breakwater
literally covered with living specimens of this species.

Tapes virgineus L.

This familiar south-coast species is seldom taken off this
coast. J have once met with it at Redcar, and it has been got
also at Scarborough.

Tapes pullastra Mont.
Common everywhere, along with its variety ferforans Mont.
Lucinopsis undata Penn.

Not nearly so abundant, I think, as it was ten years ago. At
that time its numbers on Redcar beach almost rivalled those of
A. lincta.

CYVLRINID AD:
Cyprina Islandica L.

Cast up alive in quantities after heavy weather all along the

beach from Saltburn to the Tees mouth. Also at Filey.
Astarte compressa Mont.

The valves picked up on Bridlington beach are perhaps fossil,

but Bean used to dredge it in deep water off Scarborough.

CARDIIDE.
Cardium echinatum I.

I have taken fine specimens from the fishermen’s lines at
Redcar. When cast up on the beach the spines are usually
rubbed off.

Cardium edule L.

There are extensive Cockle beds in the mudflats by the Tees.
Cardium nodosum ‘Turton.
Cardium Norvegicum Spengler.

Specimens of both these species are in Scarborough Museum,
labelled ‘Scarborough.’

: CARDITIDA,
Cyamium munitum Fab.

A
Among seaweed near low-water mark at Scarborough.

TL GO CLIN LD TE,
Lucina borealis L.
Mr. Roberts, of Scarborough, tells me this species has been
frequently dredged there.

Naturalist,

MARINE CONCHOLOGY. 31

; ARCIDA.
Nucula Nucleus L.
I have dredged this species off Cayton Bay.
Nucula nitida Sow.
Nucula tenuis L.
Both at Scarborough (Scarborough Museum).

DAN ELE TIA:
Mytilus edulis L. |

Everywhere on rocks and piles between tide marks—chiefly
the small form. On West Scar the fishermen had some ‘mussel
preserves,’ where they grew them to a large size for bait.

Modiola modiolus |.

At the roots of seaweed, &c., attached bya byssus. So abundant
near Runswick Bay as to be used for bait. ‘This is one of those
shells which appears capable of enormous development under
favourable circumstances. I have two specimens taken in deep
water off Bridlington, which mea‘sure each about six inches in
length.

Modiolaria nigra Gray.

Redcar (Ferguson).

Crenella decussata Mont.
Scarborough (Bean).

PECTINID.

Pecten pusio L.

Not uncommon at Redcar.
Pecten varius L.

Redcar. I have only taken small specimens.
Pecten opercularis Da Costa.

Washed up on Redcar sands after very rough weather. Dredged

off Bridlington.

Pecten tigrinus Miill.

Dead shells occasionally thrown up on Redcar beach.

ANOMIMDA.

Anomia ephippium L.
Very abundant in its young state on other shells, such as Pusz,

and on stones and seaweed.

Marine Shells at Mablethorpe.—This small place on the Lincoln-
shire coast appears to be good hunting ground for the conchologist. A friend,
making a short stay, kindly collected for me a large boxful of shells, taking specimens
atrandom. The burrowing species, Sole, Mya, and Pholas, were very plentiful, an
odd valve of Pholas dactylus measuring 43 inches.—W. GAIN, Tuxford, Newark,
August 5th, 1884.

Sept. 1884.

32 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Hawfinch in Cumberland.—Apropos of the Hawfinch breeding in
Durham and Northumberland, it may be worth while remarking that a single
example was observed near Carlisle, on April 20th, and lingered for about a
fortnight. It seems probable that if it could have found a mate it might have
nested with us. The Hawfinch is a scarce, w7zter visitor to Cumberland, but I
know no other instance of its presence during the breeding season.—H. A.
MACPHERSON, Carlisle, August Ist, 1884.

—In my note last month I omitted to state that the Durham nest was found at
Winlaton.—W. E. C.

Garganey in Cumberland.—On the 12th of March, 1884, an
immature female, obtained on the Solway, near Carlisle, was sent to me in the
flesh. A fine drake was shot in the north-east of Cumberland in the spring of
1882. There are, however, no examples in any of the local collections that I
have examined, which is, perhaps, to be accounted for by the fact that the
Garganey visits us on passage, when the fowling season has nearly expired. I
should be glad if the readers of the WVatwralist can give me any further data as to
the distribution of this species in the north-west of England.—H. A. MACPHERSON.

Nesting of the Quail in Wensleydale.—a few days ago a man
brought me a Quail with its head cut off, and its body almost cut intwo. He had
been mowing in a field just west of Carperby, and his scythe had struck the bird
while sitting on its nest. The nest contained 10 eggs, four of which were given
to me, and two were broken by the scythe. The eggs were slightly sat. This is:
the first occurrence which my father (Mr. Edward Chapman) remembers of the
Quail occurring in this dale.—JOHN PERCIVAL, Carperby, Bedale, July 28th, 1384.

Woodcock Breeding in Nidderdale.—During the evening of the
Ist of July, while passing through a wood near Pateley Bridge, I flushed a pair of
Woodcocks feeding in a marshy place ; I first thought them to be pheasants, but,
on close examination, I discovered some young ones. about three in number, one
of which I took and forwarded alive to Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., as I had some
doubt as to the species breeding in Nidderdale. Late in the spring I flushed two
old birds about the same spot, probably the same birds. The young bird I took
is now stuffed and in my possession.—W. SvoReEy, Pateley Bridge, August 11th,
1884.

Thick-knee and Temminck’s Stint in Lincolnshire.—
Among some birds lately received for preservation by Mr. Barber, of Sincil
Street, Lincoln, are two specimens of the Thick-Kneed Bustard or Thick-Knee
(Edicnemus scolopax), which were trapped a short while ago in a rabbit warren
near Gainsborough ; also a specimen of Temminck’s Stint (Z7inga Temmincki),
which was killed near Lincoln by flying against the telegraph wires ; these are
perhaps worth recording.—W. W. Fow Ler, Lincoln, July 18th, 1884.

Smew in Cumberland.—A fine male Smew was shot on the river
Tyne in December, 1883. Examples have been repeatedly obtained in the
county, and on one occasion a pair were shot on the Eden at Carlisle; but I do not
know of any occurrence in recent years, except the one now chronicled.—H. A.
MACPHERSON, Carlisle, August Ist, 1884.

Little Gull at Whitby.—On July 15th, whilst boating on the River
Esk near Whitby, I noticed a specimen of the Little Gull fishing quite near to me
in company with Kittiwakes. Its extremely small size first struck me, though a
broad black band about half-an-inch from the end of the tail made the bird, even
at a considerable distance, quite conspicuous.

The Little Gull is rare at Whitby, only one or two having been observed there,
so far as I can ascertain, though it appears periodically on the Yorkshire coast in
autumn and winter. The specimen above mentioned was, I believe, a bird of the
second year.—J. BACKHOUSE, Jun., West Bank, Holgate, York.

Naturalist,

WILD CAT IN LINCOLNSHIRE.

By JOHN CORDEAUX,
Great Cotes, Uleeby, Lincolnshire; Member of the British Ornithologists Union;

and of the British Association Migration Committee; 6c.

THe subject of this notice was shot in the early part of March, in
1883, by Mr. Arthur Belton, a farmer living at Bullington, near
Wragby. Mr. Belton states that he was out with his gun in a small
plantation near Bullington Wood when his dog, a small terrier, started
the cat from beneath a bramble bush ; instead of bolting the cat at
once attacked the dog, which it severely mauled. Seeing his dog was
getting much the worst of it Mr. Belton went to the rescue, the cat
finally taking refuge in an oak tree, crouching between two branches
above the bole, and perceiving the creature apparently making pre-
parations to spring he at once fired at its face and brought it down.
Mr. Belton thinks it is the same cat which had been seen at intervals
for some years in that neighbourhood.

It was received in the flesh by Mr. W. Barber, of Lincoln, and
set up by him, and remains still in his possession. Mr. Barber
informed me that on skinning it he found the muscles very strong,
red, and highly developed, and that the intestines were much shorter
than in the common cat.

I have examined this cat in Mr. Barber’s shop, also had a photo-
graph taken of it, and I have compared it with the best written
descriptions of the true wild cat, as well as with an example obtained
many years ago in the forest of Mar. There cannot be a doubt as
to its authenticity, and that it is the genuine animal. It appears to
agree exactly in size and coloration with the true Felzs catus, and the
only slight difference that I-can point out is that the tail is not quite
sowiullat) the’ end as tm seme ocotch examples. Scotch cats,
however, appear to vary in this respect, and Mr. Macgillivray states
{‘ British Quadrupeds,’ page 191), speaking of the tail, ‘generally as
broad to the end as the base, although often narrowed at the tip.’

In the Lincolnshire example, which is a fine old ‘tom,’ the fur is
very thick and close; the general colour a yellowish-grey, but
browner or more tawny about the forehead and neck, the lateral
stripes on the body and limbs a darker grey. ‘There is a broad dark

-and irregular band down the centre of the back with two dark
stripes, one on each side, curving downwards from between the
scapulz. From the eyes and continued backwards between the ears
to the nape of the neck four narrow dark and broken lines ; a small
dark streak also from the interior angle of the eye downwards,
and another from the exterior angle which terminates on the cheek
Sept. 1884.

34 MISCELLANEOUS SHORT NOTES.

below the ear ; tail cylindrical and covered with thick long hair with
alternating rings of black and grey, the tip for two inches black.
Ears large, triangular, and erect, directed forward; eyes large.
Canine teeth, long, conical and very formidable, the central portion
of the tongue covered with strong horn-like papillz directed back-
ward. Feet yellowish-grey, lighter than body ; soles black.
Bullington Wood is remarkable as being the last haunt of the
Kite in Lincolnshire; a pair nested there in 1870. The Pine Marten
is still found in the district, examples being obtained almost every
year. The Polecat is very common. This wood is one of a chain
of extensive woodlands reaching from Wragby in Mid-Lincolnshire to:
near Peterborough, which have never been preserved for game, and
where keepers are few and far between, or only occasionally em-
ployed. Cats are known to have bred there in a wild state for
generations. ‘There is, therefore, no improbability that this cat may
have descended directly from the old British wild cat. That it should
be a reversion from the domestic race to the wild type is scarcely
probable, unless we are prepared to allow for a strong admixture of
original blood coming from pure wild ancestors which at no distant
period inhabited the district. -

Badger near Barnsley.—A fine specimen of this scarce mammal was
taken at Wortley, on April 22nd, by the Earl of Wharncliffe’s keepers. The
badger, which was a male, weighing about 35 pounds, was kept for some time in
confinement, and ultimately turned out on his lordship’s property in North
_Yorkshire.—W™mn. E. BRADY, I, Queen Street, Barnsley.

Etymology of the Words ‘Spurn’ and ‘Ravenspurn.’—
As in the last number of the Waturalist Mr. Cordeaux has given an article on the
Spurn, and as the next meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union is in the same
interesting locality, a few notes on the etymology of the two towns which origin-
ally stood there may not be out of place. These towns were known by the names
of Ravenser, and Ravenser Odd. The spelling varied, as we shall see presently.
The initial part of the word (Raven) is clear enough. Whether a personal name or
not, it arose from the traditional war-standard of the Vikings. The terminations
do not seem to have been touched upon by any one, yet they are very expressive.
‘Eyrr’ is, in Icelandic, ‘a gravelly bank.’ It is used of small tongues of land
running out intothe sea. Eyrr is equivalent to Danish ‘dre’ and Swedish ‘or’; and,
curiously enough, we find Ravenser spelt as Ravensore. Then there is an Icelandic
word, ‘oddi,’ which also means a point or tongue of land, frequently used in local
names. Moreover, the words eyrr and oddi are used together as eyrar-oddi, ‘the
point or tongue of an eyrr.’

If Ravenser meant the gravelly bank on which the Raven standard was
planted, Ravens-er-Oddi would be the point or tongue of the said eyrr, and
consequently further from the shore, as we know that the town of Ravenser Odd
or Ravensrode was placed. Rayenser appears later as Ravenspur—and later stili
as Ravenspurn. ‘then Spurn appears by itself, but both ‘n’ and ‘p’ may be
accidental accretions from the original Ravens-er, without calling in any ‘spyrian °
or ‘spurnan.’—E. MAULE COLE.

Naturalist

a. ne

(oN)
Ol

A NEW VARIETY OF COW-WHEAT :
Melampyrum pratense var. hians.

By G. CLARIDGE DRUCH, F.L.S.,
Oxford.

(Read before the Linnean Society, June 5th, 1884.)

Cow-wHEat (M7. pratense), a most variable plant, has been divided
into two well-marked varieties, ze, Johnston’s var. montanum, a
widely-distributed plant in hilly districts of North Britain; and
Oliver’s var. eviceforum, at present recorded only from Western
Ireland, where occasionally it is found in very boggy places; in
addition to these two, a third form—which we owe, I think, to the
critical acumen of Mr. Borrer—is described in the ‘Student’s Flora’ and
figured in ‘English Botany’ under the name /azzfolzum, which seems to
have rather slender claims to a distinctive name, and is found in
woods on the tertiary capping the chalk in.Oxfordshire, Brickhill
Woods, Beds, &c., and is perhaps more frequent than its records
suggest. To these I venture to add a fourth, which was noticed last
July by the Cree-side in Wigtownshire, occurring on the high steep
bank of the river a little north of Newton Stewart, opposite Minnigaff.
At first I considered it an interesting form of sylvaticum, the deep
yellow coloured flowers and open corolla tube influencing this decision,
but the above characteristics disappeared on drying, when its faczes
was that of pratense alone. In October the Rev. H. P. Reader sent
me specimens ‘ of a form of pratense which I find commonly in woods
near Ambleside, at no great elevation, having the deep yellow flowers
and open corolla of sy/vaticum, and all other characters of pratense,
not of var. montanum.’ Examination showed this to be similar to
the Wigtown plant. In the ‘ Botanist’s Guide’ reference 1s made to a
deep yellow flowered form of fratense, and in the ‘New Botanist’s
Guide’ Mr. Watson says they both (the pale and deep yellow forms)
grow about Derwentwater, but no mention is made of the corolla
being open or closed. It is not improbable these may be similar
plants. This variety, I suggest, should be known as AZelampyrum
pratense L. var. hians, which may be briefly characterised as follows:
plant hispidly pubescent, 6 to 18 in. high; leaves ciliate, lanceolate,
quite entire; bracts toothed, or entire, ciliate; corolla deep yellow,
horizontal or slightly ascending ; tube nearly straight and gradually
contracted ; lips open, palate so low as not to close entrance to tube ;
capsule reflexed.

It may be distinguished from sylvaticum by its larger, more hori-

Sept. 1884.

36 BOTANICAL NOTES.

zontal flowers (much larger than the calyx), broader leaves, and
reflexed capsules. (In the British Museum Herbarium is a speci-
men of JZ. sylvaticum, which has the capsule reflexed.)

In the Wigtown locality no other AMZelampyrum occurred, so
hybridity is not likely.

Many mistakes have been made by fairly competent botanists in
naming specimens of pratense as sylvaticum, and it is not unlikely that
plants of var. Azans have been thus mistaken; such errors suggest

«some faulty or incomplete specific definition.

As characters of pratense, the pale yellow flowers and closed
mouth had in future better be omitted. Thecolour of AZ sylvaticum
is not constant, as Dr. Buchanan White describes ‘a form growing
with the type, but more sparingly in Glen Hill, East Perth, which had
the flowers smaller, corolla mouth less open, corolla pale yellow or
whitish touched with violet, bracts shorter and broader’ (Scottish
Naturalist, 1875, p. 20), which he suggested should be known as
AM. sylvaticum L. var. pallidifiora White.

Manchester Cryptogamic Society.-—At the July meeting, Dr. B.
Carrington, F.R.S.E., in the chair, Mr. W. H. Pearson exhibited specimens. of
Radula aquilegia (Tayl.), collected May, 1883, by Mr. G. Stabler and himself, at
Llanberis, being a new station for this rare hepatic. The honorary secretary
exhibited several interesting varieties of British ferns, which had been sent him by
Mr. J. Tyerman, from Cornwall. Mr. Wm. Forster exhibited fronds of Asplenzum
lanceolatum which had been gathered wild by the Rev. W. T. Baker, in Cumber-
land. This important record of so northern a habitat in Britain for so southern a
fern was communicated by Mr. J. M. Barnes, of Milnthorpe.—T.. ROGERs,
Hon. Sec.

Mosses, &c., at Sherburn-in-Hlmete.— While with the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union on the 2nd June last, I gathered various mosses and one
hepatic. The latter—Fusngermannia turbinata Raddi—was found in an old
quarry. Of the mosses, Leptobryum pyriforme Bry. Eur., was in fine fruit in
Huddlestone Quarry; and Axzsothectum rubrum Wuds. (=Dicranella varia
Hedw.) was in old fruit, in an old quarry. All the rest were sterile, and included
Hypnum vresupinatum WNils., on trees in Scarthingwell Park woods; and
LHI. chrysophyllum Brid., Rhynchostegium murale Dill.. Zygodon viridissimus Brid.,
var. B. rupestris Lind.(?), Zortula aloides, Br. & Sch., and 7. Horuschuchiana
Schultz, found in old quarries near Sherburn. The season being very dry, was not
good for collecting these minute cryptogams, and those found could not—on
account of their dried-up condition—be well recognised in the field. —M. B,. SLATER,
Malton, July 7th, 1884.

Some good Surrey plants.—Mr. P. F. Lee, at the monthly meeting
of the Dewsbury Naturalists’ Society, on the 16th August, laid on the table the
following plants he had recently collected on Box Hill (chalk) Leith Hill (green-
sand) and other parts of Surrey :—Campanula) glomerata, Carex pendula, Cen-
taurea nigra (white flowers), Agrimonia odorata (Fragrant Agrimony), Sedu
Telephium, var. purpurascens, Cuscuta Epithymum (Lesser Dodder) on Furze,
Cross-leaved Heath, Bilberry, and Ling ; Clematis Vitalba, Asperula cynanchica,
Orobanche minor (parasitic on Clover), Carduus acaulis (Dwarf Thistle), Zila
Conyza (Ploughman’s Spikenard), Koeleria cristata, Hypericum calycinum, Chlora
perfoliata, and in fruit on Box Hill, Juniper, Privet, Box, Yew, and Buckthorn.

Naturalist,

on

MICRO-PALAONTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN
CARBONIFEROUS SHALES.

By GEORGE R. VINE,

A tterclifje, Sheffield; Secretary of the British Association Coneniittee on Fossil Polyzoa.
I.—INTRODUCTION: FORAMINIFERA, &c.

Many years ago, before the publication of Mr. H. B. Brady’s
Monograph on the Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera
(Paleeontographical Society, 13876), I received from the Rev. W.
Howchin, most of the material out of which I have picked the
micro-organisms that will be described in the following papers.
Before, however, I describe the organic forms it may be well to
direct attention to the material itself. Previous to the publication
of a few special papers within the last thirty years, very little
attention was paid to minute organisms in the Carboniferous
Shales of either Scotland or England, and consequenily it was supposed
by people unacquainted with the subject that our British Carbon-
iferous Shales were poor indeed in Foraminifera and Entomostraca.
It is only within the last ten or twelve years that very many
species belonging to these two classes have been added to our
British lists. In 1875, Mr. Howchin writing to me when sending
the material says: ‘Foraminifera from the [Carboniferous] Lime-
stone, have been hitherto considered very rare objects, and I question
if there are half-a-dozen persons in the kingdom who have examples
|of material] such as I now send you. Mr. H. B. Brady is preparing
a monograph . . . in which he will figure no less than about
fifty species, some of which I have been so fortunate as to discover
myself.’ Of the Entomostraca of East Kilbride, Scotland, only
fifteen or twenty species were known when Mr. John Young began
his labours, and by his continuous researches Mr. Young has added
considerably to our lists, which Professor T. Rupert Jones and Mr.
J. W. Kirkby have so ably described in their various papers. The
Polyzoa of the Northern Carboniferous Shales have not, as_ yet,
been described ; and it is my intention in the first place to direct
special attention to these, and incidentally to the other organisms as
well.

It may be well, perhaps, for the sake of young beginners, to
point out how material may be obtained. In the first place anything
will be valuable in connexion with the Limestone series which is
dissolvable and can be washed down in water, such as are generally
found either as :-——

38 VINE: MICRO-PALEZONTOLOGY.

1. ‘Marly partings between the different beds of Limestone.

2. ‘ Beds of Argillaceous Shales interstratified with the Limestone.

3. ‘The face of the rock undergoing disintegration, as when it
comes near the surface covered with a slight soil.

4. ‘Fragments of Limestone in a rotten condition which can be
dealt with similarly as chalk.’

Such were the instructions given to me by Mr. Howchin in 1875,
and since then I have never failed to obtain abundance of material
for my labours whenever I visited a Limestone district.

‘In the North of Engiand, and particularly in Scotland, the
Limestone is split up into a number of minor beds, intercalated with
shales, &c., which were undoubtedly formed in close proximity to
land; the shales probably under estuarine conditions: some are
strongly carbonaceous, and indissolvable, others argillaceous, and
with more or less ease can be washed down and the fossils separated
from ;the «matrix. (Rey. W. Elowchini i777 13875). seinere sane,
however, many shales in the North—and especially so in North
Yorkshire—so saturated with mud that at first sight it seems almost
hopeless to expect to find minute fossils in these. This repulsive
aspect of the muddy material must never be a means of deterring
the student from thoroughly searching everything. The richest
shales, such as those of Hurst, Gair, and Hairmyres, are repulsive in
the extreme to look at, but the reward to the washer is most ample.
It is so with the shales of Northumberland, and all that I can say to
the worker is what was said to me when I began my studies :—‘ First
search, then find: then learn; after which tell others what you
know.’

My Northumberland material is derived from several localities,
the principal of which are :—

(1) Redesdale, Ironstone workings.
(2) Skellygate, Redesdale.

(3) Elf Hills Quarry, Yoredale series.
(4) Fourstones ; and

(5) Ingoe, also Yoredale.

Before passing away from these different workings to my own
special subject, I will give a list of the Foraminifera found in the
material and described by Mr. H. B. Brady in the Monograph
previously referred to.

Of the twenty-nine species of Foraminifera cited on next page the
most abundant of the forms are found in No. 2, Skelly gate, and
No. 4, Fourstones, and the next abundant in No. 5, the Ingoe Shales.
The Foraminifera are very rare in the other washings. Only two

Naturalist,

VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY. 39

‘species are recorded by Mr. H. B. Brady as occurring in Redesdale.?
Yet this locality is the richest both for Corals and Polyzoa; though
Polyzoa are found in some of the other washings as well.

LOCALITIES.

GENERA AND SPECIES. aval l
LT ba eal co) I a ecg a zs)

| Saccammina Carteri Brady...

rae |
2 | Lituola nautiloidea Lams. ... econ
3 | Climacammina antiqua Brady (aa ‘e
4 | Trochammina incerta D’ Ord. ae a ‘i e
5 i centrifuga Brady ad *y a
6 ae annularis Brady ste
7) te gordialis Parker and Jones sey
8 | Valvulina palezotrochus Lhrenb, ane V ain
9 5 var. compressa Grady ... a eh GAT an 2
if) decurrens 4rady... cavern ‘
II Endotbyra Bowmani Phillips ey ‘
12 be globulus D’ Zichw.
13 a crassa Brady i hese
14 sa radiata Brady ... eke Sasol teats
i Seid aatetie ornata Brady ... na tn | ati |
16 obliqua Brady ... ae
17 Nodosinella cylindrica Brady i
18 a concinna Brady ii
19 nis lingulinoides Brady
20 | Stacheia marginulinoides Brady ... SMM OT NE | Ee
2I a epUpoides Brady). ... ie 2s |
227 5, acervalis Brady eo B86 if
2B. | » congesta Brady ... | y
24 PeeepOlvtremoides Grady... ce 3
5 Lagena Parkeriana Brady ... a Be EN SN,
260 | », Howchiniana Brady |
27 | »» Lebouriana 4rady sun mee len,
28 | Textularia gibbosa D’ Ord. ... ie ORME AAV Nt a8 #
29 ay eximia J)’ Hichw. oa a ome ibe Vili) Py
el orady,.

SES
ne

In my own cabinet, and H. B. Brady.
“vy Additions to this locality.

¥ I have marked additions in the No. 2 column by the letter ‘v’ signifying that
the species is in my own cabinet.

One word to the special student before I conclude this intro-
ductory paper. In all your researches be careful not to mix your
micro-organic forms. If you do not know the name of a species call
it No. 1 or No. 10, and be sure that you never use those numbers
except for the same organism; but whatever you do, add to the
number the locality and horizon from which you derived your species:
For the want of adherence to this caution many valuable collections
are utterly useless in a palzeontological sense, valuable as they may
be as indicative of the painstaking and industry of the collector. Make
also rough sketches and brief notes in a special book kept for the

Sept. 1884.

40 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION.

purpose, and you will not be long before the sacred numbers of
your fossils are identified and real names substituted in the place
of the numbers. ‘Thisis one of the reasons why I begin this series of |
papers with the list of Foraminifera found in the same washings of
the Northumberland Shales, which I have searched so earnestly for
Polyzoa.

So that these shales may be well searched for the organic forms
which are so abundant in them, I shall feel it to be a pleasure to help
any student by naming the Polyzoa or Foraminifera for them; or I
shall be glad to receive lists of additional species found in these or
any other North British Locality.

(To be continued.)

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT HELMSLEY,

Brilliant weather again favoured the Yorkshire Naturalists on the Bank- Holiday :
Monday (4th August), when they visited Helmsley for the purpose of investigating
the upper part of the picturesque valley of the Rye, the noble demesnes of Lord
Scarborough at Duncombe Park, the fine old ruins of Rievaulx Abbey, the well-
wooded sides of Beckdale, the steep-sided ravines about Hawnby, and the
surrounding flat-topped oolitic moorlands. There were four principal lines
of route followed. The bulk of the members visited Beckdale, a highly pro-
ductive little valley running for about two or three miles N.N.W. from the
town, while some proceeded direct to Rievaulx. The geologists accompanied the
Rev. E. Maule Cole, and a small party of members interested in botany and
conchology drove to Hawnby, and from that place worked at the plants of the
lower end of Snailesworth Glen, and at the shells of Hawnby Hill. Tea was
served and all the meetings were held at the Black Swan Hotel, Helmsley. At
the general meeting, the Rev. William Fowler, M.A., of Liversedge, vice-
president, occupied the chair. The minutes of the Hawes meeting having been
taken as read, the roll of the Societies in union was called over in the usual way,
when it was found that the following 17 (out of the 40 constituting the Union)
were represented :—Heckmondwike, Bradford (3 Societies), Leeds (3), York (2),
Selby, Driffield, Liversedge, Dewsbury, Scarborough, Malton, Ripon, and Hull
(Great Thornton Street). The attendance of individual members was about seventy
or eighty. The following new members were elected :—Mr. Thos. Collier, of
Ripon; Mr. C. S. Roundell, M.P., of London; Miss Harriet J. Roundell, of
Gledstone, near Skipton ; Mr. H. J. Wilkinson, of Y ork; Mr. R. Thornton Dale,
Miss Emily Dale. and Miss Flora Dale, of Ilkley; Rev. 1. Harding, of Linthwaite,
near Huddersfield; Mr. Edmund Grove, of Saltburn-by-the-Sea; and Mr.
Herbert Prodham, of Allerston, near Pickering. Thanks were unanimously voted,
on the motion of Mr. S. Chadeack of Malton, to Lord Feversham, the Rev.
O. A. Manners and Mr. H. W. Pearson, for permission so readily accorded to
visit their respective estates. The reports on the day’s investigations were then
given by the spokesmen of the various sections, in the following order :—

The report of the Botanical section had been prepared by its secretary (Mr.
George Massee, F.R.M.S., of Scarborough). but in his temporary absence from
the meeting, it was given by the Rev. W. Fowler, who showed the more
interesting of the specimens found. Notwithstanding the dry weather plants were
abundant, 257 species of phanerogams being noted, mostly at Helmsley and

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. 41

in Beckdale, the most interesting of them being: Ae/leborius viridis, Actea
spicata, Fumaria pallidifiora, Parnassia palustris, Nasturtium officinale var.
sitfolium, Geranium columbinum, Rubus saxatilis, Rosa systyla, Epilobium palustre,
Scabtosa columbaria, Carlina vulgaris, Pinguicula vulgaris, Anagallis tenella,
Gymnadenia conopsea, Epipactis palustris, Blysmus compressus, Carex stricta, C.
anpullacea, and Melica nutans. Mosses were scarce, 21 species only being
observed, inclusive of Srachyodus trichodes, Philonotis calcarea, Hypnum
chrysophyllum, LEurhynchium striatum, Amblystegium confervoides, Fissidens
pusillus and Limnobium palustre. Fungi were tolerably abundant and some
unusual forms occurred, the 25 named including Pluteus chrysopheus, Entoloma
nidorosus, Russula heterophylla, R. vitellina, Gomphidius stillatus, Ecctlia
carneogriseus, Crepidotus mollis, Polyporus varius, Boletus satanasand B. flavis,
the last-named being very abundant.

For the Geological section, of which both the secretaries were present, one of
them, the Rey. E. Maule Cole, M.A., vicar of Wetwang, reported to the following
effect :—The section, under the guidance of the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., who
was accompanied by the Rev. C. N. Gray, M.A., vicar of Helmsley, started from
the Market Cross a little before noon for Sproxton Quarry. The route chosen was
along the terrace in front of Duncombe House to the Mill on the Rye—beautiful
views of the valley carved out by this moorland stream being obtained from time to
time, as well as glimpses of the Tabular Hills and Vale of Pickering. On reaching
the quarry at Sproxton, the beds of Coral Rag and Coralline Oolite were pointed
out. The old faces of both presented a most beautiful arabesque appearance from
the effects of weathering; innumerable fossils, clued together into a hard solid mass,
showed on the surface exquisite forms of sculpture such as no chisel could give.
Hammers and chisels were brought into requisition, but so hard and firm was the
rock that specimens were only obtained with great difficulty. Amongst these were
several kinds of Corals, such as 7hammnastrea and Thecosmilia, some very large
spines of C7zdarzs florigemma, a Trigonia, Lima, and the ubiquitous Chemnztzta. In
places the rock consisted largely of crystallised carbonate of lime. Few quarries are
so interesting and deserving of a visit as the Sproxton Quarry. Leaving this, the
party proceeded through some charming woodland scenery amidst bracken seven and
eight feet high in which crouched the red deer, to what are called the ‘ windy pits.’
The surface is occupied by the middle calcareous grit, the same formation which
appears on the moors just above Thornton, and which forms Filey Brig. This
bed weathers into sand—all the lime being washed out. Underneath lies a series of
limestones which are in places dissolved by the rainfall, and the sand on the surface
then slips down and forms a cup-shaped hollow. These hollows are frequent in
this formation and have been mistaken for ancient British dwellings, &c., but they
are quite natural. At the ‘windy pits’ the dissolving action of the rainfall has
excavated a deep narrow chasm, which possibly extends to the bed of the stream
below, and that at no distant period—at all events the surface has only recently
fallen in, as the roots of a living tree extend right across the open fissure without
any support. No information could be obtained as to why the pits were called
‘windy.’ It was stated as a tradition that a dug was once put in at the top, and
came out at the bottom, which on the whole is more probable than that a dog was
put in at the bottom and came out at the top! The rest of the way to Rievaulx
Abbey was again through exquisitely wild scenery where the foot of man seldom
disturbs the stately herons, and from the terrace above a good view was obtained
of the characteristic Nabs which form the outer escarpment of the Tabular Hills,
and of the surface effects produced by the weathering of the middle Calcareous
grits of Wass Moor.

For Vertebrate Zoology, in the absence of the officers of the section, Mr.
W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., of Leeds, reported to the effect that the district was a
rich and varied one ornithologically, and was especially interesting from its
possessing two of the most local species of Yorkshire birds—the Pied Flycatcher
and the Nuthatch—in considerable numbers. Unfortunately the section had been
very inadequately represented, and consequently but a meagre list was the result
of the ramble. This comprised eight summer visitants and nineteen residents, and
included both the species above mentioned. Among the mammalia, a Water Vole,
caught in Beckdale, was exhibited at the meeting.

Sept. 1884.

42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

The Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., of York, president of the Conchological section,
stated that the Helmsley district is so singularly deficient in ponds and ditches that
Limnea peregra was the only freshwater mollusk collected. A fair number of
land-shells was obtained, in spite of the extraordinary dryness of the season.
The most characteristic species collected were Helzx sericea, fusca, lapicida, and
vupestris. The two former occur in subalpine woods, on leaves of nettle and dog-
mercury, and the two latter on limestone walls. C/auszlia laminata turned up
abundantly in the woods, some specimens being curiously gibbous in shape. ‘The
total number of mollusca observed during the day was twenty-eight.

For the Entomological section, in the absence of its officers, Mr. George
C. Dennis, of York, acted as spokesman, stating that the section was not
largely represented. The weather being dull and cloudy during the fore part of
the day, the Butterflies did not appear in such large numbers as they would
have done if it had been brighter, and the sun had given more of his
dazzling beauty. Insect life, it was believed, would have been more plentiful,
for Beckdale is a charming haunt for those sun-loving species which delight to revel
in Nature’s most favoured nooks. Colston Hag and Beckdale were the principal
localities visited, and the following species were noted or captured :—/verts
brassicae, P. rape, P. napl, Argynnts paphia, Vanessa urtice, Satyrus janira,
S. hyperanthus, Chortobius pamphilus, Thecla quercis, T. W-album, and Lycena
alexis. Among the Geometrz, Boarmia repandata, Asthena Blomeraria (which
is not uncommon here), Yfszpetes elutata (some remarkably fine and distinct
varieties), Czdarza immanata, &c., &e. Chareas graminis was the only Noctua
captured. That fine and lovely butterfly, Vazessa C-album, which there was much
desire to see on the wing, was not found, the date being somewhat early for’
it. The section was informed by Mr. Dutton that he took it freely last year, some
two or three weeks later. There is no doubt that the district, if systematically
worked, would produce many good insects not yet recorded for that locality.

The customary vote of thanks to the chairman was proposed by the Rev. E.
M. Cole and unanimously voted, closing the meeting.—W. D. R., W. E. C.

Heliothis peltigera at Wallasey, &c.—At the July meeting of the
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, Liverpool, the most interesting
things shown were two specimens of this insect, caught at Wallasey by Mr.
Wilding, and a living larva of Acronycta alni from Leominster, exhibited by Mr.
Fierce). Wi,

Phycis betulella, &c,, near Doncaster.—-On May 31st, Mr. G.
Tindall and I collected the full-grown Jarvze of this species freely from the birches in
the Green Farm Wood, Doncaster. They were much more plentiful than last year.
Larvee of Geometra papilionaria also occurred.—G. T. Porritt, Huddersfield.

Lepidoptera at Windermere.—On Whit-Monday I found Asthena
sylvata commonly in a plantation on the banks of Windermere Lake, and I also
took a single specimen of Lobophora viretata near Newby Bridge.—E. P. P.
3UTTERFIELD, Wilsden, Bingley, August Ist, 1884.

Lepidoptera near Bingley.—-Last week my brother took one Scoparia
conspicualis at Goit Stock, and I took another on Blackhills. Diécrorhampha
herbosana was common in an old lane, near Beckfoot, in the beginning of July.—
E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD, Wilsden, near Bingley, August Ist, 1884. *

Agdistes Bennettii at Redcar.—Mr. John Sang, of Darlington,
informs me that in July last he took another specimen (see ‘ List of Yorkshire
Lepidoptera,’ page 174), of Agdistes Bennettii near Redcar. This time it was
among its foodplant, so that its claim to be considered a northern and a Yorkshire
species may now be considered as fairly established. —GrEo. T. Porritt, Hudders-
field, August, 1884.

Naturalist,

BOOK. NOTICES—NOTES AND NEWS. 43

BOOK MOLT CES:

Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and

Autumn of 1883.—By J. A. Harvie-Brown, J. Cordeaux, R. M.
Barrington, and A. G. More. 8vo, 130 pages. (London, 1884.)

Like its predecessors, this report is a voluminous and detailed record of facts
concerning migratory movements as observed at the various lighthouses and light-
vessels on the coasts of the British Islands. It is much to be regretted that there
are still no returns from the west coast of England and Isle of Man stations, and the
break in the continuity of the records is most unfortunate. The returns from the
east coast of England, which are perhaps the most important in their bearings
upon the objects of the committee, and are also of the most interest for our
readers, have been worked up by Mr. Cordeaux, who has received them from
twenty-five lighthouses and light-vessels, of which the Longstone, Inner Farne,
Coquet Island, Whitby High, Flamborough Head, and Spurn lighthouses, and
the Tees, Spurn (Newsand), Outer and Inner Dowsing, Dudgeon, and Llyn
Wells light-vessels constitute the northern section. The Heligoland observations
of M. Gatke are also noted by Mr. Cordeaux, and are of the highest value in
connexion with our own East coast returns. A careful perusal of Mr. Cordeaux’s
portion of the report gives one an idea of the immense numbers in which
birds make periodical ‘rushes’ in suitable weather across the North Sea. The
principal of these rushes in 1883 were observed on the 21st of September, the 12th
and 13th of October, again from the 27th to the 31st, and from the 6th
to the 8th of November. On these dates the birds crossed by millions instead
of the usual hundreds or thousands of the intervening periods. The mild and
genial winter of 1883-4, with its absence of severe spells of hard weather at
the time of migration, was favourable to the birds and unfavourable to observ-
ing them. Their movements were facilitated.and they were able to proceed direct
inland and spread themselves over the country without being compelled to stop
exhausted at the coast-line to recruit. As a result, birds have been more
numerously observed at the light-vessels moored out at sea than they were at the
coast lighthouses, thus leading to lighter returns from the latter ; this being more
particularly noticeable in the Scottish reports. Various more or less rare species
are noted in addition to the commoner or regular immigrants, the returns for the
north-eastern counties of England including notes of the Black Redstart, Bluethroat,
Roller, Hoopoe, Great Snipe, Wood Sandpiper, &c. Other notes (on p. 58) refer to
lepidopterous insects. and reference is also made to the occurrence of a large Seal
(surmised to be Halicherus gryphus) at the Tees mouth on the 18th November,
and of the Oar-fish at Flamborough. Altogether the report is—for the mass of
valuable facts which it contains—well worth the small sum which is charged for it,
and we feel sure that many of our readers would—if they were aware of the
extent of the pecuniary liabilities to which the recorders are subject, in addition
to the heavy labour of collecting and arranging the returns—assist the committee
by purchasing copies. —W.D.R.

MOTE Se AID INE VAS,

The Annual Report of the Liverpool Geological Association, dated Ist October,
1883, has been sent us. The work of the Association appears to be in a flourish-
ing state, and its membership is 127. Numerous excursions have been held, and
several interesting papers read at the evening meetings. The President for the
current year is Mr. Henry Bramall, M.Inst.C.E., and Mr. Osmund W. Jeffs is the
Secretary.

A new ‘Flora of British Fungi (Hymenomycetes)’ by a well-known Scottish
mycologist, Rev. John Stevenson, of Glamis, is announced as preparing for
publication. It is to be illustrated by Mr. Worthington G. Smith, and is to be in
two post octavo volumes. Subgenera as well as genera are to be figured, and the
value of the work is to be enhanced by its embodying the views of the eminent
Fries, as contained in his extremely scarce Swedish monograph of the same group.

Sept. 1884.

44 NOTES AND NEWS: RAINFALL.

Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, Bart., of Cowling Hall, Bedale, Yorkshire, wishes
to rescue from oblivion such notes on Decoys—past and present—as may now be
recoverable, and is collecting all available or possible information on the subject.
These notes he proposes to publish, and already has plans of about a score, most of
which are now in use in England and Ireland, as well as of a couple on the Dutch
coast, besides particulars of some twenty others which have fallen into disuse. He
will be pleased to hear from all who can furnish particulars or any information
whatever concerning Decoys, either of the past or present day. Of Yorkshire
Decoys there is but one—Hornby, near Bedale—which is worked, those at Home,
Meaux, Watton, Scorborough, Osgodby, Escrick, Redcar, Newby, Thorne
Waste, Sunk Island, and another which existed on another island in the Humber
above ‘ Hall’ having been given up, some of them so recently as from twenty to
thirty years ago. Readers who can supply information will do science good service
if they will at once place it at the disposal of the author of ‘The Wild Fowler in
Ireland.’

ee Ol

The death of Mr. John Aitken, of Urmston. near Manchester, at the age of 64,
is announced. He was well known in Lancashire as a geologist, and was for some

time President of the Manchester Geological Society, as well as a contributor of
papers to its publications.

RAINFALL FOR JULY 1884.

a x | HEAVIEST
=iee| eras ose TotaL FaLt To DATE. SINGLE Day's
Ares RSS als | Faby.
16! Weasel [eee en | a
alan | Ed | om Cy | ‘ |
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STATION & OBSERVER. |%#5| 86) p2| & | of 8 | ot See
PISA Ns A | (ay Sin Rue Bie S| te ane Balhae
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. Feet. Inches Days Inches.|Inches.| No.| Years. |Inches
DERRINGHAM, HULL.--| | 79) 2:93) 16 11°04] 11°46 | 34 | 1850-83 | 0°44 | 4th.
Wm. Lawton } | |
: . | |
GooLE-John Harrison... 25) 3°26} 16 |.12°08 | (— -~ 9)| 1875-83 | 0795 roth.
SCARBOROUGH.— 1 1330! 2°29) 18 12°20| 14°22 18 1866-83 | 0°60 |26th.
Allan Rowntree } | | | |
BALDERSBY, THIRSK.—} | 599] 6-2c1 20 | 17° RO ene 5 2°09 | 10th.
W. Gregson ) | 35) | Te |
MasHamM.—Thos. Carter. .| 269 | 4°54) 26 | 19°46| — ae —- 1°16 |1oth.
SHADWELL, LEEDS.—} | i : Peeieeist sce j h
5 - | 500 6} 20 12°80| —- 0°99 |IIth.
Geo. Paul ) Seah |
| ; 1853-6 2
LEEDS.—The Museum ...| 183 | 4°62 | 26 | 15°72-| 13°20 | 30 {zBec8, | 1‘60 | oth.

HorsFORTH.—James Fox | 350 4°57 | 23 16°81 17°38 | 15 1870-84 1°23 | 9th.
| |
BARNSLEY.—Dr. Sadler...) 350} 2°70 | 22 | 14°35 | 18°23| 2 | 1882-83 | 0°78} 9th.

WENTWORTH CASTLE. ) 520| 2°76 | 23 | 15°48 | 19°59 | 2 | 1882-83 | 0°63 | oth.

Wm. Fisher) |
De ae eae | 853| 3°33.| 21 | 22°24 | 25°90 | | 1882-83 | 0°55 | 9th.
fo gaa Rene (350 260 | 22 | 15°93 17°46 18 | 1866-83 0°49 |26th.

THORPE, HALIFAX.—) | , es bal pea call ee Wel
PACS Rawson vl 365 | 3°52 | 23 | 22716 } 27-92 | 2 | 1882-83 | 0°64 | oth.

See ee

iS)

Naturalist,

45

COLEOPTERA OF THE LIVERPOOL DISTRICT.
By JOHN W. ELLIS, L.R.C.P., L.R.CS.E,,
Liverpool; Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.
PART IV.
: BRACHELYTRA.
(Read before the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, November 26th, 1883.)
I PURPOSE in this paper bringing before you the various species of
the Shortwinged Beetles, commonly known as the Brachelytra, or
shortly, as ‘Staphs’ (an abbreviation of Staphylint), which have
occurred in our district. ‘This group contains the largest number
of British species of all the Coleoptera, and the individual members
are often very minute and difficult of determination. I have to ex-
press my obligation to the Rev. W. W. Fowler, of Lincoln, fot his
assistance in aiding me in the diagnosis of difficult species; and I
have again to acknowledge the assistance derived from Mr. Archer’s
(of Crosby) Diary for the years 1862-63. I am sorry to find so many
species occur with only my own initials appended, but the difficulties
of determination, and (often) of mounting this group generally cause
beginners to put off their collection of these beetles to a more con-
venient season. I have derived great assistance from Messrs. Wilding
and Kinder, in their furnishing me with localities, and I am pleased
to be able to enumerate about 220 species as inhabitants of the dis-
trict, this number including several species hitherto found very rarely
in Britain.
The initials F. K., R. W., and J. W. E. refer to Messrs. Kinder,
Wilding, and myself respectively.
ALEOCHA RIDA.
Autalia impressa Ol.
Three specimens taken in the district ; locality unknown (F.K.).
Autalia rivularis Grav.
A single specimen taken under bark at Bromborough, in May
1883 (J.W.E.).
Falagria suleata Pk.
Several specimens under bark of fit, Bidston (J.W: Ls ).
Falagria obscura Grav. yi
In nests of the black ant, at Eastham, June 1863 (F. Archon)
two specimens with / su/cata (J.W.E.).
Bolitochara obliqua Er. i
Under bark, Eastham, not scarce (R.W. » J.W. H,).
_Phytosus balticus Kr.
A ‘single specimen from the shore, Hightown, May 1882
(J.W.E.). Crosby, abundant in spring 1884 (/7.).

46 ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA.

Ocalea castanea Er.
One specimen from Eastham, November 1882 (J.W.E.).
Ischnoglossa rufopicea Kr.
One from Eastham in February last (J.W.E.).
Leptusa fumida Er.
Common under bark, Eastham and Spital (J.W.E.).
Aleochara ruficornis Grav.
I took a single specimen of this fine and scarce species at
Eastham in May 188r.
Aleochara fuscipes Grav.
Common in dung.
Aleochara lanuginosa Grav.
Very abundant in dung.
Aleochara nitida Grav.
Common in dung.
Aleochara morion Gray.
A single specimen from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Myrmedonia limbata Pk.
I have taken a few of this species at Crosby, along with
Myrmedonia canaliculata F., which is very common on the sandhills
there and at Hightown; also occasionally elsewhere.
Callicerus obscurus Grav.
A single specimen taken at Wallasey, May 1883 (J.W.E.).
Callicerus rigidicornis Er.
I have been fortunate in capturing two seston of this rare
species (kindly determined for me by the Rev. W. W. Fowler),
one at Eastham, one at Aigburth, both in May 1883.
Chilopora longitarsis Er. .
One specimen from Hightown, July 1883 (J.W.E.).
Oxypoda lividipennis Mann.
Common on walls around Bootle (F.K.); Eastham and
Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Oxypoda opaca Grav.
Crosby (F. Archer) ; Wallasey, in dung (J. W.E.).
Oxypoda longiuscula Giav.
Prenton and Eastham, sparingly (J.W.E.).
Oxypoda nigrina Wat.
I have taken several specimens of this uncommon species at
Wallasey and Leasowe, in spring.
Oxypoda alternans Grav.
I have a single specimen of this pretty species which I took
at Eastham.

Naturalist,

ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA. 47

Oxypoda incrassata Muls.
A single specimen from Eastham (J.W.E.).
Homalota insecta Thoms.
One specimen from Hightown, May 1882 (J.W.E.).
Homalota luridipennis Mann.
Hightown (J.W.E.).
Homalota hygrotopora Kr.
Several (F.K.).
Homalota elongatula Grav.
A single specimen from Spital, May 1883 (J.W.E.).
Homalota volans Scriba.
Common.
Homalota gregaria Er.
Common at Spital (J.W.E.).
Homalota vestita Grav.
Common at New Ferry, in August, 1882; Hightown shore
(J.W.E.).
Homalota graminicola Grav.
Common.
Homalota cesula Er.
A single specimen of this scarce and very local species from
Leasowe, April 1883 (J.W.E.).
Homalota circellaris Grav.
Common in moss at Eastham (J.W.E.).
Homalota plana Gyll.
Bootle (F.K.)
Homalota analis Grav.
Common.
Homalota parallela Mann.
Two from Wallasey, in April 1883 (J.W.E.).
Homalota trinotata Kr.
Bootle (F.K.); Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalota triangulum Kr.
Bootle (F.K.); Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalota boletobia Thoms.
Two specimens from Wallasey, May 1882 (J.W.E.).
Homalota nigricornis Thoms. (?)
I have a specimen, believed to be of this species, from Wallasey.
Homalota atricolor Sharp.
Wallasey, several specimens (J.W.E.).
Homalota nigra Kr.
One specimen, Liscard, October 1882 (].W.E.).

Sept. 1884.

48 ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA.

Homalota longicornis Grav.

Common.
Homalota villosula Kr.

A specimen from Spital (J.W.E.).
Homalota atramentaria Gyll.

Common.
Homalota parva Sali.

Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalota melanaria Sahl. (sordida W.C.).

Common.
Homalota aterrima Grav.

Common at Wallasey (J.W.E.)
Homalota pygmea Grav.

A specimen from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalota orbata Er.

A specimen of this scarce species from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalota fungi Gray.

Very abundant in moss.
Homalota clientula Er.

With ZH. fungi, but not common.
Somatium flavicorne Lac.

I have a single specimen of this species from Bidston Marsh.

TACHYPORIDZ.

Hypocyptus leviusculus Mann.
One specimen from Wallasey, March 1883 (J.W.E. 7
Cilea silphoides L
Common at Litherland (F.K.); Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Tachinus humeralis Grav.
Two or three taken in the district (F.K.).
Tachinus rufipes De G.
Very abundant in dung.
Tachinus subterraneus L.
Generally distributed.
Tachinus marginellus F.
Common in dung.
Tachinus laticollis Grav. (?) =
A few specimens among the last species (J. W.E.). .
(I have also a Zachinus, which the Rev. W. W. Fowler returns meas probably

an immature fa//zpes, taken in this district by myself, but I do not know the precise
locality. )

Tachyporus obtusus L.
Abundant.

a ee ee ae

Naturalist,

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Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and
| Autumn of 1883,
BY). A; HARVIE-BROWN, J. CORDEAUX, R. M. BARRINGTON,
AND A. G. MORE.

To be had of Messrs. WEST, NEWMAN, & Co., 54, Hatton Garden,
London, E.C., or of any Member of the Migration Committee,

Ln Preparation.

A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca
of the British Fauna.

The work is intended to be full, detailed, and exhaustive, and adequately
illustrative of Variation, Development, and Geogr aphical Distribution.

Co-operation is invited from all interested, and any information or specimens
(the common species of every district are particularly desired) will be welcomed
and carefully acknowledged. The Authors may be addressed—c/o Mr. JOHN W.
TAYLOR, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds.

Information is at present specially required on the Slugs ( Zestacella, Limax, and 4
Arion), of which living specimens from every district are desired.

THE INSECT HUNTERS COMPANION,

By the Rev. JOSEPH GREEN, M.A.

Being instruetions for Collecting, Rearing, Setting, and Preserving Butterflies and
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THIRD EDITION.
REVISED AND EXTENDED BY A. B. FARN.
The Chapter on Colcoptera, by Edward Newman.

CON TFENTS.—How to obtain the Egg by searching; boxing female moths : ;
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No. Il. OCTOBER, 1884.

|
|

\

“uit

A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

AND

Pr BAGEE CUAR KE, F.E.S.,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION,

Contents:

PAGE
Coleoptera of Liverpool! District
i- (ParT 4: BRACHELYTRA)—¥. W. Ellis, L.R.C.P., &c. (conclusion) ae en ee dO
|) Salmo Eriox: the Bull-Trout—fev. M. G. Watkins, M.A. Fp : oa Ap 50)
i) Micro-Palzontology of the Northern Carboniferous Shales—G. R. Vine:
(II. Poryzoa oF THE REDESDALE SHALES, NORTHUMBERLAND) a OL
)Ornithological Notes :— 58

Notes from Windermere and Bingley —Z. P.P. Butterfield; Early appearance of Snow-
bunting in Northumberland—/7. 7. Archer; Curious Nesting-place for Reed-bunting—
F. Backhouse, jun.; Peregrine in Northumberland—H. 7. A rcher; Orange-legged
Hobby-near Doncaster—A. Paterson; Green Sandpiper at Masham—Vkomas Carter;
Tufted Duck at Rainworth, Notts.—¥%. Whitaker, F.Z.S., M.B.0.U.

i Ichthyological Notes :— Bice fo ee a ee ee ee OO
| Angler-fish at Whitgift near Goole—Thomas Bunker; Note on the Fishes of Grimsby
about t300—f. DY. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S.

/Entomological Notes :— 57
Seasonal Notes on S.W. Yorkshire Lepidoptera—G. oe Porritt, Vaso S.; : Erebia Blandina
in Upper Wharfedale—¥. W. Carter; Crambus inquinatellus near Huddersfield—
leat Parret, FiL.S.

Palzontological Note :— : et OG
Microscopic Examination of Crummach Lake- deposit—Z. S tolterfoth, MA. , iM. De

| Book Notice :— me sh Be ore a es a OT
| (Hooker’s Students’ Flora, Third Edition. )

|Notes and News SO eee oe os an vs A se 2: a3 es cee FO
| Rainfall “Baa Bee a ue ae ce fe ie MS ete ae Bs a

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1884.

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ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA. 49

Tachyporus chrysomelinus L.
Abundant.
Tachyporus pallidus Sharp.
Three or four specimens (F.K.).
Tachyporus humerosus Er.
Occasionally.
Tachyporus hypnorum F.
~ Very abundant.
Tachyporus pusillus Grav.
Common on Bidston Marsh (F. Archer, J.W.E.).
Tachyporus brunneus F.
Very common, especially on Bidston Marsh.
Conurus pubescens Pk.
Common.
Conurus lividus Er.
Crosby (F. Archer) ; common about Bootle (F.K.) and Spital
(J.W.E.).
Bolitobius atricapillus Steph.
Eastham Wood, in moss (R.W., J.W.E.).
Bolitobius trinotatus Er.
Eastham Wood, in rotten wood (R.W.), and one specimen in
an agaric (J.W.E.); several specimens (F.K.).
Bolitobius pygmaeus F.
Rock Ferry (F. Archer).
Megacronus cingulatus Mann.
One specimen, locality unknown (F.K.).
Megacronus analis Pk.
Crosby (F. Archer); Leasowe and Childwall (J.W.E.) ;
Thurstaston (J. H. Smedley).
Megacronus inclinans Grav.
Eastham, among dead leaves, a single specimen (J.W.E.).
Mycetoporus splendidus Grav.
Rock Ferry (F. Archer); West Derby (R.W.); Wallasey
(J. W.E.).
_ Mycetoporus lucidus Er.
A single specimen by sweeping near Walton Gaol (F. 1G):
Mycetoporus longulus Mann.
Flaybrick Hill and Leasowe (J.W.E.).
Mycetoporus lepidus Grav.
West Derby (R.W.); Eastham, Spital, and Hightown (J.W.E.).
Mycetoporus nanus Grav.
A single specimen from Crosby, in April 1882 (J.W.E.).
Mycetoporus splendens Marsh.
Several from ae (F.K.).
Oct. 1884. D

50 ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA.

QUEDIIDA.

Heterothops binotata Steph.

Hightown, September 1863 (F. Archer).
Quedius fulgidus F.

Generally distributed but apparently not common. All my

specimens are of the form ¢emporalis Thoms.

Quedius impressus Pz.

Common.
Quedius molochinus Grav.

Tolerably common.
Quedius tristis Grav.

Common.
Quedius fuliginosus Grav.

Abundant.
Quedius nigriceps Kr.

One specimen, Eastham (F.K.).
Quedius peltatus Er.

One specimen from Eastham Wood (R.W.).
Quedius mauro-rufus Grav.

Common on the bank of the Alt, Hightown (J.W.E.).
Quedius umbrinus Er.

Two specimens from Aigburth (J.W.E.).
Quedius rufipes Grav.

Wallasey, several specimens (J.W.E.).
Quedius semizeneus Steph.

A few specimens from the fields around Westminster Road

(F.K.) ; one specimen, Bidston Marsh (J.W.E.).

Quedius boops Grav.

Tolerably common and distributed.
Quedius scintillans Grav.

A single specimen from Eastham Wood (J.W.E.).

STAPH YVLINIDZ.

Creophilus maxillosus L.

Very common about carrion.
Leistotrophus murinus L.

A single specimen from Wallasey (J.W.E.). .
Staphylinus pubescens De G.

Common under dry dung on the Wallasey Sandhills.
Staphylinus stercorarius Ol.

A single specimen from the Crosby Sandhills (R.W.).
Staphylinus cesareus Ceder.

One specimen from Simmonswood Moss (J.W.E.).

Naturalist,

ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA. 51

Ocypus olens Miill.
Abundant.
Ocypus brunuipes F.
West Derby, Ince, and Crosby (J.W.E.).
Ocypus fuscatus Grav.
West Derby (R.W.); Wallasey (R.W., J.W.E.); Childwall
(J.W.E.).
Ocypus cupreus Rossi.
Generally distributed.
Ocypus ater Grav.
Very abundant once, in 1881, at Bromborough Pool;
occasionally elsewhere (J.W.E.).
Ocypus morio Grav.
West Derby (R.W.); Storeton (J. H. Smedley); Bromborough
(J.W.E.).
Ocypus compressus Marsh.
Crosby (F. Archer); Leasowe (J.W.E.);. Bebington (J. H.
Smedley).
Philonthus splendens F.
Eastham, common in November 1882 (J.W.E.).
Philonthus intermedius Boisd.
Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Philonthus laminatus Creutz.
Abundant at Eastham, and occasionally elsewhere.
Philonthus eneus Rossi.
Abundant.
Philonthus succicola Thoms.
One specimen, locality unknown, but taken here (J.W.E.).
Philonthus carbonarius Gyll.
One specimen, Liscard (J.W.E.).
Philonthus decorus Grav.
Abundant in Eastham Wood.
Philonthus politus F.
Common.
Philonthus albipes Grav. (?)
A single specimen, Liscard (J. W.E.).
Philonthus umbratilis Grav.
I have a specimen taken somewhere in this district.
Philonthus marginatus F.
Common.
Philonthus varius Gyll.
Very abundant in dung (like most of the species of this genus)
on the Wallasey Sandhills and elsewhere.
Oct. 1884.

52 ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA.

Philonthus sordidus Grav.
West Derby (R.W.).
Philonthus fimetarius Grav.
Common.
Philonthus cephalotes Grav.
West Derby and Crosby (R.W.); Kirkdale eK); one
specimen, West Derby (J.W.E.).
Philonthus ebeninus Er.
Common.
Philonthus corvinus Er.
West Derby (J.W.E.).
Philonthus fumigatus Er.
Railway bank, West Derby, plentiful (R.W.).
Philonthus sanguinolentus Grav.
Wallasey Sandhills (R.W., J.W.E.).
Philonthus bipustulatus Pz.
Common about Wallasey (R.W., J.W.E.).; on sallows, at
Crosby, in spring (F.K.).
Philonthus varians Pk.
Plentiful.
Philonthus discoideus Grav.
A single specimen from Crosby (J.W.E.).
Philonthus vernalis Grav.
Wallasey (R.W., J.W.E.) ; Hightown (J.W.E.).
Philonthus trossulus Nord.
West Derby and Wallasey (R.W.) ; one specimen (J.W.E.).
Philonthus nigritulus Grav.
Common at Hightown (J.W.E.).
Philonthus (Cafius) xantholoma Grav.
Hightown (F. Archer).
Philonthus (Cafius) sericeus Holme.
A single specimen from Aigburth in May last (J.W.E.).
Philonthus (Actobius) signaticornis Rey.
I have taken a single specimen of this rare species at High-
town in May 1883.
Xantholinus glabratus Grav.
Common.
Xantholinus punctulatus Pk.
Common.
Xantholinus ochraceus Gyll.
Tolerably common.

A

Naturalist,

ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA. 53

Xantholinus atratus Heer.
One specimen from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Xantholinus tricolor F.
One from the district, locality unknown (J.W.E.).
Xantholinus linearis Ol. (and var. /ongiventris Heer).
Abundant.
Leptacinus batychrus Gyll.
Litherland (F.K.).
Leptacinus linearis Grav.
Litherland (F.K.).
Othius fulvipennis F.
Common.
Othius melanocephalus Grav.
Common.
Othius myrmecophilus Kies.
Eastham Wood (R.W., J.W.E.).

PHAADERID.

Lathrobium brunnipes F.
Common.
Lathrobium boreale Hoch.
Common.
Lathrobium elongatum L.
Common.
Lathrobium multipunctum Grav.
Distributed, but not common.
Lathrobium quadratum Pk.
A single specimen from Hightown (J.W.E.).
Lithocharis melanocephala F.
| Litherland (F.K.).
Lithocharis propinqua Bris.
Two from Bidston Marsh (J.W.E.).

- Stilicus affinis Er.

Moderately common in wet places, as the banks of ponds.

STENIDA.

Stenus biguttatus L.

Eastham shore (J. H. Smedley).
Stenus guttula Mull.

Hightown (J.W.E.); shore above Eastham (J. H. Smedley).
Stenus bimaculatus Gyll.

Spital (J.W.E.).

Oct. 1884. De

54 ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA.

Stenus Juno F.
Abundant.
Stenus foveiventris Fairm.
Spital (J.W.E.).
Stenus melanopus Marsh.
Spital and Eastham (J.W.E.).
Stenus canaliculatus Gyll.
Generally distributed.
Stexus emulus Er.
One specimen from Eastham (J.W.E.).
Stenus pusillus Steph.
Spital (J.W.E..).
Stenus speculator Lac.
Abundant.
Stenus providus Fr.
Rarely among the preceding species.
Stenus crassiventris Thoms.
Liscard and Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Stenus nigritulus Gyll.
West Derby (J.W.E.).
Stenus binotatus Ljun.
One specimen, the locality unknown, but taken within the
district (J. W.E.).
Stenus bifoveolatus Gyll.
Eastham, Spital, and Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Stenus tempestivus Er.
One specimen from Spital (J.W.E.).
Stenus subeeneus Er.
One specimen from Aigburth, in May 1883 (J.W.E.) ; head
(F. Archer).
Stenus impressipennis Duv.
Crosby (F. Archer); one specimen from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Stenus impressus Germ.
Liscard and Bidston (J.W.E.).
Stenus cicindeloides Grav.
Common.
Stenus similis Herbst.
Common.
Stenus tarsalis Ljun.
Three from Spital (J.W.E.).
Stenus paganus Er.
One specimen from Wallasey, June 1883 (J.W.E.).

Naturalist,

ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA. 55

Stenus latifrons Er.
Common.

OXVTELIDA,

Oxyporus rufus L.

One specimen captured in fungus in the North Docks (F.K.).

Probably introduced.
Bledius arenarius Pk.
Common on the wet sand of the sea-shore, where it forms
shallow burrows.
Bledius subterraneus Er.
Crosby (F. Archer).
Bledius fuscipes Rye.

‘Crosby, April 15th, 1870, the female at the bottom of a
burrow 1 to 14 inches deep; the male in a transverse burrow
close to the mouth’ (J. Kidson Taylor. £7tomologists’ Monthly
Magazine, vil. 10). One specimen from Wallasey, and one from
Hightown (J.W.E.).

Bledius fracticornis Pk.

Bidston Marsh and Hightown (F. Archer); Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Platystethus arenarius Fourc. (morsitans Pk.).

Common on the sandhills, and occasionally inland.
Oxytelus rugosus F.

Abundant.
Oxytelus insecatus Grav.

Spital and West Derby (J.W.E.).
Oxytelus laqueatus Marsh.

Abundant (like all the species of the genus, in dung).
Oxytelus sculptus Grav.

Rock Ferry (F. Archer); Wallasey (J.W.E.),
Oxytelus sculpturatus Grav.
| Crosby (F. Archer); Spital, Hightown, and Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Oxytelus inustus Grav.

A single specimen from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Oxytelus maritimus Thoms.

Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Oxytelus nitidulus Grav.

Common.
Oxytelus complanatus Er.

West Derby (J.W.E.).

Oxytelus tetracarinatus Block (depressus Grav.).

Abundant.

Oct. 1884.

56 ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA.

Oxytelus speculifrons Kr.
Wallasey Sandhills, but not common.
Trogophleus bilineatus Steph.
One specimen at Hightown (i: W.E:).
Trogophlceus fuliginosus Grav.
One specimen, Aigburth (J.W.E.).
Syntomium eneum Mill.
Eastham, in moss (J.W.E.).
Coprophilus striatulus F.
‘Two at Fazakerley, under roadside rubbish’ (R.W.).

HOMALIIDA.

Lesteva longelytrata Goez.

Frequent in wet places.
Lesteva punctata Er.

Abundant in wet places near the shore.
Olophrum piceum, Gyll.

Eastham Wood (R.W., J.W.E.) ; Prenton (J.W.E.).
Lathrimeum unicolor Marsh.

Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalium rivulare Pk.

Abundant.
Homalium leviusculum Gyll.

Hightown (F. Archer).
Homalium fossulatum Er.

West Derby (R.W.).; Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalium cesum Grav.

West Derby (J.W.E.).
Homalium pusillum Grav.

Bidston Marsh (J.W.E.).
Homalium concinnum Marsh.

Wall of Anfield Cemetery (F.K.).
Homalium vile Er.

Common.
Homalium florale Pk.

Rock Ferry (F. Archer) ; one from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Homalium striatum Grav.

Wallasey (J.W.E.).
Anthobium ophthalmicum Pk.

Rock Ferry (F. Archer).

e

Naturalist,

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES. 57

PROTEINIDA.

Proteinus brevicollis Er.

Liscard and Eastham.
Proteinus brachypterus F.

Common.
Megarthrus depressus Pk.

Generally distributed.
Megarthrus affinis Mill.

Liscard, October 1882, common (J.W.E.).
Megarthrus denticollis Beck.

Liscard and Wallasey (J.W.E.).

MICROPEPLIDA.

Micropeplus margarite Duv.
Mrs. Ellis took this species abundantly on a wall at Liscard,
in October 1882. I have not seen it before or since.
Micropeplus porcatus Pk.
One specimen on the bank of the river Alt, Hightown, July
1883 (J.W.E.).

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Seasonal Notes on Lepidoptera (South-west Yorkshire).—
It seems to be almost universally admitted that for lepidoptera the season of 1884
has thus far been a great improvement on its several immediate predecessors ; and
such, certainly, is my own experience. Mr. W. Laxton, of Bedford, informs me
that Afatura Jris turned up commonly again in Monk’s Wood, Huntingdonshire.
Oporabia filigrammaria was in plenty and in fine variety, at rest on rocks on the
moors at Greenfield, at the end of August and beginning of September; and
Celena Haworthit was in profusion in the same neighbourhood. Specimens of
these two species, however, got quite out of their latitude, for C. Haworthtz was
taken flying in the College Field in the town here, far away I should think from
any cotton grass; and Mr. Crosland also took a beautiful specimen of O. filigram-
maria in New North Road, Huddersfield. Near the same part of the town, too,
he found Scoparia coarctalis not uncommonly, and a brood of larve of Vanessa
Carduiz, which species, I may add, is now on the wing here.—GEo. T. PORRITT,
Huddersfield, September 17th, 1884.

Erebia Blandina, &c., in Upper Wharfedale.— On the roth
August of the present year I had the pleasure, in company with my friend Mr.
Soppitt, of making acquaintance with 2. Blandina, in its well known York-
shire habitat at Grassington, ig Upper Wharfedale. Several examples were noted
in Grass Low Wood, close to the river ; but in the High Wood they were to be
seen sporting themselves in the sun, in open places, in countless numbers.
Pterophorus serotinus Zell. was very common in the same locality, and two
examples of M/iana expolita were noted, but these I failed to secure. Generally
speaking, lepidopterous insects were very scarce.—J. W. CARTER, Bradford,
September, 1884.

Crambus inquinatellus at Huddersfield.—A few days ago Mr.
S. L. Mosley brought me specimens of this insect for examination. He found it
commonly in August, at Bilberry Reservoir, near Holmfirth, Huddersfield ; but it
had not previously been noticed in the South West Riding.—GEo. T. PorRITT,
Huddersfield, Sept. 17th, 1884.

Oct. 1884.

58

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Ornithological Notes from Windermere and Bingley.—
On Whit-Monday last. Mr. Soppitt and I were fortunate in finding two young
Woodcocks, apparently about a week old, in a plantation on the banks of
Windermere.

It is with pleasure I record a second occurrence of the Hawfinch in this
district. It was seen flying about Manywells reservoir on several days in June, so
that it was very probably breeding.—E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD, Wilsden, near
Bingley, August Ist, 1884.

Early Appearance of the Snow-bunting in Northumber-
land.—A specimen of the Snow-bunting (Zmberiza nivalis) was shot on this
coast on the 15th September. This is a very early date for this bird, the usual
time of arrival being from a fortnight to three weeks later.—H. T. ARCHER,
Newcastle-on-Tyne, September 2oth, 1384.

Curious Nesting-place for a Reed Bunting. — During the
month of May this year, I found anest of the above species built against the stem
of a small Austrian pine in one of our plantations, at least four feet from the
ground. -I had observed the cock bird about, some days before I noticed the nest,
and subsequently had more than one good near view of the hen. Thenest was built
of the ordinary materials, and, oddly enough, there were numbers of sites near
the tree which one would imagine were far more suitable for a Reed Buntings’
nest.—J. BACKHOUSE, Jun., West Bank, Holgate, York.

Peregrine Falcon in Northumberland.—aA fine female Peregrine
(Falco peregrinus) of the second year, was shot on the Simonside Hills of the

Cheviot range last week.—H. T. ARCHER, Newcastle-on-Tyne, September 15th,
1384.

Orange-legged Hobby near Doncaster.—In the last week of April
of this year, I had a fine female specimen of the Orange-legged Hobby (Falco
rufipes) sent to me in the flesh to be set up. It was shot in Wadworth Wood
near here, by the woodman, Mr. Clayton, and is perhaps worth recording.—A.
PATERSON, Bird-stuffer, 25, Milton Street, Doncaster, September 6th, 1884.

Green Sandpiper at Masham.—A party of Green Sandpipers
(Helodromas ochropus) passed here in the middle of August last, on their autumnal
migration. I saw one of these birds at Marfield Pond (a sheet of water much
frequented by wild-fowl), on the 15th, and another was seen feeding by the river-
side on the 19th. On the 2Ist, one was shot at a rapid stream on the Yore, near
Masham, and on the 24th a second specimen was shot on the edge of a small
horse-pond, about a mile and a half further down the river. We first noticed
these birds in this locality in 1880, when one was feeding on a sandbank by the
river-side, on August 15th; none were seen in the two following years, but on the
16th of August, 1883, I flushed a bird from almost exactly the same spot. It is
remarkable how nearly the dates of the records for the three years correspond,
they being respectively the 15th, 16th, and 15th days of the same month.— THOMAS
CARTER, Burton House, Masham, near Bedale, September 2nd, 1884.

Tufted Duck at Rainworth, Notts.—During last December I shot
at a Tufted Duck. He was wounded, and settled on one of th¢ lakes near here,
but though we tried for him he beat us; and when next seen he appeared so
slightly wounded that it was decided to leave him as an attraction for others of his
kind. He never was able to fly, but in other respects seemed fairly well. In the
spring he was joined by a duck, but whether they bred I donot know. After being
from home for some time, I was much surprised to find when I returned that he
had not assumed summer plumage, which all the other males of his kind had.
He had lost his crest, but in all other respects was in as good plumage as
ducks are in the breeding season. Would so slight a wound occasion this?—
J. WHITAKER, Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield, Notts., September toth, 1884.

Naturalist,

ag

SALMO ERIOX: THE BULL-TROUT.
By THE REV. M. G. WATKINS, M.A.,,
Barnoldby-le-Beck, Great Grinisby.

The Salmonide are as yet so little understood that I make no
apology for introducing the above subject, although as a fisherman I
know nothing whatever of the Bull Trout. It is singular, however,
that when the tendency of science at present is to enlarge the number
of species, in the case of this fish, which I believe is generally
regarded by all practical anglers as a distinct species, the latest views
are for denying its specific rank. Thus Clarke and Roebuck’s
Handbook of Yorkshire Vertebrata, a most useful book for all
north-country naturalists, says, page 126: ‘The Bull Trout,
‘thoroughly and generally believed in as a distinct species in York-
‘shire, is very abundant in the Esk and the Tees. Dr. Giinther,
‘however, states that all specimens of the so-called ‘Bull Trout”
‘that he has examined have been referable to S. ¢rutfa (Salmon
‘Trout), S. Cambricus (Sewin), or S. Fario (Common Trout).’ Dr.
Gunther himself, in the British Museum Catalogue of Fish (Vol. V1.,
Salmonide, 1866), writes that ‘the Salmonidz, as a family, is
‘geologically of the most recent creation, and perhaps composed
‘of forms not yet specifically differentiated.’ In the list of English
members of that family he enumerates ‘S. Cambricus. Sewin in
‘ Wales, or Bull Trout, or Blue Poll, or Peal, or Salmon Peal.’ If then,
north-country anglers may change the name of their Bull Trout from
S. Eriox to S. Cambricus, it seems they are entitled to regard the
Bull Trout as a distinct species after all. The term ‘Sewin,’ it should
be noticed, is used in two widely different senses. By some it is the
general term for every migratory Salmonoid, except the Salmon ; by
others (as by Dr. Giinther), it is confined to a special form, the true
Welsh Sewin. ‘That there is a peculiar kind of big Salmonoid which in
spring and more frequently in autumn ascends rivers, especially the
Tweed, and commits much havoc among the spawning beds of the
true Salmon, is unquestionable. In the north of Northumberland it
is known as the Coquet Trout, and a great Norwegian angler told me
that in August it is not worth while fishing his river in Norway for
Salmon. Enormous numbers of Bull Trout then run up it, and
persist in taking the fly, while their flesh is very poor, and the play
they give much inferior to the true Salmon. Yarrell calls the
S. Eriox, ‘Bull Trout, Roundtail, or Sewin,’ and claims ‘several
specific peculiarities’ for it, and even ‘generic differences’ if, as he
says, ‘M. Valenciennes be correct.’ For myself, I cannot see
much in his distinctions; but I believe that the wide range and
Oct. 1884.

60 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES.

peculiarities of the Bull Trout show that it is a distinct species.
Omitting the Charrs and the Grayling, I hold that the British
Salmonide consist of Salmo Salar (the true Salmon), S. Zrutfa (Sea
Trout), S. Cambricus or Eriox (Bull Trout in the north; Sewin proper
in Wales), and S. fariv (Common Trout). Dr. Gunther divides this
last into two distinct varieties (and my experience in Scotland bears
him out),—S. Fario Gaimard?, the northern form, with larger and more
distinct red and black spots, or rather blotches; and S. Fario Ausoniz,
the southern and central European form—our ordinary Brook Trout,
including too the Thames Trout. For more exact anatomical
differences, see the British Museum Catalogue, ut supra. J addsome
synonyms of the Bull Trout, mainly from Mr. Satchell’s list, —‘ Black
Trout, Coquet Trout, Grey Trout, Peal, Pug Trout, Roundtail, Sea
Trout, Sea Truff, Skurf, Warkworth Trout, Whitling, Sewin, Brownlug.’
A good account of the Bull Trout from the scientific and the angling
points of view 1s much wanted. Will no one write it for the
‘ Naturalist’?

ICHTLH VOLOGICAL. NOTES:

Angler-fish at Whitgift.—A specimen of the Angler (Lophius piscatorius)
was caught on the 27th May, at Whitgift, six miles below Goole, and
was on view next morning at a fishmonger’s shop in Goole. It was about twenty
inches long. I have not heard of any former capture of this fish in the Ouse, and
its occurrence forty-three miles from the coast seems to me worthy of record.—
THoMAS BUNKER, Goole, 28th May, 1884.

Note on the Fishes of Grimsby about 1300.—To fill up part
of the long journey to Grimsby on the 3rd inst., I took with me the Early English
Text Society’s reprint of the ‘ Lay of Havelok the Dane,’ thinking that, apart from
the special interest of renewing the story of the foundation of that ancient town on
the spot, I might be able to pick out again from the record of the notable old
fisherman the names of the fish he made his fortune by catching and selling.
Unfortunately, the author of the Lay, writing about 1300, must be taken to
enumerate what he saw in the markets of his day, rather than what Grim caught
in the year 600. The list isnot along one. The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
was not yet. Still, as a list of the year 1300, it is perhaps not amiss to reprint it in
the Naturalist. The following are all the indications of this particular fauna
which I have observed :—

749. Grim was a fisher swithe? god, 1Exceedingly.
And mikel couthe? on the flod ; - 2Knew of—could do.
Mani god fishe thereinne he tok,
Bothe with nett and with hok.

He took the sturgiun and the qual,® 3'Whale or grampus.

And the turbut and lax* withal. 4Salmon.

He tok the sele and the whel ;® 5 Whale or grampus,
_Keling he tok and tumberel, Cod and porpoise.

Hering and the makarel,
The butte, ® the schulle,”? the thornbacke. ‘Halibut. 7Sole?
771. When he tok the great laumprei he sold it in Lincoln.
895. On the bridge at Lincoln, the Earle’s cok bought and got young
Havelok (then an unknown porter’s lad) to carry up for him—
. Acarte lode
Of segges,® laxes, of playces brode ; 8Cuttle-fish (Seches).
Of grete laumpris, and of eles.
We saw tumberels ourselves ; and last week a ‘hwel,’ thirty-three feet long, was fool
enough to go into the dock at Goole.—R. D. DARBISHIRE, Manchester, Sep-
tember 7th, 1884.

Naturalist,

61

MICRO-PALAHIONTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN
CARBONIFEROUS SHALES.

By GEORGE R. VINE,
Attercliffe, Sheffield; Secretary of the British Association Committee on Fossil Polyzoa.

_IIT—POLYZOA OF THE REDESDALE SHALES,
NORTHUMBERLAND.

So far as I am able to judge from the material sent to me by Mr.
Howchin, the Polyzoa of nearly the whole of the Northern Shales are
only found in minute fragments. Generally speaking the fragments
are well preserved, and the characters of the species are easily
recognised ; but even some of these are coated over with a secondary
deposit of calcareous matter, similar in certain respects to the
secondary deposit which coats over the Polyzoa of Permian age.
I do not know the cause of this, but I have observed that the
Polypora of the Scotch beds are occasionally thickened by calcareous
layers, not, however, in the same way as the coatings found on species
in the Redesdale Shales.

In speaking of the Polyzoal remains, I have been compelled to use
the word ‘abundant.’ I use it, however, in a comparative, rather
than in a literal sense, and in relation to the other organisms which
are found in the shales. The gradational scale would run thus:—
Polyzoa, abundant; Entomostraca, moderately abundant; Forami-
nifera, rather rare. |

With regard to this last group of organisms, I relied chiefly for
the compilation of the list (Vaturalist, Sept. 1884, p. 39) on Mr.
H. B. Brady's Monograph; but as I had in my cabinet several species
of Foraminifera that were not included in the column devoted to
‘Redesdale,’ I indicated their presence thus: *v. In all probability,
before the conclusion of these papers, I may have to revise the list ;
but so far as published only with regard to the Lagenz, as Professor
Lebour points out to me that possibiy No. 25 and No. 27 (see list)
are wrong identifications: these two species being Upper rather than
Lower Bernician forms.

The Polyzoa of the Shales are rather characteristic, for though a
number of species are found, generally speaking these belong to very
limited groups. The Pzxnatopore are well represented. Fragments
of Fenestella are rather rare; Polypfora is, so far as I can judge,
entirely absent ; and some other groups are represented by occasional
fragments. In this paper, then, I shall consider that it will be far
wiser to give a little more detail in describing the groups and species
than will be necessary when dealing with the other Northumberland
Shales ; and though I shall give ample references to the literature of
the subject, perhaps the two papers on Yorkshire and Derbyshire
Oct. 1884.

62 VINE: POLYZOA OF REDESDALE.

Polyzoa, which are published in the ‘Transactions of the Yorkshire
Geo. and Polytec. Society’ for the years 1882 and 1884, may be more
accessible than others of my writings to geological students. In these
papers I have described species found in Derbyshire and North
Yorkshire, and it may be well to compare the list of species in the
present paper with the lists given in the papers referred to. The
groups are classified, and the species are arranged, in accordance with
that formulated in my Fourth British Association Report on Fossil
Polyzoa, 1883.
Sub-order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk.

See Part III. Brit. Mus. Catalogue of Cyclostomatous Polyzoa, Hincks, Brit.

Marine Polyzoa.
Fam. FENESTELLIDZ (restricted).

Fourth Brit. Assoc. Rep. Foss. Polyzoa, 1883.

ZOARIUM forming large or small fenestrated or non-fenestrated
expansions. ZOccIA arranged biserially in the branch; tubular, but
slightly truncated* at the distal extremity; orifice circular, opening
on one side only. BRANCHES united by dissepiments, or free.

Genera: FENESTELLA Miller and Lonsd.; PTILopora M/‘Coy;
and PINNATOPORA Vine.

Genus FENESTELLA Miller and Lonsd.

It is impossible to give any special details of species belonging to
this genus. The few fragments that I have collected I place without
the least hesitation under the name of M‘Coy’s well-known and
widely-distributed Fenestella plebeia M‘Coy. One or two specimens
may be referred to another species, but I should not be inclined to
hazard an expression of opinion adverse to the above unless I had
better evidence than I now possess.

Genus PINNATOPORA Vine.

Fourth Brit. Assoc. Rep. Foss. Polyzoa, 1883.

=Glauconome: M‘Coy; Young; Vine, in papers on Carboniferous Polyzoa.
(Not Glauconome disticha Goldfuss.)

ZOARIUM pinnated; with secondary branches likewise pinnated ;
but rarely fenestrated by the inosculation of pinne. Zoccta tubular,
arranged biserially, originating immediately beneath, or in a line
with the keel. Carina feebly developed in some, well developed in
other species, ornamented with the bases of spines or plain; no
secondary pores. Occcia, an inflated cell (?). .

1 Pinnatopora elegans Young and Young.
= Glauconome elegans Young and Young, Proceed. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Glasgow, March 1875, pl. xvi. fig. 4.
= G. elegans Vine, ‘Carb. Polyzoa,’ Proceed. Geo. Polyt. Soc.
Yorkshire, 1882, vol. vil., p. 334, pl. xvi. fig. 4.

* This has reference to the cell as seen in sections.
Naturalist,

VINE: POLYZOA OF REDESDALE. 63

Fragments of this species are present in the shales, but are very
rare. The beautiful ornamentation of the surface of the specimens
are not so well preserved as in the Scotch forms from Hairmyres, but
the character of the type species—two cells between each pinna on
either side of the stem—is sufficiently distinct. The species may be
easily recognised.

2 Pinnatopora retroflexa Young and Young.
= Glauconome retroflexa Young and Young, Proceed. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Glasgow, pl. ii., figs. 8-10; pl. ill, figs. 11-13.
= Glauconome retroflexa Vine, Proceed. Geo. Polyt. Soc.
Yorkshire, 1882, vol. vil., p. 335.

This is a rare species in this locality, though in Yorkshire it is
fairly abundant, in the Scotch Shales very abundant. The species is
easily identified, on account of the backward flexure of the short
pinnz. In the Scotch specimens the cells are deeply buried in the
branch, and the keel is very prominent, and the ornamentation of
the surface is very beautiful. None of these features are absent in
the Northumberland specimens.

3 Pinnatopora flexicarinata Young and Young.
= Glauconome flexicarinata Young and Young, Proceed.
Nat. His. Soc. Glasgow, pl. ii., figs. 1-7.

The beautiful ornamentation of the surface of the Zoarium is not
sO prominent in the English as in the Scotch specimens. ‘There is
ample evidence in this as in other fragments of Polyzoa, that the
whole have been water-worn and very much compressed. The
Entomostraca of the same shales, however, are full and plump; so
also are some of the Foraminifera. The species is rather rare.

Fam. DIJPLOPORIDZ Vine.
Fourth Brit. Assoc. Rep. Foss. Polyzoa, 1883.

ZOARIUM fenestrated, or partly free and fenestrated. ZocmcIa
arranged biserially in the branches, opening on one side only. Supple-
mentary pores, or foramina, in all the species of the various genera,
but in one group the foramina are found on the reverse also.

4 Acanthopora stellipora Young and Young.
= Glauconome stellipora Young and Young, Quar. Jour.
Geol. Soc., Dec. 1874, p. 682, pl. x1., figs. 5-11.
=G. stellipora Vine, Proceed. Geo. Polyt. Soc. Yorkshire,
vol. vii., 1882, p. 333.

The fragments of this species are very well preserved, and in some
the characters are pretty perfect. Mr. A. W. Waters, in a paper on
the ‘closure’ of the cells of Cyclostomatous Polyzoa* directs atten-

* Linnzean Society’s Journal—Zoology, vol. xvii. 1884, p. 401.
Oct. 1884.

64 VINE: POLYZOA OF REDESDALE.

tion to the peculiarity of the structure in Palzeozoic Bryozoa. The
present species has a denticulated orifice, and I have noticed that the
closure of some of the cells appears to be nothing more than a thin
pellicle of calcareous matter—so transparent that the denticulated
orifice can be seen beneath. I cannot as yet comprehend the value
of this closure in the economy of the species, but it is well to note
the fact whenever it is observed. The ‘closure’ is a common
feature in both the Fenestella and Polypora of the Carboniferous
rocks, but I have not noted it before in this group.
5 Acanthopora stellipora var. spinosa Young and Young.

This variety is also present in the shales, but so worn that it is
with difficulty that the characters can be made out. It is only on
account of the peculiar spinose keel—which is fairly preserved in
one or two fragments—that I direct attention to it at all.

6 Diplopora marginalis Young and Young.
= Glauconome (Diplopora) mearginalis Young and Young,
Proceed. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, March 1875, pl. ii.,
figs. 14-21.

In the Scotch Hairmyres Shales this species is a very delicate
one—in the Gair Shales it is rather more robust—but in the Redesdale
Shales it is both delicate and robust. It is rather rare, and unless a
little care is exercised the fragments may be passed over —especially
the more minute of these.

7 Actinostoma fenestratum Young and Young, Quart. Journal.
Geol..Soc., Dec. 1874, p. 682, pl xl, aigs: 1-45) pl xls
figs, 12-16.

This is another of the beautifully stellate species abundant in the
Scotch beds—rather rare in the English. Fragments of the species
may easily be mistaken for Acanthopora stellipora, only if a little
patience is exercised in the observation it will be found that there are
no lateral pinnee—but instead, delicate portions of the dissepiments
wholly destitute of pores.

8 Hyphasmopora Buskii R. Etheridge, jun.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. IV., vol. xv., pp. 42-45, pl. iv., fig. 1-4.

Carb. Polyzoa North Yorkshire, Vine (op. cit.) p. 337, pl. xvi., fig. 6.

This very characteristic polyzoon is perhaps one of the most
beautiful from the Scotch Shales. In the Shales of North Yorkshire—in
the Redesdale Shales, and also in others of the Northumbrian Shales
this species is present, but itisrare. In another paper sent on to the
Yorkshire Geol. Soc.—but not yet published—I have drawn attention
to a new ally of this species ; so far as I am aware, new to the British
Carboniferous rocks. I have named it Streblotrypa Nicklest Ulrich
(MS.), from the fact that the American specimen sent to me by Mr.

Naturalist,

VINE: POLYZOA OF REDESDALE. 65

Nickles, the discoverer, said that Mr. Ulrich had named it in his
honour, and I have no wish to disturb the name. In all probability
specimens will be found in other Northern Shales, and whenever
found it might easily be mistaken for a specimen of H. Buski? The
difference will be found in the shape of the orifice of the cell, and
also in the peculiar punctures under the area of the cell.

Sub-order CRYPTOSTOMATA Vine.
Fourth Brit. Assoc. Rep. on Foss. Polyzoa, 1883.
Zoacia tubular, subtubular, in section (occasionally) slightly
angular. Orifice of cell surrounded by vestibule, concealed.

Fam. ARCA NOPORID Vine.

In a genus founded for the reception of certain obscure forms—
Arcanopora—(Abstracts of the Geo. Soc., London, No. 424, June
1882, p. 109. For Silurian and Carboniferous Species)—I placed
the Flustra? paraliela Phill. The species has been variously
located, as Sulcorelepora by M‘Coy—and as Cystodiclya Ulrich—
In the last paper of Mr. Ulrich—April 1884—(Journal of Cincin.
Soc. Nat. History. Genus published, Oct. 1832)—he places the genus
Arcanopora Vine, as a synonym of Cystodiciyva. My own name
has several months priority of his, though the description was not
properly published until I published it in full in my B. A. Report,
1883. I have no desire to press my claim for the above genus,
especially as species are much more abundant in the American
Carboniferous series of rocks than in our own.

CYSTODICTYA Ulrich.

Jour. Cincin. Soc. Nat. Hist., April 1884.

= Arcanopora Vine: Fourth Brit. Assoc. Rep. Foss. Polyzoa.

‘ZoaRiuM like S/icfopora, but with wider interstitial spaces.
Sections show that the intertubular spaces are occupied by a
vesicular tissue. Sub-carboniferous.’ (op. cit., October 1382.)

9g Cystodictya parallela Phill. sp.
= Mlustra ? id. Geol. Yorkshire.
= Sulcoretepora id. M‘Coy and authors generally.

This well marked Carboniferous species has a very wide distri-
bution in British Carboniferous rocks, and Iam glad that Mr. Ulrich
has been able to identify the species in American Carboniferous rocks
also. It is present in the Northern Shales, though not by any means
abundant. As Mr. Ulrich says, sections of the species show that
between cells—or in the intertubular spaces—-a loose vesicular tissue
may be observed, and though not so apparent in the American species
C. lineata Ul., its presence shows how closely the American is related
to the British form.

Oct. 1884.

66 STOLTERFOTH : CRUMMACH LAKE DEPOSIT.

Fam. RHABDOMESONTID Vine.
Fourth Brit. Assoc. Rep. on Foss. Polyzoa, 1883, p. 45 of Report.

ZOARIUM rod like, branching. Zoccia opening on all sides of the
branch, tubular, attached by their proximal extremities to a central
rod: orifice of cells obscured by vestibule: wall of vestibule externally
ornamented by spines or not.

Genus RHABDOMESON Young and Young.
New Carb. Polyzoa, Young and Young, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. IV.,
vol. xiil., pp. 335-339, 1374.
ro Rhabdomeson gracile Phiil. sp.
= Millepora gracilis Phill., Paleeoz. Foss.

This species 1s rather abundant in the Northern Shales; and as
specimens vary very much, the student is recommended to examine
the type very carefully, as in the Yorkshire Shales we have specimens
of an apparently allied species which is closely related to, if not
identical with, the American Carboniferous Rhombopora persimilis
Ulrich. The Yorkshire specimen will be fully described in the
Yorkshire Geo. and Polyt. Soc. Transactions.

tr Rhabdomeson rhombiferum Phill., sp.
= Ceriopora id. Phill., Geol. Yorkshire.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. IV., vol. xv., pp. 333-336, Young and Young.

This is a far more delicate species than the above—especially so as
regards the English Shales—though in some of the Scotch Shales the
species may be found almost as bulky as some specimens of R. gracile.

In dealing with these same species in the other shales; it will not
be necessary to give so full details as is given now. It is very
evident, however, that the micro-palzontology of our rocks is year by
year claiming a larger share of attention than has been given to the
study in the past. Because of this, I claim that far more attention
should be directed towards the study of the Polyzoa of our rocks—
minute though the fragments be—than the species have yet received
from investigators. (To be continued.)

Microscopie Examination of Crummach Lake Deposit.—
Professor G. A. Lebour, in the August number of the Matura/zst, described a pure
white marl, like crumbly chalk, as existing at the bottom of this once upland lake.
As I have examined the bottom of several Welsh lakes, and have found in them
white deposits rich in diatoms, I thought that diatoms ought to be found in the
Crummach Lake deposit. Professor G. A. Lebour kindly sent me a small box of
the deposit, which I have carefully examined, with the following results :—It con-
sists of about 95 per cent. of carbonate of lime, which was dissolved out with.
hydrochloric acid. The remainder was treated for diatoms, with a result nil. On
examining the material under the microscope without chemical treatment, it was
found to consist of fragments of freshwater shells, and fine amorphous grains of
limestone. I have since heard from Professor Lebour that the lake was surrounded
with limestone hills, and these must have supplied the great mass of white powder,
which certainly at first looked as if it would be rich in diatoms. I know of no
diatomaceous deposit in England, although there are plenty in Scotland, Wales,
and Ireland.—HENRY STOLTERFOTH, M.A., M.D., Sci. Sec. of the Chester
Society of Natural Science, 60, Watergate, Chester, August 26th, 1884.

Naturalist,

67

BOOK NOTICES.

‘The Student’s Flora of the British Islands.’—By Sir J. D.
Hooker ; THIRD Edition (Macmillan & Co., 1884), pp. xxili and 563. Price
10s. 6d.

This new edition is not only larger by fifty pages than the last, but bears the
marks of thorough revision, and generally of improvement, on almost every page;
making it an indispensable accompaniment to Babington’s Manual, 8th Edition, for
the field botanist and student of plant-distribution. In spite of its bulk, by the use
of small type and thin paper (globe 8vo. in size), it is still not too large to slip con-
veniently into the side-pocket. More information of all sorts concerning British
Plants, in such a small compass—from the pronunciation and derivation of generic
names, to the range and distribution of species—it would be impossible to find.
The whole work has in classification been adapted to Genera Plantarum, and
collated with Nyman’s recent Comzsfectus lore Europea, and Topographical
Botany, 2nd Edition, so that the work has in verity been brought up to our
knowledge at the beginning of 1884. This, however, is not an altogether unmixed
advantage. It takes “me for our views of newly-discovered forms to gradually
crystallize down into undebatable truths as knowledge of them grows. The dis-
advantage alluded to is particularly evidenced in the Naiadacez of the work before
us, where the 21 ‘species’ of Potamogeton defined are anything but equivalent in
value. The prominence elsewhere given to ‘sub-species’ is somewhat departed
from, P. polygonifolius Pourr. following P. zatanus L. as an equally distinct integer ;
whilst P. Z2z22 Roth., which bears a somewhat similar relation to P. Zucens L.
that P. polygonifolius Pourr. does to P. zatans L., zs reduced (we do not contend
wrongly) to sub-specific rank. Potamogeton Griffithizt A. Benn., again—a recently
discovered plant of the Welsh lakes, which has not yet been observed with mature
fruit, and of which, with our present knowledge, it would not be too strong an
assertion to declare a probably attenuated state of prv@elongus,—is lined as an
undoubtedly distinct species, without a hint even that its specific value is as yet in
the debatable ground of controversy. An opposite case to this, showing how
views of ‘species’ gradually mature, is to be seen under P. pusz/lus L., where
P. mucronatus Schrad. (long accounted a distinct species, and so given in Bab.
Man., 8), is rightly reduced to sub-specific rank, as a broader-leaved race of ?.
pusillus, under the title of P. Arzeszz Rupp.

It will thus be seen that where the author has availed himself of the service of
specialists, and allowed them the revision of his MS., the execution is unequal, and
a certain clashing of views (inconsistent with one another) has been inevitable.
Excluding the debatable groups, such as the 4atrachium section of Ranunculus,
we have nothing but approval to accord to the most masterly way in which the
not narrow range of British forms are treated. As one would expect from the
world-wide extent of the author’s knowledge, in his limitation of species he has
wisely adhered rather to broad, evident, and structural differences for his characters,
than to those finer distinctions (often comparative ones, and liable to vary) in
which the ‘splitter’ so much delights. As he himself remarks (p. 5), in reference
to the aquatic Ranunculi, Rosa, Rubus, &c., ‘Ofthe characters attributed to these
and their subordinate forms by critical authors, I find some variable, others valueless,
and still others deceptive.’ In the Roses and Hieracia, however, the matured
experience of Mr. J. G. Baker has given a consistency to the limitation of forms
(which are lucidly defined, however artificial their characters) not observable in
the Potamogetons or the Willows. In the arrangement of the latter, Anderson and
Boswell (olim Syme) have been followed, we are told; with a novelty in the
result—chaotic in appearance, although perhaps none the less truly mirroring
Nature for that—that makes this synopsis especially invaluable as a companion to
that in Babington’s Manual, 8th Edition, for the lights which its contrasts throw
upon this puzzling genus. Babington defines 30 species, Hooker 18; the latter
boldly but, as we have long thought, warrantably suppressing Salices Russelliana,
ambigua, Smithiana, stipularis, and rubra, as all hybrids.

A few minor omissions, such as the paucity of information given here and there
in regard to the derivation of botanic names, does not detract appreciably from the
value of the book. What we haveis accurate, but we find ‘ Etymology doubtful’ in

Oct. 1884.

68 HOOKER’S STUDENTS’ FLORA.

many cases where we should have thought it was sufficiently evident to have given
the generally accepted derivation—as, for example, in the case of DAPHNE, which, so
far from being at all uncertain, is simply the old Greek name for Laurel, very like
unto which are the coriaceous leaves of several of the species.* We notice that the
softer sounding Pruze//a is restored to the earlier Brznel/a, without, however, any
hint that in that form it was connected with the German Avadune—the word for
Quinsy, for which ailment an infusion of Bruze//a was in very early times esteemed
almost a specific. Examples might be multiplied, but we will only instance one
other: the derivation of Z7zchomanes is scarcely ‘ obscure’—surely it comes from
thrix (hair) and maznomaz (passion or desire, fury), because the Roman girls
had (or were said to have had) a passion or a fenchant for displaying in their
hair this or some other species of ‘Maidenhair Ferns.’ (In an article on the
Etymology of Plant Names we hope, later, to return to this subject.)

We are glad to note that the Decandollean genus /’caria has been adopted for
our single British species Ranunculus Ficaria L., and that Mr. Thomas Hick’s
observations thereon have not passed unheeded (although not referred to),
since we find for the first time in a British Flora ‘leaves opposite’ forming
part of the generic limitation.

A certain amount of ‘resurrectioning’ has been indulged in, in comforming
the species-names to those of Nyman, &c., albeit the earliest has not invariably
been adopted. It will doubtless provoke research on the part of students, but at
first it will seem not a little strange and awkward to have to call Carex vulgaris Fr.
by Gay’s not-in-many-respects-preferable name of Goodenoviz. In like manner we
we have Brassica sinapis Visiani, in place of the familiar Szwapzs arvensis L.;
and Viola persicefolia Roth. superseding V. staguina Kit. Polygale austriaca
and zlzgimosa are referred, without doubt, to P. amara L., but, singularly
enough, the Kent plant is stated to have blue and the Teesdale plant rosy
flowers, whereas the reverse is the case in all the specimens we have seen ;
Stlene inflata Sm. becomes S. Cucubalus Wibel.; Withering’s Stellaria
glauca is rejected in favour of Ehrhart’s palustris; Sagina saxatilis Wimm.
becomes S. Lzznxei Presl., with S. svalis as a subordinate form; Hypericum
dubium Leers. becomes ‘ H. guadrangulum L. (in part), Fries.’—objectionable
because the restriction is hard to remember. Geranium pyrenaicum L. is replaced
by G. perenne Huds.; Melilotus officinalis W. is suppressed in favour of J. altissemza
Thuill.; Blysmus compressus Panz. becomes Scirpus Cartcis Retz., the Lincolnshire
coast being recorded for S. xafus; the aptly named Carex ste//ulata Good. is changed
for C. echinata Murr.; Calamagrostis stricta is accorded a genus to itself as
Deyeuxia neglecta Kunth.; whilst the order EMPETRACE4 follows that of the
Holly in place of preceding the Spurges. Under Zt/a platyphyllos Scop.—the
old title of grandifolia Ehrh.—we are told that the late H. C. Watson con-
sidered it ‘indigenous’ in ‘ Hereford, Radnor, and W. York.,’ a mistake that would
be serious if it were not an absurdity; Mr. Watson, in Zop. Gof. 2., quoting
Babington, Ley, and the late James Ward (for North-West, 7zo¢ West York) saying,
‘These are the only three counties known to me as resting on good authority in
support of the true nativity of this Lime. It is reported for many other
counties . . . . usually with indications in distrust of its being really an
indigenous tree. In Surrey its leaves are much more damaged by spring frosts
than are those of the 7. zztermedia. Surely one can read between the lines grave
doubts here, especially when even 77la parvifolia (for which many more counties
are given as having it native, including an express dictum to that effect from J. G.
Baker), was considered by Watson ‘a doubtful native.’ Babington himself, too,
in the last two editions of his Manual, places the mark (+) against the larger-leaved
Lime, as ‘ possibly introduced’ at any rate. Many more examples of changes of
name might be given did space permit, but we trust enough have been cited
to rouse the curiosity of students and send them to the work itself: it will well
repay the closest study, marking as it does (along with the completion of Gexera
Plantarum and of Nyman’s Conspectus) an epoch in the progress of Field Botany.
To say that we could like to go on quoting from almost every page to the last is
the most significant tribute we can pay to its general excellence.

For some unexplained reason, we have anything but a strict adherence to the
now generally admitted wholesome rule of priority ; the earliest specific name has,

* Tn other cases, as in this, we cannot well get further back, the root, probably of Aryan origin,

having become lost. ——_—_————
Naturalist,

HOOKER’S STUDENTS’ FLORA. 69

however, been adopted in so many cases that it seems a pity any exceptions should
knowingly have been made. A preference for the felicitous Ranunculus hirsutus
Curt. over &. Sardous can be understood; as may Calluna vulgaris ‘ Salisb.’
(Zrica vulgaris L.), the Linnean specific appellation being for once tacked on to
Salisbury’s generic limitation, rather than adopt De Candolle’s tautological
compromise—Calluna Erica. There must be bounds to the application of every
rule, and, that of priority notwithstanding, some sort of appropriateness must be
insisted on. We might not now calla cabbage a Seakale, though it should turn
out to have been its original name! But where no insuperable objection forbids,
the older should be preferred. G/auctum luteum Scop. should, so, be replaced by
the earlier G. flavum Crautz.; Polygala depressa Wend., must be P. serpyllacea
Weihe; Astragalus Hypoglottis L. give way to A. danica Retz.; Lotus uliginosus
Schkhr., alike with Z. major Sm., give precedence to LZ. pzlosus Beeke; and Carex
rostrata Stokes stand before C. ampullacea, happy as the latter name is from the
striking resemblance of its perigynia to the long-necked big-bellied Roman pitcher.

Of absolute error there is very little: Zhlaspi perfoliatum is not ‘ extinct’ (vide
p- 41) in Oxfordshire. Mr. Druce recently found it in plenty near Charlbury.
Thiaspi occitanum Jord. occurs in many other spots in Yorkshire besides the old
one of ‘ Settle,’ and also in N. Somerset, Westmoreland, and Durham.

Althea hirsuta, L. is credited to North Somerset as ‘ wild,’ a fact not in Bab.
Manual, 8th Ed. The Senecio spathulefolius of that work is stated not to be
identical with De Candolle’s continental plant of the same name, but is referred to
Syme’s var. maritima of Senecio campestris as ‘a tall form with broadly-toothed
leaves. A similar large cymose-flowered form occurs in quarries near Ancaster,
Lincoln. We are also told that Lobelia urens is found in Cornwall, and that Arum
italicum occurs from Cornwall to Sussex.

The forms of Calhtriche verna L. are curiously classified. C. hamulata Kuetz.,
and C. pedunculata, DC., usually considered a variety of it, here both take rank
as sub-species, equal to C. vernalis, C. platycarpa, and C. obtusangula; whilst C.
truncata Guss. is reduced to a mere variety of C. autumnalis L.—a course hardly
intelligible, since it seems to result from two incompatible lines of view. er
contra, the expositions of the sequence of forms in Pyrus Aria, and in Rosa canina
and arvensis (so unsatisfactory in Babington’s Manual) are excellently well done.
Of the Willow-herbs and the Mints we are told what students in the field soon
discover to their confusion, that hybrids abound, and so, individuals varying almost
indefinitely, are difficult to discriminate.

Lathrea is taken out of the Broom-Rape order, and included in Scrophulariaceze
under the Euphrasiez, with other root-parasites. The ‘truly wild’ Irish
Sisyrinchium is described as angustifolium Miller—the earliest aggregate name
(1771), instead of S. Bermudiana L., the author remarking that ‘it differs entirely
from the Bermudian plant’. /ascus diffusus Hoppe is sunk in /. glaucus as a
hybrid between that and effzsws, perhaps not without reason, but it is still accorded
specific rank by Babington.

Under Carex distans L. we have, as a sub-species only, C. fulva Good., this
name being retained (the late Mr. Pryor’s demonstration notwithstanding) in
preference to Hoppe’s Hornschuchiana ; C. xanthocarpa Deg. being suggested as
-a hybrid with C. distans; C. flava with which (in presence of fu/va) it is almost
invariably mingled where it occurs, not being named at all as a possible co-efficient.
Carex Lees Ridley (saxumbra Lees), accepted by Dr. Boswell as probably a
distinct species on account of its fusiform fruit and peculiar glume, is considered
only a ‘drawn out’ shade-growing form of C. pzlulifera; whilst C. ornithopoda
Willd. sinks to a sub-species of C. digttata, though its occurrence in West York-
shire (Mackershaw Wood, Ripon, Herb. Borrer),as well as in Derby, is duly
registered. Both Startina alternifiora Loisel. and S. Townsendi are sunk in an
aggregate S. stricta, it being stated that American series show similar variations.

Lastly, all the most recent British discoveries appear to be faithfully incorporated.
Now, in addition to Mr. Fowler’s Lincolnshire Selinum carvifolium L., we note
the following novelties accepted as either native, or sufficiently widespread and
well established to be deemed worthy of a place in the British Flora—apart from
that of the Channel Islands, the species only found there being, however, included
according to the indefensible custom of late years, whilst the plants of the Farée
Islands are still excluded :—Ranunculus ophioglossifolius Vill. (S. Hants);
Oct. 1884.

7° REVIEW—NOTES AND NEWS.

Potentilla Norvegica L. (the weed now so common from Kirkstall to Snaith, by
canals); Hrythrea capitata Willd. (as a sub-species of E. Centaurium, the
anomalous insertion of its stamens suggesting its being ‘a heteroclite form’ only) ;
Juncus tenuis Willd. (Herefordshire); Mazas marina L. (the Norfolk broads) ;
Carex ligerica Gay (a slender form of arexarza, occurring inland as well as on the
coast, with female flowers at the top of the spike); Carex trinervis Degl. (eastern
coast); Carex frigeda Allioni (Aberdeen—‘a rare instance of an Alpine Scotch
plant not being Scandinavian’); Azthoxanthum Puelit Lecoq. et Lamotte (an
introduction with foreign grass-seed, now rapidly diffusing itself); Agrostis nigra
With.; Glyceria declinata Brébiss. ; and Lycopodium complanatum L., type, accepted
as having occurred in Gloucester and Worcester—now extinct on Hartlebury
Common—with our common L. alpinum given as a sub-species of it.

We miss only any mention of Vazas graminea Del. and Carices pelza O. F.
Lang, and “mula Fr. Centaurea Jacea L. is given only in the list of excluded
species, yet with the remark which seems somewhat inconsistent, of ‘found in
Sussex, probably indigenous.’ Other exclusions among species usually or
recently claimed as British, are Lavatera sylvestris, Malva borealis (Goole, Preston,
and many other places), Hzeracium pratense Fr., Crepis niceensis Balb. (Harrogate,
for many years), and Poa sudetica Hoenke., all of which hold their ground, we
believe, although not indigenous integers in our flora. Luphorbia pilosa L., by
some inadvertence, has a place doth in the body of the work and in the list of
excluded species; whilst Carex wstulata Wahl., kept in by Babington, is here
relegated to the same o//a fodrida, the author apparently not being aware that the very
unduly-discounted George Don is not the sole authority. Specimens undoubtedly
gathered on Ben Lawers within about forty-two years, by the late Surgeon Newnham,
are in more than one herbarium; and the writer found one amongst a number of
other carices sent him to be named by F. C. King, of Preston, gathered on the
same hill within five years, unrecognised at the time, the collector being a com-
parative tyro. Weare sorry to see the Bedfordshire ‘ casual’—A/Zedicago lappacea
Lam.—find a place as an zudigenous variety of WZ. denticulata, itself in inland
localities rarely more than an impermanent introduction with wool or grain.

We are making arrangements for preparing the annual Bibliographical
Summary of records and papers relating to the natural history and physical
features of the ten northern counties of England, which is to be one of the
distinctive features of our Journal. In doing this we hope to enlist the co-
operation of our readers in general, and more particularly should we be obliged if
the authors of papers or records would favour us with copies or notices of them.
Poo<

In this connection, Professor G. A. Lebour has laid us and our readers under
further obligation to him by generously undertaking to furnish the titles (with a
brief notice of the gist of the contents of each) of papers relating to the geology
of the counties of Northumberland and Durham.

org

The fourteenth annual meeting of the Wakefield Naturalists’ and Philosophical
Society was held on the 3rd of September. The annual report showed that the
society was making steady progress, although the attendance at the meetings was
of a fluctuating character. Various additions to the recorded fauna of the Wake-
field district, and important gifts of specimens for the projected lecal museum, were
announced, after which reference was made to the great losses which the society
had sustained by the deaths of their President (Mr. Joseph Wainwright), and of
Mr. C. F. Tootal. After the adoption of the report, the officers were elected as
follows :—President, Mr. M. E. Naylor; Vice-presidents, Rev. A. Chalmers, M.A.,
and Messrs. J. Spurling, J. L. Chaplin, and G. G. Ianson; Treasurer, Mr. A.
Lupton; Librarian, Mr. H. Emmett; Financial Secretary, Mr. G. Ramsden ;
Hon. Secretary, Mr. E. B. Wrigglesworth ; Committee, Messrs. Rushforth, Fallas,
Shaw, Garnett, Willis, Wilcock, Harrison, Stephenson, Binks, Toms, Chapman,
and Keighley. The President and the Rev. A. Chalmers were appointed to
represent the society on the General Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

Naturalist,

J

Seger
_ ae Sie a

NOTES AND NEWS. 71

Dr. J. A. Erskine Stuart, who, since he became President of the Heckmond-
wike Naturalists’ Society, has done much to promote its prosperity, has arranged
to read before it a series of papers as follows :—October 4th, ‘Medicinal Plants’;
November Ist, ‘ Linnzeus’; November 29th, ‘ Poetry and Flowers’; and December
7th, ‘The Holly.’

>00<—_—_—__.

Although the news is in all the newspapers, we cannot refrain from calling the
attention of our readers to the claim which the newly-founded Marine Biological
Association has upon their sympathies. — It has long been a reproach to wealthy Eng-
land that it has had no institution upon its shores to do the work which the Naples
Zoological Station does for the Mediterranean Fauna, and now that the association
has been founded it is the duty of all who can afford it to contribute towards the
successful establishment of its first laboratory. The location of this has been
determined for Plymouth Sound by the timely offer from the Corporation of that
town of £1,000 in money and a free site on the foreshores of the Sound. Some
day, possibly, we may see a similar laboratory set up in the north. An official
memorandum, emanating from the Council, which appeared in Vature for the 7th
August (at page 350), gives full details of the Association’s intentions and present

prospects.
—_—_>oo<

The ‘Entomologist’ Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera is just out. We
hope to notice it in an early number.

A botanist of some little note in his own humble way, of whom no obituary
notice has appeared, died on the 29th April last, at 51, Spooner Road, Sheffield,
aged 55 years. This was Mr. Amos Carr. Originally of Frant, on the borders of
Kent and Sussex, he afterwards resided near Warwick. For some time he was a
rural postman, and whilst such collected most of the critical plants of the districts
in which his work lay. For some years he had lived in Sheffield, and although
a bootmaker, and much tied to his trade, he contrived to collect indefatigably in-
formation as to the Roses, Brambles, and Willows of the Sheffield district. Special
help from him in this respect is acknowledged at pp. 359 and 360 of ‘ West York-
shire.’ Headded Cercea alpina to the flora of the Rivelin valley, and re-discovered
or verified many of the old stations in that district, first noticed by Jonathan Salt,
Hypericum dubium, Scutellaria minor, Arbutus uva-ursi, and Cotyledon umbilicus
for example. Under a plain appearance and unassuming manner he hid a kindly
heart and an almost poetic nature, but with it a most scrupulous accuracy and love
of truth. Considering his limited advantages, he added much towards our know-
ledge of British Plants ; and although he was never, we believe, lucky enough to
discover a species new to the country, he was the first to find Carduus acaulis
(the stemless thistle) on Kiveton Common.

———oo<

The veteran Yorkshire botanist, Richard Spruce, Ph.D., F.R.G.S., who is
living in seclusion at Castle Howard, and who in his youth did so much good
-work in exploring the cryptogamic riches of his native county, is publishing
through the medium of the ‘ Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh’
(of which it constitutes the 15th volume) the results of his labours among the
hepatics or liverworts of the tropical regions of South America—amid the varied
and luxuriant vegetation of which he spent fourteen years (1849-1862) of the
prime of his life. The first portion of the monograph—which is intituled
‘Hepaticze Amazinz et Andinz’—was issued last April. This part, bulky as
it is, treats of three genera only, Frudlania, Jubula, and Lejeunia, the latter
enormous genus with its numerous species ranged under 37 subgenera, occupying
nearly the whole of it. The second part, which will not be many months before
it appears, will include (besides the remainder of the descriptions of genera and
species and 16 plates) the introduction to the whole work, wherein one may expect
to have such generalizations on geographical distribution, classification, and
generic affinities as the matured judgment and critical acumen of one of our best
authorities on the hepaticze well qualify him to make.

Oct. 1884.

72 NOTES AND NEWS: RAINFALL.

A fungus foray on a small scale, in the direction of which Mr. George Massee,
F.R.M.S., will take the leading part, will be held in the Selby district on
Wednesday the 22nd October. It is proposed to investigate the woods on the
East Riding side of Selby during the day, and to assemble for tea at that town in
the evening. It is expected that several of the leading botanists of Yorkshire will
take part, and Y.N.U. railway privileges are being asked for. The arrangements
are in the hands of Mr. W. Norwood Cheesman (The Crescent, Selby), to whom
persons desirous of being present should apply for information. It is hoped that
the botanists present will learn much, and that the gathering may be but a prelude
to a more important fungus foray in 188 5.
Poo€

The first published report of the Malton Naturalists’ Society shows it to be in
a very flourishing state. The monthly meetings are well attended, and the annual
conyersazione is much appreciated by the inhabitants of the town. The Society,
which was founded in 1880, and is the direct outcome of the stimulus which the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union gave by meeting in the town in that year, possesses _
an excellent little museum, housed in one of the rooms of the Literary Institute.
The Society now numbers about ninety members. Many of them have contributed
liberally to the museum, which, thanks chiefly to Mr. W. H. Hudleston, F.R.S.,
the president, and to Mr. S. Chadwick, is particularly rich in the geological and
mineralogical department. The fittings for the museum were provided by means
of special subscription. The Society has never looked back since its formation,
and its present condition is highly creditable to its working members.

RAINFALL FOR AUGUST 1884,

cS) Re HEAVIEST
Sei le ce TotaL FALt To Date. SINGLE Day’s
Seve ele a PAUL ag
sil GLa | eS ‘
rai ees) Wa Olt ascend ae
STATION & OBSERVER. |%m|] S56 | Sc i ons o © bo r= ;
‘So|/ MS |Aaq| 2 Soo | aaa a | 3
ORS hae Ay 4 rice is HH ie)
=e iS SA ra on © S > = Q
male | > & Pine ete >< <
an a ;
D H ; Feet.|Inches|/Days| Inches. |Inches.| No. | Years. {Inches
ERRINGHAM, HULL.) | 10! 1°62 12°68 | 14°1 1850-83 | 0°99 |3 Ist.
Wm. Lawton} 7 4°13 | 34 Oo on oe?
GooLEe.—John Harrison...| 25} 1°12} 4 | 13°20} — 9 | 1875-83 | 0°76 |3 1st.
SCARBOROUGH. — 1 | 430] 1° 6 | 13:94 | 16°85 | 18 | 1866-83 | 0°62 |11th.
Allan Rowntree j 3 34 3°94 5 3
BALDERSBY, THIRSK.—} | 499] 1° iol ronas ee — | 0°34 |2oth.
W. Gregson } 44 93
MasHamM.—Thos. Carter. .| 269] 1°62] 10 | 21°08} — | — — 0°39 |27th.
SHADWELL, LEEDS.— g Neel ye ne 28 lose
00 | 1'0 13°8 —- | — fe) 27th.
Geo. Paul 5 mah 2 Wo 3° |27

LEEDS.—The Museum ...| 183] 0°94 | 11 | 16°66 | 15°60] 30 {ree | 0°36 |3 Ist.

HORSFORTH.—James Fox | 350] 1°12 8 | 17°93 | 20°31 | 15 1870-84 0°40 |3Ist.

BARNSLEY.—Dr. Sadler...| 350] 1°83] 11 | 14°80] — 2 | 1882-83 | 0°64 |3 Ist.

WENTWORTH CASTLE. ) : ee als d : t.
Win ether 520] 1°84] Io | 2 | 1882-83 | 0°71 |3Is

INGBIRCHWORTH.— ‘ i et : “48 |o”th.
Nie ‘Rayloct 353] 1°36] 12 | 23°61 2 | 1882-83 | 0°48 |27

DALTON, HUDDERSFLD. ; ; : i : ;
TW. Robe 350| 1°33| 8 | 17°26 | 20°41 | 18 | 1866-83 | o°41 |3 1st

eee TAS eis ; ; fie : . h.
E.G.S. oe 365 | 1°64 10 | 23°80 2 | 1882-83 | 0°49 |27t

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n\n i it =z
MAE | / i i
10 ee aaa,
Hilk : Wi ine i
i i i 4 " i
i BB oan “AMUN

A

1)
Hie

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

AND

Mowe eA GIS CLARKE, F,L.S.,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Contents:

PAGE
Variation in European Lepidoptera.— IV. 7. de Vismes Kane, M.A., M.RJI.A. .. “Taw

A New Maritime Form of Wood Vetch
| (VICIA SYLVATICA V. CONDENSATA)— George C. Druce, F.L.S. Sa aEe RE eartois
| Capture of a Rudolphi’s Rorqual at Goole —Thomas Bunker .. a an SEOs
A Winter Visit to the Farne Islands—fev. H. H. Slater, JI.A., FZ. oe Ec. . oy sm SO
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point .. ne oF = bs zi ew 2
Mammalian Notes :— . 88

Black Rat at Newcastle— Thomas Southwell, BZ, Sc Albino. Mole. in Nidderdale—W.
Storey; Harvest Mice in captivity—G. W. Oldfield, M.A.

Ornithologica! Notes :— GS se eto:
Breeding of the Hawfinch in North Yorkshire— Zhomas Carter: ‘Occurrence of the
Barred Warbler on the Holderness Coast—Rev. H. H. Slater, M.A., F.Z.S.

Crustacean Note :— Me Le Si #3 i OS
Pasiphza Sivado at the mouth of the Dee—C. F. Fish.
Botanical Notes:— 86

Clematis Vitalba at “Ledsham, ‘Vorkshire—IV. Whitwell; Flora of the English Lake
District— ¥. Gilbert Baker, F.R.S., F.L.S.

Book Notices :— 94 ©
Grove’s Synopsis of Bacteria and Yeast Fungi; : " Harris on the Honey-bee; Sonnenschein’s s
Penny Handbooks, &c.

Notes and News Ss las ee Ae =i an eB a Os
Rainfall (Yorkshire and Mitts, Stations) 46

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ae.

-

counties :—Channel Isles, E. Cornwall, Devon, Wilts, Dorset, Isle of Wight, ©

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Hunts, Monmouth, Salop. Cheshire, W. Lancashire, Northumberland, Cumberland, ~~
Isle of Man, and any Scottish, Welsh, or Irish counties. Should be sent alive ~

in tin box. State desiderata in Shells, —W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Sunny Bank. Leeds.

h3

VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA.
By W. F. DE VISMES KANE, M.A., M.R.1A.,

Sloperton, Kingstown, Dublin; Member of the Entomological Society of London; &c.
(An Address delivered in connection with the Barnsley Naturalists’ Society’s
Exhibition, March, 1884.)

THE subject is one of great interest and very wide scope, and might
well occupy a lifetime of laborious scrutiny and observation. I hope
that I may be the means of opening new avenues of thought to some
whose field of study has been perhaps necessarily confined to our
British fauna, and even in a great degree to that of the portion of
the country in which they dwell. Not that I would presume for
a moment to undervalue or depreciate the results of the researches
of those whose intelligence and industry reflect such honour on the
various local societies throughout the country. I refer to that class
of observers whose occupations leave them scant opportunities for
natural history investigations; but it is the part of those who have
leisure, and the opportunities of travel, to supplement particular

observations by deduction, generalization, and analysis.

Thus it is that the schoolboy may take his share in the construc-
tion of the temple of science, and the hard-working artisan (as in the
case of the Scotch naturalist Edward, and others), as well as the busy
professional man, may recreate their energies, whether in the field or
the study, each striving in his way to extend our perception, and
widen our grasp of the infinite wisdom.and goodness of the Great
Creator.

My subject needs, in the first place, definition.

From one point of view there is no such thing as variation of
species ; since the most rigid and painstaking scrutiny of Nature leads
little by little, slowly but inevitably, it seems to me, to the conclusion
that there is no such thing as species, if we mean by the term a
primeval type which has permanent and unaltered persistence of
characteristics. But if we define a species to be a group, similar
among themselves throughout their life-history and sexual develop-
ment, with a common inherited characteristic difference in some stage
of that development from all other groups of individuals, we then
can fix upon types of sufficient permanence to render of great interest
all records of their variation, since such records will in many cases
eventually constitute the history of fresh species.

It is with regard to such alterations of characteristics, giving birth
to incipient species, that my remarks will apply; and I would point out
how valuable and accessible a field for study of natural phenomena
is presented by Entomology, offering as it does for examination a class

Nov. 1884. E

74 VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA.

of living organisms of comparatively high order, subject to triple
transformations, exposed to a wider range of complex natural external
conditions (by reason of their powers of migration by flight) than
most others, and far exceeding all in number and diversity of species.

Let us, in the first place, take a glance at some groups of Lepidop-
tera which challenge retrospective inquiry into their past history.

Every intelligent observer of Nature will, in process of time, be
brought face to face with the fact that there are, apparently, always
two controlling forces at work among living organisms. One is the
law of persistence (which is Darwin’s law of inheritance); the other,
the law of variation (which is Darwin’s law of divergence of character.)
The question which meets the observer on the threshold of his
investigations, is whether variations ever exceed the limits of species,
so that one type merges by impérceptibie gradations into another;
and if this be admitted as undeniable, then he has to consider
whether even generic distinctions form inexorable limits to variation.
The solution of these problems is to be sought in patient and
reverent investigation of the works of the Almighty, and not in dog-
matic speculation for or against any preconceived opinion. Now,
there are certain genera of Lepidoptera which, by the difficulty they
offer in the way of specific determination, seem to point to the con-
clusion that originally they have diverged from but one or two parent
stocks ; bearing, as they do, so close a family likeness. _

There is, for instance, the family of the Hesperiidze, or ‘Skippers,’
the most difficult group to study of all the European Rhopalocera.
In England there are but seven species, six of which belong to well-
characterised genera. But Alveolus, ‘the Grizzled Skipper,’ alone in
this country represents the genus Syvzcthus, comprising (to say
nothing of varieties) fifteen or sixteen European species, of uniform
black and white pattern, over whose distinctions the most celebrated
entomologists, past and present, have disagreed and wandered in a
labyrinth of chaotic synonyms. Boisduval writes, ‘ The confusion is
so great that it is much to be desired that no further species may be
described’; while Dr. Staudinger, in his Catalogue, enumerates no
less than six questionable synonyms and descriptions of one species
and its supposed varieties. When, therefore, the English collector
looks at our little chequered insect, he may be grateful that its
parents-in-law and a horde of blood relations were not introduced
with him into this island.

The next group I shall instance as bearing strong cumulative
evidence that what are now very distinct species were ancestrally
allied, is the genus Zredza, only two representatives of which, fortun-

Naturalist,

»! 4 f iy 4 4 f *
ee ee oem et as ed ae ee One Se ot

:

me

VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. 75

ately for British naturalists, are found in Great Britain. We have
here again, a group of numerous species (comprising no less than
twenty-nine European forms), coloured uniformly and monotonously
with brown, relieved by a fulvous band of eye-spots; and some of
these species are, moreover, very inconstant, both in the number and
intensity of their markings. On examination we can trace characters
running through five or six species, more or less modified until they
disappear. Compare, for instance, the median band on the under side
of the hind wing of 2. Zigea; a wavy streak of white reaching from
the costa to the centre of the wing, where it terminates in an angular
form, with the similar bands of £. Medea, E. Neoridas, and £.
Fiuryale: and note how &£. Medea and £. Neoridas retain, in most
specimens, a costal whitish trace, while in Z&. Zurya/e the terminal
whitish angle only is retained, and this only in occasional specimens.

Compare, too, a good series of Cenonympha Davus and its variety
Philoxenus (Rothliebi?) and intermediate aberrations, noting the
median band of the under surface of the hind wing and the eye-
markings sometimes completely absent, and sometimes most con-
spicuous ; compare such a series, I say, with one of C. Pamphilus.
Here, too, we have a median band, in England generally reduced to
a central patch, and no eye-markings, but on the Continent some-
times having a continuous band across the wing, suffused, it is true,
but explanatory of the patternless trace left in the English form,
and bearing eyes often well and distinctly delineated. C. Arcantus,
too, is as variable as C. Davus in the band of the hind wing, and is
linked with C. Satyrion by an intermediate forma Darwiniana, having
the upper side of one and the under side of the other. But I must
not weary you with examples. A remarkable phenomenon in,
shall I say, the history of species, is that occasionally all or most of
the insects of a wide district, though grouped under different genera,
are found to be stamped by some common peculiarity, such as that

notable configuration of wing found by Mr. Wallace to prevail among

the Pieridee and Papilionide of the Isle of Celebes; thirteen out of
fourteen of the latter, and ten of the former, having the costa of the
fore wing elbowed near the base, or the apex pointed and sometimes
hooked. Or, again, the striking prevalence of a white neuration of
the undersides of South Russian Rhopalocera: for instance, Lvebza
A fer, Triphysa Phryne, Satyrus Anthe, S. Autonoé, S. Hippolyte, and
LEpinephile Narica, belonging to four different genera. Such facts
seem to me strongly suggestive of similar peculiarities having had a
similar derivation.
I will now take up my subject proper.

76 VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA.

Variations from recognised types may be classed either as
temporary, though recurrent ; or persistent and hereditary. In the
former case they are named aberrations, and are chiefly remarkable
as indicating a latent tendency in the type to diverge in that particular
direction. These occasional aberrations, although recurrent from time
to time, cannot rank as varieties until they interbreed with each other,
which is, of course, impossible when the aberration is confined to
one sex (as in Avgynnis Paphia female ab. Valezina), and give rise to a
race inheriting their peculiar characteristics.

But when the divergence from the type grows persistent and
hereditary, it becomes a variety. And to know when it ceases to be
a variety, and constitutes a distinct species, we must introduce a
physiological test. So long as it is capable of fertile union with the
type, and of thereby producing a fruitful progeny, it remains a varia-
tion, while the question of determining which is the type and which
the variation must be left to entomological experts. Directly, how-
ever, such interbreeding ceases, or produces infertile ova—or sterile
hybrids—it has established itself as a species.

Having thus defined in a popular manner the arbitrary abstractions
which we call species, aberrations, and varieties, let us run over
briefly some of the chief phenomena of divergence observable among
the order Lepidoptera generally.

In the first place there is the simple variability of size, which 1s
I think, more frequently and most strikingly observable among the
Rhopalocera. One chief cause of this is doubtless the stint, or
unsuitable nature of their food when in the larval condition. All
who have bred specimens know this result of accidental or experi-
mental neglect. Climate acts in a like way when it stunts the
growth and luxuriance of the food-plant, either by an ungenial cold
and lack of sunshine, or, in hot countries, by parching the ground
and depriving the roots of moisture. We have this strikingly ex-
emplified in the dwarfed Alpine representatives of genera whose
species have different ranges of altitude. Compare the dwarf
Erebias, Asteria, Gorge, Mnestra, Tyndarus, ard Melampus; which
are confined to the higher Alpine altitudes, with their larger con-
geners of the lower levels; and place beside a Zycgna of Central
Europe, a specimen of the same species bred on an arid hillside of
France, Italy, or Greece, and you will see the same effect springing
from opposite influences. I have met with an interesting specimen
of Melitea Artemis, whose history is as follows :—In the county of
Clare, in the West of Ireland, a friend of mine went to visit a locality
on which, he was told, a ‘shower of worms’ had fallen. He assured
me that, on his approach, the road was black with small larve

Naturalist,

VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. TL Gf

migrating in search of food; and on his arrival at the fields in
question, they were black with a swarming carpet, waved into ridges
here and there where the insects were deeply massed together. This
imago is a survival of that vast host, having escaped the starvation
which overtook the larger number; and was caught the following
year at the place in question. It corresponds in size, though of not
quite so blanched a coloration, with the Alpine var. AZerope, whose
stunted food-plant and short summer has in lapse of ages affected
permanently its size and depth of colour, but not altered the drawing
of the pattern.

Climate has a decided tendency to influence coloration. As we
approach the Arctic circle, or ascend to the perpetual snow-line on
Alpine summits, we find among the Heterocera that the delineation
is accentuated, and the characteristic tones deepened ; while, on the
contrary, the Rhopalocera suffer in colour and distinctness of marking.
Take for instance the moths of Iceland, Finland, and North Russia ;
look at Crymodes Exulis, Pachnobta Alpina, Anarta Melanopa, and the
moths of Shetland, characterised by excess rather than diminution of
pattern ; and again the pale blurred A/e//tee and other Rhopalocera
of the same regions. And I cannot help here referring (when I am
speaking of this group) to the remarkable Alpine species, A/e/itea
Cynthia. ‘This insect, whose female is extremely similar to that of
M. Artemis, has in the male a considerable area of white, though it
retains the general pattern of 17. Artemis. I cannot help suspecting
that here we have a remarkable and extreme instance of the bleach-
ing influence which such climates produce very generally, and on
this group of butterflies in especial.

But on the other hand, as we travel southwards, we find the
colours of the Rhopalocera deepened and enriched: the orange of
Melitea Didyma in Germany becoming fiery red along the Mediter-
ranean littoral, and even varying on the northern and southern slopes of
the Alps. J. Artemis glows with the warmer tints of var. Provincialts,
Gonepteryx rhamuzi is replaced by the orange-flushed C/eopatra, while
their females are undistinguishable, and Anthocharis Cardamines by the
vivid Zuphenoides of Provence. White becomes replaced by metallic
lustre, as in the Cenonymphide and in the <Anthocharis group.
Among the Zycenide, too, the ocelli of Z. Lycitdas (Trapp), from ©
Switzerland, become illuminated with gold, giving the South European
form of LZ. Zephyrus (Frivaldsky). Climate, therefore, appears to me
to affect colour and pattern merely in intensity, rather than in
essential character.

The influence of food next demands our attention, and I am
afraid that I shall differ from many who by their practical experience
Novy. 1884. E2

78 VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA.

in rearing larve are perhaps more competent judges than myself, when
I state my disbelief that change of diet is generally so potential a
cause of aberration in the imago as many naturalists think. It may
perhaps be a remote cause of tendencies which by inheritance become
intensified into a decided character, but we have not many data to
goupon. Whocan say what other terrestrial conditions may not have
equal potency? There are, however, some species which show some
immediate results from a change of food, not only in the larva but
the imago; as is, I believe, the case with Abraxas Grossulariata.
And in some very variable species of Geometers, notable phenomena
present themselves occasionally. For instance, in the cabinet of the
Rev. Joseph Greene, there is a bred specimen of Cleora Lichenaria
which he fed on the well-known orange lichen of our walls, with the
result that the imago is variegated with orange blotches. But I
consider this and other instances which occur among such species as
display themselves with outstretched wings on walls and tree trunks
when at rest, are merely examples of the adoption of protective
colouring, assimilating the pattern to the object upon which the
insect is in the habit of resting, as, for instance, Hypsipetes Elutata
when found on heathery tracts, which loses the leaf green of the
sallow feeding type, and adopts a more protective colouring. Let
me commend to your study, too, the gradations of tone observable in
Gnophos Obscurata taken on chalk, limestone, clay, and darker soils,
as it deepens from the whitish grey ‘ Pullata’ to a sombre speckled
black. In such a case, have the mineral constituents of the soil
affected the insect indirectly through the medium of its food? or has
the obscure and mysterious law to which I have referred affected the
insect directly? With regard to experiments made to test the whole
question, I may be permitted to suggest that it is not likely that
polyphagous feeders such as Avctta caja, which is accustomed to a
varied diet, would be affected so much as those of more restricted
appetite. It seems to me, too, that the silkworm of commerce might
contribute to our stock of information on this subject. Domesticated
for centuries and fed on two different species of mulberry, and also
in this country on lettuce and other foliage, it would be interesting to
know whether its colour or pattern has changed. Already we
perceive that it seems to have lost the habit of flight in both sexes,
and in the lapse of time perhaps would become entirely apterous !
The colour of the silk is said to be affected by the use of certain
foliage, but I cannot vouch for the fact.

Lastly, excess of food seems more likely than variety to produce
divergence, if we are to judge from experiments made in other fields
of nature ; and it might be worth while trying the effect of rank and

Naturalist,

VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. 719

luxuriant foliage, and at the same time that of stunted and im-
poverished growth. ,

We now come to the consideration of those two controlling laws
which affect all natural organisations, whether vegetable or animal—
namely, those which control the transmittal of parental forms and
characteristics to their offspring. The first of these natural laws is
that of inheritance or persistence, and this is so all-powerful in some
species that we find their individuals identical in every part of the
world to: which they have spread. Vanessa Antiopa and Lithosia
pulchella are, I believe, cases in point.

But there is a second natural law which acts apparently in
antagonism to the former, and its operation is to effect some slight
alteration in each individual. And sometimes we find a large portion
of a group affected by a common tendency to vary in a similar
direction ; and this seems to point frequently only to a secondary
phase of operation of the first law, inasmuch as most of such cases
are merely evidences of a tendency to revert to some ancestral
peculiarity which had become effete. The Lyczenidz have in more
than one species a tendency for two or more spots on the under
surface of the fore wing to coalesce, and form a band or streak.
Several species and varieties of Folyommatus have the characteristic
copper colour shot with violet, which tendency has developed itself
permanently in P. Alciphron, etc. Among the Zygenide we find the
crimson varied by yellow, and of this we have extreme examples in
some local English aberrations of Z. /7lipendule, and Z. Trtfolzt, in
which the red is wholly supplanted by yellow. Several continental
species, Z. Mausta and Z. Carniolica, etc., have the crimson spots
encircled more or less deeply by yellow. Again, the purple which
tinges the under surface of the hind wing of several species of
Argyunis. varies in intensity occasionally, and it runs in different
degrees of strength through several species. Arg. Amathusia shows
_ the character in its fullest development, while it shades down through
A. Dia (Weaver's fritillary), 4. 770, ana A. Paphia into a mere trace,
while 4. Pandora, a species nearly related to 4. Papfia, has lost this
trait altogether. A remarkable aberration of 4A. Paphia was taken a
few years since at Pembroke, by Mr. Barrett, with the under surface
of the hind wing completely shot with purple, thus illustrating what
may be called a generic aberrant tendency. Darwin formulates these
phenomena thus :—‘ Distinct species present analogous variations, and
a variety of one species often assumes some of the characters of an
allied species, or reverts to some of the characters of an early
progenitor.’

Aberrations once having occurred, the law of heredity steps
Nov. 1884.

So VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA.

in and often secures its transmittal either permanently or inter-
mittently through successive generations, especially if the peculiarity
be of advantage. And since aberrations are sometimes dependent
on sexual causes, we find that an insect occasionally develops two
distinct forms of one sex, while the other remains constant to type.
This is what is termed ‘sexual dimorphism,’ and is familiar to
English lepidopterists in the case of the female ab. Valezina of
Argynnis Paphia. The normal female of 4. Paphza is always of a
more sombre colouring than the male. The form Vadezzna is there-
fore nothing but an extreme development of this sexual tendency.
On the Continent this aberration crops up occasionally, but I doubt
if it is anywhere found in any degree of abundance except in the New
Forest in England. The genus Colzas presents instances of female
dimorphism. The following species have occasional female forms of
bleached coloration :— C. Edusa ab. Helice, C. Paleno ab. Lapponzica, C.
Lrateab. Pallida. J will not, however, weary you with names, but refer
to the remarkable case of this sexual tendency presented by the exotic
Lapilio Memnon, as described by Wallace. The females of this insect
vary greatly, but may be divided into two groups—namely, those which
resemble the male in shape, and those which differ entirely from him
in having developed a large spoon-shaped tail on the hind wing, of
which no rudiment is visible in the ordinary type of either sex,
and in being also characterised by a distinct colour. That they
are all the offspring of the same form has been proved by their
having been all three bred from the same batch of eggs. The females
of several exotic Papilionidze develope similar phenomena under the
influence of mimicry, but I have not time to refer to examples.
Before I pass from the subject, I may remark that Darwin (‘Origin of
Species,’ ch. v., p. 150), speaking of secondary sexual characters,
remarks that these are more rarely found in the female than in the male,
which rule however, I do not think holds good in the order
Lepidoptera as in other fields of zoology.

But the phenomenon of Dimorphism occurs quite independently
of sex. Species occasionally throw off aberrations presenting peculiar
characteristics which recur from time to time. Such dimorphic
forms are to be met with in Tephrosia Biundularia and T: Crepuscu-
Jaria, mean the dark melanic variety with a pale marginal scalloped
line. The history of this variety, (for it has now become established)
we owe to the industry of Mr. Llewellyn, of Swansea, who has given
a detailed description of the experimental breeding of this form in
the Lxtomologists Monthly Magazine, vol. xvii. By mating a male
and female of this aberration, and continuing the process for five

years, he at length succeeded in breeding ninety-seven specimens
Naturalist,

VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. 8I

of this dark form of Zephrosza crepuscularia! Another year he bred
250 imagos from ova of this variety, but twenty of them reverted to
the pale type. We have here the history of a recurrent aberration
becoming established as a true variety ; which might, in process of
time, in favouring circumstances, become a species. The melanic
forms of Amphidasis betularia and Xylophasia Polyodon are, I think,
inconstant; but a very interesting and beautiful case of.local dimor-
phism occurs at Digne, in the Basses Alpes, where the abnormal form
Hfonnorata is occasionally procurable by rearing a large number of
the larve of Zhats Rumina. As this dimorphic form is merely
produced by extreme effusion of the normal crimson colouring, it is
likely enough to occur elsewhere. A most remarkable aberration has
been produced latterly in what I may call our now domesticated
insect Liparis dispar, an account of which has, I believe, appeared
in one of our Natural History magazines. It is almost unique in
affecting the contour of the wing, and not the colour and pattern.
In rearing a brood of ZL. dzspar it has been found that a considerable
number of the imagos emerge with a curious deformity in the hind
wing, and sometimes the fore wing also. ‘This consists of the loss of
a semicircular portion from the outer margin, forming a gap in the
continuity. When this affects only a single wing, or occurs irregularly
on more than one, it appears a mere monstrosity ; but specimens
also occur which have corresponding gaps in both hind wings. Now
if by interbreeding their disposition became regular, uniform, and
hereditary, we might have a very distinct species formed within the
lapse of a few years. The contour of the wings is so rarely modified
by variation, at least in temperate climates, that such a case as this
possesses more than ordinary interest.

There is another class of dimorphism which has been termed
seasonal dimorphism, and an extreme illustration of it is to be found
in the case of Vanessa Levana, and its summer representative,
V. Prorsa, which differs so greatly from the spring insect as to have
been formerly classed as a distinct species. And if the pupe of
V. Prorsa be subjected to a very low temperature, we are surprised by
the appearance of a third and intermediate form, ab. Porima. This
phenomenon in some cases may have given rise to varieties. For
instance, the familiar Bombyx qguercus, in countries where it is obliged —
to hibernate in the larval condition in consequence of short summer
seasons, appears as B. callune. Ephyra punctaria, Selenia tllunaria,
S. Zunaria, and others exhibit, more or less, this seasonal dimorphism.

I shall not detain you with many observations on the occurrence
of monstrosities, deformities, and hermaphroditism, as scarcely

coming within the scope of my paper. Hybrids seem to be irregular
Nov. 1884.

82 VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA.

attempts to accomplish ‘per saltum,’ and in a single generation, what
the laws of nature prescribe to be effected only step by step; that is,
the inauguration of a new species. ‘The penalty for such an infrac-
tion of her law is extinction, and accordingly hybrids are infertile.
Boisduval has remarked that though many of the Zygenide belonging
to closely allied species frequently couple unnaturally, yet that he
has invariably found the results of such unions are infertile, although
the ova of this genus are very easy to hatch; and this is the more
remarkable considering how many of these species are linked by
almost imperceptible gradations to each other.

Deformities in the imago seem to be usually the result of some
injury suffered in a previous condition of existence. Experiments
have been made by a Belgian entomologist by which it was found
that when a leg of the larva was cut off, the corresponding member ~
of the imago was wanting on emergence.

Hermaphroditism assumes two forms, and it would be interesting
to have a list collected of the species im which this remarkable
imperfection has shown itself. One form is that in which opposite
sides of the insect are of opposite sexes, and this gives rise to a very
monstrous appearance, especially when the sexes differ in size and
colour of wing, and in the pectination or filiform shape of the antenne. ©
The other form of hermaphroditism is when the sexual characters are
intermingled so that both sides partake equally of the diverse sexual
characters. The pretty Anthocharis Euphenoides is very subject to this
latter form.

And now, in closing my subject, I will refer to a few matters worthy
of attention, but which I have no time to discuss—namely, the general
influences of localities. Mr. Wollaston has stated that the proximity
of the sea influences the coloration of insects. The chalk formation
undoubtedly produces in some insects a very pale and blanched colora-
tion, and such aberrations I am inclined to regard as the effect of
mimicry in the adoption of a protective colouring. Some, again, hold
that soils strongly impregnated with minerals affect the local fauna ;
but all naturalists are agreed that the strongest developed variations are
to be found generally in places whose creatures are cut off from
intercommunication with the rest of their kind by mountains, vast
forests, the sea, or other natural barrier. Isolation no doubt begets
peculiarity, and in the remarkable series of Shetland insects taken by
Mr. McArthur we have interesting evidence of the fact.

I shall now sum up shortly the points I have brought before you.
Of the past history of species we can only reason from analogy ; but
on comparison of the species grouped together in one genus, the
student of classification cannot but be struck with many common

Naturalist,

VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA. 83

points of resemblance which would suggest that they are often nearly
related to one another—at least ancestrally. But such conclusions
must necessarily be merely speculative. We have firmer ground to
go upon, however, when we deal with the evolution of species at
present in progress. We find that this order of insects of which I
have been speaking is subject to many kinds of variation, some
attached to one sex only, others depending on the season of
emergence ; some which are constant and hereditary, and others
which are capricious and irregular in their appearance. Some, too,
there are which I have termed generic ; that is to say, that many species
of the same genus show a common tendency to vary alike in some
ore particular, and this tendency seems to point to their derivation
originally from a common stock. Whatever the exciting causes may
be of deviation from the typical pattern—whether climate, soil, quan-
tity or quality of food, we have seen that the law of heredity is of
paramount influence in developing variation so produced, and in
transmitting and stereotyping it, as is clearly shown by the results of
close breeding, as induced sometimes in nature by isolation, as in the
case of an island or an Alpine valley ; or artificially, as in the instance
already cited of the aberrant forms of Z. Crepuscularia and Liundu-
Jaria ; which, moreover, have become naturally permanent varieties, if
not species, I am given to understand, in a wood in the neighbour-
hood of Barnsley, where they have replaced the normal type. Of the
remote and primary causes of variation we as yet know little with any
certainty, except in the case of the presence or absence of sun-light,
and heat, which, without doubt, is most potent in the development
or degeneration of colour and distinctness of pattern, acting, as we
have seen, inversely in the case of the nocturnal and diurnal divisions
of Lepidoptera.

As to the effect of diversity of food, I have ventured to express
my belief that, with certain exceptions, its effect is not directly
apparent in individuals, though in common with other causes it may
eventually leave its impress on a race; but that its abundance or
scarcity acts powerfully on the size and vigour of the insect in
every stage is undeniable.

As to those strange topographical characters, two cases of which
I have brought under your notice, which a number of insects
peculiar to a particular district possess in common, although belong-
ing to different genera, I do not hazard a suggestion, unless that in
some way the law of mimicry, that most inexplicable of all natural
powers, has asserted itself.

I shall now close with a few practical remarks.

Nov. 1884.

84 VARIATION IN EUROPEAN LEPIDOPTERA.

Researches of the nature of those I refer to cannot be carried on
without the co-operation of a multitude of workers, and it is on this
account that I have ventured to suggest to you the necessity of a more
systematic collection of facts relating thereto. It is a great honour
to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union that so widespread an interest
in such pursuits is shown by artisans, tradesmen, professional men,
and others whose occupations leave them but little time for such
matters; but at the same time I am impressed by a conviction that in
this country generally, very few even of those who have time and
leisure, devote themselves to the scientific aspect of the question.
The collections I have been allowed to inspect in England are
beautifully complete in arrangement and setting; but with the excep-
tion of Mr. Bond’s and a few others, rarely has anything more been
attempted.

In countries which have a great diversity of climate, soil, and
elevation, especially such as have lofty mountains, the opportunities
and temptation to compare insects bred under different conditions
and in isolated regions is of course much greater. In Switzerland,
for instance, a butterfly will be found to range 1,000 or 1,500 feet
higher on the south side of an Alpine range than on the north ; and,
again, a variable species will be traced through every possible modifi-
cation of its characteristic, and present every link in the chain of its
divergence, within the limits of a comparatively small district.

But though the British Isles do not offer such extreme diversities
of local conditions, yet there exist quite sufficient to render the study
of this branch of science both interesting and productive, and I
therefore desire to urge the importance of carefully labelling each
specimen, even of common insects if prone to variation, with a
number or mark of reference, and of registering the date and the
locality of capture, and any other particulars known regarding its
life history. Of variable insects no limit ought to be put to the length
of series. It is very delightful to see a cabinet with an equal number
of every species, but I profess to you that my instincts rather rebel
against a rigid and purposeless uniformity. I am not greedy to
possess a long series of a rare insect, supposing the specimens to be
identical ; while on the other hand I consider any limit to be objec-
tionable as to the number of some changeable forms. But in any
case specimens without records are useless for scientific purposes.
These remarks are so obvious that I must apologise for making
them; but I think their necessity would be understood on seeing
some Continental collections, with whole drawers given up to the
history of the variations of perhaps a single species.

Naturalist,

85

A NEW MARITIME FORM OF WOOD VETCH:
Vicia sylvatica L. var. condensata.

By CUG DRUCE. F.L:S.,
Oxford.

On the shingly shore of Wigtonshire, between Port William and
Monreith Bay, occurred in considerable quantity a peculiar variety
of Vicia sylvatica. ‘The plants first seen were barren, and at a short
distance appeared to be V. Orobus, but closer examination showed it
not to be that plant, nor was it till later on, when it was seen in flower
and fruit, that its connexion with sy/vatica was made out ; so different
in habit was the plant. Careful examination revealed enough
structural difference to render it worthy of varietai distinction,
although the shingly soil and maritime situation necessarily have
been the agents in causing the changed appearance. ‘There seems to
be no notice of a maritime variety of V. sy/va¢zcain our own or continental
floras. In ‘Topographical Botany’ VM sylvatica is recorded for
Wigtonshire, on the authority of Mr. Macnab; but I do not know
whether this refers to the maritime or the sylvestral plant. The latter
I did not see in the county.

The difference in habit is very striking; instead of the large,
climbing, plant with thin almost pellucid leaves and lax racemes of pale
flowers, this occurred in dense, prostrate masses about two feet across,
with densely massed flowers and subcoriaceous leaves, rigid in outline
and frequently glaucous, while the flowers, although delicately
pencilled with purplish violet, were themselves suffused with a light
purplish brown and smaller than the typical plant.

Beneath are contrasted the opposing characters of the type and
variety.

V. sylvatica.

Stem long, weak, climbing, or
trailing.

Leaves with 6-10 pairs of thin,
rather distant, oval or broadly
elliptical leaflets rounded or trun-
cate and mucronate at apex.

Peduncles with 5-18 flowers in
a /ax unilateral raceme.

Pedicels as long as the calyx
tube.

Calyx semi-membranous.

Calyx teeth slightly unequal
triangular subulate.

Peduncles 2-7 inches long.
Nov. 1884.

V. condensata.

Stem short, rather rigid, pros-
trate.

Leaves with 6-7 pairs of
subcoriaceous, crowded leaflets,
truncate and mucronate at apex.
Glabrousand frequently glaucous,

Peduncles with 4-14 flowers
in a dense unilateral raceme.

Pedicels slightly shorter than
calyx tube.

Calyxgreenand firm in texture.

Calyx teeth abruptly narrowed
into unequal subulate teeth.

Peduncles 2-3 inches long.

86 BOTANICAL NOTES.

Flowers # inch long; white, Flowers 4 inch long ; whitish,
veined with lilac. suffused with purplish brown,
sometimes fading into bluish
grey, but never of the clear tint

of type.

BOTANICAL NOTES.

Clematis Vitalba at Ledsham,.—I notice that in the report of the
Sherburn meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, in the July (1884) number of
the ‘ Naturalist,’ it is stated that ‘at Ledsham was found a newstation for Clematis
Vitalba.’ To prevent possible future misapprehension allow me to say that I have
known the station in question for seven years, and was naturally at first inclined to
consider that to find Clematis there was a matter worth noting. The wise
scepticism of my friend Mr. Arnold Lees kept me back, however, from reporting it,
and in the end I traced that the plant was a stray one from the Rectory grounds.
A splendid mass of the wild Clematis grows in front of the Rectory: when and
whence introduced I donotknow. (I have found the same plant similarly cultivated
in a garden at Airton.) From this as parent, numberless seedlings have sprung
up about the Rectory grounds—some of them approaching the roadside. It is
simply one of these stragglers which has been observed and recorded in- the
notes of the meeting.

I may add that along a small plantation at the side of the Rectory shrubberies
Doronicum pardahanches has been naturalised in great profusion. Many thousands
of the bright yellow fiowers make the wood gay in summer. Its introduction there
seems to be of old date: I could not by any inquiry hear of a time when the plant
was unknown.—WILLIAM WHITWELL, Skipton-in-Craven, Sept. 17th, 1884.

Flora of the English Lake District.—It is somewhat remarkable
that for a region so well known and so much visited by tourists a flora has not
been written long ago. About 900 species of flowering plants and vascuiar
cryptogams occur amongst the lakes as natives, colonists, or denizens, and at
least 100 more have been noticed as casual introductions. In the Lake district
four out of the six zones of temperature, into which Watson divides Britain, are
represented. The following table will show how the Lake flora stands as com-
pared with that of Britain as a whole, and of the north-eastern counties :—

Infer Mid Super Infer Mid Super

Agrarian.|Agrarian.|Agrarian.| Arctic. | Arctic. | Arctic. Total.
Brainy vies 8 eos AZZ Sela O.O 760 293 244 igh Oy izle
Nori eVorkshire sy ses\aeee 948 413 126 oe oe 992
mabavoamctnese 920 418 108 “A Le 935
Wakenis trict) (sen ea-e|a steer 859 301 125 28 506 893

- eS

Many of the local residents have a belief that the little inn at the top of
Kirkstone Pass, to which there is a steep pull-off by the coach road from Amble- |
side or Bowness, is the highest inhabited house in England. This is quite a
delusion, as there are many houses on the Pennine Chain from 300 to 500 feet
higher (the Kirkstone Inn is a shade under 500 yards above sea-level), and there
is a whole village at the head of Allendale (Coal Clough) that stands at an
elevation of from 1,650 to 1,900 feet above sea-level. At the Lakes there is very
little cultivation above the Mid-agrarian zone, and much less variety of surface over
1,000 feet than in the eastern counties, so that, as the foregoing table shows, the
flora is materially smaller. On the mountain summits over 2,700 feet, only 28
plants are known to occur.—J. GILBERT BAKER, Kew, August 12th, 1884.

Naturalist,

87

CAPTURE OF A RUDOLPHI’S RORQUAL
(Balzenoptera borealis) AT GOOLE.
By THOMAS BUNKER,
President of the Goole Scientific Society.

On the evening of Friday, the 5th September, a large Cetacean
was noticed in the river Ouse by several persons, including the crew
of a steam tug, who were alarmed by it coming to the surface under
one of the paddle-boxes. Some time after high-water it was seen at
the entrance of the Barge Lock, apparently endeavouring to escape
from the muddy water of the river. The gates were speedily opened,
the animal actually butting at them; as soon as it was inside the
gates were again closed, and it was fairly trapped. A crowd soon
collected, and a very exciting scene took place. As often as the .
poor animal rose to blow, boat-hooks and other weapons were freely
used. Its struggles were fearful to witness; it sometimes raised
itself almost on end, its head being ten feet out of water. When
dead it was brought to the surface, and lashed to an empty compartt-
ment-boat ; and the next day lifted out of water by a large crane,
weighed, and measured. The weight was nearly 9} tons;
the measurements as follows—length, 32 ft. 6 in.; greatest girth,
Paiteome least, 4 te: height at the flippers, *4 ft. 8 in:s length of
flippers, 4 ft. 1 in.; length of dorsal fin, 2 ft. 4 in.; distance of dorsal
fin from fork of tail, 9 ff. 3 in.; distance from tip to tip of tail,
7 ft. 2 in.; breadth of blade of tail, 2 ft. 8 in.; distance from blow-
holes to end of jaw, 4 ft. 5 in.; eye, situated near the angle of the
mouth, to end of jaw, 5 ft. 6 in.; exposed portion of eyeball, 3 in.
The following distinguishing marks as given by Mr. Thos.
Southwell in one of his papers were present :—colour on back black,
on the under parts white, the belly and throat were plaited for half
the length of the animal, the flippers black, dorsal fin distinct, whale-
bone short (from two or three inches at each end of the jaw to fifteen at

_ the centre), the roof of the mouth having the appearance of a woolly

lining from the numerous filaments of the baleen.

As the smell on Sunday was very offensive, the body was
punctured ; and on Monday the blubber, varying in thickness from
3 to 7 1n., was stripped off, the flesh and offal removed, and the bones
deposited in a warehouse.

Mr. T. Birks, jun., corresponded with Mr. Southwell, who
expressed his opinion that the animal was a specimen of Balenoptera
borealis Less., and at his kind suggestion an offer was made by Dr.
Gunther of the British Museum to send an agent to examine the
bones. This gentleman visited Goole on the 18th inst., satisfied
Nov. 1884.

88 MAMMALIAN NOTES.

himself that Mr. Southwell’s opinion was correct, and purchased the
bones and baleen for £25, which sum was handed to the committee
of the Sailors’ Institute.

The species appears to be some rare, or at all events it has
not often been satisfactorily determined. It is therefore a most
interesting addition to the recorded fauna of Yorkshire ; and the only
other county on the east coast of England for which its occurrence
has hitherto been recorded is Essex.

MAMMALIAN NOTES.

Black Rat (Mus rattus) at Newcastle.— On the ist August last,
through the kindness of Mr. John Henry Gurney of Northrepps Hall, I had the
opportunity of examining a specimen of A/us rattus which had been sent to him
from Newcastle-on-Tyne. Mr. Gurney’s correspondent, who is engaged in a large
engineering establishment on the Tyne, spoke of the rat sent as one of a race of
rats which had established themselves in their works ; from this I imagine their
appearance there is of recent date. As it may interest your readers, I append some
of the principal measurements of the Newcastle SPBLNeS :—Total length, 1358; in.;
head and body, 6,3; in.; tail, 74% in.; head only, 1% in.; ears, 34 in. long;
in. wide. Fur long and sooty black, the head long and pointed, the lower jaw
much shorter than the upper, the ears rounded and having the appearance of being
very large, the feet slender, and their soles conspicuously tuberculated. Although
M. rattus is known to occur at Stockton, from which town I have received speci-
mens, Messrs. Mennell and Perkins (Mam. Northumberland and Durham) do not
speak of its occurrence at Newcastle, where it could hardly have escaped notice
had it been present any length of time; it seems likely, therefore, that this is
another instance of that strange recurrence of individuals of a species long since
regarded as extinct in that locality, by which we are sometimes almost startled
(as instance the recent appearance of the Wild Cat in Lincolnshire), or it may
‘have been introduced by foreign shipping. A much more likely species to be
introduced by shipping is JZus alexandrinus, which I think is probably sometimes
mistaken for J/. rattus; it may, however, at once be detected by its greater
proportionate length of tail—T. SOUTHWELL, Norwich, 25th September, 1884.

Albino Mole in Nidderdale.—Mr. Christopher Beck, of Brimham,
has now in his possession a perfectly white specimen of the Mole ( 7a/pa europea),
stuffed, which was taken at that place some time ago.— WILLIAM STOREY, Pateley
Bridge, September roth, 1884.

Harvest-mice in captivity.—I have had for the last three months
some Harvest-mice (Jus messorius) in confinement, which came from the neigh-
bourhood of Beccles. They are wonderfully active, not to say restless, in their
movements, and are rarely in their sleeping compartments (of which there are
three). Their great amusement is working the wheel in the centre of their cage, and
it is almost perpetually in motion; they appear, however, to have a habit of retiring
to their sleeping quarters from about noon until three p.m. each day. I find they
eat canary and millet seed readily, the latter they seem decidedly to prefer ; they
are very fond of a piece of watercress. and thoroughly enjoy grubbing about in a
tuft of grass. They are also fond of bread and milk. When I first had them their
colour was of a brownish red, but it has gradually increased in orange tint, and is
now of a bright orange or fawn colour, the underside being pure white. As men-
tioned by Mr. G. T. Rope (Zoologest, viii. 59), the likeness to Aus Decumanus on
a small scale is very striking ; the ears, unlike those of Mzs Musculus, are small,
and lie close to the head, scarcely projecting beyond the fur.—GEoRGE W.
OLDFIELD, London, July 14th,.1884.

Naturalist,

-
a
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:

89

A WINTER VISIT TO THE FARNE ISLANDS.

By THE Rev. H. H. SLATER, M.A,, F.Z.S.,
Irchester, Wellingborough; Member of the British Ornithologists Union.
Some few years ago I was in the habit of paying one or more visits
of a few days to Bamborough every winter, and the following is a
record of a day’s experiences on one of these occasions. Four of us
—of whom the others shall be hereinafter designated as E., W., and
M.—left Mrs. Henry’s comfortable little inn at Bamborough (Mrs.
Henry has now, alas! ‘gone over to the majority’) at the extremely
inconvenient hour of 3 a.m., for North Sunderland, where we intended
to take boat for the Islands. Though we had sent word the day
before of our intentions, we found the whole village asleep on our
arrival, but as we had come this time an hour before we wanted to
start, having had a similar experience on a previous occasion, we
managed to get off in good time to be concealed safely on the
Meg-Stone before dawn.

The Meg-Stone, as all who have visited the Farnes will remember,
is the smallest of the islands and the nearest in shore, and, being
almost invisible at high tide, is the one where the old phrase, ‘exitium
est avidis’ (or, let us say, ‘infaustis’) ‘mare nautis, is oftenest and
most fatally exemplified.

No incidents occurred on our outward voyage, except that a
string of wild geese passed, ‘hawnking’ loudly, over our heads, and
that one of the party, a black spaniel, showed unmistakable
symptoms of ‘mal-de-mer.’

As soon as certain light streaks in the east heralded the advent of
the rosy-fingered Aurora, as Virgil or some other penny-a-liner might
say, we were aware of the voices of passing ducks, and other birds,
who had been feeding during the night on shore, and, hidden in our
clefts of rock, we waited for events to develope. The boat was
lying concealed in a little creek, so as to be ready to pick up any

_ dead birds which might fall in the sea, an excellent purpose which

events unfortunately frustrated. Cormorants and other birds began
to pass over us, and I heard several shots fired, and at last saw three
ducks coming straight to me, nice and low down, of whom two fell in
the sea about thirty yards from me. Next to appear was an adult
drake Eider, whom I wanted, and who collapsed almost upon the two
other dead ducks. It was now almost daylight, and as there seemed
to be a lull in the proceedings, I thought I might as well get the
boat to gather my three victims, whom I had been contemplating

with satisfaction. To my annoyance, I caught sight of it some dis-

tance away, with M. in the bows, firing vigorously from his ‘bow
chaser.’ So I could only go to cover again, and watch my three
Nov. 1884.

go A WINTER VISIT TO THE FARNE ISLANDS.

ducks float off with the tide. Shortly, another duck came straight
over my head, at whom I fired both barrels, but without effect, owing,
perhaps, to my state of indignation against M.; I tried to think so.
Yet another, who falls close to the water’s edge. The young spaniel,
who had never seen the sea before, and could not understand why
water should rise up in waves, apparently without reason, and hit him
in the face, declined, though a good retriever on land, to bring the
duck, so watching an opportunity I made a rush between two waves,
and thanks to a pair of fishing waders, retrieved without wetting, a
female or young male Eider. Nothing further occurring, I joined E.
and W., who had also lost birds through the absence of the boat, and
we made signals of distress. After a while, back came M. in the boat,
leisurely, benignly smiling the smile of victory, and displayed an old
Cormorant, which he had wounded and after a long chase, and a
liberal expenditure of ammunition, secured. He seemed surprised
at our want of enthusiasm, as we addressed him, more in sorrow than
anger, and we went to look for our dead, but without success, as they
had had nearly an hour’s start on a fast tide.

We then went on our way to visit the other islands, securing as
we went a young Gannet in the black and white spotted plumage, for
a specimen. A course of recriminations, however, seemed in some
degree to have ‘put out,’ metaphorically speaking, the ‘eye’ of the
party, and two Golden-eyes (one an adult drake), and a couple of Wild
Ducks, which we flushed on the islands, and which ought to have
been added to the bag, escaped scatheless. A few good specimens
of Purple Sandpipers in winter plumage and a Turnstone were
collected, and Dunlin and Redshanks seen, and M., a young but
ardent sportsman, was with difficulty restrained from slaying more
Cormorants and various Gulls.. For we made it a rule to take no life,
except for food, or for a needed specimen, and might have made an
exception to the latter in the case of a rare accidental visitor. Would
that all who visit these islands would show a little humanity now
and then! For who has not heard of the steamer-loads of so-called
sportsmen who leave the Tyne every autumn for the Farnes, and who
destroy, with a platoon fire, every unfortunate bird that comes within
range, without so much as taking the trouble to pick up the fallen,
or even to put the wounded out of their misery? However, an
association has been formed to put an end to this barbarity, to
which we will wish all success.

Washing out my mouth (metaphorically, again), after this unsavoury
digression, I will only add that we visited all the islands, without
seeing anything but Gannets, Guillemots, &c., so we turned to come
back to North Sunderland. Passing the Inner Farne we saw at a

Naturalist,

CC

ee ee ee ee ee ee, ee ee

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES. Ql

distance a number of birds diving and swimming after the manner of
Grebes; so we approached. Several shots were fired at one of them,
but without success, as it dived whenever we got within sixty yards,
as well as every time we fired, and the motion of our boat caused the
shot to go anywhere, occasionally, but where we meant to send it.
But by the free use of wire cartridges, and sticking to the same
individual, one was at length secured. Hurrah! A young Red-
necked Grebe, ‘Thinking there might be an adult in the party, we
picked out the whitest looking survivor, and gave chase, and after
a variety of futile shots, fired as soon as the bird came to the surface—
and affording a considerable amount of excitement, as no one could
tell in what direction the bird would appear next—a shot took effect
in the head, and an adult Red-necked Grebe was brought on board, still
retaining a good deal of the chestnut colour of the summer plumage
on the neck. We left the remainder of the party to their enjoyment,
and reached North Sunderland without further adventure.

We then tramped back to Bamborough, with the appetites
usually begotten of such expeditions, and the old ‘skart,’ shortly to
be made into a skeleton, was unanimously, except so far as he was
concerned, ceded to M. to carry. How Mrs. Henry managed to
board us at the price she did, was always a mystery to me!

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Breeding of the Hawfinch in North Yorkshire.—On the 22nd
of May last, my brother found here a nest of the Hawfinch (Coccothraustes vulgaris).
It was built about seven feet from the ground, ina hawthorn bush, by the river-side.
The foundation was of twigs, and the lining of roots; but the whole fabric was so
loosely put together that, as we stood beneath it, we could see the eggs, which
were five in number, through the nest. The hen bird was sitting on the eggs when
the nest was found, and was very unwilling to leave it. When she came off, she
was joined by the male bird, and both flew round for some time, seeming much
agitated, the boldly marked plumage of the latter showing to great advantage in
the bright sunlight. In the same bush, and only about three feet from this nest,
was another similarly constructed, and from which a young brood had evidently
been fledged last year. Doubtless it was the family from this nest which helped
themselves so freely to our green peas in July, 1883. So many pods were robbed
of their contents, that we threw nets over the rows, and the following day found
a young male Hawfinch entangled in the meshes, after which the birds paid us no
more visits. Some years since an adult male Hawfinch was captured in a similar
manner in the kitchen garden at Swinton Park.—THOoMaS CARTER, Burton
House, Masham, September 2nd, 1884.

Occurrence of the Barred Warbler (Sylvia Nisoria) on the
Coast of Holderness.—On the 28th of August, I obtained a young female
of this bird, the first specimen recorded from Yorkshire, and only the second from
Great Britain. I took it, when alive, for an exceptionally brilliant Garden
Warbler. It is in a very interesting state of plumage and considerably more adult
than the very young bird figured in Dresser’s ‘ Birds of Europe’ (plate 68). The
wings and tail are exactly those of an adult female, the back is plain light grey, the
feathers of the rump and upper tail-coverts only being tipped with white, the
under parts are of a greyish white, but in certain lights faint traces of dark bars
are visible on the flanks ; the under tail-coverts are as in adults, darkish grey with
white margins. The bill is very strong and heavy for S. Misoria.—HENRY H.
SLATER, Irchester, Oct. 20th, 1884.

Nov. 1884.

Q2

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT SPURN POINT,

The closing excursion of the present year, held on Wednesday the 3rd of Sep-
tember, devoted to the examination of the Yorkshire Land’s End, was a very
successful one. The weather was all that could be desired, fine, bright, and sunny,
and the sea remarkably smooth and favourable for landing. About seventy mem-
bers and friends were present, representative of sixteen societies, viz.:—Dewsbury,
Driffield, York, Goole, Leeds (3), Selby, Hull, Scarborough, Liversedge, Barnsley,
Sheffield, and Bradford (3). The excursion was made by steamer from Grimsby ;
Spurn was reached at about noon, and the excursionists had about three hours on
shore. Tea was served on board the steamer during the return journey, and the
usual formal meetings were not held, as time did not permit of it. The officers or
representative members, however, busied themselves in collecting information con-
cerning the day’s investigations, and this amply compensated for the want of
formality. The following are the chief results as so collected :—

Mr. John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., the president of the Vertebrate Section, who
had collected the observations made upon that class of animals, stated that of the
mammalia had been noticed 2, the Common Shrew (Sorex vulgaris), and the
Hedgehog (Zvimaceus Europeus), of which one dead and another alive were seen
near the Point by Rev. H. H. Slater. The birds seen during the day were the
Wheatear, Willow-Wren, Sedge-Warbler, Nightjar or Fern-Owl, Curlew, Whim-
brel, Sanderling, Turnstone, Knot, Great Black-backed Gull, Lesser Black-backed
Gull, Herring Gull, Black-headed Gull, Kittiwake, Common Gull, Arctic Tern, Com-
mon Tern, Lesser Tern, and Cormorant—1Ig species. ‘The only reptile seen was
the Lizard (Zootoca vivipara), which is so abundant upon the sand-hills, and which
is often mistaken for the true Sand Lizard. The Rev. H.H. Slater, M.A., F.Z.S.,
who had been staying for the previous fortnight in the district, stated that he
observed among other species the following :—Rose-coloured Pastor, Wood-Sand-
piper, Greenshank, Grey Plover, Knot, Sanderling, and Dunlin—the last-named
four in summer plumage.

The Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., of York, president of the Conchological Section,
states that the sand-hills produced felzx aspersa and H. nemoralis. Heaps of
fragments of the latter occurred near stones, against which they had been broken
by birds. el:x virgata (erroneously stated as being most abundant in the circular of
the meeting), was not observed, but 4. caperata swarmed under stones, together with
its pretty variety ornata. Pupa marginata was found in some numbers at the roots
of grass, and Vztrina pellucida in damp places, as also was Zua lubrica. Mr. R. D.
Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., of Manchester, found a single specimen of Vertigo
edentula. Of marine shells, Mr. Hey noticed Aydrobia ulve on the mud-flats of
the estuary, and Lzttorina littorea and Chiton marginatus on stones between tide-
marks. TZellina solidula, Purpura lapillus, Buccinum undatum, and Trophon
truncatus were observed on the beach.

The observations in Entomology were made by Messrs. J. H. Rowntree of
Scarborough, George Rose of Barnsley, R. W. Rusby of Leeds, Edward
Howgate, junr. of Dewsbury, and other members. The first-named of these
gentlemen, who acted as reporter in the absence of the officers of the Section,
stated that in lepidoptera were observed Vanessa Atalanta, V. urtica, V. cardut,
Lycena Alexis, Agrotis tritici, Plusia Gamma, Fterophorus plerodactylus and
Stenopteryx hybridalis, the latter of which is a not uncommon coast species. The
larvee of Agrotis riparia were plentiful, feeding on the Saltwort (Sa/sola Kal), and
those of Preris brassice and Macroglossa stellatarum were also taken.

Of other orders of insects, Mr. C. F. George, of Kirton Lindsey, took some
beetles, which were afterwards named as Broscus Cephalotes and A giaha
arenaria, and a sand-wasp in some abundance, determined by Mr. E. Saunders as
Pompilus plumbeus. Mr. George also found under a stone several specimens of a
mite (Bdella hexophthalma) which does not appear to have been hitherto recorded
as British. There is a good figure of it in Walckenaer’s ‘Apteres.’

Marine and littoral forms of life were investigated by various members. Mr.
W. Barwell Turner, F.C.S., F.R.M.S., of Leeds stated that of sea-weeds none ~
were found rooted, all washed ashore; those gathered included Delessaria samguinea,

Naturalist,

CRUSTACEAN NOTE. 93

D. alata, Ceramium rubrum, C. echinatum, Ulva latissima, U. linya, Fucus
vesiculosus, F. serratus, F. ceranoides, Griffithsia setacea, Chrysimenia clavellosa,
Laminaria digitata, L. saccharina, Cladophora rupestris, and many others as yet
undetermined. Of marine Polyzoa were noticed Z7ubulipora patina, Diastopora
obelia, Crisia aculeata, Crisidia cornuta, Gemellaria loricata, Flustra foliacea, F.
chartacea, Carbasea papyrea, Membranipora pilosa, M. membranacea, Cellipora
pumicosa, Amathia lendigera and many others not vet worked out. Of hydroid
zoophytes there were Campanularia serpens (?), Plumularia falcata, P. cristata,
Antennaria antennina, Sertularia abtetina, S. filicina, S. operculata, and Halecium
halecinum, while of sponges were observed Grantia pulverulenta, Spongia limbata,
Halichondria ramosa, and #. panicea. Mr. Turner remarks, in sending these
notes, that Spurn requires a week’s hard work.

Mr. P. F. Lee, of Dewsbury, Phanerogamic Secretary for the Botanical
Section, reports, that considering the limited time (about three hours) spent at the
Point, and also taking into account the very small area worked, a fairly good pro-
portion of the sea-side flora was observed. On the shingle of the river’s beach,
the Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima) and the Saltwort (Sa/sola Kal) were growing in
abundance. The sandy dunes between this and the ocean, all mantled, and at
the same time kept intact by the maritime form of the tall Fescue-grass (Festuca
arundinacea), the Mat-grass (Psamma arenaria), the Lyme grass (Zlymus
arenarius), and the Sea-sedge (Carex arenaria), though much trodden down by
the weekly tide of excursionists from Grimsby, yielded us other good plants,
viz.:—the Sea-Holly (A7ynugium maritimum), a young specimen of Sweet Briar
delightfully scented (Rosa rubiginosa), Musky Stork’s-bill (Zvodium moschatum),
Sea Wormwood (Artemisia maritima), Spiny Rest-harrow (Oxozzs spinosa), and
the rare Sea Buckthorn, a shining silvery willow-like shrub (zppophaé rhamnoides,
in fine fruit, and well able to hold its own with its strong array of prickles, against
the wanton destroyer. The Rev. H. H. Slater as guide, anxious too for the
botanists to see a patch of Dodder he had discovered a day or two before, was leading
them on to the charmed ground, when lo! one of the Dewsbury lady-botanists
startled us by shouting out ‘ Dodder "there, sure enough, was another great patch of
that fascinating but deadly parasite. It proved to be the var. Cuscuta trifol, a form
of C. Epithymum, which, according to Sir J. D. Hooker, does not seem entitled
even to sub-specific rank, being so similar to the type, and parasitic on other plants
as well as those of the Clover family. This one was on Lotus corniculatus, and
creeping over Galium verum. Nearer the sea-coast were gathered specimens of
the Jointed Glass-wort (Sa/icornia herbacea), Sea Star-wort (Aster Tripolium), Sea-
blite (Sweda maritima), the Sea Milk-wort (Glaux maritima), while on other parts
of the sand-hills were the Yellow-wort (Chlora perfoliata), the Red Goose-foot
(Chenopodium rubrum), the sea-side Bindweed (Convolvulus Soldanella), and the
Oraches—Atriplex patula, sub-sp. Labingtoni, and A. laciniata.

The members of the Geological Section present were not very numerous but
made up for this by dint of hard work in the time at their disposal. Specimens of
encrinital limestone, some gneiss, black Scandinavian flints, liassic fossils, silurian
schist, corals, a fragment of what was judged to be old red conglomerate, granite,
_ trap, &c. were picked up on the shingle by Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., of Leeds,
and his companions—and submitted to the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., one of the
secretaries of the Section. —W.D.R.

Pasiphea Sivado.—While dredging at the mouth of the Dee this summer,
we took two fine specimens of Pasiphea Szvado, which are now in our Natural
Science Society’s Museum. As far as we know this crustacean has not been taken
before on the North Wales or Cheshire Coasts. Bell, in his ‘Stalked-eyed
Crustacea,’ speaks of it as rare in the British seas, but as the book is rather old,
I should be glad to hear whether any readers of the Vatwrafst have met with it in
their dredging expeditions. It at once attracts attention in the dredge by its
beautiful transparent appearance, which becomes of an opaque white when placed
in spirits, and it is otherwise easily distinguished from Shrimps and Prawns from
the fact that the first two pairs of legs are of the same length and thickness.—
C. F. Fisu, Chester, Oct. 21st, 1884.

Nov. 1884.

Me
BOOK NOTICES.

‘Synopsis of the Bacteria and Yeast Fungi.’—By W.B. Grove, B.A.
(London: 1884, Chatto and Windus. )

Professor Cohn’s group Schizophytze includes Phycochromaceze and Schizo-
mycetes ; to this union the author dissents on the ground of important physiological
differences, the most noteworthy of which depends on the presence of chlorophyll
in the former, while in the latter it is entirely wanting. Morphologically the two
groups closely agree—so much so that, to prove the preconceived idea of their dis-
tinctness, a physiological character, the result of the diverse conditions under
which they exist, is acknowledged as the crucial test. In Phanerogams achloro-
phyllose plants abound, but morphological agreement with chlorophyllose forms is
considered sufficient to justify both being included in the same family, as in the
Scrophulariaceze. Is this a mistake, or is it consistent with science to accept both
views? Professor Wright, in a paper on anew species of Parasitic Green Alga
(Trans. Royal Irish Acad., vol. xxv., pt. vii., 1878), describing a new parasitic
green alga—Chlorochytrium Cohnii—states that it usually contains bright green
chlorophyll, and is thus enabled to support itself by the deoxidation of carbonic
dioxide; but sometimes transitional forms occur, leading up to individuals entirely
destitute of chlorophyll. These latter, according to accepted ideas, require organic
food, and are, both from a morphological and physiological view, true fungi.
Dr. Wright accounts for the parasitism of the green alga, which is met with in the
thallus of various species of Schzzonema, by supposing it to be descended from a
fungus, which, owing to the differentiation of a portion of its protoplasm into
chlorophyll, is rendered independent of organic food, still retaining the original
habitat, the colourless form being a retrogression to the primitive type. Without
for a moment insisting that, because this transmutation has been observed in a
single plant, it necessarily follows that it must be universal; yet we believe that
it does not tend to strengthen the value of chlorophyll as a distinction between
Fungiand Algz. The definition of a species, even among the higher forms of life,
is no easy matter, yet the student of a special group must, we presume, have—at
least for the time being—a more or less settled idea on that subject, to enable him
to proceed with systematic and morphological investigations. What Mr. Grove’s
idea is on this point we have failed to discover. On page 4, after stating his
opinion that the number of species is far smaller than Cohn’s classification would
lead one to judge, says, ‘or many of these species are very probably only forms
which have been differentiated by the influence of various external agencies, and
have become more or less constant.’ On page 78, after stating Nageli’s assertion
that there were no real species among the Schizomycetes, we read:—‘ Much of the
disputation on this topic of ‘‘species”’ arises from the fact that many persons can-
not readily conceive a species in the new light which the Darwinian theory has
thrown upon it. There can be no doubt that new species not only may, but
actually must, be making at the present moment.’ And, finally, to illustrate the rapid
progress made by the author on the subject of the evolution of species since writing
page 4, on page 79 he states:—‘It follows that we must consider as a species any
form or group of forms which, under present conditions, can be clearly distinguished
from all other forms, even though we may know that, if the environment were
changed, the species would change too.’ ‘The systematic part of the book is excel-
lent, and the illustrations numerous. A second edition, which in the case of a book
so indispensable to mycologists, brewers, and microscopists generally, must soon
be called for, will enable the author to incorporate the important researches of
Koch on the Cholera Bacillus, and of Zukal on the genetic cornexion between
Bacteria and Algze. Students would be pleased to see Appendix B supplemented,
considering the importance of staining in the detection and discrimination of
species.—G. M.

The Honey-bee: its nature, homes, and products,’—By W. H.
Harris, B.A., B.Sc. (The Religious Tract Society; no date. )

This book contains a comprehensive and lucid account of its subject, written
in an interesting style, and accompanied by numerous woodcut illustrations. No
aspect of the subject, whether historical, scientific, or practical, appears to have

Naturalist,

BOOK NOTICES, ETC. 95

been neglected by the author. The principal defects of the book are that it has
no index (a table of contents doing duty as a substitute), and that it bears no date.
The last defect—though often characteristic of the Religious Tract Society’s publi-
cations—is a serious one, especially in a book dealing with a scientific subject.
>0o<———.

We can most heartily commend Messrs. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co.’s penny
series of Young Collector’s Handbooks, which are admirably got up for the price, and
embellished with good engravings. The literary contents are sound and practical, as
indeed would be naturally expected of such writers as R. Bowdler Sharpe, W. F.
Kirby, B. B. Woodward, James Britten, Barclay V. Head, and their coadjutors.
po<

From Messrs. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Co. we have received various other
books for notice. One by S. R. Bottone on ‘The Dynamo: how made and how
used, a book for amateurs,’ is so far beyond the scope of a natural history journal
that we confess our inability to say much of it beyond;that it is plentifully illus-
trated with woodcuts, and apparently written in a direct and practical manner.

———>or<

The Rev. Henry Wood’s ‘A Season among the Wild Flowers’ is a pleasantly
written and gossippy series of papers which aim at giving, in a conversational style,
simple but accurate information respecting the principal natural orders and genera
of British plants. It is well got up, and includes numerous woodcuts.
poo<

‘Flowers: a Fantasy, by Cornelia Wallace (Sonnenschein & Co., 1884), which
is dedicated ‘to sister woman,’ includes little cuts of various flowers and com-
pares them to divers types of female character.

NOTES AND NEWS.

In the Midland Naturalist for this year, Mr. W. B. Grove, B.A., gives a series
of important papers on the Pilobolidz, embodying a synopsis of the European
species, and giving a description of a new one.

Poe

In the LZxtomologists Monthly Magazine for August, the Rev. W. W.
Fowler, M.A., F.L.S., has begun a series of valuable notes on ‘The Nitidulidz
of Great Britain,’ which will be of great use to coleopterists. It is a critical
revision of the family, and includes brief definitions of the various genera and
species which it includes, together with useful analytical keys.
poe

{n the Zxfomologzst is still continued the valuable series of papers by Messrs.
John B. Bridgman and Edward A. Fitch, F.L.S., to which they give the
unassuming title of ‘Introductory Papers on Ichneumonidze.’ Herein the genera
and species are discriminated by the ready method which an analytical key affords,

and much information upon the subject of parasitism conveyed by means of a

series of tables of ‘ hosts,’ and of the parasites which prey upon them.
po<
The close time for wild birds in the county of Northumberland has recently
been varied by order of the Home Secretary, so as to be from the Ist day of
March to the 11th of August in each year.
po0<-
The 24th Annual Report of the Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club, for 1883-4,
has reached us, whereby it appears to keep up its work in Botany with accustomed
vigour. It seems, however, a pity that in so strong a Society equal attention should
not be paid to other branches of science, at all events to Geology and the various
branches of Zoology. In the report now before us the ‘ Botanical Résumé,’ by Mr.
Robert Brown and Mr. John Vicars, is, as in former years, of considerable interest.
A large number of plants have been observed, as might reasonably be expected
from the wide range of country traversed in the excursions, which in 1883 were in
Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Westmoreland.

Noy. 1884.

96 NOTES AND NEWS: RAINFALL.

The annual meeting of the Manchester Geological Society was held on the 7th
October, when Mr. G. C. Greenwell, F.G.S., was elected president, Mr. H. M.
Ormerod, F.G.S., treasurer, and Messrs. Joseph S. Martin, F.G.S., and Mark
Stirrup, secretaries. The vice-presidents are Messrs. W. S. Barrett, Henry Hall,
Clegg Livesey, Mark Stirrup, F.G.S., and H. A. Woodward, and the council-list
is complete with the names of Messrs. W. Bryham, J.P., R. T. Burnett, F.G.S.,
Theodore Grimké, James Tonge, F.G.S., James Radcliffe, W. Watts, F.G.S., G.
C. Greenwell, jun., F.G.S., Chas. Hardwick, John L. Hedley, G. H. Hollingworth,
F.G.S., Geo. Peace, and Geo. Wild. The annual report stated that the work
done had maintained the high standard of previous years, and that the membership
continued to increase, notwithstanding a heavy death-roll which included some of
the most valued of the members, while the library had increased to such an extent
as to call urgently for a new catalogue. It was also mentioned that Mr. Kendall’s
paper on the Mineral Veins of the English Lake District had raised questions of no
small importance. poo<

The new ‘Flora of the English Lake District,’ by Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S., is
being printed, and will be ready for publication some time during the autumn.
The book is to be a flora only, in a cheap and portable form, the geology and
climatology of the district having been fully dealt with already in other publications.
On another page, we print an interesting note on the subject from Mr. Baker.

RAINFALL FOR SEPTEMBER 1884,

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2°64 | 18 | 26°44] — 2 | 1882-83 | 0°55 |6th.

Naturalist, 4

In Preparation,

A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca
of the British Fauna.

The work is intended to be full, detailed, and exhaustive, and adequately
illustrative of Variation, Development, and Geographical Distribution.

Co-operation is invited from all interested, and any information or specimens
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and carefully acknowledged. The Authors may be addressed—c/o Mr. JOHN W.
TAYLOR, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds.

Information is at present specially required on the Slugs ( Zestacella, Limax, and.
Arion), of which living specimens from every district are desired.

THE INSECT HUNTERS COMPANION,

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at
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No. 113. DECEMBER, 1!884.

| : fi
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| Bid mitt

“UHI
ie E TH TTTOT ITD
| i ; : AUN Atif! TA }
Me,

A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

Oe OinaAl HISTOKY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
Pave DENISON. ROEBUCK,:-E-LS,,

AND

ie ben Cube CAR Re ES L.S.,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Contents:

PAGE

Micro-Palzeontology of the Northern Carboniferous Shales—G. R. Vine:
(ill. Yae Osrracopa, Monticurirpora, aNnD MiIsceLLANEouS Forms: REDESDALE
SHALES, NORTHUMBERLAND.)
Ornithological Notes from Upper Coquetdale— Yohx as MiB.O MSs.
Description of a species of Andreza new to Science:—
(A. comMMUTATA).—Gustav Linpricht.
Hymenoptera near York in 1882 and 1883—T7homas Wilson : 2% ae
Orinthological Notes :— ae 110,
Tengmalm’s Owl on the Y orkshire Coast—P. W. Lawton: ‘Dotterel at ‘Easington—/d.; The
Food of Sparrows— ¥. H. Gurney, junr., F.Z.S.; Do Insect- eating Birds cast Pellets—IV”.
Barber; Great Tit attacking Stuffed Birdeerbere Goss, it ae Destruction of Bird-life
at the Farne Islands—Rev. H. E. Fox, M.A., M.B.O.U.
| Conchological Notes :— i a rn Be ae ue ig ‘
Large Anodons in Notts. ee: “Musson : Unio pictorum at Ossington, Notts.—W. Gazz;
Land aud freshwater Shells of County Durham—Baker H ndson, M.C.S.; Bulimus acutus,
a query.
Notes on Lepidoptera :— Es Ka he Ae BS ate Be ie
_ Satyrus tithonus in Lincolnshire— ¥. W. Carter; Hepialus humuli—G. 7. Porritt, F.L.S.;
Argotis ripe at Spurn—Zds.; Melanippe unangulata new to Yorkshire— W., £. Brady ;
Stenopteryx hybridalis and Argyresthia retinella at Huddersfield—G. 7. Porritt, P.L.S.;
Phoxopteryx diminutana new to Yorkshire—/d.; Coleophora fusco-cuprella, a correction—/d.
§ Note on Coleoptera :— se Se “6 as a ee é
Astynomus zedilis at Hull—1. F. Dobrée.
Note on Arachnida :—
Pseudo-scorpions new to Britain—Rev. O. Pickard C ‘ambride Le, M. A.
Cryptogamic Notes :—
Manchester Cryptogamic Society ; ; “Barbula princeps in Yorkshire, a query — 7 G:
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97

MICRO-PALAAONTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN
CARBONIFEROUS SHALES.

By GEORGE R. VINE,
Attercliffe, Sheffield; Secretary of the British Association Committee on Fossil Polyzoa.

IIIl,._ THE OSTRACODA, MONTICULIPORA, AND MISCELLA-
NEOUS FORMS: REDESDALE SHALES, NORTHUMBERLAND.
It appears to me to be far wiser to give as complete a list as possible
of the several micro-organisms found in these Northern Shales, rather
than to delay their publication till some future date. I do this for
two reasons: 1st, the Entomostraca, though not being my speciality,
have had a large share of my attention, but chiefly the Paleozoic and
recent brackish-water species ; in the 2nd place, I have found that in
every Carboniferous Limestone Shale bed that I have examined for
Polyzoa, there has always been a peculiar association of fossils,
Brachiopoda, Polyzoa, certain forms of Entomostraca, and Forami-
nifera. This association appears to me to be indicative, to some
extent, of ocean depths, and although we may not have as yet a
complete knowledge of oceanic depths in the past ages of the world’s
history, yet every help that can be given ought to be given in the
interest of future as well as present science. |

In the chapter devoted to ‘ Materials for a Paleontology of
Northumberland,’ Professor G. A. Lebour (pp. 58-72, in his Outlines
of the Geology of Northumberland, 1878) gives a list (pp. 66-68) of
Fossils from the Ridsdale ironstone beds of Northumberland, and
in it he mentions, besides an encrusting Coral, four species of
Polyzoa? Hemitrypa hibernica and Ffolypora papillata M‘Coy ;
Fenestella plebeta, and & sp. and Ceriopora sp.; but no mention is
made of Entomostraca or Foraminifera. Of the latter, however, a
separate list is furnished (p. 70) after Mr. H. B. Brady. In the
recent issue (Vol. 10, No. 2) of the Proceedings of the Berwickshire
Naturalists’ Club, Professor T. Rupert Jones furnished a paper on
‘Lower Carboniferous Entomostraca,’ pp. 313-325, in which he
describes several new species, together with notes on the specimens
in the collection of the late Mr. George Tate. In this paper
Professor Jones refers to a former one published in the ‘ Transactions’,
1864, pp. 83-89. Some of the species described in Professor
Jones’ recent paper belong to the Tuedian and Bernicean beds, and,
as many interesting details are referred to in the paper, it may be well
to give the list as a preface to what will follow.

| OSTRACODA.
TUEDIAN SPECIES—various localities.
Macrocypris? Kirkbyana Jones. No. 3 of Notes.
Dec. 1884. 5

98 VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY OF REDESDALE SHALES.

Leperditia Scotoburdigalensis Hibbert. No.5 of Notes. This
species ranges in the lower and middle mountain limestone group.

MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE species:

Candona? Tateana Jones. No. 1 of Notes—Lower part.
Bernix Tatei Jones. pt Dm hse Mid.-x;;
Carbonia fabulina Jones. pay Naha M. L. group.
Cytherella Tatei Jones. ahs pee Lowest & mid.

pt. of M. L.
Leperditia subrecta Portlock. sas «yl M. L. low down.
Beyrichia crinita Jones and Kirkby. » 7 ” ” ”
Kirkbya spiralis Jonesand Kirkby.,, 8 ,, >» lower pt

PHYLLOPODA.

Estheria striata Munst. var.
, var. Tateana Jones No. to of Notes—M. L. lower pt.
» tenella Jordon ee et A M. L. low down.

In addition to the above, Prof. Jones describes another species :
Darwinella? Berniciana Jones, a ‘little Cytheroid which occurs in
great numbers, and in good preservation (valves united), with the
Bernix Tatet Jones, found by Prof. Lebour’ (op. cit., pp. 319, 325).

In 1879 Prof. T. Rupert Jones and J. W. Kirkby published
their joint paper on ‘Species of the Ostracodous Genus Bairdia
M‘Coy’ (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., November), and in it the authors
name many localities for Carboniferous species ; and as this paper is
well illustrated, the student will do well to study this peculiar group
with the assistance afforded by it.

My own paper on the Yorkshire Carb. Entomostraca (Geol. and
Polytec. Soc. Trans., 1884, pp. 226-238), may be referred to for
special details, and for comparing the Northumberland with the
Yorkshire species. :
Fam. I. CYPRIDZ.

1 Bairdia Hisingeri Munster. .
J. and K., Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Nov. 1879, pl. xxix., fig. 4-10, and pl. xxx.,
fig. 12.
, See also Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., J. and K., 1865.
Carb. Entomos. Yorks., Vine (op. cit., p. 232). .

This species varies very much in the Redesdale Shales, and some
of the specimens are fine and plump.
2 Bairdia Hisingeri Munster, elongate var., Jones and Kirkby
(op. cit.) pl. xxx., fig. 12.
Some of the specimens of this variety are finer, and of greater
length than many of the elongate forms from other localities in
British Carb. rocks; but, like B. Hisingeri, specimens vary much.

Naturalist,

+ 7
» s
8 ef

VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY OF REDESDALE SHALES. 99

3 Bairdia plebeia Reuss.
Jones and Kirkby: Quart. Jour. Geo. Soc., Nov. 1879, p. 569, ple xxviii,
figs. 9-19.
Vine: Carb. Entomos. Yorks. (op. cit., p. 233).
4 Bairdia brevis Jones and Kirkby.
Jones and Kirby: Quart. Jour. Geo. Soc., Nov. 1879, p. 575, pl. xxxi.,
figs. 1 and 8,
Vine: Carb. Entomos. Yorks. (loc. cit. p. 233).
5 Bairdia submucronata Jones and Kirkby.
Jones and Kirkby: Quart. Jour. Geo. Soc. (loc. cit.), pl. xxix., figs. 12-18.
= B. mucronata Reuss, var. submucronata Jones and Kirkby.

Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, 1867.

This beautiful little species is very rare in these shales, for I have
only found two specimens after the most careful scrutiny.

6 Bairdia subelongata Jones and Kirkby.
Jones and Kirkby : Quart. Jour. Geo. Soc. (loc. cit.), pl. xxx., figs, I-10.

Vine: Carb. Entom. Yorks. (op. cit., p. 231).

Some few specimens found in the shales, may, I think, be referred
to this species. Like the Yorkshire forms, they more closely resemble
figs. 1 and to of the above-named plates than other figs. given by
the authors.

In all probability Bairdia ampla Reuss, and B. amputata Kirkby
will have to be added to the above list, but the specimens are not
sufficiently worked as yet to allow complete identification.

Fam. Il. CYTHERID.
7 Cythere? sp.
I have two or three forms that may be placed here, but I am some-
what doubtful about them.
8 ? Cythere intermedia Munster.

Jones and Kirkby: Paleozoic Bivalved Entomos. Munster’s sp. Ann, Mag.
Nat. Hist., May 1865.

Rather rare in this locality.

9 Darwinella? Berniciana Jones.

Proceed. Berwicksh. Nat. Club, Vol. x., No. 2., p. 325, pl. ii., figs. 4a 46 4c.

I have in my collection a few specimens of a very small Cytheroid
which closely resembles the figures of the one named above. But
though in shape the specimens may be referred to this species, I
am rather doubtful about placing them here, because the genus
Darwinella is an estuarine one, and if, as the author says, the
Carboniferous species is associated in habitat with Cardonza, it
probably is an estuarine form also. The other Entomostraca
described as occurring in the Redesdale shales are probably deep
water forms. However, with this notification I leave the specimens
here, temporarily, at least.

Dec. 1884.

10o VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY OF REDESDALE SHALES.

Fam. VII. CVTHERELLIDA.
to Cytherella sp. (?).

One of my forms is very much like C. Zatez Jones (Lower Cae
Entomos., Proceedings of the Berwicksh. Nat. Club, Aug. 1884, pl. i1.,
fig. 1), but the others are not sufficiently distinct for the purpose of
identification. My specimens, however, are rather rare from this
locality.

Fam. VIII. LEPERDITIZADA.

For details see Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1865; Monthly Microscopical
Journ., Oct. 1870.

Vine: Carb. Entomos., North Yorks. (op. cit., p. 234).

1r Leperditia Okeni Munster.

Jones and Kirkby: Notes on Palzeozoic Biv. Entomos., Ann. Mag .Nat. Hist.,
May 1865, and zdzd, Jan. 1875.

Vine: Carb. Entomos., &c. (op. cit., p. 235).

There is only one specimen in my collection that I can refer to
this genus. The species is similar to the Yorkshire form, excepting
that it is not quite so plump.

12 Kirkbya Permiana Jones.

Prof. King’s Perm. Foss., p. 66, tab. xviii ., fig. 1, a, 0, c, d, as Dithyrocaris ibid.

Prof. T. R. Jones, Monthly Micro. Jour., Cct. 1870.

Vine: Carb. Entomos., &c. (op. cit., p. 236).

The specimens, though not abundant { in these Northern Carboni-
ferous Shales, are very characteristic, and beautifully reticulate. In
the Redesdale Shales I have not found more than about four
specimens in the coarser debris—in the finer there are many minute
fragments of this species.

13 Kirkbya umbonata D’Eichwald.
Beyrichia id. D’Eich.

See Jones and Kirkby’s paper on ‘Some Carb. Ostracoda from Russia,’ Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1875.

Vine: Carb. Entomos., &c. (op. cit., p. 237).

This form is not so rare as No. 12, and the specimens are very
large and bulky : the umbones, too, are much more prominent than in
the Scotch specimens from Brockley, where this form is also rather
rare, while K. Permzana is rather common.

14 Kirkbya bipartita Jones and Kirkby. .

Jones and Kirkby: Trans. Geo. Soc. of Glasgow, 1877.

Vine: Carb. Entomos. (op. cit. p. 237).

I have only one specimen of this species from this locality. It is
a rare form in the Scotch shales, and so far as I can judge it may be
characterised as very rare here. The Northumberland form is
beautifully reticulate, much more distinct than either the Yorkshire
or the Scotch specimens in my possession.

Naturalist,

VINE: MICRO-PALEZONTOLOGY OF REDESDALE SHALES. Io!

15 Kirkbya spinosa Jones and Kirkby.
Jones and Kirkby :(?) Trans. Geo. Soc. Glasgow, 1877.

In the Scotch Shales, Cragenglen, Mr. Young tells me that this form
is rather common ; not so in the Redesdale shales: here I have only
found one specimen, but the characters of the form are very distinct,
and the valves are apparently faintly reticulate.

These are the whole of the Entomostraca that I have been able
to identify with any degree of certainty. The generic abundance of
specimens may be stated thus :—<Sazrdia very abundant, X7rkbva
moderately abundant. jE acaib iene ee:

Fam. MONT/ICULIPORID.
See the Genus ‘ Monticulipora,’ Prof. H. A. Nicholson, 1881.
1 Monticulipora tumida Phill. sp.
Nicholson, op. cit., p. 121., pl. lil, figs. 1 to 17

Notes on Monticulipora? tumida Phill. Nicholson, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

Nov. 1883.

I have given in a paper, sent on to the Yorks. Geol. Soc., very
full details, with sections, of what I believe to be Phillips’ Calamopora
tumida from my Richmond material. It is very evident that the York-
shire species is different from the Scotch species, Zabulipora Urii
Young, with which it has been so long associated. Prof. Nicholson
says that zs description of JZ. tumzda is ‘ founded upon specimens
_.. .collected in the Carboniferous Shales:of Redesdale. . . .where the
species is very abundant and remarkably well preserved.’ Associated
with this species there is a variety,—

2 Monticulipora tumida Phill. Var. miliaria Nicholson, op.
ei bes, pl. il., figs 2-22,

I have examined both the species and the variety, and I can
accept the whole of Professor Nicholson’s remarks on the forms
indicated ; but there is another J/onticulipora present in the Shales
that does not appear to have been referred to by authors—unless under
the title of Cheteles sp., or as Certopora interporosa in one of Mr.
_ Howchin’s lists in Professor Lebour’s ‘Geology of Northumberland.’
The Scotch C. zzterporosa 1 have not found in any of the Northum-
berland Shales, and I cannot say whether the present form is the
same as that indicated in the list referred to.

3 Archeopora nexilis De Kon.

Described in Ist Brit. Assoc. Rep. on Fossil Polyzoa, 1880. Also in Geol.
Mag., 1880.

4 Archeopora sp. (new ?).

The first of these forms is present in the Redesdale Shales, but
notcommon. The second form I shall place here provisionally, No. 4.

All the specimens are small, the largest, so far as known to me,
scarcelv exceeding a line in length—many considerably less ; general

Dec. 1884. F 2

102 VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY OF REDESDALE SHALES.

shape of the corallum (?) round or oblong, cell openings corallites (?)
circular, separated by an interspace with from one to two circlets of
very fine reticulations, invisible to ‘the naked eye, only sparely
indicated when a hand-glass is used, but perfectly distinct when
examined with a one-inch object glass. I have not found the species
in any of the Shales except the Redesdale, and here the forms are
moderately abundant.

The Scotch species A. nexilis has been heretofore placed
among the Polyzoa, but in his critical examination of species
Mr. John Young, of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow, writes me
that in all probability we shall have to give up, as Polyzoa, this as
well as one or two other species. For the present, therefore, it may
be well to leave them with the Monticulipora.

MISCELLANEOUS FORMS UNCLASSIFIED.

1 Paleocoryne radiatum Duncan and Jenkins.

2 Paleocoryne scoticum Duncan and Jenkins.

3 Spiniferous processes of Polyzoa. Referred to by Mr. John

Young.

With regard to the zoological position of these organisms, various
opinions are still extant. My own opinion is that they are appendages
of species of Fenestella, and Mr. Howchin many years ago sent me-a
very fine series from Haltwhistle, remarking at the same time that
they were rather abundant in certain material in that locality. I have
never had shale from Haltwhistle, so I cannot say. The student will
find the organism well illustrated in Dr. Duncan’s original paper on
Paleocoryne, 1n the Phil. Trans., clix., p. 693, in a paper by Prof.
John Young and Mr. J. Young in the Quart. Jour. Geo. Soc., Vol.
Xxx., 1874, and also in my own papers on fa/eocoryne, &c.,
Science Gossip, Oct. and Nov., 1879.

4 Ortonia carbonaria J. Young (Annelida).

5 Crinoidea: fragments of different species.
6 Archeocidaris (?), fragments of.

7 Brachiopoda (?). A single specimen of some, to me,
-unknown species. ;
8 Productus, spines of—very numerous in fragments.

g There is a small serrated spine (?) in these shales which I
cannot name at present. It is very minute, and is rather
abundant in the finer siftings ; and I have found in one of
the Scotch Shales a form very similar to that of Redesdale.
I have not met with it in any other of the Northumberland
Shales. Wanenee

-
J
:

VINE: MICRO-PALHZONTOLOGY OF REDESDALE SHALES. 103

With regard to the finest siftings of the Redesdale Shales, it will

be a satisfaction to the student to know that if small portions are

mounted in balsam, fine specimens of transparent Z7ochammina
incerta will be found, together with sections of spines, fragments of
Brachiopodous shells, and reticulated portions of A7rkbya Fermiana.
The finer debris, however, 1s by no means so rich in organic forms

as are some of the Scotch Shales.
To be continued.

Notr.—In the October number, on p. 64, will the reader kindly place between
the description of species 7 and 8, the mark Hyphasmapora Buskii does
not belong to the family Diploporidz. Its classificatory position is not yet
satisfactorily made out, but this note may prevent a misconception in the mind of
the student, which its present association would engender.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTES—ARACHNIDA.

Pseudoscorpions new to Britain.—Having just now received,
through the kindness of Mr. Denison Roebuck, two examples of Chernes nodosus
(Schrank) for examination, I take this opportunity of recording it for the first time
as a British species. It is not, however, new to meas British, as I have an example
found in Dorsetshire several years ago, and another received during the past summer
from Mr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford, Yorkshire. This species, like some others of
the group, is I believe often found attached, by means of its forcipated palpi, to the
legs of a fly, which, whatever may be the motive of the Pseudoscorpion, certainly
furnishes it with a means of distribution. Mr. Meade’s example was thus dis-
covered. Of the two specimens sent by Mr. Roebuck, one had been taken at
Bradford by Mr. William West, attached to the leg of a house-fly, and the other
was found by Mr. George Hainsworth, of Leeds, in a book in his library.

I also take occasion now to record for the first time as British another pretty little
species of a different genus—Chthonius tenuis L. Koch—found, though rarely, both in
spring and autumn, among moss in woods in this neighbourhood, as well as
Chelifer subrvuber E.Simon, of which examples were kindly sent to me in 1880 by
Mr. W. P. Haydon, of Dover, found by that gentleman in his oil-mills. It is
possible, though by no means certain, that this may be an imported species. Ihave
since received another species of the same genus from Mr. Haydon, found in the
same habitat. M. Simon considers it to be of an undescribed species; this also
may possibly have been imported among the raw material used in the oil manu-
facture. I may mention that although I have been able to determine tolerably
satisfactorily some of the species included by Dr. Leach in his short monograph
(Zool. Miscellany, vol. iii., 1817), there are several of which I much want to see

| fresh examples, viz.:—Odzseum muscorum Leach, O. maritimum Leach, and

Chelifer Latreillii Leach.—O. P. CAMBRIDGE, Bloxworth, near Wareham, Dorset-
shire, November 7th, 1884.

NOTES— COLEOPTERA.

Astynomus edilis at Hull.—It may perhaps interest coleopterists to
record that several specimens of Astynomus edilis have been taken in Hull this

- autumn. Their occurrence here appears rare, for local observers of natural history
- are unfamiliar with them ; but we have no coleopterist amongst us. I conjecture
_ that they are foreign, brought by Norwegian and Swedish wood ships, for they
- have all been found in the streets or outskirts of the town.—N. F. Dosreée, Hull,

November 4th, 1884.
Dec. 1884.

104

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Satyrus tithonus in Lincolnshire.—In looking over the pages of
Newman's ‘ British Butterflies’ (p. 95), I find that the author there states that he
has no records of the occurrence of this generally common species in Lincolnshire.
I do not know whether it has since been recorded elsewhere for that county, but I
may state that I observed it in great abundance about a dozen years ago near
Owston Ferry, and more recently, 1882 and 1884, near Gainsborough.—J. W.
CARTER, Bradford, September 8th, 1884. —

Hepialus humuli.—I shall be glad to know if a much richer and
stronger marking in the females of this species has been noticed by other
lepidopterists this season. In a number of specimens brought into the house by
my children, the orange markings on the yellow ground were much broader and
more numerous than I ever noticed them before. Indeed a large specimen now
before me makes a very beautiful variety. There is little doubt this common
species would amply repay ‘ working’ in our county, especially in the hilly moor-
land districts.—Gro. T. PORRITT, Huddersfield, October 17, 1884.

Agrotis ripe at Spurn: a Correction.—iIn the report of the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn, it is mentioned at p. 92 that the larvee
of Agrotis riparia were plentiful. The name should have been given as A. rife.
== BS

Melanippe unangulata: a species hitherto unrecorded
from Yorkshire.—I have for some time past been engaged at intervals in
obtaining information with a view to compiling a list of the macro-lepidoptera of
Barnsley and neighbourhood, and in connection therewith Mr. George Wilson, of
Wakefield. kindly furnished a list of those species taken by him at or near Haw
Park. Melanippe unangulata was included therein, much to my surprise, the more
so as it finds no place in Mr. Porritt’s excellent ‘ List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera’;
fearing, therefore, some mistake, I corresponded with Mr. Wilson on the subject,
with the result that he maintained his previous opinion ; since then I have had the
pleasure of seeing this species at his house, and of receiving from him specimens
which are now in my cabinet. In conversation with him he stated that AZ, uwzan-
gulata had been taken by Mr. Lumb, also of Wakefield, at least twenty years ago
(say 1865) at Haw Park, and further that they both have taken it there in different
seasons up to 1879, since which year he does not remember observing it; inasmuch,
however, as during the past five years they have done but little collecting, there is
every reason to suppose that it is to be met with yet, if worked for at the proper
season. This appears satisfactorily to establish it as a Yorkshire species, and as
such I suppose we must regard it in future. —W™. E. Brapy, Barnsley, November
15th, 1884.

Stenopteryx hybridalis and Argyresthia retinella at Hud-
dersfield.—These two species, though generally common, have not previously
been recorded for this district. Of S. hybridalzs which seems to have been unusually
abundant in the country this year, Mr. G. W. Crosland, junr., took two specimens
on the north side of the town. A. vetznella I have found not uncommonly in
Butternab Wood.—GEo. T. PoRRITT, Huddersfield, October 17, 1884.

Phoxopteryx diminutana in Yorkshire.—Among some micro-
lepidoptera which I had put on one side from doubt as to their names, but which
I submitted to Mr. C. G. Barrett, when he paid me a visit here several weeks ago,
was a specimen of this species. I took it in Bishop’s Wood on the occasion of the
Union’s visit to Sherburn on the 2nd of June last. It is new to the county.—GEo.
T. PorriTT, Huddersfield, Oct. 17th, 1884.

Coleophora fusco-cuprella: a correction,—A les satisfactory
result of Mr. Barrett’s visit to me, is that for the present ‘Doncaster’ must be -
erased from the Yorkshire List as a locality for Coleophora fusco-cuprella (Asychnua
fusco-ciliel/a), The specimens taken there had been named for me as such, but Mr.
Barrett satisfied me they were not that species—GEo. T. PorRITT, Huddersfield,
17th October, 1884.

Naturalist,

{

{

105

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM UPPER
COQUETDALE.

By JOHN CORDEAUX,

Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolushire; Member of the British Ornithologists Union;

and of the British Association Migration Committee; &c.

‘THE following notes, having reference to the birds of Upper Coquet-
dale, were jotted down from time to time in my note-book during a
residence of some weeks at Harbottle, in the summer of 1884. For
any previous knowledge regarding the ornithology of Northumberland,
I am indebted to Mr. Hancock’s ‘Birds of Northumberland and
Durham,’ Mr. C. M. Adamson’s ‘Scraps about Birds,’ and a paper on
the ‘Ornithology of Riding Mill-on-Tyne and neighbourhood,’ by the
Rev. H. H. Slater, published in the Zcologist for 1884, pp. 92-106.
From personal observation as well as from sundry ‘cracks’ with local
observers, keepers, and shepherds, I am convinced that at least with
reference to the wild and thinly-populated hill country along the

Scotch border, there remains room for further enquiry and investiga-

tion before a complete list of the avi-fauna of the district can be
drawn up.
Missel Thrush, Turdus viscivorus L.

Appears to be very common. During the last week in June
and first week in July I found them collected in large numbers
on the moors, where almost at every step one or more rose from
the long heather. These flocks appeared composed of young
birds of the year.

Ring Ouzel, T. torquatus L.
I saw a few young birds on the moors near Dove's Crag,
above Holystone, feeding on the berries of the mountain ash.
Dipper, Cinclus aquaticus Bechst.
~ Extremely common on the Coquet and its tributaries to the
extreme limit of the Northumbrian border.
Wheatear, Saxicola cnanthe L.

Common everywhere in Cheviot, where the country 1s open
and stony, both on the moors and the bracken-covered slopes of
the hills.

Whinchat, Pratincola rubetra L.

Likewise very common about Harbottle, and throughout the
Cheviot.

Stonechat, P. rubicola L.

Although resident, is by no means common; I only once
saw it.

Dec. 1884.

106 CORDEAUX: ORNITHOLOGY OF COQUETDALE.

Redstart, Ruticilla phenicurus L.

Very common wherever there is suitable cover and hedgerows.
A favourite haunt is along the borders of the woods, where in
serried rank the tall straight red-stemmed Scotch firs stand like
a palisade ; seen hawking for insects from his point of vantage,
some broken branch projecting from the trunk, and with a back-
ground of grey lichen, the male 1s an exceedingly pretty object,
well worth a few minutes’ inspection with the binocular.

Whitethroat, Sylvia rufa Bodd.

Common.

Blackeap, S. atricapilla L.

The same remark applies.

Willow Wren, Phylloscopus trochilus L.

Everywhere abundant.

Wood Wren, P. sibilatrix Bechst.

I am certain I both saw and heard this pretty warbler at
Dewshill Wood, near Holystone. This wood is part of the old
Northumbrian forest, and fuli of old oak and beech, such as the
Wood Wren delights in.

Tree Creeper, Certhia familiaris L.

Frequently seen in the firwoods.

Pied Wagtail, Motacilla lugubris Temm.
Very numerous along the Coquet.
Grey Wagtail, M. melanope Pallas.

Extremely common along the Coquet, and on the burns in the

hills. They do not remain in the winter.
Meadow Pipit, Anthus pratensis L.
The Titlark 1s extremely common both on the moors and in
every part of Cheviot.
Tree Pipit, A. trivialis L.
Also common in suitable localities.
Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa grisola L.
Is common in the neighbourhood of Harbottle.
Pied Flycatcher, M. atricapilla L.

From what was told me by the keeper and schoolmaster at
Harbottle, both of whom possess a good knowledge of local birds,
I have not the least doubt that this species nested at Harbottle
in 1884. The nest was placed in a hole of an old alder tree,
growing on the scaur side above the Coquet, at the bend below
the castle known as the ‘ Devil’s Elbow.’ The young birds, the
keeper told me, had been flown about ten days. It was on
July 3rd that I examined the nesting place. Mr. Slater informs

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: ORNITHOLOGY OF COQUETDALE. 107

me that he considers it by no means uncommon in suitable
localities in South Northumberland. My informants, however,
had never seen it in Coquetdale before.
Goldfinch, Carduelis elegans L.
Is rare; occurs occasionally in the autumn.
Lesser Redpole, Linota rufescens Vieill.

I noticed this species at Harbottle, on alder trees near the
river.

Twite, L. flavirostris L.

I saw a single pair on the high fells, amongst heather, near the
source of the Coquet (Thirlmoor). It appears to be by no means
common in the district. |

Bullfinch, Pyrrhula europa Vieill.

Not uncommon.

Starling, Sturnus vulgaris L.

Can scarcely be called numerous. I saw one considerable
flock on the fells near Shilmoor.

Jay, Garrulus glandarius L.
The keeper toid me the Jay was never seen in the Harbottle
Woods.
Magpie, Pica rustica Scop.
On the same authority is very rare. I never saw it.
Carrion Crow, Corvus corone L.

Very numerous ; several pairs evidently nesting in the woods.
The nests are exceedingly difficult to discover, as they are
invariably placed in the leafy summit of some tall pine, and
generally invisible except from just below the tree. The con-
sequence is that the young as a rule get off, after which they
seem weil able to take care of themselves.

Hooded Crow, ©. cornix L.
Occasionally in the winter ; frequents the ‘ haughs’ along the
Coquet.
Raven, C. corax L.
Two pairs are known to nest in the neighbourhood.
Swift, Cypselus apus L.
Considerable numbers nest in the ruins of the Castle at Har-
bottle, where on summer evenings I have watched them entering
_and leaving their nests in the crevices between the stones. They
appear to dart headlong into the hole in full flight, the instan-
taneous closing of the wings was barely perceptible to the eye.
Nightjar, Caprimulgus europzus L.
Very common.
Wecrass,:

108 CORDEAUX: ORNITHOLOGY OF COQUETDALE.

Cuckoo, Cuculus canorus L.
Very common.
Sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus L.
Not uncommon.
Kestrel, Faleo tinnunculus L.
The same, and the most frequently seen.
Peregrine, Falco peregrinus Tunstall.

Is frequently seen. I have little doubt may yet be found

nesting in the wilder recesses of the hills.
Merlin, F. esalon Tunst.

Certainly the commonest of the smaller raptores both on
the moors and in the hill district. When fishing the higher
waters of the Coquet I used constantly to see this pretty little
falcon. <A favourite haunt appeared to be in the rowans planted
for shelter round the houses of the shepherds. Near the house
at Trowsburn I saw two or three young birds in the trees.
Compared with both the Sparrowhawk and Kestrel the Merlin
seems very tame, taking little heed of the solitary fisherman or
pedestrian. I frequently saw them on the moors near Harbottle
Lough: and on one occasion saw the male bird attack a young
Heron, which it fairly drove, with much remonstrative croaking,
from the vicinity.

Heron, Ardea cinerea L.

In the East Wood at Harbottle, is a heronry numbering twenty
or thirty nests. The wood consists almost entirely of Scotch
firs, and the nests are much scattered, as only such trees are
chosen as have broken tops, affording a flat platform for the
superincumbent mass of sticks. At this date (June 30th) some
young were in the nest, which the keeper said were a second
brood ; also some fresh egg-shells below the trees. The castings
beneath the firs on which the herons nested consisted mainly of
the fur and bones of the water rat, remains of eels, and one small
trout. During the last year or two a small colony of about four
nests has been established in the West Wood. ‘The heron seems
extremely common in the neighbourhood, resorting even to the
small burns in the recesses of the hills.

Wild Duck, Anas boschas L.

Not uncommon ; resorting in considerable numbers to Har-

bottle Lough in the winter.
Teal, Querquedula crecca L.

I saw the female on Harbottle Lough, where she had evidently

a young brood in the reeds.

.

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: ORNITHOLOGY OF COQUETDALE. 10g

Red-breasted Merganser, Mergus serrator L.

Occasionally visits Harbottle Lough in the winter.

Ringdove, Columba palumbus L.
| Common, and said to be increasing in number.
Stockdove, C. Gnas L.

Is reported to nest annually in the holes of the cliffs on the
moor; this requires confirmation. Mr. Slater says he has never
satisfactorily ascertained the presence of the Stockdove in Tyne-
dale, all reported occurrences proving on investigation to be
Ringdoves.

Grouse, Lagopus scoticus Lath.

Plentiful. I saw young birds of the year very strong on the

wing on Thirlmoor, on July 7th.
Black Grouse, Tetrao tetrix L.
Very common on the moors above Harbottle, in the neigh-
bourhood of the pine woods.
Corn Crake, Crex pratensis Bechst.
Judging from its call notes, very plentiful.
Golden Plover, Charadrius pluvialis L.
Nesting on the moors.
Lapwing, Vanellus vulgaris Bechst.
Very plentiful ; had congregated in considerable flocks by the
last week in June.
Woodcock, Scolopax rusticula L.
Nests sparingly in the Harbottle Woods.
Snipe, Gallinago ceelestis Frenzel.
Not uncommon, and nesting regularly in the district.
Common Sandpiper, Totanus hypoleucus L.

Extremely common on the Coquet and tributary burns. I know
of no locality where it is so numerously represented, not only
about the river flats, but in the wildest and most secluded recesses
of the hills. ‘Twice when fishing I saw this Sandpiper perched
on the dead branches of the Scotch fir at a considerable height
above the ground.

Redshank, Totanus calidris L.

The keeper told me that a few pair of a much larger Sandpiper
frequented the ‘haughs’ below Sharperton Bridge during the
summer. He described them as very noisy birds. I can only
conjecture they belonged to this species, or it is possible may
prove Ringed Plover. |

Curlew, Numenius arquata L.
Common ; nesting regularly in the district. There was a young
Dec. 1884.

ILO ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

brood in a meadow close to the house I was lodging at. The
old bird extremely noisy and watchful, and not unfrequently
perched on a rail fence.

Black-headed Gull, Larus ridibundus L.

About a hundred pairs breed on the bog at the south end of
Harbottle Lough. I saw no young birds on the lough during
my visits, but very frequently came across the broken eggs on
the moors, where they had been carried by Carrion Crows, which
always seemed to be foraging about the locality; so it is probable
very few get off.

Lesser Black-backed Gull, Larus fuseus L.

Occasionally obtained ; is not uncommon about the river

in pairs in the spring.

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Occurrence of Tengmalm’s Owl on the Yorkshire Coast.—
On the 18th of October last Mr. J. R. Grindell shot a fine specimen of this rare
little straggler from North and East Europe, from a tree at Holmpton in Holderness,
and sent it to me for my local collection of birds. The wind for two days previously
had been blowing from the west with increasing force.—PHILIP W. LAWTON,
Easington.

—Mr. Lawton very kindly sent the specimen for my inspection. It isa mature
bird, and the sixth Yorkshire occurrence of WVyctala tengmalmt Gmel.— W.E.C.

Dotterel (Eudromias morinellus) at Easington in Holder-
ness.—Seven Dotterel were seen in a tillage field near the mill on the 11th of
October and again in the same field on the 13th. This species occurs here annually
on the spring migration, but I have not noted it here before in the autumn.—
Puitie W. LAWTON, Easington, Hull, Oct. 25th, 1884.

The Food of Sparrows.—Having been asked to collect information on
the food of Sparrows for the Norfolk Chamber of Agriculture, with the view of
ascertaining whether the good which they do in eating insects and caterpillars and
seeds of weeds can be made to counterbalance the enormous destruction of corn,
I should feel infinitely obliged to anyone who can give me dated dissections (how-
ever few) for any months except July and August, of the crops of Sparrows. It is
evident that the solution of the Sparrow question can only be arrived at by a
large number of dissections made at different times and in different places; and
when insects are found, which in adult Sparrows is very seldom, by obtaining the
assistance of a competent entomologist to name them. Insects are so quickly
assimilated in adult Sparrows that there is no chance of finding them in the gizzard,
except fragments of beetle cases, but they might doubtless be found in the crop,
though I cannot say that I have found any. If the gizzard be also examined the
microscope or magnifying glass must be used ; but I agree with Colonel Russell, of
Romford, who has paid so much attention to the Sparrow question, that if
there is no food in the crop an adult Sparrow is scarcely worth opening, but the
case is very different with young ones. Digestion is quick in the Sparrow, and
birds taken at night with nets are far less likely to contain anything in their crops
than birds shot in the day. After sending in my return to the Charhber of Agricul-
ture, I propese to print the results of the investigation in one of our Natural
History journals, when due acknowledgment will be made to any who have been
kind enough to assist in what is really becoming now a very important question as
concerns our farmers.—J. H. GURNEY, jun., Hill House, Northrepps, Norwich.

Naturalist,

=

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES. III

Do Insect-eating Birds cast Pellets ?—I was watching in my
small aviary a Robin, which I had kept for some time, feeding it on seeds, flies,
and mealworms—the latter it was very fond of, and would take them out of my
hand. But on offering it one the other day I was surprised to see it took no notice,
but seemed ill, being puffed out, and twitching its head from side to side, and
closing its eyes. On approaching it more closely I saw it give a sudden jerk, and
with its bill wide open it threw out a larger pellet than I should have thought
possible from so smalla bird. On examining the pellet I found the heads and skins
of the mealworm, and the wing-cases and legs of other small insects. The ques-
tion naturally arose—do insect-eating birds cast pellets?>—W. BARBER, Lincoln,
Septémber 25th, 1884. :

Great Titmouse attacking Stuffed Birds.—A specimen of the
Great Tit (Pavus major), popularly known as ‘Joe Bent,’ in my possession, was
yesterday guilty of a series of assaults on several stuffed birds which had been
temporarily placed on a shelf in the room in which he was kept. Being aware of
the fierce nature of this species, my specimen had not been admitted into the aviary,
but was kept in a small cage by himself. About midday yesterday ‘Joe Bent’
escaped from his cage, apparently by forcing apart two rather loose wires, and was
discovered sitting on the curtain pole over the window. After making several
ineffectual attempts to secure the rascal my wife locked him into the room, believing,
in her innocence, that such a small bird was incapable of doing any mischief! On
returning to the room after an hour's absence, eight of the stuffed birds were found
lying on the ground at the foot of the shelf on which they had been placed, and on
examining them it was discovered that their eyes had been pecked out, their heads
and breasts opened and a certain amount of ‘stuffing’ extracted. One Goldfinch
was completely scalped, not a single feather being left on his head; even such a
large bird as a Snipe had been attacked, one specimen having lost both eyes and
had its throat opened. Two Cole Tits had their heads opened, and one of them,
in addition to losing its eyes, was disembowelled. The only birds which escaped
injury were the Blue Tits and the Bullfinches. On search being made for the
mischievous little bird it was discovered that he had re-entered his cage and was
busily engaged in cracking hemp seeds as if nothing had happened. As ‘ Joe’
had been daily supplied with animal food his conduct under the circumstances was
inexcusable.—H. Goss, Berrylands, Surbiton Hill, Surrey, 6th Nov., 1884.

Destruction of Bird-life at the Farne Islands.— The following
remarks are suggested by Mr. Slater’s paper on the Farne Islands in the Vaturalist
for November. He has, unhappily, only too much reason to denounce the brutal
destruction of the seabirds by the stupid vagabonds of the Tyne, who come in
shiploads and fire all day their broadsides at the islands. But perhaps he is not
aware that this state of things is made possible by the action of a certain Associa-
tion which has been formed nominally for the preservation of the birds, and pro-
fesses to accomplish this purpose by taking every year many thousands of the first
and even second sittings of the eggs and selling them up and down the country for
eating, in order to defray rent and other expenses. The result is, as I was informed
on authority which I could not question, that the birds which are hatched from the
last sitting come off their nests so late that they are hardly able to escape by flight
when the close season is at an end, and they fail an easy prey to the steamboat
‘sportsmen,’ who do not land, but strew acres of the water with dead and dying
birds which they are not at the trouble to recover. When I was there at the end
of August there were young Gulls half fledged, and Puffins hardly able to fly.
Besides this, as I was told, the Association allows its members and their friends to
spend hours upon the islands both when the birds are sitting and also when they
are feeding their young, seasons when of course they should be left as undisturbed
as possible. To keep up this farce of protection, the Association attempts to charge
a. fee of sixpence a head upon all persons who land on the islands. Bare respect
for my feathered friends forbade my adding my quota to the funds of such an
Association, and I need hardly add that their secretary did not make a second
application. —H. E. Fox, Durham, November 4th, 1884.

Dec. 1884.

PehZ

CONCHOLOGICALMNOTES:

Large Anodons in Nottinghamshire.—The dry summer has given
collectors special facilities for obtaining the large fresh-water mussels (see note on
large Unios obtained at Ossington by Mr. Gain). Quite recently, being exploring at
Sutton-in-Ashfield, I found the water in the mill-dam very low, leaving a belt
of beach exposed, varying from 20 to 40 yards wide. Some 3 or 4 feet thickness
of mud had dried quite hard enough for one to walk on, and gather the shells that
lay stranded. A. cygnea was the only species present; many were broken; but
leaving hundreds of perfect specimens from which I obtained a fine selection.
On cleaning them the type form appears most common, with amongst them a few
var. ‘zellensis.” In size the largest was 77; in. long, three more 7 in., several were
612 in., 644 in., 643 in., quite two dozen 6$ in., two score or more between 64 in.
and 6# in., and probably 200 measure between 6 in. and 64 in. These are the
largest yet obtained in this county (so far as is known). No doubt other collectors
will be able to give a better account of the large mussels now, than they would
have done a year ago.—C. T. Musson, November, 1884.

Unio pictorum at Ossington, Notts.—I have found a portion of
the border of the lake untouched by the navvies. This has yielded shells still larger
than those previously found. I have several over five inches in length, the largest
being five inches and three-sixteenths. —W. GaIn, Tuxford, Newark, October 2oth.

Land and Freshwater Shells collected in County Durham,
1883 and 1884.—As Mr. Roebuck has given an account of a few slugs
collected in the county of Durham by myself, perhaps the following list of shells
also collected by myself in the years 1883 and 1884 may be of interest. All the
shells were taken within three miles of the city of Durham. CGelix hortensis and
var. voseolabiata ; Hl. arbustorum and var. flavescens ; also-a near approach to
var, alpestris; Hf. aspersa, H. hispida and var. albida, H. rotundata, H.
nemoralis, Hl. sericea, Zonites nitidulus, Z. cellarius and var. albinos, Z.
fulvus, Z. crystallinus, Z. purus, Z. excavatus, Z. alliarius, Vitrina pellucida,
Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, C. laminata, Cochlicopa lubrica, Carychium
minimum, Lymnea peregra and an approach to var. /abzosa, also one specimen
with a broad white band and several indistinct markings on the last whorl;
Ancylus lacustris, Physa fontinalts, and Pisidium fontinale.

The following are from various localities in Durham county :—H. cantsana
and A. caperata, Billingham; A. ericetorum, Pupa marginata, Planorbis
spirerbis, P. vortex, Physa hypnorum, P. fontinalis, and Lymnea fperegra,
Seaton Carew; /lanorbis contortus, P. coniplanatus, P. carinatus, Valvata
cristata, V. piscinalis, Bythinia tentaculata and var. albida, Spherium corneum,
and. Anodonta cygnea, near Horton; AH. aculeata and H. pulchella, Barnard
Castle; 4. fusca, Middleton-one-Row; and Salea perversa, near Chester-le-
Street. Many of the foregoing have been met with in two or three localities, but
I merely give one, space forbidding more.—BAKER Hupson, 15, Waterloo Road,
Middlesbrough, August 25th, 1884.

Bulimus acutus: a Query.—The distribution of this shell is peculiar.
It is an exclusively coast species, never found inland; and it is a Western or
Atlantic species, never having been found on the East coasts of Great Britain.
Tt occurs at intervals all round the Irish and Manx coasts, on the South coast of
England and the West coasts of Scotland, Wales and England from Sutherland-
shire to Cornwall. The counties for which it has actually been placed on record are :
—Channel Isles, East Sussex, Isle of Wight, Dorset, Devon (N. & S.), Cornwall
(E. & W.), North Somerset, West Gloucester, Carmarthen, Pembroke, Anglesey,
Carnarvon, Denbigh, Cheshire, Isle of Man, Cantire, Iona, Mull, Skye, West
Sutherland, Hebrides, Donegal, Sligo, West Mayo, Cork, Waterford, Wexford,
Dublin, and Down. Will conchological readers kindly add to this information,
and in particular will they state whether or not it occurs in Lancashire, West-
moreland, or Cumberland, for none of which has it yet been reported. As it
is usually abundant wherever it occurs, there ought to be no difficulty about
saying whether or not it occurs at any of the numerous sea-side resorts of Lanca-
shire and Cumberland ; and in this case negative evidence is decidedly of value.

Naturalist,

113

DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIES OF ANDREAIA NEW
TO SCIENCE
(Andreea commutata Limpricht).
‘By GUSTAV LIMPRICHT.

(Translated from the 61 Jahresbericht der Schlesischen Gesellschaft (1884), and
read before the Manchester Cryptogamic Society, by W. H. PEarson.)

SyNonvMY. Azdreea falcata Raben. eur. n. 1301 a et b sed non
A. falcata Schimp., Bryol. eur., tab. 634.

Monoicous. In habit near to A. crass¢nervia. Grows in opaque or
slightly glossy black tufts ; stems 15—-23 cm. long; generally loosely
leaved. Leaves strongly falcato-secund, long (1°5—1°8 mm.), gradually
tapering from a short ovate and single-layered base (0°3—0'36 mm.
broad) to a subulate apex of which the lower part consists of several rows
of cells and a double-layered lamina, the upper part alone being com-
posed entirely of the nerve. Nerve very strong, flattened below
consisting of 2 and 3 layers, occupying about the third of the breadth
of the leaf; a little higher composed of up to 7 layers, strongly convex
at the back, the apex biconvex, 4 and 5 layers. Cells in the lower
portion of the leaf small (0007 and o'006 mm.) roundish quadrate.
Male flowers small, ultimately pseudo-lateral, often below one another
on the slender laxly-leaved branches ; inner perigonial leaves nerve-
less, crenulate at the margin and strongly papillose at the back.
Antheridia large, 0°38—o0°45 mm. long. Pedicel short (0°035 mm.).
Paraphyses of the same length, yellow, filiform (not ligulate) some-
times branched. Inner pericheetial leaves convolute, larger, obovato-
oblong above rotundate with very small, apiculate or ligulate apex,
single layer, nerveless (only at the base a flattened nerve of 2 layers
is indistinctly noted), margin crenulate at the back, large papillee.
Capsule large unopened 1’05 mm. long by o°5 mm. broad, with a
thick neck (0°3 mm. long). Spores large (0°032—0'035 up to 0'04
mm.), in the mass ochre-coloured, seen by transmitted light greenish-
brown, very finely granulate. Ripens in April.

Collected on rocks of the Ockerthal in the Hartz, April 1876, by
Pastor W. Bertram, and contributed to Raben. Bryoth. eur. n. 1301 b.
(The specimens which Pastor Bertram sent to the Silesian
Botanical Exchange Society, from the same station, belong to A.
Roth var. and are largely mixed with Andr. petrophila). Near
Willerzie, Belgium, on quartz rocks, leg. F. Gravet (Rabenh. Bryoth.
n. 1301 a.). Britain:—rocks, Loch Kandor, Braemar, leg. G. E.
Hunt, July 1871: Borrowdale, Cumberland, leg. G. E. Hunt, May
1871: and rocks near Buttermere, leg. G. E. Hunt. From the last
station, sent as A. rupestris.

The specimens from Bernina, leg. Schimper, and from the Hartz
Dec. 1884.

IIi4 CRYPTOGAMIC NOTES.

(Herb. Hampe), agree in every particular with the Andreea falcata
Sch. vzde the text and tab. 634. Bryol. eur.: their 1-o—1°2 mm. long
leaves suddenly narrow from the obovate base (0'24—-0°27 mm.) into
a lanceolate subulate point, with a smaller single-layered lamina to the
apex, at or before which the reddish semi-pellucid nerve vanishes.
The inner perichetial leaves are broadly nerved at the apex, the nerve
occupying nearly all the leaf. The perigonial and perichetial leaves
are not crenulate at the margin and show no papille; the antheridia
also are shorter (0°28 mm.) ; the paraphyses, however, are longer and
afterwards generally ligulate above. ‘The above-mentioned station,
Loch Kandor, is quoted by Schimper, Syn., ed. 2, p. 821, for his 4.
falcata, but my specimens bear the following note in the handwriting
of G. E. Hunt—‘intermediate between falcata and crassinervia.’

The nerve of A. falcata Sch. is double-layered at the base, four
layered higher up, plano-convex, a little projecting at the back, above
three and two layered. What Sch. and C. Muller called papillz on the
subulate part of the leaf, are only slightly mamillate cell-walls exactly
as we find in A. crassinervia and A. frigida.

In a recent letter from Herr Limpricht he says, ‘I enclose you
specimens of Andreea commutata from three stations, collected by the
late G. E. Hunt, whose early death has been a great loss to science.’

I may add that some of our Manchester muscologists question the
right of A. commutata to rank as a species ; having no critical know-
ledge of the allied species, I venture no opinion.—W. H. P.

CRYPTOGANMIC NOTES.

Manchester Cryptogamic Society.—At a late monthly meeting.
Dr. B. Carrington, F.R.S.E., in the chair, the Honorary Secretary exhibited
specimens of Zayloria tenuis, which had been recently gathered on the Benbradagh
Mountains, Co. Derry, by Mr. S. A. Stewart. The Flora of Rathlin. Co. Antrim,
which had been reported upon by Mr. Stewart, was also placed upon the table.
Mr. W. H. Pearson exhibited specimens of Marsupiella sparsifolia, collected by
J.and T. Sim, on Loch-na-Gar ; and also several new mosses and hepaties, recently
published by Herr Gustav Limpricht.

Manchester Cryptogamic Society, October 20th, 1884, Dr. B.
Carrington, F.R.S.E., in the chair. Mr. George Stabler, of Levens, sent
a choice collection of rare mosses and hepatics collected by him in Braemar
last July. Amongst the rarest may be mentioned Dicranum molle; Andreca
nivalis ; Tortula tortuosa in fruit; Harpanthus Fotowiz, only previously known
from Shetland as British; Morckia norvegica ; and Marsupella Stableri. Specimens
were distributed amongst the members. Mr. James Percival sent specimens of
Bartramia rigida from near Barmouth. Mr. James Cash reported the discovery
of Trichostomum nitidum on rocks by the sea, Colvend, Kirkcudbright, by him-
self and Mr. M‘Andrew. Mr. Pearson exhibited some new European mosses
received from Herr Limpricht.—THomas RoGers, Hon. Sec.

Barbula princeps (a query).—In the London Catalogue of British
Mosses, Barbula princeps is given as indigenous to Province 10 (Yorkshire). Will
anyone acquainted with the fact be good enough to state in what part of the
county it was discovered, and by whom ?—J. C.

Naturalist,

Tas

HYMENOPTERA near YORK in 1882 and 1883.
By THOMAS WILSON,

Holgate, near Vork.

THE following species of Saw-flies and Ichneumon-flies were captured
or bred by me during the seasons of 1882 and 1883, and those
marked * are additional to the Yorkshire lists, as given in the
Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. Mr. Cameron very
kindly named all the Saw-flies for me.

TENTHREDINA.
Tenthredo olivacea KI.

Found a few of this insect amongst birch in Askham Bog

and Acomb Wood, 1882.
*Tenthredo lachlaniana Cam.

I was fortunate in taking an example of this species in 1882.
It was new to Scotland in 1878. I believe this is the first record
of it for England. It is specially interesting, therefore, being
found in this locality (Holgate).

*Tenthredo scalaris KI.
One example, Acomb Wood, 1883.
“Tenthredo serdida Thoms.

Found a good many of this interesting species in 1883. Its
beautiful yellow colour renders it a very conspicuous object when
beaten into an umbrella. Female, yellow; male, slender, dark
brown. From hawthorn.

*Macrophya albicincta Schr.

One example of this, 1882.

LD OLLARATD Sian
*Dolerus vestigialis KI.
Took one of this insect, 1882.
*Dolerus elongatus (?) Thoms.
Holgate.
EMPHAYVTIDES.
*Peecilosoma luteolum Kl.
Bred this species from larva taken on Lys¢machia vulgaris,
Askham Bog, 1882.
*Emphytus cingulatus
Beaten out of oak, 1882.
SELANDRIADES.
*Selandria morio Fab.
Taken in the York Nurseries, 1883.

Dec. Wood.

116 WILSON : HYMENOPTERA NEAR YORK.

*Eriocampa varipes Kl.
“Eriocampa rose
These two species taken in the York Nurseries, 1883.
*Blennocampa sericans Htg.
=Blennocampa bipunctata K1.
*Blennocampa cinereipes K1.
Blennocampa pusilla KI.
These four species taken in the York Nurseries, 1883.
*Blennocampa fuscipennis Fall.
Beat this insect out of birch, Askham Bog, 1883.
*Hoplocampa testudinea KI.
“Hoplocampa pectoralis Thoms.
These two species are the first of the genus that have been
detected in this locality. They are therefore very interesting
additions to the fauna of York.

NEMATINA.
*Cladius difformis Pz.

Captured in 1882 and 1883, Holgate.
*Cladius Drewseni Thoms.

Holgate, 18383.
Nematus lucidus Pz.

Beat three examples of this insect from hawthorn, 1883.
*Nematus consobrinus Voll.

Two examples, Holgate, 1882.
*“Nematus crassulus Dlbm.
*Nematus Westermanni Thoms.
*Nematus albipennis Htg.

Found at Holgate, 1883.
*Nematus salicivorus.

From willows, 1883.
*Cryptocampus mucronatus H.

Beaten from willows, 1883.

t LISI MES.
*Abia nitens Thoms.

Captured this insect on Strensall Common during the Y.N.U.
visit there in July, 1883.
HIVEOTOMIDES.

+

*“Hylotoma pagana Pz.

Took about a dozen larve of this species on Rosa Manetti in

August. The following month six of the perfect fly came out,
1883.

Naturalist,

BOOK NOTICES. 1i7

LOPHVRIDES.
*Lophyrus Pini L.

I had the pleasure of breeding nine examples of this insect
from larve taken on Scotch pine in 1881. Also took a quantity
of larve from the same species of pine on Strensall Common in
1883.

ICHNEUMONID:.
Ichneumon derasus

Beat one example of this insect out of a hawthorn hedge, 1883.

CRYPTIDA.
*Cryptus tricolor Gr.

A female of this species taken amongst oak, 1883.
*Cryptus cimbicis
Bred several examples of this, male and female, from a cocoon
of Zrichiosoma betulett, ‘Taken at Holgate, 1882.
*Cryptus sponsor (Fab.)
Found one example of this at large.

BOOK NOTICES.

‘The Entomologist’ Synonymic List of British Lepidop-
tera.—Compiied in conformity with the law of priority by Richard South.
(London: West, Newman & Co., 1884. pp. 40+ 40).

So far as concerns typography and general get-up this list is substantially a re-
production of Doubleday’s (which has so long been out of date and out of print)
and is equal in merit to Messrs. West and Newman’s other publications ; although
improvements might have been adopted with advantage. For instance, the small
capitals used for specific names are not at all clear or pleasant to the eye, and might
have been discarded for lower-case letters, or better still, for the thick type
employed for names of families. It also seems a decided mistake not to print
binomial names in full (thus, Fagzlio machaon L.) instead of adopting the un-
scientific practice too much in vogue with lepidopterists of using specific names
only ; and it is unnecessary to insert a comma between the specific name and that
of the author who bestowed it. But these questions do not affect the scientific
character of the work, and it will be of more importance to consider how Mr.South
acquits himself in questions of nomenclature and arrangement, and how he deals with
synonymy and variation. In his preface he freely acknowledges that he has confined
himself to collating the work of others, so far as nomenclature and arrangement go.
This is an advantage, inasmuch as lists, as a rule, should not deviate too far from
published monographs. Mr. South’s arrangement differs materially from Double-
day’s, and approximates more to Stainton’s and Staudinger’s. For our own part
- we never agreed with Doubleday’s separation of the Noctuz from the Bombyces
by the interposition of the Geometrz, nor the union of Sphinges and Bombyces as
Nocturni. In these and other respects we preferred the older arrangements, and
are glad to find that Mr. South is of the same opinion. We also think he is right
in removing the ‘ Plumes’ to a position nearer the Pyrales. But we cannot think
that he has yet fixed upon their true location. Instead of placing them between
the Pyrales and Crambites, they would probably be much better located after the
latter group, and immediately preceding the Tortrices. ‘The minor changes, for the
most part based upon Staudinger, are necessarily matters of opinion. The Pseudo-
bombyces revert to their old and familiar position as a family of the Bombyces, the
genera Ffetasta (now Asteroscopus), Diloba, Demas, Aventia, Boletobta, and the

Dec. 1884.

118 BOOK NOTICES.

families Herminizde and Hypenide are now classed among the Noctuz, the
Psychide among the Tinez, and the Bombyces are increased by the inclusion at
their head of Savrothripa, Earias, Hylophila, and the Nolide, and at their foot
of Cymatophora and Thyatira, which latter seem to be the natural links
by which the Bombyces pass into the Noctuz. The Pterophori are now split up
into numerous genera, in place of the very few to which we have hitherto been
accustomed. The list of Noctuz appears to have been carelessly done. Why
should two genera bear the same name? Calamia and Aforophyla are each used
twice. In the Leucanizde we find Calamia phragmitidis followed by five other
genera, and then comes Calamia lutosa. Again, in the Afameide we find
Afporophyla australis; and in another family, Hadenzde, Aporophyla is again used
for two species formerly of the genus Zfunda. As to nomenclature, Mr. South
has wisely followed Staudinger and Wocke, thereby accelerating the much-desired
assimilation of English to continental usage. The changes which are entailed by
Mr. South’s adoption of a more correct nomenclature may not be very pleasing to
some or our collectors, but for them it will be wholesome practice to learn to use
scientific nomenclature precisely and accurately. Space prevents our mentioning
the changes of familiar names which the list presents, and we will confine ourselves
to the two which are most likely to perplex collectors. Doubleday’s 77zphena
subsequa becomes 7. orbona, and his 7. orbona has to take the name of 7. comes.
Cloantha perspicillaris becomes C. polyodon, and the Xylophasia will now be called
X. monoglypha. On the whole Mr. South has made a decided advance in the
rectification of our insular nomenclature, though he errs occasionally in not applying
the strict law of priority. For instance, the Goat Moth was named by Linnzus as
Phalena (Bombyx) Cossus, and ought therefore to stand in our lists as Cossus
cossus L. Then again, what rule has been followed in naming the Meadow Brown
Butterfly and the Clouded Buff Moth? The male and female of each of these
insects were described as distinct species by Linnzeus. If the first-mentioned insect
is to continue to be Satyrus janira, on the ground of the male name taking pre-
cedence of the female one, then that of the latter should become /Vemeophila
sannio and not WV. russuda. If on the other hand the law of priority is to apply in
all its strictness, then Satyrus jurtina and Nemeophila sannio are the correct
names. We doubt whether there is any justification for the practice which Mr.
South adopts (and defends) of altering the spelling of names to make them
grammatically or philologically correct. The true object of nomenclature is not
served by such corrections; and if any are made they should be carefully indicated,
as is done by Dr. Staudinger. In respect of varieties, Mr. South’s list has been but
imperfectly done, and his researches seem to have been confined to one or two
of the principal journals. We miss any mention of some varieties which have been
described in provincial journals. It would have been better also if the list had dis-
tinguished clearly between the different categories of varieties, nor would it have
been out of place to have explained the meaning of the asterisks appended to a
few of the varietal names.

But with all its faults the list is a distinct advance upon its predecessors,
and as such should be adopted as the standard of nomenclature until it is
superseded—as we hope it soon will be—by one of a more authoritative
character. The Entomological Society of London should no longer leave to
private enterprise the issue of a list of British Lepidoptera, and ought to lead the
van. The Society would do well to follow the example of other scientific
societies—notably that of the British Ornithologists’ Union—and appoint a
committee to draw up a list that shall command the confidence and respect of all
students of that order, and in such a way as cannot be done by the venture of any
private individual or trading firm. But not only do we require a new catalogue,
but also a new monograph of British Lepidoptera. The weakness of British
Lepidopterists is shown by the fact that there is no complete British work of
recent date. Those of Stephens, Wood, Westwood, &c., are now old history,
while Stainton’s admirable little work does not profess to be more than a
‘Manual,’ and Newman’s, although the woodcuts are good and the descriptions
carefully drawn up, can hardly be considered as more than a collector’s handbook,
inasmuch as it ignores synonymy and slurs over life history and geographical dis-
tribution. There is ample room for a work on British Lepidoptera which shall
deal adequately with every aspect of its subject. —Ebs.

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 119g

The Chester Society of Natural Science have published — under the title of
‘ A Short Hand-book of Natural History, for use at the Annual Conversaziones and
other meetings of the Society’ (Chester, G. R. Griffith, 1884, 28 pages, price 6d.)—a
most valuable introduction to the whole scheme of classification of the animal, vege-
table, and mineral kingdoms, calculated to be of much use, especially to micro-
scopists. We have ourselves long felt the need of such a handbook, as well of what
it will tend to secure, a more systematic and thoughtful arrangement and selection of
suitable slides or objects for exhibition. It is to Mr. C. F. Fish that the Society is
indebted for the authorship of this valuable little manual, although the pamphlet
itself gives no indication on this point.

NOTES AND NEWS.

We have at present under consideration the question as to the most advisable
form in which to keep a monthly record of meteorological observations in next
year’s Naturalist, and we should be glad to have suggestions from our readers.
Ours being a natural history journal, the object we have in view is to give sucha
summary of meteorological phenomena as is best calculated to throw light on
synchronous occurrences in natural history, such as the migratory movements of
birds, the flowering and leafing of plants, or the development or appearance of
insects, &c. We therefore feel that it is hardly within our province to give
detailed observations on any single series of phenomena, such as we have hitherto done
for rainfall, for several reasons. One is that a sufficiently widespread record of the
kind would occupy more space than we can well spare, while a more important
reason is that it is the sum total of all meteorological phenomena that exerts
influence of the kind we refer to. We should like to have a digested summary
showing week by week the general character of the weather in the North of
England, the direction and force of the wind, the variations in barometric pressure,
the relative amount of cloud or sunlight, and the fluctuations of the thermometer.
If we could secure such a record as this we should arrange to publish simultaneously
a similarly digested report or summary of periodical natural phenomena.

_ 0c ———

The Committee for the Exploration of the Raygill Fissure in Lothersdale,
Yorkshire, of which the members are Professors A. H. Green and L. C. Miall, and
Messrs. John Brigg and James W. Davis, has been reappointed by the British
Association, with a renewed grant of £15. Their operations had during the past
year been entirely suspended, pending the quarrying out of an obstructive block
of limestone in the fissure.

a a

The Bird-migration Committee also has been reappointed by the British
Association, which has shown its appreciation of the value of the work by increasing
the grant from £20 to £30. It now consists of Mr. J. Cordeaux (who acts as
Secretary), Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown, Professor A. Newton, Mr. R. M. Barrington,
Mr. A. G. More, Mr. J. Hardy, and Mr. W. Eagle Clarke.

Poo<

It will not be out of place here to mention that the Committee request co-opera-
tion, and that in particular Mr. Clarke, who undertakes as his charge the West
Coast of England and Wales, would particularly request ornithologists and others
to assist in making his report as complete as possible, by sending to him at 18, Clare-
mont Road, Headingley, Leeds, their observations on the migratory movements of
all species, and on the occurrence of rare and uncommon ones, within the West
Coast region (inclusive of inland localities) during the spring and autumn of the
present year. When possible such notes should be accompanied by indications as
to the direction of the wind and the state of the weather immediately preceding the
occurrence of uncommon birds or during the observations of migratory movements.
The notes sent will be incorporated with the reports from the light-houses and
light-vessels, and all assistance given will be adequately acknowledged.

Dec. 1884.

120 NOTES AND NEWS: RAINFALL.

Such of our readers as may have specimens of pseudo-scorpions, book-scorpions,
or chelifers, would do well to submit them to the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge,
M.A., of Bloxworth Rectory, Wareham, Dorsetshire, who is working up
materials for a monograph on our British species, all of which he wishes to describe
and figure. ‘The species of this group are but little known, and that no one need
fear that his specimens are valueless is evidenced by the fact that certain Yorkshire
examples which we lately sent to Mr. Cambridge are pronounced by him as being
of a species as yet unrecorded as British.
poo<

The second annual meeting of the Bradford Microscopical Society was held on
the Ist of October, when Mr. W. Townend, F.R.M.S., was elected president ; Mr.
J. E. Fawcett, F.R.M.S., and Dr. Hime, vice-presidents; Mr. J. Bennett, treasurer ;
Mr. W. L. Jefferson, librarian; and Mr. Chas. E. Waddington, hon. secretary ;
with Messrs. A. J. Kershaw, Walsh, Scorah, Gaskarth, West, and J. E. Wilson to
complete the committee. The report has since been printed, and, together with
the syllabus for 1884-85, is now before us. Considerable progress is reported, and
an increase of twelve members, while lists of members, books and slides are
included in the pamphlet.

RAINFALL FOR OCTOBER 1884.

60 a HEAVIEST

3 .| 8 3 Tota Fatt To Date. SINGLE Day’s

OVS ye = 5 FALL.

1 _—

2g Gg | oa Dhroe oe

By Oo] Se | ao 9 og 5 my S

STATION & OBSERVER. |%n| So | >s Be o 3 5 oy = é

one) ms 3 oo} SNe a ns 3 x
S| a H w uy 45 ° o

a (o) ist «PA ww (oe) oO Ss Q
a = ° = Vn or

ar | oO 4 a > 5 ed <_<

o H (o} <A, A

an) a

Feet.|Inches|Days| Inches. | Inches.| No. | Years. |Inches

“DERRINGHAM, eee 10] 0°87 | 14 | 14°50 | 18°96| 34 | 1850-83 | 0°22 |11th.

Wm. Lawton
GooLE.—John Harrison...| 25] 1°05} 11 | 15°78 | — 9 | 1875-83 | 0°18 |27th,
Rr. E, Maule Cote} |235]4°38) #¢ | 2883], — | | cans jmia8 oth
Sonne adaes aageeaed 130| 2'08 | 13 | 17°12 | 23°20] 18 | 1866-83 | 0°65 |oth.
PATEL Oa Cae 100] 115 | 11 | 21-91] — | — Os 0:28 |r1th.
MasHAM.—Thos. Carter. .| 269 | 1°38 | 16 | 23°85 | — | — = 0°34 |I1th.
SHADWELL, eee soo! 1-41 | 13 | 21°31 | —- |—]| —_ | 0°32 26th.
Leeps.—The Museum ...| 183] 1°50 | 20 | 19°54 | 20°73 | 30 |{192292}| 0°31 |26th.
HORSFORTH.—James Fox | 350] 1°35 | 17 | 21°14 | 26°93 | 15 | 1870-84 So ore
BARNSLEY.—Dr. Sadler...| 350] 1:14 | 12 | 18°28| — 2 | 1882-83 | 0°39 /26th.

W
iia art 520] 1°29 | 12 | 19°60} 27°91 | 8 | 1877-84 | 0°37 \26th.
INGBIRCHWORTH.— ___|
7) Ee ay lon|

D
AN SAW Repeat 350| 1°51 | 10 | 20°96 | 27°49 | 18 | 1866-83 | 0°57 |26th.

THORPE, HALIFAx.—
BAGS, Ramen 365 | 3°25 | 18 | 29°69); — 2 | 1882-83 | 1°03 26th.

TUXFORD, Notts. —

853| 1°59] 14 | 26°87) — 2 | 1882-83 | 0°50 |26th.

Grammar School,

J. N. Dufty.) |
ee eee

Naturalist,

| 220 0°64 | 10 | 16’o1 | 22°80| 8 | 1876-83 | o-21 |11th.

Ln Preparation.

A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca
of the British Fauna.

The work is intended to be full, detailed, and exhaustive, and adequately
illustrative of Variation, Development, and Geographical Distribution.

_ Co-operation is invited from all interested, and any information or specimens .
{the common species of every district are particularly desired) will be welcomed
and carefully acknowledged. The Authors may be addressed—c/o Mr. JOHN W.
TAYLOR, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds.

Information is at present specially required on the Slugs ( Zestacella, Limax, and
Arioiz), of which living specimens from every district are desired.

THE INSECT HUNTER’S COMPANION.

By the Rev; JOSEPH GREEN, M.A.

Being instructions for Collecting, Rearing, Setting, and Preserving Butterflies and
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PRBIRD\:: EDLEION:
REVISED AND: EXTENDED BY A. B.. FARN,
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a on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and

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No. 114. | JANUARY, 18385.

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

AND
Ws ACLE CLARK EY FE. LS.,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

iy .
Contents: ee

On a Megalichthys from the Yorkshire Coalfield—P70/ ZL. C. Miall, F.L.S., F.G.S. 121
(Illustrated).

The Pied Flycatcher in Westmoreland—Afev. H. A. Macpherson, M.A.
The Marine Shells of Yorkshire—Rev. WV. C. Hey, M.A. (conclusion) ..
Additions to the Wensleydale Flora :— :
Notes supplementary to Baker’s North Yorkshire—F, Arnold Lees.
Notes on Mammalia :— ; ae a a: se
Deep drop for a Weasel—T. NV. Postlethwaite : Badgers in North Lancashire —Robert
Standen; Black Rat at Newcastle-on-lyne—Dennis Embleton, M.D.
Ornithological Notes :— seven E 20s
Curious site for a Wren’s Nest—S. Chadwick : “Cuckoo laying i in a Pollard Willow—7.N.
Postlethwaite; Albino Birds in Nidderdale—Wm. S torey ; Water-rail in Nidderdale—/d.;
Puffin in Notts—¥%. Whitaker, F.Z.S.; Little Auk in Lincolnshire—£. B. Wrigglesworth ;
Little Auk at Settrington, East Yorkshire—A. WV. Walker; Ornithological Notes from
West Yorkshire—C. C. Hanson.
Botanical Notes :— 2. ne Sp ae ae we Satie fetch
Hydnum coralloides in Notts.—IV. Gain; Additions to the Flora of Northumberland—
Rev. H. E. Fox, M.A.
Conchological Note :—
Shells at Riding Mill- on-Tyne— Fohn Ww. Taylor.
Fungus Foray at Selby aC AS
Notes and News
Rainfall (Yorkshire and Noteneharchixe Stations), for N. oueriber 1884

LONDON:

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1884.

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*Nat. Hist. Trans. Northum., Durham, & Newcastle, Vol. 8, pt. 1., 1884. [Society.

*The Naturalists’ World, Dec. 1884. [ Editor.
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*On a Perched Block of Sandstone in Lunedale, &c.—S. Oswald, 8 pp. [Id.

Voyage to Spitzbergen, &c.—Abel Chapman, 21 pp. and 4 plates.
Presidential Address by Rev. A. M. Norman (on Deep-sea Faunas), 68 pp. [Id.

*Grevillea, a Quarterly Record of Cryptogamic Botany, Dec. 1884. [ Editor.
Revue Bryologique (Edited by T. Husnot), 1884, No. 6. [ Editor.
Scottish Naturalist, edited by Prof. Trail, Oct. 1884. [ Editor.
Illustrated Science Monthly, Dec. 1884. [The Publisher,

*Local Notes for Science Students. Geology—Osmund W. Jeffs, 1884.[The Author.

*Botanical Record Club—Report for the year 1883. [The Club.

Systematic List of the Butterflies of Europe, by H. C. Lang, 1884, 4to., pp. 6.
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Mosses Wanted.— Mookeria lete-virens, Epipterygium tozert, Myurium
hebridarum ; offered in exchange, Hypnzm callichroum from Lock Laggan, and
Hypnum crista-castrensis, both in fruit; also Dzeranum fulvellum.— Mrs.
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Vat, “LS Go MEI em ie Ia

q
|
|
|
(

(one-sixth natural size).

Fig. 1.—Specimen of Megalichthys Hibberti in the Leeds Museum, seen from beneath

¢

W. Hagle Clarke, Del. ad Nat. : |

I21T

ON A MEGALICHTHYS FROM THE YORKSHIRE
COALFIELD. .

By LE: €. MIALL, F.L.S., F.G:S.,
Professor of Biology at the Vorkshire College, Leeds.

THE genus Megalichthys, of which fragmentary remains are common
in coal shale, was first named by Agassiz from a fine skull which he
found in the Leeds Museum, and from less perfect specimens
collected by Dr. Hibbert at Burdiehouse. Subsequent discoveries
brought to light various details of structure, and the zoological
position of this Ganoid fish has gradually been elucidated with
sufficient exactness. Among the most instructive specimens are those
procured by Mr. John Ward of Longton, which form part of his
magnificent collection. The completest and best preserved of all
the known examples of Megalichthys is, however, the fine fossil added
last year to the Leeds Museum. It was discovered at Mr. F. B.
Ellison’s colliery, near Idle, in the roof of the Halifax Hard Bed,
and was extracted in a singularly perfect state by the pit manager,
Mr. Andrew Oldroyd. By Mr. Ellison’s generous gift the fossil
became the property of the Leeds Philosophical Society. It measures
3 feet 8 inches in length, of which the head includes about ro inches,
and the tail (which is imperfect) about a foot. ‘The full length of
such a fish as yielded the large skull figured by Agassiz would be
Aor 5 feet.

Plate 1 shows the general proportions of the fish. At the head
end is seen the lower jaw, and enclosed by it the jugular plates which
defended the floor of the mouth. Further back, the small scales
which invest the pectoral fins are visible. Regularly disposed
lozenges of glittering enamel cover the rest of the under surface. At
the root of the tail are three large scales, which may be termed the
pelvic scales, and outside these are the remains of the ventral fins.
The anal fin is quite distinct, and unusually far back. The structure
of the paired fins, to which much importance is attached by
systematists, has not been hitherto clearly made out. It appears that
a pair of large basal scales or fulcra support the base of each fin, that
a row of smaller scales lies along the inner border, and a shorter row
along the outer border; lastly, that the space between these two rows
is occupied by a crowd of very small scales. The large scales no
doubt invested the more rigid, and the small scales the more flexible
parts of the fin, and we thus gain some insight into the structure of
the underlying skeleton, of which no trace is preserved. ‘The fins of

G

Jan. 1885.

MIALL: ON MEGALICHTHYS.

122
Megalichthys must have resembled those of recent Sharks and
Rays (see fig. 5), while they were quite unlike those of nearly all

surviving Ganoids.

CSO AS EOE
= re
NCA
OS (Se
tS

Fig. 2.—Left Pectoral Fin of Megalichthys Hibberti.
(One-half natural size).

6, 6. Basal scales or fulcra.

Fig 3.—Right Pectoral Fin of Megalichthys Hibberti.
(One-half natural size).

4. Basal scale,
Naturalist,

MIALL: ON MEGALICHTHYS. 123

Fig. 4.—Ventral fins and pelvic scales of Megalichthys Hibberti
(One-half natural size).

p.pt. Propterygium. nupl. Metapterygium.
p- Median pelvic scale. — pf, £. Lateral pelvic scales.
a, Anus.

Fig. 5.—Ventral fin of Torpedo.

m.pt. Metapterygium.
ppt. Propterygium.
Jan. 1885.

124 MIALL: ON MEGALICHTHYS.

Some further anatomical details, of interest only to special students,
are to be found in the description published in the Quarterly Journal
of the Geological Society for August, 1884 (xl., 347-352) from which,
by permission of the Society, the figures here reproduced have been
taken.

Fig. 6.—Anal fin of Megalichthys Hibberti, the very convex surface
represented as plane (one-half natural size).

6, 6. Basal scales.

Other specimens of Megalichthys, and in particular the fine skull
previously obtained for the Leeds Museum, yield full information
respecting the outward form and component bones of the skull. It
is further known that the teeth were unequal, very large teeth occurring
at regular intervals in the rows of small teeth which beset the jaws.
Two patches of small teeth occupied the roof of the mouth. The
vertebree were incompletely ossified, and in the fossil state form
rings of bone with attached processes, the central part having been
cartilaginous and incapable of preservation.

Naturalist,

125

THE PIED FLYCATCHER IN WESTMORELAND.

By THE Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON, M.A.,
Carlisle.

‘EARLY on May 1oth, 1884, we started to search for Pied Flycatchers

at Lowther Castle, where my companion, Mr. W. Duckworth, had
observed them during many previous summers. In this locaiity
these Flycatchers are usually to be found near the water ; neverthe-
less, on this occasion, we had hardly entered the Park when a
beautiful little male caught my eye; a moment later Mr. Duckworth
spied its less obtrusive mate. A second pair were flitting in and out
of some shrubberies, while a few hundred yards from the Castle a
female was clinging to the entrance of her nesting hole. In a minute
or two she popped inside, dislodging the male, which almost at the
same moment quitted the nest by an upper orifice. When we
reached the Eamont’s hanging banks, the charming song of this
species resounded on all sides. We watched another female convey-
ing a leaf to her nest.

Most of the males were singing in the upper branches of oaks
that grow beside the river; occasionally they darted down to pluck
an insect from the grass. The movements of these individuals
seemed to be more active and lightsome than those of the Pied Fly-
catchers that I have seen in Switzerland in August and September ;
but the latter were chiefly young birds. At Lowther the males seemed
to be chiefly adult birds, but we noticed some males of the previous
year in full song. Having previously obtained leave to shoot a few
for the Carlisle Museum, we obtained an adult female and four males,
one of which I sent to the British Museum.

Three of the males were mature, but one was not; this bird bore
considerable resemblance to a female, from which it differed chiefly
in the white of the forehead, in having black upper tail coverts and
black wing coverts. As we rambled along the water side, ever and
anon a male Pied Flycatcher would dart out of the woods on either
side, as though to dart across the stream, but checking in midstream
would poise himself for rest upon the summit of a grey rock in the

_ river’s bed.

Occasionally we observed a female resting pensively in the cool
shade, but the nymphs seemed less energetic than their suitors,
especially as the heat increased towards noon. ‘The most careful use
of two pairs of glasses failed to detect a single White-collared Fly-
catcher, though the number of birds examined during the day was very
large. We bade farewell to the Flycatchers only when we quitted the
Park; but as we approached the borders of Cumberland their
Jan. 1885. Ge

126 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

numbers had steadily decreased. It was on June 14th that I introduced
my friend Mr. Earle, of Oxford, an enthusiastic oologist, to the woods of
Lowther ; the nest which we had seen so near the castle had been
torn out; and it was only on reaching the water side that I could
point out a pair of Pied Flycatchers to my comrade-in-arms. Their
merry song, which I should consider a melodious development of
that of Parus major, no longer resounded on all sides; in fact, a
large number of those seen on May 1gth had not stopped to nest
at Lowther, but passed on, as is their wont, by this route into Cum-
berland. Only three females were visible, the majority probably being
sitting. A single male in the feminine garb of the first year chanted
snatches overhead ; presently, as we leant against some rails above the
pleasant flood of the Earnont, a fine male took up his position some
twenty yards in a straight line from us, on a level with our eyes.
There he sang constantly for ten minutes, and though he fidgeted a
little and slightly altered his position, he was never obscured from
view. Turned three parts towards us, it was delightful to study the
vibrations of the silvery white throat, the Senn oles wide expanded,
the tail swaying with emotion.

Before leaving Lowther we spent some time in watching some
male Flycatchers ‘on the feed’; taking up their position at the
extremity of a bough, a dead one by preference, ten or fifteen feet
from the ground, they gazed intently into the grass beneath, craning
their necks eagerly if they fancied that an insect stirred, and then
dropping down to mother earth to secure the victim. They made a
number of ineffectual descents in this way, but we repeatedly saw
them fly up from the ground with an insect in the bill, and dart away
through the trees nearly in a straight line, presumably to their nests.
Not unfrequently they clung to the tree trunk in the manner of
a Tree Creeper; indeed the Pied Flycatcher is almost as much
at home in this attitude as when perching, like the Spotted Flycatcher,
across a bough. .

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Curious Site for a Wren’s Nest.—A few days ago the station-
master at Rillington station showed me a Wren’s nest ensconced in one of three
little holes in the ash-pit at the back of his house. The ash-pit was about four
feet square, and on one side of it, about half way up the wall, three little holes
about three inches square had been made into the bricks for some purpose. The
little birds first took up their abode in this place about five years ago, and had now
become very familiar and sociable. In 1882 the station-master fed them, and in
1883 they brought off no less than three broods of young. In 18$4 only two lots
were brought off. He had not noticed the quantity of eggs in each clutch; he
had been principally interested in the old ones, which soon became to be con-
sidered family pets, running about the door like two little mice. They live in the
old nest all winter, and in the spring build in the adjoining compartment, and so
on, changing about from year to year.—S. CHADWICK, Norton, Malton, Decem-

ber 5th, 1884. Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES. 127

Cuckoo Laying in a Pollard Willow.—Some, few years ago I
saw a young Cuckoo taken from a hole in a pollard willow in Lincolnshire. The
willows being much frequented both by House and Tree Sparrows for nesting
purposes, I was unable to determine certainly which of these birds was the foster-
parent. The nest was so situated that it appeared doubtful if the parent Cuckoo
could have laid her egg zz it. At that time, these willows, which were close to
the city of Lincoln, were quite a stronghold for Tree Sparrows. They have now,
I believe, been felled. —T. N. POSTLETHWAITE, Hallthwaites, Millom, Cumber-
land, December 8th, 1884.

Albino Birds in Nidderdale.—Whilst walking near Dacre Banks on
August 31st, I was struck by a noise which I heard, and on turning round I
noticed a flock of Swallows, and amongst them a white one, which appeared to
suffer attack from the rest. “The swallow passed and re-passed, so that I had a
good opportunity of watching it ; this was also seen by many others, so that I can
vouch for the above statement.

Also, during the summer of 1882, a pair of white Swallows appeared in the
same place, and there remained for three or four weeks. I regret to say one
was shot and the other disappeared.

During the past spring a white Starling built a nest in a quarry in Pateley
Bridge, which shortly disappeared, probably having been shot.—W™m. STOREY,
Pateley Bridge, September roth, 1884.

Water-rail in Nidderdale.—On Thursday, October 30th, I had sent
me, by the Hon. H. E. Butler, a Water-rail (Ra//us aguaticus) which had been
shot on Hardcastle Moor by Mr. T. E. Yorke. This is, as far as I am able to
ascertain, only the second occurrence of this bird in Nidderdale, one having been
taken a few days previously at Bewerley. The one shot by the latter gentleman is
about to be added to his collection. —W. STOREY, Pateley Bridge, via Leeds,
November 12th, 1884.

Puffin in Notts.—Miss Webb of Mansfield Woodhouse, picked up on
the 12th of November, near the village, one of these birds alive on the road ; it
had been driven in by the storm of the previous day. As this is the first
occurrence of this sea-loving bird in this county, it will form a great addition to
my Notts birds.—J. WHITAKER, Rainworth Lodge, Notts, November 2oth,
1884.

Little Auk in Lincolnshire.—On the 22nd November I received a re-
markably fine specimen of the Little Auk (AZergulus alle) from near Boston. The
bird was in poor condition, though excellent in plumage.—E. B. WRIGGLESWORTH,
1, Lawefield Terrace, Wakefield, December 17th, 1884.

Little Auk at Settrington, East Yorkshire.—A short time ago
(say the latter end of November), after a stiffish westerly gale, a fine mature male
specimen, in splendid plumage, of the Rotche or Little Auk (Usza minor), was
brought to me alive, having been picked up in the garden at Westfield, Settrington,
over twenty miles from the coast as the crow flies. I believe these birds seldom
leave the deep water except at special periods, such as breeding time, &c., and are
but rarely met with except out at seaa—A. W. WALKER, York and East Riding
Bank, Malton, December 8th, 1884.

Ornithological Notes from West Yorkshire.—A Little Auk
(Mergulus alle) was picked up in an exhausted state at Outlane, near Stainland, on
the 21st of November.

A male Gray Shrike (Lazdus excubitor) was shot at Wike, near Brighouse,
November 22nd.

Three Red-breasted Mergansers (J/ergus serrator) were shot near Kirkheaton,
December 2nd.—C. C. Hanson, Greetland, December 16th, 1884.

Jan. 1885.

128

NOTES—MAMMALTA.,

Deep drop for a Weasel.—Last September, whilst partridge shooting
in Cumberland, I saw a Weasel jump from the top of a limestone pit into some
water, a distance of thirty or forty feet, and then swim across the pool.—T. N.
POSTLETHWAITE, Hallthwaites, Millom, Cumberland, December 8th, 1884.

Badgers in North Lancashire.—In May last the sons of Mr. O.

Hayhurst, of Whittingham, about five miles from Preston, observed the tracks of a.

large animal, which they supposed to be ofa fox, ina dense and secluded wood
called the Cockshoots, adjoining his farm. On following up this track a large
burrow was discovered in the wood, and a strong steel trap being set, the following
morning they were greatly surprised to find caught in it an animal with which they
were totally unacquainted. They took it to an old farmer living near, and he at
once pronounced it to be a young Badger. It weighed about eight pounds, and
was dead when found. A few days afterwards another one was pulled out of the
hole by a dog, and a week later a systematic hunt was organised, resulting in the
capture of two others. One was killed by the dogs, but the other was rescued
from them before being much injured. ‘This was kept alive for over a month, and
became very tame, although savage at first. Unfortunately, whilst it was being
examined by one of the numerous visitors who went to see it, he accidentally or
otherwise let it fall to the floor, and it was so injured that it died the day following.
A full-grown one—most likely the parent of those captured—was seen a few weeks
ago, but it has hitherto escaped capture.

The occurrence of Badgers in this locality is interesting, as they are now very
seldom met with. This instance of the occurrence of the Badger in Lancashire will
probably interest some readers, and I think it highly probable that this particular
family may have migrated from a considerable distance in search of a more suitable
abode, and personally I feel very sorry that they should have been molested.—
R. STANDEN, Goosnargh, near Preston, Lancashire, November 19th, 1884.

Black Rat at Newcastle.—In No. 112 is a note on the subject of the
Black Rat by Mr. Southwell; Mr. Gurney’s specimen therein noticed must have
been from Gateshead, though it is quite probable that it had migrated from New-
castle, or had escaped from some ship. The Black Rat has not been recorded as
occurring in this town, because probably it has not been sought for. A paper on
‘ The two species of Rat in England’ was read in 1850 (see Vol. ii., Trans. Tynes.
Nat. Field Club), and the specimen therein described was from Stockton-on-Tees.
We now know that the Black Rat exists in some old premises in the Close, a narrow
street in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by the river side, above the bridge, wherve it appears
to have been for some time, and that it has been seen at times on board ships lying at
the Quay,and thereis therefore great likelihood of its existing in most seaport towns, for
like its brown congener, it is a wanderer. It has been found in London, Plymouth,
Stockton, Newcastle, and Gateshead, and also in the United States (see an article
in WVaturve, April 24th, 1879, in which it is shown that the Black was superseded by
the Brown Rat in the States in very much the same way as occurred in England).
In the magnificent new Museum of Natural History in this city—which we owe to
the energy and skill of our distinguished naturalist, Mr. John Hancock—are two
cases, each containing two prepared skins of the Black Rat, brought alive in the
year 1864 or 1865, with others, by Mr. J. H. Richardson from Plymouth. From
all these four specimens the black colour has disappeared, owing, probably, to the
influence of light, and they are now nearly all over of a brown colour like that of
Mus decumanus ; one, however, is distinctly piebald—brown and drab on the head
and neck. ‘They are still distinguishable from the Brown Rat by their smaller size
and longer hair. Mr. Wright, custodian of the Natural History Museum when on
the former site, had a few of the above Black Ratsinacage. They now and then
got out and ran about the place, and the morning after were found in the cage again,
having escaped from the rude attentions of their brown cousins, as it was believed,

which were too wary to follow them into the cage, fearing a snare or trap. They |

eventually disappeared altogether. The sex of Mr. Southwell’s specimen is not
mentioned, but it was smaller than that described in the paper first above men-
tioned. Is the female Black Rat bigger than the male?—D. EMBLETON, M.D.,
4, Eldon Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne, November 18th, 1884.

Naturalist,

129
THE MARINE SHELLS OF YORKSHIRE.

By- THE Rev. W. C. HEY, M.A.,
St. Olave's Vicarage; Vork; President of the Conchotogical Section of the Vorkshire
Naturalists Union.

(Continued from page 31.)

DENTALIIDEZ.
Dentalium entalis L.

Redcar and Scarborough. A deep water shell; only rarely
found on the beach.

CHITONIDA.
Chiton marginatus Penn.

Adhering to loose stones, or to rocks, between tide marks.
Common at Scarborough, Redcar, Filey, &c. Very variable in
colour ; pink specimens often occur at Scarborough.

Chiton cinereus L..
I have dredged this species in a few fathoms water off Cayton
Bay.
Chiton Hanleyi Bean.
Scarborough (Bean).
Chiton marmoreus Fab.
Bean obtained this species at Scarborough.
Chiton fascicularis L. Redcar.

PATELLIDA.
Patella vulgata L.

Everywhere where the coast is rocky, both on flat scars and
steep cliffs, as at Flamborough Head. In such localities as the
last named, it is generally dwarfed, and very coarsely ribbed. I
have a very dark and finely striated form from Skinningrove.
Limpets are commonly designated on this coast ‘ flithers,’ and
are largely collected for bait.

Helcion pellucidum L.

Adhering to the leaves of Laminaria digitata at dead low-
water mark. Very abundant on Filey Brig. Also at Redcar,
Bay Town, and Scarborough.

Var. levis Penn.
Fine on West Scar, Redcar.
Acmea testudinalis Mill.

Unusually abundant on the Lias Scars below Huntcliff. Not
uncommon on the Redcar Scars and the south shore at Scar-
borough. In all these localities the specimens show the most
varied markings.

Jan. 1885.

130 HEY: MARINE SHELLS OF YORKSHIRE.

Acmea virginea Mull.
Abundant and fine near White Nab, Scarborough. The
specimens must be sought for under stones at spring tide low-
water mark. Also at Redcar.

FISSURELLIDA..
Fissurella reticulata Don.
Has been recorded from Redcar (Ferguson).

CAPULIDE.
Capulus Hungaricus L.
I have met with this shell in no Yorkshire locality but Redcar,
and only once there.
TROCHIDA:.
Trochus helicinus Fab.
Dead low-water mark at White Nab, Scarborough.
Trochus tumidus Mont.
I have dredged this species in a few fathoms water in
Bridlington Bay.
Trochus cinerarius L.
In shallow pools and under loose stones between tide marks.
Common and general—e.g., at Saltburn, Filey, Flamborough.
Trochus zizyphinus L.
Scarce. Sometimes cast up on Redcar sands. Has been
found living on Salt Scar.

LIT TORINIDZE:
Lacuna vincta Mont.

A common species near low-water mark on all our rocky
coasts. It may be obtained in quantities by cutting a handful
of Fucus, and steeping it in fresh water, when the shells sink to
the bottom of the vessel. J have it from Scarborough, Filey,
and Saltburn.

Lacuna pallidula Da Costa.

On seaweed between tide marks. Fairly abundant at Scar-

borough, Filey, and Saltburn.
Littorina littoralis L.

Very general on flat rocks anywhere below high-water mark—
Saltburn, Scarborough, &c. .The commonest form is olive,
with a purple-stained lip. A brown form with darker reticulations
is also frequent.

Littorina neritoides L.

In crannies of the rock on Filey Brig, where it rises just above

high-water mark.

Naturalist,

HEY: MARINE SHELLS OF YORKSHIRE. 131

Littorina rudis Maton.

General between tide marks—Robin Hood’s Bay, Redcar, &c.
A very handsome banded form occurs on rocks just below
Bay Town. Fine yellow specimens near Danes’ Dyke.

Littorina saxatilis Johnston.

This little species swarms where there are crannied rocks just
above high-water mark. Localities for it are the rocks which lie
at the foot of Scarborough Castle Hill, Cliffs south of the Spa,
Whitby East Cliff, The Peak, Filey Brig.

Littorina littorea L.

Common on all scars, and profusely abundant in Robin Hood’s
| Bay. A bright scarlet form occurs here with the ordinary one.

Rissoa parva Da Costa.

Very abundant at low-water mark at Scarborough, Filey, &c.
Rissoa striata Adams.

Redcar—plentiful.
Rissoa cingillus Mont. —

Redcar—scarce.
Hydrobia ulve Penn.

Positively swarms on the slag breakwaters at the mouth of the
Tees, and among the muddy pools. Also at Spurn Point.

SKENEIDZ:.
Skenea planorbis Fab. |

I have taken a few specimens at Scarborough on the rocks
south of the Spa.
LORIATE LE IDLE:
Turritella terebra L.
Frequent at Redcar ; sometimes cast up in very large numbers.
Var. nivea Jeff.
Occasionally found at Redcar.

SCALARITIDA.
Sealaria Trevelyana Leach.

I have several times met with this scarce shell on Redcar
beach.

Scalaria greenlandica Chemn.

A specimen has been shown me which was picked up at
Bridlington on the sands. Can it have been derived from the
Bridlington Crag P

EULIMID.
Eulima polita L. :
Scarborough—a fine series of local specimens in the Museum.

132 HEY: MARINE SHELLS OF YORKSHIRE.

NATICIDA.
Natica monilifera Lam.

Often thrown up alive on the beach between Redcar and
Tees mouth. |
Natica Alderi Forbes.
I once met with a quantity of this species in the bottom of a
fishing boat at Redcar.

VELOTINIDZA:.
Velutina levigata Penn.
Scarborough.
APORRHAIDA.
Aporrhais pes-pelecani L.
Redcar—not a common shell.

BUCCINIDA.
Purpura lapillus L.

Very abundant on all our rocks between tide marks. The
specimens seldom have the bands which so frequently decorate
this shell in south-western localities, though the whole shell is
often yellow and even bright orange in colour. Perhaps the
finest specimens are from the south shore, Scarborough. Banded
shells occur at Huntcliff.
Buccinum undatum L.
Very common, the young shells being found in pools near
low-water mark, and the adult brought in in great abundance on
the fishing lines, attached to the bait.
The reversed form has been taken at Bridlington.
Buccinopsis Dalei J. Sow.
In York Museum there is a specimen labelled ‘ Runswick 3
Bay.’ $.
MURICIDA:. '
Murex erinaceus L.

Flamborough Head—not uncommon, but I never took it alive.
Trophon truncatus Strom.

A deep-water species, not uncommon off Bridlington. It is

a very favourite tenement of the hermit crab.
Fusus antiquus L.

Very common in deepish water. J have taken numbers from
the fishing lines at Redcar, Scarborough, and , Bridlington.
Specimens from Redcar are the largest, and show particularly
beautiful shades of yellow and pink in the interior of the shell.
I have one such shell more than six inches in length. The
normal dimensions are 3°25 (Jeffreys).

Naturalist,

HEY: MARINE SHELLS OF YORKSHIRE. 133

Fusus Norvegicus Chemn.
From deep waterat Redcar (Ferguson) and Scarborough (Bean).
Fusus Turtoni Bean.
Whitby Museum contains Scarborough specimens. It is one
of the Dogger Bank rarities.
Fusus gracilis Da Costa.

_ Frequently brought in on the fishing lines. I have taken it at
Redcar and Scarborough, but much more abundantly at
Flamborough and Bridlington.

Fusus propinquus Alder.
Scarborough—scarce.
Fusus Berniciensis King.
Scarborough specimens are in York Museum.
NASSIDE.
Nassa reticulata L.
Strange to say, I have never met with more than a few dead
specimens of this common shell. They occurred at Redcar.
Nassa incrassata Strom.
Frequent in pools and under stones near low-water mark at
Scarborough, Redcar, &c.
PLECROTOMIDA:.
Pleurotoma turricula Mont.
Dredged off Bridlington rather plentifully.
Pleurotoma rufa Mont.
Redcar—among seacoal, &c., on the beach.
. CNOPTAS IID AD.
Cypreea Europzea Mont.
Dead shells are very abundant on almost all our beaches, but
the only littoral locality I know for the live animal is Salt Scar.
EOL LED AL
Utriculus truncatulus Brug.
Redcar beach; Scarborough, south shore, at low-water mark.
Cylichna cylindracea Penn.
Redcar—not common. Scarborough.
Actzon tornatilis L.
Not uncommon at Redcar and Scarborough.

CAR VCHITDA.
Melampus bidentatus Mont.
Sandhills at Coatham—scarce.
Melampus Myosotis Drap.
Is said to have abounded at Coatham some years ago, but I
cannot find it now.

134

ADDITIONS TO THE WENSLEYDALE FLORA:
Notes Supplementary to Baker’s ‘North Yorkshire.’

By F. ARNOLD LEES,
Gayle, near Hawes; Recorder to the Botanical Record Club.

FIRST LIST—PH4NOGAMS AND VASCULARES.

SINCE the issue of the circular for the Hawes meeting of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, Mr. John Percival, of Carperby, and myself have
made several not unimportant additions to the florula of Wensleydale
(chiefly west of Aysgarth), as registered in Baker's ‘ North Yorkshire,’
for his drainage district No. 7—-Yoredale. As no more can
be made this season, so far as the flowering plants are concerned,
a brief record of the supplementary facts will be interesting. The
additions to the Mosses, Hepatics, and Lichens will be given in a
second list later on.

The twenty-nine following species stand quite unrecorded for
Ycredale. Two others ‘reported,’ but ranked as doubtful in the work
named, I have ascertained to really occur without any doubt. The
mark of exclamation (!) after the station signifies that I have verified
the name and locality by personal observation, where the discovery has
not been my own in the first instance. The letters H and Z. indicate
respectively Higher and Lower Yoredale, the former division lying to
the west and the latter to the east of a line drawn across the dale
from the summit of Addlebrough to the highest point of Woodhall
Moor above Nappa Scar.

t Nasturtium palustre D.C. (N. terrestre Sm.) Wb,

By a plash in process of draining at the west end of

Carperbyay abe
2 Sagina ciliata Fr. Ts.

New to the vice-county (65) of N.W. York. I found this ;
recently on the bare ground in the Leyburn flagstone quarries,
srowing with the long-known Adszne tenuzfolia.

3 Agrimonia odorata Mill. IE;

Found by Mr. J. Percival on the slope of Penhill, above
West Burton. Also a new vice-county record. Not recorded
for North Yorkshire at all in Baker’s Flora of 1863 ; but since
that gathered by him in the north-east half of the area (v.c. 62)
since in Zop. Lot. that vice-county is entered for’ it on the
authority of ‘ Baker sfz.’ This seems at best but a sub-species of
A. eupatoria, the shallower furrowing and greater rotundity of
the calyx-tube being morphologically explained by the develop-
ment of ¢wo carpels in the ovary instead of one.

Naturalist,

A,
'

—
q
i
1

LEES : ADDITIONS TO WENSLEYDALE FLORA. 135

4 Rosa micrantha Sm. Yb,

A bush or two only, among hollies in Bear Park, Aysgarth ;

first noticed by myself on September 5th. !
5 Myriophylium alterniflorum D.C. AZ.

In the river Yore, below Hawes Bridge, 800 ft. alt.!. In
Summer Lodge Tarn, Askrigg Moor, 1,500 ft. alt.! Mr. Baker
omits drainage district 7 in outlining its area in North Yorkshire,
and remarks that it is ‘the rarest of the three species ’—the very
opposite of my experience among the hills. With us JZ. verdc-
cillatum is unknown, and z¢ is most abundant incomparably in
the low ‘carr’ country ; whilst JZ. alternzflorum ascends to Mal-
ham Tarn (1,250 ft.) in West Yorkshire, and to 1,500 ft. in this
district.

6 Pastinaca sativa L. Hf.

Sparingly on low scars’ at Shaw Cote, west of Askrigg.

Ge2Gonvards:

7 Galium uliginosum L. le
Rough marshy ground south-west side of Locker Tarn, above
Carperby.
8 Crepis hieracioides W. & K. (C. succisefolia T.) 7.

Among bushes on the west slope of Bain Gill, before the

Semerdale pastures are reached ; J.P. !
o Hieracium amplexicaule L. “s

On old garden walls at Gayle, West End; apparently quite
naturalised. One plant on rocks in fields near Burtersett ; and one
plant found on a bridge over a beck below West Burton, by
Mr. J. Percival. I am at a loss to explain how this can have
come, but it appears to have been known to observant Gayle
villagers for many years.

1o Hieracium cesium Angl. Auct.; var. Smithil Baker. (Vide
Homme Bot. NS: vols Vills,.p) 3608, 1870.)0)0) Z.

Below Leyburn ‘ Shawl’; J.P. ! A very glaucous plant, with
deep and acute teeth on lower leaves, and main stem-leaf.
Typical ceszwm, less robust than the foregoing, on Penhill and
by Gayle beck!

11 Linaria ochroleuca Bréb. (L. sepium All.? L. italica Angl.
Auct.) Ts,

With yellowish-white, not lilac-striped flowers, growing near
Sambucus ebulus 1..—the Dane-wort—on a shaly escarpment of
flagstone, planted with larches, and over-run with thoroughly-
naturalised Sedum album, to the north side of and parallel with
the eastern third of Leyburn ‘shawl.’ This is usually considered

Jan. 1885.

14

18

oS

LEES: ADDITIONS TO WENSLEYDALE FLORA.

a hybrid between ZL. vulgaris and ZL. striata; but seeing that
it perfects seeds here, and that Z. s¢trzata does not appear to
occur in the district, it is perhaps true zfalica Trev., and, if so,
must have been introduced with the Sedums, &c. It is possible
that all three are alike only denzzens, although there seems no
reason why it should here be relegated to the alien category
solely because some of its associates are suspicious. Other native
species it would be folly to suspect, grow in the same plantation,
such as HHzeracitum cestum and Asplenium Adiantum -nigrum,
neither of which one ought to account planted, although they
are in danger of being choked out by Sedum rupestre, album, and
oppositifolium, Cotoneaster microphylla and Hypericum calycinum.
Melampyrum sylvaticum L. Hef,
West bank of Whitfell Gill, above the main Force ; J.P. !

3 Utricularia minor L. E.

Very wet, peaty spot on Thornton Rust Moor, North-east of
Addlebrough Crags, Wensieydale, N. W. Yorks; alt. 1,400 feet ;
J. P. Quite a new station, far away from, and at a much
greater altitude than any of the other Yorkshire ones, which are
on the low peat mosses.

Trientalis europea L. FA,
Plentiful in Widdale Car Plantation, south end, west side of
Widdale. :
Plantago intermedia Gilib. de
Stony ground, by roadside near Tarney Force, Lower Widdale.
Populus tremula L. es

Little gully, west of Spen House, Skellgill. Semeérwater side.
North bank of Yore, Bear Park. All these are type wzdlosa, with
downy young leaves.

Juniperus communis L. vb

Very sparingly on a low stony ridge, on the moor above
Carperby; but on the Wensleydale slope, as Mr. J. Percival
informs me. On the steep, clayey slope of the bank of drd/~,
north side of R. Yore, near Askrigg Station, accidentally
discovered by me late in October.

Potamogeton rufescens Schrad. vise :

In a pool at Strands, between Bear Park and Woodhall ;
J. Percival ! |
Alisma natans L. Td .

In Semerwater, ‘near the Church end,’ July 1866. I quote
from the label of the specimen I gathered (from a boat) when
living at High Blean. I was not able to re-gather it last
year from inability to obtain a boat. Baker gives a station in the

Naturalist,

LEES: ADDITIONS TO WENSLEYDALE FLORA. Ty

central valley (drainage district 8), the elevation of which is
200 yards less than Semerwater.
20 Heleocharis acicularis Sm. IEE

South and south-east end of Semerwater, in sandy, peaty
ground amid the ELguzsetum! In plenty; perhaps not previously
observed here, because in any but such a dry season as that of
1884, the spot would be unapproachable on foot.

er Carex involuta Bab. Jia, |

Amid bushes bordering the ‘ Backwater’ marsh (old bed of
river Yore) just below Hawes! A distinct-looking plant, inter-
mediate in most respects between ampullacea and vesicaria :
perhaps a hybrid.

22 Polypodium calcareum Sm. VIGNE,

By the Gayle Beck, above the force of Aisgill. Also shown
to me by Mr. Percival on Thackthwaite limestone scars.
Although unrecorded for vice-county 65 in both editions of
‘Topographical Botany’; and omitted in the species enumeration
of ‘ North Yorkshire’ (p. 311); yet it is given on page 127 in
the body of the latter work amongst other names of plants
found on the crags of Waldendale and Bishopdale! It is very
curious that it should have thus dropped out of notice (as if it
were, or had been considered an error) for twenty-five years; and
then have been independently re-found in two new stations,
wide apart and miles from the old one, by Mr. Percival and
myself ; showing conclusively how greatly (compared with Tees-
dale) Wensleydale botany has been neglected for well-nigh a
quarter of a century.

23 Equisetum variegatum Schleich. PLEA.

On the wet, rocky east bank of the Bain, above Bainbridge,
June 1884, in some plenty, but rather dwarfish. After noting
this, I turned to ‘North Yorkshire’ (p. 314), and then found
there was a previous report (held doubtful by Baker, for the
drainage district No. 7 is omitted under ‘Area’) of its having
occurred by the Yore side at Aysgarth Force. To clear the
matter up, Mr. Percival and myself made speedy search there,
with the result that we soon found it, in plenty and luxuriant,
growing with Scrpus pauciflorus in wet, stony ground, on the
north bank of the river near the ‘ middle’ falls !

24 Nitella opaca Ag. LE.
Mingled with confervee at the roots of Potamogeton oblongifolius,
by the north bank of Yore, Bear Park; J.P. ! Bishopdale !
25 Chara fragilis Desv. Jal Uy
In the river Yore, 500 yards below the bridge at Hawes !
Jan. 1885.

|
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|
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|

138 BOTANICAL NOTES.

26 Chara vulgaris L. U5 bg &
Rill, Mossdale. Rill above Carperby; J.P. ! Rills running
into Locker oe ; J.P. ! Rills on Yore bank, at Aysgarth

Forces 4. Ps
27 Chara oan A. Braun. TE
Rillet or pool on Yore bank, Aysgarth (¢este A. Bennett zz
ith ad. VP).
28 Chara hispida L. Jb
Stream above keeper’s hut by, and also in Locker tarn !
29 Chara aspera Willd. ib

Little pool in course of rivulet on north bank of Yore, below
the bridge at Aysgarth; J.P. !

All the Garlics except A/ium ursinum still remain unregistered
for Higher Wensleydale, unless the western summit scar of Addle-
brough comes within the district. A. vineale occurs in plenty on this
scar; alt. 1,550 feet. 4. oleraceum, A. scorodoprasum, and A. vineale
have all been found about Carperby and Aysgarth by Mr. Percival.
Flieracium dubtum V.eers, occurs by the Yore, just below Bainbridge
bridge, and lower down at Bear Park, &c., and occurs as high
up the dale as Cotterdale Falls, 1,200 feet. Saxifraga aizoutes L.
occurs in abundance upon the wet vertical rocks of Whitfell main
Force—-a fact ‘reported’ to Baker in 1860. Vica sylvatica L. grows
in Mill Gill, west side, below the Force —a new station; as is
also Lzbes petreum Sm., in a small gill on the east slope of Lower
Widdale, a little north of Tarney Force. <Asplenium Adiantum-
nigrum L. is certainly not ‘frequent’ (wde ‘ North Yorkshire’) ‘ upon
rocks and walls,’ especially in the more calcareous portion of the dale,
but Mr. Percival has shown it to me growing sparingly among g77¢
‘tumble’ in Thackthwaite.

In conclusion, two or three extensions of altitudinal range beyond
those given above or by Baker are worth noting. Senecio eruccefoltus L.
ascends much over 150 yards. It grows in Freeholders’ Wood, at
Aysgarth, at 650 feet, and below Shaw Cote at 700 feet. Potamogeton
pectinatus occurs in Semerwater at 700 feet alt., AZyosotis palustris With.
ascends above 200 yards: it grows by the Bain and on the border of
Semerwater. Salzx purpurea 1. ascends much beyond Hawes—the
limit known to Baker—forming quite a thicket half way up Widdale
at goo feet. cleat

BOLTANTCATL: NOLES.

Hydnum coralloides in Notts.—-I have just found three specimens of
this very rare fungus at Ossington, growing on felled timber. The largest was
fully six inches in diameter. <A precisely similar crop, both in regard to number
and size, grew on the same log last year.—W. GAIN, Tuxford, Newark, October
20th, 1884.

Naturalist,

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES. | 139

Additions to the Flora of Northumberland,—tThe flora of our
two northern counties has been so admirably dealt with by Messrs. J. G. Baker
and G. Tate, and the Natural History Societies which have their respective head-
quarters onthe Tyne and the Tweed have so diligently covered the ground between
them that the number of new plant-records can never be very large or important.
A month’s holiday, however, this year at Bamborough enabled me to make some
additions which are of interest. The following plants are not recorded in Mr.
Baker’s Flora, and as far as I know have not yet been reported for the county of
Northumberland.

Arenaria serpyliifolia L., a form of the Thyme-leaved Sand Wort, stouter and
more glandular than the type, and with more swollen capsules, seems to be identical
with the Isle of Wight 4. Lloydiz Jord. It occurred on the sand-hills south of
Bamborough Castle, but as I did not recognise these features particularly at the time,
I gathered only a single specimen; I have little doubt, however, that it was plentiful.

Besides the well known rarity Psamma baltica R. & S. (which was flowering
very scantily this year), the Ross links produced abundantly in damp hollows
Centunculus minimus L., together with Radiola mllegrana Sm., the latter of which,
though also unreported by Mr. Baker, has I believe been observed elsewhere in the
county by local botanists. In the same locality, but on drier soil, I was surprised
to come across a few plants of Vola Curtiscz Forst.; hitherto, if I am not
mistaken, reported only from the Lancashire sand-hills, and other spots on the
West Coast. There was only a small quantity of it and that had suffered by the
ravages of the rabbits, whose unfortunate reproductiveness is fatal to the survival
of anything but the toughest of heather or the wiriest of sea grass. The
stoloniferous root-stock and somewhat scabrid peduncle seem to leave little doubt
as to its identity.

The most interesting discovery was that of Corallorhiza tnnata Brown, in a
boggy wood in Cheviotland which perhaps I had better not describe more
particularly. There were several hundred plants of this curious orchid growing with
a vigour and profusion which I have not seen equalled even in Switzerland; where I
have gathered it in sub-alpine woods along with Zpipogium aphyllum Sw., Listera
cordata Br., and /Veottia nidus-avis L. I believe this is the first time that the Coral-
root has turned up on the English side of the border, though I hear from Dr,
Maclagan, of Berwick, that a single specimen has since been gathered on Alnwater.

fumaria confusa Jord., which occurred in company with /. mzcrantha Lag.
on Holy Island, is perhaps included under Mr. Baker's 7. capreolata L., though
not noted by him, as are the other sub-species 7. dorez Jord. and F. pallidzfiora
Jord., for the former of which Bamborough may be added as a station.

Mentha gentilis .., only reported in the flora from Cleadon (? in Durham),
possibly. included in his JZ. satzva L., grows by the mill pond at Easington, near
Belford.

I will not trouble your readers with the other interesting and rare plants of the
neighbourhood, the iocalities of which are well known, and most of which I was
able to verify. Jam afraid, however, Asperugo procumbens L. has disappeared
from Bamborough Castle, and Statice Limonium L. only just exists, and no more,
on St. Cuthbert’s Island, to be carefully watched and guarded, I hope, by the good
Vicar of Holy Island, whose house is hard by. The following plants, also un-
recorded in the Northumberland flora, are probably introduced, and very likely
have been noted by local botanists :—Je/zlotus arvensis Wallr. and Rumex mart-
timus L., growing with both of the well-marked forms of Chenopodium album L.,
virens and viride, were gathered on rubbish heaps near Embleton; Althea
ofictnalts by the roadside near Fleetham, one very large and handsome plant.—
H. E. Fox, Durham.

CONGCGHOLOGTECALE NOLES:

Shells at Riding Mill on Tyne,.—A small gathering of shells from -
this place, sent by the Rev. H. H. Slater, M.A., which I have seen, included
a specimen of Pisidiun: ammnicum, one of Limnea peregra var. ovata, two of
Ancylus fluviatilis, several of Vitrina pellucida, a few Zonites cellarius, several
flelix rotundata, one Bulimus obscurus, two Clausilia laminata, a C. rugosa,
and several Cochlicopa lubrica var. lubricoides, ‘These it may be well to record for
the benefit of future writers on Northumberland mollusca.—JOHN W. TAYLorR,
Horsforth, July 4th, 1884.

Jan. 1885.

140

FUNGUS FORAY AT SELBY.

On the 22nd October a smail party interested in the study of toadstools
investigated those of certain woods east of Selby. The party was in charge of
Mr. George Massee, and the arrangements had been made by Mr. W. Norwood
Cheesman. After a substantial breakfast at the latter’s house, the party set off in
a couple of conveyances provided by him. After a misadventure on the bridge,
whereby the occupants of one conveyance narrowly escaped being precipitated into
the river through the inordinate curiosity of their horse, who in the endeavour to
investigate the whistle of a locomotive forcibly backed against the wooden
parapet of the bridge, Osgodby Woods were reached. ‘Too dry’—said or thought
by everyone as the leaves rustled and crumbled under foot, and the only things of
interest found included a beautiful specimen of Agaricus sinuatus, found by Mr.
Fowler, while A. /accatus and Lactarius subdulcis were not uncommon. A short
cut for Cliff Common Wood was attempted, which proved a mistake. It was
along a lane in which the ruts proved to be not only numerous but very deep, and
the determination of one of the drivers to drive across the ruts at acute angles
produced sensations which were likened to navigation in the chops of the Channel,
or jestingly suggested as beneficial for sluggish liver. Eventually all dismounted

and walked. Cliff Common Wood, part of which contained an undergrowth of

sphagnum and heather, was soon reached ; here some good things were met with
and duly stowed away. A short drive brought the party next to Blackwood
Woods, in which good things turned up at almost every step. First, Mr. Soppitt
appeared with some fine examples of Zorvrubia ophioglossoides parasitic upon L/a-
phomyces granulatus, and presently the whole party, on bended knees, were
digging up the treasures, which penetrate a considerable depth below the
surface. Mr. Roebuck found several specimens of Cortinarius cinnabarinus,
and Mr. Fowler bagged a small colony of an edible species — Agaricus
nebularis. Various species of Lactarius were abundant, and Mr. Cheesman
conducted to where Z. delictosus with its green gills and blood-red milk
grew in tolerable abundance; L. chrysorrheus with its white milk changing
to bright sulphur yellow when exposed to the air, grew along with it.
L. deliciosus, notwithstanding its repulsive appearance, is probably our best
edible fungus. Dr. Cooke says of it (Fungi, pp. 92) :—‘ Universal commendation
seems to fall upon this species, writers vying with each other to say the best in
its praise, and mycophagists everywhere endorsing the assumption of its name,
declaring it to be delicious. It is found in the markets of Paris, Berlin, Prague,
and Vienna, as we are informed, and in Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Russia,
Belgium ; in fact, in nearly all countries in Europe it is esteemed.’ This species,
along with Agaricus nebularis, A. rubescens, Gomphidius viscidus, and Russula
alutacea, were collected for cooking, the last mentioned having a very pleasant nutty
flavour when raw. -At Skipwith man and beast partook of refreshment, after
which a start was made, again by a by-road, for Escrick Woods, where fungi
proved plentiful, but daylight scarce; so after a most successful and enjoyable
foray, the bulk of the specimens were carefully deposited in two large boxes, and
the party started for Selby. The drive home from Escrick Woods in the waning
twilight was cold, the temperature having lowered only too rapidly from the bright
warmth of the autumnal day which had been chosen for the ramble. At Mr.
Cheesman’s a substantial repast, to which ample justice was done, awaited the hungry
mycologists, after which they soon dispersed, leaving by rail for their respective
homes.

The following is a list of the fungi collected during the day, 134 in number :—

Agaricus (Amanita) rubescens /7. Agaricus (Tricholoma) rutilans Scheff
Agaricus (Lepiota) granulosus Batsch. | saponaceus /7.
delicatus 47. laseivus 27.
carcharias / 7s. cinerascens £22//,
Agaricus (Armillaria) melleus 47. Daz. Agaricus (Clitocybe) nebularis 77.
- Agaricus (Tricholoma) sejunctus Sow. clavipes 7s.
resplendens 47. phyllophilus 77.
flavobrunneus 77. dealbatus Sozw.

e Naturalist,

FUNGUS FORAY NEAR SELBY.

Agaricus (Clytocybe) fumosus /e7s.
tuba /7.
metachrous 47.
fragrans Sow.
laccatus Scop.
Agaricus (Collybia) radicatus Redz.
platyphyllus 47.
maculatus 4. & S.
butyraceus 4/2,
velutipes Czrt.
confluens Pers.
dryophilus Bzz//.
Agaricus (Mycena) purus Pers.
lacteus Pers.
galericulatus Scop.
alcalinus Fr.
hematopus Pers.
sanguinolentus A.&S.
galopus Schrad.
acicula Scheff.
epipterygius Scop.
stylobates Pers.
Agaricus (Omphalia) umbelliferus Z.
Agaricus (Entoloma) sericeus Bu//.
sinuatus Fy.
Agaricus (Pholiota) mutabilis Scheff.
Agaricus (Inocybe) pyriodorus Pers.
rimosus Budi,
geophyllus Sow.
Agaricus (Galera) tener Scheff.
hypnorum Latsch.
Agaricus (Stropharia) zeruginosus Curt.
squamosus /7.
semiglobatus Baésch.
Agaricus (Hypholoma)sublateritius Scheff:
fascicularis Huds.
lacrymabundus /*.
velutinus Pers.
hydrophilus Bz/7.
appendiculatus Az//.
Agaricus (Psilocybe) semilanceatus 7.
ericeeus Pers.
Agaricus (Panzeolus) separatus Z.
campanulatus L.
papilionaceus /7.
Agaricus (Psathyrella) gracilis 77.
atomatus /7.
Coprinus atramentarius 77.
niveus 77.
plicatilis 47.
Cortinarius armillatus 77.
hemitrichus 47.
leucopus 47.
acutus 77.
cinnabarinus F7.
Gomphidius viscidus 77”.
Paxillus involutus 77.
panuoides 77.
Hygrophorus hypothejus 77.

Jan. 1885.

Hygrophorus pratensis 77.
virgineus F7.
coccineus /%.
psittacinus 77.

Lactarius torminosus 77

turpis 27.
trivialis 47.
pyrogalus 77.
vellereus 77.
deliciosus 47.
pallidus £7.
theiogalus Fr.
chrysorrheus Ff.
rufus F7,
glyciosmus L7.
mitissimus F'7.
subdulcis Hr.

Russula nigricans 7.

adusta Fr.
depallens F7.
rubra Fr,
cyanoxantha Ff”.
foetens Hr.
emetica 7.
ochroleuca Ir.
alutacea I’7.

Nyctalis parasitica Fr.

Cantharellus aurantiacus 97.

Marasmius ramealis 47.

Boletus luteus Z.

flavus With.
bovinus Z.
badius F7.
chrysenteron ZL.
edulis Bz//,
scaber Fr.

Polyporus squamosus Ff.

perennis Lr,
annosus I’,
versicolor I'v.
abietinus F’.
vaporarius Ir,

Merulius corium 7.

Thelephora laciniata Pers.

Stereum purpureum fers,

hirsutum F7,

Corticium ochraceum Fr.

comedens F7.

Lycoperdon saccatum Vahl.

Scleroderma vulgare /7.

Physarum nutans Pers.

Stilbum fimetarium 2. & Br,

Pachnocybe subulata &.

Peziza firma Pers.

calycina Schume.
hyalina Pers.

Elaphomyces granulatus 7”.

Torrubia ophioglossoides 7727.

Xylaria hypoxylon Gyev.

I4I

NOTES AND NEWS.

We have received from Dr. Seaton a copy of his Annual Report for 1882, as
Medical Officer of Health to the Borough of Nottingham. It includes two maps
showing the surface levels of the borough by means of contour lines. One of
them is also coloured geologically, from the ordnance plan, but re-surveyed and
amended in detail by a well-known Nottingham geologist, Mr. James Shipman,
with the co-operation and valuable assistance of Mr. W. Talbot Aveline, F.G.S.,
formerly of the Geological Survey. Mr. Shipman’s labours have taken him over
ten years, and their result forms a most valuable and useful map.

The thirteenth annual meeting and conversazione of the Chester Society of
Natural Science was held in the Town Hall, on Thursday afternoon and evening,
September 25th, and was, as usual, a great success. An important feature of the
meeting was the presence of distinguished members of the Iron and Steel Institute,
at that time in session at Chester. Another was the presentation of the various
prizes which form so marked a feature of the Chester programme. The most im-
portant of these, the ‘ Kingsley Memorial Medal,’ was presented to Mr. A. O.
Walker, F.L.S. The minor prizes were given for collections of birds’ eggs, com-
posite plants, butterflies, and moths.

Oo<K

The Leeds Geological Association visited Pateley Bridge on the 4th October,
at the invitation of a number of gentlemen of the district interested in geological
pursuits. Having been met at the station by a number of local scientists, including
the Rev. A. Scott, the vicar; and Messrs. W. Storey, G. Metcalfe, A. Phillips,
Jowitt, Whincup, and Robinson, the party proceeded to inspect the Scotgate Ash
Quarries under the direction of Mr. B. Holgate, F.G.S., who first offered remarks
on the general conditions under which the Nidderdale rocks were deposited. Mr.
Whincup, formerly manager at the quarries, then conducted the party over the
quarry, pointing out the principal features of interest which it contained. Time
did not permit of any other part of the district being visited, but the Association
hope to pay another visit to Pateley, some time in the spring.

The annual soirée of the Associated Literary, Scientific, and Art Societies of
Liverpool was held in St. George’s Hall, on Wednesday the toth December last.
The attendance was exceedingly large. ‘The attractions of the evening included
illustrated science lectures by Professor W. F. Barrett, Dr. J. Sibley Hicks, F.L.S.,
|. Hi. -T. Ellerbeck, Rev. T. i. Espin, B.A.,.F ReAvSs. J Willis, Rs Re
and others; musical entertainments ; and special exhibitions from the Microscopical
Society, the Naturalists’ Field Club, the Liverpool Museum, the Geological
Association, and the Amateur Photographic Association, amongst which Mr.
Galloway’s archzeological exhibition, and Mr. Frank Archer’s fine collection of
shells from the Mediterranean, attracted considerable attention. On the following
evening the Mayor gave a soirée to about 5,000 working men in the same place,
on which occasion, some of the lectures and most of the exhibitions of the
previous evening were repeated.

po

It is somewhat surprising that so large a county as Lincolnshire should not
before this have been able to boast of some organisation or other with a scientific
object. This can hardly be due to the lack of scientific workers, for the county
of Isaac Newton and Alfred Tennyson possesses several such who take high rank
in their respective pursuits, while some of the most active scientific men in
Yorkshire and elsewhere are of Lincolnshire birth or extraction We therefore note
with satisfaction the formation of the ‘Louth Naturalists’ Society,’ the first
Lincolnshire society of its kind of which we are cognisant. We have received a
copy of the rules and list of officers, whereby we note that Mr. E. Kendall is
president, Mr. R. W. Goulding vice-president, and Mr. H.W. Kew is hon.
secretary and treasurer. To these gentlemen we wish every success, and to their
Society a long and prosperous career in the investigation of the much-neglected
natural history of the county of Lincoln.

’ Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 143

We learn with regret of the death of Mr. George Mawson, formerly of
Cockermouth, on the 1oth of November. He was well. known as a lepidopterist,
and the Transactions of the Cumberland Association for 1882-83 contains an
enumeration of the Lepidoptera of West Cumberland, with localities, from his
pen. We believe he was also an occasional contributor to our entomological
periodicals. pco<

An interesting presentation was made at Huddersfield, on the 25th of October,
when a silver tea and coffee service and an illuminated address were given to Mr.
C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., on the occasion of his removal from that town to take
the management of the branch bank at Dewsbury. There was a goodly attendance
of Mr. Hobkirk’s friends, and in the course of the proceedings reference was made
to the valuable service which he has during a period of thirty years rendered to the
town of Huddersfield and to scientific progress, whether as founder of the
Huddersfield Literary and Scientific Society, or as president of it and of the other
Huddersfield societies, the Naturalists’ and the Paxton, or as author of ‘ The History
and Natural History of Iluddersfield’—a model book of its kind, or as editor of
this journal for nine years in conjunction wlth Mr. Porritt, or as author of a
‘Synopsis of British Mosses,’ or the sincere and appreciated friend of junior workers
in natural history. In all these varied capacities—and they do not adequately
represent all the phases of Mr. Hobkirk’s usefulness, his merits were generously
and freely spoken of. doc

We note with great regret that Mr. Albones, of Brigg, having succeeded in landing
in New Zealand nearly a hundred stoats and weasels, has sailed again with a third
instalment of these animals, about 150 in number, which have been got together
in different parts of Lincolnshire. In this matterthe New Zealand Government—who
are otherwise noted for their liberality and sound judgment in matters scientific—have
made a very great mistake. The fauna of New Zealand is so peculiar and so
interesting that it behoves that Government to do everything in their power to
preserve it. The result of the importation of such bloodthirsty little creatures will
probably be disastrous to the native fauna. Their introduction seals in all
probability the fate of such interesting but helpless creatures as the Apteryx, the
Owl-parrot, and other wingless birds, which cannot but fall an easy prey to the
new marauders. The mistake has been made before in New Zealand; the rabbits
which were formerly imported are now a complete pest and over-run the colony,
and it is to mitigate this pest that a fresh one is to be introduced. We trust that
every New Zealander who values the integrity of the indigenous fauna will protest
his utmost, and that the eyes of the Government may be opened before it is too late
to remedy the evil. Doubtless we shall hear in a few years that the New
Zealanders are at their wit’s end to devise means for getting rid of the weasels.

——>o<

And so history repeats itself. The result of the introduction of the European
Sparrow into the United States is another proof of the folly of introducing aliens
into a fauna. This bird was imported about the year 1869, for the purpose of
checking the ravages of a moth (Orgyza leucostigma)—as if America were deficient
in the number and variety of her insectivorous birds—and under State protection
has increased enormously, while it has naturally failed, being a graminivorous coni-
rostral species, to accomplish the desired end, while moreover it has ousted from
their former haunts several valued and favourite indigenous insectivorous species.

_ Thus the minds of the American ornithologists are much exercised about this little

bird, and the American Ornithologists’ Union appointed a committee to enquire
into-the ‘ Eligibility or Ineligibility of the European House Sparrow in America,’
which committee has reported that the result of its wide-spread enquiries is over-
whelmingly against the bird, and they urge that application should be at once made
for the withdrawal of State protection. The report admits that the Sparrow feeds
its young largely upon insects, although it prefers a diet of grain and seeds. An
amusing and very voluminous controversy has been going on in the American
journals between a few individuals who look with favour upon the stranger and
the ornithologists, who are to a man against the ‘ cussed little Britisher ’ or ‘infernal
little fraud,’ as some of them are pleased to dub him. The vernacular names of
‘Gamin,’ ‘ Hoodlum,’ and ‘ Parasite’ are also significant of the degree of estima-
tion in which it is held.

Jan. 1885.

144 NOTES AND NEWS: RAINFALL.

Mr. Thomas Southwell, F.Z.S., has favoured us with a reprint of his new list
of the Mammalia of Norfolk, which includes a comparison of its mammalian fauna
with those of the other eastern counties of England for which lists have been
printed. By this table it appears that Essex, Norfolk, and the united counties of
Northumberland and Durham, possess each 41 species, while Yorkshire has 43.
Suffolk and Lincolnshire would doubtless have been included in the comparison,
were it not for the fact that their mammalian faunas have not as yet been
catalogued. poo

Mr. Charles Ashford continues in the /ourial of Conchology his very valuable
papers upon the ‘ Darts of British Helices.’ These organs afford an unfailing means
of discriminating between closely allied species of Helix where outward characters
fail us, as in the case of Helix nemoralis and H. hortensis. These are often
considered to be varieties of one species, but an examination of their darts (which
are very distinct from each other in character) is quite sufficient for the identi-
fication of adult specimens. A great service is conferred upon science by a
conchologist of Mr. Ashford’s calibre undertaking to work out so neglected a
subject as this.

RAINFALL FOR NOVEMBER 1884.

bo | 5 HEAVIEST

5 .| # eI TotTaL Fatt To DATE. SINGLE Day’s

Chie sa ES FALt.

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DERRINGHAM, HULL. f | to) rz 16 | 15°62 | 21°11 | 34 | 1850-83 | 0°25 |30th.

Wm. Lawton
GooLE.—John Harrison...) 25) 1°01 | 11 16°79| — g | 1875-83 | 0-25 |30th.
WETWANG, The WOLDS, } ; okaaltliag af i
Rev. E. Maule Cole) 235) 102) 12a 2e40 . 0°33 |30th.
SCARBOROUGH.— \ : ; 2. :
Allan Rowntree ) 130| 2°19 | 18 | 19°31 | 26°39) 18 | 1866-83 | 0°41 |28th. |
BALDERSBY, THIRSK.— } : f pias ht
WeGresson | [naa cease ncene 0°25 |4th.
MasHAM. —Thos. Carter..| 269| 1°67,| 12 | 25°52} — | — Ge 0-47 lath. 4
SHapwant, Laps) tlic] ta fees] — || = tlemshan

LEEDS.—The Museum ... 183 | 0°79 | 19 | 20°33 | 22°86 | 30 eae | 0°28 |5th.

HorSFORTH.—James Fox | 350] 1°25 | 16 | 22°39 | 29°72 | 15 | 1870-84 | 0°27 [4th.

BARNSLEY.—Dr. Sadler...| 350] 1°00 | 13 | 19°28 | — 2 | 1882-83 | 0°32 |4th.

WENTWORTH CASTLE.
ee Wm. Fishes} 520] 1°06 | 11 | 20°66 | 30°22} 8 | 1877-84 | 0°37 |4th.

INGBIRCHWORTH.—

J. H. Taylor 2
Br ee 350| 1°32 | 13 | 22°28 | 30°53 | 18 | 1866-83 |.0°48 |4th.
eae Gs. ey 365 | 2°04 | 17 | 31°73| — | 2 | 1882-83 | 0°56 |4th.

TUXFORD, NOTTs. —
| 220

853| 1°62 | 16 | 28°49 | 43°30} 12 | 1873-84 | 0°47 \4th.

Grammar School,

‘06 | 8 |17'07 | 22°80 | 8 | 1876-83 | 0°33 |30th.
ale N. Dufty. |

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PAGE
| Merlins and their Training—/Z. 7. Archer of 145
The Ornithology of Upper Coquetdale—Abel Chapman, M.B.O.U. 150
' Strasburger’s New Investigations on the process of Fertilisation in Recueronane 3
Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc. pe a a oe a re as a aEST
The Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire—Zokx Ii’, Ellis, L.R.C.P., &c. 163
(INTRODUCTION AND a I., BUTTERFLIES.)
Ornithological Notes :— - 148, 149
Twite near Thorne Waste—Rev. Adrian 2 Peacock, M. A.; ‘the Robin in 1 Salt ‘Creeks—Rev.
TRA Macpherson, M.A.; Whimbrel in Cumberland—/d. : Bittern in Yorkshire 7,
Backhouse, Fun. ; Hawfinch in Cumberland—Rev. H. A. Macpherson, M.A.; Breeding
of Reed Warbler in Cheshire—Charles Oldhanz ; Landrail near Tadcaster in December—
Rev. F. Chaloner ; Woodcocks in Notts.— ¥. Whitaker, F.Z.S.; Bird-notes from Nidder-
dale—W7z. Storey.
| Conchological Note :— . 156
Freshwater Shells near Manchester—Charies Oldham.
Bibliography of 1884 (Part I.—Mammalia) a 3 as +< 152
Book Notice (Hobkirk’s Synopsis of British Mosses, 2nd Edition) . 160
Notes and News aie os ae Or
Rainfall (Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire Stations), for December 1884 > 162

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145

MERLINS:
Their Training, Habits, &c.

By HENRY T. ARCHER,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

ALL naturalists know what a plucky, bold’ little fellow the Merlin
is—a very Peregrine in miniature, both as regards his courage and
personal appearance.

‘That so few keep these birds is perhaps mainly due to the idea
that they are difficult to train and require a good deal of attention
and management. ‘This, however, is quite a mistake; and I will now
set forth as briefly as possible how they may be kept in confinement
and trained at little or no expense, and so afford great enjoyment and
recreation to anyone who has the command of a few fields, or is near
any Open moor or common.

Firstly, then, I should say the most requisite quality in training
Hawks is patience ; this with gentleness and a certain intuitive knack
of handling them, which comes naturally to anyone fond of birds, will
soon overcome all obstacles.

We will now suppose that you have purchased a Merlin (in the
season they are easily obtainable). A bird of the year is to be pre-
ferred, and if possible one that has flown at liberty and caught its
own prey before coming into your possession. You next require

Jesses,

Leash,

Hood,

ure.

A loud metal whistle,

A block of wood about 1 ft. high.
The latter is for the bird to stand upon. The block must have
a small staple driven into the side to which the leash is attached
when the bird is perching. The jesses you can make yourself by
cutting two long strips from a pair of old dogskin or Hexham tan
gloves. Cut down the middle finger of each glove as far as the wrist.
Through these strips two slits must be made, one at each end. The
leash is simply a leather boot lace with a button fastened to one end.
The hood any saddler will make for about a couple of shillings:
but Merlins have a great dislike to being hooded, and once when you
get them to sit quietly on your hand in the field I do not think
a hood at all necessary. ,

_ The lure you can also easily make yourself. All you require is a

triangular piece of metal or iron, on the two sides of which you must.
Feb. 188s. H

146 ARCHER: MERLINS AND THEIR TRAINING.

tie some wing feathers of a pigeon or any similar bird. Then at the
narrow end you fasten a strong piece of string with which to swing
the lure round in the air when you are out in the field flying your
bird, and another piece of string with two ends to it by which you
tie the bird’s food.

A small bell may be attached on one leg or not, as you like.
I use one on which I have my name and address engraved, and
by this means I recovered my favourite Merlin ‘Nell,’ after an
absence of four days early this year.

Now we must go back a little to show how the jesses are to
be placed on the Merlin’s legs. Take one of the jesses and put
it round the leg and draw one of the points through the slit, making it
close round the leg, put it through again and draw around the leg,
but not too tightly, and it will then be in its proper place. Do
the same with the other leg, and your jesses are then on as they
should be. Now take the leash and pass the unbuttoned end through
both of the remaining slits of the jesses and draw it up to the button
at the other end, and your bird is ready to be placed on the block,
one end of the leash being passed through the staple and so fastened.

You can keep your bird in any suitable outhouse or spare room,
and should always have a little sawdust and sand round the block
for the castings, &c., which should be removed two or three times a
week.

Having then got the jesses and leash on your bird, and the bird
removed to where you intend to keep it, give it a small piece of
meat (raw or cooked, it matters not which, and either beef, mutton,
liver, or kidney will do, but no fat), and now leave it in absolute
quietness for twenty-four hours.

When you feed your bird the next day (and it should be noted
here that Merlins are fed only once a day, and that, at as near the
same time as possible ; and when you are flying them out in the open
you do not feed them at all the day before), give him his food from
your hand, tearing up the meat into small pieces, and blow your
whistle every now and then. Repeat this for three or four days, until
your bird gets accustomed to you. After this you now tie the meat
on the lure every day, and untying the leash from the block hold the
lure a short distance away from the bird and get it to fly on to the
lure, and so feed from it, at the same time blowing your whistle
when you offer the lure. Increase the distance every day until at last
you can get the Merlin to come to you, say at a distance of ten
yards. You can then take the bird out into the field and give him
his first flight to the lure for food. To do so you must have a line of
very fine whipcord about eighty yards long, which must be tied to the

Naturalist,

ARCHER: MERLINS AND THEIR TRAINING. 147

end of ‘the leash, and which is called the ‘creance.’ Here you
require the assistance of a companion, who should hold the bird
on his left hand. A strong gardening glove is necessary, as Merlins
have claws like needles and can inflict an ugly scratch at times.
Having given your companion the bird, you hold up the lure with his
food and let him have a good look at it. Now walk slowly back-
wards unwinding the créance as you go, and when you have gone
about thirty yards blow your whistle and hold up the lure, your
companion at the same time throwing up the bird in the air towards
you. For the first three or four attempts the bird may be puzzled
what to do, and may fly a short distance and then alight on the
ground. Never mind! go to him with the lure and give him a bite
of food from it and then try again. He will soon fly to you and take
his food from the lure on your hand.

You must now daily increase the distance until he comes to you
the full length of the creance. Having got your Merlin to do this
satisfactorily your chief difficulties are overcome, and you can try him
without the creance and leash. The latter you withdraw from the
jesses by simply taking hold of the button and pulling it through the two
slits of the jesses. You should next try your Merlin with a live sparrow.
Providing yourself with one, you go out into the fields again with a
companion. You now take the Merlin on your left hand, with-
drawing the leash and merely holding the Merlin by the two jesses,
which you pass between your fore and middle finger. Let your
companion take the sparrow and hold it up before the Merlin and
then gradually walk backwards until he is about ten ora dozen yards
away; he must then throw the sparrow up in the air in your
direction, so as to give the Merlin a good chance at first, and at the
same time you throw the Merlin up towards the sparrow. He may
not succeed in capturing at first, but he will soon learn to do so, and
vou can then increase the distance until he can capture a sparrow
with fifty or sixty yards start. When he can do this the real enjoy-
ment of flying your Merlin at wild birds commences; but now comes
also the time when your utmost care will be required. If your bird
at any time gives over the pursuit of his quarry and seems to be
‘making off’ on his own account, out with your whistle at once and
swing the lure to attract his attention.

We will suppose he has now caught his prey (which is killed at
once with a saw-like twist at the back of the neck), and having
followed him you must walk slowly up to your bird, which will be
standing on the ground with the sparrow in his claws. You gradually
approach in circles, drawing nearer and nearer each round, whistling
softly and calling him by his name—and occasionally swinging the
Feb. 1885.

148 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

lure, to which should be tied some fresh raw meat. When you
are close to him stoop down and offer the lure to him, at the same
time gently withdrawing the bird from him which he has caught, and
which will do for his meal next day. At this time Merlins are very
apt to what is termed ‘carry.’ That is, having caught their prey
they naturally want to eat it there and then, and when you go
up with the lure they fly off with their bird twenty or thirty yards, and
repeat this again and again. This is a very bad fault ina Merlin, and
one which you should do your very utmost to overcome.

In addition to birds of all kinds, dead or alive, Merlins are very
fond of mice. They should occasionally have feathers mixed with
their meat ; but cotton wool or gun tow will do just as well. In
warm weather they should have a bathe two or three times a week at
least. I take mine out into the garden and give them a flower-pot
saucer to wash and dabble about in. ‘They generally commence by
taking two or three sips of water and then walk in and splash about
until they are thoroughly drenched. Merlins are generally considered
not to be so good at ‘waiting on’ as Kestrels, but my ‘ Nell’ will
sometimes fly to great distances and yet always come back obedient
to the whistle and lure. In the summer time they can be flown
every other evening or morning if convenient: just now I have mine
out three times a week. Of the beauty of these birds and the grace-
fulness of their flight, especially when coming down to the lure, I
could say a great deal; but I have already trespassed too far, and
others may not be so interested in these bright-eyed pets as I
am. I must, however, in concluding say how greatly I have been
indebted to my kind friend Mr. Robert Duncan, naturalist, of this
town, for his valuable assistance and advice in all matters relating to
Hawking with Merlins. sivicvbecd bias

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOLES:

The Twite near Thorne Waste.-—-I found the Twite or Mountain
Linnet nesting on the bank of a drain in the parish of Eastoft, Yorkshire, in
1875. As the crow flies, the place could not be more than a mile from Thorne
Waste. I watched the birds through a telescope for three or four days, and became
morally certain of their identity, though at that time I had never seen living
specimens. I chronicled their nesting in Hardwicke’s Science Gossip, xi. 141.
The very same summer, Mr. Simpson, bird-stuffer of York, sold my brother a
specimen—male or female I cannot this moment say—which he averred to have
been shot on the Waste, and sent to him in the fleshk—ADRIAN PEACOCK,
Barkingside, Ilford, Essex, November 28th, 1884.

The Robin in Salt Creeks.—Every moment that I have had to spare
this autumn has been given to working at the salt marshes on the Solway. On
three separate occasions, and on three different marshes, I have been surprised to
meet with a solitary Robin (Z7ithacus rubecula) flying up a creek in the middle
of the marsh, and apparently perfectly at home in his surroundings, though on
each occasion a strong wind was blowing from the west. In Skye, I have met with
robins in very wild situations; but a salt creek seems the last place to meet with
this species.—H. A. MACPHERSON, 3, St. James’ Road, Carlisle, December 20th,

1884. Naturalist,

Se

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES. 149

Breeding of the Reed Warbler in Cheshire.—On the 29th of
May last, when searching in company with a friend for the eggs of the Sedge
Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmuitis), among the reedy margins of Pick-mere, near
Northwich, we were agreeably surprised to find a nest of Acrocephalus streperus
suspended on the reeds, and containing four eggs. The nest agreed exactly with
the description given by Yarrell, and the eggs were not incubated in the least
degree. —CHARLES OLDHAM, Syrian House, Sale, Cheshire, December 1884.

—A typical egg of this species, taken from the nest described, accompanied
this note. The record is of great interest, since it is by far the most north-westerly
locality in which this species has been known to breed in Britain. though in
eastern England it nests annually as far north as mid-Yorkshire.—W.E.C.

The Hawfinch in Cumberland.—Since alluding to the Hawfinch
(Coccothraustes vulgaris) at p. 32, I have received a district list from Mr.
Hodgkinson of Preston (late of Carlisle), in which he observes that the late Mr.
Cooper. the collector of T. C. Heysham’s rarest birds. told him that this species
had dred at Woodside, near Carlisle. Considering that in Cooper’s time the
range of the Hawfinch was more southern than it now is, the statement seems
rather unlikely ; but at any rate it is suggestive. As illustrative of the Hawfinch
being a winter visitor to Cumberland, I may mention that a male was kiiled near
Carlisle by a cat, from which it was taken. early in December 1884.—H. A.
MACPHERSON, 3, St. James’ Road, Carlisle. December 20th, 1884.

The Whimbrel in Cumberland.—When recently enjoying Mr.
C. M. Adamson’s delightful book, ‘ More Scraps about Birds,’ I was surprised to read
at p. 60, that the Whimbrel (zz#zenzus pheopus) ‘is rarely seen on the Cumber-
land coast in autumn.’ The statement rests on the authority of the late Mr.
Cooper of Carlisle. who shot the Redbreasted Snipe and other good birds for the
late Mr. T. C. Heysham; and who was, no doubt, an admirable observer.
Possibly the species has altered its taste as regards the Solway during the last
twenty years. At all events, it is now a thorough ‘periodical visitant.’ I saw a
fair number upon our coast in August and September 1884; and in 1883, one
was killed in November, though few. if any, really wzztex with us.—H. A.
MACPHERSON, 3, St. James’ Road, Carlisle. December 20th, 1884.

Capture of a Bittern in Yorkshire.—About a fortnight ago I had
the opportunity of examining a Common Bittern (Botaurus stellaris), which had
been killed during the month (December) at Grimston Park, near Tadcaster. It
was in fine condition and of large size.-—J. BACKHOUSE, Junr., West Bank, York,
December 3ist, 1884.

Land-rail near Tadeaster in December.—Shooting at Healaugh
on the 24th of this month, E. C. Brooksbank killed a Land-rail (Crvex pratensis),
a very unusual occurrence at this time of year.—]. CHALONER, Newton Kyme,
Tadcaster, December 31st, 1884.

Woodcocks in Notts.—A large flight of these birds has arrived, and I
have heard of them being shot all over the county, many being found in turnip
fields ; we have shot twelve in two days in the big wood here. There are also
very large flocks of Fieldfares about.—J. WHITAKER, Rainworth Lodge, Notts.,
November 20th, 1884.

Birc-notes from Nidderdale.—On Saturday, December 6th, a fine
male specimen of the Common Sheldrake ( Zadorna cornuta) was shot near Pateley
Bridge, out of a flock of four, which were flying in a westerly direction. This is,
as far as I can gather, the only time of its occurring in this district.

An instance of the Great Grey Shrike (Lazzus excubitor), also was noted in
Harefield Woods, on Saturday, December 27th. A previous observation of this bird
had been made in the winter of 1883.

Also, about a week ago, a pair of Goldfinches (Cardzuelis elegans) were noted
near Pateley Bridge. This bird is very rare here as a resident species, there being
only two instances of its breeding (in the summers of 1882 and 1883), both of them
in an orchard.—Wm. STOREY, Pateley Bridge, January 13th, 1885.

Feb. 1885. H 2

150

THE ORNITHOLOGY OF UPPER COQUETDALE.

By ABEL CHAPMAN, :
Silksworth Hall, Sunderland; Menzber of the British Ornithologists Union.

In reference to Mr. Cordeaux’s Notes on Upper Coquetdale,
perhaps the following few observations may be of interest to the
readers of the JVaturalist. They are offered with all deference to
Mr. Cordeaux’s well-known scientific attainments, and with a view
to prevent misconceptions as regards certain birds of that locality,
which a perusal of the Notes in question appears to invite. I should
mention that for a long period I have taken the greatest interest in
the bird-life of the border moorlands, and for the last ten years have
shot over an extensive tract of fell in the immediate neighbourhood
referred to by Mr. Cordeaux, during which time I have’accumulated
a considerable series of observations at all seasons.

Falco peregrinus Tunst. Peregrine Falcon.

I have never seen this bird except in autumn and winter, and
then only rarely.

Turdus torquatus L. Ring Ouzel.

One of the commonest moor-breeding birds, arriving at the
end of March or early in April.

Phylloscopus sibilatrix (Bechst.). Wood Wren.

Breeds in the woods on the fell-sides, up to a considerable
elevation.

Motacilla melanope Pall. Gray Wagtail.

Some remain throughout the winter in mild seasons such as
the present. Last week, when finishing the grouse season, I
noticed two or three of them still running about the burn-sides.

Linota flavirostris L. Twite.
Breeds among the heather, though not abundantly.
Columba enas L. Stockdove.

Breeds regularly. Several of the crags on my ground are
occupied by a pair or two, which arrive there in March. These
crags are often far out on the moors, and the Ringdove never
breeds in such places. I never saw the latter breed in a sheer
crag, though they occasionally do so in an ivy-grown cliff or
scaur.

Totanus calidris (L.). Redshank.

Breeds in scattered pairs all over the moorland district. In
some of the low-lying rushy ‘haughs’ as many as half a dozen
pairs, or more, may be found nesting together, along with Snipes

and Lapwings.
Naturalist,

CHAPMAN : ORNITHOLOGY OF COQUETDALE. 5a

fAgialitis hiaticula (L.). Ring Dotterel.

A few pairs appear every spring on the Coquet, but they do
not remain inland to breed. ‘They do so on the coast within
twenty or thirty miles.

Mergus serrator L. Red-crested Merganser.

I have never seen this bird come much inland, though there
are a fair number on the coast in suitable localities. It is
essentially marine in its haunts, and I should think it extremely
improbable that it visits the moorland loughs in winter. The
‘mergus’ which does come inland, is the Goosander (IZ
merganser \..); but even it does not frequent the still waters of
the loughs, preferring streams such as Coquet and Reedwater,
where it feeds on trout.

The diving ducks which come to the border loughs are nearly
all Golden Eyes—Clangula glaucion (\..)—which appear very
regularly in October, and are, next to the Mallards, the
commonest of the duck tribe. Most of the diving ducks which
I have shot, or seen shot, have been of this species ; but, though
from time to time I have killed various other kinds of ducks at
the inland loughs, I have never, as above stated, seen a
Merganser in such situations.

The above remarks only apply to some of the birds which are
mentioned by Mr. Cordeaux; but I must add that it is in the
omissions from his ‘list’ that its inadequacy to convey a correct idea
of the local avi-fauna is most noticeable. I trust Mr. Cordeaux will
pardon me in saying that I very much question the utility of forming
‘lists’ of birds on so short an acquaintance as his with a very wide
and wild district. December 12th, 1884.
WE would point out that Mr. Cordeaux’s paper did not profess to be
a ‘list,’ or indeed to be anything more than ‘ornithological notes’
thrown into list form for the reader's convenience. We aiso think
that when a field-ornithologist of Mr. Cordeaux’s standing visits a
locality concerning which but little has appeared in print, the
observations he makes should certainly be placed on record. We
were pleased to have the opportunity of publishing it, nor can we
be less so when it has been the means of eliciting such interesting
supplementary observations as those we now publish from the pen
of an ornithologist so thoroughly acquainted with the district as
Mr. Chapman is.—EDs.

Feb. x885.

152

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:

Papers and records published during the year with respect
to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

THE present series of papers aims at giving a complete citation of
titles of books, papers, and records published in 1884 which have
reference to the ten north English counties and the Isle of Man,
together with an indication of the gist of the contents of each in as
concise a form as is consistent with making these papers of interest.
Of lists indeed, and lengthy papers generally, the very briefest indica-
tions only can be given, but of single records it is thought well to
give fuller notice, or sometimes even the whole substance of it, of
course divested of unnecessary verbiage. We need not apologise for
presenting to our readers matter of this kind: it may not be interesting
to all, but to those who are actually working at any particular subject
it will be of decided value. We ourselves in some of our previous
work would have valued highly the assistance which such papers give.

It may here be remarked that the indications of counties given at
the head of each citation is intended for the benefit of local faunists
and florists; and that as to dates—1884 is understood where no
other year is implied or expressed.

PART I—MAMMALIA.

ANON. [‘LITTLE RopD’]. Cumberland.

Notes on the Squirrel [ Sc7272s vulgaris]. Land and Water, September 6th, p. 246.

Observations made on the Cumberland shore of Lake Ullswater ; during
the severe winter following the memorable snowstorm of December 17th, 1878,
a pair of Squirrels came to the house in company with small birds, Rooks,
Jackdaws, Wood Pigeons, Mice and Rats, for food. Other details of habits
are given. Cumbrian name ‘ Conn.’

BERWICKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Northumberland.
Report of Meeting held at Middleton Hall. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x. 228-9
and 280-2.

Note on the finding of bones of Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and of Bos urus
in Cresswell Moss, Glendale Valley ; and discussion as to the origin of the
Chillingham Cattle.

GEORGE BOALER. Notts.
Deer Killed by Lightning. Land and Water, July 19th, p. 64: Zool., August,
p. 336.

Lightning struck an oak in Welbeck Park and killed three Deer ; an un-
precedented circumstance, though the trees are often struck.
BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. | ‘
Report of Meeting. Naturalist, June, ix. 196. Yorkshire.
Squirrel [.Sezzeras vulgaris] noted in Bingley Wood by H. T. Soppitt. -

W. E. BRADY. Yorkshire..

Badger [J7eles taxus| near Barnsley. Naturalist, September, x. 34.

A fine male. weighing about 35 lbs., taken at Wortley, April 22nd, and
afterwards turned out on Lord Wharncliffe’s Wensleydale property.

Naturalist,

‘

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: MAMMALIA. ESS

J- Je BRIGG: Yorkshire.
A White Weasel [JZzstela vulgaris]. Field, January 5th, p. 30.

A Weasel, perfectly white, including the tail, was caught at Kildwick,
November, 1883. Eyes dull pink. Editor adds that white wease/s are rarely
met with.—Mr. John Colquhoun writes subsequently (Field, January roth,
p- 91) that it was probably an albino. White stoats are not—but change
during winter.

‘THOMAS BUNKER. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.
Capture of a Rudolphi’s Rorqual (Aalenoptera borealis) at Goole. Naturalist,
November, x. 87-88 ; Zool., December, p. 483.
Captured on the 5th of September; now in the British Museum.

JAMES CARTER. Yorkshire.
Range of the Dormouse [ Wyoxus avellanarius|in England. Field, April 12th,
p- 499.
One captured several years ago at Lofthouse, near Whitby.
‘THOMAS CARTER. Yorkshire.

Badger [J/eles taxus| in North Yorkshire. Zool., February, p. 63; Nat.,
February, ix. 116.

One unearthed by foxhounds at Slenningford Park, near Ripon, December

5th, 1883.
JoHN CORDEAUX.
The Spurn. Naturalist, August, x. 2. Yorkshire.

Notes on the bones of Bos longifrons, of Red Deer, and Wild Boar in the
Kilnsea kitchen-middens, and of Bos primigenius, Cervits megaceros, C. elaphus,
Rhinoceros and Trichecus rosmarus in the Holderness gravels.

Notes from the Humber in the Autumn of 1884. Field, November 22nd, p. 716.

Incidental references to Seal (Phoca vitulina) and Porpoises (Phocena
communis) off the Yorkshire Coast at Dimlington.

JOHN CORDEAUX.
In Upper Coquetdale. Field, August 2nd, p. 152. Northumberland.

The notes include the following references:— Fox (Canzs vulpes); Water
Rats (Arvicola amphibia) ; Squirrel (Sczzrus vilgaris)—imported twenty years
ago—now plentiful; Polecat (AZustela putoria)—quite extinct ; Stoat (Azstela
erminea) and Weasel (17. vulgarzs)—still common; Otter (Lutra vulgaris)—
by no means rare.

JOHN CORDEAUX. Lincolnshire.
Wild Cat [Fels catus] in Lincolnshire. Zool., Sept., p. 380-1; Naturalist,
Sept., x. 33-34; Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc., 1883, iii. 676A, 6768.

Includes notes also on other mammals and on a few birds.

A. G. L..D. (SESSAY). Yorkshire.
Supposed Collection of Strawberries by a Hedgehog. Field, Aug. 2nd, p. 153.

Records that Short-tailed Mice (Arvicola agrestis ?) picked strawberries and
left them in little heaps.

Ep1TOR OF FIELD. Lancashire, Yorkshire, Westmoreland.
Red Deer [Cervus claphus]. Field, February 9th, p. 193.

Review of Richard Jefferies’ book on ‘ Red Deer.’ Mentions that in [York-
shireand] Lancashire the great forests of Bowland and Blackburnshire held Red
Deer until 1805, and that at the present time a few still roam on Martindale
Fells in Westmoreland, descendants of the original wild stock, even though
they may be now said to be in a state of semi-domestication.

EDITOR OF FIELD. Durham.
Distribution of the Dormouse [Myoxus avellanarius] in England. Field,
May 3rd, p. 597.
Repetition of Mennell and Perkins’ record for Co. Durham.
Feb. 1885.

154 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: MAMMALIA.

THOMAS ForD. Lincolnshire.

Exportation of Stoats to New Zealand. Field, December 6th, p. 771, and
other journals.

Mr. Allbones, of Brigg, has collected 158 Stoats (Mustela erminea) and
Weasels (JZ vulgaris) for this purpose ; his third consignment.

EDWARD J. GIBBINS. Yorkshire.
Origin of the name ‘Lobster’ applied to the Stoat [Afustela ermincal.
Zool., April, p. 153-4.

Quotes Mr. John Hawell’s statement that it is called ‘Clubster’ near North-
allerton, and Mr. J. A. Wheldon’s that about Scarborough it is called
‘Clubstart,’ and discusses the etymology of these terms.

J. E. HaRrTING.
- Greater Horse-shoe Bat at Oxford. Zool., December, p. 483. Yorkshire.

Has a ‘note of one taken at Carperley, Wensleydale, by Mr. Carter, of
Burton House, Bedale.’ [The specimen here referred to was a Noctule
(Vesperugo noctiula)— W.D.R.]

ROBERT LEE.
Additions to the Yorkshire Fauna. Field, May 3iIst, p. 737. Yorkshire.

Record of a ‘curiously coloured Stoat,’ brought on May 23rd. It was mostly
yellowish dun, and the tail was not black, whereupon the Editor suggests that
it may be a large Weasel.

T. LISTER. Yorkshire.
Natural History Notes for the Barnsley and South Yorkshire District.
Naturalist, February, ix. 118.

Records of Otter (Lutra vulgaris) and Bat (Vespertilio pipistrellus) m
autumn, 1883.

N. McLAcHLan. Durham.
Range of the Dormouse [J/yoxus avellanarius| in England. Field, April
5th, p. 488.

Observed some fourteen or fifteen years ago, at Headlam, a village about
half way between Darlington and Barnard Castle.

A. M. NoRMAN. Northumberland.

Address to . . the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club. . . May 27th, 1881.
N. H. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, viii. 68 (1884).

Water Rat (Arvicola amphibia) noted at Corbridge-on-Tyne, June 6th, 188c.

T. N. P[OSTLETHWAITE]. Cumberland.
Range of the Dormouse in England. Field, April 5th, p. 488.
Has frequently met with it in the district of Millom, South Cumberland.
One was shown him some winters ago frozen to a piece of wood, and in
1883, while trout fishing, a boy with him found one amongst the rocks on the
bank of the stream.
W. DENISON ROEBUCK and W. EAGLE CLARKE. Yorkshire.
Notes on the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire. Zool., May, pp. 171-184;
Naturalist, April and May, pp. 147-151, 167-176.
Supplementary to the authors’ work on ‘The Vertebrate Fauna of York-
shire,’ 1881.
Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK. Yorkshire.
Natterer’s Bat [Vespertilio nattereri| at Pateley Bridge. Naturalist, June,
ix. 194 and 197.
A second instance, confirmatory of its first occurrence in that locality.
The Dormouse [A/yoxus avellanarius| in Yorkshire. «Field, April 5th, p. 488.
Comprehensive and lengthy summary of Yorkshire information, showing
that it is very widely though sparingly distributed throughout the county.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: MAMMALIA. 155

HENRY RUDKIN. Lincolnshire.
Range of the Dormouse [JZyoxus avellanarius] in England. Field, May
ZA ps 702.

Believes it is to be met with in most of the woods of South Lincolnshire, at
least those between Grantham and Bourne. In 1878 one occurred in Ropsley
Rise Wood, and one some years after in another wood not far off.

C. F.S. (BOLTON PERCY).
A Cumberland Marsh. Field, April 19th, p. 560. Cumberland.

The marsh bears the name of Drigg Common. The mammalian notes refer
to the Fox (Cavs vulpes), Rabbits (Lepus cuniculus), and the Marten (artes
sylvestris’.

Jock Scott. Lancashire.
Range of the Dormouse [JZyoxus avellanarius]. Field, April 19th, p. 560.

One taken in its nest some years ago, near the southern (Lakeside) end of
Windermere Lake.

THOMAS SOUTHWELL. Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland.
Mammalia of Norfolk. Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc., 1883, iii. 657-676.

A comparison instituted between the mammalian faunas of Norfolk, of
Yorkshire, and of Northumberland and Durham ; and at p. 676 is given a
table showing the species which occur in each.

THOMAS SOUTHWELL. Northumberland, Durham.
Black Rat (Mus rattus) at Newcastle. Naturalist, November, x. 88.

Particulars of a specimen sent to Mr. J. H. Gurney.

Wm. STOREY. Yorkshire.
Lesser Horse-shoe Bat aed ead hipposideros| in Yorkshire. Field,
April 12th, p. 499.

A fine male taken in some old disused coal levels in Smelthouse Woods
near Pateley Bridge, April 5th; this is first instance for Nidderdale, though
it is well known to occur at Eavestone near Ripon.

Distribution of the Dormouse [JZyoxus avellanarius| in England. Field,
May 3rd, p. 597.

Joseph Kirkley found a nest with several young in Brimham Woods. Last
spring Storey observed a Dormouse in Guyscliffe Woods. George Charlton
has a living one, taken hybernating in Wath Woods. All these localities are
near Pateley Bridge, in Nidderdale, where a few are met with annually by the
woodmen.

Albino Mole [ 72/sa europea| in Nidderdale. Naturalist, November, x. 88.

One taken at Brimham.

JoHN P. THOMASSON. Lancashire or Yorkshire.
Range of the Dormouse [MJyoxus avellanarius| in England. Field,
March 20th, p. 447.

Some fifteen or twenty years ago he found several nests on the banks of the
river Hodder, dividing Lancashire from Yorkshire, and saw the owner. On
one occasion the Dormouse was caught by a cat as it ran to ground when
disturbed.

W. E. W. Yorkshire.
A Cunning Fox [Cazzs vulpes]. Naturalist’s World, July, i. 119.

One known to smell at a Moorhen’s eggs on the Wharfe side every day till
nearly hatched, before eating them.

J. A. WHELDON. Yorkshire.
Water Voles [Avvicola amphibia]. Science Going December, p. 281.
The Water Voles on the Wiske, near Northallerton, are noted as being

entirely vegetable feeders. Near Scarborough it is almost supplanted by the
Brown Rat (A/us decumanus).

Feb. 1885.

156 CONCHOLOGICAL NOTE.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION. Yorkshire.
Report of Meeting at Sherburn, June 2nd. Naturalist, July, ix. 220.

Water Shrew (Crossopis fodiens), Common Shrew (Sorex tetragonurus),
Squirrel (Sczurus vulgaris), and Hedgehog (Hrinaceus europaeus), noted.

Report of Meeting at Hawes. Naturalist, August, x. 18.

Mole ( Zalpa europea) observed swimming in the beck below Whitfield Gill
Force, Wensleydale, June 28th.

Report of Meeting at Helmsley. Naturalist, September, x. 41.
Water Vole [Arzicola amphibia] caught in Beckdale, August 4th.
Report of Meeting at Spurn Point. Naturalist, November, x. 92.

On the 3rd of September, Common Shrew (Sorex vulgaris), and Hedgehog
(Evinaceus europeus), noted near the point of the headland.

VARIOUS WRITERS. Cumb., Westm., Nthb., Dhm., Yks., Lincs., Dby., Lancs., Ches.
Records of Otters and Accounts of Otter-hunts.

F, Kirton and W. Oddie record their occurrence near Thirsk (Nat. Hist.
Journ., May 15th, vill. 80). W. J. Cummins records one killed near Witton-
le-Wear, Co. Durham, February 3rd, which weighed 11 lbs., and measured
35 inches from nose to tail (Field, February 9th, p. 187). William Storey
records a female, three parts grown, killed in the Nidd at Killinghall, York-
shire, January 26th, very rare so far up that river (Field, March 22nd, p. 420).
‘M. (Kelso)’ records one caught in the nets at the Greenhill salmon fishery
near Norham, weighing 24 lbs., and measuring 4 feet 2 inches in length (Land
and Water, August 30th, p. 214). Wecords of Otter-hunting in Northumber-
land, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire, are
given in the Field, April 19th, p. 560; May 24th, p. 731; May 31st, p. 749 ;
and September 20th, p. 403; and in Land and Water, May 3Ist, p. 503
August 9th, p. 142; August 3oth, p.225; September 6th, p- 249; September
20th, pp. 289, 293; and October 4th, pp. 342, 343. An anonymous paragraph
(Land and Water, January 5th, p. 16) records a 14 lb. Otter shot in the river
Glen near Spalding, a locality where they are very rarely met with; ‘G.B.’
gives a note of a terrier pulling down an Otter at Bulmer Beck near Castle
Howard, N.E. Yorkshire (Land and Water, April 19th, p. 364); and ‘Heron
(Derby)’ records that Otters are on the increase in the Derbysee Derwent
(Field, May 24th, p. 712).

VARIOUS ANONYMOUS WRITERS, Lancashire, Westmoreland, Yorkshire.

Range of the Dormouse [ M/yoxws avellanarius|in England. Field, April 5th,
p. 488; April 12th, p. 499; and May 3yrd, p. 597.
‘Teucer’ has seen it near Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire; ‘B.’ notes that
Coles list of animals found within six or seven miles of Kendal, Westmore-
land (pub. 1861), describes it as ‘not unfrequent,’ and adds that whatever it
might have been then, its occurrence there is now very unfrequent; ‘A.C.’
notes that they were plentiful about ten years ago at Markington, Yorkshire ;
and ‘Thurston’ records that five were secured in the spring of 1884 at
Nibthwaite, foot of Canton Lake, by inoue Drekbson, woodcutter.

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTE.

Freshwater Shells near Manchester.—The following is a list of
the freshwater shells which I took from a pond in Baguley, Cheshire, one day in
July last:— Paludina contecta, Bythinia tentaculata, Planorbis corneus, and
Anodonta cygnea, all very abundant, the last-named species being buried in the
mud. Limnea auricularia, Limnea peregra, and var. ovata, as well as Planorbis
carinatus, were also there, but not in such numbers as the first-named species.
Dyson in his book on the Land and Freshwater Shells of the Manchester District,
does not mention either Paludina contecta or Planorbis corneus as occurring in this
neighbourhood. I may mention that the pond in question has an area of about
three-quarters of an acre, and no stream of any size enters or leaves it.—-CHARLES
OLDHAM, Syrian House, Sale, near Manchester, December 15th, 1884.

Naturalist,

17

STRASBURGER’S NEW INVESTIGATIONS ON THE
PROCESS OF FERTILISATION IN
PHANEROGAMS.

By THOMAS HICK, B.A.,;. B.Sc.,
President of the Botanical Section of the Vorkshire Naturalists Union.

THERE are few men who have done more for the advancement of
botanical science during the last few years than the eminent Professor
of Botany at the University of Bonn. The industry which he
displays is as rare as it is exemplary, and is deserving of the
grateful appreciation of all students of the science. His skill in the
work of practical investigation is such as can only be described as
ingenuity of the highest type, while his perception of the bearings
of the results obtained upon biological problems yet unsolved, rises
at times to the height of genius.

The latest addition to the list of his publications (‘Neue
Untersuchungen tuber den Befruchtungsvorgang bei den Phanero-

gamen, als Grundlage fur eine Theorie der Zeugung.’ Von Dr.

Eduard Strasburger. Jena, 1884) is occupied with an account of
fresh investigations into the process of fertilisation in phanerogams,
as a basis for a theory of generation. That it is not less worthy of
the attention of physiological botanists than his previous works goes
without saying, and I therefore offer no apology for presenting a
brief veszmé of its contents to the botanical readers of the Maturadist.
It should be remarked, however, at the outset, that by the term
‘fertilisation’ as here used, the reader must not understand what is some-
times meant by it, viz., the deposition of pollen upon the stigma.
For this latter process the term ‘ pollination’ is now more accurately
employed, while by ‘fertilisation’ is meant the impregnation of the
oosphere, or egg, within the embryo-sac of the ovule.

In the first section of his work, Strasburger deals with the

structure of pollen grains, and the phenomena attendant upon the

development of the pollen-tube. These grains were formerly

thought to be simple unicellular structures, but it is now generally

known that such is not always the case, except when first formed in
the pollen mother-cell. In Zama and Ceratozamia, as Juranyi has
shown, the originally one-celled pollen grain—distinguished as a
progamous cell—divides into a small vegetative cell, and a larger
progamous cell of the second order. In Zamza, the latter again
divides into a larger generative cell and a second smaller vegetative
cell, while in Ceratozamia the differentiation is not complete until a
third vegetative cell has been cut off. The two or three vegetative
Feb. 1885.

158 STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION OF PHANEROGAMS.

cells thus successively produced, unite to form a connected cell-
complex, which hes within the grain, and 1s strongly arched forwards
into the comparatively large cavity of the generative cell. In the
case of the Conifers, a similar vegetative cell-complex is formed in
the pollen grain, and this agrees so closely with that present in the
Cycadee referred to, that, as the author already mentioned has
maintained, it can scarcely be supposed to have another mode of
origin. Confirmatory evidence of the truth of this view is afforded by
the manner in which the vegetative cell-complex is developed in the
pollen grains of the Larch (Larix europea). ‘This has been care-
fully investigated by Strasburger himself, who finds that three
vegetative cells are successively cut off from the originally one-celled
pollen grain, though the two oldest of these become disorganised
soon after their formation. In other Coniferz, as in the genus
Pinus, the differentiation is completed when the progamous cell has
divided once into a small vegetative cell and a larger generative cell.
With regard to the remaining group of Gymnosperms, the Gvetacee,
further knowledge is desirable, but Juranyi has established the fact
that in Ephedra altissima, a cell-complex is present in the pollen
grain, and that it is produced in the same manner as in the other
groups.

Hence it may be stated as a general rule, that the pollen grains
of Gymnosperms are not simple unicellular bodies, but contain one
comparatively large generative cell, and one or more smaller vegetative
cells. To this it may be added that in Cycads and Conifers, the genera-
tive cell gives origin tothe pollen-tube, while the vegetative cells become
gradually shrivelled up. The same may probably be said of the
Gnetacee, though definite information is wanting on this point. In
the Cycadee and Conifere the nucleus of the generative cell wanders
into the pollen-tube, and comes to rest near the growing end. This
nucleus divides once or oftener, and each of the daughter nuclei may
or may not become enveloped by a mass of protoplasm, which is
limited towards the outside by an ectoplasmic layer.

By some authorities the cell-complex just described is regarded as
a rudimentary prothallium comparable to that of Ferns and the
Ligulate. Strasburger seems to question the validity of this view,
chiefly on the ground that its mode of development is quite different
from that of the so-called rudimentary prothallium of,. /soé/es and
Selaginella. :

Coming now to ordinary flowering plants, z.e., to Angiosperms, we
find the progamous pollen-cell dividing into a large and a small cell,
which have usually been regarded as the homologues of the genera-
tive and vegetative cells respectively of Gymnosperms. But here,

Naturalist,

STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION OF PHANEROGAMS. 159

again, Strasburger finds reason to dissent from the current doctrine,
and interprets the two cells differently, looking upon the small cell as
the generative, and the large one as the vegetative ceil. The partition
between the two cells is sooner or later dissolved, and if this does not
occur prior to the formation of the pollen-tube, the generative cell
travels bodily into the tube, having previously separated itself from
the wall of the grain. Even in the ripe pollen-grain, Strasburger is
able, by the aid of staining fluids, sections, &c., to demonstrate the
presence of nuclei, and can even distinguish between the nuclei of
vegetative and generative cells. The nucleus of the larger cell, how-
ever, often assumes special forms at the time of maturity, and may be
much reduced, though our author knows of no instance in which it
becomes totally disorganised while within the grain. The nuclei of
the generative and vegetative cells enter the pollen-tube, but not in
an absolutely fixed order. In the majority of plants the vegetative
nucleus goes first, but there are numerous exceptions. The nucleus
of the generative cell always doubles itself at least, either in the pollen-
grain or the tube, and, as already stated, the generative cell sometimes
enters the tube as a whole. The two generative cell-nuclei formed
in this way are not dissolved, but rather enter with the pollen-tube
into the interior of the ovule, as does also the vegetative cell-nucleus
in Monocotyledons. In the Orchidez, for example, it 1s easy to
demonstrate the vegetative and the two generative cell-nuclei within
the tip of the pollen-tube as it enters the micropyle of the ovule, the
vegetative being a little in advance of the generative. In Dicotyledons.
it is otherwise. Here the vegetative cell-nucleus disappears earlier or
later in the pollen-tube, and only the two generative cell-nuclei enter
the ovule. These facts Strasburger considers as evidence in favour
of his interpretation of the nature of the two cells whence these nuclei
are derived, as well as of his view that the vegetative cell-complex is
not to be regarded as a rudimentary prothallium.

Having thus summarised the results of his investigations on the
pollen-grains of Angiosperms, Strasburger concludes this section with
a brief account of the plants he has employed, arranged in systematic
order under their natural families. From this it is evident that the
conclusions arrived at are based upon an extensive series of observa-
tions on plants belonging to numerous natural orders, and are there-
fore entitled to respect and confidence. The details given of the
mode of treatment adopted in each case, and the results obtained, are,
however, the most valuable feature of this summary of the plants.
dealt with, as they will enable all who desire to do so, to test the
truthfulness of the author’s statements.

see (To be continued.)
Feb. 1885.

160

BOOK NOTICES.

“A Synopsis of the British Mosses: being descriptions of all
the genera and species found in Great Britain and Ire-
land to the present date,’—By Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.
(Second Edition, revised, corrected, and entirely re-arranged. L. Reeve & Co.,
1884.)

No department of botany has been more assiduously worked during the last
two or three decades than the mosses. Every year seems to add to the number of
energetic students of these interesting and elegant little plants, and increases our
flora with species more or less notable and unexpected. A notion of the progress
of the science of bryology cannot be better conveyed than by the simple statement
that the Juscologia Britannica of Hooker and Taylor, published in 1818,
contained descriptions and figures of 190 species, while Wilson’s Aryologia
Britannica, which, while purporting to be a new edition of the last, was in fact a
work on a much larger scale, published in 1855, contained 444 mosses, and now in
the volume before us the number is still further increased to 576 species.

The want of an efficient handbook on the subject has been long felt and
complained of. Wilson’s work, excellent in its day and likely to be always
valuable, has been for some time quite insufficient, as well as out of print and
difficult to obtain. We are therefore glad to see a second edition of Mr. Hobkirk’s
useful Synopsis. It is a great improvement on its predecessor, and a really
convenient and not expensive manual, which may be recommended on its merits
to all collectors, containing descriptions of all the species and most of the varieties:
known up to the present time, and it will be found useful even by those who
possess larger works, as a companion during a country or mountain tour.

A good deal of difference of opinion as to the best method of arrangement
still exists, and will probably long remain. Meanwhile the author has done
wisely in adopting a known standard from Jzeger and Sauerbeck’s Adumobratio,
instead of increasing confusion by aiming at the praise of originality. This
arrangement harmonises sufficiently well with those of Wilson and of Schimper,
from whose works he has drawn a great deal, and which would be the works an
English student is most likely to meet with. It is to be regretted that a few
typical figures of genera, simple in character, after the manner of Sullivant or
Schimper, have not been added to the work; its value to beginners would have
been thereby a good deal increased, and yet more by a short introduction
explanatory of the general structure of a moss and its various parts. These seem
to have been omitted from a desire to keep down the size and price of the book,
which is’ very commendable; but three or four plates and as many extra pages
ought to have added little to either, and would have given greater completeness to
the work.

Some small points here and there invite complaint. Under Sphagnum
cuspidatume one variety 1s given, whichis very rare, but the two common varieties
plumosum and falcatum are omitted, though amongst the first a collector is likely
to find, and under other species all the varieties are given. Mymenostomuni
commutatum and Gynnostomum curvirostrum appear in different genera, for which
there seems no reason; even their specific difference not being very clear (p. 59).
Campylopus Schwarzit is the usual form; not Swartz (p. 78). Phascum or
Spherangium muticum is by no means confined to the seaside, but occurs in sandy
fields in the midland counties (p. 93). CUlota crispa has the capsule contracted
Zelow the wide-gaping mouth—its most conspicuous character ; but this is missed,
and mis-stated as ‘contracted at mouth,’ just as U. Bruchit (p. 132). eckera
Philippeana is found in Berks., Sussex, etc., as well as in the localities given
(p. 186). ookeria letevireus is restricted to Cornwall and the Killarney region,
etc.; not usual in caves as seems to be implied (p. 188). The inSertion of a
comma after the word apical, in the fifth line of page 221, makes nonsense of the
sentence, and this is the more noticeable as the book is generally so free from
typographical errors, and as correctly as it is handsomely printed.. The finding
of Hypnum dilatatum in Berkshire (p. 227), seems rather questionable, to say the
least.

But these are little matters,and do not mar the general usefulness of a book

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 161

which may be cordially commended to all who desire to become better acquainted
with this fascinating family of plants; and when a third edition is called for, as we
hope will soon be the case, perhaps the author may adopt some of the hints we
have given for its improvement.—H.B.

IMOMID)S VAINTQ IN SONS

The Sheffield Naturalists’ Club, at its annual meeting on the 9th of December,
chose our old friend Dr. H. Clifton Sorby, F.R.S., as their president for 1885.
The Rev. W. H. Dallinger, F.R.S., and Mr. Edward Birks are the new vice-
presidents, and Mr. Arnold T. Watson treasurer, while for the seventh year in
succession Mr. J. Charles Burrell is honorary secretary. Messrs. A. H. Allen, F’.I.C.,
G. Hann, W. G. Roper, A. Scargill, W. H. Walker, jun., and W.-H. Watson
complete the Committee. The report showed that the membership was stationary,
and the balance-sheet was satisfactory.
—>o<

The Club had to deplore two serious losses in the sudden deaths of Amos Carr
and John A. Blaydes. The loss of the former we have already noted. The latter
was well acquainted with the geological features of the district, and had formed
a most extensive collection, which we are happy to note has been purchased for the
Sheffield Public Museum. Soe

The thirteenth annual report of the Sheffield Naturalists’ Club gives a list of
plants which the Club has presented to the Public Museum of that town, all of
which were preserved and mounted by the late Amos Carr. It is gratifying to find
that the collections of so able a botanist should be preserved by the town whose
scientific history they will so well serve to illustrate.
>CoE

Mr. Algernon F. Gissing, of Agbrigg, near Wakefield, who has lately presented
to the library of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union a copy of his late father’s
‘Materials for a Flora of Wakefield and Neighbourhood,’ reprinted from the
Naturalist for 1867, would be glad to have additional notes, whether of species or
localities, to render it more complete.

poo<

The fifteenth annual meeting of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club was held on the
1ith of December. A satisfactory report and balance-sheet were presented, and
the officers for 1885 elected, Mr. H. B. Hewetson being chosen as president.

- pox

At the annual meeting of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society, the officers for
the ensuing year were elected as follows :—President, Mr. A. Clarke; vice-
presidents, Messrs. A. Godward and T. W. Woodhead; treasurer, Mr. A. J.
Whiteley ; corresponding secretary, Mr. S. L. Mosley ; financial secretary, Mr. C.
Wall; curator, Mr. F. Ellis; librarian, Mr. H. Howard ; committee, Messrs. J.
Beaumont, J. Tindall, J. H. Bartlam, E. Fisher, S. Kaye, G. H. Crowther, A.
Midwood, and W. Balmforth: botanic gardens sub-committee, Messrs. Clarke,
Mosley, Bartlam, Woodhead, Fisher, Godward, Wall, and Beaumont. Recorders :
Botany, Mr. Woodhead; mycology, Mr. Clarke; entomology, Mr. Mosley.
poo<

Entomologists who take interest in the fascinating study of variation in
Lepidoptera, will be glad to learn that Mr. W. F. de V. Kane, of Sloperton Lodge,
Kingstown, Co. Dublin, the author of the paper on ‘ Variation in European Lepidop-
tera’ in our November number, proposes to publish further papers on the samesubject,
dealing particularly with a small portion of the field traversed by that paper. To
help him in this task, he would be glad if Entomologists would furnish him
with notes or references bearing upon the following points :—(a)° Instances of
variation among macro-lepidoptera tending to connect any one species with
another —e.g., the markings of Lycena izcarus approximating to the character
marks of L. adonzs (dellargus), or other Lyceenide. (6) Any suggestions concern-
ing the genesis of sexual differences, and as to whether it is the male or the female
which has deviated from the original type. (c) Notes on protective colouring
or protective habits among the macro-lepidoptera, especially the butterflies.
Feb. 1885.

162 , NOTES AND NEWS: RAINFALL.

The science of Biology and the theory of Evolution have through the labours
of Mr. W. H. Caldwell, the first Balfour scholar, lately become possessed of what
may be termed some highly important truths so far as the former is concerned, while

~ a link of the greatest value has been added to the chain supporting the latter.
Mr. Caldwell, who is stationed in Australia for the purpose of studying the em-
bryology of the monotremes, has had the good fortune to prove what was long suspected
to be the case by the venerable Owen, namely, that these lowest of the lowly
mammals are oviparous, laying eggs with a strong, white, and flexible shell !
Ornithorhynchus lays two such eggs in a nest at the end of its burrow; while
Echidna lays a single egg, which is carried in its ventral pouch. Thus the Mam-
malia may now be said to merge with more easy gradations into the Reptilia than
was formerly supposed to be the case.

poo<

We have before us the ‘Records and Observations’ of the Rotherham
Naturalists’ Society, No. 1 (July 1884), which includes several papers of interest,
most of which will be duly noted in our Bibliographical Review for 1884, dealing,
as they do, with the natural history of the North of England. The pamphlet is
well and neatly printed, and does much credit to the Society.

RAINFALL FOR DECEMBER 1884,

bo = | HEAVIEST
| Bo. O# Seti Totat Fatt To DartTeE. SINGLE Day’s
[ey Oe Ss Sty FALL.
eee Oeics oiy i Uae Lan ie ee
Wieshes a Bess 2 Vira elated ae :
STATION & OBSERVER. |%n| SS | Pel & pl 8 oa = :
[so] SS] A'a oo) DOS a ne 3 2
fete 9 = [a4 al s OR u ra [o) w
Vee | Be SS clk yes onl o@ a sige es ae ate!
ha Plier PS Tc ae eee oe ae :
me) a
“i, . 'Feet.|Inches| Days] Inches. | Inches.| No. | Years. |Inches
DERRINGHAM, HIULL. | | yo} 2-51} 18 | 18-11 | 23°1 1850-83 | 0°37 |19th.
Wm. Lawton) 5 3°13 | 34 50-53 | 0°37 |19
GooLe.—John Harrison...) 25} 1°45 | 13 18°24 | 26°98 | 9 | 1875-83 | 0°29 |19th.
WETWANG, The WOLDS, | |, 5 ms | ;
Nae 2278 | reali 2a — | — — fe) 18th.
Rev. Bs Maule Cole)| yee 3°24 | 47
SCARBOROUGH. — | | 430) 2°05 | 19 | 21°36 | 29°15 | 18 | 1866-83-| o-4r [roth
Allan Rowntree} | > Die Seilgea Sb S aaa eedar:
BATDERSBY, (UMERSKG Flier aeilcan Nir Gn om a lege ine SAR MI
W. Gregson ) 9 5°43 33 ‘
MasHAM.—Thos. Carter. .) 269 | 3°83 | 23 | 29°35| — | — oak 0°80 |16th.
SHADWELL, LEEDS.—) ; ; 5
Geo. Paul ) SOON IZM 205 2 LOR isa ars ae 0°30 |7th.
; aD esi Pak i x 1853-6 P
LrEEDsS.—The Museum ... 183 27 | 23° 23°05 724202) |! 30 { 18ee.8, | 0°43 roth.
HoORSFORTH.—James Fox 350| 2°49 | 21 24°88 B2 20") a5 1870-84 O'31 7th.

BARNSLEY.—Dr. Sadler...| 350] 2°00 | 18 | 21°28 | 33°01 | 5 | 1880-84 | 0°41 |4th.

WENTWORTH CASTLE.
Wm. Fisher
INGBIRCHWORTH.—
J. H. Taylor J

| 520] 2°68 | 19 | 23°34 | 33°51 | 8 | 1877-84 | 0°56 |4th.

|
if ; ;
DALTON, HUDDERSFLD. } 350 3°64 | 17 | 25-91 | 33°93 | 18 | 1866-8§)| 0°53 rath.

) 3

853 | 5°12 | 21 | 33°21 | 42°58} 13 | 1872-8411 0°79 |4th.

J. W. Robson
THORPE, HALIFAX.—

)
)
F. G. S. Rawson j 365 7°02 | 20 | 41°66 | — 2 | 1882-83 | 0°92 4th.

TUXFORD, NOTTS. —
Grammar School, - | 220) 1°34 | 14 | 18°41 | 30°45 8 | 1876-83 | 0°37 |14th.
J. N. Dufty.

Naturalist,

163

THE LEPIDOPTEROUS FAUNA OF LANCASHIRE
AND CHESHIRE.

Byes) OFINI Wee Hens ReCiPy WaReC. S55...
Liverpool; Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.

ONE of the main factors which determine the geographical distribu-
tion of phytophagous insects being the presence or absence of the
plants upon which they subsist during a portion, if not the whole, of
their existence, and as the flora of a district depends very largely upon
the geological formation and meteorological conditions of that
district, an apology is scarcely needed for referring very briefly to
these conditions as they exist in the counties of Lancashire and
Cheshire, before commencing a list with localities of the lepidopterous
fauna of these counties.

Exposed as they are to the prevailing warm and moisture-laden
south-westerly winds, and washed as a portion of each county is by
the waters of the Irish Sea, the average yearly temperature is always
several degrees higher, and the annual rainfall from to to 20 inches
greater, than that of the corresponding east coast of England.
Throughout Lancashire, with the exception of the extreme north,
where the rainfall is somewhat higher, the amount of rain varies
between 30 and 4o inches yearly, while over the whole of Cheshire
the average is between 20 and 30 inches.

The two principal geological formations met with belong to the
Tnassic and Carboniferous periods; the former, including the series
of New Red Sandstones, occupying the whole of Cheshire west of
Stockport, and the western half of Lancashire, including the Preston
and Fylde districts, but not including the extreme north, to be
afterwards alluded to.

The Carboniferous system, chiefly the upper and lower coal
measures and the millstone grit, extends over the eastern half of

_ Lancashire, forming the great coalfield of this county, and the extreme
east of Cheshire is also occupied by a continuation of the same beds.
Only in the north of Lancashire, in the neighbourhood of Grange,
and in the extreme north-east, does the mountain limestone appear ;
and, as will be afterwards seen, the district of Grange assimilates
more closely in its entomological fauna to the south of England than
does any intervening district.
Through a large portion of both counties the Western Trias is
separated from the Eastern Carboniferous series by a narrow strip of
' Permian Limestone, nowhere more than a mile in breadth, and
_ stretching due north and south through Stockport and a few miles

east of Manchester. In most places the new red sandstone is
Feb. 1885.

164 ELLIS*: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA.

covered to a variable depth by a bed of clay containing boulders
grooved by glacial action, and the remains of marine shells similar to,
if not identical with, those which at present inhabit the seas of the
neighbourhood.

The remaining features of the district which affect its flora, and
therefore its lepidopterous fauna, are’speedily dismissed. With the
exception of Delamere Forest, lying between Chester and Northwich,
there are no large tracts of woodland, and what woods there are are
comparatively of recent growth, and usually so devoted to the preser-
vation of game that an entomologist speedily receives peremptory
orders to quit. The large tracts of moss-land known locally as
‘mosses’ contribute a fair share to the fauna of Lancashire, but
perhaps no physiographical feature of the two counties has such an
influence in swelling the list of their lepidoptera as the tract of sandhills,
with a fauna and flora swe generis, which stretch from the Ribble
to the Mersey, and from the Mersey to the Dee.

In compiling the Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire and
Cheshire, I have to acknowledge the kind assistance of the following
gentlemen, whose names are abbreviated in the body of the work as
follows :—

N.C.—Mr. Nicholas Cooke, Liscard.
H.H.C.— ,, H. H. Corbett, Levenshulme.
J.C.— ,, Joseph Chappell, Manchester.
5.J-C.— ,, S. J. Capper, Huyton.
W.G.— ,, Willoughby Gardner, Liverpool.
H.H.H.—Rev. H. H. Higgins, Rainhill.
J.B.H.—Mr. J. B. Hodgkinson, Preston.
W.J.— ,, William Johnson, Liverpool.
J.C.M.— ,, J. C. Melvill, Prestwich.
S.L.M.— ,, S. L. Mosley, Huddersfield.
E.N>P:—= 3, Fs. N:ePierce,: Liverpool.
G.T.P.— ,, G. T. Porritt, Huddersfield.
E.S.-— ,, Edmund Shuttleworth, Preston.
A.O.W.— ,, Alfred O. Walker, Chester.

I have also derived considerable information from the following
books, pamphlets, and periodicals :—
British Butterflies and Moths, by the Rev. F. O. Morris.

British Butterflies and Moths, by Edward Newman.
Lepidoptera of Wirral, by J. F. Brockholes* (Trans. Lit. and Phil.

Soc. of Liverpool, 1864).

Lepidopterous Insects of the district round Liverpool, by Charles S.

Gregson* (Trans. Hist. Soc. of Lanc. and Ches., 1855 to 1858).

* Abbreviated J.F.B., and C.S.G., in the body of the work.

Naturalist,

ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. 165

The Entomologist.

The Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine.

The Entomologists’ Weekly Intelligencer.

The Zoologist.

The Young Naturalist.

Illustrations of Varieties of Lepidoptera, by S. L. Mosley.

RHOPALOCERA.
Bam 72RD.
LEUCOPHASIA, Steph.

Leucophasia sinapis, L. Wood White.

Very local in both counties, but tolerably common where it
does occur.

Lane. — Grange, abundant (E.S.; J.B.H. in litt. and Ent. ie
Mag., vill. 62); Manchester, one eon Clifton Wood (F.N.P.).

Ches.—Dunham Park (J.B.H., Intell. 1859, vol. ii., ror). Mr.
Gregson also records this species from a plantation between
Hooton Station and Mollington.

EUCHLOE, Hiibn.

Euchloe cardamines, L. Orange-tip.

This species, usually so common in the south, is somewhat
local in its distribution, although more abundant in Cheshire
than in Lancashire. Localities noted are as follows: —

Lane.—Grange, abundant (E.S.); Silverdale, abundant (J.C.M.);
fairly common in low-lying meadows between the coast and
Ormskirk, and between Allerton and Hale (C.S.G.); Bolton,
fairly common (W.J.); Preston, scarce (J.B.H.); Rainhill, very
scarce (H.H.H.).

Ches.—Chester district, common (A.O.W.); throughout Wirral,
as at Raby, Stourton, and Barnston (W.G.), and Bromborough
(J.W.E.); the Bollin and Glazebrook valleys (J.C.); Delamere
(S.J.C.); while it is local about Cheadle Hulme and Alderley
(Ere C:):

In Mosley’s Illust. Var. epriorteta are figured two aberra-
tions of this species captured in Lancashire, the one, a very
dwarf specimen (Part III., Anthocharis, pl. 1., fig. 5) taken by
S.L.M. at Arnside in 1877, the other (Part XIV., Anthocharis,
pl. u1., fig. 6) in coll. C.S.G., and taken by him at Southport, in
which the ground colour of the wings is pale yellow.

1885.

Feb.

166 ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA.

PIERS? Schrank:

Pieris napi, L. Green-veined White.
Pieris rape, L. Small Cabbage White.
Pieris brassice, L. Large Cabbage White.

All these species are abundant throughout both counties, but
much more so in Cheshire and South Lancashire than in North
Lancashire.

COLIAS, Fabr.

Colias hyale, L. Pale Clouded Yellow.

Mr. Chappell informs me that this species was captured at
Bury by Mr. Robert Kay; in Stainton’s Manual it is recorded as
having occurred in the Manchester district.

Colias edusa, Fab. Clouded Yellow.

Of very irregular appearance in the two counties, as indeed is
the case over the greater part of England. During the so-called
‘Edusa years,’ the latest of which was 1877, the butterfly seems
to be generally distributed throughout both Lancashire and
Cheshire.

Lane.— Bolton (W.J., Intell., 1858,1.,195); Bury (R. Kay, Ent.,
X., 190); Crosby, abundant in 1877 (J.W.E.); Grange, freely
at times (J.B.H.).;, Huyton, one specimen (S.J.C.); Lancaster;
in 1869 (J.B.H., Ent. Mo. Mag., vi., 114); Liverpool, in Pigue
Lane, in 1847 (C.S.G., Zool., vi., 2032); Manchester, in June
1877 (F. Kenderdine, Ent. Mo. Mag., xiv., 64); Middleton,
abundant in 1877 (J. Thorpe, Ent., x., 190); Southport, one in
1869 (R. Kay, Ent., iv., 351), and in 1877 (G. Eastham, Ent.,
x., 190) ; Ulverstone, one in 1858 (J. Kirby, Intell., 1858, 1. 171).

Ches.—Alderley, one in 1868, taken by W. W. Keyworth
(H.H.C.); Bollin Valley, several in 1869 (J. R. Hardy, Ent. Mo.
Mag., vi 114); Chester district, rather common in i859 and
1877°(A.O.W.); Delamere, one in’ 1378: (J. CM.) elandforth;
common in 1877 (H.H.C., Ent.,1x., 256) ; Liscard, taken freely by
Mr. Leather in 1877 (J.W.E.); New Brighton, taken by Mr.
Cauty in 1847 (C.S.G., Zool., vi, 2032); Stourton, common in
1877 (W.G.) ; Wallasey Sandhills, in 1877 (J.W.E.).

The pale variety of the female (Helice, Hiibn.) has been taken
several times, of which I find the following records :—

Crosby, a single specimen captured in 1877 by Thomas West,
and. recorded) im- Trans:. Wanc. and “@hes. Ent. See ss0 7764
Birkenhead district, a specimen taken by Mr. William Lello in
August 1868 (Ent. Mo. Mag., v., 129, and Ent., iv., 145);
Stourton, one in 1877 by W. Gardner (in litt.).

Naturalist,

ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. 167

GONEPTERYX, Leach.

Gonepteryx rhamni, L. Brimstone.

Occurs sparingly throughout both counties, but nowhere
plentiful.

Lane.— Bolton, occasionally (W.J.); Grange, not rare (J.B.H.);
Hale, taken by Mr. Nixon (C.S.G.); Rainhill, two females many
years ago (H.H.H.); Silverdale (J.C.M.).

Ches.—Alderley, one in 1867 (H.H.C.) ; Beeston Castle and
Chester, taken by Mr. Geo. Day (A.O.W.); Bidston, one in
1875 (W.G.); Bowden, Bollin Valley, and Lindow Common,
rare (J.C.) ; Cheadle Hulme, one in 1868 (H.H.C.) ; Delamere
Forest, taken by Mr. F. Leather (A.O.W.), also recorded from
thence by C.S.G. (Ent., vi., 452) and J.C.M. (in litt.) ; Upton,
where it was seen by Mr. Almond (J.F.B.).

Fam. WYMPHALIDE.
VANESSA, Fab.

Vanessa atalanta, L. Red Admiral.

Tolerably common throughout both counties, though much
more frequent in some seasons than others.

A beautiful aberration of this species, having the central band
of the forewing almost obliterated, and which was captured near
Oldham by Mr. Joseph Chappell, is figured in Mosley’s
Varieties, Part XIII., Vanessa, pl. vii., fig. 1. The specimen is
now in the collection of Mr. Joseph Sidebotham.

Vanessa antiopa L. Camberwell Beauty.

This scarce but extremely beautiful butterfly has been a pretty
frequent visitor to both counties. So far as I am aware, the
following list comprises all the specimens recorded in our
periodical literature :—

Lane.— Bolton, a specimen was captured in 1857 and recorded
(Intell., 1857, vol. 1., r90) by Mr. W. Johnson, who informs me that
another specimen was captured and several others seen during
that year in the same neighbourhood ; Bury, in 1872 (R. Kay,
Ent., vi, 410); Grange (J.B.H.); Heywood (near), in 1880
(J. W. Bentley, Ent., xili., 277); Kersall Moor, one specimen
(J.C.M.); Knotty Ash, near Liverpool, a specimen in 1873
(E. P. Thompson, Ent., vi., 410) ; Liverpool (in the town of),
m.0573-° (i. Durnford, Ent.,vi., 410); Longridge (J.B:H.);
ytham ():B.H., Intell, 1850, vol.u., 101); Ribchester, a
specimen in 1872 (A. G. Lathom, Ent., vi., 216); Rivington
Pikes, about 1855, the specimen in coll. R. S. Edleston (Intell.,

Feb, 1885.

168 ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA.

1859, ul., 47) ; Staley-brushes (J.C.) ; Ulverston (J.B.H..).

Ches.—Altrincham, a specimen taken by Mr. Keyworth
(H.H.C.); Birkenhead, one near Prenton Mount (J.F.B.);
Delamere, in 1872, taken by Mr. F. Leather (A.O.W.) ; Maccles-
field Forest, one captured by Hugh Harrison, September 1858
(Intell., 1859, u1., 47) ; Neston, in 1872 (J.F.B., in Ent., vi., 410).

Vanessa io, L. Peacock.

While in Cheshire this insect seems tolerably common, though
nowhere so abundant as in the south of England, there is a
unanimous opinion among my correspondents that while formerly
abundant, it has become much scarcer throughout Lancashire
during recent years.

Vanessa urtice, L. Small Tortoise-shell.

Common all over both counties, though, like all of the genus,
not so abundant as formerly.

Mr. Gregson records (Ent., ili., 209) a specimen captured at
Hawkshead, in which the two spots on the disc of the forewing
are absent, thus resembling the Corsican species (variety ?)
Ichnusa, Bon. ‘This variety seems very scarce in Britain.

Vanessa polychloros, 1. Large Tortoise-shell.

Brunswick Road, Liverpool, one specimen (N.C.); Red Scar,
near Preston (Newman’s British Butterflies) ; of more frequent
occurrence in Cheshire, of which I possessthe following records :—

Acton Bridge, taken by James Hirst (J.C.); Alderley, two,
one in 1860, one m 1370 (HCH...) :\ Chester, im eco (ip balie
in Intell., 1859, vol. i., ror); Delamere, near the Lodge-gates
at Petty-pool (R. Brown); Eastham (E. Birchall in Newman’s
Butterflies) ; Prenton Wood (J.F.B.).

Vanessa C-album, L. Comma.

Very local, and not common where it does occur.

Lane. —Bolton, rare (W.J.) ; Chat Moss, occasionally (J.C.) ;
Hale and Woolton, occasionally (C.S.G.).

Ches.—Bebington, in 1873 (W.G.) ; Chester (A.O.W.) ; Dela-
mere (A.O.W. and J.C.M.); Hliooton (C.S.G.) ; Tranmere, Ness,
and Puddington (J.F.B.).

Vanessa cardui. L. Painted Lady.

Occurs occasionally, and at uncertain intervals, over both
counties ; a few are to be found nearly every yearson the coast
sandhills. During last summer (1884) the larvee have occurred
in profusion on the sandhilis beyond Crosby.

A ‘wonderful variety’ of this species—now, I believe, in the
cabinet of Mr. C. S. Gregson—was captured at Wallasey by
Mr. E. L. Ragonot, and recorded by him (Ent. Mo. Mag., v., 129).

Naturalist,

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Contents : ie

The Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire— Yokn W, Ellis, L.R.C.P., etc. 169
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Be sebureers. New Investigations on the pros of Fertilisation in ae ie
Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc. (continuation)

175
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Pascoe’s List of British Vertebrate Animals; Lang’s Systematic List of the Butterflies ‘of
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Notes and News ae are mae Bi Re ie ae ..182 to 184 -
Bibliography of 1884 ae i. Biche)” ws ie a mh As Be ..185 to 192
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Die ak) a a te a ee Ty

ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. 169

| MELITAA, Fabr. .
Melitwa aurinia, Rott.=artemis, S.V. Greasy Fritillary.

Local, and not usually common where it does occur.

Lane.—Bolton, occasionally (W.J.); between Maghull and
Byeiate, plentiful) -(C:S.G.);\. one >at, Rainhill (H.H.H-);
Warrington (N.C.).

Ches.—Ashley Meadows, formerly (J.C.M.); Eastham, one
specimen taken by S. Archer (J.F.B.); Knutsford, common
(J.C.); Malpas, abundant, but local (A.O.W.); Stockport,
abundant in 1845 (R. S. Edleston, Zool., 1845, 1220).

In Mosley’s Varieties (Part XII., Melitea, pl. 1., fig. 3) is a
large and peculiar variety taken at Knutsford, in the collection
of Mr. Sidebotham.

Melitea athalia, Esp. Pearl-bordered Likeness Fritillary.

Recorded from Marple by J.B.H. (Intell., 1859, vol. il, 101).

ARGYNNIS, Fab.
Argynnis selene, W.V. Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary.

scarce. Grange (J.B.H.); Silverdale (J.C.M.); Delamere
Berest (J-C-and J.C.M.).

Mr. F. Bond has a-specimen taken at Macclesfield, which has
the spots almost entirely obliterated (Mosley’s Varieties, Part V.,
Argynnis, pl. iv., fig. 5).

Argynnis euphrosyne, L. Pearl-bordered Fritillary.

Local, but abundant where it does occur.

Lane.—Abundant at Grange (J.B.H. and E.S.) and at
Silverdale (F.N.P. and J.C.M.).

Ches.—Delamere Forest (J.C. and J.C.M.); Bromborough
Woods (C.S.G.).

Argyunis niobe, L.

This species, which by many entomologists is denied a place
in the list of British Butterflies, was captured by Mr. C. S.
Gregson at the ‘ Devil’s Gallop’’on the Lancashire side of
Windermere, in August 1871 (recorded Ent., vi, 84, and
RAINES 15,5207):

Argynnis adippe, L. High Brown Fritillary.

Common on the Lancashire side of Windermere (J.B.H.) ;

Silverdale (J.C.M.) and Grange (S.J.C.).
Argyrnis aglaia, L. Dark Green Fritillary.

Fairly common, but almost confined to the coast sandhills of
both counties.

Lane. — Crosby (J.W.E.); Formby (F.N.P.); Southport
(J.C.M.); and Blackpool (J.C.) ; Windermere, common (J.B.H.).

March 188s. I

170 ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA.

Ches.—Formerly common on the New Brighton and Wallasey
sandhills (J.F.B. and C.S.G.).

Mr. Edleston records a specimen of the variety Charlotta,
Haw., which ‘has the silvery spots near the base of the wing
much larger, two pairs of them coalescing,’ captured at Blackpool
in 1843 (Zool., u., 399); Mr. Gregson (Ent. i., 209) also
records three specimens of this variety from Bootle.

Argynnis paphia, L. Silver-washed Fritillary.

Delamere, common (J.C.M.); said to have occurred near

Bolton (J.C.).

Fam. SATYRIDA.
HMIPPARCHIA,. Fab:

Hipparchia semele, L. Grayling.

Abundant on all the coast sandhills from the Dee to South-
port. Bidston Hill, abundant (J.F.B. and J.W.E.); formerly
abundant in the Cheadle-Hulme district, but very local at
Bramall, and not seen there since 1868 (H.H.C.); Grange
(JaBo HE):

EREBIA, Dalm.

Erebia ethiops, Esp. = medea, Hiibn. = blandina, Fab. Scotch
Argus.
Abundant at Silverdale (S.J.C.); Grange (J.B.H.); recorded
from Colne, near Burnley (J.B.H., Intell., 1859, ii., ror).

MELANARGIA, Meig.

Melanargia galathea, L. Marbled White.
Recorded from Preston, in his ‘British Butterflies’ by the
Rev. F. O. Morris, but I know not on what authority.

SATYRUS;: Eatr.

Satyrus megera, L. Wall.

Common, and generally distributed—except in the Manchester
district, where (J.C.) it is not nearly so common as formerly, and
about Cheadle-Hulme, where it is very scarce (H.H.C.).

Satyrus egeria, L. Speckled Wood.

Generally distributed, but apparently nowhere common.

Lane.—Bolton (W.J.); Grange (J.B.H. and E.S.); and
Silverdale (J.C.M.)

Ches.-—Delamere (J.C.M.) ; occasionally in the wooded parts
of Wirral (J.F.B. and C.S.G.)

Naturalist

ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. 17!

EPINEPHILE, Hiibn.
Epinephile hyperanthus, L. Ringlet.

Local, and not common where it does occur.

Formerly common at Turton, near Bolton (W.J.) ; Botany Bay
Wood and Worsley (J.C.); Grange (J.B.H.); Silverdale and
Delamere (J.C.M.).

Epinephile janira, L. Meadow Brown.

Abundant throughout both counties.

Epinephile tithonus, L. Large Heath.

With the exception of the Cheadle-Hulme district, where it
seems absent (H.H.C.), and the Chester district, where it appears
not common (A.O.W.), this species is tolerably-plentiful in both
counties, being especially abundant near the coast, as at Lytham
(J.B.H.), Fleetwood (S.L.M.), West Kirby and Bidston (J.W.E.).

CANONYMPHA, Hibn.
Cznonympha pamphilus, L. Small Heath.

Common and generally distributed, except in the district of

Cheadle Hulme, where it seems to be absent (H.H.C.).
Cenonympha typhon, Rott.=davus, Fab. Marsh Ringlet.

Common on all the mosses of Lancashire and Cheshire, as,
eg., Chat, Risley, and Rixton mosses (J.C.); Simmonswood
Moss (C.S.G. and F.N.P.) ; Lindow Moss (H.H.C.) ; Oak-mere,
and other meres in the neighbourhood of Delamere Forest
(W.G. and A.O.W.); and Carrington Moss (J.C.M.).

The insect which occurs in all these localities is, I believe,
exclusively the darker coloured race, with large distinct eyes,
known as the var. philoxenus, Esp.=davus of Kirby’s
European Butterflies, and rothliebii of Newman’s British

Butterflies.
Fam. ZHRYVCINIDA.

NEMEOBIUS, Steph.
Nemeobius lucina, L. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary.
Wer, local. ~ Abundant at .Grange -(j.B.o. and: -S.));
Silverdale (J.C.M.); once taken between Eastham and Hooton

(CSG).
ame 4 VGA NLDA.

POLYOMMATUS, Latr.
Polyommatus minima, Fuessly=alsus, W.V. Little Blue.
Very local.
Lane.—Grange, common (W.G. and E.S.); Silverdale (J.C.M.) ;
between Rainhill and Ditton, several specimens (C.S.G.).
Ches.—Neston (C.S.G.).

March 1885.

172 ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA.

Polyommatus argiolus, L. Azure Blue.

Local, but usually common where it does occur.

Lane.— Grange, common (W.G. and E.S.); Silverdale
(J.C.M.); Hale, taken by Mr. Nixon (C.S.G.).

Ches.—Delamere (N.C.); Eastham and Hooton, taken by
Mar elarris (Cz5.G.):

Polyommatus corydon, Poda. Chalk-hill Blue.

Recorded from Silverdale (J.B.H.), and from Grange by the

Rev. F. O. Morris in his ‘ British Butterflies.’
Polyommatus icarus, Rott.=alexis, W.V. Common Blue.

Very abundant on the coast sandhills, as at Crosby, Wallasey,
&c. Common about Grange and Silverdale (J.B.H. and
J.C.M.).. Common throughout Wirral, and in Delamere Forest,
but scarce near Cheadle-Hulme, from whence Mr. Corbett
reports having seen only about five specimens in seventeen
years.

I have taken the variety learinus, Scrib., on the sandhills,
where it is probably not rare. It differs from the type in having
the space between the central spot on the under side of the
fore-wing, and the base quite devoid of spots.

Mr. Mosley figures (Varieties, Lyceena, pl. 1i., f.5) a fine variety
taken by himself at Fleetwood, and Mr. Thorpe records (Ent.,
lv., 132) a gynandromorphous specimen from Middleton.

Polyommatus astrarche, Bergstr.—medon, Esp.=agestis, Hiibn.
Brown Argus.

Common at Silverdale (S.L.M. and J.C.M.); Grange (J.B.H.);

Chat Moss, local (R. S. Edleston, Zool., 1, 112).
Polyommatus egon, W.V. Silver-studded Blue.

Very local, but usually common where it occurs. Chat Moss
(j.B.H. and, J.C.) ; Bazton~ Moss-(].C.);Aldenleyaey enyarare
(W. W. Keyworth) ; Bidston Hill, abundant, but local (J.W.E.) ;
Delamere, common (J.C.M. and A.O.W).

LYCAENA, Fab.

Lycena phleas, L. Small Copper.
Abundant throughout both counties. The white variety—
Schmidtii, Gerh.—occurs very rarely.

ZEPHYR SS, Walme (hhecla)):

Zephyrus betule, L. Brown Hair-streak. 7
Grange (J.B.H. and A. Mason, Intell., 1860, 1.. 187); Silverdale,
a specimen in 1868 (J.C.M.).

ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. 173

Zephyrus quercus, L. Purple Hair-streak.
Lane.—Grange (J.B.H.); near Stoneyhurst (J.B.H., Ent.,
Xll., 204).
Ches.— Delamere Forest, common (J.C., J.C.M., and A.O.W.);
Edge Hall, taken by the Rev. C. W. Dod (A.O.W.). Bred from
a larva found in Eastham Wood (J.F.B.); taken beyond
Eastham (C.S.G.).

THECLA, Fab.

Thecla rubi, L. Green Hair-streak.

Local, but usually common where it occurs. Grange (J.B.H.) ;
Silverdale (J.C.M.); Hale and Lydiate, Sutton and Hargreave
Hall (C.S.G.); Lindow Common and Trafford Park, rare (J.C.) ;
Delamere! (S:J.C.).

Fam. HESPERIDA.
HESPERIA, Fab. (Syrichthus, Boisd.)

Hesperia malve, L.=alveolus, Hiibn. Grizzled Skipper.
Only recorded from one locality, viz. :—Silverdale (J.C.M.).

NISONIADES, Hiibn. (Zhanaos, Boisd.)

Nisoniades tages, L. Dingy Skipper.
Abundant about Grange (J.B. H.and E.S.); Silverdale (J.C.M.);
Chat Moss (J.C.); common on railway banks in Wirral, as
between Spital and Bromborough (J.W.E.).

tae PAMPHILA, Fabr.
_ Pamphila sylvanus, Esp. Large Skipper.

Grange (J.B.H.); Silverdale (J.C.M.); Chat Moss (J.C.);
Simmonswood Moss (C.S.G. and J.W.E.); Crosby Sandhills
(C.S.G.); Knutsford (J.C.) ; throughout Wirral (J.F.B.).

Pamphila linea, W.V. Small Skipper.

Only recorded from one locality in Lancashire, viz., Silverdale
(J.C.M.). Generally distributed over Cheshire, eg., Alderley,
once in 1873 (W. W. Keyworth); Delamere Forest, near Oak-
mere, common (J.C.); near Eastham, by S. and F. Archer
(j.F.B.) ; local at Sutton, and one specimen at Raby-mere in
1874 (W.G.).

March 1885. 12

174

NOTES’ ON “LEPIDOPTERA.

Lepidoptera near York in-1884,.—I send you a few notes of my
doings during 1884, which I hope will interest some of your readers. Macroglossa
stellatarum does not visit this locality every season. It may therefore be worth
putting on record that I noticed one example, and had a second given to me which
had flown into a dwelling-house in this neighbourhood. Ovrgya gonostigma. I
secured a few larvee of this species in Askham bogs. From these I bred male and
female ; they paired ; and from them I had a batch of eggs, which hatched in due
course, and from which I have some two or three hundred larvee hybernating.
Drepana falcataria has been rather common in the larval state this season, on
birch, in Askham bogs. <Avwzphydasts strataria from a gaslamp. Tephrosia crepus-
cularia from the bole of an oak. Geometra papilionaria. 1 was successful in
beating from some hazel bushes a female, which laid a supply of eggs; these hatched,
and the little fellows fed well enough until they passed their second moult, when
they stopped feeding, and showed signs of hybernating. This is a very. difficult
process for the breeder, as I know by experience, having had several clutches
through my hands. It has always been the case that when feeding time comes
round again their numbers were sadly diminished. It must be owing to the delicate
nature of the larve. Lupithecra valertanata. In one of my rambles after insects,
I accidentally met with a batch of the larvz of this species. Having had a good
two hours’ beating after them I was just turning to return home when I pulled a
handful of the valerian, and lo! to my surprise, several larvee were amongst it. I
had often before looked for it, but always without avail. After this I worked well
for it, and was highly pleased with the results.

The Tortrices have not met with that attention which they deserve, owing to
the greasy nature of the imagos after being set. I have, however, taken a few
fenthina corticana and P. ochroleucana, which two species I met with by beating.
Tortrix viridana was exceptionally abundant, and stripping the oaks of their
leaves. Of Zortrix costana I bred several fine varieties from larvee found feeding
on Jris pseudacorus in Askham bogs. Lphippiphora similana 1 bred from larvee
beaten out of birch. Stzgmonota germarana I found amongst my captures. On
referring to Mr. Porritt’s ‘Yorkshire List,’ I find that this species has not been
recorded from York before. ufe@ectlia nana, found here for the first time ; a new
record for York. Hedya servillana. Being in Askham bogs in May, beating for
lepidoptera and hymenoptera, I turned this insect up amongst sallows. It is new
to Yorkshire, as I do not find it mentioned in Mr, Porritt’s list. Pyvxodes rheediana
I turned up amongst hawthorn by beating ; not recorded from York before.

Of the interesting group Tinez, I met with a few which I had not previously
turned up in this locality. Azmea intermediella. Beat a case of this species out
of birch in Askham bogs. Lampronia prelatella, in the middle of the day in an
orchard, at rest on a plum-leaf. Zrcurvarza muscalella, rather common ; by beating
amongst hawthorn. Szammerdamia griseocapitella, out of birch in Askham bogs.
Cerostoma vittella, found at rest on the trunks of elm and oak, in the chinks of the
bark. Of Depressaria pimpinellg, I met with the larvee in the flower heads of
Pinpinella magna, and reared therefrom a long series. In Mr. Porritt’s ‘ York-
shire List’ Stainton is given as the Yorkshire authority, the species not having
been recorded since his work was published in 1857. Graczlaria stigmatella,
several examples bred from larvz taken in September 1883. Stainton’s ‘ Manual’
the last authority for York. Orzzx loganella, by beating. Coleophora limosipen-
nella, cases from birch and gale, and also the imago beaten from birch in Askham
bogs. C. discordella, by mothing. Sedellia somnulentella, caught on the wing.
Llachista apicipunctella beaten out of the lower branches of oak, in Acomb Wood.
I may say that in the naming of some of the above, I had the help of Morris’s
‘ British Moths.,—-THoMaAs WILSoN, Holgate, York, February roth, 1885.

Satyrus tithonus in Lincolnshire.—As Mr. J. W. Carter, in his
note in the December Vaturvalist, after mentioning that Newman gave no records
of the occurrence of this generally common species in Lincolnshire, gives only
Owston Ferry and Gainsborough as localities in which he has observed it, I may
state that in the neighbourhood of Louth and on the sea hills at Mablethorpe it is
abundant. In this latter situation S$. ¢2thonus and Cenonympha pamphilus are
the commonest butterflies. —H. WALLIS KEw, Louth, 22nd December, 1884.

Naturalist,

175

STRASBURGER’S NEW INVESTIGATIONS ON THE
PROCESS OF FERTILISATION IN
PHANEROGAMS.

Bye EO MAST HC Ke Bev BiSes
President of the Botanical Section of the Vorkshire Naturalists Union.

(Continued from page 159.)

In his second section Strasburger describes the way in which the
pollen-tubes enter the stigma and work their way down the style to
the ovary. The section is not a long one, and need not be dealt
with in detail. It is shown that there are three or four principal
modes in which the entrance of the pollen-tube is effected. The
simplest is that met with in species of Zzzwm, where the pollen-tube
grows down between the papille of the stigma until it reaches and
enters one of the three apertures leading into the stylar canal. Down
this canal it advances without penetrating any tissue, and so finds its
way into the ovary. In Atropa belladonna and other Solanacee the
process is scarcely more difficult, though here the pollen-tube
advances within the conducting tissue of the style. The latter organ
is traversed by a central string of elongated cells, which readily
separate into longitudinal series ending in the stigmatic papille.
Between these rows of cells, which form the conducting tissue, the
pollen-tubes readily insinuate themselves, and so reach the ovary
below. In Cereus sfectosisstmus a stylar canal is present, but the
pollen-tubes do not enter it. On the contrary, they grow down an
easily-splitting conducting tissue, which is found in the style, sur-
rounding the cavity of the central canal. A somewhat different mode
of entrance is met with in Alopecurus pratensis and other Graminee.
Here the stigmatic arms of the style are provided with appendages,
which are made up of cells whose upper ends are free and project
like teeth. Where appendages are absent, the ‘dentition,’ so to call
it, is provided by the epidermal cells. The pollen-grains emit a
single tube each, and this grows until its tip enters one of the angles
between the teeth. From this point the further course of the pollen-
tube zs zn the ‘middle lamella’ which bounds contiguous cells of the
appendages, as, according to Strasburger, observation easily demon-
strates.

Agyrostemma githago, or as it is now called (Hooker: Students’
Flora of the British Islands, 3rd Ed.) Gzthago segetum, ofters a further
modification of the process. The five styles are provided on the
inner stigmatic surface, with long club-like papilla, each cell growing
out into such a papilla at its upper margin. The pollen grains adhere
to the surface of the papille, and produce one or a few tubes. The

March 1885.

176 STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION OF PHANEROGAMS.

pollen-tube reaches a papilla, dzsso/ves tts wall at the potnt of contact,
and enters into the cell-lumen. When the tip of the growing tube
reaches the base of the papilla, it bursts through the same into the
conducting tissue of the style, along which it advances between the
walls of the cellsto the ovary. The dZalvacee behave like Githago up
to a certain point, and then present special peculiarities. Thus, when
the pollen-tube has burst through the base of the papilla, and entered
the conducting tissue, it does not immediately advance further. The
contents of the pollen-grain collect themselves into an elongated,
elliptical mass, with an irregular contour, and pass out of the grain.
Then the aggregated contents grow down the conducting tissue, with
a thick tube, the entire mass flowing onwards, and reminding the
observer of the movement of a Plasmodium.

It will be understood that these are not the oaks methods hy
which the entrance of the pollen-tubes is effected, but they are the
most important and the most typical. They will recall, at least to
the minds of fungologists, and that in a most striking manner, the
modes by which the hyphee of parasitic Fungi gain admission to the
tissues of the host-plant.

Having thus described the structure of the pollen-grain, the
development of the pollen-tube, and the way in which the latter finds
an entrance into the ovary, Strasburger proceeds to the later stages
of the fertilisating process. In the Conzfere, which are dealt with in
the third section, the most important morphological facts are already
tolerably well known, and Strasburger has little to add thereto. It is
common knowledge indeed that here the process of fertilisation is
actually a process of copulation between the zucleus of the oosphere or
egg-cell, as Strasburger often calls it, and the generative cell-nucleus,
which enters the corpusculum, or secondary embryo-sac, from the
pollen-tube. Hence our author does not dwell upon the essentials of
the process, but examines two or three subordinate questions which
are still under discussion. As these are of secondary importance
only, we may pass them by, at least for the present, and follow him
into the fourth section, where the case of the Angiosperms Is bane
to careful and extended treatment.

In many of these plants, as everyone who has attempted to in-
vestigate the matter knows well, there are great difficulties in the way
of decisively determining what actually occurs after the pollen-tube
has entered the micropyle of the ovule. Strasburger’s attempts to
overcome these difficulties have, thus far, been partially successful
only ; and hence he has been in the main restricted to those plants,
which by virtue of the transparency of their ovules, allow the neces-
sary observations to be made. ‘The orchids appear to have been

Naturalist,

STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION OF PHANEROGAMS. 177

most serviceable, though Monotropa, Torenia, and species of Gloxinta
and Lilium have also been employed with advantage. Various
methods of treatment, details of which are always given, were
adopted in dealing with the selected material, and the views now
published are based upon the results of the whole series of investi-
gations. Before summarising these, it will facilitate our task, and
conduce to greater clearness, if we describe very briefly the organisa-
tion of the embryo-sac, in which the process of fertilisation actually
occurs.

The embryo-sac of an Angiosperm is usually an elongated cell
lying longitudinally in the nucellus of the ovule. The end which is
turned towards the micropyle may project into that cavity, or it may
be separated from it by a single layer of cells. The chief structures
contained within it are (i) a pair of nucleated protoplasmic bodies
placed at the micropylar end, termed the sywergide@; (ii) two or three
similar bodies at the opposite end called the antipodal cells; and
(iii) the egg-cell or oosphere, a nucleated protoplasmic mass, usually
situated just below the sywergide. It need hardly be said that the
ege-cell is the most important structure contained within the embryo-
‘sac. Its nucleus plays a leading part in the act of fertilisation, and
out of the cell as a whole, the embryo is subsequently developed.

When the ovule is ready for fertilisation the synergidz are often

streaked longitudinally, while each develops for itself a small re-
_ fractive cap at its micropylar end. Over these caps, the delicate wall
of the embryo-sac is resorbed, so that towards the micropyle, the
cavity of the sac is open.
! By this time the pollen-tube has traversed the style and entered
_ the ovary, where, stimulated by a substance encreted by the syner-
gidee, its direction of growth is so changed that it advances along the
funiculus and enters the micropyle. Its tip having reached the caps
of the synergidz ceases growing, but the protoplasm passes through
the membrane at the tip and travels between these structures towards
the egg-cell. Strasburger previously assumed that the plasma of the
_ pollen-tube was absorbed by one or both of the synergidee, but he
» now admits that this was an error, and explains otherwise the appear-
ances which led to it. Indeed, at the moment when the pollen-tube
reaches the apex of the embryo-sac, one or both the synergide
become disorganised, one of their functions, viz., that of indicating
the way to the egg, being now completed. The protoplasm of the
pollen-tube, moving forwards towards the egg, carries with it the ¢zvo
generative cell-nucletz, which now become ¢he male or sperm nuclei
that previous observers have seen in copulation with the nucleus of
the egg. ‘These nuclei, being of equal value, each may effect fertilisa-
March 1885.

178 BOTANICAL NOTES.

tion—whichever happens to come first, indeed, does so—and in
exceptional cases both have been seen to copulate simultaneously
with the egg-nucleus. In fixed preparations the male nucleus may
be seen, within the egg-cell, at various distances from the egg-nucleus,
going to perform its functions. Its movement may be due to the
influence of the egg-plasma which receives the male-nucleus brought
by the pollen-tube plasma, and carries it to the nucleus of the egg.
To the plasma of the pollen-tube, therefore, is allotted the same role
as to the locomotive organs of spermatozoids ; while the substance
of the vegetative cell-nucleus, and that of the generative cell-
nucleus not employed in fertilisation, may serve for the nourish-
ment of the germ-nucleus in the fertilised egg. The two nuclei
having been thus brought together blend into one, as do_ sub-
sequently their nucleoli, and the act of fertilisation is accom-
plished. Meanwhile the egg has clothed itself with a thin cellulose
wall, and is thus ready to enter upon those changes which ultimately
result in the formation of an embryo.
(To be continued.)

BOLANICAL NOLES:

Plants of the Bradford District.—At a recent meeting of the Brad-
ford Naturalists’ Society, Messrs. H. T. Soppitt and W. West reported on the
work done by the botanical section during the year. The following are amongst
this year’s additions :—-33 species of Phanerogams, including Polygonatum officinale
from Grassington, Gezista anglica from Wilsden and Eldwick, J/yriophyllum
verticillatum from Keighley, Aledicago denticulata and M. maculata from Heaton, ©
and 16 species of Audbus, including &. afizis, R. bloxamit, R. sprengeli, R. concinnus,
R. mucronulatus, and R. macrophyllus ; of Vascular Cryptogams, Lastrea spinu-
Josa from Shipley Glen, &c., and Chara fragilis from near Keighley; of Fungi 72,
including Uvocystis fischert (a species hitherto unrecorded as British) from
Saltaire; Lefpiota procerus, Lentinus lepideus, Boletus amara, hh. piperatus,
B. felleus, Russula nitida, Puccinia cirsu, Puccinia anthoxanthi, Peronospora alta ;
of Lichens, Lecidea cupularis from Malham, &c., ZL. cerileo-nigricans from Malham,
L. parasema from Ilkley, Solorzna limbata from Whernside, FPeltigera aphthosa
from Ingleton, and Umdilicaria polyphylla from Baildon, Wilsden, &c.; of
Hepaticze, Scapania bartlingz from Bolton Woods, and new localities for the
following species, Leyeunza echinata from Gordale, Scafania curta from Baildon,
Bazzama trilobata from Baildon; of Freshwater Algae 30 species, including
Cylindrocystis diplospora, Staurastrum orthostichum, Hyalotheca dissiliens, and
Micrasterias crenata from near Cullingworth. In addition to the above a large
number of rare plants already known for the district have been found in new
localities. Amongst the Mosses are /isszdens crassipes from Malham, and Selzgeria
pusilla from Gordale.

Corallorhiza innata in Northumberland.—I ‘sce from the
communication of Rev. H. E. Fox (p. 139), that I have inadvertently misled him
as to a second Northumbrian station for Corallorhiza. The locality which I
mentioned to him is not in Alnwater, Northumberland, but on Alewater,
Berwickshire, where this rare orchid was found by Mr. M. Shaw. curator of the
Rerwick Museum, growing in considerable quantity.—T. W. Mac Lacan,
Berwick-on-Tweed, January 6th, 1885.

Naturalist,

179

NOTE ON AN ABNORMAL DEPOSIT OF DRIFT COAL
| IN NORTH DURHAM.

By G. A.: LEBOUR, M.A., F.G.S.,
Professor of Geology in the Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

A LARGE portion of North Durham and South Northumberland is
overspread by sands and gravels lying upon boulder ciay. Like the
latter, though newer, they are no doubt of glacial age, but having
often been redistributed—and therefore, to a greater or less extent,
altered and remodelled—since that time, they have sometimes lost
many of the characteristics of glacial accumulation. In this Upper
Drift, discontinuous wedge-shaped current-bedded patches of rolled
coal-fragments are common; but in all cases hitherto observed by me,
or of which I have received information, the bits of coal forming such
deposits, as well as the deposits themselves, have been very small.
The coal, too, is always such as would naturally result from the
denudation of known Carboniferous seams cropping out in the higher
eround. of the neighbourhood.

Last month, however, Mr. W. Scorer Harris, of Andrew’s House
Colliery, North Durham, called my attention to an interesting bed of
Drift Coal differmg in many respects from any I had previously met
with, which I at once went to see, and of which the following is a
brief account.

The working shaft of Andrew’s House Colliery (of which Mr,
Harris is the resident engineer) stands about half-way between the
valleys of the Team and Derwent, near Marley Hill, at a height of
about 600 feet above sea-level. Close to the shaft is a small sand pit,
worked for the sake of a fine brown sand, which is the lowest deposit
visible there, but which rests (as is otherwise proved) upon
boulder clay. Above this brown bed lies a much false-bedded mass of
sand and gravel of various degrees of coarseness, with several small
‘scares’ or insignificant patches of minute coal-fragments of the usual
kind. But on one side of the sand pit—as it was at the time of my
visit—extending from the original outcrop of the gravel beds for
several yards, as far as the pit had been worked, and how much farther
one could not tell, was a bed of rolled coal of more than two feet in
thickness, dipping steadily to the south-east. The regularity and
seam-like appearance were remarkable, and at a distance one might
well have mistaken the deposit for an ordinary Coal-Measure workable
seam. ‘The,coal pebbles of which it was formed were, however,
obvious to closer inspection, and proved the most remarkable feature
of the case. ‘Their size was most exceptional, many being several
inches in diameter, and almost all being very large when compared
March 188s.

180 ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTE.

with the small bits of coal usually found embedded in these gravelly
drifts. Especially singular were the largest, which indeed formed the
chief portion of the bed. They were rather sub-angular than rounded
like the other coal pebbles, as if they had not travelled far, and,
except in parts, they lacked the lustre.of the smaller fragments. In
fact, these big lumps are unlike any Coal-Measure coal known in the
neighbourhood, and at first sight resemble much more such a sub-
stance as brown coal. ‘There is no woody structure, but the material
of which the lumps are composed is very tough, and sounds like wood
when struck. It burns somewhat like a cannel coal, with which,
indeed, it has some other points of resemblance. ‘There is no reason
to doubt that this coal (as it must be called) is really of Coal-Measure
age, and that it comes from no great distance; but it is strange that
the bed from which it comes should be quite unknown in a district
such as this, where every seam has been worked, tried, or proved over
and over again. ‘The analysis of the coal, as made by Mr. Richard
Berkley and given me by Mr. Harris, only adds to the interest of the
occurrence, since its results are quite foreign to the experience of
miners in the great northern coalfield. Nor can the peculiarities of
the coal be ascribed to long exposure to wet and weather, since the
smaller and brighter pieces with which it is associated have no
unusual characteristics, and have necessarily been exposed to the
same influences, and probably for the same amount of time.
The analysis shows :—

Volatile matter ... sn gl se I7‘O
Red@Ashis bie an au is 174% =100'0
Fixed..Carbon ..:4 ; 65°6

The specific gravity being 1°34, is greater than that of average
Newcastle coal.

ICHTHVOLOGICAL NOLE-

Whitby Notes.—The past season has not been very productive in the
matter of uncommon fishes. Amongst my memoranda are the following :—

October 31st, 1884.—Fifteen-spined Stickleback (Gasterosteus spinachia L.)
caught in Whitby Harbour by clasp net.

November 13th.— Miiller’s Topknot (Rhombus punctatus Bl.) caught off
Whitby by John Storr. Unfortunately I did not see this specimen, but from the
description of it given to me by a person, I showed him Miiller’s Topknot in the
museum, and he said it was exactly like it. This is the second instance of its
coming under my notice here, the first having been on the 3rd of May, 1881.

December 26th.—One coble landed 21 scores of Haddocks (Gadus eglefinus L.).
This is worth mention, because since this date they have been rareiy caught here,
and appear to have left for the spawning ground.

December 31st.—Common Basse (Labrax lupus Lacép.), caught by Dring,
weight 3%4 lbs., length 22 inches, girth 6 inches.—THOMAS STEPHENSON, Whitby,
February 13th, 1885.

Naturalist,

181

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Bulimus acutus.—tThe only Sussex record that 1 am aware of is that of
Mr. Langdon, who is said to have found it near Eastbourne in 1874, and this
locality seems no longer to produce the species, for Mr. J. H. A. Jenner, of Lewes,
writes to me as follows:—‘ As I have recently searched the whole coast between
Lewes and Eastbourne, on several occasions, for A. aczfus, without success, I am
obliged to conclude that the Eastbourne specimens were somehow introduced. They
are larger than Torquay specimens, and dull whitish.’ Moreover, I have myself
recently explored the coast of Sussex from Bognor to Littlehampton, and from
Worthing to Brighton, and although &. v7gafa was common enough, no B. acutus
turned up.

Another point I will venture to refer to is the generic position of the
species in question. It seems to me that it ought undoubtedly to be placed in
felix, close to H. virgata, and not in Bulimus at all. (Kobelt places it in the
sub-genus Cochlicella, with Helix conotdea, &c.) Its habits are similar to those of
the group of Helix known as Xerophila, to which #. virgata belongs ; and, more-
over, there is an almost complete series of forms existing which fill up the gap
between the two species. For instance, on looking at my own collection, I find
Helix maritima, an elegant form very similar to vz~gata, but having the spire a little
more raised; then come specimens of 4. pyranzdata from Algiers, showing a
slightly more raised spire, with compressed whorls and a smaller umbilicus, and
this species varies in its banding in the same way as wrgata, for in my four Algiers
specimens the first has a band-formula 00300, with a very well-defined band ; the
second has a similar formula, but the band is pale ; the third belongs to the var.
alba, being white and bandless; and the fourth has a formula 00340, with the
merest trace of the fifth band. A still more conical form is 4. cozzca from Malta,
while some forms show a keeled periphery, such as Z. ¢errestris from Algeria,
HT, elata from Capri, and H. tudberculosa from Sinai. But disregarding these
diverging forms, we may easily trace 7. acuta (Bulimus acutus) by the help also
of Mogador specimens of 4. conozdea, which form another of the many connecting
links between this and Z. vzrgata.—T. D. A. COCKERELL, 51, Woodstock Road,
Bedford Park, Chiswick, December 3rd, 1884.

Bulimus acutus in South Wales.—In addition to the counties you
note for B. acztus, I have found it at Cardiff, in Glamorganshire. It occurs plenti-
fully on the moors along with 4. virgata, but whether it has been introduced or
not, as so many species have in this locality, I am not prepared to say. I have
never seen any traces of it at any of our Lancashire watering-places, but do not see
why it should not be found, and hope it may ultimately turn up.—EDWARD
COLLIER, 3, Friday Street, Manchester, February roth, 1885.

Mussels Eaten by Animals and Birds.—We have evidence
proving this fact, occurring in several places in Nottinghamshire. 1. On the
canal banks close to Nottingham we find broken shells (A. cygnea, U. tumidus,
U. pictorum, and D. polymorpha) occurring in such positions and under such
circumstances that leave no doubt about the fact that Rats (Water Voles ?) have
brought them up alive from the mud to feed upon them in little nooks on the
canal banks. 2. At Sutton-in-Ashfield the water in the mill dam is very low,
and one can get well amongst the Anodons. Here we find many specimens that
have had holes (varying in size from that of a threepenny-bit to a crown piece)
pecked through the shell by the birds (? species) for the purpose of getting at the
animal, as proved by circumstantial evidence. Here also animals of some kind
have also feasted on the Mussels (Azodonta cygnea only present in the dam), for
the ventral and posterior margins of many of them have been bitten away in pieces,
leaving a kind of scolloped edge. Rat dung is plentiful on the mud, which has
dried too hard for the ‘spoor’ of small animals to be left as marks ; and most of
the specimens obtained were found stranded, owing to the shrinking of the water.
(See note on large Anodons in Notts.) 3. At Ossington Lake, to which I paid
a visit with my friend Mr. Gain of Tuxford, many of the Mussels (A. cygvea and
U. pictorum), left exposed owing to drainage of the lake for cleaning purposes,
were broken at the posterior end in a way that led us to suppose that it was
the work of Rats or other animals.—C. T. Musson, November 1884.

March 1885.

182

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTE.

Breeding of the Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus streperus)
in Cheshire.—Mr. Francis Nicholson, of Altrincham, writes us regarding
Mr. Oldham’s record in our last, that although this species has not been recorded
to have nested, still it does so on all the Cheshire meres that are suited to its
habits ; and he cannot account for the omission of this fact in Mr. Seebohm’s
‘ British Birds,’ since a number of eggs in Mr. Seebohm’s collection were taken by
Mr. Nicholson in Cheshire. He also remarks that there is one record of the Reed
Warbler in Lancashire (Zool., 1843, p. 222), near Wigan, on the authority of
Vivian Walmsley, who mentions its appearance, but does not state whether it was
nesting, though, from the date, Mr. Nicholson thinks such must have been the
case. <A few years ago Mr. Nicholson was at some trouble to snare a number of
these birds, to ascertain if the very closely-allied Marsh Warbler (Acrocephalus
palustris) visited Cheshire, with the result that it is pretty certain it does not.—EDs.

BOOK ANOTIKCTLES..

‘List of British Vertebrate Animals.’—By Francis P. Pascoe.
London: Taylor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, 1885. Small
8vo., cloth, pp. 85, price 4s.

This list (the arrangement of which accords with that of the author’s previous
work on ‘Zoological Classification’) is not what we should have expected from the
pen of a naturalist so favourably known as the author is, and we cannot think he
has done himself justice in publishing it. Some of his inclusions and conclusions
are to us scarcely intelligible, such as the insertion of the Tortoise, the Prairie-dog
of Epping Forest, the Goldfish, &c. The inclusion of such thorough aliens
appears to us no better than the practice which the old naturalists had of including
the various breeds of domesticated animals in the fauna. Almost any one of
these would run wild and thrive were they allowed, and would have equally good
right to inclusion in our lists as the animals cited. The author evidently knows
but little of the constitution of the British avifauna, and although he is familiar
with the standard works on the subject, as evidenced by his introduction, he does
not appear to have consulted them to advantage. Thus he tells us in his intro-
ductory remarks that the ‘names in 7fa/ics indicate those animals that are’ not
regarded as truly indigenous,’ and includes under this head such birds as the
Black Redstart, Reed Bunting (Amberiza scheniclus), Shore Lark, Golden Oriole,
Little Stint, Pink-footed Goose, Rough-legged Buzzard, &c., all of which are
regular visitors, and one even a common resident species. On the other hand
such truly accidental or casual visitants as the Water Pipit (4. spzpoletta), Tawny
Pipit (4. campestris), Little Ringed Plover (7. curonica), Broad-billed Sandpiper
(7. platyrhyncha), American Bittern (B. Jlentiginosus), Ruddy Sheldrake (7.
rutila), Laughing Gull (ZL. atreczl/a), Gyr Falcon (7. gyvfalco), Greenland Falcon
(Ff. candicans), Iceland Falcon (/. tslandus), and the Eagle Owl (2. maximus),
are included by: him as truly indigenous. The list will, however, be to some

extent useful, as it is the only British list which covers the whole range of the
vertebrate class.

‘A Systematic List of the Butterflies of Europe.’—By Henry
Charles Lang, M.D., F.L.S., etc., extracted from his work ‘ Rhopalocera
Europe: the Butterflies of Europe.’ London: L. Reeve & Co., 1884, 4to,
pp. 6, price 8d. and Is.

This list, in spite of its inconveniently large size, will be of service to lepidop-
terists who study the whole range of European butterflies, more especially if used
in conjunction with the magnificent work from which it is reprinted.

A

NOTES AND) NEWS:

We have pleasure in inserting in the present number some notes upon marine
fishes. In this department of our vertebrate fauna more good work remains to be
done than in any other, and it is to be hoped that naturalists living near our coast-
line will pay increasing attention to the subject. We shall be glad to insert
notes—and, so far as we are able—to assist in the identification of specimens.

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 183

The annual meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Doncaster, on the
3rd of March, bids fair to be very successful. The Microscopical Conversazione,
with which the Doncaster Microscopical Society will entertain the Union, will be
an exceptionally brilliant one, and quite worthy of the repute which the Society
has gained for its organization of such gatherings.
poo<

Our arrangements for the meteorological returns for 1885 are not quite com-
plete, and we have decided to publish the January and February returns together
in our next issue. We have arranged for observations upon barometrical pressure,
temperature in shade, with highest maximum and lowest minimum, and rainfall,
from a number of additionai stations in representative districts throughout the
northern counties, and Mr. George Paul, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., of Moortown,
Leeds, has kindly undertaken the supervision of the observations for us.

~-——— 0c — ——
_ Many members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union will be gratified to learn
that their esteemed and genial vice-president, the Rev. William Fowler, M.A.,
has recently been presented with a handsome timepiece and other articles (to the
value of over a hundred pounds) by his parishioners, on the completion of the
twentieth year of his incumbency of the vicarage of Liversedge.
>o0<———

They will also be interested to note that their former secretary, Mr. George
Brook, ter., F.L.S., who has carried on biological investigations for some years
past by means of his well-equipped and large private aquarium at Huddersfield,
has been appointed Naturalist to the Fishery Board for Scotland, in which capacity
his duties will be to study the life history and development of the food fishes.
>00<=

At the anniversary meeting of the Royal Society one of the two Royal Medals
which are given each year by the Crown was conferred upon Prof. Daniel Oliver,
F.R.S., of the Royal Gardens at Kew, in recognition of his services to botanical
science. This is the second instance of the honour falling to a Northumbrian,
the first being in the case of Mr. Albany Hancock.

0 —_—

The issue of a new ‘ Flora of Oxfordshire,’ including the contiguous portion of
Berkshire, is announced by our old contributor, Mr. G. Claridge Druce, F.L.S.,
118, High Street, Oxford. The subscription price is to be 10/-, and the Flora is
based upon something like 20.000 records.

———>co«

Recent elections to the Fellowship of the Linnean Society include the
names of Mr. Geo. W. Oldfield, M.A., of Harrogate, and Mr. John Emmet, of
Boston Spa, Yorkshire. Seo

The twenty-fourth annual meeting of the Manchester Scientific Students’
Association was held on the 2Ist of January. The report stated that the total
number of members was 321, and that a proposal to federate the various scientific
societies of Manchester was under consideration. On the election of officers,
Prof. W. C. Williamson, LL.D., F.R.S., was again chosen as president, while
Mr. Samuel Massey was appointed treasurer, Mr. Theodore Sington librarian,
and Mr. S. Okell secretary. Sook

The publication of Mr. Ellis’s list of the butterflies of Lancashire and Cheshire
led us to institute a comparison between it and Mr. Porritt’s list of the butterflies
of the neighbouring county—Yorkshire. Having done this we were interested to
note the parallelism that exists between the two faunas. Lach list contains forty-
eight species, forty-four of which are common to the two areas, thus leaving each
with four species not possessed by the other. Even here a kind of parallelism
holds. Zhecla W-albwm, which is not uncommon in one or two South Yorkshire
woods, is balanced by the Lancashire 7. detu/e, and the Scarborough instance of
Argynnis lathonia by the Windermere one of A. zzvbde. Then the Grange
instances of the occurrence of Lycena corydon may be set against the Yorkshire
records of Hesperia comma, and the former occurrence in Yorkshire of Papilio
machaon against the dubious record of A7e/tea athalia in Cheshire. One species—
Melanargia galatea—appears to be now extinct in both districts.

March 1885.

184 NOTES AND NEWS.

The ninth annual meeting of the Bradford Naturalists’ Society took place on
the 9th of December, when a favourable condition of affairs was announced in the
report. The election of officers for 1885 resulted as follows :—Mr. A. I. Kershaw,
president; Dr. W. Hill Evans and Mr. H. T. Soppitt, vice-presidents; Mr. J.
Eastwood, re-elected secretary; Mr. J. Bennett, treasurer; Mr. B. Illingworth,
librarian. The sectional recorders were appointed as under :—Botanical, Messrs.
Soppitt and West; Entomological, J. W. Carter; Vertebrate, Mr. J. Firth;
Invertebrate, the president; Conchological, Mr. Soppitt; Geological, Mr. H.
S. Ward.

pore

The Manchester Cryptogamic Society held its annual meeting on the 15th of
December. The report showed that much good work had been done by the
members in the elucidation of difficult points in respect of various cryptogamic
plants, and in extending a knowledge of their distribution. Dr. B, Carrington,
F.R.S.E., was re-elected president and Mr. Thomas Rogers, honorary secretary,
while Capt. P. G. Cunliffe and Mr. James Cash were chosen as vice-presidents,
and Mr. W. H. Pearson as librarian.

po<-

The twenty-third annual meeting of the Heckmondwike Naturalists’ Society
was held on the 27th of December. After the adoption of the reports, Mr. J. A.
Erskine Stuart, L.R.C.S.E., was re-elected president, and the following members
to the other offices, viz.:—Messrs. J. M. Barber and Walter Exley, vice-presidents ;
Mr. John Fryer, secretary; Mr. Thomas Exley, treasurer; Mr. T. Simpson,
annalist; and Mr. Fred. Allatt, librarian. Mr. J. M. Barber "was again chosen to
represent the Society on the general committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union ; and a list of papers to be read in 1885 was announced. Arrangements
were made for holding a soirée early in the year.

———ro«-

The sixteenth annual meeting of the Liverpool Microscopical Society was
held on the 16th of January, the president, Charles Botterill, F.R.M.S., in the
chair. The Rey. H. H. Higgins, M.A., and Wm. Carter, M.D., were elected
vice-presidents ; J. M. Williams, F.R.M.S., treasurer; Alfred Leicester, curator ;
and Isaac C. Thompson, F.R.M.S., secretary.

Por<€

A new society having for its object the promotion of intercourse and mutual
help among working botanists, particularly with regard to critical species, has been
founded. It takes as its title ‘The Watson Botanical Exchange Club’ and
within a’ month of its formation enrolled thirty members, a proof that it was
needed by the class of botanists for which it was instituted. Mr. A. R. Waller, of
York, is honorary secretary, and Mr. P. F. Lee, of Dewsbury, treasurer, while Mr.
Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., fills the important office of referee. The rules lay stress
on the importance of sending up for authentication doubtful and critical forms.

—————>o<———

From the Royal Dublin Society we have received a copy of Mr. James W.
Davis’s monographic paper on the fossil fishes of the Carboniferous Limestone
series of Great Britain. This makes an imposing volume, in which the subject is
exhaustively treated and adequately illustrated. ‘The magnificent collection of the
Earl of Enniskillen furnished the greater part of the material upon which the
monograph is based, and it appears that the neighbourhood of Armagh has yielded
a very large proportion of the known species. A tabulated list of species and their
place of origin is given, wherein the North of England figures as follows :—York-
shire (Leyburn, Kkichmond, Settle, and Kettlewell), 27 species, Derbyshire 13,
Westmoreland (Kendal) 5, and Northumberland (Lowick) 11. Much of the
Yorkshire material is due to the skill and energy of Mr. William Horne, of Leyburn,
whose services to the science are recognised by Mr. Davis dedicating a new species
in his honour. To Mr. Davis himself much credit is due, and it is an honour to
have been entrusted with the task of describing the contents of a collection so
complete and unrivalled as Lord Enniskillen’s, which we are happy to note is now
the property of the nation.

Naturalist,

185

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:

Papers and records published during the year with respect
to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

WE are gratified with the appreciative welcome which many of our
readers have given to the first instalment of the Bibhography. We
should be still further pleased if any deficiencies in it, or any sub-
sequent portion of it, were pointed out to us. We may repeat that,
where no other year is either expressed or implied, 1884 is always

understood.
PART II.—BIRDS.

The scientific names which are editorially inserted are in strict
accordance with the British Ornithologists’ Union List of Birds.

ANONYMOUS (no signature).

Robbery by a Tomtit. Land and Water, May toth, p. 439. Cheshire.
At Sheabridge Hall, Cheshire, a ‘ Tomtit’ abstracted a cheque from a
letter-box.
ANONYMOUS (no signature).
Lancaster. Nat. Hist. Journ., December 15th, viii. 179. Lancashire.

Several Swallows (Avzrundo rustica) on October 23rd.
ANONYMOUS (no signature).
York. Nat. Hist. Journ., December 15th, vill. 179. Yorkshire.
Larks (? Alauda arvensis) singing freely, November Ist and 3rd.
ANONYMOUS (no signature).
Determined Tits. Land and Water, August 9th, p. 150. Northumberland.

A pair of Blue Tits [Parus ceruleus|, persisted, time after time, both in
1883 and 1884, in nesting in a letter-box at Nisbet, Northumberland.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Lincolnshire.
Natural History at the International Health Exhibition. Field, May 17th, p.669.
‘The Knot (777¢2ga canutus) . . mostly comes to market from Lincoln-

shire.’

Honey Buzzard [ Pernzs apivorus| in Lincolnshire. Land and Water, Decem-
ber 6th, p. 557.

Killed in September, on Sir Hugh Cholmley’s estate, Easton Hall. Set up
by J. Evans, taxidermist, Bourne, Lincolnshire.
ANONYMOUS [THE GARDENER (The Elms, Kirk Ella, Hull) ]. Yorkshire.
Robin’s [Z7ithacus rubecula| Nest in a pot of Maidenhair Fern. Field,
May 17th, p. 670.
The fronds completely hide the nest. Bird sitting on five eggs.
ANONYMOUS [C. HIsros]. Notts.
Puffin [/ratercula arctica] in Nottinghamshire. Field, November 29th, p. 760.
Picked up after a heavy storm week before last. One of the first occurrences
of the species in Notts.
ANONYMOUS (LITTLE Rop).
Notes from Ullswater. Land and Water, Jan. 5th, p. 17. Cumberland.

December, 1883, mild. Starlings [.S¢zs2us vulgaris] in flocks near Patter-
dale Church. Rock Dove [Columba fvia] on the Cliffs of Priest Crag, where

March 1885.

186 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

it is seldom heard before March. Green [Vanellus vulgaris] and Golden
Plovers [Charadrius pluvialis| also noted.
Our Migratory Birds (Ullswater District), Land and Water, May roth, p. 439.
Dates of arrival and notes on numerous species given.

Late Corncrake [Crex pratensis]. Land and Water, November 8th, p. 462.
One picked up dead close to Flimby Station, on the shore of Solway Firth,
October 28th. The bocy was quite warm. Killed by the telegraph wire.
ANONYMOUS [‘SNIPE’]. Derbyshire.
Wood Sandpiper [ Zotazus glareola] in Derby. Field, September 2oth, p. 431.
One killed at Calke Abbey, on August 24th, is now in Sir J. H. Crewe’s
collection.
Manx Shearwater [Pufinws anglorum] near Burton-on-Trent. Field, Sep-
tember 2oth, p. 431.
One mobbed by Turkeys and easily captured in a field at Walton; now in
Mrs. Wyse’s possession.
JAMES W. ADDYMAN. ‘_ Yorkshire.
Bittern [Botaurvus stellaris] in Yorkshire. Field, February 2nd, p. 165.
A fine specimen shot by the writer at Arkendale, near Knaresborough,
January 19th.
OLIVER V. APLIN.

Uncommon Varieties of British Birds. Zool., January, pp. 10-13. Notts.
List of varieties in the collection of Mr. J. Whitaker, of Rainworth Lodge,
Mansfield.

OLIVER V. APLIN. Cumberland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Notts , Lincolnshire.
Note of some rare British Birds in the collection of Mr. J. Whitaker.
Zool., February, pp. 50-52.
The list includes notes of various Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland,
Derbyshire, and Lincolnshire specimens.
JoHn ARMSTRONG [Northallerton]. Yorkshire.
Magpie [Pica rustica] laying in Confinement. Field, July 5th, p. 6.
One which had been in confinement fourteen years, laid two eggs.

E. W. H. B. (Repton, Derbyshire). Derbyshire.
Early Nesting of the Long-tailed Tit [ 4crediu/a rosea]. Field, April 12th, p. 499.
Two nests on March 24th—one with several eggs ; the other just finished.

J. BACKHOUSE, JUN. Yorkshire.
Great Grey Shrike [Zazzzs major Pall.] at York. Zool., February, p. 68.
A female of the northern type of Great Grey Shrike (Zazzaus major Pall.)
was killed very near to York, November 1883.
The American Kestrel [Falco sparverius] in Yorkshire. Zool., June, p. 230.
The writer announces that he has gained additional strong evidence in the
matter.
Singular Accident to a Sandpiper [77inga alpina]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
June 15th, viii. 99.
Extract from the Field, supplemented by a remark showing that the occur-
rence was near Spurn.
M. BAILEY. * Yorkshire.
Notes from Flamborough. Land and Water, October 11th, p. 361; Novem-
ber 8th, p. 462 ; and November 22nd, p. 501.

Woodcocks [Scolopax rusticula| arrived early; one shot October 6th.
Hooded Crow [Corvus cornzx] seen same day. Great arrival of Woodcocks
October 29th; also of Fieldfares [ Zzrdus pilaris], Thrushes [ 7zrdus musicus],
Blackbirds [ 7urdus merula], and Crested Wrens [Regulus cristatus]. Large
flights of Kittiwakes [Azssa tridactyla] passed the headland northward,

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. 187

November 14th. Quantities of Redthroated Divers [Colymbus septentrionalis],
and several flocks of Guillemots [Zomva trozie] in winter plumage, were seen
same day.

BARNSLEY NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire.
Reports of Meetings. Naturalist, April, June, July, ix. 152, 153, 195, 214;
and Quart. Trans. Barnsley Nat. Soc., iv. 4 and 5.

Records of bird-movements in the South Yorkshire district during the first
half of the year.

E. F. BECHER (Southwell). Notts.
Food of the House Sparrow [Passer domesticus]. Zool., August, p. 342.
They cleared apple trees of Tortrix-larvee, afterwards reverting toa grain diet.
W. BECHER (Southwell). Notts.
Strange behaviour of Starlings [Stwrzus vulgaris}. Zool., February, p. 70.
Three having been shot out of a flock, the others, after taking wing, turned
back and hovered for about a minute over their slain companions.
Nesting of the Long-tailed Titmouse [Acrediula rosea]. Zool., Sept., p. 383.
Various Nottinghamshire nests noticed or described ; the bird was more
abundant near Southwell during the spring of 1884 than for several years
previous.
ROBERT BELLHOUSE (Alderley Edge). Cheshire.
| Management of Rookeries [Corvus frugileeus|]. Field, May 3rd, p. 597.
In spring, 1883, two pairs built in beech trees in writer’s garden; in 1884

there were some twenty-eight to thirty nests. He enquires how to make the
rookery permanent.

GEORGE BOLAM, Northumberland.
Ornithological Notes [from Berwick. -upon-Tweed]. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club,
x. 384-396.

Very numerous and detailed notes, referring partly to the neighbourhood of
Berwick-on-Tweed and partly to North Northumberland, and to the following
birds:—Osprey (Pandion haliaétus), Common Buzzard (Luteo vulgaris), Honey
Buzzard (ferns apivorus), Rough-legged Buzzard (Archibuteo lagopus), Great
Grey Shrike (Lanzus excubitor), Tawny Owl (Syruzum aluco), Pied Fly-
catcher (AZusczcapa atricapilla), Red-breasted Flycatcher (JZ. parva), Golden
Oriole (Ovzolus galbula), Hedge Accentor (Accentor modularis), Ring Ouzel
(Turdus torquatus), Grasshopper Warbler (Loczstella nevia), Lesser White-
throat (Sy/eza curruca), Golden-crested Wren (Regulus cristatus), Waxwing
(Amipelis garrulus), variety of Meadow Pipit (Azthus pratensis), Goldfinch
(Carduelis elegans), albino Starling (Stzrnus vulgaris), probabie nesting of
Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), Hoopoe (Upufa epops). breeding of Stockdove
( Columba enas), Quail (Coturnix communis), Grey Plover (Sguatarola helvetica),
Dusky Redshank (7otanus fuscus), Ruff (Machetes pugnax), Little Stint
‘Tringa minuta), Bar-tailed Godwit (Zimosa lapponica), Black-tailed Godwit
(L. egocephala), Whimbrel (Numenius pheopus), Landrail (Crex pratensis),
Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus bewicki), Grey-lag Goose (Anser cinereus), Bernicle
Goose (Bernicla leucopsis), Shoveller (Spatula clypeata), Pintail (Da/fila acuta),
Smew (AZergus albellus), Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatius), Ked-necked
Grebe (P. grisezgena), Sclavonian Grebe (P. auritus), Eared Grebe (P. nigri-
collis), Stormy Petrel (Procellaria pelagica).

_ BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.

Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884. 28 pp. Yorkshire.
Includes numerous notes on birds observed in the Bradford district during

the year.
BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.

Reports of Meetings. Naturalist, April and June, ix. 153-4, 196.
| Notes on birds observed in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
| March 188s,

188 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

MARIA BROCKBANK. Yorkshire
White Robin [Z7ithacus rubecula|. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, viii. 60.

Near Settle.

E, I. J.,BROWELL. Durham, Northumberland.

Addressto . . the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, . . May 11th, 1882.

Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, viii. 161 to 168
and 171 (1884).

Summary of bird-notes made at the 1881 field meetings, viz.:—Corbridge-
on-Tyne, Whit-Monday ; Middleton-in-Teesdale, June 29th and 30th;
Maes &c. And other notes at p. 171 considered with reference to
climate.

D. F. BuRTON. - Yorkshire.
Late Nesting of Partridge [Perdix cinerea]. Field, November Ist, p. 597.

One sitting on nine eggs, October 4th, in a sheltered position, presumably
at Cherry Burton, Beverley.

Go PLBorrT: Westmoreland.
[Pale variety of Red Grouse (Zagopus scoticus)]. P.Z.S. 1884, p. 45; Zool.,
March, p. 119.

Two shot out of a brood of ten on the Appleby Moors, Westmoreland,
September, 1883. Remarkable for their pale plumage, nearly white, mottled
with brown.

Osi Ee Durham.
Large Snipe [? Gallinago celestis]. Field, November 15th, p. 695 ; Land and
Water, same date, p. 477.

A full Snipe, quite 6 oz. in weight, shot in Co. Durham, November 6th.
The Editor of the Field suggests it may have been the Great or Solitary
Snipe [Gallinago major], which weighs from 6 oz. to 8 oz.

F.. CARR. AND J. E. C[LarK].

York. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 15th, viii. 80. Yorkshire.
Notes on nesting of various birds, and on a Pied Sparrow [Passer domesticus].
JAMES CARTER. Yorkshire.

Oyster Catchers [Hematopis ostralegus| inland. Field, March Ist, p. 280.

A pair observed, February 2nd, after a strong N.E. gale, on the Yore banks
at Masham ; they left next day. First instance which has come under obser-
vation there. -

Starling [Sturnus vulgaris] ousted by a Swift [Cypselus apus]. Field, May
24th, p. 702.
At Masham. The Starlings-had occupied a last year’s Swift’s nest.
Nesting of the Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris! in North Yorkshire.
Field, August 30th, p. 300.

Several occurrences at Masham in the last few years. In 1883 a family
made an onslaught on green peas, and a young one was caught. In 1884, a
nest with five eggs found, May 22nd.

Green Sandpiper [ Zotazus ochropus| near Masham. Field, September 13th,
p- 396.

Three observed the past few weeks—one on Marfield Pond, and the

other two on the Yore bank, near Masham. A fourth killed at Nutwith Cote.
Notes from North Yorkshire. Field, October 18th, p. 530. «

Another Green Sandpiper (7. ochropus) observed on the Yore near Masham,
October 5th. A flock of eighteen ducks, on the 6th, were thought to be
Tufted Ducks [Aulieula cristata]. The first Woodcock [Scolopax rusticula|
flushed on the 11th at Bramley Grange, though several had been previously
seen. Brambling [/7ingilla montifringilla] shot, on the 11th, out of a flock.
A remarkably light-coloured Hooded Crow [Corvus cornix] shot at Coverhead,

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. 189

on the 9th—now in his son’s collection. Fieldfare [Zurdus pilaris| arrived
October 12th.
Extraordinary Bag of Partridges | Perdix cinerea], Field, October 18th, p. 550.

On September 23rd, Earl de Grey killed ‘ single-handed,’ near the outskirts
of the manor, 15144 brace, ‘all gathered.’ Is not this the heaviest bag on
record for Yorkshire ?

THOMAS CARTER. Yorkshire.
Breeding of Redshank [ 7o¢anws calidris| in North Yorkshire. Zool., February,
pp- 72-73; Naturalist, February, ix. 116.

A pair nested near Masham in the spring of 1883.

Notes on Birds’ Nests from North Yorkshire. Naturalist, February, ix. 117-118.

Detailed record of the 1883 nesting season at Masham.

Notes from North Yorkshire. Field, February 23rd, p. 276.

Notes on the occurrence of Goosander (Mergus merganser), January 10th,
and Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), February ist, at Ripon; Oyster
Catchers (Hematopus ostralegus) at Masham, on 2nd and 3rd, after gale from
N.E. On the 2nd a ‘flock of dark-coloured birds passed over’ Masham.

Arrival of Summer Birds. Field, April 12th. p. 499; April 19th, p. 560;
April 26th, p. 566; May 3rd, p. 597; May toth, p. 651.
Dates are given as follows:—At Masham, N. W. Yorkshire, Chiffchaff
[Phylloscopus rufus\, March 26th; Willow Wren [P. Zrochzlus], April 4th ;
Sand Martin (Chelzdon urbica), April 5th; Redstart (2uztecella phenicurus),
) April 6th; Swallow [Arundo rustica], April gth; Common Sandpiper
[7ringoides hypoteucos|, April 13th; Tree Pipit [Azthus trivialis], April
i 28th ; Grasshopper Warbler [ZLoczstella nevia], April 29th ; Corn-crake [Cvex
pratensis|, April 29th; Blackcap [Sylvza atricafilla\, April 30th; Garden
Warbler [ Sy/vza hortensis|, April 30th; Pied Flycatcher [JZuscicapa atricapiila),
| April 30th; Yellow Wagtail [ofac:l/a rait], April 30th; Whinchat [Pratzn-
cola rubetra\, April 30th ; Martin [Cheldon wrbica], April 30th ; Whitethroat
[Sylvia curruca|, May 2nd; Sedge Warbler [Acrocephalus phragmitis| May
2nd ; Swift [Cypselus apus|, May 5th ; and Cuckoo [ Cuculus canorus]. May 6th.
Green Sandpiper [ Zotanus ochropus| in North Yorkshire. Zool., October,
p- 431.
A party passed Masham in the middle of August. Coincidence of dates of
appearance for three years—viz., August 15th, 1880; August 16th, 1883;
August 15th, 1884—is noticed.

Egging on the Coast of Yorkshire. Zool., November, pp. 438-448.
| Details of a fortnight’s experience among the birds at Flamborough and
Filey, June-July.
Breeding of the Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] in North Yorkshire.
Zool., December, p. 487.
Nest found near Masham with five eggs on 22nd of May. A young bird
captured in July, 1883, in a net placed to protect the peas.
W. S. CARTER. Yorkshire.
Larks [Alauda arvensis] at Midnight. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. roo.
Two heard singing at 12.30 p.m.. May 11th, at Bell Hagg, near Sheffield.
J. CHALONER. Yorkshire.
Goosanders [A/ergus merganser| at Newton Kyme. Naturalist, April, ix. 151.
Nine seen on the Wharfe, 6th March.

R. W. CHASE. Northumberland.
Notes on the Terns breeding at the Farne Islands. Midl. Nat., March,
vii. 67-70.

Four species visit the islands annually. the Common Tern (Sterna fluviatilis),
Arctic Tern (9S. Azrundo), Roseate Tern (S. dougallz), and Sandwich Tern

_ March 1885.

Igo BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

(S. cantiaca). Full and interesting details of their habits and breeding haunts
are given.

Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Midl. Nat.,
November, vii. 331.
A male Uria grylle shot at the Farne Islands in nearly full summer plumage,
February Ist. ,
ROBERT MILLER CHRISTY. Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumberland.

Do the Blackbird [ 7rdus merula] and the Thrush [ 7: mzszcus| ever inter-
breed? Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc., 1884, ili. 588-596.

Instances cited from Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Northumberland ; and
opinion expressed that they do occasionally interbreed.

R-.M. ‘CHRISTY. Lancashire.
Hybrids between Blackbird [7urdus merula] and Thrush [7. mzsiczs].
Zool., April, p. 146.

Quotes the Ormskirk instance recorded in Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist. for
August, 1834.

W. EAGLE CLARKE AND W. DENISON ROEBUCK. Yorkshire.
Notes on the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire. Zool., May, pp. 171-184;
Naturalist, April and May, ix. 147-157 and 167-176.

Voluminous notes, supplementary to the writers’ Handbook of the Verte-
brate Fauna of Yorkshire (1881), and including a bird [Amberiza rustica] new
to the fauna.

[LoRD] CLIFTON. Yorkshire.
The Arrival of Woodcocks [Scolofax rusticula}. Field, October 25th, p. 586.

October 11th was date of arrival in North Yorkshire.

Great Grey Shrike [Lanzws excubitor] and Chaffinches [Fizngilla celebs].
Field, December 27th, p. 896.

Remarks on the punctuality of the Shrike’s autumnal appearance at Spurn
and other places.

JOHN CORDEAUX. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.

Report on the Migration of Birds in the spring and autumn of 1888.
8vo, 1884. Reprinted in Land and Water, August 16th, p. 173; August
23rd, p. 199; and August 3oth, p. 212.

Pages 33-62 are devoted to the East Coast of England,.and contain not
only full notes on the migratory movements of birds as observed at the Light-
houses and Light-ships, but also the individual observations of Messrs. T. H.
Nelson, C. Donald Thompson, Matthew Bailey, and William Eagle Clarke.
The information is given under the head of the species, of which about 133
are included.

Report of the Committee . . for . . obtaining . . observations on
the Migration of Birds at Light-houses and Light-ships
Rep. Brit. Assoc., Southport 1883, pp. 229-233.

The abstract read before the Biological Section of the British Association.
The Sea Birds at Flamborough. Naturalist, January, ix. 93-95. Yorkshire.
The substance of the writer’s remarks in reporting for the Vertebrate Section
of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Filey, on the 11th of June, 1883. In
addition to the list of Sea Birds observed on the cliffs. notes are given on
migratory movements as observed in autumn, 1882. .
Note by Mr. Cordeaux. Zool., February, p. 61.
On his experience of the Little Gull (Larus minutus) near Flamborough.

Arrival of Summer Birds. Field, April 12th, p. 499. Lincolnshire.
The Swallow [Azrundo rustica] arrived at Great Cotes. Ulceby, on the 5th
of April.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. IQI

Wild Duck [Axas boschas| laying in Rook’s [Corvus frugilesus| Nest. Zool.,
June, p. 230.
Several Lincolnshire instances cited.

Wild Cat in Lincolnshire. Zool., September, pp. 380-1.
Bullington Wood—where a pair nested in 1870—the last Lincolnshire
haunt of the Kite [ A/z/wus ictinus].

Ruffs and Reeves [Machetes pugnax] in Lincolnshire. Zool., November,
p- 466.
Flocks near Great Cotes, September 12th and 18th. Other birds also
noted as brought over by the strong E. winds.

Probable Occurrence of the Lapp Bunting [Calcarius lapponicus] near
Grimsby. Zool., December, pp. 484-5.

A bird seen close to Grimsby, 8th November, 1883, which the writer had
reason to consider, from close observation, was most probably this species in
nearly full summer plumage.

Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.
The Birds of the Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Coasts. Rotherham Nat. Soc.
Records and Observations, No. 1—July, pp. 2-6.
Condensed but very full report of a lecture delivered to the Society,
24th March.

Ornithological Notes from North Lincolnshire in the autumn and winter

of 1888. Zool., May, pp. 184-6.
The season uneventful, and the least interesting experienced for thirty years.
. The occurrence noted of two Honey Buzzards [Perizs apivorus| in September,
| a Black Redstart [Awzzcz//a titys| in October, on the Yorkshire side of the
Humber ; and a Roller [Coraczas garrula|in Lincolnshire, at Muckton, near
) Louth. Also notes on the dates of arrival of the autumn migratory birds.

Notes from the Humber in the Autumn of 1884. Field, November 22nd,
p- 716.
Long article, with detailed observations on numerous birds observed in
Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, September and October.

In Upper Coquetdale. Field, August 2nd, p. 152. Northumberland.
An interesting and detailed account of the natural history, principally
ornithology.

Notts., Yorkshire.
The Nesting of the Tufted Duck [Fzzeula cristata] in Nottinghamshire.
Field, November Ist, pp. 596-597.
_ Long article, describing the Notts. breeding haunts. Refers to the York-
shire records, to numerous other Notts. birds, &c., and also to the contents of
Mr. J. Whitaker’s collection.
WILLIAM BLENKINSOPP COULSON. Northumberland.
Starlings [Sturnus vuloaris| breeding in January. Land and Water,
January 5th, p. 17.
One with young on the Ist January. Third hatching since summer.
A. N. Curzon. Derbyshire.
Bittern [otaurus stellaris| in Derbyshire. Field, February 16th, p. 205;
repeated February 23rd, p. 276.
Shot in some rushes by side of a brook, at Mercaston, near Derby, Decem-
ber 15th, 1883.
me G. 1. 1D. (Sessay): Yorkshire.
| Corncrake [Crex gratensis] lighting in a Tree. Field, August 2nd, p. 153.
Though he has never seen a Corncrake in a tree, he has this year twice
observed the Redshank [ Zotanus calidris] do so.

March 1885.

192 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

jEeINe Ds
Curious Nesting Place. Nat. World, May, i. 79.
A Robin’s [A7ithacus rubecula| nest in a teapot, Osbournley, Lincolnshire.

N. F. DOBREE. Yorkshire.
Eggs of Pied Wagtail [MJotacilla lugubris]. Naturalist, June, ix. 194.
Thirteen eggs in a single nest at Hessle, East Yorkshire.

W. DuCcKworTH (Carlisle).
Willow Wrens [Phylloscopus trochilus|. Field, August 23rd, p. 263.
Discussion of the question whether there are two varieties or species.
Cumberland.

Lincolnshire.

Cumberland.

W. D[ucKworrH].
Birds Notes [sc] from Carlisle. Land and Water, September 13th, p. 270.
Varieties of the Meadow Pipit (Azthus pratensis) and Sand Martin (Coézle
vipavia) referred to. Birds passing down the Solway on their autumnal
migration, Greenshank [ Zotanus glottis], Green Sandpiper [ Totanus ochropus], ;
Curlew Sandpiper [77zxga subarquata], Black-tailed Godwit [Lzmosa @ego-
cephala], Turnstone [Strepsilas interpres|, and Reeve [Machetes pugnax], all 7
having been got during the first week of September.
T. F, THISELTON Dyer. Lancashire. -—
Natural History Folk-lore Notes. Land and Water, July 19th, p. 63-64. ;

This long and interesting article contains a reference to a Lancashire
tradition that Rooks [Corvus frugilegus| always begin to build on the first
Sunday in March.

EDITOR OF FIELD. Yorkshire.
Singular Accident to a Sandpiper [ 77a alpina}. Field, March 15th, p. 385.

A Dunlin (7. a/pina) picked up on the Yorkshire coast, by Sir R. Payne
Gallwey, was starved to death. A cockleshell had closed upon the bird’s beak
so tightly as to muzzle it completely, and prevent it feeding.

EDITOR OF NATURAL HISTORY JOURNAL. Notts , Yorks., Lancsh., Cumb.
Summer Migrants, 1884. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. 98.

A tabulated series of the dates of arrival, with averages, of summer birds at
Mansfield, Barnsley, York, Scarborough, Garstang, Silloth, and Leeds; with
remarks.

EDITOR OF NATURAL HISTORY JOURNAL. Yorkshire.
Kingfishers [Alcedo ispida]. Nat. Hist. Journ., December 15th, viii. 179.
Unusually plentiful this season near York and elsewhere.

ELLAND-CUM-GREETLAND NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire.
Report of Meeting. Naturalist’s World, May, i. 77.
Field-notes relating to common species of birds.
Yorkshire.

GEORGE W. ESKHOLME.
Large Colony of House Martins [Chelidon urbica]. Field, September 13th,
p- 396. Nests of the House Martin. Naturalist’s World, October, i. 180.
On August 12th were noted on an uninhabited house at Hartwith, in
Nidderdale, 46 nests within nine yards.
Wie be Cumberland.

Arrival of Spring Migrants [at Carlisle]. Land and Water, May 17th, p. 460.
Sand Martin [Cotzle riparia], March 23rd; Willow Wren [Phylloscopus —
trochilus|, April 6th; Redstart [Rzdicclla phenicurus], April 7th; Chiffchaff —
[Phylloscopus rufus], April 8th; Swallow [Azrundo rustica], April 9th; —
Tree Pipit [Azthus trivialis] and Whitethroat [Sylvia rufa], April 11th; ©
Common Sandpiper [Zirivgoides hypoleucos], April 13th; Cuckoo [Cuculus —
canorus|, (heard and seen) April 14th ; Corncrake [Crex pratensis], shot April —
17th, not in cry till 28th; Blackcap [Sylvia atricapilla|, April 27th; Pied
Flycatcher [Afuscicapa atricapilla| (reported), April 27th; Swift [@ypselus —

Naturalist, —

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No. 117. APRIL, 1885.

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A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
WALA DENISON “ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

Wa PAG Lh CEA R K Eo FGeS:,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH OKNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Contents : ee

Bibliography of 1884 (Part II., Birnps, continued) . a ae .193 to 200
Strasburger’s New Investigations on the Process SE Fertilisation in Geranerossne =

Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc. (continuation) BG 3 Ae - 203 to 205

Micro-Palzontology of the Northern Carboniferous Shales<c. R. Vine. .207 to 212

(IV. Polyzoa, Entomostraca, Gasteropoda, and Miscellaneous Organisms of the Skelly ie
Shales: Northumberland),
Notes on Mammalia :— ae ze oe BS +. 202
The Noctule Bat in Co. “Durhan 7. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.; Whiskered Bat near
Pateley Bridge—Yames Ingleby; Capture of a Badger. in Nidderdale—Wy. Storey;
Squirrel Attacked by a Small Bird—A. W. Price; Squirrel’s Method of Carrying its
Young—Geo. W. Oldfield, M.A., F.I..S.
Ornithological Notes :— 201
Bird-notes from Nidderdale—W. Storey 5 Notes from Rainworth, Notts. oer Whitaker,
F.Z.S.; Notes from Whitby —Thomas Stephenson; Birds near Halifax—F. G. Ss

Rawson; Missel Thrush—A. Wallis Kew; Grey Lag Goose in Nottinghamshire —
FS. W. hitaker, 7h. Ss
Note on Coleoptera :— ws ae ahs oe os .. 206
Astynomus zedilis at Wakefield—Z. B. Wri. celesworth.
Notes on Lepidoptera:— .. . 206

Erastria fuscula: a species new to Yorkshire —1V. E. Brady : the Lepidopterous Fauna of
Lancashire and Cheshire—Herbert Goss, F.L.S

Geological Notes:— . ve os wf A as oe Ja $212, 273
A Buried Valley—Osmund W, Yeffs: “Drift-Coal in Durham—Herbert Prodham.
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Meeting at Doncaster an ae ct 2E3, 2T4
Notes and News as se i i a a Pee erAeons
Meterological Returns for ery, 1885 3% Se 3 Sie ts 34 a aero
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. 193

apus)|, April 28th; House Martin [Chelzdon urbica] and Wood Wren [Phyllos-
copus sibilatrix], April 30th ; Sedge Warbler [Acrocephalus phragmitis| and
Grasshopper Warbler [Locustella nevia], May 6th; Common Tern [Sterna
fluviatilis], May 9th. Other notes given.
THEO. FISHER. Yorkshire.
Blue-throated Warbler [ Cyanecula, ? species] on Spurn Head. Zool., October,
Pp: 430.
Two seen (one shot), September 15th; three more (one a male of the
second year, the others birds of the year) procured on the 18th.
THOMAS Forp.
Notes .from North Lincolnshire. Field, June 14th, p. 810. Lincolnshire.
The notes refer to Nightingale [Daulas luscinia], near Louth ; Cuckoo
[| Cuculus canorus], singing at night ; Thrushes [ 7%rdus musicus], increasing in
number; Woodpeckers more numerous; Curlews [Mumenius arquata], near
Caistor; Goldfinches [Carduelis elegans], scarce; Gullery near Manby ;
Heronry in neighbouring woods; Kingfishers [A/cedo ispida| observed; Jays
| Garrulus glandarius|, very common in Pelham Woods; Swallows [A7zruxzdo
rustica], arrived early, April 10th; Corncrake [Crex pratensis], very abun-
dant.
Ornithological Notes from North Lincolnshire. Field, December 6th, p. 771.
Migratory birds unusually numerous this season. ' Food for them very
plentiful. Fieldfares [7urdus pilaris], Redwings [7urdus cliacus|, Larks
[? Alauda arvensis] Starlings [Sturnus vulgaris| in flocks; Thrushes [ 7zrdus
musicus|, have fully resumed their normal numbers. Goldfinches [Carduelis
elegans| very numerous, Bulfinches [Pyrrhula europea] somewhat rare, Wood-
peckersand Jays| Garrulus glandarius|somewhat plentifulinthe Pelham Woods,
Wood Pigeons [ Columba palumbus|—packing in hundreds ; Snipe [Gal/inago
celestis|, Woodcock [Scolopax rusticula], Kingfisher [Alcedo ispida|, Heron
[Ardea cinerea], seen.
J. FounraIN. Yorkshire.
A Pure White Herring Gull [Zarus argentatus]. Field, October 4th, p. 487.
. One shot in Filey Bay, September 26th.
JOHN W. FowLer. Lancashire.
Blackbird [ 7urdus merula| with Three Broods. Field, June 28th, p. 887.
At Eastham, near Liverpool.
EDWARD J. GIBBINS.
Pied Lapwing [Vanellus vulgaris]. Sci. Goss., August, p. 190. Yorkshire.
Two York occurrences are noted.
Gulleries. Field, March Ist, p. 280. Northumberland, Yorkshire.
One at Hallypike Lough, Northumberland, a few miles W. from Chollerford,
In June, 1882, there were at least 500 adult Gulls [Larus ridibundus] there.
Further particulars given as to the Yorkshire Gulleries at Riccall and
Strensall. About twenty pairs at Riccall in 1881, and only three or four pairs
in 1882. Extensive draining operations in 1881 probably led to this diminu-
tion. The Strensall colony is at present a very weak and small attempt to
refound a settlement, a few pairs nesting in 1881, 1882, and 1883.
ma). GOLDSMITH. Notts.
‘Local Observations’ [at Nottingham]. Midl. Nat., February, vii. 53.
Young birds of Hedge Sparrow [Accentor modularis| taken in Nottingham
gardens in January.
WILLIAM GREEN. Durham.
Bird Notes during the Winter of 1880 and 1881. Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, 1884, viii. 28-30.
Notes referring to numerous familiar species, made at Thornely House,
Lintz Green.
April 188s. 3 K

194 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

J..H. GURNEY, JUN. Noits.
On the ‘Hairy’ Variety of the Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Trans.
Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc., 1884, ili. 581-587.

On p. 586 the British occurrences are tabulated, whereby it appears that
the ninth example was a Nottinghamshire one, now in Mr. Whitaker’s col-
lection of varieties.

Food of Sparrows [Passer domesticus]. Zool., Oct., pp. 428-9.

Recorded as feeding in Notts. upon apple-feeding larve of 7Zeras con-

taminana, é
Remarks on the Occurrence of the Egyptian Nightjar [Caprimulgus
egyptius Licht.] in Nottinghamshire. Ibis, 1884, 5th series, ii. 173-4.

Record of occurrence near Mansfield, on the 23rd of June, 1883. The bird
is now in the collection of Mr. Joseph Whitaker, who had it in the flesh.
The distribution of the species given, and the occurrences in Europe cited.

Northumberland, and Yorkshire or Durham.

On the Occurrence of a Flock of the Arctic Blue-throated Warbler

(Erithacus [Cyaneeula] suecica) in Norfolk. Trans. Norf. and Norw.
Nat. Soc., 1884, lili. 597-601.

The simultaneous occurrence of other examples is mentioned, one shot on
the Northumberland coast, September 22nd, 1883, and one identified but not
shot the day before, at Tees mouth.

S: R.. HALLAM.
Curious Bird. Nat. World, June, i. 98. Derbyshire.

Killed at Newton, near Burton-on-Trent, August, 1883 ; said to be a hybrid
between Song Thrush [ 7dus musicus| and Starling [Sturnus vulgaris].

S. R. H[ALLAM]. (Burton-on-Trent.) Derbyshire.
Great Grey Shrike [Z. excuditor]. Nat. World, September, i. 159.
Noticed at Stapenhill, in June. A female Kingfisher [A/cedo ispida] also
recorded, killed by flying against a glass window.

JOHN HANCOCK. Durham.
Occurrence of Sabine’s Gull, Larus Sabini, Leach, in the County of Durham.
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, 1884, vili. 27-28.
Shot at Seaham Harbour, October 11th, 1879. The specimen was in its

first plumage.

Isaac HARDING.
Migratory Birds on the Yorkshire Moors. Zool., May, pp.190-191. Yorkshire.
Field notes of numerous species on the moors about Marsden and Hudders-
field, including Stonechat [Pratincola rubicola|, Oyster Catcher [Hematopus
ostralegus\, Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris|, Crossbills [? Loxia curvi-
rostra|, Brambling [47ringilla montifringzlla], and Water Rail [Xadius
aquaticus|.
JAMES HARDY. Northumberland.
Report of the Meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the
year 1883. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x. 258-260-280-281-284.
Ornithological notes made at Holy Island, June 27th, and at Middleton Hall.

J. E. HARTING. Lancashire, Northumberland, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.
Gulleries. Field, February 16th, p. 204.

This paper gives accounts of Gulleries on Pilling Moss and on Walney
Island, in Lancashire; at Fallowlees, Harbottle Tarn, Sweethope, Palins-
burn, Dunse Castle, and Paston Lake, near Yetholm, Northumberland ; at
Hornsea Mere, Riccall Common, Thorne Waste, Strensall Common, and
Newton Fell, in Yorkshire ; at Twigmoor, near Brigg, and on the neighbouring
estate at Manton, Lincolnshire.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. 195
J. E. HARTING. Durham.
Meaning of the word ‘Gaunt’ applied to the Great Crested Grebe. Zool.,
August, p. 350.
A philological note; refers incidentally to the tenure of certain lands in
Co. Durham, A.D. 1343-1361, by payment of one ‘ wode henne’ yearly.
HECKMONDWIKE NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
Reports of Meetings. Naturalist, March, June, ix.140 and 196. Yorkshire.
Records of ornithological observations in Yorkshire.
W. HEWETT.
Terns and Gulls inland in Yorkshire. Zool., August, p. 343. Yorkshire.

Notes on Common Terns (Sterna fluviatilis) and Blackheaded Gulls (Zarus
ridibundus) at Strensall Common.

R. G. HOPKINSON. | Yorkshire.
Quail [Coturnix communis] on the Yorkshire Wolds. Field, Oct. 18th, p. 530.

Not such a vara avis on the Wolds as Mr. Romyn thinks. Some years ago
writer shot three at North Burton, eight miles from Nafferton. One shot in

the adjoining parish of Rudston. Thirty years ago not considered rare when
shooting about six miles from Bridlington.

J. B. Howarp (Halifax).
Plovers’ Eggs. Field, February 2nd, p. 165. Yorkshire ?
Records a nest with five eggs, of the Green Plover (Vanellus cristatus),
found May 14th, 1883—place not stated.
ROBERT J. HOwARD. Yorkshire, Lancashire.

Reported Occurrence of Cranes [Gris commumnis| near Clitheroe. Zool.,
November, pp. 470-1.

Two seen on the 25th August, by R. Milne Redhead, flying over Bolton-by-
Bowland, Yorkshire, S.S.E., in the direction of Lancashire, and close to the
county boundary.

Lancashire.
Breeding of the Ruff [Machetes pugnax| in Lancashire. Zool., November
and December, pp. 466-7 and 490.

Corrects Pennant’s reference, and gives evidence in support of the breeding
of this species at Martin Mere within the last fifty years.

HUDDERSFIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Northumberland, Notts.
Reports of Meetings. Naturalist, February, ix. 123, March, ix. 140.
Records of occurrences of birds in Northumberland and Notts.
Hutu FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
[Report of Excursion to Hornsea.| Naturalist, July, ix. 215-6. Yorkshire.
Notes of birds observed there on the 14th of June.
NoRMAN HyDEs.

Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus|. Nat. World, October, i. 180. Yorkshire.
An adult female shot in Endcliffe Wood, near Sheffield, August 18th.
P. INCHBALD. Yorkshire.

Arrival of Summer Birds. Field, April 12th, p. 499; April 19th, p. 560;
April 26th, p. 506; May 3rd, p. 597; May toth, p. 651.

Dates of arrival are noted as follows:—Wheatear [Saxccola enanthe},
Pateley Bridge, Nidderdale, March 22nd; at Harrogate, the Chiffchaff
[Phylloscopus collybita], March 24th; Willow Wren [P. Zyochilus],
April 4th; Tree Pipit [Azthus trivialis], April 9th; Cuckoo [Cuculus
canorus|, April toth; Sand Martin [Cod¢zle ripfarza], April 14th; Swallow
[Airundo rustica], April 16th; Redstart [Rutecclla phenicurus|, April 19th ;
Nightingale [Daulias luscinia], April 20th; Blackcap [Syloca atricapilla),

_ April 21st: and at Hornsea, the Greater Whitethroat [Sy/za rufa], April

April 1885.

196 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

29th; Lesser Whitethroat [Sy/véa curruca], April 30th; Sedge Warbler
[Acrocephalus phragmitis|, May 1st; Wood Warbler [Piylloscopus sibilatrix],
May 5th; and at York, the Swift [Cypse/us apus], on the 7th of May.
Nest of the Grasshopper Warbler [Zocustella nevia]. Field, Aug. 16th, p. 246.
Not very uncommon near Harrogate. A nest, found 6th August, is
described.
Breeding of the Hawfinch [Coccothraustes vulgaris] in Yorkshire. Field,
August 23rd, p. 263.
A pair bred in the Orchard at Rudding Park, near Knaresborough, in spring,
1884.
Eewiys
Gulleries. Field, February 23rd, p. 276. Cumberland.
Harting has stated there are none in Cumberland or Westmoreland ; there
is one in the former county, at Jenkin’s Cross, about five miles E. of Wigton.
FANNY E. JACKSON. Lancashire.
Garstang. Nat. Hist. Journ., February 15th, viii. 18; April 15th, viii. 60.
Flocks of Plovers seen all winter. Phenological notes on various other
birds. ;
Jno. J. JACKSON. Yorkshire.
Woodcocks [Scolopax rusticula] near Whitby. Land and Water, November
15th, p. 477.
The earliest date on which one was shot was October 29th. In 1883 the
first appearance was during the last part of November.
THOMAS JACKSON.
Gulleries. Field, March Ist, p. 280. Lancashire.
The Gullery on Pilling Moss no longer exists—land now all cultivated.
About three miles E. is a Gullery. on Winmarleigh Moss, where the Gulls
nest in immense numbers. The Lesser Blackbacked Gull [Larus fuscus]
used to breed there abundantly ; but since the Blackheads [Larus redibundus|
have been protected, they have completely driven away the Lesser Black-
backed Gulls. There is another small Gullery about two miles from the
village of Scorton.
F. KIRTON.
Thirsk, North Yorkshire. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 15th and June 15th,
vil. 80 and 97.
Phenological observations on birds’ eggs noted in the spring of 1884.
Ree Bs: Westmoreland.
Bittern [Aotaurus stellaris| in Westmoreland. Field, December 2oth, p. $43.
One shot December 3rd, close to Whinfell Tarn, near Kendal.

ROBERT LEE.
Additions to the Yorkshire Fauna. Field, May 31st, p. 737. Yorkshire.

A female Hen Harrier [Circus cyaneus| shot on Smilesworth [? Snailes-
worth} Moor, November 16th, 1883.

LEEDS NATURALISTS CLUB.

Report of Meeting. Naturalist, June, ix. 197. Yorkshire.
Records of Yorkshire birds.
1o$/91 ba i boule Bp al, Yorkshire,

The last hours of a Gold-crest [Regulus cristatus]. Nat. Hist. Journ,
October 15th, vill. 140.
One caught at the Birley Vale Collieries, near Sheffield.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. 197

T. LISTER. Yorkshire.
Natural History Notes for the Barnsley and South Yorkshire District.
Naturalist, January, ix. 104, 106; February, ix. 118; and May, ix. 177.
Nat. Hist. Journ., February 15th, vili. 18; April 15th, vill. 60; and June
15th, viil. 97.
Chronological field-notes on birds observed in the autumn of 1883 and the
early part of 1884.
J. Love tt.
Starlings [Stis2s vulgaris}. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 15th, vili.80. Yorkshire.
Thousands roost every winter night in a larch plantation near Driffield.
H. A. MACPHERSON, Cumberland.
Grey Shrike [Zavius excubitor|in Cumberland. Field, February 16th, p. 205.
An adult male Great Grey Shrike shot at Kirklington, December, 1883.
The writer observed a female near Carlisle in January, 1884, which was sub-
sequently shot, and appears intermediate between Z. major and L. excubitor-.
He observed another about five miles from Carlisle, on 6th February. In the
same copse a Fieldfare was found impaled and partly eaten on the 8th.

Grey Shrike { Zanzus excubitor| near Carlisle. Zool., March, ps) Li4:

A female, intermediate between Laniws major and L. excubitor, was shot
close to Carlisle, 16th Janurary. Mr. Macpherson has not yet seen a local
thoroughbred Z. wzajor.

Long-tailed Duck [Harelda glacialis] in Cumberland. Zool., March, p. 115.
A fine male Harelda glacialis seen several days in January, on Monkhill
Lough, about three miles from the Eden estuary.

Ornithological Notes from Carlisle. Zool., April, pp. 127-130.

The notes, given in chronological order, refer to multitudinous observations
made during 1883.

.
i
)
{ Plover’s [Peewit’s (Vanellus vulgzaris)| Nest with Five Eggs. Field, May
. 3rd, p. 597.

In the Carlisle district. All the eggs were of the same colour.

| Summer Migrants at Carlisle. Field, May 3rd, p. 597.

Sand Martin [Cotcle riparia], March 23rd; House Swallow [7zruzdo
rustica], April 9th; Willow Wren [Phylloscopus trochilus|, April 6th; Chiffchaff
[Phylloscopus collybita|, April 8th; Redstart [Auteczlla phenicurus|, April 7th ;
Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus|, seen and heard, April 14th; Corncrake [Crex
pratensis|, shot, April 17th; Common Sandpiper [Z7cngordes hypoleucos|,
April 13th; a single White Wagtail [Jotaci//a alba], on April 15th, but may
have arrived earlier; Tree Pipit |Azthus trivialis|. arrived April 11th, but not
generally diffused till April 21st ; a single Swift [Cypselus apus], April 28th;
Goldeneyes | Clangula glauczon]|, and Fieldfares [ Zurdus pilaris|, observed on
the 28th April.

Varieties near Carlisle. Zool., June, p. 228.
Chaffinches [/777¢7la celebs], Blackbird [ 72rdus merula\, Hedge Warbler
[Accentor modularis|, Sparrows [Passer domesticus], mostly pied.
[MANCHESTER] LOWER MOSLEY STREET SCHOOLS NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY.
Report. October, 15 pages. Yorkshire.
Notes on birds observed at Malham and Gordale Scar on the 22nd of June.
J. F. MAsHam.
Rare Birds in Lincolnshire. Zool., February, pp. 70-71. Lincolnshire.

Male Osprey [Pandion haliactus| killed at Hartsholme ; adult female Kite
[Mtlvus ictinws|, shot near Skegness; two female Peregrines [Falco fere-
grinus|, shot at Branston; Common Buzzard [| &zteo vulgaris], numerous ; a
female Honey Buzzard [ Per mts apivorus|, from Gainsborough ; and a Male
____Hoopoe [Upupa epops|, shot at North Hykeham.

April 188 1885. K 2

198 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

A. J. MATTHEWS. Notts.
Golden Oriole [ O7z0/us galbula| in Nottinghamshire. Field, May 31st, p. 737;
Land and Water, May 3Ist, p. 508.
A male appeared near Worksop, on the 15th May. Probable escape.

R. MORTON MIDDLETON.
Pied Jackdaw [Corvus monedula\. Zool., May, p. 197. Durham.

Noted for some time at Castle Eden, Durham, and exhibited to Linnean
Society, April 3rd.

FE. 'S.> M[ITCHELL]. Lancashire, Westmoreland.
Provincial Name of Bird. Field, June 21st, p. 879.

Quotation from Camden’s Britannia, Gough’s (2nd) ed., 1806, iii. 406
(translated from the 1507 ed.)—that among the Waterfowl frequenting Win-
dermere are ‘ gravyes.’

OLIVER MITCHELL.
Birds. Young Nat., July, vi. 192. Yorkshire.

Two Cuckoo’s eggs in a single Meadow Pipit’s [Azthus pratensis] nest,
presumably near Bingley.

F. O. MorRIs. Northumberland.
The Cuckoo [ Cuculius canovus|, etc. Land and Water, January 5th, p. 17.

Notes made in Northumberland. Nesting of Rook, in December, 1883,
at Felton Mills, also noted.

Young Rooks [Corvus frugilegus| in December. Land and Water, February
gth, p. 129.
At Felton, near Newcastle.
Cumberland.

The Raven [Corvus corax| in Cumberland. Land and Water, February 2nd.
Flock of four noted by Mr. Amos near the Troutbeck Valley.

Yorkshire.
Anecdotes of Animals and Birds. Land and Water, May 17th, p. 460.

Includes one of a tamed Starling [Stars vulgaris] at Langton Hall, near
Northallerton.

S..L.. MOSLEY. Notts.
A Visit to Rainworth Lodge, Notts. Young Nat., March, v. 83-5.
Notes on the birds in Mr. Whitaker’s collection and in his grounds, in-
cluding the Egyptian Nightjar [ Caprimulgus @gyptius].
Lancashire, Notts.
Bird Protection and its Relation to Insect Life. Young Nat., July, v. 188-191.

Remarks on former destruction of Larks at Formby, Lancashire, and on
Tits preying on //ydernz@ at. Rainworth, Notts.

‘Durham, Northumberland, Notts., Lincolnsh., Yorksh., Lancash.

British Birds, their Nests and Eggs. Young Nat., February, v. 54-56;
March, 80-83; April, 114-115; May, 131-134; July, 185-187; and August,
209-210.

Notes upon Parus cristatus. north of England ; Parus ater, co. Durham;
nests of Marsh Tit | Pavus palustris], at Prudhoe-on-Tyne, and at Rainworth,
Notts.; P. dzarmicus, in Lincolnshire; Morris’s Huddersfield record of the
latter bird condemned; the northern [? continental] form of P. caudatus at
Tynemouth: varieties of the Pied Wagtail [AZotacilla lugubris| obtained at
Leeds and in Notts. ; the occurrence of the Grey Wagtail (47. melanope) in
the north of England; the Rock Pipit (Azthus obscurus)srecorded as very
numerous at Flamborough Head; and the Wood Lark (A/auda arborea)
noted for Lancashire and East Yorkshire.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. 199

Hy. MURRAY. Lancashire or Westmoreland.
Rare Birds at Carnforth. Young Nat., March, v. 87.
Pintail Duck [Dajfla acuta], male and female, January ; Long-tailed Duck
(Harelda glacialis), fine male, 14th February; all shot in the bay.
J. N. ; Northumberland.
Singular Pugnacity of a Wild Duck [? Azzas doscas]. Field, Dec. 13th, p. 840.
In July a Wild Duck, which was accompanied by six or seven ducklings,
attacked and killed a Carrion Crow [ Corvus covone|, on the Tweed, at Norham.
T. H. NELson.
Snipe [Ga//inago celestis| Perching. Zool., January, pp. 28-9. Yorkshire,
Observation made in Ryedale, North Yorkshire.
Lancashire.
Velvet Scoter [Gdemia fusca| near Manchester. Zool., April, p. 143.
One shot on Rhodes Reservoir, November, 1883, by Dr. Kershaw.

Yorkshire.
Sooty Shearwater [ Pujffinus griseus} at Redcar. Zool., April, pp. 147-8
and 157.

Puffinus griseus, one shot September 17th, 1883, two miles off Redcar.
Exhibited to Zool. Society, March 4th. The record is erroneously stated to
be new for Yorkshire.

Pomatorhine Skua [Stercorarius pomatorhinus| at Redcar. Field, October
{1th, p. 499.

One shot October 2nd. Of the black variety, first recorded by writer in
18709.

Black Pomatorhine Skua [Sercorarius pomatorhinus| at Redcar. Zool.,
November, p. 469.

One of this melanic form shot at sea off Redcar, October 4th, The occur-
rence of numerous other birds at Redcar is also recorded.

Arrival of Woodcocks [Scolopax riusticula]. Field, Nov. Ist, p. 597.

First arrivals at Redcar were October 6th. Seasonal notes on numerous
other species are given—viz., on Short-eared Owls [4szo accipztrinus], Hooded
Crow [Corvus cornzx], Green Plover [Vanellus vulgaris|, Larks, Thrushes,
Redwings [ Zzrdus zliacus|, Goldcrests [Regulus cristatus|, Wheatear [Saxzcola
enanthe}. Snow Bunting [Plectrophanes nivalis], and Ring Ouzel [ 7urdus
torqguatus|; being chronological notes on the autumnal migration,

Partridges [Perdix cinerea] under domestication. Field, Nov. Ist, p. 597.

At Easby Hall, Cleveland. Particulars given.

Rey. J. B. NODDER.
Arrival of Summer Birds. Field, May toth, p. 651. Derbyshire.

Arrivals at Chesterfield: —Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus], April 30th; Swift
[Cypselus apus|, and Landrail [Crex pratensis], May 5th.

A. M. NORMAN. Northumberland.
Addressto . . the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club . . May 27th, 1881.
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, viii. 68. (1884.)

Notes on birds observed at the field meetings; at Corbridge-on-Tyne,
June 6th, 1880.

i. 0; j--P.

Arrival of Summer Birds. Field, May toth, p. 651. Cheshire.

The Pied Flycatcher [AZuscicapa atricapilla] arrived at Thornleigh, Chester,
May sth.

J. E. PALMER.
Lapwing [ Vanellus vulearis| perching. Zool., February, p. 69. Yorkshire.
One perched on stone wall, near Appletreewick, Wharfedale, July 1875.
April 1885.

200 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

H.-T.- PARKE, Lancashire.
Thrush [7zrdius musicus| with three broods in succession. Field, May
2a th! p.. 702.

Four young Thrushes left the nest April 13th, and five more hatched
May 3rd. ‘There are now three eggs in the nest.
C. A. P[ARKER].
A Cumberland Marsh. Field, May 3rd, pp. 596-7. Cumberland.
The article, which is a lengthy and interesting one, relates to the birds
noted at Drigg Common, Point, or Hawes, as it is variously called, and includes,
among others, notes on the Oyster Catcher [Hematopus ostralegus], Heron
[Ardea cinerea], Greater Blackbacked Gull [Zarus marinus], Woodcock
[| Scolopax rusticula|, Lesser Tern [Sterna minuta|, Sandwich Tern [Sterna
cantiaca], Ringed Plover L4gzalites hiaticula|, Redshank [ Totanus calidris),
Shelldrakes [Zadorna vulpanser|, Stockdove [Columba e@enas|, Wigeon
(Mareca pearelope|, Brent Goose [Bernzcla brenta], Wild Swan [Cygnus
? species]. Goldeneye [ Clangula glaucion], Longtailed Duck | Harelda glacialis),
Eider Duck [Somaterza mollisstma], Goosander | Mergus merganser|, Cormorant
[Phalacrocorax carbo], Manx Shearwater [Pufinus anglorum), Forktailed
Petrel [Procellaria leucorrhoa|, Storm Petrel [Procellaria pelagica).
Meaning of the name ‘Ravenglass.’ Field, May roth, p. 650.
Old MS. record quoted of a White Raven [Corvus covax] in Cumberland.

J. W. PARSONS. Northumberland.
The Ornithology of the Farne Islands. ‘ Records and Obs.’ of the Rotherham
Nat. Soc., No. I (July 1884), pp. 15-16.
In addition to a recapitulation of the species—which are divided into resi-
dent and non-resident—well known to frequent these islands, with notes on
the dates of their nesting ; a few birds which visit them on migration are also
mentioned, including the Hoopoe ( Upzpa epops).
ROOKE PENNINGTON. .
Game Killed on Railways. Field, February 2nd, p. 165. Lancashire.
Both winged and ground game (particularly Hares, Rabbits, Pheasants
[Phasianus colchicus|, Partridges [Perdix cinerea], and Grouse [Lagopus
scoticus|) are constantly being destroyed by passing trains on Chat Moss,
although the game must there be familiar with the danger.
T. PICKIN. Lancashire.
Solitary Snipe [Gallinago major| in Lancashire. Field, October 4th, p. 487.

One shot September 20th, between Warrington and Manchester. Weight
8 oz. Flushed out of standing beans.

T. N. P[LOSTLETHWAITE]. ‘North of England.’
Birds Breeding in Rabbit Holes. Field, May 24th, p. 702.

In the North of England the writer has several times found Sheldrakes’
[ Zadorna cornuta] nests in Rabbit burrows that had apparently been recently
used.

H. NEWMAN PULLAN. Yorkshire.
Nightingales [Daz/ias /uscinza] in York[shire]. Science Gossip, July, p. 159.
Two near Harrogate in 1884.
G. W. PULLEN. Derbyshire.
The Birds of Derby and Neighbourhood. Young Nat., Jan., v. 30-34.
This instalment extends from Sy/vza modularis to the end, and includes 110
species.
A. R. Westmoreland, Lancashire.
Provincial Names of Birds. Field, July 26th, p. 117.
The Goosander [Mergus merganses| is referred to as having been not an
uncommon bird on Lake Windermere so lately as fifty years ago.

(Zo be continued.) “aa ia
Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Notes from Rainworth, Notts.—Grey Crows (Corvus cornix) at
Rainworth, Notts. This is always a great place for Grey Crows in the winter, but
this year we have more than ever I remember; my neighbour’s keeper counted
forty in one field at once, and at night more than sixty fly over the house here to
roost in some fir plantations on the forest.

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). A very fine female was shot at Shelford,
near Nottingham. It had struck at a Lapwing, which, to avoid it, settled on the
Trent. the stream carrying it down, and the Hawk following. A sportsman seeing
this, waited till they came opposite, when he shot the Falcon. It was in beautiful
plumage, and about the largest I think I ever remember having seen.

Great Tits (Parus major). In the summer I wrote to the Waturalst about the
Great Tits feeding their young ones on bees. Well, either they have taken to
eating them themselves, or the young ones have remembered the delicacy, for
since the cold weather, when no bees venture out, they have been trying to get into
the hive, and have pecked away a part of the hole, so much so that we have had to
put wire to keep them off.—J. WHITAKER, Rainworth Lodge, Notts., January
22nd, 1885.

Bird-notes from WNidderdale.—On Friday, January 30th, a male
Scaup Duck (Fuligula marila), which had been shot in the wing, was captured on
the Nidd, near Pateley Bridge, and brought to me. A few days previously I
noticed a pair of the Common Crossbill (Zoxza curvirostra) ina fir plantation near
Pateley. The Ripon Museum contains a pair which were shot at Ramsgill, near
Pateley, by Mr. Robinson, of Ripon, several years ago. In September 1855, Mr.
E. Yorke shot a Green Sandpiper (77inga ochropus) on Heathfield Moor, near
Pateley Bridge; the specimen is still in that gentleman’s collection at Bewerley
Hall.— Wo. STorEY, Pateley Bridge, February roth, 1885.

Notes from Whitby.—November 2oth, 1884.—Little Grebe ( Zachybaptes
fluviatilis) shot near Ruswarp.

January 2nd, 1885.—Large Iceiand Gull (Lavzs leucopterus) shot in Whitby
Harbour, by Kitching. Its wings said to measure 6 ft. 3 in. from tip to tip. [Do
not the measurements indicate that the bird was a Glaucous Gull ?—Eds. ]

January 7th.—Glaucous Gull (Zavzs g/aucus) shot, stuffed by Wilson (immature
specimen).

January 22nd.—Coot (Fz/ica atra), shot by Sunley in Whitby Harbour.

January 22nd.—Young Golden Eye Duck (Clangula glaucion), shot by Thomas
Mennell in Whitby Harbour.—THOMAS STEPHENSON, Whitby, Feb. 13th, 1885.

Birds near Halifax.—In the past summer the various kinds of birds
which annually nest in this district have been fairly plentiful. The Moorhen and
Sandpiper have both nested, and the Kingfisher has been observed on several
occasions. The Grey, and Ray’s Wagtail, Redstart, Lesser Redpole, Whinchat,
Spotted Flycatcher, Whitethroat, Meadow Pipit, Wheatear, Sand-martin,
Land-rail, Kestrel, Jackdaw, Tree Sparrow, and Blackcap Warbler, have all been
observed in more or less numbers. Skylarks have been very abundant on the
moorlands, and Starlings and Missel Thrushes have appeared in considerable
numbers. A Common Scoter was recently shot in this locality—F. G. S.
Rawson, Thorpe, near Halifax, October 17th, 1884

Missel Thrush (Turdus viscivorus).—For the last three years a
pair of these birds have placed their nest in the same bough in a hawthorn tree in
a place known as ‘ Welton Vale,’ though in each of the three cases the eggs were
taken. In the first two years the hen laid again after all her eggs had been robbed,
in one case even after the first eggs had been broken in the nest. Is this behaviour
usual on the part of birds of this genus?—H. WALLIS Kew, Louth, Ioth
January, 1885.

Grey Lag Goose in Nottinghamshire.—On the 16th of this month
the keeper at Papplewick Hall shot one of these fine birds on a pond there, and
Mr. Walter kindly gave it me. This goose (Azser feris) is now rare, at any rate
in these parts, and will be a great addition to my local birds.—J. WHITAKER,
Rainworth Lodge, Notts., February 23rd, 1885.

April 1885.

202

NOTES ON MAMMALIA.

The Noctule Bat in Co. Durham.—lIn the Newcastle Museum
there is a specimen of a Bat which was taken in the year 1836 at Mr. Swinburne’s
house, between Harton and Cleadon, in the county of Durham, and not far from
Newcastle. It was recorded among the donations to the museum as the Serotine :
“A species of Bat ( Vespertzlio serotinus) taken near Cleadon—Mr. A. Swinburne,’
1836 (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., 4to, vol. 11.). It also figures as the Serotine in Messrs.
Mennell and Perkins’ Catalogue of the Mammalia of Northumberland and Durham.
The identification is, however, incorrect. Mr. Thomas Southwell, of Norwich,
visited the museum last year, and after such inspection as can be given to a speci-
men in a closed glass case, considered it to be in all probability a Noctule ( Ves-
perugo noctula). He wrote me to this effect in September. When, therefore,
I visited Newcastle some weeks after I was sufficiently interested to make inquiries
on the subject. and found that Mr. Richard Howse, the curator, had investigated
the subject, and shared Mr. Southwell’s view. He also showed me the specimen,
and after examination I fully coincided in their opinion. The specimen was old
and much bleached from exposure to light, but it seems to present all the external
structural characters of the Noctule.

The settlement of the correct name of the specimen is of interest from a
geographical point of view from its being a northward extension of the range of the
Noctule, which has not before been satisfactorily recorded for any locality north of
the River Tees. Why it should not occur, and commonly too, in the county of
Durham, is an enigma; for it is not only widely diffused throughout Yorkshire,
but is a common species in that county. Probably, however, our Durham friends
will meet with it when they pay more attention to their native species of Bats. —
W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Leeds, March 2oth, 1885.

Whiskered Bat (Vespertilio mystacinus) at Warsill, near
Pateley Bridge.—I lately met with this species at Warsill, in Nidderdale.
There was a large colony in a building there. One evening I counted nearly a
hundred as they came out to feed. They had begun to come out when I reached
the place, and were still coming out when I left. Mr. Roebuck has seen one of the
specimens, and confirms my naming.—JAMEs INGLEBY, Eavestone, near Ripon,
July roth, 1884.

Capture of a Badger in Nidderdale.— Foxes having been very
troublesome during the past few weeks, farmers have been driven to protect them-
selves by placing traps. In one of these a large male Badger (Meles taxus) was
caught. It measured 3 ft.in length from the nose to the tip pf the tail, and weighed
27 lbs. This is the only occurrence of the Badger in this daie on record for the
past forty years. At the time of writing the animal is alive and in the possession
of its captor. It was taken at Brimham Rocks.—Wm. STOREY, March toth, 1885.

Squirrel attacked by a Small Bird.—At Riding Mill I have several
times seen a Squirrel crossing the railway from the woods on one side to those on
the other. I am told it has done this every morning and evening for some years
past. One night last summer it crossed the line as usual, and ran up into the
nearest tree. After going a short distance, it came to a tree in which a small bird
(a Chaffinch I think it was) had its nest. On its approach the bird grew very
excited, and attacked the Squirrel most vigorously, flying at it from right and left,
uttering all the time sharp cries of anger and alarm. ‘The Squirrel seemed quite
unable to retaliate, and beat a hasty retreat, leaving the bird in undisputed posses-
sion of the tree which it had chosen for its abode-—A. W. PRICE, Tynemouth,
February 15th, 1885.

Squirrel’s Method of Carrying its Young.—I don’t know
whether the habit of the Squirrel of carrying its young in its mouth after the
manner of the domestic cat is of any interest to you, or generally known. Some
years since, when walking through a park in the neighbourhood *of Shrewsbury, I
observed a Squirrel so carrying its young one, which I captured before it was able to
reach a tree. I afterwards withdrew, but upon returning shortly to the spot, I
found the old one quartering the ground in search of its lost one.—GEo. W.
OLDFIELD, London, 28th February, 1885.

Naturalist,

203

STRASBURGER’S NEW INVESTIGATIONS ON THE
PROCESS OF FERTILISATION IN
PHANEROGAMS.

By THOMAS HICK, B.A., B.Sc.,
President of the Botanical Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union.

(Continued from page 178.)

THE details of the fertilising process as given up to this point were
determined, as already intimated, for the most part in orchids. But
other monocotyledons exhibit similar phenomena, and hence the
account given may be taken as applicable to most plants of this class.
The difficulties attendant upon the investigation of the process in
Dicotyledons prevented a complete demonstration of all the details,
and our author, therefore, chiefly confined himself to a demonstra-
tion of the existence of the cell-nucleus in the pollen-tube up to the
point of its entrance into the micropyle, to finding on the other
side the fertilising sperm-nucleus in the oosphere or egg, and to
establishing in this sperm-nucleus a structure corresponding with
that of the generative cell-nucleus in the pollen-tube. In MJonotropa
hypopitys he found it easy to see the pollen-tube enter the micropyle,
and could even follow it some distance within, in favourable material
prepared from flowers. whose stamens were withering. The egg-
apparatus showed the same structure as in orchids, the synergide
being provided at their apices with small, often distinctly-streaked
caps, and the three antipodal cells were easy of observation. In
Torenia astatica, as is known, the embryo-sac grows forward free to
the micropyle of the ovule and displays the egg-apparatus, but the
cell-nuclei in the pollen-tube are small, and difficult to demonstrate.
For many demonstrations, nevertheless, Zovenza is very valuable.
Nothing is easier than to establish that here the membrane at the
apex of the embryo-sac is broken through by the synergidz, and that
the caps of the synergidze are built up from the cytoplasma of the
same, and consequently are to be ascribed to them. The wall of the
embryo-sac over the caps is dissolved during the originating of these
caps, and takes no part in their formation. It can be easily and
certainly proved also that in Zorvenza the pollen-tube penetrates into
the egg-apparatus between the caps of the synergide, its contents
remaining sharply limited from those of the synergide.

In the last section of his work, which constitutes more than one-
half of the whole, Strasburger proceeds to consider the nature of
generation or reproduction, in the light of the facts and observations
brought forward in the preceding sections. In his opinion, these

204 STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION OF PHANEROGAMS.

supply all the evidence that is necessary for the complete establish-
ment of the following propositions :— |
1.—The process of fertilisation consists of the copulation of the
sperm-nucleus (brought into the egg) with the egg-nucleus.
2.—Cytoplasma does not take part in the process of fertilisation.
3.—The sperm-nucleus and the egg-nucleus are true cell-nuclei.

The third proposition he considers is proved by his own researches.
For whilst elsewhere the cell-nucleus appointed for the act of fertilisa-
tion, in its transformation into spermatozoids, or the cell-nucleus of
the same, undergoes such changes as to raise legitimate doubt as to
its true nature; in the plants here dealt with, a cell-nucleus of the
pollen-tube comes to the egg in a quite unchanged form, and com-
pletes the act of fertilisation. Direct observation makes this a com-
plete certainty. So, the egg-nucleus of phanerogams arises from the
division of a mother nucleus, and in Angiosperms retains unchanged,
up to the moment of fertilisation, both the structure and the reactions
of an ordinary cell-nucleus.

As to whether or not cytoplasma takes part in the fertilising
process, some differences of opinion still exist, and hence Strasburger
dwells at some length on the second proposition. A view somewhat
widely held hitherto, is that not only the sperm-nucleus, but also the
attendant protoplasm, takes part in fertilisation. The evidence
usually adduced in favour of this view Strasburger examines with care,
but is unable to accept it as conclusive. On the contrary, in his
judgment, his own researches prove conclusively that the cytoplasma
of the generative cell in the Gymnosperms, and of the vegetatzve cell
of the Angiosperms, serves only as a vehicle in order to bring the
sperm-nucleus to its appointed place, where it is taken over by the
cytoplasma of the egg. As already stated, therefore, the cytoplasma
of the pollen-tube plays the same part as the cilia in the spermatozoids
of the vascular cryptogams.

The first proposition seems to have been first distinctly formulated
by O. Hertwig, and is definitely established by the researches here
published. The sperm-nucleus may, in the first instance, differ in
size from the egg-nucleus, but it usually attains the size of the egg-
nucleus before copulation begins. In the copulating process the
nuclei at first become flattened on their apposed sides, the separating
walls disappear, and the nuclear cavities blend into one. The nuclear
threads come into contact with, but do not interpeneirate one
another, so that there is no blending of the substance of the two
threads. An actual blending occurs only between the nuclear sap of
the two cell-nuclei, and eventually also between their nucleoll.

Naturalist,

STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION OF PHANEROGAMS. 205

Hence it is not the morphologically differentiated elements of the two
cell-nuclei, but the undifferentiated ones, that mutually penetrate one
another. For the nuclear sap, this must necessarily happen ; for the
nucleoli, the union may not take place, and consequently it cannot
be regarded as an essential part of the process of fertilisation. The
result of the act of copulation is the formation of a germ-nucleus
which contains the nuclear network of the two copulating nuclei.
Very soon this nucleus divides, and the division takes place in such
a way that each of the two daughter nuclei contain just as many
threads from the father (sperm-nucleus) as from the mother (egg-
nucleus). In the daughter nuclei, the segments of the nuclear threads
unite by their ends to form a single thread, which is therefore built
up partly from the father and partly from the mother. Hence the
blending of the nuclear threads of the two copulating nuclei first
occurs in the daughter nuclei formed by the division of the germ-
nucleus. As regards all succeeding generations of nuclei, Strasburger
seems to be of opinion that they contain nearly an equal number of
pieces of nuclear thread from the father and from the mother.

In entering upon a critical examination of the process of
fertilisation, Strasburger proceeds on the assumption that the
essentials remain the same in the whole organic kingdom, and that,
consequently, the facts gained in the investigation of phanerogams
can be utilised to elucidate the process in other cases. Hence he
says we must assume that even in the simplest processes of
copulation, whether the bodies concerned are motile or stationary, as
in Landorina and Spirogyra, the fertilisation depends upon. the
blending of the cell-nuclei of the conjugating bodies. The fact that
in these cases both bring a nearly equal quantity of cytoplasma to
the zygote or zygospore he regards as a subordinate matter, and as
no indication that cytoplasma is necessary for the act of copulation.
This view is further confirmed by reference to Fucus, where the egg
contains several hundred thousand times as much cytoplasma as the
spermatozoid, though both bodies contain equal quantities of nuclear
substance. In all cases, it would seem that the cell-nuclei destined
for the sexual act, must enter into a physiological condition necessary
for the purpose, and our author considers he has shown they can
only attain to this in consequence of a certain mode of nutrition.
Hence, the medium in which they find themselves—z.e. the surround-
ing cytoplasma—must embrace the conditions requisite for this, and
from it they must draw the nutriment which equips them for the
performance of their special functions.

(To be continued.)

April 1885.

206

NOTE—COLEOPTERA.

Astynomus edilis at Wakefield.—The circumstance mentioned
by Mr. N. F. Dobrée, of this species having been found in Hull, is by no means a
rare one. I have in my collection no fewer than six Yorkshire (?) examples of this
insect, male and female, one of which was found ina colliery in this neighbour-
hood—conveyed there, no doubt, amongst the pit timber, which I learnt was from
Scotland. Another was picked up on the footpath near Stanley. All were
doubtless brought here in Scotch or foreign wood. It cannot be considered in-
digenous to England, and has certainly no claim to be entered as a Yorkshire
species ; in fact the only known locality where it is to be found in quantities at all
corresponding to a breeding haunt in the British Isles, is Rannock, in Perthshire.
A few years ago great numbers of them were found in Hartlepool, having come to
this country in a cargo of pit-props from France. These observations tend to show
how easy it is to record an insect as indigenous owing to accidental causes.—E. B.
WRIGGLESWORTH, Wakefield, December 17th, 1884.

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Errastria fuscula: a species new to Yorkshire.—The announce-
ment of the capture of Avastria fuscula in Yorkshire will probably be received
with surprise by many, as it has hitherto, I believe, been regarded as a southern
species ; inasmuch, however, as its food-plant is abundant, and no other individual
impediment appears to exist, there is apparently no strong reason why this species
should not breed in our county: a reflection which is strengthened by the
recollection of the number of species formerly regarded as southerners which have
been taken in Yorkshire, and other northern counties, during the past thirty years.
Mr. Henry Willits of Sheffield, a practical entomologist of fifty years’ experience,
in a list of flies taken by himself at Wharncliffe, reports the capture of two
specimens of 2. fuscu/a at that place. ‘near the top of the private walk’; he has
unfortunately made the all too common mistake of not keeping a note book, and
is therefore unable to say definitely, the exact date of the occurrence, but places it for
either 1871 or 1872. Mr. Willits being by nature of a very retiring disposition, is
probably known to but few naturalists; he has, however a safe knowledge of
species, and is eminently trustworthy; I have, therefore, no hesitation in accepting
the report on his authority.—Wo. E. BraDy, 1, Queen Street, Barnsley, Feb. 23rd.

The Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire and Cheshire.—

Leucophasia sinapis. At page 165, Mr. Ellis records this species as being
abundant at Grange. I did not see any specimens of it in the woods near Grange
when I was staying there in 1883, and Mr. Anthony Mason (of Grange) informed
me that the species, though formerly abundant in the woods in question, had of
late years entirely disappeared. My old correspondent, the late James Murton, of
Silverdale, used to send me specimens of this insect which he stated he had
collected at Silverdale and Arnside.

Cenonympha typhon (davis). In addition to the localities given by Mr. Ellis,
at page 171 azte, | may mention Meathop Moss, near Grange, where I found this
species in profusion, in June 1883: _ This species is also abundant on Witherslack
Moss, about two miles to the north of the last-mentioned locality. [These localities
are in Westmoreland County, and are therefore not additions to Mr. Ellis’s list.
Considerable caution is requisite in this respect, and it is very probable that many
insects recorded as from ‘ Grange’ are really from Witherslack, which is on the
Westmoreland side of the county boundary.—Eds. |

Polyommatus corydon. This species certainly occurred one year in abundance
in the neighbourhood of Silverdale. In the autumn of 1870 I received a number
of specimens of it from Mr. James Murton; and I was informed in June 1883, by Mr.
Anthony Mason, that this species, although previously unknown in the district, had
suddenly appeared in abundance at Silverdale, in 1869 or 1870, and had since as
suddenly disappeared. :

Lephyrus (Thecla) betule. Yam surprised to find that only a single specimen
of this species is recorded (ave, p. 172) from Silverdale in 1868. Some fifteen
years ago I received more than a dozen specimens of this insect from Mr. Murton,
who informed me that the species was not uncommon in the neighbourhood of
Silverdale. —H. Goss, Surbiton Hill, Surrey, 12th March, 1885.

Naturalist,

207

MICRO-PALHONTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN
CARBONIFEROUS SHALES.

By GEORGE R. VINE,
Attercliffe, Sheffield; Secretary of the British Association Contntittee on Fossil Polyzoa.
IV._POLYZOA, ENTOMOSTRACA, GASTEROPODA,
AND MISCELLANEOUS ORGANISMS OF THE SKELLY GATE
SHALES, NORTHUMBERLAND.

Ir may perhaps be as well to state that personally I know but
little of the various divisions of the Limestone, or Shale beds of
Northumberland. My studies have been confined more particularly
to the micro-palzontology, rather than the geology of the districts
that I mention in the head lines of my various papers. It may
appear, therefore, an exhibition of ignorance on my part in thus
separating the Redesdale from the Skelly Gate deposits. But I do
so purposely, because I find that the organic forms in my two lots
of shale, supplied to me by the Rev. W. Howchin, are character-
istically distinct. With reference to the distinction that I made in
my first paper (Naturalist, Sept., p. 38), Professor G. A. Lebour
writes : ‘The Skelly Gate and Redesdale localities are really the same,
the former being a part of the latter, and the bed of ironstone shale
in which the overlying limestone, in which the Foraminifera were
found, being the same in both.’ I cannot dispute the above, yet at
the same time the organisms in the two sets of material have been
differently preserved. The Skelly Gate material is a portion of a
true muddy shale, and the organisms in it appear to have been
destroyed by an inrush of mud in some estuarine locality ; or it may
be mud and limestone debris have mingled together, and in this
way become re-deposited. The perfection and peculiarity of the
Entomostraca, however, seems to point in the direction that we are
dealing with a local estuarine deposit. Perhaps Professor Lebour,
or some other local student living in the neighbourhood of these
Shales, may be able to settle the points now raised.

I cannot make much of the Foraminifera of the Skelly Gate
material. I have certainly given a rather full list of species in my
introductory paper (Naturalist, Sept., p. 39), but this is chiefly from
the monograph of Mr. H. B. Brady, and after the most careful
examination I cannot find mere species than those marked **
in the list, together with additions to the locality marked *v.
Trochammina incerta and T. centrifuga are very abundant, and some
of the forms seem to be enveloped by a thin crust of iron pyrites.
In the finest siftings of this Shale many of the more minute
specimens of these species may be found, but they are best seen
April 1885.

208 ' VINE: MICRO-PALEZONTOLOGY.

when the dust 1s mounted—properly prepared—in canada balsam.
The Entomostraca I have spoken of previously as peculiar, and as
some of my slides were submitted for examination to Mr. J. W.
Kirkby, he desired me to allow Professor T. Rupert Jones to
examine them also, as some of the forms were either new or very
little known, consequently the names are provisional only in the
present list of Skelly Gate forms. .The Polyzoa of the Shales are
very poor and scanty, and the species few in number.

Class POLYZOA.

Sub-order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk.
Fam. FENESTELLID-A.

Genus FENESTELLA Miller and Lonsd.
(See Naturalist, Oct. 1884, p. 62.)
1 Fenestella plebeia M‘Coy.

Mostly in fragments; but some of the specimens have the well-
marked characteristics of the species, and have both the non, as well
as the tuberculated keel common in specimens from the Hairmyres
district of Scotland.

Fam. DIPLOPORID: (Naturalist, Oct., p. 63).
Genus DIPLOPORA Young and Young.
2 Diplopora marginalis Young and Young.

Fragments belonging to this species are rather more abundant in
these Shales than any other of the forms described in my October
paper. In the mode of branching, &c., the Skelly Gate fragments do
not differ in any material sense from those of the upper Limestone ("
Shales of Scotland, but the characteristic features of the cell mouth ri
varies slightly in different parts of the zoarium. In some of the more
delicate stems (or branches), the orifice of the cell is small, and in
these the septum, separating the more minute pore below, is very [
distinct. “In the larger, or more robust fragments, the orifice of the
cell is also large, and the margin (peristome) slightly serrated, and
beneath these it is difficult at times to make out whether the smaller
opening, together with its intervening septum, is present or not.
The other characters of the species, such as a ‘ mesial ridge bearing
a tubercle between each pair of cells, together with a narrow ridge
running parallel to this on either side of the mesial ridge,’ are also |
distinct (see Naturalist, loc. cit. p. 64, No. 6). This type, however.
of branch and cell is found more frequently in the upper, rather than
in the lower Carboniferous Shales of Scotland. :

With regard to the existence of this secondary, or ‘sub-oral’ pore
in some of the Paleozoic species of. Polyzoa, Mr. A. W. Waters

Naturalist,

VINE: MICRO-PALZHONTOLOGY. 209

writes (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Nov. 1884, p. 675): ‘Among the
Palzeozoic fossils there is in one or two a structure which may represent
the suboral pore or avicularium, and as long as we do not know
the signification of the ‘adventitious tubules’ of Dzastopora obelia, &c.,
we may be justified in asking if they may not possibly have had an
homologous origin. The same, or at least a similar thought
occurred to the Messrs. Young of Glasgow, the original describers of
this species (L.. marginalts), and also in their description of Acantho-
pora. stellipora, for they say (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Dec. 1874,
p- 682-3): ‘Two interpretations of these openings are possible.

The smaller plainly cannot be regarded as that of the ovicell;
the only other structure to which it can be compared is an avicularian
appendage, and if this be correct, some at least of the Palzeozoic
Polyzoa would belong to the order Chetlostomata.’ It will be well
to bear these suggestions in mind, and any light that can be
thrown upon the subject must be of value to the special worker.

Sub-order CRYPTOSTOMATA Vine.
Fam. RHABDOMESONT/ID Vine (Naturalist, Oct., p. 65-6).
Genus RHABDOMESON Young and Young.
4 Rhabdomeson gracile (Phill. sp.).
5 Rhabdomeson rhombiferum (Phill. sp.).

Both of these species are present in the Skelly Gate Shales, but
are very much crushed.

Fam. MWONTICULIPORIDA: Nicholson.
Genus ARCHAZOPORA D?’Koninck.
6 Archeopora nexilis Vine (D’Koninck’s sp.).
There is one small fragment of a colony of this species, adherent

to one of the broken spines of Productus spinulosus Sow., which are
very abundant in the Skelly Gate Shales.

ENTOMOSTRACA.

Since this paper was written, Mr. J. W. Kirkby has provided me
with the following list of species which he wishes me to print as pro-
visional only, and I do this with greater pleasure because I wish to
draw attention to the Entomostraca of Skelly Gate. I am unable to
add to the following list of species, because the original sample sent
to me by Mr. Howchin from this locality is exhausted: all the
organisms have been picked out by me, and the full results are given
in this paper.

7 Cytherella sp. not yet determined.
8 Cytherella valida Jones and Kirkby.
April 1885.

210 VINE: MICRO-PALZ ONTOLOGY.

9 Cytherella valida ? or variety.
to Cytherella valida, with traces of pitting.

11 Darwinella, ? Berniciana Jones.

12 Cythere, sp. nov.

13 Leperditia, ? Okeni, var. attenuata.

TEEPE RDIALALCD LE:

14 Beyrichia tuberculospinosa Jones and Kirkby.

15 Kirkbya Urii Jones and Kirkby.

Both of these species have been identified for me by Mr. Kirkby,
and I have only three specimens—two of No. 14, and one of No. 15.
Both are very delicate forms, and the eyrichia species is the only
specimen of this genus that I have found in these lower Shales. In
my December paper (Naturalist, p. 98), it will be noticed that I
give from the Mountain Limestone horizon another Beyrichza,
B. crinita J. and K. In the Scotch Shales, Beyrichiz are tolerably
common, and in the Silurian Rocks very common. Azrkbya Urit
J. and K. is also common in the Scotch Shales of Robroyston,
Brockley, and High Blantyre.

ECHINODERMATA.
Fam. HOLOTHUROIDEA.?

16 Perforated plate of some—to me—unknown species, I am
unable to locate the form indicated by the figure 16, but I
consider it of sufficient importance to be placed in this
list. ‘The plate is very small and it has a central circular
perforation, surrounded by six other circular perforations.
With my Entomostraca shdes I submitted this, and two
other obscure forms, to the judgment of Mr. J. W. Kirkby,
and he returned it to me marked ? (Holothurian.

With regard to this order of the Echinodermata, Professor H. A.
Nicholson (Manual of Palzeontology, p. 305, vol. I. ed. 1879) says:
“As might have been expected from the generally soft nature of their
integuments, the Holothuroids are hardly known as fossils. :
The only remains referred with any probability to this order are
certain calcareous spicula which have been found in deposits as old
as the Carboniferous, and also in strata of both mesozoic and
tertiary age, and which have been regarded as belonging to forms
related to Synapta. ... . .’ Mr. Robert Etheridge, jun., found in
washings of the Limestone Shales (see Desc. of Sheet 23, Scot. Geol.

Naturalist,

VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY. 211

Survey) from one or two localities small, microscopic, perforated
wheel-like organisms, which he provisionally referred to the
Holothuroidz, but very little is known otherwise than that given
above of these minute remains.

GASTEROPODA.

I have four specimens of Gasteropoda from these Shales. They
are very rare, and what I have belong to two Genera, Zoxonema
Phillips, and Macrochetlus (?) Phillips. They are not in a good state
of preservation, but in thus drawing attention to their presence in these
lower Shales better specimens might in time be found. — In the Scotch
Shales Mr. John Young says: ‘The Gasteropoda are more abundant
in those which alternate with the limestone than in the limestone
itself.’ Some species are very common, others are rare. And again
(Trans. Edin. Geol. Soc., 1881-2, p. 85-6), ‘The Scottish Carboniferous
univalve mollusca are as a rule considerably smaller in size than
species of the same genera found in the limestone strata of England,
Ireland, and other countries where similar strata prevail. This
shows that some dwarfing influence was at work ; and it has likewise
been noticed amongst the other groups of the mollusca. The causes
which led to this dwarfing may be difficult to explain, but probably
it was due to less favourable conditions of the sea bottom on which
they lived, brought about by temperature, depth of water, its fresh-
ness or saltness, or by the nature of the sediments that were being
deposited.’ The same rule would apply to other groups of fossils as
well as to the mollusca ; and every indication of the probable causes
of the multiplication of, or degeneracy of species, will help to clear up
some few of the mysteries which surround the life histories of peculiar
fossils. With regard to our positive knowledge of the actual
distributions of species, it may be noted ‘that on certain horizons of
strata in both the lower and upper limestone series there is an
associated group of shells which always appear in certain of the
Limestone Shales and clay ironstones, and sometimes in the calmy
and cement limestones.’ Among the bivalves Avca and Cyfricardia,
among the univalves several genera of Gasteropoda such as
Pleurotomaria, Macrocheilus, Loxonema, &c. ‘In the strata in which
the foregoing groups occur, remains of Corals, Crinoids, Polyzoa,
and the greater number of species of the Brachiopod shells are
absent, or at least very rare ; while on the other hand, in the strata
where this latter group is abundant, the foregoing group of mollusca
are rarely met with’ (see Cat. of Western Scottish Fossils). It is no
difficult matter, then, to know the difference by the association of

2 2 A BURIED VALLEY.

the fossils, of a true Shale and of a natural deposit in some unknown
depth of a Carboniferous ocean. With regard to real shore deposits,
I suppose similar causes affected the preservation of fossils in the
past ages of the world’s history, as affect the preservative conditions
of forms belonging to living species. On the coasts of South Africa,
and also of Bermuda, there are shell sands in fine condition consisting
of minute shells, Entomostraca and Polyzoan forms mingled with
calcareous weeds, and debris of Corals. It is easy to pick out from
this shell sand forms of Polyzoa in a beautiful state of preservation,
but a survey of only a small portion of the sand is sufficient to satisfy
the student under what conditions the mass was formed. Even the
best preserved are water-worn or slightly eroded. Material brought
from even a moderate depth of the ocean, from twenty to forty
fathoms, fragments are sharp in outline and tolerably well preserved.
Applying the same rule to the past life of the earth—ocean fossils
and shore debris tell their own tale, whether from the. Carboniferous,
Devonian, or Silurian Limestones or Shales. If therefore the student
of Palzeontology would, in his investigations, rigidly apply this rule
in all his labours, many interesting details respecting the preservation
and distribution of species and groups would be brought to light,
and additional interest would surround the study of the dead species
and dead groups of the inevitable past of our globe’s historical life, as
surrounds the study of species belonging to living nature.

(To be continued. )

A BURIED VALLEY.

The steady progress of the Mersey Tunnel has been watched with keen
interest, and its approaching completion is a matter for general satisfaction.
Geologists especially have been waiting for the evidence which the tunnel
works would most probably afford on the question of the pre-glacial river valley,
which Mr. T. Mellard Reade, F.G.S., so long ago as 1872, predicted would be
found to exist below the level of the present valley of the Mersey. Mr. Reade’s
deductions were based upon certain borings at Widnes and in the upper reaches of
the Mersey, revealing an unexpected gorge, deep below the drift on which the
town of Widnes stands, and connecting the rocky bed above Runcorn Gap with
that below it by a steep gradient. The course of the pre-glacial river was pre-
sumed to be in the main identical with that of the existing river valley. The
discovery of this ancient valley is now announced in a brief paragraph in Mature,
of December 11th, 1884, and the Buzder of December 13th also contains a letter
on the subject by Mr. Reade himself. It appears that, at about three hundred
yards from the Liverpool side, the upper part of the tunnel intersected for about
100 yards a gorge filled with boulder clay and erratics. The clay is hard, and of
the usual type of lower boulder clay elsewhere found resting on the Triassic sand-
stone. Well-rounded boulders of granite, greenstone, and other travelled rocks
were taken out of the clay. The rock through which the tunnel is cut belongs to
the ‘ Pebble Beds’ division of the Bunter Sandstone, and was found to be remark-
ably free from faults.

The pre-glacial valley of the Mersey is now, therefore, an admitted fact, and
its discovery affords a very complete proof of the truth of Mr. Reade’s theory, sub-
mitted over twelve years ago, in the face of a considerable amount of opposition.—
O. W. JEFFs, Liverpool. Natwanee

213
GEOLOGICAL NOTE.

Drift-Coal in Durham.—[The following note, which we have received
through Prof. Lebour, and which bears upon the subject of his note in our last
number, is of distinct local value, and will be useful to our Durham readers. ]
In 1864-68 I was one of the contractors (Monkhill and Prodham) engaged in
making the railway from Scotswood to Benfieldside. About 34% miles up from
Scotswood, nearly opposite Gibside, was the the biggest cutting on the line—some
‘sixty feet deep or so in the deepest part. About two-thirds of the depth was dry
sand resting on the hardest of boulder clay. In the sandy portion were what you
describe as ‘ discontinuous, wedge-shaped, current-bedded patches of coal,’ as well
as numerous fragments of coal all through the sand. This coal was picked out by
the navvies to make fires during the dinner hour, and for use in the huts near by,
and was of a remarkably fine quality, as I have often heard them say, and superior
to any they got from the pits and from coal seams in cuttings further up the line near
Ebchester. It burnt like cannel coal, with a bright flame. What I remember of
the size of the pieces is that plenty of them were as big as one’s two fists, or nearly
so, and about as angular or rounded. They were bright-coloured, more like jet
than the hard slate-coloured cannel coal of Scotland. The coal was found in
greatest abundance at the Scotswood end of the cutting, and where the sand was
cleanest. At the west end of the cutting the sand was of a loamy nature, and did
not contain much—or any—coal.— HERBERT PRODHAM, Allerston, near Pickering,
March 11th, 1885.

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION:
ANNUAL MEETING AT DONCASTER.

The twenty-third annual meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, which was
held at Doncaster on Tuesday the 3rd of March, was a remarkably successful and
interesting one, thanks to the admirable reception which had been organised by the
Doncaster Microscopical Society. There was a large attendance of members from
all parts of the county, more than twenty Societies being represented. The pro-
ceedings commenced in the afternoon, when the General Committee met to
transact the business of the annual meeting. After the admission into the Union
of the Scholes Botanical and Naturalists’ Society, and of along list of new members,
Messrs. A. H. Allen, F.C.S., of Sheffield, Thomas Bunker of Goole, W. E. Brady
of Barnsley, F. W. Dickinson of Rotherham, J. M. Kirk of Doncaster, Washington
Teasdale, F.R.M.S., of Leeds, and J. A. Erskine Stuart, L.R.C.P., of Batley,
were added to the list of permanent members of the General Committee. The
Annual Report, which was then read and afterwards adopted, pointed out that the
year had been a very successful one, and reviewed its chief features. The usual five
excursions had been well chosen, as the large attendance of members at each had
proved. The Societies which constitute the Union had remained at thirty-nine in
number. Two Societies—those at Mirfield and Shipley—had ceased to exist, while
two others—the Kingston Field Club, of Hull, and the Hull Great Thornton Street
Wesleyan Field Naturalists’ Society—had joined the Union. The statistics
furnished showed that the Union now included 349 members and 2,422 associates,
making a total of 2,771, twenty-three more than in the previous year. It was
pointed out that the number of subscribing members (349) was as yet inadequate,
and a hope was expressed that the associates would see the necessity of considerably
augmenting the number of the members. Reference was then made to the publi-
cation of two instalments of the ‘Transactions’ during the year; and after an
allusion to the WVaturalist, the Executive expressed their sense of the honour which
Lord Walsingham had done the Union by accepting the presidency, his tenure of
which had materially enhanced the prestige and dignity of an office which has been
occupied by some of the most distinguished of scientific Yorkshiremen. The excursion
programme for 1885 was then decided upon as follows:—Kiveton Park, 30th April .
Boroughbridge, Whit-Monday; Market-Weighton or Pocklington for the Wolds,
June; Whitby, August Bank-holiday; and Blubberhouses, by invitation of Lord
Walsingham, early in September. For the annual meeting of March 1886, invita-

April 1885.

214 Y. N. U.—-NOTES AND NEWS.

tions were presented by deputations from Beverley, Malton, and Dewsbury, the
first-named of which was eventually accepted. Proceeding to the election of
officers, it was announced that the Presidency had been accepted by the Rev. W. H.
Dallinger, LL.D., F.R.S., Pres.R.Micr.S., of Wesley College, Sheffield. The
two Secretaries, Messrs. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and W. Eagle Clarke,
F.L.S., of Leeds, were re-elected; and the Executive Council, composed of
Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge, Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., York, Messrs. J. W.
Davis, F.S.A., Halifax, John Emmet, F.L.S., Boston Spa, C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.,
Dewsbury, G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., Huddersfield, J. J. Stead, Heckmondwike,
B. Holgate, F.G.S., Leeds, H. T. Soppitt, Bradford, and E. B. Wrigglesworth,
Wakefield, was also elected. Messrs. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.,and J. E. Bedford,
of Leeds, were chosen as auditors. After votes of thanks to the retiring officers,
the meeting was adjourned until evening.

Meanwhile the various sections met and elected their officers, the results being
as follows :—Vertebrate Section, Mr. John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., Great Cotes,
president ; Mr. James Backhouse, jun., York, secretary. Conchological Section,
Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., York, president; Messrs. J. Darker Butterell, Beverley,
and John Emmet, F.L.S., Boston Spa, secretaries. Entomological Section, Mr.
G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., Huddersfield, president ; Mr. E. B. Wrigglesworth, Wake-
field, secretary. Botanical Section, Mr. Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc., Harrogate,
president ; Messrs. P. F. Lee. Dewsbury, and Geo. Massee, F.R.Micr.S., Scarborough,
secretaries. Geological Section, Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., Wetwang, president ;
Messrs. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds, and J. E. Wilson, Bradford, secretaries.

The annual public meeting was held in the Mansion-house in the evening,
Lord Walsingham occupying the chair. The annual report having been again
read, and the excursion programme announced for the benefit of the members
generally, the Rev. Canon Brock, M.A., as president of the Doncaster Micro-
scopical Society, assumed the chair, and Lord Walsingham delivered the annual
presidential address, which forms the principal and central feature of the annual
gatherings of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. The subject of the address was
‘ Some probable causes of a tendency to Melanic Variation in Lepidoptera of high
latitudes.’ We have not space to give an account of the line of argument, but this
is the less necessary as the address itself is already printed as part of the Trans-
actions of the Union. A vote of thanks to his Lordship was then adopted on the
~ motion of Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S., seconded by the Rev. Canon Wright. His
Lordship having replied, resumed the chair, whereupon Mr. Cordeaux proposed a
cordial vote of thanks to the Mayor of Doncaster for his kindness in granting the
use of the noble rooms he had placed at the Union’s disposal, and to the Doncaster
Society and its members for their hospitable and kind reception. This was
seconded by Rev. W. C. Hey and carried unanimously, as was also a similar vote
to Canon Brock. The remaining portion of the evening was occupied by a
brilliant and most successful microscopical conversazione, organised by the Don-
caster Society.

NOLS AND NEWS.

The foundation stone of the new museum at Chester, in establishing which the
Chester Society of Natural Science and the Chester Archzeological Society have
united their efforts, was laid on the 5th February, by the Duke of Westminster.
The building is to cost over £8,000, most of which has already been subscribed.
Not merely is it to be a museum, but includes provision for educational work, in
the form of laboratories and class-rcoms, both for science and art.

———>oo<

Dr. Francis Day is to be heartily congratulated on the completion of his excel-
lent standard work on British and Irish Fishes. A monograph on this class of
our fauna, brought up to date, was much needed, and it is fortunate that an
ichthyologist of Dr. Day’s attainments was forthcoming to undertake the task.
The book leaves nothing to be desired unless, indeed, the valwtable adjunct of
coloured plates, though even in this respect the plates are the best we have seen on
the subject. We commend, too, the author’s systematic arrangement of his subject
matter to all undertaking work ofa similar character ; the saving of time secured
by such an admirable arrangement cannot be over-estimated.

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 215

The American Ornithologists’ Union last year paid Mr. Henry Seebohm the
honour of electing him an Honorary Member of their body.
——— >oo<
In the first number for 1885 of the Revue Bryologique the Abbé V. Berthoumien
gives an important analytical key by which the French pleurocarp mosses
may be identified when in the barren state.
Poo=
At the anniversary meeting of the Royal Microscopical Society, held on the
Iith of February, the Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D., F.R.S., of Sheffield, was
re-elected president. At the same meeting he delivered the annual address, in
which he dealt with the life history of an hitherto unrecorded septic organism.
po<

Members who in old time were in the habit of frequenting the rambles of the
West Riding Consolidated Naturalists’ Society will learn with regret that Mr. John
Sanderson, who has for a number of years been president of the Holmfirth
Botanical Society, died suddenly on the last day of the old year, while attending a
funeral. Se

We are pleased to learn that the two naturalists’ societies which have existed in
York for the last few years have taken the wise step of amalgamation, and we wish
the combined Society every prosperity. The name which the Society now bears
is ‘The York and District Field Naturalists’ Society,’ and Dr. Spencer has been
chosen president. Sco<

We have received from Mr. S. L. Mosley, of Huddersfield, the first number of
a little magazine—‘ The Natural History Teacher, and Journal of the Board
Schools’ Natural History Society —which he has set on foot for the furtherance of
his work as lecturer on natural history to the Board Schools of Huddersfield ; and
we wish him every success in his labours.
-———>00<— ——

The Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society held their annual meeting
at Liverpool on the 26th of January. The officers elected were Mr. S. J. Capper,
president, Mr. Nicholas Cooke, vice-president, and Mr. John W. Ellis, secretary.
The report showed that the number of members was fifty-nine. The president’s
address dealt with various topics of interest to entomologists, and reviewed the past
year from the entomological standpoint.
>c0<——_—

The Ripon Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association held their annual
meeting on the Icth February. The report showed the membership as standing
at 203, and detailed the additions to the excellent little museum which the Society
has got together, and upon which it is to be heartily congratulated. The officers
were for the most part re-elected, the Marquis of Ripon being again chosen presi-
dent, and Mr. B. Smith continuing to discharge the duties of the secretaryship.
>oo<—

The Manchester Field Naturalists’ and Archeeologists’ Society, the oldest of
the Manchester field-clubs, held its twenty-fifth annual meeting on the 27th
January. The report stated that during the quarter-century of the Club’s exist-
ence, it has enrolled no fewer than 1,500 members, held over 250 excursions, and
organised between fifty and sixty soirées. The present membership was stated as
being 184. Mr. L. H. Grindon—the founder—was unanimously re-elected
president and botanical referee, Mr. William Carr as treasurer, and Mr. Alfred
Griffiths as secretary. >co<

Evidence of the assiduous and well-directed assiduity of the members and
friends of the Bradford Naturalists’ Society is before us in the form of their ‘ Diary
of Natural History Observations’ for 1884, which has been reprinted from the
‘ Bradford Weekly Telegraph,’ in which it has appeared week by week with great
regularity, the series of notes extending from the 5th January to the 26th December.
They deal with both botanical and zoological phenomena, and are evidently to be
relied upon, including, as they do, the local observations of various well-known
and able naturalists.

April 1885.

216

METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR JANUARY 1885.
Epitep sy GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., IZoortown, Leeds.

elie Atmos
eae TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). RAINFALL.
sure.
Ole
2 = 5 EXTREMES. ao
NAME OF STATION; =i = Z = g Greatest Fall
ITS HEIGHT ABOVE SEA-LEVEL$ : a & Highest Lowest e a5 ina
= °
AND oe 2 Maximum Minimum 5 gs Single Day.
o & r= gi regis a=
NAIR ORCORCERV ER 2 e e registered. registered. 5 4
© A a
‘o S 5 5 ° x bees °
ple ea Pos 5 5 ¢ | 8 |44) 2] g
So =} pw) =) rm) rs) Eo 3) ras)
SO SI fo) o io) 3 2 a0) Oo ie
vs | § S Q E a nd = a
ay S| <q < esl 4
uM
ISLE OF MAN: ‘On 7, o ns Ch CEI archi inch
CRONK BOURNE fies es) ; : : 2 th : 5
A.W. Moore, TALS es aes 80 | 40°05 | 49°60) roth aE oe ! ead } B75) || BS (Ove) | sia
if OTH, Pa(2SEtts) arte) ; ! 3 f
g | Sucre Goue C8 «1 agr79 ar's sre | 2om fare | agrd frps| x4 lover] 26th
3 PAB ONIN EUR NESS C).. ‘ 29°81 | 38°00 | 48°00] 29th 28°00 ees f 1°76 | 14 | 0°41 oth
be a ee ee ay Sie t 29°83 | 38°00] 54’00| 2o9th 27°00} 22nd | 1°46] 14 | 0°41 8th
5 Ben oun eey FM. q ' 29°83 | 35°7 | 50°2 | 2gth | 22°5 | 23rd | 2°67| 19 | 0°70) 3rst
pa | Masuam, Yorks, (269 ft.) 2} __ £9 x 1 ai ae ‘ :
Wi PN GAarter 3. cece aoe aN 2°25 | 22 | 0°49 | 28th
H | Maes Juscrion (135%) |p| g520| 9'00] anth [oroo| aard | u6| x9 fxer| 28th
ARNCLIFFE, WHARFEDALE )} __ : ; :
J | (7s0ft.)Rev. W. Boyd, D.D. | SBT 495 sli 2B ER 9 | 25 | i Sees eee ORO ee
Be ey Dory BRS. ¢ | 29°84 | 423. | 523 | 29th | 223) |e aoth” | e5u|/x3))arzs |-aeth
7 | DALTON, HUDDERSFIELD.. ) ae : :
is J WetNObson eae 19 ier Ay. i, aia a 258 zai Az Omi | Gxotn
NEW. ee ; 29°84 | 37°90 | 53°00] 20th |27'00) 23rd | 1°56] 13 | 0°42] x1th
; GH fle ieecrere 5 ‘ : é 2 Ke
*<Allan Rowntree, FMS. | 29°86] 37°9 |53°3 | ath |s0% | 23rd aro] — fo'3s] rath
Sea (roo ft.) ae AS tei 23'00| rath 1°98 | 14 | 0°36 zoth
AEACTCOSOL ctelonevevehavetesevsl tore t
York Museum (—) ......) : . k a ; ‘ ais
he Curator sere eke f | 29°87 | 36°60 | 54’00 29th 24°00] 5th 1°56 | 18 | 0°25 oat

BARNSLEY (350ft.) ........ )
M. T. Sadler, M.D.

ives — | 54/0 29th 24°0, | 22nd | 1'29| 17 |0°33| 28th
Hutt, DERRINGHAM (10ft.)

Wimlawtoniy: csp 2.6 S (30°04 36'9 |53°0 | 29th | 220 | 22nd | x71 | 19 | 020} 30th
aN eee () eee sievfete v 29°85 37°50 49 ‘00 ! a f 26'00 13th 1°36 76 |o-21 oth
oun rae (111 Les) ee oe t 29°88 35°1 530 29th 23'0 2end 2°51 17 0°80 roth

EASTERN LOWLAND REGION :

Boston, LIncs. foes A ; ; : 4 ;
WE Wheeler MTCC E, f 29°86 | 35 70)|/54.C), |e 20thiz| 26/07) enlace) Go) ia

1G; H OUGH (—) ...... p ; : : d : :
Ry eenides Le 29/86) /30;10)|/o icon Zot Ain oo | { 2208 } ri0r |P18 H/o-38)| one

Wind mostly E. (Silloth, Newton Reigny, and Stonyhurst), S.W. (Silloth) and S.E. (Newton Reigny and
Moortown.

Gales noted 7th and 8th, roth and rrth, 28th, and: azst.

Snow fell on the rath, 13th, and 14th, in slight amount.

Bright Sunshine.—10'6 h, on 8 days was measured at Derringham, near Hull, and 10'7 h. at Stonyhurst ;
so h. 54 m. at Newton Reigny, and 28 h. 2m. at Silloth. i
The roth and 2zoth were very dark and gloomy, gas required all day (Derringham).

Hees denne atin zx Sun, 85°5° on 16th at Silloth, 77°8 on 30th at Newton Reigny, and 718° on 27th
at Stonyhurst. 4

Magnetic Phenomena.—At Silloth a long narrow belt of light was observed at 21 h. on the 22nd, rising near
the horizon in E.N.E., and extending beyond the zenith: no other appearance of auroraatthe time.

Lightning on the 31st (Stonyhurst). ‘Naturalist,

Ln Preparation.
A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca
of the British Fauna.

The work is intended to be full, detailed, and exhaustive, and adequately
illustrative of Variation, Development, and Geographical Distribution.

Co-operation is invited from all interested, and any information or specimens
{the common species of every district are particularly desired) will be welcomed
and carefully acknowledged. The Authors may be addressed—c/o Mr. JOHN W.
TAYLOR, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds.

Information is at present specially required on the Slugs ( Zestacella, Limax, and
Arion), of which living specimens from every district are desired.

Now ready, 8vv, cloth, price 6/- post free.

LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA,

By G.. 1. PORRETT, F.ES.
The list contains copious records of the localities, &c., of the 1,340 species of
macro- and micro-lepidoptera known to inhabit the county; particulars of local

variation in species; with all other necessary information connected with the
subject.

To be had only from the Hon. Secretaries of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
WM. DENISON ROEBUCK,
Sunny Bank, Leeds;
WM. EAGLE CLARKE,
Torquay Terrace, Headingley, Leeds.

Pee YOUNG NATURALIST.

A Monthly Magazine of Natural History, conducted by JoHN E. Rosson,
Hartlepool, with the assistance in various departments of—

G. C. BIGNELL, Plymouth. C. S. GREGSON, Liverpool.

G. COVERDALE, London. S. L. MOSLEY, Huddersfield.

Dr. ELLIS, Liverpool. JOHN SANG, Darlington.

G. ELISHA, London. J. P. SOUTTER, Bishop Auckland.

Price Six Shillings per annum, post free.

Monthly Supplements are given, intended to form when complete separate manuals of the
various groups treated upon. There is also being issued at present a List of British Lepidoptera
for labelling collections, after the arrangement of the late Henry Doubleday, with all the
latest corrections and additions.

All orders and other communications to be addressed to JOHN E. ROBSON, Hartlepool,

THE INSECT HUNTER’S COMPANION,
By the Rev. JOSEPH GREEN, M.A.

Being instructions for Collecting, Rearing, Setting, and Preserving Butterflies and
Moths, Beetles, Bees, Flies, and other Insects.

THIRD EDITION. REVISED AND EXTENDED BY A. B. FARN,
The Chapter on Coleoptera, by Edward Newman.

CONTENTS.—How to obtain the Egg by searching: boxing female moths ;
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Price 4s. per annum.
Leeps: TAYLOR BROTHERS, The Steam Colour Printing Works.

VOLS> LT, ctl... & TT. MAY > S2EEE BE eae

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Confenfs:

The Reproduction of the Eel—T7%omas Southwell, F.Z.S., &¢. ze 5 .. 217 se

Bibliography of 1884 (Part II., Birps, continued) .. a Ee ae a ..223 tO 227

The Oolites of the Cave District—Alfred Harker, B.A., F.G.S. ee des ..229 tO 232

Coleoptera of the Liverpool District—(Part V., CLAVICORNIA) 5% 5 Be os 237
Fohn W. Ellis, L.R.C.P., &c.

Mammalian Notes :— .. 228

Sperm Whale stranded at Grimsby in 1563—¥. Hopkin and Thos. Southwell, F.Z.S.;
Badgers and Red Deer in Upper Wensleydale—F. Arnold Lees; Badgers in Nidderdale
—Wm. Storey; Badgers at North Stainley, near Ripen—fev. R. A. Summerfield ;
Black Rat at West Hartlepool—R. Morton Middleton, jun., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &¢.

Conchological Note :— A “A on aS
Mollusca at Anston Stones—Edgar Pickard.

Cryptogamic Notes :— ae se ms Me are ae Bes = ae is at
Surirella elegans, etc., in West Yorkshire—Zdm. Grove, F.R.M.S.; Habitats of Fresh-
water Alozw—Wm. West.
Book Notices :— ye a5 a = AS es ef BS Bs Ny ..233 to
Ornithology—Prof. Alfred Newton, F.R.S.; Flora of the English Lake District—
._ F. Gilbert Baker, F.R.S.
Notes and News

Meteorological Returns for February !885—(Edited by Geo. Paul, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S.)..

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217

THE REPRODUCTION OF THE EEL.

By THOMAS SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S.,
Norwich; Member of the British Ornithologists Union; Author of ‘ The Seals
aud Whales of the British Seas.

UNDER the above title a translation of a most instructive paper by
Dr. Jacoby (‘ Die Aalfrage.’ By Dr. L. Jacoby. Translated by Her-
man Jacobson from ‘Der Fischfang in der Lagune von Comacchio
nebst einer Darstellung der Aalfrage’) on the reproduction of
the eel, appears in the Seventh Report of the ‘United States
Commission on Fish and Fisheries.’ As these reports, although
most liberally distributed by the United States Government, may not
be accessible to a large number of the readers of this journal, a
summary of Dr. Jacoby’s important contribution to that vexed question,
the life history of the eel, may be acceptable.

Perhaps no single point in the whole wide field of natural
science has given rise to more discussion or has more exercised the
minds of the leading naturalists for many centuries past, than the repro-
duction of the eel. Aristotle, whose original observations, made four
centuries before Christ, formed the mine from which for many
generations all subsequent natural history not purely imaginary was
quarried, must have approached very near to the great discovery of
the sexual organ of the female fresh-water eel, for by actual
experiment he detected the ovaries of the Conger; nevertheless,
failing to recognise the very similar organ in the former species, he
confidently asserted that it was not produced by ordinary generation,
but spontaneously, from mud and moist soil. Doubtless the weight
of Aristotle’s authority was such that his assertion long remained
unquestioned, and when men’s minds again reverted to the subject
the most absurd conjectures and assertions were plentifully abundant,
but practical research was not the method then in vogue. Some of these
absurd theories, which even now are not quite extinct, will be briefly
referred to farther on; suffice it to say that till the year 1777 they had
to do duty for the truth, and even now so much remains to be
discovered that, as has been well said, ‘to a person not acquainted
with the circumstances of the case it must seem astonishing, and it
certainly is somewhat humiliating to men of science, that a fish
which is commoner in many parts of the world than any other fish,
the herring perhaps excepted, which is daily seen in the market and
on the table, has been able, in spite of the powerful aid of modern
science, to shroud the manner of its propagation, its birth, and its
death, in darkness, which even to the present day has not been
completely dispelled.’

May 188s. L

218 SOUTHWELL: REPRODUCTION OF THE EEL.

What we know for certain of the economy of the eel is that in the
autumn months great numbers of these fish run down to the sea fer
the purpose, it is presumed, of propagating their species; but at what
age or under what conditions this migration takes place is uncertain.
Nor does it appear that this desire to visit the salt-water is even
universal, some individuals remaining inhabitants of the fresh-water
for an indefinite period ; these are believed to be barren females, but
whether their productiveness is only arrested, or their unproductiveness
permanent is not known. Should circumstances prevent the eels from
going down to the sea they appear restless for a season, but it has never
been ascertained that they breed in fresh-water. After leaving the
fresh-water, the future proceedings of the eels are shrouded in mystery,
but from the fact of immense quantities of young eels ascending the
rivers in the spring, it is naturally inferred that they spawn somewhere
in the salt-water; and as the mature eels are never seen returning up
stream, the inference is that they perish after having deposited their
spawn. <A female eel with fully developed spawn has never yet been
seen, and until quite recently, as will be seen, the male of the species
was altogether unknown. That the mystery which shrouds the
reproduction of the eel was fully appreciated by the ancient Greeks
is evident from the jocose remark made by several of their poets, to
the effect that since all children whose paternity was doubtful were
ascribed to Jupiter, he must be considered as the progenitor of the
eels also; be that as it may, from that time till the present day the
‘Eel Question’ has in some respects remained an unsolved problem.
The theories with regard to the reproduction of the eel have been as
numerous as they were strange; as has been already said, Aristotle
taught that they were evolved direct from the watery mud; more
recently Gesner was of the same opinion, but also admits copulation ;
others, led astray by the presence of intestinal worms, asserted that
the young eels were produced alive, and this has been firmly believed
by many from the days of Albertus Magnus to the present time;
others again believed that eels were produced, not from e¢e/s, but from
certain other fish (and even insects), an opinion which also holds its
own in many places till the present day. Although Franz Redi and
C. F. Paullini both in the 17th century expressed opinions that the
procreation of the eel differed in no respect from that of other fishes,
still, they did not speak from personal observation, and it was not till the
year 1777 that the female generative organs of the eel were at length
really discovered and described by Carlo Mondinj of Bologna.
Mondinr’s discovery, although independent!y confirmed shortly after
by O. F. Miller, was denied by the famous anatomist Spallanzani;
and it was not till 1850 that the question was definitely settled

Naturalist,

SOUTHWELL: REPRODUCTION OF THE EEL. © 219

by Rathke, who in that year published an article in ‘ Miiller’s Archiv’
on a female eel examined by him, ‘the first and only specimen of a
pregnant eel which so far had been seen by a naturalist.’ Dr.
Jacoby thus describes the ovaria of the eel which had been the
subject of so much controversy and which it had taken so many
centuries to discover, but which may be readily detected by following
his instructions.

‘If an eel be opened along its lower side from the breast to a
point behind the anus, there is seen besides the entrails and stomach,
and underneath the back part of the liver, the long swimming-bladder,
growing narrower towards both ends, and extending on one side as
far as the diaphragm, and on the other a little distance beyond the
anal opening. Along both sides of the swim-bladder there extends
a white or yellowish band, tolerably broad and shaped exactly like a
frill, whose inner edge is attached to the swim-bladder by a narrow
skin, a duplicature of the inner skin of the abdomen, but whose
outer edge hangs down free in the abdominal cavity. Each of these
frill-like bands extends forward to the fore part of the liver, passes
along the whole abdominal cavity, and ends a little distance back of
the anal opening, with which, however, it is in nowise connected.
In these bands, which contain a great deal of fat, numberless eggs are
embedded. By tearing a little piece of this band with a pin and
carefully wiping off the small drops of fat, one can recognise the eggs
with the naked eye as very small white dots. The microscope, however,
will distinctly reveal their form and inner construction. . . . The
fact that it took several centuries of eager search to discover these
Ovaria is, to some extent at least, explained by the circumstance that
up to the present day all attempts to discover larger and more
developed eel-eggs have: proved futile. It is well known that there
were no good microscopes till about thirty years ago. Even the eel
which was examined by Rathke, the only pregnant eel which has
been found, although its distended ovaria filled the whole abdominal
cavity, contained only very small eggs, the largest measuring
o.1 millimetre in diameter. Larger eel-eggs, on the point of cutting
loose from the ovaria and turning to young eels, have still to be
discovered.’

Hitherto reference has only been made to the ovaria of the eel, but
the history of the researches for the male organs of this singular fish —
are not less interesting, although very recent. It was not till the year
1842 that any decided opinion as to the sexual organ of the male eel
appeared ; in that year Hohnbaum-Hornschuch, in a dissertation on
the sex and generation of the eel, came to the conclusion that the eel
was hermaphrodite. In 1871 three celebrated anatomists,—first
May 1885.

220 SOUTHWELL: REPRODUCTION OF THE EEL.

Ercolani, and afterwards Crivelli and Maggi jointly,—also led astray
by the same appearance which deceived Hohnbaum-Hornschuch, all
likewise declared the eel to be hermaphrodite. The cause of their
error was, that in addition to the frill-like ovaria already described in
the female eel, there will be found running alongside of each of the
two ovaria, and extending through the abdominal cavity, an irregular
band of fat, with many points, developed more on one side than on
the other ; this, which is merely ‘a fold of the inner skin of the
abdomen,’ the anatomists before referred to mistook for the male
organ of the eel, and as these folds are invariably found in all eels
having an ovarium they must necessarily, had this view been the
correct one, have been complete hermaphrodites. Even so late as
April 1874, Prof. Minter of Greifswald, after having examined
3,000 eels, his researches extending over a period of several years,
and never having met with a male fish, finds himself compelled to
‘admit that eels are reproduced by parthenogenesis—v.e., from
non-fecundated eggs, as is the case with some insects.’ It was not
till November 1873 that Dr. Syrski, then of Trieste, commenced his
investigations, which in the second eel he dissected were crowned
with success, and the long-debated problem of the sexual difference
in the eel was solved. But even then the matter was not perfectly
conclusive, owing to the absence of spermatozoids ; in September
1877, however, Dr. Jacoby obtained an eel with the male organs ina
more advanced stage of development, in which their inner con-
struction showed ‘tube-like ducts filled with cells, exhibiting an
unmistakable resemblance to the seminal cells of the testicles of other
fish’; and so the matter rests at the present time, for in no case has an
individual with fully developed organs of either sex been found. Syrski
describes the spermatic organs of the eel as situated like the ribbon-
shaped ovaries and consisting of two longitudinal rows, each of about
fifty lobules of the width, at most, of three millimetres; they will be
found ‘by carefully turning over and laying back the fatty folds’
which have been before spoken of as found in the female eel in
addition to the ribbon-shaped organ, but the lobe-shaped band
fastened to the backbone is often so narrow, and its substance so
glass-like and transparent, that when attached to its base it can only
be recognised with the naked eye when it is held in an oblique
direction towards the sun.

Dr. Jacoby, during a visit paid to the great Eel Fishery at
Comacchio, at the mouth of the Po, undertaken fpr the express
purpose of further studying the ‘ eel question,’ made some important
additions to the knowledge of the life history of the eel, and, amongst
other things, learned to distinguish the male from the female eels by

Naturalist,

SOUTHWELL: REPRODUCTION OF THE EEL. 272n0

their exterior appearance with a considerable degree of certainty. It
had not escaped the keen observation of Darwin that the male of
nearly all fish is smaller than the female, and Dr. Jacoby found that
the eel formed no exception to this rule, the female reaching a
considerably larger size than the male is known to attain. This
circumstance alone misled those who were searching for the male of
the eel, as it was thought that the larger the fish the greater would be
the probability of its organs being fully developed ; the large females
were thus actually selected, to the exclusion of the smaller males.
Dr. Jacoby also found that in the male eel the snout is more pointed;
the back dark green, almost black ; and the sides invariably show a
metallic glitter. The dorsal fin is also lower than in female eels of
corresponding size, and as a rule, although not invariably, the eyes
in the male are largest. Of the female eel he describes minutely two
varieties : first, the fully developed female, which migrates to the sea
in autumn, and which during its migration, like the male, takes no
food ; and secondly, the barren female, which ‘never migrates to the
sea, and feeds all the year round.’ The latter is probably the form
known in our fisheries as the broad-nosed eel or ‘ Gloat,’ which feeds
ravenously, but is never taken in the fixed nets, as it does not ‘run’;
the former is probably the ‘silver belly’ of our fishermen, which is
seldom or never taken by a bait, but on its passage to the sea is
intercepted by the fixed engines of the eel-fisher.

‘Drawing,’ as he says, ‘rational conclusions from our present
knowledge of the eel question,’ a brief summary only of which we
have been able for want of space to give, Dr. Jacoby arrives at the
following conclusions :—

(1) ‘Forthedevelopment of their organs of generation, eelsneed salt-
water. Ashas now been ascertained beyond a doubt, the eels leave the
rivers and brackish lakes when their organs of generation have scarely
begun to develop, and enter the sea that these organs may there reach
their full development. That this migration to the sea is undertaken
for the purpose of spawning is fully proved by the fact that in spring
the young eels come from the sea, and this view is further strengthened
by the circumstance that when the eels commence to migrate they
cease to eat, just like other fish do, during the spawning season.’

(2) ‘The development of the organs of generation takes place in
the sea, not near the coast, but farther out in deep water. Considering

the immature condition of the eels when they begin to migrate, the

development is exceedingly rapid. In a few (five or six) weeks they

reach maturity, according to the time when they enter the sea. Near
Comacchio the eels migrate from the beginning of October till the

end of December.’
May 1885. L 2

PLP Hf SOUTHWELL: REPRODUCTION OF THE EEL.

(3) ‘ The river eels have their settled spawning places in the sea.
These are mud banks, which the eels visit in large numbers for the
purpose of spawning. The young fry develop on these banks, and go
to the mouths of the rivers in the beginning of spring, about eight or
ten weeks after their birth.’

(4) ‘The old eels, both males and females, die soon after the
spawning season. The extraordinarily rapid development of their
organs of generation exhausts them to such a degree that they die
soon after having spawned. This is the reason why they are never
seen to return.’

The subsequent discovery by Dr. Otto Hermes of the mature
sexual organs in the male Conger tended to confirm the investigations
of Drs. Syrski and Jacoby. On the 2oth June, 1879, a Conger eel,
one of a number kept by Dr. Hermes in an aquarium, died, and was
examined by him on the same day; to his surprise he found its
sexual organs entirely different from those he had hitherto observed
in eels, and upon an incision being made in them a quantity of milky
fluid oozed out, which, upon being placed under the microscope and
magnified 450 times, showed a large number of live spermatozoids,
whose head and tail could easily be distinguished, and which moved
about in a very lively manner, thus fully establishing the fact that the
organs examined by him were those of the male fish.

The sexual organs in both male and female Congers are similarly
placed, and generally resemble those of the river eel, the chief
difference in that of the male Conger being that the lobes into which
it is divided are larger and less numerous in proportion than the
corresponding divisions in the same organ in the river eel; the male
of the Conger, also, like the same sex in the river eel, is found to be
considerably smaller than the adult female.

Such is the present state of our knowledge with regard to this, in
some points, still obscure question; the direction in which farther
investigation should be pursued, seeing how hopeless it appears to
follow the eel in its journey to the sea, would seem to be by bringing
the sea to the eel, and thus artificially producing the conditions under
which its spawn is believed to be matured. This might possibly be
accomplished by placing migrating eels in an aquarium and
judiciously substituting sea-water in lieu of that from the river. The
experiment is certainly worthy of a trial by those who have the
opportunity, and should it prove successful, the reproach that
modern science with all her aids and appliances has been unable to
clear away the mystery which surrounds the propagation of the eel
would speedily be removed.

Naturalist,

223

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:

Papers and records published during the year with respect
to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

PART II.—BIRDS.

(Continued from page 200.)

F. G. S. Rawson.
Birds near Halifax. Naturalist, June, ix. 194.
Dates of nesting and arrival of summer visitants, &c.
Lucy M. REYNOLDs.
Harrogate. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. 97. Yorkshire.

Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus], May 12th; Nightingale [Daulias luscinia]
singing from 8th to 26th.

MARIAN REYNOLDS.
Leeds. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, viii. 60.
Robin’s [ Zrzthacus rubecula] nest on the 30th of March.
Tom Rosson,
Late Nesting. Young Nat., September, v. 230. Durham.

Yellowhammers [Zyberiza citrinella] and Sparrows [Passer domesticus]
nesting to the third week of August.

ae RK. D: Romyn. Yorkshire.
Quail [ Coturizx communis] in Yorkshire. Field, October 11th, p. 499.

One shot at Nafferton, a few days before writing.
J. E. ROWNTREE.

York, Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, vill. 97.

Yorkshire.

Yorkshire.

Yorkshire.
Tit’s nest with nine eggs.
C. F. S[MiruH], Bolton Percy.
A Cumberland Marsh. Field, April 19th, p. 560. Cumberland.

Drigg Common, which lies about a mile from Drigg Station, on the
Furness Railway. The notes, which are lengthy and detailed, refer to the
Peewit [ Vanellus vulgaris], Curlew [ Numenius arquata]. Snipe [Lymnocriptes
celestis|, Kestrel [ 7imnunculus alaudartus), Raven [Corvus corax], Great
Blackbacked Gull [Laryws marinus], Cormorant [Phalacrocorax carbo],
Woodcock [Scolopax rusticula|. Buzzard [Buteo vulgaris], Blackheaded Gull
[Larus ridibundus|, Oyster-catcher [Hematopus ostralegus], Ring-dotterel
[4gialitis hiaticula], Common Tern [Sterna fluviatilis], Lesser Tern [Sterna
nuinuta|,and Sandwich Tern [Sterna cantzaca].

oe Et SALTER. Yorkshire.

Scarborough. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 15th and October 15th, viii. 80, 140.
Tawny Owl’s [Syrnzum aluco|nest, April 4th. Dippers [C7zzclas aguaticus],
April 1oth, and other bird-notes.
Ayton. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 15th, viii. 80.
Notes on the nesting of various birds.

HowArRD SAUNDERS. Cheshire, Cumberland. Derby, Durham, Lancashire,
Lincolnshire, Northumberland, Westmoreland, Yorkshire.
A History of British Birds (by the late Wm. Yarrell, fourth edition, edited by
H. Saunders). Parts xii—xxvi. Comprising the Limicole (in part), Gavie,
Tubinares, Pygopodes, Steganopodes, Herodiones (in part),
May 1885.

224 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

HOWARD. SAUNDERS. Yorkshire.
Puffinus griseus at Redcar, Yorkshire. P. Z. S., 1884, p. 150; Field,
March 8th, p. 340; Zool., April, p. 157.

A Dusky Shearwater—Pufinus griseus (Gm.)—shot off Redcar by T. H.
Nelson, was exhibited to the Zoological Society.

HENRY SEEBOHM. Cheshire, Cumberland, Derby, Durham, Lincolnshire,
Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire.
A History of British Birds. Part IV.

Comprises introduction to Vol. II., the families Cypselide, Caprimulgide,
Meropidz, Upupide, Alcedinidze, Picidze, Cuculide, Columbidz, Phasianide,
Pelargidze (Herons), Pallidze, Gruidz, and Otidide.

‘HENRY SEEBOHM. Yorkshire.
[On the occurrence of the American Kestrel (Falco sparvverius) near Helmsley,
N.E. Yorkshire.] P. Zool. S., 1884, p. 45.

[HENRY SEEBOHM.|] Derbyshire, Northumberland.
The Davis Lectures. Field, July 12th, p. 12; and Land and Water, same
date, p. 33.

The lecture on ‘ Birds’ Nests’ included descriptions of a trip to a Derbyshire
moor and to the Farne Islands. ;

HENRY H. SLATER. Northumberland.
The Ornithology of Riding Mill-on-Tyne and Neighbourhood. Zool., March,
pp- 92-106; April, pp. 142-3.

A full list, including 124 birds. The second paper supplements the first by

describing the district in which the observations were made.
Yorkshire.
Barred Warbler [.Sy/via z7zsorvta] in Yorkshire. Zool., Dec., pp. 489 and 493.
The same record as given in the Naturalist for November, p. 91.
JAMES SMAIL. Northumberland.
Herons and Border Heronries. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x. 330-334.

The Northumberland heronries, not counting isolated nests, are eight in
number, and are thus distributed: at Bolam-on-the-Wansbeck, 30 nests; at
Capheaton, a few nests only; at Sweethope, near the source of the Wansbeck
(number of nests not given); at Chillingham, many nests; at Unthank on
South Tyne, about 14 nests; at Harbottle on the Coquet, 20 nests; and at
Felton Park, on the same river, 17 nests many years ago.

C. C. SmitH (Skipton). Yorkshire.
Confidence of Redbreast [A7zthacus rubecula|. Nat. World, July, i. 119.

A sitting bird allowed itself to be touched with the hand.

The Tameness of Kestrel Hawk [7?znumnculus alaudarius|. Nat. World,
July, i. 119.

A female sitting, at Bradley, near Skipton, allowed itself to be lifted off its

nest with a stick and replaced.

E. SPINK.

Early Nesting. Nat. Hist. Journ., February 15th, viii. 18. Yorkshire.
Near Selby, a Robin [Z£7vthacus rubecula], January 18th.
JAMES STAMPER. Yorkshire ?

Curious Variety of the Lapwing [ Vanellus vulgaris]. Field, March Ist, p. 280.

The wings and upper part of the breast light brown or fawn colour, and the

back, head, and lower part of the breast cream colour. It was afterwards

shot and preserved.

W. STOREY. i Yorkshire.

Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus| near Leeds. Field, September 18th, p. 530.

One shot on Pateley Moor, September 1oth—its only occurrence in the
district. Editor quotes Clarke and Roebuck’s observations on the species.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS. 225

W. Storey. | Yorkshire.
The Stonechat [ Pratincola rubicola| in Nidderdale. Field, October 18th, p. 530.
One shot by Mr. E. E. Cass, at Backstone Gill, near Pateley Bridge, October
7th. Writer quotes Lucas’ Studies in Nidderdale—and Editorial note is
appended.
R. J. STREATFEILD. Yorkshire,
A Large Pheasant [Phasianus colchicus|. Field, November 22nd, p. 729.
A male killed at Rossington, near Bawtry, November 13th, weighing
5 lb. of 02.
F. R. SURTEES. Lincolnshire.
Derivation of the name Knot [77inga canutus]. Field, January 26th, p. 99.

‘There can be no reason, then, to doubt that, in Canute’s days, they
abounded in the fens of Cambridge, Lincoln, and Norfolk.’ [On migration and
in winter. ]

Me BME.
Geese Migrating. Sci. Goss., April, p. 74. Cheshire.
Wrenbury, Cheshire.
E. V. THOMPSON. Yorkshire.

Grey Phalarope [Phalaropus fulicarius| in Yorkshire. Zool., January, p. 31.

A mature bird, in full plumage, shot in Cayton Bay, near Scarborough,
December 6th, 1883.

RICHARD H. THOMPSON. Lancashire.
Surf Scoter [@demia perspicillata| on the Coast of Lancashire. Zool.,
January, p. 29.

A fine female Qdemza perspicillata shot December 9th, 1882, in the Ribble

estuary, off Lytham. Named by A. G. More.
[T. THompson]. Cumberland.
[Bird-notes]. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durh. and New., Vol. viii. p. 2.
A nest with the unusual number of ten eggs of the Sparrow-hawk [Accipiter
misus| taken near Gilsland, April 1878. In the spring of 1879 a pair of
Long-eared Owls [A520 otus| reared their young in the same nest.
JoHN E. TINKLER. Yorkshire.
Ornithological Notes from N.W. Yorkshire. Zool., April, pp. 131-139.

The notes, which refer to numerous species, given in systematic order, were
all made in Upper Swaledale and Arkengarthdale, with one or two casual
references to Wensleydale.

Notes from N.W. Yorkshire. Zool., May, p. 196.

Corrects his error as to the Common Gull (Larus canus) breeding in Arken-
garthdale, and states that the birds noted were probably Blackheaded Gulls
(Larus ridibundus),

H. B. TRISTRAM. Durham, Northumberland.
Address to the Members of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, :
April 15th, 1880. N. H. Trans. Northumb., Durham, & Newc., viii., 1-12.

Notices of birds observed at the field meetings of 1879—viz., at Rothbury,
Northumberland: at Holy Island and Bamborough; at Cornhill, Northum-
berland ; and at Blanchland and Benfieldside, Co. Durham.

JULIAN G. TUCK.
Lesser Black-backed Gull [Zarws fuscus] on the Yorkshire Coast. Zool., —
December, p. 485.
On the improbability of the species breeding, as suggested in Mr. T. Carter’s
note on egging on the Yorkshire coasts.

May 1885.

226 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: BIRDS.

R. TURNBULL. Northumberland.
Eider Duck [Somaterta mollisima]. Sci. Goss., June, p. 142.

One at the Farnes dropped an egg into the nest of a Lesser Black-backed
Gull (LZ. fuscus), and then took possession of and sat on the latter’s nest and
three eggs.

VARIOUS WRITERS. Mann, Cmbd., Westm., Nthmbd., Dhm., Yks., Lancs.,.
Chesh., Notts., Lincs.
The Naturalist (current volume, numbers for Aug.-Dec.) contains numerous
records which it will be unnecessary to cite here in detail.
CHARLES DE VIT.
Great Ayton. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, p. 97. Yorkshire.
Linnet’s [Zzz0ta cannabina] nest with three whzte eggs.

FREDERICK T. WALKER.
Birstwith, Harrogate. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, viii. 39.
Robin’s [Z77thacus rubeciula] nest and four eggs on the 29th January.

H. SNOWDON WARD.
Extinction of Species. Nat. World, June, i. 83-84. Yorkshire.

Passing note that in a secluded Yorkshire valley is a heronry where the
keeper is in constant dread of the ‘naturalists.’

Swallows [Hirundo rustica] in Church. Sci. Goss., August, p. I9I.
At Rylstone Church, Wharfedale, on the 6th July.

E.. W:, West and ‘Isis: Yorkshire.
Tufted Duck [Fuliewla cristata| Breeding in South Yorkshire. Field,
August 2nd, p. 153; August 9th, p. 219; and August 16th, p. 246.

On p. 153 E. W. West writes that three pairs hatched young on a secluded
island in one of the lakes in Wentworth Park, about a fortnight ago. Full
particulars given. ‘Ibis’ writes at p. 219 to say that the Ducks breeding at
Wentworth are introduced and preserved by Earl Fitzwilliam. E. W. West
writes at p. 246 that he is glad his note had elicited the fact of introduction.
The keepers could not tell him.

Derbyshire, Yorkshire.
Nesting of the Hawfinch [ Coccothraustes vulgaris| in North Yorkshire. Field,
August 30th, p. 300.

One or more pairs breed every year at Stoke Hall, near Chatsworth. Three
instances of nesting near Rotherham, one of them in 1883. Large flocks in
South Yorkshire every winter.

J. WHITAKER.
Scaup Duck [Fuligula marila| in Notts. Zool., February, p. 70. Notts.
One shot on Mansfield Reservoir, December Ist, 1883.
Common Buzzard [Luteo vulearis| in Nottinghamshire. Zool., Feb., p. 73.
One caught alive at Fountain Dale ; date not given.

Birds hovering over Dead Companions. Zool., April, p. 149. {
The writer enumerates several birds he has known to do it, instancing
particularly the Green Plover [ Vanellus vulgaris}.

Arrival of Summer Birds. Field, May 3rd, p. 597; and May toth, p. 651;
Land and Water, May 3rd, p. 415.
Dates of arrival at Mansfield, Notts., are given thus :—Chiffchaft [ PAy//os-
copus rufus| and Wheatear [Saxicola enanthe], April 2nd; Sand Martin,
[ Cotile riparia|, April 12th; Willow Wren [Pylloscopus trochilys|, April 14th;
Swallow [Hirundo rustica], April 15th; Blackcap [Sylvda atricapilla] April [
16th; Redstart [Rutzc7tlla phenicurus|, April 17th; Cuckoo [Cuculus canorus],
April 20th; Tree Pipit [Azthus trivialis|, April 22nd; Whinchat [Pratzncola
rubetra|, April 26th; Common Sandpiper [7777gordes hypoleucos| and Corn-

Naturalist,

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTE. 227

crake [Crex pratensis], April 29th; Sedge Warbler [ Acrocephalus phragmutis}
and Martin [Cheldon urbica], April 30th; and Whitethroat [Sylva curruca],
May 6th.

Varieties of Coal [Farus britannicus| and Long-tailed Tits [Acredzla rosea].
Land and Water, May roth, p. 439.

The variety (pied) of the Cole Tit was shot at Southwell, Notts.
Variety of the Sky Lark [A/auda arvensis]. Zool., June, p. 230.
In Nottinghamshire ; with some white wing-coverts and flight-feathers.
Song of the Tree Sparrow [/asser montanus|. Zool., June, p. 232.
Writer describes the song of a bird heard at Rainworth, Notts.
Montagu’s Harrier [ Circus cineraceus|in Nottinghamshire. Zool., Aug., p. 341.
First authentic record for the county. A young male trapped in the forest.
Curious Site for a Redstart’s [ Rutzczlla phenicurus| Nest [near Mansfield, Notts. }
Zool., August, p. 339.
In a wood, on the ground, under some dead leaves, with a run six inches
through the leaves to it.
Dotterel [Zudromias morinellus| in Nottinghamshire. Zool., Sep., p. 383.
Thirty seen (three shot) about three miles from Nottingham during the last
week of April.
Wood Sandpiper [ 7otanus glareola| in Nottinghamshire. Zool., November,
pp. 468-9.
One shot on the Mansfield Reservoir, first week of August. Other species
mentioned as seen.
White Wood Pigeon [Columba paliumbus| and other varieties [near Mansfield].
Zool., December, p. 487.

One nearly white seen on September 8th; also a white Sparrow [/asser
domesticus], a white Lark [Alauda arvensis], and a cream-coloured Wagtail
[? Motacilla lugubris|.

JOHN WRIGLEY. Lancashire.
Fulmar Petrel [7u/maraus elacial/s| near Liverpool. Field, Feb. 9th, p. 169.
An adult found exhausted on the shore at Formby, on the 14th January,
was kept alive by the captor.
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. Yorkshire.
Reports of Excursions. Naturalist, June, ix. 198-200; July, ix. 216-220;
Records and Obs. Rotherham Nat. Soc., No. 1 (July), pp. 7-9.

Field notes on the birds observed on the 8th May, at Roche Abbey ; and
on the 2nd June, at Sherburn-in-Elmete.

CON CHOLOGMCATD: NOI.

Mollusea at Anston Stones.—In the valley itself Pupa umbilicata and
Clausilia rugosa abound; also Cochlicopa lubrica; many of the latter are of the
var. veridula, and are to be found upon the crags and large stones among damp
moss, &c., and in the same situation Z. glaber.

I have also preserved specimens of V’. antivertigo (found near the stream),
Z. nitidulus, Z. purus, H. hispida, H. rotundata, and Planorbis albus. Ihave no
doubt many other species are to be found in abundance. Only a short distance
from Anston I have found V. mznutissima plentifully, near to Kiveton Park Rail-
way Station (M. S. & L. Railway). On leaving the station in the direction of
Anston the road winds up a steep hill; just at the brow of the hill there is an old
wall dividing the road from a small plantation, and among the grass at the root of
the wall I have found V. mznzwtissima in considerable numbers ; also H. aculeata
along with them. I mention the particular spot, as I have not been able to meet
with the former in any other district in the neighbourhood.—EpDGAR PICKARD,
Crow Hill, Mansfield, April 16th, 1885.

May 1885.

228

MAMMALIAN NOTES.

Sperm Whale stranded at Grimsby in 1563.—[We are indebted
to Mr. J. Hopkin, of Great Grimsby, for the following extract.—Eds. ]

Description of a large fish driven on shore at Great Grimsby im 1563.—
“In the monthe of Decembr 1563 was drevyn on y° shore at Grymsby in Lyncolne-

“shire a great & monsterus fysh being in length xix yerdes his tayle 15 fete brode
‘& the length of 6 yerdis betwene his 2 eyes he had in his 2 lowar_

‘Jawes 92 “tethe & none aboffe Euery tothe weyed 1 lb & I oz in the rofe of
‘his mouthe he had a harp with a string naturally his heygth could not be then
“desernyd for that he lay so depe in the sande there might walke in a ranck 3 men
‘betwen rib & rib & robrt pinder habdasshr affermyd that he w® other men did
‘see 12 men stand in the mouthe of here to saue the oyle that she had & the
‘toke out of her hed more than 2 tonne of oyle There was 14 dayes before the
‘comyng of the sayde pinder 30 men workyng about her & were not into ye rib of
“her The townsemen of Grymsby did off 200£ for the oyle that was in her.’—
From a Book in 4to, consisting of fragments & loose papers, &c., Harl. MSS.
Brit. Mus. In the manuscript the ‘2’ before ‘lowar’ was inserted above the line,
and the hiatus shown above between ‘ lowar’ and ‘ Jawes’ was occupied by a word
or words which appeared something like ‘ oljaytor.’

[The creature being evidently a Whale, we submitted the extract to Mr. Thos.
Southwell, F.Z.S., of Norwich, well known as an authority on the cetacea, and he
has favoured us with the following remarks.—Eds. ]

The above extract evidently refers to a full-grown Sperm Whale (PiAyseter
macrocephalus L.), and is interesting as being, so far as I have been able to ascertain,
the first recorded specimen of this species on the British coast, although one—the
skull of which is preserved in the Church of Great Yarmouth in the form of a chair,
and for the painting of which 8s. is charged in the churchwardens’ accounts in the
year 1606—must have been taken within probably a few years of it. In 1577 three
whales of this species were taken in the Scheldt, and from that time to 1646 many
records of the stranding of others exist, from the Mediterranean to the coast of
Scotland. They were generally solitary, but occasionally in small ‘schools,’ the
former probably being old males, and the latter females. In recent times, however,
this species has been a very rare visitant so far north, the last instance, I believe,
being in July 1871, when one was stranded on the shore of the Isle of Skye.—
T. SOUTHWELL, Norwich, April 15th, 1885.

Badgers and Red Deer in Upper Wensleydale.—The two
Badgers (Meles taxus) let off months ago in Clough Wood, Fossdale, by Lord
Wharncliffe, are there still, and were seen last week. [One of these was no doubt
the specimen recorded in the Waturalist for September 1884, p. 34.] Two or
three weeks ago there was a (semi-wild, I suppose) Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) on
Stags Fell, ranging about the high moorland of Shunnor Fell and over into
Fossdale. Query, was this a stray animal from Martindale Moors ?—F. ARNOLD
LEES, Hawes, Wensleydale, February 2nd, 1885.

Badgers in Nidderdale.—Since recording the last occurrence of the
Badger (AZeles taxus) in Nidderdale in the April Vaturalist, 1 have learnt that
a female was taken alive by Mr. Charlton of this place in 1849, which weighed
23 lbs.—W. STOREY, Pateley Bridge, April 10th, 1885.

Badgers at North Stainley, near Ripon.—I see a notice in the
Naturalist for February, of a Badger having been taken in a fox earth, at
Slenningford in this parish, in December 1883. You will, perhaps, like to know
that there was a second one captured here that same winter, in a steel rabbit
trap. set in a hedge in a farm, some distance from any covers. The latter one is
a splendid specimen, and has been stuffed.—R. A. SUMMERFIELD, North Stainley
Vicarage, Ripon, February 23rd, 1885.

Black Rat at West Hartlepool.—a Black Rat was cero 3 in Messrs.
E. Whitley & Co.’s shipyard, West Hartlepocl, on the 9th of March, 1885, and
forwarded to the Clifton Zoological Gardens.—R. MORTON MIDDLETON, JUN.,
Hudworth Cottage, Castle Eden, Co. Durham, April 16th, 18385.

Naturalist,

229

THE OOLITES OF THE CAVE DISTRICT.

By ALFRED HARKER, B.A., F.G.S.,
Of St. Fohn's College and the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

THE strip of Oolitic rocks lying on the western side of the Yorkshire
Wolds is deserving of more notice from geologists than it has yet
received, forming, as it does, a connecting link between the dissimilar
areas of Lincolnshire and North-East Yorkshire. The whole district
indeed possesses considerable interest from its comprising a great
range of formations in a small compass. A traverse three miles in
length may be made from the Trias to the Chalk, embracing Lower,
Middle, and Upper Lias, Lower, Middle, and Upper Oolites, and
Neocomian.

The Jurassic strata strike N.N.W. from the Humber in the
neighbourhood of Brough to near Market Weighton, a distance of
about ten miles. They dip easterly under the Chalk of the Wolds, at
the base of which. occur -a few feet of red and yellow, marly and
nodular Chalk, as at Speeton, Hunstanton, &c. The unconformity
below the Chalk is well marked in this district, for at Welton and
Brantingham dales that formation overlies clays probably of Neoco-
mian age (the equivalent of the Speeton Clay), while northward it
gradually creeps over older strata, until at Goodmanham, near Market
Weighton, the Red Chalk, with its characteristic fossils in abundance,
rests upon the Lower Lias. Westward the Middle and Lower Lias
form low escarpments overlooking the Triassic plain, as at North
Cliff, where a fine exposure shows beds with Zzma givantea, Modiola
minima, &c., belonging to a lower horizon than any exposed on the
coast. ‘The Liassic beds of this district have been fully described by
Messrs. Tate and Blake, but the Oolitic rocks seen between them
and the Wolds have received but little remark, not being noticed in
Mr. Hudleston’s otherwise exhaustive papers on the ‘ Yorkshire
Oolites.’

The strike of the beds is uniform, but owing to their low angle of
dip their outcrops are thrown into sharp bends to the East by the
little valleys at North Cave, Newbald, and Sancton. It is worthy of
note that each of these valleys is coincident with a line of faulting:

the faults are at right angles with the strike, and of inconsiderable

throw.

The Lower Oolites are represented chiefly by ‘roestones’ or
impure Oolitic limestones with some beds of sand (as at Ellerker, &c.).
The Oolite is often flaggy, but sometimes thick-bedded and suitable
for building purposes: in some places it is hard enough to take a
polish. Itis generally yellowish-brown in colour, owing to weathering,
May 1885.

230 HARKER: OOLITES OF CAVE DISTRICT.

but the more thick-bedded portions are blue-hearted. The greater
part of the series is poor in fossils, but yields a few Zrzgonia
conjungens, Lima, &c., with the ‘millepore’ or Cricopora straminea of
Phillips: these serve to connect the beds with the Millepore Oolite
of the Coast and the Howardian Hills, which is found to thicken in
this direction. In a quarry a little north of Brough, however, there
occurs, apparently low down in the series, a very fossiliferous horizon.
Here are found the little spiny Rhyzconella Crossit (Walker), Pinna
cuneata, Myacites decurtatus, Pecten demissus and lens, curiously crushed
specimens of Cardinia and TZerebratula, and many other fossils.
A small costate Z7zgonza occurs in the lowest bed here exposed.
I was fortunate enough also to discover a fine Hybodus tooth. We
have here a link between the Yorkshire Lower Oolites and the
‘Lincolnshire Limestone.’ Rhynconella CrossiZ occurs at Appleby in
the latter county.

The most important member of the Middle Oole is the Kello-
way Rock, which reaches a thickness of more than forty feet, and in
its hard upper beds forms a feature at the surface. Lithologically as
well as palzontologically it bears a fairly close resemblance to the
corresponding strata in Newtondale and Cayton Bay. The best
section is in the ‘Town Quarry’ at North Newbald. At the base are
about fifteen feet of loose reddish sand, with fossils abundant
but badly preserved: Avicula ineguivalvis and Braamburiensts,
Goniomya literata, Pholadomya obsoleta, and. Pecten fibrosus are
characteristic. Above this comes soft, homogeneous, micaceous,
white sandstone to the thickness of twenty feet, without fossils,
except for fragments of wood and a band in the middle, crowded with
Belemnites. At the top come red-brown sands, more or less consoli-
dated by ferruginous and calcareous cement, about five or six feet
being seen. These contain a great variety of fossils, among which

may be mentioned Gryphea bilobata (very abundant), Ammonttes

Kenigt, sublevis, duncani, gowertanus and cordatus, Belemnites
owenu, finna mitis, Trigonia rupellensis (2), Modtola cuneata,
A starte(a small species), and Waldheimia ornithocephala. Rhynconella
soctalis, both flat and convex forms, is very common both here and in
the lower sands. The preponderance of lamellibranchs in the lower
part and cephalopods in the upper is in accordance with what is seen
in the Cayton Bay and Scarborough sections.

A peculiarity of the Kelloway Rock is the occurrence of very
large hard concretions, which sometimes assume regular forms,
spheroidal and cylindrical, and are locally known as ‘eddystones’;
some are more than three feet in diameter. The rock is seen in

Naturalist,

HARKER: OOLITES OF CAVE DISTRICT. 231

several places along its line of outcrop; only the white barren sands
are visible at Sancton Church, while the highest fossiliferous bed is
well exposed just south of South Cave. A fine section of the whole
was laid bare during the works for the Hull and Barnsley Railway
two yearsago. The cuttings of this railway afforded exposures of most
of the Jurassic rocks of the neighbourhood: they are since mostly
grassed over, but a description by Messrs. W. Keeping and

_ Middlemiss was given in the ‘Geological Magazine’ for May 1883.

The Kelloway Rock is probably the source of much of the sand
in the local drift: the red colour of the rock is due to an external
coating of ferruginous colouring matter on each grain; the colour
was found to be completely bleached by dilute hydrochloric acid.

The formation in question thins out to the north and west of
Sancton, apparently owing to an overlap, which thus obscures the
normal relation of the rock to the underlying strata ; but although no
equivalent of the ‘Avicula-shales’ has been proved, the fact that the
base of the sands at Sancton, Newbald, and Drewton cutting
becomes argillaceous downwards is another point of similarity with
the Coast sections.

The Kelloway Rock is abruptly overlain by a tenacious blue clay,
of which about twelve feet were seen in the railway cutting, the top
not being shown. A few Gryphea dilatata occur, and at the base
abundance of Gelemnztes owentz, with crystals of selenite and irony
concretions. This is the Oxford Clay, and the interesting feature
about it is its lithological resemblance to the corresponding strata at.
St. Ives, &c., in contrast to the grey, sandy, crumbling shales which
represent the formation in North-East Yorkshire.

There is no evidence of any members of the Corallian series
occurring in the Cave district, although pebbles of Coralline Oolite,
with Chemmztzia, &c., are found in the local drift about South Cave
and Brough. The Kimmeridge Clay occurs, but, like the Oxford and
Upper Lias Clays, it makes no show at the surface, and is difficult
to detect. There is no doubt, however, that some of the black
shaley clay underlying the Chalk of the Wolds is referable to the
Kimmeridge series, and Ostrea deltotdea has been found near

-Elloughton and Brantingham. The clay exposed in the railway

cutting at Weedley seems by its aspect and the Belemnites it yields
to belong to the Neocomian, a formation much more widely developed
on the west side of the Wolds than is generally recognised. The
impervious nature of the clay causes it to ‘throw out’ the water
which soaks through the overlying chalk, so that the outcrop of the
Red Chalk is marked all round the outer edge of the Wolds by a
May 1885.

232 CRYPTOGAMIC NOTES.

line of springs; as, for instance, at the entrance to Welton Dale, at
Brantingham, Drewton, Newbald, Burdale, Wharram, &c.

The Cave district contains many other places of geological interest.
At the head of Drewton Vale is St. Austin’s Stone, a great mass of
brecciated flint weathered out from the Chalk, like the ‘ Fairy Stones’
of Burdale. At Bielbecks is the lacustrine deposit which many years
ago yielded tusks and bones of the Mammoth, Rhinoceros, Hyena,
&c., with many species of modern shells. The drift deposits, too,
are worthy of attention, consisting for the most part of sand and
gravel of local origin, and probably of Post-glacial age. In some
places large masses of drift seem to have been directly derived, almost
without disintegration, from the neighbouring strata: such are the
patches of re-arranged Lower Lias about Cave, with great profusion
of Gryphea tncurva, which shell is sometimes used for road-metal.
The pebbles in the gravels are often scratched, as if by friction against
one another.

CRVPRTOGAMIC NOLES:

Surirella elegans, etc., in West Yorkshire.—Diatomists may be
interested in hearing of a Yorkshire habitat for Suzzrella elegans Ehr. I found it
in abundance in a gathering made by my friend, Mr. G. Sturt, F.R.M.S., from the
surface of stones in the little river Skell, near Fountains Abbey, in September last.

This fine species isnot named by W. Smith in his Synopsis of British Diatomacee,
and has hitherto been rarely found in a living state in Britain, though it occurs in
Lough Mourne and other diatomaceous deposits in Ireland and Scotland. Mr.
Kitton tells me he has had it from two localities only, in a recent state, and Dr.
Stolterfoth has found it also recent in N. Wales. The above is the only place in
which I have met with it.

The same gathering, which comprised about 70 species, included Mavicula
reinharati Grun., and JV. trochus (Ehr. ?) Greg., both new to me as occurring in a
living state in England.—E. GROVE, Saltburn, April Ist, 1885.

Habitats of Freshwater Algsee.—We should have been glad if the
distribution (as far as it is known in this comparatively neglected group) had been
better indicated in Dr. Cooke’s ‘ British Freshwater Algee’; for instance, such
species as Spheroplea annulina and others which some of us did not previously
know as ‘ British,’ might have been localised. We should also have liked to have
seen some of the habitats well defined, a most useful thing to workers, and which
is well appreciated in such works as Schimper's ‘ IZuscorum Europeorum. Botry-
dina vulgaris we oftenest find on the leaves and stems of alpine and sub-alpine
mosses; in fact, on those species which delight in mists. Szvogorzwm sticticum
we usually find in those stveamy pools which are we// aerated, and in which several
species of Vaucheria also delight. ‘ Britain’ is often used as a locality ; it seems
to us a somewhat vague term, fora species thus indicated might possibly have never
been seen below an elevation of 2000 feet or above an elevation of 50 feet.
“Ditches and ponds’ is the habitat to Cylindrospermum macrospermum ; shady
places in gardens might be added, as we have generally found it in such places.
Rivularia calcarea has its habitat defined as ‘on rocks and stones in streams’; we
should be glad to learn if it occurs on any other formation than limestone or chalk ;
it is abundant in the beds of some of our upland streams which are highly charged
with carbonate of lime, as in Gordale, W. Yorkshire, at 1200 feet. Letalonema
alatum and Scytonema myochrous have always been found by us on dripping
perpendicular limestone rocks.—W. WEST, Bradford.

Naturalist,

233.

POOL ANNO UME LS:

Ornithology.—By Alfred Newton, M.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.L.S., Professor
of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge.
Reprinted from the ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica’ [Ninth edition, vol. xviii.,
pp- 1-50] by special permission. For private circulation.

In this most admirable and concise article Professor Newton deals with the
more scientific side of ornithology, in the vast literature of which there is ‘much
that does not enter into the domain of science,’ since it ranges from the ‘ recondite
and laborious investigations of the morphologist and anatomist to’ the casual obser-
vations of the sportsman and the schoolboy.’

In order to give some idea of the amount of information so marvellously
epitomised in the fifty pages before us, we may say that their contents fall under
three headings.

I. A chronological notice of the chief ornithologists from Aristotle to the
present time, with particulars of the more important of their works. This section
includes notices on the labours of more than a hundred naturalists.

II. A survey of the works bearing on the faunal aspect of the science, with an
enumeration of the principal works on the avifauna of all countries.

III. A review of the work of the more advanced school of ornithologists in
the important question of classification, which may be said to have been initiated
by Nitzsch in 1806. This section comprises a sketch of and remarks on all the
various systems which have been promulgated.

The article bears ail the evidence of being the production of a master in the
science, and, like all Professor Newton’s writings, it is written with enviable con-
ciseness, combined with facility of expression and explanation, and doubtless,
too, with a care that ensures freedom from error—a characteristic which renders
him a most worthy example for all who would engage in scientific literary work.

We regret one thing, however, and that is that the Professor has not given us
a sketch of his own ideas on the classification of this difficult class. This we con-
sider was a great desideratum, and would have been highly valued. In the con-
cluding portion of the article, nevertheless, we have his opinions on the relationship:
and true position of various groups, which cannot fail not only to be of deep interest,
but also to have much weight with future systematists.—W. E. C.

A Flora of the English Lake District.— By J. Gilbert Baker,
F.R.S., F.L.S. Demy 8vo, pp. 262. London: Geo. Bell and Sons, 1885. 6s.

We have little but praise to accord to this the latest of British local floras.
A paragraph of general praise is, ordinarily, a poor compliment to pay to a book such
as this—which must have been in more than the usual degree a Jabour of love ;
but where the author is faczle primceps at the work, and the result such as to be
well-nigh beyond cavil, what zs a reviewer to say? ‘The flora would be found
somewhat of a ‘skeleton’ one by residents or others very well acquainted with the
region of which it treats—that is to say, it is more sketchy and less exhaustive
than the author’s ‘ North Yorkshire,’ or even his Durham flora, and the masterly
analysis and generalisation there found are here missed; but the facts at command
have been marshalled in a telling and lucid manner; and, it goes without saying,.
with the rare discrimination of wide experience.

The region treated of is defined as ‘a mountainous tract with a distinct physical
individuality of its own, and with a distinct botanical individuality also, both in
respect of the plants that are present and those that are rare or absent,’ this district
of Lakeland embracing parts of three counties: roughly, the south-western half of
Cumberland, the western half of Westmoreland, and that portion of Lancashire
detached from the main body of its county by the Morecambe estuary of the river
Kent ; the plants common to all, or confined to some of these comital areas, being
indicated in the enumeration of the 893 species accepted ; that number being con-
trasted, as to distribution of the Watsonian Types, with 935 accepted for Northum-
berland with Durham, and 992 for ‘North Yorkshire,’ with the result that,
reckoning 532 species as sexera/ for Britain as a whole (out of 1425) 606 southern
and 238 northern, practically all of the 532 are present in Lakeland, 231 (little
more than a third) of the southern, and 125 (or more than half) of the northern:
very much indeed what one would have expected. It seems a pity that the area

May 1885.

234 BOOK NOTICES.

‘was not made to take in the great Triassic Carlisle plain and the eastern slope
(west Pennine face) of the vale of the Eden, since Vzo/a arenaria and some other
plants are thereby excluded, and plant stations which are connecting links in the
chain of distribution between the Cumbrian and the Yorkshire hills remain of
necessity unindicated. True, these were dealt with in a paper by the same author
‘On the Dispersion of Montane Plants over the North of England,’ in the /oural
of Botany for 1871; and, probably, a trustworthy tourist’s flora of ‘the Lakes,’
albeit awkwardly situated in conterminous parts of three counties, was more likely
(from a publisher's point of view) to command a remunerative sale than a county
flora upon strictly scientific lines.

We are told (p. 5) that ‘one of the principal characteristics of the Lake district,’
climato-botanically, ‘is that, broadly speaking, cultivation does not reach up to the
top of the super-agrarian, but only to the top of the mid-agrarian zone (z.é., only
to goo feet alt.), and that consequently at the Lakes the highest localities of a
crowd of plants that follow in the footsteps of man are a whole zone or half a zone
below their proper climatic limits, and the super-agrarian flora at the Lakes is
materially smaller than in the eastern counties.’ The foregoing, with the additional
‘statements that the average annual temperature of this super-agrarian zone (900 to
1800 feet on the hill sides) ‘may be estimated at 42° to 45° Fahr., and its
upper limit marked botanically by the cessation of Péerts, Digitalis, Erica,
Parnassia, and Pinguicula,’ make up almost the only generalisation with which
students are favoured.

Hardly any slips, or omission to take note of published records, are discoverable.
In the Naturalist (vol. iv., p. 67) for December 1878 was a paper by the late
Rev. R. Wood, naming a century of Cumbrian plants (many of them Aliens) not
given for the county in 7opographical Botany, Ed. I., most of which appear in this
Lakeland flora from other sources. This particular list, however, would seem not
to have been referred to at all, since its records for Myosurus minimus (Wigton),
Ononis spinosa (Westward), Rhinanthus major (Culton, Wigton), Carex disticha
(Westward), and /uszcus maritimus (Kirkbride) are unmentioned, although it is,
wisely, part of the plan of the flora to give a line even to those records it rejects as
doubtful or certainly erroneous. A Lake-Lancashire locality for Lotus tenuzs Kit.,
published eleven years ago, (Report Bot. Loc. Record Club, 1873, p. 18), ‘meadow,
W. side Humphrey Head, has also been overlooked, other notices in the same
series of reports being duly registered.

A slight seeming inconsistency in the acceptance or rejection of ‘species’ for
enumeration is here and there observable: eg., Geum intermediim is sunk in
G. urbanum as being ‘a variable hybrid’; Lotus ¢enuzs given as a mere variety of
L. corniculatus; Potamogeton zizt regarded as a variety of hetevophyllus instead of
the P. /ucens to which it is usually referred, whilst, per contra, Stachys ambigua and
Salix ambigua, both undoubted hybrids, are, to go no further, given the separate
treatment accorded to undoubted ver-species. | No doubt these departures are not
purely arbitrary, but the explanations obviously do not lie on the surface.

Regarding Absentees from the district, some strange statements, unaccountable
if ultimate search proves them to be fact, are made. Sclerochloa maritima is not
known apparently for the salt marsh tracts bordering Morecambe Bay, and, stranger
still, there is no record for Sclevochloa distans on the sandstone or on the Walney
sands! Cvrefzs succistfolia, Tausch., is absent, Saginas maritima and ciliata
practically ungathered, and 77zen¢als (spite of Hudson’s mention of it as a West-
moreland plant) not admitted. It, however, grows near Kirby Stephen. The
Stock-ghyll (Ambleside) Pyrola is certainly zor Swartz, in part, at least, although
P. media has also occurred there, and it is likewise a Lake-Lancashire plant.

Myrrhis odorata and Symphytum officinale are ranked as Denizens only, whilst
it is noticeable that not only the Daffodil, but also Polygonatum mutltifiorum (the

generally-cultivated Solomon’s Seal) and Chives (Allium schenoprasum) are —

accepted as true Natives in the area under consideration.

Lastly, it is singularly suggestive to learn that in genera of which the forms
or ‘species’ vary much, such as the Brambles, we get, perhaps (the high alpines
apart), a truer glimpse of the kind of influences exerted by the configuration
(and resulting climatic and stational variety) of a district than is afforded by the
great bulk of well-marked individual species. Of the 46 Babingtonian Brambles,

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 235

>

nearly all the very hairy-glandulose types, such as Bloxamz, scaber, hystrix, dume-
forum, and glandulosus are absent, as well as the common and well-marked
southern form of ¢iyrsozdeuws ; lowland sandstone levels being richest in these. In
the Dog-Roses, too, it seems strange to be told that the Hispidz should be so
markedly scarce ; whilst those of the series with erect sepals, persisting on the
fruit (delayed maturation and decay?) should be characteristically developed in
abundance. The Hawkweeds, apparently, exemplify the same thing in a less
degree : murorumnt (we are informed) rare, pallidum frequent, /ricum. prenanthoides
and the abundant Yorkshire-dale ¢vzdentatwm either quite or almost wanting.

The work is very well printed, on good paper, and well bound ; its size, large $8vo,
alone prevents it from slipping easily into an ordinary coat pocket.

NOTES AND NEWS.

We shall be glad to give in our next issue the dates of arrival of the spring migrant
birds this season throughout the North of England, if our readers in all parts of the
Northern Counties will furnish us with notes of their observations upon the subject.
cox

The officers of the Stockport Society of Naturalists for 1885 are: Mr. Thomas
Kay, president ; Dr. Bahin, M.A., Mr. F. Hudson, Mr. G. W. Davies, F.C.S.,
Mr. Alfred Willett, and Mr. T. Entwistle, vice-presidents ; Mr. T. H. Rathbone,
treasurer; and Mr. S. Wakefield, secretary,
>o-<—_—_

We hear, with great regret, of the death of Mrs. Burdon, of Parklands, Castle
Eden, Co. Durham, widow of the late Mr. Rowland Burdon, J.P. Mrs. Burdon,
who was an excellent botanist, died on the toth of March last. For nearly half a
century she was the faithful guardian of the Lady’s Slipper Orchis (Cypripedium
calceolus 1..) in one of its last-remaining British habitats. Her collection of living
alpine plants was one of the finest in the North of England.

poo<

At the anniversary meeting (Feb. 20th) of the Geological Society of London
the balance of the proceeds of the Wollaston Donation Fund was given to
Dr. Charles Callaway, F.G.S., who was at one time curator at the Sheffield
Public Museum, as a recognition of the value of his researches among the older
British rocks. The balance of the proceeds of the Lyell Donation Fund was at the
same time awarded to Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne, whose Lincolnshire work is well-
known, in recognition of the excellent work he has done on the Cretaceous rocks
and on glacial geology. EES coe

The Manchester Microscopical Society, one of the most vigorous and progressive
organisations of its kind, held its fifth annual meeting on the 26th of February. The
report was highly satisfactory, and showed that the membership had risen from 120
in 1881 to 196 in 1884. and 233 at the present time. The Mounting Section, a most
useful feature of the Society, was referred to as having an average attendance at its
meetings of 32 out of a nominal roll of 69 members. Its work was now not merely
confined to demonstrations of the processes of preparing and mounting objects, but
had been extended to the exhibition and explanation of the accessory apparatus used
for illumination. ‘The curator reported that 126 slides had been presented during
the year, and the librarian that the books had been freely used. The election
of officers resulted in the election of Dr. Tatham as president for a second term.

poo<

We are glad to note that Dr. M. C. Cooke’s ‘ British Freshwater Algze’ is now
completed. It is a work which will be found extremely useful—and it will be in-
dispensable to all cryptogamic botanists, who will now have the pleasure of con-
sulting its pages along with their old friend Rabenhorst’s ‘ Flora Europza Algarum.’
The work includes no less than 130 coloured plates, comprising a large number of
figures, with which but little fault can be found. The descriptions are well written,
and the larger genera are clavically divided. The weak point is in the notices
of distribution and habitat, to which apparently but little attention is paid by
Dr. Cooke. We have pleasure in printing in the present number some remarks on
these points by a well-known student of the group, whose criticisms are, however,
by no means to be taken as being in disparagement of the work, but rather as hints
given in a friendly spirit to show where books of this kind can by a little attention
be readily improved.

May 1885.

1226
METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR FEBRUARY 1885.

EDITED BY GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Ioortown, Leeds.

Atmos
Pan TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). RAINFALL.
sure.
ae ile |
oe E EXTREMES. 9
NAME.OF STATION; oo Ss 3 Re 2 Greatest Fall
om) he Soh :
ITS HEIGHT ABOVESEA-LEVEL; | @g | & Highest Lowest @ |E6 reae
NS Ae 5 Maximum Minimum § oO Single Day.
NAME OF OBSERVER = a ¢ neeistered, poets tored g ae
= : ao o a iS)
eee ae ee
2 oO ay o 5 = om way
eet Pees eeepc ee ay |G raG Bel oo
a S ro) a i) 3S SOW ae a
ons cs 5 Q a) ye) & =)
ay Ss < <q s ~ <x
ue | | %
ISLE OF MAN:
CRONKBOURNE (140 ft.).... ) inch deg deg. gees inch nee
A.W. Moore, F.M.S..... { |?9 53°) 4* 37 | 509 25th 27°60} 20th |4°328] 22 |0°588} and
z ee tn ¢ 29°508| 40°80 | 52°00 | 27th 23 80| 21st |3°826| 21 jo"700/ = 8th
BARROW-IN-FURNESS (—).. ) : ‘ : 6
$1 w.s. Wihtvcrthe i fi 205939) (42st 07):59'C° aya sla) zand i si3e730}2" 1100720 |= 2200
je |
> a “Hartnup, jun, Pt ' 29°573| 42°50 | 59’00 | 24th | 28°00) arst —j2" 360] 20 jo°320) 23rd
o
A
A N -R (P h))
EWTON-REIGNY t y ; :
| G77ft.)T.G. Benn, EM 2 f |29°549| 38°50 | 5t’0>| 25th | 18'00} 2oth | 4°22 | 24 |o'730/ 8th
= : *
| Pans emcrton 39506) Bavaoq] 3640|/5r o>] sath [600] asth J a'74| 24 s8o) th
1 | SronvHuRST (381 ft. ail : :
Pe Revasal: da Dee S. i 29°195| 46°60| 56°90] 24th 19°10 | 20th |3°079| 22 |o’510| 23rd
H
a
isa
(>)
N H SHIELDS (— lala i 3 th : :
_ PSGRE BEERS Lasso] 490 5600] ath |a6oo {299 Movzoo| 24 lov4eo] Bh
@ | SCARBOROUGH feiss : ; : : sone :
S Allan eae: eee F 29°606| 41°89 | 55°70] 24th 30°00 | 19th |x*540| 18 |o'470] 4th
B NORE PST op ae y 29°602| 41°50/ 57°00 | 24th 20'00| 19th |1°690| 21 |o'230| 16th
Ab, f
= Me Pa Cs, war S. ni [29° 605] 40°27 | 49°50] 24th 25°30| 18th |2°470| 23 |o°380] 16th
BARNSLEY (350ft.) ........ ) | ‘ : : é :
a M. T. ¥ (330! 3) ae Lae lean — |s54'00|] 29th 24°00 | 22nd |1*2Q90| 17 |0°330] 28th
B [Hurl Dementia Gol) ao-y90 aso| soto] sath Jaz'so| cast [ease| 18 o°sse] at
z ae Sp ) Pe NS =) 29° 613) 4I°'I0 | 52°00] 2nd 32°00 gth =|1°540| 17 |o°270| 16th
2 8B Lincs. ft. Nels ; ; : : :
a aston, Lincs, Ga: E. (29 670, 40°50 | 56°00 | 24th 28°00 | 2ISt 1°730| 11 |o’520| 16th |
ehier se ouen() s Sie i (29° 640} 42°80 | 59°co 24th . | 21°00 | 2ist — |2°560) 18 0° 350] 16th |
Te iaeeney ie { xoth Ube
I ONDONG Gees eacieleeiecice 29°718| 44°40 | 58°00 \ 24th $ 28 ‘00 nak 5 | *270| 17 |0°580| - 16th |
* Not reduced to sea-level.

Wina.—In the 1st Division (Isle of Man) chiefly S. and S.W. In 2nd and 3rd “Divisions, S.E., S., and )
S.W. Inthe ath Division, S., S.W., and W. {

Gales.—1st Division, 11 days—viz. , Ist, ’ ond, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 8th, oth, erst, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th. and |
Divisicn, on 4 days. 3rd Division, 2 days. 4th Division, 6 days each at Shields and Spurn, and
14 at Loughborough.

Snow.—N one in Isle of Man, but in all other Divisions from the 16th to the 2oth, more or less.

Bright Sunshine.— 63 hours at Isle of Man, 51 hours at Silloth, 35 hours at Stonyhurst, and 3534 at
Newton Reigny.

Highest Temperature in Sun.— 102°6° at Isle of Man; ; 106° at Silloth; 104°5° at Stonyhurst ;_and 89’00"
at Leeds, all on the 28th; at Newton Reigny go0’oo’, on the 25th. Naturalist,

237
COLEOPTERA OF THE LIVERPOOL DISTRICT.
By JOHN: W. ELLIS, LoR.C.P., L.R.C.S.E.,
Liverpool; Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Soctety.

PART V.
CLAVICORNIA.

(Read before the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, November 24th, 1884.)

THE Clavicornia are so called from the antennz in nearly all the

species being terminated with a distinct knob composed of several

joints (as in the genus AZel/igethes), or of a single (as in RAzzophagus),
two, three (as in Cryptophagus), four, or five (Choleva) larger joints
forming a loose but more or less distinct club. From the natural
habits of many of the species, the group is often known as the
iVecrophaga (feeders on dead animal matter); but this name is only
applicable to a certain, and that not large, section of the group, while
a much greater number of species live in decaying vegetable matters,
under bark, or revel in flowers, the bloom of the hawthorn being an
especial favourite with these latter.

In Part IV. I referred to the 4rachelytra as representing, on
account of the minute size of many of the species, the Tineina among
the Lepidoptera ; and I may again use a like comparison between
many of the Clavicornia (especially the family Z77chopterygzde) and the
genus /Vepticula among the Tineina, for, while there are few in the
family but could fall into a moderate-sized pinhole, some are so
minute as to measure (/Vephanes Titan, e.g.) only the one-fourth of a
line or the one-forty-eighth part of an inch in length. Like the small

_ Brachelytra, very few collectors take the trouble to collect or set

these extreinely interesting ‘atoms,’ and many of them, probably on
this account, are considered extremely scarce.

Nothwithstanding the newer and, to my mind, more scientific
arrangement of the Clavicornia in the recent catalogue of British
beetles by Revs. W. W. Fowler and A. Matthews, in which the group
is divided and the Brachelytra intercalated between the two divisions,
I have followed the arrangement of the older catalogue of Dr. Sharp,
in order to avoid any collision between the already published parts

_ of this work and what may be yet forthcoming.

.I have again to thank the Rev. W. W. Fowler for his kindness in
identifying and confirming scarce or doubtful species, and I have also
again to acknowledge the assistance I have received in recording
both species and localities from the diary of Mr. F. Archer, and
from Messrs. J. H. Smedley and R. Wilding. Much more informa-
tion as to our local species of this group might have been forthcoming
May 1885.

238 ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA.

had it not been for the unexpected decease of our esteemed fellow
worker Mr. Fred. Kinder; and unfortunately his collection contains
no evidence of the localities whence the specimens were obtained.
Notwithstanding the small number of workers at this group, I
have the pleasure to record r11 species as occurring in our district,
being about 18 per cent. of the total 615 species recognised as

British.
he initials) PA. jos R.W., and J.W.E. refer to Messrs.

Archer, Smedley, and Wilding, and to myself respectively.

PSELLATL LED AS:
BRYAXIS, Leach.

B. hematica, Reich.
I have a pair taken in moss at Eastham, November 13882.

TY CHUS; Ieach!

T. niger, Pk.
Under bark at Bromborough (J.W.E.).

EUPLECTUS,; Leach.

E. sanguineus, Aubé (nanus, W.C.).
A pair from under bark at Bidston (J.W.E.).

SCYDMA NIDA.
SCYDMAINUS, Latr.
S. collaris, Mull.
Tolerably common.

S. exilis, Er.
Under bark of fir, Eastham, June 1883 (J.W.E. ,

S. hirticollis, Ill.
Wallasey, March 1884 (J.W.E.).
TRECTIOP LER VGID AE:
TRICHOPTERYX, Kirby.

T. atomaria, De G.
Eastham and Spital, abundant (J.W.E.).

T. fascicularis, Herbst.

Prenton, on the damp edge of a pond in April 1883 (J.W.E.).

T. grandicollis, Mann.

Abundant under dung near Spital, August 1884 (J.W.E.). ©
T. bovina, Mots.

A few specimens with the oreveding species.

Naturalist,

ELLIS ;: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA. 239

PTENIDIUM, Fr.
P. punctatum, Gyll.
Abundant on Bidston Marsh, September 1884 (J.W.E.).
P. nitidum, Heer (pusillum, Sh. Cat.).
Liscard (J.W.E.).
P, formicetorum, Kr.
Abundant about West Derby, and I have taken a number of
a dark form of this species not hitherto noticed (returned to me
as such by the Rev. W. W. Fowler) at Prenton, where it was
abundant in April 1883.

P. evanescens, Marsh. (apicale, Er.).
Abundant.

ANISOTOMIDA.

AGATHIDIUM, III
A. varians, Beck.

Wallasey, a single specimen in March 1884 (J.W.E.).
A. rotundatum, Gyll.

A specimen from Wallasey, taken in April 1884 (J.W.E.).
A. marginatum, Sturm.

I took a specimen of this scarce species at Wallasey, last
March (J.W.E.).

LIODES, Latr.
LL. humeralis, Fab.
A single specimen at Crosby (R.W.).

| ANISOTOMA, III.

| A, dubia, Kug.

| New Brighton (F.A.); one specimen, locality uncertain
| (J.W.E.).

iA: calearata, Er.

| Tolerably common.

SEALY AE.

ee COLON, Herbst.
| ©. latum, Kr.
A single specimen in moss at Eastham (J.W.E.).

CHOLEVA, Latr.
C. angustata, Fab.

A pair at Stourton in February 1882 (J.H.S.).
May 1885.

240 ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA.

C. cisteloides, Froh. |
A single specimen from West Derby (J.W.E.).
C. agilis, Ill.
Bidston Marsh and Eastham (J.W.E.).
C. fusca, Pz.
Abundant at Wallasey.
©. nigricans, Spence.
Abundant at Wallasey.
C. morio, Fab.
Wallasey (R.W.); Crosby (J.W.E.).
C. nigrita, Er.
One specimen, locality not recorded (J.W.F.).
C. tristis, Pz.
Common.
C. grandicollis, Er.
A single specimen from Spital (J.W.E.).
C. kirbyi, Spence. |
Two specimens from localities not recorded, and one from
the shore at Hightown (J.W.E.).
C. chrysomeloides, Pz.
Common.
C. watsoni, Spence.
A specimen from Wallasey (J.W.E.).
C. velox, Spence.
Common at Wallasey.
C. sericea, Pz.
Common.

NECROPHORUS, Fab. °

. humator, Fab.

The commonest of the genus.
ruspator, Er.

Bromborough (J.H.S.) and Wallasey (J.W.E.).
. mortuorum, F.
A single specimen at Eastham (J.W.E.).
. vespillo, L.

Common on the sandhills in carrion.

Be

SILPHA, L.
S. littoralis, L. i
. Wallasey (R.W.); Aigburth shore (J.W.E.).
S. rugosa, L.

Abundant near the sea.
Naturalist,

INDISPENSABLE TO STUDENTS AND COLLECTORS.

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This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains standard Articles and Notes on
all subjects connected with Entomology, and especially on the Insects of the
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Subseription 6s. per volume, post free. The volumes commence with the
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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

moe URAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
Move DENISON. RORBUCK, FLS.,

AND
| Ae eG Ee CL AR KE. .S.3

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Gonfents: G
PAGE

Coleoptera of the Liverpool District—(Parr V., CLavicornia, concluded) .. ..241 to 246
Folin W, Ellis, L.N.C.P., &c.

Observations of the Arrival of Summer Visitant Birds in the North of England

in 1885 :—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., etc. : -247 to 251
Bibliography of 1884 (Part III. oes and AMPHIBIANS, and Paw Iv., Kies) 252 to 257,
Ornithological Note :— i ve oh a a ay _ Se DoE

Night-jar at Eccles—¥. M. Chadwick.

Herpetological Note :— <a .. 258

The true Sand Lizard in the North of England— W. Denison Roebuck, RTS
Ichthyological Note: — as oe 5s 6 at Se e257,

Ballan Wrasse at Flamborough—Madthew Bailey.

» Conchological Notes :— x AG uh zs 5258
be Conchological Notes from Settle—Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.
Entomological Notes :— ae ee 3c ie ve PMAO

Hymenoptera near Vork—Thomas Wilson : "Abia sericea in Wensleydale—W. Denison
Roebuck, F.L.S.; Lepidoptera near Ilkley —Charles Smethurst; Lyceena corydon in the
North of England—¥. B. Hodgkinson.

Note on Freshwater Polyzoa :— i ac .. 262
Paludicella ehrenbergi near Chester— Thomas Shepheard, F.R.MS,
Botanical Notes :— 259

Solomon’s Seal in Westmoreland--¥. ‘B. Hodghinson ; : Wensleydale Botany, erratum and
additions—F, Arnold Lees.
Cryptogamic Notes :—
peepee Cryptogamic Society ; ; Freshwater Algz near Dewsbury—C. P. Hobkirk,
ele...

Paleontological Note :— ie Be a ne at «+ 258
Inoceramus involutus at Gana Wold—s. Chadwick. :
Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire Naturalists at Anston Stones.. es ae ..200 to 262
Book Notice :— . a Ss .. 263
Calvert’s Notes on the Geology and Natural ‘History of County ‘Durham.

Notes and News ay ; e208
Meteorological Returns oe Maren 1885—(Edited By Geo. Tues, EG. S., ER. Met. s. rs 264
LONDON:

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BOOKS RECEIVED.

Haldeman and Tryon’s Monograph of the Freshwater Univalve Mollusca of the
United States—ro parts. {| Philadelphia Academy of Nat. Science.

*The Salmonide of Westmoreland—G. F. Braithwaite [Atkinson and Pollitt.
*Nottingham Naturalists’ Society—32nd Annual Report, for 1884. [Society.
Catalogue of Vertebrate Fossils from the Siwaliks of India—R. Lydekker,
B.A., &c. [Royal Dublin Society.

On the Origin of Freshwater Faunas—W. J. Sollas, D.Sc., &c. [Roy. Dub. Soc.
Memoirs on Hawaiian Coleoptera—Rev. T. Blackburn & Dr. D, Sharp [R. D. 5.

Royal Dublin Society—Scientific Proceedings, Parts 5 and 6. [Society.
New York Microscopical Society—Journal, April, 1885. [Society.
Philadelphia Academy of Nat. Sciences—Pro. 1884, pt. II., 1885, pt. I.[Academy.
Canadian Science Monthly, March 1885. [ Editor.
*The Manx Note Book, No. 2, April 1885. [A. W. Moore, Editor.
*Journal of Conchology for April 1885. [J. W. Taylor, Editor.
Midland Naturalist for May 1885. [The Editors.
The Young Naturalist for May 1885. [J. E. Robson, Editor.
*The Naturalist’s World for May 1885. [P. Lund, Editor.
*Natural History Journal for May 1885. [J. E. Clark, Editor.
Illustrated Science Monthly for May 1885. [Bogue, Publisher.
*Science Gossip for May 1885. [Chatto and Windus, Publishers.

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EXCHANGES.

Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

Migration Reports.—Wanted, Migration Reports for 1879, and 1881,
published in 1880, 1882.—Rev H. A. Macpherson, Carlisle.

Fossils.—Duplicates: Fossils from the Shell bed, Millstone grit. Wanted,
Micro Slides.—James Ingleby, Eavestone, Ripon.

Shells and Fossils.—Fine collection, Foreign and British Shells, 750
species ; also collection of Rocks and Fossils of most formations, 1,500 specimens,
some duplicates: wanted good Binocular Microscope.—C. JT. Musson, 23,
Mapperley Hill, Nottingham.

Scottish and Irish Slugs.—Wanted from every county, to be sent alive
in air-tight box, also from many English counties. They are required for the
study of variation and distribution, and the commonest species are required.— Wm.
Denison Roebuck, Sunny Bank, Leeds.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells, — 3

etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA. 241

S. sinuata, Fab.
Abundant near the sea.
S. tristis, Il.
Crosby, May 1862 (F.A.).
S. atrata, L.
Crosby, a single specimen (R.W.).
AISTERIDA.
: HISTER, L.
H. cadaverinus, E. H.
Abundant.
H. unicolor, L.
Wallasey (R.W., J.W.E.) ; Eastham (R.W.).
H. carbonarius, E.H.
Two specimens at Bromborough in June 1879 (J.W.E.).
H. purpurascens, Herbst.
A single specimen from Wallasey (R.W.).
H. stercorarius, E. HH.
I have a specimen een by Mr. E. R. Curzon in the district,
but I am not aware of the exact locality.
H. 12-striatus, Schr.
A specimen at Hightown in April 1882 (J.H.S.) and one
from Wallasey (R.W.). .
H bimaculatus, L.
Wallasey (J.H.S., R.W.). I believe the late F. Kinder used
to take this species frequently, in dung, about Kirkdale.

SAPRINUS,; Er

S. nitidulus, Pk.

Common on the sandhills.
S. eneus. Fab.

Abundant on the sandhills.
S. immundus, Gyll.

Southport, May 1882 (B. Cooke).
S. quadristriatus, E.H.
| Common on the sandhills.
| S. maritimus, Steph.

I took several specimens of this species on the shore at
Crosby, in a dead rabbit, in the spring of 1875, but have failed
to find any since.

ONTHOPHILUS, Leach.
| 0. striatus, Fab.

Abundant in dung on the Wallasey sandhills, but difficult to
| distinguish from small seeds.
| June 1885. M

242 ELLIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA.

NITIDULID.

BRACHYPTERUS, Kug.
B. pubescens, Er.
B. urtice, Fab.
Both species are very abundant on nettles during the summer.

EPURAA, Er.
E. estiva, L.
Very abundant on hawthorn blossom.
E. angustula, Er.
A very scarce species, of which I possess a specimen which
I took under bark at Eastham, in February 1883.
E. fiorea, Er.
I have a specimen I took among E. estiva, but the locality
was not noted.

NITIDULA, Fab.

N. bipustulata, L.
One specimen taken in a dead gull on the shore at Aigburth
(J. W.E.).

SORONIA, Er.

S. punctatissima, III.
A specimen taken on the Aigburth shore, in June 1875
(J. W.E.).

OMOSITA, Erich.

0. colon, L.
0. discoidea, Fab.
Both species common in dead animals.

MELIGETHES, Steph.

M. rufipes, Gyll. |

Abundant on hawthorn blossom.

M. eneus, Fab. |

Abundant on hawthorn blossom. |

M. viridescens, Fab. : |

Rock Ferry (F.A.); common at Wallasey, on hawthorn |
bloom (J.W.E.).

M. brunnicornis, Sturm.

Taken occasionally by sweeping. |

M. picipes, Sturm. |

|

|

|

|

Commonly taken by sweeping.

Naturalist,

)

C.

ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA. 243

BYTURUS, Latr.

. sambuci, Scop.

Mr. Archer records this species from the flowers of Cadtha
palustris (Marsh Marigold) at Rock Ferry.

. tomentosus, Fab.

Abundant on brambles.

RHIZOPHAGUS, Herbst.

depressus, Fab.

Under fir bark, Bidston, in March 1883 (J.W.E.).
dispar, Pk.

Eastham, under oak bark (J.H.S., J.W.E.).
bipustulatus, Fab.

Abundant under bark of oak at Eastham, in autumn and
winter.

COLYDITDA.

SARROTRIUM, III.

. clavicorne, L.

This exotic-looking species is occasionally found crawling on
the bare sandhills at Crosby and Hightown. So far as I am
aware it has not been taken at Wallasey.

CRYPTOPHAGIDA.
TELMATOPHILUS, Heer.

. earicis, Ol.

Bidston Marsh and Spital (J.W.E.).

CRYPTOPHAGUS,: Herbst.

. lycoperdi, Hbst.

Abundant in puff-ball fungi, in Eastham wood.

. pilosus, Gyll.

Bidston and West Derby (J.W.E.).
The variety punctipennis, Bris., also at Bidston (J.W.E.).

. scanicus, L.

Bidston Hill (J.W.E.).

. cellaris, Scop.

Wallasey (J. W.E.).

. acutangulus, Gyll.

One specimen taken in the district, but the locality not noted
(J.W.E.).
dentatus, Herbst.
Eastham and Liscard (J.W.E.).

June 1885.

244 ELLIS: LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA.

C. distinguendus, Sturm.
Bidston and Wallasey (J.W.E.).
C. vini, Pz.
Very abundant on furze at Bidston and Prenton in spring.
C. pubescens, Sturm. :
I have taken a single specimen of this scarce species at New
Ferry.
PARAMECOSOMA, Curt.

P. melanocephala, Hbst.

Spital (J. W.E.).

ATOMARIA, Steph.

A. fuseipes, Gyll.

Wallasey (J.W.E.).
A. pusilla, Pk. |

Wallasey (J.W.E.).
A. atricapilla, Steph. |

Common, and generally distributed. |
A. ruficernis, Marsh.

I have a pair of this scarce species, taken at Spital (J.W.E.).

EPHISTEMUS, Steph.
E. gyrinoides, Marsh.
Frequent in moss.

LATHRIDILDZE.

MONOTOMA, Herbst.
M. brevicollis, Aubé.

I took a single specimen of this scarce species at Wallasey, in
March last.

LATHRIDIUS, Herbst.

L. lardarius, De G.

Southport (B. Cooke) ; Spital (J.W.E.).
L. transversus, Ol.

Common. |
L. minutus, L. a

Common. }
L. nodifer, West. |

Abundant on the sandhills, in traps set for Cholevee.

CORTICARIA, Marsh. :
C. crenulata, Gyll.
West Derby and Wallasey (J.W.E.).

Naturalist,

EELIS : LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE COLEOPTERA. 245

C. denticulata, Gyll.
I took a specimen of this species, which flew on to a book
I was reading, in one of the Liverpool streets. Also at Prenton
(J.W.E.).
C. fulva, Chev.
Eastham, West Derby, and Wallasey (J.W.E.).

MYVCETOPHAGIDA.
PY PHAVA,\ Curtis:
T. fumata, L.
I have frequently taken this species flying in the Liverpool
streets, and crawling up windows. 7

DERMESTIDA:.
DERMESTES, L.
D. vulpinus, Fab.
Wallasey (R.W.).
D. murinus, L.
One at Crosby (R.W.).
D. lardarius, L.
Abundant in provision warehouses and cellars.

BYVRRHIDA..
BYRRHUS, L.
B. pilula, L.
Common on dusty roads in spring and early summer.

CYTIEUS, Er.
C. varius, Fab.
Stanley Park (R.W.); Bidston Marsh (F.A.); abundant on
the Wallasey sandhills in March 1884, and occasionally round

West Derby (J.W.E.).
SIMPLOCARIA, Marsh.

S. semistriata, Ill.
West Derby and Wallasey, common (R.W., J.W.E.).

GEOR VSSTDA.

GEORYSSUS, Latr.
G. pygmeus, Fab.
In a shallow pool at Crosby, September 1862 (F.A.).

PARNID.

PARNUS, Fab.
P. auriculatus, Ill.
Very abundant on the sandhills at Hightown and Crosby, and
under stones behind the Leasowe embankment.
June 1885. . M 2

246 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

HETEROCERID ZA.
HETEROCERUS, Fab.

H. marginatus, Fab.
A single specimen taken on the bank of the Alt at Hightown

in April 1882 (J.H.S.).

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

Hymenoptera near York.—In my paper on Hymenoptera an asterisk
is prefixed to déza nztens Thoms. ‘This insect is, however, not new to Yorkshire,
but is the same as servzcea L.; Mr. Cameron named it for me as zzfens. Tenthredo
sordida should be Tenthredopsis sordida. In Mr. Cameron’s catalogue of British
Tenthredinidz, this species is given as a synonym of 7: zassata, but I believe
them to be distinct species. Of 7: sordzda I have taken both male and female
together from hawthorn hedges, the females being in the proportion of two to one
male. All the females of 7. sordzda are yellow, and the males are slender, dark
brown, almost black, the abdomen bordered irregularly with paler brown. On the
other hand, the males of Zenthredopsis nassata are yellow and are larger insects
altogether, whilst the females are unknown to me. I have taken five males and
they are all constant in markings.—THos. WILSON, Holgate, York, February

roth, 1885.

Abia sericea L. in Wensleydale.— On the oth of August the Rey.
G. P. Harris, M.A., sent me a specimen of the pretty larva of this sawfly, which
he had found feeding on scabious near Hawes, for the name of which I am
indebted to Mr. E, A. Fitch.—Wwn. DENISON ROEBUCK, Sunny Bank, Leeds,

August 18th, 1884.

Lepidoptera near Ilkley.—My captures in the neighbourhood of
Ilkley during the past season have included the following :—//usza interrogationis,
a very fine example, taken on Ilkley Moor, which is, I believe, the first recorded for
the district ; Lpunda viminalis, bred from larvee taken on sallows in Middelton
Wood; Xanthia cerago and X. szlago, both abundant as larvee on sallow catkins, at
Addingham; Cidaria fulvata and C. pyraliata, taken both at Ilkley and at
Middelton; and Cynthia cardui, which I saw lately in one of the ey, streets. —
CHARLES SMETHURST, Leeds, August 20th, 1884.

Lyceena corydon in the North of England.—Your note on p. 183
of the Maturalist for March, reads that this butterfly does not occur in Yorkshire.
Some twenty years ago a man from Settle had at an inn here (Preston) a museum,
in which he had ‘pictures’ made of the Chalk-hill Blue (Z. corydon). He told me
that they were in profusion about or near Settle and Bentham, some twenty miles
from Lancaster. ‘The species till lately existed under Warton Crags near Carn-
forth, ground that I go over at all times of the year. Where 7hecla guercis and
L. corydon used to swarm, not one has been seen for vears. I may add that there
is plenty of scope for entomological investigation on the east side of the London
and North Western Railway, from Preston to (say) Tebay, many miles of which
has never been looked up by entomologists.—J. B. HODGKINSON, Preston, March
Ist, 1885.

[We print this note for what it may be considered worth by entomologists, and
because Mr. Hodgkinson’s observations on the occurrence of the species at Warton
Crags tend to confirm the records given in previous numbers of this journal by
Dr. Ellisand Mr. H. Goss. But we should be inclined to enter a verdict of ‘ not
proven’ in respect of the Yorkshire record ; it is vague, and offers so much room
for reasonable doubt. It is particularly worthy of remark that there should be no
confirmation from other sources of the occurrence of a day-flying insect which is so
conspicuous on the wing as is Z. corxydon.—EDs.]

Naturalist,

247

OBSERVATIONS OF THE ARRIVAL OF SUMMER
VISITANT BIRDS IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND
IN 1885.

By WM. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., &c.

THE following compilation giving the dates on which the Summer
Visitant birds were first noted in the northern counties of England
may interest some of the readers of this journal. Though no scientific
value can be claimed for such a collation, since the opportunity
of noting the arrival, or even observing a species within some hours
of its advent, can only fall to the lot of but a few pecularly-situated
and zealous naturalists ; yet this much may be claimed for it, that
a fair idea is given of the approximate date of arrival of most species.

Observations from the coast districts have, in some cases, an
enhanced value, for many af the species noted in such localities only
frequent them for a very short period during passage, soon to pass
inland to some favoured nesting habitat, or when returning, ez
voute for more genial winter-quarters.

I have inserted for comparison, where obtainable, the dates of
arrival, or rather of first observation, for the south of England, when
earlier than those for the north.

The zoological sequence and nomenclature adopted is that of
the List of British Birds, compiled by a committee of the British
Ornithologists’ Union.

Ring Ouzel (Turdus torquatus). March e2ist, Nidderdale
(W. Storey); 24th, Sedbergh, Yorkshire (H. Kerr); April 2nd,
Stacksteads, Lancashire (H. Kerr); 3rd, Rotherham (E. W. West)
and Baildon Moor, Yorkshire (J. Firth); 5th, Nottingham (F. B.
Whitlock); 6th, Skipton (C. C. Smith); and 14th, Spurn Head
(P. W. Lawton).

Wheatear (Saxicola cnanthe). March zoth, Mansfield, Notts.
(J. Whitaker) ; 22nd, near Bradford (W. Illingworth); 23rd, Nidder-
dale (W. Storey) and Greetland, near Halifax (C. C. Hanson);
24th, Sedbergh (H. Kerr); 25th, Barnsley (T. Lister) ; 27th, Caw-
_ thorne, near Barnsley, female (T. Lister); 28th, Langsett Moors,
near Penistone, male (T. Lister); April rst, Rotherham (E. W. West)
and Stacksteads, Lancashire (H. Kerr) ; 2nd, Skipton (C. C. Smith) ;
3rd, Carlisle (TI. Duckworth) ; 5th, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock)
and Flamborough Head (M. Bailey).

April 13th, Bahama Bank Light-vessel, off E. coast of Isle of Man,
fifty-two ‘Stonechatters’ at lantern at 11.30 p.m.; twelve killed, forty
caught alive. Wind S. by E., fresh ; misty (J. West).

June 1885.

248 SPRING MIGRANT BIRDS IN 1885.

Whinchat (Pratincola rubetra). April 2oth, Beverley (J. C.
Swailes); 23rd, Harrogate (P. Inchbald) and Bradford; 25th,
Rotherham (E. W. West) ; 26th, Masham (T. Carter), and Mansfield,
Notts. (J. Whitaker); 28th, Nidderdale (W. Storey) and Barnsley
(T. Lister); May 1st, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock); 7th, Brough,
Yorkshire (L. H. West). .

Redstart (Ruticilla phenicurus).. April 19th, Harrogate (P. Inch-
bald); zoth, near Leeds (W. C. Scott); 21st, Ryeburne Valley, near
Halifax (F. G. S. Rawson), Rotherham (E. W. West), and
Masham (T. Carter); 23rd, Nidderdale (W. Storey) and Barnsley
(T. Lister); 24th, Flamborough Head (M. Bailey) ; 25th, Walton
Hall (E. P. P. Butterfield) and Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock) ;
27th, Carlisle (T. Duckworth) ; 28th, near Ripon (J. Ingleby) ; 30th,
North Stainley near Ripon (Rev. R. A. Summerfield).

An earlier date, North Oxfordshire, April 18th (O. V. Aplin).

Nightingale (Daulias luscinia). April 16th, Bourne, S. Lincoln-
shire (J. F. Bacon); 19th, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock); 23rd,
Harrogate (P. Inchbald) ; 29th, Barnsley (T. Lister).

The Bourne record is the earliest noted this season for any part
of England.

Whitethroat (Sylvia cinerea). April 17th, Barnsley (T. Lister);
22nd, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock); 23rd, Carlisle (T. Duckworth) ;

25th, Nidderdale (W. Storey); 27th, Harrogate (P. Inchbald), and

Beverley (J. C. Swailes) ; 29th, Masham (T. Carter).

Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca). April roth, arrived at
Flamborough Head (M. Bailey), and Beverley (J. C. Swailes); 22nd,
Rotherham (E. W. West); 22nd, Harrogate (P. Inchbald); 26th,
Masham (T. Carter) ; May 3rd, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock),

Blackeap (Sylvia atricapilla). April 11th, Barnsley (T. Lister);
tgth, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock); 24th, Harrogate (P. Inchbald)
and Masham (T. Carter).

Garden Warbler (Sylvia hortensis). April 15th, Barnsley (T.
Lister) ; 25th, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock) ;- 28th, Masham (T.
Carter), and Beverley (J. C. Swailes).

Chiff-Chaff (Phylloscopus rufus). March 31st, Nottingham
(F. B. Whitlock) and Harrogate (P. Inchbald); April 2nd, Carlisle
(T. Duckworth); April 3rd, Masham (T. Carter); 6th, Flimby,
Maryport (W. Hodgson); 13th, Rotherham (E. W. West); 16th,
Harrogate (P. Inchbald) ; rgth, Barnsley (T. Lister) and Beverley
(J. C. Swailes). P

Earliest record for south of England, March 18th, Avonturn, near
Salisbury (A. L. Morley).

Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus). April 14th, Stack-

Naturalist,

SPRING MIGRANT BIRDS IN 1885. 249

steads, Lancashire (H. Kerr); 16th, Rotherham (E. W. West) and
Harrogate (P. Inchbald); 17th, Barnsley (T. Lister), Brough
(L. H.. West), Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock), and Beverley
(J. C. Swailes); 18th, Masham (T. Carter) and Leeds (W. C,
Scott); 19th, Ryburne Valley, near Halifax (F. G. S. Rawson).
Elland, near Halifax (C. C. Hanson), Carlisle (T. Duckworth),
and Wilsden, near Bingley (E. P. P. Butterfield) ; 2oth, Luddenden-
foot, near Halifax (F. D. Clayton); 26th, North Stainley, near
Ripon (Rev. R. A. Summerfield).

Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix). April 22nd, Mans-
field, Notts. (J. Whitaker) ; 26th, Shipley, Yorkshire ; 27th, Harro-
gate (P. Inchbald) and Carlisle (T. Duckworth) ; 28th, Nottingham
(F. B. Whitlock): 29th, Masham (T. Carter) and Nidderdale (W.
Storey).

Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus streperus). May 3rd, Notting-
ham (F. B. Whitlock).

Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus phragmitis). April 25th, Not-
tingham (F. B. Whitlock) and Harrogate (P. Inchbald); 27th,
Nidderdale (W. Storey) and Masham (T. Carter); 28th, Rother-
ham (E. W. West) and Barnsley (T. Lister).

Earliest record for south of England, April 18th, Aronturn, near
Salisbury (A. L. Morley).

Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella nevia). April 21st, Harro-
gate (P. Inchbald); 29th, Barnsley (T. Lister); 30th, Whitwell
Wood, South Yorkshire (W.E.C.); May 2nd, Masham (T. Carter) ;
5th, Mansfield, Notts. (J. Whitaker).

Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla raii). April 13th, Nottingham,
one (F. B. Whitlock) ; 14th, Greetland, near Halifax (C. C. Hanson);
17th, Nottingham, common (F. B. Whitlock), and Barnsley (T. Lister);
18th, Leeds (W.E.C.), and Ryburne Valley, near Halifax (EeiGsrs:
Rawson) ; 1gth, North Cheshire (T. A. Coward), Beverley (jk <C:
Swailes), and Luddendenfoot (F. D. Clayton); 21st, Masham (ale
Carter), and Rotherham (E. W. West) ; 25th, Nidderdale (W. Storey).

Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis). April 17th, Beverley (J. C.
Swailes), and Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock); 18th, Harrogate (P.
Inchbald); roth, Carlisle (T. Duckworth); 21st, Masham (Gig
Carter) ; 23rd, Barnsley (T. Lister) ; 25th, Nidderdale (W. Storey).

Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa grisola). April 18th, Leeds
(H. K. Horsfield); 27th, Barnsley (T. Lister); May 1st, Beverley
(J. C. Swailes) ; 2nd, near Halifax (F. G. S. Rawson); 9th, Masham
el Carter)... |

Pied Flycatcher (Muscicapa atricapilla). May 3rd, Spum
Head (P. W. Lawton), Masham (T. Carter), and Barnsley (T

June 1885.

[

250 SPRING MIGRANT BIRDS IN 1885.

Lister); 4th, Flamborough Head, several (M. Bailey); 5th, North
Cheshire (T. A. Coward) ; 6th, Spurn Head (P. W. Lawton).*

Swallow (Hirundo rustica). April 13th, Nottingham, one
(F. B. Whitlock); 14th, Barnsley (T. Lister); 15th, Bourne, Lincoln-
shire (J. F. Bacon); Wakefield (E. B. Wrigglesworth) and Tad-
caster, Yorkshire (B. B. Thompson); 16th, Alford, Lincolnshire
(J. E. Mason) and Rotherham (E. W..West); 17th, Mansfield, Notts.
(J. Whitaker), Harrogate (P. Inchbald), Nidderdale (W. Storey),
Ryburne Valley, near Halifax (F. G. S. Rawson), Spurn Head (P. W.
Lawton), Beverley (J. C. Swailes), Leeds (W. C. Scott), and Wensley-
dale (J. A. Erskine-Stuart); 18th, first seen at Flamborough Head
(M. Bailey) ; near Ripon (J. Ingleby) and several near Ripley (C. E.
Avignon); rgth, Cottingley, Yorkshire, and Carlisle (T. Duckworth) ;
2oth, North of Solway, one (J. J. Armistead); 21st, Luddendenfoot
(F. D. Clayton); 23rd, Brough, Yorkshire (L. H. West); 25th, North
Cheshire (T. A. Coward); 26th, North Stainley, near Ripon (Rev.
R. A. Summerfield).

Earliest record for south of England, April 2nd, Bath (H. F.
Maitland) and Williton (T. Cridland).

Martin (Chelidon urbica). April 3rd, Nottingham, one (F. B.
Whitlock); 5th, Barnsley (T. Lister); 16th, near Leeds (W. C.
Scott); 17th, Nottingham, common (F. B. Whitlock); 18th, North
Cheshire (T. A. Coward) ; 19th, North Stainley, near Ripon (Rev.
R. A. Summerfield) ; 21st, Ryburne Valley, near Halifax (F. G. S.
Rawson), Masham (T. Carter), and Nidderdale (W. Storey) ; 22nd,
Carlisle (T. Duckworth) and Mansfield, Notts. (J. Whitaker) ; 28th,
Wilsden, Yorkshire (E. P. P. Butterfield) and near Ripon (J. Ingleby);
May ist, Brough, Yorkshire (L. H. West).

Earliest record for south of England, March 24th, Avonturn, near
Salisbury (A. L. Morley).

Sand Martin (Cotile riparia). April 5th, Carlisle (T. Duck-
worth); 15th, Wakefieid (E. B. Wrigglesworth); 16th, Rotherham
(E. W. West) and Tadcaster, Yorkshire (B. B. Thompson); 17th,
Nidderdale (W. Storey); 18th, Harrogate (P. Inchbald); roth,
Cottingley, Yorkshire ; 20th, Mansfield, Notts. (J. Whitaker) and
Barnsley (T. Lister); 21st, Ryburne Valley, near Halifax (F. G. S.
Rawson) ; 23rd, Nottingham (Ff. B. Whitlocl? and North Cheshire
(T. A. Coward).

Earliest record for south of England, April 2nd, Bath (H. F.
Maitland). ‘

*Mr. Lawton states that this species has been more numerous than he ever
before knew it. Mr. Coward would be glad to know if it is of regular occurrence
in North Cheshire, and if it breeds; he never ‘before observed it in the district.

Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTE. 251

Swift (Cypselus apus). April 26th, Flamborough Head, where
Mr. Bailey says he never remembers them so early; 27th, Tadcaster,
Yorkshire (B. B. Thompson); 28th, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock) ;
zoth, Shireoaks, Notts. (J. Whitaker), and Masham (T. Carter) ;
May 1st, Barnsley (T. Lister).

An earlier record, April 25th, Welshpool (T.).

Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus). April 17th, Flamborough Head
(M. Bailey) ; 18th, Spurn Héad (P. Lawton), Luddendenfoot (F. D.
Clayton), and Carlisle (T. Duckworth); 19th, Ripley, Yorkshire
(C. E. Avignon) and Barnsley (T. Lister); 2oth, Wakefield (E. B.
Wrigglesworth) ; 21st, Rotherham (E. W. West); 22nd, Bourne,
Lincoinshire (J. F. Bacon); 23rd, North Cheshire (T. A. Coward) ;
24th, Harrogate (P. Inchbald) and Beverley (J. C. Swailes); 25th,
Halifax (C. C. Hanson) and near Ripon (J. Ingleby); 26th,
Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock) and Wilsden, Yorkshire (J. Hey) ;
27th, Masham (T. Carter); 28th, Brough (L. H. West) and near
Halifax (F. G. S. Rawson); 29th, North Stainley, near Ripon (Rev.
R. A. Summerfield).

Earliest record for south of England, April roth, Modbury, South
Devon (G.C.G.).

Turtle Dove (Turtur communis). April 30th, Shireoaks (J.
Whitaker).

Landrail (Crex pratensis). Apri] zoth, Barnsley (T. Lister) ;
21st, Nottingham (F. B. Whitlock); 25th, North Cheshire (T. A.
Coward); 27th, Tadcaster (B. B. Thompson); 28th, Masham (T.
Carter) ; 29th, Nidderdale (W. Storey); May 1st, Beverley (J. C.
Swailes).

Earliest record for south of England, April 16th, Alton St.
Pancras, near Dorchester (R. E. Saunders). ;

Sandpiper (Tringoides hypoleucos). April 16th, Masham (T.
Carter); 18th, Nidderdale (W. Storey) ; 23rd, Nottingham (F. B.
Whitlock) ; 24th, Carlisle (T. Duckworth); 27th, Beverley (J. C.
Swailes) and Tadcaster, Yorkshire (B. B. Thompson); z9th, North
Cheshire (T. A. Coward) ; May 8th, near Halifax (F. G. S. Rawson).

Lesser Tern (Sterna minuta). April 15th, Spurn Head (P. W.
Lawton).

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTE.

Night-jar at Eccles.—As I was walking home from Manchester, and
had got into Eccles close to the railway, I noticed a bird fly over me. I thought
I knew the flight, and saw it directly afterwards against the sky. It turned out to
be a Night-jar. I think the locality, in the centre of a noisy town, rather an
unusual place for a bird of this species to be feeding in—JAMES M. CHADWICK,
Eccles, near Manchester, September 9th, 1884.

June 1885.

252

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:

Papers and records published during the year with respect
to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

PART IIIL—REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.

ANONYMOUS (no signature).
Whitby, Feb. 28rd. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, viii. 4o. Yorkshire.
Frog [Rana temporaria] spawn abundant and fairly developed.

BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884. 28 pp. Yorkshire.
Notes on reptiles observed in various localities, especially in West Yorkshire.

W. D. BRAITHWAITE, Yorkshire.
Catching a Viper [Vitera berus]. Nat. Hist. Journ., October 15th, viii. 139.
Occurrence of Vipers in Went Vale, and on Strensall Common, Yorkshire.

ROBERT CALVERT. Durham.
Notes on the Geology and Natural History of the County of Durham.
1884. Chapter XI., Reptiles; pp. 136-138.

The Viper [Vipera berus], the Ringed Snake [7vopzdonotus natrix], the
Blindworm [Aznguzs fragilis], the Sand Lizard [Lacerta vivipara], the Frog
[Rana temporaria], the Toad [ufo vulgaris], the Great Newt [ 777zton
cristatus|, and the Common Newt [7. ¢enzatzs], constitute the reptile-fauna
of Co, Durham.

S201. MOSLEY,
A Visit to York. Young Nat., January, v. 39-41. Yorkshire.
Viper [Vipera berus] and Blindworm [Axzguzs fragilis] captured on Strensall
Common.
A. M. NORMAN. Northumberland.
Address to . . the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, . . May 27th,

1881. N. H. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and Newcastle, viii. 68 (1884).
At Corbridge-on-Tyne, June 6th, 1880, Vipers [ Vipera berus] were looked for
in vain in their known haunts.
G: -T.. PORRIET, Lancashire.
Northern Range of the Sand Lizard [Lacerta agilis]. Nat., May, ix. 178.
This species and the Natterjack Toad [ufo calamita] are recorded as
occurring abundantly on the sandhills at Southport, Lancashire.
W. STOREY. Yorkshire.
Large Slow-worm [Azguzs fragilis]. Field, May 3rd, p. 597;. Nat. World,
June, p. 100.
Two—15% in. and 9 in. long—obtained in April near Pateley Bridge,
where the species is common. ‘
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. Yorkshire.
[Report of Meeting, Roche Abbey, May 8th.] WNat., June, ix. 199.
A Viper [Vipera berus| about 3 ft. long, noted.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: FISHES. 253

PART IV.—FISHES.

In this department of the fauna, a very considerable amount of
what is written does not fall within the domain of science, but in
that of sport. It is, however, difficult in many cases to draw the
line, and to say what to include and what to exclude. The principle
which has actuated us has been to exclude all mere angling notes,
but to include everything which may be deemed to be useful in any
way as indicative of the fish-fauna of the locality to which the note
may relate.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Yorkshire.
A Fine Ouse Salmon [Sa/mo salar]. Field, March 29th, p. 440; Land and
Water, April 5th, p. 319.

The largest ever caught in the Yorkshire Ouse, was taken in the net at
Acaster Fishery, March 25th, 1884; it weighed 5014 lbs., and was 50 inches
long.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire.
Windermere, Coniston, and Ullswater. Field, April 19th, p. 545.

Detailed account of the fishing capabilities of the lakes and their tributary
streams.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.
Capture of Sturgeons [Acipenser sturio]. Land and Water, June 21st, p. 582.

One, 141% stone. nearly 10 feet long, captured near Goole, and one, 17 stone,

a little higher up the river Ouse.
ANONYMOUS (no signature).
Esk Fishery District (Yorkshire). Field, July 19th, p. 98. Yorkshire.

Unprecedentedly large catch of Salmon [Sa/mo salar] and Trout [S. farzo]
on July 15th.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Lincolnshire,
Large Take of Roach [ZLeuciscus rutilus]. Field, August 2nd, p. 169.

In the Great Hobhole Drain at Frieston near Boston.

ANONYMOUS (no signature), Northumberland,
The Tweed Commissioners and the Salmon [Sa/mo salav] Disease. Field,
September 13th, p. 381.

Report of annual meeting of the Commissioners.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Westmoreland, Lancashire.
Char [Salmo willughbii| Fishing in Lake Windermere. Land and Water,
September 13th, p. 270.

Report of an enquiry held at Bowness to ascertain the views of fishermen,
etc., on the question of byelaws.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Northumberland.
Decrease of Salmon [Salmo salar] in the Tyne. Land and Water, October
Iith, p. 362.

At the meeting of the River Tyne Conservators, was reported a great
decrease in the salmon fisheries, both in the sea and in the river, attributed by
Inspector Harbottle to the dry weather making it impossible for the fish to
ascend the river.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Yorkshire, Derbyshire.
Notes on Grayling Fishing. Field, October 25th, p. 563.
Slight passing references to the Yorkshire and Derbyshire streams.

June 1885.

254 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: FISHES.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Yorkshire.
Yorkshire Salmon [.Sa/mo sa/ar] Fisheries. Land and Water, Dec. 6th, p. 557.
Report of annual meeting of Board of Conservators; the annual report
deals with the condition of the Yorkshire Salmon rivers.

ANONYMOUS (‘An Old Trent Fisherman’). Derbyshire, Notts.

Recollections of the River Trent. Field, January 12th, p. 49.
Pike [Zsox luctus], Perch [Perca fluviatilis], Eel [Anguilla vulgaris], Dace
[Leucescus vulgaris], Roach [Z. rutilus], Minnow [L. phoxinus], Chub [Z.
cephalus], Barbel [Barbus vulgaris}, Bleak [Alburnus lucidus], Gudgeon [Godio

Te Grayling |Zhymallus vulgaris], and Trout [Salmo fario], are
noticed.

The recollections, dating for 45 years back, deal with the former abundance,
and present scarcity or absence of the various species.

ANONYMOUS {NOVOCASTRIAN). Northumberland.
Salmon [.Sa/mo salar] in the Tyne. Field, February 23rd, p. 258.
ANONYMOUS (RED SPINNER).
In the Derbyshire Dales. Field, September 13th, p. 380.
Long account of fishing for Trout (Salmo fario].
ANONYMOUS (TENCER).
Trent Sturgeon [Aczpenser sturio]. Field, June 14th, p. 818. Notts.
A fine one, captured June roth, at Muckham near Newark, in the salmon
nets, weighed 16 stone, and was 8 feet long.
M. B[AILEy]. Yorkshire.
Ribbon Fish [Revgalecus banksii| at Flamborough. Land and Water, February
23rd, p. 175.
Found February 18th, alive, amongst the rocks; its length was 13 feet
3 inches, breadth 16 inches, thickness about 514 inches.

BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.

Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884. pp. 28. Yorkshire.
Notes on fishes observed near Bradford and in other parts of Yorkshire.
WILLIAM BRADLEY. Derbyshire, Notts.

Takes of Salmon [Sa/o salar]. Field, April 1¢th, p. 546.
Weights given of numerous Salmon taken in Trent, the largest being 32 lb.
GEO. FOSTER BRAITHWAITE. Westmoreland.

The Salmonide of Westmoreland, Angling Reminiscences, and Leaves
from an Angler’s Note Book. London: Hamilton Adams and Co. Kendal:
printed by Atkinson and Pollitt, 1884.

The bulk of this work consists of angling reminiscences, the matter relating to

the natural history of the Salmonidze being confined to the first few chapters.

GEORGE Brook. Yorkshire.
Rarities from the Yorkshire Coast. Notes from my Aquarium, 1884, p. 7.

The Dragonet (Cal/ionymus lyra L.), of which the writer caught two off
Redcar in comparatively shallow water—four or five fathoms.

ANDREW BROTHERSTON. Northumberland.
Capture of a Greenland Shark (Lemargus borealis), Land and Water, May
17th, p. 460.

A young specimen brought into Berwick by a trawler, April 29th. Four

previous occurrences are cited.
®
ROBERT CALVERT. Durham.

Notes on the Geology and Natural History of the County of Durham.
1884. Chapter XII., Fishes; pp. 138-140.
Sixteen species of freshwater fish noted, but no marine ones are mentioned.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: FISHES. 255

W. EAGLE CLARKE and W. DENISON ROEBUCK. Yorkshire.
Notes on the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire. Nat., April and May, ix.
147-151 and 167-176; Zool., May, viii. 171-184.

Seven fishes are recorded as additional to the Yorkshire fauna, and,
including these, notices are given of 26 species, mostly marine.

JOHN CORDEAUX. Yorkshire.
Notes from the Humber in the Autumn of 1884. Field, Nov. 22nd, p. 716.

Refers incidentally to the occurrence of Herrings [Clupea harengus| and
Sprats [Clupea sprattus| off the Dunlington coast.

In Upper Coquetdale. Field. August 2nd, page 152. Northumberland.

The Eel (Anguilla viulgaris|, Trout [Salmo farzo], and Salmon [S. salar],
referred to.

FRANCIS DAy. Northumb., Durham, Yorkshire, Lancashire.
The Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland. Parts VIII. and IX.

The concluding parts of this exhaustive monograph deal with the subclasses
Plectognatht, Sun-fishes, &c. (in part), Chondropterygi, Sturgeon, Plagiosto-
mata, Sharks and Rays, and Cyclostomata, Lampreys. Under a majority of
the species reference is made to Yorkshire, Northumberland or Durham, and
there are one or two Lancashire references.

N. F. Dosreée.
Banks’ Oarfish--Regalecus Banksii. Nat., April, ix. 151. Yorkshire,

One driven ashore on Flamborough rocks, February 1884.

Large Halibut [/7zppoglossus vulgaris]. Nat., June, ix. 194.
One from the Dogger Bank, 6 feet 9 inches long, weighed over 20 stones.
W. G. Yorkshire.
The Length and Weight of Trout [.Sa/0 farzo]. Field, Dec. 20th, p. 860.

Uniformity of length and weight shown by statistics of 30 fish caught in
Aire, up Malhamdale ; these are given in a tabular form.

Rk. Y. GREEN. Northumberland.

Notice of Salmon Trout [Sa/mo ¢rutfa] in Ouseburn, Newcastle-on-Tyne,

in the spawning season. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and
Newcastle, viii. 184-5. 1884.

Some fish—thought from their size to be this species—noted in the Ouse-
burn at Benton Bridge, November 13th, 1881. It is well-known that ‘ Burn
Trout’ [Sa/mo farzo| exist higher up the stream.

S. R. H[ALLay].
Late Spawning. Nat. World, May, i. 79. Derbyshire,

Two Perch [erca fluviatilis] from the Dove, full of spawn, Aug. 23rd, 1883 ;
and three Roach [Leuczscus rutzlus], also full of spawn, the preceding week.

WILLIAM Herior (Norham),
Voracity in a Trout [Salmo fario|. Field, May 31st,p.747. Northumberland.

The Trout, caught in Tweed, had swallowed a fair-sized Smolt, which was
half in and half out of the Trout, whose jaws were at full stretch.

Wo. Henry HILLs.
' Ennerdale Char Dub. Field, March 29th, p. 44o. ? Cumberland.
Notes of a visit paid by the late Dr. Leitch, of Keswick, in November,
1850, to the portion of the River Liza which bears this title, and describing
the fish [Salmo willughbii ?], which were seen there in thousands.
GEORGE PRINGLE HUGHES. Northumberland.
Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, at Berwick, October
10th, 1883. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x. 233.
Notes on the Salmon Fisheries of Tweed.

June 1885.

256 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: FISHES.

THOMAS H. HUXLEY. Cumberland
Close Season on the Derwent. Field, August 9th, p. 207; Land and Water,
August 9th, pp. 150-151.

Lengthy report upon a recently-enacted byelaw of the Derwent Fishery
District (Cumberland), extending the close season for about a fortnight, recom-
mending its confirmation and adoption.

folks Beals hipaa Northumberland,
The Inspector’s Report on the Salmon Fisheries of England and Wales.
Land and Water, May toth, pp. 436-7.

Reports a general increase in the takes of Salmon [Sado salar] throughout
the country in 1883—except in the Tyne, the most prolific river in the king-
dom—and discusses the matter.

JOHN J. JACKSON.
The Whitby Salmon [Sa/z0 salar] Fishery. Field, December 2oth, p. 8509.

Statistics of numbers caught in the years 1876-1884 inclusive.

1 Yorkshire.
Salmon [Sa/mo sa/av] and the Yorkshire Derwent. Field, Jan. 12th, p..50.

It appears that since the lowering of the dam or weir at Old Malton the

Salmon have been able to penetrate into the Rye and the Dove.

F. R. L. (Liverpool).
Grey Mullet [JZmug7z/, ? species]. Field, September 13th, p. 382. Lancashire.
Seen in the Waterloo Dock, Liverpool, September 11th, 1884.
RB L: Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire.

Our North-Country Char [Salmo willughbii|. Field, March Ist, p. 296.
A lengthy and interesting account of the Char of the English lake district.
They are found in Windermere (where they are by far the most numerous),
Coniston Water (which now holds a good supply, though 30 years ago
Sir H. Davy wrote that they were scarce), Bassenthwaite Lake, Derwent-
water, Hawes Water, Ennerdale, Crummock Water, Goats Water, &c. An
occasional example is also now found in Ullswater, in which they had been
almost exterminated by hushwater.
The Lake District. Field, May 3rd, p. 612. Cumberland, Westmoreland.
Long article, descriptive of fishing resorts about Kendal, Penrith, Keswick, :
and Seascale.
Windermere. Field, December 6th, p. 787. Westmoreland, Lancashire.
This lengthy article refers mostly to fishery regulations. The few observa-
tions of ichthyological interest are as follows :—Perch | Perca fluviatilis] abun- .
dant; Char [Salmo willughbii], in enormous quantities; splendid Trout
[S. favio], in plentiful supply ; Pike [Zsox luctus], in fair quantities; Eels
[Anguzlla vulgaris]; Salmon [Salmo salar], a few ; Salmon-trout [S. ¢rutta],
occasionally.
W. J. LANCASTER. Yorkshire.
List of Varieties of Fish found in the neighbourhood of Barnsley and
ten miles round. Quart. Trans. Barnsley Nat. Soc., 1884, iv. 23-24.
The list includes sixteen forms.
R. L[OFTHOUSE?]. Yorkshire, Durham.
The Viviparous Blenny [Zoarces viviparus]. Field, February 2nd, p. 165.
Common in the estuary of the Tees. Locally called ‘rock eels’ and ‘green-
:
|

bones,’ the latter from the bones being dark green when the fish is cooked.

R. LOFTHOUSE. 4 Yorkshire.
Capture of an Oblong Sunfish. The Sunfish captured at Redcar. Field,
September 27th, p. 451 ; October 25th, p. 564.

An ‘ Orthagoriscus oblongus’ (which afterwards proved to be O. mola) was {|

shot off Redcar, September 13th. It was 3 feet 9 inches long; other dimen- :

sions are given ; its weight was 9 stone. es |
eo)

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTE. 257

W. MACAULAY AND OTHERS.
Yorkshire Trout Fishing. Field, August 2nd, p. 169. Yorkshire.
The merits of numerous rivers and streams discussed.
JOHN RIDDELL.
Snub-nosed Salmonidz. Land and Water, June 7th, p. 534. Northumberland.

A Snub-nosed Salmon, 24 lb. weight, killed in Tweed, on the Lennell
Haugh Water, November 13th, 1882.

J. H. ROWNTREE. Yorkshire.
Another Ribbon Fish [ Regalecus Canksiz|. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, viii. 4o.
Caught at Flamborough; 13 feet 3 inches long ; only 2 feet 8 inches girth.

THO. SATCHELL.
‘Wanny Blossoms.’ Anglers’ Note-book, August, pp. 41-44. Northumberland.
Review of a book with this title, written by James Armstrong, and published

at Carljsle in 1876. The book describes in rhyme angling at the heads of the
Northumbrian streams, Wansbeck and Reed, North Tyne and Coquet.

_ j. T. SEWELL.

Large Fish. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. roo. Yorkshire.
Two fine Halibut [Azppoglossus vulgaris] weighing 124% and 10% stone,
caught at Whitby.

C. F. S[miru] and C. A. P[ARKER]. Cumberland.
A Cumberland Marsh. Field, April 19th and May 3rd, pp. 560 and 596-7.
Trout [Salmo fario| occur at Drigg Common, the marsh referred to.

F, STANTON.
The Reid or Fenscale. Field, May 31st, p. 747. Lincolnshire, Yorkshire.
Inquiry for information as to the fish described in an old book as * The Reid,

or Fenscale, . . a very scarce fish, found only in the river Cherwell, in
Oxfordshire, and in a few lakes in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire.’

VARIOUS ANONYMOUS WRITERS.
Aire v. Wharfe. Field, Jan. 12th, p. 49; and Jan. 19th, p. 61. Yorkshire.
‘Merganser’ and ‘ L.’ institute comparisons as to the Trout (Salmo fario)
of the two rivers. It is stated that Minnows (Lezucescus phoxinus) are scarce
in the Wharfe, the Eden, and the Yore, but very plentiful in the Aire. The
waters of Kilnsey, Wharfedale, swarm with Loach (Codzt7s barbatula) and
Bullheads (Cottus gobio). ‘Goosander’ continues the discussion as to Trout,

and the Editor closes it, remarking that, after all, both Aire and Wharfe
Trout run small.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. Yorkshire.

[Report of Meeting at Sherburn-in-Elmete, June 2nd]. WNat., July, ix. 220.
Pike [Zsox luctus], Roach [Leucéscus rutilus], and Trout [Sa/mo fario] noted.

NCH VOLOGICAL NOME.

Ballan Wrasse at Flamborough.—A specimen of the Ballan Wrasse
(Labrus maculatus Bl.) was found this morning by a fisherman on the beach at
Flamborough Head, cast ashore by the heavy seas. Unfortunately, when I went
to measure the Wrasse, the person that found it had cooked and eaten it; I think
that its length was from 16 to 18 inches, and that it was about 14 inches round
thick part of the shoulder.—MATTHEW BAILEy, Flamborough, April goth,
1885.

Another Wrasse was landed here to-day, caught on the hook while fishing with
long lines ; its length was 18 inches, and its width round the shoulder 13 inches.—
MATTHEW Bailey, Flamborough, April 2Ist, 1885.

June 1885.

258

HERPETOLOGICAL NOTE.
The true Sand Lizard in the North of England.-—-Judging

from some remarks of mine anent the supposed ‘Sand Lizards’ at the Spurn and
other North-of-England localities (which are certainly nothing but brightly
coloured specimens of the Viviparous Lizard—Zootoca vivipara—so far as those
I have examined are concerned), that I did not believe in the existence of the true
Lacerta agilis so far north in Britain, my friend Mr.G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., was
good enough to procure from the Southport sandhills for me a couple of fine
specimens which I at once saw were unmistakably referable to that species. This
was on the 19th of February, and with these two were enclosed a juvenile example,
which no doubt was of the same species. Mr. Porritt tells me these lizards swarm
on the sandhills at Southport, where he has frequently seen them sparkling in the
sun with a glistening emerald green, and sometimes almost golden, brightness.
Mr. Porritt further tells me of the occurrence of the Natterjack Toad (Bufo
calamita) in the same locality WM. DENISON RoEBUCK, Leeds, April 11th.

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTE

Conchological Notes from Settle.—I spent April 28th at Settle,
and made a few conchological observations in that neighbourhood. In the morn-
ing I strolled towards Attermire crags, noticing //elzx rupestris and Clausilia
rugosa on the stone walls. On grass by the roadside were plenty of Helx arbus-
torum, varying greatly in the height of the spire. Some specimens lacked the
dark band entirely. Ina bed of moss I found a profusion of large Zomztes nitidulus
and a single example of Z. vadzatulus. Under one stone I found well-defined
specimens of Helix hispida and H. concinna. Such collocations are interesting as
proving the distinctness of nearly allied species. In the same lane I met with two
specimens of a rare variety—Zovztes alliarius var. viridula. Vitrina pellucida and
Zua lubrica abounded. Among the crags themselves was a perfect swarm of Helix
nemoralis. I saw hundreds of specimens, and all exactly alike in colour—pale
yellow with four dark bands. There was no 4. avbustorum here, which surprised
me, as in Switzerland it goes much higher than H. zemoralis. Pupa umbilicata and
Zonites crystallinus abounded among the crags. In the afternoon I wandered
along the foot of Giggleswick Scars: Pufpa secale was the prevailing species here.
I never saw it so abundant. A few dead specimens of Helix ericetorum lay
scattered about. Zonzfes alliarius abounded in a copse. Near refuse heaps at
Giggleswick, Helzx rufescens swarmed—both the light and dark form. I have
often noticed its predilection for such localities. Zovzztes cellartus accompanied it.
In crossing the Ribble I noticed Azcylus fluviatiiis on the stones, together with
the small form of Lzmnea peregra, common in rapid streams. I had observed
both species in the morning, also, in Scaleber Beck. Aulimus obscurus occurred
on the Castleberg.

Next day, on the road between Ingleton and Chapel-le-Dale, I saw numbers of
Clausilia rugosa var. dubia and Helix arbustorum var. flavescens.—W. C. HEY,
St. Olave’s Vicarage, York, May 5th, 1885.

PALAONTOLOGICAL- NOTE.

Inoceramus involutus Sow. at Ganton Wold.—During one of
my periodical visits to the village of Sherburn, near Scarborough, I was shown in
a cottage what was seemingly a dirty flint nodule, but which proved on examination —
to be the cast of a shell. The cottager who gave it me had got it one day ata
quarry on Ganton Wold, and made of it first a chimney ornament, and afterwards
used it to set pans upon. After washing and cleaning the fossil I found that it
was an exceedingly rare form of one of the characteristic fossils of our chalk
formation, described by Sowerby as Lroceramus involutus; and considering the
amount of knocking about it had undergone, it was in a very good state of preser-
vation. —S. CHADWICK, Norton, near Malton, January 6th, 1885.

Naturalist,

259

BOTANICAL NOTES.

Solomon’s Seal in Westmoreland.—In the review of the flora of
the English Lake District, I see that the Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum
multiflorum), is accepted as a Lake District plant. This is correct ; it grows
about half a mile from Witherslack Hall (Hon. F. Stanley’s), on the left side of
the road from the Derby Arms, high up among the rocks, in an almost inaccessible
place, where it is in profusion. No habitation near, nor has been. The Daffodil I have
seen in plenty, in out-of-the-way places in Westmoreland.—J. B. HopGKINson,
Preston, May Ist, 1885.

Wensleydale Botany: Erratum and Additions.—In my paper
in the January number of this journal, page 138, line 18 from top, I have only just
discovered that ‘ Wzeractwm’ was inadvertently printed instead of flypericum,
which was of course the genus intended to be associated with Leers’ ‘ dubinm.’

Already thus early I have been able to add two plants to the florula of the
higher part of the dale: Viola odorata (clearly indigenous) is just now blooming on
the dry, sheltered north bank (facing south) of the Yore, below the bridge over it
leading from Askrigg to Bainbridge ; whilst AZ/wm vineale, the Crow Garlic, one
of the species whose apparent absence was commented upon in the paper referred
to, is springing up in patches in the bush-shaded sand of the west bank of the Bain
stream, about a mile above Bainbridge.—F. A. LrrEs, Hawes, Wensleydale,
April 27th, 1885.

CLVEPLOGAMIC: NOTES.

| Manchester Cryptogamic Society.—At the September meeting
Mr. James Cash exhibited several interesting mosses, Zortula princeps, new to the
district, having been gathered in Miller’s Dale, June 1878, but undetermined until
quite recently ; Z7zchostomum flavovirens. found last month at St. Ann’s-on-the-Sea,
being the first record for Lancashire. Mr. William Forster exhibited some varieties
of British ferns which he had recently collected during an excursion at Patterdale.
Two of the varieties belonged to Wephrodium montanum, and one to Lastrea
Jilix-mas, this being quite a new and distinct variety, the pinnules being very
narrow and linear, giving the pinna a more comb-like appearance than in the
typical form. Specimens of Lejewnia microscopica from Nant Francon, collected
last month, were distributed, this rare species being new to Wales. Three
extremely rare hepatics were shown, collected lately in Scotland by Mr. George
Stabler, viz., Scapania planifolia, Jungermannia doniana, and /. setiformis.

Manchester Cryptogamic Society.— At the monthly meeting
on January 19th, Mr. George Burgess exhibited fine specimens of Brachythecium
albicams in fruit and barren, and barren specimens of Z7ichostomum flavo-virens,
both species having been found at Southport, on New Year's Day, by Messrs.
Burgess and Holt. Mr. W. Forster exhibited some fronds of Asplenium tricho-
manes var. 7ncisa, a very beautiful variety of this species, and rarely found growing
in a wild condition. The plant had recently been found wild in Westmoreland, by
Mr. James Barnes of Levens.

Manchester Cryptogamic Society.—On the 18th May, Mr. James
Cash, who was in the chair, exhibited specimens of Py/azs¢a folyantha, gathered
recently by Mr. James M’Andrew, at New Galloway, Scotland. Mr. F. Bowers
exhibited a fine collection of lichens, gathered quite recently at Barmouth, by A.
G. Holt; amongst which were Lphebe pubescens, Leptogium lacerum, and
Umbilicaria pustulata. Many of the specimens were in fine fruiting condition.
Mr. Holt sent for exhibition and distribution the rare Ddymodon recurwifolius,
which he had been fortunate enough to find near Dolgelly during his recent
excursion.

Freshwater Algse near Dewsbury.— During occasional rambles
together this spring, my friend Mr. C. B. Crawshaw and myself have come across
a fair number of these minute and interesting organisms. Amongst them, we have
so far identified SA:rogyra porticalis var. guinina and another species—probably 5S.
Slavescens, Mesocarpus, Prasiola crispa, Chlorococcum, Cladophora glomerata, &c.;
but by far the most interesting is the beautiful Dragparnaldia plumosa, which Mr.
' Crawshaw found in a small pond at the bottom of a stone quarry, only a few
| days ago.—C. P. HoBkirk, Dewsbury, 20th May, 1885.

June 188s,

260

YORKSHIRE AND NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
NATURALISTS AT ANSTON STONES.

The opening of the excursion season of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was
fixed for the extreme southern corner of the county, close to the borders of
Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. An invitation to participate in the excursion
was accepted by the Committee of the Nottingham Naturalists. There was
consequently a large gathering of naturalists from both counties upon the platforms
of the little station of Kiveton Park (on the M. S. & L. line between Sheffield and
Worksop), early in the forenoon of Thursday the 30th of April. The weather was
brilliantly fine and all that could be desired. The district appointed for
investigation by the main body of excursionists was the valley of the little stream
called ‘The Stones Dyke,’ which runs past Anston Stones and Lindrick
Common to Shireoaks—where it enters the county of Nottingham. Other mem-
bers went in an opposite direction and investigated the extensive sheets of water at
Harthill and other places, and the Yorkshire portion of Whitwell Wood. The
Chesterfield Canal was explored by some of the conchologists, and the route taken
by the geologists is described in the report of that section. All parties converged
upon Shireoaks Station, from which they drove or took train to Worksop, where
tea was served and the meetings were held at the Lion Hotel.

Tea having been despatched and the usual sectional meetings held, the general
meeting was opened at 6.30 p.m. The chair was, in the absence of the president,
occupied by one of the Union’s most valued ex-presidents, Dr. H. Clifton Sorby,
F.R.S., of Sheffield. There was a very large attendance, 125 sitting down to tea,
including the Nottinghamshire members. The Yorkshiremen present represented
the eleven societies of Barnsley, Bradford (Nat. Soc.), Dewsbury, Doncaster,
Heckmondwike, Leeds (three societies), Rotherham, Sheffield, and York. The
minutes having from pressure of time been taken as read, several new members
were announced, including Messrs. J. A. Brooke, J.P., of Fenay Hall near
Huddersfield ; Arnold Thos. Watson, of Sheffield; and Joseph Whitaker, F.Z.S.,
of Rainworth Lodge near Mansfield, Notts. Dr. Handford, president of the
Nottingham Naturalists, then proposed a vote of thanks to the Duke of Leeds for
permission to visit his estates, and to the various leaders of parties, namely, Messrs.
Marriott Hall, F. Brittain, S. H. Bennett, F. W. Dickinson, B. Sturges Dodd,
Holmes, T. Carrington, F.G. S., and C. Tylden-Wright, F.G.S. This was
seconded by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and carried unanimously. Mr. F.
Brittain responded. The reports of the various sections were then taken.

In Vertebrate Zoology, Mr. F. W. Dickinson reported, in the absence of the
officers of the section. In this section the chief feature of the day’s work a
was the observations made on the avifauna of the district, which is naturally rich in
woodland species. In all 54 species were recorded. The date of the excursion
was particularly favourable for noting the recently-arrived summer visitors, and of
these no less than 21 species were observed, including the Nightingale, Redstart,
Whinchat, Wood Wren, Blackcap, Sedge Warbler, Grasshopper Warbler, Yellow
Wagtail, Cuckoo. nna Turtle Dove, Corn Crake, and Blackheaded Gull. Of
resident birds, of which the list included 33 species, may be mentioned the
Hawfinch, Reed Bunting, Jay, Kingfisher, Moorhen, Coot, and Wild Duck. A
few of the commoner mammals and fishes completed the list.

Mr. B. Sturges Dodd of Nottingham reported on behalf of the Conchological
section. Several conchologists had explored the district during the day, including
himself, Messrs. Ernest Dufty and W. Gain of Tuxford, Notts ; the Rev. Hilderic
Friend, M.A., F.L.S., of Worksop; Mr. John Emmet, F.L.S., of Boston Spa
(secretary of the section) ; and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. The result was
that 37 species had been found, being 17 water shells, 3 slugs, and 17 Jand shells.
The conchologists had been very successful, for Achatina acicula had been found
near Kiveton Park by Mr. Emmet, after a close and determined search for it ; and
Mr. Roebuck had taken several specimens of Vertigo mznutissima in the locality
which had been indicated by Mr. Pickard of Mansfield. its discoverer there.
Investigation of the canal, both at Kiveton Park and at Shireoaks, had yielded
Spherium rivicola (one), & lacustre (one, dead), S. corneum (plentiful), Pesedium

Naturalist,

{
a

NATURAL HISTORY AT ANSTON STONES. 261

amnicum (numerous), /. fontimale (numerous), Axodonta anatina (plentiful),
Neritina fluviatilis (one), Bythinia tentaculata and Valvata fpiscinalis (both
plentiful), Plaxorbis albus (a few), P. vortex, P. carinatus, Physa fontinalis, and
Limnea peregra (all in plenty), and a few small Z. stagnalis. Of other water
shells were found Azcylus fluviatilis in the Stones Dyke at Wood Mill, and Mr.
W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., brought a large Azodonta cygnea from Harthill pond.
The slugs were Avior ater, A. hortensis, and Limax agrestis, both at Kiveton and
Anston. The land shells which were obtained, both at Kiveton Park and at
Anston Stones, were Vutrina pellucida, Zonites cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Z.
crystallimus, Z. purus (one, Anston), Helzx aculeata (Kiveton), A. nxemoralis,
fT. hortensis, H. concinna, H. hispida, H. pulchella (Kiveton), HY. rotundata, Pupa
umbilicata, Vertigo minutisstma (Kiveton), Clausilia rugosa, Zua lubrica, and
Achatina acicula (Kiveton).

For the Entomological section, Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., of Huddersfield, its
president, reported that only a few common species had been observed, and
Hlerbula cespitahs was the only one in any abundance. It was in fine condition
and very variable.

For the Botanical section the report was given by Mr. P. F. Lee, Dewsbury,
one of the Secretaries of the section, to the following effect. The first excursion
of the year is generally on too early a date for much to be done in botany. One of
the botanical parties took a twelve-mile round in the opposite direction to Anston,
skirting the three or four natural-like sheets of water beyond Harthill, and so on to
Shireoaks. Near this busy mining village, the party paused to examine what they
believed to be the old ‘Shire’ Oak, a massive, hollow, dead bole, bound with
hoop iron, and situate on the point of junction of three counties, Derby,
Nottingham, and York. On the way some pretty scenery was enjoyed, and
many fairly good plants, either in flower or sufficiently advanced from the baby
state to swear by, were gathered. One charming pastoral vale (it alone repaying
the long and rather tiring walk), fringed to the right and to the left with bleached
limestone crags, standing in relief against the sombre spreading arms of the yew,
with its trout-stream meandering along, yielded good flowering specimens of
Lvophila vulgaris DC., Viola odorata (both blue and white varieties), Prima
veris, one of the hybrids (P. varzabilis Goupil) often taken for the true Oxlip of the
south-eastern counties, Daphne laureola, and Lamium amplexicaule. The first
and the last just named (the Vernal Whitlow-grass, and the Henbit Deadnettle),
along with Veronica agrestis, sub-species polita Fries, and Lithospermum arvense,
in bloom too, were growing happily together, within a two-feet radius, on the
sloping bank of the last one of the picturesque lakelets visited, where the
wearied botanists and ornithologists laid themselves down to smoke the pipe of
peace and to note the continued plash of leaping trout. On a limestone cliff,
near a badger’s hole (for his footprints were visible), Asplenium adiantum-nigrum,
and young plants of Ploughman’s Spikenard (/iwz/a conyza) were observed, while
in a copse hard by there were great patches of the fertile fronds of Lgucsetune
arvense, and of that fleshy root-parasite, Lathrea squamaria, and a large colony
of that delicious fungus the Morel (Morchella esculenta). Not the least enjoyable
feature of the day was the profuse blossoming, in every hedgerow, of the Sloe and
the Bullace (Prunus spinosa and P. isititia). At Anston Crags Cystopteris
fragilis was gathered. ‘The total number of Phanerogams and higher Cryptogams
of the London Catalogue, reached 127. The Rev. Hilderic Friend, M.A., F.L.S.,
of Worksop, supplemented Mr. Lee’s report by giving a list of the micro-fungi
which he had observed, viz.:—“cidium compositarum var. lapsant, A.
ranunculacearum, At. urtice, Uredo potentillarum, Puccinia anemonis, P. unbelli-
Jerarum, Trichobasis lapsane, Erysiphe graminis, Peronospora schleideniana, P.
parasitica, P. ficarie, Protomyces art, and Uromyces ficaria.

The report of the Geological section was given by one of its Secretaries, Mr. S.
A. Adamson, F.G.S., of Leeds, who stated that the members of the section had had
a most practical and valuable field-day. They had as their leader Dr. Clifton
Sorby, F.R.S., of Sheffield, and had facilities afforded and kindness shown by the
proprietors of the Kiveton Park and the Shireoaks Coilieries. Arriving at Kiveton
Park station, a waggonette conveyed the geologists to the first-named collieries,
passing on the way the fault by which the Rotherham red rock is brought against

June 1885.

262 NOTE ON PALUDICELLA.

the magnesian limestone. At the collieries great courtesy was shown by Messrs.
Holmes and Hudson, and much information afforded. Plans and sections of the
workings were inspected ; and in order to show the nature of the rocks met with
in sinking the shafts, one end of the offices had been divided vertically into parallel
compartments, and then proportionately horizontally these were now filled in in
proper order with the rocks met with, and thus in a unique but accurate manner
the section could be studied. The powerful machinery used in working these very
extensive collieries was carefully shown and explained, and a descent of the pit
offered, but time did not permit of the latter. The way was now led to a very
fine section of the red rock, in a quarry a little distance from the colliery. This
red rock used to be, as regards its relationship and position, a vexed question with
geologists. Professor Sedgwick called it the lower red sandstone, and placed it at
the base of the Permian formation, and it was also thus described in the early days
of the geological survey. It is now provisionally referred by the Government
geologists to an upper division of the coal measures resting unconformably on the
main body of that formation. Passing through the pretty village of Harthill, the
party arrived at a quarry of very friable sandstone, known as quicksands, at the
base of the Permian formation. Very striking and picturesque excavations had
been made here. In some places spheroidal concretions of a calcareous nature
were observed. Coming to the village of Whitwell, a disused quarry was visited,
formerly worked for magnesian limestone. Some good specimens of the peculiar
toothed structure found in this rock were obtained. Passing over an outlier
of the lower red marl at Red Hill, the geologists were tempted to wander a little
from their field-work to inspect the fine old Norman chapel at Steetly, recently very
carefully and judiciously restored, and the retired position of which, with its
surrounding ancient yew trees, adds much to the solemn beauty of the scene. A
little way from the chapel are the famous Steetly Quarries of magnesian limestone,
which were visited. This stone, being crystalline, is of a very enduring nature,
and has long been used in the erection of buildings of great note. The next call
was at the Shireoaks Collieries, where the party was received by Mr. Tylden
Wright, F.G.S., and his son. Here, too, similar kindness awaited them as at
Kiveton ; sections of the mine and specimens of the rock met with were shown.
The whole of the extensive plant and machinery was also shown, with many
wonderful inventions and labour-saving appliances. After being conducted over
the beautiful modern church at Shireoaks, with its fine stained windows, the party
proceeded by train to Worksop. A brief outline of what had been done by the
Geological section, supplementary to Mr. Adamson’s report, was also given by Dr.
Sorby. A vote of thanks to that gentleman for the honour he had done the Union
by presiding concluded the meeting.

NOTE—POL YVZOA.

Paludicella ehrenbergi.—Those of your readers who study the fresh-
water polyzoa may be interested with the development of Paludicella ehrenbergi,
which at this season of the year shows the hybernacula described by Van Beneden,
but had not been seen by Professor Allman when he published his monograph on
the freshwater polyzoa. The Paludicella has not, so far as I know, been found
with statoblasts, and it seems very probable that the hybernaculum or winter
bud is the only method of development of this species. Van Beneden writes : ‘The
hybernacula or gemmez, which under the influence of a favourable temperature,
would have grown into the ordinary lateral branches of the polyzoon, but which
towards the commencement of winter acquire a conical form, and then become for
a while arrested in their development. In this state, surrounded by a firm mem-
brane of a blackish grey colour, they continue until the following spring, when the
investing membrane splits to allow the elongation of the branchy In this stage I
have found it, taken from the canal near Chester, on two or three occasions, at this
season of the year, and I shall be glad to find that some of your readers have also
found it, so as to confirm Van Beneden’s description —THOs. SHEPHEARD,
Kingsley Lodge, Chester, 23rd April, 1885.

Naturalist,

263

BOOK NOTICES.

‘Notes on the Geology and Natural History of the County
of Durham.—By Robert Calvert, of Bishop Auckland. -Price Five Shillings.
Bishop Auckland ; printed by W. J. Cummins, Eagle Printing Works, 1884.’
8vo., 184 pages, with geological map and sections.

These ‘notes’, as they are modestly termed, amount to a comprehensive
account of the more salient and striking features of the geology and of various
branches of the natural history of the county of Durham. There are sixteen
chapters, of which the first eight are devoted to the geology and physical geography,
the ninth deals with the mammalia, the tenth with the birds, the eleventh with the
reptiles, the twelfth with the fishes, the thirteenth with the butterflies, the four-
teenth with the moths, the fifteenth with the coleoptera, &c., and the last with the
botany. The work can hardly be called a fauna and flora of the county in the
widest sense, as the author has expressly limited himself to the conspicuous and
more readily-definable species of any group, and has thought it best to omit critical
forms and such as are difficult to distinguish from each other—such as, for instance,
those of Salix, Juncus, and Luzula in the flora, and nearly all the smaller species
of insects. As might be expected, we do not feel disposed to agree with such
omissions, except in cases where they have not received careful study. It is of
course preferable to omit rather than to mis-name. But as it is of the very
essence of a local fauna or flora that in it attention should be more par-
ticularly directed to the study of the minute variation of the forms which
occur within the area of investigation, we trust that Mr. Calvert’s little volume
may be the means of stimulating Durham naturalists to further inquiry and to more
detailed and more minute investigation, and that the next work which is con-
structed upon the same lines may embody the results of such investigations.

NOLES AND N EWS.

The Watson Botanical Exchange Club—with commendable promptitude—has
issued its first report, the greater part of which is occupied by a list of desiderata
for 1885. The list of members comprises 35 names. Critical notes on the plants
which have already been received during the Club’s—as yet—brief existence, are
also given, Mr. Arthur Bennett, F.L.S., being as referee responsible for these.
><
The list of Yorkshire Sawflies, to which Mr. Wilson’s paper in this volume

makes so many additions, now numbers about I12 species. It is much to be
wished that more entomologists would take up and work out these insects and
their geographical range in the north of England. Paucity of literature on the
subject can hardly be pleaded as an excuse when we remember that Mr. Cameron’s
valuable ‘Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera’ has appeared
under the auspices of the Ray Society, and also that the exhaustive French
monograph, published by M. Ed. André, which constitutes the first volume of his
‘Species des Hyménopteres d’Europe et d’Algérie’ is available, so that the litera-
ture of this interesting group may be regarded as in a tolerably satisfactory state.
poo<

The Cumberland Association for the Advancement of Literature and Science,
which has extended its range and altered its title so as to include Westmoreland
(why not have also included the detached or northern part of Lancashire and formed
a ‘Lake District Association’ with a shorter title and a more natural and well-
defined area ?) has published the Ninth part of its Transactions, a bulky instalment
of about 250 pages, containing numerous papers and notes on the various subjects
included in its scope. Mr. J. C. Smith contributes a list of Penrith district plants,
Miss Donald some notes on carboniferous gastropods from Penton, and a supple-
ment to her list of Cumberland mollusca, Mr. Goodchild concludes his list of
Cumberland and Westmoreland Minerals and gives a paper on the ‘ Penrith Sand-
stone,’ Mr. T. V. Holmes gives notes on the best locality for Coal beneath the
Permian Rocks of North-West Cumberland, and other geological papers are
by him and by Dr. J. Leitch. The Rev. H. A. Macpherson contributes bird-
ee and Mr. George Dawson a paper on the cuspidate moths of the Carlisle
district.

June 1885.

264.

METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR MARCH 1885.
EDITED By GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Moortown, Leeds.

Atmos} ;
pheric
arene TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). RAINFALL.
sure.
Seat SS
3 > 5 EXTREMES. 9 a
NAME OF STATION; ae s sei ie g Greatest Fall
) | =
ou M = o
. 1S} ‘K
ITS HEIGHT ABOVE SEA-LEVEL}3 3 opllerce Highest Lowest ® |8o) pate
~ . . . (—! .
. = zg Maximum Minimum Owillicares Single Day.
AND =e 5 ; : d SEA ANS:
Bs ue
NAME OF OBSERVER. 2 G-|>.8 registered. registered: a layed
<< M oO - )
Wo a, (4 GH a
° 5 Soilim yee
oO aay a J orl oO sy
nla = 3 = 3 BRS 3
=o S) » 5) =) ro) B® iS} oh
GO = ° is} ° is} an 3 ou fe) 3
v3 © & Q E A Bellas =
ay = < <q ‘= g
ee
ISLE OF MAN: : ; ‘
CRONKBOURNE (140 ft.).. .) inch | deg. | deg. deg. inch inch

A. W. Moore, F.M.S..... f |30°°51] 40°95 | 516 | 20th | 28° | xsth |3°955| 17 |x°174| 3st

LLOTH, C Eee) savers teil eee : ‘ : :
oe F, Rediod MA. Yo F 395036 )139) 30)] 53/201] 23th GAs) AP EEA) EGA ere) eS:
)

BARROW-IN-FURNESS (—).. : : 4 6,9, )
W. S. Whitworth. a fi]302253|/40/32))/55;0o;i 713th) a /'3nic° toa 3°930| 15 |2°770] 4th
Lavegroot (BtpsTON)(™) Lobs| 4080 | gato | axst |e'00|{ 26 {he asol 16 lov4so] ars

NGyhyT.G. Benn PALS 30°067| 36°70 | 50°70 t4th | 24'00) 23rd [a*260] 14 |r030| 4th

H S JUNCTION (1,135 ft. Le : 5 : ;
Stetbiumasier anos) | P9797] 34°80 | sora] zat [arto] 7th |a-yoo| xg fa] ath

eT poe ae 30°067| 46°50 | 54*10| 12th | 22°90} 22nd /3°793] 18 |x*008| 31st

CENTRAL HILL REG.: | W. COAST:

: : ao ey EOE RT SN ee ;
“J. W. Irvine eee 30°035| 39°90] 55°00| 20th 28°00 Vesrd fit 680] 16 |o°370] 4th
See Reem EES, [307052] 40°28 | 58°10] 20th | 31°20] 22nd |r*520] 14 |o"350| 4th

NorTH SHIELDS (—) . .. ;
i

| York Museum (—) ...... ( 14th \
)

ichel€urator2e pret se J 39/1007|-3970)|/55;0° {28th 25°00| 22nd |{1°500| 14 |o’400| 3rd

ee Oe EMS 307095) 40°40 | 56°00 Nee ( 28°60| roth |x°155] 12 |o°395| 3rd q

( 30th
Hu tui, DERRINGHAM (r10ft.) \
l

Wm. Lawton 30°20) 39°80 | 55’co | 20th 26'50| 22nd 1°80 | 16 |o*490| ~— 5th

Spurn Point (—)........ ; en eke 28 (ig ehies rae i

J.B. Smith <.c0cs...0 2. 5 [9° 038) 40°00 | 52°00 | 17th | 32700 |) Coen F107 980] 23 |e" 240) | calle 3
Mee. woe ee ; 307050) 38°48 | 53°00} 20th | 28'00} and |1"430) 16 jo"320] 3rd
LouGHBOROUGH (—)...... )

W. Berridge, F.M.S..... J |30°084) 40°40 | 56"co | 28th | 24’00 | 5th —0°830) 15 Jo'24o) ard

EASTERN LOWLAND REGION :

MONDON Sie ciccriteerre cre 30°087] 41°00 | 60°00} 20th” | 26’00 7 | o°60| 21st

8th sso

5)
* Not reduced to sea-level. 4
Wind.—tst Division (Isle of Man) wind chiefly W., N.W., S., and S.W. 2nd Division chiefly E., N.E-,—
and S.E., with some N.W. 3rd Divisian, chiefly N.E. with N.W. 4th Division, Shields, S.W. and
W.; York, N.; Leeds (Moortown), N.E.; Spurn, W. and N.W.; Louth, S.W. and N.W. Lough-
borough, W. and N.W. ;
Gales.—Isle of Man, gales on 9 days; Silloth, 6 days; Barrow and Liverpool 2 days each; Newton-
Reigny, on 2 days; Stonyhurst, on 2 days; Leeds, on 1 day; Loughborough, ou 4 days ; Spurn, on
4 days; and London, on 2 days. es
Szow.—Isle of Man, on 2 days; Silloth, t day; Liverpool, : day; Newton-Reigny, 7 days; Hawes,
5 days; Stonyhurst, 1 day; Scarborough, 4 days; Shields, 3 days; Leeds, 2 days; Spurn, 1 day;
and Loughborough, 1 day. a
Bright Sunshine.—Isle of Man, 127 hours; Silloth, 115 hours; Newton- Reigny, 94 hours; Stonyhurst
98 hours ; Hull, 68 hours. - ae
Highest Temperature in Sun.—lsle of Man, 110°6° on 20th; Silloth, 113*r° on 8th; Newton-Reigny
103°2. on 28th; Stonyhurst, 1°203° on 28th; Hull, 80°08 on 28th; Leeds, ror‘oo° on 14th. Natura

A HANDBOOK OF THE

VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF YORKSHIRE.

BEING A CATALOGUE OF BRITISH MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISHES,
SHOWING WHAT SPECIES ARE OR HAVE, WITHIN HISTORICAL PERIODS,
BEEN FOUND IN THE COUNTY.
BY

WM. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS.,
AND

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“The work is an excellent one of its kind.’ — Atheneum.

Now ready, 8vv, cloth, price 6|- post free.

LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA,

By G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S.
The list contains copious records of the localities, &c., of the 1,340 species of
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To be had only from the Hon. Secretaries of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

ye DENISON: ROEBUCK, : F.L:S.,

AND
hw eEAGLE: CLARK BE, F.L.S.,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Confenis:

PAGE

The Natural History of Ee slachiveRastors a ; ..265 to 266
Ornithological Notes from the East Coast in the Spring oe 1885—Yohn pes .267 to 269
Achatina acicula (the Needle Agate Shell) and its occurrence and distribution over

the Magnesian Limestone of Yorkshire—Fohn Emmet, F.L.S. sia .270 to 274
Strasburger’s New Investigations on the Process of Fertilisation in Phanerogams—

Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc. (concluded) es re Ae a : Be .-275 to 278

' Ornithological Notes :— .. 269
Goosanders at Masham, Yorkshire—Z. C arter; Curious Nest of ‘Song-thrush | at C opgrov e—
G. T. Porritt, FL. Ss;

Ichthyological Notes :—
Basse in Whitby Harbour— Thos. S tephenson ; s Muller's coe at Whitby—Z. a,

| Conchological Note :—
Freshwater Shells eaten by Rats—-Chas. Oldham.

| Botanical Note :—
Vicia sylvatica— William Hodgson, PLAS =

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Boroughbridge .. A =e aS .-279 to 281
Book Notices :— .281 to 282
Forbes’ Naturalist’ 5 Wanderings i in the “Eastern Archipelago ; Braithwaite’ S ‘Salmonidze of
Westmoreland.
: ..282 to 283
+ Meteorologica! Beton fon Marit 1885—(Edited = (oo. Pad. F. G. S., F. R. ‘Met. Ss. ) .. 284
Bibliography of 1884; Part V.—LeEpiporTERA (commenced) Ae ae ps ..285 to 288

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*The Birds of Lancashire. By F.S. Mitchell.—8vo, cloth, 224 pp., with map and
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with maps and woodcuts. 1885. [Sampson, Low & Co.
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Journal of New York Microscopical Society—May 1885. [Society.

Mineralogical Magazine for May 1885. [Mineralogical Society.

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Revue Bryologique. No. 3, for 1885. [T. Husnot, Editor.

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Midland Naturalist for June 1885. [The Editors.

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ln Preparation. .
A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca
of the British Fauna.

The work is intended to be full, detailed, and exhaustive, and adequately
illustrative of Variation, Development, and Geographical Distribution.

Co-operation is invited from all interested, and any information or specimens
(the common species of every district are particularly desired), will be welcomed —
and carefully acknowledged. The Authors may be addressed—c/o Mr. JOHN W. ©
TAyLor, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds. ;

Information is at present specially required on the Slugs ( Zestacella, Limax, and
Arion), of which living specimens from every district are desired. |
SS a .

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265

THE NATURAL HISTORY OF LINCOLNSHIRE.

So little information has been recorded bearing upon the natural
history of Lincolnshire, or upon any branch of it, that we have thought
it well to arrange for the publication of a series of papers thereupon.
And although the county has but few natural history or scientific
societies, it possesses individual workers of much experience and
ability, and more than one, indeed, whose reputation is not merely
local, but national. Besides this, several able naturalists living in
other counties can boast of their Lincolnshire birth or extraction,
and there are doubtless numerous residents of intellect and culture
who would willingly render such assistance as is in their power.

Such being the case, we feel that there is ample material for
a series of papers which shall bring to a focus such information as
may be at present available, and place definitely on record facts
which might otherwise be lost to the world.

The first thing requisite is a general introduction setting forth
the physiographical conditions offered by the county, and this
Mr. Cordeaux has kindly undertaken to prepare for us.

This done, a series of papers is to follow, in irregular succession,
at intervals, upon the geology, meteorology, zoology, or botany, or
any subdivision of these subjects, either relating to Lincolnshire as a
whole, or to definite and natural areas within it.

With this end in view, we invite our readers, and especially our
Lincolnshire readers, to send us whatever information they can, and
we wish most particularly to draw attention to the fact that every one.
can assist, be his assistance ever so little or ever so fragmentary.
Short notes, odd specimens, whatever they be, all will be useful.

It will assist intending investigators to state summarily what we
should like to have done, and with this end in view a brief survey of
the subject is now given.

Mammalia.—Mr. Cordeaux has most kindly undertaken to edit
the list of mammalia, and will be glad of notes bearing upon the
subject. Specimens would also be of value in certain cases, particularly
of Bats, Shrews, Weasels, Mice, and the smaller and obscure forms
generally. If our readers will forward their notes at once, it is hoped
that this list may appear before very long.

Birds.—The existence of so well-known a standard work as
‘The Birds of the Humber District’ renders it not very imperative to
publish a systematic list of Lincolnshire birds early in the series.
But although the definite Lincolnshire list be postponed for the
present, it is hoped that notes may be sent in, and some could
be printed from time to time as ‘Stray Notes on Lincolnshire Birds,’
July 1885, : N

266 LINCOLNSHIRE NATURAL HISTORY.

Reptiles and Amphibians.—Records and specimens of these
may be sent in at any time.

Fishes.—Records of freshwater fish will always be welcome, and
will be duly filed for the use of whomever is asked to write the list.

Marine Fish.—Mr. O. T. Olsen, F.L.S., of Grimsby, has kindly
consented to prepare a list in this department, and will be pleased to
have records or other assistance.

Land and Freshwater Mollusca.—In this department specimens
are particularly desired, and every one—if he has a mind—can pick
up and forward such examples of snails and slugs as he sees ; none
are too trivial or too common to be noticed, more especially as the
great difficulty experienced is to obtain the very common species.
Slugs are desired a/ve, and should be sent in tin boxes, packed with
damp moss, or even a wet cloth. Should assistance be speedily
forthcoming, this list would be pushed forward and published early.

Marine Mollusea.—We should be pleased to hear from any who
are investigating this department—or from any who can forward
specimens for examination.

Lepidoptera.—Lists, notes, or specimens, all would be useful.

Coleoptera and other Insects.—The same remarks apply.

Microscopical and other Low Forms of Life.—Notes and lists
would be of considerable use.

Plants.— Much the same remarks apply as in the various depart-
ments of Zoology.

Geological and Meteorological Papers—especially if dealing
with careful and detailed work, would be acceptable.

Bibliography.—Any one who has the time, and the opportunity,
for examining the sets of the various scientific journals with a view to
collecting such Lincolnshire information as may be already recorded,
would confer signal service.

These few observations will serve to indicate the objects which
are in view. There is to be no fixed and unvarying law laid down,
but at the same time a general idea will be borne in mind. ‘The lists
as far as practicable are to be systematic in. their scope, and to
embody precise and minute details. The time has not yet arrived
when we can say of any species that it is ‘everywhere’ in the county,
therefore the observations upon all the species are to be detailed and
precise, however common the species may be supposed to be; for it
is against all the principles of science to make sweeprng deductions
from a small and insufficient array of facts. ‘There is therefore scope
for accepting all the assistance that may be offered by residents in or
visitors to the county of Lincoln,

Naturalist,

|

/
/
:
:

207

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES FROM THE EAST COAST
IN THE SPRING OF 1885.
By JOHN CORDEAUX,

Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolushire; Convener of the British Association Committee
on the Migration of birds.

Mr. M. Bailey, of Flamborough, reports that on May 3rd, with a
N.E. wind, there was a large arrival of Pied Flycatchers (AZuscecapa
atricapilla) and Redstarts (Ruticilla phenicurus), both species on that
day being extremely numerous in the hedgerows and gardens on the
headland. ‘The Redstarts observed were generally male birds in full
plumage. Last year (1884) there was a similar arrival about the
same period of Pied Flycatchers, and I was told they were so
numerous as to be seen sitting in rows on some of the low hedges.
The immigration of the two species together in the spring is interesting,
as the migration reports so far published indicate not unfrequently
a corresponding movement of the two on passage in the autumn
going on at the same dates, both across Heligoland and on the East
coast of England; the migration of the Redstart, however, in 1884
commencing somewhat earlier and being prolonged to a later date.

With reference to the large arrival of Pied Flycatchers at Flam-
borough, it is interesting to find that they occurred during the same
period—the first week in May—at Spurn. It was also observed in
Norfolk on the 9th. Mr. J. A.. Harvie Brown, in a footnote, p. 100
of the Migration Report for 1884-85, calls attention to the fact of an
extraordinary migration of the same species on the East coast of
Scotland, as observed at the Isle of May, Pentland Skerries, and
other stations in the first week in May. It thus appears that this
remarkable immigration covered in one broad front the East coast of
Great Britain between Norfolk and the Pentland Firth.

An example of the Common Skua (Stervcorartus catarrhactes) was
shot at the North Landing at Flamborough, in the latter part of
February or early in March of the present year.

There were two small ‘trips’ of Dotterel (Zudromias morinellus)
on my land near the Humber in May—seven on the 14th and five
on the 16th. These remained in the locality about three days. As
is usually the case, these pretty birds were very tame, and allowed
me to walk within a short distance before taking wing. This is
somewhat a late date for Dotterel to be seen in our marshes. The
old rule in North Lincolnshire is that they may be expected on the
high wolds in Lincoln April Fair week, namely, the last whole week
in April, moving into the sea-coast districts in the first week of May.
On the roth I walked for several miles through what was formerly a
very famous spring haunt of the Dotterel near the Yorkshire coast, but
July 1885.

268 CORDEAUX: EAST COAST ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

without seeing any, and could only heai of a pair having been seen
in that locality. I have little doubt, however, that the species is yet
fairly numerous on the old Dotterel grounds in May. The great extent
of the land to be traversed, and the difficulty in distinguishing the birds
even at a short distance, on fallow land or newly-sown corn, makes
it exceedingly hard for a single observer to draw conclusions as to
their abundance or scarcity, yet no year passes that I am not told by
shepherds and others of Dotterel having been seen somewhere or
other in the district. Since the passing of the Wild Birds Protection
Acts their presence, fortunately, does not attract the same attention as
formerly.

At the Speeton, Bempton, and Flamborough Cliffs, on this same
day, I found three sets of climbers in full swing (no pun was intended),
taking the sea-birds’ eggs. Up to this date comparatively few had
been taken, and the season was reported to be a late one, the con-
tinuous north-east winds keeping the fowl out at sea, and retarding
the laying. The largest number of eggs I saw brought up after any
single descent was thirty-six. I walked the length of the headland
between Hunmanby and the North Landing at Flamborough, and
found the rocks were fairly covered with Guillemot (Lomvca trozle),
Razor-bills (Alca torda), and a few Puffins (Fratercula arctica) ;
nothing, however, compared with the enormous numbers resting on
the water at a short distance from the cliff foot, and this continuous
for several miles—in fact, along the whole range of the breeding cliffs.
Comparatively few Kittiwakes (Aissa tridactyla) were seen. Some
Rockdoves (Columba livia) and Stockdoves (C. @nas). A nest of the
Carrion Crow (Corvus corone) with unfledged young on the Bempton

Cliffs. Ail the climbers say there are certainly no Herring Gulls °

(Larus argentatus) or Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) nesting any-
where on the south of Filey Bay. Flamborough fishermen again
report a white Guillemot, and another, likewise of the common
species, which is entirely black all over. This latter has been
frequently seen.

There are four sets of climbers working the cliffs between Bempton
and Flamborough. In the season of 1884 one party admit having
taken, in seven weeks and three days, 30,000 eggs of various sorts.
The fishermen also, in their leisure hours, take a considerable number
of eggs by climbing from below. It would, therefore, probably be no
exaggeration to say that altogether 130,000 eggs are taken in the
season, chiefly those of the Guillemot. It is difficult to understand
how any species can withstand such a wholesale drain on their
nurseries without shewing a perceptible yearly and increasing diminu-
tion, more especially when we take into consideration the large

Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL AND ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTES. 269

number of old birds slaughtered by ‘sportsmen’ after the close time,
when there are yet quantities of unfledged young on the cliffs depen-
dent upon them. Yet the number of sea-birds, I was told this season
by those best able to judge, is considered greater than ever.

The Carrion Crows in the marshes almost invariably choose a
thick thorn bush to build in. The nest is placed sometimes not
more than seven or eight feet from the ground, and generally over-
hanging water—a drain or pond. In the vast majority of cases I believe
the young get off, for it would tax the utniost energies of one of the
smallest and most thorn-proof boys to plunder the nest. I found two
nests to-day (May 27th) in thorns, both apparently with young birds
in them; and from an old Crow’s nest of last year, in a like situation,
a Kestrel went off, but I was quite unable to ascertain whether she
had eggs or not. ‘This practice of building in bushes in the marshes
is no recent one, for old men have told me that when they were boys
and went bird-nesting, they often enough found the Carrion Crow’s
nest in a thorn.

DUMMY IC Cp TOO G.) . * Te

ORMILAOLOGICAL NOTES.

Goosanders at Masham, Yorkshire.—On the 3rd of January, four
Goosanders (Mergus merganser) were seen here on the river Yore. One of the
birds was shot, and on dissection proved to be a female. The remaining three
birds have not been seen since that date, but several flights of the Common Wild
Duck, Golden Eye, and Teal have passed up and down the river.—T. CARTER,
Burton House, Masham, January 15th, 1885.

Curious Nest of Song-Thrush.—On Whit-Monday, May 25th, I found
in the Copgrove Woods, Boroughbridge, the nest of a Song-Thrush (7urdus
mustcus) which to me, and to other members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
(who were having an excursion there that day), seemed very curious. It was placed
among a number of young shoots covered with green leaves, springing from the
bole of a tree, and was formed on the outside entirely of fresh green shoots and
leaves of low-growing plants, the rim at the top being of perfectly fresh blades of
grass. With the exception of the dung lining, everything visibie about it was green,
and the contrast to the ordinary nest of the bird, formed of dry withered material,
was most marked. No doubt it was done for greater concealment among the
surrounding green leaves, the colour of which was exactly matched, except for the
dulness of the nest leaves, caused by the withering process, and which would of
course increase every day. Whether the bird had itself plucked off the fresh shoots,
or they had been thrown out of the gamekeeper’s garden, which was a short distance
away, I can’t say. The nest contained one egg.—GEo. T. PORRITT, Huddersfield,
June, 1885. = UE EY eh ES

NOTIN VOLO GUCA LE VN OES.

Basse in Whitby Harbour.—On the 12th of May a young Basse
(Labrax lupus Lacép.) was captured above the bridge in Whitby Harbour, in a
clasp net, by Dring. This is the first time I have heard or known of one being
caught in the harbour, though Yarrell states they frequent harbours.—THos.
STEPHENSON, Whitby, June 9th, 1885.

Muiller’s Topknot at Whitby.—I see that Whitby is not given in the
‘Handbook of Yorkshire Vertebrata’ as a locality for this species (Rhombus
punctatus Bl.). One was captured off here by Freeman, on the 13th of May, 1881.
THos. STEVENSON, Whitby, June 9th, 1885.

July 1885. N2

270

ACHATINA ACICULA (THE NEEDLE AGATE SHELL),
AND ITS OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION
OVER THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE OF
YORKSHIRE.

By JOHNYEMME TT) BoLs),

Boston Spa; Secretary of the Conchological Section of the Vorkshire Naturalists Unioi.

THE late Dr. J. E. Gray, in his admirable edition of Dr. Turton’s
Manual of British Shells, now superseded by Forbes and Hanley’s
work, and more recently by that of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, gives the
following description of one of our loveliest British shells (the only
species we have of the genus), and it is sufficiently ample for ail
practical purposes :--—

‘Achatina acicula. Needle agate shell. Shell slender, smooth,
polished, white, with six flat volutions, lower one as long as all the
others; mouth elliptical Amongst the roots of trees, and at the
base of limestone rocks. Animal pellucid white, granulately
striated ; tentacula retractile, cylindrical, upper pair longest, granular,
not thickened at the top, smooth, convexly truncated, without any
black spot (eyes) ; lower pair opposite the angles of the mouth; foot
compressed, pointed behind; breathing-hole large, rounded, in the
middle of the outer lip of the shell. Shell not a quarter of an inch
long, taper; aperture oval-oblong, appearing as. if cut off at the
base, giving the end of the pillar the resemblance of a tooth ; outer
margin thin, not reflected, nor forming an umbilicus.’ Probably
other conchologists have described much more simply. I will only
add that the name Achatina is supposed to be traceable to the Greek
and. Latin root, achazes =an agate, alluding to its polish.

Having scrutinised the conchological lists of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union for the last two years, for the purpose of ascer-
taining if Achatina acicula had occurred anywhere, I find that there

is not a single record of its appearance during that period of time, |

although Filey, York, Otley, Malham, Barnsley, Roche Abbey,
Sherburn, Hawes, Helmsley, Spurn, and Doncaster have been visited.
If it had been seen, such close observers as Taylor and Nelson,
Butterell and Hey, and others, must have recognised and recorded it.

Are we to infer that this enormous stretch of country is prolific in
other shells, and that the agate shell is conspicuous by its absence ?
I should have expected that it would have been taken at Sherburn,
Roche -Abbey, Malham, and Doncaster; unfortunately, as I have
noticed, A. acicuda has the knack of getting out of the way when the

conchologist 1s abroad.
Naturalist,

EMMET: ACHATINA ACICULA IN YORKSHIRE. 271

I believe I was the first to find it in this magnesian limestone
district—in July, 1858. I searched for it for years before I found it.
I had been going the wrong way about it. I had looked amongst
the débrvis at the foot of limestone crags, instead of at the top, and in
stone coffins of the Saxon period, according to Dr. J. E. Gray’s
formula, Dr. Gray says:—‘It is very common six or eight inches
deep in the ground in Yorkshire, on the tops of gravel pits, and in
Saxon coffins.’ I examined every Saxon and Roman coffin in York,
and other places, with no results. The first specimen I captured was

in the course of a desultory walk between Clifford and Bramham

village, by the road side, where the marl had been cut through in
making the road, and was therefore exposed and weathered. I dug
into the marl on the top of the rock, and in two minutes found my
favourite shell, very much to my astonishment. The specimens I took
were dead ones; and I have seen no living ones in thirty years,
although I have taken scores of dead ones and have no doubt that
live ones are to be found. All that I have seen look much like sub-
fossils, except an occasional transparent and pellucid one here and
there, but without animal inside it. Having discovered the Clifford
shells, I reasoned inductively that the species would be found under
similar conditions all over the limestone tract. I examined five
different places or districts, with the same rock, subsoil and marl, and
vegetable growth, at distances about a mile apart from, each other.
As I supposed I should do, I took numerous specimens at each of
these five points of observation, and I came to the conclusion that
A. acicula, instead of being one of the rarest, is absolutely the com-
monest shell in the district, more abundant than Aelzx rifescens,
FT, nemoralis, or £1. hortensis; the only competitor as regards numbers
being the pest of our gardens, Zzmax agrestis.

Take the magnesian limestone terrace from north to south, and
across, as the hunting ground, and reckoning that twenty or thirty
specimens may be found in a few square yards, the numbers of
A. acicula must be almost fabulous, to be counted not by scores or
hundreds, but by milhons and billions, enough to stock every con-
chological cabinet in the universe; and this without moving an inch
beyond the very limited limestone terrace above named. My old

friend Dr. Evans and myself visited a wood near this place some

twenty years ago, and I took so many specimens that he could not
believe but that I had them already in a pill-box brought from my
cabinet. However, he began to find them as I did, and I think we
took about forty in perhaps an hour’s time; some of them are now
before me, mostly opaque, with a few beautiful glassy shells inter-
spersed. |

July 1885.

272 EMMET: ACHATINA ACICULA IN YORKSHIRE.

Whenever you find a single specimen of a shell anywhere, it is
always natural to conclude that there are others—there must be a
paterfamilias, and he must have had a progenitor; in fact, there is
a conchological Adam somewhere. Once get upon the scent, and
- you will do wonders ; but I believe you may try all this neighbour-
hood as carefully as you please, and you will not find a single shell,
unless you go about it in the way I. have suggested; and this is the
reason why it was not found at the various places mentioned at the
beginning of tls paper.

I have found A. acicu/a upon the laminated as well as the ordinary
building limestone, as, for instance, at White Crag, near this place,
where there are layers of the agricultural limestone, and upon the
very spot where Dr. Martin Lister found Cyclostoma elegans two
centuries ago. I wonder if he noted A. acicula in any of his records?

Dr. Gray, as above stated, recommends searching at a depth of
six or eight inches, but my experience is that you will find it at
a much greater depth, even as much as eighteen inches below the
surface. It depends upon how the marl is deposited, and upon the
amount of soil overlying it. The great point is to look for it carefully
amongst the marl below the soil, cautiously removing each small
fragmentary piece of limestone that covers the rock, and intently
looking in every cranny caused by the removal of the said marly and
stony pieces, until the shell becomes conspicuous by its white
appearance. Sometimes ten or a dozen will be taken in as many
inches. If you follow this advice in this locality you will almost
invariably be successful. I can always predicate where I shall be
likely to find it, and I think Knottingley, Doncaster, Pontefract. &c.,
have all the necessary conditions for the existence of the shell, and
that it only requires patient research in the manner above indicated to.
find it there, as well as here.

In giving this ‘ wrinkle’ to brother conchologists, which has been
very useful to myself, I hope I shall have helped them to put A. acicula
on some of their future lists. It may also be stated that some of the
‘knowing ones’ recommend pieces of board rubbed over with suet to
be placed upon the grass in those places where the shell is known to
be, in order that it may be taken alive. It is worth trouble to find it,
for it is one of the prettiest and most fragile of all the forms of
Achatina, some of which I have found plentifully distributed in the
olive gardens at San Remo, and in Rome. But, to my thinking, our
British representative is the most beautiful of them all,

_A question suggests itself: How is it that this exquisitely fragile
-shell, with an animal soft, pulpy, and delicate beyond measure,
can insinuate itself a foot or more below the soil, often tenacious and

Naturalist,

EMMET: ACHATINA ACICULA IN YORKSHIRE. 273

clayey, until it reaches the marl? It evidently does not breed there,
but at the roots of grasses. Why and for what reason does it go
there at all? How does it get there? for its powers seem inadequate
for the purpose. It gives us pleasure to find it in the marl, but why
not stay amongst the grass? What end is served by its burial
in the marl? Wecan understand partly the reason why Zevedo and
Saxicava worm their way into rocks and timbers; but I see no
cause for a delicate Achatina to go below the level where it was born
in order to die. I can see no object init. It spends its hfe beside
highways and in woods, and retires to a mausoleum so deep that if
Christians followed its example they would require, not the orthodox
“six feet of earth,’ but graves about a mile underground! Why, with
all the world before it ‘wherewith to choose,’ it should deliberately
seek a resting place so far removed from its surroundings as a burial
vault, is to me very curious.

All the shells I have found under the surface are perfect shells,
with the final volution well formed. What instinct or proclivity, or
call it what you please, impels so minute an animal to retire in the
decline of life so deep into the earth? It does not know it will die.
It does not know that others die. Why should it hide the secrets of
its dirninutive little departure by getting back to the unsympathetic
stone and marl of the Permian strata? It dies apparently with great
premeditation, adhering to the bare rock. I merely ask for infor-
mation, as I cannot answer these questions to my own satisfaction.

I had written thus far when our Y. N. U. meeting came off at
Kiveton Park, April 30th. My friend Mr. Roebuck met me at
Kiveton Park Station, intent upon Achatina, which I had almost
guaranteed to find for him. We explored the quarries about the
station with no results. the superincumbent mass of clayey soil contra-
indicating the finding of the shell we wanted. We then walked to
Anston Rocks, examining every place likely, still nothing found; so my
friend returned to spoon the canal, and whilst he was doing so, I saw
some rocks that looked likely, a few hundred yards from the station ;
there I immediately took two Achating, and gave them to Mr.
Roebuck for exhibition at the meeting at Worksop. I have proved
the truth of my favourite theory above given, and propounded many
years ago, as to the distribution of the shell, and felt I had
accomplished everything I went to Kiveton Park for. We should
have been sorry if our ‘mission’ had egregiously failed, which it seemed
likely to do, even so late as 4 o'clock in the afternoon; but close
searching repaid one after all, as it generally does. I suppose it is
the first instance of its being recorded of late years at an excursion
meeting, and the first time it has been recorded for the extreme south
July 1885.

274 OLDHAM: FRESHWATER SHELLS EATEN BY RATS.

of Yorkshire. I afterwards went about fifty yards up the Anston
Road; close to the station, to the left of the road, and at the depth of
nearly two feet, I found a living specimen of Achatina, shell hyaline
and pellucid, animal soft and delicate, pulpy, yellowish, but I have
failed to resuscitate it. It was close by the pathway, and doubtless
there are countless millions all over that district, as there are at this
place. They only require looking for. To what end do they exist
in such numbers? Cuwz bono? What do they feed upon, how spend
their existence, for what object, why were they made? All such
questions are difficult to answer. We have only one Achatina, one
Carychium, one Acme, one Cyclostoma, one Veritina, all of them
exquisite in form, and always worth looking for amongst the other
better known shells. I never saw an abnormal specimen of Achatzna in
this country, and I am not aware that any varieties have been noticed.

Since our Kiveton Park excursion I have been’ reminded that
Mr. Wilcock finds Achatina numerously at Newton near Wakefield,
and Mr. W. Nelson has taken it alive at Pontefract, and dead at
Wentbridge.

The Duke of Argyle in’ a, recent article on *What is Science?
appropriately remarks :—‘ The minutest living thing is more
wonderful than the starry heavens. The minutest creature endowed
with life is an organisation more wonderful, more intricate, more
impossible for us fully to understand than the whole mechanism
of the heavens.’ If that be so, certainly great interest is attached to
the life history and distribution of the shell we have been describing.

[It will be of interest to add to Mr. Emmet’s observations,
that Mr. E. Collier has informed us that he has taken “ving speci-
mens in Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire. He says that the best way to
find the living shells at that place is to turn over the large stones in
the loose friable earth near the riverside ; by doing this he generally
found a few live shells, adhering to the wzder side of the stones, quite
out of the light and heat ; this was in summer.—W.D.R. ]

CONCHOLOGICAL, NOTE.

Freshwater Shells Eaten by Rats.—A somewhat similar incident to
that quoted by Mr. C. T. Musson, in the Vatwralist for March, has recently come
under my notice. Instead of Mussels, however, the species in this case were
Paludina contecta and Planorbis corneus. Both of these species occur in moderate
plenty in a small pond in Birch (a suburb of Manchester). Several small heaps,
each comprising two or three dozen empty shells, were lying about on the margin
of the pond. Inthe Paludine a large hole had been bitten out of the lowest
whorl; whilst in the other species, the centre whorls had been entirely bitten away,
in order to reach the morsel within. In the banks of the pond were several rat
holes, belonging presumably to the Brown Rat (Mus decumanus), for I hardly
think that Water Voles would be guilty of the mischief.—CHas. OLDHAM, Broad
Road, Sale, May 15th, 1885.

Naturalist,

2h15

STRASBURGER’S NEW INVESTIGATIONS ON THE
PROCESS OF FERTILISATION IN
PHANEROGAMS.

By pHOMAS Hie Kk BUA; /B:Se:,

President of the Botanical Section of the Vorkshire Naturalists Union.

(Continued from page 205.)

From all that has preceded, it may be gathered that Strasburger
considers it to have been demonstrated that fertilisation depends
upon the cell-nuclei, and upon the nuclei alone. The morphology
of the nucleus thus becomes an important subject of enquiry, and one
on which our author therefore dwells at considerable length. It is
shown that every cell-nucleus contains a much-convoluted anasto-
mosing nuclear thread, which forms the intra-nuclear network. This
consists of a ground substance of nucleo-hyaloplasma, the idioplasma
of Nageli, in which are embedded the nucleo-microsomes or granules.
Between the meshes of the network lie one or more nucleoli, and the
whole is contained within the nuclear cavity, which is filled with
nuclear sap, and is bounded by the nuclear wall. ‘There is likewise
a network in the surrounding cytoplasma, but this does not project
into the network of the nucleus. The inter-action bétween the cyto-
plasma and the nucleus, when the latter is in the resting condition, is
simply dynamical, and although the cytoplasma has the same compo-
sition as the nucleo-plasma, there are important morphological and
physiological differences between them. The network of the nucleus
appears to have a permanent form, while that of the cytoplasma is
continually undergoing change. ‘The nucleus seems to be charged
with carrying over from one generation to another the hereditary
characters of the species, and to this is probably due its firmer struc-
ture and its complicated mode of division. The nucleus thus repre-
sents the fixed conservative principle of the organism, while the
plasticity of the cytoplasma enables it to adapt itself to the changing
influences of the environment. Moreover, the nucleus dominates the
metabolic processes going on within the cell, and determines the course
of development which ultimately produces the features which fix its
specific rank. On the other hand, the cytoplasma reacts on the nucleus,
excites it to divide, and, after every division, supplies the daughter
nuclei with the food stuffs necessary for their increase of mass.

While the specific characters of a plant are thus due to the nuclei
of its cells, the individually-acquired peculiarities remain bound up in
the cyto-idioplasma. Strasburger agrees with Weismann, Nageli,
and others in thinking that too much importance has been laid upon

July 188s.

276 STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION IN PHANEROGAMS.

these individual peculiarities, and subscribes to the view that the
changes organisms exhibit are due to inner causes rather than external
influences. It is allowed, however, even on this view, that the long-
continued action of external stimuli has some effect, ultimately
evoking reactions in the nuclei, which in their turn induce changes
in the development of the individual.

Several other matters, all more or less pertinent to his theory of
generation, are dealt with by Strasburger, and that, we need hardly
say, with rare insight and fulness of knowledge. Among these is the
interpretation of the fact that when an organism is brought to the
close of its development it again reverts to its original condition, and
produces germ cells. Nageli seems to be of opinion that idioplasma
naturally runs through a cycle of changes which bring it back to the
starting point of development, and Strasburger thinks such a retrograde
development is shown by what occurs in those cells and cell-nuclei of
plants which build up the sexual products. Hence he regards the
expulsion of a part of their substance by the nuclei and cytoplasma
of generative cells as a part of the preparatory process by which these
structures are brought back to their primitive condition. ‘The division
of the generative cell-nucleus is another part of this process, the result
being the reduction in mass of the nucleo-idioplasma it contains. By
this reduction the generative cell-nucleus is believed to be relatively
poor in nucleo-idioplasma, a circumstance that is indicated by its high.
capacity for staining. When ready for the act of copulation, the
egg-nucleus and the sperm-nucleus possess an equal quantity of idio-
plasma, as is demanded by the phenomena of inheritance. It does
not follow from this, however, that they should contain equal quantities
of food plasma, nor that they should be equal in size. Still, as a rule,
the copulating cells are quite equal, though their contents may differ
slightly in appearance.

In accordance with his views of the relative functions of the
nucleus and cytoplasma of-a cell, Strasburger believes that the
insignificant changes which the nucleo-idioplasma experiences from
inner causes, or from the influence of the cyto-idioplasma, are
equilibrated in fertilisation through the union of cell-nuclei from two
different individuals. In this, indeed, he sees the advantage of
fertilisation, for thereby the constancy of specific characters is con-
tinued, and injurious modifications are not allowed to fix themselves
and accumulate by integration. In plants destitute of a cell-nucleus,
sexual reproduction is, so far as we at present know, altogether
absent, and seeing that in the absence of fertilisation variability
usually becomes very great, this may be the cause of the difficulty of
limiting the species in the Protophyta.

Naturalist,

STRASBURGER: FERTILISATION IN PHANEROGAMS. 277

It has already been stated that the division of the germ nucleus
gives rise to two daughter nuclei, in each of which there are as many
pieces of nuclear thread from the father as from the mother, and that
all the descendants of the germ nucleus carry a nuclear thread, one
half of which is of paternal and the other half of maternal origin.
These halves, likewise, must themselves be descended from the
grandfather and grandmother of the mother’s or father’s side, and
the latter part again from great-grand-parents and so on. Hence a
nuclear thread is in reality compounded of pieces descended from
various generations, the pieces being so much the smaller, the further
the generation to which they belong goes back. This composition
makes the nucleus specially suitable as a guardian of the specific
properties of the organism, and explains the complicated phenomena
which present themselves when the nucleus divides.

This view of the composition and origin of the nuclear threads
leads our author to another conclusion, on which he insists somewhat
strongly, viz., that there is no functional difference between the two
cell-nuclei, which by their copulation complete the process of ferti-
lisation. ‘This at first strikes one as a strange and indeed a startling

conclusion, but Strasburger states that no morphological facts are

known to him which the assumption of a functional difference in the
two nuclei would demand. The difference, he, says, has been

assumed on the ground of physiological considerations only, but the

nuclei are not different in their nature, and are not sexually differen-
tiated in the sense in which the individuals from which they are derived
are so. All sexual differentiations, therefore, serve only the purpose
of bringing together the two cell-nuclei which are necessary for the

sexual act.

As a final test by which his theory is to be tried, Strasburger
considers to what extent it is capable of explaining the phenomena
of hybridism. ‘These phenomena, as most naturalists are aware, are
peculiar, and by no means easy of explanation. In some hybrids
the characters of the male predominate ; in others the characters of
the female; and in others again both are equally represented. In
explanation of this, Strasburger reminds his readers that the female
produces not only the egg-nucleus, but also the cytoplasma in which
it is embedded, and that in this cytoplasma, according to his theory,
the nutrition of the combined nuclear threads takes place. It is
therefore conceivable, he says, that the nutrition of the two threads
may or may not be quite equal, and in the latter case the characters
of the more privileged one will predominate. The well-known
circumstance that the hybrids between A and B, and between B and
A (the first being regarded as the male), do not always agree in their
July 1885.

278 HODGSON : VICIA SYLVATICA.

characters, he explains as due to the fact that the nourishing
cytoplasma is not the same in the two cases, and may therefore give
rise to the differences met with. Very occasionally, instances occur
in which the fertilisation of B by A is quite possible, but not that of
A by B. In such cases it may be that the development of the
sperm-nucleus of A is capable of going on in the cytoplasma of B,
but that of B cannot advance in the cytoplasma of A. Or it may
be assumed that the germ-nucleus is able to direct the development of
the cytoplasma of A, but not that of B. Finally, it is not excluded
that purely mechanical causes may be at the bottom of these last
phenomena, as in some of the anurous 4atrachia, where, as Pfluger
has shown, the spermatozoids of one species have too large a head
to pass the micropyle of the egg of the other species. That hybrids
are often more or less sterile, he considers may be accounted for on
the supposition that under the influence of the combined cell nuclei,
the return of the cyto-idioplasma to the embryonal condition is
specially difficult, and on that account the formation of generative-
cell nuclei is impossible.

Proceeding in this way, Strasburger shows that these and other
even more difficult cases of hybrid fertilisation do not stand in
opposition to his theory, but, on the other hand, tend in a greater or
less degree to strengthen and support it. What verdict competent
critics will ultimately pronounce upon it, we do not propose to
anticipate, but that it deserves and will obtain the respectful attention
of all such, goes without saying. Meanwhile the ‘New Investi-
gations’ will be studied with the greatest possible interest by all
advanced students of botanical science, among whom, as we think,
the opinion will prevail, that whatever becomes of the theory, the
great body of facts here set forth will not only have an important
position assigned them, but will also have considerable influence on
the future progress of vegetable physiology.

BOTANICAL (NOTE.

Vicia sylvatica.—Towards the close of last year (I believe in your October
issue), I noticed some remarks by a correspondent on certain peculiarities of
structure which he had observed in plants of this species growing on the rocky
coast of Galloway. It at once occurred to me that his description might possibly
apply to the stunted type of the same plant, which appears abundantly on the
rocky sea-side bluffs on the Cumberland coast line, between Harrington and
Whitehaven. I set out in order to verify this assumption, but only to discover
that approaching winter had so far cut down the plants for the season, as to render
any satisfactory diagnosis impossible. I am quite sensible that a*wide difference
is observable between these sea-side specimens, and the splendid examples of the
Wood Vetch to be met with in Denton Side woods, near Sebergham, Carlisle; but
whether the distinction is sufficient to constitute a distinct variety, remains to be
determined.—W. Honpcson, Flimby, Maryport, April 24th, 1885.

Naturalist,.

279

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT BOROUGHBRIDGE.

The second excursion for 1885 of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was held on
Whit-Monday, the 25th of May, at Boroughbridge, for the purpose of investigating
the neighbourhood of Copgrove and Staveley, Lofftus Hill, Walkingham Hill,
Rigmoor, the Staveley and Roecliffe Carrs, together with such objects of anti-
quarian interest as the ‘ Devil’s Arrows’ and the Roman remains at Aldborough,
all situated south or south-west of Boroughbridge. Various routes had been
arranged, the chief of them starting from Copgrove Station a little before ten in the
forenoon, under the guidance of the Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A., M.B.O.U., Rector
of Staveley, to whom—assisted by Mr. A. D. H. Leadman—the Union were
indebted for drawing up the circular and planning the various arrangements. He
first led the party to Lofftuss Hill, then to Walkingham Hill, and by Rigmoor to
Copgrove Woods and St. Mungo’s Well in Copgrove Park. At Walkingham Hill
the party was reinforced by the Rev. E. Elmhirst, the Vicar of Farnham, who
brought with him a large number of the rarer plants of Farnham Mires, a list of
which was placed in the hands of the officers of the botanical section. In Copgrove
Park attention was called to a couple of immense larches—one of them measuring
12 feet 4 inches in girth at a foot above the ground, and 95 feet in height—which
are believed to be among the first imported into Britain. From Copgrove the walk
was continued to Staveley fishpond, and then by Staveley Church, and down the
banks of the River Tutt or Fleet Beck, across Roecliffe Carrs to the ‘ Devil’s Arrows,’
and so to Boroughbridge. The geological members diverged early from Mr.
Knubley’s line of route, taking their way through Staveley and Minskip to Borough-
bridge, thence to the ‘ Devil’s Arrows,’ and afterwards spending the afternoon,
under the charge of Mr. A. D. H. Leadman, in examining the remains of old
Isurium, its tessellated pavements and Roman antiquities. Members arriving by
the eleven o’clock train proceeded through Staveley to join Mr. Knubley’s party in
Copgrove Woods, and various smaller bodies of members instituted independent
lines of route for themselves. All, however, converged upon Boroughbridge by
the appointed time, where, at the Queen’s Head, a substantial tea awaited them.

Afterwards the general meeting was held. Mr. George T. Porritt, F.L.S., of
Huddersfield, the president of the entomological section, occupied the chair.
About sixty or seventy members were present, the following sixteen societies
being represented :—Bradford (3), Dewsbury, Doncaster, Goole, Heckmondwike,
Ilkley, Leeds (3), Malton, Ripon, Rotherham, Wakefield, and York. The
minutes of the preceding meeting having been taken as read, from pressure of
time, the following new members were elected :—Rey. B. R. Airy (Whitwell, near
York), Rev. B. Irvin, M.A. (Saltburn-by-the-Sea), Miss F. A. Penistone (Leeds),
and Messrs. Godfrey Bingley (Headingley), H. M. Ellis (Beverley), T. W. Green-
wood (Birkenshaw), H. M. Platnauer, F.G.S. (curator of York Museum), and
William Wyatt (Worksop, Notts.). Mr. Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc.,of Harrogate,
then proposed, and Mr. J. R. Penistone, of Leeds, seconded, a vote of thanks, to
which the meeting unanimously agreed. In it the Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A.,
and Mr. Leadman were thanked for organising the excursion and guiding parties
during the day; Mrs. Shiffner, of Copgrove Hall, Captain Slingsby, of Scriven
Park, Mr. William C. Stobart, of Spellow Hill, and Mr. A. S. Lawson, of Ald-
borough Manor, for permission to visit their respective estates; and the last-named
gentleman for allowing the members free access to the Roman remains at Aldborough.
The reports of the various sections were then taken.

The Vertebrate section was represented by its secretary, Mr. James Back-
house, jun., of York, who stated that a large number of both resident and migratory
birds had been observed, numbering in all 53 species, whilst 20 were found breed-
ing (chiefly in Copgrove Park). Among the residents, the Jay, Sparrow Hawk,
Coot, and Stockdove were perhaps the most interesting, and the Redstart, Ring
Ousel, and Wood Wren among the summer visitants. The Nuthatch was, accord-
ing to Rev. H. H. Slater, occasionally observed near Staveley (which must form
almost its northern limit of distribution in Yorkshire), and the Wheatear had been
discovered nesting last season on the railway embankment near to Copgrove
Station. The mammals, fishes, reptiles, &c., observed were few in number; they
included a Fox-cub (dead) and the Smooth Newt.

July 1885.

280 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT BOROUGHBRIDGE.

The Conchological section was represented by its president, Rev. W. C.
Hey, M.A., of York, who reported to the meeting, and by one of its secretaries,
Mr. John Emmet, F.L.S., of Boston Spa. The most noticeable find of the day was
that of a new locality for the local species Lzmnea glabra, found by Mr. Roebuck
in a ditch by the railway side, not far from Roecliffe; with it were its usual
associates, Planorbis spirorbis and Physa hypnorum, the latter being represented
by very small specimens, while the Z. g/adrva was very fine and large. In the
River Tutt at Staveley and elsewhere were numerous specimens of Azcylus fluviatilis;
while in the fishpond at Staveley, filled with vegetation, such as the two species of
water-lilies, were abundance of Physa fontinalis, Planorbis albus, P. contortus,
Ancylus lacustris v. albida, and Bythinia tentaculata. The pond also yields
Anodonta cygnea, as evidenced by a specimen brought by Mr. Knubley. Zzmnea
truncatula, found by the Rev. W. C. Hey, completes the list of 11 freshwater
shells. Of slugs 4 species were found, all about Copgrove Woods, viz :—Avrion
ater, A. hortensis, Limax agrestis, and L. levis. All the species of land shells
found were obtained in Copgrove Woods, the list being :—Swccznea putris, Zonites
crystallinus, Z. cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Helix aspersa (one, young), AH. hortensis,
Hf. cantiana, H. rufescens, H. hispida, Hl. concinna, H. rotundata, Clausilia
rugosa, and Zua lubrica, altogether 13 in number, bringing up the whole list for
the day to 27, by no means a satisfactory total. The members of this section were
also interested in observing a bed of subfossil water shells which was exposed
along the banks of the Tutt for some distance, and which yielded the following
species :—Spherium corneum (several), Pisedium pustllum, P. fontinale, Bythinia
tentaculata (abundant), Planorbis corneus (a few), P. contortus, P. complanatus,
P. carinatus, Limnea peregra, L. palustris (all five numerous), L. stagnalis (a few),
and Szcconea putris (a few); and had time permitted of an extended search both on
the river bank and in the mole heaps in the adjoining fields, no doubt others would
have been found. Mr. Knubley brought a similar collection of subfossil shells
from the site of an old pond at Staveley, which included single. specimens of
Planorbis corneus, Limnea peregra, Spharium corneum, and Limnea auricularia,
and several each of Planorbis albus, P. carinatus, and Bythinia tentaculata.

For the Entomological section, whose president was occupying the chair of the
general meeting, Mr. Rudolph Rosenstock, B.A., of Leeds, who had been working
at the coleoptera during the day, was called upon to report. In lepidoptera the
results were meagre, nothing being mentioned but Szwammerdamia comptella and
S. pyrella, both of which had occurred in Copgrove Woods. In coleoptera
Mr. Rosenstock had taken Lezstus ferrugineus L., Copgrove; Anchomenus angus-
ticollis Fab., Copgrove; Pterostichus striola Fab., Copgrove ; P. melanarius Ill.,
Copgrove ; Amara communis Panz., Copgrove; Harpalus ruficormis Fab., Cop-
grove; Haliplus lineatocollis Marsh., Copgrove; Agabus maculatus L., Copgrove ;
Tachyporus chrysomelinus L., Copgrove; Quedius tristis Grav., Copgrove ;
Stenus sp. ?, Copgrove; Helophorus intermedius Muls., Hydrobius fuscipes L.,
these two were taken in a ditch by the railway, Roecliffe (W. D. Roebuck) ;
Spheridium scarabeoides L. Copgrove; Cercyon hemorrhoum Gyll., Copgrove ;
C. melanocephalum L., Copgrove ; Aphodius fossor L., Copgrove; A. ater De G.,
Copgrove; A. zzt7dulus Fab., Copgrove; A. luridus Fab., Copgrove; A. con-
taminatus Hbst., Copgrove; A. testudinarius Fab., Copgrove; Pyrochroa
rubens Fab., Copgrove ; Coccinella variabilis Il., Copgrove.

For the Botanical section, its president, Mr. Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc., of
Harrogate, and Mr. John Jackson, M.P.S., of Wetherby, acting in the absence of
the secretaries, reported that the route taken was under the guidance of Rev. E. P.
Knubley, and was from Copgrove Station to Lofftus Hill, on to Farnham, thence
along a Roman road to Walkingham Hill, and from there to Copgrove Park and
St. Mungo’s Well. The botanists then proceeded a short distance along the banks
of Tutt river, and across fields to Roecliffe, passing those lumps of ‘cement’
—asirreverently suggested by one of the party—the remarkable monoliths
called the ‘ Devil’s Arrows,’ and on to Boroughbridge. Of the rarer plants found,
the following may be mentioned :—Stellaria nemorum, Prunus communis, sub-sp.
mmsititia, P. Cerasus, Campanula glomerata, Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, Orchis
Morio, Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, and Botrychium Lunaria. The Bird’s-eye
Primrose (Primula farinosa) and Solomon’s Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum) were

Naturalist,

BOOK NOTICES. 285

gathered, but it was not stated whether they were truly wild specimens. The
whole landscape was made bright by masses of Gorse and Cowslip in full bloom.

For the Geological section the report was given by its secretary, Mr. S. A.
Adamson, F.G.S., of Leeds. The members of this section had accompanied
Mr. Knubley’s party as far as Lofftus Hill; in this neighbourhood there were no
good sections to be seen, but at a farmhouse was shown the humerus of some huge
mammal, which had recently been found in some draining operations. It was.
arranged that this be sent shortly to the Leeds Museum for further examination.
Good opportunities offered of examining the pebbles and fragments of rock found
in the glacial deposits with which so much of the area of the district is covered.
In the erratic drift were observed boulders of mountain limestone, chert, and
galliard with strize ; while the local drift contained fragments of permian rocks and
new red sandstone. The members then proceeded to the ‘ Devil’s Arrows,’ huge
gritstone monoliths, and afterwards to Aldborough. The Rev. Mr. Elmhirst sub-
mitted to the section some good rock specimens, including blocks of tufa and some
fragments of magnesian limestone exhibiting a remarkable green colouring, which
will be submitted to analysis; and Mr. T. Carter Mitchell, of Topcliffe, exhibited a
huge neolithic celt found in hisneighbourhood, evidently adapted from a liassic nodule.

The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Porritt, proposed by
Mr. J. W. Addyman, B.A., Starbeck, and seconded by Mr. J. R. Penistone.

BOOK NOTICES.

A Naturalist’s Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago,,
a Narrative of Travel and Exploration from 1878 to 1883.
By Henry O. Forbes, F.R.G.S., &c. With numerous illustrations, from the
author's sketches and descriptions, by Mr. John B. Gibbs. London: Sampson,,
Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington. 1885. [With five Maps. ]

The scene of Mr. Forbes’ five years of labour in the cause of science is laid in
lands already rendered classic by Mr. Alfred Russel Wallace’s enchanting book,
‘The Malay Archipelago.’ The fact that there was scope for much further scientific
investigation in these Isles of unique position, each and all of whose fauna and flora
is of surpassing interest, since they form the border lands where two great
zoo-geographical regions—Oriental and Australian—meet, is well evidenced by
the importance of the book before us. Indeed, as one would expect of lands so
peculiarly situated, there is yet a great work to be accomplished, especially in
regard to their natural history.

We consider the author’s model is a happy one for a book of this description.
The book is subdivided into the following parts:—I. In the Cocos-Keeling Islands ;
II. In Java; III. In Sumatra; IV. In the Moluccas and Timor- Laut ; V. In
Buru; VI. In Timor. Several chapters are devoted to each section in which the
natural history, physical features, and the incidents of travel encountered during
the sojourn, are pleasantly set forth. Each section is furnished with a scientific
appendix devoted to the valuable Ethnological, Zoological, and Botanical
results of the author's investigations ; and in some cases where but little or nothing
was hitherto known of the region under consideration, complete lists of all the
species recorded as occurring are furnished. Inthe preparation of these appendices
it is only necessary to mention that the author has had the assistance of such well-
known naturalists as Drs. P. L. Sclater and Garson; Messrs. C. O. Waterhouse,
R. B. Sharpe, A. G. Butler, W. F. Kirby, G. A. Boulenger, and others, which is a
guarantee of their excellence and of their value to the specialist. The book is one
of extreme interest throughout, but those chapters devoted to the hitherto ¢erra
imcognita—the Timor-Laut, or Tenimber Islands, and to the but little-known
Island of Timor, are specially attractive. The presence, too, of Mrs. Forbes, who
went out to be married, and who accompanied her husband for two years, assisting
him not a little, adds to the romance of the wanderings.

To the naturalist interested in geographical distribution, or studying the faunas
or floras of the Oriental or Australian regions, and also as one of those charming
combinations of natural history and travel which have been so popular since
Darwin’s ‘ Voyage of the Beagle,’ and which are so acceptable to the scientific
tendencies of the present time, we have much pleasure in bringing it under the
notice of our readers as a book in everyway deserving their attention.

July 1885.

282 BOOK NOTICES: NOTES AND NEWS.

“The Salmonids of Westmoreland, Angling Reminiscences,
and Leaves from an Angler’s Note Book.’—By George Foster
Braithwaite. London: Hamilton, Adams, and Co. Kendal: printed by
Atkinson and Pollitt, 1884.

The major portion of this work is devoted to chatty reminiscences of an angler’s
life, and it is in the first few chapters only that the ‘Salmonidz of Westmoreland’
are dealt with, and this in a somewhat confused manner. Those species which our
author includes are the Salmon, which frequent nearly ali the rivers ; Salmon-trout,
locally called ‘morts’; an allied ‘ species’ or variety, locally known as ‘ sprods’; Bull-
trout [a variety of the Salmon-trout], rarely met with even in the tributaries of the
Eden; all these being migratory species. Of non-migratory species Mr. Braithwaite
speaks of Common Trout, of which a brilliantly-coloured variety occurs in Maller-
stang; Great Lake Trout, now—it is to be feared—extinct in Uliswater, though
still existing in Windermere ; Char, abundant in Windermere and Haweswater,
extinct in Ullswater ; Gwyniad or freshwater herring, very numerous twenty- -five
years ago in Ullswater, Haweswater, &c. ; Vendace, in Windermere ; and the
Smelt, or Sparling, plentiful at the Kent mouth. The destruction of the former
great value of Lake Ullswater as an angling resort is attributed by the author to
the construction of a weir in its effluent stream the Eamont preventing the fish
visiting its tributaries to spawn ; and he does not consider it due to pollution.

NOLES AND NEVWS.

The present number is the twelfth which has been issued under the present
Editorship, and would in the ordinary course have terminated the volume. It has,
however, been decided that the current volume shall continue to the end of the
year 1885, so that future volumes may coincide with the years. In making this
announcement the Editors tender their thanks to all who have contributed to the
success of their journal, both as contributors and as subscribers.

————>co<g—__—-

The Rev. Hilderic Friend, F.L.S.,of Worksop, Notts.. has corrected the proofs of
a great part of his new work entitled ‘The Ministry of Flowers,’ which will be pub-
lished shortly by Messrs. W. Swan Sonnenschein and Co., who recently issued
‘Flowers and Flower Lore,’ by the same author.
po

This year’s list of fifteen elections to the Fellowship of the Royal Society
includes the names of Prof. W. M. Hicks, M.A., principal of the Firth College at
Sheffield, Prof. A. Milnes Marshall, M.D., of the Owens College, Manchester, and
Prof. IN] Martin, DSc.

poo

At the annual meeting of the British Ornithologists’ Union, held on the 20th of
May, the following—amongst others—were elected Members:—James Back-
house, jun., York; Capt. Ei7P.. Becher, -R-A., F.Z.5:,, Southwelle Notts We
Brockholes, Claughton- -on- Brock, Garstang, Lancashire ; and Sir Ralph F. R.
Payne Gallwey, Bart. , Thirkleby Park, Thirsk.

~ oe

The annual meeting of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club was held on the
19th of May, at Newcastle. Dr. Philipson, president, in his address referred to
the death of the Rev. J. F. Bigge, vicar of Stamfordham, an ex-president, and
expressed his gratification that both the roll of members (now numbering over 550)
and the finances were in so satisfactory a condition. Mr. R. Y. Green, treasurer,
stated that the income of the past year, including a balance of £89, was “Liat 10s.,
and after meeting all liabilities there remained a balance in hand of £94 18s. 11d.
The following gentlemen were elected officers fur the current year :—President,
Mr. Henry Cooper Abbs; vice-presidents, Mr. James Clephan, Mx. John Hancock,
Mr. John Philipson, Mr. D. O. Drewett ; treasurer, Mr. R. Y. Green ; secretaries,
Mr. R. Howse and Mr. Thomas Thompson. The excursions for the year were
fixed to be made to Blaydon Burn, Spen, and Rowland’s Gill; to Askrigg and
Hawes; to Warkworth and the Lower Coquet ; to Twizell House and Belford ;
to Redcar and Saltburn ; and to Holywell and Hartley. ~ Natalee

NOTES. AND NEWS. 283

Newspapers received from South Africa show that our old friend and colleague
Mr. S. D. Bairstow, F.L.S., formerly of Huddersfield, and now of Port Elizabeth,
in the Cape Colony, is devoting his energies to the investigation of the natural
history of that district with as much zeal and determination as he was known to do
by his friends in the old country. The Society of which he is at once secretary and
guiding spirit, is working at various branches of the comparatively unknown natural
history of South Africa, and with a gratifying amount of success, as its reports
show. The conchological report shows that attention is being paid to the marine
shells, with the assistance of Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun., of London, and we note
that one of the novelties figures on his authority as Latirus Baztrstow72, a graceful
acknowledgment of the services which that gentleman has rendered to the cause
of natural science in South Africa.

oe

Two well-known Lancashire naturalists have recently been lost to us—
Nicholas Cooke and Joseph Sidebotham.

Por<

Nicholas Cooke died suddenly on the 19th of May, while on a visit to an
entomological friend in Surrey. He was 68 years of age, and had been a hard-
working entomologist for nearly fifty of those years. A disciple of the Friends’
school at York, the contemporary and almost the last survivor of a generation of
practical entomologists, of whom Thomas Henry Allis was the type. Among the
discoveries associated with the name of Nicholas Cooke and of his brother
Benjamin, we may refer to WVyssza zonaria, Deilephila galii, Cheimatobia boreata,
and the re-discovery of Agrotis ashworthiz. An appreciative notice by Mr. C. S.
Gregson, which appears in the Young Naturalist for June, recapitulates a long list
of Cooke’s discoveries.

Poo!

In this case it is a satisfaction to know that a well-known and valuable collection
is not to be dispersed far and wide by the auctioneer’s hammer, nor is it to be sent
to the uttermost ends of the earth. The Liverpool Corporation is to acquire,
under Nicholas Cooke's will, the whole of his fine natural history collections.
These include exceptionally complete and carefully-named collections of birds’ eggs
and of British lepidoptera. In the latter are incorporated the whole collection of
Noah Greening, the well-known lepidopterist of Warrington, and extensive
selections from those made by the late Edwin Birchall.

—_— > <—_—_

Joseph Sidebotham died at his residence, Bowdon, near Manchester, on the 30th
of May, atthe age of 62. He was not only well known as an entomologist, but also in
other walks of scientific and literary research. He was a man of culture, an artist
and a musician, an excellent photographer and an accomplished microscopist. In
astronomy he was of great assistance to Nasmyth when the latter published his
work on the moon. In botany it was he who first drew the attention of Manchester
naturalists to the freshwater algee of their district, and the five or six years which
he devoted to the botany of Bredbury, Reddish, and the banks of the Tame were
productive of twenty-five species additional to the Manchester flora, many of them
belonging to the difficult genera Awbus and Carex. He was a warm friend to
science, and to the various scientific institutions of Manchester.
poo“

Part 8 of the Transactions of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, which has
lately appeared, contains two Presidential Addresses, one on ‘ The Fathers of
Yorkshire Botany,’ an historical account of the men who laid the foundation of our
present knowledge, by Mr. J. Gilbert Baker, F.R.S., delivered in 1884, and the
other by Lord Walsingham, whose subject is the ‘ Probable Causes of a Tendency
to Melanic Variation in Lepidoptera of High Latitudes,’ delivered in March of this
year. The conclusion of the Rev. H. H. Slater’s useful ‘Flora of Ripon and
neighbourhood’ is also given, and a continuation of Messrs. Taylor and Nelson’s
carefully worked out ‘ Annotated List of the Land and Freshwater Mollusca known
to inhabit Yorkshire,’ a paper in which geographical distribution is dealt with as it
ought to be in a county list, precisely and in a fully detailed manner.

July 1885.

284
METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR APRIL 1885.

EpDITED By GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Moortown, Leeds.

Atmos
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Lincs. ft. eIMAS : : (roth ) : 3 j
eS Touas, Walke. (xz ee : aa 29°790) 45°90 | 71°00 jes f 25°00 4th /2°I00] 15 |0°620 Ist
B Lincs. ft. males : : : :
@ W.EL Wheeler, Gait). E. { [29° 79° 46°00 | 75°00 | r9th 28°00 4th |1°270] 10 jo*490} 4st |
Ate © GHC) ene. 5 : : er : 5
<5 AW: Becsidee. ©. aan f [29 804| 46°60 | 72°00 | 19th 24°00| 5th 1940! 13 |o 8 ist ©
LONDON (fee aetna ay seg 48°60 | 7300 2oth | Es 00 5th 2°020) II 0° 749| 15th

cf IE yedueetl to sea-level.

Wind.—1st Division (Isle of Man) E. and N.E., 22 days. 2nd Division main direction N. 2, N.E. 4,
He 5, 9-5-7 6, 9.25 9s ee W. 3, N.W. 2, calm 1. 3rd Division main direction N. 1, N.E. 7, E. 7,
Ss. Ez. GMS.208 5: Ww. 3 An INE Wee 3% calm 2. 4th Division main peas N. 3, N.E. 7, Ei ae
SECS. 3, S.W. 3 ay NW t¥%, calm ¥%. a

Gales.—1st Division, on 3 days; 2nd Division, 5 days; 3rd Division, 1 day; 4th Tae, g days at Lough-
borough; 3 days at Spurn; 1 day at Leeds, North Shields, and Boston.

S70wW.—1 day at Liverpool, only. q

Bright Sunshine.—Isle of Man, 169 hours; Silloth, 172°25 hours; Newton-Reigny, 134°3 hours; Stony-_
hurst, 135°9; and Hull, 75°8 hours.

Highest Temperature in Sun.—Isle of Man, 122'0° on 23rd ; Silloth, 120°8° on 17th ; Newton-Reigny,
118°8° on 30th; Stonyhurst, 127’0° on 30th ; Leeds, 112’00° on 30th; Hull, go’o00° on 18th and roth.

Naturalist,

285
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:
Papers and records published during the year with respect

to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

PART V.—LEPIDOPTERA.

CHARLES G. BARRETT.
Cumb., Derbysh.(?), Durham (?), I. of Man., Yorksh., Lincolnsh., Lancs. (?)
Notes on British Tortrices. Ent. Mo. Mag., March, May, and July, xx. 236-244,
267-270, and xxl. 41-45.
These valuable papers contain a few Northern notes. The author considers
a very curious moth taken many years ago on the Cumberland moors by
Mr. W. Thompson must be a large Sczaphzla abrasana Dup. (p. 238). Mr.
Sang has taken several 5S. s¢zwana Steph. near Burton-on-Trent (240).
S. subjectana Gn., at Darlington, feeding on Lotus and other vetches (Sang,
242). S. wahlbomiana L. was reared some years ago from tops of Artemisia
maritima by Mr. J. Gardner, of Hartlepool (p. 243). S. fenzzana Wilk.
(? Thunb.) = 4e//ana Curt., found on rocks and hills about Keswick, Cocker-
mouth, &c. (p. 243). S. colguhounana H. VD. Cat., tolerably common in sea-
side rocky localities in the Isle of Man, &c. (p. 244). Pedzsca occultana Doug.,
found feeding on larch on the Yorkshire moors [? Blubberhouses] by Mr. Eedle
(p. 268). P. ophthalmicana Hiib., larvze sent by Mr. Hodgkinson, of Preston
(p. 268). Halonota trigeminana Steph., larve found in great abundance on
Mablethorpe sandhills, by Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, October 1880 and 1882
(p. 269). Zortrix branderiana L., larva sent by Mr. Hodgkinson, possibly
from near Preston (p. 41). enthina dimidiana Tr., larva collected by
Dr. Alg. Chapman, near Keswick, Cumberland (p. 43).
BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire.
Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884. 28 pp.
Numerous notes on the appearance and capture of lepidoptera in West
Yorkshire during the year.
Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Cumberland.
Reports of Meetings. Naturalist, January, June, and July, ix. 106, 196, 214-5.
Notices of the occurrence of lepidoptera in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and
Cumberland.

Wo. E. BRADY. Yorkshire.
) A List of the Macro-lepidoptera of Barnsley. (Continued.) Quart. Trans.
Barnsley Nat. Soc., 1884; iv. 10-12 and 19-22.

The present instalments include 12 Bombyces, 133 Geometers, 3 Drepanule,
and 4 Pseudo-bombyces.

__ Maria BrocKBANK,

Settle. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, viii. 40.
Tortoiseshell Butterfly [ Vazessa urtice| noted flying, January 21st.

Yorkshire.

E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD. Yorkshire, Lancashire.
Captures of Lepidoptera in the Bingley district in 1888. Naturalist, January,
ix. I00-IOI.

Notes on 50 species; a few of the records are for Wharfedale and Ingle-
borough, and one for Pendle Hill, in Lancashire.

A Correction. WNat., January, ix. 105. Yorkshire.
Refers to a note concerning the occurrence of various Scopfarze near Bingley.

Ragwort. Young Naturalist, July, v. 191-192. Yorkshire.
Long list of lepidoptera taken on ragwort near Wilsden, Bingley.

July 1885.

286 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: LEPIDOPTERA.

ROBERT CALVERT. Durham.
Notes on the Geology and Natural History of the County of Durham.
1884. Chapter XIII., Butterflies; pp. 140-144. Chapter XIV., Moths ;
pp. 144-146.
The list of butterflies includes 35 species, with notes of occurrences; of
moths only 30 species—all conspicuous forms—are given.
J. W. CARTER. Yorkshire.
Entomological Notes from Bradford. Young Naturalist, March, v. 88.
Field-notes, mostly concerning winter moths.
Captures in Upper Wharfedale. Young Nat., October, v. 264.
Erebia blandina, Miana expolita, Pterophorus serotinus, &c., in Grass Wood,
August 1oth,
The Death’s Head (Acherontia atropos) at Bradford. Young Nat., Oct., v. 262.
One caught at Girlington, September Sth.

B. COOKE, JUN. Lancashire.

Acherontia atropos in the centre of Liverpool. Ent., November, xvii. 252;
Young Nat., November, v. 282.

One caught in a bacon shop, Elliot Street, in the centre of Liverpool,
October 2nd (Ent.) or 22nd (Young Nat.).

N. COOKE.
[Mixodia schulziana]. Ent., November, xvii. 259. Cheshire.

Abundant on the Cheshire bogs.

H. H. CORBETT. Cheshire.
Gonepteryx rhamni and its Food-plants. LEnt., April, xvii. 91-92.

At Stockport, East Cheshire, Ramus catharticus is by no means common,
and &. frangula is only grown in a few gardens; but their scarcity is much
exceeded by that of Gonefteryx, of which the writer has only seen two during
fifteen years, and both of these at least twelve years ago.

JOHN CORDEAUX. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.
Notes from the Humber in the Autumn of 1884. Field, Nov. 22nd, p. 716.

Cynthia cardui and Vanessa atalanta noted.

Epitors OF NATURALIST. Yorkshire.

Review.—‘ Transactions of the Huddersfield Naturalists’ Society.—Part I.’
Naturalist, March, ix. 138.

Criticism of the list of the lepidoptera of the Huddersfield district.
[Eprrors OF YOUNG NATURALIST. ] Yorkshire, Durham, Lake District.
British Moths, The Genus Teniocampa. Young Nat., April, v. 115-119.

Records for Yorkshire, Lake District, Durham, are given.
: Yorkshire.

The ‘Young Naturalist’ llustrated Catalogue of British Insects. Young Nat.,
June and September, v. 167 and 233.

Lithocolletis acertfoltella =sylvellais generally distributed as far north as York-
shire, probably further ; Coleophora caricella found as far north as York ; and
C. fuscedinella is common about Huddersfield.

N[octua]. subrosea at Derby. Young Nat., August, v. 216. Derbyshire.

Details of the occurrence of this rare insect are given. Though now a thing
of the past, it occurred until within the last few years near es Eaton Junc-
tion.

1884. Young Nat., November, v. 276-7. Lancashire.

Nepticula Hodgkinsoni Sta., taken at Leyland, near Preston, cited as one of
the discoveries of the year.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: LEPIDOPTERA. 287

LYONELL FANSHAWE. Derbyshire.
Deiopeia pulchella and Acronycta alni. Ent., June, xvii. 141-142.
The PD. pulchella is recorded as taken on a brick wall at Repton, Derby-
shire, in the autumn of 1874. The other species is recorded from the south.
JOHN FIRTH. Yorkshire.

Bilombyx]. Quercus feeding on the Common Garden Saxifrage (Saxifraga
umbrosa). Young Nat., October, v. 264.

A ling-feeding larva placed on a hawthorn hedge, preferred a contiguous
plant of garden saxifrage, and afterwards fed up well on it.
W. W. Fow Ler. 7 Lincolnshire.
Captures . . . near Lincoln. Ent. Mo. Mag., December, xxi. 162.
Flesperia paniscus noted as fairly abundant in Langworth Wood.
S27 Gi. Yorkshire.
N. H. Society, Ackwerth. Nat. Hist. Journ., October 15th, vii. 134.
Abundance of Vanessa atalanta at Ackworth noted.
T. J. GOLDSMITH. Notts.
Local Observations [at Nottingham]. Mid]. Nat., February, vii. 53.
Vanessa urtice taken in the streets in January; Winter Moth [ Chezmatobia
brumata| abundant.
C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire.
Entomological Localities. Heysham Moss. Young Nat., January, v. 44-45.
Heysham Moss is near Morecambe. Various species cited as having

occurred.
J. H. GuRNEY.
Food of Sparrows. Zool., October, pp. 428-9. Notts.
Recorded as preying in Notts. upon apple-feeding larvee of 7eras contaminana.
ee ALL, Yorkshire.

Second Brood of Smerinthus populi. Ent., September, xvii. 209.
Presumably at Sheffield, though not so stated.
@. G. HALL.
Rearing Larve of Teniocampa opima. Ent., March, xvii. 65-67. Cheshire.
Experience related of a batch of eggs from New Brighton, Cheshire.
James Harpy. Northumberland.
Report of the Meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the
year 1883. Proc. B. Nat. Club, x. 280.
Vanessa atalanta noted near Middleton Hall, N. Northumberland.
GEORGE A. HARKER. Lancashire.

Laphygma exigua at Crosby [near Liverpool]. Ent., November, xvii. 253 ;
Young Nat., November, v. 281.

Taken on a lamp, September 16th, 1884, and verified by Mr. Gregson, who
pronounced it an addition to the lepidoptera recorded for the district.

J. HARRISON.
Hybernia progemmaria, var. fuscata, Ent., May, xvii. III. Yorkshire,
Record of its occurrence near Barnsley.
T. H. HEDWORTH.
Captures on Tyneside. Young Nat., May, v. 141-142. Durham.

Voluminous field-notes on lepidoptera observed in 1883 at Gibside,
Thornley, and Dunston, Co. Durham:

Captures at Gateshead. Young Nat., October, v. 264.

The notes refer to Cymatophora diluta, Noctua glareosa, Hydrecia micacea,
Anchocelis litura, A. rufina, Triphena proniuba, and the abundance of
Vanessa atalanta (larve).

July 1885.

288 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: LEPIDOPTERA.

W. HEWETT.
Lepidopterous Captures near York. Naturalist, Jan., ix. 103. Yorkshire.
Notes on twenty-three species.
J. B. HODGKINSON.
Note on Crambus furcatellus. Ent. Mo. Mag., January, xx. 189. Cumberland.
Used to be in profusion on Helvellyn, also on Scawfell more sparingly ; it
requires a good altitude; even Stye Head is hardly high enough ; but a few
hundred yards further upwards brings one to its head-quarters ; it also occurs
on Skiddaw.
Nepticula centifoliella. Ent., July, xvii. 166. Lancashire.
Eight or nine mines with full fed larvee found on rose-leaves at Leyland,
near Preston, October 1883; from these were bred three specimens the
following May.
Elachista densicornella and other captures. Ent., August, xvii. 185.
At Grange and Arnside—-numerous species of lepidoptera recorded.
Laphygma exigua in Lancashire. Ent., December, xvii. 274.
One seen by him in the Reform Club, Preston, September 16th, but not
captured.
A Nepticula new to science. Ent., December, xvii. 281.
N. Hodgkinsoni Staint.; two males, one female; reared from rose-leaves,
April 1884.
? Lancashire or ? Westmoreland.
Peronea comparana [should have been comariana] double-brooded. Ent.,
January and August, xvii. 20 and 184.
Larvee collected in June and September produced imagoes in July and
October respectively.
Westmoreland, Lancashire.
Further Notes from Witherslack. Ent., July, xvii. 165-6.

Numerous lepidoptera taken at Witherslack, May 3oth, and at Glance

June 2nd.
W. F. KIrBy. Yorkshire.
Entomological Society of London; 3rd October, 1883. Ent. Mo. Mag., April,
XX, 202:

Mr. Kirby exhibited a Zygeva captured near York, by W. Prest, which
the latter thought might be Z. »ze/z/otz ; but the general opinion of the meeting
was against their distinctness from Z. lonicere.

LEEDS NATURALISTS’ -CLUB.
[Report of Meeting]. Naturalist, June, ix. 197. Yorkshire.

Notes of lepidoptera at Addingham, near Ilkley, taken by C. Smethurst.

ARTHUR MARSHALL,
Acronycta alni. Ent., September, xvii. 209. Lincolnshire, Derbyshire.

A record of three larvz ; one sent from Grantham, Lincolnshire, the other
two picked up in the village of Egginton, near Burton-on-Trent, one on a
gravel path, the other at the entrance of a rabbit-hole.

T. MELDRUM. Yorkshire.
Scarcity of C[irrhcedia]. Xerampelina. Young Nat., October, v. 263.
Localities (near Newby Hall and Sleningford Park) which have before-
time produced numerous specimens, were searched with but, small success in
August, 1884.
J. Cosmo MELVILL. Lancashire.
Chareas graminis. Ent., November, xvii. 253-4.

A fine female reposing on a large tuft of Hair-grass (Deschampia flexuosa)
on Kersal Moor, was attracting numerous males, August 22nd. The moth,
not before seen in the locality, is this year abundant, not only on the Moor,

but also at Prestwich. Naturalist,

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Bibliography of !884: Part V.—LeEpiporreErRA (concluded) .. a as He ..289 to 292
Notes on some of the Birds occurring in the Solway District—¥. ¥. Armistead. 293 to 298
Marine Algz of the eas oe District—George Massee, F.R.M.S. <5 --300 to 306
Ornithological Notes :— Rs Eh .. 298, 209
Great Grey Shrike near Leeds in summer—Thomas Raine: ‘Nidderdale Ornithological
] Notes—William Storey; Curious Site for Nest of Missel Thrush— Fames Ingleby ;
Hawfinch and Water-rail near Boston Spa—Yohun Emmet, F.L.S.; Curious death of a
Swift—/d.; Wild Fowl in Cumberland—fev. H. A. Macpherson, M.A.; Lapwing’s Nest
with five eggs—Wlliam Storey; Curlews in the Solway District—W. Hodgson, A.L.S.;
Little Auk near Tadcaster in July—“ev. F. Chaloner, M.A.
Notes on Lepidoptera :— . 292
Chzrocampa nerii at Hartlepool—¥. Gardner: Vanessa antiopa at Sheffield in 1 1875—
A. E. Hall; Lepidoptera in Green Farm W ond, Doncaster — G. T. Porritt, F.L.S.;
Lepidoptera near age P. P. Butterfield.

PAGE

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Note on Spongilla, ‘&c.— Thomas Shepheard, F.R.M.S.
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More Additions to the Wensleydale Flora—F. Arnold Lees.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pocklington. ip ae 4E ce ..307 tO 309
Book Notice :— .. : oe ae a rs es oe = ore eto
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Sixth Report on the Migration of Birds. [Mr. J. Cordeaux aaa |
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cal Features and Natural History of the North of England.

Ln Preparation.
A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca
of the British Fauna.

The work is intended to be full, detailed, and exhaustive, and adequately
illustrative of Variation, Development, and Geographical Distribution. ca |

Co-operation is invited from all interested, and any information or specimens —
(the common species of every district are particularly desired) will be welcomed
and carefully acknowledged. The Authors may be addressed—c/o Mr. JOHN W.
TAYLOR, Office of the Journal of Conchology, Hunslet New Road, Leeds. » r

Information is at present specially required on the Slugs ( Zestacella, Limax, and
Avion), of which living specimens from every district are desired. ‘
ee

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells, ~
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free, Ds

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: LEPIDOPTERA. 289

5. L.. MOSLEY.
A Visit to York. Young Nat., January, v. 39-41. Yorkshire.
Capture of Exnomos tiliarta in Askham Bog noted.
A Visit to Rainworth Lodge, Notts. Young Nat., March, v. 83-85. Notts.

Notes of Aybernia leucophearia and Phigalia pilosaria, H. rupicapraria and
ff, progemmaria at Rainworth.

Bird Protection, and its relation to Insect Life. Young Nat., July, v. 188-191.

Ltybernia leucophearia and Phigalia pilosaria preyed on by tits at Rain-
worth, Notts.

i j= NEXON. Derbyshire.
The Death’s Head Moth (Acherontia atropos) at Derby. Young Nat.,
October, v. 262-3.

Two specimens found near the railway recorded ; reference also made to a
capture three years before at Little Eaton.

NOTTINGHAM WoRKING MEN’s NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
Report of Meeting, Feb. 4th. Midl. Nat., March, vii. 92. Notts.

Saturnia carpini ‘was taken very plentifully a few years ago by Messrs. W.
Watchorn and J. Fox, in Newstead Park, but no specimens can now be

obtained.’
@> A. P[ARKEK].
A Cumberland Marsh. Field, May 3rd, pp. 596-7. Cumberland.
flepialus humuli noted as fed on by Gulls, at Drigg Common or Point.
Gro. T. PoRRITT. Yorkshire.
List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera. Trans. Yorksh. Nat. Union. Series D, Vol. IT.,
pp. 94-158.

The present instalment extends from Xylocampa lithoriza to Coleophora
virgaureella, both inclusive. °

Double-broodedness of Scopariz. Ent. Mo. Mag., January, xx. 188.
Scoparia muralis, S. ambigualis, and S. conspicualis cited as Yorkshire
instances.

Lasiecampa ilicifolia. Nat., February, ix. 118.
Refers to its former occurrence in Yorkshire, and advocates re-search for it.
Abundance of Exapate gelatella. Ent., Feb., xvil. 44.

At the end of Octoberand beginning of November occurred in great profusion
at Huddersfield and Bingley. The writer also notes that autumnal species have
generally been abundant, instancing Dasypolia templi, Hybernia aurantiaria,
and Chezmatobia brumata at Huddersfield.

Food-plant of Sciaphila pascuana, &c. Ent. Mo. Mag., May, xx. 277.

Bred freely two seasons ago from larvz collected spun up in flowers of
Ranunculus bulbosus, in a rough uncultivated field at Huddersfield. With it
also emerged 5S. zc¢tertcana in about equal numbers, and one S. octomaculana.

Laverna phragmitella in Yorkshire. Nat., July, ix. 213.

New to the county list; found by Lord Walsingham at Sherburn-in-Elmete,
June 2nd.

Description of the larva of Crambus pratellus. Ent. Mo. Mag.. August,
Xxl. 62-63.
Bred from eggs laid by moths taken at or near Huddersfield.
Is Pterophorus gonodactylus double-brooded? Ent. Mo. Mag., December,
Xx1., 160-1.

Usually supposed to be a June insect, but in the Huddersfield district is
more frequently taken in the autumn.

Aug. 1885 fo)

290 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: LEPIDOPTERA.

G. 1. PiorRir 1):

Obituary . . William Prest. Nat., May, ix. 178-179. Yorkshire.
Refers to several of Mr. Prest’s Yorkshire captures of lepidoptera.
GEO. T. PORRITT. Yorkshire, Isle of Man.

The New (?) Form in the genus Zygena. Ent., January, xvii. 18.

Mr. Prest’s var. eborace of Zygena lonicere is considered but a diseased
form; under similar conditions the same form would occur in any species
of the genus. Mr. Porritt has bred it from Manx specimens of Z. filipendule,

Isle of Man,
Lepidoptera in the Isle of Man in July. Ent. Mo. Mag., February, xx. 216.
Numerous species mentioned, including a few taken by the lighthouse
keeper on Douglas Head. 3
G. PULLEN. Derbyshire.
The Lepidoptera of Derby and Neighbourhood, Young Nat., March, April,
June, August, and October, v. -93, 103-5, 163-4, 207-9, and 253-4.

Of Sphinges 14, of Bombyces 31, of Geometrz 132, of Drepanule 2, of
Pseudo-bombyces 11, of Noctuze 140, of Deltoides 5, of Pyralides 24, of
Crambites 15, of Butterflies 35, and of Tortrices 104 species are enumerated.

L. M. REYNOLDS.

Hibernation. Nat. Hist. Journ., December 15th, viii. 180. Yorkshire. /

Of Vanessa urtice at Harrogate. |

JoHN E. Rosson. Lancashire. |

Variation in Lepidoptera. Reversion (second paper). Young Nat., March, |
Vv. 92.

Refers to a variety of Anthocharts cardamines in Mr. Gregson’s collec-
tion, taken at Southport.
Cumberland, Yorkshire, Northumberland.

A Catalogue of British Lepidoptera and their named varieties. Young Nat.,
August and November, v. 212-214 and 282-4.

References to Zvebza epiphron, of which the Cumberland specimens = var.
casstope Fab.; to dark Yorkshire specimens of Larentia cestata: and to
Eupithecia rectangulata var. nigrosericeata Uw., from Newcastle-on-Tyne.

J. T. Ropcers. Lancashire, &c.
Lepidoptera observed in the neighbourhood of Oldham in 1883. Young Nat.,
February, v. 69-70.
Forty-six species are enumerated briefly. ;
W. DENISON ROEBUCK. Yorkshire.
The Holly Blue Butterfly [Zycena argiolus| in Nidderdale. Nat., June, ix. 194.
A female taken by Mr. Storey at Guyscliffe, near Pateley Bridge, May 17th.
GEO. ROSE. Yorkshire,
Invertebrate Zoology. Quart. Trans. Barnsley Nat. Soc., 1884, iv. 5 and 15.
Notes on the lepidoptera observed in the first half of the year.
ALFRED ROWNTREE.
Lakes. Nat. Hist. Journ., October 15th, viii. 139. Westmoreland.
Erebia cassiope noted at the head of Far Easedale, near Grasmere, in July.
EDMUND SHUTTLEWORTH.
Notes from Witherslack. Ent., January, xvii. 4-8. Westmoreland.

The detailed results of a week’s collecting of lepidoptera at the beginning
of July, 1883. cs

JOSEPH SIDEBOTHAM.
The Story of Gcophora Woodiella. Ent., March, xvii. 52-54. Lancashire.
The insect was originally taken by a man named Robert Cribb, of Man-

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: LEPIDOPTERA. 291

chester, at an old rotten tree—it is thought alder—‘ growing not far from
the path on the Manchester side of Kersal Moor.’ It never occurred there
either before or since. Cribb gave a specimen to R. Wood to send to Curtis,
who named it after the latter, much to Cribb’s disgust and annoyance. Of
the 50 or 60 specimens which Cribb took there is one in Curtis’s collection
(now in Australia) and two in the Owens College Museum at Manchester.
All the rest were destroyed at a public-house where Cribb had left them as
security for his score. No others are in existence.
RICHARD SOUTH. Lancashire.
[Amphidasys betularia v. doubledayaria]. The ‘ Entomologist’ Synonymic
List of British Lepidoptera, 1884—page vi. of preface.
Speaking of the development of local forms or races from what are called
‘aberrations,’ reference is made to the fact that some thirty years ago this form

was almost unknown in the Manchester district, where it now occurs in
numbers.

ies. soRAT NON. Lancashire.

Note on a new Nepticula [/odekinsoni Staint.] bred from rose in Lancashire
by Mr. Hodgkinson. Ent. Mo. Mag., October, xxi. 103.

Bred from larvee found mining in rose-leaves at Leyland, near Preston.
©. E. STANSFIELD.

Rawdon. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, viii. 40. Yorkshire.
Dates of appearance of lepidoptera.
tt. THRELFALL. Westmoreland, Lancashire.

Notes on certain Tinee. Ent., May, xvii. 113-114.

Numerous species mentioned, captured about Witherslack and Preston,

viz.:—Gelechia ligulella, G. vorticella, G. tentolella, G. sircomella (considered

to be all forms of one species), Retzzza duplana (new to England), Depressaria

hypericella (new to district), Acophora minutella, Asychna terminella, Nepticula

punctella, N. arcuosella, N. aurella, N. glutinose, N. betulicolella, N. gratio-
sella, NV. regiella, &c.

(GEO. TINDALL. Yorkshire.
- Coleophora currucipenneila at Doncaster. Nat., January, ix. 104.

| One taken at Green Farm Wood.

\W. WaRREN. : Lincolnshire.
|

_ Some further remarks on Nepticule. Ent. Mo. Mag., January, xx. 186-188.
XV. rubivora found in the greatest profusion on the Lincolnshire coast by
Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher.
ALBERT H. WATERS, Westmoreland.
Helps and Hints for Young Entomologists. Young Nat., July, v. 177-181.
Incidental reference to Chortobius Davus at Witherslack.

|J. JENNER WEIR. Cumberland, Westmoreland, Yorkshire.

Lycena Argiolus compared with the American Lycena pseudargiolus.
Ent., September, xvil., 193-197.

At p. 194 Mr. Weir writes that he is not ‘aware whether in the more
northern districts in which the insect [Z. arvgzo/us] is found, e.¢., Cumberland,
Westmoreland, and Yorkshire, it differs in any respect from those found in
the most southern counties, nor whether in the former districts it is one-
brooded, a point I should be very glad to know.’

OWEN S. WILSON. Lancashire, Yorkshire.

The Entomology of a Bunch of Flowers. Land and Water, September 13th,
p. 269.

Refers incidentally to Zupithecta virgaureata occurring in Lancashire and

Yorkshire, also to Collix sparsata and Eupithecta constrictata being only met
with in Yorkshire.

{

292 ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

W. T. WRIGHT.
Lepidoptera at Nottingham. Ent., January, xvii. 8-11. Notts.
Detailed account of the season’s work; the places visited including New-
stead Park, Colwick Wood, and the immediate neighbourhood of Nottingham
town.

‘J.-N& Vounc: Notts.
Breeding Moths in Confinement. ‘Records and Obs.’ of Rotherham Nat.
Soc., No. 1 (July 1884), pp. Io, II.

Mr. Young having taken battered females of Lzfaris monacha in Sherwood
Forest on the 27th July, 1882, reared a brood of larvee from them the following
year, and attempted to continue doing so without the introduction of fresh
blood. The third brood, however, were very degenerate, and Mr. Young
concluded that, while it was possible to breed moths for one séason under
unnatural conditions, it was doubtful whether fecundity could be kept up
another season.

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. Yorkshire.

[Reports of Meetings, Roche Abbey, May 8th, and Sherburn-in-Elmete,

June 2nd.] Nat., June and July, ix. 198-200 and 216-220; also reprinted in
Recs. and Obs. of Rotherham Nat. Soc., No. 1, July 1884, pp. 7-9.

Field-notes on the species of lepidoptera observed.

ENITOMOLOGICAL «NOLES.

Cheerocampa nerii at Hartlepool.—I have to record the capture by
myself of a specimen of Cherocampa nervit yesterday morning on the railings sur-
rounding my firm’s timber yard. It is in fairly good condition, though evidently a
hybernated specimen, the colours being somewhat faded. So far as I know, this
will be the first record of its occurrence in the north, and it is a grand addition to
our fauna.—J. GARDNER, 8, Friar Terrace, Hartlepool, 24th July, 1885.

Vanessa antiopa at Sheffield in 1875.—One was captured in our
conservatory (about a mile from Sheffield) by a servant in the summer of 1875, and
given to my brother, who set it. It is now in my collection. It is undoubtedly
an English specimen, as the border of its wings is pure white, and not yellow, as
in continental specimens.—A. E. HALL, Norbury, Pitsmoor, Sheffield.

Lepidoptera in the Green Farm Wood, Doncaster, May
30th, 1885.—Mr. George Tindall of Newmarket, Mr. John Harrison of
Barnsley, and myself, spent Saturday, May 3oth, in the Green Farm Wood, Don-
caster. We worked the birches almost exclusively, and found on them larvee of
Phycis betulelia in plenty, each of us securing a good haul. A few larve of the
local Coleophora currucipennella were taken, and those of Geometva papilionaria
also occurred. Larvee of Chetmatobia boreata were common enough, but still not
so abundant as in the previous season. Of imagos we got the pretty Phoxopteryx
ramana, Arctia mendica, Platypteryx falcula, and a number of others.—GEo. T.
PoRRITT, Huddersfield, June 17th, 1885.

Lepidoptera near Bingley.—I have to record the capture of Orthotenia
evicetana by my brother, near Beckfoot, last June or July. I believe its claim in
the list of Yorkshire lepidoptera is based on a single example recorded by Mr.
Prest, as having been taken at Stockton-on-the-Forest in 1877. Other additions to
our local lepidoptera for 1884, which are perhaps worth recording, are :—-JZela
soctella, taken at Marley, near Bingley ; Pexthina dimidiana, common near Rom-
balds Moor; Stigmonota regiana, near Bingley; Letinza pinivorana, common,
Blackhills; Scardia arcella (one), Blackfoot; Dzcrorampha, herbosana, very
common near Beckfoot ; Scoparia conspicualis, one by my brother, Goit Stock ;
S. atomalis, common on Blackhills in July. These last three species, although not
added to our list for .1884, are perhaps worth mentioning, one of them—viz.,

S. atomalis—so far as I know, not having before been recorded for Yorkshire.—_

E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD, Wilsden, near Bingley, April 2nd, 1885.

Naturalist,

ns ~
LEA ET Ae aerneiaasnmatanavasatnmnamannnns

AOS

NOTES ON SOME OF THE BIRDS OCCURRING IN
THE SOLWAY DISTRICT.
By J. J. ARMISTEAD,
Solway Fishery, Dunuifries, N.B.

THE Solway District is rather an important one ornithologically.
Owing to the varied nature of the coast, as well as of the interior, we
find a great many species, either resident or migratory, as well as
casual visitors. The country all round the head waters of the Frith
may be most simply described as flat, or slightly undulating, and
becoming more hilly towards the south-west. The northern shore is
very varied, some parts being wild and rocky, others flat and sandy,
while at the mouths of rivers are extensive flats of sand or mud, inter-
sected by creeks, and bounded by saltings or marshes. The county
of Kirkcudbrightshire, lying to the north of the Frith, has a seaboard
which is more or less mountainous, and the undulating or low-lying
lands of Cumberland are backed by the mountains of the Lake
District. It may prove to be the northern limit of some birds, as for
instance the Stock Dove (Columba enas), which occurs on the
northern side of the Frith, but only in a few places on the coast—as
far as I have observed, frequenting wooded declivities facing the sea,
and well adapted to its habits, and where it breeds. In perusing the
following notes the fact must not be overlooked that they are mostly
from my own observation only, and on this account may sometimes
be meagre, and it is probable that some birds frequenting the inland
districts may have been to a greater or less extent unobserved by me,
as my chief observatory has been the Frith itself. I am much
indebted to the kindness of Mr. James Ferrier of the Ross Light-
house, who has carefully noted all the birds occurring there from
time to time. It is not to be expected that migrants will be met
with in the same numbers as at some of our East Coast lights, but
some of the facts recorded are interesting, and I have selected the
following as specially worthy of note as throwing some light on the
spring migration. It would be interesting to have reports from other
stations for about the same dates.

April 12th, 1885. Three Goldcrests seen at 1 a.m. Wind N.E.;

fresh breeze.

ev LGth,. -,, Four Goldcrests seen at 2 a.m. Wind. E.;
light breeze.
Pimeitoth,..<,, Five Goldcrests seen through the night. Wind

W.; light breeze.
(This bird appears to be both resident and migratory. In
autumn many reach our East Coast, coming across the North Sea.

Aug. 1885. 0 2

294 ARMISTEAD: BIRDS OF SOLWAY DISTRICT.

Query.—Are those seen passing the Ross Light bound for the far
north, or only local migrants ?)
April 16th, 1885. Seven Wheatears seen through the night.
2 I 7th, %) Twenty ” 2 9
ssn Ot, sti Fifty rs at 5 p.m.
uimZOul et. A great many seen all through the night. Wind S.;
fresh breeze.

We Se StS) Zaye Many hundreds seen all through the night.
Wind S.; fresh breeze.
Sale 2S tal nee Two Ring Ouzels. Wind S.; fresh breeze.

(This bird does not stay in the district, as far as I am aware.)
April 21st, 1885. Two Redstarts. Wind S.; fresh breeze.

pM aes tol Oar One Whinchat. % -
Sop a2ancinay, Seven Whinchats, at 11 p.m. Wind S.W.; light
breeze.

May 2oth, 1885. Five Whitethroats, 1.0 till 2.30am. Wind S.E.;
light breeze.

ELST

Whitetailed Eagle. Aquila albicilla.

An Eagle has occasionally been seen flying over at a great

height—probably this species.
Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus.

Resident, though not so plentifully as formerly. Breeds
annually. I have seen birds of this species which I am con-
vinced have simply crossed the Solway and adjacent low-lying
ground, a distance of thirty miles, in quest of food.

Hobby. Falco subbuteo.

Have once seen a bird which I feel certain was this species
on the Scotch side of the Solway. Has also occurred in Cumber-
land.

Merlin. Falco esalon.

Formerly common on both sides of the Frith; now very
scarce on the Scotch side, owing to the increase of game preser-
vation. More plentiful in Cumberland, where I have several
times obtained specimens.

Kestrel. Tinnunculus alaudarius.

Stull common and breeding chiefly in cliffs, often facing the

sea.
Sparrowhawk. Accipiter nisus.
Common, and breeds in cliffs and trees.

Naturalist,

!
}
|

ARMISTEAD: BIRDS OF SOLWAY DISTRICT. 295

Buzzard. SButeo vulgaris.

Still resident in some parts, and breeds in high cliffs and
rough rocky eminences, but has been much persecuted by col-
lectors, most of the nests being robbed annually. I cannot hear of
its breeding on the Scotch side of the Frith this season, though I
have seen a specimen on two occasions during May this year,
and once during June and July.

Rough-legged Buzzard. Archibuteo lagopus.

Not resident, but occurs every winter, and is sometimes not
uncommon in certain districts at that season. I have obtained
a specimen shot near the coast in Cumberland, and have seen
several shot or trapped on the Scotch side.

Long-eared Owl. Asio otus.

Generally dispersed, and breeds, but nowhere very common.
Frequents woods. I have often come upon these birds in the
day-time, roosting among underwood, and have got within a few
yards. They fly well by day.

Short-eared Owl. Asio brachyotus.
Not uncommon in winter on moors and mosses.
Barn Owl. Strix flammea.

Generally dispersed, and breeds, but owing to its habit of
frequenting old buildings, barns, &c., is in some districts much
persecuted, and is much less common than formerly.

Tawny Owl. Syrnium aluco.

Generally dispersed, and breeds. Frequents woods.
Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola.

Occurs sparingly.
Pied Flycatcher. Muscicapa atricapilla.

Rare, breeds in Cumberland. I have not met with it on the
Scotch side.

Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus.

Common and resident. I have seen this bird occasionally
carrying off young Trout, but do not think it destroys the ova ;
nor is it destructive to the former, except in special cases, such
as the frequenting of ponds where large quantities of very young
fish are kept. The bird has only once been seen at my fish-
ponds on the Scotch side, although common on streams in the
neighbourhood; but in Cumberland one has several times
commenced regularly frequenting the ponds containing Trout-
fry, and has very reluctantly been shot.

Missel Thrush. Turdus viscivorus.

Common, resident.

Aug. 1885.

296 ARMISTEAD: BIRDS OF SOLWAY DISTRICT.

Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris.

Common in winter.

Redwing. Turdus iliacus.

Common in winter. This is the first of the genus to feel the
effects of severe cold. I have seen numbers of them almost
unable to fly at times, and many die, especially when the frost
is accompanied by a covering of snow.

Thrush. Turdus musicus.

Common; but in this neighbourhood this bird was almost
exterminated during a very severe winter about four years ago.
It is now decidedly increasing in numbers again.

Blackbird. Turdus merula.

Common.

Ring Ouzel. Turdus torquatus.

Although the district is apparently well adapted for the Ring
Ouzel, I have not met with it; but on April 21st two of these birds
came to the lantern of the Ross Lighthouse.

Hedge Sparrow. Accentor modularis.

Common.

Robin. Erythacus rubecula.

Common.

Redstart. Ruticilla phcenicurus.

Rare on the Scotch side, where I have not seen it. Breeds in
Cumberland. ‘Two seen at lantern, Ross Light, on April 21st.

Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola.

Occurs sparingly all over the district, and some remain during
the winter months.

Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra.

Common, one seen at the Ross Light on Apel 21st, and

seven on the 22nd.
Wheatear. Saxicola cnanthe.

Seen in great abundance at the Ross Lighthouse, April 16th to

21st; during the night chiefly.
Grasshopper Warbler. Locustella nevia.

By no means uncommon in some localities, but very seldom
seen owing to its hiding habits. I have not observed it on the
Scotch side. |

Garden Warbler. Sylvia hortensis.

Not uncommon.

Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea.

Common; five seen at Ross Lighthouse on May zoth.

Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca.

Much less plentiful than the last.

Naturalist,

ei

ARMISTEAD: BIRDS OF SOLWAY DISTRICT. 297

Willow Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus.

Common.

Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus.
| Not uncommon in some woods. Seen at the Ross Light on
April rath, 15th, and 18th.
Great Tit. Parus major.
Common.
Blue Tit. Parus ceruleus.
Common.
Cole Tit. Parus ater.
Less plentiful than the last.
Marsh Tit. Parus palustris.
Less plentiful than the Cole Tit.
Long-tailed Tit. Acredula caudata.
Common.
Waxwing. Bombycilla garrula.
Has occurred from time to time.
Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris.

Common.

Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope.
Common in favourable localities.
Tree Pipit. Anthus trivialis.

Not uncommon.

Meadow Pipit. Anthus pratensis.

Common.

Rock Pipit. Anthus obscurus.
Common on rocky parts of the coast, where it breeds.
Skylark. Alauda arvensis.

Common on cultivated lands.

Snow Bunting. Plectrophanes nivalis.

This bird is to be met with in large flocks on some parts of
the coast, chiefly on saltings or in stubbles; but it occurs singly
or in pairs on many other parts of the coast where it is decidedly
uncommon. It arrives in October, and leaves in the spring.

Common Bunting. Emberiza miliaria.

Pretty well distributed, but in greater numbers on the
southern side of the Frith.

Reed Bunting. Emberiza scheniclus.

Same as the last.

Yellow Bunting. Emberiza citrinella.

Abundant.

Chaffinch. Fringilla celebs.

Abundant.

Aug. 1885.

298 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Mountain Finch. Fringilla montifringilla.
Common in winter in some localities.
Tree Sparrow. Passer montanus.
Not uncommon in some parts of Cumberland.
House Sparrow. Passer domesticus.
Common.
Greenfinch. Ligurinus chloris.
Common.
Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans.
May often be met with where thistles abound, but is not very
common.
Siskin. Carduelis spinus.
A winter visitant, occurring some seasons abundantly.

(To be continued.)

ORNITHOLOGICAL, NOLES:

Occurrence of the Great Grey Shrike near Leeds.—June
27th, 1885. It gives me pleasure to record the occurrence in this’ neighbour-
hood of the Great Grey Shrike (Lazzus excubitor), especially as it is so rare during
the summer months. The bird when first seen was perched on the topmost branch
of a hawthorn bush, on the confines of a moor at Adel, near Leeds. I approached
it cautiously, wishing to get a good view, and be able to pronounce as to its identity
without doubt; to my delight the bird proved not to be so shy as I had anticipated,
but allowed me to get quite close before taking flight, and then it only removed
a few yards away, and alighted on another hawthorn. In this way IL pursued it
from bush and tree for some distance, when it flew across the fields out of my way.
While continuing this chase I had an excellent opportunity of noticing the ashy-
grey back and white patches of the wings and tail which characterise this bird.
The bird appears when on the wing to be about the size of a Song Thrush, and in
plumage not unlike the Pied Wagtail. After the pursuit I retraced my steps to
the starting point, and on examining the bush I found that it had commenced its
butchering process, for impaled on the thorns were three bees still alive. I noticed
that the bird has no particular method of impaling them; one was pierced through
the thorax and another through the abdomen. I examined the bushes and whins
to see if by any chance it was nesting here, but found no clue. I give this in detail
as I do not know whether the species has often been observed in Yorkshire during
the breeding season or not.—THOMAS RAINE, Leeds, July roth, 1885.

[As the species has not hitherto been recorded as occurring in Britain during
the breeding season, Mr. Raine’s circumstantial account is of very great interest. ]

Nidderdale Ornithological Notes.—Mr. T. E. Yorke has now in his
collection at Bewerley Hall a pair of Waxwings (Bombycilla garrula), which were
shot in Bewerley Woods several years ago.

In May, 1880, a pair of Oystercatchers (Hematopus ostralegus) were observed
on Greenhow Hill, one of which was shot, and is now in possession of Mr. D.
Williams of Pateley Bridge.

Mr. R. Charlton of this place has a living female Brown Owl (Sy722zum aluco)
which was taken from a nest in the spring of 1868; it is kept in a large cage in a
garden, and Mr. Charlton informs me that when the bird hears any music it
makes a peculiar noise; also it has been noticed that when all is quiet large
numbers of birds such as Chaffinches, Thrushes, Blackbirds, &c., collect together
near the cage, and make a noise as if they wished to attack her.— WM. STOREY,
Pateley Bridge, April 14th, 1885.

Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTE. 299

Curious site for Missel Thrush’s Nest.—On the 23rd of May,
1875, I met with a nest of the Missel Thrush (Zwrdus viscivorus) on the top of a
wall in Gateup Gill, with four eggs, on which the bird was sitting. There were
not many trees near, the nearest clump being about a mile away. On another
occasion, in Nidderdale, I saw several partly-built nests on the tops of the walls,
though a clump of trees was not far off.—J. INGLEBy, Eavestone, near Ripon,
April 7th, 1885.

Hawfinch and Water Rail near Boston Spa, Yorkshire.—
The Rev. J. Chaloner tells me that he ‘was at Healaugh Manor’ the previous day
(May 11th), ‘and while there one of Mr. Brooksbank’s sons caught a hen Hawfinch
[ Coccothraustes vulgaris! hopping on the grass plot. This is only the second
instance of that bird being seen about here, within my knowledge.’ The Water
Rail (Rallis aguaticus) is breeding here at Boston Spa this year, and bred here last
year also.—JOHN EMMET, Boston Spa, July 13th, 1885.

Curious death of a Swift.— Last year, at Thorp Arch Station, a
Swift (Cypselus apus) flew violently against the telegraph wire, and so injured
itself about the eyes and bill, that it had to be destroyed. Similar cases have
occurred elsewhere, and Science Gossip relates several in the March number of this
year.—JOHN EMMET, Boston Spa, Tadcaster, March 2oth, 1885.

Wild Fowl in Cumberland.—I know no greater pleasure than to
spend a few early hours, on a spring morning, upon a tarn frequented by wild fowl.
Both on the 31st and to-day I visited a preserved sheet of water and studied the
birds, and scribbled until my fingers were frozen by the cold wind. On both days
I found the Tufted Duck, Goldeneye, Mallard, and Shoveller ; and to-day I dis-
turbed some Teal and Wigeon. To-day there were four male Shovellers on the
water within view of me at one moment.—:H. A. MACPHERSON, Carlisle, April
oth, 1885.

Lapwing’s Nest with Five Eggs.—On May 15th of last year I was
shown the nest of a Lapwing (Vanellus vulgaris), containing five eggs, by a farmer
named Joseph Bell, who said that such an occurrence had not come under his
notice before; but Mr. Kirkby, on the adjoining farm, remembers such an occur-
rence taking place, though some years ago.—WM. STOREY, Pateley Bridge, April
Toth, 1885.

Curlews in the Solway District.—On the morning of Sunday,
March Ist, of the present year, I was greatly interested in observing straggling pairs
of Curlews (Wumenius arquata) flying at considerable altitude across the Solway
Firth from the direction of Kirkcudbright, apparently on their way to the uplands
of Cumberland for breeding purposes. These flights continued regularly for ten
days or a fortnight. If Scotch bred birds, surely suitable breeding places might
be found nearer home, or possibly the Curlews so seen were originally reared in
Cumberland, and had simply crossed the Firth during winter in search of better
feeding stations about the estuary of the Dee.—W. Hopcson, Flimby, Maryport,
April 24th, 1885.

Little Auk (Mergulus alle) near Tadcaster in July.—As I
was following the reaper in one of my grass fields on Thursday last, the 16th inst.,
I found a Little Auk which had apparently been dead several days. I fancy very
few of them have been seen in this part of the country.—J. CHALONER, Newton
Kyme, near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, July 18th, 1885.

[The occurrence of this species outside the Arctic Circle during the breeding
season is very remarkable, and is believed to be unprecedented, at least so far as
the British Isles are concerned. It breeds nowhere on the European continent, in
fact, its summer range is restricted to Spitzbergen, Novaya Zemlia, Grimsey
(North of Iceland), and Greenland. It is a winter visitant to the British seas, and
occasionally occurs far inland after severe gales. —W. E. C.]

Aug. 1885.

300

MARINE ALG OF THE SCARBOROUGH DISTRICT.

By GEORGE MASSEE, F.R.M.S.,
Scarborough; Secretary for Cryptogamia to the Botanical Section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists Union.
THE Scarborough district includes the coast between Scalby Mills
on the north, and Carnelian Bay on the south, a distance of about
five miles. A few additional species are stated to occur within these
limits, but as they have not been collected, and specimens are not
forthcoming, they are not inserted. To Mr. J. T. Milow, of Fals-
grave, I am indebted for several of the rarer species.

CRYVPTOPATVCIEE.
Gleocapsa crepidinum Thuret.
Rocks at high water.
Clathrocystis roseo-persicina Cohn.
On decaying alge.
Dermocarpa prasina Bornet.
Common on the smaller Floridez.
Xenococcus schousboei Thur., Notes Algologiques, pp. 73-75, pl. 26,
NEG 32:
On Ceramium rubrum. New to Britain.
Spirulina tenuissima Kutz.
Mixed with other small forms on the Spa wall.
QOscillaria subuliformis Thwaites.

Scalby Beck, in brackish pools.

Microcoleus chthonoplastes Thuret (=M. anguiformis Harv.)

Mixed with Confervee.

Hormotrichum cutlerie Harv.

Rare. Near the North Pier, where freshwater drains down the cliff.
Forming a thin bright green layer; plants unbranched, flexuous ;
cells at first quadrate, the contents soon becoming resolved into
a globose mass, which afterwards becomes pyriform, the longest
diameter being transverse to the axis of the plant, and eventually
escapes as a zoogonidium, furnished with two cilia at the narrow
colourless end. |

Calothrix confervicola Ag.
Not uncommon on species of Ceramium.
Calothrix scopulorum Ag.
Rivularia atra Roth.
On rocks, South Bay.
Isactis plana Thur.

On Himanthalia lorea. Rare. The only other British station |

is Ventnor. |

Naturalist,

MASSEE: MARINE ALG OF SCARBOROUGH. 301

LOOSRORE AE.

Chlorochytrium immersum sp. nov.

Cells elliptical, depressed ; neck short; zoospores elongate
pyriform, with two cilia about three times the length of the body,
springing from the colourless anterior end; posterior end with
bright green chlorophyll grains.

_Endophytic on Schizonema dillwynit and Callithamnion roseum.
When crowded the cells are irregular in shape, but when solitary,
elliptical ; sunk in the substance of the matrix, from which the
short neck—through which the zoospores escape—protrudes ;
at first filled with bright green chlorophyll, which eventually breaks
up into zoospores.

The genus was founded by Cohn for the reception of a
species— C. Zemne—found at Breslau, growing in the thallus of
Lemna trisulca. (‘ Ueber parasitische Algen von Dr. Ferdinand
Comm. Beitrase zur Biologie) der Pilanzen:: “Bd. I. 's. 737:
Matel IL 1870.)

A second species—C. cohnitz—was described by Dr. Wright in
the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy (Vol. 26, Part 8,
1878), parasitic on various species of Schizonema, Polysiphonia,
&c., also on infusoria, from which the present differs in the shape
of the cells and the biciliate elongate pyriform zoospores, all of
one size, and containing chlorophyll. Conjugation was not actually
seen, but after remaining in motion for some time they came to
rest, and assumed a spherical form, when some were observed
of larger size, presumably the result of conjugation.

Ulva.—The arrangement of species proposed by Le Jolis in his ‘ Liste
des Algues Marines de Cherbourg’ is followed. It will be
observed that the genera Ulva and Enteromorpha are united.

Ulva lactuca L. (= Ulva latissima Harv.)

Ulva enteromorpha [Le Jolis (= Ulva linza Harv., Enteromorpha
intestinalis Harv., Enteromorpha compressa Harv.)

Chetomorpha melagonium Kutz. (=Conferva melagonium
Web. et Mohr.)

| South Bay at low-water mark.

Cladophora arcta Dillw.

Rocks, South Bay.

Cladophora lanosa Roth.

Cladophora rupestris L.

Cladophora letevirens Dillw.

Cladophora fracta Fl. Dan.

Scalby Beck, where it empties into the sea.

Aug. 1885.

302 MASSEE: MARINE ALGA! OF SCARBOROUGH.

Bryopsis plumosa Huds.
Carnelian Bay.
Scytosiphon lomentarius Lyng. (=Chorda lomentaria Lyngb.)
Carnelian Bay.
Scytosiphon filum Lamx.
Carnelian Bay.
Punctaria plantaginea Roth.
Rock pools, South Bay.
Desmarestia aculeata Lamx.
Dictyosiphon fceniculaceus Grev.
South Bay.
Myriotricha claveformis Harv., var. filiformis ( = Myriotricha
filiformis Harv.)

On various small algz in rock pools, South Bay and Car-
nelian Bay.

Ectocarpus tomentosus Huds.
North Bay.
Ectocarpus fasciculatus Harv.
Ectocarpus littoralis Lyngb.
Ectocarpus siliculosus Lyngb.

Round the Castle foot.
Sphacelaria cirrhosa Roth.

On the smaller algze, Carnelian Bay.
Cladostephus verticillatus Lightfoot.

Top of the outer reef, North Bay.

Myrionema vulgare Thuret ( = Myrionema strangulans Grev. ;
Myrionema punctiforme Harv.)

Thuret has united the two British species along with Myrionema
maculiforme Kutz. under the above name. He considers the
differences they present as being entirely due to habitat ; when
growing on filiform plants it completely surrounds the thread,
and is Myrionema strangulans ; when growing on broad fronds
it forms a small pulvinate tuft, and is Wyrionema punctiforme.

Elachistea fucicola Fr.
Elachistea scutulata Duby. |
Myriactis pulvinata Kutz. (=Elachistea pulvinata Harv.)

The present genus is separated from “/achzstfea on account of
the absence of the long projecting coloured filaments which are
present, in addition to the paraphyses, in all true Elachistez.
All the species are attached to the fronds of the larger brown
algee, and resemble tassels of fine threads springing from a solid
minute knob-like base.

Naturalist.

MASSEE: MARINE ALG# OF SCARBOROUGH. 303

Leathesia difformis Aresch.
On rocks exposed at low water; rare at Scarborough, but
abundant on Filey Brig.
Chordaria flagelliformis Ag.
Mesogloia vermicularis Ag.
Castagnea virescens Carm.
Carnelian Bay.
Asperococcus echinatus Grev.
South Bay; not so abundant here as at Filey and Bridlington.
Chorda filum L. |
Laminaria saccharina L.
North and South Bays; not common, and the fronds are small.
Laminaria digitata Turn.
Rare. Behind the outer reef, North Bay.
Laminaria digitata var. stenophylla.
This is the common form, which differs from the type in having
a weak drooping stipes, compressed upwards. Laminaria digitata
does not flourish above low water mark, and has a terete erect
stipes.
Laminaria bulbosa Lam.
Two or three plants have been found washed up in the North
Bay ; it has not been met with growing.

OOSPORE 2.

Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis.
This genus differs from Fucus in having a linear thallus without
a midrib, and only four oospheres in a mother-cell.
Fucus vesiculosus L.
Abundant in the North Bay; nearly absent from the south
side of the Castle rock.
Fucus serratus L.
Abundant in the South Bay; not common in the North.
Fucus canaliculatus L.
On shelving rocks in Carnelian Bay ; left dry at low tide.
_Halidrys siliquosa L.
Rock pools, South Bay.
Himanthalia lorea Lyngb.
Sparingly in the North Bay.

LLORID EL.

Trentepohlia virgatula Harv.
Common on the smaller Floridez.
Aug, 1885.

304 MASSEE: MARINE ALG OF SCARBOROUGH.

Porphyra laciniata Ag. (=Porphyra laciniata Harv.; Porphyra
vulgaris Harv.)
Porphyra leucosticta Ag.

North Bay; rare. ‘This species differs from Porphyra laciniata
in being brighter in colour, and the antheridia are in groups
within the margin, and not marginal.

Bangia fusco-purpurea Lyngb.
On stones and woodwork of the South Pier.
Erythrotricha ceramicola Lyngb.
On small algz in tide pools. Separated from Aangia on
account of the absence of antheridia and tetragonidia.
Peyssonelia dubyi Crouan.
Forming a liver-coloured film on rocks.
Petrocelis cruenta Z. Ag.

On rocks, North Bay.

Hildenbrandtia rosea Kutz. (= Hildenbrandtia rubra Harv.)

On smooth rocks, Carnelian Bay.

Callithamnion plumula Lyngb.
North Bay ; rare.
Callithamnion pluma Ag.
Not uncommon on Furcellaria and Laminaria.
Callithamnion tetragonum Ag.
South Bay.
Callithamnion roseum [.yngb.
Callithamnion byssoideum Harv.
In rock pools, South Bay.
Callithamnion polyspermum Ag.
Callithamnion rothii Lyngb.

Forming a dense velvety pile on rocks and clay near low water.
We find the tetraspores cruciate, as described by Thuret, Neegeli,
and Farlow ; Harvey describes them as being tripartite.

Griffithsia setacea Ag.

South Bay. Rare. In this species the ‘continuity of proto-

plasm’ was first observed.
Halurus equisetifolius (Ag,) Kurtz,
One specimen thrown up in the North aye Not uncommon
at Bridlington.
Ptilota plumosa Ag. |
Ptilota elegans Bonnem. (=Ptilota sericea Kutz.) =
Ceramium rubrum Ag. 7
Ceramium rubrum Ag. var. proliferum Ag. (=Ceramium botryo-
carpum Harv., Phyc. Brit., pl. 215).

Naturalist,

MASSEE: MARINE ALG OF SCARBOROUGH. 305

Ceramium deslongchampsii Chauvin.
North Bay.
Ceramium diaphanum Roth.
Carnelian Bay.
Ceramium nodosum Harv.’
South Bay. Not common.
Ceramium acanthonotum Carm.
_ South Bay. Common.
Ceramium eiliatum Ducluz.
South Bay. Rare.
Gloiosiphonia capillaris Carm.
North Bay. Rare. Not found growing.
Phyllophora membranifolia Ag.
North Bay. Rare.
Ahnfeldtia plicata (Kutz.) Fries.
Cystoclonium purpurascens Kutz. (= Hypnea purpurascens Harv.,
A Phye: Brit. pl) 116).
Gigartina mamillosa Ag.
Chondrus crispus (L.) Stack.
Callophyllis laciniata Grev.
In both bays, but sparingly.
Calliblepharis ciliata Grev.
Not common.
Plocamium coccineum Lyngb.
Furcellaria fastigiata Lamx.
Delesseria sinuosa Lamx.
South Bay. Rare and small.
Delesseria alata Lamx.
Delesseria alata Lamx. var. angustissima (=D. angustissima Harv.)
All stages, from the wingless blade of amgustissima up to
typical Delesseria alata, occur.
Delesseria hypoglossum Ag.
North Bay. This is the rarest of the Delesseria.
Delesseria sanguinea Lamx.
Odonthalia dentata Lyngb.
Carnelian Bay. Only once found.
Polysiphonia urceolata Grev.
Polysiphonia nigrescens Harv.
Polysiphonia atro-rubescens Grev.
Polysiphonia fastigiata Grev.
Polysiphonia elongata Harv.
South Bay. Rare.
Aug. 1885.

306 LEES: ADDITIONS TO WENSLEYDALE FLORA.

Polysiphonia byssoides Grev.
South Bay. Rare. In this species conceptacies and tetra-
gonidia have been observed on the same plant.
Dasya coccinea Ag.
North Bay. Rare.
Dasya arbuscula Ag.
South Bay and Carnelian Bay. Rare.
Laurencia pinnatifida Lamx.
Lomentaria kaliformis Hook.
North Bay. Not common.
Chylocladia articulata Grev.
Corallina officinalis L.
Melobesia polymorpha Harv.
Melobesia pustulata Lamx.

BOTANICAL. NODE.

More Additions to the Wensleydale Flora.—I have to report
the discovery of two more plants here, a Bur-Reed and a Grass, which are, so far
as I know, quite new to Wensleydale.

The Bur-Reed of this district, that growing in Hawes brook, in Ellerbeck hy
Woodhall, and in the Bain at Semerwater, is Sparganium neglectum Beeby ; not
the form of current text-books (.S. ~amzosem Huds.) given therein as having an obovate
truncated drupe, with a short, abrupt beak; but the newer type or sub-species
described and figured by Mr. W. H. Beeby in the July number of the /ournal of
Botany (vol. xxiil., p. 193). This neglected form has sessile fruits, densely

gregated into heads, of course, as in S. vamosum, but each drupe would appear
to have a much less marked tendency to develop two seeds, and, partly in
consequence of this perhaps, is more elongated (‘more than twice as long as broad,
exclusive of beak), more spindle-shaped, narrowing gradually upwards into the long,
slightly curved, persistent style (beak). The anthers seem to be longer, too, in the
Wensleydale plant than in ramosum, but I have only been able, yet, to compare
them with one batch of specimens from near Bedale. The habit and stature of this
new Bur-Reed are said to be quite like those of ordinary vamosum, though I fancy
it is, if anything, a smaller, less robust plant (here it is 2 to 214 feet high only), with
paler green foliage. If Yorkshire botanists will this month, and the next, examine
the Bur-Reeds of their respective localities, and report which ‘species’ they find
prevail, to Mr. Beeby (14, Ridinghouse Square, London, E.C.), or to me, the
object of this note will be attained.

The Grass, new to District vil. (Upper Yore) of Baker’s ‘ North Yorkshire,’ is
Calamagrostis efigejos Roth. Baker gives it as a plant of the lowlands of the
central vale of York only, at from oto 150 yards. I have just detected it growing
in plenty in ‘ Backwater Spinney’—a small marshy wood, a quarter of a mile to
the east of Hawes station, the altitude being a few feet above that of the river- -bed,
which at Hawes New Bridge is 750 feet; z.€. an extension in upward range of
more than 100 yards beyond any locality of which Mr. Baker in 1862 was
cognizant.

Whilst writing, I may mention another ascertained extension of range. ‘The
Yellow Flag, /rzs pseudacorus, L., grows in the Backwater at Hawes at 750 feet
alt. [150 yards given by Baker]. and this Hawes form is a. genuinus E. B. Syme,
with short claw, and broad, clear, deep yellow blade, not the cemmoner form,
b. acoriformyts Bor., which has sepals of afpaler yellow with a deep orange spot at
the base, and a long claw prominently veined with purple. The Yorkshire
distribution of both varieties wants working out.—F. A. LEEs, Hawes, Wensley-
dale, July 13th, 1885.

Naturalist,

2 _
an

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT POCKLINGTON.

The third meeting for 1885 was held at Pocklington, on Wednesday the 24th
of June, the object being to investigate the natural history of the neighbourhood of
Warter, Kildwick Percy, and the western escarpment of the Wolds. Unfortu-
nately the weather—contrary to what the Union almost invariably enjoys—was
very wet, rain falling more or less steadily throughout the day. The attendance
was consequently reduced to less than a score of members, but these, as might well
be expected, included several of the ablest investigators the Union possesses ;
and the rain was to them merely a matter of inconvenience, and it was not allowed
either to quench the spirits of the party or to mar the success of their investigations.
The results of the day’s work were quite worthy of being compared with those of
previous meetings ; and what shortcomings there might be were attributable not so
much to the weather as to the reduction of the number of the party and the
consequent restriction of the area searched over. When the excursionists muster
by scores or hundreds, they separate more and cover a greater extent of ground ;
while smaller parties keep together for company’s sake, and are therefore not able
to investigate more than a limited area,

Among the members present on Wednesday there were representatives of all
the sections into which the Union is divided, except the Entomological Section. The
Vertebrate Section was represented, in the absence of its officers, by Mr. Leonard
Gaunt, of Farsley (who took the secretary’s place for the time being); Mr. W.
Booth of Leeds; and Mr. John Watson, jun., of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and Beverley;
and they were reinforced for the day by some local gentlemen, including Mr. Geo.
Steels, the local taxidermist,and Mr. W. Wox, of Barmby Moor, a keenand energetic
collector, who only requires encouragement and a little book-knowledge to make
a good naturalist. The Conchological Section was strongly represented, including
Mr. J. Darker Butterell, of Beverley, secretary of the section; Mr. L. B. Ross,
F.C.S., of Driffield; Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., of Leeds, one of the
general secretaries of the Union; and Mr. H. T. Soppitt, of Bradford. The
Entomological Section, as we said above, was the only one unrepresented; but the
Botanical Section had, in the persons of the Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., Vicar of
Liversedge, an ex-president of the Union; Mr. P. F. Lee, of Dewsbury, secretary
of the section, and Mr. Soppitt, of Bradford, a trio of the best of Yorkshire botanical
investigators, the two first-named working at the flowering plants, and the last-
named at the fungi, while yet a fourth, Mr. John Eastwood, the secretary of the
Bradford Naturalists’ Society, was engaged in gathering mosses. The Geological
section was most ably represented by its President, the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A.,
Vicar of Wetwang, and one of its secretaries, Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., of
Leeds.

All the members reached Pocklington or Nunburnholme about eleven o’clock
in the forenoon, and two lines of route were formed, one starting from Nunburn-
holme for Mr. C. H. Wilson’s estates at Warter, under the guidance of Rev. E. M.
Cole—and the other, starting from Pocklington for Admiral Duncombe’s estates at
Kildwick Percy, was in charge of the local gentlemen, Mr. Geo. Steels and Mr.
W. Wox. The whole day was spent in the woods and fields. Mr. Steels’ party
first inspected what he had to show in his place of business, this giving an idea of
what had been obtained in the neighbourhood, so far as birds were concerned, and
afterwards investigated the Kildwick Percy demesnes.

Most of the members of both parties reached Pocklington about half- past four,
and at once proceeded to a meat tea—a meal which was most excellently provided
by Mr. A. W. House at the Feathers Hotel, and was duly appreciated. One of
the chief regrets of the day was that there was not a full attendance of members to
do justice to Mr. and Mrs. House's catering. The usual meetings were held before
rising from the tea table, the Rev. W. Fowler, in his capacity of vice-president,
presiding. The minutes of the preceding meeting were taken as read, and three
new members were elected—viz., Mr. Edward Bidwell, NMEBEOFU. of London ;
Mr. Edgar Pickard, of Mansfield, Notts ; and the Rev. G. A. W. Huddart, VIEAS:
EE)... of Kirklington, near Ripon. A vote of thanks to the leaders of parties,
and to Mr. C. H. Wilson, M.P., and Admiral Duncombe, for permission to visit

Aug. 1885.

308 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT POCKLINGTON.

their respective estates at Warter and Kildwick Percy. was then unanimously
adopted. There was not time to read the various reports of the sections, as is
usually done, and it was arranged that they be handed to the secretaries. They
were to the following effect :—

For the Vertebrate section, in the absence of its officers, Mr. Leonard Gaunt,
of Farsley, reported that the ornithologists had noted 45 species of birds; Mr. John
Watson and Mr. Geo. Steels having visited Kildwick Percy, while Mr. Gaunt him-
self and Mr. Walter Booth had investigated the grounds of Warter Priory. Of the
45 birds noted, 32 were permanently resident species and 13 were summer
visitors. The latter were the Redstart, Whinchat, Chiffchaff, Willow Wren, Wood
Wren, Whitethroat, Sedge Warbler, Spotted Flycatcher (nesting in abundance),
Tree Pipit, Swallow, Martin, Swift, and Corn Crake. The residents seen were
the Redbreast. Missel Thrush, Song Thrush, Blackbird, Wren, Great Tit, Blue
Tit, Pied Wagtail, Meadow Pipit, [ledge Sparrow. Bullfinch, Greenfinch, Lesser
Redpoll, Linnet, Chaffinch, House Sparrow, Bunting, Yellowhammer, Starling,
Jackdaw. Rook, Carrion Crow, Tree Creeper, Skylark, Ring Dove, Tawny Owl.
Pheasant, Partridge, Heron, Lapwing, Moor-hen, and Wild Duck. <A number of
nests were also observed, including one of a Willow Warbler, built in a spruce fir
two feet from the ground—an unusual situation. Mr. W. Wox showed living
specimens of the Common Lizard (Zootoca vivipara), and of two forms of the Viper
(Pelias bevus), one being the ordinary dark-red form so well known, and the other
the very handsome whitish form with black markings. He also showed a living
example of the Whiskered Bat ( Vesfertelio mystacinus). ;

Mr. J. Darker Butterell reported for the Conchological section that there had
been found about Kildwick Percy and Pocklington, six slugs, six water shells, and
13 land shells—making the total number 25. The slugs were—A7zon ater, A.
hortensts, Limax agrestis, L. levis, L. maximus,and L. flavus (zeported by Mr.
Steels) ; the water shells were Azzodonta cygnea (abundant in the lake at Kildwick
Percy), Pestdium pusillum, Planorbis albus, P. complanatus, Limnea peregra, and
L. truncatula; and the land shells were Zonztes nitidulus, Z. alliarius, Helix
aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. cantiana, A. hispida, H. rotundata,
Bulimus obscurus, Clausilia rugosa, C. laminata, Zua lubrica, and Carychium
minimum.

The Entomological section being quite unrepresented, no report was presented,
but several insects of various orders were seen. Several beetles were collected, and
the caterpillars of Aévaxas grossulariata noted, but the only moth boxed was a
specimen of Hydrocampa stagnalis.

The secretary of the Botanical section, Mr. P. F. Lee, of Dewsbury, reported
the results of the investigations in that branch of science at Warterand at Kildwick
Percy. Owing to the very unfavourable state of the weather, the ground covered
was only of a limited extent. The botanists felt inclined to have ‘ words’ with the
Meteorological Department at this, because they had anticipated some virgin
hunting ground, and were eager for the fray. Doubtless many good plants might
be found on the gentle slopes and in the ramifying dales leading to the higher
ground of this fringe of the wolds. As it was, 161 flowering plants and ferns were
observed, the best of these being, Gezmz tntermedium, Berberis vulgaris, Geraniuzi
pratense, Viola hirta, Poterium sanguisorba, Origanum vulgare, Cornus sanguinea,
Carex hirta, the tall Fescue grass, Festuca elatior, and LEguzsetum maximum.
Mr. H. T. Soppitt reported that the principal finds among fungi were Amanita
cecilie B.&Br., Stropharia melaspermus Bull., and Pholtota precox P., besides
various commoner species.

For the Geological section its secretary, Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.. of Leeds,
reported. He stated that the members started from Nunburnholme Station, where
they were received by the president of the section (the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A.,
Vicar of Wetwang). The rev. gentleman was, unfortunately, suffering from the
effects of a recent accident, which hindered him from carrying out the whole of the
programme he had originally intended. In addition to this disadvantage, a heavy
and incessant rain fell, which rendered the ground difficult for walking, and
obscured the prospect. In spite of this the party set out in the direction of Warter,
passing over the post-glacial chalk gravels, so extensive at the foot of the Wolds.
On entering the grounds of Warter Priory, the seat of Mr. C. H. Wilson, M.P.,

Naturalist,

SHEPHEARD : NOTE ON SPONGILLA. 309

who had generously given free access to his beautiful estate, search was made in
the bed of the small stream for the Rhcetic Beds (the connecting link between the
Lias and the Trias) but without success, probably on account of the shallowness of
the section. On ascending the hill near the mansion, the Red Chalk was observed
to cropout. This was most interesting as Mr. Cole pointed out, it extends in a
long sinuous line from Speeton, then along the north side of the Wolds to Acklam
Brow, turning then southwardly to Brough, and through Lincolnshire to Hunstanton
in Norfolk, where it entirely disappears. Mr. Cole also showed from a large map
on which he had laid down his own observations, that the Red Chalk also crops
- out in the dales of the Wolds, wherever the overlying White Chalk has been cut
through by denudation ; it can also be traced by the springs which issue from its
junction with the underlying clays, whether Lias, Oxford, Kimmeridge, or Neoco-
mian. The question was asked of Mr. Cole as to the deep red colour.of this bed
in such marked contrast to the White Chalk above, but beyond stating that it was
due to the presence of oxide of iron, it was a matter of much conjecture to say at
present how it was introduced. The rain was now so exceptionally heavy that an
agreeable change was made, and temporary shelter obtained by visiting the
extensive vineries, ferneries, and grottoes connected with the mansion. Mr. Cole
now led the way to the famous section in the Warter brickyard, mentioned by
Messrs. Tate and Blake in their great work on the ‘Yorkshire Lias.’ Here,
although somewhat obscured by slips, were seen 27 szf#z Grey and White Chalk,
succeeded below by the Red Chalk and again beneath by lower Lias beds of the
zone of Ammonites Bucklandi. The fact of the entire absence of the great series
of Oolitic beds between the Red Chalk and the lower Lias at this point tends to
the belief that they were denuded before the deposition of the chalk, this view
receiving further corroboration from the fact that at a little distance to the north,
both near Millington, and at Kirkby Underdale and Acklam, small patches of
Oolitic deposits remain. Harrison, however, attributes this effect to overlap.
Characteristic fossils of the lower Lias, such as Belemmnites acutus and Gryphea
incurva, were here obtained in abundance. The effect of several hours’ exposure to the
rain now rendered it unwise to pursue geological research any further for the
present, and the way was now taken reluctantly to Pocklington.

A vote of thanks to Mr. Fowler for his services in the chair concluded the
meeting, and about half-past five all the members left by train.

ZOOLOGICAL NOTE.

Note on Spongilla, ete.—During an excursion of the Chester Society of
Natural Science to Eaton Gardens and Serpentine on Thursday, the 2nd July,
some of the members found Spongilla in great abundance, growing on the roots of
the trees in the Serpentine. Some of the young specimens brought home proved
very interesting, showing the osculum and the circulation very plainly. After
keeping one specimen in a large cell for several days, I noticed the sponge studded
thickly with ovoid sacks of different sizes, the larger ones pushing their way to the
surface, and after watching them for some time, saw one swim away from its
parent, the movement being rapid for some time, it then remained stationary for a
time, and started again to swim about.

Several have now (12th July) attached themselves to the cell and dead stick,
and others are still moving about in the water. The oval bodies are about one-
third full of granular cells, possibly yolk cells, the remainder has a semi-trans-
parent appearance. Those attached are now full of granular cells, and if supplied
with the necessaries of life, will doubtless develop into the parent form. I have
often watched the circulation in spongilla, but have never before seen its develop-
ment, and would advise your readers, who may have more leisure time than | have,
to watch more closely its curious and interesting mode of growth.

We also found two species of polyzoa, Fredericella sultana and Alcyonella
Jungosa, and the rare worm which has, I understand, been named Pteridonais by
Dr. Ray Lankester, and a good collection of rotifers and infusoria. It is ten
or twelve years since I first found Pteszdonazs in the canal, and those who have
seen it call it the ‘Polite Worm,’ owing to its constant nodding, and flapping of its
wings.—THOMAS SHEPHEARD, Kingsley Lodge, Chester, 12th July, 1885.

Aug. 1885.

310 BOOK NOTICE: NOTES AND NEWS.

BOOK NOTTCE,

The Birds of Lancashire.—By F. S. Mitchell, M.B.O.U. Illustrated
by J. G. Keulemans, Victor Prout, &c. ‘London: John Van Voorst. 1885.

A book on the avifauna of a maritime county of North-Western England or of
Wales has long been a desideratum among our faunal works, and it is somewhat
singular that the counties from the Bristol Channel to the Solway Firth have so long
lacked histories of their bird life. Thanks, however, to Mr. Mitchell, the County
Palatine no longer lies under the stigma of being behind the times in this respect,
and it is to be sincerely congratulated in possessing an ornithologist of his high
standard to undertake so important a work for a county which occupies such an
interesting geographical position. The book has been worked out upon the lines
on which a modern faunal work should be modelled, and its plan has been carried
out with commendable thoroughness. The author has devoted many years to the
study of the birds of the county wherein he resides, and in addition to his own great
knowledge of his favourite subject, he has laid under contribution the whole of the
bibliographical matter relating to it—no small task. The result is a book in every
way worthy of its author and of the great county, and one that will take the highest
rank among works of its kind. From the introductory remarks we learn that the
avifauna of Lancashire comprises 250 species, of which 85 are residents, 31 summer
visitants, 65 winter visitants, and 75 occasional visitants. In addition to general
information as to distribution and relative abundance, concerning each of these
species, much interesting information is given on the breeding habits, times of
appearance, and local names—-the experience of the author; also figures and
descriptions of the Lancashire decoys, and of the various engines and schemes in
vogue in the county for the capture of its feathered denizens. A map of Lancashire
is given, and coloured plates of the Wall Creeper and the Black-throated Wheatear
—Lancashire rarities—drawn by Mr. J. G. Keulemans, the celebrated bird-artist,
add much to the attractiveness of the book. As it is a book in which we our-
selves are much interested, we hope shortly to return to its consideration in these
pages.

WV OTLE SS, WANN DD INL Ves

We are pleased to note that the Rev. W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S., of Lincoln,
has joined the editorial staff of the Zztomologists Monthly Magazine, thus filling
the vacancy left by the lamented early decease of Mr. E. C. Rye.

The eleventh annual report of the Leeds Geological Association, presented to
the annual meeting at the end of June, shows that the Association is in a most
flourishing state. The members generally have taken more interest in its various
operations, resulting in mutual benefit and advancement of the science the
Association exclusively pursues. The membership shows a substantial increase,
and the papers read during the past year have been of a high standard. Field
work is strictly necessary for the life of any geological association; if this branch
is neglected, the members gain no practical experience of the manifold operations
of nature, they lose their interest in the science, and retrogression at once com-
mences. This has not been the case with the Leeds Association; the field
excursions have been numerous, the localities varied and most carefully chosen,
whilst the leaders have been able and practical.. Such efforts have had their
merited success, the attendance at both meetings and excursions being much greater
than for many years past; the largest average, we believe, in the history of the
Association. We are glad to say that the Association has now become known outside
local limits, and occupies an honourable position amongst the geological societies
in the provinces. At the annual meeting the following gentlemen were elected as
the executive for the year 1885-6 :—President, Mr. T. W. Bell (re-efected) ; vice-
presidents, Messrs. W. Cheetham, B. Holgate, F.G.S., C. D. Hardcastle, and
T. H. Gray; hon. treasurer, J. H. Bromley (re-elected); Council, Professor
A./H. Green, M:A-, F.G'S.; and Messts.; J. H. Monckman, D!Sce., JE: Bedford:
W. Hodgson Gill, and C., Brownridge; and Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., to
whom much of the recent success of the Association is due, was re-elected as hon.

secretary. Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 31

It gives us pleasure to record the formation of a second naturalists’ society in
Lincolnshire—this time at Alford. Mr. James Eardley Mason is the president, and
the society numbers about 26 members. The chief subjects taken up so far are
botany, lepidoptera, and hemiptera-heteroptera. The society was established on
the roth February, and on the 8th of May an inaugural meeting, to which the
public were admitted, was held. The Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., an ex-president
of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and himself an old Lincolnshire man, addressed
the meeting upon the aims and work of naturalists’ societies, and the benefits
derivable from them. He had previously conducted a botanical party through Well
Vale and the adjacent woods. We heartily wish prosperity to the Society, and

. hope to see the example of Louth and Alford followed in other parts of the county.
poe

A meeting of naturalists was held at Liverpool on the 14th of March, to consider
a scheme for investigating the fauna and flora and the marine biology of Liverpool
Bay and the neighbouring seas. Professor Milnes Marshall and Mr. R. D. Darbi-
shire attended from Manchester. Professor Herdman, who described the scheme,
said it would form, if carefully carried out, a contribution of permanent value to
the still unwritten fauna of the British Islands. It would be of importance in con-
nection with various questions of the geographical distribution of animals, and it
would result in the accumulation of a mass of observations in regard to the variations
of animals, the exact conditions under which they live, their life histories, and their
habits. The locality to be investigated might at first be limited by lines drawn
west from Southport and north from the Great Ormes Head, and that would include
the rich hunting ground of the marine zoologist, Hilbre Island, and ought to prove
peculiarly interesting on account of the mixture of fresh and salt water in the estuary,
and of the presence of semi-artificial conditions produced by the proximity of large
towns and the abundance of steamer traffic. The locality might later on be extended
so as to include the large area extending out to Anglesey and the Isle of Man ; and
if the Dublin naturalists would undertake to work up in a similar manner the sea
on the western side of the Isle of Man, then a complete series of investigations
would be established, stretching right across the Irish Sea from land to land—a
result of considerable scientific importance. It was decided to carry out the scheme,
the arrangement of the practical details being left in the hands of Professor Herd-
man and a small committee of naturalists.

—_—— — >c0o<< — ——_.

The Liverpool Marine Zoology Committee had its first considerable dredging
expedition during the last week in May. During a three days’ excursion in the
gunboat Hyzena, the party made several hauls off Llandudno and the coast of
Anglesey, north of Puffin Island, in the Menai Straits—opposite Bangor, and in
Red Wharf Bay, and secured a large number of interesting specimens. The
committee, which in its practical operations is mainly directed by Professor
Herdman, of University College, Liverpool, hope to have a single-day expedition
shortly. The greater part of Liverpool Bay can be satisfactorily investigated by a
series of Saturday expeditions ; but for such outlying districts as the coast of North
Wales, the cruise must extend over two or more days, in order that a sufficient
time may be given to the dredging operations.

———poo«

The month of June witnessed the completion of ¢e standard work in an
important section of the British fauna, the fourth edition of Yarrell’s ‘British |
Birds.’ Commenced in 1871 under the editorship of Professor Newton, who

revised it to the end of the second volume in 1882, it then passed into the hands of
Mr. Howard Saunders, who quickly brought it to a conclusion in two additional
volumes. Since the last edition (the third, issued in 1856), ornithology has made
wonderful progress; and the task of modernising the Yarrell of old has been
indeed no light one, and has practically necessitated the book being written
de novo. The two volumes produced by Professor Newton leave small room for
criticism, being, as they are, from the pen of one pre-eminently qualified to deal
with the subject, while Mr. Saunders on his part has not only amply sustained,
but has added to his own ornithological reputation by the able manner in which he
has brought the work to a completion.

Aug. 1885.

|
|

4
1

BD

METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR MAY 1885. F
EDITED BY GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Woortown, Leeds.

Atmos
Paced TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). | RAINFALL.
"sure.
eS ey
, 9 > | = | EXTREMES. se ;
NAME OF STATION; | a S| z 2 Greatest Fall
1 oo | ke ~ : :
ITS HEIGHT ABOVE SEA-LEVEL; | & o | = | Highest Lowest 2 186 ae
AND ies = | Maximum Minimum S (20 Single Day.
{ Oo ~ { oj] oF aS
NA On Oncenuee | 3 SPST registered. registered, “= iA 3
MS & CI fa S esl a
leekoe lia Siew peers ra = ees
Be tote) edie es lotta onal s
SO = 3 3S S) 3 5D NERO aS) oS
os hae eels Q E Q ge ee Pec Q
Soda Seulencd < Ac) a
: i | |
S| os: Sn —=——
ISLE OF MAN: | |
CRONKBOURNE (140ft.)....) Boe oats deg. | eee: | th aie a ave Z|
A. W. Moore, F.M.S..... 5 |79 73°] 4 SOStne est 3? 7 Bees OLDS tek
= |Sireotrn, Cums. C3 ft) 3. Via. z : : E 3
a | Rev. F. Redford MAL. ; 29.722) AC aa PO ese mae LE S| AD ree
BarRow-IN-FURNEsS (—)..) |_. : 3 th) é : i
3 WS! Wittworh = J 29° 737] 47°80 | 59'0 ean i | Se Sp] 29 ei eee! zat
9 Ge F : ; th :
& Sacer ence ieee nt 29°760| 48°60} 65°0 | 27th 380 he ; I°320] 19 |o°20 | 20th
re ess) ear ANE BER
o
fe
e N -R (P h))
EWTON-REIGNY (Penrit : j , }
4 (677ft.)T/G. Benn. F.MES. | 29° 741] 44°60] 61°7 | 28th 27°8 7th = j2*52 | 27 \o' 41 st
HAWES JUNCTION (I ft. t 2 : : :
ize Ayes June NG, RPh - 38° 520 42°I0| 61°0 | 28th 26°0 7th 14°65 | 26 0°49 Ist
STONYHURST (381 ft. 5 ee ors |e 3 jue 5 :
: ee Shae poe BPE S. y [29 784 Ae 5°70| 65°7 | 28th 27°2 13th = |2°097| 21 |0°35 15th.
= |
SU ene Miao a One
a | oN |
g, | Nose Summeos (9 « --Lbg-7es gs'go| e220 | 20/1 2 Verge ae [orzo] sth
3 F : | | 4
o “Allan Rowntree, FAL. S. gos 47°15 | 71:0 | 28th 35°5 | r2th 1°93 | 19 |o°44 3rd
= re ae 4
& Hone ArUse uM Doreen ' 29 748, 47 Bo. 72°0 | 28th 3070 | 7th 2°46 | 19 |o°42 | 2oth
a Ore ar
4 Teepe sia ai t 29° aol 45° so, 66°8 | 28th 30°6 | 12th 2°62 | 20 O° 41 3rd
s | eee ee ) /29 “810 47°10| 76°5 | 28th 300 | 12th {1°85 | 20 |o*so 7th q
° : |
g ore. Lee (x9 fae a ) 29°734) 47°50| 710 28th 36'0 8th 1°50 | 18 |o°23 23rd yg
4iL LINcs. fe) eee : 4 : 4
a Ww. aoe ee ; ) ae 760 48°74 | 780 28th 32°0 8th = [1°61 | 22 |o'20 | 17th i
Boston, Lincs. (24 ft. 2)| neue Geomd peace tok cis! zt
a W.H. Wheeler, a Hae E. i 29 760) 49°50} 7370 | 28th 32°0 | 8th 2°67 | 19 |o°32 sth
LOUGHBOROUGH (—) ...... : =| ; - 4
taal W. Sees. Ce Bees ; 29 775 | 48°80 | 7170 | 28th 310 7th 1 87 | 20 |0°30 23rd
| { | Z
HUONDON = figs cee Soe eciee 29°803| 50°5 | 72°0 | 28th *32°0 | 8th — |2-27 || 17 orgs 2st

* Not reduced to sea-level. :
Wind.—1st Division (Isle of Man) N.E. 2 1D Shisbils 2s eto SENS. ue 15, N.W. 9, calm 7 times.
end Division mean direction N.E. 3, E. 2,-S.E. 4s Sh 2h se ilo ey Wels 2 N.W. 6, calm 4 days.
3rd Division mean direction N.E. a E. 3, Sele Ges SS = NWS GE N.W. 6, calm 2 days:
4th Division mean direction N.E. 2, E. 2%, S.E. 2, S. 3%, S.W. 33%, W. "ay NW. 55 calm 6 days. ;
Gades.—1st Division, on 4 days; 2nd Division, 3 days; 3rd Division, 3 days; 4th Division, 12 days; Lon-
don, none.
Snow.—lIsle of Man, on roth; Silloth, 5th, 6th, and 7th ; Newton-Reigny, 6th, 7th, and 11th; Hawes
6 days; North Shields, 1 day; Hull, on 7th, yielding o’5 inch in rain gauge in about go ‘minutes;
Spurn, 1 day; Boston, on roth; and Loughborough, 1 day. :
Bright Sunshine.—Isle of Man, 197‘1 hours; “Silloth, “149% hours ; Newton-Reigny, 153°3 hours; Stony
“hurst, 153 hours; and Hull, '135°8 hours. =
Highest Tenpeaaiige in Sun.—Isle of Man, 125°7° on 31st; Silloth, 124°5° on 25th; Newton-Reigt
125°2 on 28th; Stonyhurst, 129’2 on 30th; Leeds, 128°0° on 28th; and Hull, 96’0° on 28th. : .
Naturalis

A HANDBOOK OF THE

VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF YORKSHIRE.

Being a Catalogue of British Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fishes, showing
what species are or have, within historical periods, been found in the county.
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AND

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No. 122. SEPTEMBER, 1I885.

my) mi

sui he “quit, "an

) “hh

A my

A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

WM. “DENISON ROEBUCK,. F-.LS.,
AND

Wirt AGLE CLARKE, 4. 1.S.,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Contents:
PAGE
Micro-Palzontology of Northern Carboniferous Shales—G. RF. Vine .- . .313 to 320
. Upper Carboniferous Shales, Northumberland Yoredale: Fourstones, ‘Inghoe,’ Lowick.
Sel yz0n and Entomostraca).
Coleoptera of the Liverpool District: (Part VI.—LAMELLICORNIA) .. nie . .322 to 325
‘ John W. Ellis, L.R.C.P., &C.
Luminous Wood—Charles T. Musson ex a5 a ab os oo 54 su SOLOS BBY/
Ornithological Note :— Be 251 330
Little Owls in Yorkshire— Yoseph Whitaker, aa Sis M.B.O.U.
Conchological Notes :— Ne + 320, 321
Occurrence of Limax cinereo- niger in Washburndale—W. Denison Roebuck, ETE:
Achatina acicula at Knottingley—”. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S.; Achatina acicula—
T. D. A. Cockereli; Achatina acicula and its occurrence near Wakefield—Geo. Roberts :
Amalia gagates in Notts.—W. Gain.
Botanical Notes :— ae we Bo .. 320
Lathreea squamaria ‘near ‘ Dewsbury—C. P. Hobkirk, FL. S.: Elder growing upon a
Willow—H. Wallis Kew.
Book Notice :— 33 56 a Ne si J 328
(Jeffrey Bell’s ; Comparative Anatomy and Physiology).
Notes and News i -. 328, 329
Meteorological Returns for. dune 1885—(Edited by ee Poa F. G.S., FR. Met. a 12380
Bibliography of 1884: (Part VI.—PHANEROGAMIC Botany) < i wy -331 to 336

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MICRO-PALHONTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN
CARBONIFEROUS SHALES.

By GEORGE R. VINE,
Attercliffe, Sheffield; Secretary of the British Association Committee on Fossil Polyzoa.

(Continued from page 210.)

V.—_UPPER CARBONIFEROUS SHALES, NORTHUMBERLAND
YOREDALE: FOURSTONES, ‘INGHOE,’ LOWICKE.
POLYZOA AND ENTOMOSTRACA.

In following out the plan adopted by Mr. H. B. Brady in his valuable
monograph on the Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera, it must
not be supposed that I have in these papers anything special to
present on the geology of the Northumbrian Shales. In the monograph,
when speaking of the distribution of English and Welsh species of
Foraminifera, Mr. Brady divides the Carboniferous Limestone series
of the northern counties into Scar and Yoredale rocks. In the
first group of these northern rocks—the Scar series —the species
already described in my first four papers are located, and I have
purposely presented the micro-organisms of these beds in consecutive
crder, so that they may be the more conveniently studied. The
series of organisms now to be considered belong to.a much higher
group of rocks, separated from the others by the four-fathom and
Great Limestone. In the Shales overlying the Great Limestone the
first material of my present list has been derived. The Ingoe grits
are situated in the Little Limestone series, and over these we come
to the Lowick position.

In the masterly address (Feb. 18th, 1881. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
same year, p. 177) of Mr. Robert Etheridge, F.R.S., as President of
the Geological Society, he makes references to the lie of the rocks,
and gives the following stages of the Carboniferous series in the
North of England and in Central Scotland :—‘'The comparison of
the Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, and Lancashire rocks
among themselves, and further correlation with the Scotch series, has
femme beciected. - -) --. . Inthe Pendle and Clitheroe area
the Yoredale rocks are of great thickness, 3,000—4,000 feet ; they are
scarcely represented in Scotland, although so near; whilst the great
or “Scaur Limestone” of Derbyshire is represented in Northumber-
land. The probable arrangement and agreement of the North of
England and Central Scottish stages have been arranged or correlated
by Mr. Hall, through a tacit agreement with Professor Geikie and
Professor Lebour, both on stratigraphical and paleontological grounds.
Sept. 1885 P

314 VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY.

The stages are as follows :—

Stages. NORTH OF ENGLAND. Stages. CENTRAL SCOTLAND.
E. Gannister Beds. E. Slaty-black-band series.
D. Millstone Grit. | D. Moorstone Rock series.
| Upper Limestone _ series
(Yoredale Beds).
C. Eee and Shales. C. owen Coal ome imictone
| series.
B. Scaur-Limestone Series. |B. Lower Limestone series.

A. ‘Tuedian’sometimesabsent. A. Calciferous Sandstone series.’

At the time Mr. Etheridge wrote his address and gave the census
of species, the Polyzoa of the Northern Shales had not been well
worked, but a goodly list of species found in the Scotch Shales
had been presented to the notice of paleontologists by- Mr. Young
and others. Mr. Etheridge (op. cit. p. 185) says that ‘77 species of
Bryozoa range through the three lower horizons of the Carboniferous
series (A, B, C), 74 belong to the true Carboniferous Limestone,
28 to the Lower Limestone Shales and Lower Limestones, and 4 to
the Calciferous series, zot a single species passes to or occurs in the
Yoredale (the italics are mine.—G. R. V.) Millstone Grit or either
one of the three divisions of the coal measures.’ I have not the least
doubt but that Mr. Etheridge is quite prepared to qualify these remarks,
especially so as he said that the above census was given as stated
by authors, but waiting special revision by myself and Mr. G. W.
Shrubsole.

The Polyzoa of these Yoredale rocks are not abundant on the
Northumbrian or Eastern side of England, but on the Western or
Lancashire side the species rival in abundance—though not abundance
of individuals—the Lower Limestone series of Scotland, and in giving
the localities of the species now described, I only refer to published
lists. The Yoredale species from the Western side of England
I possess through the kindness of Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and these will
be studied for a special memoir on Yoredale Polyzoa.

Sub-order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk.
See p. 62 (Naturalist).
Fam. FENESTELLIDA.
Genus FENESTELLA Miller and Lonsdale.
See ante, Naturalist, p. 62.
1 Fenestella nodulosa Phill.
Geol. Yorks., pl. 1., figs. 31-33, G. W. Shrubsole, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
May 1879, May 1880.
There are only two or three very poor fragments of Femestella—
F. nodulosa (?) Phillips—and with these are associated a few examples
Naturalist,

VINE: MICRO-PALZ ONTOLOGY. 315

of Paleéocoryne radiatum Duncan and Jenk. and P. scotzcum Duncan
and Jenk.; and as Mr. G. W. Shrubsole (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
May 1881, p. 184) limits Palzeocoryne to / nodulosa, we have a
double indication of the presence of this species.

Localities.—YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland ;
Hurst, Yorkshire.

Genus PINNATOPORA Vine.
(See Naturalist, azzte, p. 62).
2 Pinnatopora flexicarinata Young and Young.
1875. = Glauconome id. Young and Young, Proc. Nat, Hist.
Soc. Glasgow, pl. u., fig. 1-7, March.
1884. = Pinnatopora id. Vine, Naturalist, p. 64.

Fragments of this beautiful species are present in these Upper
Shales, but the cells are either obscured by foreign matter, or the
specimens are partly crystallised, and under these circumstances it is
difficult to trace the whole of the characters. In one or two frag-
ments, however, all the characters are clearly traceable, (1) The
alternate lanceolate oval cells; (2) the broad tuberculated mesial
ridge; (3) the tuberculated peristome of the cells; and (4) the
beautiful longitudinal strize on the reverse. Although not so perfect
in the ornamentation as the Hairmyres examples, still the chief
distinguishing features are present, and are truly indicative of the
normal type.

Localities, &c.—YOREDALE: Fourstones, Lowick, Northumber-
land ; Hurst, Yorkshire.

3 (?) Pinnatopora aspera Young and Young.

1875. = Glauconome id. Young and Young, Proc. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Glasgow, pl. ii., figs. 23, 24.

1881. = Glauconome id. Vine, Proc. Geol. and Polytec. Soc.
Works avo Nene pli xvis, de. 3.

Very small but characteristic specimens of this species are also
present in the Northumbrian Shales, and though most of the fragments
are far from perfect, still we can speak of them as identical with those
of the Yorkshire Shales at least. None of the examples show the
mode of branching or the twist of the stem, as in the Scotch fragments.

Localities.-—YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe Shales, Northumber-
land; Hurst, Yorkshire (Vine); Scotland, Hairmyres (J. Young),
Lower Carboniferous Shales.

4 (?) Pinnatopora laxa Young and Young.

1875. = Glauconome laxa Young and Young, Proc. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Glasgow, pl. iv., figs. 3, 4.
=? G. elegantula (?) Etheridge, jun. (fde Young ).

Sept. 1885.

316 VINE: MICRO-PALHONTOLOGY.

There are a few very poor specimens of a species that I cannot
place under any other name than this. The prominent keel is seen
in some of the fragments, and the two pores between the pinnz as in
the Scotch form, otherwise it is so dwarfed as to be scarcely com-
parable with the poorest specimens even, of those from Hairmyres.

Localities. —YOREDALE: Fourstones, Northumberland.

Fam. DJPLOPORIDZ Vine.
1884 (see Naturalist, azfe, p. 63).
Genus ACANTHOPORA Young and Young.
5 Acanthopora stellipora Young and Young.
1874 = Glauconomeid., Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (Dec.), p. 682.
1882= Bs », Wine, Proc. Geol. Polyt. Soc. York-
shire, vol. vil. |
6 Acanthopora stellipora Young and Young. Var. a. spinosa
Young and Young.
Proc. Glas. Nat. Soc., March 1875, pl. iv., figs. 25-26.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1874, p. 682, pl. xl, figs. 9-11.
Both the species and the variety are present in these Shales, but,
like the rest of the Polyzoa, fragments very poor.
Localities. —YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland ;
Hurst, Yorkshire. Limestone Shales, Hairmyres; Upper ditto,
Gare ; Boghead.

Genus DIPLOPORA Young and Young. ©
7 Diplopora marginalis Young and Young.
1875. = Glauconome (Diplopora) marginalis Young and
Young. aie
1882.= G. marginalis Vine, Proc. Geol. and*Polyt. Soc.
Yorkshire, p. 333.
1884. = Diplopora marginalis Vine, Naturalist, ante, p. 208.
A few fragments, rather better preserved than specimens. pre-
viously referred to; but it is very rare in these Northumbrian Shales,
though not so rare in the Yorkshire.
Locatities.—YOREDALE: Fourstones; Hurst and © Richmond,
Yorkshire. Limestone Shales, Boghead; Hairmyres, Gillfoot, Scot-
land; Hook Point, Ireland; Halken, Wales.

Fam. —————-————_: ?
Genus HYPHASMOPORA Etheridge, jun. .
8 Hyphasmopora Buskii R. Etheridge, jun. (Naturalist, p. 64.)
Only in the Ingoe Shales have I detected fragments of this very

characteristic species. pam
Naturalist,

|

VINE : MICRO-PALX ONTOLOGY. 317

Localities. —YOREDALE: Ingoe Shales, Northumberland; Hurst
and Richmond, Yorkshire. ScaurR LIMESTONE, Redesdale, Northum-
berland. Scotland, Hairmyres, High Blantyre; and several other
localities not as yet catalogued.

Sub-order CRYPTOSTOMATA Vine.
(Naturalist, azze, p. 65.)
Genus CYSTODYCTYA Ulrich.
g Cystodictya parallela Phill. sp.
Flustra id. Phill.
I have only found a single fragment of this widely-distributed
species in the Yoredale Shales of Northumberland.
Localities. —YOREDALE: Fourstones; Hurst, Yorkshire. Lime-
stone Shales, Scotland, rather widely distributed, Hairmyres, Gare,
Beith, &c. Carboniferous series of America (Ulrich).

Fam. RHABDOMESONTIDA Vine.
(Naturalist, azze, p. 66.)
Genus RHABDOMESON Young and Young.

10 Rhabdomeson gracile Phillips sp. (A@//epora Phill.)

11 Rhabdomeson rhombiferum Phill. sp. (Cerzopora id.)

Fragments of these species are more abundant than any of the
other species referred to in the above list, and as the characters are
so well marked there is but little fear that the forms can be mistaken.

Localities—YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland ;
Hurst, Richmond, Yorkshire. ScauR LIMESTONE, Redesdale, Skelly
Gate, Northumberland. Widely-distributed Devonian (Pilton.) Car-
boniferous Limestone and Shales, England—Wales—Scotland.

Genus PALAAOCORYNE Duncan and Jenkins.

12 Paleeocoryne radiatum Duncan and Jenkins.

13 Paleocoryne scoticum Duncan and Jenkins.

Specimens of both these are very fine in the localities given.

Localities —YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland ;
Hurst, Richmond, Yorkshire. Scaur LIMESTONE, Redesdale (? Halt-
whistle, by Mr. Howchin, very fine).

14 Polypora? Sp.

Two fragments, but altogether different from the Lower
Carboniferous Shales form.

Locality —YOREDALE: Fourstones.

The above list, though a poor one, will serve to show to the
Paleeontologist the character of the Polyzoal remains in the Upper,

Sept. 1885. 1D

318 VINE: MICRO-PALEZONTOLOGY.

or Yoredale Shales, of the Carboniferous series of Northumberland.
It may be that my material was too poor to yield a fairly represen-
tative series; if so, the local student is now in a position to add to the
above, if he sets to work in earnest, and no one will be better pleased
than myself to hear of the results. Mr. Howchin, however, when he
sent me the material, assured me that I had a fairly representative
series of shale-washings, so far as he was able to procure them. Since
his time many new localities may have been opened up, and I have
not the least doubt but that specimens from many of these new
localities may be in the cabinets of Professor Lebour and others, if
so, I should like to hear about them. It would give me great
pleasure to go over any Northumbrian series, large or small, for the
purpose of obtaining as full a list as possible. But with the exception
of receiving one letter from Professor Lebour at the beginning of my
present labours, no other interest seems to have been é€xcited in the
publication of papers on the Palzontology of the Northern Shales.

ENTOMOSTRACA.
(See Naturalist, pp. 97-101, 209-210.)

The Ostracoda of the Upper Shales are in much better preser-
vation than the Polyzoa, and specimens seem to be fairly abundant.
Some of the Shale-washings, especially those from Ingoe, are full of
organisms, and the Entomostraca and Foraminifera are fairly
abundant. I had two siftings of the Ingoe Shales from Mr. Howchin,
but the most valuable for Foraminifera is the finest of these.

Fam. I. CYPRIDZ.
. Bairdia Hisingeri Munster, Var. elongata Jones and Kirkby
(Naturalist, p. 98).
I have not found the true &. Azszngeri in these Upper Shales,
and the elongate variety is very rare.
Localities—YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland ;
Hurst, Yorkshire.
2 Bairdia subelongata Jones and Kirkby (Naturalist, p. 99).
This also is a rare species in the Upper Carboniferous Shales of
Northumberland. I have only two examples.
Localities —YOREDALE: Ingoe, Northumberland; Hurst, York-
shire.
3 Bairdia plebeia Reuss. (Naturalist, p. 99).
Jones and Kirkby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., November 1879, pk xxviii., figs.
gto19. (See fig. 13.)
The specimens vary a little in these Upper Shales. One of the
Ingoe forms has surface ornamentation, as referred to by the authors

Naturalist,

VINE: MICRO-PALEZONTOLOGY. 319

of the above paper (fig. 15 of plate Craigenglen sp.). Ordinary
specimens do not show the pitted surface.

Localities. —YOREDALE : Lowick (surface pitted), Ingoe (surface
pitted, and also without), .Fourstones (?), Northumberland ; Hurst,
Yorkshire. |

4 Bairdia ampla Reuss.

Jones and Kirkby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Nov. 1879, pls. xxviil. and xxxil.

This species is rare in these Shales, but in comparing the forms
with the Scotch examples, I cannot help placing it upon record.

Localities. —YOREDALE : Fourstones (?), Ingoe, Northumberland.

5 Bairdia brevis Jones and Kirkby. (Naturalist, p. 99.)

This seems to be the most abundant form in the Lowick Shales.
I am rather doubtful of the specimens from the other Northumbrian
localities.

Localities. —YOREDALE: Lowick, Northumberland ; Hurst, York-
shire (Redesdale, anze, p. 99).

Fam. LEPERDITIADA:.
(See Naturalist, ase, p. 100.)
Genus LEPERDITIA Ronault.

6 Leperditia okeni Munster.
(For references see Naturalist as above.)
Only one perfect specimen and two or three fragments 1s all that
I have found in the material of these Upper Shales.
Localities—YOREDALE: Ingoe, Northumberland; Hurst, York-
shire (Redesdale, ave, p. 100).
Genus KIRKBYA Jones.
7 Kirkbya umbonata D’Eichwald.
Jones and Kirkby, Paleozoic Bivalved Entomos., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,

March 1885, p. 180.
In this recent publication of the authors, the whole of the Avrkbye

are described, and the species are illustrated and restricted.
Localities.—YOREDALE: Lowick, Ingoe, Northumberland ; Hurst,
Yorkshire.
Other English localities given by the authors. Carb. Limestone
series, Scremerston, Barmoor, Redhouse, .Northumberland ; Calees
in Cumberland; Scar Limestone, Arnside, Westmoreland.

8 Kirkbya permiana Jones. (See Naturalist, ave, p. 100.)
Jones and Kirkby, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1885, for synonyms and
descriptions, pp. 177 and 178.
Only a fragment—one half of the bivalve—but with the usual

and almost unmistakable reticulations.

Sept. 1885.

320 BOTANICAL AND CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Localities —YOREDALE: Fourstones, Northumberland; Hurst,
Yorkshire. Scar Limestone series, Redesdale.

These are the whole of the Entomostraca that I can thoroughly
identify in these Upper Shales. There are a few other forms, but as
these are not sufficiently characteristic for the purpose of identifica-
tion, I think it far better for Palzeontological science to hold them in
abeyance than to load my text with a series of objectionable names.

I have now the Foraminifera and the miscellaneous organisms to
refer to, and then—probably in one more article—I shall have
completed the task to which I set myseif.

(Zo be continued.)

BOLANICAL NOLS:

Lathrea squamaria near Dewsbury.— Whilst rambling along a
lane between Dewsbury and Mirfield a week or more ago, I casually noticed a few
white-looking tufts in a coppice, and on climbing over the wall was surprised to
find some 30 or 40 flowering stems of this curious parasite in full bloom. I believe
this is the first time the plant has been recorded for this part of the West Riding,
and it may be noted that it was not growing on hazel, as the text-books usually
give it, but on sycamore.—C. P. HOBKIRK, Dewsbury, 20th May, 1885.

Elder growing upon a Willow.—On 2ist of March last I came across.

an example of an Elder growing upon a Willow, which, I think, is worthy of note.
Near one of the by-washes of the canal here, stands a large and much-decayed
Willow. As is usually the case. a quantity of rubbish has collected upon the
decaying portion of the tree, and from this, about 4 feet from the ground, grows an
Elder, with trunk of considerable size, and measuring in height about 8 feet. This
Elder must have lived a long time upon the nourishment drawn from the decaying
Willow and the rubbish collected thereon, though now one of the arms of its root
(which has exceeded 4 feet in length) has found its way into the ground.—H.
WALLIs Kew, Louth, 4th April, 1885.

CONCHOLOGICALT NOLES:

‘Occurrence of Limax cinereo-niger in Washburndale.—
I have the pleasure of recording the occurrence of the tenth specimen yet known
for Britain of this extremely rare slug. On the 5th of July, while with Mr. Clarke
and Mr. R. Rosenstock in Washburndale, we came to the point where the Glaston
Beck flows into Lindley Wood Reservoir. Here there were numerous planks
lying on the ground, the remains of a dismantled building. Turning these over,
we found slugs in great abundance, including Limax agrestis and its varieties,
Limax levis, Arion ater var. rufa, two or three Lizmax maximus var. cellaria, and
the greatest treasure of all, a single, half-grown example of L. cznereo-niger. Its
characters were unmistakable — the trifasciated foot, light keel-line and coarse
rugosities amply sufficing to separate it from Z. maximus. In another locality
close by we found more slugs, and with them a-large quantity of Zovztes fulvus.
The district is not usually a productive one for land shells, being underlaid
by sandstones and shales of the millstone grit series.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK,
Leeds, July 1oth, 1885.

Achatina acicula at Knottingley.—Referring to Mr. Emmet’s fine
paper in the Waturalist of July, I am happy enough to bear testimeny to the truth
of his theory as to the occurrence of A. aczcu/a. Being at Knottingley, I recollected
and applied his hints, went to a likely place near the station, and immediately found

the shell quite fresh, and in sufficient numbers not to be accidental, just as .

’ Mr. Emmet expected.—R. D. DARBISHIRE, Manchester, July 19th, 1885.

Naturalist.

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES. 321

Achatina acicula.—Mr. Emmet, in his interesting paper, says that he is
not aware of any variation from the typical form. Moquin Tandon, however,
mentions one variety, Hohenwartz Rossm. (what a name !), distinguished by being
much larger, rather ventricose, yellowish, with a rather large aperture. I believe
others have been described under various names, but although I have examined
countless numbers of British examples, I have not yet noticed any variety.

Mr. Emmet rejoices over the capture of a dozen specimens in the same number
of inches. I wish he could have seen the haul I got of this species at Birchington,
Kent, in 1883! The river Stour, or rather a branch of it, was my collector, the
sea was my carrier, and there on the shore, at a point where the then prevailing
winds had driven the floating refuse, were not dozens, nor hundreds, but thousands
of Achatine. I did not need to pick them up one by one, I simply scooped them
into my box, and having obtained a plenteous supply, went on my way rejoicing.
With the Achatzve@ were here and there specimens of Melampus myosotis, Hydrobia
ulve, Pupa marginata, and other species.

Nor was this a solitary occurrence; my brother got a similar harvest of 4. acicula
in the St. Nicholas Marshes close by, derived probably from the same source, but,
as they had not gone out to sea, in somewhat better condition.

It is asked, why does the Achatena bury itself? The oniy answer that suggests
itself to me is that it so escapes the severe competition with other forms of life it
would have to meet were it always above ground. ‘The depths of the earth re-
mained comparatively lifeless, and so our little Achatina became adapted to an
easy though uninteresting mode of life, and so became less specialised than other
forms, and is less prone to vary, simply because variation would be of little
or no use to it.—T. D. A. COCKERELL, 51, Woodstock Road, Bedford Park,
London, July 1885.

Achatina acicula and its occurrence near Wakefield.—This
shell, hitherto considered rare, has been found in abundance in a garden at Wake- ©
field, within about 100 yards of one of the main streets, by Mr. J. Wilcock. On
July 9th, 18385, I saw about 400 specimens, which had been collected within a
small area. Many were dead and broken, but some were alive. The soil in which
they are found is deep and light, and they occur about 5 in. or 6 in. below the sur-
face. They were first noticed at this place in April, but others had been found at
Newton, near Wakefield, on the roots of dandelion, some years before. As this
locality is on the Carboniferous Sandstone, I should like to ask if the species has
been recorded from other localities on the same formation. From Mr. Emmet’s
interesting article in last month’s Vatura/ist, it appears to be abundant on the
limestone, though living specimens seem to be very rare. I think the animal,
with its very narrow and elongated shell, will have no difficulty in making its way
through the sinuosities of loose earth or marl, when we consider that Helix
nemoralis, with its shell an inch in diameter, can burrow into the earth, and if
Achatina acicula is eyeless, it is not surprising that it should be subterranean in its
habits. The shells of living or recently dead specimens are very shining, and look
like delicate whorls of twisted glass. There is, however, in each of them a yellow
speck, though the animal is of the colour of the shell. This dainty little mollusk
may be enticed ‘to come out of its shell’ by placing the specimens on a dish of
damp earth shaded from sunlight. I and Mr. Wilcock had half a dozen creeping
about at one time. Many of the dead shells are perfectiy empty, clear, and pellucid,
so that when the animal is dead some minute insect or centipede must clear every
particle out from the shell.— Gro. ROBERTS, Lofthouse, near Wakefield, July
13th, 1885.

Amalia gagates in Notts.-—The variety p/mdea of this species, kindly
identified for me by Mr. Roebuck, occurs in tolerable abundance in my garden,
36 miles in a straight line from the nearest coast. —W. GAIN, Tuxford, July 1885.

[It is interesting to find that this species occurs inland in Britain. The present
record is additional to the fauna of Nottinghamshire, and I have during the present
season received it from two other inland counties. Mr. Baker Hudson sent it to
me from Oswestry, Shropshire, and the Rev. R. W. G. Smart from Bishopswood,
Herefordshire.—W. D. R.]

Sept. 1885.

222

COLEOPTERA OF THE LIVERPOOL DISTRICT.

By JOHN «W. ELLIS) LoRiC2Py ERs C.S.ne

Liverpool; Hon. Sec. Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society.
PART VI.
LAMELLICORNIA.

(Read before the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, November 24th, 1884.)

The species of this group are distinguished from all other beetles
by having the terminal joints of the antennz more or less flattened
and hinged together so as to open and shut lke the leaves of a
book. ‘Though the group is represented in Britain by only about
“go species, the specimens are mostly conspicuous, and are con-
sequently favourites with collectors. Many of them are onthophagus
(feeders on dung), such as the genera Geotrupes and Aphodius, and
of these I may point out that our district can scarcely be surpassed,
if indeed it can be equalled, for the number of species, most of those
I have recorded being inhabitants of the Wallasey sandhills, where
they revel in the dung of the New Brighton donkeys. Of the whole
go species recognised as British, I have to record just one half (45)
-as occurring or having occurred in our district, while of the genus
Aphodius, comprising 44 British species, 28 occur with us.

LOUCANID.

SINODENDRON, Fab.
S. cylindricum, L.

Mr. Archer records this species (probably in.a decayed ash)
from Childwall.

SCARABAIDA.

ONTHOPHAGUS, Latr.
0. fracticornis, Preys.
Common on the sandhills, especially about Crosby.

APHODIUS, It.

. subterraneus, L.

Common on the sandhills at Wallasey, in June.
. fossor, L.

Abundant about Wallasey and Spital.
. hemorrhoidalis, L.

Frequent at Wallasey.
. scybalarius, Fab.

Very abundant at. Wallasey in spring, and very variable in

colour.

oe eo ce

Naturalist,

a
—— z

pete APPS Pe an

ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA. 323

. foetens, Fab.

Usually common on the sandhills in July.
fimetarius, L.
Abundant everywhere.
ater, De G.
Both the ordinary (black) and the dark red forms are abundant
in sheep dung at Wallasey in summer. °
granarius, L.
Frequent at Crosby and Wallasey.
sordidus, Fab.
Occasionally abounds at Wallasey.
rufescens, Fab.
Unusually abundant at Wallasey in July.
nitidulus, Fab.
Mr. Wilding has taken this species abundantly at Wallasey on
several occasions.

. plagiatus, L.

Common at Wallasey, rarely found in dung but usually buried
in the sand under rejectamenta. The type form (with the bright
red streak) occurs very rarely, probably only one per cent.

. inquinatus, Fab.

One of the most abundant of the genus at Wallasey and
Crosby in spring.

. melanostictus, Schaum.

Of this very scarce species, first taken in Britain by Mr.
Chappell, I have taken three specimens at Wallasey and Crosby.
It much resembles a very suffused specimen of zuzguinatus, and
for some time I had them in my collection as such.

. conspurcatus, L.

Very abundant at Wallasey, and the first of the genus to appear
in spring.

. scrofa, Fab.

A very rare species, of which for many years the only veritable
British specimen was one taken by Mr. Sidebotham, at Southport,
about 1865 or 1866 (Ent. Monthly Mag., v. 100).

. pusillus, Hbst.

Common on the Wallasey sandhills, and occasionally at Crosby.

. merdarius, Fab.

A pretty and abundant species in June and July at Wallasey.

. prodromus, Brahm.

Generally distributed, but more abundant away from the sea,
as at Spital.

Sept. 1885.

324 ELLIS : LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA.

A.

By

punctato-sulcatus, Sturm.
Abundant all over the district.
contaminatus, Herbst.
Occasionally common, but of irregular appearance, Wallasey,
Bidston, &c., September.

. obliteratus, Pz.

I once took several of this species in the dung of tame zebus
at Spital, and could have probably taken more but that I
believed them to be only 4. contaminatus. October.

. rufipes, L.

Very abundant everywhere. Mr. Wilding notices the fact
that this insect is common at light.

. luridus, F.

Crosby (F.A.) ; a single specimen from near Hale was brought
to me many years ago.

. depressus, Kug.

Wallasey, common (R.W.).

(OXYOMUS, Lap.)

. sus, Herbst.

A single specimen at Wallasey (R.W.)

. Villosus, Gyll.

Mr. B. Cooke took a specimen of this scarce species on the
sandhills at Southport, June roth, 1858 (Ent. Mo. Mag., v. 44).

. poreatus, Fab.

I have taken a few specimens of this species in dry dung on
the Crosby shore.

PSAMMODIUS, Heer.

. sulcicollis, Il.

Of occasional occurrence on the Crosby sandhills.

ZEGIALIA, Latr.

. sabuleti, Pk.

New Brighton, May 1863 (F.A.).

. arenaria, F.

Very abundant on the sandhills in spring.

= Tuta,, Kab:

A very scarce species, first taken in Britain by Mr. F. Archer

at New Brighton, in June 1862, and recorded in the Liverpool

Nat. Scrap-book, March 1864, p. 186. Mr. Wilding took two
specimens in 1883 at Wallasey.
Naturalist,

ELLIS: LIVERPOOL COLEOPTERA. 325

“GEOTRUPES, Latr.
G. typheus, L.
Mr. W. Gardner informs me he picked up a dead specimen
of this species at Stourton.
G. stercorarius, L.
Abundant.
G. putridarius, Er.
~ Abundant.
G. sylvaticus, Pz.
Common about Eastham and Spital.
G. vernalis, L.

Occurs sparingly.

SERICA, MacL.
S. brunnea, L.

Generally distributed. West Derby (J.H.S.); Liscard and
Wallasey (R.W.); Eastham, among bracken, and on the High-
town shore on several occasions (J.W.E.). I used to see this
species flying in swarms round the gas lamps about Mossley
Hill, and frequently netted them in mistake for Noctue.

MELOLONTHA, Fab.
M. vulgaris, Fab.

By no means abundant in our district.

PHYLLOPERTHA, Kirby.
| P. horticola, L.

Eastham wood, tolerably common on mountain ash. In June
1883 it was very abundant on the flowers of Rosa spinosissima
on the Wallasey sandhills, and Mr. Smedley was fortunate in
taking a perfectly black specimen. Mr. Archer took a similar
specimen at Rock Ferry, in June 1862.

ieee ANOMALA, Sam.
A. frischii, Fab.

Common on the sandhills during summer.

CETONIA, Fab.
_(. aurata, L.

The Rev. H. H. Higgins has seen this species in his garden

at Rainhill.
C. stictica, L.

Mr. Sidebotham took two specimens, and Mr. Edleston, who
was with him, took one, of this beautiful and exceedingly scarce
British species on the flowers of Rosa spinosisstma on the
Lancashire coast, in July 1862 (Ent. Mo. Mag., i. 236).

Sept. 1885.

LUMINOUS WOOD.

By CHARLES T. MUSSON,
Nottingham.

On September 16th, 1884, a member of our Nottingham Naturalists’

Society (Mr. Scherfhus) brought me some ‘luminous wood,’ obtained
at Burton Joyce, near this town. It is part of a root of the common
hawthorn, not having any appearance of decay, about 14 inches
thick originally (now split up into several pieces, and brilliantly
luminous on the fresh split surfaces). It was obtained from a hedge
that had been recently trimmed ; the roots being exposed along the
hedge bank for some distance, but only in one case presenting this
curious phenomenon. It is tolerably common in the case of ‘ touch-
wood,’ many of my friends having observed it, as also in fish (said to
be the result of decay); but so far as I can tell, it appears to be rare in
wood that is-sound (to all appearance). The luminosity is ov/y seen
on the split surfaces, and penetrates into the wood for one-eighth of
an inch or slightly more. Chips were cut off that appeared like ‘slices
of moonlight.’ The luminosity could be cut away until the dark
and non-luminous wood was seen as black, against the pale bluish
phosphorescent appearance of the illuminated portions. The wood
was wet, and as long as it remained so the luminosity was strik-
ingly brilliant (of course seen best in a dark room).

I extract the following from my journal :—

Sept. 17. Luminosity not so bright.
18. Fainter than ever. Put some in a damp cloth for an
hour, after which it had improved in brightness.
» 20. Only just apparent.
21. Soaked it in water for 14 hours, and, on examination,
the luminosity was as brilliant as when first obtained.
22. Luminosity faint.
» 23. To-day there are no traces of luminosity in the wood.
Oct. 4. Mr. Scherffius tells me the root from which it was
taken is slightly luminous still—as it also was on
October 8th, owing no doubt to the rain having
* kept it damp.

Pieces of the wood have been submitted to several gentlemen
(Mr. W. B. Grove, of Birmingham; Messrs. G. B. and Charles L.
Rothera, of Nottingham), the. general impression being that the
luminosity is due to the presence of fungoid threads, combined with
the decomposition of the wood. ;

In an article in Encyc. Brit., 9th ed., p. 829, on Fungi, by George
Murray, it says:—

99

Naturalist,

MUSSON : LUMINOUS WOOD. Auf

‘The phosphorescence or luminosity observed in several fungi
depends on the respiration of oxygen. ‘Those fungi which exhibit
luminosity ceasing to do so when the oxygen is extracted.’

My friend, Mr. R. A. Rolfe, of Kew Gardens, writes me with
reference to a piece I sent up for inspection :—

‘Three summers ago, when at Colwick (Notts.), I came across a
large luminous stump. On returning here I went to my colleague
(Dr. M. C. Cooke) for advice. He told me the phenomenon had been
frequently observed ; that it was due to the mycelium of a fungus,
probably a Polyporus, possibly to more than one species, but which
no one appears to know.’

In the Gardeners’ Chronicle, February 21st, 1882, vol. 13 (new
Bemles)ma240, lb tind) a note fromthe Rey. M. J. Berkeley, to the
following effect :—He describes a new species, Agaricus (Pleurotus)
emerict, from the Andaman Islands, and says, ‘ The only instances of
luminosity which have occurred at home have been confined to
mycelia, in conjunction with decaying wood or fermenting leaves.’
He then says, ‘In the case of the new agaric it is no question of
decomposition, for the specimens are quite young and not fully
grown. ‘The pileus is about half an inch across, attached behind
without any stem, either nearly flat or helmet shaped, the entire
substance being luminous. The cause is at present, we believe,
unknown ; even the opportunity of examining the large olive tree
agaric of the south of Europe has been without result. Next, I may
say that my colleague, Mr. N. E. Brown, examined the wood micros-
copically, under a low power; the whole (a thin slice) appeared
luminous or nearly so, and under a high one it was barely visible.
The brilliancy to the naked eye would seem to be owing to con-
centration, as the magnifying process renders it almost invisible ; he
could not make out whether the light was from the wood, or from
mycelium in the wood.’

fs the luminosity owing to the mycelium of a fungus? Orisitin the
wood, and caused by the action of the mycelium of a fungus hastening
decomposition ? Or is the mycelium itself luminous; and if so, does
it belong to one or more species, and what species does it belong to?

I think we may conclude that it is in some measure due to the
presence of the mycelium of a fungus (possibly of several species).
Further than that our knowledge at present will not take us.

References to articles on this subject :—Cooke’s Fungi, p. 105 ;
Berkeley’s Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany, p. 265 ; Gardeners’
Chronicle, 1872, p. 1258; Phosporescence (a work recently published) ;
Science Gossip, 1871, p. 121.

328 BOOK NOTICE: NOTES AND NEWS.

BOOK MO RKC,

Comparative Anatomy and Physiology.—By Professor Jeffrey Bell,
M.A. London: Cassell and Co. 1885.

We are glad to see that Messrs. Cassell and Co. have just made a valuable
addition to their admirable series of ‘Manuals for Students of Medicine,’ in the
form of a concise treatise on Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, which has long
been a desideratum with a certain class of students, and will be especially useful
to candidates for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Before proceeding to compare the morphology and physiology of the organs of
different animals, the author devotes the first three chapters to a general introduc-
tion, and a useful and compact outline of the classification of the animal kingdom ;
the chief characteristics of the groups into which it has been divided being laid
down on clear and simple lines. We notice, however, a few points in this part of
the work which are perhaps open to comment, for instance, in the definition of the
Mammalia, the ‘malleus’ is stated to be the homologue of the ‘quadrate’ of the
avian and reptilian skulls. The author evidently still adheres to the views originally
advanced by Huxley on this point, but the more recent investigations of Parker
seem to support the Reichertian doctrine in showing that the representative of the
quadrate in the mammalian skull is the ‘incus.’ The whole problem, however, is
a difficult and puzzling one, and there are even some authorities (Albrecht and
Dolto) who dissent from both the above explanations, and assert that the represen-
tative of the quadrate must not be looked for among the auditory ossicles at all.
Again, in the classification of insects, we notice that the Dragon-flies still occupy
their old position in the Neuroptera, which is perhaps somewhat old-fashioned, for
according to recent classifications they should be located with the Orthoptera.

The remainder of the work is arranged upon what we might term ‘physiological’
lines—each chapter being devoted to some particular set of organs, having a
common function. It is this part of the book which the student has been most in
need of, and we can compliment the author on the judicious arrangement which
has enabled him to pack away so much valuable information in such small
compass. The physiologicai element may perhaps appear somewhat scanty as
compared with the anatomical, but this is not surprising to those acquainted with
the subject, and who are aware of the incompleteness of our knowledge of the
vital processes in all but the highest animals; and the physiology of the human
subject constitutes a separate volume of this series. Taking the work as a whole,
it appears to be carefully and accurately done, and, with the exception of a few
points such as those we quote, quite up to date. It is got up in excellent style
throughout, and the illustrations—with which it is profusely illustrated—are mostly
well chosen, and borrowed from standard authorities. The work fills a lacuna
which has been conspicuous among scientific text-books, and we are sure that the
students for whom it is written will give it a hearty welcome.—A. D.

NOTES AND NEWS.

At a recent meeting of the Manchester Cryptogamic Society were exhibited a
number of mosses which had been received from Mr. Thomas Whitelegge, a
former member of the Society, now an assistant curator at the Sydney Museum.
Mr. Whitelegge has been actively engaged during the last year in investigating the
cryptogamic flora of New South Wales, and has succeeded in discovering twenty-
three species of mosses new to science. One each of the genera P2lotrichum,
Weissia, Campylopus, Bruchia, and Halomitrium, have been named by Professor
C. Miller in honour of the discoverer.

ook

The fourteenth annual report of the Chester Society of Natural Science
furnishes evidence of continued prosperity in a society which has never slackened

work since its foundation in 1871. Reference is made to the new museum ~

buildings, and to the preparation of a third part of the Proceedings, as well as to
the numerous other outlets for the Society’s activity which have been dealt with in
previous years. Professor McKenny Hughes is again president, and most of the
old officers are re-elected.

Naturalist,

——

NOTES AND NEWS. 329

Among recent elections to the Fellowship of the Geological Society of London,
we note the names of Messrs. W. Elliott Howe (Matlock Bath}, Lees Knowles,
M.A. (Pendlebury, near Manchester), James Backhouse (York), and James
Shipman (Nottingham). seiasrtnllatllsjc2 patos tess

The forthcoming issue of an important new work on the Rotifera or Wheel
Animalcules, from the pens of Messrs. C. T. Hudson and P. H. Gosse, is
announced by Longmans and Co. In the thirty plates of coloured figures all the
known British species and the more important foreign ones are to be figured.

The /7e/d has lately given a list (with statistics) of Otter-hound packs in the
British Isles—eleven in number. Of these four are in the North of England—viz.,
the Carlisle Otter-hounds, 15 couple; the West Cumberland, about 14 couple, with
headquarters at Cockermouth; the Egremont, 1044 couple, with headquarters at
Egremont, va Carnforth; and the Kendal, 12 couple, with headquarters at Fellside,
near Kendal. a 2

Yorkshire naturalists will learn with gratification that one of themselves—
Mr. W. Percy Sladen, F.L.S., F.G.S., formerly of Halifax, so well known as a
student of the echinoderms—was elected to the zoological secretaryship of the
Linnean Society, in succession to Mr. G. J. Romanes, at the anniversary meeting
held on the 11th of June. At the same time Lord Walsingham was elected a
member of the council of the society.

poo<

A meeting was held at Macclesfield on the 6th of June for the purpose of
reorganising the Macclesfield Scientific Students’ Association, which was founded
in 1880, to promote scientific study and research. The word ‘Students’’ was
erased from the name of the association, and a revised code of rules was adopted.
The subscription is limited to five shillings a year, and ladies are admitted on
equal terms with gentlemen. Sections for the study of particular branches of
science may be formed, and excursions are to be a distinctive feature of the
Society. | Mr. John Potts, -F.G.S., was) elected president; Mr. ‘John’ Wale,
F.R. Met.S., honorary secretary ; and Messrs. S. Adshead, H. Birchenough, M.A.,
J. O. Nicholson, and A. S. Woodward, vice-presidents.

. poo<

The Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club has now completed a quarter of a
century of its existence, a period of time during which it has, as a unit, travelled
about 6,500 miles in pursuit of natural history objects, although, as the committee
point out with regret, its operations have been practically confined to botanical
investigation. The Report details the proceedings of 1884, and includes the
presidential address, to which he (Rev. H. H. Higgins, M.A.) gives the title
‘OpyviOoroy.a, Bird Life under the Shrubs, and what may be seen from my study
chair. The Botanical Résumé, by Messrs. Robert Brown and John Vicars,
sustains its value and interest. We are pleased to see that one of the sessional
prizes has been awarded to Dr. J. W. Ellis, for a collection of coleoptera. The
list of officers remains practically as in previous years.
po«

We think it worth while to record the result of an experiment which was made
this year in the little village of Staveley, near Boroughbridge. At the annual
Children’s Flower Service, which was held this year on the Oth of August, the
Rector (Rev. E. Ponsonby Knubley), in addition to giving prizes for the best
arranged Bouquets of garden and wild flowers, and in order to encourage a taste
for Botany, offered a prize to the scholar who sent in the greatest number of named
Wild Flowers. For this last prize there were four competitors. The winner sent
in thirty-four different kinds of flowers, of which twenty-seven were rightly
named. The others showed respectively twenty-three, twenty-three, and nineteen
different flowering plants. Only three kinds were sent in by all the competitors,
namely, Bramble, Black Knapweed, and Harebell. In the four collections there
were altogether fifty-five different species. When our readers consider that these
results were obtained from scholars in a village school, where Botany is not taught,
and that this is the first attempt of the kind, they must, we think, consider the
result highly satisfactory.

Sept. 1885.

33°
METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR JUNE 1885.

EDITED BY GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Moortown, Leeds.

Atmos, |
eg TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). | RAINFALL.
sure. | Sibu :
Pr aal leet ie |
Oi asm EXTREMES. io
Sb fe) | oO
NAME OF STATION; wy =| so fee Greatest Fall
Eas eae | | Que see See
aH | 5 : : } «ak
ITS HEIGHT ABOVESEA-LEVEL; | Ain nee Highest Lowest o |s oy yak
AND ot £ |. Maximum Minimum | S | 29) Single Day.
NAME OF OBSERVER | 2¢| @ | registered. SOG = lan
aN 41 . =t{o) py oF &
= Oo fd een
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| + Oo 5) 33 my = |oG] # :
las) |e 5 3 5 g BE ee Fas 3
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GOS os 5 = 3) c leet e 3
Oped pS ale A 5 = Eanes yh ne
ean iS < < SE eae
| | } |
| | f |
ISLE OF MAN: (As | : |:
Mga ees (140 ft.) ) | inch | deg. | deg. deg. | ; inch inch ;
5 2 7°" *" ~130°036] 53°83} 70°10} 28th a7 Ae = Ot 7 Io |0°623 7t
A. W. Moore, F.M.S..... y [3° 039] 93 AW, 37 4 | 799 |
SILLOTH, Cums. (28 ft.) .. 7 |. SRN eae pee i lee:
Rone Reel MOA f,|30,008| 54°40 )}773"40)/ 28th) _ 9/35/59) zeths (naaaoiire ouese|isete
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W.S. Whitworth .... . f [3° O28 Esso Gace 3rd 449 | cards jal cleleen a oi ceath
Oy ilar, jm G) } 307041) 56°€0 | 77°00 3rd 44°0 rith 2°030| 9 |0°780 7th
Wi UNS eae

|
|

NEwWTON-REIGNyY (Penrith) } Dewar
(577ft.)T.G. Benn, F.M.S. { |3° °?
Hawes JUNCTION (1, 135 ft.) ) |*

CENTRAL HILL REG.: W. COAST:

}

4th -| 37:0 | z1th |3%00.| 9 (07800) 7th

Station=master:. 2c oa-t oe j ze 32) SU) ,Ob ce { 27th § 37° soi 225 | S52 Seg ake
Pee ‘S. Th poser g RS / |30°060) 65°50 | 75°00 | a 32°9 tst__|3°936] 12 |0°848) . 23rd
| Bees net
gg | Nptayt BHUREDS = Heoora sso zst00] aesh | are [L208 Llrazo) 7 foriol aut
& | “Allan Rowntree, PALS. 5 307026 55°32 79°60] ath | 43's | rath 2840 14 0°720| 25rd
es | Wane (yusrum C77: blgoro4o|§7°00) 8100] ath | 38'0 |_ayth fa'480) 9 o"730] agth
z OPAL GS. PALS. 4) [30° 047| 54°42) 77°60 4th 38'r | roth lsr27s| ro 1*000| 23rd
is Dates Taweon en ne} 30° 140 55°90 86°50 4th 36'0 rith 2°890| 12 0° 660 Sth
a ae Oe (19 LO) ; a 30° 024 55°90 | 4th 46°0 | «rth Lee 14 |0°390| 8th
F ee Tate ce 4 pees 58°90 | 86°00} 4th 37°0 | 11th vs tr 0°870) 6th
B PavtibitiedesGAiSex joe se oreo] sed | ave) oem arog Hes 7
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| LouGHBOROUGH iGo): Out
| W. Berridge, F.M. Si LAG

{
|

| | |
ISONDONS Se) eel anemia '30°047| 60°30 | 83°00 | 4th | 42°0 | x8th 200 | Io 1040 8th

}

* Not reduced to sea-level.

JVind.—1st Division Cisies of Man) N. 3, N. E. 1d hiss E. o, S. 6, S.W. 9, W. 9, N.W. 17, calm 5 days.
2nd Division: N. 3, N.E. 3, E. 4, S.E. a, Ss. ii; S.W. 5 , W. 4%, N.W. 4%, calm ¥% day.
3rd Division: N. ath, N.EL 6, rs SoH G2) Si 13S sNve ei W.5%, N.W. 3, calm 314 day Ss.
4th Division: N. 434, N.E. 6, E. 1%, Sake 1%, S. 614, S.W. 434, W. 5%, N.W. 2%, calm ¥ day.
iondon =, N..2; NSB. 5, EK. 5 SaB 2,.3.23; SAW... 75, We 35, Ne W-2;.calm 1 day.

Gales,—Isle of Man 5, ouloth 3, Barrow : 2, Spurn 3, Boston tr.

Thunderstorms.—\sle of Man, slight on 2oth; Stonyhurst, on 7th; Liverpool, rst; Hull on the 7th;
Leeds, 7th.

Bright Susshine.—Isle of Man, 216°5 hours; Silloth, 192°7 hours; Newton-Reigny, 195°5 hours; Stony- ~ a

hurst, 196’5 hours; and Hull, 15571 hours. F
Highest Temperature in Sun.—Isle of Man, 132°9° on 14th; Silloth, 132°0° on r2th; Newton-Reigny
130°2°on 14th; Stonyhurst, 139°4° on 11th; Hull, 106°5° on 12th; Leeds (Moortown), 119’0° on 15th. k
Naturalist, a

OOu

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:
Papers and records published during the year with respect
to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

PART VI.—PHANEHROGAMIC BOTANY.

THE scope of the present bibliographical instalment corresponds
with that of the London Catalogue of British Plants, in including the
Vascular Cryptogams as well as the Phanerogams. The remainder
of the Cryptogamia will form a further instalment.

ANONYMOUS (no signature),
A Pretty Stranger. Science Monthly, June,i. 216. Yorkshire, Lancashire.

A popular notice of Z7zextalis europea, which states incidentally that ‘ In
England it is confined to Yorkshire and Lancashire.’

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Yorkshire.
An Abnormal Foxglove. Nat. Hist. Journ., September 15th, viii. 120.

Picked at Langwith, near York: a partial reversion.to the general Scrophu-
lariacean type.

NVeE Ae XON. Cheshire,
The Vitality of Seeds. Rep. Manchester Sci. Stud. Assoc. for 1883, pp. 69-70.

Cites zzter alia observations made by Mr. C. Penny, in 1843, on the
sudden appearance of Szzapzs arvensis in railway cuttings in Cheshire.

CHARLES BAILEY. Lancashire,

Notes on the structure, the occurrence in Lancashire, and the source
of origin, of Naias graminea Delile, var. delilei Magnus. Journ. of Bot.,
Oct., xxll., 305-331, and plates 249-252.

A very fulland exhaustive species-monograph, divided into twenty sections, in
which, after a brief introduction, the genus and its divisions, the synonymy of
the species, its stem, its leaves, leaf-spines, leaf-sheath, leaf-structure, in-
florescence, pistilliferous flower, antheriferous flower, pollen, fertilisation,
fruit, roots, its Lancashire locality, geographical distribution, and probable
source of origin, are discussed, and in the last two sections ‘a histological
peculiarity ’ is described, and the plates explained.

This, and Chara Lrauniz Gmel., were nrst reported as British at the
Southport meeting of the British Association in 1883—having been discovered
in course of investigating the Ashton-under-Lyne district by Mr. John White-
head and Mr. James Lee.

J. G. BAKER and W. W. NEWBOULD. Derbyshire.
Notes on the Flora of Matlock. Journ. of Bot., November, xxii. 334-344.

This paper includes a voluminous series of observations which may be com-
pared with those on the flora of Buxton, published by Mr. Baker in the same
journal for January 1884. The author’s remark that Derbyshire’s position
and physical configuration are such as to show better than any other county
the blending of the flora of the North of England into that of the Midland
Counties. Itis the county that shows best the widest range we get in any one
county of Watson’s agrarian region, and is one which is capable of division
into unusually well-marked physical divisions. Of these there are three:
(1) the low country apart from the hills, (2) the limestone hills and valleys,
(3) the ridges and slopes of millstone grit.

Sept. 1885.

332 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY.

J. G. BAKER.
On the Upland Botany of Derbyshire. Journ. of Botany, January, xxii. 6-15.
Detailed and voluminous notes of the plants observed on the higher lands
about Buxton, and the heights to which they attain.

Ki BARRY: Yorkshire.

Botany. Quart. Trans. Barnsley Nat. Soc., 1884, iv. 5-6 and 15.
Notes on plants observed near Barnsley in the first half of 1884.
W. H. BEEBY. Lincolnshire.

On the Flora of South Lincolnshire. Journ. of Bot., January, xxii. 17 to 22.

Detailed notes on the plants collected during a stay of eight days at
St. James Deeping, on the extreme south border of the county. About 300
species were noted, of which 34 are new for the vice county of South Lincoln.

ARTHUR BENNETT.
Zostera nana in N. Lincoln. Journ. of Bot., Oct., xxii. 301. Lincolnshire.
Gathered this year at Cleethorpes. No other record for the East coast
between Durham and W. Sussex, even Z. marina not being reported for

Lincolnshire.
THOMAS BIRKS, JUN.
The Sundews. Sci. Goss., May, p. 117. Yorkshire.

All three British species grow abundantly on Goole Moor.

BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.
Report of Meeting, September 9th. Midl. Nat., Oct., vil. 299. Derbyshire.
Mr. J. E. Bagnall exhibited P:mpinella magna from near Matlock Bath.

BoTraNICAL LOCALITY RECORD CLUB.
Report for the year 1883. S$vo., 80 pages, 1884.
The report, as usual, includes innumerable records relating to all the northern
counties.

BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884. pp. 28. Yorkshire.
Numerous notes on plants observed throughout the year in the Bradford

district and other parts of the West Riding. .
BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Westmoreland,
Cumberland, Lincolnshire.

[Reports of Meetings.] Nat., June and July, ix., 196 and 215.
Field-notes made in Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Westmoreland, Cumberland,

Lincolnshire,
[JAMES BRITTEN. ] Yorkshire,
Review of Grant Allen’s ‘Flowers and their Pedigrees.’ Journ. of Bot.,
June; xxir. 5-135;
Cypripedium calceolus is not strictly confined to ‘one Yorkshire station.’

A. BROTHERSTON.
Rubus chamzmorus. Gard. Chron., August 30th, p. 277. Northumberland.
Grows abundantly along the watershed between the counties of Roxburgh
and Northumberland, Dumfries, and Selkirk, at elevations varying from over
2,500 feet on Cheviot to 1,250 at Moodlaw Loch. Locally known as ‘noops’

by the shepherds. :

CHAS. BROWNE.
‘Cain and Abel.’ Sci. Goss., June, p. 141. Northumberland.
Orchts latifotia is known by this name in Northumberland.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY. Bee

E. I. J. BROWELL. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire.

Address to . . the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, . . May 11th,

1882. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and Newcastle, viii.
159-167 (1884). :

Brief notes of the botanical results at the 1881 field meetings, viz.:—Cor-
bridge-on-Tyne, Whit-Monday; Middleton-in-Teesdale, June 29th, 30th;
Bellingham, Northumberland ; Greenhead ; and Hesleden Dene, Durham.

G. H. BRYAN. Cumberland.
Carex ovalis, var. Bracteata. Sci. Goss., September, 1884, p. 213.

This form occurred amongst the type between Thirlmere and Keswick,
Cumberland, under circumstances which led to the opinion that the long
bracted form was but a chance variety, and not a permanent one.

J. R. Byrom. Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire.
The Fauna and Flora of the Ashton-under-Lyne District. Rep. Brit. Assoc.
for 1883, pp. 541-3.

The rarest of the plants found are particularised, both phanerogams and
cryptogams. The summary includes 600 phanerogams.

WILLIAM CARRUTHERS. Cheshire.

The Seeds of Anthoxanthum. Journ. R. Agric. Soc.; reprinted in Journ.
of Bot., February, xxii. 49-52.

Anthoxanthum pueli ‘was first noticed by Mr. Britten in 1872, at Mobberley,
in Cheshire, in a field which had been broken up and re-sown with grass some
years before.’

ee Es CvARK:
Primulacese again. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. 95. Yorkshire.

A Cowslip found at Coxwold, N. E. Yorkshire, reverted to the general
type of its order by having two whorls.

Ee CORBETT, Cheshire.
Gonepteryx rhamni and its Food-plants. Ent., April, xvii. 91-92.

At Stockport, East Cheshire, RAammnus catharticus is by no means common,

and R. frangula is only grown in a few gardens.
JOHN CORDEAUX.
In Upper Coquetdale. Field, August 2nd, p. 152. Northumberland.

Includes notes on various plants of the district.

JouHN EMMET.

White Poppy. Nat., January, ix. 104. Yorkshire.
This albino was found in November 1883, at Boston Spa.
REv. JAMES FARQUHARSON. Northumberland.

Carex divisa found in Holy Island. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x. 355-356.

F, J. GEORGE.
Convallaria rubra. Sci. Goss., June, p. 40. Yorkshire.
Inquiry as to what has become of this plant, stated to have grown at Skipton
in 1845.
R. GEORGE and EMMA JACKSON.
Cotherstone, on Tees. Nat. Hist. Journ., October 15th, viii. 137. Yorkshire.
Notes of observation of eight plants.
ae GOLDSMiLEH. Nottingham.
‘Local Observations’ [Nottingham]. Midl. Nat., February, vii. 53.
Primula vulgaris and Ulex europaeus in bloom, presumably near Nottingham.

Sept. 1885.

S34 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY.

MUMBRAY R. GOODWIN. Yorkshire.
Destruction of British Flora. Pharm. Journ., reprinted in Gard. Chron.,
August 16th, p. 219.

Refers to the extermination of Cypripedium (Lady’s Slipper), once abundant

in Bolton Woods, Yorkshire.
G. A. GRIERSON.
Peculiar Narcissus. Sci. Goss. June, p. 140. Derbyshire.

Abnormal WV. pseudo-narcissus found near Ashopton, Derbyshire.

HENRY and JAMES GROVES. Lancash., Lincolnsh., Westmoreld., Yorksh.,
Cumberld., Derbysh., Chesh.
Notes on the British Characeze for 1883. Journ. of Bot., January, xxii., I to 5;
and Mid]. Nat., February, p. 52.

The authors give notes in detail supplementary to their paper of 1883. The
most important notes refer to Chara Arauniz from Lancashire, new to
Britain, and to Zolypella prolifera from Lincolnshire.

ALLAN B. HALL.
N. W. Yorks. Nat. Hist. Journ., October 15th, vil. 137- Yorkshire.

Notes of uncommon plants near Thirsk, and in Wensleydale and Swaledale.

JOHN HANDLEY.

Saponaria vaccaria. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, viii. 39. Yorkshire.
Recorded for Briggflatts, N. W. Yorkshire, and for Whitby.
james Harpy. : Northumberland.

Report of the Meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the
year 1883. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x., 257, 258, 259, 281, 283, 285.
Botanical notes made at Holy Island, anne 27th, and-at Middietén Hall.

JoHN HAwWELIL, ETC.
Odd Name of Plant. Sci. Goss., April, p. 94; and May, p. 117.
Cain and Abel, near Northallerton, is a name applied to the tubers of
Orchis latifolia.

WMerGo Ein.
A Live Herbarium. Sci. Goss., May, p. 133-134. Yorkshire.
A few of the notes relate to Yorkshire plants.
GEORGE PRINGLE HUGHES. Northumberland.

Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club at Berwick,
October 10th, 1888. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x. 226-227.

Notes the plants gathered at the field-meeting on Holy Island.

Huu Fre_p NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
[Report of Excursion.] Nat., July, ix. 215-216.
Notes of species observed at an excursion to Hornsea, June 14th.
[HENRY HyDE. ] Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire.

[Excursion-notes for 1883.] Rep. Manch. Sci. Stud. Ass. for 1883 [published
1884], pp. 19, 26, 27, 31, 32; 35, 36, 39, 42.

Numerous notes on plants observed at excursions, viz.:—Muiddlewood and
Disley, May; Buxton, June; Holford Moss, June; Delamere Forest, July ; \
Malham and Gordale, August; Staley Brushes, September ; and Carrington
Moss, September.

Econ IHNE und HERMANN HOFFMANN.

Beitrage zur Phanologie. I. Egon Ihne, Geschichte der pflanzenphanologischen
Beobachtungen in Europa nebst Verzeichniss der Schriften, in welchen
dieselben niedergelegt sind. II. Hermann Hoffmann, Phanologische :
Beobachtungen aus den Jahren 1879-82. Giessen, 1884, 8vo., pp. 178.

A summary of this memoir will appear in a forthcoming number of the

Naturalist. Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY. B35

G. J. JOHNSON.
The Drosera. Rep. Manch. Sci. Stud. Ass. for 1883, pp. 40-41. Cheshire.
The three British species can all be found in the neighbourhood of
Delamere, and in other parts of Cheshire; and Drosera rotundifolia is
abundant on Lindow Common, near the old grand stand.
F, ARNOLD LEES. Yorkshire.

Report on Yorkshire Botany for 1880. Trans. Yorksh. Nat. Union, Series
E. (Botany), pp. 121-123.

Notes on the novelties observed in the year 1880.

[MANCHESTER] LOWER MOSLEY STREET SCHOOLS NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.
Report, October 1884, pp. 15. Yorkshire.
Notes on plants collected at Malham and Gordale, on the 22nd of June.

J. Cosmo MELVILL.
Chareas graminis. Entom., November, xvii. 253-4. Lancashire.
Hair-grass (Deschampia flexuosa), referred to as on Kersal Moor.

5. 1c. MOSLEY.
A Visit to York. Young Nat., January v. 39-41. Yorkshire.
Parmassia palustris and Tris pseudacorus in Askham Bog; and Dyosera
rotundifolia at Strensall.
G, NICHOLSON. Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lancashire, Northumberland.
Petasites officinalis Moench. Journ of Bot., August, xxii. 251.
“In some parts of Yorkshire and Derbyshire both sexes grow together in
great abundance, as also in Northumberland and Lancashire.’
A. M. NorMaN. Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham.

Address to. . the Tytieside Naturalists’ Field Club. . May 27th, 1881.
iNest. Tans, Northumb., Durham, and Newc., viii. 68-71, 83-86 (1884).

Notes on. plants ayeerred at field-meetings ; at Corbridge-on-Tyne, June
6th, 1880; Alston, Cumberland, June 23rd, 24th; St. John’s, Weardale,
Durham ; Barrasford Crags, North Tyne, September 3rd.

JAMES F. ROBINSON.
Plant Notes. Sci. Goss., July, pp. 149-150. Cheshire.

Mostly notes on the folk-names and folk-lore used in Cheshire.

Joun E. Rosson.
Vitality of Seeds of Henbane. Young Nat., January, v. 46-7. Durham.

At Hartlepool a large number of plants of Hyoscyamus niger sprang up on
the disturbance of ground which had been untouched for centuries.

PERCY RUSSELL. Cumberland, Nottinghamshire.
Familiar Forest Trees, I. The Oak and the Yew. Ill. Sci. Monthly, July,
ll, 20-24.

References to famous trees—the yew-tree of Lorton Vale, near Keswick,
celebrated by Wordsworth, and the Parliament Oak in Clipstone Park, Notts. ,
under whose boughs Edward I. held a council in 1290.

P. SEWELL. Yorkshire.
Double Cuckoo Flower explained. Nat. Hist. Journ., October 15th, viii. 138.
An abnormal Cardamine pratensis, found near Whitby.
Whitby Notes. Nat. Hist. Journ., October 15th, vill. 137-138.

Notes of field-observations, and of abnormal plants.

P, S[EWELL]. Yorkshire.
New Locality for Actsa spicata. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. 95.
Growing very abundantly ‘ within eight miles of York’.

Sept. 1885.

336 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTE.

PHILIP SEWELL [and others].

Botany. Nat. Hist. Journ., February 15th, viii. 16-17. Yorkshire.
Field-notes on plants near York, and other places, for January, 1884.
SHEFFIELD NATURALISTS’ CLUB. Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire.
List of Plants presented by the Sheffield Naturalists’ Club to the Sheffield

Public Museum, 13th Rep. Sheff. Nat. Club, pp. 13-20.

This long list of plants gives localities and dates; all were mounted by the
late Amos Carr, by whom they were collected in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and
Lincolnshire.

Rev. H. H. SLATER. Yorkshire.

The Flora of Ripon and Neighbourhood. Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union, Series
E (Botany), pp. 125-152 [1884].

S. SLATER.
Senecio vulgaris, var. radiatus. Sci. Goss., August, p. 188. Cheshire.
Found on the sandhills between Wallasey and Leasowe, in the Wirral,
Cheshire.
R. STANDEN.
Paris quadrifolia. Sci. Goss., November, p. 261. Lancashire.

Three-, five-, six-, and seven-leaved specimens were commoner than the
typical four-leaved ones in a large clump of the plant growing at Rudden
Brow, near Goosnargh.

C. E. STANSFIELD.
Rawdon, 13th, 2 mo. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, vii. 39. Yorkshire.
Ten plants named as in flower.
H. B. TRISTRAM. Northumberland, Durham.

Address to the. . Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, . . April 15th, 1880.
N. H. Trans. Northumb., Durham and Newc., 1884, viii. 1-12.

Notices of the plants gathered at the field-meetings of 1879, viz.:—Holy
Island and Bamborough, July 7th and 8th; Cornhill, Northumberland, July
17th and 18th; and Bedburn, Co. Durham, August 4th.

J. E. WALKER. Cumberland, Lancashire, Yorkshire.
Floral Calendar, June, 1884. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. 96-97.
A tabulated series of phenological observations from stations in Cumberland,

Lancashire, and Yorkshire, made upon 30 species of plants; with calculated
averages.

W. WEST. Derbyshire, Yorkshire.
On the Upland Botany of Derbyshire. Journ. of Bot., March, xxii. 71-74.

Numerous and detailed field-notes upon the heights to which the Derbyshire
plants ascend, supplementary to J. G. Baker’s paper in the January number.

YORK AND DISTRICT FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
[Reports of Meetings.] Nat. Jan., ix. 108. Yorkshire.
Notices of occurrence of various plants in Yorkshire.

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTE.

Little Owls in Yorkshire.—In November last year, 1884, one of these
pretty little birds was taken alive on board a fishing-boat just off Scarborough, and
brought to a preserver in the town, who has set it up very well, and it will be
added to my collection. About six weeks after, one of the same species was taken
in a trap at Seamer, about four miles from Scarborough ; this bird was also brought
alive to Mr. Roberts to preserve, and is a good specimen. Though the Little Owl
has been recorded before in the county, none are authenticated as to date and
place. This notice of their occurrence will, I feel sure, interest the readers of the
Naturalist,—J. WHITAKER, Rainworth Lodge, Notts., August 1885.

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Confenfs:
PAGE
Bibliography of 1884; (Part VII.—CrypToGamic pase Re si a -. 337 to 340
it Luminous Wood—George R. Vine .. oe : ate By Ss ay nei PAOR IEE
}| Botanical Note :— x se - a oe - «s 341
: The Yorkshire Bur- Reeds—F. Arnold Lees.
| Botany of the Eastern Borders—P. Fox Lee .. ie ae es ot BG -- 342 to 344

| Ornithological Notes :— 344
_ The Little Auk occurring in July — x. A. Gurney, jun. = FZ. sos M.B.O. ‘U.; ‘Curious

Me Place for a Cuckoo’s Ege—G. T. Porritt, F.L.S

| The Bull Trout (Salmo Eriox)—¥. A. Erskine Siar, 9D fel Od Onna cis +345 to 347
| Notes on Lepidoptera :— 347
Ne Heliothis peltigera in Yorkshire—G. T. Porritt, Ve cae Ennychia cingulalis, “ete., at

Helmsley— ¥. W. Carter; Localities of Collix sparsata and HKupithecia constrictata—
G. T. Porritt, F.L.S.

‘| The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Whitby.. Na a a “ Se Mn e348) LOS 350.

| Book Notice :— = ; at oe = ie yeh e500 35"
(Symington Grieve on the Great Auk. yi

| Notes and News.. : pee

| Meteorological Betdcis ae dine 1885—(Edited by Cp Pat F. G. Se ER. Met. 2) ne 1352

| Notes on the Avifauna of Upper Teesdale—Fames Backhouse, jun., MB. O.U. ..353 to 360

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BOOKS RECEIVED.

The Great Auk, or Gare-fowl—Symington Grieve. [Thomas C. Jack.
*Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood.—-George
_ Roberts. — Vol. 2, 1885. [Author.
Vertebrate Fauna of Sutherlandshire, by T. E. Buckley and J. A. Harvie
Brown, 1884. [The Authors.
Penzance Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Soc. Report, 1834-5. [Society.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society—Pruceedings, vol. 4, part 3, 1884-5. [Society.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society—Annual Report, etc., 1884-5. [Society.
South London Microscopical and N. H. Club—14th Report, 1884-5. [Society.
Liverpool Naturalists’ Field Club—z25th Report, 1884-5. [Society.
Manx Note Book, edited by A. W. Moore.—July 1885. [ Editor.
Revue Bryologique—i12th Année. No. 5. [T. Husnot, Editor.
Grevillea, a quarterly record of Cryptogamic Botany, Sept. 1885. [ Editor.
New York Microscopical Society—Journal, June and July, 1885. [Society.
Midland Naturalist for September 1885. [The Editors.
The Young Naturalist for September 1885. [J. E. Robson, Editor.
The Naturalist’s World for September 1885. [P. Lund, Editor.
Illustrated Science Monthly for September 1885. [ Bogue, Publisher.
Science Gossip for September 1885. [Chatto and Windus, Publishers.

Memoirs marked * will be noticed in our Annual Bibliography of the Literature of the Physi-
¢al Features and Natural History of the North of England.

EXCHANGES.
Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

Bur-Reeds (see note at p. 341 of the present number).—Botanists are
requested to send specimens to Mr. W. H. Beeby, 14, Ridinghouse Street [vf
‘square ’]. Langham Place, London, W.

Wanted to Purchase.—Miall and Carrington’s Flora of West Riding
of Yorkshire. Newest edition.—B. Hobson, Tapton Elms, Sheffield.

Duplicates of Dried Plants.—L. C. 7th and 8th Edition: Nos. 7, 9,
II, 26, 40, 41, 273, 2736, 274, 275, 305, 325, 350, 372, 374, 504, 568, 572, 574;
576, 577; 581, 587, 591; 594, 595, 813, 816, 821, 823, 831, 835, 838. 356, 358,
875, 914, 998, 999, 1,007, 1,008, 1,039, 1,040, 1,261, 1,264, 1.205. 1,270, 1,277,
1,280, 1,282, 1,285, 1,294, 1,296, 1,297, 1,305, 1,314, 1,325, 1,320, 1,327, 1,339;
1.333; Selinum carvifolia.—H. Goss, Berrylands, Surbiton Hill, Surrey.

WOODSIA HYPERBOREA.—A few spare specimens of this very —
rare fern, obtained in Scotland this summer, on sale. Single fronds, 5s. each;
complete specimens, tos. Cash with order.—W. Robinson, West Bank,
Scarborough. = eae |

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells, —
etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free. ted

337

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:

Papers and records published during the year with respect
to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

PART VII.—CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.

J. BACKHOUSE.

Lastrea cristata. Nat., March, ix. 137. Yorkshire.
Note that William Casson was the first to find this in Yorkshire, on Thorne

Moor, 1856.
EDWARD A. L. BATTERS. Northumberland.

Notes on the Marine Alge of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club,
X. 349-355, and plates viii. -xi.

Seventeen species cited, some of which pertain to the flora of Northumber-
land. The following species are recorded for the first time as having been
found in this neighbourhood (both S. and N. of the Tweed) :—Spherozyga
Carmichaeli Harv., Spirulina tenuzsstma Kutz., Oscillatoria littoralis Carm..,
O. subuliformis Thwaites, O. nigro-viridis Thw., O. znsignis Thw., Lyngbya
ferruginea Ag., Rivularta atra Roth. var. confluens, Hormospora ramosa Thw.,
Cladophora flavescens Kutz., Vaucheria velutina Ag., Fucus vesiculosus Linn.,
var. BL. subecostatus. Dictyosiphon hipporordes Aresch., Sphacelaria cespitula
Lyngb., Cruoria adherens J. G. Ag., Melobesia Lenormandi Aresch., and
M. coralline Crm. The plates illustrate Phleospora tortilis, Nitophyllum
reptans, Elachista Grevilliz, Thamnidion intermedium, Sphacelaria cespitula,
Phyltitis Fascia, Melobesia coralline, and M. Lenormandt.

BERKELEY and BROOME, Northumberland, Cheshire.
‘New British Fungi.’ Grevillea, March, xii. 65-70.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) acerinus Fr. Onash, near Morpeth. A. (Psilocybe)

subericeus Fr. In fields near Chester. Lactarius hysginus Fr. Near Morpeth.

jee Een DISSET: Lancashire, Westmoreland.
List of Desmidiee found in gatherings made in the neighbourhood of
Lake Windermere during 1883. Journ. R. Micro. S., April.—Series 2,
vol. 4, pp. 192-197, and plate v. figs. 4-7.
The list includes 11 species of AZzcrasterias, 20 of Huastrum, 53 of Cosmarium,
3 of Arthrodesmus, 40 of Staurastrum, 6 of Xanthidium, 3 of Tetmemorus,
18 of Closterium, 2 of Cylindrocystis, 11 of Pentium, 1 of Docidium, 4 of
Pleurotenium, 3 of Sprrotenia, 1 of Spherozosma, 1 of Hyalotheca, 1 of Bam-
busina, 2 of Desmidium, and 2 of Gonatozygon; in all 182. The localities in
which they were collected included the moor near the farm of Lindeth,
Bowness, and on Brantfell, the neighbourhood of Claife Heights and Blea
Tarn, Easedale, and the neighbourhood of Angle Tarn and Low Tarn.

BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884, pp. 28. Yorkshire,
Numerous notes on plants observed throughout the year in the Bradford
‘district and other parts of the West Riding.
BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SocIETY. Yorkshire, Westmoreland, Lincolnshire.
[Reports of Meetings.] Nat., Jan., Feb., April, and July, ix. 106, 122, 153
and 215. : ,
Field-notes made in Yorkshire, Westmoreland, and Lincolnshire.

Oct. 1885 Q

338 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY.

J. R. Byrom. Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire.
The Fauna and Flora of the Ashton-under-Lyne District. Rep. Brit. Ass.
for 1883, pp. 541-3.
The rarest of the plants found are particularised, both phanerogams and
cryptogams.
J= CAsu. Cheshire, Derbyshire.
The late Mr. William Wilson: Notes on his early bryological work.
Nat., July, 1x. 202-212.
Includes various notes upon the mosses and hepatics of Cheshire and Derby-
shire.
M. C. COooKE,
New British Fungi. Grevillea, December, xiii. 47. Cumberland.
Hypomyces ater Fr. from Carlisle (Dr. Carlyle).

New British Fungi. Grevillea, June, xii. 98-100. | Cumberland, Yorkshire.

FHydnum (Resupinat:) stipatum Fr. and H. Weinmanni Fr. from Carlisle
(Dr. Carlyle); MWorchellia Smithiana Cooke from Malton (Cooke).

J. M. C[ROMBIE]. North of England.
Additions to the British Cladoniei. Grevillea, June, xii. 91-92.

Cladonia bacillaris var. subcoronata Nyl., not common in N. England ;
Cladina sylvatica var. grandis F\k., local, and rare in N. England.

Rev. J. M. CROMBIE. Westmoreland, Cumberland.
New British Lichens. Grevillea, June, xii. 89-91.

Of North of England forms the following are described: Lphebeza Martin-
dale: Crombie, Mardale, Westmoreland, on moist rocks, probably a subspecies
of £. hispidula; Lecanora decincta Nyl., allied to L. tntercincta Nyl.; Lecidea
tenebrica Nyl., and L. contenebricans Nyl., all from Red Scues, Westmoreland,
on schistose rocks; Z. corzacel/a Nyl., Red Scues, Westmoreland, on porphyritic
rocks; ZL. periplaca Nyl., Stavely, Westmoreland, on stones of walls ; Verzz-
caria interseplula Nyl., Wastdale, Cumberland, on moist siliceous rocks.

ARTHUR J. DOHERTY. Derbyshire.
Solorina saccata. Journ. of Microsc. and Nat. Sci., Jan., ili. 28-31, and pl. 5.

Observations on structure, based upon specimens found flourishing at
Miller’s Dale, Derbyshire, May 1883, for which locality it appears not to be
on record.

ALFRED W. GRIFFIN. Yorkshire.

On the Collection and Preparation of the Diatomaces. Journ. of Microsc.
and Nat. Sci.: the journal of the Postal Microsc. Soc., July, iii. 138-146.

At p. 145 are some notes on the growth of Campylodiscus costatus, as
observed by Mr. Norman, whose specimens were gathered in the early spring
of 1856 from the Spring Ditch, Hull.

HuLit FIELD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY.
Report of Excursion. Nat., July, ix. 215-216. Yorkshire,

Notes of species observed at an excursion to Hornsea, June 14th.

Rev. W. JOHNSON. Northumberland.

A New Lichen found in Northumberland. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumber-
land, Durham, and Newcastle, viii. 184 (1884).

Lecanora albo-lutescens Nyl., found on sandstone rocks by thé Tyne, a little
below Bywell Bridge. Description given.
W. JOHNSON.
‘Sirosiphon saxicola (Neg).’ Grevillea, March, xii. 76. Cumberland.
This lichen is rare, on damp rocks, Ennerdale Lake side, Cumberland, 1881.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY. 339

Cumberland, Northumberland.
Salmon Disease. Journ. of Microsc. and Nat. Sci., April, iii. 122-126.

A descriptive account of the fungus which attacks Salmon in the Eden and
the Tweed.

F. ARNOLD LEES.

Dr. LEDIARD.

Yorkshire.
Lastrea cristata near Thorne: its discoverer and its history. Nat., May,
ix. 164-166.
A review of the Yorkshire records and their recorders.
MANCHESTER CRYPTOGAMIC SOCIETY.

Derbysh., Yorksh., Cumb., Chesh., Lancash.
Reports of Meetings, Nat., Feb., March, April, and June, ix. 124, 140, 154, 197-8.

Records of cryptogamia found in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland,
Lancashire, and Cheshire.

[ MANCHESTER] LOWER MOSLEY STREET SCHOOLS NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Report, October, 1884, pp. 15. Yorkshire.

Notes on plants collected at Malham and Gordale on the 22nd June.
W. H. PEARSON.

New British Hepatice. Journ. Bot., August, xxii. 249. Cumberland.
Enumeration of several hepaticaze and mosses either new to England or to
Cumberland, or very rare.
W. PHILLIPS and CHARLES B. PLOWRIGHT. Yorkshire, Lincolnshire.
New and Rare British Fungi. Grevillea, Dec., xiii. 51-52.
| Ramularia hellebort Fckl. on Helleborus, 1884, Mr. Soppett. Uvocystis
Fischert Kornicke, on the leaves of Carex glauca, Mr. Soppett, November, 1884.

Puccinia Schretriana Plow. and Magnus (ecidiospores= “cidium Jacobee
Grev.) Skegness, 1883.

J. E. R[oBson].
Scarlet Fungi. Young Nat., May, v. 143. Yorkshire, Durham.
Peziza coccinea in Yorkshire and Durham.
J. E. ROWNTREE.

York. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. 95. Yorkshire.
| May 18th, Adder’s Tongue with two ‘ tongues,’ on Hob Moor.

| P. SEWELL.

' Morchella crassipes. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, viii. 95. Yorkshire.
Found in sandy field by Esk, near Whitby.

7 SHEFFIELD NATURALISTS CLUB. Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire.

List of Plants presented by the Sheffield Naturalists’ Club to the Sheffield
| Public Museum. 13th Rep. Sheff. Nat. Club, pp. 13-20.
| This long list of plants gives localities and dates ; all were mounted by the
late Amos Carr, by whom they were collected in Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and
Lincolnshire.
W. G. SMITH. Lancashire, Westmoreland, Yorkshire.
Disease of Lily of the Valley. Gard. Chron., July 5th, p. 12.

The plant was extremely abundant on one of the small islets of Windermere,
where Mr. Thomas Hebden found it badly infested with “&cdium conval-
larie Schum., new to Britain. Mr. Smith describes and figures the fungus.

An editorial note states that Mr. Plowright mentions its occurrence near

1 Scarborough. With the Windermere “czdiuwm was found an abundance of
Puccinia betonice DC.

5 W. G. SMITH.

Hydnum corralloides [sic]. Gard. Chron., November 8th, p. 588. Notts.

Found growing on a felled Beech near Tuxford, by Mr. W. Gain. ’The

| largest example was 8 inches in diameter. The fungus grew last year on the
| - same stump.

habeas

Oct. 1885.

i | | |

340 VINE ON LUMINOUS WOOD.

W. G. SMITH.
Diseases of Mushrooms. Gard. Chron., August 23rd, p. 245. Yorkshire.
A new species of Fusisporium (named F. mucophytum Smith) is described
and figured. It was parasitic on Agaricus (Volvaria) sloiocephalus Fr. found
on shoddy, near Huddersfield.

Hi: Ti... SOPPITT.
Poisonous Fungi. Gard. Chron., November 15th, p. 629. Lancashire.
Reports that in a case of fungus-poisoning at Eccles near Manchester, the
species instrumental were Agaricus (Stropharia) stercorarius Fr., A.(S.) semt-
globatus Batsch., A. (Paneolus) separatus L., A. (P.) fimiputris Bull.,
A. (Pstlocybe) semilanceatus Fr., five of the most unwholesome that could
have been gathered.

JAmMEs W. H. TRAIL. Yorkshire.
On the species of Phragmidium on Bramble (Rubus fruticosus) in Scotland.
Scott. Nat., January, p. 123.
The form Phr. rubi (recorded by Plowright from Yorkshire) has not fallen
into writer’s hands from Scotland.

W. WEST. Derbyshire, Yorkshire.
On the Upland Botany of Derbyshire. Journ. Bot., March, xxii. 71-74.

Numerous and detailed field-notes upon the heights to which the Derby-
shire plants ascend, supplementary to J. G. Baker’s paper in the January
number.

LUMINOUS WOOD.
By GEORGE R. VINE.

I HAVE read with very great interest the notes of Mr. Musson on
Luminous Wood (WVaturalist, September 1885, p. 326-327), and I am
glad to be able to add a little to what he has already given. About
twelve months since we bought two pennyworth of fire-wood from the
ordinary hawker, and it was placed in the cellar on a brick floor.
When I went down into the cellar after dusk, but without a light, I was
surprised to find nearly the whole of the wood all aglow, but the
luminosity was rather dull. I called my son’s attention to the strange
phenomenon, and we forthwith began a series of experiments.
1.—The wood was, I believe, the common pine, but it was old
and not new wood.
2.—Before we bought it, it had been sawn and chopped into
fragments suitable for fire-lighting.
3.—In bringing the wood into the light we could not see that there
was any fungoid growth zx the wood, because wherever the
mycelia of fungi penetrate the medullary rays, or other parts,
the wood has a black appearance.
4.—Neither could we see fungoid growth on the newly-split
portions of wood.
5-—Whenever the wood was broken or split the luminosity was
very brilliant, but we soon found that it was possible to
penetrate to a zo-luminous part.

Naturalist,

LEES : YORKSHIRE BUR-REEDS. 341

6.—We placed specimens of the wood on a shelf in the cellar
and examined it day after day, until the luminosity seemed
‘to pass away altogether, and the wood, when examined about
three weeks after our first observations were made, was
entirely non-luminous.

I should not now have offered these notes for publication, had
not your attention been previously directed towards what I believe
will. prove a very pleasing investigation for young naturalists during
the coming winter.

I said above that I believe that the wood was from the common
pine, but I am sorry that I cannot now confirm my first observations,
as I find that which I stored away has either been burned or misplaced.
I have, however, at the present time about half a load of wood in
my cellar, and before finishing this sentence I have been down to
examine it. There is beech, elm, sycamore, and oak, but no pine;
but none of this wood shows the least luminosity.

I also examined the wood referred to microscopically, with similar
results to those arrived at by Mr. W. E. Brown (of. ci#. p. 327).
Will Mr. Musson or Mr. Brown now obtain flakes, thinner the better,
of the outer portions of fir-wood, nearer to the bark, and mount
specimens—after soaking in turpentine—in balsam? In these flakes,
if the wood is dark coloured or blackish, the fungoid growth will be
distinctly seen in the woody tissues. After this is done, will the
gentlemen referred to compare flakes of the luminous wood, then tell
us the results of their observations? This I regret I did not do, and
I have been punished, by not having any more examples to tempt
my curiosity.

BOTANICAL -NOTE.

The Yorkshire Bur-Reeds.—Our field botanists must be careful not to
gather Sparganzumz until in quite ripe fruit; and it is impossible to decide whether
the two-thirds ripe examples sent to me are S. vamosum or neglectum. Mr. W. H.
Beeby refers the Wensleydale plant sent him, recorded as xeglectum by me in
August number, to va70sum—‘to a form which in its young state closely resembles
neglectum, and which is not easily separated unless the eye is familiar with both
forms till the fruit is 7zfe and dry, and has assumed its ultimate form.’ It seems
that there are connecting links, then, in facies if not in ultimate character, between
Mr. Beeby’s new split and Curtis’s aggregate.

My Sfarganium record must therefore be expunged as an error, and, as
Mr. Beeby further writes, ‘in case other specimens should be sent, kindly let the
fruit be as ripe as possible, as much time and trouble are thereby saved to me.’
The examples so promptly sent me by Mr. G. Roberts from Methley, Stanley, and
Sandall, by Mr. Walsh from Frizinghall and Shipley, and by Mr. P. F. Lee from
Coxley Dam and Batley, are all, so far, immature, and although presumably only
ramosum—being to my eyes identical with the Wensleydale plant—other and later
gatherings are necessitated before any trustworthy decision can be come to regarding
them.—F. ARNOLD LEES, Hawes, September 7th, 1885.

Oct. 1885. @ 2

342
BOTANY OF THE EASTERN BORDERS.

By P. FOX LEE,

Dewsbury ; Secretary for Phanerogamia to the Botanical Section of the Vorkshtre

Naturalists Unton.

THE first and second weeks of last July found two members of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union—to wit, Mr. J. A. Erskine
Stuart, L.R.C.S.E., and myself—exploring, as fully as the time and
the strong claims of trout fishing would admit, the pine forests, the
sea cliffs, the wooded deans, and the bogs of this historic belt of
country. From Chirnside in Berwickshire as a centre, we lost no
time in searching out the botanical treasures on which our mind was
bent. Chirnside is a small village situated on an outwork of the
Lammermoor range, at an elevation of some 300 ft. above sea-level,
the Cheviot Hills closing in the southern view at a distance of nearly
30 miles, and on the edge of which can be distinctly seen the battle-
field of Flodden. With the advantage of having as leader on several
of the excursions a veteran member of the Scottish-Alpine Botanical
Club, much was gained by the help of one who knew the ground.
At Mellerstane pine woods, spreading over a considerable surface,
Linnea borealis was in full bloom, a sight worth going a long way to
_ see, while near it we gathered Goodyera repens and Listera cordata.
In the boggy pools at Gordon Moss-—but a little distance from
Mellerstane—on a pulp of Sphagnaceze, were Sfarganium natans,
sub-sp. S. mznimum, and Utricularia minor. Scattered up and down
the Moss large tussocks of Cavex paniculata, tufts of the hoary
Sedge, C. canescens L., Stellaria palustris Ehrh., Habenaria bifolia Br.,
Orchis latifolia, sub-sp. O. incarnata, and Genista anglica were in
abundance. Several of the warblers, flitting about the low shrubby
Willows (Salix pentandra and S. repens varieties) and making sweet
music, seemed quite heedless of the intruders. Vecza angustifolia Roth.
was growing on the railway bank near, and on the roadside a few
plants of Galeopsis Tetrahit, sub-sp. G. speciosa Miller, and Carex
leporina. Gordon Moss is a grand piece of ‘saft’ ground.

Near Chirnside, hanging in graceful wreaths of bloom over the
red sandstone rocks and crumbling shales on the banks of the Whit-
adder, Vicia sylvatica, and the still rarer Lathyrus sylvestris, grow In
profusion. In the bed of the river are large clumps of Alentha
sylvestris, a white variety of Malva moschata, along with @unanthe

crocata, Carduus tenutflorus, Scirpus sylvaticus, and on the surface of —

this choice trout stream were spreading patches, with flowers white
as snow, of Ranunculus fluitans, as well as the more slender form,
with narrower petals, &. Bachiz, both very distinct as seen growing,

Naturalist

LEE: BOTANY OF THE EASTERN BORDERS. 343

and fotamogeton perfoliatus.. The Dipper and a colony of Swifts,
hereabouts, ever on the look out for food, coupled with the plash of
trout, lent an additional charm to the quiet beauty of the scene.

At Pease Dean, one of the many such wooded ravines opening
to the German Ocean on the Berwickshire coast, Aspzdium aculeatum,
sub-sp. A. angulare Willd., appears to be as much at home, and as
abundant, as do the commoner ferns by the rills in our Yorkshire
woods. Nearer the sea EAguzsetum maximum Lamk. rears its stately
proportions ; further inland up the dean /ilago minima Fries. was
just visible on a dry bank. Still further from the coast-line at
Edmund’s Dean, a wild stony rent in the hill side, besides noting
Geum intermedium, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, and masses of
Folypodium Dryopteris clothing dry rocky heaps more as does Parsley
fern at much higher altitudes, we also saw a Weasel and an Adder,
which sight helped somewhat to compensate the unsuccessful search
for TZvrientalis europea, recorded at—not this station, but the
adjoining—Blackburn Rig Dean, for which we had mistaken this one.
We bagged fine specimens of Pyrola media at Penmanshiel Woods,
near Grant’s House. Here, too, close to the great London and
Edinburgh road, the best find of all must be recorded, viz.:—a grand
flowering plant of Vicia Orobus DC., the Bitter Vetch.

It is stated in the report of a meeting of the Berwickshire
Naturalists’ Club (‘ Proceedings 1879-81’) at Grant’s House in 1881,
that just fifty years previously this rare Vetch was discovered at this
station, but ‘has now disappeared’ (1881). So this re-discovery of
ours must be put down as something to be proud of. We devoteda
long day to Newham Bog, some miles on the Northumbrian side,
and to along coast-cliff walk northwards from Berwick. The day
was one of those exceptionally bright ones we get now and then, the
sea dancing in the brilliant sunlight, and the atmosphere free from
haze. Newham Bog is just a choice primeval swamp, alas! so few of
which now remain to give delight to the botanist. Here the thousands
of Pyrola rotundifolia and of Epipactis palustris carpeting the bog,
the one with chaste globose corollas, the other with tropical-like
flowers ; a perfect jungle, six feet from root to spikelets, of Carex
paniculata, with Cinanthe fistulosa, Salix aurita, and other typical
bog plants, combined to make a most entrancing natural picture. On
the massive old ramparts at Berwick, Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC. was in
fine bloom. ‘This is a more northerly station for the Wall Rocket
than Hooker gives (‘from the Cheviots southward’) in the 3rd ed.
‘Student’s Flora.’ Now continuing our walk along the sinuous crests
of the sea cliffs to Burnmouth, we notice Sz/ene maritima, Plantago
maritima, Atriplex patiula, sub-sp. hastata, var. A. triangularis Willd.,
Oct. 1885.

344 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Armeria vulgaris Willd., two rather uncommon forms of the Bent
and Fescue grasses (Agrostis alba var. A. stolonifera and Festuca
rubra, very glaucous), and myriad festoons of Vicia sylvatica all
over the steep cliffs. In the cultivated land, on the one hand, was
Papaver strigosum Boenn., while nearer Burnmouth, Zzvaria minor
and Azra caryophyllea were growing freely on the railway banks of
the North British East Coast line. Marshy places, copses, &c., in
the neighbourhood of our centre of operations, yielded Pyrola minor,
Galium boreale, Epipactis latifolia, Euphorbia Lathyris, and Carex
disticha. From a distance was pointed out to us the known habitats
of Saxifraga Hirculus, and of Corallorhiza innata, and we very much
regretted we had not the time to go and search for them.

Among a splendid collection of Alpines in cultivation at Chirn-
side, we, however, did see the rare Saxifrage, and such good things
(all gathered at British stations) as Geranium lancastriense, Meum
athamanticum, Woodsia hyperborea, and Salix Sadleri Syme, a rooted
specimen of the Willow discovered by the late John Sadler in 1874,
and one of the three or four cuttings taken from the newly-found
plant by the lamented Curator of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edin-
burgh, ‘at as wild a spot as exists in the kingdom, Corry Ceannmor,
Glen Callater, near Braemar.’

Several of the plants we observed were new county and locality
records for Berwickshire. Of the DzAlotaxis tenuifolia I sent a
specimen to Sir J. D. Hooker, C.B., Director of the Royal Gardens,
Kew, who in a note to me says—‘I shall attend to it for the next
edition of “ The Student’s Flora.”’

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Little Auk (Mergulus alle) occurring in July.—The occurrence
of the Little Auk (A@ergulus alle) in July is not altogether unprecedented, for I have
one with all the throat black, which flew on board a ship in the Wash, and was
- captured, about July 16th, 1872. The same is recorded in the Zoologist for 1872
(p. 3228).—J. H. GURNEY, Jun., Northrepps, Norwich, August 4th, 1885.

Curious place for a Cuckoo’s egg.—Whilst searching, in company
with Mr. G. C. Dennis of York, and Mr. J. R. Dore of Huddersfield, for Myra
auroraria and Acidalia straminata (both of which were taken), on Thorne Waste,
July 22nd, I found in a slight hollow, but with no nest, a Cuckoo’s egg. On
picking it up, I at once remarked to Mr. Dennis, that it felt warm, but he thought
there was not more heat than the warm atmosphere would account for. On blow-
ing it the day, or possibly the second day after, I was very much astonished to
find it strongly incubated, and am still quite at a loss to know how it came to be
in such a position. As stated above, there was no nest, beyond the pressed down
withered grass in the slight hollow, and there was no other egg; and being on the
open moor, it is most unlikely it had been placed there by any human agency. It
had no sign whatever, either on the outside or in its contents, of being*an old egg ;
but on the contrary had every appearance of being at the time in process of
incubation. We saw no bird of any kind near it. Can anyone suggest an
explanation ?—G. T. Porritt, Huddersfield, August 13th, 1885.

Naturalist,

345

THE BULL TROUT (SALMO ERIOX).
By J. A. ERSKINE-STUART, L.R.C.S.E.,

Healey, near Batley; President of the Heckmondwike Naturalists Society.
WRITING in the WVaturalist for October 1884, the Rev. M. G. Watkins
asks some one to take up the interesting subject of the Bull Trout, a
very important salmonoid found in many of our rivers, more especially
the Tweed. Asa native of Tweedside, I have been acquainted with
this fish from boyhood, and was certainly surprised to find that
Gunther and other eminent ichthyologists were of opinion that all
the so-called members of the Salmo ertox species might be referred
to the Salmo trutta or Sea Trout. I shall endeavour, shortly and
succinctly, to lay before your readers what can be said for giving the
Bull Trout specific rank. ‘That there are many structural differences
between the Sea and Bull Trout I cannot maintain, but the habits
and distribution of the two fish are so different that, apart altogether
from structural peculiarities, the Salmo eriox may be accounted a
true species. The characters, structural and otherwise, on which my
opinion is based are as follows :—The Sea Trout (Sudmo ¢rutta) never
exceeds 6 lbs. in weight, its flesh cuts red at every season of the year,
its gill-cover (operculum) is slightly tuberculated on its posterior
margin, and the teeth on the vomer are more persistent and more
numerous than in the SS. salar and S. eriox ; the tail is slightly forked
when young, becoming ultimately square in the adult, and is shorter
and smaller than in the other Salmonoid. The Bull Trout (Sa/mo ertox),
on the other hand, runs as high as 20 lbs. to 30 lbs. in weight, its flesh
never cutting red at any time of the year, but being yellowish even at the
height of the season; the posterior border of the gill-cover is rect-
angular, and the teeth are longer and stronger than in either the
S. salar or S. trutta, the vomerine teeth being in the adult nearly all
lost. The Bull Trout jaw is almost as villainous looking as that of
a small shark. The Sea Trout will take the fly freely at all stages of
its growth, while the Bull Trout will only take it when in the grilse
and kelt stages—especially in the latter, when it is ravenous. Sea
Trout are usually found in short tidal rivers communicating with
lochs, such as are found in the West Highlands. Bull Trout, on the
other hand, are generally found in rivers with a long course, and not
influenced by the tide; and where they abound Sea Trout are rarely
seen, as for instance in the river with which I am best acquainted,
the Whitadder, a tributary of the Tweed, in Berwickshire. Probably
the Bull Trout is better known in the Tweed and tributaries than in
any other river (Pennell), and therefore it is good ground for observ-
ing the habits of this fish. The latest authority evidently leans
towards giving the Bull Trout specific rank, for he says :—‘Some
Oct. 1885.

346 ERSKINE-STUART > THE BULL: FROUZ.

suppose the Bull Trout is a hybrid, but if so, it certainly propagates
its species, or from whence come the enormous number which
frequent the Tweed and its tributaries. Dr. Giinther makes Salmo
eviox and Salmo cambricus the same, but the Sewin and the Sea Trout
rarely attain a very large size. The Bull Trout, on the contrary, often
reaches from 20 lbs. to 30 lbs.’—(‘Salmon, Trout, and Grayling.’ By
Ed. Hamilton, M.D., F.L.S.). I am acquainted with an angler who
was landing an ordinary sized trout (S. fario) from the Whitadder,
when a large Bull Trout suddenly jumped from the water, and tore
the trout off his hook, and bolted with it. This has occurred more
than once on this river. It is peculiar that the Whitadder is totally
invaded by this fish, and that the true Salmon (S. sa/ar) never enters
it to spawn. The reason of this I have never heard explained.
Again, the Blackadder, a mossy stream coming out of .the peat bogs,
which joins the Whitadder low down, is never frequented by these
Salmonoids, their instinct evidently leading them to the sister stream,
which is gravelly and clear, and more fitted for spawning purposes.
And further, such a fish as the Sea Trout is very rarely ever seen in
the Whitadder, the S. evzox evidently monopolising it. The Bull
Trout is very destructive to the spawn of the common trout, and also
to the young fry, and the riparian proprietors on the Whitadder now
allow all and sundry to angle for these pirates during the spawning
season, when they readily take either fly or worm. The weight of
evidence given before the Tweed Commissioners is to the effect that
the Bull Trout is a true species. The Bull Trout on Tweedside is
not looked on with much favour as a food supply, and the damage
which it does to the trout fry and spawn in the rivers has rendered
the wholesale destruction of the fish a popular measure of angling
reform in the district. It has even been proposed by some to prevent
these fish from entering the river Whitadder, by presenting a barrier
to their progress at its mouth. How different from the Sea Trout,
whose flesh is nearly as good as true Salmon, and the sport with
which fish is even more exciting than with the true Salmon, in pro-
portion to his size, for he is game to the last, while the Bull Trout
is easily mastered by the angler.

In conclusion, I think we have fair grounds for saying that the
Bull Trout of the Tweed is surely entitled to specific rank, for all
writers are agreed that in that river this fish is seen to possess more
distinctive characters than it generally does elsewhere.

Billhope braes for bucks and raes,
And Casit Haugh for swine,
And Tarras for the good Bull Trout

If he be ta’en in time.—O/d Ballad.
(Quoted by Sir Walter Scott in Notes to the ‘Lay of the I.ast Minstrel.’)

Naturalist,

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. 347

Dr. Hamilton’s work previously mentioned (published by Sampson’
Low, and Co.) is full of all the latest modern views regarding the
Salmonidee, and is well worthy of a careful perusal.

-P.S.—Since these notes were put together, it has been proved by
experiment that the true Salmon and the Common Trout are capable
of forming a cross, but the inquiry is not sufficiently advanced to
found any conclusions upon its results.—J.A.E.S.

NOLES ON’ LEPIDOPTERA.

Heliothis peltigera in Yorkshire.—Several days ago, my friend
Mr. W. Eagle Clarke sent me a moth to identify which he had taken at Kilnsea-
in-Holderness on the 6th of the present month (September). My pleasure may
be imagined when I at once saw it was a specimen of Helzothis peltigera, a very
good species if taken anywhere in Britain, but especially interesting in this case, as
being not only quite new to the list of Yorkshire lepidoptera, but so far as I know
has never previously been recorded as occurring so far north in Britain. Mr.
Clarke (who has kindly given me the specimen) tells me he found it at rest on the
sandhills, and that when taken it was evidently freshly emerged from the pupa.
That being so, let us hope on future visits Mr. Clarke or others may be
fortunate enough to secure more specimens of so interesting an addition to our
county list.—Gro. T. PorRRITT, Huddersfield, September 14th, 1885.

[Reference to Curtis’ ‘ British Entomology’ shows that the species is not new
to Yorkshire, as that work gives ‘ York’ as one of the localities in’which the
insect had occurred. This record seems to have escaped notice when the List
of Yorkshire Lepidoptera was written. It appears to be, as stated in Stainton’s
Manual, very rare, for there is not very much or very precise information accessible
as to where it has been taken. What little there is shows the distribution to be
eminently southern ; it is on record for Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Gloucester,
Dorset, Hants, Sussex, Kent, Surrey, and Middlesex, all contiguous counties
lying along the south coast, while further north the records are for ‘ Wales,’
Cambridge, ‘ Birmingham,’ Cheshire, and ‘ Manchester,’ the two latter no doubt
being different ways of describing the same locality. The European distribution,
as given by Staudinger, corresponds, the species being a south-western one, not
extending into Holland, nor any further north than Southern Germany and
Hungary.—EDs. |

Ennychia cingulalis, &c., at Helmsley.— Mr. James Terry, a
collector of macro-lepidoptera, recently brought me a number of small things to
‘set’ for him, all of which—about thirty of them—lI was pleased to recognise as
£. cingulalis. He had taken the species in great abundance in July, on the Terrace
at Rievaulx. Mr. Terry had also amongst his captures from the same neighbour-
hood Satyrus hyperanthus, Asthena blomeraria, and Venusta cambricaria; the
former he had noticed to be very common but local.—J. W. CARTER, Valley Street,
Bradford, July 30th, 1885.

Localities of Collix sparsata and Kupithecia constrictata.—
In the Bibliography of 1884— Lepidoptera, p. 291—I find that Mr. Owen S. Wilson
has recorded Collix sparsata and Eupithecia constrictata as being ‘only met with in
Yorkshire.’ I have not seen the original record in ‘ Land and Water,’ but it may
be as well to correct such an erroneous impression in the ‘Naturalist.’ I have
taken C. sparsata on Wicken Fen in Cambridgeshire, where it is not uncommon.
E. constrictata is common at Witherslack in Westmoreland, and I have also had
it sent to me to name from Scotland. Both species do occur commonly in their
Yorkshire localities of course. —GEo. T. PORRITT, Huddersfield, Sept. roth, 1885.

Oct. 1885.

348

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT WHITBY.

The fourth meeting for the present year was held at Whitby, for the investiga-
tion of the beautiful valley of the Yorkshire Esk and the noble cliffs of the coast line
near Kettleness and Whitby. The date was the bank holiday {or as it will in
future be the fashion to call it) Lammas Monday, the 3rd of August. Thanks to
the co-operation of the local scientific men, 'the circular issued was a very attractive
one. It set out four routes, which were duly carried out. One party, consisting
mainly of cryptogamic botanists, spent the day, under the leadership of Mr. M. B.
Slater (than whom no one knows Eskdale better), in investigating the upper valley
of the Esk about Arncliffe Wood, a locality famous for mosses and _ hepatics.
A smaller party—of conchologists—also worked the Esk valley, and found its
speciality, Unzo margaritiferus, the Pearl Mussel, in great plenty in the river at
Lealholm Bridge. Mr. Thomas Newbitt, of Whitby, led a party of botanists, &c.,
to Mulgrave Woods. Parties of ornithologists and naturalists of more indefinite
hue visited the cliffs at Kettleness. The geologists, in charge of the Rev. E. Maule
Cole, M.A., worked (and walked) along the coast from Whitby Pier to Sandsend
and Kettleness, returning by train, as indeed did most of the other parties. All
parties converged upon Whitby by about half-past four of the clock; and at
Longhorne’s Station Hotel tea was served and all the meetings were held. At the
general meeting there was a large muster of members—about seventy or eighty—
representing sixteen societies, viz.:—Barnsley, Bradford (Nat. Soc.), Dewsbury,
Driffield, Goole, Halifax, Hull, Ilkley, Leeds (3), Malton, Ovenden, Rotherham,
Scarborough, and York. The chair was occupied by the president of the
Geological section, the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., of Wetwang. The minutes of
the previous meeting having been taken as read, Mr. H. Snowden Ward, of Ilkley,
proposed, and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck seconded, a motion for the admission into
the Union of the Practical Naturalists’ Society (so far as regards its Yorkshire
members, about 50 in number), which was adopted by an unanimous vote.
Three new members were elected, viz.:—Mr. J. W. Addyman, B.A., Starbeck ;
Mr. Thomas Newbitt, Whitby; and Mr. John Stears, Hull. A vote of thanks to
the Marquis of Normanby for permission to investigate Mulgrave Woods, and to
Messrs. Foster for similar permission for Arncliffe Wood; and to Messrs. Thomas
Stephenson, J. T. Sewell, Thomas Newbitt, M. B. Slater, and Rev. E. M. Cole,
for their services in guiding parties during the day or in furnishing information for
the circular, was unanimously adopted, on the motion of the Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A.,
of York, seconded by the Rev. R. M. Norman, M.A., of Maltby. Thanks were
also voted to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society for a gift for the
Union’s Library of 63 volumes of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
The Sectional Reports were then taken as follows :—

For Vertebrate Zoology, the report was given by the secretary of the section,
Mr. James Backhouse, jun., M.B.O.U., of York, who stated that though the
neighbourhood of Whitby is exceptionally well adapted to the researches of the
zoologist, the records for the day were not so numerous as might be expected,
probably due to the fact that most of the members interested in Vertebrate Zoology
were attracted by the sea coast; consequently the list of migratory birds was small,
whilst several interesting resident species were noted, including Rock and Stock
Doves, Greater Spotted Woodpecker (near Grosmont), Rock Pipit, Kestrel, Com-
mon Heron, Blackheaded and Herring Gulls, and Cormorant. The extensive colony
of the last-named species at Kettleness was visited by a few members, and several
young birds in an interesting state of plumage were noticed sitting upon the ledges
of the cliff. This colony, and that on the Speeton Cliffs, near Filey, are the only
ones at present on the Yorkshire coast. . The total number of birds seen during
the day was 43, whilst only 5 were found nesting. Nothing worthy of note was
observed among the other vertebrata.

For the Conchological section the report was given by its president, the
Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., of York, who stated that 19 species only of land and
freshwater mollusca had been observed, viz. :—six water-shells— Presidium pusillum,
Whitby, Uxz0 margaritiferus, the Pearl Mussel, abundant in the Esk at Lealholm
Bridge, this river being the only one in Yorkshire in which it occurs, Planorbis

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT WHITBY. 349

nautileus, abundant in the Abbey pond, Whitby, of which it was the only molluscan
inhabitant, Lzmnea peregra, L. truncatula, in damp places on the undercliffs, and
Ancylus fluviatilis, plentiful on shells of U20 margaritiferus ; three slugs—Arion
ater, Limax agrestis, and L. maximus, all at Egton Bridge ; and ten land shells—
Succinea putris, with LZ. éruncatula on the undercliffs, Zozztes cellarius, Z. alliarius,
Z. nitidulus, Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis, fT. hispida, fT. concinna, Hl. rotundata,
and Zua lubrica, all more or less numerous about Whitby Abbey and the under-
cliffs. The investigations had been made by Messrs. Baker Hudson and Wm.
Coates, of Middlesbrough, W. Denison Roebuck, and Rev. W. C. Hey. The
latter had also collected a few marine shells, amongst which he mentioned Lz¢forvina
saxatilis, L. littorea, L. littoralis, Chiton marginatus, Trochus cinereus, Modiola
modiolus, Anomia ephippium, and Patella vulgata. Of other marine invertebrata,
Uraster rubens and Solaster papposa had been found.

For the Entomological section, in the absence of its officers, Mr. J. H.
Rowntree, of Scarborough, reported that the lepidoptera noted included Satyrus
janira, Metrocampa margaritata, Boarmta rhomboidaria, Abraxas grossulariata,
Eubolia mensuraria, Camptogramma bilineata, and Crdaria russata or tmmanata.

For the Botanical section, the report was given by Mr. Geo. Massee, F.R.M.S.,
of Scarborough, one of the secretaries of the section, who stated that the number of
Phanerogams seen in flower or fruit, including those noted in the district between
Goathland and Grosmont bya small party from Scarborough, previous to the Union
ramble, amounted to 249, amongst which were several of special interest from a
distributional point of view, viz. :—JLnula helenium, Genista tinctoria, Vicia bithynica,
and Lathyrus sylvestris. ‘Twelve ferns were collected, but Osmuznda regalis was not
forthcoming, and it is to be feared has, in common with those of the same species
once so abundant in the Scarborough district, been exterminated by plant poachers.
A single small tuft of Polypodium dryopterts was seen. About 20 species of fungi were
observed, the most noteworthy being “czdium periclyment. Mr. M. B. Slater,
of Malton, supplemented this report in respect of the cryptogamic plants observed.

For the Geological section the report was given by one of its secretaries,
Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., of Leeds, who stated that the members had had a
most practical field excursion. The attendance was exceptionally large, which may
be accounted for by the attractive character of the programme, embracing, as it did,
some of the finest coast scenery in Great Britain. An unpunctual train having
delayed the arrival of the leader, Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., in Whitby, on his
appearance at the rendezvous, Whitby Pier, an immediate start was made in a
northerly direction. Mr. Cole pointed out the dislocation of the strata at this
point, arising from a downthrow to the west of about 150 feet. Walking along the
sands an immense landslip was noticed, which had occurred so recently as two
weeks before. By this immense quantities of drift had been hurled on the beach
below. Had time allowed, no doubt some excellent specimens of ice-borne
boulders with striz might have been observed. In the drift, a little further on
than the landslip, were observed some stratified patches of compact ferruginous
sand, which might possibly have filled up hollows, and immediately underlying
these was a breccia of angular and sub-angular fragments of rock, chiefly derived
from the lias. These would certainly repay a more lengthened and minute study.
A detour was then made to the Sandsend Road, where an outcrop of ironstone
was pointed out. This impure silicious ironstone, very poor in quality, is the
‘ Dogger’ at the base of the lower oolites. A heap of cement doggers from the lias
was noticed on going down to the beach at Sandsend. The way was now taken at
the base of the cliffs towards Kettleness, the vivid colouring of the sections exciting
much admiration. It would require the genius of a great painter to adequately
pourtray them on canvas, and even then, if faithfully reproduced, the magnificent
tints would excite incredulity in those who had not seen the originals. To use the
eloquent words of the leader, ‘ the cliffs on the coast, from Sandsend to Kettleness,
present a colouring which is rarely to be met with. Hugh massive yellow sand-
stones form the top of the cliff; below are green-coated slopes of variegated shales,
and at the base dark blue and black walls of rock, resting on a level, pearly grey
pavement, covered with tangled seaweed. On the shelves of sandstone above.
cormorants, gulls, and jackdaws breed and scream; whilst below, numerous caves,
enlarged by the waves, show where the workers for jet have been engaged.’ The

Oct. 1885.

350 BOOK NOTICE.

beds of hard blue shale of the upper lias of the zone of Ammonites communis now
began toappear. This shale, when weathered, breaks up into very small fragments,
which are unpleasantly smooth to walk upon. In the upper part of this zone are
the cement nodules already noted; below these is the well-known alum shale, such
a profitable article of industry formerly in this district, but which has now
succumbed before the advance of modern chemistry. The members next came
upon the hard, smooth, friable shales of the zone of Ammonites serpentinus, in
which zone, and immediately succeeding these shales, is the compact bituminous
rock in which jet is found. These beds are well exposed, and some specimens of
jet were obtained. Here, too, a solitary jet worker was seen, hewing his way into
the cliff in the pursuit of his precarious livelihood. About this place Mr. Summersgill
found a pretty fair specimen of Ammonites elegans. Next were seen the micaceous
sandy shales of the zone of Ammonites annulatus, but these were much obscured
by the falls of sandstone from above. Continuing the arduous walk, the beds of
the zone of Ammonites spinatus were observed—a terrace of corrugated beds of
ironstone attracting much notice, this being the famous bed from which Cleveland
has reaped so much wealth. ‘The first attempt to tear up the stone from its bed
for industrial purposes was made here by Bewick in 1827, but was soon abandoned
from the difficulty of transit. Turning round Kettleness, the abandoned alum
works were seen—a melancholy monument of a departed industry ; and turning into
Runswick Bay, the cliff was scaled and the train taken at Kettleness station for
Whitby. Comparatively few fossils were obtained, not, however, from their
scarcity, but from lack of time; but it must be remembered that the members of
section F do not go out mere fossil-hunting for the purpose of giving a long list of
portentous names, but make it more a point to study the various agencies—
terrestrial, internal, fluviatile, and marine—which account for the various changes
in the earth’s crust.

The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to Mr. Cole for his services in
the chair.

EP OOTE IN OAT Cre:

The Great Auk, or Garefowl (Alca impennis Linn.): Its
History, Archeology, and Remains.—By Symington Grieve,
Edinburgh. London: Thomas C. Jack, 45, Ludgate Hill. Edinburgh:
Grange Publishing Works, 1885.

The object of this work is a most estimable one, for the history of any animal
that has become extinct, even within historic times, and its rescue as far as
possible from oblivion, is a worthy subject for an authors pen. Especial
importance attaches to the subject of the volume before us, inasmuch as it has not
only become extinct within the memory of persons now living, but also because it
was once a member of the British fauna.

The task of a biographer must have its measure of melancholy, and the
historical portion of this work is far from an exception to the rule, for Mr. Grieve’s
narrative cannot be perused without awakening a feeling of deep sympathy
with the harmless creature which seems to have been ‘done to death’ by man’s
sheer wantonness. We learn that in its western strongholds on the isles of the
great banks of Newfoundland that sailors not only used its flesh as fresh meat,
but even salted it down dy ¢he fon in some instances; and not content with this,
it is recorded that raids were made for sport, and the birds driven into compounds
and burnt alive! Of its eastern habitats—which, so far as Britain is concerned,
included St. Kilda and the Orkneys as breeding stations—the Geirfuglasker, off the
west coast of Iceland, seems to have been the metropolis. Here nature, already
sparing in her gifts to the bird, contributed to its extinction by the submergence of
the islet in 1830, and the bird was compelled to seek a suitable home, unfortunately
nearer to its arch enemy, with the result that the last pair were captured and their
egg smashed on the rock Eldy fourteen years later. A hope had been cherished
by some that the bird might yet exist in the remoteness of the far north, but a
knowledge of its distribution, which by the way is well shown in the book on an
excellent map, proves it to be distinctly a sub-Arctic species, and confined to the
north Atlantic. So much for the true story of the unfortunate Garefowl. Our author
then deals in a series of interesting chapters with the Archzeology and Remains, and

Naturalist,

NOTES AND NEWS. 351

from the former especially, if space permitted, we should wish to dwell upon and cull
items interesting to our readers, as for instance the discovery of a bone in the county
of Durham. Regarding the remains of the Great Auk, the author has prepared
complete lists of skins, eggs, bones, &c., and has been at considerable trouble to
ascertain the history of each specimen, and in addition, an indication is given as to
the location and ownership of them.

A woodcut of the Great Auk in the Central Park Museum, New York, forms
a frontispiece, a couple of admirable coloured plates of the eggs in the Edinburgh
Museum, and a few woodcuts add to the attractiveness of a book whose typography
and general get up leave nothing to be desired.

The author is to be congratulated on the evident thoroughness displayed in working
up his subject from its literature, British and Continental, and also on having obtained
the aid of naturalists having a special knowledge of the subject, or who have taken
interest in the fate of A/ca cmpennis. The result of this commendable zeal is not
only eminently satisfactory, but in addition is of surpassing interest, not only to
the naturalist and the archzeologist, on whom it has the strongest of claims, but
the general reader too will find its pages worthy of perusal.

NOLES AND NEWS.

The last report of the Manchester Scientific Students’ Association contains
a photographic portrait and memoir of Mr. John Hardy, who died on the 15th
September, 1884, at Manchester, at the age of 67. He was an all-round, active,
and indefatigable naturalist, of whose career two counties in the north may well
feel proud. A York man by birth, and a resident in his native county till 1848,
he then accepted a post in Manchester, where he continued to live and work to
the end of his days. His notable achievements date so far back as 1843, when,
being at that time resident in Sheffield, he added to the British list Achzl/ea
tanacetifolia; and in 1866 he was similarly instrumental as regards Leucojus
vermunt, a Dorsetshire plant. In respect of zoology, he wrote in 1864 a list of
British mollusca, with localities assigned to the Manchester species, and the
reports of the Scientific Students’ Association include numerous papers from
him. His collections have partly passed into the museum of the Owens College,
while the recollection of his fascinating personal qualities and of the breadth and
extent of his scientific knowledge will long remain with all who knew him.

>co<—____

The Bradford naturalists have lost one of their most valued and useful members,
Mr. John Firth, who died on the 29th of August, at the age of 53. His studies
were chiefly directed towards birds and lepidoptera, but he took a genuine interest
in most departments of natural history. He was one of the promoters of the
Bradford Naturalists’ Society in August, 1875, was elected its first vice-president,
succeeding to the presidency in 1878, and has held office of some kind or other down
to the last. In 1880, when the society defined a somewhat extensive area for in-
vestigation, and appointed recorders for the various departments for investigation,
Mr. Firth became recorder in Vertebrate Zoology. The Bradford district in 1875.
the year which witnessed the foundation of the Bradford Naturalists’ Society, was
purely ‘virgin ground’ so far as the lepidoptera were concerned, a circumstance
which afforded Mr. Firth and his friends, especially Mr. J. W. Carter (to whom
his friend’s decease will be a bitter personal loss), an excellent opportunity, and one
well made use of, for doing sound original work. Amongst the most interesting of
the captures which rewarded their zeal may be mentioned those of Larentia salicata,
L. olwvata, Geometra papitionaria, Emmelesia affinitata, Acronycta menyanthidis,
and Votodonta dictea, all of which, and more, were added to the local lists by
Mr. Firth. He always took great interest in handing in his records, was strictly
accurate in all his work, and evinced great pride in helping beginners, both with
specimens and information. Before he lived in Bradford he was one of the founders
of the Clayton West Naturalists’ Society, and was for some time a member of the
one at Heckmondwike. During the early years of what is now known as the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, but at that time called the West Riding Consolidated
Naturalists’ Society, he took an active personal share in its work. At his funeral a
beautiful wreath of flowers from the Bradford Naturalists’ Society testified to the
respect and esteem in which he was held by his fellow members, feelings which will
be shared by many naturalists in Yorkshire and elsewhere on hearing of his death.

Oct. 1885.

352
METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR JULY 1885.

EDITED BY GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Moortown, Leeds.

| Atmos
Lea TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). RAINFALL.
| sure.
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| oS E . EXTREMES. ag
NAME OF STATION; _o4 s ~ {3 $| Greatest Fall
5 Ss aati l Soqies E 3
ITS HEIGHT ABOVESEA-LEVEL; | 34 | & Highest Lowest ® |s 5 a
AND | me = Maximum Minimum § 29 Single Day.
NAME G ObseRiEL Ss S € registered. registered. cs ace
to 5 a. S S 5
OS lk p : re Bettis
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3 Oo Ss S) e ° S Dn ton IS) S
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ISLE OF MAN: | :
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A. W. Moore, F.M.S..... y 39.239) 57 94 |.77.9.) 1 24t hs 9 2544 raeionn f
3 BaRROW-IN-FURNESS (—).. p : ‘ g
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. ene TR \ 30°165| 60°40 | 75°0 | 26th 48°o | 13th |2"290| 9 jo*810] roth
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@ | y, phe Curator ........- 2+.
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Sacre Lawtonrng ences} 30° 260| 59°70) 860 | 25th | 4o's | 29th Jo*s80| 7 |o*280| _xoth
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z elie Get ie, f |30°290| 62°70) 93°0 | 25th |. 45'0 | 2nd jo’520] 5 Jorr70| 19th
Gy] | LOUGHBOROUGH (—) .....- : : ole25en f al icaESErayy 3 7th
Wi Beridseuh MisSaa) } 30°81) 6300 89°0 |) 2éth | 44°} ) and flO 140! © lo'o4e ae
TSONDONGu Siem eee te auras 30° 191] 64°30 | 87°0 | 26th 46'0 gth = jo*510} 4 |0°460] xzith
* Not reduced to sea-level.
Wind.—1st Division (Isle of Man) N. 1, N.E. 1, E. 10, S.E. 4,8. 9, 5.W.21) W. 12, N: W. 7, calm 7 days.
end Division: N. 2, N.E. 2, E. 2%, S.E. 3, S. 1%, S.W. 6, W. 7, N.W AG! calm 1 day.
3rd Division: N.1, N.E. 3, E.1,S.E.%, 5. 7,5.W. 9, W.8, N.W. o, calm’ day.
4th Division: N. 2%, N.E. 3 3h, E. 1%,5.E. 3%, 5.3, S.W. 14, W. Gas, ‘N. W.5, calm 1 day.

Gales.—Loughborough only, on 4 days.

Sz0w.—N one.

Bright Sunshine.—\sle of Man, 229°5 hours; Newton-Reigny, 221'2 hours; Stonyhurst, 218°42 hours;
“Hull, 152°5 hours.

Highest ‘Temperature—Isle of Man, 131°3° on sth; Newton-Reigny, 132°5° on 25th; Stonyhurst,
146°4° on 26th; Hull, rr2°5° on 26th ; Leeds, 131°8° on 26th.

Naturalist

—eEeEeEeEeyeeEEEEeEeEeEeEeEeEeEaow

|

S08)
NOTES ON THE AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE.

By JAMES BACKHOUSE, Jun., M.B.0O.U.,
Vork; Secretary of the Vertebrate Section of the Vorkshire Naturalists Union.

In the following paper, I have endeavoured simply to give a faithful
account of observations and inquiries made by myself during the past
eight or ten years in the upper Tees valley. Asa rule, I have confined
my remarks to those species which may be or have been observed
above (z.é., west of) Middleton-in-Teesdale, for of the ornithology
of the valley below that town, I know very Ittle.

Upper Teesdale as a field for general natural history is scarcely
to be surpassed in England. It is a region of basalt overlying and
in some places intersecting the mountain limestone ; which latter
reaches its highest known altitude in the British Islands upon
Micklefell, where it appears at an elevation of 2,500 feet above
the sea-level.

The mountains, heath covered, culminate on the north-west in
Crossfell (2,900 feet), and on the west in Micklefell (nearly 2,600
feet), forming the highest portion of the great Pennine Chain.

The river Tees, rising in the former mountain, traversesa wild moory
valley for ten miles or so, when it reaches a lower level by ‘ Cauldron
Snout,’ where it descends 200 feet; and again, five miles further still,
falls fully seventy feet at the famous ‘ High Force.’

Beyond this point, with the exception of rapids here and there
along its course, there is little or no fall until it finally empties itself
into the German Ocean.

Above Cauldron Snout (before mentioned) the Tees is broadened
out into a lake-like reach, known as the Wheal. ‘This and various
natural mountain tarns and artificial dams (for supplying the lead
mines with water) form the favourite resort of numerous water-fowl,
especially during the winter.

The soil of the valley, where the district is a limestone one, 1s of
the richest quality, and the variation of rock naturally yields a wide
and much varied vegetation.

Even at an elevation of more than 1,200 feet, there is in some
places fine pasture land.

On the Durham side of the Tees, at High Force, a portion of the
country has been planted as forest, and another smaller portion at
Bow Lees, two or three miles lower down the valley. There are,
moreover, two or three smaller plantations at a higher elevation than
the rest, which are devoted to the rearing of Black Game.

On the Yorkshire side of the river there is no wood whatever,
until to within about two miles of Middleton-in-Teesdale, where
Oct. 1885.

354 BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE.

there is a native deciduous wood, probably the remnant of what was,
200 years ago, ‘ Teesdale Forest.” Unmistakable proof has been given
that the whole, or at any rate the greater part, of the region about
which I write was at one time covered by forest.

It_was probably cut down ultimately, partly no doubt for its
timber, and partly on account of the very questionable individuals
who made it a safe retreat, from which they pillaged the surrounding
country.

My most sincere thanks are due to Mr. W. T. Scarth of Staindrop,
for his kindness in permitting me to collect specimens upon the Duke
of Cleveland’s Teesdale estate; also for the hearty co-operation of
his head-keeper, Mr. Hood, and for that of Mr. W. Raine, head-keeper
to Mr. Fawcett.

I have likewise gained much valuable information from my friend
Mr. N. Wearmouth of Newbiggin, who is himself an ardent ornitholo-
gist, and whose beautiful collection of birds, chiefly found in the
district, contains much of value and of interest.

The nomenclature of the following list is in accordance with the
British Ornithologists’ Union List of British Birds.

1. Turdus viscivorus. Missel Thrush.
Resident, fairly abundant, and breeding up to about 1,000 feet.
2. Turdus musicus. Song Thrush.

Resident. Common in the lower parts of the valley, and
breeds regularly.

Turdus iliacus. Redwing.

Appears during hard winters.
4. Turdus pilaris. Fieldfare.

Regular winter visitant.
Turdus merula. Blackbird.

Resident and breeding. Generally and abundantly distributed
throughout the lower portion of the valley. It has also been
found nesting as far as Harwood Plantation (1,300 feet).

6. Turdus torquatus. Ring Ousel.. Zoca/ name—Rock Ousel.

Summer visitant, nesting throughout the valley. This species

has been specially numerous during the past two years ; last year

(1884) a pair nested under Cross Fell, at an elevation of over
2,000) 1eet 5

7. Cinclus aquaticus. Water Ousel. Local xame—Water Crow.

One of the commonest species in the valley, nesting regularly

on most of the tributaries of the Tees.

iON)

On

Naturalist,

10.

Il.

12.

Tee

I 4.

I5.

16.

172

18.

19.

20.

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE. 355

Saxicola cenanthe. Wheatear. Local name—Stonechat.

_ Abundant in summer on all waste places. Breeds up to with-
in a few yards of the summit of Cross Fell (2,900 feet).
Pratincola rubetra. Whinchat.

Common in summer, and breeds up to an elevation of about
1,200 feet.

Pratincola rubicola. Stonechat.

I can find no evidence whatever for the occurrence of this
species in the valley, though it is regularly seen in Weardale, and
breeds there.

Ruticilla phoenicurus. Redstart. :

I have seen this bird at Middleton and at High Force. Breeds
up as high as Forcegarth Scar (1,050 feet).
Erithacus rubecula. Redbreast.

Abundant and breeding regularly.
Sylvia cinerea. Whitethroat.

Summer visitant. Breeds in Ettersgill.
Sylvia curruca. Lesser Whitethroat.

I found nesting last year (1884) on the Yorkshire side of the
Tees, opposite Forcegarth Scar, in a juniper bush.

Sylvia atricapilla. Blackcap.

Summer visitant. Breeds (N. Wearmouth).
Sylvia hortensis. Garden Warbler.

Summer visitant and breeds (N. Wearmouth).
Regulus cristatus. Goldcrest.

Resident. Breeds in the High Force and Bow Lees Woods,
usually selecting a spruce branch over-hanging water for its nest-
ing site.

Phylloscopus rufus. Chiffchaff.

Common during the summer months in the woods, and breeds.
I have noticed in Teesdale, as elsewhere, that the species is
very variable in its appearance.

Phylloscopus trochilus. Willow Wren.

Very common in summer. Breeds regularly. I have found
it as far up as Harwood Plantation, where I suppose it was
nesting.

Phylloscopus sibilatrix. Wood Warbler.

Summer visitant, usually breeding in the Bow Lees and High
Force Woods.

Locustella nevia. Grasshopper Warbler.

Breeds not unfrequently in the neighbourhood of Newbiggin
from which place I have seen its eggs.

Oct. 1885.

356

21.

22.

23,

24.
25.
26.
2a:

28.

29.

30.

22.

39:

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE.

Accentor modularis. Hedge Sparrow.

Resident and breeding.

Acredula rosea. English Long-tailed Titmouse.
Seen now and then in the woods. Has been found nesting

by Mr. Wearmouth.

Parus major. Great Titmouse.

Pretty generally distributed throughout the wooded portions
of the valley. Breeds at Howgill.
Parus britannicus. Cole Titmouse.

Resident, and abundant in the woods. Nests regularly.
Parus ceruleus. Blue Titmouse.

Sedentary, and breeding.

Certhia familiaris. Creeper.

Resident. Breeds in the Bow Lees Woods.
Troglodytes parvulus. Wren.

Resident and breeding.

Motacilla lugubris. Pied Wagtail.

Sedentary, and very abundant in some parts. Breeds ir
Langdon (Mr. Hood).

Motacilla melanope. Grey Wagtail.

Very abundant, and breeds throughout the valley.
Motacilla raii. Yellow Wagtail.

Regular summer visitant, breeding throughout the valley in
the pastures up to an elevation of 1,100 feet or so.

Anthus pratensis. Meadow Pipit. Zocal name—Ling-Squeaker.

One of the very commonest species in the district. Breeds
everywhere upon the moors.

Anthus trivialis. Tree Pipit.

Summer visitant, arriving in May. Fairly abundant in many
places, especially about Newbiggin and the Bow Lees Woods.
Breeds regularly.

Lanius collurio. Red-backed Shrike.

An instance of the breeding of this south-country species in
Teesdale came to my knowledge four or five years ago.
The nest was found by my friend Mr. Wearmouth of Newbiggin,
by the Tees side near to that village, and was built in a low
thorn bush. It contained six eggs, one of them being now in
my own collection. I should have liked the whole clutch, but
Mr. W. preferred to keep the remainder for his own cabinet, which
already contains many interesting and valuable specimens.

A bird of this species was said to have been picked up dead
upon Cronkley Scar-many years ago.

Naturalist,

34.

30°

36.

37:

38.

43.

44.

45:

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE. 357

This season (1885) the cock Red-back has again been

observed near the old breeding place.
Muscicapa grisola. Spotted Flycatcher.

Regular summer visitant to the valley, and breeds.
Muscicapa atricapilla. Pied Flycatcher.

This migrant nests occasionally in the lower and more culti-
vated parts of the valley, but is by no means common.
Hirundo rustica. Swallow.

Found throughout the valley in summer. I possess an egg
taken in May 1884 from an old bari near Moor House ;
elevation 2,000 feet!

Chelidon urbica. House Martin.

Common in summer throughout the valley, and is found
breeding up to about 1,150 feet.
Cotyle riparia. Sand Martin.

There is an extensive colony of these birds about two miles
above Middleton, on the left bank of the nver; beyond that
point I do not think they breed.

Carduelis elegans. Goldfinch.

Occurs not unfrequently during hard winters.
Chrysomitris spinus. Siskin.

Frequently seen in flocks during winter time (N. Wearmouth).
Ligurinus chloris. Greenfinch.

Fairly abundant about the wooded portions of the Tees valley,
and breeds regularly.

Coccothraustes vulgaris. Hawfinch.

Five or six years since a nest was found ina large thorn bush
in Park End Wood, on the Yorkshire side of the Tees, about two
miles north-west of Middleton.

Four examples were also shot at Middleton-in-Teesdale, in
the autumn of 1883.

This year (1885), at the end of July, a male of this species
and a young one, apparently not long out of the nest, were
shot at Middleton, and brought for preservation to Mr. Wear-
mouth, of Newbiggin.

Passer domesticus. House Sparrow.

Seldom if ever ascends higher than the village of Newbiggin,
and even there it seems scarce, whilst numbers may be observed
at Middleton.

Passer montanus. Tree Sparrow.

Has occasionally been found breeding (N. W.).
Fringilla celebs. Chaffinch.

By far the commonest resident woodland bird in the valley.
It completely takes the place of the House Sparrow in the higher

Oct. 1885.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

Be

Be.

53:

54.

DD:

56.

57:

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE.

parts, and numbers may be seen picking about upon the roads
as far as the woods extend. They nest regularly, frequently
choosing the fork of a bird-cherry tree for their lichen-covered
nest. The highest elevation at which I have found this species
nesting is about 1,100 feet.

Linota cannabina. Linnet.

Seen occasionally, but by no means common. Breeds.
Linota rufescens. Lesser Redpoll.

Has been found nesting not unfrequently in the neighbour-
hood of Newbiggin, and I have noticed some in the High Force
Woods.

Linota flavirostris. Twite.

Nest and five eggs found by Mr. Wearmouth near the summit
of one of the fells on the Durham side of the river.
Pyrrhula europea. Bullfinch.

I have frequently seen this bird in the High Force Woods in
summer, from which I judge that it breeds there, but I have
never discovered a nest. It has been found nesting in the Bow
Lees Woods.

Loxia curvirostra. Crossbill.

Has been several times seen near Newbiggin and Middleton
during autumn.

Emberiza miliaria. Common Bunting.

Exceedingly common throughout summer in the meadows.
Breeds regularly.

Emberiza citrinella. Yellow Bunting.

Resident and breeding.

Plectrophanes nivalis. Snow Bunting.

A winter visitant of regular occurrence. This year (1885)
they did not leave the district until the latter end of April or the
beginning of May.

Alauda arvensis. Skylark.
Very abundant, and nests up to a considerable elevation.
Alauda arborea. Wood Lark.

Probably of more frequent occurrence than is generally
supposed. I once observed a bird which I took to be of this
species above High Force.

Sturnus vulgaris. Starling.

Resident, and breeding throughout the valley in*a variety of
places, even as high up as Falcon Clints.

Garrulus glandarius. Jay.

A pair were seen near to Winch Bridge several years since
(N. Wearmouth).

Naturalist,

58.

59:

60.

Ore.

62.

63.

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE. 359

Pica rustica. Magpie.
- Resident and breeds, but not abundantly.
Corvus monedula. Jackdaw.

Found throughout the valley. Breeds near Middleton.
Corvus corone. Carrion Crow.

Nests in Harwood Plantation and upon Cronkley Scar.
Corvus cornix. Hooded Crow.

Common on the fells during winter time.

Corvus frugilegus. Rook.

There is a colony of these birds near Middleton. Higher in
the valley they are also to be met with feeding in the high
pastures.

Corvus corax. Raven.

A species becoming rapidly extinct in the Tees valley, though

it still occasionally nests on Falcon Clints or Cronkley Fell. <A

. pair had a nest upon the former crag in 1884, containing six eggs.

64.

65.

66.

67.

68.

Cypselus apus. Swift.

Summer visitant, occurring throughout the valley from Middleton
to Crossfell, and regularly breeding at the former.
Caprimulgus europeus. Nightjar. Local name—Night Hawk.

Nests not unfrequently among the juniper bushes on the
Yorkshire side of the river.

Gecinus viridis. Green Woodpecker.

Occasionally met with in Park End Wood, and has once been
seen in the High Force Wood.
Alcedo ispida. Kingfisher.

Not uncommon in the lower parts of the valley, where it
breeds.

Cuculus canorus. Cuckoo.

Regular summer visitant. In 1884 an extraordinary number
made their appearance. Mr. Raine, head-keeper to Mr. Fawcett,
observed no fewer than thirteen of these noisy birds during a
single walk round Cronkley Scar.

Strix flammea. Barn Owl.

Occasionally seen in Langdon Beck Plantation.
Asio otus. Long-eared Owl.

Observed now and again in the plantations. Used formerly
to be taken in traps as vermin, but now they are protected.
Asio brachyotus. Short-eared Owl.

Casual visitant to the upper valley.

Syrnium aluco. Tawny Owl.
Has been found in Langdon Plantation.

Oct. 1885.

360 BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE.

73. Buteo vulgaris. Common Buzzard.

Twenty or thirty years ago the Common Buzzard was often
caught upon the Teesdale moors in watchers’ traps, now, how-
ever, they are becoming extremely rare. I think I have only seen
two, and heard of very few more during the past five or six years.

Cronkley Scar and Falcon Clints are places exactly suited to
these birds, which with their cousins the Peregrines will doubtless
turn up there still from time to time, but it is to be feared in
gradually lessening numbers, until Buteo vulgaris and Falco
peregrinus will be ‘rare aves’ of the past.

74. Archibuteo lagopus. Rough-legged Buzzard.

A single specimen was shot at Millbeck near Newbiggin, by
Mr. Wearmouth several years since.

Aquila chrysetus. Golden Eagle.

On old maps ‘ Highcup Scar’ was marked as the ‘ Eagle’s
Chair,’ and there are various other places actually nearer to the
Tees where they probably nested.

75. Accipiter nisus. Sparrow Hawk.
Abundant in the fir woods. Breeds regularly.
77. Faleo peregrinus. Peregrine Falcon.

This noble bird, like the Buzzard, at one time inhabited
Falcon Clints and various other suitable places, rearing its young
annually ; in fact, it would appear that Falcon Clints originally
took its name from this particular species, by which its cliffs
were so commonly inhabited.

78. Faleo esalon. Merlin.

Still, every year, one pair or more of these elegant little Falcons
nest on the high moors, both on the Yorkshire and Durham
sides of the Tees ; and although up to the present time they have
been hunted down as vermin—shot, trapped, or the young ones
destroyed—I have come to the conclusion that even from a
sportsman’s point of view, the amount of harm done by them to
Grouse is so insignificant, that the advisability of allowing these
interesting birds more quarter seems evident.

No doubt people who know most about them will tell you
plainly that they have found young Grouse lying in the immediate
neighbourhood of the Merlin’s nest, probably more than once.
True, but as far as the Tees moors are concerned, I have
repeatedly found that by far the commonest remains round a
Merlin’s nest are zot young Grouse, but Meadow Pipits!

I advocate the preservation of this Falcon, because I consider
that the actual amount of harm done to young Grouse by a
pair of Merlins in a whole year is not sufficient to warrant their

Naturalist,

™I
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No. 124. NOVEMBER, 1885.

mae a

Whe g Su, ANU

ea |
PANT HA

A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
WM DENISON ROEBUCK, ELS,
AND

Wi EAGLE CLARKE, F.L-S:,

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH OKNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Contents:

PAGE

Notes on the Avifauna of Upper Teesdale—7James Backhouse, jun., M.B.O.U. ..361 to 364
(Conclusion)

ee cmon rology of the Northern Carboniferous Shales—G. FR. Vine. .367 to 378

(Part VI., and last.—Carboniferous Shales. Northumberland and North Lancashire, Sa8
Scaur Limestone and Yoredale Rocks. Foraminifera, &c.)

Ornithological Notes :— : 364, 365
he Yorkshire specimen of the Rustic Bunting ; . “Former occurrence of Black Game on
the Blubberhouses Moors—Szr Kalph Payne-Gallwey, Bart., M.B.O.U.; Flamborough
Bird-notes—/Vatthew Bailey; Notes on the Avifauna of W ensleydale— Breeding of Red-
wing and Dunlin—/. Arnold Lees.

Conchological Notes :— a ae oe -- 366

Bulimus acutus in Co. Antrim—-S. A. S tewart, M.Bot.S. Edin.:; ; Amalia gagates in North
Lincolnshire—W7z. Dentson Roebuck, F.L. Ss

Entomological Note :— »- 306
The process of Skin- -casting ina Lepidopterous larva—Zaward Howgate.
Botanical Note :— 378

Polypodium alpestre i in the South of England—George Massee, F.R.M.S.
Palzontological Notes :— 378
Large Ammonite at Hessle— NV. FL Dobrée: Mammalian Remains at Kelsey Hill,

Holderness—/d.
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Blubberhouses 2. is “i a «« 379 to 382
Book Notices :— Susie Oz 383
Report on the Migration Bs Binds j in 1884; ; Geo. Roberts’ Tososroah a nd Natural History
of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood.
Notes and News.. 83 383

ee

Meteorological Returns for August 1g85—(Edited ve Ca. Paul, EG. S., ER. Mets.) . . 384

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1885.

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EXCHANGES.
Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

Fossils, ete.— Will exchange fossils from Lower Ludlow Chalk, Eocene
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Geological Works.—-GEo. E. East, JUN., 10, Basinghall Street, London, E.C.

Eggs Wanted.—Goldcrest, Cuckoo, Redpole, Quail, Woodcock, Little
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Orioles, Firecrests, Snow Buntings, Purple Martin, Red-necked Phalaropes, Water-
rails, Buzzards, and others. WALTER RAINE, 15, Studley Terrace, New Leeds.

Moss Wanted-—Buxbaumia aphylla in fruit. State exchange in mosses.
Mrs. FARQUHARSON, Haughton, Aberdeen.

IMPORTANT NOTICE.—0n the rgth September the Editors received
a communication post-marked ‘ York,’ and directed in a lady’s hand, enclosing
2s. 6d. postal order, but with no clue as to the sender,

WOODSIA HYPERBOREA.—A few spare specimens of this very
rare fern, obtained in Scotland this summer, on sale. Single fronds, 5s. each;
complete specimens, ros. Cash with order.—W. Robinson, West Bank,
Scarborough.

The cheapest dealer in Birds, Skins, Eggs, Butterflies, Moths, Foreign Shells, _

etc., is John Eggleston, Park Place, Sunderland. Lists free.

Ae

79:

80.

86.

87.
88.

89.

go.

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE. 361

destruction ; and while such numbers of Meadow Pipits remain
in Teesdale as there are at present, I cannot think that any
serious loss would be noticed through allowing them to live and
bring up their young in peace.
Tinnunculus alaudarius. Kestrel.

This is another species which I feel compelled to plead for.
Surely it has been strangely overlooked, that the chief food of

this species is zo¢ Grouse, but mice !

Both Kestrels and Owls eat hundreds of these little pests, and
in that way do far more good than the harm of enjoying a Grouse
now and again.

The Kestrel breeds not unfrequently on the crags round the
upper reaches of the Tees.

Ardea cinerea. Heron.
Occurs every now and then on out-of-the-way streams, but is
nowhere common.
Anser brachyrhynchus. Pink-footed Goose.
Seen occasionally on migration.
Cygnus olor. Mute Swan.
“One shot near Middleton years ago (Wearmouth).
Anas boscas. Mallard.

Frequent on the various waters
Tarn, &c., in autumn and winter.
Spatula clypeata. Shoveller.

Has been found on the ‘Wheal’ in winter.

Querquedula crecca. Teal.

May be seen on Cronkley Tarn, California Dam, the Wheal,
&c., from time to time.
(Edemia fusca. Velvet Scoter.

A drake of this species was killed more than forty years ago
in the Tees, near to Cotherstone, and was afterwards examined
by Mr. J. H. Gurney, of Norwich, to whom I am indebted for
the information.

Mareca penelope. Widgeon.

Of frequent occurrence on the high tarns.
Clangula glaucion. Goldeneye.

Has been observed on Coldberry Dam in winter.
Harelda glacialis. Long-tailed Duck.

A bird—presumably of this species—was seen on the Tees,
between Newbiggin and Middleton, two or three years ago by
my friend Mr. Wearmouth.

Mergus merganser. Goosander.
I have seen a specimen shot on the Wheal in winter time.

California Dam, Cronkley

Nov. 1885. R

362

gi.

92.

93:

94.

95:

96.

97:

98.

99:

100.

IO.

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE.

Columba palumbus. Ringdove.

Exceedingly common in the fir woods, where they regularly
breed.

Columba cenas. Stock Dove.

A few breed annually in some high scars immediately above
Middleton, and odd specimens occur from time to time up the
valley.

Phasianus colchicus. Pheasant.

Occasionally to be seen in High Force Plantation.
Perdix cinerea. Partridge.

A few pairs may be met: with now and again on the moors,
and they sometimes breed at Forcegarth Scar, and in Langdon.
Lagopus scoticus. Red Grouse.

For many years past the Teesdale moors have held a high
place in the list of Grouse preserves, and the birds reared upon
them are usually numerous and fine.

A couple of years ago sad havoc was made among the birds
by disease, but they are now becoming very numerous again,
and much damage may be done by over-stocking, through the
destruction of vermin, &c., unless great care be taken.

One species should never be forced into preponderance too
much, or else a true balance, such as nature alone can give, can
never be maintained.

Tetrao tetrix. Black Grouse.

There are three or four plantations specially devoted to the
rearing of these noble birds, and I believe that their numbers
are increasing steadily. i

Rallus aquaticus. Water Rail.

A casual visitant of uncommon occurrence. Sometimes seen

in the marshes of Cronkley Bridge.
Crex pratensis. Corncrake.

An abundant species during the summer months ; breeding to

an elevation of about 1,000 feet.
Gallinula chloropus. Moorhen.

By no means common in the valley. One was shot ten or
twelve years ago near Cronkley Bridge.

Fulica atra. Coot.

Has once been shot near to Newbiggin.

Charadrius pluvialis. Golden Plover. °

One of the commonest, and to my mind one of the most
delightful sounds which greet the naturalist’s ear upon the
desolate moors, is the melancholy cry of the Golden Plover.

Naturalist,

EOZs'

Kon

IO4.

105.

106.

LOY.

108.

109.

IIo.

BACKHOUSE: AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE. 363

They breed regularly in suitable localities, usually selecting a
‘tussocky’ piece of ground among the acres of heather.

Most of the birds arrive at their breeding places about March.
Towards the end of July they congregate in vast numbers upon

_ some favourite feeding ground, previous to taking theirdeparture to

the coast, but some fewremain on the moors throughout the winter.

Squatarola helvetica. Grey Plover.

A pair was shot a few years ago at Middle End, in the neigh-
bourhood of Middleton.

Eudromias morinellus. Dotterel.

Few mountains could be better suited to this interesting bird
than Crossfell, having its summit covered by hummocks of the
high mountain moss, Z7ichostomum lanugtnosum, in which the
Dotterel loves to deposit its richly-marked eggs. A region, too,
frequently enveloped by thick fog, and somewhat difficult of
access. Such conditions induced the birds regularly to rear
their young upon Crossfell formerly, but the march of civilisation
and the favourite pastime of angling, for which their feathers are
largely in demand, have well-nigh driven them away altogether.

During the past two or perhaps three years, I am not aware
that any Dotterels have been seen upon Crossfell, but odd
specimens keep turning up from time to time upon the lower fells.

Vanellus vulgaris. Lapwing.

Very common ; breeding throughout the valley.

Heematopus ostralegus. Oystercatcher.

Has once been known to occur in Lunedale.

Scolopax rusticula. Woodcock. ‘

Found throughout the valley during the winter. They appear
in October and November, leaving again in February and March.

Gallinago celestis. Common Snipe.

Resident, and breeding regularly.

Limnocryptes gallinula. Jack Snipe.

Like the Woodcock in its migratory movements, but not very
numerous. |

Tringa alpina. Dunlin.

Common in summer on the higher fells. Last year I found
them upon Mickle Fell, Meldon Fell, and Dun Fell, upon all of
which mountains they breed, and also upon Green Fell and the
dividing ridge between Teesdale and Weardale.

Machetes pugnax. Ruff.

A Reeve is now and then killed by the Grouse shooters in
August or September.

1885.

Nov.

364 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

111. Calidris arenaria. Sanderling.

I have examined a specimen which was shot some few years
ago in winter by Mr. Wearmouth, by the Tees side, close to
Newbiggin. |

112. Tringoides hypoleucus. Common Sandpiper.

Abundant on most of the tributary streams, as well as on the

main river itself; breeding annually.
113. Numenius arquata. Curlew.
The wild note of this bird may be heard on most of the fells
in summer, and it nests commonly on both sides of the Tees.
114. Sterna fluviatilis. Common Tern.
Accidental visitor of rare occurrence.
115. Larus canus. Common Gull.
Appears only in very stormy weather, or on migration.
116. Larus marinus. Great Black-backed Gull.

One, which I examined, was shot many years ago near Falcon

Clints.
117. Tachybaptes fluviatilis. Little Grebe.
Has been observed on the Wheal during winter.

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.
The Yorkshire specimen of the Rustic Bunting, which formerly

graced Mr. Lawton’s beautiful collection of local birds at Easington, has been pur-
chased by the York Museum, where it rests along with many other county rarities.

Former occurrence of Black Game on the Blubberhouses
Moors.—The following extract from Sir Thomas Frankland’s Game Book for
1798, regarding the former occurrence of the Black Grouse (TZe/rao tetrix) in
Washburndale, may be of interest :—‘ Pullan (the keeper) of Blubberhouse says
that when a boy he shot zz7e (9) black game in one morning on these moors, and
that his mother made them into a pie for the hay-makers.’—RALPH PAYNE-
GALLWEY, Thirkleby Park, October 4th, 1885.

Flamborough Bird-notes.—Our summer visitants are now taking their
departure. They make for the headland wholesale; enormous quantities have been
leaving our shores every day this week. Hundreds of Swallows have come and
gone with a very favourable westerly breeze ; also several Wagtails, Redstarts, and
Wheatears. On September gth, a splendid Wryneck was caught in the harvest-
field of the Rev. Lloyd Greame, Sewerby ; one was also obtained at the same place
about a month ago. Since the departure of the Guillemots, Puffins, and Razorbills
from our coast, their vacant places have been filled up by vast numbers of Terns,
Skuas, Gannets, Shearwaters, &c.—MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, Septem-
ber 18th, 1885.

Notes on the Avifauna of Wensleydale — Breeding of
Redwing and Dunlin.—During the past summer I have had the pleasure of
ascertaining that the Dunlin (777zga alfina L.) breeds on the high, stony moor-
land about Dodd Fell (2,189 ft.), at the head of Gayledale. Two fresh eggs were
were brought to me off Dodd, on June roth, as eggs of the Little Snipe—the bird
being known to the native and other local non-ornithological sportsmen as ‘ Jack’
or ‘ Little’ Snipe only, never as the ‘ Purre.’ I did not suppose the ‘Jack’ Snipe
really bred on our moors, of course, but was not able to refer the local name to the
right bird until July 21st, when, walking over Dodd, my companion, Mr. Albert
Crosfield, recognised as Dunlins young birds which I should have overlooked as
immature Sandpipers. puoi

Naturalist,

_LEES: WENSLEYDALE BIRD-NOTES. 365

It may, perhaps, interest some of your readers to know that the Creeper
(Certhia familiaris) has this year nested in Bain Gill and Ellergate; that the
Short-eared Owl (Aszo brachyotus) nested among the heather on Mossdale Moor ;
that the Reed Bunting (Zyeriza scheniclus) comes up Wensleydale as far as
Hawes, breeding in the sedge by the ‘ backwater’; that the Quail (Coturnzx com-
munis) has not this year nested in the dale to my knowledge; that hereabouts,
where the trees and plantations are not numerous enough (!) to supply sites for the
very abundant Missel Thrush (7zrdus viscivoris), that bird very frequently builds
its nest on (sometimes in) the stone walls of our slopes, as also do the Blackbird
(Zurdus merula) and Song Thrush (7. mzszcus), too, for that matter; that the
Kingfisher (A/cedo isprda) has been unusually plentiful this year on the Yore, four
clutches (20 birds) having to my knowledge fledged off and flown, whilst three
others (16 eggs) were either taken by myself or brought in to me, the latest being
on July 23rd, when 6 unincubated eggs (2 rotten) were taken by Mr. Crosfield
from a rat-hole at Birk Rigg; that the Night-jar (Caprimulgus europeus) has been
unusually common hereaway this year, and the Landrail (Cvex pratensis) positively
abundant, whereas last year (1884) it was decidedly scarce; and finally, most sur-
prising fact of all (!) that this year the Redwing ( 72rdus cliacus) may be said to
have a/most stayed to breed in Wensleydale, the facts concerning which, however,
merit circumstantial recital.

In 1884 (not a very late season, but with bad weather about the time when the
Fieldfares (7urdus pilaris) usually leave this country for the forests of Sweden), as
mentioned in the circular for the Hawes meeting of the Y.N.U., a pair of Redwings
remained about some larches in Blaeberry Car plantation until May 25th, without
showing any disposition to commence nidification. This spring of 1885 was fully
ten days later, as judged by the date of the first blooming of flowering plants, yet
neither Fieldfares nor Redwings remained anything like so late, perhaps because
the weather was just then open and fine. Knowing how late both species stayed in
1884, I was especially anxious to ascertain when they would depart this year, and
so spent much time out of doors, early and late, observing them during April. On
April 15th they remained still in some plenty in several sheltered localities.
On April 16th they were still in Sed Busk Wood. On April 17th, whilst walking
with my son in my garden at Park House, Gayle, our attention was drawn to a
nest mainly of grass outside, not quite so large as a Thrush’s, and rather neat and
tidy, placed in the crown of a weeping willow, not more than six feet from the
ground, and not twenty yards from the house. ‘This nest had most certainly not
been there the night before, for I, my wife and son passed the small tree very many
times a day. Of course a watch was kept; the parents were noisy over their task,
both birds bringing material to complete the nest, which (lined with fine grass and
a little sheep’s wool upon a clay basis) was completed before the night. The birds
were not at all shy, and many a good sight had we of the bright red wing coverts
[This is not quite correct—the wing coverts are wot red, but the flanks or sides
under the wings are], the light eyebrow streak, and the spotted breast. By the
morning one egg was laid—and then, alas!no more. On the 19th wecould see nothing
of the birds, and walks to Blaeberry Car and Sed Busk revealed the fact that
(a month earlier than 1884) the Redwings and Fieldfares had departed. Of course,
why this pair were seized with the nidificatory fever, and not the others about ;
and why, having commenced to lay, the henbird did not linger to rear her brood—
the weather grew brilliantly fine—but felt she must go with the rest, is beyond me
to say: I simply chronicle the fact. After waiting another day, I took the egg,
lest the cats should get it, and a singular egg it is, unlike any other I have. In
shape it is beautifully pyriform, as pear-shaped as any little Plover’s, nearly 1 inch
and 1% lines long, by 8% lines broad ; when first laid the ground colour was
clear pale green (now faded to a light brownish-green), and it is plentifully splashed
and blotched with red and purple-brown two or three shades darker in hue than
the ground colour.

It has just struck me to ask a question: Can a bird put off the laying of an egg
when fully formed in the oviduct? If not, why should not Redwings or Fieldfares,
staying here late, pair and have ova maturing, which ova must be extruded one
would think when ripe, whether on route north or ‘ wind and weather not permitting,’
here in England before the journey? Has anyone ever shot late-staying examples
and noticed eggs in the oviduct ?>—F. A. LEEs. ‘

Nov. 1885. R2

366 CONCHOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

CONCHOLOGICAL NOTES.

Bulimus acutus.—I observe, in conchological notices in number for
present month, that Azlimus acutus is noted for Co.’s Down and Donegal, the
intervening county (Antrim) being left out, It is, however, found in several places
in Antrim, and noted in Thompson’s ‘ Natural History of Ireland.’—S. A.STRWART,
6, North Street, Belfast, 3rd December, 1884.

Amalia gagates in North Lincolnshire.—I have to chronicle an
additional county for this interesting but imperfectly understood species. Among
some slugs obligingly sent by Mr. J. Eardley Mason, of the Sycamores, Alford,
and which were collected by his sons in the garden there, were a couple of examples,
one adult, the other very young, of the var. p/umbea of this species. On com-
municating with Mr. Mason he sent some more specimens, one of them of the same
variety, but the other was of the typical form, and particularly interesting to me
because—although I have seen scores of the var. p/umbea from numerous British
and foreign localities—I had never before seen an example which could be referred
to the type, defined as being black on the back. Writing this note reminds me
that this species appears, from the observations of Mr. Taylor and myself, to be
by no means so rare an animal as the text-books would lead one to suppose. Many
conchologists are, however, unable to discriminate it from the other British keeled
slug, Amalia marginata, though the differences are obvious enough with a little
attention. Why has it not yet been found in Yorkshire? It occurs plentifully in
county Durham, and, as we now know, in North Lincolnshire.—W. DENISON
ROEBUCK, Leeds, September 12th, 1885.

ENLOMOLOGICAL NOLL.

The process of skin-casting in a Lepidopterous larva.—
The following account of a larva casting its skin may be of interest, and may also
throw some light on the curious phenomenon of ‘ moulting,’ for in many works on
entomology we are only told that ‘the skin breaks at the back near the head, and
that the larva walks out of its skin after a due amount of twitching and wriggling.’
Whilst examining a looper caterpillar, about *% inch long and very transparent,
under the microscope, I was very much struck with a peculiar internal movement—
each separate segment, commencing at the head, elongated within the outer skin
whilst the next ones remained in their former state. Each segment in its turn
behaved in this curious manner until the last was reached, when the motion was
reversed and proceeded towards the head, when it was again reversed. I only
saw this process of elongation accomplished three times, although it may have
been going on for some time before I captured the caterpillar, which I found in a
quiescent state. The whole proceeding appeared as if the larva was gliding
within itself, segment after segment, the outer skin remaining stationary as if held
by the other segments, whilst the particular one in motion freed itself within.
After remaining motionless for a short interval the skin near the head swelled and
burst open at the back; then I became aware of the fact that the curious process
of ‘moulting’ was going on before my eyes. Presently out comes the head of the
new caterpillar, pushing forward the old one; looking wonderfully clean with its
ten shining black eyes on a cream coloured ground. After a short struggle the
new true legs, transparent fleshy limbs, very much resembling those of a newly-
hatched spider, appear, pushing off and treading under foot the old ones. The
outer skin must have suddenly contracted, and although I did not see the actual
process of contracting, I conclude such was the case, for on examining the
latter segments, there I found the skin and the old true legs shrivelled up. The
larva then, by a series of wild wriggles, endeavoured to extricate its new prolegs
(false legs), which in a short time it accomplished. Then all is clear, and the
larva, which is quite exhausted, coils itself up and literally pants* for breath.
When it has ‘ got its wind,’ it wanders off probably in search of the food which it has
well earned. I have no doubt that such is the process with all larve, although
the internal movements of most, especially those having thick and opaque skins,
cannot be so easily watched as the young and more transparent ones.—-EDWARD
HowcGaTeE, Water Hall, Mirfield, 16th September, 1885.

Naturalist,

367

MICRO-PALHONTOLOGY OF THE NORTHERN
CARBONIFEROUS SHALES.

By GEORGE R. VINE,
Attercliffe, Sheffield; Secretary of the British Association Committee on Fossil Polyzoa.

(Concluded from page 320.)

VI—CARBONIFEROUS SHALES, NORTHUMBERLAND AND
NORTH LANCASHIRE, &. SCAUR LIMESTONE AND
YOREDALE ROCKS, FORAMINIFERA, &c.

THE Foraminifera of these Northern Rocks have been so well worked
by Mr. H. B. Brady, Prof. Lebour, and the Rev. W. Howchin, that
it may appear at first sight almost superfluous to refer to them at all.
As, however, the Monograph is not in everybody’s hands, and as
students of these papers may have some difficulty in referring to its
pages, unless they live in the vicinity of large libraries, I need not
make any further apology than this, as an introduction to the following
remarks on species 1n my own cabinet.

The Foraminifera both of the Upper and Lower Shales are
tolerably well preserved in the Northumberland districts; and the
few species that I owe to the kindness of Mr. J. W. Kirkby, from
the North Lancashire districts, are also very fine. Species, however,
are not what may be called abundant in any of the Shale washings
originally supplied to me by the Rev. W. Howchin ; but immediately
after the publication of the first of this series of papers, Prof. G. A.
Lebour sent me the following list of the horizon and range of species
in Northumberland. I have not as yet met with the whole of the
Foraminifera catalogued, and against the absent forms, according
to my own experience, I place (*) after the figures, and where
my specimens are doubtful (?).

BERNICEAN FORAMINIFERA OF NORTHUMBERLAND,
After H. B. BRADY and Prof. G. A. LEBOUR.

|

| Lower Upper
| GENERA AND SPECIES. Pees ie cenacatae
| Limestone. Rocks.

1*| Archiediscus karreri Brady ... | * |

2?| Bigenerina patula Brady =

3. | Endothyra ammonoides Brady *

4 Ss bowmani Pizllips *

5? an crassa Brady... *

6? i globulus Zzchwald uae ak * 3

qe 5 macella Brady ... aa as one *

8 oc obliqua Brady ... ae # sae % | *

Nov. 1885.

368 VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY.

9 _ Endothyra ornata Brady | 4
IO a radiata Brady | % *
112. rage howchiniana Brady | z #
12* », lebouriana Brady x

Ie | 5» -parkeriana Brady ..: ae
14 ?} Lituola nautiloidea Lamarck ‘3
I 5 | Saccammina carteri Brady .. *

Stacheia acervalis Brady %

? | » congesta Brady i s
1§ >| »5 | dusiformis Brady* -.: | sp %
19 »» . polytrematoides Brady * ie
20 », pupoides Brady = =
21 | Textularia eximia Zichwald... * -
22 os gibbosa D’ Orbigny ey eo
23* | Trochammina anceps Brady =
24* by: annularis Brady e
AST oth, Mn aCeOtnlUpa Db 7Ady 7 aes ie i ;
26.45) a gordialis Parker anid Jones. |
ry ae | incerta is : fs al sg
28 | Valvulina paleotrochus £/7 enberg .. a ‘
295-1 3 plicata Brady z

30 | a youngi Brady

From this list it will be seen that five species of Foraminifera
belong to Lower Bernicean rocks, eight to the Upper, and that
seventeen species range from the Lower to the Upper, and these are
among the most common of the Carboniferous Foraminifera, some of
them having a very wide geographical distribution. In the following
notes, however, some of the species marked only Lower Bernicean
in the list, I have found in the Upper or Yoredale Shales both of
Northumberland and North Lancashire.

In the Monograph of Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera of
Mr. Brady, the classification of the species differs from that adopted
by: Prof. T. Rupert=Jones, F.R.S., in) the. Catalogue of Fossil
Foraminifera in the collection of the British Museum (1882). This
work may be obtained from the Trustees, through any bookseller,
and the student of fossil foraminifera will find it to be a very useful
hand-book. In following this classification then, it must not be
premised that I do so out of any desire to place myself on a level
with, or in opposition to, specialists like Prof. T. Rupert Jones or
Mr. H. B. Brady. I accept the arrangement because it is a later
production than that of the monograph, and Mr. Jones says that it is
adapted from the table in Mr. H. B. Brady’s ‘Notes on Reticularian
Rhizopoda’ (Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc., N.S., Vol. xxi.).

Division A.—IMPERFORATA.
Subdivision I.—CHITONACEA.

Fam. I1.—GROMIDZ.

Naturalist,

VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY. 369

Subdivision II.—CALCAREA (PORCELLANEA),
Fam. IIl.—M/LIOLIDE.
Subdivision IIJI—ARENACEA.
Fam. III.—ASTRORAIZIDA.
Carboniferous Foraminifera: Saccammina M. Sars.
Fam. I1V.—LITUOLIDA.

Carboniferous Foraminifera: Zztwola Lamarck; Haplophragmium
Reuss; Zvochammina Parker and Jones; LVodosinella Brady ; Endothyra
Phillips ; Stacheca Brady. The Genus Chmacammina Brady is not given

in this list.
Fam. V.—PARKERID-A.

Division B.—PERFORATA.
Fam. VIL.—7TEXTULARIDA.
Carboniferous Foraminifera: Zextularia Defrance; Bigenerina
D’Orbigny ; Valvulina D’Orbigny.
Fam. VII.—CH/LOSTOMELLIDA.
Fam. VIII.—ZLAGE NIDA.

Carboniferous Foraminifera: Lagena Walker and Jacob; Vodosaria
Lamarck ; Dentalina D’Orbigny.
Fam. IX.—GZLOLIGERINIDA.
Fam. X.—ROTALIDA.
Fam. XI.—VAMULINIDA:.

Carboniferous Foraminifera (8. Wamulitina): Archediscus Brady.

In the above classification I give the names of those genera only
in which carboniferous species are placed.

Subdivision II]L.—ARENACEA.
Fam. III].—ASTRORHIZIDA.
Genus SACCAMMINA M. Sars.
1 Saccammina carteri Brady =Carteria sp. Brady.

1871. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., H. B. Brady.
1876. Monog. Carb. and Permian Foram., H. B. Brady,
Obie OS vlan 1 778 oll, Dalle, Ge 6.

This very peculiar foraminifera is abundant in the Elf
Hills Quarries, but the species is widely distributed. In Wales
Saccammina Limestone is abundant in one locality especially,
Nov. 1885.

37° VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY.

Minera, and examples have been found two and three chambered.
It is best to make sections of the Limestone.

florizon and Localities.—ScauR LIMESTONE: Gaythorn. YoRE-
DALE: Elf Hills. abundant; Hurst, North Yorkshire. Mr. Brady
gives nine localities in the Four-fathom Limestone, and one in the
Gt. Limestone of the Northern Counties, and one locality in York-
shire and one locality in Scotland. In Belgium the species is found
in the Calcaire de Vise.

Fam. IV.—ZI7TUOLIDZA.
Genus LITUOLA Lamarck.

2 Lituola nautiloidea Lamarck.
1876. Monog. Carb. Perm. Foram., Brady, p. 63, pl. viil.,
figs. 7-2-6-1.

This species I have not found in my material. Mr. Brady says
that it has only been found in one locality, where it is very rare, and
represented by only one or two specimens.

Horizon and Locality—ScaurR LIMESTONE: Bottom Limestone,
Skelly Gate, near Redesdale, Northumberland.

Genus ? CLIMACAMMINA Brady.

= Textularia Brady (pars).
3 Climacammina antiqua? Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm.
Foram., p. 68, pl. i, figs. 1-9.
= Textularia id. Young and Armstrong, 1871.
= Climacammina antigua Brady, 1873. Mem. Geol. Survey
Scot., sheet 23.

I have only one poor example of this species from the Northum-
berland Shales, and after comparing with the Scotch examples, I place
it here doubtfully. My Redesdale (crushed specimens), that I
formerly regarded as belonging to this species, I now place with the
Lextularia group.

Florizon and Localities.—ScAuR iecrone SERIES : Skelly Gate,
Northumberland. YoREDALE: Fourstones and Green Leighton
(Brady).

Genus TROCHAMMINA Parker and Jones.

4 Trochammina incerta D’Orb.
1876. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram., Brady, p. 71, pl. i1.,
figs 10-14. %
This very common and widely-distributed species is present in
several of the Shales of Northumberland; but the best way to get
transparent specimens is to mount some of the finest siftings in

Naturalist,

—

VINE: MICRO-PALEONTOLOGY. at

balsam, but some of the larger specimens may be picked out and
mounted dry. Mr. Brady gives a long list of references and synonyms
of this species.

Fforizon and Localities—ScAuR LIMESTONE SERIES: Lamberton
Limestone Lowest Bernicean (Lebour); Redesdale; Skelly Gate.
YOREDALE: Elf Hills, Fo.stones, Ingoe, Scremerton Limestone
(Lebour), Northumberland; Hurst, Yorkshire

5 Trochammina gordialis Parker and Jones.. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., 1869.
1876. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram., p. 77, pl. iii.,
figs. 1-3.
I have only one example of this species.
Fforizon and Locality—YOREDALE: Ingoe, Northumberland.
E!f Hills Quarries (Brady) the only other English locality.

6 Trochammina centrifuga Brady.
= Jnvolutina id. Brady. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Exeter Meeting,
Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram., p. 74, pl. 11., figs. 15-20.
HTorizon and Localities.—SCauR LIMESTONE SERIES: Redesdale,
rather abundant ; Skelly Gate, Northumberland. YorEeDALE: Hurst,
North Yorkshire, rather rare; Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland.

Genus ENDOTHYRA Phillips.

Species belonging to this genus are rather abundant in the
Carboniferous Shales, but not so abundant in the Northumberland
as in the Scotch Shales. I find that the best way to obtain examples
is to mount some of the finest siftings in balsam. In the Shales
obtained from Gair, Upper LimestoneSeries, Scotland, all the finer mud-
like siftings are literally full of Hdothyra and Trochammina species.

7 Endothyra ornata Brady.
1876. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram., p. 99, pl. vi, figs. 1-4.

This species is not so abundant in the North of England. It is
rather a Southern form, and is found in several localities in the
Bristol district. I have no record of it, as obtained from my own
material. In my North Lancashire material I have two examples
that I believe may be referred to the species.

Horizon and Localities —ScauR LIMESTONE: Castleton, Derby-
shire (?); Skelly Gate (Brady); Kendle Limestone (? Brady). Yore-
DALE: Fourstones, Northumberland ; Gleaston Castle, North Lanca-
shire.

Nov. 1885.

372 VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY.

8 Endothyra obliqua Brady.
= Lnvolutina obligua Brady. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Exeter, 1869.
=Lndothyra obliqgua Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm.
Foram., 1876, p. 100, pl. vi., figs. 5-6.

This species also is from my North Lancashire material, but it is
not so fine as some of the Irish examples given to me by Mr. Howchin.
The species is very rare, and not always in a good state of preservation.

Florizon and Localities —SCauR LIMESTONE: Skelly Gate (Brady);
Northumberland. YoREDALE: Gleaston Castle, North Lancashire.
Other localities given by Mr. Brady: Sturaway Mine, North Wales ;
Abden, Scotland; Castle Espie, Ireland.

9 Endothyra bowmani Phillips, 1845. Proceed. Yorks. Geol.
and Polytec. Soc.

1856. = Rotalia Baileyt Hall. Trans. Albany Inst.

1869. = Lnvolutina lobata Brady. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Exeter.

1871. =Lnvolutina lobata Brady. ‘Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow.

1873.=L£dothyra Bowmant Brady. Mem. Geol. Survey,
Scotland, sheet 23.

1876. = Endothyra Bowmani Brady. Monog. Carb. and
Perm. Foram:, p: 92; pk. v.,/figs: 124:

This species is rather more abundant in the Northern Shales, but
I have not been successful in obtaining many examples in my
Northumberland material. In his remarks on this species, Mr.
Brady “says, “ The~ Indiana limestone: s .) 21)>.. a Ss raeevelivy
remarkable microzoic rock. In appearance it is not unlike a white
Oolite, but almost every individual grain is a specimen of this
rotaliform Foraminifera; there is indeed scarcely enough of the
calcareous matrix to cement the fossils permanently together.”

LFlorizon and Localities—ScauR LIMESTONE: Redesdale, Skelly
Gate. Mr. Brady gives several other localities for the species in
Northumberland. YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland;
Hurst, Yorkshire (several localities, Brady).

to Endothyra ammonoides Brady.

1876. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram., p. 94, pl. v., figs. 5-6.

This beautifully transparent species is the most abundant of all
the Scotch Foraminifera, but in Gair it is exceptionally abundant in
the finest mud-like siftings. When years ago I was washing the
virgin clay from this locality, I was surprised to see the quantity of
mud passing through my hands before my fossils were apparently
clean. Before, however, I had completed the washing, I gathered
up some of the fine mud and examined it under the microscope ; it
was well I did, because this stuff was literally crammed with minute

Naturalist,

VINE : MICRO-PALEZONTOLOGY. 373

forms—TZyvochammine of three or four species, and Eudothyre of
several species, but 4. ammonoides was very abundant. This fine
stuff is best mounted in Balsam. ‘The species is not abundant in
any one of the Northumberland Shales, but I have found it in the
finer shales of Ingoe when mounted in the way recommended. In
the example of the species that Mr. Brady figures, there are 157
segments.
Horizon and Localities.—ScauR LIMESTONE: Kendal Limestone
(Brady). YOREDALE: Ingoe, Northumberland. Several localities
given by Mr. Brady. Hurst, North Yorkshire.
11 Endothyra radiata Brady.
1869. JLnvolutina radiata Brady. Rep. Brit. Assoc.
371: - Brady. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glas.
1873. Endoth wyra radiata Brady. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glas.,
and Mem. Geol. Surv., Scotland.
1876. Lndothyra radiata Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm.
Foram., p. 97, pl. v., figs. 10-12.
This species is not abundant, so far as my experience goes, in
the Scaur Limestone series in either Scotland er Northumberland, but
in my Castleton material it is a very common form. In the Yoredale
series it is found in several localities.
Florizon and Localities. —ScauR LIMESTONE: Castleton, Derby-
shire, abundant; Redesdale, Northumberland. YorEDALE: Four-
stones, Ingoe (Belsay, Coquetdale, Brady), Northumberland; Hurst,
Yorkshire.
12 Endothyra crassa Brady. (Monog., p. 97, pl. v., figs. 15-17,
Lower Bernicean.)

13 Endothyra globulus Eichwald. (Monog., p. 95, pl. v., figs.
7-9, Upper and Lower Bernicean.)

14 Endothyra macella Brady. (Monog,, p. 98, pl. v., figs. 13-14,
Upper and Lower Bernicean.)

I cannot give these three species as found by myself in the
Northern Shales, unless I was to place (?) against my findings. I
have a few obscure forms that I thus place as £. globulus, and a
doubtful Z. crassa. I have both of the forms in my Castleton and
in my Hurst material, but even here they are rare.

Genus STACHEIA Brady.

Test normally adherent, composed either of numerous segments,
subdivided in their interior, or of an acervuline mass, sometimes
arranged in layers, sometimes confused. Texture subarenaceous,
imperforate. (H. B. Brady, Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.)

Novy. 1885.

374 VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY.

This curious group of Foraminifera I should rather prefer to give
on the authority of Mr. Brady than on my own, although I have
several of the species from different Northern localities.

15 Stacheia marginulinoides Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm.
Foram., p. 112, pl. vil, figs. 16-21.

This I have recorded for Redesdale, but Mr. Brady does not give
it as a Scaur Limestone form in the Northern Shales, but he quotes it
in the Lower Limestone series of Scotland.

16 Stacheia pupoides Brady. (Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.,
p. 115, pl. vill, figs. 17-27.) Scaur LimEsToNE: Skelly
Gate, but rare. YOREDALE: Fourstones, Northumberland;
Hurst, North Yorkshire.

17 Stacheia acervalis Brady. (Op. cit., p. 116, pl. ix., figs. 6-8.)
YOREDALE: Fourstones (?). :

18 Stacheia fusiformis Brady. (Op. cit., p. 114, pl. 8, figs. 12-16.)
ScAUR LIMESTONE: Skelly Gate (?).

19 Stacheia congesta (?) Brady. (Op. cit., p. 117, pl. ix., figs.
1-5.) Forms doubtful.

20 Stacheia polytrematoides Brady.
= S. polytremoides Vine. (See ante, list, p. 39, No. 24.)
=S. polytrematoides Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm.

Foram., p. 118, pl. ix., figs. 10-13.

My examples of this species derived from the Northumberland
Shales are rather poor and dwarfish, but from one locality in the
North Lancashire material specimens are fine, and the areolated
surfaces well marked. My North Yorkshire specimens I place rather
doubtfully here. ;

florizon and Locatities.—SCAUR LIMESTONE: Skelly Gate. Yore-
DALE: Fourstones (?), Ingoe, Northumberland; Hurst (?), North
Yorkshire ; Little Urswick, North Lancashire.

Division 8.—PERFORATA.,
Fam. VI.—Z7EAXTULARIDE.

Genus) TEXTU LARIA ) Delrance:

Mr. Brady in his Monograph gives several references and also a
fairish number of synonyms, to which reference may be made; but
either the names Zextularza Defrance, or Textilaria Whrenberg, seems
to have been adopted by an almost equal number of authors. 7

Shell free, regular, equilateral, conical, pyriform, oblong, or
cuneiform. Segments numerous, arranged in two alternate parallel

Naturailst,

VINE: MICRO-PALZEONTOLOGY. 375

series, septal orifice at the centre of the umbilical margin of each
segment, close to its line of contact with the preceding opposite
segment. Aperture simple or labyrinthic. (Brady, Monog. Carb. and
Perm. Foram.)

In this family are placed genera whose species seem to be the
most abundant of the Carboniferous Foraminifera. Members, too,
have the longest range in time. TZextwlaria species range from the
Silurian rocks to the present seas; and Va/vulina species are very
abundant in the chalk detritus of Kent, and are found in the lower
and middle Tertiary, and also in the present seas ; while Bzgenerina
is living in the Mediterranean or Adriatic Seas.

21 Textularia gibbosa D’Orb.

1826. TZextularia gibbosa D’Orb. Ann. Sci. Nat.

1854. TZextilaria recurvata (?) Ehrenb. Microgeology,
DIX XA GENO! Ils te Lae

1854. Zextilaria lagenosa (?) Ehrenb. Microgeology, /bzd,
fig. 15.

1865-1871. TZextularia gibbosa Parker and Jones. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist. .

1875. Zextularia gibbosa Brady. Monog. Carb.and Perm.
Horam. icC;,9) 132, pl--x. pile. 20:

This species is present in the Carboniferous material of both
North Yorkshire and also Northumberland, and it is present, though -
rare, in my Derbyshire material. It is rather more abundant in the
Scotch Shales. I have some very fine examples from several
localities. —

Horizon and Localities.—Scaur LIMESTONE: Derbyshire and
Wales; Redesdale and Skelly Gate, Northumberland. YOREDALE:
Hurst, North Yorkshire ; Fourstones and Lowick, Northumberland.

22 Textularia eximia D’Eichw. lLethza Rossica, vol. I.,
p. 355- Jd. Brady, Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.,
De gi2ye pla x55 e247 210:

I have several examples of this species from the Northumberland
Shales, but I find that it is rather rare in other English localities.
Mr. Brady, however, says (Monog., p. 132): ‘By far the larger
number of Carboniferous Zextulari@ have the characters of 7! exzmia.
In England it is found more or less frequently throughout the
Carboniferous series.’

Fforizon and Localities —ScauR LIMESTONE: Redesdale, Skelly
Gate. YOREDALE: Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland.

Nov. 1885.

376 VINE: MICRO-PALZONTOLOGY.

Sub-genus BIGENERINA D’Orbigny.

23 Bigenerina patula (?) Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm.
Foram., p. 136, pl. vill, figs. to-11, and pl. x., figs.
30-31.

Examples apparently of this species I have from two English
localities, but after very careful study I place them here doubtfully,
especially so as Mr. Brady says (op. cit., p. 137): ‘In England JB.
patula has only been found in the saccammina-limestone of Elf Hills,
Northumberland.’

Horizon and Locality.—Lowick (?), Northumberland; Castleton (),
Derbyshire.

Genus VALVULINA D’Orbigny.

= Letraxitis Ehrenb. Zextilaria (part) Ehrenb.

24 Valvulina paleotrochus Ehrenb.
= Textilaria id. Ehrenb. (See Brady for other synonyms. )
= Lnvolutina conica Brady. (Young and Armstrong’s Cat.)
Valvulina paleotrochus Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm.
Foram., p. 83, pl. iv., figs. 1-4.

This is the most abundant form that I have met with in the
Carboniferous Shales of England. Mr. Brady also remarks (op. cit.
p- 85) that this ‘is perhaps the commonest and most generally diffused’
of all the smaller Carboniferous Foraminifera.

florizon and Localities—Scaur LIMESTONE: Castleton, Meroe
shire ; Arnside, North Lancashire; Redesdale, Skelly Gate, Northum-
evland. YOREDALE: Hurst, Yorkshire; Gleaston Castle, North
Lancashire ; Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland.

25 Valvulina paleotrochus var. compressa Brady. Monog. Carb.

and Perm. Foram., p. 85, pl. iv., figs. 5-a, 0.

By no means so abundant as the typical species.

florizon and Localities —ScauR LIMESTONE: Castleton, Derby-
shire; Redesdale, Skelly Gate, Northumberland. YoREDALE: Gleaston
Castle, Little Urswick, North Lancashire; Ingoe, Northumberland.

26 Valvulina decurrens Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.,

De O75) Disclll. HES yar.

‘The outspread forms, of which Valvulina decurrens is the repre-
sentative, stand in somewhat the same relation to V. paleotrochus as
that of Zrochammina incerta bears to the regular septate type of its
own group. In neither genus can any hard line of demarcation be
drawn between the successive “‘species”’ (op. cit., p. 87).

Florizon and Localities—ScauR LIMESTONE: Castleton, Derby-
shire, rather rare; Redesdale, Skelly Gate, Northumberland. Yore-

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VINE: MICRO-PALEZONTOLOGY. 379

DALE: Holker Park, Gleaston Castle, Little Urswick, North Lanca-
shire ; Fourstones, Ingoe, Northumberland.

27 Valvulina plicata Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.,

p. 38, pl. iv., figs. 10-11.

This is a very rare form, so far as my own experience goes; but I
have it from a few localities, both in Scotland and England.

LFforizon and Localities.—SCAUR LIMESTONE: Castleton, Derby-
shire, very rare. YOREDALE: Ingoe, Northumberland.

28 Walvulina youngii Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.,

p. 86, pl. iv., figs. 6-8-9.

In his Monograph, Mr. Brady says of the distribution of this
species (p.86): ‘In England only noticed hitherto in one locality in
the Lower Limestone series—viz., Fallowlees, Northumberland. In
Scotland, at several localities pertaining to the Lower Carboniferous
Limestone group, but not in any other portion of the series. In all
cases very rare.’ This is a beautiful and unmistakable form, and
I am very glad to be able to add to the number of localities.

Florizon and Localities —ScauR LIMESTONE: Castleton, Derby-
shire. YOREDALE: Hurst, Yorkshire ; Gleaston Castle, Little Urs-
wick, North Lancashire—very fine examples at Gleaston.

29 Valvulina youngii var. contraria Brady. Monog. Carb. and

Reims Oram.) p: O74 pl. ave, tes, ya) o:

Horizon and Localities—ScauR LIMESTONE SERIES: Castleton,
Derbyshire. While the type is rare in this locality, the variety is
rather common. YOREDALE: Hurst, North Yorkshire; Gleaston
Castle, North Lancashire.

Fam. VIII.—ZLAGENIDA..
Genus LAGENA Walker and Jacob.

30 Lagena howchiniana Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.,
pee, pl sey figs: 145.

Localities.—Redesdale and Fourstones, Brady (not in my collec-
tion). |

31 Lagena parkeriana Brady. Monog. Carb. and Perm. Foram.,

Dp: 120) pls ville figs. 2-5. |
=Lagena lebourtana Vine. (Naturalist, see ante, p. 9,
ist Nos):

Because of certain peculiarities of the surface markings of one of
my examples, I was inclined to believe that I had discovered this
species in a lower horizon than that recorded by Prof. Lebour. After
carefully comparing my specimen with the figures of Mr. Brady
(Monog., pl. viii., fig. 6), I must be allowed to withdraw the reference,
Nov. 1885.

378 PALEONTOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL NOTES.

especially so as Prof. Lebour was the first to direct my attention to
the misplacement.

Horizon and Localities—ScauR LIMESTONE SERIES: Redesdale,

Northumberland. Brady gives Elf Hills and Fourstones.

This completes my list of the Foraminifera from these Northern
Shales, and I have purposely given a rather full reference to the
labours of Mr. Brady, because I believe, as before stated, that the
work is difficult of access to the generality of students. It is now
to be hoped that better work than was possible to me, will follow ;
and by others, to whom the material may be more accessible.

With regard to the other examples of the micro-organisms of these
Upper Shales, it may be well to furnish a few details. In the Four-
stones and Lowick material, besides fragments of Echinoderms of
two or three species, there are a few minute Brachiopoda (spawn ?),
and two examples of Gasteropods ; but these are very, very rare. In
the Prudhowe Quarry rotted limestone material I have been able to
pick out spines and plates of Arch@ocidaris urei ? Fleming, and also
what I believe to be fragments of Pusocrinus globularis ? De Kon., and
plates of Palechinus. I have not, however, met with any examples
of Foraminifera, Polyzoa, or Entomostraca, in the material from this
locality.

PALZONTIOLOGICAL NOLES:

Large Ammonite at Hessle.—-I am indebted to Mr. J. Sleight, a
member of the Geological Section of the Hull Field Naturalists’ Society, for the
following :—The contractors for the Hull and Barnsley Railway have extensively
worked the chalk quarries on the south side of the Humber, opposite to Hessle,
and met with an Ammonite in perfect preservation, of the noteworthy size of
22 inches diameter and 65 inches circumference, which is now in the possession of
Mr. Sleight.

Mammalian Remains at Kelsey Hill, Holderness.—tThe same
contractors have also extensively worked the famous Glacial Gravel Deposit at
Kelsey Hill, in Holderness. A well-developed Rhinoceros Horn, an Elephant’s
Tooth and many smaller Bones, evidently coeval with the gravel deposit, were
frequently found, and are mostly in the possession of the engineer.—N, F
Dosrée, President Hull Field Naturalists’ Society, August 20th, 1885.

BOTANICAL (NOL:
Polypodium alpestre in the South of England.—I received the

other day from Mr. T. Bunker, of Goole, for identification, a fern found growing
‘high up on a wall in Devon,’ which proved to be FPolypfodium alpestre Hoppe.
The occurrence of a typical alpine species in the extreme south of England was
scarcely to be expected, and is an interesting fact in connection with the distribution
of this species. —G. MASSEE, Scarborough, August 17th, 1885.

Naturalist.

379

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT BLUBBERHOUSES.

The excursion season of 1885 was brought to a close by a most successful and
interesting meeting held at Blubberhouses, in Washburndale, on Saturday the
26th September, by invitation of the Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, M.A., ex-
President of the Union. The invitation had been given for his Lordship’s year of
office as President, but circumstances had caused its postponement for a year.
Arrangements having been made for conveyances to leave Harrogate at 9.0 a.m.,
Blubberhouses was reached shortly before 11.0 a.m. On the arrival of the visitors
they were received by Lord Walsingham and his cousin, Sir Ralph Payne-
Gallwey, Bart. Two parties were at once formed. The smaller, which was under
the charge of Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., investigated the margins of the
Fewston reservoir—permission having been granted by Mr. Alderman Woodhouse,
chairman of the Waterworks Committee of the Leeds Corporation, for members to
have full access to their property, and every facility granted under his instructions
by Mr. T. E. Bower, the resident superintendent. The larger party of members
accompanied his Lordship, who guided them along the Kexgill Road to see the
geological sections there exposed; thence conducting the party over his grouse
moors, and into the Washburn groove, which was followed down stream to Blubber-
houses. Several isolated parties of members alighted at Otley, and followed the
beautiful scenery of the valley up stream to the rendezvous. All parties united at
about 3.0 p.m., when they were entertained by his Lordship to a substantial tea,
served in a marquee erected on the lawn, in which, after the interval of the
sectional meetings (at the Frankland Arms Inn), the general meeting was held.

The chair of the general meeting was occupied by Lord Walsingham, and about
80 or 90 members, including Sir R. Payne-Gallwey, Bart., and Sir Percival
Radcliffe, Bart., were present. In opening the meeting, his Lordship gave the
substance of a letter which the Secretaries had received from the President of the
Union (Rev. W. H. Dallinger, LL.D., F.R.S.), expressing his great regret at
being again unable to be present with the Union, an inability caused by wholly
adverse circumstances, and his Lordship further explained that Dr. Dallinger’s
tenure of the office had been precipitated a year earlier than had been expected by
reason of his own inability to accept office for a second term, and also that at least
two Union meetings had happened to be fixed for days of important engage-
ments in connection with Wesley College, of which Dr. Dallinger is Principal.
The minutes having been accepted as read, the list of societies was called over,
when it was found that representatives of the following 22 societies were present :—
Barnsley, Beverley, Bradford (3 societies), Dewsbury, Elland-cum-Greetland, Goole,
Halifax, Heckmondwike, Ilkley, Leeds(3), Liversedge, Ovenden, Ripon, Rotherham,
Selby, Wakefield, York, and the Practical Naturalists’ Society. Five new members
were elected, viz.:—Sir Percival Radcliffe, Bart., Rudding Park, and Messrs. T. E.
Bower of Fewston, Walter Copley of Halifax, A.C. Davies of Ackworth, and Harry
Davis of Halifax. Mr. ]. W. Davis, F.S.A., of Halifax, then proposed that the
thanks of the Union be presented to Mr. Alderman Woodhouse and the Leeds
Waterworks Committee for the permission to investigate the margins of the reser-
voirs. This was unanimously adopted, after being seconded by the Rev. E. Ponsonby
Knubley, M.A., Rector of Staveley, who, in course of his remarks, threw out one
to the effect that it would be extremely interesting to ascertain what effect the
formation of three such extensive sheets of water in the valley as the Fewston,
Swinsty, and Lindley Wood Reservoirs had had upon the flora and fauna of the
district. The sectional reports were then given.

For the Vertebrate section its secretary, Mr. James Backhouse, jun., M.B.O.U.,
of York, reported that as far as the number of species was concerned, little had
been noted during the day, probably owing, in the first place, to the fact that the
water in the reservoirs was unusually low, and in the second place, to the lateness
of the season. The Willow Wren, and possibly the Ring Ousel, were the only
summer migrants observed or heard, but several resident or periodical visitants
were reported, including the Greenshank (fresh to the district), Wild Duck, Wild
Gpese (small flock seen flying over), an old drake Goldeneye, Teal, Goldfinch,
Ringed Plover, &c. The actual number of species noted was only 35. <A Field

Nov. 1885.

3280 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT BLUBBERHOUSES.

Vole was the only mammal reported. Mr. W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., M.B.O.U.,
supplemented Mr. Backhouse’s report by stating that, having had considerable
opportunities for noting the avifauna of Washburndale, he found it to comprise
47 Resident species, 22 Summer Visitants, 6 Winter Visitants, and 14 Casual
Visitants, making a grand total of 74 species. As the result of the day’s ramble, and
the observations of the six members of the British Ornithologists’ Union present,
one species—the Greenshank—had been added to his list. As bearing upon what
Mr. Knubley had said regarding the influence of the reservoirs on this section of
the fauna, he enumerated the following species whose presence in the list was
chiefly due to their attractions: the Widgeon, Goldeneye (common), Ringed
Plover, Redshank, Greenshank, Oystercatcher, Cormorant, Arctic Tern, the
Common and Black-headed Gulls.

For the Conchological section the report was given by one of its secretaries,
Mr. John Emmet, F.L.S., of Boston Spa, who stated that the members of the section
had been singularly unsuccessful, having found three common species only, viz. :—-
Arion hortensis, Limax agrestis, and Zonites cellarius. A search which proved
unsuccessful had been made for the rare Lzmax cinereo-niger in the locality which
had yielded it during the past summer. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., then
spoke of the present position of the list of Washburndale mollusks, stating that
since the publication of the paper in the /Vaturalist for August 1883, several
species had been added, viz.:—Lzmax levis, L. cinereo-niger, L. maximus,
Limnea auricularia, L. truncatula, Pisidium pusillum, and Cochlicopa lubrica,
thus raising the total recorded fauna to 20, a very meagre total, but perhaps as much
as one could expect to be found on so unproductive a soil as the millstone grit.
Referring to Mr. Knubley’s query, Mr. Roebuck pointed out that the occurrence
of Limnea auricularia and of the ovate form of Limnea peregra might be
regarded as direct results of the formation of the reservoirs, inasmuch as they are
forms which would hardly occur in a stream so rapid as the Washburn was before
it was dammed up, and it would be of value to note any future tendencies on the
part of these species to still further vary in the direction of the lacustrine forms.

For the Entomological section, the report was made by its president, Mr,
Geo. T. Porritt, F.L.S., of Huddersfield, who stated that about 24 species of
lepidoptera had been observed during the day, including the following 9 previously
unrecorded for the locality :—Avrctia fuliginosa, larvee abundant on. the moors ;
Saturnia carpint; Oporabia filigrammaria; Lupithecia pulchellata, \arvee found
plentifully in foxglove seeds by Messrs. John Gardner of Hartlepool, and G. T.
Porritt; Cédaria psittacata (taken by Mr. J. Grassham of Leeds); Celena
haworthii ; Stenopteryx hybridalis and Coleophora murinipennella, \arvee found by
Lord Walsingham; and lastly, Axgyresthia conjugella, which was one of Mr.
Porritt’s own captures. In the sectional meeting Lord Walsingham exhibited a case
containing a large number of lepidoptera which had been taken during the
previous July by Mr. Thomas Eedle, whom his Lordship had had collecting for him
on the estate. The captures included the following hitherto unrecorded for the
district, making with the 9 taken during the day, 39 additional species :—Satyras
tithonus, Nudaria mundana, abundant; Acztdala incanaria; Venusta cambricaria,
abundant ; Larentia fpectinitaria; LEmmelesta affinitata; HE. alchemillata ;
Melanthia rubiginata; M. ocellata; Cidaria populata; C. pyratiata; C. fulvata ;
Leucania impura; Crambus pratellus (nearly as dark as the Unst form); C.
margaritellus ; Tortrix forsterana; Amphysa gerningana: Sciaphila virgaureana ;
Grapholitha trimaculana; G. penkleriana; Coccyx ustomaculana; Xylopoda
fabriciana; Eupecilia angustana; Xanthosetia hamana; Conchylis stramineana ;
A phelia pratana; Grapholitha geminana and Dicrorampha herbosana, both plentiful;
Depressaria pulcherrimella,and Pterophorus pterodactylus. The Blubberhouses speci-
mens exhibited, and a case of species captured in Norfolk, his lordship kindly
distributed among the members of the section. ‘Three beetles which were found
by Lord Walsingham were afterwards determined by Rev. W. C. Hey, MA.,
as belonging to Prerostichus nigrita, Anchomenus albipes, and Lembidium littorale.
[In this connection it will be of value to give the names of several species foind
by Mr. Rudolph Rosenstock, B.A., on the 5th of July last, mostly in the vicinity
of Lindley Wood Reservoir. They are Lezstus fulvibarbis Dj., Calathus
melanocephalus L., Stenus canaliculatus Gyll., Anobium castaneum Fab., Lzosonmus

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT BLUBBERHOUSES. 381

ovatulus Clairv., Zelephorus testaceus L., T. bicolor Fab., 7. rufus L., 7. pallidus
Fab., Cryptohypnus riparius Fab., and Meligethes eneus Fab. All these species
have, of course, been hitherto unrecorded for the dale, the list in August 1883
embracing the names of but four, all very conspicuous or common species. ]

For the Botanical section its Phanerogamic secretary, Mr. P. F.. Lee of
Dewsbury, stated that to the late period of the year alone must the botanists’
comparatively meagre list of observations be attributed. Out of a total number
of 89 species of flowering plants and ferns, the following may be put down as
the best :—Corydalis claviculata DC., Rosa villosa sub-sp. R. mollis Sm., Rosa
canina var. subcristata, Bidens tripartita L., Sonchus oleraceus L., Empetrum
nigrum L., Salix pentandra L., Nephrodium oreopteris Desv., and Polypodium
aryopterts LL. On the moorland one plant of white heather was found. Scadbzosa
succisa and Campanula rotundifolia were also gathered with white flowers. Lord
Walsingham brought to the sectional meeting a good collection of dried plants
characteristic of the neighbourhood.

The Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., of Liversedge, then reported upon the fungi
which had been seen during the day, stating that about 30 species had been observed,
among which were Agaricus rutilans; A. umbelliferus; Russula nigricans; R.
adusta; Boletus scaber; and LB. chrysenteron; also unusually fine specimens of
Lactarius rufus, and of Peziza awrantia with its bi-nucleate spores.

For the Geological section the report was given by Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.,
of Leeds, one of its secretaries. He stated that on arrival at Blubberhouses, the
geologists united with the general body of members, under the genial and
experienced guidance of Lord Walsingham, and struck off at once on the Kex Gill
Road. They had been particularly anxious to see some evidence of the great
anticlinal which is a continuation of the one from Skipton, throwing up the Yore-
dale series with the Kinder Scout Grits dipping from them on the sides. The axis
of this anticlinal passes probably near Bolton Bridge, and continues under Beamsley
Moors, following pretty nearly the line of the high road to Blubberhouses ; it
continues eastward to Harrogate, and from the geological disturbance caused there
by the Yoredale shales being pushed up is due the medicinal value of the Harrogate
waters. The road passed through a deep romantic gorge, the result of a split in the
grit rocks from the anticlinal, and since widened by denudation. The rugged
escarpments on each side of the Kinder Scout Grit were very noticeable. The rocks
were weathered out in some places into strange masses, some grim, others fantastic,
one huge mass standing out in bold relief, like a gigantic bastion defending the
valley. In other places the ravine is strewn with masses of the rock, detached
from above. Evidence of the anticlinal was seen in the locality by the dip of the
beds sharply to the south-east on one side of the valley, and in a short time on the
other side, they were noticed to dip in the opposite dircetion. In this gorge, too,
were observed some workings, where, by means of adits, the Yoredale limestone is
reached. A short stay was made ata small quarry, where men were working for
road-stone, a bed of calcareous grit, an intermediate in the Lower Kinder Scouts.
This grit was immediately overlaid by a bed of black micaceous shale; in a
specimen of this, which Mr. F. W. Branson obtained, were noticed some scales of
the fossil fish Acrolepis. V.ord Walsingham now led the way over the Moors, rich
with heather bloom, to the bold escarpment of the Kinder Scout Grits overhanging
Redshaw Gill. The rocks here presented a remarkable similarity in their wild and
rugged appearance, arising from the same natural causes, to those at Brimham.
A ponderous ‘ rocking stone,’ easily caused to oscillate by the application of one
man’s strength, was pointed out, also a cavity caused by weathering, named the
‘Punch Bowl.’ Mr. J. E. Bedford here pointed out the furrows down the sides of
some of the larger masses, the result also of weathering. Similar flutings down
the sides of the ‘ Devil’s Arrows,’ near Boroughbridge, had caused at the time
some discussion, the antiquarians then insisting they were artificially made, the
geologists referring them to natural agencies. An inspection of these similar
markings to-day proved that the latter opinion was right. A descent was then
made down the precipitous side of the gili and continued into the Washburn
Valley, and along thence to Lord Walsingham’s country seat. Mr. J. W.
Davis, F.G.S., Halifax, supplemented Mr. Adamson’s remarks, speaking upon the
principal geological features of the district, and expressing his satisfaction that the
section had been so practically conducted.

Nov. 1885.

382 BOOK NOTICES.

The chair was now taken by the Rev. Wm. Fowler. M.A., himself an ex-
president of the Union, who moved a vote of thanks to Lord Walsingham for the
very kind and hospitable manner in which he had received the Union and its
members. This was seconded by Mr. Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc., of Harrogate,
supported by Mr. Thomas Lister, of Barnsley, and carried with acclamation. In
reply His Lordship said that it had been a particular pleasure to him to have that
opportunity of welcoming the members to Blubberhouses, and to be able in any
such way to contribute to the knowledge of the natural history of the district. He
was also glad of the opportunity of trying in some way to repay the Union for the
kind indulgence with which they received in 1884 his inefficient performance of
the duties of president, and to express the great regret that he had in being unable,
in consequence of having to go abroad, to accept the office for the second year, as
they had asked him to do. As to the proceedings of the day he thought that what
one section had lost by the lateness of the season another had gained. He hoped
that he had that day acted up to the old motto of his maternal family, the Frank-
lands—‘ Libera terra, liberque animus’ (Frank land, frank mind)—a motto which
he and his good cousin there present, Sir R. Payne-Gallwey, had inherited from
Sir Robert Frankland, and they were then standing upon ground which had
descended through their grandfather from the time of Queen Elizabeth, and the
breaking up of the old Royal Forest of Knaresborough in 1562. It sounded like
a Liberal motto, but he must confess that both he and his cousin helonged to that
hard hearted and much-abused class of people. the old Tories. He hoped,
however, that they would never fail to act up to their motto. This concluded the
day’s business. During the return drive to Harrogate the weather broke in heavy
showers, after having favoured the members throughout the day with the finest and
cheeriest of autumn days.

BOOK “NOLICES:

Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neigh-
bourhood; with the Diary of a Naturalist, and Rural
Notes.—By George Roberts, Vol. II. Leeds: Printed for the Author.
1885. Small 8vo., pp. viii. and 258.

The author of this book has long ranked as one of the most industrious and
careful of local naturalists, and we are pleased to welcome from his pen the second
instalment of his book, in which his chronological record is carried from 1875 to
the end of 1883. These records form a useful storehouse of facts, readily accessible
to all who are working especially at the correlation of phenological phenomena.
But the book contains more than this. Apart from the topography, a subject
which lies outside our scope, we find at the outset some very interesting remarks
on the fauna and flora, especially in view of the influence—mostly destructive—
which is exercised by the polluted atmosphere of the West Riding manufacturing
district, near the north-eastern verge of which Lofthouse stands. A list of the
rarer flowering plants and ferns of the district is given at the end, as an addition to
previous lists, and is followed by a molluscan fauna of Lofthouse and district.

Report on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and Autumn
of 1884.—By Mr. J. A. Harvie Brown, Mr. J. Cordeaux, Mr. R. M.
Barrington, Mr..G. A. More, and Mr. W. Eagle Clarke. Sixth Report
(Vol. II., No. I.). West, Newman & Co., 1885. Price 2s.

We regret that pressure of matter on our available space has prevented our
earlier noticing the Migration Report. The one before us is bulkier than formerly,
partly because the West Coast of England is included, after two or three years’
omission, and partly because of the inevitable tendency to expansion which works
of this class usually possess. Indeed, the greatest care seems to be necessary on
the part of the reporters in the future in order to counteract this tendercy to growth
in their work, as well as to present it in a digested and arranged plan. This leads
one to inquire why each reporter is left entirely to his own devices in framing his
report. Would it not be preferable that the Committee should agree upon one
uniform plan of working up their material, so as to facilitate comparison in the first
place of the reports in the same volume, and in the second place of the reports for
different years? So great is the mass of valuable information which is brought

Naturalist.

4
|

BOOK NOTICE: NOTES AND NEWS. 383

together in this way by direct appeal to lighthouse and lightship keepers, and the
assistance of well-known ornithologists, that uniformity of method and perspicuity
of treatment are highly indispensable. A feature in the present series of reports is
that an attempt is being made to secure a greater approach to accuracy by the
obviously simple means of inducing the observers to send up wings and legs of
such birds as they are not perfectly well acquainted with, and, in the case of a few
Irish stations, by furnishing the observers with a copy of some work on British
Birds. The reporters are to be congratulated on the value of their work, and still
more for the pluck with which year after year they incur personally somewhat
heavy pecuniary loss for the cause of science. This is not as it should be; it is not
just that they who do the work should be saddled with this additional tax, and we
would suggest that the example of the Zoological Record Association be followed.
Let a * Bird Migration Association’ be formed at a moderate rate of subscription,
for many ornithologists—-and others too—would no doubt be ready and willing to
contribute to the cause. Such an association could, if funds happened to flow in,
furnish ornithological text-books to the libraries of the lighthouses, and in various
ways further the cause of science in this particular direction.—R.

NOTES AND NEWS.

The Entomological Society of London, a body which was founded in 1833, and
has for a long succession of years rendered valuable service to the science, has now
received a Royal Charter of Incorporation, so that from henceforth its members °
will be styled ‘ Fellows,’ and the society itself take rank more accordant with its
true place among the learned bodies of the metropolis.

> «<

We are pleased to note that the Rev. H. A. Macpherson and Mr. W. Duck-
worth have in the press a work on the Birds of Cumberland, with Notes on the
Birds of Westmoreland. Its appearance will be looked forward to with pleasure,
as a valuable- contribution to the natural history of the North of England, written
by ornithologists of high standing, and in every way equal to their task.
poo<

The butterflies of our islands are supposed to be so well known that it is of
great interest to hear of an addition to their scanty number. This year we have
one in the form of a common South European blue butterfly (Zycena argiades, one
of the ‘ tailed blues’) which has occurred in one or two Dorsetshire localities, where
no doubt it has been passed over by collectors without examination. Now that it
has turned up in one county, it may be expected to be found in others lying along
the south-western coast of England.

Sn

Our readers will have noticed that Silloth (Cumberland) has ceased to appear
in our meteorological page. The Rev. F. Redford, M.A., who has preserved his
records unbroken for upwards of thirty years, now finds that serious failure of health
compels him to discontinue his observations, and we may well be sure that it is no
light reason which has brought about the cessation of so valuable a series of records,
by which he has conferred lustre upon his own name, and rendered that of Silloth
classical in the annals of British meteorology. May the evening of his life be as
beautiful and tranquil as the brightest, calmest, and most glorious sunset which he
has ever witnessed in the course of his meteorological investigations !

———_>00<—___.

The Louth Naturalists’ Society continues to flourish. It held its first annual
meeting on the 14th July, at which a very satisfactory report and balance sheet were
presented. We note that the system of keeping records which has been adopted
has greatly encouraged practical observation. The list of recorders includes the
names of Messrs. J. Larder (zoology), W. L. Wells (ornithology), R. W. Goulding
(invertebrata), and H. W. Kew (botany). The last named also acts as hon. secre-
tary and treasurer, while the Rev. W. W. Fowler, M.A., of Lincoln, gives his
support to the society as patron. Mr. E. Hall is president, and Mr. A. R.
Yeoman, M.A., vice-president. We may state as pertinent to our text that from
some of the members we have received interesting lists and notes for incorporation
in the series of papers on Lincolnshire natural history which is 5 to form one of the
special features of next year’s Vaturalist.

Nov. 1885.

334

METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR AUGUST 1885. ,
EDITED By GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Moortown, Leeds.

Atmos
Bae TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). RAINFALL.
sure. ta)
Ale
35> 5 EXTREMES. <9
NAME OF STATION; on s 3 Bs eg Greatest Fall
om) u > 25 7/55 5
ITS HEIGHT ABOVESEA-LEVEL; | @g |) & Highest Lowest @ |86 ee
OSD ae £ Maximum Minimum 8 20 Single Day.
fo) Db oj oO} =]
NAME OF OBSERVER. ae iS Reeistered: te ssteted: & 1A
ai o @ [ue -
mele A Ss
Hee ee) ee pemee al
So =) Paty | » r=) EM 3 a
eo oO = ° a ° Ss su ° is}
ED ee rtm celine bacpiiyce) be o/s oi
a iS = < <q {is)|) =< :
M
ISLE OF MAN: :
CRONKBOURNE (140ft.).... ) inch cee deg. oces h ince ee
A. W. Moore, F.M.S..... J S570) O9i4 | c 2arida | S41 OA Re Ta el ete eon On073 pace
e
a Pancon iN EUR NESS (—).. ; 29°974| 56°5 | 67'o 2end 430 30th I°620| 10 |o° 410] t2th
= .S. aoe
ci Eu j 29°977| 57° | 68'o | rsth 44°0 | 29th |1*930| 12 |o*430] 5th
e
o
aa
E N R 12 h))
EWTON-REIGNY t 5 : ; see ;
: ConyLe. aan eh 2} 29°981| 52°5 | 69'0 ean ; 310 | 30th = |2*1go| 11 |o’880] - sth
a
mH Be ONC 28°748) 51°7 | 67’0 ist 34°0 | 14th |3*250] 12 |o°8g0] roth
B STONYHURST ise ‘Teac d
fo Reveiosalic Perry, F.R.S. j
H
A
&
i)
- |N SHIELDS (— EA : : s 4 th : =
BTW, Irvine... 2.2, 5 29°969) $4°80| 70% | x6th | 4o'o | {34h fla:az0] ax a°7a0] sth
& | ScarBorouGH (120ft.) .... V |
2 Allan Rowntree, F.M.S. j
[a=] One raises (Ga ageocs f 29°979| 56°40 | 75°0 16th 390 eee f 1°640| 12 |o°620 6th
a | a, phe Curator .....0 2. +.
a Mea ROS, Paes A 29°970| 53°86 | 69'0 16th 390 ! ge i 1°835| 8 j1°o40| 7th
Bo wa i 30"090 55°20 760} r6th | 37°5 | 27th |rro40| 8 [orga] 7th
s
=) RON (19 ft.).. a 29°955| 56°70 | 72°0 roth 470 14th 2°130| 8 |c°520] 2tst
a
pa pou ae (arrft.).. i; 29°980) 56°87 75°0 | oth 38°0 | 4th |1°840] 9 |o'540| 2st
& | Boston, Lincs, ‘(24 ft.) .. au
wi W.H. Wheeler, M.In.C.E |
i Sa Minstibecaie's ; : ‘ sah i é
ey pues nonouen Cae ; 29 me 57°4 | 76°0 | osth . | 380 | 4th |2°830/ 13 07780} 2rst
POND ONiSiahieracie eer a hier 29 a 59°1 ste | 17th 4r’o | 14th Jo*g3o0} ro |o*380) 26th

* Not reduced to sea-level.
Wind.—1st Division (Isle of Man) N. 8, N.E. 73 E..15, S.E. 2, S. 5,S.W.3, W. 4, N.W. 14, calm 4 days.
2nd Division: N. 3%, N.E. 8 E. Pip spl day easy ey pile 26) Nilo Arpad ie 5/2, calm o day.
3rd Division: oh ie N.E. 4, E. aes Ssh ZnS 5%, S.W. 3% W.4%, N.W. 1%, Calm 4% days.
4th Division: 7 N.E. 5%, E.3%, 9) EB) 1; S) SH. 3%, W UY an Gry eee .
London: N. 2, Nie iy ds pen Uy 5,2 S.W. iss Wane 2, calm 6 days.

Bright Sa oe of ier, 176°7 hours; Neueonaeclenen 119°1 Pui Hull, 100°3 hours.
Highest Temperature in Sun—\sle of Man, 131'7° on itth; Newton-Reigny, 126°2° on 16th;
Weeds,.117°3° on 17th; Hull) 103"5° on 15th:

Naturalist.

Now ready, price 2/- (if by post, 2d. extra).

Keport on the Migration of Birds in the Spring and
Autumn of 1884,

By J. A. HARVIE-BROWN, J. CORDEAUX, R. M. BARRINGTON,
A.<Gy MORE; AND W: EAGLE CLARKE,

To be had of Messrs. West, NEWMAN, & Co., 54, Hatton Garden,
London, E.C., of W. EAGLE CLARKE, 18, Claremont Road, Headingley, Leeds,
or of any other Member of the Migration Committee.

The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine.

Price 6d. monthly, 24 pages 8vo, with occasional IIlustrations.

Conducted by C. G. BARRETT, F.E.S., J. W. DouG.uas, F.E.S.,
iby NV Ws. FOWLER, M.A: F.L.S., R. MACLACHLAN, F.R.S.,
HB OAD NDERS, Piles... 1s STAINLON, FER.S.,. Oc;

This Magazine, commenced in 1864, contains standard Articles and Notes on
ali subjects connected with Entomology, and especially on the Insects of the
British Isles.

Subscription 6s. per volume, post free. The volumes commence with the
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NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS.,

AND
woe ome CLARKE FLAS.

MEMBER OF THE BRITISH ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.

Confents : fe
Occurrence of Sowerby’s Whale on the Yorkshire Coast—7. Southwell. F'.Z.S.. and
W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S. = 5p os = 4 As == =e ae 385-6
Grampus (Orca Gladiator) in the Humber—Tkhomas Birks... =i zs a .. 386
Spotted Eagle in Northumberland—J#H. 7. Archer.. ae aS Se .. 387
; Occurrence of Desert Chat in Yorkshire—W. Eagle Clarke, F.L. s. Be -- 387
‘ Dispersion of Plants in Yorkshire : Notes on Aliens and Casuals recently pesca’ in
the Wakefield District—Geo. Roberts .. = =. =: e He -- 389 ta 393
| Mammalian Note:— .. xe ge ee ¥e ee a aQS
: Otter near Louth, Tancahichieeecer, Wallis ens
Ornithological Note :— Se pi es iS -. 394
: Whiskered Tern in Notlchixe Phones Sonthwell, ff, Z S.
: Entomological Note — : 3. + + «: 303
B Heliothis peltigera in the Noah. i Raicdn:
¥ Bibliography of 1884 (Parr VIII.—GeoLocy AND PAL#ONTOLOGY) .. 3 .. 394 to 406
‘i Meteorclogical Returns for September !885—(Edited by Geo. Paul, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S.) 388
‘4 Index to the present volume 3 = is = a ee om ets .. 407 to 412
: Title-page and Preface.
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385
ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SOWERBY’S WHALE
(MESOPLODON BIDENS) ON THE YORKSHIRE

COAST.
By THOS. SOUTHWELL, F.Z.S., anp WM. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S.

ON the 11th September last, Professor Turner communicated to the
British Association, then assembled at Aberdeen, a paper on the
anatomy of Sowerby’s Whale, AZesoplodon bidens Sowerby (AZ. sower-
biensis Blainville), the material for which was mainly derived from
the dissection of an individual obtained on the 25th of the
preceding month of May, in Voxter Voe, on the north-east portion
of the main island of Shetland, which island had already become
noted as having yielded a previous specimen of this species, as well
as two other ziphoids. .

Seeing the interest which attaches to this rare Cetacean, we have
great pleasure in being able to record the occurrence of yet another
individual of the same species, the first we believe which has been
met with on the English coast; but we regret to add that owing to
the ignorance of its captors as to the value of their prize, the carcase
was cast adrift and destroyed before the occurrence came to our
knowledge, and was thus irretrievably lost to science. This is the
more to be regretted from the fact that (mainly through the excellent
use which Professor Turner has made of recent opportunities), at
present more is known with regard to the skeleton and the anatomy
of the soft parts of Sowerby’s Whale than of its external appearance,
added to which there are still several points in the anatomy which it
would be desirable to solve.

On the 11th September last, on the same day on which Professor
Turner made the communication to the British Association before
referred to, a Cetacean was left stranded in shallow water just inside
Spurn Head, at a spot known as the Chalk Bank. As the tide
receded the animal made great efforts to get off into deep water, and
lashed up the sand with its tail, till a large depression was formed in
which it lay. Observing the commotion, two men rowed up from
a sloop which was riding at anchor in the entrance to the Humber,
near to the spot, and despatched it with their oars. The animal was
seen alive by several persons, amongst them by Miss Rose Smith,
daughter of the chief light-keeper at the Spurn, and Mr. T. Winson,
coxswain of the lifeboat ‘Spurn,’ to whom jointly we are indebted for
the information we have been able to glean; for under the
impression that it was a Common Bottlenose Whale (2. 7ostratus),
a person named Hopper ‘chopped it up’ to obtain the oil, and the
remains, with the exception of the tail, were set afloat, and drifted

Dec. 1885. Ss

386 WHALES ON THE YORKSHIRE COAST.

out to sea beyond the possibility of recovery. From a sketch kindly
supplied by Miss Rose Smith, and some interesting particulars
furnished by Mr. Thomas Winson, there is not the slightest doubt
that the animal was Sowerby’s Whale, probably a full-grown male.

Sowerby’s Whale has been met with certainly three, possibly four,
times in Scotland; twice in Ireland; once on the English coast ;
seven times at various localities on the Continent, and once in the
United States. It is about 16 feet long, the beak long and pointed,
and the jaws armed with two very singular teeth placed one on each
side the lower jaw; they are flattened, and the exposed portion,
somewhat triangular in form, projecting tusk-like outside the upper
lip when the mouth is closed ; no other visible teeth are present. The
colour is dark slate above, lighter on the sides, and almost white
below, the beak being a little lighter than the head: The flippers
are small, and the tail-fin without the notch usually observed in the
centre of that organ in other Cetaceans.

GRAMPUS (ORCA GLADIATOR) IN THE HUMBER.
By THOMAS BIRKS,
Full.

A Grampus (Orca gladiator) was captured on Whiston Ness, where
the rivers Ouse and Trent join and form the estuary of the Humber,
on November 1st. It had been struck with a boat-hook the day
previous, but had broken away from its pursuers. When found it
was stranded on the Ness, but alive. The animal was brought to
Hull, and exhibited as a ‘ZEBRA WHALE’ in various places in the
town. It was disembowelled, and a foetus taken from it about 6 feet
long. This, however, which soon showed signs of decomposition,
was buried in a manure heap, from which the head was with
some difficulty recovered. The animal measured about 21 feet
long, but measurements of girth were not taken. The white
parts of the underside extended behind the pectoral fins almost to
the back, and two distinct grey ‘saddle’ marks were well defined on
each side behind the dorsal fin.

Seeing no chance of this being acquired for the Hull or indeed
a Yorkshire museum, the writer communicated with Dr. Gunther,
who purchased it for the national collection at South Kensington, to
where it has now been forwarded.

I think this is the first verified record of the occurrence of
O. gladiator in the Ouse or the Humber, most of the printed records
being referable to other species.

[Although the species is already on record as occurring in the
Humber estuary, the Cetacea so seldom fall under the notice of
competent authorities, that authentic records are of great value.—Eds. |

Naturalist.

387

SPOTTED EAGLE IN NORTHUMBERLAND.
By H. T. ARCHER,

Newcastle-on-Tyne,

I HAVE examined—in the possession of Mr. Duncan, to whom it is
intrusted for preservation—a magnificent specimen of the Spotted
Eagle, shot at Cresswell, on the Northumberland coast, on the
31st of October. The general colouration is deep brown, with spots
of a yellowish white; eye, hazel. In length it is 28 inches, and the
extent of the wings 5 feet 7 inches. It had nothing buta little grass
in its stomach when dissected ; and Mr. Duncan considers the bird a
young one. The figure in Morris’s ‘ British Birds’ well represents it.
[We wrote Mr. John Hancock, whom we were informed had
examined the bird, for his opinion on its specific identity, and he kindly
replied: ‘The Eagle shot in Northumberland is the Aguzla Nevia,
or the true Indian form (a young bird of the year).’ We believe this
to be the eighth occurrence in Great Britain and Ireland, the fifth
English specimen, but the first in the Northern Counties.—Eds. |

OCCURRENCE OF THE DESERT CHAT
(SAXICOLA DESERTI) IN YORKSHIRE.

By WM. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S.,
Member of the British Ornithologists Union, and of the British Association

Committee on the Migration of Birds.

THRouGH the kindness of Mr. P. W. Lawton, I received what
purported to be ‘a light variety of Wheatear,’ shot between the
villages of Easington and Kilnsea, on the Holderness coast, on the
17th of October last. A glance at the specimen at once suggested
a rarity, an examination a suspicion that it was Saxzcola desertt.
This surmise as to the species has been confirmed by Prof. Newton
and Mr. H. E. Dresser, who most kindly examined and compared
the bird, whose tailless state rendered identification a matter of some
difficulty. The specimen, which is a female, though it was too much
injured to prove it to be such by dissection, is now in my possession,
and was exhibited by Mr. Dresser at the meeting of the Zoological
Society on the 17th November. It is the first English specimen, the
second British—one was shot in Clackmannanshire on the 26th of
November, 1880 —and, I believe, the fourth occurrence of the species
in Western Europe, two having been obtained on Heligoland. The
bird appears to be an accidental visitant to countries north of the
Mediterranean, its true home being the desert regions of northern
and north-eastern Africa, extending eastwards through Persia to
north-west India.

Dec. 1885.

388

METEOROLOGICAL RETURNS FOR SEPTEMBER 1885.
Epitep sy GEORGE PAUL, F.G.S., F.R.Met.S., Moortown, Leeds.

| Atmos
aes TEMPERATURE (IN SHADE). RAINFALL.
sure. =a 3
| 5s a EXTREMES. a9
NAME OF STATION; ee as J zane Greatest Fall
1 Oo | FAC | i = 2 s S
ITS HEIGHT ABOVE SEA-LEVEL; | 3 Bil see Highest Lowest @ |s | ae
AND | we he Maximum Minimum 8 DO Single Day.
Name oF OpsERVER. | = es 2 registered. OSESTSE s |A-
ms | & BAlsrol=
oN |= 5 Stele
=o D as 3 et ee
Pra elo Went (aa see es eS Seales
a8 ies 8 € eS S g& |[ss! 2 S
Bie ote 5 Q g a Seo) Seep
ao | os < < “S| |
ISLE OF MAN: | s
CRONKBOURNE (r40ft.)....) inch | deg. | deg (73rd. ) 8: | men ae
f ] Fo re) 4
A. W. Moore, F.M.S..... y [79 779) 5? "56 | 624 ( 7th fs} 335 27th 16° 274) 20 |1°338] rth
=
wm | BARROW-IN-FuURNESS (—)..) |. She ; f 26th ;
We Se Whitwortiy we ore lens ask 4th | 38° | 1 orth [4-480] 22 [0°88] 8th
S| Tapeyrcer CBSO) Hagens sy's | otto] ast | apc.) 26th |yrzpo] 22 fogao] 28m
ca
oO
3)
aa -R (Penrith) )
EWTON-REIGNY (Penrit : : i ; : ‘
< (577ft.) T.G. Benn, F. M. Soi lre 7241S 27) 30416 ( se ) 298 | yooh Sayre Ze o.sse)) a Set
HAWES JUNCTION (1,135 ft.) ) |*o._ : 4t : : é
ss Sut oats § 2356) | 28°568) 48°4 | 62°0 erbth fale 26th [8130] 26 [1540] 30th
= “Rew 85 fee Pa S. # 29808) 608 | 68°2 3rd 29°8 | 25th |5"246] 22 }o"671| r4th
H =
cA
Ey
S)
-- | NorTH SHIELDS (—) . ..)],.. ; F . “ : d
Z| J.W. eee eae j|29°769| 52°7 | yoo) 5th | 34’0 | 26th [a*r4o) 16 jo" 340 eae
5 IG fES)| aces : : : : aoe :
S | Allan Rowntree, FMS, | ['9°799} 54°05 | 70’ | sth | 388 | 26th |ar5a0] 29 Jov4co| 26th
Yo MusEuM (—) ...... |. : : : c é
me /Yonse Museuat() s--s~ blg'8e7| sats | 20 sth | goo] 26th ergo) a9 lease) 26h
q NG. Paul, EGS, PALS. 29°814) 51°55| 671 | t5th | 32°5 | 26th |3°8g0) 22 |r’000] and
BYE RENENSMNCCE) | om sxe) nee] sath | ars | ath race 8 fs) en
O° |
4 na Fo (19 ft)... 1 29° 816) aro! 69'0 | 15th 400 | 26th = |3*r40} 18 |0°630] 26th
Z vo We ane GHENT a 29°840 52°93| 730] rth | 340 | 26th |4"780) 2 ee grd
B Lincs. (24 ft. tl ee [gas :
z ‘W.H. Wheeler, tee: f |29°859| 53:40 | 75’0 |) xoth 34°0 | 26th = [3"r10) 19 |o°690} roth
Lo elem lave : : ; : : 5
A | Eaeunonsecn Ga) gcc: ffes'864se70| aso | tach] soo | 28th fate 20 [oro] sot
TWONDON outa toie oe 29 a 56'2 | 76°0 | xs5th 32°0 | 27th ~ |4*o060] 21 |r°030] roth

* Not reduced to sea-level.
Wind.—1st Division (Isle of Man) N. 2 N_E. 0, H's, S:E. 3,9. 6. 9. Wi. 22, Wie Tos NeWieas, calmiatdayss
2nd Division: N. 3%, N.E. 2%, E. 1, S.E. 6, S. 4%, S.W. 5, W. 4%, N.W. 3, calm o day.
3rd Division: N.2%,N.E. 1, E. 1¥, S.E.2, S. 344,S.W. 7, W.9%4, N.W. 1, calm 2 days:
4th Division: N.2, N.E. 2%, E.4%,S.E. 2,S. 41/38: W.9, W. 5, N.W. 4%, calm 4 day.
Gales.—1st Division, squally on 19 days; 2nd Division, 2 days; 3rd Division, 1 day ; 4th Division, 28 days.
Snow.—On the 26th at Newton Reigny and at London, I day.
Bright Sunshine.—Isle of Man, 146 hours; Newton-Reigny, 130% hours; Stonyhurst, 130 hours; and
“Hull, 130 hours.
Highest Temper ature zz Sun—Isle of Man, 127" ‘o? on 4th; Newton- Reigny, 120'2° on 3rd;
Stonyhurst, 136°3° on 3rd ; Leeds, Moortown, "116°1° on 17th ; and Hull, 97°0° on 3rd.

‘Naturalist

389

DISPERSION OF PLANTS IN YORKSHIRE:
NOTES ON ALIENS AND CASUALS RECENTLY
OBSERVED IN THE WAKEFIELD DISTRICT.

By GEO. ROBERTS,
Lofthouse. near Wakefield; Author of the * Topography and Natural History of

Lofthouse and tts Neightourhood.’

THERE are now so many means of intercommunication between the
south of England and the north, and between the Continent and
the British Isles, that it is not surprising that Continental or south of
England plants should appear and become more or less established
in the northern counties in places where, half a century ago, they were
entirely unknown. In modern times Aliens have probably greatly
increased. Railways have greatly facilitated the diffusion of plants.
Seeds are constantly liable to be shaken from goods on railway trucks
during transit ; soil and rubbish, containing seeds or roots of perennial
plants, are often removed long distances along the railway as ballast;
and the embankments and cuttings, being waste and seldom disturbed,
offer suitable locations for the growth and propagation of seeds or
roots thus scattered or removed. From the high banks the seeds
will be constantly blown, or by other agencies dispersed, to the
adjoining land. |

Another mode of introduction and dispersion is to be found in
the extensive and increasing importation of foreign agricultural seeds.
These foreign seeds—wheat, oats, barley, beans, grass, clover, flax, &c.—
all contain a greater or less quantity of seeds of weeds, which, when
sown, grow up with the ordinary crop. The distribution of weed-
seeds is further greatly facilitated by the present practice of thrashing
grain by steam machines in the fields. In this case the seeds are
blown and scattered in all directions over the land, whereas, formerly,
the refuse seeds were collected together and burnt, or otherwise
destroyed. Foreign Reeds, Bulrush (Scerpus dacustrts), and other
plants containing dried seeds, are also introduced from the Continent
for thatching stacks and houses. Foreign hay is often imported,
which will contain quantities of the seeds of Continental grasses,
clovers and weeds. Various artificial manures—such as bone-
dust, mill-shoddy, cotton-waste, rape-cake, and guano—also con-
tain large quantities of exotic seeds. Numbers of roots of peren-
nial plants, bulbs, and seeds of weeds and garden plants are con-
tinually landed on canal-banks with the refuse of ash-pits, market
sweepings, timber, stone, and other merchandise. To these artificial
means of dispersion may be added the natural ones, as by the trans-
portation of seeds by rivers and smaller streams, by the winds, or by

Dec. 1885. S 2

390 ROBERTS: YORKSHIRE ALIEN AND CASUAL PLANTS.

birds and other animals, and on floating caddis cases. Thus, as some
of our native plants become extinct, others appear which help to main-
tain, if not augment, the aggregate of our flora. Indeed, this gradual
replacement of one flora by another, of annuals by perennials, is con-
stantly (if slowly acting) going on, not only on railway banks and near
our towns, but in the far away rural districts, the higher and moor-
lands alone excepted.

The following plants, a number of which are Aliens, have been
collected or observed mainly in the Wakefield District during the years
1883-4-5. The rarer species, I may add (both exotics and British),
have been either named by Dr. Lees, or sent to the Royal Botanic
Gardens for verification.

The exotic Aliens are marked by a double asterisk ; the single
asterisk is prefixed to Casuals which have not hitherto been frequently
found so far north as Yorkshire, but which are constant integers in
the flora of the south or south-west of England.

Thalictrum flavum L. Wressle, E.R.

Berberis vulgaris I. Plentiful between Knottingley and

Womersley in the roadside hedges.
Papaver somniferum L. Canal-side, Woodlesford ; Sandal.
Corydalis lutea DC. Old wall in the Abbey ground, Knares-
borough, 1884.
Arabis thaliana L. Knottingley.
=* Sisymbrium orientale L.=columne Jacq. Waste ground at
sandal.” (See Nat-)-voli13p.°230.* ‘First ‘Series.
** Sisymbrium junceum MB. Waste ground at Sandal.
Sisymbrium sophia L. Knottingley; Sandal. (Flamborough,
P: Inchbald.)

Sinapis alba L. Clover field at Methley.

** Sinapis arvensis v. orientalis Murr. Sandal.

Diplotaxis tenuifolia DC. Old walls at Pontefract Castle, 1885.
** Eruca sativa Lamk. Quarry and waste ground at Sandal. (See

Nat., vol.‘7., p. 204.) :
Camelina sativa Cr. Clover field at Methley.
** Neslia paniculata Desv. Clover field at Methley.
** Rapistrum orientale DC. Sandal.
* Raphanus sativus L. Footpath-side, Methley.
*Lepidium draba L. Waste ground at Sandal.
* Reseda odorata L. Oat field at Stanley. .
** Saponaria vaccaria L. Potato field at Lofthouse; one plant.
Waste ground at Sandal; plentiful. Clover field at Methley ;
frequent. (Wetherby, J. S. Wesley, 1879.) This species is

Naturalist,

J.

J.

ROBERTS: YORKSHIRE ALIEN AND CASUAL PLANTS. 391

said to have been first observed at Herne Bay in 1832; it
has occurred since in many places in England and Scotland.
South European. (See Nat., vol. 1., p. 262.)

** Gypsophila porrigens Boiss. Old quarry at Sandal. <A curious
Caryophyll, with ovate, hairy, opposite leaves like a Lychnis,
and a dichotomous panicle of small flowers, with long, wavy,
hair-like pedicels.

**Malva parviflora L. Clover field at Methley.

Geranium pheum L. Wressle Castle. (Walton, Mr. Cooper.)
* Medicago faleata L. Waste ground at Sandal.
Medicago sativa L. Frequent.
* Medicago lappacea Desr., var. denticulata W. Lofthouse,
1884; Wressle, 1884; canal side, Woodlesford, 1885.
* Medicago lappacea var. apiculata W. Near Cawood, 1884.
Melilotus officinalis Desr. Common now on waste ground and
railway banks.

**= Melilotus indica All. = parviflora Desf Lofthouse, 1882 ;
Cawood, 1884; Castleford ; Woodlesford; Sandal; Methley ;
Doncaster. Appears to be well established and spreading.

Melilotus alba Desr. Lofthouse, 1883, to feet high. Sandal,
J. Wilcock.

* Trifolium incarnatum L. Sheep pasture at Kippax, growing
with the white clover.

* Trifolium resupinatum L. On the border of a manure heap at
Cawood ; waste ground at*Sandal; clover field at Methley.
Very sparingly at each place.

Trifolium arvense L. Sandal.
* Trifolium ochroleucum L. var. intermedium. Sandal.
Anthyllis vulneraria 1. On railway bank at Methley—off
limestone.
Astragalus hypoglottis L. Aberford; Kippax ; Glass Houghton.
*Lathyrus aphaca L. Field at Cawood, one or two plants.
Comarum palustre L. In the middle of a small marsh at
Stanley.

** Potentilla norvegica L. Canal banks at Stanley; canal walls
at Woodlesford ; stony banks of the river Calder, near Castle-
ford. ‘The two last-named stations are new ones, showing the
plant to be spreading. Now admitted into Hooker’s Flora.

Rosa canina L., var. verticillacantha Merat. Wressle.

*Bupleurum rotundifolium L. (Sandal, Mr. Cooper.)

Helosciadium nodiflorum Koch. Fairburn, near the Aire.
Sium angustifolium L. Fairburn, in a wide ditch near the Aire.
Sium latifolium L. Wressle, near the Derwent.

Dec. 1885.

392 ROBERTS : YORKSHIRE ALIEN AND CASUAL PLANTS.

Gnanthe crocata L. Near the canal at Woodlesford.

Torilis nodosa Gaert. Field at Methley ; Ardsley.

Asperula cynanchica L. Marl quarry near Aberford.

Dipsacus sylvestris L. Railway banks and quarry sides at
Knottingley.

** Cephalaria syriaca Schrad. Waste ground at Sandal.
Eupatorium cannabinum L. Deep ditches near Womersley.
Erigeron acris L. Fairburn; Castleford.

Inula conyza L. Fairburn; Castleford. I have always found
these two species growing together.

Matricaria chamomilla L., var. discoidea. Clover field at
Methley.

Senecio erucefolius L. Aberford ; Castleford.

* * Ambrosia artemisiefolia. Clover field at Methley.

* Centauria solstitialis L. Waste ground at Sandal, in two places.

** Centauria melitensis L. (=collina). Clover field at Methley.
(A Maltese plant growing with increasing frequency about
flour mills in many parts of the country. ‘Below Yore Mills,
Aysgarth, abundantly in 1884 and 1885.’ F. A. Lees.)

Carduus nutans L. Methley.
Carduus tenuiflorus Curt. Old quarry at Sandal.

** Atractylis sp. Field at Methley.

** Cichorium endivia Don. Clover field at Methley.

* Lactuca virosa L. Old quarry at Sandal.
Lysimachia vulgaris L. Ditches at Wressle, E.R.
Lysimachia nummularia L. Wyressle ; Fairburn.
Anagallis arvensis L., var. cerulea. Waste ground at Sandal.
Hottonia palustris L. Fairburn; marsh at Stanley.
Ligustrum vulgare L. Common on waste ground, and in the
hedges in lanes below Castleford, apparently native.

*% Gilia capitata Don. Methley.

** Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. Methley. (Like the Centaurea
above mentioned this, too, is now occurring all over the
country wherever the siftings of Californian grain get on the
land. It has turned up during the last three or four years at
Bingley ( West), Conisborough (Husselby, Lee), Aysgarth, Goole,
Tadcaster, Mirfield, &c.—F.A.L.)

Anchusa sempervirens L. Waste ground at Sandal.

Lithospermum officinale L. Lane between Castleford and
Ferrybridge.

Myosotis collina Reich. Near Aberford.

Atropa belladonna L. Abbey grounds, Knaresborough, 1884 ;

a reappearance.
Naturalist,

NOTES ON MAMMALIA, BIRDS, AND LEPIDOPTERA. 393
** Plantago lagopus L. Waste ground at Sandal.
Linaria minor Desf. Knottingley; pea field near Kippax.
Calamintha acinos Clairv. Disused lime quarry at Fairburn.
Chenopodium vulvaria L.=olidum Curt. Waste ground at
Sandal.
* Chenopodium murale L. Canal side, below Castleford.
* Chenopodium glaucum L. Border of a manure heap, near the
railway station at Methley; also near Pontefract.
* Beta maritima L. Clover field at Methley; and also on the
hauling path, below Castleford.
Beta vulgaris L. Not unfrequent.
Salix triandra L. Wressle, near the Derwent.
Orchis pyramidalis L. Near Aberford, and near Glass Houghton.
Sparganium ramosum Curtis. Willow garth at Methley. Pugneys,
near Wakefield, frequent. Not the new segregate (meg/ectum),
as at first thought to be.
Acorus calamus L. Plentiful in an off-set canal at Fairburn, in
flower, July 14th, 1885.
Carex hirta L. Railway Station yard at Kippax.
Carex vulpina L. Canal bank at Fairburn.
Bromus erectus Sm. Waste ground near Kippax.

NOTE ON MAMMALIA.

Otter near Louth, Lincolnshire.—A specimen of this mammal
(Lutra vulgaris), weighing 12 lbs., was caught at ‘ Maltby Springs’ near Louth,
on 3rd April, 1885.—H. WALLIS KEw, Lee Street, Louth.

ORMIFAOLOGICAL NOTE:
Whiskered Tern (Hydrochelidon hybrida) in Yorkshire.—

At the dispersal of the very fine collection of birds formerly belonging to the late
Mr. Robert Rising, of Horsey, near Great Yarmouth, most of which were of
special interest to Norfolk ornithologists, there were a few birds with the history of
which I was not acquainted ; one of these was a Whiskered Tern—Aydrochelidon
hybrida (Pall.). Upon inquiry of Capt. Rising, with regard to this bird, he
kindly referred me to Mr. Geo. Frederick, in whose collection it formerly was, and
that gentleman was so good as to inform me that the bird ‘ was shot on the river
Swale, at Hornby Castle, in Yorkshire, by one of the Duke of Leeds’ game-
keepers in 1842.’ As this bird has not, I believe, been recorded, and I think
will be an addition to the Yorkshire list, I have much pleasure in placing it on
recard.—THOMAS SOUTHWELL, Norwich, 5th November, 1885.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTE.

Heliothis peltigera in the North.—Mr. Porritt is mistaken in
supposing that his specimen of this insect is the most northerly capture. I have
two in my collection, one taken here, and one at Byers Green, some twelve or
fourteen miles further north, and Mr. Gardner has also a specimen in his
collection that he took here. These were all duly recorded at the time, but I

suppose they have escaped Mr. Porritt’s notice.—JOHN E. Rosson, Hartlepool,
October 25th, 1885.

Dec. 1885.

O94

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884:
Papers and records published during the year with respect.
to the natural history and physical features of the
North of England.

PART VIII.—GEHEOLOGY AND PALAONTOLOGY.

In the preparation of this portion of the Bibliography, the Editors
have had most valuable assistance from various able geologists.
hey sarextndebted’to, Prot GAvAy Webour, MeAy eine Stor the
Newcastle College of Physical Science, for numerous titles and
abstracts of papers relating to Northumberland and Durham; and they
are under a similar obligation to Mr. Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., of
the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge, for assistance in respect
of Yorkshire geology. They have also to thank Mr. Samuel A.
Adamson, F.G.S., Secretary of the Leeds Geological Association and
of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, for his
very great kindness in going through the whole of the manuscript
and supplying abstracts for all the papers which had not been already
abstracted.

ANONYMOUS (no signature). Nottingham.
Geological Map of Nottingham. Midl. Nat., May, vii. 135-137.
This map is made from the ordnance plan, re-surveyed and amended in
detail by J. Shipman, of Nottingham. It contains the Hsia of all the latest
researches into the geology of Nottingham.

THOMAS ATTHEY. Northumberland.

Notes on the Vertebral Column and other Remains of Loxomma Allmanni,
Huxley. N. H. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and Newc., viii. 46-50 (1884).
Detailed notes on a specimen from a pit at Newsham, near Blyth. . These
osseous remains existed on nine narrow and irregular slabs of black shale ;
they are the remains of part of the trunk only ; the head, part of the tail, and
extremities were either not present at the same place, or had not been
observed. They were named in the first instance. Wacrosaurus polyspondylus.
Mr. Atthey was working on the above specimen when he was attacked with
paralysis, which unfortunately ended his labours, leading to his death.
E..1.. J. -BROWELL. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire.
Address to ... . . the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, . . .
May 11th, 1882. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and Newc., viii.
159 to 168 (1884).

Notes palzontological and geological observations at the 1881 field
meetings, viz.:—Corbridge-on-Tyne, Whit-Monday; Middleton;in-Teesdale,
Durham and Yorkshire, June 29-30th; Greenhead, Northumberland ; &c.

G. H. BULMAN. Northumberland.
A Hypothetical Lake. The Household Magazine for 1884, pp.

Refers to a theory attributing the form of the Tyne Valley about Corbridge
to the presence there of an ancient lake. The existence of such a lake is clearly
disproved by the author. .

Naturalist,

————E

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY. 395

Rede. BURNETT. Northumberland, Cumberland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire.
Formation and Distribution of the Carboniferous Limestone [Abstract only].
Rep. Manch. Sci. Stud. Assoc. for 1883, p. 49.

W. D. Carr and A. STRAHAN. Lincolnshire.

Excursion to Lincoln, April 14th and 15th, 1884. Proc. Geologists’ Assoc.,
July [issued December], vill. 383-389, with geological Map and woodcuts.
Describes a splendid section at the brickyard of Messrs. Swan Brothers,
exposing all the beds from the Oolite to within 20 ft. of the base of the Upper
Lias, about 80 ft. in all, 70 ft. of which is in the Lias, which is here clearly
definable into 3 well-marked zones, those of A. bifrons, A. communis, and
A. serpentinus.

R. CARTER. Yorkshire.
On the Mineral Wells of Harrogate. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc.,
INES VOle vali. Part LI. p. 313.
General account of the geology of Harrogate, with particulars as to various
borings.

WW Gasisty Ges Yorkshire.
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor W. C. Williamson, Mr. Thos.
Hick, and Mr. W. Cash (Secretary), appointed for the purpose of investi-
gating the Fossil Plants of Halifax. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Southport, 1883,
p. 160.
Records the discovery of new forms of Rachiopteris, Lepidodendron, etc.

THoMAS T. CLARKE. Yorkshire.
The Yorkshire Caves: a Three Days’ Trip with the Tyneside Field Club,
September 14-16th, 1882. Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and
Newce., viii. 50-67 (1884).
Describes visits made to Weathercote, Jingle Pot and Hurtle Pot, Ingle-
borough Cave, Thornton Force and Yordas Cave, and the Victoria Cave.

H. W. CROSSKEY. Yorkshire.

List of Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the Shelly Patches in the Boulder-
Clay at Bridlington.

An appendix to G. W. Lamplugh’s paper [which see].

Eleventh Report of the Committee, consisting of . . [thirteennames], . . for
the purpose of recording the position, height above the sea, lithological
characters, size, and origin of the Erratic Blocks of England, Wales, and
Ireland, reporting other matters of interest connected with the same,
and taking measures for their preservation. Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1883,
Southport, pp. 136-146.

Detailed particulars are given of 43 Erratic Blocks found at Crosspool, near
Sheffield, mostly derived from the North-West, from Borrowdale, North
Lancashire, etc.

James W. Davis. Yorkshire.
On a New Species of Ceelacanthus (C. Tingleyensis) from the Yorkshire
Cannel Coal. Linnean Transactions, 2nd Series—Zoology, vol. 2, part 13,

PP. 427-433 and plates xlvi-xlix.

The species of Coelacanthus here described is from the Cannel Coal in the
Middle Coal Measures at Tingley, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and with
it have been found a number of other fish-remains. The most important
characters exhibited by this species consist in the method of attachment of the
rays of the dorsal and caudal fins to the spinous processes of the vertebrae, in
the larger number of the fin rays, and in their extremities being articulated ;
the ornamentation of the scales and exposed bones of the head consists partly of
ridges and also of minute tubercles ; and they also differ in the form of the scales.

Dec. 1885.

396 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY.

JAMES W. DAVIS. Yorkshire.
On some Fossil Fish-Remains found in the Upper Beds of the Yoredale
Series at Leyburn, in Yorkshire. Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1883, pp. 492-3.
The fish-remains occur ina red limestone at the top of the ‘ main limestone.’
About forty species were found, mostly peculiar to the beds, but some genera
are common to the Mountain Limestone and others to the Coal Measures.

On some Remains of Fossil Fishes from the Yoredale Series at Leyburn
in Wensleydale. Quart. Journ. Geol. S., xl. 614-635, with plates xxvi., xxvii.
Geol. Mag., February, pp. 91-92. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., February,
p- 145. Abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc., December 19th, 1883.

An account of the fish-remains mentioned above, with descriptions of new
species of Gomphacanthus, Hemicladodus, Chromatodus, Sandalodus, Lophodus,
&c. (teeth and spines).

On the Occurrence of Remains of Labyrinthodonts in the Yoredale Rocks
of Wensleydale. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Southport, 1883, p. 492.

Describes labyrinthodont remains, leg-bones, portion of skull, and cast of
jaws, found in flag-rock quarried at Leyburn and the Shawl. |

Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor A. H. Green, Professor L. C.
Miall, Mr. John Brigg, and Mr. James W. Davis (Secretary), appointed
to assist in the Exploration of Raygill Fissure, Yorkshire. Brit. Assoc.
Rep., Southport, 1883, pp. 133-135.

The fissure occurs in an anticlinal of limestone in Lothersdale, near Skipton.

The section shows (1) laminated clay, (2) sand and sandy clay, (3) brown

sandy clay (numerous bones), (4) stiff yellow clay. Remains of Elephant,
Hyzena, Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros, Bear, Roebuck, &c.

R,, H. -DAVIs. Yorkshire.

The Mineral Wealth of Harrogate. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc.,
IN-S:5 vol. wills, Parte ills p35 7.

Details as to the Harrogate Wells, with chemical analyses of the waters,
and density at various depths.
W. BoyD DAWKINS. : Cumberland.

On some Deposits of Apatite near Ottawa, Canada. Trans. Manch. Geol.
Soc., 1884-5, xviii. 47-61.

Says (p. 55) this important mineral (crystalline phosphate of lime) occurs in
Cumberland, at the foot of Brandygill, Carrock Fells.
ARTHUR W. DUNCAN. Derbyshire.

The Chemical Composition and Properties of the Carboniferous Limestone.
[Very brief abstract onlyj. Rep. Manch. Sci. Stud. Assoc. for 1883, p. 50.

J. VINCENT ELSDEN. Derbyshire, Northumberland, Durham.
The Extinct Volcanoes of the British Isles, IV.— Newer Paleeozoic (continued).
Science Monthly, April, i. 170-171.
Refers to the ‘toad-stones’ of Derbyshire, and the Great and Little Whin
Sills of Northumberland and Durham.
Professor EVERETT. Northumberland, Lancashire.
Sixteenth Report of the Committee, consisting of . . [18 names]
appointed for the purpose of investigating the Rate of Increase of Under-
ground Temperature downwards in various Localities of Dry Land and
under Water. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Southport, 1883, pp. 45 et seq.
Observations made at North Seaton, a few miles from Newcastle, by
Professor Lebour, and at Ashton Moss Colliery, Lancashire, by E. Garside.
WILLIAM FAWCETT.
Address on Fossil Plants from Various Formations. Proc. Geol. Ass., April,
Vill. 329-332.
Description of lantern illustrations of Carboniferous plants, &Xc.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY. 397

O. FISHER. Cumberland.
On Faulting, Jointing, and Cleavage. Part III. Reversed Faults. Geol.
Mag., June, pp. 266-276.
The observations are exemplified by reference to Cumberland slates.
WESTGARTH ForsTER. Yorkshire, Northumberland, Durham, Westmoreland.

A Treatise on a Section of the Strata from Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Cross
Fell; 3rd ed., revised and corrected to the present time by the Rev. W.
Nall, M.A., with memoir, 8vo., London 1883.

Chiefly details of stratigraphy: treats of the Coal Measures and the lead-
bearing Mountain Limestone. List of lead mines in the north of England
(Yorkshire, p. 156). Is reviewed in Nature, May 1, 1884, xxx. 3.

C. Fox-STRANGWAYS. Yorkshire.
Particulars of a well-boring at Irton, near Scarborough. Brit. Ass. Rep.,
Southport, 1883, p. 151.
Geol. Surv. Mem., Explanation of Quarter-sheet 93 N.E. The Geology of the
Country north-east of York and south of Malton, 1884.

‘Embraces a large part of the Vale of York, with a portion of the Jurassic
and Cretaceous uplands to the east and north-east.” Treats of the Trias,
Rheetic, Lias, Oolites, and Cretaceous rocks, and the Superficial Deposits of
the district.

The Harrogate Wells, or the Mineral Waters of Harrogate geologically
considered. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc., N.S., vol. viii.,
Rant i. . ps3 10.

Physical and general geological account of West Yorkshire lying between
the Pennines and Harrogate. Tables showing the principal constituents of
the various groups into which the waters may be divided, and how one group
differs from another.

J. S. GARDNER. Yorkshire.

British Cretaceous Nuculide. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl. p. 120, with
three plates. Abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc., Nov. 7th, 1883.

Gives description and classification of Cretaceous species of Mucula and
Leda, including JV. planata, L. subrecurva, and L. seeleyt from the Speeton Clay.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES,
Horizontal Sections, Sheet 131, 1884. Yorkshire.
Giving the coast of Yorkshire from Redcar to Upleatham, across the Iron-
stone measures.
JAMES HARDY. Northumberland.

Report of the meetings of the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club for the year

1883. Proc. B. Nat. Club, x. 270.
Geological notes made at Wooler and Cheviot.
W. HEMINGWAY, Yorkshire.

Fossil Flora of the Barnsley District (continued). Quart. Trans. Barnsley
Nat. Soc., 1884, iv. 7-9 and plate.

Notes on Lefidostrobus, Sporites, Trigonocarpum, Cardiocarpum, Lepido-
phyllum, Zeugopteris, Cyclopteris, and an enumeration of the Ferns.

Geology [near Barnsley]. Quart. Trans. Barnsley Nat. Soc., 1884, iv. 6 and 16.

Notes on various coal-measure fossils observed, and of observations made
at Mr. S. Seal’s quarries at Darfield.
T. Hick and W. CASH. Yorkshire.

Contributicns to the Fossil Flora of Halifax. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and
Bolytech. Soc., N.S., vol.vii-., Part MMl:, p. 370.

Notes on the structure and affinities of Calamites (with transverse section)
and upon Myriophylloides Williamisonz.

Dec. 1885.

398 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALHZONTOLOGY.

RICHARD Howse. See under G. A. Lebour.

WILFRID H. HUDLESTON. Yorkshire.
Contributions to the Paleontology of the Yorkshire Oolites. No. 2, Gastero-
poda of the Oxfordian and Lower Oolites. Geol. Mag., February, March,
April, May, June, and July, pp. 49-63, 107-115, 145-154, 193-204, 241-252,
293-303, with plates ill., iv., vi., vil. ae ba ;
Continuation of papers in the ose Mag. for 1883. Describes numerous
Yorkshire species of Gasteropoda, including Phaszanelia, Cerithium, Nerinea.
Alaria, Turritella, Littorina, Amberleya, Onustus, Nerita, and Neritopsis, etc.
Copious references to the literature of the subject, synonyms, etc.

GEORGE PRINGLE HUGHES. Northumberland.

Address delivered to the Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, at Berwick, October

10th, 1883. Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, x. 227, and British Assoc. Report,
Southport, 1883, p. 498.

Describes the geology of the Glendale Valley, North Northumberland.
Horns of Bos primigenius and antlers of Red Deer found in a bog at Middleton
Hall, south of Wooler. The author believes from. this and similar deposits,
that Glendale was once a lake. ;

J. GWYN JEFFREYS. Yorkshire.
List of shells obtained from the Basement-Clay at Bridlington Quay. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl., p. 319, with a plate.
An appendix to G. W. Lamplugh’s paper on ‘ Shelly Patches in the Boulder-
Clay at Bridlington Quay.’ A list of 83 species, many of which have not
been previously recorded, while five are new species, belonging to the genera
Littorina, Rissoa, Pleurotoma, Utriculus, and Bulla. Also a short appendix
on the Cirripedia.
Osmond W. JEFFs. Lancashire, Cheshire.
Local notes for Science Students; extracted from Rep. Liverpool Science
Students’ Assoc. 1883-4 (pp. 4).
A synopsis of the geological formations exposed within a short radius of
Liverpool. The fact of the localities being named where typical sections
may be readily examined is very valuable.

T. RUPERT JONES. Northumberland,
Notes on the late Mr. George Tate’s specimens of Lower-Carboniferous
Entomostraca from Berwickshire and Northumberland. Proc. Berw. Nat.
Club, x. 313-326, and plate ii.
Enumerates the hand specimens, with their localities. Detailed description
of eleven specimens of Entomostraca, with appendix. The Northumbrian
species described and figured are:—Sernix Tater (=Leyrichia Tater Jones
1864); Carbonia fabulina J. and K., var.; Leperditia Scotoburdigalensis
Hibbert; Z. subrecta Portlock; Beyrichia crinita J. and K.; Kirkbya spira-
lis}. & K.; Cytherella Tatei sp. nov.; Darwinella? Ber nicianda, sp. noy.

T. RupERT JONES, JAMES W. KIRKBY, and Geo. S. BRaDy. Cumberland,
Durham, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, N orthumberland.
A monograph of the British Fossil Bivalved Entomostraca, from the Carboni-
ferous Formation. Part I. The Cypridinade and their allies. No. 2
(conclusion), pp. 57-92 and plates. Palzeontog. Soc., 1884.
Mention is made of species from East Cumberland, Durham, Derbyshire,
Yorkshire, and Northumberland.

T. RUPERT JONES and H. WOODWARD. Westmoreland.
On some Paleozoic Phyllopoda. Geol. Mag., August, pp. 348-356.

Discinocarts, sp. nov., and D.? gigas H. Woodw., from the Coniston Mud-

stone (Upp. Silurian), Skelgill Beck, near Ambleside. Aftychopris.new species,

collected by Mr. Marr in the Brathay (Lower Coniston) Flags at Troutbeck,

Windermere. /e/¢ocarvis, new species from the Coniston Mudstone of Skelgill

Beck. Pinnocaris Lapworthi, R. Eth., Jr.,in an Upper Silurian bed near Kendal.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALAHSONTOLOGY. 399

A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. Lincolnshire.

On some Post-glacial Ravines in the Chalk-Wolds of Lincolnshire. [Geol.

Soc., December 5th, 1883.] Geol. Mag., January, p. 45 ; and Science Gossip,
April, pp. 93-94.

Describes Post-glacial deposits in Swaby Vale, the valleys near Louth, and
near Caistor, stating too that these valleys are among the most remarkable
instances of river erosion to be met with in England. Notes where the modern
watercourses, after flowing for some distance along the line of an ancient (pre
boulder-clay) valley, suddenly deserts that valley and passes through a
ravine excavated entirely out of the chalk.

A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. Yorkshire, &c.
Student’s Handbook of Physical Geology, 8vo, London, 1884.
Several references to Yorkshire, pp. 1¢2, 125, 190, etc.
ey KENDALL, Cumberland, Westmoreland, Lancashire.

The Mineral Veins of the Lake District. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., 1883-4,
XVli. 292-341 and several plates.

Description and analyses of the Borrowdale series; the Skiddaw slates ;
the Eskdale granite; the Ennerdale syenitic-granite; and the Carrock Fell
hypersthenite. Mineral veins and their geological distribution, their direction
and hade, length, breadth, and depth, and theirinner nature. List of minerals
found in the Lake district, with localities.

G. W. LAMPLUGH. Yorkshire.
On a Recent Exposure of the Shelly Patches in the Boulder-Clay at
. Bridlington. Quart. j. Geol. Soc., xl. 312-328, with woodcut; Geol. Mag.,
April, p. 185; and Ann. and | Mag. Nat. Hist., April, p. 297. Abstract in
Proc. Geol. Soc., February 2oth, 1884.

Description of the ‘Basement Boulder-Clay’ thus exposed, with theory as to
the origin of the shelly patches contained. Details of fossils discovered
(number of Mollusca raised from 67 to 101, five of them being new). This
paper is to prove that the shelly patches are not in place, but are remnants of
beds which once existed on the spot, ploughed up and destroyed by the
passage of ice over them, or else they have been far transported and here
abandoned by the ice in its progress.

Gx, esouR. Northumberland.

Notes on the Geology (for Medical purposes) of Tynemouth Union. Forming
Appendix A (pp. 26, 27) to Dr. Barry’s Report to the Local Government
Board on the sanitary condition of the district, folio (Blue Book).
London, 1884.

G. A. LEBOUR. Durham.

On the Breccia-gashes of the Durham Coast and some recent Earth-shakes at
Sunderland. Proc. N. of Eng. Inst. of Mining and Mech. Engineers, vol.
Xxxill, 1884, pp. 165-174, and plates xii., xii.

This paper draws special attention to one of the strangest and most striking

of the developments of the Magnesian Limestone, as displayed in Marsden Bay.

The breccias are exposed on the cliff face between walls of ordinarily bedded

Mag. Limestone, and present many peculiarities which are noted in detail, and

their varieties also illustrated by diagrammatic sketches. Their origin and

their connection with the recent earth-shakes at Sunderland are discussed at
length.

G. A. LEBOUR. Northumberland.

On a Great Fault at Annstead, in North Northumberland. Proc. of N. of
Eng. Inst. of Mining and Mech. Engineers, 1884.

This paper draws attention to and describes one of the most complete
natural sections, and one of the greatest dislocations in Northumberland.
The probable throw of the Annstead Fault is 980 feet. The beds described
are Upper Bernician or Yoredale. A detailed section of the strata from Ebba’s
Snook to Annstead Burn given.

Dec. 1885.

- 400 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY.

G. A. LEBOUR and RICHARD HOWSE. Northumberland.
A statement as to recent publications relating to Anodonta Jukesii (Lebour) ;
and Reply to Prof. Lebour’s statement (Howse). Nat. Hist. Trans.
Northumb., Durham, and Newc., viii. 30-32 (1884).
Controversial matter, as to priority of publication of discovery of this shell
in Northumberland.
[Rev. C. W. MARKHAM. ]
An ancient wooden [oak] way. Science Goss., June, p. 134. Lincolnshire.

Reports discovery near Brigg, in Lincolnshire, seven feet below the surface,
of the above. Mr. Markham thinks it is of Neolithic age.

W. MAWER. Lincolnshire.
An interesting bit of Lincolnshire Geology. Sci. Goss., May, pp. 105-106, and
woodcut.

Description of the Chalk ravine mentioned by Mr. Jukes-Browne in Science
Gossip for May; this particular one is in the neighbourhood of Louth, and
called Hubbard’s Hills.

How the River Lud cut through Hubbard’s Hills. Pamphlet, 1884.

This pamphlet gives an interesting popular account of the physical
geography and geology of the Louth neighbourhood, illustrated by woodcuts.

J. MaGens MELLo. Derbyshire.
Note on a Specimen of Iron Amianthus. Proc. Geol. Soc., May 14th, p. 65.
Geol. Mag., July, pp. 332, 333-
The specimen was found at the bottom of one of the Wingeworth Iron-
furnaces, near Chesterfield.

AC al METCARER, <b sGss) Derbyshire.
On the discovery in one of the bone-caves of Cresswell Crags of a portion of

the upper jaw of Elephas primigenius. Nature, December 18th, 1884,
XK Oa.

ize Ge MITAT Ls Yorkshire.
On a new Specimen of Megalichthys from the Yorkshire Coal-field. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., August Ist, xl. 347-352, and six woodcuts; Geol. Mag.,
May, pp. 237, 238; Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, June, p. 483; and Abstract
in Proc. Geol. Soc., April 2nd, 1884.
Description of an unusually complete specimen of Alegalichthys Hibberti. found
- in the roof of the Halifax Hard Bed at Idle. It is externally in good preser-
vation, and but little disturbed; the ventral surface is uppermost, and the
pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal fins can be more or less satisfactorily made
out ; the dorsal surface is absent. ©
HuGH MILLER.
On Fluxion-Structure in Till. Geol. Mag., October, New Series, Decade
PL volt. ppe472. 473:
A rough structure comparable to the fluxion-structure of igneous rock, the
smaller boulders diverging around and apparently drifting past the larger,
indicates that at least a surface layer of the Till was dragged along, with a

shearing movement of particle upon particle, producing intimate glaciation
within its mass.

HuGH MILLER. Northumberland.
The ‘Encyclopedia Britannica.’ Ninth Edition, vol. xvii. MMJot-Orm_(Edin-
burgh, 1884).

Under the letter N is a slight general sketch of the physical geography and
geology of Northumberland. by Hugh Miller of H.M. Geological Survey. The
views of the late George Tate as to the divisions of the Carboniferous Series
are well described: later work, both by the author himself and by others,
being practically ignored.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALZX ONTOLOGY. 401

J. R. MorRTIMER. Yorkshire.
A description of the origin and distribution of the un-water-worn Chalk-
gravel of the Yorkshire Chalk Hills, supplemented by an account of
neighbouring and somewhat contemporaneous deposits. Proc. Geol. Assoc..
January, viii. 287-298.

Stratigraphical positions of this gravel; what the gravel contains, and the
origin of the deposits.

Gal. MORTON: Lancashire.

Section across the Trias recently exposed by a Railway Excavation in

_ Liverpool. Proc. Liverp. Geol. Soc., 1883-84, iv. 427-434, and plate; and
Rep. Brit. Assoc., Southport, 1883, p. 480.

The section shows that while faults are numerous in the Keuper Sandstone,
which was frequently fractured during subsidence into a depression, the
Pebble-beds of the Bunter are very little faulted.

E. T. NEWTON. Yorkshire.
List of Fish-Remains from Shelly Patches in the Boulder-Clay at Bridlington
Quay. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl., p. 322.

An appendix to G. W. Lamplugh’s paper.

A. M. NORMAN. Northumberland, Cumberland, Durham.
Address tothe . . Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club . . May 27th, 1881.
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb., Durham, and Newc., viii. 68-71, 83-89 (1884).

Notes of observations at field meetings; Corbridge-on-Tyne ; Alston, Cum-
berland ; St. John’s, Weardale, Co. Durham; Barrasford and Chollerton,
North Tyne; and Marsden Rocks, Co. Durham; and obituary notice of

-Thomas Atthey.
G. OLIVER. Yorkshire.
The Mineral Springs of the Grand Anticlinal of the West Riding. Proc.
Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc., N.S., vol. viii., Part 3, p. 336.

A brief account of the geology of that portion of the West Riding which
extends some 30 or 40 miles west of Harrogate; also the data pertaining to
the issues of mineral waters in the district. Theories also advanced as to the
derivation of the various salts found in these waters.

SEPTIMUS OSWALD. Yorkshire.
On a Perched Block of Sandstone in Lunesdale. Nat. Hist. Trans., Northumb.,
Durham, and Newc., viii. 181-184.

This block on the N. side of the road from Middleton to Brough, by way of
the bridge, called that of the ‘ Grains of the Beck.’ It stands on a pedestal of
limestone, but no details as to the lithology of the block are given.

OVENDEN NATURALIS$S’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire.
[Reports of Meetings.] Nat., January, ix. 107-108.
Sir RICHARD OWEN. Derbyshire.

Notes on the Remains of Elephas primigenius, from the Cresswell bone-cave.
Nature, December 18th, xxxi. 163.

C. PARKIN. Yorkshire.
The Mineral Resources of the Rosedale Abbey District. North of England
Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers: Trans., vol. xxxiil. p. 43,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
JOHANNES PETERSEN. Northumberland.
Mikroskopische und Chemische Untersuchungen am Enstatitporphyrit aus
den Cheviot Hills. Inaugural-Dissertation, zur Erlangungen der Doctor
wiirde der philosophischen Fakultat zu Kiel. Jiel, 1884, 8vo, 44 pages.

A long and detailed petrological description and chemical analysis of speci-
mens collected by Dr. Trechmann in the Cheviot district, from the localities of
Allerhope Burn, Carhope on the Coquet, Windy Haugh, Shellmoor Farm, &c.
This communication, coming as it does from one of the first petrological
laboratories in the world, contains work of the very highest order.

Dec. 1885.

402 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.

J, ARTHUR. PHILUIPS: Northern Counties generally.
A Treatise on Ore Deposits. $8vo, 651 pp., London, 1884.

Much information respecting the useful minerals of the North of England
occurs in this work under-the following heads: Iron Ores of the Carboniferous
Limestone—Northern Counties, pp. 158-164 ; Ironstones of the Coal-Measures,
pp. 165-169 ; Lead Mines of the Carboniferous Limestone, pp. 180-195.

C. E. DE RANCE. Lancashire and Yorkshire.
Ninth Rep. of the Committee, consisting of [19 names] appointed for the
purpose of investigating the Circulation of Underground Waters in the
Permeable Formations of England, and the Quantity and Character of the
Water supplied to various Towns and Districts from these Formations.
Brit. Assoc. Rep., Southport, 1883, pp. 147-159.

Description of boring at Hall Wood, about 6 miles E. of Liverpool, 414
feet in depth (p. 150); full description of strata met with in boring 439 feet
6 in., Irton, near Scarborough (C, Fox-Strangways), with results obtained
(p. 151).

CC. Es (DE RANCE. Lake District, Lancashire, Cheshire.
Notes on Geological Sections within forty miles radius of Southport [brief
abstract]. Rep, Brit. Assoc., Southport, 1883, p. 489.

The Silurians of the Lake District and North Wales within the radius are
described, also those in the Carboniferous Limestone, Coal Measures, Permian
and Triassic rocks, especially the Keuper Sandstones and Marls round
Southport. ;

C. E. DE RANCE and others. Lake District.
Discussion on Mr. Kendall’s Paper on Mineral Veins of the Lake District.

Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., 1884-85, xvill. 38-43.
The bedding, cleavage,and jointing of the rocks of the Lake District reviewed.

C..E: DE RANCE. Yorkshire, Durham, Lancashire, Cheshire, Lincolnshire.
On the occurrence of Brine in the Coal-Measures, with some remarks on
Filtration. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., 1884-85, xviil. 61-81.

Localities in the Coal-Measures of Yorkshire. at Woolley Edge Rock. E. of
Wakefield; of Durham, near Butterby, Walker, Wallsend Collieries,
&e.; of Lancashire, at Charnock Richard, W. of Chorley and Worthington
Colliery, near Standish; and of Cheshire, at Astley Deep Pit, near Dukin-
field. In the New Red Sandstone, Lincolnshire, a boring described 1,140 feet
in depth, W. of Horncastle; in the Keuper Marls, Cheshire, analyses, show-
ing the composition of rock salt, which dissolved forms the Cheshire brine.

T. MELLARD READE. Lancashire.
A Delta in Miniature—twenty-seven years’ work. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
x]. 263-266, with woodcuts ; and Geol. Mag., March, p. 143.
Description of miniature delta, in Rake Reservoir supplying Liverpool.

Miniature Domes in sand. Geol. Mag., January, New Series, Decade III.,
vol. i., pp. 21-22 (woodcuts).
Observations on shore, at Blundell Sands, of numerous small sand bosses,
from ¥% in. to 3 in. in diameter. From these propounds theory of formation
of laccolites, or stone cisterns mentioned in Gilbert’s Geol. of Rocky Mountains.

On a Section of Keuper Marls, at Great Crosby. Geol. Mag., October, New
Series, Decade III., vol. i., 445-447.
Description of Section at Great Crosby, showing 8 to 15 feet of Boulder-
Clay, overlying argillaceous shales belonging to the Keuper Marls. °
Further notes on Rock-fragments from the South of Scotland, embedded in
the Low-level Boulder-Clay of Lancashire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., xl.
270-272; Geol. Mag., April, pp. 186-187.
A continuation of Paper in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxix, p. 119.

- Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY. 403

T. MELLARD READE. Cheshire.
Ripple-marks in Drift in Shropshire and Cheshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
xl. 267-269, with woodcuts; Geol. Mag., April, p. 187.
Gives section at Tranmere, Cheshire, but discussion tended to prove that
these were not true ripple-marks, but due to pressure.

T. MELLARD READE. Lancashire.
Experiments on the Circulation of Water in Sandstone. Proc. Liverp. Geol.
Soc., 1883-84, iv. 434-447, and woodcuts.

These experiments show that a very great deal of water may be drawn
laterally from rivers flowing over sandstone, and bringing water from other
sources, which may serve to explain the prodigious quantity of water which
can be, and is drawn artificially from the New Red Sandstone.

CLEMENT REID. Yorkshire.
Dust and Soils. Geol. Mag., April., pp. 165-169.

Refers to the Chalk Wolds, and to the North Yorkshire Moors, whereon
bare patches of shales were finely disintegrated by frost. and blown away in
small clouds of dust.

CHARLES RICKETTS. Lancashire.
On Indented Pebbles in the Bunter Sandstone, near Prescot. Proc. Liverp.
Geol. Soc., 1883-4, iv. 447-449.
Wherever these pebbles are in contact an indent is made to a greater or
less extent in the hard quartzite, forming smooth and regular hollows. Sir A.
Ramsay gives what appears to be a correct explanation of this.

H. G. SEELEY. Northern Counties generally.
Phillips’ Manual of Geology, Part I. S8vo, London, 1884.

Contains many references to Yorkshire and the other Northern counties ;
the Whin Sill (p. 336), the Cleveland and Armathwaite Dyke (338), lead ores
(411,423), the Cleveland ironstone (432).

J. SHIPMAN. Isle of Man.
Ice-grooved Boulders. Midl. Nat., January, vii. 25.

Referring to a previous paper by Mr. Harrison, the writer gives his obser-
vations on ice-grooves running parallel with the coast-line near Port St. Mary,
Isle of Man, the peculiarity in this case being that the strize passed round the
corners of the boulders.

JAMES SHIPMAN. Notts.

Geology of the Parish of Lenton (part of the borough of Nottingham).
Reprint from Godfrey’s ‘History of the Parish and Priory of Lenton.’
1884. 53 pages and geol. section.

A comprehensive and detailed account of the strata in the parish of Lenton
(part of the borough of Nottingham). Good sections given of the country
from the Tottle Brook to the south side of Nottingham Park, and from
Wollaton Hall across the Trent Valley to Clifton Grove. Fine examples of
trough faultsshown. General account of the geology, with detailed chapters on
Alluvial Deposits, Upper Keuper Marl, Lower Keuper ‘ Waterstones.’ Lower
Keuper Basement Beds, Bunter Pebble Beds, Lower Mottled Sandstone, Coal
Measures.

THEODORE SINGTON. Derbyshire, Lancashire, Cheshire.
Organic Remains of the Carboniferous Limestone. [Brief abstract only. ]
Rep. Manch. Sci. Stud. Assoc. for 1883, p. 49-50.
GEORGE VARTY SMITH. Cumberland.
Preliminary Note on the further discovery of Vertebrate Footprints in the

Penrith Sandstone. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Southport, 1883, pp. 510-511, and
woodcut.

Dec. 1885.

404 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY.

GEORGE VARTY SMITH. Cumberland.
On Further Discoveries of Footprints of Vertebrate Animals in the Lower New
Red Sandstone of Penrith. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., August, xl. 479-481,
and woodcut ; Geol. Mag., July, p. 336.
These valuable as coming from undoubtedly Lower Permian strata, in which
remains of vertebrate forms higher than fishes had so rarely occurred.

H. B. STOCKS. Yorkshire.
On the Composition of the Coal Balls and Baum Pots in the Lower Coal
Measures. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc., N.S., vol. viii., Part III.,
P- 393:
Explanation of the terms ‘Coal Ball’ and ‘Baum Pot,’ with analyses of
specimens of the same obtained from Bradshaw, Stocks’ Pit, and Swan Bank,
near Halifax.

Je. [aseLARRIS—EATL: Cumberland.
A Faulted Slate. Geol. Mag., January, New Series, Decade III., vol. i
pp. 1-3, and plate i.
The photograph represents a piece of faulted slate from the Borrowdale
series in the English Lake district, and exhibits every detail of the faulting in a
perfect manner. Examples of a number of typical trough faults most beauti-
fully shown, and explanations of same given in detail.

J. J. Harris TEALL. Northumberland.

Dr. J. Petersen on some Cheviot Rocks. Geol. Mag., May, New Series,
Decade III., vol. i., pp. 226-234.
Petrology of a rock named as enstatite-porphyrite by Dr. Petersen, the term
‘enstatite’ being selected as the representative of the entire group of rhombic
pyroxenes, and the term porphyrite being given to the rock because it is of
Pre-Tertiary age.
J.2J. HLARRIS TEALE. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire.

‘ Petrological Notes on some North of England Dykes. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
xl. 209-247, plates xii., xili.; Geol. Mag., February, New Series, Decade III.,
vol. i., p. 92; and abstract in Proc. Geol. Soc., December 19th, 1883.

Full petrological details, with microscopical and chemical analyses, are
given respecting the following North-country Dykes :—The Cleveland, Cock-
field, and Armathwaite Dyke; the Hett and related dykes, the Hebburn
Dyke (which Mr. Teall regards as distinct from that of Coley Hill), the Tyne-
mouth Dyke (which he thinks identical with the Coley Hill Dyke), the
Brunton Dyke, the Seaton and Hartley Dykes, the Morpeth Dyke, the High
Green Dykes, the Acklington Dyke.

The great Cleveland Dyke is traced to Armathwaite in the Eden Valley ;
it is an augite-andesite, probably of Miocene age; it has no connection with
the Whin Sill. The Bibliography of the subject i is given.

. J. Harris TEALL. Northumberland, Durham.

On the Chemical and Microscopical Characters of the Whin Sill. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. xl., pp. 640-657, plate xxix. 3 Geol. Mag., August, New Series,

Decade sity vol. i., pp. 380, 381.

A detailed paper, giving very fully the petrological characters of the Great
Whin Sill, from original observation both in the field and in the laboratory.
The absence of olivine in the rock is one of its most striking peculiarities, and
it is shown to be rather a diabase, like some known in Sweden and in the
Atlantic States of North America, than a true basalt. The author regards
the intrusive nature of the Whin Sill as no longer requiring proof.

The felspar of this well-known rock is shown to give an analysis agreeing
with that of andesine; the dominant pyroxene is monoclinic, but with the com-
position of enstatite ; the other chief constituent seems to ‘be an intergrowth
of magnetite and ilmenite. The ee oEre ay of the subject is given.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GEOLOGY AND PALAONTOLOGY. 405

JoHN HENRY TIFFEN. Yorkshire.
- Prize Essay on the Agriculture of East and North Ridings of Yorkshire. North
British Agriculturist, October 29th, xxxvi. 733-738.
Gives stratigraphical description and character of soils in East Riding—
(1) Holderness, (2) The Wolds, (3) Howdenshire ; North Riding—(1) The
Carboniferous, (2) The New Red Sandstone, (3) The Oolite.

C. O. TRECHMANN. Westmoreland.

Analysis of an altered Siderite from Hilton Beacon Lead Mine, near Appleby.
Mineralogical Mag., July, vi. 52-53.

Analysis made to determine the nature of the alteration which had changed
the light-greenish or brownish yellow siderite to the dark, almost perfectly
black. glossy crystals so often seen.

G, HR. VINE. Derbyshire.

Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. H. C. Sorby and Mr. G. R.
Vine, appointed for the purpose of reporting on Fossil Polyzoa. Rep. Brit.
Assoc., Southport, 1883, pp. 161-209.

At p. 191 is a reference to Ptclopora Phillipszt Vine, from Castleton,
Derbyshire (Carboniferous Limestone).

G. R. VINE.

Fifth and Last Report of the Committee, consisting of Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S.,
and Mr. G. R. Vine, appointed for the purpose of reporting on Fossil Polyzoa.
Brit. Assoc. Rep., Montreal, 1884. Reprint (proof), pp. 123.

One object of this report is to furnish the student with as full a list of
synonyms, both of genera and species, as possible. The classification adopted
is that formulated by the Rev. T. Hincks for his work on British Marine Polyzoa,.

G. R. VINE. Yorkshire.
Further Notes on New Species and other Yorkshire Carboniferous Fossil
Polyzoa described by Prof. John Phillips. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and

Polytech. soc., vol; vil. Part III... p. 377.
ALBERT H, WATERS. Yorkshire.
The Red Chalk and its Fossils (concluded). Nat. World, August and Sep-

tember, i. 128-130, 147-149, and woodcuts.
Short stratigraphical account of the Red Chalk, with its localities and fossils.

R. LioyD WHITELEY. Yorkshire.
Analysis of the Kissingen Saline Chalybeate Water, 1883, as compared
with analyses in 1845, 1854, 1867, and 1879. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and
Polyt. Soc., vol. viii., Part III., p. 366-370.
These analyses are intended to throw a little more light on the character
and composition of the well-known Kissingen Spring at Harrogate.

GEORGE WILD.

Sigillaria (‘Pot-Holes’) and their Detection in the Roof of a Coal Seam by
their stigmarian roots. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc., 1883-84, xvii. 215-224,
and three plates.

The practical value of this paper is very great. Diagrams showing the
characteristic features of the roots and articulation of the rootlets externally,
also the vegetable structure internally; also a section of the seam of coal
(Peacock Mine) showing the stratification of roof and floor, and position in
which the sigillarian trunks are found.

E. LEADER WILLIAMS and —. HUNTER. Lancashire, Cheshire.
A Geological Section of the Mersey and Irwell Valleys. Trans. Manch. Geol.

Soc., 1883-4, Xvil. 212-215.
This section, a sample of the undulatory land surface carved in the solid

rock which exists beneath the superficial deposits of clay, sands and gravels of
boulder-clay origin, and of a Pre-Glacial remote origin.

Dec. 1885.

406 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 1884: GFOLOGY AND PALAONTOLOGY.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. Lancashire and Yorkshire.
On some supposed Fossil Algz from Carboniferous Rocks. Brit. Assoc. Rep.,
Southport, 1883, p. 493.

The specimens come from Yoredale rocks, on the banks of the Hodder,
and, like the similar fossils from the Cambrian which have been called
Chrossochorda, are probably casts of the tracks of Crustacea or other animals.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. Yorkshire.
Biographical notices of eminent Yorkshire Geologists: III. ‘John
Williamson.’ Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., vol. viil., pp. 296, 313.

A graphic account of the life and work of John Williamson, the Scar-
borough geologist.

W. C. WILLIAMSON. Lancashire, Yorkshire.
Presidential address to the Geological Section of tbe British Association at
Southport. Rep. Brit. Assoc., Southport, 1833, pp. 475-489.

A sketch of the present state of our knowledge of the vegetation of the
Carboniferous Age, classified and described as follows :—Fungi, Algz,
Vascular Cryptogams, Ferns, Calamites and Calamodendron, Lycopodiaceze,
Gymnosperms, Cycads, Conifers.

HENRY WOODWARD.
Note on the Synonymy of Phillipsia gemmulifera, Phillips sp. 1836, a
Carboniferous Trilobite. Geol. Mag., January, pp. 22, 23.

Gives reasons for restoring Phillips’ specific name of gemmudlifera for this
Carboniferous Limestone form, and discarding that of Schlotheum ( 7: pzstzlatus)
as untenable.

HENRY WOODWARD. Yorksh., Northumb., Derbysh., Cumb.
A Monograph of the British Carboniferous Trilobites. Part II., pp. 39-86,
plates vii.-x. Pal. Soc., 1884.

Yorkshire, Northumberland, Derbyshire, and Cumberland species are
referred to and described.

HORACE WOODWARD. Northumb., Cumb., Yorksh., Derbysh.
Synopsis of the Genera and species of Carboniferous Limestone Trilobites.
Geol. Mag., November, New Series, Decade III., vol. i., pp. 484-489.

Griffithides glaber HH. Woodw., five apecmene of its pygidia from the
Carboniferous Limestone of N orthumberland, and one from the Upper Carboni-
ferous Shale of Ashford, Derbyshire, are in the Museum of Practical Geology.
Griffithides ? Carringtonensis (Eth. MS.) H. Woodw., from Falls Brew,
Caldbeck, Cumberland (Brit. Mus.), and from Longnor and Narrowdale,
Derbyshire (Mus. Pract. Geol.). hzllipsia laticaudata 4. Woodw., Bolland,
Yorkshire. Phillipsia carinata (Salter MS.) H. Woodw., . Carboniferous
Limestone of Derbyshire.

THOMAS WRIGHT. Yorkshire.

Monograph of the Lias Ammonites of the British Islands. Part VII. Descrip-
tive of Species. Pages 441-480, plates Ixxviii.-Ixxxvil. Pal. Soc., 1884.

Yorkshire specimens are described.
W. T. WRIGHT and T. BURTON. Lincolnshire.
Analysis of Woodall Spa. Journ. of Chem. Soc., June, xlv. 168-170.
The Spa is in Lincolnshire, about midway between Lincoln and Boston.
YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION.
[Excursions.] Reported in the Naturalist. Sherburn, vol. ix., p. 219.

Naturalist,

CLAS SLE LE D

407

ND.

CONTRIBUTORS.

Adamson, C. M., 8.
Atehery llth, 58,145, 1387-
Armistead, J. J., 293.

Backhouse, James, F.G.S., IO.

Backhouse, J., jun., M.B.O.U., 32, 58, 149,
Bailey, Matthew, 257, 364. [353-
Baker, J. Gilbert, F.R.S., 86

Barber, Wm., III.

Birks, Thomas, 386.

Bolam, George, 9.

Brady, W. E., 34, 104, 206.

Bunker, Thomas, 9, 60, 87.

Butterfield, E. P. P:, 42, 58, 292.

Cambridge, Rev. O. P., M.A., F.L.S., 103.
Canter, Je W:, 57, 104; 347.

Carter, Thomas, 58, 91, 269.

Chadwick, J. M., 251.

Chadwick, S., 126, 258.

Chaloner, Rev. J., 149, 299. . 3
Chapman, Abel, M.B.0.U., 150. [385, 387.
Clarke We r., Ff: L.S., M.B-O.U., 19, 32, 247,
Cockerell iD, A., M.C.S., 181, 321:
Cole, Rev. E. Maule, M.A., 34.

Collier, Edward, M.c.s., 181.

Cordeaux, John, M.B.0.U., I, 33, 105, 267.

Darbishire, R. D., B.A., F.G.S., 60, 320.
Dennis, Thomas, 21.

Dobrée, N. F., 103, 378.

Wrice; GEC. , V1... 35, 35.

Hilismiae Wek: R-EP., 45,1063, 237, 322.
Embleton, Dennis, M.D., 128.
Emmet, John, F.L.S., 270, 299.

hishs Gl .,,B. A+, 02.
Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S., 32.
Box, Rey. 0. E., M.A., M.B.O.U., III, 139.

Gaim, W..20, 21, 31, 112, 138, 321.
Gallweyzsoir he Ps. Bty, M.B.O.U. 5 304.
Gardner, J., 292.

Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., I1I, 206.

Grove, Ed., F.R.M.S., 232. [344.
Gurmey, j- E.,jun., £.Z.S., M.B.0.U., 110,

fale Aco E.5:202.
Hemson,C. C., 127.
Harker, Alfred, M.A., F.G.S., 220.

Dec. 1885.

Hey, Rev. W. C., M.A., 25, 129, 258.
Eiichi BaAcuBeSC-y US7007/592035) 27155
Elobisinkw Gels gbsil sae 212504320;
Hodgkinson, J. B.,.246, 259.

Hodgson, W., A.L.S., 278, 299.

Hopkin, Ji, 228:

Howgate, Edward, 366.

Hudson, Baker, M.c.s., 112.

Ingleby, James, 202, 299.

Jeffcott, J. M., M.H.K., 14.
iss Ob Nes Be,

Kane, W. F. de V., M.A., M.R.I.A., 73, 161.
Kew, H. Wallis, 174, 201, 320, 393.

Lawton, P. W., IIo.

Lebour, Prof. G. A., M.A., F.G.S., 16, 179.
Ween ba hox. 135205242.

Lees shea je Me R.G.S.5) 21,9134) 02205 2508
Limpricht, Gustav, 113. [306, 341.

Maclagan, Dr. T. W., 178. [149, 299.
Macpherson, Rev. H. A., M.A., 32, 125, 148,
Massee, G., F.R.M.S., 140, 300, 378.
Viva erotie Car bniaSeahs GaSe ton:
Middleton, R. M., jun., F.L.s., 228.
Musson, C. T., M.C.S., 112, 181, 326.

Nelson, William, M.C.S., 20.
Nicholson, Francis, F.z.S., 182.

Oldfield, G. W., M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 88, 202.
Oldham, Charles, 149, 156, 274.

Paterson, A.,58. [284, 312, 330, 352, 384.
Paul, G., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 183, 216, 236, 264,
Peacock, Rev. Adrian, 148.

Pearson, W. H., 113.

Percival, John, 32.

Pickard, Edgar, 227. [269, 292, 344, 347.
leant, (Co ARS. IbieiSas WaSba Wis a1. ii iCoylp
Postlethwaite, T. N., B.A., 127, 128.
Price; A. -W.., 202:

Prodham, Herbert, 213.

Raine, Thomas, 298.

Rawson, F. G. S., 201.

Roberts, Geo., M.C.S., 321, 389.

Robson, J. E., 393. [320, 366.
Roebuck, W. D., F.L S., 20, 202, 246, 258,

408

Shepheard, T., F.R.M.S., 262, 309.

Slater, Rev. El. Ts. M.Ay, F:Z.S.5°89, OF:
Slater, Matthew B.,-36.

Smethurst, Charles, 246.

Soppitt, EE. iy 173. (335,393:
Southwell, Thomas, F.z.s., 88, 217, 228,
Standen, Robert, 128.

Stephenson, Thomas, 180, 201, 269.
Stolterfoth, Henry, M.D., 66

Storey, William, 32, 88, 127, 149, 201, 202,
Start, |eA. jE RCo 2345 [228, 298, 299.
Summerfield, Rev. ReeAds 223;

BOOK. NODICES.

Baker.—Flora of English Lakes, 233. [328.
Bell.—Comparative Anat. and Physiology,
Bottone.—The Dynamo,:95. [282.
Braithwaite.—Salmonidz of Westmoreland,
Calvert.—Natural History of Durham, 263.
Cooke.—British Freshwater Algze, 235.
Davis.—Fossil Carboniferous Fish, 184.
Day.—British and Irish Fishes, 215.
Druce.—-Oxfordshire Flora, 183.

[ Fish ].—Handbook of Natural History, 119.
Forbes. —Eastern Archipelago, 281.
Friend.— Ministry of Flowers, 282.
Grieve.—The Great Auk, 350.
Grove.—Synopsis of Bacteria, &c., 94.
Gurney.—Diurnal Birds of Prey, 22.
Harris.—The Honey Bee, 94.
Hobkirk.—Synopsis of British Mosses, 160.
Hooker.—Students’ Flora, Ed. III., 67.

CHESHIRE:

Birds: Bibliography, 185, 223; Reed
Warbler breeding at Pick-mere, 149, 182;
Migrant arrivals, 249.

Coleoptera: Liverpool List, 45, 237, 322.

Crustacea: Pasiphzea sivado in the Dee, 93.

Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 331.

Fungi: Bibliography, 337.

Geology: Bibliography, 394; a buried
valley, 212.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 286; A. O.

CUMBERLAND. . |

Birds: Bibliography, 185, 223 ; Hawfinch,
32, 149; Garganey, 32; Robin in Salt
Creeks, 148; Whimbrel, 149; Arrivals
of Migrants in 1885, 247; List of Solway

Birds, 293; Wild Fowl, 299; Curlews |

in Solway, 299; Avifauna of Upper
Teesdale, 353; Macpherson and Duck-
worth’s new list, 383.

Ferns: Asplenium lanceolatum, 36 ; Varie-
ties, 259.

Fishes: Bibliography, 253.

Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 332;

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

Taylor, J. W.5- M.c.s.,-130.
Vines Go Rs, 37, 91, 97; 207, 313, 340, 367.

Walker, A. W., 127.

Walsingham, Lord, M.A., F.L.S., 19.
Watkins, Rev. M. G., M.A., 59.

West, William, M.c.s., 178, 232.
Whitaker, Joseph, F.Z.S., 19, 58, 127, 149,
Whitwell, William, 86. [201;=326:
Wilson, Thomas, I15, 174, 246.
Wrigglesworth, E. B., 127, 206.

Hudson and Gosse.—Rotifers, 329.
Ibbetson.—Ferns of York, 22.

Lang.— List of European Butterflies, 182.
Mitchell.—Birds of Lancashire, 310.
Mosley.—Natural History Teacher, 215.
Newton.—Onmnithology (ex Enc. Brit.), 233.
Newton and Saunders.— Yarrell's Birds. 311.
Pascoe.—List of British Vertebrata, 182.
Report on Bird-migration in 1883, 43.
Report on Bird-migration in 1884, 382.
Roberts.—Nat. History of Lofthouse, 382.
Sonnenschein & Co.—Penny Handbks., 95.
Spruce.—Hepatice Amazine et Andine, 71.
South.—List of British Lepidoptera, 117.
Southwell.—List of Norfolk Mammals, 124.
Wallace.—F lowers, a Fantasy, 95.
Wood.—Season among the Flowers, 95.

Walker’s new list, 24; Heliothis pelti-
gera, 42, 347; Lepidopterous Fauna of
Lancashire and Cheshire, 163, 183, 206.
Mammalia: Bibliography, 156.
Mollusca: Freshwater Shells, Baguley, 156.
Mosses: Bibliography, 338.
Polyzoa, &c.: Paludicella ehrenbergi, 262 ;
Spongilla, &c., at Eaton, 309.
Societies: Chester, 24, 142, 328; Maccles-
field, 329; Stockport, 235.

Melampyrum pratense, var. nov. hians, 35;
Flora of, Lake” District, 36,- 06, 12247,
Andreea commutata, species new to
science, 113; Vicia sylvatica, 278.
Fungi: Bibliography, 338.
Geology: Bibliography, 394,
Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285.
Lichens: Bibliography, 338.

Mammalia: Bibliography, 152; Deep dtap
for a Weasel, 128; Otter- hounds, 320.
Mosses and Hepatics: Bibliography, 339.

Societies: Cumberland Association, 263.

Naturalist,

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

409

DERBYSHIRE.

Birds: Bibliography, 185, 223.
Cryptogamic Bibliography, 337.
Fishes: Bibliography, 253.
Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 331.
Geology: Bibliography, 394.
Lichens: Solorina saccata, 338.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285.
Mammalia: Bibliography, 156.

Mollusks: Achatina, 274.

Mosses and Hepatics: 21, 259; Biblio-

graphy, 338.
Paleontology: 371.

DURHAM.

Birds: Bibliography, 188, 223; Hawfinch
breeding, Winlaton, 19; Avifauna of
Upper Teesdale, 353.

Cryptogamic Bibliography, 339.

Fishes: Bibliography, 254.

Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 333;
Teesdale Botany, 10; Cypripedium cal-
ceolus, 235.

Geology: An abnormal deposit of drift coal
in N. Durham, 179,213; Bibliography, 394.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285; Chero-
campa nerii, Hartlepool, 292 ; Heliothis
peltigera, Hartlepool, 393.

Mammalia: Bibliography, 153; Seal, Tees
mouth, 43; Black Rat, Newcastle, 88,
128; Noctule near Cleadon, 202; Black
Rat, Hartlepool, 228.

Mollusea: Slugs, 20; Shells, 112.

Reptiles, &c.: Bibliography, 252.

LANCASHIRE.

Birds: bibliography, 185, 223; Woodcock,
Windermere, 58; Reed Warbler near
Wigan, 182; Arrivals of Migrants in
1885, 247; Night-jar, Eccles, 251; Birds
of Lancashire reviewed, 310. |

Coleoptera: Liverpool List, 45, 237, 322. |

Desmids: Bibliography, 337. |

Fishes: Bibliography, 253. _

Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 331:
Flora of Lake District, 86, 96, 235. |

Fungi: Bibliography, 339. |

Geology: A Buried Valley, 212; Micro- |
paleontology, 371; Bibliography, 394. |

Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285 ; Winder- |
mere, 42; Lepidopterous Fauna of Lan- |

cashire and Cheshire, 163, 183, 206;
Lyceena corydon, 246; Heliothis pelti-
gera, 347.

Mammalia: Bibliography, 153; Badgers
near Preston, 128; Rats eating Fresh-
water Shells, 274.

Mollusca: Freshwater Shells eaten by Rats,
274; Hardy’s Manchester List, 351.

Mosses: 21, 250.

Reptiles, &c.: Bibliography, 252; Sand
Lizard at Southport, 258.

Societies: Liverpool, 43, 95, 142, 184, 215,
311, 329; Manchester, 21, 36, 96, 114,
183, 184, 215, 235, 259, 328, 351.

PUN GO TINS Hyp Ras.

Birds: Bibliography, 185, 223; Thick-knee
and Temminck’s Stint, Gainsborough and
Lincoln, 32: Kite near Wragby, 34;
Cuckoo laying in a Pollard Willow, 127;
Little Auk near Boston, 127; Missel
Thrush near Louth, 201; Migrant arrivals
in 1885, 248; Spring Notes for 1885, 267; |
Little Auk occurring in July, 344.

Fishes: Bibliography, 253; of Grimsby
about 1300, 60.

Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 332;
Rosa tomentosa, 21 ; Elder growing upon |
a Willow, 320. |

Fungi: Bibliography, 339; A‘cidium pim-
pinellee v. apii, 21.

Geology: Bibliography, 394.

| Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285; Satyrus

tithonus, 104, 174. .

Mammalia: Bibliography, 153; Wild Cat
and other species near Wragby, 33;
Exportation of Stoats and Weasels to
New Zealand, 143; Sperm Whale at
Grimsby in 1563, 228; Otter, Louth,

393-
Mollusca: Marine Shells at Mablethorpe,
31; Amalia gagates at Alford, 366.
Natural History of Lincolnshire, 265.
Societies: Alford, 311; Louth,

142,
383.

See OT ey AUN:

Birds: Bibliography, 226; Manx traditions, |
14; Arrival of migrants, 247. |

Geology: Bibliography, 403.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285.

Dec. 1885.

Mammalia: Bat, Dormouse, and Hedge-
hog in Manx tradition, 14.

Mollusca: Snail in Manx tradition, 14.

Mosses, 21.

Tradition: The Seven Sleepers, 14.

an

AIO CLASSIFIED INDEX.

NORTHUMBERLAND.
Alge: Bibliography, 337. | Corallorhiza innata, 178; Botany of
Birds: Bibliography, 185, 223; Red- | Eastern Borders, 342.

breasted Flycatcher, 9; Hawfinch | Fungi: Bibliography, 337.

nesting, 19; early appearance of Geology and Paleontology: Micro-palzon-
Snow-bunting, 58; Peregrine, Cheviot, tology of the Northern Carboniferous
58; Winter visit to the Farnes, 89; | Shales, 37, 61, 97, 207, 313, 367 ; Biblio-
Close Time for Wild Birds, 95; Notes | - graphy, 394.

for Upper Coquetdale, 105, 150; | Liehens: Bibliography, 338.

Destruction of bird-life at the Farnes, | Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285.

III; Spotted Eagle in Northumber- Mammalia: Bibliography, 152; Black Rat

land, 387. at Newcastle, 88, 128; Squirrel attacked
Fishes: Bibliography, 253; Bull Trout of by a bird, 202. ;
Coquet and Tweed, 59, 345." Mollusca: Riding Mill-on-Tyne, 139.

Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 332; Reptiles, &c.: Bibliography, 252.
Additions to Northumberland Flora, 139; | Societies: Tyneside Club, 282.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.
Birds: Bibliography, 185, 224; Great Tit | Fungi: Hydnum coralloidesat Ossington,
and Bees, 19; Spring Birds at Mansfield, | 138, 339.
19; Tufted Duck at Rainworth, 58; | Geology: Geological map of Nottingham,
Puffin at Mansfield, 127: Woodcocks in | 142; Bibliography, 394.

Noitts., 149; Rainworth Notes, 201; , Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 287.
Grey-lag Goose at Papplewick, 201; Mammalia: Bibliography, 152.
Arrivals of Migrants in 1885, 247. Mollusca: Unio pictorum at Ossington, 20,

Fishes: Bibliography, 254. 112; Large Anodons in Notts., 112;
Flowering Plants: Bibliography.333; Rosa Mussels eaten by Animals and Birds,
tomentosa, 21; Luminous Wood, 326. 181; Amalia gagates at Tuxford, 321.

WESTMORELAND.

Birds: Bibliography, 188, 223; Pied Fly- | of the Lake District, 86, 96, 235;
catcher, 125; Avifauna of Upper Tees- | Solomon’s Seal at Witherslack, 259.
dale. 353; Macpherson and Duckworth’s | Fungi: Bibliography, 339.

New Book, 383. Geology: Bibliography, 394.

Desmids: Bibliography, 337. Lepidoptera: Bibliography, 285 ; Cceno-

Ferns: 250. nympha typhon, 206.

Fishes: Bibliography, 253; Salmonidz, 282. | Lichens: Bibliography, 338.

Flowering Plants: Bibliography, 332; | Mammalia: Bibliography, 153; Otter-

Melampyrum pratense v. hians, 35; Flora hounds, 329.
YORKSHIRE.

Alge: Spurn, 92; West Riding Habitats, | Tengmalm’s Owl, Holderness, I10 ;
232; Dewsbury, 259; List of Marine, | Dotterel, Holderness, 110; Curious site
Scarborough, 3co. _ for Wren’s Nest, Rillington, 126; Albino

Arachnida: Spurn, 92; New British | Birds, Nidderdale, 127; Water-rail,
Pseudo-scorpions, 103. | Nidderdale, 127; Little Auk, Settring-

Birds: Spurn, 4; Twite nesting, Thorne, | ton, 127; Halifax, 127; Twite near
9; Hawes, 18; Washburndale, 109: | Thorne Waste. 148; Bittern near Tad-
Quail nesting, Wensleydale, 32 ; Wood- caster, 149; Land-rail near Tadcaster,

cock breeding, Nidderdale, 32; Little in December, 149; Nidderdale, 149;
Gull, Whitby, 32; Helmsley, 41: Bibliography, 185, 223; Nidderdale,
Decoys, 44; Hawfinch, Bingley, 58; 201; Whitby, 201; Halifax, 201;

Curious nesting-place, Reed Bunting, 58; Arrivals of Migrants in 1885, 2473
Orange-legged Hobbynear Doncaster. 58 ; Anston Stones, 260; East Coast Notes,
Green Sandpiper at Masham, 58; Haw- Spring of 1885, 267; Goosanders,
finch breeding, Masham, 91; Barred Masham, 269; Curious nest of Thrush,

Warbler, Holderness, 91; Spurn, 92; Copgrove, 269; Boroughbridge, 279;

Naturalist ,

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

AUI

YORKSHIRE—Conitinued.

Great Grey Shrike, Leeds, 298; Nidder-
dale, 298 ; Curious site, Missel Thrush’s
nest, 299; Hawfinch and Water Rail,
Boston Spa, 299; Curious death of
Swift, 299; Lapwing’s Nest with five
eggs, 299; Little Auk in July, Tad-
caster, 299; Pocklington, 308; Little
Owls near Scarborough, 336; Curious
_ place for Cuckoo’s Egg, Thorne, 344;
Whitby and Kettleness, 349; Avifauna
of Upper Teesdale, 353; Rustic Bun-
ting, 364; Former occurrence of Black
Game, Blubberhouses, 364; Flamborough,
304: Wensleydale, breeding of Red-
wing and Dunlin, 364; Blubberhouses,
379; Desert Chat in Holderness,
387; Whiskered Tern, Hornby Castle,

Gai sitera: Spurn, 92; Astynomus eedilis
at Hull, 103; and at Wakefield, 206;
Boroughbridge, 280; Washburndale, 380.

Diatoms: Bibliography, 338; Surirella
elegans, &c., West York, 232.

Echinoderms: Whitby, 349.

Ferns: Ibbetson’s list reviewed, 22 ; Anston
Stones, 261; Bibliography, 337 ; Whitby,
349; Blubberhouses, 381.

Fishes: Spurn, 6; Angler, Whitgift, 60;
Whitby, 180; Bibliography, 253; Ballan
Wrasse, Flamborough, 257; Basse and
Muller’s Topknot, Whitby, 269.

Flowering Plants: Spurn, 7, 93; Teesdale,
10; Dewsbury, 13; Hawes,18: Helmsley,
41; Sheffield, 71; Clematis vitalba,
Ledsham, 86; Additions to Wensleydale
Flora, 134, 259, 306; Bradford District,
178; Anston Stones, 261; Borough-
bridge, 280; Pocklington, 308 ; Lathrza
squamaria near Dewsbury, 320; Flower
Service, Staveley, 329; Bibliography,
331; Luminous Wood, 340; Bur-reeds,
341; Whitby, 349; Blubberhouses, 381;
Dispersion of Plants, notes on Aliens
and Casuals near Wakefield, 389.

Fungi: Aicidium pimpinelle v. apii, 21 ;
Helmsley, 41; Foray at Selby, 72; List of
fungi collected near Selby, 140; Anston
Stones, 261; Pocklington, 308: Biblio-
graphy, 338; Whitby, 349; Blubber-
houses, 381.

Geology and Palzontology: Bibliography,
394; Spurn, 7, 92; Lacustrine marl at
Ingleborough, 16, 66; Helmsley, 41-
Microscopic Examination of Crummach
Lake deposit, 66; Raygill fissure explor-
ation, 119; Megalichthys from the
Yorkshire Coalfield (illustrated), 121;
Oolites of Cave District, 229;-Inoceramus
involutus, Ganton Wold, 258; Anston
Stones, 261 ; Boroughbridge, 281; Pock-
lington, 308; Micro-palzontology of

Dec. 1885.

Northern Carboniferous Shales, 313, 370;
Whitby and Kettleness, 349; Large
Ammonite, Hessle, 378; Mammalian re-
mains at Kelsey Hill, Holderness, 378 ;
Blubberhouses, 381.

Hymenoptera: Spurn, 92; York Captures
in 1882-3, 115, 246; Abia sericea, Wens-
leydale, 246; Yorkshire Sawflies, 263.

Lepidoptera: Spurn, 5, 92; Eupecilia
dubitana, Huddersfield, 15 ; Hawes, 18 ;
Helmsley, 42; Doncaster, 42; Bingley,
42: Agdistes Bennettii, Redcar, 42;
South West Yorkshire, 57; Grassington,
57: Crambus inquinatellus, Huddersfield,
57; Hepialus humuli, Huddersfield, 104 ;
Agrotis ripe, Spurn, 104; Melanippe
unangulata, new to county, 104 ; Stenop-
teryx hybridalis and Argyresthia retinella,
Huddersfield, 104 ; Phoxopteryx diminu-
tana, Bishop’s Wood, 104; Coleophora
fusco-cuprella, a correction, 104; York
Captures in 1884, 174; Yorkshire Butter-
flies, 183; Erastria fuscula, new to York-
shire, 206; Ilkley, 246; Lyceena cory-
don, Settle, 246; Anston Stones, 261;
Boroughbridge, 280; Bibliography, 285 ;
Vanessa _antiopa, Sheffield, 1875, 292;
Green Farm Wood, Doncaster, 2092;
Bingley, 292; Pocklington, 308; Thorne
Waste, 344; Heliothis peltigera, Holder-
ness, 347, 393; Ennychia cingulalis, &c.,
Helmsley, 347; Collix sparsata and
Eupithecia constrictata, 347; Whitby,
349; Bradford, 351; Blubberhouses, 380.

Mammalia: Spurn, 2, 92; Hawes, 18;
Badger near Barnsley, 34; Helmsley,
41; Seal, Teesmouth, 43; Rudolphi’s
Rorqual, Goole, 87; Albino Mole,
Nidderdale, 88; Bibliography, 152;
Whiskered Bat, Warsill, 202; Badger,
Nidderdale, 202; Badgers and Red
Deer, Wensleydale, 228; Badgers,
Nidderdale, 228; Badgers near Ripon,
228; Boroughbridge, 279; Whiskered
Bat at Pocklington, 308; BlubbegHouses,
379; Sowerby’s Whale at Sptirn, 385 ;
Grampus in the Humber, 386.

Mollusca: Spurn, 2, 7, 92; Hawes, 18:
Paludina contecta, Wressle, &c., 20;
Zonites radiatulus v. viridescenti-alba,
West Riding, 20; List of Yorkshire
Marine Shells, 25, 129; Helmsley, 42 7~
Anston Stones, 227, 260; Settle, 258;~.
Achatina acicula, 270; Boxretighbridge, y4
280; Pocklington, 308% Achatina-
acicula, Knottingley, 320; Limax cinerec-
niger, Washburndale, 320% Achatina
acicula, Wakefield, 321; Whitby, 348 ;
Blubberhouses, 380.

Mosses and Hepatics: Physcomitrium
pyriforme, Thornhill, 21; Sherburn-in-

CLASSIFIED. INDEX.

YORKSHIRE—Continued.

Elmete, 36; Helmsley, 41; Barbula
princeps, a query, 114; Bibliography,

Polctae: Marine: Spurn, 93.

Reptiles and Amphibians: Hawes, 18;
Spurn, 92; Bibliography, 252; Lizards
at Spurn, 258; Boroughbridge, 279;
Pocklington, 308.

Societies: Bradford, 120, 184, 215; Heck-
mondwike, 71, 184; Huddersfield, 161;
Leeds, 142) 1615. 3105) Malton. 72;
Ripon, 215; Rotherham, 162; Sheffield,
161; Wakefield, 70; York, 215; York-
shire Naturalists’ Union, 17, 40, 92,

_ 183, 213, 260, 279, 283, 307, 348, 379.

Zoophytes, &c.: Spurn, 93.

VIS CHV AINE O7lrs:

Arachnida: New Monograph of Pseudo-
scorpions, 120.

Berwickshire: Fish, 345; Plants, 342.

Bibliography of 1884: 152, 185, 223, 252,
253, 285, 331, 337- ie

Birds: Ornithological impossibilities, 8 ;
Migration Reports reviewed, 43, 382;
Sir R. P. Gallwey on Decoys, 44; Food
of Sparrows, 110; Do _ insect-eating
birds cast pellets? 111; Great Tit
attacking stuffed birds, 111; Migration,
5, 1193; Sparrows in United States,
143; Merlins and their Training, 145.

Botany of the Eastern Borders: 342.

Coleoptera: British Nitidulide, 95.

Devonshire: Migrant Birds, 251; Poly-
podium alpestre, 378.

Dorsetshire: Pseudo-scorpions, 103; Mi-
grant Birds, 251; New Butterfly, 383.
Fishes: Bull-trout, 59, 345; Reproduction

of the Eel, 217.

Flowering Plants: New var. (condensata
Druce) of Vicia sylvatica, 85; New var.
(hians Druce) of Melampyrum pratense,
35; Fertilisation in Phanerogams, 157,
175, 203, 275; Luminous Wood, 326,
340.

Herefordshire: Amalia gagates, 321.

Hymenoptera: Bridgman and Fitch on
_ ichneumonidze, 95.
Kent: Pseudo-scorpions, 103; Achatina,

221%
Ireland: Mosses, 112; Bulimus acutus,
66.

Lake District: Mosses, 21; also see under
Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lanca-
shire.

Lepidoptera : Variation in European
Species, 73, 161; Variation in Hepialus
humuli, 104; Process of Skin-casting in
lepidopterous Larva, 366.

Mammalia: WHarvest-mice in Captivity.

88; Squirrel’s Method of Carrying its
Young, 202.

Meteorological Returns: 24, 44, 72, 96,
[10, 120, 144,162; 1835-216, 236, 264,
284, 312, 330, 352, 384, 388.

Mollusea: Dr. Jeffreys’ collections, 22;
Darts of British Helices, 144; Distribu-
tion of Bulimus acutus, 112, 181, 366.

Montgomeryshire: Migrant Birds, 251.

Museums: Newcastle, 24; Malton, 72;
Sheffield, 161 ; Chester, 214; Liverpool,
283.

Nomenclature: Trinomial, 23; Law of
Priority, 118.

| Obituary Notices: John Aitken, 44 ; Amos

Carr, 71; George Mawson, 143; J. A.
Blaydes, 161; John Sanderson, 215;
Mrs. Burdon, 235 ; Nicholas Cooke, 283;
John - Hirth; 1354;;-sjohni Eardy,.35 0 ;
Joseph Sidebotham, 283.

Oxfordshire: Mosses, 21; Migrant Birds,
248.

Personal Notices: C. Ashford, 144; S. D.
Bairstow, 283; Geo. Brook, ter., 183;
Rev. W. Fowler, 182 5 Rey.9 W: W..
Fowler; 3105) A. <F-Gissme,, 161 ; «C7 P.
Hobkirk, 143; H. Seebohm, 215.

Rainfall Returns: 24, 44, 72, 96, 120,
144, 162; also see under Meteorology.

Scotland: Mosses and Hepatics, 21, 144,
259; Plants, 35, 85; Desert Chat, 387.

Shropshire: Amalia gagates, 321.

Societies: British Association, 22, 119;
British Ornithologists’ Union, 23, 282 ;
Entomological, 383 ; Geological, 23, 235,
329; Linnean, 23, 183, 329: Marine
Biological Association, 71; Royal Dublin,
184; Royal Microscopical, 215 ; Royal, 23,
183, 282; Watson Botanical Exchange
Club, 184, 263.

Somersetshire: Migrant Birds, 250.

Spurn, The: 1; Etymology, 34.

Surrey: Plants, 36.

Wales: Mosses and Hepatics, 21, 36, 114,
259; Lichens, 259.

Wiltshire: Migrant Birds, 248.

4 JAN 1836 ‘

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