wqinaty valor oonieell of a ee wee : . are. yA : i a ae were @ on eye - ar a Se ent eet Mae aah oh We | dda A t , ,- 1 ese . +, ’ ‘ ‘ ¥ . ° = . ‘ ‘ b _ — _— STL te nt, ee A er Ls Ve wy . a _ . ‘ . —_ ee . — : ee : a a ia Ss F., for, i=, f / @ y, y 4 f / # é & HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE Museum of Comparative Zoology —_—_— JUN 17 1960, garvangy | _UNWWERSITY A ¥ THE MATURALIST VOL 1.PET. ,’ Fig. 2. BEA rare en el a. Gi? Hobkirk: Del: iv vaatioy& tot “ LABOR Omnis VINCIT.” THE NATURALIST, JOURNAL OF THE WEST-RIDING CONSOLIDATED NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY, AND MANUAL OF EXCHANGE IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF NATURAL HISTORY, WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE ENTOMOLOGISTS’ JOURNAL, i ONL? Pa From May, 1864, To May, 1865. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND Co., STATIONERS’ HALL Covrr. HUDDERSFIELD: Gro, TINDALL, 12, NEW-STREET. 665. 7 a 4 - ep ) Pe ea Seon Anand ; TMS. COMP. ZOOL LIBRARY JUN 17 1960 HAS ARD 7 INDEX TO AUTHOR'S NAMES, (Exclusive of Exchanges.) Bs i 9; | Gissing, T. W. 161. Amicus, 84 Graham, E. 111. Armitage, John. 166. Gregson, C. S. 79, 108, 1385. Aspdin, J. 26, 337. Grindon, Leo, H. . jg 122; 272: B.. 219. Gunn, T. E.. 44 75, 127, 145, 170, 207; Babington, Prof. C., F.R.S., 111. 240, 305, 338, 352, 373. Baker, J. G. 14, 33, 60, 93, 141, 185. Guthrie, W. 32, 58, 174. Beaumont, Alfred. 26, 46. Hartley, John. 171. Beevers, Jas. 108, | Heaviside, Percy. 284. Blackburn, J. 29, 110, 239, 350. Hebson, R. 221, 255. Bradley, B. 111. | Hepworth, J. 24, 73, 126, 159, 187, Brittain, F. 90, 118. | 340. Britten, Jas. 56, 84, 137, 161, 177, 201, | Heurck, Prof. Henri van. 172, 242. 230, 261, 314, 356, 364. Hicks, Wm. 192. Buckmaster, C. J. 48. | Hobkirk,..CA Po. &. 99% Burgess, N. 333. Hodgkinson, J. B.- 47. Cash, J. 104, 129, 195, Horsfall, W. C. 208, 349. Chappell, Joseph. 223. Inchbald, P. 26, 46, 79, 83, 220, 237, Cole, W.. 55. - 253, 270, 271, 287, 302, 318, Collins, Rev. John. 286. 325, 350, 361, 379. Cooke, M. C. 304. Irvine, James. 158. Crépin, Prof. F. 150, 345, 364 J. E. W. 289. Dallas, W.S., F.L.S. 29. bE Re 172, T7a. 296: Denny, C. 26, 107. : Jeans, Rev. Geo. 257, 289. Déséglise, Alfred. 273, 292, 309. Jessop, R. 174. Dixon, John. 81 Johnson, Rey. J. 286. Editors. 1, 41, 55, 58, 173. Lane, Chas. H. 157. Evans, W. H., M.D. 193. Liversedge Geo. 26. Foxton-Firby, E. F.A.S.L. 328, 354, Lumb, Geo. 361. Fraser, Louis. 44, 127. Mason, J. E. 224, Ge, jon.. 171. Matthews, G. F., R.N., F.LS., 49, 69, _ Gamble, Henry. 77. 88, 157. Gibb, T. H. 245, 327, 358. Mellor, Thomas, 55. Gibson, B. 268. Melvill, J. C. 59, 154. Gibson, J, 26, 77. Miall, Louis C, 51, 209, 246, 277, 376. INDEX TO AUTHOR’S NAMES. Morris, Rev. F. O. 8, 32, 287, 257, 289. Nelson, W. 45, 3802, Parke, Geo. H. 7, 8, 225. Parsons, W. E., 78. Porteus, Wm. 28. Piscator. 208. Pratten, Mrs. L. M. oe. D. | ie 208. Ranson, Jom, 76, Gb, A771, 489, 191, 192,219, 257, Roberts, Geo. 77, 174, 255, 267, 322. Saville, SP. 115. Saxby, Hy. L., M.D. 287, 349. Sharpe, R. B. 156, 170, 268, 350, 352. Sim, John. 3, 48, 128, 159, 185. 220, 223. Smith, Sidney. 349 Stone, S. 157, 267. Sutcliffe, Joseph. 108. 1. 42. SP. SHB 74, Sane: Tate, W. R. 317, 370. Thompson, Lady Mary. Ullyett, Hy. Varley, James. Veritas. 7. a Cae LA W. 2 oC.” 28960; 802; Ward, Geo. 364. White, Buchanan, M.D., 132. 319. 260, 286, 302. 7. 136, 268. 53, 68, 120, GENERAL INDEX. Acorns. 224 Address, Editors’. 1. Ateuchus, 8, 28, 128. Auk, Recent exhumation of bones of great, 323. Barbary, Natural History of. 90, 118. Bee Keeping. 157. Birds at Cookham. 170. in Northumberland. 244, 353. rare, near Richmond. 337. Small. 323. Blackpool, Coast aroundin March. 361. Botanical Tour. 126. British Birds, Notes on. 257, 289. British Butterflies on Continent. 171. British Mosses, Notes on. 5, 221. Brockerdale, Excursion to. 187. Buckinghamshire Plants. 56, 137, 161. Butterflies of High Wycombe. 260. : British, on the Continent. 171. CoRRESPONDENCE :— Destruction of Rare Birds. 84. Entomological Collection in British Museum. 8, 32. Flora of Buckinghamshire. 364. On Discovery of New Mosses. 31. Royal Horticultural Society. 10, 110. Caterpillars, preservation of. 7, 29. Chaffinch, Curious nesting place of. 237. Chloranthie in Verbascum Thapsus. 252. Cleaning skeletons. 192. Cock cherishing feelings of revenge. 77. Coleoptera, relaxing. 80, 111. Cromaghlan, Ascent of. 193, Cuckoo. 237. Cuckoo, Habits of, in confinement. 284, Destruction of Fish. 208. Destructiveness of the Wood Pigeon. 191. Dogger Bank, Dredging on, 220, Double Varieties of Wild Plants. 58, 59, 159. Dwarfism and Atrophy. 150. Early Spring Flowers. 11. Eggs of Money Spider. 171. Entomology of Norfolk. 338, 373. Exchange. 8, 29, 48, 60, 80, 111, 128, 176, 224, 239, 256, 272, 288, 304, 326, 352, 365. Excursion to Brockerdale. 187. Ferrets. 352. Fire, Loss of Specimens by. 41. Flora of Manchester. 272. Essex, Additions to Gibson’s. Food of Ling and Cod. 237. Forbes’ Malacologia Monensis, Additions Tg de Freshwater Mollusks. 350. Frogs and Toads. 24, 73. Frog and Toad, enemies of larval. Galls, Oak. 27. 314. 340. Rose. 83. — Willow. 46. Vew> . 79 Ghost Moth, Notes on number of eggs of. 78. Grafting, Curious effect of. 173. Grouse, Red. 26. Hematozoa, Origin of, in Human and Animal Systems. 354. History of my Redstarts. 189. Hybridism. 28. Isle of Wight, Winter Rambles in. 287. Keepers of Seals and Otters, Hints to. 349. Kingfisher, Noteson. 107. Lake District, A day in the. 135. Larve, Abundance of, in 1864. 286. Lepidoptera, Captures of. 7, 47. ——--———— (Macro) of Perthshire, 53, | 120, 182, GENERAL INDEX. Llandudno. 379. Llangollen, A day at. 108. Magpie, Notes on Azure-winged. 49, 69, 88. Malham, Botany of. 209, 246, 277, 376. Micro-Lepidoptera, Preserving of. 224. Microscopic Gossip. 333. Molluscs Freshwater. 350. Moths, Rare, at High Wycombe. 302. Mustelide of Northumberland. 327. Natural History. 3. Ornithology of Norfolk. 44, 75, 145, 156, 207, 240, 305. | Suffolk. 46. Ormes Head, Rambles at the. Plants of Aberdeenshire. 363. Bisham and Great Marlow. 154. Buckinghamshire. 56, 137, 161. Frodsham. 172. Hampton Court, &ce. 157. Lincolnshire. 84. Pontefract. 255. Teesdale. 151. Notes, on rare and interesting. 38, 122. Plover, Golden, variety of. 237. REPORTS OF SOCIETIES :— Accrington Naturalists’, 266. Amateur Botanists’, 81, 135, 168, 280. Belfast Field Naturalists’. 169, 235. Birmingham Naturalists’ Union. 48, 54, 168. Doncaster Philosophical. 168, 219. Edinburgh Botanical. 316, 360. Halifax Naturalists’. 81. Huddersfield Naturalists’. 215. Leeds Naturalists’. 280. Manchester Field Naturalists’. 30. Oswestry Naturalists’ Field Club. 72. Southport Naturalists’ Club. 43. Wakefield Naturalists’. 381, 72. 379, 71, 125, Warrington Field Naturalists’. 125. West Riding Consolidated Naturalists’. 43, 124, 300. Reptiles, Observations on. 370. Reviews. 184, 175, 234, 299. Robin. 77. Robin’s Nest, Curious place fora. 26. Rosa Alpina in Britain. 1738, 184. Observations on Classification of Species of. 273, 292, 308. Roses, Review of British. 14, 33, 60, 93, 141. Rotifera, Notes on. 104, 129, 195. Sacred Beetle of Egyptians. 29. Scarbro’, Field-days near. 220, 237, 253. Scottish Summits. 302, 318, 325, 350. Seal, Capture of. 286. Sexes of Kingfisher and Owl. 115. Sherwood Forest, Excursion to. 111. Three Days at. 268. | Entomological Notes from. 269. Slugs, Method of preserving. 253. Song Thrush, Remarkable Attachment of, to place where it hatched a brood of young, 45. Sparrow Hawk, Instance of Audacity in. 208. Species, Considerations on, apropos of M. Jordan’s New Work. 345, 365. Spontaneous Exotics. 177, 201, 230, 261, 306. Stray Rambles. 47. Teesdale Plants. 151. Toad, Habits of. 166. Winter quarters of. 219. Tree-sparrow. 174, 223. Willow Wrens, Rey. Gilbert White’s Three. 85. York, Field-day near. 270. Zoological Society’s Collection, additions to. 44. INDEX SPECIERUM. [N.B.—This Index includes only those species of which special mention is made in this volume. All species casually mentioned, local lists, and exchanges, are excluded. ] ZOOLOGICAL. Abraxas grossulariata 136. Charadrius morinellus 45 Accentor modularis 146 Cidaria larentaria 47 Acherontia atropos 55, 157, 221 Cinclus aquaticus 219, 306 Acidalia inornata 192 Clostera anachoreta 28 Alauda arvensis 146. C. curtula 28 A. calandra 88. Coccothraustes vulgaris 267 A. cristata 89 Columba livia 26 Alcaimpennis 323 C. palumbus 149, 191 A. torda 243 Colymbus arcticus 353 Alcedo hispida 107 C. septentrionalis 45, 243 Anas boschas 149 Corvus corone 148 A. clangula 307 C. frugilegus 148 A. fuligula 26 C. monedula 148 A. fusca 307 Crephasia lepidana 47 A. mollissima 307 Crotalus horridus 371 A. querquedula 45 Crymodes Templi 26 Anguis fragilis 372 Cryptocampus angustus 46 Anolis velifer 373 Cuculus canorus 149 Anser egyptiacus 45 Cygnus musicus 306 Arctia Caja 136 Cynips aptera 271 Ardea stellaris 306, 337 C. Rose 83 Argyroneta aquatica 109 Dasypolia Templi 285, 286 Ateuchus latticollis 92 Distoma hepaticum 355 Bombycilla garrula 337 Emberiza citrinella 76, 147, 191 Bombyx Cynthia 319 E. cia 89 Bufo calamita 317, 342, 371 E. miliaria 147 B. vulgaris 166, 370 E. nivalis 77 Caprimulgus europeus 149 E. scheniclus 147 Carbo cormoranus 243 Empis borealis 47 Cecidomya rosaria 46 Eupithecia nanata 7 C. salicis 46 E. pulchellata 47, 136 (Vax 75 Falco zsalon 26 . apivorus 240 . cineraceus 241 . buteo 337 . cyaneus 241 . milous 70 .nisus 3854 . tinnunculus 44, 145 Felis catus 44 Fringilla borealis 148 . exlebs 147 . cannabina 148, 207 . carduelis 148 . cerinus . 89 . chloris 147 . citrinella 90 coccothraustes 127 . domestica 147 . incerta 128 . linaria 148 . montana 242 . spinus 156 Floscula cornuta 200 F, ornata 198 Gallinula chloropus 149 G. porzana 338 Glyphipteryx Haworthella 47 Hadena glauca 55 Helix rotundata, var. alba 45 Hepialus humuli 78 Hirundo riparia 149, 208 H. rupestris 90 H. rustica 90 Hematopus ostralegus 242 brah be ep bey} ep br Fay bah my bap bay yep ay yy Lanius excubitor 241, 267, 337 Lestris Richardsoni 243 Lima alpina 47 Limnea involuta 193 Limosa melanura 243 Loxia curvirostra 156, 837 L. pyrrhula 148 Lutra vulgaris 327 Machetes pugnax 243 Melicerta ringens 129 Mergus albellus 307 M. merganser 3807, 338 M. serrator 307 Muscicapa atricapilla 26, 108 M. grisola 75, 145 . halieétus 208, 240, 244, 387 INDEX SPECIERUM. Necrophorus vespillo 192 Notodonta cucullina 78 Nucifraga caryocatactes 242 Numenius arquatus 243 N. pheopus 243 Pelias berus 371 Perdix cinerea 149 P. coturnix 306 P. rubra 149 Phoca vitulina 236 Pica cyanea 49, 69, 88 Picus major 75 Picus minor 156, 268 P. viridis 148 Planorbis marginatus 108 Podiceps cornutus 350 P. cristatus 353 P. rubricollis 349, 361. Physa hypnorum 302 Rana pipiens 371 R. temporaria 371 Ripiphorus paradoxus 157 Rissoa calathus 7 R. subumbilicata 7 Scolopax major 243 Simia satyrus 44 Smerinthus ocellatus 239 Solenobia triquetrella 47 Stauropus Fagi 78 Stephanoceros Eichhornii 105 Sterna nigra 75, 243 Strepsilas interpres 45 Strix aluco 75 S. brachyotus 241 S. flammea 305 S. otus 145, 240 Sturnus vulgaris 78, 148, 208 Sylvia enanthe 146, S. cisticola 88 S. hippolais 87 S. luscinia 92 S. melanocephala 88 S. provincialis 88 S. rubecula 146 S. sibilatrix 85 S. suecica 71 S. trochilus 86, 146 Talpa vulgaris 79 Testudo pusilla 373 INDEX SPECIERUM. Totanus fuscus 338 T. glottis 45, 243 T. hypoleucos 75 T. ochropus 75, 246, 338 Tringa variabilis 26 T. Canutus 45 Trochus Montagui 7 Triton palustris 370 Turdus merula 76, 146 Aconitum Lycoctonum 181 A. Stoerkianum 181 Adonis estivalis 179 A. flammea 179 Adoxa moschatellina 11 Anchusa sempervirens 248 Anemone nemorosa 59 Arabis alpina 231 A. arenosa 231 Arenaria balearica 264 A. fastigiata 264 Argemone mexicana 201 Asperula taurina 158 Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum 55 A. marinum 175 A. Trichomanes 55 Barbarea intermedia 206, 232 Bellis perennis 124 Boletus cyanescens 303 Buffonia tenuifolia 265 Camelina dentata 203 Cardamine bellidifolia 205 Chelidonium laciniatum 202 Clypeola Ionthlaspi 203 Crambe orientalis 204 Cucubalus baccifer 265 Deutzia scabra 13 Delphinium Ajacis 180 D. orientale 181 Dianthus barbatus 261 Dielytra formosa 202, 232 Diplotaxis erucoides 231 D. viminea 231 T. musicus 145, 170, 207 T. pilaris 145 T. torquatus 75, 241 T. viscivorus 192 Unio margaritiferus 7, 81, 220 Upupa epops 337 Vespa vulgaris 157 Yunx torquilla 45, 75 Zootoca vivipara 372 BOTA NEC ATL. Draba rupestris 52 D. verna 51 Enarthrocarpus lyratus 205 Epimedium alpinum 183 Epipactis latifolia 138 E. media 138 EK. ovalis 250 Erodium ciconium 359 E. cygnorum 359 E. littoreum 359 EK. malacoides 359 Eruca sativa 204 Erucastrum obtusangulum 232 Erysimum orientale 206, 233 E. Perofskianum 206, 233 E. virgatum 206 Escholtzia californica 201 E. crocea 201 Farsetia incana 203 Ficaria verna 12, 48 Frankenia pulverulenta 234 Fraxinus excelsior. 12 Geum rivale 123 Glaucium phceniceum 201 Gypsophila Vaccaria 262 Helianthemum canum 212, 380 H. ledifolium 234 H. vulgare 212, 380 Hibiscus Trionium 357 H. vesicarius 357 Hieracium (sp.) 246 Holeus lanatus 122 Hutchinsia alpina 51 INDEX SPECIERUM. Hypecoum procumbens 202 R. repens 140 Hypericum Androsemum 357, 358 R. trilobus 180 H. anglicum 357 Raphanus Landra 205 H. barbatum 359 R. sativus 205 H. hircinum 357, 358 Rapistrum perenne 205 Iberis umbellata 202 R. rugosum 205 Inula Dysenterica 159 Reseda gracilis 233 Lathyrus pratensis 123 R. odorata 233 Lavatera alba? 3956 R. Phyteuma 233 L. Cretica 356 Ribes sanguineum 13 L. Olbia 356 Rosa alpina 173, 185, 186, 316 L. punctata 356 L. trimestris 356 Lepidium Iberis 204 . Andegavensis 100 . arvatica 101 . arvensis 141 L. sativum 203 . Bakeri 102 Linaria purpurea 137, 174 . Blondeana 103 Lunaria rediviva 203, 232 . Borreri 63 Lychnis coronaria 264 . cesia 100 . canescens 97 .canina 93 . celerata 99 . consimilis 17 . corlifolia 98 . coronata 20 . Crepiniana 97 . cryptopoda 66 . dumalis 94 dumetorum 96 . farinosa 38 . Hibernica 22 . involuta 21 . dundzilliana 65 . lutetiana 94 . micrantha 62, 63 . mollissima 33 L. vespertina 124 Malcolmia africana 230 M. littorea 230 M. maritima 230 Malva Alcea 265 M. ambigua 266 M. crispa 266 M. Niceensis 265 M. parviflora 266 M. pusilla 265 M. verticillata 266 Moricandia arvensis 231 Neslia paniculata 203 Neotinea intacta 361 Nigella arvensis 181 N. Damascena 181 N. sativa 181 ol ol-< iol ooo =o Peeonia corallina 181 R. myriacantha 16 P. officinalis 181 R. Ozanonii 17 Papaver nudicaule 201 R. platyphylla 95 P. setigerum 172 R. pomifera 35 Pentas carnea 13 R. pruinosa 96 Phyteuma spicatum 123 R. Robertsoni 21 Pinus Coulteri 361 R. rubella 17 Platystemon californicum 202 R. rubiginosa 60 Polystichum Lonchitis 277 R. sabauda 20 Primula vulgaris, @ elatior 249 R. Sabini 18, 21 Ranunculus alpestris 179 R. sepium 67 R. Ficaria 48, 58 R. spinosissima 15 R. gramineus 180 R. spreta 16 R. muricatus 180 R. subcristata 97 INDEX SPECIERUM. .subnuda 21 . sylvicola 62 . tomentella 102 tomentosa 36 . uncinella 95 . urbica 94 . verticillacantha 100 . Vinacea 101 . Watsoni 98 Sagina nivalis 316 Salix Davalliana 364 S. petrea 364 Schistostega osmundacea 221, 239 Silene Armeria 263. bd bd bd bo bd bo bo bo bo S. catholica 263 S. rubella 264 Sisymbrium austriacum 230 S. Columne 230 S. pannonicum 230 S. polyceratium 230 Stellaria scapigera 264 Tetraphis pellucida 5 Thalictrum majus 179 Thlaspi alpestre 211 Trifolium 123 Vella annua 204 Verbascum Thapsus 252 Veronica peregrina 128 he pe DRA ve BUNS PER OO Caterers De gio y Biale e ae ge \ \ C THE NATURALIST. “T,aBoR OmniéA_ VINCIT.” ADDRESS. At the commencement of our career it is perhaps necessary to make our readers acquainted with the reasons which have induced us to embark in a boat which has twice suffered shipwreck; to do this no lengthened address is necessary. The demise of the “ Weekly Entomologist” left a gap in Entomo- logical literature which was keenly felt by the working student in that science ; the facilities for making exchanges which were afforded through the columns of that periodical, as well as of its predecessor the “‘ Entomo- logists’ Intelligencer ” brought collectors into correspondence with each other, and their collections were at once enriched with species which | would have taken years to obtain had no such means of communication existed. ‘The capture of a rare species was at once made known, and a love for inter-communication among Entomologists, and especially among the young students of that science, was fostered and encouraged. Although the two former Entomological periodicals failed through lack of sympathy and encouragement on the part of those who ought to have been contributors to their pages, there is reason to believe that a Magazine conducted on similar principles, but on the more extended basis of Natural History in the widest signification of the term, containing papers and observations in Botany, Zoology, and Paleontology, instead of confining itself to Entomology, and affording facilities for effecting ex- changes of specimens in all those departments of Natural Science, would have a much better chance of success ; and it is in order to put this to the test that “Tae Naruratist” has been projected. The rise and progress of ‘‘ Naturalist Societies” also increase the hope which the projectors of this Magazine have of its success. There is scarcely a town in the kingdom, and in the North of England scarcely a village, in which some such society, either “ Botanical,” or “‘ Entomolo- No. 1, May 1. B 2 THE NATURALIST. gical,” or “ Naturalist” does not exist, whilst “ Field Clubs” are con- tinually exploring every portion of the country. The West-Riding Con- solidated Naturalist Society alone, comprising six societies within an area of twenty miles, numbers upwards of 200 members; the Northern Entomological Society (Liverpool) about the same number ; and it would not be too much to affirm that in Yorkshire and Lancashire alone, 2,000 students of nature are banded together in societies of this kind. It is our earnest wish that ‘‘ Tue Naruratist” may be the means of binding them still more firmly together, and making them better known to each other and to their brethren in more distant parts of the country, and of increas- ing their zeal and love for natural science. In order to further this object we should be glad to be furnished with, and at a future time to publish, a list of such societies, with the names and addresses of the secretaries, and the number of members. ‘The Transactions of these societies shall always have a place in the pages of ‘‘ Tur Narurauist ” if communicated to us by some officer of the society, and we anticipate in the list of natural objects found during the excursions, much information tending to throw light on the geographical distribution of species. In order to make “‘ Tur Naturatist” a success, we earnestly ask for the co-operation and encouragement of all who bear the name, in what- ever department of the work they may labour; without this assistance success is impossible, with it, a certainty. Let no man shrink from the task of contributing to its pages, under the impression that he is incom- petent to do so. Any observation made of any natural phenomenon by any person, if made carefully, truthfully, and simply as it occurs, is worthy of preservation, and will assist in filling up the great storehouse of facts, from which at some future time important generalizations may be made. We refer with feelings of grateful pleasure to the list of gentlemen who have kindly promised us their assistance, as an earnest of the sup- port we shall hereafter receive, and as a guarantee that our Magazine shall not suffer in quality by comparison with its contemporaries, and we sincerely hope that the number of contributors may be increased with every issue. The field of Natural History is wide, and we ask every labourer to enter the lists, and we can assure them that no effort shall be spared by us to make the pages of “ Tue NaruraLisr” in every way a worthy repository for their observations, and an unbiassed exponent of their opinions. SIM ON NATURAL HISTORY. 3 NATURAL HISTORY. By Joun Sim, A. B.S. Ep. There is no subject which presents more attractions to the mind of man, than the study and investigation of his great Creator’s handy- works. The extent and universality of Nature’s vast empire, places the study of Natural History in a greater or less degree within the reach of all. It would be well were the desire commensurate with the opportunity ; such, alas, is not the case, else long ere now much that is hidden and obscure, would have been lucid as a sunbeam. Did the careless and unthinking, the hoarders of gold and silver, and the votaries of worldly pleasure, conceive for a moment the intense, lasting, pure and unalloyed enjoyment derived from the examination of objects of Natural History, they would abandon their unsatisfactory pursuits, and embrace with alacrity, and pursue with zeal and ardour, those studies which have ever been pursued and admired by the great and the good of all ages. The immense multitude of objects everywhere spread around us is generally divided into three great departments, commonly designated kingdoms, vizi—the Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral; the two first com- prising the organic, the latter the inorganic, or animate and inanimate portions of material nature. Natural History, properly speaking, includes the history of each, but is now more generally applied to that section which treats of the nature, classification, habits, habitations, &c., of animals only ; embracing all the various forms and species of animated beings, from the mammoth imbedded in Siberian ice, to the infusorial monad of our stagnant waters. The vast domain of nature can never be fully explored, her attractive resources being infinite and inexhaustible. This consideration, so far from intimidating her votaries, ought to act as a powerful stimulant to their exertions, forasmuch as they know that there is ample employment for all, however manifold the discoveries, however extensive the investigations. The Naturalist ought ever to bear in mind that in science, as in armies, there are pioneers as well as generals, men who clear the way and remove obstacles as effectually in their own sphere, as they who have conquering legions at command. ‘The great field of nature is sufficiently spacious to afford ample and constant employment for all who take pleasure therein. 4 THE NATURALIST. The study of nature possesses an incalculable advantage over all secular pursuits, in so far that while it improves and elevates the heart of man, it never palls nor pollutes his senses, and unlike all other worldly callings and recreations, it is relished alike by the youth of tender years and the hoary head of three score and ten. Such being the ennobling tendency of the study of nature in general, and the animal kingdom in particular, why are the labourers in this kingdom so few? Why are so many standing all their lifetime idle, when there is ample employment for all ? The study of Natural History always improves, but never deteriorates the moral perceptions. The greatest and the best of all ages have ever been ardent students and admirers of nature’s works, nay, we need not hesitate to state that they in general have been the very benefactors of our race, the true friends of our common humanity. There are two classes of men who more than all others have ever laboured hard and stedfast, in order to secure the moral improvement and social and indi- vidual happiness of mankind—clergymen and physicians—and they per- haps more than all others, have been ardent admirers and untiring investigators: of Natural History. From the days of Aristotle to the present time such has been the case, and such will likely continue to be so while time endures. It is however a cheering feature of the present day that, though such men act as generals in this wide field, there is a large army of private soldiers acting in concert, and co-operating with the plans and purposes of their honourable and talented commanders ; such being the case, and having before us the labours and examples of such illustri- ous worthies, let each lover of nature’s wonderful works endeavour to enlist the labours and sympathies of others in the contemplation and examination of the infinite number of sentient beings which traverse the forest, wing the air, glide in the waters, or crawl on the ground. ‘To the christian the study of the great Creator’s works ever affords inexpressible delight, and happy, truly happy is he who, while gazing with love and admiration on the vast profusion of beings which tenant the air, the earth, and the ocean, can exclaim with filial love and confidence— ““ My Father made them all.” The proprietors and conductors of this new-born serial undoubtedly deserve the support and sympathy of all well-wishers of society, their object and aim have unmistakeably been good, a sincere desire to promote the mental and moral well-being of their fellow men. May they receive OBSERVATIONS. 5 that support and encouragement which they deserve, and may the Giver of all good crown their efforts with great success: such is the prayer of the writer, may such be the desire of the reader, and if so this new periodical will be conducted with honour and credit to its proprietors, and benefit to society at large. I close these remarks with the eulogium of the French poet, as nature’s vast army passed in review before the mental vision of this pleasing writer. ** Quelle magnificence dans le plan de la creation terrestre ! Quelle grandeur! quelle profusion ! Quelle complaisance a organiser la matiere, Et a multiplier les étres sentants ! Nous voyons les animaux répandus Sur toute la surface de la terre, Dans toute l’entendue des eaux, Et jusques dans les vastes contours de l’atmosphere, La Mitte, comme |’Elephant; Le Puceron, comme |’Autruche! Le Vibrione comme la Baleine, ne sont qu’un composé d’animaux; Toutes leurs liquers en fournissent ! Tous lears vaisseaux en sont semés! ’—Bonner. Bridge End, Perth, April, 1864. Observations. Nores on Brizish Mossszs. By C. P. Hopxire. I.—Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw.— The subject at the head of the pre- sent notice was gathered on 2nd April, in Grimescar Wood, near Huddersfield, and is I believe the first time it has been found in this neighbourhood, hence the prece- dence given to it, as the first moss in this intended series of <‘ Notes.” One word by way of introduction. It is my intention to supplement in some measure, the short and terse descriptions given in text books, and to render the discrimination of | the species more easy to young bryologists, and at the same time, I may perhaps be able, in some instances, to contribute somewhat towards the general mass of scien- tifie facts. | The moss under consideration was originally named by Linneus, (who was followed by Dillenius), Mnium pellucidum, but was re-chris- tened by Hedwig, Tetraphis pellucida, under which name it now stands, both in Smith’s English Botany, by Hooker, and in Wilson’s Bryo- logia Britannica. Its present gene- ric name is derived from a Greek word, tetraphos, “haying four pro- minences ”’—the specific name pellu- 6 THE NATURALIST. cida, from the transparent appear- ance of the leaves. In our woods, in spring time, its delicate light green frondage may be found, co- vering the rotten stumps of old trees in considerable abundance. At this time of the year it presents a rather peculiar appearance ; being apparently merely a number of mi- nute cups supported by very short stems, which are hidden by the small transparent leaves. If we place these small cups under the microscope, with 1-inch objective, we shall find they are filled with a number of small granules called gemmee. On increasing the power to the j-inch we shall observe that each of these gemme is com- posed of a number of cells, arranged in a circular manner, the central ones being full of small granules, the outer ones generally empty and transparent—and further, that each gemma is furnished with a pedicel or footstalk, composed of single four-sided cells placed end to end, by which they appear to be attached to the cup, which bears them. The lower leaves of the stem are ovate and somewhat pointed, with the mar- gin plane and entire; the nerve is thin and ceases below the apex of the leaf. The fruit which appears in mid-summer, or later, is elevated on a short reddish footstalk, (seta). The capsule, when ripe, is of a yellowish- brown colour, and has a red tumid border round the mouth,—the calyp- tra is somewhat whitish, with a brown apex, and is furnished with eight or nine ribs or furrows, reach- ing from the apex to the mouth, each rib terminating in a laceration at the base. The teeth, or peris- tome, are four in number, hence the name (Tetraphis,) and are united, below and inside the mouth of the capsule to the collumella, which is divided with it into four pyramidal teeth. Bruch and Schimper remark on the peristome of this moss, that “in this genus it does not exhibit the usual composition of 32 primary divisions ; and that each of the four teeth has from 8 to 14 longitudinal strize, the cellular tissues of which they are composed being similar to that of Buxbaumia aphylla. In Hooker’s Smith’s English Botany another species is described, under the title of 7. Browniana, Grev., but this is now removed into a separate genus, Tetradontium, of which two species are described in the Bryologia Europea. Synonyms : Tetraphis pellucida, Hedwig, Schwa- egr, Bridel, Hooker and Taylor, Bruch and Schimper. T. cylindrica, Funck. Georgia mnemosyne, Khrh. Mnium pellucidum, Linn. Huddersfield, April, 1864. NOTES AND QUERIES. ‘i Occurrence of Pallas’ Sand Grouse in the Isle of Man.—In May last six specimens of Pallas’ Sand Grouse (Syrrhaptes puradoxus) were obser- ved at Kirk Santon, about six miles from Douglas. I succeeded in ob- taining a fine male specimen, which has been purchased by Capt. Clement Hill, and is now in the collection of Lord Hill, near Shrewsbury.—Joun Gop, Castle-street, Douglas. [Our correspondent encloses a well executed drawing of the bird in question, which leaves no room to doubt its identity.—Ebs. | Additions to Forbes’ *‘ Malacologia Monensis.”--During a few days dredg- ing on the Manx coast, in July last, my operations extending from Doug- las Bay to Castletown, I met with the following species, which are new to the Manx fauna :— Rissoa calathus, Forbes; mostly dead specimens, 10 fms, off Port Soderick. R. subumbilicata, Mont.; common on fuci, in 5 to 10 fms, Derbyhaven Bay. Trochus Montagui, Gray; one speci- men, 15 fms, off Douglas Head. I also noticed Ancylus fluviatilis, Mil, in a small stream near Doug- las, though not common.—Geo. H. Parke, Mornington Place, Halifax. Lepidoptera.—I have taken and bred the following Insects since Feb. 6th, 1864 :— Feb. 6, Phigalia pilosaria. » 3 LHybernia progemmaria. Mar. 12, Nyssia hispidaria. ,, Anisopteryx Aiscularia. 16, Biston hirtaria. Bred. 20, Nyssia zonaria. Bred. Hybernia rupicapraria. 2) 3) 29 Larentia multistrigaria. Bred. Bred. Apr. 14, Selenia lunaria. », 20, Saturnia Carpint. » » Anticlea badiata. I think we shall have a good season for insects, for all the common sorts are prolific, such as Gothica, Rubri- cosa, Instabilis, Stabilis, &.—JAMES Vartey, Almondbury Bank, Hud- dersfield. Eupithecia nanata.—On Thursday last (April 21) several specimens of this pretty species were brought to me. This is very early—I do not remember seeing it in former years until the second week in May.— Geo. H. Parke. Alotes and Queries, Preservation of Caterpillars.— Will you allow me to ask if any of your readers will supply me with any new or better mode for the pre- servation of Caterpillars than that practised by Mr. Weatherhead some twenty years ago, viz. :—‘‘ The ani- mal is killed in spirits of wine, a small puncture or incision is then made at the tail, by which the con- tents of the abdomen are gently 8 THE NATURALIST. pressed out; the skin is filled with dry sand, and restored to its natural position. When dry, the sand is carefully shaken out, and the speci- men affixed, by strong gum, to a piece of card.”—VERITAS. Ateuchus.—Can any of your readers inform me why the Ateuchus is called the sacred Beetle of the Egyptians. —A. L. Unio margaritifera—I should be slad to learn through the medium of “The Naturalist” whether this species is still to be found in the Manx rivers; Forbes’ Monensis, and most of the Manx Guides, give as its habitat the Black river, near the Nunnery Grounds, Douglas. I have searched this place in vain. —Go:. H: Parks, Place, Halifax. Mornington Gechange. Gratis —W. CasH, Delph-street, Halifax, will be very glad to assist any BEGINNERS in British Land and Fresh Water Shells—provided that they pay postage expenses. Coleoptera.—I have specimens of the following Beetles for exchange, or any person (if a coleopterist) wanting any of them can have them by send- ing a box, post paid. I should be glad to open correspondence on Coleoptera with any one: I have collected about two years. Otcindcla hybrida, Carabus catenulatus, Cara- bus nitens, Colymbetes nigrownéus, Acilius sulcatus, Aphodius 4 pustula- tus, Cionus scrophularie, (would want relaxing), Coccinella 11 punctata.— Wirtriam Hy. Caarneswortu, East Parade, Huddersfield. Shells—Having a great many land and fresh-water shells in duplicate, I should be glad to exchange them for any of my desiderata in Land, Fresh- water, or Marine.—JosrepH HEBDEN, Sandal Common, Wakefield. Correspondence. Tue EnromonocicaL CoLLECTION IN THE British Museum. By tHe Rev. F. O. Morais. Nunburnholme Rectory, April 18, 1864. Sir,—Of every one hundred per- sons who have entered in at, and then come out of the front door of the British Museum, after having gone the round of the rooms, ninety-nine would say that they had seen the Entomological Collection, and that very beautiful it was. The fact is, that not more than one in an hun- dred of those who visit our National Gallery of Nature, either sees the Entomological Collection that it contains, or has any knowledge of its existence. After entering the front door, if a person wishes to see the collection, whlch is probably the finest in the world,-and well worth any one’s inspection, which it would CORRESPONDENCE. g take far more than one visit to do, even very cursorily, he must turn to the left through the old Statuary Gallery, then to the right along the Egyptian one, and then at the end of it to the left through a door down a narrow and rather dark passage, which will lead him to the ‘‘ Ento- mological room.” What ordinary visitors have seen are merely some showy duplicates exposed to the light in open cases upstairs. The Entomological room con- tains, I believe, 3,000 cabinet glazed drawers of insects, vast numbers of them in each of the Orders, of the most wonderful beauty of colour and markings, or the most astonishing variety of singular and fantastic shapes and forms. Tread with much interest the letter of a correspondent of the “Times” H. C. recently, having long con- templated writing on the same sub- ject myself, and agree with every word that he says, except as to the facility with which he thinks that the work so necessary to be done might be accomplished; here I must say he is lamentably mistaken. Mr. Frederick Smith, whose name I am glad he has mentioned, is indeed a most valuable public officer in that department; his politeness is only equalled by his patience, and his labours are worthy of all praise. But will it be believed that since the loss to the Museum of the energetic services of Mr. Adam White, Mr. Smith is the single and only officer in charge of this vast collection, to which such great additions are being made almost every day, some of them most extensive; as for instance the splendid collection recently pre- sented to the country by Mr. E. Bowring. Not only so; but even that one officer cannot devote his time to the work that is so heavy, but in addition to laborious sci- entific correspondence and ordinary official letters, he is continually in- terrupted by visitors, scientific and unscientific, either of whom, as may be supposed, will be often equally exacting, and equally prove a trial to his patience, great as it is. The whole collection, in conse- quence, is in such a state, that not the small and temporary staff that the “* Times” correspondent san- guinely thinks will be sufficient, would at all suffice for anything like the amount of work that has to be done, but several permanent paid officers should be appointed, and with much better salaries than have heretofore been paid ; one, I would say, for each Order, and they should further be assisted by several pro- fessionals in the work of re-setting. the whole collection, as suggested above. (To be continued.) 10 THE NATURALIST. RoyaL Horticutturat Socrery. To the Editors of the Naturalist. Gentlemen,— Would you be kind enough to allow me a small space in your first impression, though I feel some little delicacy in asking this favour, knowing that you will be pressed for space in this your first issue. I doubt not you are aware that the Royal Horticultural Society, South Kensington, have offered prizes for collections of the dried plants of each county in the uni- ted kingdom. They state thatthis is for the encouragement of Scientific Botany among all classes. But surely they do not think of what are termed working men competing for these prizes, and more especially in an extensive county like York- shire; now I should suppose that this, emanating from a society like the Royal Horticultural Society, is intended for the encouragement of Scientific Botany amongst young gardeners, more than any other class of men: this may, or may not, be the case. They further state the judges will not award the prizes unless the collection is a fair repre- sentation of the plants to be found in the county in which they have been collected. I profess to know something of Yorkshire, as well as of the plants that are to be found growing wild in it, and I have no hesitation in stating that it is a moral impossibility for any one man to col- lect anything like a representation of the Flora of Yorkshire in the time specified by the society. They must naturally think that there is some- thing very fascinating in connection with a medal, to induce a man to give up his employment and set out collecting, and this he will have to do, and a meagre affair it will be when the season is over; and if his time is worth anything his collection must cost him in time, railway tra- velling, &c., not less than One Hun- died Pounds; I cannot see how he will be benefited by this outlay, or what benefit science will receive from it. They state the collection must be arranged according to any natural method, the collector to follow some work on British Botany; there are three or four works mentioned which no doubt are preferred by the So- ciety, so that if the intending com- petitor is not already possessed of one of these works, he must at once procure one to carry out the object they have in view, and to make room for new editions that will no doubt shortly appear with new localities attached ; that is on condition that this work is carried out to the entire satisfaction of the Society. This is the benefit the working botanist will receive for his labour. He will in the first place give the informa- tion, and in the next he will have a new edition of some works on British GRINDON ON SPRING FLOWERS. 1i Botany ready for him to purchase at his earliest convenience. On the 31st December, 1864, the collections must be forwarded to the Royal Horticultural Society, South Ken- sington—a sealed letter must accom- pany each collection, containing a declaration, signed by the collector, in the following terms—*“ The plants which accompany this note were collected by myself from the fields and woods within the limits of the County of Yorkshire,” or any other as the case may be. There is one thing that must strike very forcibly the mind of any thinking man, that is this, that the collector must sign a declaration where and when col- lected, but not one word about naming. Why should not the col- lector be bound to name them him- self, instead of getting the assistance of any scientific man he can? Itis evident from this that good speci- mens well mounted, a truthful list of localities, and time of flowering, is all that is required to carry out the object of the society. You will be glad to hear that it is the intention of several gentlemen, members of the Huddersfield Bo- tanical and Naturalist Society, to award prizes for collections of the following Generd—saliz, or willow; carex, or sedges; rosa, or rose; ru- bus, or bramble; to be collected within, say—eight or ten miles around Huddersfield; both species and varieties collected to be named, with full particulars of soil and situ- ation.—W. G. Original Articles, NOTES UPON SOME EARLY SPRING FLOWERS. By Lzro H. Grinpon. Adoxa moschatellina.—This pretty little plant presents many difficul- ties to the young student. In our Floras it is classed either with the ivy in the Natural Order Araliacee, or with the honeysuckles in the Order Caprifoliacee. To neither of these does it bear the slightest external resemblance, and on minute inspection, the ovary, instead of being deci- dedly and palpably “ inferior,” as in the two families mentioned, is found to resemble that of many saxifrages, especially Chrysosplenium. That is to say, while the perianth is adherent to the lower portion, the upper is pro- 12 THE NATURALIST. truded above. The entire organ is so minute that it is not easy to make it out. Surmounting it are 4—5 styles which are united at the base; and seated on the petals are the 8—10 stamens, disposed in couples. To a Linnean botanist the plant is almost equally perplexing, the 4 lateral flowers, (which are placed back to back, like the dials of some public clocks, that look as it were to the four points of the compass,) being tetramerous; while the fifth, at the summit, looking up to the zenith, has the parts in fours, except that the calyx is three-lobed. Ficaria verna, the common pilewort, or “lesser celandine,’ ‘the latter name equally ungrammatical and inappropriate. <‘‘Celandine” is an abbreviation of Chelidonium, and whatever may have been the plant to which the name was originally applied, as a herald or synchronous com- panion of the swallow, the English form of the word should be restricted to the genus that bears the Latin one. There is a very considerable differ- ence in the corolla of this lively flower. The petals which vary. from eight to nine, are sometimes extremely narrow, sometimes almost as broad and obtuse, in proportion to their size, as those of the Caliha. The effect is then very lustrous. Such examples should be selected when it is desired to obtain improved varieties of plants. They illustrate in litéle, the origin of those more important ones which enrich our gardens and farms. The starch-grains in the tubers are exceedingly minute. To wood-pigeons the latter appear to be palatable and nutritious, since these birds consume them freely. Fraxinus eacelsiov, the common ash-tree. The masses of deep black- purple anthers, when ready to burst, and clustered at the extremities of the gray and flattened twigs, resemble ripe blackberries. If a specimen be gathered, and laid on the table in-doors, the anther-cells burst, and discharge their pollen in great abundance; the latter in its dryness and fineness resembles the spores of the Lycopodium clavatum, and if collected in sufficient bulk, and scattered in the air would probably ignite in the same way. Many pollens appear to be oleaginous, and it would be inter- esting to have their inflammable qualities determined. The blackness of the unopened leaf-buds is remarkable and characteristic. When the leaves are fully expanded it is a sign that the time has arrived when greenhouse- plants may be safely placed in the open air: when the leayes fall, (which is generally rather early, and without material change of tint), it isa sign that the time is come when they should be returned to shelter. Indica- tions of seasons, and of the best time for performing operations, both in GRINDON ON SPRING FLOWERS. 18 horticulture and agriculture, are afforded in abundance by the life history of Trees, and we should do well to mark their phenomena more exactly. Ribes sanguineum.—While the leaves are expanding, and the’crimson clusters beginning to open, an excellent opportunity is given by this beautiful bush for noting the nature of perules. The greater portion of the perules that surround a given leaf-bud are pink and bract-like—here and there, however, may be found one with a miniature green lamina at the extremity, precisely corresponding to that which is found on the uppermost bracts of the Helleborus fatidus, and at the extremity of the sepals of the “ King Charles” polyanthus. The homology of the vegetative and reproductive organs of plants should be diligently looked after by the young student, since no true idea of them can be obtained except by watching their development, and noting how from one primitive element may be developed, (according to the vital impulse, and to the exigencies of the individual), into perule, leaf, bract, sepal, petal, stamen, or carpel. Pentas carnea.—The “ interpetiolar stipules” of the great Natural Order Cinchonacea, form one of its most striking characteristics. The Pentas, in bloom at this season, gives a remarkably fine example of these organs ; they are very large, erect, and deeply laciniated. Many of the flowers, instead of being 5-cleft, are tetramerous, and thus in striking correspondence with the condition found in certain Galiums, and more particularly in the Rubia peregrina, in which the 4-cleft and 5-cleft corollas are often half and half in number. I have never noted 5-cleft corollas in the Asperula, though 4-cleft ones are not uncommon in the Cinchonacee proper. The combination of the two families respectively illustrated in the plants adverted to, and the denomination of the whole as Rubiacee, is no doubt proper as a matter of high synthetical Botany. For the student of our native plants, it seems desirous that the herbaceous forms should be kept apart as the Galiacee, especially as the intermediate leaves of the whorls of the latter are rather difficult to prove to be only “ stipules,” except to the advanced observer. Deutzia scabra.—The flowers of this shrub make their appearance in the florists’ bouquets at this season, as well as those of the Deutzia parvi- flora, and one or two others. They are easily identified, growing in little racemes, the five petals snow-white, the filaments of the stamens broad and dilated at the summit, and presenting a pair of erect and pointed shoulders, with the anther like a little head, between,—as happens in certain species of Allium,—and by the 4—5 long white styles. I refer to this plant on ac. 14 THE NATURALIST. count of the extreme beauty of the ovary when viewed with the microscope. The entire surface is covered with silicious stellate “ hairs,” resembling those of the leaves, but much more delicate, and in admirable condition from the circumstance of the plant being kept under cover, and thus free from dust. REVIEW OF THE BRITISH ROSES, ESPECIALLY THOSE OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. By J. G. Baxer, Esea., or Tuirsk. Parr I. In Britain, of late times, comparatively little attention has been paid to our indigenous Roses, and hardly anything has been written about them during the last thirty years. Rosa is one of those genera, where a difference in the point of view from which an author looks at the great species question, makes the widest difference in the number of species which he acknowledges. Where M. Grennier enumerates only 23 Roses for the whole of France, M. Déséglise describes or mentions 107 in his elaborate monograph of the French Roses, and M. Boreau, in the last edition of his Flora, gives 74 for the Central Departments only. In the present state of the literature of the subject, to write a monograph of the European Roses, to group the combinations of subordinate value into species which well marked characters separate, to trace out the synonymy of these latter, and their distribution through the different countries, to clear up, or cast aside as impossible to be cleared up, the crowd of species which have been imperfectly described, would be a very laborious task. But a large proportion of the species of major, and apparently a larger proportion still, of those of minor value, do not extend their range into Britain ; and for us to satisfy ourselves about our indigenous species, and their distribution within the limits of the island, does not seem to be very difficult of attainment, after what has been already done. What I propose to do in this paper is principally to narrate my own experience of the North of England Roses, and their distinctive characters. There is hardly any genus of plants in which there seems to be a greater diversity of opinion, as to what characters are of value for diagnostic purposes : and unless in the handbooks, tho descriptions in these critical genera are BAKER ON BRITISH ROSES. 15 unusually full and complete, it is impossible for those who have only books to rely upon to name the species they gather. So that I have considered that to attempt to describe our species, and especially to attempt to ascertain the range of their variations in character, would not be an unprofitable task. I intend as I proceed to deviate from this local limi- tation to make any comments that suggest themselves, respecting the synonymy, alliances, and distribution of the British species. With regard to synonymy I am under special obligations to M. Deséglise, who has not only given me his opinion upon a coilection of all the British forms which I was able to send him, but has also furnished me with authentic specimens of most of the species described in his book. And of other continental Botanists I have to thank M. Boreau for authen- ticated specimens of many of the Roses of his “Flore du Centre,” Dr. Fauconnet for examples of many of the Swiss species, and Professor Crepin for Belgian specimens, and copious notes on what I sent him from this country. Passing the alien Cinnamonee we come first to the Spinosissime, all comparatively low bushes, plentifully stoloniferous, with erect or slightly arching stems and short compact branches, typically subglobose fruit, and truly persistent sepals, but best characterised amongst the free-styled roses by the decided inequality of their usually crowded prickles, which pass from their full development down to minute aciculi by gradual stages of transition, and by the, at least occasional occurrence of sete on the well-matured stems. I.—R. sprnosisstma. Linn. In exposed places an erect shrub, with main stems one to four feet high, and short, rigid, compact, spreading, branches, creeping extensively, and forming a colony where it is allowed to grow unmolested ; in shade sometimes with czspitose arching stems and looser and longer branches. Shoots densely beset with prickles, which pass by gradual stages of transition into aciculi and sete. Largest prickles of the mature stems with bases about three-sixteenths of an inch deep, the prickle upwards of a quarter of an inch long, narrowed suddenly from the base to a slightly compressed needle, the upper line hardly at all curved. Well developed leaves not much over two inches from the base to the apex of the terminal leaflet. Leaflets rigid in texture, roundish or oval, in small specimens not more than one-eighth of an inch long, by less wide, in larger specimens three-quarters of an inch long by half an inch wide, simply serrated or with an occasional accessory tooth, lower serratures 16 THE NATURALIST. tolerably open, occasionally gland-tipped, both sides of the leaf glabrous and glandless, or with a very occasional gland on the midrib beneath. Petioles without hair, but often with a few sete and aciculi. Stipules with erecto-patent, lanceolate auricles, glabrous on the back, but some- times slightly gland-ciliated. Peduncles invariably solitary and bractless, erect in fruit, usually glabrous, but sometimes more or less aciculate and setose. Calyx tube sub-globose, glabrous, purple where exposed, segments entire, naked on the back, and either the same at the edge or furnished with a gland or two, from three-eighths to half an inch long, shorter than the petals. Flowers usually nearly white, sometimes more or less tinged with red, measuring from one inch to one and a half across when fully expanded. Styles villose. Fruit coriaceous, shining, glabrous, usually purplish black when ripe, but sometimes reddish, in shape subglobose, or even some- what depressed, three-eighths to half an inch broad, crowned by the truly persistent somewhat coriaceous purplish sepals, which are hardly if at all lengthened out and flattened at the point. Fruit ripening in September and October. The only British specimens which I have seen to which the above description does not apply, are—one gathered by Mr. Robertson, in Castle Eden dene, Durham, which has an ovate ampulliform fruit, twice as long as broad, but otherwise as above—and one gathered by Mr. Borrer, at Brighton, which has a very prickly and setose peduncle, and in which the lower part of the fruit is prickly and setose also. This latter is doubtless the variety y aculeatissima of Woods, and the former probably his var, «. Our plant is the pimpinellifollia of several continental authors, who give spinosissima as a distinct species. Reichenbach (Fl. Excurs,) assigns to his pimpinellifolia globose fruit, glabrous peduncles, and simply serrated roundish leaves, and to his spinosissima ovate fruit, hispid peduncles, and doubly serrated oblong leaves; but this does not give quite a correct idea of either, if Déséglise is correct in quoting the latter as a synonym of his R. Ripartiit. This latter, of which specimens are given in his “ Herba- riam Rosarum,” has roundish oval doubly glanduloso-serrated leaves, the midribs beneath finely glandular, and the stipules gland-ciliated, the peduncles and globose calyx tube varying from glabrous to roughly acicu- late and setose. RR. myriacantha, De Can. is described as having doubly glanduloso-serrated leaves, which are glendular-beneath, and densely aciculate and setose peduncles and fruit. Rh. spreta, Deseéglise appears to differ from spinosissima principally by its fewer prickles and less hairy BAKER ON BRITISH ROSES. 7 styles. 2. consimilis, Deseg. has few prickles, glabrous or slightly hairy petioles, almost glabrous leaves, a small glabrous roundish fruit and gla- brous styles ; and &. Ozanonii, Déscg. unarmed branches, hairy and glan- dular petioles, leaves both hairy and glandular on the midrib beneath, glabrous peduncles, and a small spherical fruit with woolly styles. But none of these are known in Britain, and leaving out of view Lindley’s 8 pilosa, which seems to be altogether a doubtful plant, there is no need, so far as Britain is concerned, to speak of sub-species here, and no diffi- culty in finding well-marked distinctive characters to rely upon. It is the only British rose which has the flowers essentially single, and from its nearest allies, the character of its fruit and sepals separate it readily. R. rubella is represented in Winch’s collection at Newcastle, by two specimens in flower, marked ‘“‘ Durham Coast,” with ovate, glabrous, simply toothed leaves, slightly setose but not hairy petioles, bracts with spreading setoso-ciliated auricles, peduncles closely aciculate and setose, ovate calyx tube slightly setose at the base, and simple but decidedly leaf pointed sepals, which are glandular over the back, and the largest of which is about as long as the petals. According to the descriptions (British Flora, &c.) it has few prickles, but numerous setz on the stems, cernuous mature peduncles, short oval drooping fruit, firm in texture and bright red in colour, shortly oval, tapering at each end or somewhat urceolate in shape, and crowned by the persistent sepals. But a plant in Mr. Robert- son’s collection, marked “ This is mentioned by Smith in E. B. as R. rubella. On sand of sea shore between Whitburn and Sunderland, Durham, plentifully,” is a mere red fruited form of spinosissima. In the Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Club, vol. iv. p. 185, Mr. John Hogg, of Norton House, Stockton-on-Tees, gives an account of a rose which he gathered near his own residence, and which was pronounced by Winch to be fi. rubella, as lately as 1832. Of this he has kindly supplied me with specimens, and it also is evidently a mere form of spinosissima, with pinkish flowers, slightly glandular petioles and aciculate and setose peduncles. So that for the North of England we have no authority for the occurrence of the true plant, except the original statement of Winch. R. rubella as just described recedes from R. spinosissima in the direction of R. alpina, approaching the latter closely in the nature of its fruit, and differing conspicuously from the former. There are plants in the Swiss Alps, which come very near to the above characters, which are considered as hybrids between spinosissima and alpina by M. Reuter, and one of No. 2, May 14. C 18 THE NATURALIST. which is the R. rubella of Godet. Ihave specimens of two of these from Dr. Fauconnet, but they are in flower only, and even as far as they go, neither coincides precisely with Winch’s plant. Koch refers a specimen sent from England as R. rubella to the Istrian R. gentilis, Sternb. but describes this latter as having the prickles crowded upon the shoots of the year, and the sepals one half shorter than the corolla. II. R. Sasinz, Woods. In exposed places an erect shrub, with stems three to six or eight feet in height, short compact branches, and deep vinous-purple shoots and prickles, creeping extensively and forming a colony : in shade with taller somewhat arching stems and looser branches; the whole plant with a resinous scent and young leaves of the twigs softly downy. Shoots densely beset with prickles, which pass by gradual stages of transition into numerous aciculi and sete. Longest prickles of the mature stem with bases a quarter of an inch deep, the prickle three- eighths of an inch long, narrowing suddenly from above the base toa slightly compressed needle, the upper line almost straight or slightly curved, the aciculi of the flowering shoots hardly at all curved. Well developed leaves of the barren shoots of the year about three inches from the base to the apex of the terminal leaflet which is cordate or broadly ovate, and measures about one inch long by five-eighths broad. Leaflets more or less thoroughly doubly serrated with open main serratures, dull green and greyish-hairy on their upper surfaces, paler and more hairy beneath, with reddish resinous glands spread sometimes all over the blade, but more frequently almost confined to the midrib and margins. Stipules hairy on the back and usually also glandular, densely setoso-ciliated, with lanceolate erecto-patent auricles. Petioles and peduncles with abundant hairs, aciculi and sete. Flowers solitary or two or three together, the bracts ovate-lanceolate, hairy and glandular, and copiously setoso- ciliated. Calyx tube subglobose, often purplish, more or less thickly beset with aciculi and sete, the segments about three-quarters of an inch in length, more or less lengthened out and leafy at the point, usually simple, but not unfrequently furnished with one or two narrow pinne, the lower part of the blade always aciculate and setose, the upper part tomentose, and the leafy point often setoso-ciliated. Petals varying from pure white to deep rose colour, in fine specimens not less than:one inch in length by an inch in breadth, so that the fully expanded flower is quite two inches across. The calyx segments are often of a rich deep purplish brown by the time the corolla falls, and then spread out at right angles with the BAKER ON BRITISH ROSES. 19 tube. Styles villose, fruit not ripening till October, pulpy in texture, deep red in colour, crowned by the connivent or ascending segments of the truly persistent calyx. This species is tolerably frequent in the North of England. In North Yorkshire we have it in seven out of the nine drainage districts, and as- cending from the sea-level to 900 feet. After the examination cf a con- siderable number of authenticated specimens I am entirely at a loss to find characters to distinguish Sabini, Doniana and gracilis, even as varieties. I have not seen the larger prickles more than slightly curved. In small plants the flowers are often single and the sepals all entire, but this is a mere question of want of luxuriance. The flowers vary considerably in size and colour, the peduncles and calyx tubes in the closeness of their aciculi and sete, the leaves in the openness of the serrations and especially as regards the glandulosity of their underside and the hairiness of their upper surfaces. Professor Crepin has furnished me with a series of specimens of the Belgian rose, which he describes so carefully in the second fascicle of his “ Notes sur quelques plantes rares ou critiques de la Belgique,” page 25, under the name of f. coronata, and it does not seem to me in any way essentially different from the plant above described. The stems of this he says are about three feet in height and do not arch at the summit, and the flowers are pale rose-coloured. His specimens have the terminal leaflets ovate-elliptical, somewhat narrower in proportion to their length than in our ordinary plant, with sharp moderately open double serratures and usually abundance of glands upon their under surfaces. Comparing our British plant, as illustrated by specimens which I sent, the differences which he indicates (Notes p. 29) are that our plant is more robust, with flowers more frequently more than one, and in consequence with the bracts and stipules of the upper leaves more dilated, the branches and ealyces dull violet, the corolla larger and apparently paler, This plant grows in the provinces of Namur and Luxembourg in Belgium and is given in Wirtgens’ fasciculi of critical plants, issued in 1858 and 1860. I have not seen the Savoyard R. sabauda, Rapin, but apparently we may also safely refer it here. M. Rapin identifies it as a species with the Belgian coronata. M. Crepin states, after the study of authenticated specimens, that it only differs from his plant by its leaves not glandular beneath, and with less compound serrations, less glandular stipules, less prickly calyx tube, and more elongated and leaf-pointed sepals: and he 20 THE NATURALIST. tells us that in the second edition of the “ Botanist’s Guide to the Canton de Vaud,” M. Rapin defines two varieties :—« R. sabauda, Rapin. Bull. Soc. Hall, p. 178, leaves glabrescent, simply or almost doubly dentate ; and 6 R. coronata, Crepin, leaves grey hairy and velvety doubly dentate. In the second edition of Reuter’s Plants of Geneva these two are described as distinct and both localised on Mont Saleve, the former on the summit of the hill, the latter in several places at a lower level. Mr. Borrer kindly supplied me with specimens of R. involuta, and there are others from the Cambridge Botanic Garden labelled by him in Mr. Robertson’s collection. Judging the plant by these, and the figures in the English Botany, the most tangible difference from Sabini which I can see is in the leaves, which are glabrous or very nearly so on the upper surface, hairy principally on the ribs beneath, glandular principally on the midrib and edges, with some of the teeth simple and some with one or more accessory gland-tipped serrations. ‘The sepals are usually entire but have occasionally, as one of my specimens shews, an accessory pinna, and the calyx tube is very prickly. The smaller size of the bush and flower, the more northern station of the plant may well account for, and in other points it appears to coincide with the description of Sabini already given. The Belgian variety subnuda, with which M. Crepin has also kindly furnished me, recedes further from the type, and I cannot possibly do better than transcribe M. Crepin’s account of its characteristics as given at page 26 of his “‘ Notes.” The leaves are glabrous on the upper surface, thickly covered with glands beneath but with the nerves only slightly pubescent. The petioles are hairy and setose, the peduncles and calyx tubes quite naked, the corolla deep rose coloured and the fruit slightly glaucescent. The Northumbrian plant that grows on the banks of the Ouse burn in Heaton dene, near Newcastle, which was once called R. involuta, by -Winch (Geog. Pl. second edition, No. 3, App.) is intermediate between Sabini and Smith’s involuta. In this the leaves are hardly at all hairy above, hairy principally on the midrib beneath, and slightly glandular on the margins, the serratures being sharp, some of them single, but more usually compound. The peduncles are aciculate and setose, but the calyx tube is nearly naked, in hue glaucous and dark purple, so that this must be regarded as a connecting link between the other three forms. Regarding then R. Sabini as best distinguished from spinosissima by the nature of its fruit and sepals, and by its more or less hairy and glandular BARKER ON BRITISH ROSES. 21 doubly-serrated leaves, from Wilsont and hibernica by the latter character, and from hibernica also by its glandular sepals, we have subordinate forms as follows, viz. :— 1. Sabini, Doniana and gracilis, Angl.; coronata, Crepin and Reuter ; sabauda, 8 Rapin; peduncles and calyx tubes setose and aciculate, leaves with conspicuously compound teeth, hairy on both sides, more or less glandular beneath. Britain from Clova Mountains and Braemar south- ward to Sussex and Isle of Wight, Belgium, Savoy. 2. involuta, Smith ; sabauda, Reuter; sabauda, « Rapin; peduncles and calyx tubes setose and aciculate, leaves with less compound teeth, glabrous or nearly so above, hairy principally on the ribs beneath, and not glandular or only slightly so. Scotland, Savoy. 3. Robertsoni: involuta, Winch, Geog. non Smith: peduncles aciculate and setose, calyx tubes nearly smooth, leaves with less compound teeth, nearly glabrous on the upper surface, hairy principally on the ribs beneath and slightly glandular. Northumberland. 4. subnuda, Crepin; peduncles and calyx tubes smooth, leaves with fully compound teeth, glabrous on the upper surface, very glandular all over beneath, but only a little hairy on the veins. Belgium. Judging from the description R. Wilsoni closely resembles Sabini in its habit of growth. 'The stems are said to be about three feet high in the wild state. In the character of the armature of the stem I do not see any difference between them, and the shape and measurement of the prickles seem to be the same. In size the leaves and leaflets are like those of Sabini. The terminal leaflet on the leaves of the barren stem is usually typically ovate, but varies from cordate to ovate considerably narrowed below. ‘The leaflets are deep green in colour, often blotched with purple, glabrous on the upper surface or very slightly hairy on the midrib, paler beneath, and somewhat hairy or even glandular on the ribs and petioles, the serrations simple or with only a casual accessory gash, varying from as close as an ordinary cantina to moderately open. The stipules and bracts are closely setoso-ciliated, the peduncles densely setose and acicu- late, the flowers from one to three in number, the calyx tube either entirely naked or slightly aciculate and setose, the segments about half an inch long in the wild plant, glandular on the back, either simple or slightly pinnate, the point lengthened out and slightly dilated, the petals white, but towards the outer edge deeply tinged with rose colour, about five-eighths of an inch broad by three-quarters deep, so that the fully expanded corolla is pip THE NATURALIST. * about an inch and a half across, and the styles are hairy. The fruit appears to ripen as in Sabini, but to have more of a tendency to an ovate- urceolate shape. The calyx segments spread out at about right angles from the tube when the petals fall, but afterwards ascend. Mr. Wilson visited the station again last autumn, and has kindly taken considerable pains to show me that the sepals are really persistent. The best character which we have to distinguish it from Sabini seems to be in the toothing of the leaves, so that we can scarcely, in my view, regard it safely as a species of primary value. The figures of R. Sabini and R. Wilsont in English Botany are both taken from unusually luxuriant specimens, and this has perhaps given rise to some misapprehensions respecting them. M. Crepin for instance, (Notes p. 28) questions whether 2594 be really Sabini at all, and not a very robust specimen of a form of R. mollissima. I think there can be no question of its being really the true plant, but it is confessedly from a garden-grown bush. Plate 583 for size and general habit shews our common form well, but not the characteristic armature of the stems, and the fruit is from a garden-grown bush of R. pomifera. TIl.—R. urerrnica Smith.