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FRONTISPIECE.

IN HELIGOLAND

S GARDEN

GATKE

OF MR.

TWO VIEWS

THE

meet URALIST:

A

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

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RECORDER TO AND Ex-PRESIDENT OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY, AND Hon. SECRETARY
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1888.

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JACI sie clipe Wl Ge) a

THE first duty of the Editors is to thank their contributors and their
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during the year maintained the standard of Zhe Naturalist at its
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iv PREFACE.

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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

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EDITED BY
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AND

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Wonfents:
Heligoland (with Photographic Plate)—fohx Cordeaux, M.B.O.U.
Yorkshire Entomological Notes—George T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S...
A Curious Habitat of Some Mosses—Cihas. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.
The Leafing of the Oak and the Ash—Chas. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S.

Saunders’ ‘List of British Birds’ (Review)... re a oe Ne ae 16

The Yorkshire Boulder Committee and its First Year’s Work—S. A. Adamzson,

#GSs* Ae: is be 2; sts a 3 a ai ae ve 17 to 24
The Lichens of Westmorland—fFosefh A. Martindale .. ss -: Ae mA 25 to 28

Notes—Ornithology .. aD Sc : A
Crested Tit near Keighley—£. IE eee Buttefeld Flaciboroigh ‘Birds notes—
Matthew Batley.

Note—Fishes 5 ote se “ = aie va aie ts ae :
Three-bearded Rockling in the North Sea—Yokn Cordeaux, M.B.O.U .

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The Manx Book, No. 12, for October 1887. [Mr. A. W. Moore, Editor.
The Zoologist, No. 132, for December 1887. [Mr. J. E. Harting, Editor.
The Garner, No. 27, for December 1887. [Mr. A. Ramsay, Editor.
Revue Bryologique, 14° Année, 1887, No. 6. {[Mons. T. Husnot, Redacteur.

Flower-Land : an Introduction to Botany for Children, and for the use of Parents
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62 pages. [John Heywood, publisher, Manchester.
Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Society. —Trans., Vol. iv., Part 7, Nov. 1887. [Society.
Grevillea, No. 78, for December 1887. [Dr. M. C. Cooke, Editor.
Manchester Geological Society. —Trans., Parts xi & xii of Vol. xix. [Society.
J. G. Goodchild on Ice Work in Edenside and some of the adjoining parts of
North-Western England. 8vo. Reprini, 57 pages. 1887. [Author.

J. H. Gurney on the Misdeeds of the Common House-Sparrow. 1887. 8vo., 9 pp.
[ Author.

Nat. Hist. Journal, vol. xi, No. 99, for December 1887. [Editors, York.
The Essex Naturalist, No. 11, for November 1887. [The Essex Field Club.
Naturalists’ World, vol. iv, No. 48, December 1887. [Percy Lund, Editor.
Journal of New York Micro. Soc., vol. iii, No. 4, October 1887. [The Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part xcvi, for Dec. 1887. [Mr. J. E. Robson, Editor.
The Midland Naturalist, vol. x, No. 120, for Dec. 1887. [The Editors, Birmingham.
Science Gossip, No. 275. for Nov. 1887. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, Publishers.
Wesley Naturalist, No. 10, December 1887. [The Wesley Scientific Society.

EXCHANGE.

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eae NATURAL EST

For sLSss:

HELIGOLAND.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M-B.0.U.,;
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.

THE Ornithology of Heligoland should have a special interest for
Yorkshire naturalists, from the fact that Flamborough Head lies
almost exactly in the latitude of this north-sea island.* Migrating
birds which pass Heligoland are seen to travel directly westward ;
consequently, it is reasonable to presume that some portion of these
eventually strike the Yorkshire coast. Mr. J. H. Gurney, jun., bas,
with much diligence, drawn up a comparative tablet showing special
coincidences in the migration of the same species to Heligoland and
the east coast of England, and he enumerates at least twenty-seven
instances in which well-marked migratory movements on that island
may be correlated with similar movements on the English coast
between the years 1868 and 1883. Had the materials at Mr.Gurney’s
disposal been fuller and more complete, no doubt many other cor-
responding movements than those recorded by him might have
been adduced.

The occurrence of the Rustic Bunting (now in the York
Museum) both at Spurn and at Heligoland on the same day,
Sept. 17th, 1881, with light variable easterly winds, is interesting as
further connecting the two localities. The Barred Warbler and
Desert Chat are now also recorded from both places, and the Arctic
Bluetbroat and Shorelark have in late years been observed in some
numbers on the coast at or near Spurn.

In drawing a comparison between the two localities it must be
borne in mind that Heligoland has great advantages as an ornitho-
logical station from its isolated position and the smallness of the
area to be observed, and the comparatively large number of those
living there who can at once recognise a strange visitor when it
appears, as well also from the fact that it hes in the track of a
much-used and well-established highway of migration. On the other

* Flamborough Head, Lat. 54° 7’ N.; Heligoland, Lat. 54° 10’ 46” N.
+ Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society, vol. iv, part 1, pp. 52-61.
Jan. 1888.

2 CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND.

hand, a rare immigrant arriving on the Yorkshire coast will probably
escape observation altogether, both from the great extent of coast-
line and iniand cover, as well as the scarcity of competent observers.
In the autumn of 1874 I visited Heligoland in H.M. cutter
‘ Active,’ and was subsequently able, by the assistance of Mr. Gatke,
to give some account of the ornithology of the island in a paper which
appeared in Zhe /bis for 1875. This summer (1887) I paid a second
visit there, leaving Grimsby on July roth in the S.S. ‘ Northenden,’
and landing in Hamburg with one hour to spare to catch the Heligo-
land boat, the fine new S.S. ‘ Freia.’ The average passage is seven or
eight hours, a considerable portion of which is occupied in running
down the Elbe. When crossing the North Sea a few Herring Gulls
and an occasional Guillemot were observed, and as we neared the
Neuwerk Lighthouse, the first land seen on approaching the Elbe,*
a large flight of Terns collected in our wake, on the look-out for any
small morsel of food brought to the surface by the revolutions of the
screw or tossed in the creamy eddies slipping away from under the
counter. . These Terns were all the so-called Common species ;
occasionally the crowd was joined by two or three Sandwich Tern,
but these latter appeared much less trustful of man and his works,
and kept at some distance. Near the harbour of Cuxhaven I saw
some Kittiwakes and two pair of Lesser Terns, also a single Scoter,
swimming close to the landing jetty.
I know no prettier sight on the lower Elbe at this season than to
watch the large flights of Tern which, mile after mile, hover in
close attendance on the steamboats passing up and down the river.
There is a perpetual glance of white fish-shaped bodies, and a flicker
of slowly-beating wings, crossing and re-crossing, rising and falling,
turning, twisting, or hanging poised—all seem as if intent on thread-
ing the mazes of some complicated aerial dance, yet at the same
time making good progress ahead. Sometimes they drift so close
that they barely escape a rebuff from the flapping of the big German
ensign blown out from the flagstaff at the stern. I can hear their
‘kree-kreea ’ above the throbs of the engine and the shuddering of
the huge paddles, and can see the glitter of the keen hard restless
eyes, ever directed downwards to search the tumbling waters racing
astern, well able to pick out the smallest atoms of floating matter.
Now one, and then another, will swoop like arrows to the surface,
or they stoop only part-way, and then as quickly rise, momentarily
* The Neuwerk is an old square tower on a sandy island of that name, and
was originally (so says the Guide Book) erected in 1290, as a castle to protect the
mouth of the river against pirates. Since 1870, the entrance to the Elbe at
Cuxhaven has been very strongly fortified with earthworks and heavy guns.

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND. 3

perhaps deceived by the drift of some bottle-cork ; often, too, several
stoop at the same object, and then there is a chorus of angry screams
as the least successful of the graceful foragers mount to their former
level. Out of hundreds seen thus following the steamboats, I did
not identify an Arctic Tern (Sterna macrura), a fact rather remarkable
considering how common this species is on the English coast.
Amongst the Terns which follow in our wake down the Elbe was a
‘Little Gull (Zarus minutus). This was an adult, but it had the
black on the head much broken, the forehead and occiput being
streaked with greyish-black. ‘The flight was very elegant and tern-
like, its stoop also was that of a tern, and when hovering and in
the act of taking food, the tail, which was pure white above and
below, was expanded to the full, and I then noticed it was slightly
but perceptibly forked.

As we approach Heligoland from the Elbe the island appears to
much advantage ; first, as a grey-blue lump on the horizon, massive
and square, and as mile after mile are run over, slowly the natural
features develop, a narrow green stripe of upper cliff crowning the
broad deep band of red sandstone, and lowest of all and to the
foreground are the white sands of Sand-imsel, or Sandy Island.
Green, red, and white—these three colours in successive stripes
constitute the flag of this small dependency, for so runs a rhyme :—

Gron is dat Land,
Rohd de Kant
Und witt de sand:

Dat is dat Wappen
von Helgoland.

Some miles off at sea the lodging-houses on the upper plateau
(Oberland) stand out very prominently in blocks along the edge of
the cliff, and beyond is the spire of the church and the lighthouse.
The land below the cliff (Unterland) is also seen to be crowded with
houses, mostly erections of wood. ‘The steamboats anchor in the
Sound, between the main island and the diine (Sand-insel). Passengers
are landed at the pier —the chief promenade—in boats. There is no
trouble about luggage, which is taken to the waiting-house in the
Unterland; you can choose lodgings and then go and claim the
luggage, which is carried by porters to your rooms.

There is a curious old map of Heligoland, reproduced by
Herr Rudolph Crell in his Guide*, which shows the island (from

* This map was originally drawn by the Royal Mathematician, Johannes Meier,
of Husum, Denmark (born 1606), and appeared in ‘ The New Topography of the
Dukedoms of Schleswig and Holstein,’ by Biirgermeister Dr. Kasper Daukwerth,
at Husum, in 1652.

Jan. 1888. A2

4 _ CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND.

tradition) as of very considerable extent in the year 800, having then
not less than seven havens or anchoring-places, and numerous
villages and streams. In 1649, actual survey represents it as
reduced to less than one-fourth of its traditional extent. At a
comparatively recent period the main island appears to have been
connected with Sand-insel, and there is also represented near the
latter a considerable outlier of solid rock, which has disappeared
altogether.

I found that since my last visit an enterprising Berlin firm has
erected a ‘lift’ between the lower and upper town ; this is a decided
boon to those who wish to avoid the long wooden staircase of 190
steps which gives access to the Overiand. The charge is only ten
pfennigs—a little over a penny. On leaving the lift we step on to
the terrace-walk, known as the Falm, which flanks the upper town.
This is a most pleasant lounge on a fine day ; leaning over the low
parapet we look down upon Uxier/and, a maze of clean bright houses,
small gardens, narrow alleys, and tree-tops; beyond these the pier
and the bright-striped boats at their anchorage ; further off, in the
middle of the Sound, are the ‘ Freia’ and the German gunboat ‘ Falke.’
From this elevated spot an immense round of sea is visible—to-day
it is purple along the outer circle, which in the middle distance passes
into delicate shades of lavender and violet, in the foreground one
broad belt of flashing emerald, streaked with narrow lines of lace-like
foam over the shallows of Sand-insel—a fair and lovely scene as seen
beneath an azure sky. Over the plants which grow along the cliff the
Humming-bird Hawk-moths hang poised or dash erratically to and
fro seeking the last-born blossom of the small convolvulus or
cormbind. Many Small Tortoise-shell Butterflies dance in the sun-
shine, and the soft summer breeze is musical with twitterings of
Martins hawking above the lower town. Following the terrace I
turn up Trinity Street—passage it might more fitly be called—and
presently am standing in Mr. Gatke’s studio, exchanging hearty
greetings. The well-remembered bird-cases are there on the walls,
containing so many of the rare wanderers to the island, yet there
have been considerable and rich additions since my former visit.
What a remarkable collection is here brought together from all
quarters, remarkable when we consider the great distances many of
these wanderers have travelled, also from the large number of species
represented. :

Take, for instance, that case of Buntings ; the Heligoland list
_Includes seventeen species against nine known to have visited Great
Britain, and there are sixteen of these represented in this one case.
Following the arrangement and nomenclature of Mr. Dresser’s

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND. 5

‘List of the Birds of the Western Palzearctic Region,’ the Buntings
included in the Heligoland avi-fauna are

1. Emberiza melanocephala Scop. Black-headed Bunting.
About fifteen or twenty occurrences.
2. Emberiza cinerea Strickl. Strickland’s Bunting. Once.
3. *Emberiza luteola Sparrm. Chestnut-headed Bunting. Twice
seen in garden by Mr. Gatke—May and September—but
not obtained. ‘The example in the collection was not taken
on the island.
4. Emberiza miliaria Linn. Common Bunting. An occasional
visitor, but never common.
Emberiza citrinella Linn. Yellow Bunting. Common.
Emberiza cirlus Linn. Cirl Bunting. Two or three times.
Emberiza hortulana Linn. Ortolan. Common.
Emberiza cia Linn. Meadow Bunting. Two or three times.
Emberiza cz#sia Cretzsch. Cretzschmar’s Bunting. Twenty
to thirty years ago, in spring, with S.E. winds—altogether
then twenty or thirty occurrences. .
1o. Emberiza leucocephala Gmel. Pine Bunting. One very
fine male in spring, taken in ‘throstle-bush’ in the garden.

11. Emberiza aureola Pall. Yellow-breasted Bunting. Two
young males and one female.

12. Emberiza rustica Pall. Rustic Bunting. About ten times
in the autumn, and once in spring—a female.

13. Emberiza pusilla Pall. Little Bunting. Forty to fifty
occurrences.

14. Emberiza scheniclus Linn. Reed Bunting. Common.

15. Emberiza pyrrhuloides Pall. Large-billed Reed Bunting.
One, April 24th, 1879, an old male in the most perfect
nuptial plumage.

16. Calcarius lapponicus Linn. Lapland Bunting. Rare in
spring, two or three a day in the autumn.

17. Plectrophanes nivalis Linn. Snow Bunting. Common.

Emberiza chrysophrys Pall., the Yellow-browed Bunting, and
E. striolata Licht., the Striped Bunting, have so far not yet been
recognised at Heligoland.

Then again, take the case containing the Phyl/loscopine. Where
in any Other collection in Europe could we find, grouped together
within the space of a few inches, local examples of P/ylloscopus
superciliosus, P. proregulus, P. tristis, P.bonellit, P. borealis, P. nitidus,
and P. wiridanus ?

Ses Qs

* Not included in Mr. Dresser’s ‘ List of European Birds,’
Jan, 1888.

6 ; CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND.

The cases containing the Thrushes (I forget how many examples
there are of Zurdus varius alone), Larks, Wagtails, and Pipits are
all equally remarkable in the number of species represented as well
as the beauty of the specimens. To me, however, the most interesting
spot on the island was the garden adjoining the house, for in this
small but well-kept enclosure more rare stragglers have been either
recognised or obtained than in any other spot in Europe, and
Mr. Gatke has frequently remarked that he would willingly give up
his present collection to possess the rare unrecognised migrants which
from time to time have visited them. During my visit, however, it
was dead low-water time, the autumn tide of migration having scarcely
commenced to flow. There are flowers and not birds to look at—
Heligoland roses are famous, but none we saw could compare with
those in this garden—the blooms especially of Le France, Baroness
Rothschild, and Souvenir de Malmaison being of extraordinary size
and beauty. At the end of the garden farthest from the house is a
cluster of elders and willows, which are used as a ‘throstle-bush,’ of
which more later on ; beyond the ‘throstle-bush’ is a path or open
space, and then a row of rough-topped hawthorns against the
boundary wall. It was in this ‘throstle-bush’ that Mr. Gatke took
that beautiful Pine Bunting in his collection, and he was in
the act of explaining to me his excitement in making the cap-
ture, when I happened to look into the thorns and saw sitting
within a few feet of us a male Crossbill in the red plumage, and
also a green female. Here, indeed, were some actual migrants
worth seeing. Mr. Gatke said that about twenty to thirty a day
had been coming in, and that I should probably find others in
the neighbouring gardens, that it is a dull stupid bird, and their
presence is readily recognised by their repeated call-notes. In these
Oberland gardens and the grounds of Government House there
is much good cover for birds, far more than appears from casual
inspection.

Subsequently to my visit I received from Mr. Gatke two photo-
graphs of the garden, which are here reproduced, accompanied
by the following explanatory notes :—‘In the willows to the left of
the house, of the one view of the garden, Mr. Seebohm failed to
obtain Phylloscopus superciliosus, a female, on the 4th of October, 1876,
and on the next day he succeeded in shooting a fine male in the
topmost branches of the willows of the other photograph—in both
instances I had seen the bird in the morning, and I was certain they
_ would return ere long to the willows—a favourite haunt of this little
leaf-warbler, as in fact of the whole of that family, particularly as they
prefer Sa/tx smithiana—which in consequence I always cultivate—

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND, “if

and scarcely ever do they resort to S. caprea, of which there are also
some specimens in my garden.

‘To the left of the high pole, in the view without the house, one
day an Lmberiza rustica perched from three to four feet above my
head ; a little further on, near the thin stick, where the white spots
are, I caught that beautiful male of 2. pythiornis you saw in my
collection. ‘Then, in the middle of the topmost branches, which are
a little lower than those further to the right, Mr. Seebohm shot his
P. superciliosus, and over the whole frame from left to right I have seen
at least half a score more of these little darlings. The only time
I heard its tiny call-note repeated more than once in short succession
was one day when I came on a sudden on one so close that I actually
made a grip at it with my hand and thereby frightened it out of its
small wits. Further to the extreme right of the highest willow,
Turdus varius and T. fuscatus have been caught. Lmberiza melano-
cephala \ have repeatedly shot with my walking-stick gun; the little
English Redpole, Zznota rufescens, as also L. exilipes, with spotless
white rump and with a little bill. Lmberiza luteola 1 met six to
eight paces behind the spot where I caught Z. pytizornis. Just a little
further to the right, where the photograph ends, my son shot Phyl/os-
copus nitidus, and 1 reported £. meélanocephala, Sturnus roseus,
Phylloscopus tristis. Was once within arm’s length of Sylvia fuscata
through the dried-up planking dividing my garden from my neigh-
bour’s. In the bushes underneath the flag of the other photograph
I shot with walking-stick gun, Phylloscopus viridanus ; saw ever so
many superciliosus, several tristis—-so well known by its call-note,
resembling the cry of a very young chicken repeated four or five
times in quick succession; Sy/via melanocephala, several Sturnus
VOSS f-EXC:, etc. ;

The oldest tree on the island is a mulberry, so old that its aged
limbs are supported with iron clamps and traces. This is ina garden
near the church. ‘Trees are fairly abundant both in the upper and
lower town, those best suited to the sea-breezes and soil being the
sycamore, elm, lime, pear, and cherry. The elm trees which flank
the wooden staircase, also some trees in the garden of the Con-
versation House, may be fairly called timber ; besides these there is an
abundance of elder, thorn, lilac, syringa, willow, and the ‘ tea’-shrub.
The gardens attached to the pleasant and clean-looking houses are
bright with roses, petunias, splendid stocks, sweet-williams, and
French valerian ; the latter attracts numbers of migratory moths.

The upper town ends somewhat abruptly, and beyond this the
island is an open elevated common, wind-swept and without tree or
bush, forming a long and narrow triangle, flanked by cliffs 200 feet
Jan. 1888.

8 CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND.

in depth. This plateau is about three-quarters of a mile in length
by a third of a mile in greatest breadth, with a gentle and continuous
inclination from S.W. to N.E. I do not think it would be possible
to get a cricket pitch on any part without a certainty of a long-driven
ball going over the cliff into the sea. The common is divided in its
greatest length by a broad footway, Aartofel-Adllee, or potato street ;
to right and left are the small potato plots, occasionally varied with a
few oats—cut green for fodder for the ewes, and with spaces of short
turf, on which the milk-ewes are tethered. There is not a cow or a
horse on the island, and no wheeled conveyance above a hand-barrow.

The upper plateau is surrounded by a wire fence, the top wire
spiked, which follows the cliff-line in and out. This is a favourite
perching place for the small birds, as Chats, Titlarks, etc. During
my stay, however, I did not see any immigrants excepting the
Crossbills and a young Cuckoo flying in the street near the post-office.
Wheatears, Chats, Pipits, Wagtails, Warblers, and Larks, none had
yet arrived. Excepting the Guillemots, Sparrows, Starlings, and
Martins, birds rarely nest on Heligoland ; the Lark, Chaffinch, and
Tree-pipit have nested, and also a pair of English Redpoles, in
Mr. Gatke’s garden, but the nest was destroyed by a cat.

The Oderland during my stay swarmed with White Butterflies and
the Lesser Tortoise-shell, also a few Meadow Browns, settling per-
petually on the blossoms of Galum verum and Sisymbrium officinale.
These two plants, now in full bloom, gave the upper plateau the
appearance of a mustard-field in flower. Other English weeds are
the common thistle, field wound-wort, and. cornbind.

The greater part of these Butterflies were immigrants from the
nearest land, forty miles to the eastward. I saw several like flakes
of snow drifting across the sea from this direction, and amongst them
a single example of Vanessa cardut. Ve have only to see the
collection of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera made by Mr. Gatke to
recognise the fact that the migration of insects is here as remarkable
as that of birds, but this is a chapter yet to be written.

Near to the signal station at the S.W. and highest corner of the
island, and between there and the lighthouse are the ‘ throstle-bushes.’
I counted six at a distance varying from 50 to roo yards apart. A
‘throstle-bush’ may be either artificial or natural, like the growing
shrubs in Mr. Gatke’s garden. These, however, were all artificial,
and consisted of a mass of thorns and sticks stuck upright in the
ground, ten feet high and about fifteen in width, and four or five
feet thick near the ground, gradually thinning to the top. The near
side facing the east is left open, the far side and top are covered
with a light net extending to within a foot of the ground, and there

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND. 9

fastened to small upright stakes ; from these extends in an horizontal
direction the ground net, so arranged that when birds get in there is
no getting out. On a migratory night flocks of various Thrushes
rush headlong into these shelters—the only refuge on the bleak
plateau that they can see before them, frightened by the glare of the
lanterns and the beating of sticks, and finding egress impossible on
the other side, they flutter down to pass beneath the ground net,
from which there is no escape. ‘These decoys are very effective, and
immense numbers of migrants, even Hooded Crows, are captured
from time to time.*

The flat shores of Sand-insel offer very considerable attractions to
the migrating waders. ‘The island is a cluster of sandhills with a
short sandspit extending eastward, and a long and somewhat curved
shingle beach to the west. The sea-grass and some slight barriers of
brushwood, put down to check the drift of sand, afford but scanty
protection to any land birds which may alight here. I only sawa
solitary Thrush and a few Sanderlings, Redshanks, Grey Plover—the
mere avant couriers of the great bird army so soon to appear. The
sandhills swarmed with Grasshoppers, which are greedily gobbled up
by a party of young Ducks. Near to the Dunnen pavillon there is a
quantity of brushwood packed ‘on end’ (Lincolnshire —‘ double-
banded kids’) for repairing the sand-barriers during the winter. This
was suggestive of future shelter for any number of Goldcrests or other
small immigrants. At this season, however, at least during the
greater part of the day, there is little privacy for any birds, as the
island is occupied by bathers, and after the bath they sit or recline
to the number of eight hundred or more in numerous picturesque
groups on the long and narrow belt of shingle which stretches to the
west, the bright-coloured wraps and sunshades of the ladies being
somewhat suggestive of a bank of many-coloured flowers ; here for
hours they remain reading or in conversation, sketch the island,
perhaps, on some flat-sided pebble, or lazily watch the long rollers
thundering to their feet. Like the Lotus-eaters,

They sat them down upon the yellow sand,
Between the sun and moon upon the shore:

And sweet it was to dream of Father-land,
Of child, and wife

Only that in this case the sand is not yellow but white, and, when
bathing the smallest shell or pebble is clearly visible in six feet of
water.

* Mr. Gatke informs me that on the night of October 14th, in the present
autumn, a Heligolander went to the north point of the island with a lantern and
cudgel, and there killed seventy-five Hooded Crows roosting on the grass, part of
a migratory flock which had come in during the evening.

Jan. 1888.

ite) CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND.

Mr. Gatke, when describing to me, in his garden one afternoon,
the migration of the Goldcrest, said, it might be on some still bright
afternoon in October, suddenly from above a small bird drops into the
shrubs, then another, then two or three, after which numbers keep
dropping in, not only here, but into the neighbouring gardens. Some
of these fragile-looking little wanderers commence feeding, or making
a pretence to feed, others sleep, like dots of feathers amongst the
shrubs. The sun has set and twilight deepens, a single planet shines
like a distant lamp in space. Something tells them that it is time to
move; half-an-hour after sunset one is seen to rise, flying directly
upwards, wings and body being kept perpendicular to the plane of
the horizon, like a small spread-eagle. A tiny note sounds out aloft,
then one and then another rise; the notes are repeated, now from
one, now from another, till the whole flock is called together and on
the wing. Then, circling once or twice, they strike off into the
gathering darkness towards the western isles.

In considering the phenomena of migration, due allowance must
be made ‘for the finer senses of the lower animals,, their better
remembrance of locality and stronger vision. It is easy to under-
stand how birds with their acute sight, and migrating in the day time,
may discern Heligoland from the nearest coast to the east, only forty
miles away, and from Heligoland be able to see Borkum and then
Ter Schelling, and the southward trend of the European coast-line.
Yet in the night, when birds most migrate, these landmarks would be
invisible, and in the great sea passage of 360 miles between Heligo-
land and England there are no landmarks to give even the general
direction. There is the light of star or planet, and that these are
an importani factor in migration there can be no doubt, but to what
extent stars and planets act as actual guiding points we shall never
be able to teil, although we know that when the sky is obscured with
heavy clouds or by fog, birds not unfrequently lose their way, and
when the stars again become visible, or the moon rises, speedily
appear to find the right course again.

It is known that in foggy thick weather migrating birds become
much puzzled, and it is invariably under these adverse meteorological
conditions that they are observed about light-houses or light-vessels,
or clamorously careering above the lights of a town. The rays from
a light-house or light-ship are not thrown upwards, but are directed
to the horizon ; consequently, on a foggy night, to birds passing some
distance overhead the light from a light-vessel would appear as an
illuminated circle, a spot where the fog seems less dense, or a little
brighter than the surrounding gloom, more or less distinct according
to the level of flight; a flock of migrating birds seeing this light

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: HELIGOLAND. ier

spot, perhaps with the idea they are over land, strike directly down-
wards —as it has been described at the light-vessels—as if descending
perpendicularly through a funnel, and as they come within the plane
of the reflectors will, we are told, dash to and fro erratically for
hours round the lantern. Mr. Gatke thinks that this phenomenon of
the circling flock, as his observations at Heligoland have shown, is
more likely due to a continuous stream of birds constantly recruited
from above, rather than the same flock flying for hours round the
light, and that as soon as birds find out their mistake, after circling
once or twice round the light, they pass forward again or rise to
their former altitude. :

Birds, indeed, do not appear to be attracted to bright lights in
the same manner as moths, for these latter come on bright nights
just as on dull; the former, as a rule, only in: fogs, snowstorms,
thick and obscure weather.

There is no doubt that the phenomena attending a migration of
Gold-crests at Heligoland may be repeated at one and the same time
at Borkum, Ter Schelling, and other stations on the European coast-
line. Observations, as recorded in the migration reports, show that
the Gold-crests, as well as other birds, do sometimes arrive on the
British coasts in one broad front, which on the one side may touch
the Shetlands, and on the other the Channel islands. The migratory
movement is, however, not invariably a broad stream ; as an illus-
tration out of many, take that remarkable migration of the Honey
Buzzard past Heligcland on Sept. 19th, some years since. Their
course, Mr. Gatke told me, was nearly due E. and W., crossing the
sandspit which stretches out north-east of Sand-insel. About noon,
five to ten together; then gradually somewhat larger numbers at
short intervals; then from three to six p.m. an almost interrupted
stream, the rear of one lot almost mingling with the van of the
next. It was a very fine September day, and so calm and still that
spectators on the main island, distant three-quarters of a mile or
more, thought they could distinguish the winnowing sound of the
wings. This migration of the Honey Buzzard is the more remarkable
from the fact that these birds are very solitary in their habits, nesting
considerable distances apart, and that they are not often visible in
the great woods and forests they mostly frequent. It is difficult to
understand how so rapid a mobilisation of the species was effected
over the vast area of their breeding range, as well as to understand
the impelling cause which drove them westward in numbers sufficient
to keep up a continuous stream of many hours past Heligoland.

I left this bright little island in the North Sea with regret—a
regret apparently shared by many of my fellow-passengers, for long
Jan. 1888.

PORRITT : YORKSHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

after the ‘ Freia’ was ploughing her way through green seas towards
the Elbe, there passed the frequent wavings of handkerchiefs between
friends on board and friends on shore. The Germans have, unfairly
I always say, been called a stolid and cold-blooded race; they are
certainly sufficiently demonstrative in their farewells. How soon,
I thought, beneath the flutter of countless handkerchiefs and shouts
of ‘aiif wiedersehen, might the dark battalions once more march
out to guard their frontiers; it may be the prelude of triumph to
some, but assuredly it would be the commencement of a life-long
sorrow to the many.

The return journey to Grimsby was altogether uneventful, only a
few Herring Gulls being seen ; and soon after leaving the Elbe, the
body ofa sailor drifted past—the very saddest sight since leaving home.

YORKSHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTES.

GEORGE ST. -PORRID, ES. heb
Huddersfield; Author of the List of Vorkshire Lepidoptera, etc.

Mr. S. L. Mostey informs me that a specimen of Afplecta tincta was
found drying its wings, having just emerged from pupa, in Greenhead
Park, Huddersfield, during the past season. A specimen at Edling-
ton, Doncaster, is the only previously recorded occurrence in the
county, and it is not unlikely that the pupa of the Huddersfield
specimen was brought among the soil attached to the roots of some
tree or plant introduced into the park. Other additions to the
Huddersfield list are—Defressaria badiella, of which several speci-
mens were taken at Grimescar by Mr. G. W. K. Crosland, and for
which Redcar was the only previous Yorkshire locality ; Pedzsca
bilunana and Gelechia politella I took in the Netherton Wood ; this
latter local northern species has also occurred in the greatest pro-
fusion at Greenfield both seasons since the one I first found it there
in 1885. Additions for other localities are Depressaria weirella at
York, a fine specimen of which I took off a ragwort bloom on the
night of August 16th, when collecting in company with Mr. G. C.
Dennis, thus adding another locality, it only being previously known
in the county from Saltburn. And in-the current number of the
‘Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,’ Mr. Eustace R. Bankes
announces the finding, at the beginning of October last, of larve
of Nepticula tormentille on FPotentilla tormentilla on the West
Riding moors. Mr. Stainton adds a note, suggesting that the species
may possibly be, not 1. tormentille, but the same as a specimen he
bred from the same plant at Dunkeld twenty-seven years ago, and

which is still without name. In either case the species is new to the

county list. Naturalist,

Ly
A CURIOUS HABITAT OF SOME MOSSES.
| CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S.

s
Read in Section D, British Association, Manchester, September 7th, 1887; and afterwards at
Scottish Cryptogamic Society, October 1887.

As is probably well known amongst geologists the South-Western
portion of the West Riding of Yorkshire is situated on the Lower
Coal-Measure series of the Carboniferous formation. The numerous
beds of coal of various thickness have been deposited, and are now
found intercalated, amongst thick beds of sandstone, some very
fine-, others coarse-grained, and these sandstone beds are exten-
sively quarried in the district for the excellent building materials
they supply.

It was in one of these quarries, situate at a Colliery called Hartley
Bank, near Dewsbury, that the occurrence of this curious moss-habitat
was observed. At the bottom of the quarry, which is some 30 ft. or
4o ft. below the normal surface of the hill-side in which it 1s exca-
vated, are some deeper holes where blocks of stone have been taken
out below the average level, and these have been filled up with water
percolating through the cracks in the bedding of the rock. In one
of these in which the water stood from a depth of to in. to 24 1n., I
observed, in June 1887, a peculiar looking moss which I could not
recognise at first sight. It was growing perfectly upright in a loosely
tufted manner and apparently rooted in the bottom of the pool; it
rose up to within an inch or two of the surface, but all of it quite
submerged. I rooted up a small tuft with a stick for examination
and on putting some of it under the microscope I was very much
surprised to find it was Axium hornum. JI at once sent off some
specimens to Dr. Braithwaite of London and to Mr. Boswell of
Oxford, who both confirmed my naming of the specimens, but
Dr. Braithwaite was of opinion that it was merely a temporary aber-
ration. from the usual form caused by a temporary submergence.
Mr. Boswell expressed great interest in such a curious circumstance as
this purely terrestrial or aerial-growing moss being found submerged,
and both gentlemen concurred in saying that it was the first time
such a thing had come under their notice. On re-visiting the quarry
a week or two later, I found on inquiry that it was no temporary or
partial inundation that caused the existence of these pools, but that
they had been filled with water for at least eight or ten years, and that
even in the dryest seasons the depth of the water never varied more
than an inch or two. I then made a fresh gathering, of which, after

having well washed it, for the tufts were coated with a diatomaceous
Jan. 1888. B

14 HOBKIRK: LEAFING OF OAK AND ASH.

slime. I sent in its fresh state a fair quantity to Mr. Boswell by the
same evening’s post. Both of us were I think considerably surprised
to find that this second gathering was not Mzium horvum but
Polvtrichum commune, and Mr. Boswell afterwards wrote me, that
amongst some loose fragments he had found several bits of another
moss—Bryum ( Webera) albicans.

The tufts of Polytrichum are somewhat sparingiy branched and
much elongated and attenuated, and the leaves are more distantly
placed on the stem, and the same: may be said of the A/nzum, but
bevond this there does not appear to be any structural difference in
either stem or leaves, between these specimens and the normal form.
Both species also in several instances show distinct zazovations, thus
to my mind proving that they are not a single season's growth, as
Dr. Braithwaite seemed at first inclined to believe, but that they
must have passed two or more seasons in this unusual habitat, where ~
to all appearance they both grow and flourish, in considerable
quantity.

THE, LEAFING OF THE. OAK: AND Tae Ase

C. P. HOBKIRK, F.LS.

OLD superstitions die hard, and this old legend, celebrated in a
doggrel couplet, seems to be one of them. There is about as much
sense and about as much truth about it as in the somewhat similar
superstition connected with St. Swithin’s day being a prognostic of
the state of the weather for the forty subsequent days.

I am not at all surprised that Mr. Hagger received so many
unsatisfactory answers from farmers and others on this subject ;
it would have been surprising had it been otherwise. As Mr. Hagger
says, the gist of them is no doubt conveyed in the second paragraph
of his article, and that paragraph contains a full answer to the
question. This answer may, perhaps, be put into a more concrete
form even than he has there put it.

The only real and scientific reason and cause of the one tree or
the other being in leaf earliest is the kind of weather that has
preceded the leafing, not the weather that is yet to succeed. The
amount of sunshine, warmth, and rain, or absence of sunshine, cold,
frosty, and dry weather, will have their full effect in determining the
time of leafing of these two or any other trees, arid also according
to the varied habits of these trees will determine priority of leafing,
and this will also be affected by the kind of soil, shelter, or exposure

Naturalist,

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. 15

of individual trees; but to suppose or believe for one moment that
these should indicate anything of the future seasons is preposterous
in the extreme, and this also seems to be the opinion, though not
clearly expressed, of Mr. Hagger in his third paragraph. When
I say not clearly expressed, I mean that it seems to me that
Mr. Hagger is not quite convinced in his own mind as to the truth
or otherwise of the legend; but I think that if we look the matter
fairly in the face we shall arrive at the conclusion that the sum of the
environments that have been at work is the cause of the times of
leafing, and that there is no more scientific value to be ascribed to
the couplet than to the St. Swithin’s or any other similar weather
forecast. The time of leafing is the effect of past causes, and not
in any way a cause or even prognostication of future events.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Crested Tit near Keighley.—A few weeks ago a person at Many-Wells
expressed a wish that I should go and see what he described as a ‘strange’
bird, but thinking it would be—what such examples usually turn out to be—a
common species, I neglected paying a visit. The bird in question is a Crested Tit
( Parus cristatus),and was shot by a farm servant near Keighley about the first week
in August, and brought toa local birdstuffer. This is the second recorded occurrence
of this species in this district, the other having been shot, I believe, on Thornton
Moor. Another bird, viz., the Green Sandpiper (elodromas ochropus), which is
an addition to our local avifauna, I saw on the toth of September last flying about
Many-Wells reservoir, in company with Redshanks (7Zoftanus calidris), one of
which had been wounded with a gun-shot. On calling the other day at Mr.
Oliver's, the birdstuffer, into whose hands many a rara avis has fallen, J am sorry
to add that the above bird (apparently an adult specimen) had been shot, and got
into his possession. —E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD, Wilsden, Sept. 20th, 1887.

Flamborough Bird-notes.—The sea-birds at Flamborough have been
far more numerous this season, and the number of eggs taken supersedes in
quantity the take of all previous seasons. The other evening I had a very pleasant
sail round the headland, and was struck to see so many thousands of Puffins
{Fratercula arctica). Most of the Guillemots (Lomzza troi/e) and Razorbills (Alcea
Zorda) with their young have taken their departure. The Puffins all round the
Robin Lythe Hole and neighbouring rock when on wing darkened the air. The
Sea Swallows, Skuas, Manx Shearwater (/uffinus anglorum), also the Sandwich
Terns (Sterna cantiaca) have made their appearance. Manx Shearwaters have
arrived in great numbers.—MATTHEW BAILEY, August roth, 1887.

Flamborough Bird-notes.—Perhaps it might be of interest to know
that the sea-birds, Guillemot (Lomzvza trotle), Razor-bills (Alca torda), Puffins
(Fratercula arctica), Kittiwakes (227ssa tridactyla), etc., etc., on our coast increase
every year. I am sure that naturalists would be astonished to see the quantities of
Skuas, Little Gulls (Zavaus minutus),and Shearwaters. Fulmar Petrels (F2dmarus
glacialis) have been seen, and one shot; also one immature Sabin’s Gull
(Larus sabini), and the Grey Phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius). Several winter
visitants have already arrived on our coast I believe. The Hooded Crow (Corwas
cornix) was the first to arrive, September Ist, Crested Wrens (Regz/us cristatis)
and Ring Ousels (Zzrdus torguatus) following. Yesterday several Woodcocks
(Scolopax rusticwla) were shot on the headland ; unfortunately they have brought
with them very rough weather.— MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, October 11th,
1887.
Jan. 1888.

16
SAUNDERS’ ‘LIST OF BRITISH BIRDS.’

A ‘List of British Birds, revised to April 1887, by Howard Saunders, F.L.S.,
F.Z.S.. etc. London: Gurney & Jackson, successors to Mr. Van Voorst,
1887. 35 ews

A uist of British Birds by a recognised authority on the subject has,

we venture to say, long been a desideratum. True it is that

Wharton’s useful list has for some years occupied the field~in this

particular department of ornithological literature, but it was open to

considerable improvement, among others in respect of the classification

employed. No doubt Sundevall’s system has many virtues, but as a

whole we confess we never became really familiar with it, and

consequently had almost invariably to refer to the index to species

—happily supplied.

The chief requirements in a list of this description are, we take
it, as follows :—

(rst) That it shall be an authority as to what species are to be
truly considered British.

(2nd) That it shall be based upon all that is recognised as
soundest and best as regards the important question of C/asszjication.

(3rd) That its Vemencéature shall be in accord with the recognised
laws of priority—the only true method by which we can eventually
hope to arrive at the much-to-be-desired uniformity both at home
and abroad.

(4th) That the list shall be handsome and suitable as regards its
typography.

Regarding the fulfilment of the first three—the most important—
of these desiderata, the measure of success achieved depends entirely
upon the author selected for the task, and in this respect all of “us
must recognise that the choice was a most happy one, for it would
have been indeed a difficult matter to have made one more suitable
than that of the gentleman so well known to _ ornithologists
for his varied and useful bird-work, and particularly in our present
special connection as the successful editor of Volumes III and IV of
the standard work on our avifauna—Yarrell’s ‘ British Birds.’ But
while it isa pleasure to recognise that the all-important conditions
have been fulfilled in a manner that leaves litth—indeed, if a few of
the square brackets were removed we should say absolutely nothing—
to be desired ; yet as regards the typography it is quite otherwise. In
this respect it does not come up to our ideal of what the typography
of such a list should be, and indeed it is not too much to say that in
this respect it is weak. Apart from this defect, which we fully admit
is of quite secondary moment and entirely a matter of taste, this is
from its general excellence facile princeps among lists of British Birds.

Naturalist,

17

THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE
AND? -1TS FIRST YEARS WORK.

S. A. ADAMSON, F.G.5.,

Tlon. Secretary to the Committee.

THE above Committee has now successfully completed the first year
of its operations, and has duly presented a report of the same to the
Bouider Committee of the British Association. ‘This was approved
of and presented by Dr. Crosskey in the Geological Section at the
recent meeting of the British Association in Manchester. In the
preliminary remarks of the report of the British Association Com-
mittee, they state—‘ We have been greatly assisted by the formation
of a Boulder Committee in connection with the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union, of which Professor Green, F.R.S.,is President, and Mr.S. A.
Adamson, F.G.S., the Hon. Sec. Were a similar committee organised
in each county, the work of the Committee of the Association could
soon be brought to a satisfactory conclusion.’ As some evidence of
the success the Yorkshire Committee has achieved, it may be stated
that the Boulder Committee of the British Association has been in
existence fifteen years; in all this period only seven reports had
been presented upon erratics in Yorkshire. ‘This shows conclusively
how haphazard, or, as may be termed, accidental, the character of
the previous work had been. Now, when the work has been
properly organised by a Yorkshire Committee, in the first year of its
operations seven. reports, embracing boulders or groups of boulders
in fifteen different localities, have been accepted by the British
Association and printed in their report for 1887, whilst several
other valuable reports have been deferred, and, in addition, the new
reports already received for the second year’s work are still more
numerous. ‘The Committee desire to thank most warmly the gentle-
men who have forwarded reports, for their esteemed and valuable
co-operation, and would still further press upon them—and, indeed,
upon all Yorkshire geologists and scientific societies—for their con-
tinued efforts, until the county is exhaustively reported and the
glacial map of Yorkshire completed. As this is the first report of
the Committee, it may be well to relate in a brief manner its origin
and history before giving details of its accomplished work. A meeting
of Yorkshire geologists was held at the Leeds Mechanics’ Institution
on Nov. 23rd, 1886, when a resolution was passed, establishing
a-committee to receive reports and conduct observations relative to
the erratic blocks of Yorkshire. At a meeting of the Executive of
Jan. 1888.

18 ADAMSON : THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, held four days later, this resolution
was unanimously confirmed. The Boulder Committee being now
in actual existence, its first meeting was held on Dec. 23rd, 1886,
when a draft schedule upon which to record observations was
submitted and adopted. A copy of this schedule was given in Zhe
Naturalist for May 1887. Upon the ist Jan., 1887, this schedule
was issued to Yorkshire geologists and to each society affiliated with
the Union, with the satisfactory results before alluded to. The
detailed reports comprised in the first year’s work of the Committee
are now presented.

THE “GREYSTONEZ WEEDS.

Cc. D.. HARDCASTLE,
President of the Leeds Geological Association.

Situated in Parish of Leeds, one mile from the town, on the side
of the old highway to Bradford, opposite the northern end of
Ventnor Street, on property belonging to the ‘Pious Use Trust.’
Only 6 in. in height, is now exposed above the causeway, and it
projects 6 in. from a garden wall which is built over it. The base of —
the exposed segment along the flags measures 2 ft. to in. Old
inhabitants say it was formerly from 4 ft. to 5 ft. above ground, and
from 3 ft. to 4 ft. in diameter, but of irregular form. Its entire length
is perhaps 7 ft. or 8 ft. Thoresby, in 1715, calls it ‘a prodigious great
stone.’ Probably originally nearly rectangular. ‘There are indenta-
tions in the stone, but not natural. Millstone Grit, similar to that
of Horsforth and Bramley Fall. The Rough Rock of Horsforth is
about four miles distant on the same side of the river, and at a
considerable elevation, some of the quarries being about 475 ft.
above the sea. The stone has probably come from there. Bramley
is about three miles away, on the opposite side of the river, and at
an elevation of 200 feet. The Greystone legend is that a huge giant
hurled it from the Giant’s Hill at Armley, about half a mile distant
on the opposite side of the river; in proof of which statement the
indentations of the giant’s-thumb and fingers are still to be seen.
The Giant’s Hill, however, belongs to the Flagstone Series of the
Lower Coal Measures, whereas the ‘Greystone’ is Millstone Grit.
115 ft. above sea-level. On the 6 in. Ordnance Map—Lat. 53° 48’
40, Long. 1° 34’—as ‘Greystone.’ An ancient boundary stone.
Has served from time immemorial as boundary stone separating the
manors of Leeds and Burley. Thoresby, in 1715, quotes an old
MS. survey, N.D. (Lapis cinereus ingentis magnitudinis admodum
antiquatis et vetustatus existens= The Greystone of great size, very

Naturalist,

ADAMSON : THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. ime)

ancient and existing beyond memory). It rests upon yellow clay
from 8 ft. to 9 ft. in thickness, below which there is Coal Measure
Shale. :

Norr.—According to Thoresby, there was an old boundary stone
called the Paudmire Stone, in Leeds main street (Briggate), similar
to this boulder. This memorable stone was purposely sunk below
the pavement as a supposed nuisance when that part was newly
paved in the mayoralty of Mr. Samuel Hey (1703). The two stones
are in a direct line with the Rough Rock of Horsforth, which is to
the N.W.

NOTES. ON. FLAMBOROUGH HEAD. BOULDERS.

Rev. E. MAULE COLE, M.A.,

Wetwang; President of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union.

An immense number of boulders have been lodged on the top of
Flamborough Head. On Beacon Hill are half a dozen of great size,
mostly rounded, consisting of Granite, Whinstone, Sandstone, and
Mica Schist with Garnets. These have probably been placed in
their present position, but not moved far, as a neighbouring small
ravine, called Hartindale Gutter, reveals the fact that the boulder
clay in this locality is full of large boulders. On the neighbouring
side of the ravine leading down to Thornwick Bay there is a boulder
of Cherty Limestone lying on the surface, which measures 65 in.
long x 52 in. broad and about 20 in. high.

A rounded boulder of Sandstone, 32 in. x 21 in. x 14 in., projects
in the side of the same ravine.

On Cliff Lane, Bempton, by the side of the road, is a group of
eight large Whinstone boulders, more or less rounded, which were
removed from the adjoining fields to their present position more than
seventy years ago. ‘The average size is 40 in. x 4o in. x 20 In.

In the village of Bempton, by the blacksmith’s shop, lies a Whin-
Stone Detiltden (56 1n)-x-24° In. x 18_in., and numerous others are
visible in all directions.

Me ON Wino Ne wNkA DIC BLOCKS: IN THE“ NORTH RIDING
OR MONKS EihiE:

WM. GREGSON,
Baldersby, Thirsk ; Hon. Local Sec. Vorkshire Geologicai and Polytechnic Society.

CATTERSTY SANDS, SKINNINGROVE.
Three miles S.E. of Saltburn.
Grey Granite—diameter, 3 ft.; rounded; no striations. Rests
upon Lower Lias Shales, on the shore.

Jan. 1888.

20 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

WHORLTON.
Eight miles N.E. of Northallerton.
Grey Granite—diameter, 3 ft.; sub-angular; is striated. Rests
upon Lias, 250 ft. above sea-level.

BALDERSBY PARK.
Five miles S.W. of Thirsk.
Millstone Grit—6 ft. x 3 ft.; angular; no striations. Rests on an
outlier of Lower Lias, go ft. above sea-level.

ELMIRE.
Six miles S. of Thirsk.
Shap Granite—diameter, 2 ft.; sub-angular ; no striations. Rests
on Keuper Sandstone, overlaid by gravel, 60 ft. above sea-level.

Mitt Beck, Rostn Hoop’s Bay—(3 BouLpERs).
: Ten miles N. of Scarborough.

Shap Granite—height, 2 ft.; circumference, 9 ft.; sub-angular ;
no striations. Rests on Lower Lias on the shore.

Shap Granite—height, r ft.; circumference, 7} ft.;-sub-angular ;
no striations. Rests on Lower Lias on the shore.

Shap Granite—height and circumference and other circumstances
exactly similar to the last-named.

Hurron Moor.
Three miles N.E. of Ripon.

There are a good number of erratic boulders scattered over this
moor, from 1 ft. to 3 ft. in diameter, a few of which are of Grey
Granite, the remainder being chiefly Millstone Grit. They all rest
on the Keuper Sandstone.

LOW FIELD, NEAR | PIERCEBRIDGE. ~

R. TAYLOR MANSON, M.R.C.S.,

Darlington.

Low Field is three-quarters of a mile west of Cliffe Hall, near
Piercebridge, on the Yorkshire side of the Tees. The boulder is in
the hedge-side on the east side of the Field, about 200 yards from
the river. It is about 70 ft. above the river; ro ft. long on front
face ; 7 ft. 4 in. from front to back. The boulder is sunk in the
ground considerably ; portion visible 4 ft. above soil. Sub-angular ;
rounded top. Long shaped—longest axis N. to S. No groovings;
it may identify the boulder that an attempt has evidently been made
to break it; holes have been cut in it with chisels. It is Shap Fell

Naturalist,

ADAMSON : THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 21

Granite, and is 250 ft. above sea-level. Isolated; some beds of
gravel not far off. Embedded, I think, deeply in the soil, which
is heavy clay.

Norer.—Another smaller boulder is lying to the left of the walk
leading to Cliffe Hall, about a mile west of the other. It is rounded,
and about 3 ft. long, with long axis E. and W. It has probably been
moved by those who made the path near which it lies.

THE ‘STRANGER’S STONE,’ NEAR BARNARD CASTLE.
R. TAYLOR MANSON, M.R.C.S.

It is on the bank of Deepdale Beck, a small stream running into
the Tees from the Yorkshire side, a little above Barnard Castle.
I should think the stone is a mile up the stream from where it flows
into the Tees. It is on the north bank. It stands about 8 ft. high,
anguiasacircumierence. Of 22 ff7, None of it is embedded.
It stands on a flat bed of rock at the edge of the stream. It is
semi-oval in shape as seen from the land side; from the bed of the
river, its outline is that of a blunted plough-share. It 1s smoothed.
It is long-shaped, longest axis N.E. and $.W. ‘This boulder may
have been situated on the higher ground above the river and been
sent crashing down to where it is. This supposition is founded on
the fact that on the south-end face are seen two holes filled with
lead, as if for insertion of iron hinge-hooks for a gate. I don’t know
any reason why three holes should have been drilled and filled with
the block in its present position, as the gate or whatever was attached
would hang over the river. No groovings upon it. It is Shap Fell
Granite, and is known as the ‘ Stranger’s Stone,’ which may be a cor-
ruption of the ‘Strange Stone,’ alluding to the peculiarity of its
differing from others in mineral character. Near it is a board with
the following painted inscription :—

Pray whence com’st thou, a stranger in the land?
What stopped thy progress in this pleasant dale?
Wert thou from Shap, and brought by fairy hand,
As felspar crystals mark thee from that Fell?
How cam’st thou here—what bore thee on thy way?
Wert thou by water or by glacier driven ?
I’m now thy lord, and here thou long shall stay,
To raise our thoughts and praise the God of Heaven.

It is 550 ft. above sea-level. It is isolated, but other smaller blocks
are observable in the river bed. It rests on Mountain Limestone
forming the bed of the river.

Jan. 1888.

22 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.
SADBERGE, NEAR DARLINGTON. (COUNTY OF DURHAM).

R. TAYLOR MANSON, M.R.C:S.

In village of Sadberge, three miles N.E. of Darlington. The
boulder was found in Glacial Clay while excavations were being
made for a reservoir. About 6 ft. 6 in. long, 4 ft. high; estimated
weight, four tons. It is a wedge-shaped mass. The boulder is long
shaped, and has been moved. On what has originally been the base
of the boulder there are innumerable striz in the direction of the
longer axis, and all parallel to one another. So far as I could
ascertain (the incrustations of clay have not been removed) there
were none of the crossings of strize so generally seen. ‘The striz are
confined to the original base. ‘The rest of the surfaces are irregular .
and angular. The rock isa compact Encrinital Blue Limestone, one
of the Yoredale rocks, probably from Upper Teesdale, and is 218 ft.
above sea-level. Too recently discovered for any legend, but no
doubt traditions will gather round it, as it will be known in the
future as the ‘ Jubilee Stone.’ Her Majesty is Countess of Sadberge,
and the inhabitants of the village determined that one part of their
Jubilee proceedings should be the dedication of this large boulder.
It was removed from the excavation where it had been found to the
village green, and on Jubilee Day a service was held in the village
church. A procession from the church was then formed, escorted by
a troop of Yeomanry. An address on the history of Sadberge was
given by the Rev. J. W. Baron, the stone was unveiled, and a feu de
joie fired over it by the Hussars.

THE *‘BULMER’S STONE,’ DARLINGTON (COUNTY OF DURHAM).

R. TAYLOR MANSON, M.R.C:S.

It is on the west side of Northgate, at the edge of the flagged
pavement, opposite some old cottages, to which it is claimed as an
appurtenance. Nearly opposite the west end of Garden Street,
Darlington, on the Ordnance Map. By compass circumference,
N. and S., 13 ft. 5 in.; ditto, E. and W., r2 ft. 8 in.; horizontal cir-
cumference (14 ft. from ground), 13 ft. 5 in.; height from ground, 3 ft.
All portions visible are rounded. It has been moved. No groovings,
but some fractured surfaces smoothed. It is Shap Fell Granite. Itis
known as ‘ Bulmer’s Stone’ from old Willy Bulmer, who, during the
excitement of the Peninsular wars, used to perch on it and read the

newspapers aloud to the neighbours. I do not know the origin or
age of—

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 23

In Darnton toune ther is a stane,
And most strange is yt to tell,
That yt turnes nine times round
When yt heares ye clock strike twell.
It is 157 ft. above sea-level, and is marked on the 25-in. Ordnance
Map. It is well shown on a photo of Northgate to be had from
Wood, picture dealer, Darlington. It is isolated, but there is both
gravel and sand in the immediate neighbourhood. I believe that it
rests on Glacial red clay, but the clay, sand, and gravel are irregularly
distributed through the town. I think it is red clay there.
Nore.—I have found Shap Fell granite several times in the bed
of the Tees, at Piercebridge and at Low Coniscliffe. Have never
observed it in the Wear, or rather that portion of it down to Bishop
Auckland.

NOTES ON SHAP GRANITE BOULDERS AT SCARBOROUGH.

FORWARDED BY JOHN H. PHILLIPS,

Hon. Sec. Philosophical and Archeological Society, Scarborough.

There are very few boulders in the neighbourhood to be met
with. They have been broken up for road metal and for repairing
walls, ete There is a fine’ specimen in Mr. Read’s garden, The
Valley, Scarborough, about 4 ft. high, 3 ft. wide, and 12 1n. or 14 in.
in thickness. It was found on the beach, embedded in sand, when
the foreshore was made, about six years ago. Jn an old disused
shrubbery and plantation belonging to the family of Mr. Wharton,
in King Street, Scarborough, are upwards of twenty boulders,
hunted up in the neighbourhood, chiefly on sea-beaches at Cloughton,
Burniston, Hayburn Wyke, etc., by the late Mr. Wharton, forty or
mity syearssagow lhe largest is about 11 ft. im circumference and
4 ft. in height, rounded like a cone. There are no striations upon
any of them, and apparently they have been laid on the sea-beach a
great length of time, and subject to the wear and tear of the ocean,
so that they resemble rolled stones, rounded by attrition. All the
preceding examples are Shap Granite.

NOTE UPON THE ‘HITCHING STONE,’ KEIGHLEY MOOR.

By the British Association Boulder Committee—Dr. H. W. Crosskey, Hon. Sec.

This huge block of Millstone Grit was described to the British
Association Committee by Mr. E. G. Spencer in 1874, as a ‘ boulder,’
and the details concerning it will be found in the Report of the
British Association for that year, p. 196.

Jan. 1888.

24 NOTE—FISHES.

A few years subsequently, Mr. J. R. Dakyns, of the Geological
Survey, stated, in a letter to the Geological Magazine, that ‘in his
opinion it is not a boulder,’ and that ‘it has no single characteristic
of a boulder about it. It is not rounded or scratched, nor is it
standing on end, nor in any such a way as to raise a suspicion of its
having been removed.’

The Leeds Geological Association has, during the past year,
thoroughly investigated the subject, and the secretary (Mr. Adamson)
has described the results in a paper, published in Zhe Naturalts?,
November 1886, p. 333, and also in the Transactions of the Leeds
Geological Association, 1886, part 2.

In these papers clear and satisfactory reasons are given in con-
firmation of Mr. Dakyns’ opinion. The ‘ Hitching Stone’ cannot be
regarded as an erratic, but is a portion of the ‘ Rough Rock,’ which
originally covered these moors, and in situ.

Valuable reports upon the Norber boulders, by Mr. J. W.
Davis, F.G.S., and upon erratics near Barnsley, by Mr. Hemingway,
have been deferred. The second year’s work of the Committee
already comprises reports upon erratics at Bempton, Filey, Guis-
borough, Lindholme, Kirkby Underdale, Ingleton, Speeton, Seamer,
Saltburn, Gristhorpe, Grosmont, Sleights, etc. Mr. G. W. Lamplugh
is also engaged upon an exhaustive account of the boulders on the
Yorkshire coast between Bridlington and Flamborough. The hon.
secretary (Mr. Adamson, F.G.S., 52, Wellclose Terrace, Leeds) will
gladly forward, upon application, schedules upon which to record
observations, or give any information respecting the work of the
Committee and the results desired.

NOTE—FISHES.

Three-bearded Rockling in the North Sea.—J/oéella tricirrata (BI.).
I obtained a very fine example to-day, from the pontoon at Grimsby, of what
appears to be the deep-sea form of this fish, the JZ. maculata or Spotted Rockling
of Dr. Giinther. It was taken in a trawl-net between Flamborough and the Dogger.
The length is 163 in., girth just behind the péctoral fin 72 in. In the fresh
fish the colours are very beautiful, graduating from light olive or olive-buff above
to orange below ; the latter colour much brighter on gill-covers and cheeks ; belly,
whitish. The upper parts closely spotted with large hair-brown spots, both round
and irregular in shape, but each spot distinct and separate, and not confluent or
banded. These spots are very regular in a line on each side along the back and
root of the dorsal fin as far as the tail, and below are more thinly dispersed, only
a few extending to below the lateral line. The anterior portion of the back, also
the upper surface of the head, is more thickly spotted than the posterior. There
is an irregular line of large brown spots on and along the dorsal fin, the pectorals
have also each three spots, and across the root end of the tail is a band-like line
of lesser spots. The three barbs and edges of the fins, brilliant red ; eves
prominent, with pupils black, and iris.shading golden. The colours fade soon
after death.— JOHN CoRDEAUX, Great Cotes, Ulceby, December 19th, 1887.

Naturalist,

122.

123.

124.

125

126.

127,

25
fie CICHENS OF WESTMORLAND.

JOSEPH A. MARTINDALE,

Staveley, near Kendal, Westmorland.
AXXIII. LOBARINA Nyl.

Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.); Nyl. in Flora, 1877, p. 233;
Sticla Nyl., Syn., 1, p. 353; Stctina Leighton, Lich. Flora,
D110,

On trees. Not common. Naddle Forest, Mardale, and
near Staveley.
The plants are all very small, and poorly developed.

MEAL RICASOLIA(D.N.) Nyl.
Ricasolia glomulifera (Lightft.); Nyl., Syn., i, p. 368;
R. amplissima Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 112.
On trees. Curwens Island, Windermere, and in Lowther
and Levens Parks.
The specimens from Lowther Park are very fine, but
barren.
Ricasolia herbacea (Huds. Fl. Angl., p. 544); Nyl,
Syn., 1, p. 639; #. 4elevirens Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 113.
On trees. Levens Park, near Ambleside, Mardale, Lowther

Park.
Tribe XIV. PELTIGEREI Nyl.

Sub-tribe I. PELTIDEI Nyl.
XXXV. PELTIDEA (Ach.) Nyl.

Peltidea aphthosa (L., Sp. Plant., No. 46); Ach., Syn.,
po, iiecra Nyl., Syn., 1, p. 322, tab. vill, fig. 38 ;
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. rot.

On the ground. Not common. Scandale, Mardale,

Kentmere, near Staveley, Sandside.

AXXVI, SOLORINA Ach.

Soeigtita Saccata-(.; Fl. Suec,, No. 1102); Ach., Syn.,

p- 8; Nyl., Syn., 1, p. 330, tab. viil, fig. 41 ; Leighton, Lich.
Flora, p. 106.

On earth in the limestone districts. Abundant on Kendal
Fell, Whitbarrow, Sandside. On Coniston limestone near
Kentmere Hall.

Solorina spongiosa (Sm., E. Bot., tab. 1374); Nyl., Syn., i
p- 351 (as variety of S. saccata) ; S. imbata Leighton, Lich.
Flora, p. 107.

On the ground near the mouth of the Kent.

Jan. 1888.

~
bo
os)

bt
ioe)

~
we
Le a

to

MARTINDALE :- LICHENS OF WESTMORLAND.

Sub-tribe II. PELTIGERINEI Nyl.
XXXVII. NEPHROMTUM Nyl.

paca levigatum (Ach., Syn., p. 242); Nyl.,

Syn., i, p. 320; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 99.

VaR. de (Ach., Prod., p.. 164); Nyl., Syn., 1, p- 320;
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 56
On shady moist rocks. Pugh Crag, Kentmere.

Nephromium lusitanicum (Schar., En., p. 323); Leighton,
Lich. Flora, p. 100.

On trees and mossy rocks. Not very common. Mardale,
Pugh Crag, Kentmere, Curwens Island, Windermere.

XXXVITE PELTIGERA (Hffm.) Nyl.

Peltigera malacea (Ach., Syn., p. 240); Nyl., Syn., i,
p. 323; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 102.

On mossy walls. Hundhow, near Staveley, and near Rydal.
Peltigera canina (L., Sp. Plant., No. 48); Nyl., Syn., i,
‘-p. 324; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. rot.

On the ground, on trees, and mossy walls. Common
throughout the county.

Peltigera rufescens (Necker, Meth. Musc., p. 79); Hffm.,
D.. Flora, p: 1073 Nyl., Syn.,_i, p> 3245. Beiwhton; fick
Flora, p. 102.

On mossy walls. Burneside Lane, near Staveley.
Peltigera polydactyla (Necker, Meth. Musce., p. 85);

Hffm., D. Flora, p. 106 ;-Nyl.;-Syn:, 1, p. 326 ; Leighton,
Lich. Flora, p. 103.

On mossy walls. Not common. Near Staveley.

Peltigera scutata (Dicks., Pl. Crypt, Fase. iil, p. 18);
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 104.

I have not gathered this plant myself, but it is s recorded in
Leighton’s Flora as having been soune in the county by Sir
J. E. Smith.

Peltigera horizontalis (L., Mant., ii, p. 132); Nyl., Syn., i,
p. 327; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 104.

On rocks and walls. Very fine near Kentmere Hall and
near Staveley.

Tnbe XV... PHYSCIEI Nyl.
XXXIX. PHYSCIA (Schreb.) Ny).

Physcia parietina (L., Sp. Plant., No. 25); Nyl, Syn., i,
p- 410; Leight., Lich. Flora, p. 131.

On walls, trees, and roofs of houses. Common everywhere,

especially on farm-buildings.

Naturalist,

MARTINDALE: LICHENS OF WESTMORLAND. 27

Var. aureola (Ach.).
Kendal, Heversham.
Var. ectanea (Ach.).
On rocks at Sandside and Arnside.
137. Physcia polycarpa (Ehrh., Exs., 136); Nyl., Syn., i, p. 411;
, Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 133 (both as a variety of PA.
parietina).
On trees, wood, and walls. Not common. Near Muiln-
thorpe, near Cliburn, and in Lowther Park.
136. Physcia lychnea (Ach., Meth., p. 187); Nyl., Syn., 4,

py4r1; Leighton; Lich: Flora, p. 132-(both as a variety
of Ph. parielina).

On frees. “Rare. Lowther Park.
139. Physcia ciliaris (1, Sp. Plant.,No. 28); Nyl.,Syn., i, p. 414;
Keignton, ich. Flora,p. 133.
@n tees. Not common. Levens Park, near Sizergh
Castle, Lowther Park, where it is more abundant than in other
parts of the county; near Staveley (saxicolous).
140. Physcia pulverulenta (Schreb.,Spicileg. Fl. Lipsice, p. 128);
Nyk, ~yn., 1, p. 419 (excl. varr.); Leighton, Lich. Flora,
2135 (exch. varr. ): ;
ia Common on trees, less frequent on walls and rocks.
Levens Park, Lowther Park, Ambleside, Staveley, Sandside.
pit enyseia pityrea (Ach., Prod, p. 124); Nyl., Syn:,1, p. 420;
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p.135 (both as var. of Ph. pulverulenta).
On trees. Not common. Near Barton and in Lowther
a
142. Physcia detersa Nyl., Syn.,1, p. 420, as var. of P. pulverulenta
On trees. Abundant in Lowther Park, but barren.

143. Physcia subdetersa Ny]. in Flora, 1878, p. 344, note.

On trees. Lowther Park, but not so abundant as the
preceding.

144. Physcia venusta (Ach., Meth., p. 211, tab. vill, fig. 5);
Ny; Syn:) 1, p: 421; Leight., LichsFlora, p. 136, as‘a form
of Ph. pulverulenta.

On trees. Levens Park.

145. Physcia aquila (Ach., Prod., p. 10g) ; Nyl., Syn.,1, p. 422

Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 142.

At Elph How, near Staveley. This plant is essentially a

_ maritime species, and therefore, seeing it does not occur on
Jan. 1888.

28

146.

147.

149.

150.

151.

MARTINDALE: LICHENS OF WESTMORLAND.

the short piece of Westmorland coast, it is rather remarkable
that it should be found inland. Perhaps the coast rocks
being of limestone may have something to do with its absence
there. Although especially a dweller by the sea, it has been
gathered at great distances from the coast, as, for instance,
among the Cevennes in France and the Himalayas in India
(wide: NyL; I c:).

Physcia stellaris (L., Sp. Plant, No. 27); Nyl., Syn., i

Pp: 424;.p= pte.s» Leighton; ich. Hlorayp..140).p spite:

On trees. Kentmere, Troutbeck. The type is somewhat
uncommon, but the var. /eptalea (Ach., Meth., p. 198) is
widely distributed on rocks and stones.

*“Physcia tenella (Scop.); Nyl., Syn., i, p. 26. Leighton,
Lich. Flora, p. 141 (both as var. of Pr. stellaris).

On trees and stones. Generally distributed and abundant.

Physcia aipolia (Ach., Prod.,:p. 112); Stizb:, Mich> Helv.
p. 735 LAysca stellaris, % pte; Nyl5 Syas ay padee:

On trees. Lowther Park and Levens Park. }

Physcia= tribacia(Ach:, lo Usp) e055 foyer Lon)
Nyl., Syn., i, p. 425, as a form of stellaris ; Ph. erosa (Borr.)
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 139.

On mossy walls. Common. |

Mr. Crombie, in his Index Lichenum Britannicorum,
Grevillea, vol. xv, p. 78, keeps Pr. evosa (Borr.) distinct from
Ph. tribacia (Ach.); but according to Dr. Nylander (in litt.)
there is no difference between them.

Physcia czsitia Nyl. in Norrlin, Lapp., 326.

On walls at Staveley, abundantly. Probably common.

These plants have a somewhat different appearance from
specimens of PA. cesitia kindly communicated by Dr. Arnold,
of Munich, the laciniz of the Staveley plants being con-
siderably narrower ; but they are identical with specimens from
New Galloway, gathered by Mr. McAndrew, and which were
named by Dr. Nylander. The reaction with K. is the same

iit alle

Physcia czsia (Hffm., En., p. 65, tab. xii, fig. 1); Nyl.,
Syn.,°1, p- 426; Leighton, Lich. Elora, p. 1415.45) var.. of.
Ph. stellaris. :

On stone walls, here and there. Not very common. In-
several places near Staveley. |

Naturalist,

Gust Published, 8vo, sewed, 6d.

fe OE DRIIFISH BIRDS

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152.

154.

155;

MARTINDALE: LICHENS OF WESTMORLAND. 29

Physcia obscura (Ehrh., Exs., 177); Nyl., Syn., i, p. 427;
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 136.
On trees. Lowther Park, Levens Park, and near Kendal.
Var. virella (Ach.).
On trees and walls near Kendal and near Shap.
Physcia adglutinata (Flk:); Nyl, Syn., i... p. 428;
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 137.
On trees. Levens Park, and near Sizergh Castle.

Tribe XVI.. GYROPHOREI Nyl.

AL. UOMBILICARIA (Hfim.). Nyl.

Umbilicaria pustulata (L., Sp. Plant, No. 52); Nyl.,
Syn., 11, 4; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 143.
Onrocks: The Crag, Crook ; and on Ulpha Crag. In
considerable abundance at both places, but barren.

X/I. GYROPHORA (Ach.) Nyl.

The species of this genus are by no means well represented
in Lake Westmorland, and in this respect the flora of this
part of the county compares unfavourably with that of the
higher part of Teesdale at Cronkley Scar and Falcon Clints.
On most of the higher passes and mountains, the rocks bear
a few straggling and poorly-developed plants of G. cylindrica,
in some places accompanied by G. evosa, in others by
G. polvphylla; but they are nowhere abundant, while as
specimens their development leaves much to be desired. G.
proboscidea occurs on Cross Fell, and will most probably be
found on the Westmorland portion of the Pennines, but I have
not met with it among the lake mountains of the county.

Gyrophora cylindrica (L., Sp. Plant, No. 29); Nyl.,
- Syn., ii, p. 13; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 148.

On rocks. Helvellyn, Striding Edge, near Red Tarn, Red
Screes, Little Hart Crag, High Street, Nan Bield, Long Stile
in Mardale. It occurs also on Sca Fell, just outside the
Westmorland boundary.

The variety denudata occurs here and there along with
the type.

Gyrophora erosa (Web., Spic., p. 259); Ach. Meth.,
SeusosNyl-..Syn:, p. 15 ; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 145.
On rocks, near Red Tarn, Helvellyn.

Feb. 1888. c

30 MARTINDALE: LICHENS OF WESTMORLAND.

157. Gyrophora polyphylla (L., Sp. Plant., No. 55); Nyl., Syn.,
il, p. 18; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 143.

On rocks. Little Hart Crag. Maize Beck, Teesdale. The
only Westmorland specimens in my herbarium at present are
those from Little Hart Crag. I have a distinct recollection
of gathering it on rocks near Maize Beck, but I seem only to
have preserved the specimens gathered the same day on
Cronkley Scar, Yorkshire. I have also gathered it at other
places in Westmorland ; as for instance, on the hills on the
west of the Lune between Grayrigg and Tebay, and on the
crags of Harter Fell overlooking the head of Mardale.

158. Gyrophora polyrrhiza (L., Sp. Plant, No. 56); Nyl., Syn.,
li, p. 18; Leighton, Lich. Plora,p. 146,

On rocks. Staveley Head.

In this case, also, the only Westmorland specimens in my
herbarium are from a single station, though I have met with
the plant a few times in other places in the county, which,
however, from forgetfulness I am unable to specify.

Tribe XVil. LECAN@-LECIDERE Nyr
Sub-tribe I. PANNARIEI Nyl.

XLT PAN NARIA Wel Ny:

159. Pannaria rubiginosa (Thunb.) Nyl., Syn., i, p. 29;
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 150.
Var. ceeruleobadia (Schleich) Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 151 ;
P. rubiginosa var. conoplea Nyl., Syn., 11, p. 30.
On trees. Not very uncommon. Mardale, Kentmere,
near Staveley, near Ambleside.
I have never met with the type in Westmorland.
160. Pannaria brunnea (Sw.) Nyl.,Syn., il, p. 31; 2. peztzoidea
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 151.
On mossy earth and stones. Not rare. Patterdale, Mar-
dale, Kentmere, and near Staveley. ‘There is a specimen in
my herbarium, gathered in Mardale, on decayed poles used
as palings, in which the habit is somewhat different.
161. Pannaria nebulosa (Hffm., Flora Germ., ii, p. 166); Nyl.,
Syn., il, p. 32; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 153.
On earth between rocks, and on the tops of walls. Not
so common as the preceding. Cunswick Scar, near Cross-
thwaite, near Cliburn.

Naturalist,

162.

164.

166.

MARTINDALE: LICHENS OF WESTMORLAND. 31
XLII. PANNULARIA Ny). in Flora, 1879, p. 360.

[Pannularia lepidiota (Smmrf.).

In The Naturalist for 1886, p. 279, I recorded this species
for Westmorland. Renewed examination of my specimens
from Red Screes has convinced me that my determination
was erroneous, and that they, in reality, merely represent a
diminutive state of P. muscorum, specimens of which I have
from the same place. The whitish suffusion of the thallus
and the sorediate aspect of the margins in these specimens
are due to some foreign lichenose matter which had overgrown
the plant. It is neediess, perhaps, to say that I regret my
mistake. |
Pannularia triptophylla (Ach., Syn., p. 53); Pannaria

Nylsoyn., 1, p.36; Leighton, Lich’ Flora, py 152.

On trees. Somewhat rare. Scandale, Kentmere, Staveley.

Pannularia nigra (Huds. Fl. Angl., p. 524); Pannaria
My, syn., 11, p. 36 > Leighten, Lich: Flora, p. ‘154:

On limestone rocks. Very common throughout the lime-
stone districts. Cunswick Scar, Kendal Fell, Whitbarrow,
Haverbrack, Sandside.

Pannuiaria muscorum (Ach., Syn., p. 193); annaria
Nyl., Syn., u, p. 40; Fannaria carnosa Leighton, Lich.
Flora, p.-155.-

On mosses. Red Screes, Kentmere.

ELI. \COCCOCARPLA Pers.) Nyl.

Coccocarpia plumbea (Lightft., Flora Scot., ii, p. 826) ;

Nyl., Syn., 1, p. 42; Pannarvia Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 154.

On trees. Rare. Curwens Island, Windermere, and in
Lowther Park.

XLV. LEPROLOMA Ny). in Flora, 1883, p. 107.

Leproloma lanuginosum (Ach., Syn., p. 201) ; Amphiloma
Nyl., Syn., ii, p. 52; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 156.

On shady mossy rocks. Common in the Silurian districts
and abundant in some places. I have not met with it on
limestone.

Dr. Nylander has recently removed this plant from the
genus Amphiloma, on account of its constantly imperfect
development. The same cause renders its true position in
classification uncertain,

Feb. 1888.

32

167.

168.

MARTINDALE: LICHENS OF WESTMORLAND.

Sub-tribe II. LECANOREI Nyl.
XLVI. LECANORA (Ach.) Nyl.

A. Group of L. Aypnorum (Psoroma).

[Lecanora hypnorum (Vahl.) should occur in Westmorland,
as it is reported from all the neighbouring counties, but I
have not succeeded in finding it yet. |

B. Group of LZ. saxicola (Squamaria).

Lecanora crassa (Huds., Fl. Angl., 2nd ed., p. 530) ;
Sguamaria Nyl., Syn., il, p. 58; Leighton, Lich. Flora,
Pp: 157:

On earth in crevices of limestone rocks. Common in the
limestone districts. Kendai Fell, Whitbarrow, Haverbrack,

Etc.

Lecanora saxicola (Pollich); Sguamaria Nyl., Lich.
Scand., p. 133; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 153. ,
On rocks and walls. Common. The variety verszcolor
(Pers.) occurs here and there, as at Staveley, along with the
type.
Lecanora gelida (L., Mant., ii, p. 133); Sguamaria Nyl.,
Scand., p. 134; Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 159.
On rocks and walls. Common in the slate district, but

seldom well developed, and often existing in a more or less
dispersed condition.

c. Group of Z. murorum (Placodium).

Lecanora dissidens Nyl. in Flora, 1875, p. 298 ; Leighton,
Lich. Flora, p. 161 (as a form of Z. murorum). Vide The
Naturalis/, 1887, p. 357-

On rocks, walls, and roofs. Widely distributed throughout
the county, and in some places abundant. Arnside, Sandside,
Kendal, Staveley, Shap, Barton, Eamont Bridge.

Lecanora lobulata Smmrf.; Nyl., Flora, 1883, p. 105;
Leighton, Lich. Flora, p. 161 (as a variety of Z. murorum).
Vide The Naturalist, 1887, p. 358.

On rocks and stones. Very abundant (vitelline form)
along the shore from Sandside to the boundary line between
Westmorland and Lancashire. I have only gathered a very
few specimens of the miniate form on Whitbarrow.

Naturalist,

515)

ON THE BOTANY OF THE CUMBERLAND
PART OF THE PENNINE RANGE.

J. Gi BAKER, F.R.S., F.1L.S.,
Royal Herbarium, Kew; Vice-President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

I HAVE long felt curious to know what the botany of the Cumberland
part of the Pennine range was like. On the west side of it, the Lake
district is well known, and on the east and south, Tynedale, Wear-
dale, Teesdale, Wensleydale, and the country round Settle, have been
well searched ; but for the hundred square miles of Cumberland that
drain into the Tyne, and form part of the great Pennine range,
there are scarcely any botanical records. So this year, after attending
the meeting of the British Association at Manchester, I took lodgings
for a fortnight at Alston, and the present paper contains a summary
of what I saw during this visit.

Physical Geography and Geology.—The district dealt with
belongs entirely to Cumberland, but immediately adjoins portions of
Northumberland, Durham, Westmorland, and the north-west corner
of Yorkshire. Throughout the lower levels the mountain hmestone
is universal ; it reaches a height of 1,950 feet above sea-level on the
north side of Crossfell, and above it there is a thick cap of Millstone
Grit ; so that, from a geological point of view, it presents a complete
contrast to the Lake mountains. ‘The two main streams—the South
Tyne and the Nent—unite just below Alston, a short distance south
of the Northumbrian border, at an elevation of about goo feet above
sea-level. From Alston it is ten miles to the head of the Tyne, and
rather less to the head of the Nent, and each main stream has
numerous branches. ‘There are two broad open grassy valleys, with
but little crag on the hill-sides, the heather mainly confined to the
high gritstone ridges. All the fields are bounded by stone walls, and
the main roads into Teesdale and Weardale are excellent. There
are no lakes or tarns, and I did not see a single Potamogeton or
Batrachian Ranunculus, much less /scetes, Littorella, or Lobelia dort-
manna. It is a country of innumerable waterfalls, where the streams
break through the bands of limestone, but none of them are so large
as the High Force or Hardraw Force; the best known are Lower
and Upper Nent Force, near Alston, and Ashgill Force, on a side
stream six miles above Alston,up the Tyne. Crossfell reaches a height
of 2,800 feet, so that the district covers the whole sweep of two of
Watson’s botanical zones, the super-agrarian and infer-arctic. Alston
is the only town, and it stands on a steeply-sloping hill-side, at an
Feb. 1888.

34 BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY.

elevation of goo to 1,100 ft. The village of Garrigill, four miles up
the South Tyne, stands on an alluvial terrace along the river at a
height of 1,100 to 1,150 ft. The considerable village of Nenthead,
five miles up the other valley, is from 1,250 to 1,500 ft. above sea-
level. ‘There are numerous scattered farm-houses in both valleys, of
which Priorsdale House over Ashgill reaches 1,766, and Rumney’s
House 1,980 ft. above sea-level; the latter, 500 ft. higher than the
well-known inn at the top of Kirkstone Pass. The hills over Alston
reach 1,600 ft. The pass into Weardale is 1,850, and into Teesdale
Over 1,900 ft. above sea-level ; and the long wall-like tidge of Crossfell—
the culminating point of the Pennine range, the watershed between
Tyne, Tees, and Eden—bounds the horizon, looking south from
Alston, and maintains for two miles an unbroken ievel of 2,600 to
2,500 ft.

Cultural characteristics of the Super-agrarian Zone.—
Of corn cultivation there is practically none above Alston. I saw only
a single field of oats, and hawthorn hedges are very few in number ;
but houses and gardens extend to the upper limit of the super-agrarian
zone, whilst at the lakes there are scarcely any above the mid-agrarian
zone. At Nenthead there must be at least fifty small gardens and
allotment-patches at a height of 400 to 500 yards. Speaking
generally of these super-agrarian gardens, gooseberries, raspberries,
cherries, and black and red currants, succeed well; plums occa-
sionally, but apples and pears do not ripen properly. Rhubarb and
potatoes are common and excellent, also cabbages and turnips; and
lettuce, peas, parsley, and mint, are grown occasionally. There are
many plantations up to 600 yards, those at the highest levels con-
sisting mainly of pine, spruce, and larch. The commonest planted
deciduous trees are the sycamore and beech, and poplars are not
uncommon. In the gardens, lilac and laburnum both fruit commonly ;.
honeysuckle, Irish yew, ivy, snowberry, and arbor-vite are frequent ;.
box, holly, rhododendron, hop, and cherry-laurel rare; I did not
see any out-of-door hydrangeas, clematises, jasmines, or aucubas.
There are a few open-air fuchsias, and sometimes calceolarias and
zonal pelargonia are bedded out. I noted one small araucaria, a few
fine dahlias, hollyhocks, and sunflowers in sheltered gardens at Alston;
and good hybrid Cape gladioli, as far up the valley as Ashgill; pansies
are sometimes very fine. Other favourite garden-flowers are Aconitum
Napellus and paniculatum, Peonia officinalis, Wallflower, Lberis um-
bellata, Arabis caucasica, Matthiola incana, Hesperis, Lunaria, Papaver
somniferum, Tagetes patula, Calendula officinalis, Sweet William,
Antennaria margaritacea, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Polemonium
ceruleum, Phlox paniculata, Callistephus chinensis, Mimulus luteus,

Naturalist,

BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY. 35

Pyrethrum Parthenium, and Phalaris arundinacea var. picta. Of
herbaceous climbers, Zrop@olum majus 1s the most common, and
Calystegia sepium is not unfrequent round the door porches. Garden
roses are represented by gad/ica, spinostssima, rubiginosa, and various
forms of zzdica. I saw a fine Gloire de Dijon against the front of a
house at Alston with a southern exposure.

ENUMERATION OF WILD PLANTS.

Where no height is given, I did not see the species over 300 to
350 yards. In nomenclature, I have followed the eighth edition of
the London Catalogue.

Ranunculacezx.— Ranunculus, no form of the section Batra-
chium seen; FR. Flammula, R. acris, and R. repens everywhere
common, ascending to the infer-arctic zone on Crossfell, and 600 yds.
on Knoutberry Hill, over Nenthead. Caltha palustris, common,
ascending to 650 yds. in the springs on Crossfell. Aconitum Napellus,
established in a wood at Nenthall.

Papaveracee and Fumariacez.—None, except P. somnt-
Jerum and P. Rheas as garden flowers.

Cruciferz.—Chetranthus Cheirt, walls at Alston. Wasturtium
officinale, rare in streamlets, up to 400 yds. above Nenthall. Arabs
sagittata, limestone rocks at Ashgill Force, etc., 400 yds. Cardamine
pratensis, common in grassy places, up to 700 yds. on Crossfell.
C. hirsuta, walls at Alston. C. sylvatica, Ashgill Force, etc, up to
400 yds. ZDyvraba tncana, limestone rocks at Ashgill Force, High
Mains lime-kilns, and up to 550 yds. at Windy Brow, east of Tyne-
head. Lyrophila vulgaris, limestone walls at Alston. Cochlearia
alpina, common in hill-streams and about the lead-mines from
550 yds. over Tynehead and Nenthead down to Lower Nent Force.
Sisymbrium Thatana, limestone rocks, up to 400 yds. below Nenthead.
SS. Alliaria, Lower Nent Force. Srassica Rapa and B. alba, casual
weeds up to 500 yds. over Garrigill. 2. Szmapis, once seen near
Alston. Capse/la,a common weed up to 500 yds. in both valleys.
Thiaspi alpestre, everywhere common about the lead-mines, associated
with Avenaria verna and Cochlearia, from 500 yds. over Garrigill and
Nenthead, down to the cliffs of Lower Nent Force.

Cistinex.— Helianthemum Chamecistus, plentiful at the High
Main’s lime-kilns, two miles south of Alston, 400 yds.

Violariez.— Viola palustris, common in swamps up to 600 yds.
on Knoutberry Hill, over Nenthead. V. sylvatica, common in woods
up to the main limestone rocks of Windy Brow, 550 yds. V. lutea,
common on grassy banks from Lower Nent Force up to the main
limestone of Windy Brow, 300 to 550 yds.

Feb. 1888.

30 BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY.

Polygalezx.—Polrgula serpyliacea, Upper Nent Force, Black-
burn lead-mines, etc., to 400 yds.

Caryophyllez.—No Silene. Lychnis diurna, common in the
woods as high as Ashgill, 400 yds. Z. Flos-cuculi, swamps up to
=oo yds. on Hartside Fell. Cerastium glomeratum, road-sides up to
400 vds. C. rriviave, common up to the ridge of Crossfell. Sted/aria
media, common up to 650 yds. on Crossfell, both type and var.
neglecta. S. Holostea, common in woods up to Ashgill, 400 yds.
S. graminea, swamps up to 550 yds. over Tynehead. SS. u/iginosa,
runnels. up to 7oo yds. on Crossfell. -d4venaria tverna, everywhere
common about the lead-mines, from 500 yds. over Garrigill and
Nenthead down to Lower Nent Force. 4. serpy//ifolia, limestone
rocks up to 600 yds. on Hartside Fell. Sagina procumbens, dams
and road-sides up to the ridge of Crossfell. .S. zodosa, swamps up
to zoo yds. on Crossfell and 600 yds. on Knoutberry Fell, over
Nenthead.

Portulacezn.—J/ontia rvivularis, ronnels up to joo yds. on
Crossfell.

Hypericiner.—Aipericum pulchrum and A. hirsutum, common
in the limestone woods up to Ashgill, 400 yds. A. perforatum, not
seen.

Malvacez.—None seen, except Hollyhock and Malope rarely
in the gardens. .

Tiliacez.—A few fine trees of Zi/ia vulgarts in plantations at
Alston.

Linez.—Linum catharticum, common about the limestone, up
to 600 yds. over Tynehead, and on Hartside Fell. JZ. usitatisstmuai,
ual, at Alston.

Gemuiices< ¢5 ae svivaticum, common in woods and
meadows up to Ashgill and Nenthead, 400 yds. G. pratense,
meadows up to Garrigill, 400 yds. G. molle and G. dissectum not
seen. G. ductdum, rocks at Lower Nent Force. G. Robertianum,
common in woods up to the main limestone cliffs over Tynehead,
sso yds. Oxalis Acefosella, common in woods up to 750 yds. on

Sapindacea. —dAcer Pseudo-platanus, one of the commonest
trees of the plantations, up to 550 yds. in Ashgill woods; often seen
aes about the waterfalls, etc.

Leguminose.— Uvex Rik rare, up to 400 yds. over
Nenthall. Cyérsws and Oxenis not seen. Trifolium pratense,meadows
up to 600 yds. on Yad en LT. medium, common in woods up to
450 ide over Garrigill. Z e/egans, established by the side of the
road u

a"

) Hartside, 500 yds. TZ. vefens, common up to 800 yds. on
Naturalist,

BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY. 37

Crossfell. Z. dubium, once seen west of Alston, 4oo yds. Lotus
corniculatus, grassy places up to 550 yds. over Tynehead. Vicia
Cracca, Ashgill Force, 400 yds. V. sepium, common up the main
limestone rocks over Tynehead, 550 yds. Lathyrus pratensis, grassy
‘places up to Ashgill, 400 yds. JL. macrorhizus, Lower Nent
Korce, ete.

Rosacez. —-frunus spinosa, common, truly native in the
limestone woods up to Ashgill, and nearly to Nenthead, 400 yds.
P. Padus, everywhere common by the streams up to 500 yds.
Spiraa Ulmaria, common up to 550 yds. over Tynehead. Rubus
Jde@us, everywhere common up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill woods.
No fruticose or suberect Rubus seen within the Cumberland area,
but #. zfestus ascends the Tyne valley to Slaggyford. &. cestus,
Tyne side above Alston Bridge, mixed with &. /deus. R. saxatilis,
limestone rocks, Lower Nent Force, the Glen and over Tynehead,
300 to 550 yds. A. Chamemorus, abundant on Knoutberry Fell, over
Nenthead, down to 650 yds. ; not seen on Crossfell. Geum urbanum,
woods up to Ashgill, 400 yds. G. vivale, common in woods, up to
550 yds. over Tynehead. Avagaria vesca, common in woods up to
Ashgill. otentitla Fragariastrum, woods up to 450 yds. over
Garrigill. £2. Tormentilla, common on heaths up to the Crossfell
ridge. PP. anserina, roadsides up to 500 yds. ascending Hartside.
Alchemilla vulgaris, common in grassy places up to the Crossfell ridge.
Foterium officinale, common in meadows up to 400 yds. Rosa mollis
and &. canina, common in the woods up to 400 yds., the latter mainly
var. subcristata Baker. &. tomentosa, Nent side below Upper Nent
Force. Pyrus Aucuparia, everywhere common by the streams and
in woods, ascending to 750 yds. on Crossfell and the highest main-
limestone cliffs over Tynehead. Cvategus monogyna, common in the
native woods up to 450 yds. over Garrigill. Hedges of any kind are
extremely few in number in the whole district.

Saxifragez.—Saxifraga stellaris, runnels of Crossfell and
Knoutberry Hill, 600 to 700 yds.,not abundant. |S. Aypnordes, Ashgill
Force, Yad Moss, Crossfell, etc., 400-750 yds. Chrysosplenium
oppositifolium, Ashgill Force, Upper Nent Force, etc., 400 yds.
Farnassia, common in swamps all through the limestone country up
to 550 yds. Aibes Grossularia, Ashgill Force, etc., a casual. 2&.
peltreum, banks of the first little stream that joins the Tyne above
Alston, on the east side of the river.

Crassulacez.— Sedum Telephium, rocks of Lower Nent Force.
S. villosum, runnels by the side of the Alston and Middleton road
above Tynehead. 5S. acre, walls at Alston and Garrigill.

Droseracez.— None seen.

Feb, 1888,

28 BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY.

Haloragex.—Cadllitriche stagnalis and C. hamulata, both ascend
to the infer-arctic zone on Crossfell.

Onagrariex.—LZpilobium angustifolium, banks of the Tyne at
Ashgill, and of the Nent below Upper Nent Force, 400 yds. £.

parviflorum var. rivulare, swamps up to 4oo yds. £. montanum,

common in woods up to 500 yds. &. obscurum, common in swamps
to 400 yds. £. palustre, swamps up to 700 yds. on Crossfell, 600
yds. over Nenthead. £. alsinefolium, springs below the main-lime-
stone cliffs of Windy Brow, over Tynehead, 550 yds. £. alpinum,
springs at the east end of Crossfell, over the Cashwell Mine, where
it was discovered by the Rev. F. Addison, 600 to 700 yds.

U mbelliferz.—Sanicula, Lower Nent Force, the Glen, etc.
Hydrocotyle, not seen. Pimpinella Saxifraga, Ashgill Force, 400 yds.
Conopodtum, grassy banks. Cherophylum temulum, Lower Nent
Force. <Anthriscus sylvestris and Heracleum, common in meadows
up to the main-limestone cliffs over Tynehead, 550 yds. Azxgelzca,
damp woods, up to 500 yds. over Ashgill Force. Caucalts Anthriscus,
dry banks up to 400 yds. above Nenthall.

Araliaceze.—Hedera Helix, common, truly native, on the lime-
stone rocks up to 4oo yds. at Ashgill, and above Nenthall.

Caprifoliaceez.—Sambucus nigra, only seen in_ plantations.
Viburnum Opulus, stream-sides up to 400 yds., rare. Lonzicera
Periclymenum, woods, not common, often in gardens at Alston.

Rubiacez.—Galium boreale, main limestone cliffs of Windy
Brow, over Tynehead, 550 yds. G. cructata and verum, common up
to 450 or 500 yds. over Garrigill. G. saxatile, common at all levels
up to the Crossfell ridge. G. sylvestre, common on lmestone cliffs
from Lower Nent Force to 550 yds. over Tynehead. G. palustre,
swamps up to the high springs of Crossfell. G. wliginosum, swamps
up to 500 yds. over Tynehead. G. Aparine, rare. Asperula odorata,
common in woods up to Ashgill, 4oo yds.

Valerianez.— Valeriana officinalis, common in damp woods up
to 550 yds. over Tynehead. Scadbiosa succisa, common in meadows
up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill plantations. S. columbaria, High
Mains limestone quarries, 400 yds.

Composite.—L£ufatorium, not seen. Solidago, main limestone
rocks of Windy Brow, 550 yds. ellis perennis, common up to the
Crossfell ridge. Achillea Millefolium and A. Ptarmica, both common
up to the Crossfell ridge. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, common
in meadows up to 400 yds. Tusstlago Farfara, common up to the

Crossfell ridge. Petasttes, banks of lower part of Tyne and Nent up .

to Upper Nent Force. Senecio vulgaris, a common weed up to 500
yds. over Garrigill. S. /acobea, common up to s00 yds. over

Naturalist,

BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY. 39

Garrigill. S. aguaticus, common up to 450 yds. over Garrigill.
Cnicus lanceolatus and C. palustris, common up to the Crossfell ridge.
C. heterophyllus, common in woods and meadows up to 550 yds. in
the Ashgill plantations. C. arvensis, common up to 600 yds. on
Hartside. Cenzfaurea nigra, common up to 500 yds. in the Ashgill
plantations. Zafsana, common up to 4oo yds. in the Nent valley.
Crepis paludosa, common up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill plantations.
Hiteracium Pilosella, grassy banks up to the main-limestone scars of
Windy Brow, 550 yds. “. cesium var. Smithit and HH. vulgatum,
common on the limestone rocks and walls up to 550 yds. WZ.
crocatum, banks of the Nent at Middle Nent Force. A. boreale,
common in woods up to 450 yds. over Garrigill. AWypochertis radicata,
pastures to 400 yds. Leontodon autumnale, pastures up to the
Crossfell ridge. LZ. Azspidus, pastures up to 500 yds. over Tynehead.
Taraxacum, common up to 650 yds. on Crossfell, and 600 yds. over
Nenthead. Lactuca muralis, limestone rocks at Ashgill Force, 400
yds. Sonchus asper, waste ground up to 450 yds. over Garrigill.

Campanulaceze.— Campanula latifolia, woods by the Tyne up
to 400 yds. at Ashgill. C. rotundifolia, grassy places up to the main
limestone at Hartside, 600 yds.

Vacciniaceze.— Vaccinium Myrtillus, heaths and woods at all
levels up to the Crossfell ridge. V. Vitts-1de@a, not seen.

Ericacez.—Cal/una, common at all levels up to the Crossfell
ridge. Lyrica cinerea.

Plumbaginez.—Arvmeria maritima, abundant at the High
Mains lime-kilns, associated with Cochlearia, Thlaspi alpestre, and
Arenaria verna, 400 yds.

Primulacez.—Primula vulgaris and P. veris, common up to
Ashgill, 400 yds. P. farinosa, not seen, though Farmassza, its usual
associate in Teesdale, isso common. Lystmachia nemorum, Ashgill
Force, 400 yds.

Oleacez.—Fraxinus, one of the commonest trees of the district,
up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill plantations.

Gentianez.—Gentiana Amarella, frequent about the limestone
up to 400 yds.

Boraginez.—Myosotis cespitosa, runnels up to 450 yds. over
Garrigill. JZ. sylvatica, Ashgill Force, and wood by the Nent above
Nenthall, 400 yds. AZ. arvensis, woods up to Ashgill, 400 yds.

Scrophularinez.—Zinaria Cymbalaria, casual, on walls at
Alston. Scrophularia nodosa, Lower Nent Force. Digttalis, frequent
up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill plantations. Veronica agrestis, a weed
up to Ashgill, 400 yds. V. persica, a weed in the gardens at Nent-
head, 400 yds. V. arvensts, up to 600 yds. in limestone quarries of
Feb. 1888.

40 BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY.

Yad Moss. V. Chamedrys, common up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill
plantations. V. montana, Ashgill Force, 400 yds. V. serpyllifolia
and V. officinalis, up to 650 yds. on Crossfell. V. scutel/ata, swamps
up to 400 yds. V. Beccabunga, common in runnels up to the high
springs of Crossfell. Zuphrasia, everywhere common up to the
Crossfell ridge. Bartsia Odontites, road-sides up to 4oo yds., rare.
Pedicularis palustris and sylvatica, frequent in swamps up to 500 yds.
over Tynehead. AAinanthus Crista. gallt, common in grassy places
up to the Crossfell ridge.

Lentibulariex.—Pinguicula vulgaris, swamps up to the high
springs of Crossfell. :

Labiatz.—MJentha arvensis, road-sides, rare. Prunella, grassy
places up to the Crossfell ridge. Stachys palustris, road-sides, rare.
S. sylvatica, common in woods up to Ashgill, 400 yds. Gadeopsis
Tetrahit, a weed, up to 500 yds. over Nenthead. Lamium purpureum,
a weed up to 500 yds. over Garrigill. Zeucrium Scorodonia, common
in woods up to Ashgill, and wood beyond Nenthall, 400 yds. Ajuga
veptans, woods up to 500 yas. in the Ashgill plantations.

Plantaginez.—VPlantago major and P. lanceolata, common up
to 650 yds. on Crossfell and 600 yds. over Nenthead. P. media, lime-
stone quarry near Alston, 400 yds.

Chenopodiacez.—-Chenopodium album, weed at Alston, rare.
C. Bonus-Henricus, about houses up to 450 yds. over Tynehead.
Atriplex patula, weed up to 450 yds. over Garrigill.

Polygonacez.— Polygonum Convoluulus, weed up to 500 yds.
ascending Hartside. /. aviculare, road-sides up to 500 yds. PP.
Persicaria, a weed up to 450 yds. over Garrigill. Rumex viridis,
woods, rare. . obtusifolius, waste ground up to 500 yds. A&A. crispus,
waste ground up to 600 yds. on Hartside. &. Acetosa and = A cetosella,
meadows and heaths up to the Crossfell ridge.

Euphorbiacex.—Wercurialis perennis, common in woods up to
Ashgill, 400 yds.

Urticacee.— U/mus montana, one of the commonest trees of
the district, up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill plantations. O7rtica dioica,
common up to the highest miners’ huts on Crossfell. WU urens,
Alston, Garrigill, etc., up to 400 yds.

Cupulifere.—Zetula, frequent in the woods; &. glutinosa
specially noted at Ashgill Force. Adnus, everywhere common by the
streams up to 550 yds. in the Ashgill plantations. Cory/us, common
in the limestone woods up to Ashgill and above Nenthall, 400 yds.
Quercus much less common than Elm, Ash, and Rowan; Q. sesszliflora
specially noted at the lead-mine west of Nenthall. Fagus, one of the
commonest trees of the plantations, up to 550 yds. at Ashgill.

Naturalist,

BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY. 4I

Salix pentandra, about the Nent below Upper Nent Force, and near
the junction of the Black burn and Tyne, 400 yds. 5S. fragzl7s and
S. alba, about the stream near the Glen waterfall, a mile above Alston,
probably planted. .S. vémenalis and SS. Smithiana, only seen near houses,
probably planted. S. capvea and S. cinerea, frequent up to 550 yds. in
the Ashgill plantations. .S. aurtta, frequent up to 400 yds. on the
banks of the Nent below Nenthead. SS. phylicifolia, the commonest
willow of the stream-sides from Ashgill and Nenthead downwards,
4oo yds., in a great variety of forms. /ofulus alba, P. nigra and P.
tremula, often seen but probably always planted, as is P. balsamtfera.

Empetracez.—/mpetrum, common on heaths up to 800 yds.
on Crossfell.

Coniferz.—Pine, Spruce, Larch, common in the plantations.

Orchidez.—Too late for Orchids, the only one seen being
Orchis maculata in a wood by the Nent, 400 yds.

Liliacez#.—Al/ium ursinum, woods near Alston.

Juncacez. — Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, J. squarrosus, and
J. supinus, coramon at all levels up to the Crossfell ridge. /. dufonius,
runnels up to 600 yds. over Nenthead. /. g/aucus, up to 400 yds.,
rare. J. lamprocarpus, common in swamps up to 600 yds. /. acutt-
foorus, common in swamps up to 500 yds. over Tynehead. Luzz/a
maxima, common in woods up to the main-limestone cliffs of Windy
Brow, 550 yds. JZ. multiflora, heaths up to the Crossfell ridge.
L. campestris, common.

Naiadacez.—TZ7iglochin palustre, common in swamps up to
700 yds., especially by the side of the road up Hartside. No
Potamogeton, Typha nor Sparganium seen.

Cyperacez.—Scirpus cespitosus, common on heaths up to the
Crossfell ridge. L£7riophorum vaginatum, heaths up to 650 yds. on
Crossfell. £. angustifolium, boggy heaths up to 800 yds. on Cross-
fell, 650 yds. on Knoutberry Fell. Carex echinata, swamps up to
700 yds. on Crossfell. C. ovalis and C. acuta, lowland bogs. C. Goode-
movil, common in swamps up to soo yds. C. glauca and C. dioica,
common in bogs up to 650 yds. on Crossfell. C. panicea, swamps up
to 500 yds. C. sylvatica, lowland woods. C. flava, swamps up to
700 yds. on Crossfell. C. fwlva, ascent of Crossfell from Garrigill,
500 yds. C. Airta, road-side between Garrigill and Alston, 4oo yds.
C. rostrata, mountain swamps up to 600 yds. over Nenthead.

Graminez.—Phalaris canariensts,a casual weed. P. arundi-
nmacea, damp woods up to Ashgill, 400 yds. Axthoxanthum,
common up to 650 yds. on Crossfell. . A¢cdium effusum, Ashgill
Force, 400 yds. Phleum pratense, road-sides up to 400 yds.
Agrostis canina, A. alba, and A, vulgaris, common up to the ridge of
Feb. 1888.

42 BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY.

Crossfell. A viviparous form of A. vulgaris occurs. A. nigra, common
by road-sides. A. pumila, very characteristic at the east end of the
Crossfell ridge, near the Cashwell lead-mine. Deschampsta cespttosa
and D. flexuosa, common up to the Crossfell ndge. Molcus lanatus and
H. mollis, commonupto5o0ors55o yds. Z7isetum flavescens, main lime-
stone of Hartside Fell, 600 yds. Avena pratensis, limestone rocks
at Ashgill Force and by the Nent below Nenthead, 400 yds.
Arrhenatherum, common up to 400 yds. Zriodia decumbens, Upper
Nent Force. Sesleria cerulea, main-limestone cliffs over Tynehead,
550 yds. Cynosurus, common up to 500 yds. Molinia, heaths up
to 550 yds. in the Ashgill plantations. AZe/ica uniflora, Lower Nent
Force and the Glen waterfall. Daczylis, pastures up to 500 yds. over
Garrigill ; a viviparous form near the Alston cemetery. 77a
media, common up to the main-lmestone rocks over Tynehead,
550 yds. oa annua and P. pratensis, common up to the Crossfell
ridge. JP. ¢rivialis, frequent. . nemoralis, Lower Nent Force and
Ashgill Force, 400 yds. Glycerta fluitans, swamps up to 600 yds.
over Nenthead. G. plicata, Tyne-side above Alston. WJestuca ovina
and /) duriuscula, common up to the Crossfell ridge. & pratensis,
common up to 500 yds. over Garrigill. J arundinacea, up to 500 yds.
ascending Hartside. Bromus giganteus and B. asper, woods in both
valleys up to 400 yds. Lrachypodium sylvaticum, Lower Nent Force.
Lolium perenne, common up to 500 yds. ascending Hartside.
Agropyrum caninum, frequent in the limestone woods up to Ashgill,
400 yds. A. repens, common up to 500 yds. on a garden-wall at
Nenthead. Vardus, common up to the Crossfell ridge.
Filices.—/¢eris, common up to 500 yds. Cryptogramme,
plentiful on the gritstone rocks of the Crossfell ridge. Lomaria,
heaths up to 500 yds. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, shown to me by
Mr. Richardson, from Ashgill. 4. wvide, frequent on the limestone
cliffs up to 550 yds. over Tynehead. 4. 'Tyichomanes and A. Ruta-
muraria, Walls at Alston. Athyrium, common up to the gritstone
rocks of the Crossfell ridge. Scolopendrium, limestone rocks, rare-
Cystopteris fragilis, common on limestone rocks up to 550 yds. over
Tynehead. Lolystichum lobatum, Ashgill Force and rocks by the
Nent below Nenthead, 400 yds. Lastrea Filix-mas and L. dilatata,
common up to 800 se on Crossfell, many forms of both species.
Polypodium vulgare, common up to the main-limestone rocks over
Tynehead, 550 yds. P. Dryopteris and P. Phegopteris ascend to the
shaly banks of the highest gills of the Tyne, 500 to 600 yds.
Ophioglossum vulgatum, shown me by Mr. Denwood on a grassy
bank ascending Hartside from Alston, 500 yds. Botrychium, Upper
Nent Force, and found by Mr. Richardson near Ashgill, 400 yds.

Naturalist,

BAKER: CUMBERLAND BOTANY, 43

Equisetacez.—Lguisetum arvense, common up to 500 yds.
LE. sylvaticum, common up to 400 yds., very fine in wood sloping to
the Nent below Nenthead. £. palustre, common up to 700 yds. on
Crossfell. £. limosum, up to 400 yds. in the Nent valley.
Lycopodiacex.—Lycopodium Selago, gritstone ridge of Crossfell
and main-limestone cliffs of Windy Brow, over Tynehead. JZ. alpinum,
gritstone ridge of Crossfell. Selaginella selaginoides, swamps below
the limestone at High Mains and Windy Brow, 400 to 500 yds.

Plants of the Infer-arctic Zone.—The following are the
species which I saw on the Crossfell ridge within the bounds of the
infer-arctic zone, with the heights to which they reach :—

Up 10 750 OR 800 Yarps.—Sagina procumbens, Cerastium triviale,
Oxalis Acetosella, Trifolium repens, Pyrus Aucuparia, Saxifraga
hypnoides, Gallium saxatile, Bellis perennis, Calluna vulgaris, Vaccinium
Myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum, Urtica dioica, Rumex Acetosa, R.
Acetosella, Juncus squarrosus, Eriophorum angustifolium, Carex
stellulata, Agrostis vulgaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Poa pratensis,
Lestuca ovina, Nardus stricta, Athyrium Filix-femina, Cryptogramme
crispa, Nephrodium Filix-mas, NV. dilatatum, Lycopodium Selago, and
L. alpinum—twenty-eight species.

Up To 7oo Yarvs.-—Ranunculus Flammula, R. repens, R. acrts,
Cardamine pratensis, Sagina nodosa, Stellaria uliginosa, Montia
Jontana, Saxifraga stellaris, Callitriche hamulata, C. stagnalis,
Lpilobium alpinum, E. palustre, Galium palustre, Achillea Ptarmica,
A. Millefolium, Tussilago Farfara, Cnicus palustris, Apargia autum-
nalis, Huphrasia officinalis, Veronica Beccabunga, Thymus Serphyllum,
Pinguicula vulgaris, Triglochin palustre, Juncus effusus, J. supinus,
Carex flava, Deschampsia cespitosa, Agrostis alba, A. canina,
and Lguisetum pa/ustre—thirty species.

Up to 650 Yarps.—Caltha palustris, Stellaria media, Alchemilla
vulgaris, Potentilla Tormentilla, Cnicus lanceolatus, Taraxacum
officinale, Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Veronica serpyllifolia, V. officinalis,
Prunella vulgaris, FPlantago major, P. lanceolata, Eriophorum
vaginatum, Carex dioica, C. glauca, Scirpus cespitosus, Juncus con-
Slomeratus, Luzula multiflora, Anthoxanthum odoratum, and Poa
annua—twenty species.

The only other species seen elsewhere, not contained in the above
list, was Fevbus Chamemorus on Knoutberry Fell, at 650 or 700 yds.

The best plant-stations.—It may save the time of those
who follow if I indicate what I found the most productive plant-
localities in the district. ‘They were—(r) Banks of the Nent about
Upper and Lower Nent Force; (2) Rocky banks of the Nent where
the road crosses the stream between Nenthead and Nenthall;
Feb. 1888.

44 LINARIA MINOR IN CUMBERLAND.

(3) The east end of the Crossfell ridge, over the Cashwell mine ;_
(4) Limestone cliffs of High Mains, midway between Alston and
Garrigill and (5) of Windy Brow, due east over Tynehead ; (6) Ashgill
Force and the piantations above it, up to a height of 600 yds. ;
(7) The Glen Waterfall on the second tributary stream on the east
side of the Tyne, above Alston.

Summary.—Not counting varieties and casuals my Alston list
contains 304 species, of which 301 belong to the super-agrarian and
79 to the infer-arctic zone. Doubtless both these figures might be
increased by 25 per cent. if the district was worked in the middle of
summer. The montane element seems to enter into the flora of the
district to about the same extent as in Wensleydale or Weardale,
and much less than in Teesdale. Montane plants here specially
plentiful are Zhlaspi alpestre, Cochlearia alpina, Arenaria verna,
Viola lutea, Carduus heterophyllus, Rosa subcristata, Geranium
sylvaticum, Parnassia palustris, and Salix phylicifolia. Whether
Potamogeton, Batrachium, Sparganium, Typha, Hydrocatyle, Drosera,
Primula farinosa, Erica Tetralix, Vaccinium Vitts-idea, and several
other things I expected, but did not see, are really absent, I leave for
those who follow me to search out. Evidently more of the lowland
species ascend the hills in the Mountain Limestone than in the slate
tract. 301 is exactly the number of species recorded from the super-
agrarian zone at the Lakes, but in many cases the species are different,
as will be seen by comparing this present list with my Lake Flora.
The super-agrarian zone is here entirely Mountain Limestone hills, and .
at the Lakes entirely Silurian hills, with much less continuous ridge and
a more,sudden slope. The infer-arctic zone here is entirely Millstone
Grit, and its poverty in boreal types is no doubt essential, not casual.

NOTE—BOTANY.

Linaria minor in Cumberland.—Under the date of July 1872, I find
in my notes a record of the discovery of this plant on the Cockermouth and
Workington line of railway at Brigham station, two miles from the former town,
where it continues to flourish in some abundance on the ballast used in the con-
struction of the railway, which consists of loose gravel partially mingled with coal
ashes. I next found it growing plentifully on the Maryport and Carlisle Railway
some little way to the eastward of Aspatria station, and close to the triple-arched
viaduct, which there spans the line over a deep cutting. Some fifteen or sixteen
years ago a subsidence of the railway occurred at this particular point owing to
the ‘creeping’ of an adjoining colliery working. It became necessary to raise the
line to its proper level. and engine ashes from the pit were utilised for the purpose.
Here the Zizaria promptly made its appearance, and so rapidly has it spread that
it may be gathered there now by hundreds. Ancther locality may be added, viz.,
the extensive limestone quarry at Yeathouse, near Frizington, where I saw two or
three plants only in 1877. These grew on a bank of refuse from the workings,
but whether ashes were present I do not remember. I have had no opportunity
of examining the last mentioned station since the date referred to. I find no
mention of Limaria minor in any of the lists compiled by previous observers in
any part of Cumberland.—W™ma. Hopcson, Flimby, Maryport, Noy. 17th, 1887.

Naturalist,

45

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT WELTON VALE.

THE 69th meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was held on
the 27th of August last, at the pleasant little village of Welton (near
Brough), for the exploration of Welton Vale, a picturesque little
valley excavated in the Wolds. Permission had been kindly granted
by Mr. W. H. H. Broadley for members to wander freely over his
estates. The excursion was well attended by East Riding members
and favoured by brilliantly fine, not to say sultry weather. No
stated parties were arranged, the field of investigation being so
circumscribed, but the members present found the best of guidance
at the hands of Mr. E. A. Peak, the superintendent of the Hull parks,
who is well acquainted with ihe plants of the district, and of Mr. F.
Fielder Walton of Hull, who was equally familiar with its geological
characteristics. Swanland Dale was included in the investigation,
and also the small valley called Wold Dale.

All the members re-assembled in the afternoon at the Green
Dragon Hotel at Welton, where they were well catered for.

Aftea tea the usual meetings were held. At the general meeting,
in the absence of all the vice-presidents, Mr. Thomas Bunker of
Goole was chosen to fill the chair. The minutes of the Sedbergh
meeting having been read and confirmed, the Scarborough Philo-
sophical and Archzological Society was unanimously admitted into
the Union—and Mr. John Handley, of Briggflatts near Sedbergh, was
elected a member. Thanks were then voted to Mr. Broadley and to
Captain Burstall for permission to visit their estates; to Messrs. E.
A. Peak and F. F. Walton for their services as guides; and to Mr.
Bunker for presiding. The Sectional Reports were then given.

For the Vertebrate Section its secretary, Mr. James Backhouse,
jun., M.B.O.U., York, reported that on account of the smallness of
the number of observers and the scarcity of migrants, there were very
few birds seen.

For the Conchological Section, too, for which Mr. J. Darker
Butterell, of Beverley, secretary of the section, reported, there were
only very few species recorded, the reason in this case being the long-
continued drought of the season and the dryness of the soil on the
day of investigation. C/ausilia laminata and its var. albida, C.
rugosa, felix virgata, etc., were collected, and Planorbis albus was
collected in its old locality—the pond at the entrance to the dale.

The Entomological Section—strange to say for so favourable a
district and such fine weather—was not represented, further than that
Feb. 1888. D

46 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT WELTON VALE.

Mr. Riley and the chairman gave some interesting information as to
the spread of the Hessian Fly (Cecidumyia destructor) in East
Yorkshire, some pup of it having been found during the day.

For the Botanical Section, in the absence of all its officers, Mr.
E. A. Peak furnished the following account of the proceedings of the
botanical members:—The botanists started, in company with the
geologists, from the ‘Green Dragon’ Inn, Welton, a little after ro a.m.,
going by what is locally known as the ‘high’ road to Elloughton,
where at the foot of the walls was found MWalva rotunaifolia in flower,
although it was not at all plentiful. Passing through this little
hamlet in the direction of Brough, they came to a gravel-pit, where
the geologists seemed to have a good time of it, but it yielded nothing
particular botanically; and from here the route was taken to the
Brough and Cave High Road, searching on the way for Carduus
erlophorus, which grows here, but was not found on this occasion.
Soon after gaining the road the party came on a fine patch of Astra-
galus glyoyphyllos in fruit, with Ballofa nigra in plenty by the road-
side ; thence proceeding in the direction of Cave, they soon came to
the ‘Cockie-pits,’ and speedily found Agrostis spica-venti, Campanula
glomerata, Gentiana amarella, and Saponaria officinalis, although
none were plentiful. Here the botanists parted company with their
geological friends, who went in the direction of Cave, and the
botanists going to the south of Ellerker to visit a little bit of choice
botanical hunting-ground where they expected to find Alenyanthes
trifoliata, Pinguicula vulgaris, Anagallis tenella, and Pedicularis_
palustris, which expectations were not disappointed. From this
point they made direct for the village of Brantingham, going by way
of Green’s-lane, where was gathered Zycopsis arvensis. The next
destination was the chalk-pit in Brantingham- Dale, where was found
abundance of Campanula glomerata, Gentiana amarella; a plant or
two of Cardina vulgaris and Tanacetum vulgare, the latter evidently
an escape. It was now time to think about wending the way back
to Welton, which was accordingly done, going by way of Spout hill-
top to look for the solitary patch of Campanula rapunculoides which
used to grow there, and which was found, but not in flower, so that
the botanists had to be content—or otherwise—with leaves and
partially withered flower-stems. From here they proceeded along
the brow of the chalk Wolds. picking up as they went a plant or two
of Aralis hirsuta and Epilobium angustifolium, and Circea lutetiana
in plenty, but they had not time to visit a field, although near,
where Livaria eatine is usually found ; then down Elloughton Dale,
but Chora perfoliata could not be found in its known locality, and so
back to-Welton. It may be mentioned that Campanula latifolia,

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT WELTON VALE. 47

Linaria minor, and Lactuca muralis were gathered by one of the
party near North Ferriby on the day previous to the Union’s visit.
The other plants noted were the following :—Aanunculus flammula,
Reseda lutea, R. luteola, Helianthemum vulgare, Silene noctiflora,
S. inflata, Lychnis vespertina, L. diurna, Cerastium semidecandrunt,
C. arvense, Stellaria graminea, Malva sylvestris, Linum catharticum,
Geranium robertianum, Ononis spinosa, O. arvensis, Anthyllis vul-
neraria, Lotus major, Prunus spinosa, Sptrea filipendula, Agrimonia
eupatorium, Poterium sanguisorba, Alchemilla arvensis, Fragaria vesca,
Geum urbanum, Epilobium hirsutum, Myrtophyllum verticillatum,
Ribes alpinum, Parnassia palustris, Sanicula europea, A thusa
cynapium, Silaus pratensis, Daucus carota, Torilis anthriscus,
Cherophyllumtemulum, Cornussanguinea, Galium cruciatum, G.verum,
Asperula odorata, Valeriana diowa, Dipsacus sylvestris, Scabiosa
suctisa, S. columbaria, S. arvensis, Carduus nutans, Centaurea
scabiosa, Artemisia vulgare, Inula dysenterica, Aster tripolium,
Lf1ypocheris radicata, Leontodon autumnalis, Tragopogon pratensis,
Campanula rotundifolia, Convolvulus arvensis, Linaria vulgaris,
Euphrasia officinalis, Bartsia odontites, Mintha hirsuta, Md. sativa,
Thymus serpyllum, Calamintha clinopodium, Stachys arvensis,
Galeopsis versicolor, Anagallis arvensis, Glaux maritima, Plantago
media, Chenopodium album and var. viride, Euphorbia peplus, E.
exigua, Urtica urens, Hlumulus lupulus, Triglochin palustre, T.
maritimum, Listera cordata, Juncus obtusifiorus, J. lamprocarpus,
Eriophorum vaginatum, Avena flavescens, Brachypodium sylvaticum,
Preris aquilina, Nephrodium filix-mas, N. dilatatum, and Eguisetum
arvense.

For the Geological Section, in the absence of all its officers,
Mr. F. Fielder Walton, of Hull, who has paid special attention to
the district, and is the author of a memoir upon it which has been
reviewed in this journal, reported that the party leaving the Green
Dragon at Welton first went to the entrance to Welton Dale; then
to Elloughton and along the high-road to South Cave; then over
Mount Airy and across Woodale into Brantingham Dale; then
through the plantations on the hill-sides to Elloughton and back
again to Welton. Several deviations were made for the purpose of
examining the pits and quarries along the route. The Millepore
Limestone, the lowest of the strata examined, is in this locality about
20 ft. in thickness, and consists of bands of bluish limestone usually
massive and well jointed. After exposure to the weather it changes
to a pale yellow or brown colour. The upper portions of the
Millepore Limestone become alternated with beds of sand and

gradually become changed into the Sandy Oolite. The Sandy
Feb. 1888.

48 AMALIA GAGATES IN CHESHIRE.

Oolite was well seen in two quarries near the road-side a little to the
north of Brough. One of these (the Cockle pits) gives the following
section from above downwards:

Bitaee ain.
Brown rubbly Oolite .. OO
Compact Limestone ae 5 2h 16
Brown Oolite (loosely bedded) sic bb 55 eas)
Compact Oolite ze yb aa 506 j By 10
Irregular seams of loosely-bedded Oolite ... a LO4s (0

Total: 230

——

The other quarry, the strata of which overlie those just mentioned,
was found to present less of the oolitic character of the limestone—
but was much more fossiliferous; numerous specimens of /Ayncho-
nella, Terebratula, and FPecten were found, also several of 772gonza,
Moitiola, and Pinna. The Kelloway sands were examined at South

Cave and numerous specimens of Gryphea bilobata, Rhynchonella, ©

Terebratula, and fragments of a large ammonite which must have
measured twelve inches in diameter, were found. The Red Chalk was
seen at the entrance to Welton Dale; and its position was indicated
at several places along the route by springs issuing from underneath
the grey chalk. Great interest was taken in these springs by the
members of the party, who found walking very hot work. ‘The lower
strata of the chalk were examined in several places on the hill-sides.
Several sand- and gravel-pits were seen. The gravel was mainly
composed of rounded and sub-angular fragments of chalk, flint, and
oolitic limestone. Gzryphea incurva, Belemnites, and a species of
Ostrea were found mixed with the gravel; and in a pit near Elloughton
fragments of bones of some large animal (probably of the mammoth
type), which had been found by the workmen,:were seen.

This concluded the business. The few West Riding members
present being unable to get away by train for a couple of hours, spent
their time in inspecting Mr. Broadley’s gardens and greenhouses, and
afterwards on the shores of the Humber near Brough Station.

NOTE—MOLLUSCA.

Amalia gagates in Cheshire.—On the 5th of September last year, while
looking for slugs in a garden at Bowdon, Cheshire, I was much interested to find
a specimen of what I took for Amad/éa gagates ; and, on sending it to Mr. Roebuck,
my opinion was confirmed. I know of no previous record for the species in
Cheshire. The only time I have found it before was in Achill Island, co. Mayo,

- where it was tolerably plentiful on the turf walls.—J. G. MILNE, Corpus Christi
College, Oxford, Jan. 16th, 1888.

[The specimen was typical in colour, being nearly black. and not of the
brownish tint so usual in British examples ; the typical colour is rare in Britain,
and I have only seen about three examples amongst the very numerous specimens
of A. gagates which have passed through my hands.—W.D.R. ]

Naturalist,

atin:

49

INTERESTING DISCOVERY OF BOULDERS IN
THE COAL MEASURES AT WORTLEY,
NEAR LEEDS.

CHARLES BROWNRIDGE, F.G.S.,
Burley, Leeds.

AT a recent meeting of the Leeds Geological Association, Mr.
C. Brownridge, F.G.S., read a short paper, entitled ‘ Notes on Four
Boulders found in the Black Bed Coal and overlying Shales and
Ironstone at Wortley.’ Mr. Brownridge, after alluding to the fact
that the presence of boulders in the coal measures is becoming an
important question, said that these interesting discoveries occur |
from time to time, some having been found in the coalfields of
Leicestershire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, North Staffordshire, and the
Forest of Dean; but none hitherto appear to have been recorded from
our immediate district. As evidences of this character may eventually
become powerful factors in determining geological problems, it is
essentially desirable such discoveries should be recorded. The
position where these boulders were found is situate in the fork of land
bounded by the London and North Western and Great Northern Rail-
ways, the Geldard Road and the Farnley Beck, and were got out of
the pit known as the ‘ No. r Black Bed Pit.’ The whole of this neigh-
bourhood is worked for the Wortley fire-clay by Messrs. Ingham and
Sons, in the commercial manipulation of which they have achieved
such a wide reputation. Along with the fire-clay the better bed coal
above is got, and at a still higher level the black bed coal and the
overlying ironstone are worked. It was in the last-named beds that
the specimens were found. The depth of the black bed coal from
the surface is here 30 ft. The largest of the boulders is a coarse
gritstone, and nearly spherical in shape. Its dimensions are 2 ft. 6 in.
by 2 ft., and it has a fairly smooth, polished face, with slight strize.
This example was found embedded in the ‘bind,’ or clayey shales,
just overlying the coal. The other three boulders (or pebbles) are
quartzites, and much smaller in size, varying from 11 in. by 9 in. to
34 Im. by 24 in., and were all found embedded in the black bed coal
itself. ‘Two of the specimens are more angular in general shape
than the third specimen, but in all of them the angles are well
rounded off and the faces polished.

Prof. Bonney, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., etc.,to whom two sections of the
quartzites have been submitted, kindly describes them as follows :—
Feb. 1888. .

50 BROWNRIDGE : BOULDERS IN THE COAL MEASURES.

‘No. 1 Specimen. —The grains in the rock are remarkably well
rounded. The majority are quartz, but there are some grains, also
rounded for the most part, which are brown in colour, more or less
opaque. I think it possible that these are decomposed felspar, stained
by infiltrated bituminous material. The quartz grains are cemented
by secondary quartz, sometimes, but not always, in optical continuity
with the adjacent grains; cavities appear to be frequent in most
grains, but are generally of very small size; sometimes a tiny bubble
may be noted, but I think that they are commonly empty ; some
grains contain a number of small almost colourless belonites, rather
like sillimanite, which are commonly seen in the quartz of certain
old granitoid rocks; others contain a flake of brown mica, a tiny
crystal or two, probably an iron oxide or a crystallite, which may
be zircon. I expect the quartz has been derived from an old
granitoid rock. The well-rounded grains difference this specimen
from those quartzites or grits which I have hitherto seen from
boulders in coal, but a specimen which I obtained from one of
the old quartzites of the Lickey Hills also contains many well-
rounded grains, and so does a quartzite in the Charnwood series ;
of course, I do not mean to suggest that we must look in this
direction for the parent rock.

‘No. 2 Specimen.-—This rock differs but little from the last.
The grains, as a rule, I think, are not quite so well rounded, and
rather more are stained ; those containing the belonites are perhaps
not quite so common. A small grain may be brown tourmaline, and
I think this mineral is also included in a quartz grain. It is very
probable that this boulder comes from the same parent rock as the
other one.’

Prof. Bonney, in his presidential address to Section C of the

British Association at Birmingham in 1886, described several
_ boulders found in coal, the examination of which he rightly considers
to be of great value, from the light it may throw upon the physical
conditions existing in the carboniferous period, and this opinion,
coming from a scientist of such great authority and experience,
should expand this field of inquiry, and in time lead to practical and
valuable results.

The reason why these stones are thus found located in such
phenomenal positions can only at present be surmised, as the subject
is at present rather vague; but the theory has been adduced that
they have been carried down by masses of floating vegetation in a

manner similar to that recorded by travellers on the Amazon, where °

in the swamps and shallows such masses are seen floating, carrying
foreign matter along with them. It has also been suggested that

Naturalist,

oe

MISCELI.LANEOUS NOTES. 51

there have been circumstances analogous to those at present in Siberia,
where the plains—something like the old Coal Measure plains—are
surrounded by lofty ice-covered mountains, and boulders are borne
into these plains by glaciers. A leading London newspaper, in recently
reporting a similar specimen, gravely alleged it to be ‘a meteorite.
This singular idea would, however, be instantly rejected by the most
credulous novice as being utterly untenable. The matter has lately
been twice brought up before the Geological Society of London,
when interesting discussions took place. This report by Mr. Brown-
ridge was rightly deemed by the members to be extremely valuable,
the more so that the paper was accompanied by specimens of rocks
composing the boulders. ‘Thanks were expressed by the author to
Messrs. W. Brogden and J. Parkin, of Messrs. Ingham and Sons, for
their kindness in rendering every facility in furnishing the specimens.

NOTE—GEOLOGY.

Ancient and Modern: or, Scenes in the History of a Glacial Pebble.
—-Some two or three years ago when pulling down some old cottages near
Driffield there was. discovered at a considerable depth beneath the foundations a
very fine specimen of an ancient British stone-hammer. This, however, appears
to have attracted very little attention, for in a very short time it was cast on one
side amongst other rubbish which was being carted away for the purpose of forming
the foundation of a new road to a gentleman’s house close by ; one of the men
seeing this curious looking stone with a hole through it, thought that if he could
only get a shaft in, it would do to break up the lumps of stone bricks and chalk
that were too large to set without. Acting on the spur of the moment a shaft was
procured and fixed into the head, the man at once commenced work, and to the
astonishment of everyone it stood the test well, giving every satisfaction as though
it had been made of iron. It has been used for similar purposes for above two
years, and when rescued from its dangerous work it had apparently suffered very
little misfortune, considering the rough work it had been put to. It is made out
of a piece of Dark Blue Whinstone (probably an old glacial boulder from the coast),
and has evidently been about 9 in. long, 344 in. square at the thickest end. The
hammer with the shaft in has been presented to the Malton Naturalists’ Society,
and is now in their Museum, where it will be treasured amongst many other links
in the history of the past.—S. CHADWICK, Malton, October 9th, 1887.

NOTE—POL YZOA.

Note on Paludicella Ehrenbergi.—Those who study the development of
the freshwater Polyzoa may be interested in the discovery, at this season of the year,
of the Aybernaculum, or resting-bud of this beautiful Polyzoon. I have for several
years watched its development from the Aybernaculum, about the month of April,
but have not till now seen it in the autumn, before the darker coating of debra
had partly obscured its shape. No statoblasts having been found with this species,
it seems pretty certain that the Wybernaculum (first. discovered by Van Benedin)
is the only means of development. ‘The club-shaped terminating tubes have
within them an oval semi-transparent kind of nucleus or cell, which evidently
contains the resting germ, and supplies the place of the free statoblast of all the
other species. —THOMAS SHEPHEARD, Ringsley Lodge, Chester, Dec. Ist, 1887.

NOTE—HYMENOPTERA.,

_ Sirex juvencus at Hull.—A specimen of this insect was caught last August
in Hull, in the vicinity of the Albert Dock, and is in my possession.—N. F.
DosrEE, Beverley, E. Yorks, Jan. 16th, 1888.

Feb. 1888.

Sn Wemortiam.

JOHN. SANG.

Tue North of England has for more than half a century been remark-
able for the number of hard-working entomologists it has produced.
For quite fifty years there has been an unbroken succession of them,
keeping the northern district far in advance, entomologically, of any
other part of the country, excepting the metropolis. Not among the
very first of this band of workers, but still early in the field, was John
Sang, whose death in the early part of last year left a gap that will
not be easy to fill up. ‘Though a native of the county of Durham,
and best known for his work round Darlington, where he was born
on March 3rd, 1828, and where he resided most of his life, he did
not commence his entomological career there. In the year 1843 he
went to Wakefield to ‘serve his time’ as a draper, and during the
six years of his residence in that town were sown the seeds of that
love of music and of entomology that afterwards filled up so much of
his life. In 1848 he took a specimen of Dezlephila celerio, o which
he was accustomed to point with pride and pleasure as one of his
most valued insects—valued especially because he had taken it
himself. In 1849-50 he resided in Manchester, and during that year
he began to study entomology in a more scientific manner than
before, and also commenced the formation of a collection in earnest.
On his return to Darlington he commenced business as a draper,
ultimately realizing a modest competency, which enabled him to devote
all his time to his favourite pursuits. In 1882 he had the misfortune
not only to lose his savings, but he was obliged to part with his
collection to enable him to meet an obligation he had incurred
through becoming security for his brother-in-law. He then accepted
an engagement with Dr. Mason, of Burton-on-Trent, to re-card the
Rye collection of Coleoptera, and subsequently to figure Coleoptera
and dissections. In this work he was still engaged at the time of his
death. Such isa very brief account of his life. He was never married,
residing with his sister till her death, and subsequently alone.

Perhaps the most remarkable thing about John Sang was his
memory. When a boy he gave a proof of this by repeating the
whole of a small History of England, and as a reward for this feat
he was taught French and Latin, which were of great service to him
subsequently in his entomological studies. Later in life he added
German to these, and of all he had a very thorough knowledge. In
his musical studies his memory served him so that he could sing or
play the greater part of the twelve principal oratorios performed by

Naturalist,

IN MEMORIAM—JOHN SANG. 53

the Darlington Choral Society while he was secretary of it, without
the score. In entomology his memory was truly wonderful. He
knew the particulars of the occurrence of every rare species, where,
when, and by whom each was taken, and in whose collection they
now were. He knew the markings of even the most minute species,
and would unhesitatingly point out an error in the figure of any of
them. He knew the food of each, and was familiar with the earlier
stages of many. These may not seem to be difficult of accomplish-
ment when this is read, but no one who had witnessed any of John
Sang’s feats of memory can help wondering, not only at the accuracy
of it, but at the quickness and readiness with which he could reply
to any point that was raised. The writer first made Mr. Sang’s
acquaintance in the year 1859, when he called upon him with some
insects he could not name. Mr. Sang took the box, and named
them, one after the other, as fast as their names could be written
down till he came to the last one. ‘That one,’ said he, ‘I do not
know. JI never saw it before, but I'll tell you in a minute.’ A book
was produced, a page or two examined carefully, and the capture
pronounced to be Emmelesia unifasciata, then a great rarity. The
book, of course, was ‘ Stainton’s Manual of Butterflies and Moths,
then just published.

In 1852 Mr. Sang commenced a diary, which he continued with
more or less fulness till the year 1881. ‘This diary is not by any
means a model, for it is merely a list of species occurring at various
localities at certain dates. To say there are no notes would be
untrue, but they are very few indeed. ‘ May 15th, 1872—Coniscliffe
Lane, Gregsonella flying in sun, 3 to 4 p.m., worn,’ is one of the
very few where any record is made of the habits of an insect.
‘Worn,’ ‘much worn,’ ‘late,’ ‘early,’ and such like, are not of
unfrequent occurrence. Under May 27th, 1874, there is—‘ Tees-
side, Coniscliffe, Zanacetana flying freely in afternoon ; try a week
earlier still.’ ‘ May 16th, 1869—Hellkettles, pal/wdum (too small to
take).’ ‘July 11th, 1869—-Hellkettles, larvae of Resplendellum, large
mine on 18th’ The fact evidently was that his memory was so
thoroughly trustworthy that he did not need to make notes; he
certainly was a very close observer, and could tell the habits of any
species he had been in the habit of taking. Occasional notes are
given on weather, thus : ‘ April 14th, 1875, Good Friday—last snow,
a very severe week,’ is a sample of many such notes. Once or twice
he has been in too great a hurry to record the last snow, thus on
April 22nd, 1860, he writes ‘last snow’; then on May 2gth the same
year he records: ‘ Whit Monday, last snow, very heavy from 5.30 a.m.
to 10 a.m., and to make the entry of April 22nd correct, he inter-
Feb. 1888.

54 ALBINO KITTIWAKE AT FLAMBOROUGH.

polates after ‘last snow’ the words ‘ but one.’ The diary is carefully ©
indexed, and contains records of the capture of 826 species. This
is a surprising number, for no common things are recorded, thus
fifteen butterflies only are entered, and but two sphinges. Mr. Sang
never appears to have followed that course so customary now-a-days
of collecting macros only to begin with. Even in 1853 the bulk of
the entries in the diary are of Zortrices and Tineina. Residing at
Darlington, on the borders of Durham, North Yorkshire was as con-
venient a collecting-ground as his own county, and those who have
examined Mr. Porritt’s valuable catalogue of Yorkshire Lepidoptera
will know how very much it is indebted to John Sang for the North
Yorkshire records: Richmond appears to have been his favourite
collecting-ground in that county, but Redcar also had frequent
visits. Nor was he altogether a stay-at-home collector. He appears
to have visited one time or other, most of the best-known localities
—the Isle of Man, West Wickham, Darenth, Gravesend, Dover,
Folkestone, etc., etc., are all recorded. In 1871 he spent two days
at Folkestone, August 2nd and 3rd, and he appears to have done an
extraordinary work, having taken imagines of ten butterflies, fourteen
macros, and twenty micros—in all, forty-four species in two days,
common things not included. To attempt to enumerate or to classify
his captures is not possible here. ‘The North Yorkshire list, as said
above, 1s incorporated in Mr. Porritt’s work ; the Durham captures
yet require careful editing, which perhaps Mr. Gardner and I may
do before long.

Mr. Sang was troubled with an internal complaint, which some-
times caused him much suffering, and often compelled him to stay
at home when he would have preferred to be off in the woods and
lanes. But he did not die from'this, but from disease of the heart,
which carried him off in his sleep, between Saturday, the roth, and
Sunday, the 20th March. He was buried in Darlington Cemetery,
on Tuesday, March 22nd, 1887, beside his mother.

The name of John Sang will long be remembered in the North
of England, and it will be handed down to future generations in
Gelechia sangtella, which was named in his honour by his friend and
fellow-worker, Mr. H. T. Stainton.—JoHn E. Ropson.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Albino Kittiwake at Flamborough.—Strange to relate, another white
Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) has been shot at Flamborough this season about
four or five miles south of the headland, on the 15th November, 1887, which
fell to the gun of Mr. Thos. Leng, who is well known asa crack shot. I bought
it. It is a splendid specimen, nearly perfect white, with the exception of a little
tinge of very light drab on the primaries on the outer margin, also on the tips of
the tail-feathers.—-MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, November 18th, 1887.

Naturalist,

55

DR. DAY ON BRITISH AND IRISH SALMONID-.

‘British and Irish Salmonide.’ By Francis Day, C.I.E., F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.
In one volume, with 12 plates. Williams & Norgate, London and Edinburgh,

1887.

NATURALISTS are well aware of the extent and nature of Dr. Day’s
contributions to the Ichthyological literature of our islands. He
has given us what is now most deservedly recognised as the
standard work on ‘British and Irish Fishes,’ and has contributed
innumerable and valuable articles on his favourite science to the
proceedings of the learned societies, and to the pages of serial
literature. His latest work, now under our consideration, is devoted
to the British and Irish Salmonidez, a family the life-histories and
the numerous varietal forms of whose species offer a subject full
of difficult problems, worthy of the enthusiasm and the ability which
the author is so well-known to possess.

It is quite impossible in the space at our disposal to give an
adequate notion of the contents of this perfect mine of information
on all matters worthy of attention appertaining to this most
interesting family of our indigenous fishes ; but we must allude to
the great amount of matter that is new and original, or known only
to the few possessing unusual advantages. In this connection we
must not fail to express: our own as well as our author’s due appre-
ciation of the indebtedness of ichthyologists to that worthy and
enlightened baronet, Sir James Ramsay Gibson-Maitland, whose
unrivalled fish-farm at Howietoun has been a nursery for many
experiments, and the means of contributing not a little to our know-
ledge of the Salmonidz, and also to the valuable art of fish-
culture.

Commencing with the allusions of the classical and ancient
writers to the Salmones, the author passes on to discuss the family’s
distribution in both time and space, its anatomical attributes,
its culture, etc., etc., all of which are adequately treated, and in a
-manner leaving nothing to be desired.

It is, however, in dealing with the life-histories of the species
that the book assumes, to our mind, its most important and
interesting stage. The lordly Salmon alone has about one
hundred pages devoted to an elaborate account of his engaging
biography, to the results of experiments at the establishments for
his artificial culture, and to fishery laws affecting him in the three
kingdoms.

Feb. 1883.

56 DAY ON BRITISH AND IRISH SALMONIDZ.

Then comes the Trout. The opening paragraph of this section
is ominous of what is to follow. It is this—‘it now becomes
desirable to offer some remarks restricted to the marine and fresh-
water forms of the British Trout, which have been considered by
some ichthyologists and fishermen to be anadromous and non-
migratory freshwater species. Before entering upon each in detail it
appears desirable to explain why it is that I find myself unable to
accept the numerous species that have been described, believing those
ichthyologists [Widegren, Malmgren, etc.] more correct who have
considered them modifications of only one, which, as Salmo trutta,
includes both anadromous and non-migratory freshwater forms.’ We
are quite aware that Dr. Day worked on these lines when he treated the
Salmonoids in his ‘ British Fishes,’ but we had not then the pleasure
of making known our hearty approval of this departure, one that,
we believe, does much to explain many of the puzzles which the
recognition of a large number of distinct species inflicts upon us,
and makes.easy the solution of some vexed questions. Dr. Gunther
(‘ Catalogue of Fishes,’ vol. vi; Study of Fishes, p. 644-5) describes
eleven species of British Trout, and the fact that this accurate
observer has been able to distinguish so many local forms in these
islands is evidence of the variability of the species and nothing more.
Although Dr. Day states—‘it is, I think, possible to prove that
marine salmonoids may take on a freshwater existence; also that
Salmo trutta, S. cambricus, and other anadromous so-called species,
can be traced into freshwater forms of trout,’ we think, nevertheless,
that the Sea-Trout and the Brown, or freshwater Trout may’ be
regarded as now sufficiently distinct for the demands and con-
venience of zoological classification and nomenclature, respectively.
Recognizing this split, and applying the useful trinomial nomen-
clature so appropriate to their respective varieties, our Trout stand
as follows :—

SEA-TROUT.

Salmo trutta 1.., Salmon-Trout.
Salmo trutta cambricus Donovan, Sewin; this being simply a
southern race of Salmo trutta.

To these forms also belong the Salmonoids known as Salmo
argenteus C. & V., Salmo brachypoma Ginther,and Salmo eriox Nilss.:
also the Bull-Trout, Gray-Trout, Scurf, Sperling, Whitling, Sprod,
Peal, Sea-Trout, White-fish, and White-Trout (Ireland), Turff
(Devon), Buntlings (Wales), and Blue Cap, all of which are treated
of, and their parentage and phase explained.

Naturalist,

DAY ON BRITISH AND IRISH SALMONID-. 57

BREESE WATER TROUT:

Salmo fario L., Brown ‘Trout.

Salmo fario levenensis Walk., Loch-Leven Trout.

Salmo farto (no scientific name has been given to this race),
Crasspuill ‘Trout.

Salmo fario estuarius Knox, Estuary Trout.

Salmo fario orcadensts Gtinth., Loch-Stennis Trout.

Salmo farto cornubiensis Walk., Cornish Trout.

Salmo fario ferox Jard. & Selby, Great Lake-Trout.

Salmo fario stomachicus Ginth., Gillaroo Trout.

Salmo fario- (no scientific name has been given to this race),
the Swaledale, or more correctly speaking, the Oxnop, Trout.

All these forms are described and considered at length in the
book.

In considering the CHar, Dr. Day says, ‘although Char do not
differ so much in colour among themselves as do our Trout, partly
owing to their not frequenting salt-water, still, at various ages, their
forms are so diversified, and sexual distinctions so considerable, as
to have deceived many ichthyologists who have studied these fishes
more in museums than in their natural haunts. Fish-culture has,
however, proved of great service in eradicating from systematic
zoology a large number of species, which must, however, unfor-
tunately continue ofr years encumbering the pages of ichthyo-
logical literature. Ginther (‘Catalogue of Fishes,’ vi; Study of
Fishes, pp. 645-646) admits six species, but the above remarks
of our authors make it doubtful if they are even varietal forms,
and he only admits one species. He does not, however, explain
the ages and sexes of his one species, Su/mo alpinus, to which
Dr. Giinther’s species are referable, which we should much like to
know.

We think we have said enough to indicate that this work is
one of unusual interest and worth, and if we have failed so to do,
the fault is ours, and will be soon removed on an examination
of the book itself, which is a most valuable contribution to the
bibliography of our fauna. It is nicely got up, liberally illustrated
with woodcuts, and last but not least it is embellished with a
series of plates drawn by the author, nine of them being beauti-
fully and faithfully coloured, thus adding not a little to the attrac-
tiveness of the book. We can only regret that the genera Osmerus,
Coregonus, and Argentina, with their few species, are not included in
this masterly survey, which is confined to the ‘game fishes’ of the
family.—W. E. C.

Feb, 1888.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the natural history and
physical features of the North of England.

LEPIDOPTERA, 1885, 1886, 1887.

ANON. [not signed]. Durham, Yorkshire.
Obituary. John Sang. [Refers to his capturing Cherocampa celerio at
Waketield in 1848; Psecadia funerella at Richmond; Aypercallia chris-
tiernana at Castle Eden; Lthocolletis vacciniella at Harrogate; Mana
expolita, Gelechia sangiélla near Darlington in 1862, and G. ¢elragonella
near Redcar]. Ent. Mo. Mag., May 1887, xxiii. 278-9.
ANON. [not signed]. Derbyshire.
The Lepidoptera of Burton-on-Trent and Neighbourhood [compiled by
the Entomological Section of the Burton-on-Trent Natural History Society,
and based on the observations of E. Brown, W. Garneys, J. T. Harris,
G. Baker, P. B. Mason, C. F. Thornewill, G. A. Smallwood, T. Gibbs,
J. E-. Nowers, G. H..-Whitlock, and W. Mc Anderson: 9 (alkhes distuict,
which is’ defined as extending from 15 to 20 miles round Burton in every
direction, includes a large portion of Southern Derbyshire; and the list
(which includes 40 butterflies, 19 sphinges, 57 bombyces, 166 noctuze, 162 geo-
meters, 33 pyrales, and 12 pterophori, or a total of 489 species) forms a valuable
contribution to a knowledge of the distribution of lepidoptera in the district.
South’s arrangement is adopted, and the paper is prefaced by a brief geological
sketch by Frank. E. Lott]. Ent., July, Aug., Sep., 1885, xviii. '177-133;,
208-212, 231-237.
ANON. [signed by Secretary of Society]. Derbyshire.
[Geometra papilionaria taken at Little Eaton; exhibited to Derby
Naturalists’ Society]. Young Nat., Ap. 1886, vii. 78.
Yorkshire.
ACKWORTH Boys’ Essay AND NATURAL HIsToryY SOCIETIES’ REPORTS.
[Notes on Lepidopterous Captures ; Cerura vinula and Smerinthus populi.|
Nat. Hist. Journ., Sep. 15th, 1885, pp. 117-118.
R. ADKIN. Westmorland and Furness.
[Food-plants of Cidaria reticulata; taken as larve on /mpatiens noli-me-
tangere, rear Windermere, by H. Murray]. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886,
p: lvi; Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan.-1387, xxill. 192; Ent., Jam. 1887, xx. 20;)and
Young Nat., Jan. 1887, viii. 13.
J. ARKLE. Lancashire, Westmorland.
Entomology in North Lancashire [captures of lepidoptera at Morecambe,
Grange, Witherslack, etc.; numerous species cited]. Ent., Oct. 1886, xix.
241-244.
J. ARKLE. Cheshire.
Pecilocampa populi at Chester [common there in Nov. 1886]. Ent.,
Feb. 1887, xx. -41.
J. ARKLE, Cheshire.
Abundance of Sesia tipuliformis at Chester [also of Abraxas grossulariata).
Ent;,. Oct, (1887;-xx. 272: :
W. A. ATMORE. Lincolnshire.

Notes on Ephippiphora tetragonana [in a wood near Grantham, Aug. 9th,
1835 ; habits, time of appearance, and food-plant discussed]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
April 1887, xxiii. 260.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 59

EustTAce R. BANKES. Yorkshire, Westmorland.
Nepticula tormentilla in Yorkshire and Westmorland [in fair numbers in
1887 ; it is a pity the Yorkshire locality is so vaguely referred to as ‘ West
Riding moors’]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1887, xxiv. 160.
CHARLES G. BARRETT. ‘The Pennines.’
Food of Peronea caledoniana, Steph. [extremely abundant on the Pennine
Hills—why not have stated definite localities?—and always amongst Vac-
cinium myrtillus ; Grapkolitha geminana, Larentia didymata, and Hypsipetes
clutata also referred to]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1885, xxi. 112.
CHARLES G. BARRETT. ‘The Pennines.’
Curious performance of a Noctua [Celena haworthitz, on the Pennines ;
query, where?]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1885, xxil. 112.
CHARLES G. BARRETT. Westmorland, Lancashire, Yorkshire.
Lepidoptera on Stone Walls and Rocks [at Kendal and on the Pennine slopes
between Oldham and Huddersfield ; lengthy and interesting notes on Pola
cht, Otorabia filigrammaria, Larentia cesiata, and Cloantha solidaginis, their
conspicuousness or otherwise, and variation]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1885,
XXll. ILI-112.
CHARLES G. BARRETT. Derbyshire.
Tephrosia crepuscularia and biundularia [ ; remarks on their specific differ-
entiation,.- founded on Derbyshire specimens of a dark-gray colour taken in
April]. Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1886, xxiii. 41.
CHARLES G. BARRETT. Derbyshire.
On the Specific Identity of Tephrosia crepuscularia, W.V., and biundu-
laria, Esp. [referring, in the course of the argument, to Derbyshire examples
taken in April]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Sep. 1886, xxiii. 87.
CHARLES G. BARRETT. Derbyshire.
Food of Acidalia luteata [and its occurrence in Derbyshire]. Ent. Mo. Mag,
Och 1386, xxiii. 109.
CHARLES G. BARRETT. Yorkshire.
Eupithecia extensaria, Freyer, in Norfolk [with a reference to the two
Yorkshire examples taken near Hull and at Spurn Point]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
OcialoS7, xxiv. 114.
G.-C. BIGNELL. ? Lancashire.
Macrocentrus infirmus bred from Hydrecia petasitis [sent by Mr. Pierce of
Liverpool: locality not stated]. Ent., April 1887, xx. 114.
‘E. LEATON BLENKINSOPP. Durham, Northumberland.
Etymology of ‘Oubit’ [the hairy oubit is the common name throughout
Northumberland and Durham for the caterpillars of the tiger-moths
(Arctiade )|. Notes and Queries, March 14, 1885, 6th S. xi. 217.
W. D. BlRarruwaire]. Yorkshire.
Ackworth [captures ; large number of larvee of the Vapourer Moth (Oreyia
antigua), hitherto rare near Ackworth]. Nat. Hist. Jour., Nov. 15th, 1885,
p- 164.
Joun B. BRIDGMAN. Yorkshire.
[Mania typica, larva obtained by Peter Inchbald, from People’s Park, Hull,
May 1884]. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. 349.
S. J. CAPPER. Lancashire.
President’s Address [to the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological
Society : refers to the Lancashire Laphyyma exigua], Eighth Annual Report
of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society—Session 1884.
Published 1885, pp. 6-9.
_Joun T., CARRINGTON. Derbyshire, Yorkshire.
_ Collecting the Genus Eupithecia [refers incidentally to £4. valerianata
| (viminata) near Derby (?), 2. constrictata near Richmond, Yorkshire, and
| £. extensaria near Hull). Ent., May 1885, xviii. 141, 142, and 146.
| Feb. 1888.

60 BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

JoHN T. CARRINGTON. Cheshire, Lancashire.
The Tephrosia Discussion [referring to the appearance of an occasional
black 7. ézundularia in Delamere Forest; and to the colour-variation of
Amphidasys betularia in Lancashire and Cheshire]. Ent., July 1886, p. 184.

JouN T. CARRINGTON. Yorks., Lancs., Cheshire, Derbyshire, Isle of Man.
Se British Cleac-wiiged Bepidopeers [notes founded on Yorkshire
experience of Jacroglossa bombyliformis, and Gregson’s South Lancashire and
Cheshire experience of TZrochilium crab oni for mis (bembeciformis); Sesta
sphegiformis and S. culiciformis in Yorkshire ; S. formictformis, Yorkshire and
Derbyshire; S. mzusciformis ( philanthiformis), Isle of Man]. Ent., April
1887, xx. 96-105.
JOHN T. CARRINGTON. Yorkshire, Cheshire, Isle of Man.
Collecting Autumnal Lepidoptera [with a reference to his capture of a long
series of Cirrhadia xerampelina on ash-trees by the side of Knavesmire,
York ; and to the occurrence of its dark var. zse¢co/or in the park at the back
of Douglas, Isle of Man; also to Peronea permutana frequenting the beds of
dwarf roses on Wallasey sand-hilis ; and to the larva of Dezlephila gali being
captured on Wallasey sand-hills]. Ent., Aug. 1887, xx. 202-206.

J. W. CARTER. Yorkshire.
Acherontia atropos at Bradford [Two instances; one at Géirlington,
eau 8th ; one at Idle, Sep. 18th, 1884]. Nat. World, April 1885, ii. 78.
J. W. CfARTER]. . Yorkshire.
Obituary [of John Firth, with notes of his lepidopterous captures near Brad-
ford]. Young Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 235.
J. W. CARTER. Yorkshire.
Ennomos autumnaria at Leeds [flying about in the market, Sep. 1884].
Young Nat., March 1886, vil. 56.
J. W. CARTER. Yorkshire.
Entomological Note—a Comparison [of the appearance in different years of
the Hysernie and Phigalza near Bradford]. Young Nat., March 1886, vii. 56.
J. W. CaRTER. Yorkshire.
Cheimatobia Brumata [Feb. 17th, 1878, is the iatest date on which noticed
flying near Bradford]. Young Nat., April 1886, vii. 79.

J. W. CARTER. Yorkshire.
Further note on C. Brumata [and its time of appearance near Bradford].
Young Nat., May 1886, vii. 104.
J. W. CARTER. - Yorkshire.
Asthena luteata [and Eupisteria heparata ; in Bradford district]. Ent. Mo.
Mag., Nov. 1886, xxiii. 141.
JOSEPH CHAPPELL. _ Cheshire.
Deilephila euphorbie reported from Bowdon [details given]. Ent. Mo.
Mag., Oct. 1886, xxiil. 108; also Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 250.
JOSEPH CHAPPELL. Lancashire, Cheshire.
The Tephrosia Discussion [details of occurrences in Lancashire and Cheshire
given, and several localities cited for 7. crepuscularia and 7. biundiularia).
Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 254.
JOSEPH CHAPPELL. Lancashire, Cheshire.
Varieties of Amphidasys betularia [and its gradual change of colour near
Manchester during forty years past; localities cited]. Ent., Oct. 1886, xix.
253-4: }
[Mr. CLARKE]. Westmorland or Furness.
[Nudaria mundana near Windermere, found commonly in one spot ;

exhibited to Haggerston Ent. Soc., Sep. 2nd., 1886]. Young Nat., Oct.
1886, vil. 205.

Naturalist,

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BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 64

JosEPH CHAPPELL. Cheshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire.
Obnoxious and Injurious Insects [Sesta tipuliformis very common at
Bowdon and Manchester; S. sphegiformis, sparingly on Chat Moss; S. dem-
beciformis, very destructive near Manchester; Zewzera @sculi at Burton-on-
Trent ; and Cossus ligniperda, common in Dunham Park, sparingly all round
Manchester, and an oak tree quite riddled near Peover, Cheshire]. Young
Nat., Dec. 1887, viii. 228.

Wm. EAGLE CLARKE. Yorkshire.

Heliothis peltigera in Yorkshire [on the sandhills at Kilnsea, Holderness,

just out of pupa, 16th Sep. 1885: new to Yorkshire fauna]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Oct. 1885, xxii. 106.

RICHARD Copy. Lancashire.

Nyssia zonaria in Lancashire [at Crossens near Southport, many specimens ;
food-plant knapweed]. Ent., June 1886, xix. 158.

ie Dae Ae. COCKERELL, Yorkshire.

On Melanism [with a reference to Lupithecta albifunctala var. angelicata
Prest, from Selby]. Ent., March 1887, xx. 58-59.

[J. A. CooPER]. Derbyshire.

[A Series of Tephrosia biundularia Bork., from Derby, exhibited to South

London Ent. Soc., Nov. roth, 1887]. Young Nat., Dec. 1887, viii. 234 ;
Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1887, xxiv. 162; Ent., Dec. 1887, xx. 333.

[Mr. CRoppER]. Lancashire..

[Nonagria neurica from Lancashire exhibited to Cambridge Ent. Society].
Ent., April 1885, xviii. 128.

ELIZABETH CROSS. Lincolnshire.

Nemeophila plantaginis Double-brooded [in Lincolnshire, where it occurs
in great numbers on the sandy warrens near Appleby]. Ent., Sep. 1886,
XIX. 231.

Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Isle of Man, Lancashire,
C. W. DALE. Derbyshire, Durham, Northumberland.

The History of our British Butterflies. [This is issued in the form of a
separately-paged supplement to the ‘ Young Naturalist,’ and enters in great
detail into the whole history and range of the various species, collated from
all possible sources of information. The Beverley records for Papzlio machaon
are given at pp. 5-6, and for P. podalirzus at p. 7; Robson’s record of a large
flight of Pverzs brassice at Hartlepool is repeated at p. 15; Gonepteryx rhamunt
stated not to have been observed as Manx at p. 25; Colias hyale stated as
having occurred as far north as York in 1842, and in Yorkshire and Lan-
cashire in 1868, at pp. 35-6; absence of Zzecla betule from Isle of Man,
Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland, and its presence in Lancashire
referred to at p. 39; absence of 7. w-a/bum from Isle of Man, and its
occurrence at Melton Wood near Doncaster noted at p. 41; the fraudulent
Yorkshire record of 7. grumz, and its inclusion as a Derbyshire insect on the
strength of one being in a box of captures within a few miles of Chesterfield,
referred to at p. 43; Geo. Wailes’ record of Polyommatus argiolus for Nor-
thumberland and Durham repeated at p. 56; /. aczs noted for Yorkshire and
Lincolnshire at p. 57; the presence of P. corydow in Lancashire and its
absence from Yorkshire and Isle of Man noted at p. 65; detailed notices of
the occurrence in Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, and Lancashire of
P. agestis, and its varieties artaxerxes, salmacis, and allows, given at pp. 76-8 ;
the absence of emeobius lucinza from Northumberland, Durham, and the Isle
of Man, and its presence in Westmorland and Cumberland, noted at p. 82 ;
Yorkshire cited at p. 85 as the furthest northern locality for AZ/anargia
galathea ; increasing scarcity of Wzpparchia megera since 1860 inthe Durham
district, and its presence in the Isle of Man, noted at p. 90 ; Manx occurrence
of H. semele noted at p. 92; absence of ZH. tzthonus from Isle of Man noted
at p. 98; presence of var. avete of H. hyperanthus in Yorkshire, and the
capture in Durham of two individuals of that species without any spot what-

March 1888. E

62 BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

ever, noted at p. 100; and at p. Ior the absence of the species from the Isle
of Man; capture in Yorkshire by Mr. Watson of Haworth’s original specimen
of what is now var. folydama of Cenonympha typhon, and the occurrence of
var. Philoxenus (‘the Manchester Ringlet’) on Thorne Moor, Yorkshire, and
commonly on Chat Moss, Lancashire, noted at p. 102, and at pp. 103 and
104 it is stated that some Cumberland specimens appear to be somewhat
intermediate between vars. /avdzon and philoxenus ; the absence of the species
from Isle of Man is noted at p. 103; and on p. 104 somewhat lengthy details
are given as to Yorkshire and Lancashire occurrences of the species and its
varieties /azdion and philoxenus|. Young Nat., Supplements to the numbers
for Feb., March, April, May, June, July, Aug., Sep., Oct., Nov., and Dec.,
1887, at the pages cited above. -

C.-W. DALE. Lancashire.
On the Variation of Species [with incidental references to Manchester
Chortobius davus]. Young Nat., July 1885, pp. 150-152.
GEORGE DAWSON. Cumberland.
Local Entomology. Part 4. Cuspidates. [Detailed notes on the distribu-
tion, habits, and life-history of the Notodontide, 17 species, occurring in
Cumberland]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., 1883-84, vol. ix. pp. 20I-
209.
J. Lyon DENSON. Cheshire.
Abundance of A.[braxas] grossulariata [and of Liparis auriflua, in Cheshire,
and scarcity of Vanessa carduz]. Nat. World, Dec. 1885,,p. 232.

N. F. DOBREE. Yorkshire.

Sphinx convolvuli [at Beverley, two, and in Hull, two]. Ent., Nov. 1887,
XX. 303.

ROBERT DUTTON. Yorkshire.

Sphinx convolvuli [three males and two females near York, Aug. 27th and
20th, Sep. 4th, 5th, and: 7th]. Ent., Oct. 1887, xx:272:

C. EALES. Cumberland.
Sphinx convolvuli [at Carlisle, 31st Sep. (szc)]. Ent., Oct. -1887, xx. 272.
{THos, EEDLE]. Lancashire.

Ccenonympha typhon; Irish and Manchester specimens compared]. Young
Nat., Nov. 1886, vil. 228.
Joun W. ELLIs. Lancashire, Cheshire.
Entomological Localities near Liverpool [a most valuable and useful paper.
dealing with the lepidoptera and coleoptera which occur on the Lancashire
coast sandhills, at Wallasey sandhills, at Bidston Hill, and on Simmonswood
Moss; very numerous species cited with notices of their numbers and
habitats]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Aug. 1886, xxiil. 57-63.
W. FINCH, jun. Yorkshire.
Variety of Smerinthus populi [bred from a Scarborough larva ; characterised
by absence of markings]. Ent., May 1886, xix. 126.
J. GARDNER (Darlington). Durham or Yorkshire (which ?).
On the Identity of certain Agrotide [refers to 4. triticé and A. nigricans
occurring ‘here,’ and negatively to A. obelisca and A. aguilina]. Ent., June
1885, xvili. 166,
J. GARDNER. Durham.
Chezrocampa nerii at Hartlepool [on July 23rd, 1885]. Ent., Aug. 1885,
xvlll. 218; and Ent. Mo. Mag., Sep. 1885, xxii. 89.
J. GARDNER. ? Durham.
Tinea picarella bred [from fungi; locality not stated,’ but probably Hartle-
pool}. Ent. Mo. Mag., Sep. 1885, xx1l. 90.
J. GARDNER. ? Durham.
Tinea picarella [bred from fungus; locality not stated]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
July 1887, xxiv. 42.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 63

JOHN GARDNER. Durham, Northumberland.
Obituary. John Sang [with notices of Harpella bracteella at Shotley Bridge ;
of Mana expolita; and of Gelechia tetragonella near Hartlepool]. Young
Nat., April 1887, vill. 73-76.
JOHN GARDNER. Durham.
Luperina cespitis at Hartlepool [on Aug. 24th, 1887: new to Durham
County List]. Young Nat., Sep. 1887, vill. 178.
JOHN GARDNER. Durham, Yorkshire.
Peculiarities of the Season [scarcity of Apamca gemina and Xylophasia
rurea; abundance of Jamestra albicolon and Heliothis marginata; and
reported Yorkshire occurrence of Vanessa antiopa|. Young Nat., Sep. 1887,
vill. 181.
R. W. GOULDING and H. WALLIs Kew. Lincolnshire.
Rhopalocerous Fauna of Louth [36 Butterflies enumerated, with localities].
Nat. World, May 1885, pp. 83-84.
[Mr. GoLpTHwalItE]. | Cumberland.
Exhibition of varieties of Zycena alsus and Fidonia atomaria, together
with black Xylophasia polyodon and Nudaria senex, captured by himself at
Keswick, at Haggerston Ent. Soc. Meeting]. Young Nat., Dec. 1886, vii. 249.

‘THOMAS GIBBS, jun. Derbyshire.

Asthena blomeri [and its dates of appearance in a wood at Bretby, near
Burton-on-Trent]. Ent., Jan. 1886, p. 19.

H. Goss. Yorkshire.

Sphinx convolvuli [and Acherontia atropos near Spurn Point and on
vessels in the North Sea; extracts from Cordeaux’s paper in 7e Naturalist
on ‘The Spurn’]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1885, xxii. 162.

HERBERT Goss. Lancashire, Westmorland.
Melanic Variation in Lepidoptera of High Latitudes [discusses Cevzo-
nympha typhon (davus) as an instance of species ‘becoming paler the further
we proceed north,’ from: his experience in Lancashire and Westmorland].
Ent., April 1885, xviii. 122.
(CC. S. GREGSON.. © Lancashire, Yorkshire.
Notes on Variation in some Shetland Lepidoptera [refers to the variation of
Hepialus humuli in Lancashire, and of other species in Lancashire and
Yorkshire]. Young Nat., Jan. 1885, vi. 15-19.
CC. S. GREGSON. Cheshire, Isle of Man.

Entomological Nomenclature [with note of Oxyftclus teucrii, from Delamere
Forest, and Isle of Man]. Young Nat., Feb. 1885, vi. 34.

C. S. G[REGSON]. Cheshire, Cumberland, Isle of Man.

Obituary. Nicholas Cooke [and his discoveries of Lepidoptera in the North
of England]. Young Nat., June 1885, vi. 139-142.

CC. S. GREGSON. Cheshire, Lancashire, Westmorland, Cumberland.

_ Note on certain Agrotide [refers to colotr-variation of Wallasey and Bidston
Hill specimens of Grophos obscuraria, and mentions Lancashire, Westmorland,
Cumberland (where he took it recently) and Cheshire for Agvotis similans
(pyrophila)]. Ent., June 1885, xviii. 165-166.

CC. S. GREGSON. Isle of Man.

Note [on Manx lepidoptera ; Sczophila colguhounana, Eudorea lineolal:s, and
an unknown species]. Young Nat., Sep. 1885, p. 215.

C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire.

Three hours [collecting Lepidoptera] on the Sandhills at Crosby, near
Liverpool, on Bank Holiday, Aug. 3rd, 1885 [numerous species cited]. Young
Se vetts, Oct. 1885, vi. 234-5.
March 1888.

64 BIBLIOGRAPHY: LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire, Cumberland, Cheshire.
Notes on intermediate Varieties of Lepidopterous Insects [; of Melita
artemis in N. Lancashire and near Liverpool ; of Chortobius davus in Lanca-
shire and Cumberland ; of 7Zephrosia biundularia in Delamere Forest ;
Chareas graminis in Lancashire; and numerous other species whose localities
are not given]. Young Nat., Nov. 1885, vi. 251-254.
C. S. GREGSON. Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire.
Notes on Lepidoptera . . . [discusses Lord Walsingham’s views on melanism,
illustrating by Amphydasis betularia in Cheshire, Tephrosia biundularta and
Boarnua repandata in Delamere Forest, Grzophos obscurata at Bidston Hill,
Cheshire, Abraxas grossulariata var. varleyata in Lancashire and Yorkshire ;
and Tephrosia crepuscularia at Barnsley]. Young Nat., Dec. 1885, vi. 276-
278.
C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire, Cheshire, Westmorland.
Variation in Lepidoptera. Intermediate Forms [of Bombyx guercus on the
coast of Lancashire and Cheshire ; of Laventia didymata at Windermere; and
of Amphidasts betularia in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cheshire]. Young
Nat., April 1886, vii. 61-64.
C. S. GREGSON. ? Yorkshire.
Exceptional Proceedings of a Female [Dasypolia] Templi [sent by
Mr. Harrison of Barnsley ; the irregularity was in oviposition]. Young Nat.,
June 1886, vii. 127.
C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire.
Rearing [Abraxas] Grossulariata and [Spilosoma] Lubricepeda (s7c)
[about eighty good varieties of the former bred from 4,000 larve ; larvze of
latter fed upon Aconitum napellus were almost black]. Young Nat., Sep.
1886, vii. 192.
C. S. GREGSON. Isle of Man.
Notes on Isle of Man Captures in June [1887 ; numerous species of Lepi-
doptera mentioned]. Young Nat., July 1887, viii. 138.
C. S. GREGSON. Isle of Man.
A Day’s ‘Scientific’ Insect-Hunting on the Isle of Man in June
[1887 ; several species of Lepidoptera referred to]. Young Nat., Aug. 1887,
Vill. 153-155.
C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire.
Eupithecia permutata at Liverpool [i.e., Formby and Whitbarrow Scar].
Young Nat., Sep. 1887, viii. 179.
C. S. GREGSON. Isle of Man, Cumberland, Westmorland, Furness.
Note on some Varieties of Dianthecia Conspersa from North Wales and
from Shetland [compared with specimens from various localities in the North
of England]. Young Nat., Sep. 1887, viii. 178.
C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire.
A Strange Larva on Cabbage [near Liverpool ?—might possibly be Botys
urticalits|. Young Nat., Sep. 1887, vill. 179.
[In reply to this note, Geo. T. Porritt and Fred. Bond each write in the
next number of Young Nat. (Oct. 1887, p. 203), suggesting that the unknown
larva was that of Pronea forficalis].

G. Sz °GREGSON. Isle of Man.
Polia nigrocincta bred [from Manx larvee].. Young Nat., Sep. 1887, vill. 179.
C. S.. GREGSON. Yorkshire.

An Exceedingly Dwarfed Specimen of Tephrosia biundularia [taken by
George Rose near Barnsley, June 1887]. Young Nat., Sep. 1887, vill. 181.

C. S. GREGSON. Lancashire.
Semaria Weeberana [occurring at Mr. Gregson’s house, Fletcher Grove,
Liverpool, June 1887, on pear-trees]. Young Nat., Oct. 1887, viii. 203-204.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 65

C. S. GREGSON and G. Rose. Yorkshire.
A Night’s Sugaring in Wharncliffe Wood, Yorkshire, in Aug. 1887 [the
results were 77iphena fimbria, Apamea connexa, Noctua glareosa, N. festiva,
NV. plecta, N. dahlit, N. baja, Cloantha solidaginis, Cosnita trapezina, Orthosia
suspecta and var. congener, and Amphipyra tragopogonis; Cidaria immanata, —
Larentia didymata, and Euaorea ulmella also taken ; and unsuccessful search
for Cidaria reticulata was made]. Young Nat., Oct. 1887, vill. 193-194.
JAMES GRIME. Lancashire.
Plusia festuce [and its occurrence near Bolton, formerly in a few places,
' but now confined to one, and likely to become extinct from being too closely
collected]. Ent., Aug. 1886, xix. 209.
AL HALL. Yorkshire.
Hadena rectilinea [once very abundant near Sheffield ; now quite extinct].
Ent., July 1886, p. 181.
sue gLLAL Ie: Yorkshire.
Apamea connexa [near Sheffield ; inquiry as to discovery of larva]. Ent.,
Oct. 1886, xix. 252.
AS Ee ALL, Yorkshire.
Lepidoptera at Sheffield during 1886 [a most unsatisfactory season, but no
species are mentioned or details given]. Ent., Feb. 1887, xx. 42.
AL EE ELALL:2 Yorkshire.
Zeuzera pyrina in March [on the 3rd March, 1887, in the town of
Sheffield]. Ent., May 1887, xx. 137.
As Hi. DALE: Yorkshire.
Amphidasys betularia var. doubledayaria [near Sheffield: a query as to
result of breeding this form]. Ent., July 1887, xx. 182.
AoE: ATAr., Yorkshire.
Migration of insects [reference to abundance of the three species of Prerzs near
Sheffield in 1887, and of Coltas edusa there in 1877]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec.
1887, xxiv. 159.
is £.. LIALT, | Yorkshire.
Xanthia aurago in October [close to Sheffield, 22nd Oct., 1887]. Young
Nat., Nov. 1887, viii. 222.

J. HowarD HALL. Lancashire.

Sphinx convolvuli [a female in town of Bury. Sep. 2nd]. Ent., Oct. 1887,
SEED PAI ae ;

[Mr: Harr]. Derbyshire.

[Variation in Derbyshire specimens of C/eoceris viminalis Fb. and Xanthia
fulvago L. ;.exhibited to South London Ent. Soc., Feb. 18th, 1886]. Ent.,
April 1886, xix. 94; and Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1886, xxii. 267.

S. R. HALLAM. Derbyshire.

Death’s Head Hawk Moth (Acherontia atropos) [near Burton-on-Trent,
five larvee in Aug. 1885]. Nat. World, Oct. 1885, p. 197.

GEORGE A. HARKER. Lancashire.

Chzrocampa celerio at Crosby [near Liverpool ; Sep. 16th, 1885]. Ent.,
Oct. 1885, xviil. 262.

G. A. HARKER. Lancashire.

C[hzrocampa] celerio at Crosley isnt for Crosby near Liverpool,
Sep. 16th, 1885]. Young Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 232.

J. HARRISON. Yorkshire.

Cleoceris (Epunda) viminalis and Melanippe tristata [; black forms of

former bred, and second brood of latter near Barnsley]. Ent., Sep. 1885,
XVlil. 244.

eect 1888,

66 BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

JOHN HARRISON. Yorkshire, Derbyshire.
Tephrosia crepuscularia and T. biundularia [, their differentiation; and
their variation and occurrence near Barnsley and in Derbyshire]. Ent., June
1886, xix. 159-161.
JOHN HENDERSON. Vortishires Lancashire, ? Cheshire.
The Buckler Collection [contained Zreéia blandina from Yorkshire eggs ;
Chortobius davus from Chat Moss; and Sesza culiciformis from J. Steele, of
Congleton]. Young Nat., May 1886, vil. 92-96.
G. M. A. HEWETT. Nottinghamshire.
Smerinthus ocellatus at South Searle, Newark, unusually abundant ; details
given]. Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 250.
S.. r Hewett. Nottinghamshire.
Acronycta aceris [a second brood at South Searle, Newark; details given].
Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 251.
JouN HItt. Derbyshire.
Hybernia defoliaria [at Little Eaton, near Derby, in February, unusually
late]. Young Nat., March 1885, vi. 71.
JouN HILL. Derbyshire.
Colias Hyale [at Babbington near Ilkeston, July 4th, 1885]. Young Nat.,
Aug. 1885, vi. 191-192.
JouN HILt. Derbyshire.
Notes on the Variation of [31 species of] Lepidoptera taken near Derby.
Ent. Mo. Mag., June 1886, xxiii. 5-7.
Joun HILt. Derbyshire.
Taking lepidoptera on Grass Stems, etc. [55 species referred to as thus
found in the Derby district]. Young Nat., Jan. 1887, viii. 4-6.
J. B. HODGKINSON. Westmorland and Furness.
Habits of Ephippiphora tetragonana [at Windermere]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
March 1885, xxi. 235.
J. B. HoDGKINsON. Derbyshire.
Bryophila algz [two in Sidebotham’s collection were taken at Strines
(Marple); brief history given]. Ent., April 1885, viii. 122.
J. B. HoDGKINSON. Westmorland or Furness.

The Home of Cidaria reticulata [on the borders of Windermere Lake in
Lancashire, where it first occurred in 1856 to author and T. H. Allis, and
where it feeds on /wzpatiens noli-me-tangere: its great scarcity stated and
history given]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Sep. 1885, xxil. 91-92.

J. B. HODGKINSON, Lancashire, Westmorland, Furness.

Stray Notes from Preston [referring to numerous species at Windermere,
Grange, Witherslack, and meme Ent., Oct. 1885, xviii. 266.

J. B. HopGKINsoN. Westmorland or Furness.

Nepticula myrtillella feeding on Polypody [near Windermere]. Ent., Feb.
18386, p. 43.

J. B. HopGKINsoNn. Westmorland or Furness.

Absence of Cidaria reticulata [from its accustomed haunts]. Ent., Feb-
1886, xix. 43.

J. B. HopcKINson. Lancashire.

Trifurcula pallidella and Genista tinctoria [at Dutton near Ribchester.

where it was first discovered as British by Mr. Hodgkinson in 1879]. Ent.
Mo. Mag., Jan. 1880, xvi. 186; and June 1886, xxiii. 15.

J. B. HopGKINSON. Westmorland and Furness, Lancashire.
Pelee ossella at Arnside [and Grange, in 1880 and 1883]. Ent., Sep.
1886, xix. 23

Natalee

BIBLIOGRAPHY: LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 67

J. B. HoDGKINSON. Westmorland and Furness.

Chrysoclysta bimaculella at Windermere [where also occurs epéicula
intimella|. Ent., Sep. 1886, xix. 233.

J. B. HODGKINSON. Yorkshire.

Apamea connexa in Scotland [the original British locality stated to be near
Barnsley); Ent., Sep.) 1886, ‘xix. 231.

J. B. HoDGKINSON. Lancashire, Westmorland or Furness.

Miana captiuncula (expolita) at Arnside [and at Windermere; in fair
quantity]. Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 253.

J. B. HODGKINSON. Lancashire, Westmorland, Cumberland, I. of Man.

Micro-Lepidoptera in 1886 [near Preston, at Arnthwaite near Carlisle, at
Morecambe, Bay, at Windermere, at Arnside, and in the Isle of Man;
numerous species cited]. Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 244-246.

J. B. HopGKINson. Lancashire, Durham or Yorkshire, Isle of Man.

Notes upon Nepticulidz [near Preston, Southport, Darlington, Port Erin,
etc. ; numerous species cited]. Ent., Oct. 1887, xx. 251-253.

Wipe ViiIKANE. Yorkshire.

Some Notes on the Comparative Study of British and Continental
Rhopalocera [; with a passing allusion to the dark-brown Yorkshire Cezo-
nympha typhon with numerous and large ocelli]. Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1887,
XXIll, 247.

RekKay: Lancashire..
Sphinx Convolvuli at Bury [Sept. 13th, 1885]. Ent., Nov. 1885, xvili. 295.
H. WatLtis KEw. Lincolnshire.

In the Woods in April [AZe/anargia galathea, Gonepteryx rhamni, Euchelia
jacobee, and Polyemmatus phlvas mentioned as occurring near Louth].
Sci. Goss., April 1886, pp. 78-79.

H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.

The Sea Banks of the Lincolnshire Coast [Zuchelia jacobee, Lastommata
megera, Cynthia carduz; and Vanessa urtice, noted as common at Mable-
thorpe]. Nat. World, Jan. 1885, ii. 10.

H. WALLIS Krew. Lincolnshire.

Nature near Louth, East Lincolnshire [Localities given for ZAuchelia
jacobee, Melanargia galathea, Melitea artemis, Euclidia glyphica, and Colias
edusa|. Nat. World, Feb. 1885, il. 24-25.

H. WaLLis Kew. Lincolnshire.

The Clouded Yellow (Codzas edusa) [very abundant near Louth in 1877, not
seen since]. Science Gossip, July 1885, p. 165.

H. WALLIS KEw. Lincolnshire.

Mablethorpe [lepidoptera ; five species enumerated as seen June 6th]. Nat.
World, July 1885, p. 137.

H. WALLIS Kew. | Lincolnshire.

Louth Naturalists’ Society [Pearl-bordered Fritillary (Axgynns euphrosyne)
on May 25th, at Burwell]. Nat. World, Aug. 1885, p. 155.

H. WaLLis Kew. Lincolnshire.

Rambles near the Coast [at Mablethorpe, Theddlethorpe, and Saltfleet ;
notices of six lepidoptera]. Nat. World, Oct. 1885, pp. 188-190.

H. WaLLis Kew. Lincolnshire.
[Colias edusa near Louth in 1877]. Nat. World, Dec. 1885, p. 221.
H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.

Woodland Rambles in Lincolnshire [in Haugham and Maltby Woods, 23rd
April and Ist May, 1886; Vanessa 70, Melanargia galathea, and Diurnea
_ Jagella noted). Young Nat., July 1886, vii. 129-131.
March 1888.

68 BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

H. WALLIS KEw. Lincolnshire.

Field Notes. No. 12. Natural History Odds and Ends. [Dicranula vinula
at Louth ; notes on its pupation ; Zortrix viridana and Noctua brunnea near
Louth]. Nat. World, Dec. 1886, p. 221-222.

LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SocIiETy. | Lanc., Cheshire.
Abstract of the Session [referring to Heliothis peltigera, Wallasey; and

Laphygma exigua, Crosby]. Eighth Annual Report, Lancashire and
Cheshire Ent. Soc., 1885, p. 5.
B. LOCKYER. Yorkshire, Cheshire.

Notes on Lepidoptera [with reference to Avrgynnis paphia var. valezina, A.
adippe, and Smerinthus populi, all near Whitby]. Young Nat., Aug. 1886,
vil. 163-165. [omyx rubt, moors and lanes near Whitby, common as larva
in Aug.; B&B. quercus (callune), larva common on the moors near Whitby,
Aug. 1866; Saturnza carpint, larva common on the Yorkshire moors, Aug.
1866]. Young Nat., Sep. 1886, vil. 189-190. [Dzcranura vinula at Whitby
in 1866, and Wotodonta ziczac at Whitby]. Young Nat., Dec. 1886, p. 244.
[Acronycta rumicis at Birkenhead]. Young Nat., Jan. 1887, viii. 22.
[Anarta myrtillz at Whitby]. Young Nat., June 1887, viii. 103.

W. LOWENBERG.

Etymology of ‘Oubit.’ [The hairy caterpillars of the Tiger-moths (Arctézad@)
are called ‘Oubuts’ by the English Northern men, as Ed. Topsell in his History
of Serpents, 1607, p. 665 (1653 ed.), says]. Notes and Queries, March 14th,
1905, Otho. xi.'2¥7.

JOHN Mackay, Cumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Northumberland.

Vanessa polychloros in . . . Argyllshire [with illustrative reference to
its Northern English distribution]. Young Nat., Sep. 1887, viii. 176.

PuHiLie B. Mason. Derbyshire.

Semaria Weeberana [occurs freely in Mr. Mason’s garden at Burton-on-Trent ;
food-tree stated]. Young Nat., Nov. 1887, vill. 223.

T. MELDRUM. Yorkshire.

Early Emergence of C[irrhcedia] Xerampelina [oth Aug. at Ripon ; all over
by 22nd Aug., which is the usual time]. Young Nat., Oct. 1887, vill. 203.

THOMAS MELDRUM. Yorkshire.

Ennomos fuscantaria [bred from larva found in Newby Park, Ripon; details
given]. Young Nat., Nov. 1887, vill. 223.

H. MuRRAY. Furness.
Breeding Botys terrealis [from Grange Jarve]. Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 255.
H. MuRRAY. Lake District.

Breeding Cidaria reticulata and Penthina postremana [from Lake District
larve ; details of food-plant, etc., given]. Ent., Oct. 1886, xix. 251-252;
also see Young Nat., Jan. 1887, vill. 15.

H. MuRRAY. Lancashire.

Sphinx convolvuli [three specimens, all worn, and one of Cherocampa celerio,
at, Carnforthi|>.Ent.,Dec. 1557, xxa1324.

R. NEWSTEAD. Cheshire.

Sesia tipuliformis [and how to find the larve: incidentally refers to Chester
experience]. Ent., April 1886, p. 90.

Ropr. NEWSTEAD. Cheshire.

Macaria liturata, Variety [from Delamere Forest, roughly described]. Ent.,
Oct.-1887,.xx. 270.

J. E. Nowers. Derbyshire.

Acherontia atropos at Burton-on-Trent [an imago at Branstone Junction,

Sep. 28th, 1885, a pupa a few days before, and several larve in and about
the town during the year]. Ent., Dec. 1885, xvill. 317.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 69

STEPHEN PEGLER. Nottinghamshire.
Chezrocampa celerio at Retford [in November 1884]. Ent., April 1885,
xviii. 121. [Another occurrence]. Ent., Nov. 1885, xvill. 293.
F. N. PIERCcR. ? Lancashire or Cheshire.
A New Geometer [Oforabia approximaria Gregs., sp. nov. ; not described ;
locality not stated]. Young Nat., Feb. 1885, vi. 48.
F. N. PIERCE. Lancashire, Cheshire.

Butterflies around Liverpool [Notes on the unusual occurrence of Vanessu
cardui, V. atalanta, V. 10, Satyrus megera, and S. egeria in 1884]. Young

Nat., April 1885, vi. 92-93.
F. N. PIeERcE and G. A. HARKER. Cheshire.
Easter at Hartford [numerous lepidoptera enumerated as captured]. Young
Nat., June 1885, pp. 120-123.
F. N. PIERCE. Lancashire, Cheshire.

Are Butterflies disappearing from the British Isles? [refers to Avgynnis
aglaia occurring at Southport in profusion in 1884, and not found at all in
1885; to Vanessa zo in various Lancashire and, Cheshire localities; and to
Satyrus megera not having decreased in 1885 as compared with 1884, in
Cheshire and Lancashire]. Young Nat., Nov. 1885, vi. 260.

PNG RTPRCK. i. 7. ? Lancashire.
Variety of Triphzna pronuba [varying in colour of left posterior wing; bred].
Ent., May 1886, xix. 128; also see note with same heading in Young Nat.,
Aug. 1885, vi. 192.
Be Nee nURCE, Durham.
Notes on a Holiday in Suffolk [with comparison ot Durham and Suffolk
Crambus perlellus at p. 214]. Young Nat., Nov. 1886, vii. 213-218.
GEO. T. PORRITT. Yorkshire.
Further Notes on British Pterophoridze [; referring to the habits of

Pterophorus monodactylus, P. acanthodactylus, and P. bipunctidactylus, as
observed near Huddersfield]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1885, xxi. 207-8.

GEO. T. PORRITT. Yorkshire.

Arctia mendica feeding on Birch [in Green Farm Wood near Doncaster,
where Prycis betulella in plenty and a few Coleophora currucipennella were
also taken]. Ent., June 1885, xviil. 194.

GEO. T. PORRITT. Yorkshire.

Heliothis peltigera, etc., in Yorkshire [taken by W. E. Clarke at Kilnsea in
Holderness, Sep. 6th, and new to Yorkshire Fauna; A. marginata, larvee
near Scarborough, Aug. 31st ; Sphzv2x convolvul: in Huddersfield town, Aug.
22nd]. Ent., Oct. 1885, xviii. 264.

Gro. T. POoRRITTY. Lancashire.
Lepidoptera at Southport [in mid-Aug. 1885: refers to Agrotis tritict, A.
aguilina, A. obelisca, occurring together along with 4. vestigzalis (valligera ),
A. cursoria, and A. precox; also LPhytometra enea and Leucoma salicis).
Ent., Nov. 1885, xviii. 300.
{G. T. Porrirr.] Lancashire.
[Melanic variety of an Agrotis, probably Agrotis obelisca Hiibn., taken at
Southport; exhibited to Ent.. Soc.]. Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Dec. 2nd.,
1885, p. xxxiiil. ; Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1886, xxii. 188.
G. T. PoORRITT. Yorkshire.

Bryotropha [Gelechia] politella in Yorkshire [common near Greenfield].
Ent., Jan. 1886, xix. 16.

March 1888.

7O BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

iz Porsarr: Yorkshire.
“"pesciiplion of the Larva of Scoparia angustea, Curt.,=coarctalis, Zell.

[taken abundantly on Huddersfield Cemetery wali ; details of capture and
life-history given].. Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1886, xxii. 209-210.

Geo. T. PorRRITT. Yorkshire.
Food of the Larva of Polia flavicincta [an abundant species about
Huddersfield, feeding on low plants in great variety]. Ent., May 1886,
xix. 128.
GEO. T. PoRRITT. Yorkshire.
Metinian in Hibernia progemmaria and Diurnea fagelia [near Hudders-

Reld : evidence that dark forms are much commoner than formerly]. Ent.
Mo. Mag., July 1886, xxiii. 40-41.

Ge t= PORETET: Yorkshire.

Spilodes palealis in Yorkshire [near Whitby : new to Yorkshire list]. Ent.,
Oct. 1886, xix. 255.

Geo. T. PoRRITT. Yorkshire.

Pterophorus dichrodactylus and P. Bertrami [at Saltburn-by-the-Sea ;
details of occurrence in August]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1886, xxiii. 163.

GEO. T. PORRITT. : Yorkshire.

[Variation in Cidaria suffumata and Hypsipetes elutata at Huddersfield ;
pees exhibited to Ent. Soc. London, Dec. Ist, 1886.] Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., 1886, p. Ivii ;-also Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1887, xxiii. 192; Ent.,
aay 1887, xx. 21; and Young Nat., Jan. 1887, viii. 14.

Geo: \T-) PORRITT. Yorkshire.
[Variation in Huddersfield examples of Hernia progemmaria, and the
increase of melanism. | Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., April 6th, 1887; Ent. Mo.
Mag., May 1887, xxiil. 280; Ent., May 1887, xx. 140; Young Nat., May

a ee a

1887, vili. 87.

[Geo. T. PorRiITT.] Yorkshire.

[Melanic varieties of Diurnea fagella from Huddersfield, exhibited to Ent.
Soc. Lond., Oct. 5th, 1887; the typical pale form had almost disappeared
from the neighbourhood.] Ent., Nov. 1887, xx. 310; Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov.
1887, xxiv. 140; Young Nat , Nov. 1887, viii. 216.

[G: ES PorRrers| Durham.

[Dark Form of Crambus perlellus being exhibited to Ent. Soc. Lond.,
October 5th, 1887, Mr. Porritt remarked that this brown form occurred at
Hartlepool with the ordinary typical form of the species, and was there
regarded as only a variety of it.] Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov. 1887, xxiv. 139;
Ent., Nov. 1887, xx. 309; Young Nat., Nov. 1887, viii. 215.

G. PULLEN. Derbyshire..

[Lepidopterous] Notes from Derby [Acronycta rumicis, A. alni, Pygera
bucephala, Eupith. nanata, Anarta myrtilli, Agrotis por ph hyrea, Acherontia
atropos, Sphinx convolouli, and Cirrhedia mentioned, with details]. Young

Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 238.
E. L.. RAGONOT. Cheshire, Yorkshire.
Revision of the British Species of Phycitide and Galleride. [/omao-
soma saxicola Vaugh., stated to be apparently the most frequent form of
nimibella in England: writer has it from Yorkshire, Cheshire, etc. ] Ent. Mo.
Mag., July 1885, xxii. 26.
L. R[IcHARDsON] and B. B. L. T[Att]. Yorkshire.
York: Bootham School News [Excursion, June 4th, Whitby ; four species.
of lepidoptera named]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1885, p. 95.

Naturalist,.

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 71

L. RICHARDSON. Yorkshire, Northumberland.
Holiday Captures [; Amphidasts betularia near Sheffield; Chelonia plan-
taginis at Sleights. near Whitby ; Plusza interrogationis near Hexham ; Sesa
bembeciformis at Newcastle-on-Tyne]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Sept. 15th, 1885,
Besl22-

GEORGE ROBERTS. Yorkshire.
Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood
fete. ], Vol. Il... Leeds: printed for the author. _1885. [pp.. vill. + 258].
[Blue Butterflies (p. 27); Vanessa atalanta (p. 91); V. wrtice (pp. 91, 107.
116, 132, 135, 150); various moths (p. 93) ; Vazessa 10 (pp. 94, 100) ; Colzas
edusa (p. 95); Cynthia cardui (p. 110); White Butterflies (pp. 132, 133, 135.
136, 137); fuerts rape (p. 138); Tiger-moths (p. 149); Preris brassice
(p. 150); Burnet-moth (p. 151); Cerura vinula (p. 151); Saturnia carpini
‘(p. 151); Pygera bucephala (p. 151); dotted border and spring usher moths
(p. 157); Vanessa urlice (p. 158-161) ; White Butterfly (p. 158-161) ;
Anthocharis cardamtines (p. 161); Satyrus janira (p. 161); Burnet-moth
(p. 161); L270 statices (p. 161); Large Heath Butterfly (p. 161).

JoHN E. Rosson. Yorkshire.

A Catalogue of British Lepidoptera and their named varieties [ Crdarza
suffumata var. piceata Waw., Huddersfield]. Young Nat., Jan. 1885, vi. 14.

Joun E. Rogson. Durham, Yorkshire.
Are Butterflies disappearing from the British Isles? [refers to Vanessa
antiopa at Castle Eden, Colzas edusa in Durham, Fapzlzo machaon at Beverley,
Areynnis aglaia in Castle Eden Dene, Vanessa C.-album at Hartlepool, V. zo,
Satyrus egeria, S. megera, S. hyperanthus, Lycena alsus, and Hesperia
sylvanus in Durham, and Chortobius panphilus in the West Riding]. Young
Nat., March 1885, vi. 59-65.

JoHN E. Rosson. - ? Durham.
Variety of Ccoenonympha pamphilus [described ; locality not stated, presum-
ably near Hartlepool]. Young Nat., July 1885, vi. 168.
JoHN E. Rosson. Durham.
Chezrocampa nerii at Hartlepool [July 23rd, 1885]. Young Nat., Aug.
1885, vi. 192.
Joun E. Rosson. Yorkshire, Durham, Lancashire.

Are butterflies disappearing from the British Isles? Young Nat., Aug.
1885, vi. 179-184.

JoHN E. Rogson. Durham.

Sphinx convolvuli at Hartlepool [21st Aug. 1885]. Young Nat., Sep. 1885,
vi. 216.

JoHN E. Rosson. Durham.

Rare Hawk Moths at Hartlepool [in unusual number; instances given of
Sphinx convolvuls (several), Acherontia atropos (two), Cherocampa celerio,
(one); and reference to former occurrence of Dezlephila galit and D.
livornica|. Young Nat., Oct. 1885, vi. 239.

[J. E. Rospson.] Durham, Yorksh. [error], Northumb. ? Lancash. or Chesh.
1885 [ ; being an account of the year’s additions to the British lepidopterous
fauna; Gelechia tetragonella Stainton, from Tees mouth near Greatham, details
given, and error in original record (Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1885, p. 99)
corrected ; Mr. Gregson’s Oporabia approximaria considered a good species ;
ahew unnamed JVzftzcu/a found near Newcastle-on-Tyne by J. Sang]. Young
Nat., Jan. 1886, vii. 2-3.

J. E. Rouson. Durham.

The Death’s Head [Acherontia atropos] at Hartlepool [one, a female, 22nd
May, taken on a fishing-boat, and another, two days later, on the rocks].
Young Nat., June 1886, vii. 128.

March 1888.

72 BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

[J. E. Rosson. ] Yorkshire.
Review. The Lepidoptera of Dorsetshire. By C. W. Dale [comparisons
are made with Porritt’s Yorkshire list, the latter having thirty-nine species
more than Dorsetshire]. Young Nat., July 1886, vii. 141-143.
J. E. Rosson. ? Durham.
Variety of Zygzna filipendule [with the usual spots and the hind wings a
dull dark pink; presumably from near Hartlepool]. Young Nat., Sep.
1886, vil. 192.
JoHN E. Rosson. Durham.
On the specific distinctness of Tephrosia crepuscularia, W.V., and
biundularia, Esp. [and their occurrence in co. Durham]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Oct. 1886, xxill. III-I12.
J. E. Rosson. Durham, Cheshire.
Agrotis aquilina, tritici, etc. [their differentiation; and occurrence in
Durham and Cheshire]. Young Nat., Oct. 1886, vii. 209-210.
J. E. Rosson. ? Durham.
On the flight and pairing of Hepialus hectus and humuli [in co. Durham ?].
Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1887, xxiii. 186.
JoHN E. Rosson. ? Durham.
On the flight and pairing of Hepialus sylvinus and lupulinus [also Z.
velleda and H. humuli|. Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1887, xxiii. 214-215.
JoHN E. Rosson. Durham, Northumberland.
Lyczna agestis, W.V. [a full account of its variation and _ life-history].
Young Nat., May 1887, viii. $1-87.
Joun E. Rosson. Durham.
A dwarf specimen of Cabera pusaria [taken in Hezledon Dene: barely ten
lines in expanse]. Young Nat., Sep. 1887, viii. 179.
JoHN E. Ropson. Durham.
White Butterflies [have been in most unusual numbers round Hartlepool for
the past two months ; Pieris brassice, P. rape, and P. napi mentioned, also
Mamestra brassica|. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1887, xxiv. 112.
Joun E. Rosson. Durham.
Luperina Cespitis in the County of Durham [two former records recited].
Young Nat., Oct. 1887, viii. 202.
Joun E. Rosson. _ Yorkshire.
C[irrhedia}. Xerampelina v. Unicolor [taken near Ripon in 1887, by
T. Meldrum, and now in Mr. Robson’s collection]. Young Nat., Nov. 1887,
Vill. 223.
JoHN E. Rosson. Yorkshire.
Melanic Variety of Melanippe Montanata [taken by Mr. Waite, June 1886,
in a lane near Ripon]. Young Nat., Nov. 1887, viii. 223.
J. T. RopceErs. Lancashire.
Lepidoptera observed in the neighbourhood of Oldham, in 1884 [thirty-four
species enumerated]. Young Nat., March 1885, p. 60.
ARTHUR J. ROSE and OLIVER C. GOLDTHWAITE. Westmorland.
Nine Days at Rannoch [Comparison of Rannoch and Witherslack Ceno-
nympha typhon (davus) at p. 134]. Ent., May 1885, xviii. 134.
GEORGE ROsE. ; _ Yorkshire.
Sphinx Convolvuli [near Barnsley ; several from Aug. 28th to Sept. 3oth].
Ent., Nov. 1887, xx. 303.
GEORGE ROSE. Yorkshire.
[Sphinx] Convolvuli in Yorkshire [near Barnsley, ten; details given].
Young Nat., Oct. 1887, viii. 202.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 73

[Mr. Rose.] Lake District.
[Exhibition of Lake District specimens of Soarmza repandata, South
London Ent. Soc., Nov. 4th, 1886]. Ent., Dec. 1886, xix. 307; Ent. Mo.
Mag., Dec. 1886, xxill. 167.
M. ROUTLEDGE. Cumberland.
Sphinx convolvuli [at Stone House, Carlisle, one, Sep. 6th, 1887]. Ent.,
Oct..1887, xx. -272.
JAMES H. ROWNTREE. Yorkshire.
Acronycta alni near Scarborough [near Seamer Beacon, June 25th, 1887].
Ent.; Oct. 1887, xx. 275.
leek SALTER: Yorkshire.
Scarborough [lepidoptera ; one butterfly and four moths noted]. Nat. Hist.
Journ., May 15th, 1885, p. 79.
REGINALD E. SALWEY. Yorkshire.
Is Deiopeia pulchella permanently established in Britain ? [witha reference
to its capture at Acomb, Yorkshire]. Ent., July 1886, xix. 169-172.
L. L. SAMUELS. Lancashire.
Moth Trap [and results of its use in Manchester ; seven common lepidoptera
named]. Ent., May 1886, xix. 139.
J. SaneG (Darlington). ? Durham or Yorkshire.
Occurrence of Sciaphila abrasana [no locality given; taken in Aug. 1884].
Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1885, xxi. 192.
J. SANG (Darlington). ? Durham or Yorkshire.
Ephippiphora tetragonana bred [from larvzee found ‘on the coast’]. Ent.
Mo. Mag., Jan. 1885, xxi. IQI.
J. SANG. ? Durham or Yorkshire.

Late appearance of Hepialus humuli [A female netted at the end of Aug. in
fine condition but pale coloured and very small ; locality not stated, probably
near Darlington]. Ent., Jan. 1885, xviii. 21-22.

J. SANG. ? Northumberland, Durham.

A new (?) Nepticula larva [mining Potentzlla tormentilla near Newcastle-on-

Tyne, and surmised to be either JV. ‘tormentille, new to Britain, or an
undescribed species]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov. 1885, xxii. 138.

J. SANG. ? Durham or Yorkshire, Isle of Man.

Butalis fusco-cuprea bred [from Lotus corniculatus in the Isle of Man ; occurs
on railway-banks near Darlington]. Ent. Mo. Mag., March 1886, xxii. 239.

J. SANG. . ? Durham or Yorkshire.
Longevity of the larva of Nepticula apicella [near Darlington ?] Ent. Mo.
Mag., March 1886, xxii. 236.
J. SANG. Durham.
Lithocolletis sorbi, Frey [in upper Weardale, 1854; details of capture and
life-history given ; ZL. pomzfoliella, L. spinzcolella, and Argyresthia spiniella,
also referred to]. Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1886, xxii. 262.
W. G. SHELDON. Derbyshire.

On Xanthia fulvago var. flavescens [at Breadsall Moor near Derby, etc.].
Ent., Oct. 1887, xx. 277-278; Young Nat., Nov. 1887, viii. 219.
[Mr. SHELDON. ] Derbyshire.
[Xanthia fulvago L. and var. flavescens Esp., exhibited to South Lond. Ent.
Soc., Sep. 22nd, 1887, with remarks on ‘the number of melanic specimens
which he had observed in a particular valley in Derbyshire’). Ent. Mo.
___ _Mag., Nov. 1887, xxiv. 138, Ent., Nov. 1887, xx. 311.
March 1888.

74 BIBLIOGRAPHY: LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

[W. G. SHELDON. ] Derbyshire.
[A series of about 25 Tephrosia biundularia Bork. from Derbyshire,
exhibited to South Lond. Ent. Soc., Nov. 1oth, 1387]. Young Nat., Dec.
1887, vill. 234.
[Mr. SHELDON. ] Derbyshire.
Haggerston Entomological Society [discussion on Areynnis paphia; Mr.
Sheldon had met with it in Derbyshire]. Young Nat., May 1885, vi. I11-
Lig:
W. G. SHELDON. Yorkshire.

Notes on Scoparia angustea [with references to Porritt’s experience at
Huddersfield]. Ent., Dec. 1887, xx. 318-320.

W. G. SHELDON. Derbyshire.
Lepidoptera of Derbyshire [notes on numerous species captured round Little
Eaton, on Breadsall Moor, at Repton, and at Lathkill Dale, from June 8th
to 18th, 1885]. Ent., Dec. 1885, xvili. 318-3109.
W. G. SHELDON. Derbyshire.
Retarded appearance of Lepidoptera [7%era variata out early in June in
Derbyshire, abundant up to 26th Sep. in Surrey]. Ent., Dec. 1885, xviii.
323:
JOHN SIM. Northumberland.
Objects of Interest in our Pit District [of Northumberland; several
butterflies cited by their English names]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1885, pp. 31-32.
G. A. SMALLWOOD. Lancashire.

Tephrosia crepuscularia and T. biundularia [their differentiation, and
occurrence of the latter near Manchester and Warrington]. Ent., June 1886,
ps 102:

G. A. SMALLWOOD. Derbyshire, Yorkshire.
The Life-History of Tephrosia crepuscularia (or biundularia) [reference to
Barnsley specimens]. Ent., Nov. 1886, xix. 266-269.
RICHARD SOUTH. Yorkshire.
Tephrosia crepuscularia and T. biundularia [remarks based partly on speci-
mens from Barnsley]. Ent., Nov. 1886, xix. 269-272.
RICHARD SOUTH. Yorkshire.

President’s Address. [Reviewing the Additions to the British fauna during
the year; remarks: (p. 17) ‘A Gelechia taken by Mr. Sang, amongst
Artemisia maritima in salt-marshes near Redcar, in July, is described by
Mr. Stainton, under the name of G. fetragonella’|. Proc. South Lond. Ent.
and Nat. Hist. Soc., pp. 17-18.

RICHARD SOUTH. Derbyshire, Lancashire or Cheshire.
Observations on Acherontia atropos [with casual references to its occurring
at Burton-on-Trent and Liverpool]. Ent., June 1886, xix. 147-152.
H. T. STAINTON. Yorkshire.
Description of a New Gelechia from our salt-marshes: G. tetragonella
[taken by J. Sang amongst Arfemzsza maritima in salt-marshes near Redcar,
in July; interesting local details by J. Sang given]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct.
1885, xxil. 99.
H. TT. STAINTON. Durham or Yorkshire.
The Metallic Green Species of the genus Coleophora (Metallosetia of
Stephens, Daniophila of Curtis) [C. melzlotelia was first detected by John Scott
in August 1859, at Stockton-on-Tees, where, in 1860, T. H. Allis also took
a fine series]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1885, xxii. 97.
H. T. STAINTON. Derbyshire.
Habits of Hepialus velleda [reprint of a note by M. Hill of Littie Eaton, in
Ent. W. Int., July 2nd, 1859, vi. 107]. Ent. Mo. Mag., March 1887, xxiii. 234.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. 75
R. STANDEN. Lancashire.
Gulls Feeding on [Ghost] Moths [7epialus humuli: near Preston]. Nat.
World, Oct. 1885, p. 198.
CUELCSTOL.. Lancashire.
Amphidasys betularia [the typical form still occurs in the Bolton district ; one
at light, June 14th, 1887]. Ent., Aug. 1887, xx. 211.
Cuas. E. Srorr. Lancashire.
Sphinx Convolvuli [two near Bolton; one of them at Astley Bridge Church,
Aug. 31st; the other near Horwich, Sept. 4th]. Ent., Oct. 1887, xx. 273.
J. A. ERSKINE STUART. Yorkshire.

Early appearance of a Butterfly [A Preris caught at Dewsbury on March
24th, 1886.] Nat. World, May 1886, p. 98.

Gk, EERO. Lincolnshire.
Acronycta alni [near Grimsby, larva, Sept. 1884]. Ent., July 1885, xviii. 194.
Ck TERO. Lincolnshire.

Variety of Melanippe montanata [taken near Grimsby; description by
Editor]. Ent., Noy. 1886, xix. 283.
C. K. TEROo [misprinted C. R. Low]. Lincolnshire.
Sphinx Convolvuli [three ; and Acherontia atropos, one; at Grimsby]. Ent.,
Nov. 1887, xx. 303 ; and erratum at p. 325.
Jno. H. THompson. Cumberland, Yorkshire.

Early Butterflies (Vanessa: urtice near Penrith, Jno. H. Thompson; a ‘Common
White’ in the Valley, Scarborough; no dates given]. Nat. Hist. Jozurn.,

Feb. 15th, 1885, p. 13.
R. H. THOMPSON. Lancashire.
Amphidasys betularia [at Withington near Manchester, all black, with only
a single example of the normal form]. Ent., Sept. 1887, xx. 232.
Cuas. F. THORNEWILL. Notts.
Euphasia catena near Nottingham [seen by recorder in 1878, in the collec-
tion of an engine-driver, who had himself taken it in a lane near Nottingham].
Ent., June 1885, xviii. 167.
Cuas. F. THORNEWILL. Derbyshire.
_ Lyczna argiolus in the Midlands [scarce round Repton]. Ent., March
1886, p. 63.
Cuas. F. THORNEWILL. ? Derbyshire.
Lobophora viretata [near Burton-on-Trent, in three different woods ; county
not stated]. Ent., July 1886, p. 181.
J. H. THRELFALL. Lancashire, Westmorland.
On the ‘Lita’ Group of the Gelechiide [with references to Gelechia (Lita)
semidecandrella, sp. nov.. from the coast sand-hills, near Preston ; and
Gs (L.) junctella at W itherslack]. Ent., March 1887, xx. 65 (also cf. Ent.
Mo. Mag., March 1887, xxiii. 233).
J. W. ToMLINSON. Notts.
Colias Edusa near Newark [several specimens, early in Sept. 1885]. Ent.,
Oct. 1885, xvill. 257.
W. H. TUGWELL. Lancashire.
Notes on the Crambi from Deal [and on Preston examples of Craméus con-
taminellus ; long note on their specific differentiation, with woodcut]. Ent.,
April 1886, xix. 75-78.
[W. H. TucwELt.] Lancashire.
{[Crambus contaminellus Herr.-Sch. non Hiib., Lancashire ; its specific deter-
mination.] Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1886, xxii. 268.
March 1888.

76 BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7.

[W. H.] TUGWELL. Durham.

[Exhibition of a varied series of Spilosoma menthastri Esp. bred from
Hartlepool eggs]. Ent., July 1886, xix. 190.

J. We Lerr. Lancashire.

Crambus contaminellus [from Lancashire and Sussex] in the Zeller Collection

[long note on nomenclature and specific differentiation]. Ent., April 1886,

PP: 73-75:
g eA Cb wes Yorkshire.
The Tephrosia discussion [with special reference to Harrison’s Barnsley
records of 7. dcundularia]. Ent., July 1886, p. 183.
J, Wie nen: Lancashire.
The Crambus contaminellus discussion; with description of Crambus

salinellus, mihi [founded on the Preston specimens, amongst others]. Ent.,
March 1887, xx. 52-57.

LW C eae ene Yorkshire, ? Durham.

Variation in Scoparia ingratella; and remarks on S. ambigualis and S.
atomalis [with references to S. dudbztalzs taken near Darlington, and to S.
ambigualis from Yorkshire]. Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1887, xxiv. 42-43.

A ee) ms re ahaes Yorkshire.
Acidalia promutata and Melanthia ocellata [the latter stated to be ‘double
brooded . . . certainly as far north as Yorkshire’]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,

Nov. 1887, xxiv. 133
JAMES W. TuTT. Lancashire.
The Lita Group of Gelechiidz [Messrs. Hodgkinson and Threlfall got

specimens on the Lancashire coast, referred to Lzta junctella, but probably
new].- Ent.; Nov. 1887, xx. 293.

HOWARD VAUGHAN. Isle of Man, Durham or Yorkshire.
[Variation of Cidaria immanata, C. suffumata and C. russata ; specimens
shown to Ent. Soc. Lond. from Isle of Man, and Darlington]. Trans. Ent.
Soc. Lond., May 5th, 1886, p. xix. ; also in Young Nat., June 1886, vii. 120;
Ent. Mo. Mag., June 1886, xxiii. 24; and Ent., June 1886, xix. 167.

HOWARD VAUGHAN. Yorkshire and ? Northumberland.
[Variation in Gnophos obscurata from various localities, including Yorkshire, .
Berwick-on-Tweed, etc.]. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., Dec. Ist, 1886, p. lvi. ;
Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1887, xxiii. 191; Ent., Jan. 1887, xx. 20; and Young
Nat-.7Jan., 1887,, vill. 13. ;

A. O. WALKER. Cheshire, Yorkshire.
Climatic Causes affecting the distribution of Lepidoptera in Great Britain
[the result showing the diminution of species in a N. W. direction and pointing

to a conclusion that moisture is against a rich lepidopterous fauna: the

comparisons made are between Yorkshire and Cheshire]. Proc. Chester Soc.
Nat. Sci., No. 3, 1885, pp. 62-68.

ALFRED O. WALKER. Cheshire.
Macrolepidoptera of the Chester District [An enumeration—-with localities
—of 37 butterflies, 18 sphinges, 56 bombyces, 184 noctuze, 165 geometers,
and 69 pyrales, 529 in all; some of them from the Welsh portion of the
district only]. Proc. Chester Soc. Nat. Sci., No. 3, 1885, pp. 69-85.

Lorp WALSINGHAM. Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumberland.
On some Probable Causes of a Tendency to Melanic Variation in
Lepidoptera of high latitudes [details of experiments with Yorkshire Zaxagra
cherophyllata (p. 124), and refers (p. 133) to melanic forms of Abraxas grossu-
lariata (Lancashire), Polia chi (Newcastle), and 7ephrosia crepuscularia and
7. biundularia Barnsley)]. Trans. Yorks. Nat. Union, Part 8, [1885] Sheets

D8 and Do, pp. 113-140.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : LEPIDOPTERA, 1885-6-7. ll

W. WARREN. Yorkshire.
‘Note on Dichrorampha tanaceti [and its synonymy, in course of which the
writer notes that he has bred D. Aerbosana in Yorkshire from roots of tansy
and yarrow, among which plants he also caught them flying in numbers |.
Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1885, xxi. 190-1.
WILLIAM WARREN. Lancashire or Furness..
Notes on the Species of Heinemann’s Family Chauliodide that occur in
England L“chmia profwgella Stn., abundant in Lancashire, where it has
been bred by Threlfall and Murray from Pimpinella saxifraga]. Ent. Mo.
Mag., Dec. 1887, xxiv. 147.
C. O. WATERHOUSE. ] Yorkshire.

[Sphinx convolvuli taken in Yorkshire, brought to British Museum, and
exhibited to Ent: Soc. Lond., Oct. 7th, 1885.] Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., Oct.
7th, 1885, p. xxv.; Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1885, xxii. 167.

A. H. WATERS. ‘North of England.’
Winter Moths [Chezmatobia boreata said to be abundant in the North of
England, but absent in Scotland]. Nat. World, Jan. 1886, p. 7.

[Mr. WELLMAN. ] ? Derbyshire.
[Agrotis cursoria from Burton-on-Trent, exhibited to South Lond. Ent. Soc.,
Aug. 25th, 1887]. Young Nat., Oct. 1887, viii. 198.

[Mr. WELLMAN. | . ? Derbyshire.

[Lobophora viretata Hb., from Burton-on-Trent, exhibited to South Lond.

Dai See, june 23rd, 1687.) Ent. Mo. Mag. Aug. 1387, xxiv. 71; Ent.,
Aug. 1887, xx. 215; and Young Nat., Aug. 1887, viii. 162.

[Mr. WELLMAN. | ? Derbyshire.

[Burton-on-Trent examples of Agrotis cursoria Bork., exhibited to South
Lond. Ent. Soc., Aug. 25th, 1887.] Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1887, xxiv. 119 ;
Bt Oct. 1887; Xx.287:.

TUFFEN WEs?. Lancashire.
Oak Egger Moth, Zastocampa Quercus [mentioning that an ento-
mologist carrying some females by train between Liverpool and Manchester,
several males dashed against the windows of the carriage, etc.]. Journ.

of Micr. and Nat. Sci., Jan. 1886, v. 45.

The Titles given above—264 in number—substantially represent
the work accomplished by lepidopterists during the three years 1885,
1886, and 1887, with the exception of such few Titles as may have
escaped the notice of the compilers of this Bibliography.

Titles of papers which have appeared in our own journal are
not given here, to save space and repetition, more especially as the
Index to Zhe Naturalist is compiled with a special view to con-
venience of reference.

The broad features of the lepidopterous work of the three years
may be summed up by a reference to the continued activity of the
Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Durham, and Yorkshire ento-
mologists, and the publication for the two first-named counties of
Dr. Ellis’s and Mr. A. O. Walker’s valuable county-lists ; the equal
activity of the Burton-on-Trent naturalists resulting also in a most
March 1888. 3

78 BOOK NOTICES.

excellent list for their district, which—so far as we are concerned
—includes much of Southern Derbyshire; and on the other hand
to the almost total neglect of Nottinghamshire and Northumber-
land. We trust future years may see a revival of entomological
activity in these counties, and more especially—if we may be
permitted to say so—in the case of Nottinghamshire, for which we
believe that a county catalogue of Lepidoptera is still a great
desideratum.

BOOK: NOTICES.

The Cat: its Natural History; Domestic Varieties;
Management and Treatment (with Illustrations). By Philip M.
Rule. With an essay on Feline Instinct, by Bernard Perez.
London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowrey & Co., 1887. 176 pages
in small 8vo., with plates.

The title sufficiently explains the general scope of this little book,
which—as the dedication to Mr. John Colam makes manifest—is
devoted to the humanitarian and popular, and not to the scientific
aspect of the subject. 2s BRED st

Lectures delivered before the Sunday Lecture Society,
Newcastle-on-Tyne. London: Walter Scott, 1887. Small 8vo.
This little volume includes seven lectures by some of our ablest
men. They are as follows: The Natural History of Instinct, by
G. J. Romanes, F.R.S.; Animal Life on the Ocean Surface, by Prof.
H. N. Moseley, M.A., F.R.S.; The Eye and its Work, by Litton
Forbes, M.D.; The Movements of Plants, by Ernest A. Parkyn, M.A.;
The Relations between Natural Science and Literature, by Prof. H.
Nettleship, M.A.; Facts and Fictions in Zoology, by Dr. Andrew
Wilson, F.R.S.E.; and The Animals that make Limestone, by Dr. P.
Herbert Carpenter, F.R.S.—each lecture being separately paged.

Pore

The Young Collector’s Handbook of Ants, Bees, Dragon-
flies, Earwigs, Crickets, and Flies (Hymenoptera, Neuroptera,
Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera). By W. Harcourt Bath.
London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1888. Small 8vo., 108
pages, with numerous woodcuts.

The woodcuts in this little book are well calculated to give a
preliminary idea of the leading types of the insects belonging to the
groups specified, and—may we venture to hope—to excite an interest
in them and a desire to know more about them than Mr. Bath’s little
volume (from its limited capacity as compared with the vast numerical
extent of the orders on which it treats) can supply. Should even one
earnest student of the future date his first impulse from this work, it
will not have been published in vain. Nanraliee

79

NOTES ON AND ADDITIONS TO
THE AVI-FAUNA OF UPPER TEESDALE.

J. BACKHOUSE, Jun., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.

SINCE writing the article on this subject, which appeared in Zhe
Naturalist of October and November 1885, a few more species have
been added to the list, and other strangers have also been reported
but unfortunately not identified.

Last summer the writer spent a considerable amount of time in
the Tees Valley, but, though constantly on the look-out for birds,
comparatively little of interest was noted. The following diary extracts
may, however, be of value, so are given for what they are worth.

June 4th.—Dipper’s nest, with two perfectly fresh eggs, found at
Cauldron Snout—the nest placed within reach of any heavy flood,
such as are so frequently caused by severe thunderstorms.

June 6th.—Heard a Dipper singing beautifully as z¢ ew past me;
a pretty warbling kind of song.

June 24th.—A Peregrine Falcon seen by my father flying over
from Yorkshire off Mickle Fell.

June 27th.—Whinchat heard producing a most peculiar note, just
like the scream of a young hawk, though, of course, not so loud.
When at length caught sight of, the bird was seated on the topmost
spray of a small hazel-bush, and could be seez calling. It was
evidently a note of alarm, but one quite new to me. Every now and
then it made ordinary remarks, and then the call would be repeated.
Nor was this the first time this call had been heard, for on two or
three previous occasions, whilst passing by the same place, similar
cries were noted, but were supposed to be those of a Sparrow Hawk
at a distance.

June 29th.—Examined a Gannet which had strayed on to Cross
Fell during the spring migration.

The stuffer also reported a Green Sandpiper killed by the ‘ Wheal’
in August or September 1884, by Mr. Charlesworth, of Wakefield.
As this occurrence was likewise reported by another reliable person,
there can be little doubt as to its authenticity.

July 6th.—Was shown by Mr. Wearmouth an adult Pochard,
which had been captured by his uncle in 1868, at California Dam.

Besides the three last-named birds, which are ail new to the
Teesdale list, I have examined (through the kindness of Mr. Wear-
mouth) a Common Scoter and a Great Grey Shrike, the property
March 1888.

80 FLIGHT OF BIRDS ON THE SOLWAY.

of Mr. W. Lea, of Newbeggin. The former was killed in one of the
large pools below Winch Bridge; and the latter, picked up defunct
on Cronkley Scar (Yorkshire), was erroneously recorded in my
previous paper as the Red-backed species.

In August 1886 a pair of Whimbrel passed close to us at Green
Hurth Mine, a thick scotch mist prevailing at the time. They were
evidently migrating, for nothing more was either seen or heard of
them. '

The Red-backed Shrike has again been seen by Mr. Wearmouth,
(1887) haunting the old spot by the river-side, but he has searched
in vain for its nest.

The Spotted Flycatcher has been wonderfully plentiful this last
summer in the Tees Valley. Some dozen or so of nests came under
my own notice, and others were reported to me.

Mr. C. Dowson, one of the oldest ‘ watchers’ in the valley, informs
me that the Dotterel used to arrive on Cross Fell in -fine seasons at

the end of April or the beginning of May. Dunlins, Common.

Sandpipers, and Curlews all appear, he says, in April usually.

In a letter from Mr. J. Cordeaux, dated from Barnard Castle,
September 17th, 1887, after having spent some days at High Force,
he writes :—‘I am tolerably certain I Zeard the note of the Crossbill
on the first morning I was there, but I never subsequently heard it
or caught sight of the bird, although I frequently examined from our
window and the road the tree tops with a glass. Crossbills were
crossing Heligoland in some numbers in July’ (see Zhe Naturalist,
1885, Pp. 3598).

In a subsequent letter Mr. Cordeaux also mentions having noticed
a small party of Siskins on a mountain ash near the Force.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Remarkable Flight of Birds on the Solway.—The following extract
from my notes may be of service :—‘‘ Sunday, December 12th, 1886. Weather
extremely cold, the thermometer lower than at any previous date during
the year. Brisk gale from N.N.E.; atmosphere hazy with intermittent snow
showers. At daybreak noticed a very remarkable flight of birds on the English
shore of the Solway Firth at Flimby. The bulk of the flight, probably nine-
tenths of the whole, consisted of Skylarks, the rest being made up of occasional
troops of Starlings, Redwings, and Plovers, both green and golden. The birds,
except the Golden Plovers, were flying quite low, barely clearing the roofs of the
dwelling-houses. Their tails were turned towards the storm, and their line of
flight was almost parallel with the beach. The flight was, observed first. about
8.30 a.m., and continued, with very slight intermission, until the commencement
of divine service at 10.30. How much longer it lasted I cannot say definitely,
but at midday only stragglers appeared. Taking the duration of the flight as
extending over two and a half hours, and assuming that 100 birds crossed the
observer's line of vision in every minute—a moderate estimate I am persuaded—
we arrive at an aggregate of 15,000 birds passing during the morning. ’—
W. Honcson, A.L.s., Flimby, Maryport, Nov. 17th, 1887.

Naturalist,

THE RUDSTONE.

Rev. E. MAULE COLE, M.A.,
Vicar of Wetwang; President of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union ;

Author of ‘ Scandinavian Place Nanies, etc.

THE great monolith at Rudston near Bridlington, in the East Riding,
is one of the most remarkable boulders in Yorkshire. Its dimensions
are—length, from 45 ft. to 50 ft.; breadth, 5 ft. 10 in.; thickness,
2 ft. 3 in.; whilst the estimated weight is said to be 46 tons. It is
a species of grit, finer grained than the Millstone Grit of the West
Riding, and similar to the Grits of the Lower Oolite found on the
watershed of the North Eastern moorlands. For many hundreds of
years it has been standing erect on the brow of a low hill, beneath
which meet, at a right angle, two dales, one extending southwards
from the great Wold Valley, the other passing eastwards to Bridlington
Bay. Half of it is buried in the ground, and it is self-evident that
it was erected artificially. Rumour says that it formed one of three
similar erect stones or menhirs, but there is not the shghtest evidence
of this, beyond the fact that a few small stones of similar grit may
be detected in the walls of some buildings adjacent. The probability
is, that when this large stone was stranded, smaller ones of a similar
character, and from the same source, were stranded with it. The
larger one was seized upon and erected by the primitive inhabitants
as a memorial or. monument of some departed hero; the lesser ones
were left, to meet eventually with a less noble but perhaps more
useful fate. If this be true, the stone is a doc ferché, in other words,
an erratic, carried by ice, and stranded on an eminence similar to
those found in the Jura.

The great glacier which crept along the East coast of Yorkshire,
may not have extended so far inland as Rudston, but floating ice
might easily have borne the boulder up the dale from Bridlington,
and the projecting nab at the sharp turn of the valley would be just
the place where we should expect it to get stranded. Its original
home must be looked for at the Peak, or other portions of the Oolitic
Cliffs, whence it was torn away, and gently carried to its present
position. When once erected by human hands, it might have been
a seat of worship, long before the present church was built close to
it, and it seems to have given the name to the village, which
subsequéntly clustered round the foot of the hill. The terminal
‘stan’ (Rodestan, as it occurs in Domesday) is clearly to be
distinguished from the ordinary ‘ton,’ and the village should be
Rudstone, not Rudston. (The spelling in Domesday, A.D. :08o-
March 1888,

82 MISCELILANEOUS NOTES.

1086, is Rodestain, Rodestan, and Rodestein. In Kirkby’s Inquest,
A.D. 1277, it is Ruddestan, Rudestane, and Rudstane). Rudd was
a common Icelandic personal name, and, under ordinary circum-
stances, Rudston would be perfectly correct to designate the enclosure
(tun) of a man of that name; but the spelling in Domesday Book, as
also in Kirkby’s Inquest, clearly points to the word ‘stan’ or ‘stone.’
It may have been Rudd’s Stone (Ruddestan). But here again the old
spelling suggests an alternative, for it is ‘Rodestan.’ Hence some
have imagined that ‘rode’ meant ‘ red,’ though the stone is not red ;
others that it meant ‘rood’ as in rood-screen and rood-loft. The
writer thinks that the first part of the word may mean ‘famous’ from
‘hrod’ Icelandic for fame or renown, and that the name was given by
the Danes when they saw, and wondered at the great stone, already
erected by earlier inhabitants.

On the wolds we find V-shaped hollow ways leading from one |

point to another, now for the most part filled up ‘by the gradual
accumulation of soil,and only showing a slight terrace on a dale side.
These represent ancient British tracks. In the face of a chalk
quarry, one hundred yards or less from the monolith, there is an
appearance of such a hollow V-shaped way, 5 ft. in depth, from
which the writer has obtained oyster-shells and bones of great age.
The direction of this hollow is straight for the monolith, but till
further excavations are made it is unwise to build any theory upon it.
Meanwhile, the stone itself may well be brought before the notice of
the Boulder Committee, as having, probably, more interest attached
to it than any other boulder in the county.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

The Supposed Yorkshire Nepticula tormentille ; and the occurrence of
another Species New to the County.—Mr. Eustace RK. Bankes informs me that
the Yorkshire locality where he took the supposed larvee of Wepticula tormentille
(Nat. xii. pp. 12 and 59) in October last. is Ingleborough (Clapham); and that both
in 1886 and 1887 he also found rather commonly round Ingleborough larvee of
Lithocolletis sorbiella Frey (= aucupariella Scott), and bred the perfect insect
last spring. He also found the same species sparingly at Richmond, Yorkshire.
It has not hitherto been recorded for the county. But it now seems clear (Ent.
Mo. Mag., xxiv. 187) that the supposed WV. tormentilie from the Yorkshire
and Westmorland moors is not that species at all, but an entirely new one, for
which we still want a name.—GEo. T. PorRITT, Huddersfield, Feb. 13th, 1888.

NOTE—MAMMALIA.

Otter in Lincolnshire.—In 7he Lincoln, Rutland, and Stamford Mercury of
27th January, 1888, it is stated that a fine dog-otter (Lztva vulgaris) was found in
Dunston Fen on Monday, the 23rd of January, on the farm of Mr. James Clifton.
It was captured on the banks of the Carr-dyke and is now in the possession of
Mr. J. Smith, chemist, Lincoln.—Jas. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, Feb. 6th, 1888.

Naturalist,

« SES. Pies om

83
THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT HATFIELD CHACE.

In glorious weather the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union held their last
excursion for 1887 on September a2ist, at Hatfield. It was
originally intended that the September meeting should take the form
of a ‘fungus foray,’ but after the extraordinarily dry summer, and
after consulting an eminent mycologist, it was anticipated that fungi
would be unusually scarce objects this autumn, and the executive
deemed it advisable at the last possible moment to once more post-
pone the fungus hunt for another year, and substitute for it an
ordinary excursion. Hatfield, in the extreme south-west of the West
Riding, was the spot selected, and the district marked out for investi-
gation was that broad expanse of moorland, nine square miles in
extent, known as Hatfield Chace. The choice was a happy one, for
not only was the hunting-ground unlimited in extent, but practically
the district hitherto had been unexplored. Shortly before nine o’clock
the bulk of the naturalists alighted at Stainforth Station, and wended
their way to the village of Hatfield, about one mile distant. Hatfield
contains a fine church, and is a real type of a Yorkshire village. In
due time the party arrived at the village, and caused no little conster-
nation among the inhabitants, who gazed in curiosity at the visitors
as they marched through with their vasculums, bags, hammers, and
other paraphernalia. It was evident that something unusual was
expected, for at the meeting-place—the Blue Bell—was suspended
from the uppermost window an immense ‘ Union Jack,’ a true indi-
cation that meant business. A small party intent upon botany,
conchology, and ornithology, set out immediately, and_ hastily
hurried along country roads and lanes to the ‘ Chace,’ where collect-
ing commenced in good earnest. The others, after being augmented,
followed later, under the leadership of Mr. T. J. Hasselby, of
Doncaster. A few under the guidance of Mr. J. M. Kirk, also of
Doncaster, more leisurely made their way to some brick-ponds a
short distance away, where they succeeded in fishing up some of the
most magnificent microscopic objects of the lower orders of animal
and plant life. After awhile two of the parties came in contact with
each other near to Lindholme Hall, and, as they lunched, discussed
what had been collected or observed. One had all but trod on a
viper, and filled his box with fungi of various sizes and kinds.
Another had got a number of rare plants and large caterpillars.
Some had got nothing, and it was thought desirable that the southern
portion of the Chace and the banks of the river Torne should be
examined, from thence to return by way of the large drains to Hatfield.

A party of four undertook this task. The remainder either visited
March 1888.

$4 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HATFIELD CHACE.

some so-called erratic boulders at Lindholme, or went two miles
turther to examine a warp pit—a large sheet of water covering about
sixteen acres. The party of four struck due south across a vast
purple-clad heath, now and again stopping to collect a rare plant,
then deviating a little to the left to see something unusual that one
of them had just detected in the insect way, or winding more to the
left still to gather some bright-coloured fungi. After walking for about
an hour and a half in this fashion, it began to be monotonous, and
also swampy. What puzzled them was the south extremity of the
moor seemed to be as far off as ever; they were evidently lost. Under
the circumstances it was thought advisable to strike out for a
village that lay to the right, which they did. A little further and on
the edge of the moor, was observed a woman gathering blackberries,
from whom was learned, to their astonishment, that the village was
Wroot, in Lincolnshire, and several miles from Hatfield. A trap
was sought up, and in a few minutes the party were driving at a rapid
rate back to Yorkshire. ‘They alighted in a good district, a mile
or two over the border, and in a capital collecting ground. Several
interesting objects were dredged up from the large drains, and no
few plants of various kinds were collected from the adjoining culti-
vated fields. After all the misadventures of the party, however, they
were amply compensated later on by some good finds. It was
not long before the Union Jack was sighted at Hatfield, and it
was soon found that all the dust-stained naturalists had assembled,
and were ready for the excellent repast, which was duly served
by the host. After tea sectional meetings were held, at which reports
were drawn up of the work done during the day. ‘The general
meeting was beld in the Parochial Meeting Room, within the vicarage
grounds, kindly lent for the occasion by the Vicar, who had beautified
the room by several cases of stuffed birds and animals captured in
the district, and including two Polecats, Black Game (that, doubtless,
had been naturalised in that district), and Stockdove. The chair
was occupied by Dr. Erskine-Stuart, of Staincliffe. On calling the roll
of Societies, it was found that the members present represented the
following twelve Societies: Bradford (two Societies), Leeds (four),
Heckmondwike, York, Dewsbury, Goole, Hull, and Doncaster.
Mr. G. H. Caton Haigh, of Grainsby Hall, Lincolnshire, was duly
elected a Member of the Union. A vote of thanks was accorded
Mr. C. Wright, the Hon. Mrs. Meynell-Ingram, and Mr. A. I. Wells
for allowing the members to visit their estates; to Messrs. Batty, Kirk,
and Hasselby for acting as guides; and to the Vicar for the use of
the Parochial Meeting Room. The Vicar, in responding to the vote,
made some observations on his exhibits.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HATFIELD CHACE. 85

Mr. W. E. Clarke, F.L.S., in reporting for the Vertebrate Section,
stated that 21 species of birds had been observed, including 14 resi-
dents, and seven summer visitors. Noteworthy amongst them was
the Stonechat, a bird very locally distributed in Yorkshire, and the Hen
Harrier, a dead specimen of which had been picked up on the moors.

Mr. W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., in reporting for the Conchological
Section, observed that 21 species of Mollusca had been collected,
18 of which were fresh-water species, including Limnea glabra
(abundant in one of the drains), Spherium lacustre, Valvata cristata,
etc., and three terrestrial species. The district was remarkably
deficient in land species.

In the absence of the secretary of the Entomological Section,
Mr. Roebuck also stated that a number of insects had been reported.
‘The most interesting finds were larvee of Emperor Moth, Fox Moth,
Eubolia cervinaria, several moths, and a number of fine caterpillars
of Zrichiosoma vitelline.

For the Botanical Section, Mr. P. Fox Lee, phanerogamic
secretary, the only officer of the section present, reported that the
botanical members had had a rare field-day. At this late period of
the year and especially after the prolonged hot summer, it could not
be expected that very many of the phanerogams would be noticed in
bloom, and there was little to add to the known flora of this part of
South West Yorkshire. Compensating somewhat for the scarcity of
plants in bloom, a sight long to be remembered was the profuse
fruiting of the blackberries, the oak, the guelder rose, the dog rose
(Rosa lutetiana Leman),and the hawthorn. On the heather-clad
expanse of Hatfield Chace, a wild primeval bog, also on the banks
of the dikes and drains, several of the typical peat-loving plants were
observed. The best plant ‘find’ on the Chace was Azdromeda
polifolia .., a rare member of the Zvicacee, with pink, waxy globose
flowers. It was fairly abundant, scattered among the Ling and
Cross-leaved Heath. A diligent search was made for the three
British Sundews, all of which occur on the adjoining larger tract of
Thorne Waste, but only one of them, Drosera rotundifolia L., was
found. ‘There were fine fruiting bushes of AZyrica gale L. on the
Chace, but not a trace of Osmunda regalis L., once said to grow
here in thickets (quite likely places), could be made out. Besides
these, on the Chace proper, the following species worthy of mention
were seen far advanced in the ‘sere and yellow leaf’:—L£prlodium
angustifolium V.., Rhynchospora alba Vahl., and Eriophorum vagina-
tum. In the drains and on the peaty banks of ditches occurred
Stellaria aquatica Scopoli, Stellaria glauca With. (H. Payne), Hyvdro-
cotyle vulgaris \.., Hippuris vulgaris L., Potamogeton pusillus var.
March 1888.

+

86 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HATFIELD CHACE.

tenutssima WKoch., a barren Myriophyllum, and the Cyperus Sedge
Carex pseudocyperus L. Four ardent members started on a bee-line
(as they thought) across the undrained part of the Chace, from near
Lindholme, intending to reach Hatfield in time, of course, for the
meat tea. Unfortunately for them, in spite of compass and ordnance
maps, they thoughtlessly persisted in steering south instead of west.
One of them tumbled into a bog-hole, too, and had to shout to his
companions for assistance. Perhaps it was mainly owing to their
being so bent on finding the Dvoseras, or to their searching so
carefully for rare fungi, that they forgot to take the bearings often
enough on this flat stretch of marshy country. However, they
eventually found themselves at Wroot in Lincolnshire, nearly nine
miles from Hatfield! The order was now given by the conchologist
who was in command, that nothing pertaining to natural history must
be noted here, as Lincolnshire had no claims upon the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union. But the ‘botanologists,’ not to be scared by
such peremptory orders, at once proceeded to a practical study of a
certain foreign plant of the So/anacee, that species known so well by
its fragrant aroma, viz., /Vicotiana tabacum, specimens of which were
not far to seek. This unofficial visit to Wroot was the means, after
all, of getting botanical information both interesting and amusing.
During the day there had been noticed in several places, and
specimens gathered for winter use, the fairy-ring fungus, A/arasmius
oreades, called the Champignon. A meadow, bordering this
Lincolnshire village, patterned over with ‘rings’ of the choice edible
‘toad-stool’ presented such an interesting sight that one would have
been sorry to have missed it. The amusing part of the affair was
this—a native, on being asked his opinion as to the occurrence of
toad-stools in ring clusters in the meadow yonder, said, ‘they grew
that way where horses had rolled’! It is averred in some districts,
that hedgehogs have something to do with the appearance of this
fungoid growth, by ‘running in circles,’ and the fairies are believed
to hold their revels within the circles on the night before full moon.
Be this as it may, however, the ‘Wroot’ definition of the botanical
matter in question was elucidated in a new fashion. In a little while
a conveyance was obtained, and the explorers were driven with all
despatch over the Yorkshire borders again, to within four miles of
Hatfield. The conchologists at once commenced dredging in the
drains for shells—although a shooting party who looked over the
hedge said ‘they were catching minnows’; and the botanologists to
recording the growth of hedge-row, stubble-field and broad road-side,
as if nothing out of the usual ‘routine’ had happened. The best of
these observations were Papaver dubium L., Spergularia rubra Pers.,

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HATFIELD CHACE. 87

Erodium cicutarium Vi Heérit., Rubus suberectus (var. fissus?), Dipsacus
sylvestris L., Scleranthus annuus L., and Hordeum murinum \..,
Senecio sylvaticus LL. was very fine and abundant in the sandy lanes
bordering the Chace. The total number of observations on marking
‘the London Catalogue was found to be 142.

Mr. H. T. Soppitt supplemented the botanical report by stating
that about thirty species of fungi were collected on or near the
Chace, including Ag. (Mycena) leptocephala Pers., Ag. (Psilocybe)
ericeus Pers., Cort. (Lelamonia) limonius ¥r., Cort. (Dermocyéve)
cinnamomeus Vr., Cort. (Hygrocybe) castaneus Fr., Lactarius subdulcts
Fr., L. rufus ¥r., L. glyctosmus Fr., Marasmius oreades (abundant),
‘Calocera viscosa Fy., Phragmidium rubt Pers., P. violaceum Schl.,
Rhytisma andromede Fr., and Hypoxylon concentricum Grev.

For the Geological Section Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., secretary,
reported that the excursion presented a fine field for the microscopists
and botanists (promoted now to the rank of botanologists!), but left,
as was thought, comparatively little for the geologists to do. No
welcome escarpment or delightful quarry welcomed the eyes of the
hammermen, and long did their well-used tools hang idly by their
sides. Still, the day was not without charm, and, indeed, profit also ;
an Opportunity was presented of viewing a wide extent of primeval
bog, and also of being informed how this was changed into fertile land.
The party, under the guidance of Messrs. Rimes and Batty, set out
in the direction of Lindholme, passing through the village of Hatfield
Woodhouse on the way. In every direction could be seen long straight
drains and dikes, the work of the old Dutch engineers, who, in the
fens and bogs of this district, found ample scope for their special
talents, and gave the locality a strong resemblance to their own
Holland over the sea. The transformation of heath and morass into
fertile and profitable land was explained to be by the process of
‘warping ; that is, the tidal rivers are allowed to overflow the peat
levels, until the fine silt held in suspension is deposited. ‘The waters
are then dammed out and the process repeated, when a thick deposit
of fine impalpable mud is gradually laid down; this being worked
into the land produces a rich and fertile soil. The sand and mud
composing this warp originates from the wasting of the cliffs and
shores of Holderness, and is brought down by the Humber. More
silt is carried into the rivers by the tide than is brought down by
them.. Mr. Sollit stated some years ago that in a gallon of water
taken from the Humber when it was agitated by the tide there were
from 315 to 320 grains of this fine deposit, some of it so exceedingly
fine that it did not settle to the bottom of a vessel after a space

of ten hours. ‘This silt was analysed, and a sample taken off Brough
March 1888. _

88 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT HATFIELD CHACE.

consisted of moderately fine sand, 77 parts; alumina, 6; carbonate
of lime, 6 ; carbonate of magnesia, 1 ; soluble salts, 2; oxide of iron,
2; and organic matter, 6. A local geologist (Dr. Arbuckle) stated
that the usual sequence of the beds in the district of Hatfield Chace
were—(r) the warp already alluded to; (2) peat, with the remains of
an ancient forest at the base; (3) sand; (4) shiny laminated clay 5
and (5) gravel and sand. The Triassic Sandstones, capped with recent
gravel, rise here and there as bosses. Near Lindholme the only
section seen during the day was examined ; this was a gravel-pit, the
gravel resting upon a bed of sand, almost consolidated into stone,
and having the name of ‘pan sand.’ The boulders and pebbles
extracted from the gravel were of great variety, and very interesting
from this reason. Specimens of sedimentary rocks, as magnesian
limestone, carboniferous sandstones of various kinds, gannister and
millstone grit ; rocks of volcanic or igneous origin, as porphyry and
basalt, and other rocks such as quartzite, vein quartz, black flints,
and chert were obtained. There is little doubt that these gravels are
re-arranged glacial deposits, washed from the waste of the till or
boulder clay during some of the post-glacial submergences. It
should be stated that two of the pieces of gannister found showed
most plainly the well-known markings of stigmaria. A short walk
brought the party to the perfectly solitary mansion of Lindholme
Hall; a visit to which was, perhaps, the chief object of the geological
section. ‘There are two celebrated boulders on the west front of the
hall, and it was for their examination that the visit was made. By
the courtesy of Mr. Wright, they were accurately measured by Mr.
Brownridge, F.G.S., and other particulars obtained, in accordance
with the schedule issued by the Yorkshire Boulder Committee. One
boulder was undoubtedly of millstone grit, the other was more
dubious, and a small chipping was kindly permitted from it for future
determination and report. The name of the traditional William of
Lindholme (about whom so many legends were related) is connected
with these boulders, but, as usual, in a mythical manner. A long
walk along dike-banks and grass-grown lanes had to be made before
arrival at Hatfield.

For the Section of Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany, the secretary,
Mr. J. M. Kirk, of Doncaster, reported that the following forms had
been met with:—EnrTomostraca: Daphnia pulex, Cyclops guadrt-
cornis, Diaptomus castor, Eurycercus lamellatus, Canthocamptus
minutus. INFUSORIA: Loxodes bursaria, Lindia torulosa, Chetonarus
larus, Pterodina patina, Stentor mulleri, Paramecium aurelia, Actino-
phrys sol, Trachelocera viridis, Amphileptus fasciola, Coleps hirtus,
Dileptus foltum, Acomia vitrea, Urostyla grandis, Vorticella nebulifera,

Naturalist,

ASHFORD: VERTIGO ANGUSIIOR IN YORKSHIRE. 89

V. epistylis, V. carchestum. Rovaroria: Rotifer vulgare, Digtlena
lacustris, Fydatina senta, Lindta torulosa, Anurea curvicornts.
Hypra: Aydra vulgaris. DIATOMACEA: WVavicula cuspidata, Pleuro-
sigma (varieties), Arustulia olivacea, Fragilaria capucina, Nitzschia
sigmoidea, Cymatopleura solea, Cocconema lanceolatum, Duiatoma
vulgare, Diadesmis confervacea, Gomphonema acuminatum, Pinnularia
nobilis, LDJESMIDIACEA: Closterium acerosum, C. moniliferum, Cosma-
rium margaritferum. CONFERVOID ALGA: Volvox globator (abundant).

The usual vote of thanks terminated the proceedings, after which
most of the members. betook themselves to the station for their
respective destinations. A few remained, being desirous of learning
more particulars of Hatfield eccentricities, and were successful in
gaining much valuable information. On leaving the village some of
the natives gave three ringing cheers for the naturalists. This
terminated the last excursion for 1887, and it can truly be said that
the meeting was both a successful and an enjoyable one, and will long
be remembered.

ANOTHER YORKSHIRE LOCALITY FOR
VERTIGO ANGUSTIOR.

CHARLES ASHFORD,
Christchurch, Hants; one of the Referees to the Conchological Soctety.

HAVING occasion a few days ago to look through my series of V.
pusilla, taken by myself in Went Vale 1851-4, I detected among
them a single example of V7. angustior, which was at once submitted
to Messrs. Taylor and Nelson. Its correct identification being
beyond dispute, there remains only the question of evidence as to
locality. These after-finds in the cabinet are nghtly looked upon
with some suspicion, and I should not have ventured to claim a
formal record in this case had not the evidence in favour of Went
Vale been unusually strong. For it happens that the shell in question
is the only example of V. augustior, in a recent state, that has ever
come into my hands ; moreover, I have never taken V. pusz//a else-
where than in Went Vale nor received it from any correspondent at
home or abroad, and all my examples of that species have occupied
the same box for more than thirty years. ‘These facts appear to me
to preclude the possibility of error by misplacement. The locality
recorded by Mr. Backhouse, viz., Milford, is about ten miles N.N.W.
of Went Vale.

March 1888

90°

APPROXIMATE CONVERSION NUMBERS
FOR THE: USE. OF~ NATURAEIST®sS.

J. S. WOOD,

Nyborg, Denmark.

THE reduction-tables at the end of Mr. Ridgway’s book on ‘ Colour’
are certainly very complete and useful, but a simpler method of

reduction for the several measures would have been very welcome to

many naturalists.

I have myself often felt the want of such an

approximate method of reduction, and have for some time used a

table of my own working-out for that purpose.

liberty of enclosing for publication.

TO: CONVERT

English inches to millimeters
Millimeters to English inches =
Lines (p.d.r.) to eighths of. English wen
Eighths of English inch to Lines 5 der}
Lines to millimeters

or a little more accurate
Millimeters to Lines

or a little more accurate
Swedish inches to English inches
English inches to Swedish inches
Leipsic inches to English inches...
English inches to Leipsic inches...
English inches to Danish inches...
Danish inches to English inches... ise
Danish eighths of an inch to millimeters
Millimeters to Danish eighths of an inch
Twentieths of English inch to millimeters
Millimeters to twentieths of English inch
Sixteenths of English inch to millimeters
Millimeters to sixteenths of English inch
Twelfths of English inch to millimeters
Millimeters to twelfths of English inch
Tenths of English inch to millimeters .
Millimeters to tenths of English inch ...

EXAMPLES.

Reduce 5} English inches to millimeters.
Reduce 1440 lines (p.d.r.) to millimeters.
(first method)
Or 39 33 23 3° -
(second method).
Reduce 120 tenths of an English inch to millimeters.
Reduce 240 twentieths
Reduce 6 Sw edish inches to vet meee
= 748°6269-—5 =149°72538 millimeters.

525 5°25 X127=
1440 X 115=16560°0+5:

120 X 127
aa 240 X 127 = 30480—I00=
6X 37=222+38=5°894 English inches.

This table I take the

multiply by 127 and divide by 5

33 5 ” 127
33 32 23 45
> 45 > 32
Iis 3S 51
29 69°53 30°8
> si 32 II5
308, 69°5
37 ” 38
; 38 37
= 56 = 52
52 s 56
> 34 29 35
> 35 29 34
: 85 - 26
: 26 33 85
> 127 = Too
Too 5 127
5 127 iy So
: aye) 43 127
‘ 127 = 60
: 60 ” 127
> 127 5 50
: 50 55 127
666°75+5=133°35 millimeters.
= 3247°0 millimeters
) Correct,

1440 X 69°5 = 100080"°0+30°8 = 3240°3 millimeters | 3248°48.

=15240--50=304°8 millimeters.
304°8 millimeters.
5°8947 X 127

Naturalist,

gi
LAND AND FRESH-WATER MOLLUSCA OF
UPPER AIREDALE, YORKSHIRE.

H. T: SOPPITT anv J. W. CARTER,
Ex-Presidents of the Bradford Naturalists Society.

SOME years ago the Bradford Naturalists’ Society mapped out a
portion of the North-West Riding of Yorkshire for the purpose of
investigating its fauna and flora. ‘The district thus mapped out
includes (1) the Yorkshire portion of the Lune drainage; (2) the
Ribble drainage, Yorkshire portion; (3) the drainage of the
Wharfe from its source to its junction with the Washburn below
Otley; and (4) the drainage of the Aire from its source to the
boundary of Leeds Borough. During the last few years the Aire-
dale portion of the district has been most assiduously worked for
mollusca, as the following list shows, and it would be interesting
for comparison if conchologists investigating the more eastern
portion of the valley would publish the results of their work in the
pages of Zhe Naturalist.

The river Aire has its*source at Malham Tarn, a large sheet of
water covering 153 acres, which is fed by a number of small streams
having their origin on Fountains Fell and Hard Flask. The whole
of the district down towards Skipton is of a Limestone character—
Mountain Limestone and Yoredale; beyond, to the limit of our
district it is chiefly Millstone Gnit.

Owing to the comparative absence of stagnant ponds, dykes, etc.,
several common species, which might be expected to occur, are
apparently absent, e.g., Physa fontinalis, Valvata cristata, etc.; and
to the land species Acme lineata and Achatina acicula may possibly
yet be added. The list is mainly the combined work of the following
members of the Bradford Naturalists’ Society—Messrs. J. Beanland,
J. A. Hargreaves, M.C.S., F. Rhodes, M.C.S., W. West, F.L.S., and
the writers; when otherwise the recorders’ names are given. To Mr.
Hargreaves we are specially indebted for valuable assistance rendered
in the compilation of the list, and to Mr. James Ellison of Steeton
for information concerning that portion of the district.

For the examination of critical forms our thanks are due to
Messrs. John W. Taylor, Ex-President of the Conchological Society,
meewenison Roebuck, F.L.S!, and George Roberts, M.C.S., of
Lofthouse. Every species and variety mentioned in the list, without
recorder’s name being attached, has been verified by one of the three
last-named gentlemen, or by ourselves. The arrangement followed
is that of the Conchological Society’s List of British Land and Fresh-
water Mollusca, 1883.

March 1888.

Q2 SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA.

MOLLUSCA AQUATILIA.
CONCHIFERA.
SPHERIDE.

Spherium corneum L. Abundant and generally distributed.
Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Manningham, Saltaire, Bingley,
Apperley and Calverley; ditch near Bingley; pond near
Cottingley Bridge ; Malham Tarn.

Var. flavescens Macgill. Canal, Saltaire.

Var. nucleus Stud. Common in Frizinghall Dam; canal,
Calverley ; not uncommon in Malham Tarn, 1883 (Roebuck
and Butterell).

Sphzrium rivicola Leach. In great abundance in Leeds and
Liverpool Canal, but being chiefly an inhabitant of the mud at
the bottom, is seldom obtained by dredging. Saltaire, Gilstead,
Thackley, and near Apperley. :

Var. compressa Pasc. Apperley, 1887.

Sphzrium lacustre Mill. Generally distributed and fairly
common. Pond on Baildon Green; canal, Saltaire; ditch,
Dowley Gap, near Bingley; pond at Bradford Moor; dam at
Greengates; pond at Calverley ; pond at Rilstone; Esholt
(A. Hartley).

Var. brochoniana Bourg. Ditch, Dowley Gap; pond, Brad-
ford Moor.

Var. ryckholtii Norm. Pond, Baildon Moor; Esholt (A. Hartley).

Pisidium amnicum Mill. Local, and by no means common.
Canal, Saltaire; Bingley, Apperley, Malham Tarn-

Pisidium fontinale Drap. Common and generally distributed.
Ponds, Bradford Moor; near Apperley, fine and plentiful;
ditches, Calverley, Thackley, Tong Park, Hawksworth; Canal
near Esholt ; Airton and Malham, in bogs.

Var. henslowana Shepp. Canal near Esholt ; ditch, Thackley.

Var. pulchella Jenyns. Pond, Bradford Moor.

Var. cinerea Alder. Shipley Glen, Baildon Moor.

Pisidium pusillum Gmelin. Common and generally distributed.
Pond, Bradford Moor; bog, Shipley Glen, numerous; Baildon
Moor ; ditch, Dowley Gap ; Thackley ; stream, Calverley ; bog,
Cullingworth; not uncommon in Malham Tarn, September 1883
(Roebuck and Butterell).

Var. obtusalis. Bog, Shipley Glen.
Pisidium nitidum Jenyns. Bingley {J. oe Trans. Y.N.U.).
MAK 1988

Naturalist,

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List of Hymenoptera occurring near Kirton-in-Lindsey.—C. F. Georce.
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An Entomological pape aon to North Wales and the Isle of Man.—
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List of the Flora of Wensleydale.—Joun Percivat, B.A.

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Bibliography of Geology and Paleontology for 1886

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Lists of the Mosses and Hepatics of Westmoriand.—Gero. STaBier.

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Contents:
PAGE
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Upper Airedale, Yorkshire—Z. 7. Sofpztt and
Poi karter ©, .. 93 to to2
An Entomological Expedition te North Wales and the isle of Man—Geo. Bs
EOTIILy BielisS i LES. eet AL re .. 103 tO 107
Meuleate Hiisenbptera in North Gacoloshire=e Fr. Boies. M. R. C.S. : ae 107 |
Some Recent Bird-Books (Review)—Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S. i: x .. to8 to 110 '
_ Lincoinshire Marsh and Water Plants—fev. William Fowler, M.A. ; a TEDLOUULA
_ The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: 26th Annual Report Ht Es a .. I15 to 119 4
|| The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Meeting at Malton .. a .. 120 t0 123
mueetnotiame Thomas Lister 6. ee rg & 04
|| Note—Cryptogamia .. ; ‘- ays 102
Polystichum angulare in N arth 1 Reniishive Soe Baidiey Mason: |
Notes—Lepidoptera .. F 110 & 114 4
The Locality for certain ae aes deers Moths. ssitracked By he Lifeitvina
tions of Lincoln Cathedral—W. W. Fowler. 4
Note—Mammalia and Fishes .. i Se a = ie Be! 114 }
: Whale at Flamborough—Mat thew Barley. j
Note—Coleoptera..... ie A A 8 f x 119 |
Quedius longicornis at Hartlenoole-9 eines
Note—Botany .. a Sr ae = i 119 i

Some Ingleton Plants—F. E. Saeki, M.A.

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SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA. 93

OUNIONID/Z2.

Unio tumidus Phil. By no means a common species. Dead
shells in canal at Gilstead near Bingley, and at Thackley.
Living examples, river Aire at Steeton (J. Ellison).

Var. radiata Jeff. Canal near Silsden (J. Ellison).

Var. ponderosa Pascal. River Aire, Steeton (J. Ellison).

Var. arcuata Bouch. River Aire, Steeton (J. Ellison).

Unio pictorum L. Rare. One dead shell, canal near Bingley,
1886; one ditto from canal dredgings between Apperley and
Calverley. Living examples from the Aire near Steeton
(J. Ellison). 3

Var. deshayesii Rossm. River Aire near Steeton (J. Ellison).
This variety—as we are informed by Mr. George Roberts—was
recorded and described by Brown from the river Aire, Keighley,
in 1845, as Unio deshayesit.

Anodonta cygnea L. Common in suitable localities. Rawson’s
Mill Dam, Bradford Moor, 1869 or 1870, several very. fine speci-
mens (Dr. Evans). Pond on Bradford Moor, 1882. Dead
examples, canal dredgings, Saltaire and near Calverley. Canal
near Steeton (J. Ellison).

Var. incrassata Shepp. Canal dredgings between Apperley
and Calverley, 1887.

Var. zellensis Gmel. Canal dredgings between Apperley and
Calverley, 1887. A form partaking of characters of two latter
varieties from river Aire, Steeton (J. Ellison).

Var. rostrata Rossm. In mud of pond near Garnett’s Mill,
Bradford, abundant, about one-fourth of them being remarkable
in having a curious incurvature of the basal margins of both
valves. Dredge heap, Apperley.

Var. stagnalis. Dredge heap, Apperley

Var.avonensis Mat. & Rack.non Mont. Several living examples,
canal between Calverley and Apperley.

Var. intermedia Brown non Lamarck. Greengates, near
Apperley. —

Anodonta anatina L. Frequent. Leeds and Liverpool Canal,
Bingley and Calverley. Steeton (J. Ellison).

Var. radiata Jeff. Canal dredgings near Calverley.

Var. complanata Rossm. River Aire near Steeton (J. Ellison).
Common in canal between Apperley and Calverley, 1887.
Canai dredgings near Calverley.

Var. arelatensis Jacq. Canal at Gilstead, 1886.
April 1888, G

94 SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA.

Var. normandi Dupuy. Canal at Gilstead, 1886.

Var. cristata Nelson. Very rare. Dredge heap between
Apperley and Calverley.

Var. piscinalis Nils. Canal dredgings near Calverley.

DREISSENID.

Dreissena polymorpha Pall. Extremely abundant in the Leeds
and Liverpool Canal between Keighley and Calverley, very
variable in form and size, finest at the bottom of the locks.

GASTEROPODA.
NERITIDAE.

Neritina fluviatilis L. Local, and apparently confined to the
canal; Saltaire, Gilstead, Bingley and Keighley.

Var. trifasciata Colb. In same localities, and commoner than
the type.

PALUDINIDE.

Paludina vivipara L. Local and rare. Pond, Bradford Moor,
several, 1886-7. Canal, Gilstead, numerous, June 1886, on
which date a portion of the canal was let off; several attempts
have been made since to obtain it in the same locality, but
without success. Ditch, Steeton (J. Ellison).

Bythinia tentaculata L. Extremely abundant; the commonest
species of mollusc found in the canal; seldom found in any
other habitat. Frizinghall Dam; pond, Thackley, rather large
but much eroded; margin of Malham Tarn, 1887, numerous.
and fine although dead examples.

Var. ventricosa Menke. Several places in the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal. i

Var. excavata Jeff. Canal, Apperley.

Var. major Locard. Canal, Bingley, Apperley, and Calverley.

VaR. zonata Baudon. Canal, Saltaire, Bingley, Calverley, and
Apperley, not uncommon ; pond, Thackley.

Var. fulva Locard. Canal, Bingley to Apperley, common.

Var. cornea Locard. Canal, Bingley to Calverley, but not
common.

Var. angulata Roberts. Rare. Canal, Saltaire and Apperley.
The following is Mr. Roberts’ description of this new variety:—
‘Each whorl somewhat sharply angulated or shouldered above
the periphery, giving the shell a turreted appearance; colour,
reddish ; length, 9-10 mill.’ (Nat., 1887, p. 19).

Monst. decollatum Jeff. Frizinghall Dam, the most abundant
form; canal, Manningham.

Naturalist,

SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA. 95

VALVATIDZ:.

Valvata piscinalis Mill. Generally distributed in the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal; Bingley, not uncommon, Saltaire, and Thackley,
occasionally. A few specimens at Malham Tarn approaching
var. acuminata, 1883 (Roebuck and Butterell). Dead specimens
in abundance on the margin of the Tarn, 1887.

Var. subcylindrica Jeff. Canal, Bingley.
LIMNATDA.

Planorbis nitidus Mill. Extremely abundant in Frizinghall
Dam, near Bradford. Occasional in canal, Saltaire, Apperley ;
and ditch, Dowley Gap, near Bingley.

Planorbis nautileus L. One specimen, Malham Tarn, 1883
(Roebuck and Butterell). | Canal, Saltaire and _ Bingley
Ge Waleock, in Prans2Y:N, U.).

Var. crista L. Abundant in mill-dam at Tong Park, 1887.

Planorbis albus Mill. Generally distributed and common.
Frizinghall Dam ; Beckfoot Lane; canal, Bingley to Calverley ;
pond, near Bingley; old river-bed, Keighley; mill-dam, Tong
Park. Skipton (W. Nelson).

Var. draparnaldi Shepp. Dam at Thackley; canal, Bingley.

Planorbis spirorbis Mill. Locally abundant.. Ditches at
Thackley ; Dowley Gap, near Bingley; and Airton.

Monst. scalaris. A single specimen in a ditch at Dowley
Gap, near Bingley, Jan. 22nd, 1887.

Planorbis vortex L. Common in canal near Bingley; rare,
Saltaire ; Calverley, 1872 (H. Shaw).

Planorbis carinatus Mill. Generally distributed and common.
Abundant in pond on Baildon Green; pond at Tong Park;
canal, Bingley to Calverley.

Planorbis complanatus L. Extremely rare. Canal, Calverley
1872 (H. Shaw). Not found since. Perhaps a case of mistaken
identity.

Planorbis corneus L. Not a common species. Frizinghall
Dam; pond on Baildon Green, introduced twenty years ago by
Mr. T. Hey; pond at Fagley; ditch, Steeton (J. Ellison).

Planorbis contortus L. Abundant and generally distributed.
Canal, Saltaire, Bingley; ditches, Dowley Gap, and near
Cottingley Bridge ; abundant, Malham Tarn.

Physa hypnorum L. Extremely local, having only been met
with by Mr. W. E. Collinge, M.C.S., of Leeds, who informs us

____ that he found it in profusion at Bell Busk.

Apnil 1888.

96 SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA.

Limnza peregra Mill. Common everywhere.

Var. ovata Drap. Common and fine in the canal at Manning-
ham ; Gilstead; Malham Tarn, 1883 (Roebuck and Butterell).

Var. labiosa Jeff. Canal, Bingley.

Var. oblonga Jeff. Canal, Thackley.

Var. minor Colb. Dam at Greengates, near Apperley.

Var. ampullacea. Canal, Thackley; pond, Esholt (A.
Hartley).

Var. candida Porro. Canal, Saltaire and Bingley.

Limnza auricularia L. Generally distributed. Canal from
Bingley to Apperley, very fine; ditch near Steeton (J. Ellison) ;
river Aire, Bingley, and Seven Arches, Bingley.

Limnza stagnalis L. Rare. Ponds, Fagley; canal dredgings,
Apperley ; ditch, Steeton (J. Ellison) ; Malham Tarn, 1887.

Var. fragilis-variegata Roeb. Common on /otamogeton
Jucens in Malham Tarn, 1883 (Roebuck and Butterell).

Limnza palustris Mull. Common and generally distributed.
Frizinghall Dam; canal, Bingley to Calverley; ditches, Dowley
Gap, near Bingley.

Var. elongata Mog. Ditches, Dowley Gap.

Var. roseolabiata Jeff. Ditches, Dowley Gap.

A keeled form near Bingley, 1887.

A form approaching var. pellucida Roff., Canal, near Saltaire.

Var. tincta Jeff. Canal, Calverley.

Limnza truncatula Mull. Generally distributed and commoner
than. the last. Canal from: Bingley to Calverley ; ditch,
Thackley; bog, Shipley Glen; Seven Arches, near Bingley ;
Hawksworth; Rilstone; Draughton (W. D. Roebuck); Airton
and Malham.

Var. minor Moq. Shipley Glen; under logs of wood in wet
places by the side of Malham Tarn, September 1883 (Roebuck
and Butterell).

Var. ventricosa Mog. Rare. Ditch, Thackley.

Limnza glabra Mill. Rare and local. Pond at Baildon Green,
1882-3, not taken since.

Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. Common in canal, and in most streams
in the district. Skipton (W. Nelson) ; Malham Tarn.

Var. albida Jeff. River Aire at Malham Cove.

Ancylus lacustris L. Rare and local. Pond on Baildon Green ;
old river-bed, Keighley.

Naturalist,

SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA. 97

MOLLUSCA TERRESTRIA.
ARIONID..

Arion ater L. Abundant and generally distributed.

Var. brunnea Roeb. Common. Shipley Glen; Hawksworth.
Var. rufa L. Nab Wood. |
Var. plumbea Roeb. Shipley Glen.

Arion subfuscus Drap. Marshy field, Tong Park, 1887; Saltaire,
1887. ;

Arion hortensis Fér. Common everywhere.

Arion bourguignati Mab. Often found in company with A.
hortensis, and probably equally common (Mr. Roebuck tells us
that it is probably generally much commoner, occurring in the
open fields with Z. agrestzs, while A. hortensis prefers gardens).

LIMA CIDZE.

Limax maximus L. Generally distributed. Bradford, Manning-
ham, Saltaire, Bingley, Steeton, Airton.
VaR. cinerea Mog. Charlestown.
Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. Rare and local. One, Shipley
Glen, 1383.
Var. maura Held. One, Shipley Glen, 1886.
Limax flavus L. Frequent in cellars, etc., Bradford.
Limax agrestis L. Abundant everywhere.
Var. sylvatica Moq. non Drap. Abundant everywhere.
Var. nigrescens Colb. Gardens near Peel Park, Bradford.
Near Apperley.
Limax levis Mill. Local. Bog, Shipley Glen; Fagley Wood,
near Malham Tarn, September 1883 (Roebuck and Butterell).
Limax arborum B.-Ch. Not common. Calverley; Idle; Seven

Arches, near Bingley; Cottingley;. Gordale Scar, 1877 (W.
Nelson) ; Airton near Malham.

HELICID:.

Succinea putris IL. Generally distributed and common in
suitable situations. Canal-bank, Bingley to Apperley; Marley,
very fine; Airton, near Malham; Gordale, 1,300 ft., two
examples incrusted; Malham Tarn, 1883 (Roebuck and
Butterell).

Var. albida. An albino specimen found near Apperley, 1887
(A. Hartley).

April 1888.

98 SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA.

Succinea elegans Risso. Probably often confounded with the
last. One or two examples only of this species have been
verified. _Canal-side, Saltaire and Apperley.

Vitrina pellucida Mill. Common and generally distributed in
suitable localities throughout the district. From Malham to
Calverley.

Zonites cellarius Mill. Common in damp situations, often
found in cellars in Bradford. Frizinghall, Saltaire, Bingley,
Calverley, Malham.

Var. albinos Mog. Saltaire; Heaton; Seven Arches, near
Bingley ; Thackley.

Zonites alliarius Miller. Common and generally distributed
throughout the district.

Zonites glaber Stud. Locallycommon. Saltaire; Seven Arches,
near Bingley ; Cottingley ; Thackley.

Zonites nitidulus Drap. Common throughout the district.

Var. nitens Mich. Shipley Glen, Nab Wood.

Zonites purus Alder. Local and somewhat rare. Near Skipton,
1881 ; Gordale, 1883 ; Buck Wood, Thackley, 1887.

VaR. margaritacea Jeff. Commoner than the type. Harden
near Bingley, 1875 (W. Nelson); Buck Wood, Thackley, 1886 ;
Nab Wood, Saltaire, 1886 ; Calverley Wood, 1887.

Zonites radiatulus Alder. Very local. Shipley Glen, 1883,
still occurs in the same locality ; Cullingworth, 1883.

Var. viridescenti-alba Jeff. Rare. Shipley Glen,1881(W. Nelson).

Zonites nitidus Mill. Local. One example, canal-side, Saltaire,
1886; one in Nab Wood, Saltaire, 1887. Extremely abundant
amongst Glycerta aquatica,.canal-side, Thackley to Calverley
(1887).

Zonites excavatus Bean. Local, but in some places abundant.
Saltaire, 1886; Fagley Wood, common; Nab Wood; Shipley
Glen ; Calverley Woods, 1887.

Zonites crystallinus Mill. Generally. distributed in suitable
localities throughout the district.

Zonites fulvus Mill. Generally distributed, but chiefly found in
woods. Saltaire, 1880; Heaton Wood, 1882; common in
marshy ground at Shipley Glen, first found in 1882 (W. Nelson);
Seven Arches, near Bingley, 1886-7; Beckfoot Lane, near
Bingley ; Fagley Wood; Nab Wood, Saltaire; Malham, 1887.

Helix lamellata Jeff. Rare and local. Shipley Glen, several
examples, 1887. One, 1888. |

Naturalist,

SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA. 99

Helix aculeata Miill. Very local. Harden near Bingley, 1875
(W. Nelson); Shipley Glen, three examples, 1887; Seven
Arches near Bingley, common, 1887.

Helix aspersa Mill. Very rare off limestone. Beckfoot Lane,
Bingley, one, dead, 1881 ; Steeton, several (J. Ellison); not un-
common in gardens at Airton, near Malham, 1887.

Helix nemoralis L. Generally distributed, but most abundant
on limestone.

Var. roseolabiata Tayl. Several specimens near Calverley,
agreeing in colour with var. petiveria Mogq., with the five bands
of the type present.

Var. albolabiata Von Mart. Railway embankment near Idle,
with the colour of var. /be//u/a Risso, and the band-formula
00100.

Var. libellula Risso. Frequent, and variously banded. Apperley,
Bingley, Malham, Calverley, Hawksworth.

Var. rubella Mog. Malham, Apperley, Nab Wood, Saltaire,
Calverley, etc.—with and without bands.

Var. petiveria Mog. Frequent, the banded form most common.
Gilstead, Apperley, Calverley ; canal-bank, Idle; etc.

Var. castanea Mog. Kare. Several examples near Apperiey.

Helix hortensis Mill. Like the last, this species is most
abundant on a limestone soil. Its occurrence off limestone in
numbers and variety is chiefly on railway embankments. Several
named varieties occur with the type.

Var. minor Moq. Near Apperley.

Var. lutea Mog. A common form. Bingley, Apperley, Malham.

Var. olivacea Tayl. Confined to the railway embankment near
Apperley, where it was first found by Mr. A. Hartley, to whom
we are indebted for a fine series of specimens.

Helix arbustorum L. Most abundant on limestone, and
doubtfully indigenous on the millstone grit, its occurrence in
numbers being in the vicinity of lime-kilns. Gordale Scar, 1877
(W. Nelson) ; Malham, 1882 ; Airton; Gargrave (J. Whitwam);

- Bell Busk (W. Nelson); Rilstone, 1887; one dead specimen
amongst rejectamenta of river Aire at Cottingley; one, Seven
Arches, near Bingley ; common and increasing in numbers at
Apperley, in proximity to a lime-kiln.

Var. alpestris Ziegl. Airton near Malham, 1883.

VaR. marmorata Tayl. Airton, common, 1882; Rilstone ;

Apperley, frequent, 1887.
April 1888.

I0o SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA.

Var. cincta Tayl. Malham, 1882; Bell Busk (J. W. Taylor) ;
Gordale, one, 1882 (W. D. Roebuck); Airton, 1883; Rilstone,
1886.

Var. flavescens Mog. Malham, 1882; Airton (W. Nelson) ;
Gargrave (J. Whitwam) ; Rilstone, 1886.

Var. albinos Moq. Gargrave, 1882 (J. Whitwam). |

Helix rufescens Penn. Probably the most abundant land-shell
in the district. More or less scalariform examples are not
uncommon.

Var. minor Jeff. Two examples, Malham, 1887.

Var. rubens Mog. Common with the type.

Var. alba Mog. Common.

Var. depressa Loc. A flat form occurring commonly at
Greengates, also at Saltaire and near Bingley.

Helix concinna Jeff. Rare. Saltaire.

Var. albida Jeff. Buck Wood, Thackley.

Helix hispida L. Locally common. Malham, common, 1882;
Gordale, 1882; Airton, one (W. D. Roebuck) ; Bingley, 1882 ;
Idle ; Saltaire, 1886; occasionally near Bingley ; Frizinghall,
common, 1887.

Var. subrufa Mog. Malham, 1883 (Roebuck and Butterell).

Var. depilata Ald. Bingley ; near Esholt ; near Calverley.

Var. albida Jeff. Buck Wood, Thackley.

Helix sericea Miill. Common, and in some places abundant.
Banks of canal from Bingley to Calverley in profusion; Malham,
September 1883 (W. D. Roebuck); Gennet’s Cave, 1887;
Skipton (R. C. Middleton, M.A.).

Helix fusca Mont. Rare and local. Several examples from a
bog in Shipley Glen, 1887.

Helix virgata DaCosta. Very local. Common in a pasture at
Morton Banks, near Bingley, June 1884; in great profusion in
a short hilly pasture at Cottingley, near Bingley, since 1882; a
variety approaching Zztfescens abundant with the type.

Helix caperata Mont. Common and generally distributed.
Under dead leaves, Bingley, 1882 (J. A.and E. P. P. Butterfield) ;
cross-roads near Ingrow; Gilstead, Heaton, Saltaire, Fagley,
Apperley, Calverley.

Helix ericetorum Mill. Local and confined to the limestone
district. Malham, 1873 (J. W. Taylor), 1877 (W. Nelson) ;
Airton (W. Nelson); upper end of Gordale Scar, 1837.

Naturalist,

SOPPITT AND CARTER: UPPER AIREDALE MOLLUSCA, IOL

Helix rotundata Mill. Abundant throughout the district.
Var. turtoni Flem. Calverley, 18386.
Var. alba Mog. Fagley woods, 1887.

Helix rupestris Drap. Abundant, but confined to the limestone.

Kirby Malham, 1877 (W. Nelson); Cracoe, 1881 (T. W. Bell) ;
Malham, 1882 and 1887; Airton, 1882 (W. D. Roebuck) ; near
Gargrave, 1883 ; Skipton, 1883.

Helix pygmza Drap. Not uncommon in a few localities.
Chellow Dean, near Bradford, 1883; amongst dead leaves,
Shipley Glen, 1887; Fagley Wood, 1887.

Helix pulchella Miill. Not common. Apperley Bridge 1878
(W. Nelson) ; Calverley, dead examples, 1882 (W. Nelson).
Var. costata Mill. Commoner than the type. Canal bank
between Apperley and Calverley; Idle; Saltaire; Seven Arches,

near Bingley, all in 1887.

Helix lapicida L. Confined to the limestone, where it is not
uncommon. Near Gordale Scar, 1877 (W. Nelson); Malham,
1882; Airton, 1884; Kirby Malham, 1887; Rilstone, 1886.

Var. nigrescens Taylor. Malham, 1883.

Bulimus obscurus Mill. Generally distributed, and in some
places common. Gordale, at 1,000 ft., 1883; Airton, 1883 ;
Bingley, Dowley Gap, Nab Wood, Saltaire, Idle, Thackley,
Apperley. -

Pupa secale Drap. Apparently rare, but abundant about Settle,
in Ribblesdale, only a few miles outside our area, and on the

_ same formation as the upper portion of Airedale. Malham, 1871
(H. Shaw).

Pupa ringens Jeff. Very local and not uncommon. Boggy ground,
upper end of Shipley Glen, 1882 (W. Nelson). ‘Taken every
year since.

Var. pallida Jeff. Occurs with the type.

Pupa umbilicata Drap. Abundant on limestone, but local on
the millstone grit. Kirby Malham, 1877 (W. Nelson); Malham,
1882 ; Gordale, 1887 ; near Skipton, 1877 (R. Scharff) ; Harden
near Bingley, 1875 (W. Nelson); Buck Wood, Thackley, 1886 ;
Esholt, common, 1887 (A. Hartley) ; near Keighley; Idle, 1887.

Var. curta Westerl. Between Bingley and Harden.

Pupa marginata Drap. Rare. Limestone rocks, Malham, 1882.

Vertigo antivertigo Drap. Very local. Bog in Shipley Glen,
1882 (W. Nelson), and found commonly up to the present time
in the same locality.

April 1888,

102 POLYSTICHUM ANGULARE IN NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE.

Vertigo pygmza Drap. Very rare. Two examples, Malham,
1882.

Vertigo alpestris Alder. Very local. Confined to a garden
wall near Bingley, 1887. Not previously recorded for Yorkshire.

Vertigo substriata Jeff. Very local, having only been found at
Shipley Glen in boggy ground, associated with Vertigo anti-
vertigo, Pupa ringens, etc., 1887.

Vertigo pusilla Mill. Very rare. Two amongst moss, Malham,
1882. -

Vertigo edentula Drap. Very local and somewhat rare. Marshy
ground, Shipley Glen, several, 1887.

Balea perversa L. Common on the limestone. Malham, 1882 ;
Gennet’s Cave, 1882 (W. D. Roebuck) ; Kirkby Malham, 1887.

Clausilia rugosa Drap. Common and generally distributed.
Abundant on limestone rocks, Malham; on silurian rocks,
Malham Moor, 1883 (Roebuck and Butterell); Airton to
Gargrave, 1883; near Skipton (R. Scharff); Bingley, Gilstead,
Apperley, Idle, Calverley.

Var. dubia Drap. Up to the present time has only been found
on limestone. Malham, 1882; Gordale and Airton, 1887.
Clausilia laminata Mont. Veryrare. Rocks near Skipton, 1882

(W. Whitwell).

Cochlicopa tridens Pult. Generally distributed. Beckfoot Lane,
near Bingley, 1882 (E. P. P. Butterfield); bog, near Ingrow;
Buck Wood, Thackley ; Red Beck, Heaton, near Saltaire.

Cochlicopa lubrica Miill. Common and generally distributed
throughout the district, from the source of the Aire to the Leeds
borough boundary.

Var. lubricoides Fér. Malham, 1882; Saltaire, 1887.

Carychium minimum Mill. Common in suitable localities
throughout the district. Gargrave, Bingley, Shipley Glen,
Frizinghall, Idle, Nab Wood, Saltaire, Calverley.

The total number of species enumerated in the list is 93.

NOTE—CR YPTOGAMIA.

Polystichum angulare in North Lincolnshire.—This fern, new to North
Lincoln, has been found by Miss Susan Allett, of Tothill, in a hedgerow in the
parish of Withern. Dr. F. Arnold Lees identified the specimen, a frond of
which was sent him through me.—Jas. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, Feb. 6th, 1888.

Naturalist,

103

AN ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITION
TO NORTH WALES AND THE ISLE OF MAN.

GEORGE 7.) PORRITT, F.L:S:, B.E:S.,
Huddersfield; Author of the ‘ List of Vorkshire Lepidoptera.’

In August last, in company with Mr. G. W. K. Crosland, of this
town, I made an entomological excursion to North Wales, making
Penmaenmawr head-quarters. We arrived there on the evening of
August 4th, and most of our collecting was done in the immediate
vicinity of that charming little place, and on the sandhills lying
between it and Conway and Llandudno. On several of the earlier
evenings we climbed up the Moel Leys Mountain, on the possibility
of finding one or two late specimens of Avvotis ashworthit still on
the wing, but, as we feared, it was evidently over, for no trace of it
was to be found, though some years previously, in July, I had
discovered it was a not uncommon species there. And we were, of
course, quite too late for the local Acdalia contiguaria, which occurs
on the same mountain, as well as probably on all the rocks from
Conway to Llanfairfechan. On the Moel Leys, but not high up, we
were glad to find S#/éia anomala was fairly common, and in fine
condition, evidently just getting well out; and we were also very
pleased to find that Crdaria ficata still occurred in its old habitat
near Conway. The pretty Zaventia olivata occurred not uncommonly
on rocks, whilst the most abundant Noctua was the lively Zxyphena
janthina. ‘This species seemed to occur everywhere ; on beating a
holly-bush six or eight specimens would sometimes fly out ; and in
gardens and lanes it appeared to be quite as abundant as its bigger
narrow-bordered brother 7. pronudba is in Yorkshire.

We collected such species of the orders Lepidoptera, Neuroptera
(omitting Psocide and Lphemeride), Trichoptera, and Orthoptera as
came in our way, but the district did not appear rich in species, as
the appended lists will show. Only in the Lepidoptera, however, had
we had much previous experience, or there is little doubt the list
would have been largely augmented, the character of the ground
being evidently very favourable for the other orders.

For a change in the collecting, on the 15th we crossed over to
the Isle of Man, returning to Penmaenmawr on the zoth. On the
island we hoped to have got /olia nigrocincta, but were disap-
pointed; and as I had also searched for the larvee two months earlier,
in June, on the ground where some years ago Mr. Roxburgh, of
Liverpool, and I found nearly forty larva one evening, we began to

April 1888.

104 PORRITT: AN ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITION.

fear that zigrocincta was becoming scarce. After our return home
we suggested this to a Liverpool lepidopterist, who has had great
experience with the species, and were then at once informed by him
that as three coliectors had spent about a fortnight on the very
ground, just before our going there in June, working every available
yard of it for this species, and so taking plenty, our informant’s
surprise would have been great if we had found any! In the middle
of August, too, we were probably a fortnight too early for the variety
unticolor of Cirredia xerampelina, which used to be not uncommon
in the Nunnery Grounds near Douglas, and doubtless equally so in
other parts of the island, as its food (the ash) flourishes luxuriantly,
and is undoubtedly ¢he tree of the Isle of Man. In the list of species
for the Isle of Man, I have also included those I took when there
from the 17th to 2oth June during the past season, as well as several
Trichoptera I took several years ago.

PENMAENMAWR. AND DISTRICT.
-LEPIDOPTERA.

Vanessa to, Satyrus egeria, and about a dozen other species of
butterflies occurred, but none of any rarity. Satyrus semele seemed
equally at home either on mountains or sandhills, and was common.
Flepialus sylvinus ; Gnophos obscurata; Larentia olivata; Eupitheca
Jinariata, larvee in seed capsules of Linaria vulgaris; E. minutata ;
£. subfulvata; E. pumilata; E. nanata; Coremia unidentarta,
abundant everywhere ; Scofosia dubitata, on ling flowers after dark,
high upon the Moel Leys ; Czdaria picata, about rocks between Pen-
maenmawr and Conway ; C. prunata, abundant about old currant or
gooseberry bushes in gardens; Pygera bucephala, \arve in profusion
on sallows; Chareas graminis, very fine on the Moel Leys; AZzana
literosa; Agrotis porphyrea; Tryphena janthina, abundant every-
where, apparently much more so than Z! pronuba ; Noctua umbrosa ;
Xanthia cerago; Anarta myrtilli, larve; Mania maura; Stilbta
anomala, common on, but near the base of, the Moel Leys; Pyrausta
purpuralis; Endotricha flammealis; Scoparia mercuralis; S. trunc-
colalis, a Scoparia occurred rather commonly in one hedge at Pen-
maenmawr, which seems to be a pale form of this species ; Crambus
geniculellus; Peronea sponsana; Tortrix unifasciana; Ductyopteryx
holmiana; Grapholitha nisana; Spilonota incarnatana, this pretty
species occurred in profusion among Aosa spinosissima in Conway
Bay, and on the opposite sandhills near Llandudno; Phoxopteryx
lundana, common ; Xanthosetia hamana ; Conchylis inopiana; Aphelia
pratana, abundant ; Hypolepia radiatella, most abundant, and almost
as variable as plentiful ; Phibalocera quercella; Depressaria costosella ;

Naturalist,

PORRITT: AN ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITION. 105

D. umbellella and D. nanatella, common; LD. nervosella; Gelechia
tricolorella; Pterophorus gonodactylus, second brood ; P. “ithodactylus,
in profusion among /xzula dysenterica on the sandhills near Llandudno;
_£. monodactylus, equally abundant as larve and pupz among conyol-
vulus, at Penmaenmawr.
NEUROPTERA.

Most of the Neuroptera and Trichoptera were taken by beating
the bushes and trees overhanging a wild mountain stream leading up
to the Fairy Glen, near Penmaenmawr. “schna juncea ; Chloroperla
grammatica ; Leuctra fusciventris, abundant ; Vemoura meyert ;
flemerobius subnebulosus ; Chrysopa flava; C. flavifrons, beaten out
of ash trees, apparently the commonest C%rysopa then out.

TRICHOPEBERA.

Limnophilus sparsus; Silo pallipes; Cruneca trrorata ; Lepidos-
toma hirta; Odontocerum albicorne, plentiful ; Hydropsyche tnstabilts ;
Philopotamus montanus, perhaps the most abundant species ;
Wormatldia occipitalis ; Plectrocnemia geniculata, one specimen ; Foly-
centropus flavomaculatus and P. multiguttatus ; Rhyacophila dorsalis,

abundant.
ORTHOPTERA.

Forficula auricularia; Stenobothris viridulus ; S.rufipes; S. elegans ;
S. parallellus; S. bicolor, in great profusion everywhere, both on
mountains and sandhills; Gomphocerus maculatus (biguttatus) equally
abundant, and everywhere in company with S. dzcolor; Odontura
punctatissima, several of this beautiful and singular species on low
plants, or beaten out of bushes.

ah eS ERs Ob MAN:
LEPIDOPTERA.

Vanessa atalanta, Castletown ; Satyrus megera, in abundance
everywhere, and very brightly coloured; S. semele, on the rocks ;
Sesia philanthiformis, about Statice armeria on the rocks between
Derby Castle and Onchan Harbour, in June; 4ombyx rudz, in larval
stage at Port Soderick; Epione apiciaria; Loarmia repandata ;
Crocallis elinguaria, abundant ; Guophos obscurata, very fine in
Onchan Harbour; Laventia salicata, common in a lane near Onchan;
Lupithecia venosata, abundant among Szlene inflata, in June ; £. con-
strictata, Onchan Harbour in June; £. pumilata, common in ash
trees; Melanthia rubiginata, common; JZ. ocellata, second brood ;
Coremia propugnata ; C. unidentaria ; Cidarta russata, common, and
almost black ; C. zmmanata, in the greatest profusion in ash trees,
on tapping the trees along a stream at Port Soderick, they flew off in
April 1888.

106 PORRITT: AN ENTOMOLOGICAL EXPEDITION.

great numbers, and in splendid variety, both in pale and dark forms;
C. restata, abundant ; Aypsipetes elutata, common, but the forms
very ordinary ; (Vofodonta siczac, in larval stage at Port Soderick ;
Hydrecia micacea; Miana literosa; Tryphena orbona, the reddish
form with spotted tip, sometimes mistaken by beginners for 7:
subsequa, Was not uncommon; Déanthecta capsophila, common in
June, a few lJarve in August; D. cucubali, Onchan Harbour ;
DPD. cesia, abundant in June in Onchan Harbour, was taken even more
freely than cafsophila ; a few larve in August at same place, and also
at Port Soderick, but we were evidently too late for the larve which
had doubtless gone down early this unusually hot summer; Hadena
pist; Abrostola urtice ; Gonopiera libatrix ; Crambus geniculellus ;
fTomaosoma nimbella, \arve plentiful in camomile flowers on the
rocks beyond Derby Castle; Phycis carbonariella, Scarlett Rocks,
Castletown; Zeras caudana and TZ. contaminana; Sciaphila colgu-
hounana, on the rocks between Derby Castle and Onchan Harbour ;
Bactra lanceolana ; Pedisca semifuscana, small hill form; Conchylis
stramineana, common; Depressaria arenella, D. subpropinquella,
D. alstremeriella, D. applanella, and D.heractiella; Gelechia cinerella ;
Giyphiptervx thrasonella, abundant at Port Soderick; Coleophora
albicostella ; Fterophorus microdactylus, about Eupatorium canna-

binum in June.
NEUROPTERA.

Tsopteryx burmeisteri, common by sweeping the herbage on the
sides of streams; Jewctra fusciventris, in similar situations;
Hemerobius micans and A. humuli; Hl. subnebulosus, abundant ;
Hf. nervosus, not uncommon near Douglas and Port Soderick.

TRICHOPTERA.

Limnophilus centralis; L£. auricula [taken commonly in a
previous year]; Z. sparsus; Sericostoma personatum, Port Soderick ;
Lepidostoma hirta [taken in a previous year]; Berea pullata, abundant
by sweeping the long grass in a damp meadow at Port Soderick in
June ; Odontocerum albicorne, Port Soderick; Hydropsyche instadbilis,
plentiful ; PAzlopotamus montanus, very abundant, flying in the sun-
shine over rapid streams; Wormaldia subnigra, common, Port
Soderick ; Plectrocnemia conspersa, common near Douglas ; P. gentz-
culata, two nice specimens by beating herbage overhanging the
stream in a wood behind Douglas ; Polycentropus flavomaculatus, on
the stream at Port Soderick; Znodes assimilis, this local species
occurred in scores on dripping rocks at Port Soderick in June, and
a few stragglers were still about in August; Ahyacophila dorsalis,
abundant; Agapetus fuscipes [taken in a previous year].
Naturalist,

GEORGE: ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA IN NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE. 107

ORTHOPTERA.

Stenobothris viridulus and 4S. bicolor, abundant; and of course
Forficula auricularia.
DIPTERA.

Three species of Zipulidg taken near Douglas in June have
been kindly named for me by Dr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford, as
Amapolis littoralis, Pedicia rivosa, and Plychoptera contaminata.

ACULEATE HYMENOPTERA IN NORTH
LINCOLNSHIRE.

C. F. GEORGE, M.R.C:S.,
Ktrtowin-Lindsey; Exz-President of the Postal Microscopical Society.

THE following is a list of Aculeate Hymenoptera which I have
myself taken at Kirton-in-Lindsey and neighbourhood :—

FOSSORES. Andrena nigroznea.
Pompilus viaticus. Andrena gwynana.
Priocnemis fuscus. Andrena przcox.
Ammophila sabulosa. Andrena chrysosceles.
Diodontus luperus. Andrena minutula.
Pemphredon lugubris. Nomada lineola.

Mellinus arvensis. Nomada alternata.

Crabro clavipes. Nomada ruficornis,

Crabro vagabundus. Epeolus variegatus.

Crabro cephalotes. Melecta luctuosa.

Crabro cribrarius. Czlioxys elongata.

Crabro peltarius. Megachile willughbiella.
DIPLOPTERA. ' Megachile centuncularis.

Vespa vulgaris. Osmia rufa.

Vespa germanica. Aunthophora pilipes.

Vespa rufa. Apathus rupestris.

Vespa sylvestris. Apathus vestalis.

Odynerus antilope. Bombus cognatus.
ANTHOPHILA, Bombus muscorum.

Colletes succincta. Bombus distinguendus.

Sphecodes gibbus. Bombus hortorum.

Sphecodes pilifrons. Bombus subterraneus.

Sphecodes dimidiatus ? LBombus lapidarius.

Halictus rubicundus. Bombus terrestris.

Halictus quadrinotatus. Bombus virginalis.

Halictus cylindricus. Apis mellifica.

Halictus punctatissimus.

Halictus morio. I may add that of other groups

Andrena albicans. Sirex juvencus has occurred,

Andrena trimmerana. a living specimen having

Andrena nitida. been caught in this place

Andrena fulva. since the above list was

Andrena clarkella. made out.

April 1888.

1o8

SOME RECENT BIRD-BOOKS.
WM. EAGLE CLARKE, F.LS.

1.—A Manual of North American Birds. By Ropert Ripcway.
Illustrated by 464 outline drawings of the generic characters. Philadelphia:
J. B. Lippincott Company. 1888.

2.—The Birds of Wiltshire, comprising all the Periodical and Occasional
Visitants, as well as those which are indigenous to the County. By the
Rev. ALFRED CHARLES SMITH, M.A., Christ Church, Oxford; Rector of
Yatesbury ; Member of the British Ornithologists’ Union; Hon. Sec. of
the Wiltshire Archzological and Natural History Society. Published for
the Author by R. H. Porter, 6, Tenterden Street, London, W.; and
H. F. Bull, Devizes. 1887.

3.—Some more illustrations of Wild Birds, showing their natural habits.

By C. M. ADAmson. London: Gurney & Jackson. Newcastle-upon-Tyne:

Mawson, Swan, & Morgan. 1887. Bes

Mr. RipGway’s MANUAL is another reminder of the excellence
of the work accomplished by North American ornithologists ; indeed,
it is perhaps not too much to aver that the avifauna of the Nearctic
Region has been worked out with a thoroughness that cannot be
claimed for any other of the zoogeographical regions. This most
satisfactory result is in no small measure due, we believe, to the fact
that our western cousins long since adopted enlightened plans of
procedure when electing to devote their attention to the Nearctic
Region as a whole. In this respect they may be said to be far in
advance of their European confreres, and what a contrast we in
Britain afford. With us the rank and file of our naturalists are
content to be for ever studying our Insular fauna as if it were an
important natural region in itself, forgetting our direct relationship
to the continent of the Palzarctic region, whose western portion,
at least, should form the area for their studies. We believe this
regrettable state of things is to some extent pardonable, since it is
in no small measure the direct result of the want of a Manual on
European Birds, like the one for North America now under our
consideration—a book whose object ‘is to furnish a convenient
Manual of North American Ornithology, reduced to the smallest
compass by the omission of everything that is not absolutely
necessary for determining the character of any given specimen, and
including, besides correct nomenclature of each species, a statement
of its natural habitat and other concomitant data.’ Such a Manual
for European Birds is greatly needed, and would supply a long-felt
and undeniable blank in the literature of a popular subject; it would
also stimulate our younger ornithologists to better—because more

Naturalist,

a

CLARKE: SOME RECENT BIRD-BOOKS. 10g

useful—work, and give them broader ideas than those now held.
Moreover, although we have Mr. Dresser’s magnificent and ency-
clopeedic volumes on the ‘Birds of Europe ’—a work of which all
Englishmen may feel justly proud, but one of the many books on a
favourite study that can, from their costliness, be commanded by
comparatively few—this book, strange to say, stands alone as the
only work worthy of attention on the European (Western Palze-
arctic) avifauna, in any language. North America, on the contrary,
has and has had a number of good books, both costly and cheap,
devoted to its feathered tribes, and the result is, its avifauna has
been worked up, not only to a great pitch of perfection for so large
a natural region, but its birds are familiar to the whole body of its
ornithologists—a most happy state of things, resulting in the younger
naturalists knowing exactly where there is an opening for their
investigations. These manuals have another distinct use—they are
a most desirable vade mecum for the traveller, since they readily go
into a corner of the portmanteau. Mr. Ridgway’s Manual is not
intended to be in any sense a popular treatise; it is eminently a
student’s book, the descriptive portion of it being based upon the
‘key’ principle throughout. By this method the consulter is con-
veyed by means of clear diagnostic characters, based entirely upon
external peculiarities, from the orders through families and genera to
species and sub-species, which are described in all phases of their
plumage. It is the production of one of the most accomplished of
living ornithologists, who, as Keeper of the Department of Birds
in the United States National Museum, has had the unrivalled
collections of that institution at his command, and the result is, in
every respect, a thoroughly reliable Manual, based upon the latest
lines laid down by scientific ornithologists. The 464 outline
figures of generic characters, contained on 124 plates, will be
welcome, because useful, not only to American naturalists, but
to ornithologists generally. These plates have been produced by
what is known as the ‘ Jewett’ process, and are quite marvels for
their wonderful clearness. The frontispiece to the book is devoted
to an artistic portait of him who was Nestor of American ornitholo-
gists—the late Spencer Fullerton Baird.

In THE Birps oF WILTSHIRE—one of the latest additions to the
series of County avifaunas—we have a marked contrast to Mr.
Ridgeway’s Manual, which will, no doubt, be considered by some as
too scientific and advanced; while the Rev. Mr. Smith’s book is
decidedly retrograde. An author is certainly fully entitled to his
convictions, but we, on seeing our old familiar friend the Swift
regarded as a species of the Swallow family (Hirundinidze), confess to

April 1888. r

IIo GARDNER: THE LOCALITY FOR CERTAIN AGROTIDZ.

having rubbed our eyes and wondered if it could really be true that
even the most widely acknowledged advances in ornithological science
made during the past quarter of a century could have been so
thoroughly ignored. ‘The above however is only an instance of the
methods of this book so far as nomenclature and classification are
concerned, and we admit that these are matters of quite minor
importance in a faunal work. Moreover, the author very properly
tells us—in the prospectus that—‘ This book, however, makes no
pretensions of a scientific character, nor does it adopt the classification
and nomenclature of the most modern school, but rather follows in
the wake of “ Yarrell” [but certainly not the last and much the best
edition], which was the universally accepted text-book of ornitho-
logists until within the last few years. In short, it professes nothing
more than to be a plain account of the Birds of Wiltshire, written
for Wiltshire people by a Wiltshire lover of birds.’ The author has
had much experience in the avifauna of Wiltshire and his notes on
the birds of the county are excellent, and of great value, since they are
in every respect reliable. Additional information on the various
species are here and there given for Norway, Switzerland, Portugal,
and Egypt, in which countries the author has travelled. Nor is this all,
for every species is described; and sections are devoted to obsolete
views on Classification, Nomenclature, and Structure; and to the
Faculties, Beak, and Feet of Birds. These in addition to the
information in strict keeping with the title of the book swell its pages
to 588, making an imposing volume.

Mr. ADAMSON’S ‘SOME MORE ILLUSTRATIONS OF WILD BiRDS’
will be welcome to field-ornithologists, to whom his well-known spirited
drawings at once appeal through their vigorous accuracy. In this
new series, however, more attention has been paid to the finish of the
pictures, which are finely reproduced in monochrome lithography,
and thus while they retain their charming power they also possess in
addition the artistic merit of highly-finished drawings. The book is
nicely got up and is not out of place on the drawing-room table
of an ornithologist.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

The Locality for certain Agrotide. — In the Bibliography (Lepidoptera,
1885-6-7) in the March number of Ze Naturalist, there are seven notices to which
my name is attached, the first of which, ‘on the identity of certain Agrotide,’ is
very misleading, owing to its being dated Darlington. This occurred through the
notice in question being sent from a village in Teesdale, where I was staying for a
few days, and the post town of which is Darlington ; of course, Hartlepool should
be substituted for Darlington, and then the matter is intelligible, for I should very
much question such a coast-loving species as 4. vadligera ever having been taken so
far inland as Darlington.—J. GARDNER, 8, Friar Terrace, Hartlepool, 20th March,
1888.

Naturalist,

Ill
LINCOLNSHIRE MARSH AND WATER PLANTS.

Rev. WILLIAM FOWLER, M.A.,
Vicar of Liversedge; Vice-President of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union.

THE plants included in the present paper are those which grow either
in the rivers, drains, marshes, or pools of the county, or on their banks.
By some (whose only idea of Lincolnshire is, that it is flat from end
to end, and full of drains) it may be thought that water-loving plants
may be found in almost every parish. This, however, is by no
means the case. Large portions of the county (the Chalk and Oolitic
and Liassic ranges of hills, for instance) are quite as little likely to
produce such plants, as the Gogmagog hills of Cambridgeshire, or
the Cleveland hills of Yorkshire. It is only in the low-lying districts,
of course, that marsh and water plants are found, such as the Isle of
Axholme; the neighbourhood of the Foss Dyke near Lincoln; the
belt of marsh land near the coast, as about Grimsby, Saltfleet, and
Skegness; the valley of the river Witham between Lincoln and
Boston ; and the south-eastern corner of the county, as about Boston
Spalding, Deeping, and Holbeach. In the following list, asin former
ones, localities will -be given only for such plants as do not seem to
be universally distributed throughout the county, or, being so, are of
special interest.

Thalictrum flavum. On banks of drains, specially in the south.

Ranunculus circinatus, R. fluitans, R. trichophyllus, R.
Drouettii, R. peltatus, R. Baudotii (with var. marinus),
R. Flammula, are common or frequent. R. Lingua is less
so, but may be found near Saltfleet, Washingborough, and the
Foss Dyke near Lincoln.

Caltha palustris.

Nuphar luteum. Nocton Delph, and other drains.

Nympheza alba. Nocton Delph; Twigmoor; pools on Scotton
Common.

Nasturtium sylvestre. Trent banks; Crowland.
Nasturtium palustre.
“Nasturtium amphibium. Foss Dyke; near Haxey.

Barbarea vulgaris.
)

| Barbarea stricta. Ditch bank near Corby; Bank of the river

Ancholme (Lees).
| Lychnis Flos-cuculi.

Stellaria aquatica. Beckingham ; Foss Dyke.
| April 1888,

|

II2 FOWLER: LINCOLNSHIRE MARSH AND WATER PLANTS.

Stellaria palustris and S. uliginosa.

Montia fontana.

Hypericum quadrangulum and H. quadratum.

Althza officinalis. On the banks of drains about Wainfleet,
Holbeach, and Boston.

Spireza Ulmaria.

Hippuris vulgaris. Abundant in South Lincoln.

Myriophyllum verticillatum. Saltfleetby.

Myriophyllum spicatum and M. alterniflorum, frequent.

Callitriche stagnalis and C. obtusangula.

Lythrum Salicaria.

Peplis Portula.

Cicuta virosa. Never seen by me; but recorded for South
Lincoln.

Sium latifolium. Not uncommon in South Lincoln, but only
occurring sparingly in North.

Sium erectum.

CEnanthe fistulosa, C. lachenalii, and CE. phellandrium.

Galium palustre, and G. uliginosum.

Eupatorium cannabinum. Frequent.

Pulicaria dysenterica.

Bidens cernua. Saltfleetby; Frodingham.

Bidens tripartita. Not a common plant.

Petasites vulgaris.

Senecio aquaticus.

Cnicus palustris.

Hottonia palustris. Frequent in ditches and pools.

Lysimachia vulgaris.

Samolus valerandi. Haxey; Saltfleetby ; Deeping St. James.

Symphytum officinale. On ditch banks in South Lincoln.

Myosotis czespitosa, M. palustris (with var. strigulosa
Reichb.).

Solanum Dulcamara.

Scrophularia aquatica.

Veronica Anagallis and V. Beccabunga.

Utricularia vulgaris. Not very common.

Mentha hirsuta and M. sativa.

Lycopus europzus.

Scutellaria galericulata.

Naturalist,

FOWLER : LINCOLNSHIRE MARSH AND WATER PLANTS. 113

Stachys palustris.

Littorella lacustris. Scotton Common.

Polygonum amphibium.

Rumex palustris. Frequent in South Lincoln, and about Wain-
fleet.

Rumex Hydrolapathum.

Rumex maximus Schr. (Beeby). River Welland.

Alnus glutinosa.

Salix fragilis, S. alba, S. triandra, S. purpurea, S. viminalis,
S. Smithiana, S. cinerea, and S. Caprza.

Ceratophyllum demersum. Brick ponds near Brigg.

Elodea canadensis.

Hydrocharis Morsus-ranez. Plentiful about Saltfleetby.

Stratiotes aloides. Plentiful in the ditches on the east coast.

Iris Pseudacorus.

Juncus effusus, J. conglomeratus, J. glaucus, J. supinus,
J. lamprocarpus.

Juncus obtusiflorus. Far less common than the foregoing.

Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia.

Sparganium ramosum and S. simplex.

Sparganium minimum. Ditches near Nocton Delph, and New
Idle river, in the Isle of Axholme; Scotter Common.

Acorus Calamus. Not seen by me, but reported by Mr. Mason
of Alford, as growing in that neighbourhood.

Lemna trisulca, L. minor, L. gibba, L. polyrrhiza.

Alisma Plantago.

Sagittaria sagittifolia.

Butomus umbellatus. Not very common.

Triglochin palustre.

Potamogeton natans, P. polygonifolius, P. lucens, P.

perfoliatus, P. crispus, P. densus, P. pectinatus, with
var. ScOparius.

Potamogeton rufescens. Saltfleetby.

-Potamogeton plantagineus. Barnetby (Lees).

_ Potamogeton heterophyllus. Double rivers, Isle of Axholme.
| Potamogeton obtusifolius. River Ancholme (Lees).

| Potamogeton flabellatus Bab. Pools near the Wash.
_Zannichellia palustris (as segregate). New Idle River.

' Zannichellia pedicillata Fr. Littleworth (Beeby).

| Apri 1888,

rI4 NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA, MAMMALIA AND FISHES

Eleocharis palustris.

Scirpus lacustris.

Scirpus tabernemontani Gmel. Not common.

Carex disticha, C. vulpina, C. ovalis, C. acuta, with var.
prolixa Fr.; C. Goodenowii Gay, C. glauca, C. pal-
lescens, C. panicea, C. flava, C. paludosa, C. riparia.

Carex Pseudo-cyperus. Foss Dyke, near Lincoln. About
Bourn and Spalding. Deeping St. James.

Calamagrostis epigeios.

Deschampsia czspitosa.

Phragmites communis.

Catabrosa aquatica.

Glyceria fluitans, G. aquatica.

Glyceria plicata. Ditch near Blyton. .

Equisetum maximum, E. palustre, E. limosum.
If the above list be not as full as might have been expected for

a county like that of Lincoln, it must be remembered that it is a

county in a high state of cultivation, and that the clearing-out of

drains periodically, and the mowing of their banks, do not conduce

to the maintenance, but to the destruction, of its water-loving flora.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Moths attracted by the Illuminations of Lincoln Cathedral.—On June 21st
and 22nd in last year, one of the principal Jubilee illuminations in the Eastern
counties was produced by the lighting of the great central tower of Lincoln
Cathedral by about forty arc incandescent electric lights; this illumination was
visible at a distance of fifty-five miles. On the second night I went up the tower
about eleven o'clock, and noticed that several moths were flying about; I only
had a few minutes on the tower, but picked up two, which turned out to be
Leiocampa dictea and Acronycta alni; other moths were flying up to the light,
and the men in charge told me that they had been very numerous on both nights.
I have no doubt that a large and interesting number of species might have been
taken. Any person who is acquainted with the height of the great tower of
Lincoln above the fens cannot help being struck by the perpendicular distance
which these moths must have flown from the surrounding county.—W. W.
FOWLER, Lincoln, Feb. 27th, 1888.

NOTE—MAMMALIA AND FISHES.

Whale at Flamborough.—Lent is going out with a vengeance; no matter
what quarter the wind blows from we have nothing but violent gales, and the sea
terribly rough, sending in tremendous breakers. Several more Congers (Conger
vulgaris) have been picked up by the fishermen. Yesterday morning, to his very
great surprise, one of our sturdy young fishermen came upon the Bottle-nosed
Whale washed ashore alive at Danes Dyke, near to the residence of Mrs. Cattrell
Dormer. The whale is a most splendid specimen, with two pectoral fins, one
dorsal fin, no ventral fin; belly, silvery white, with several pencil-like lines
extending from lower jaw behind the pectoral fins ; back, cloudy-dark or black,
with two blow-holes right on top of the head ; mouth, when open, extends a little
over 2 ft., with a beautiful kind of fringe round the jaws; measurement, length
over all, 16 ft. ; round shoulders, 9 ft.—MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, March
14th, 1888. . Naturalist,

115

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION:
26th ANNUAL REPORT.

In presenting the twenty-sixth annual report the Executive Council
have to state that the Union still remains in a flourishing and _pros-
perous condition, with the result that both at its excursions and by
the individual researches of its members and associates much good
work is being done towards the investigation of the fauna and flora
and physical features of the county. It is peculiarly the task of the
county Society to undertake work of a character which is beyond
the scope of the local Societies which in Yorkshire are so numerous
and so active, and that the Union is fully alive to the responsibilities
which are thus entailed upon it, is fully evidenced by the publication
recently of the handsome and singularly complete volume upon the
Flora of West Yorkshire from the pen of Mr. F. Arnold Lees, by the
commencement of the issue of a new and revised edition of Mr. J.
Gilbert Baker’s classical and very scarce work on North Yorkshire,
and by the success which has attended the operations of the
Yorkshire Boulder Committee and of the sister committee for
investigating the Marine Zoology of the Yorkshire Coast.

The Meetings held during the year have been five in number,
the places and dates being as follows :—Saltburn-by-the-Sea, Whit-
Monday, 30th May ; Gormire Lake and Thirkleby Park, Wednesday,
2oth July ; Sedbergh and Howgill Fells, Monday, 1st August ; Welton
Vale, Saturday, 27th August; Hatfield Chace, Wednesday, 2rtst
September. For each of these excursions the usual fully-descriptive
circular which conduces so much to the success of the day’s investi-
gations was issued, and at all the meetings some good results were
achieved. [The detailed description of each meeting is here omitted,
full particulars having from time to time appeared in this journal].

On all these occasions the Union has been indebted as of old to
the great kindness of the landowners for facilitating research on their
estates, and to the Yorkshire Railway Companies for the privileges
granted to the members attending the various excursions and
meetings.

The Societies which constitute the Union now number 37,
being an increase upon the number reported twelve months ago.
Two societies—the Beverley and Honley Naturalists’ Societies—
having ceased to exist, are no longer borne on the roll. On the
other hand the addition of the Ackworth School Natural History
Society, Brighouse Friends’ Botanical Society, Craven Naturalists’
Association, Leyburn Literary and Scientific Society, Leeds Y.M.C.A.
Naturalists’ Club, Scarborough Philosophical Society, and Thirsk

April 1888.

116 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL REPORT.

Natural History Society, seven strong societies—is evidence that the
active study of natural science in Yorkshire—partly due to the
stimulus given by the periodical visits of this Union to the various
parts of Yorkshire—is steadily on the increase.

The statistics which the secretaries of the various societies are
obliging enough to furnish, as in previous years, show that the
number of Associates (that is, of the aggregate membership of the
affiliated societies) is now 2,109, which being added to the direct
membership makes a sum total of nearly 2,500 members and
associates.

The Membership still continues to be a source of anxiety to
your Executive Council, inasmuch as it remains stationary at about
375, in spite of the very strong claims which the Union—as the
central and county Society—has upon the support of all Yorkshire
naturalists.

The Financial Position of the Union continues to be in a
sound and healthy condition.

The Local Treasurers continue to be a much-valued help to
your Secretaries and Executive, and are of much service to the
members who reside in their respective districts. _

The Publications of the Union have been as heretofore, with
the addition of the long-expected and recently-issued Flora of West
Yorkshire.

The Transactions.—Parts 10 and 11 are now ready, and will
be distributed in course of a few weeks. The former part contains
papers on Yorkshire Botany, and a continuation of the Rev. W. C.
Hey’s List of Yorkshire Beetles. The latter part is entirely devoted
to the first instalment of Mr. Baker’s North Yorkshire, illustrated by
a remarkably clear and distinct geological map of the North Riding.

The two parts which will succeed those first mentioned are
intended to be mainly devoted to continuing this valuable work,
which the Union is fortunate in having had placed at its disposal by
its distinguished author. The geology, which forms the instalment
about to be issued, has been carefully revised to date by Mr.
J. Edmund Clark, of York, and the map which accompanies it, is
an exceptionally successful and clear one. The chapters on lithology
and climatology, which the author has himself revised, are now
being printed, and they will be followed by the Flora ‘proper. This
is also brought down to date, and includes the observations of later
investigators. The chapter on mosses has been confided to Mr.
Matthew B. Slater, of Malton, than whom no one is more competent
to deal with the subject. Mr. Slater will also add, what was not in
the original edition, a list of the North Riding hepatics.

Naturalist

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL REPORT. AeT,

The West Yorkshire Flora has now been issued to the
subscribers. It is in every respect a credit to its author and+his
collaborators, from its remarkable completeness, accuracy and fulness
of detail, and handsome appearance. It forms a portly volume of
about 850 pages, and is—as Mr. Baker informs us—the most com-
plete work of its kind which has appeared for any district of
comparable extent in the world. It will always be to the credit of
the Union that it was the means of finally bringing about the
production of so useful a work.

The Naturalist has been regularly and punctually published
month by month, and has formed a convenient and much-appreciated
vehicle for communications relating, not only to Yorkshire, but to
the whole of the North of England. All that it needs is such an
increase in the number of subscribers as will not only place the
balance on the right side of the account, but also provide funds for
improving the journal, by enabling its editors to give occasional
illustrations.

The Library of the Union has been largely increased during
the year, partly by purchase, but mostly by donations from members
and friends, including Messrs. S. A. Adamson, W. Eagle Clarke,
Rey. Canon Fowler, J. G. Goodchild, J. H. Gurney, jun., J. A. Harvie-
Brown, J. E. Harting, Alfred Harker, P. F. Lee, Prof. G. A. Lebour,
J.C. Meivill, R. T. Manson, F. Nicholson, E. E. Prince, R. Ridgway,

T. Mellard Reade, W. D. Roebuck, R. Spruce, Rev. W. Thompson,
etc. :

The Union being a subscriber to the Zoological Record—a most
important annual publication—availed itself during the year of
purchasing, on very advantageous terms, the complete set of back
volumes. A similar opportunity of filling up to a large extent the
gap which exists in the Union’s set of the Zoologist was also made
use of. Amongst the other books which have been added are Canon
Fowler's new work on British Coleoptera, Mr. Ridgway’s on Colour
for Naturalists, Mr. Thompson’s Florula Sedbergensis, Mr. Mellard
Reade’s Origin of Mountain Ranges, Prof. Lebour’s Geology of
Northumberland and Durham, and Harvie-Brown and Buckley’s
Vertebrate Fauna of Sutherland and Caithness.

The Executive take this opportunity of acknowledging the
services of Mr. Chas. Brownridge as Honorary Librarian during the
year. ‘Thanks to him, the Library has been put in order, ready for
the preparation of the catalogue, a necessary preliminary to members
being able to make use of the books.

The books and other property of the Union are stored at the
Leeds Mechanics’ Institute, through the kindness of its Committee,
April 1888,

118 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION—-ANNUAL REPORT.

to whom the Executive are under great obligation for the use of the
Board-room for their meetings. 7

The Librarian will be pleased at any time to receive from
members copies of suitable books, particularly of works written or
published by themselves or dealing with Yorkshire natural history
or geology.

The Sections of the Union have carried on their work during
the year with the energy and success of former years, and their
operations have tended much to the success of the various meetings.

Committees of Research.—During the year the two Com-
mittees which were appointed at the last annual meeting for specific
research have carried on their operations with success.

The Yorkshire Boulder Committee has already scheduled a large
number of erratics, and have duly published the results. The value
of their work has been borne witness to by the Boulder Committee
of the British Association, who state that were similar committees
formed in other counties and their operations carried on with the
same vigour and success as in Yorkshire, the work of the British
Association Committee would soon be brought to a satisfactory
conclusion.

The other Committee, that for investigating the Marine Zoology
of the Yorkshire Coast, although they have not as yet published
their results, have been working quietly at their subject. A goodly
number of specimens have been sent in and recorded for the future
use of the Committee.

British Association.—The Union has again been selected as
one of the associated societies of the British Association, and at the
Manchester meeting (which was largely attended by members of this
Union) Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, chairman of the Executive, was the
official representative at the Conferences of Delegates of Scientific
Societies.

Proposed Alteration of the Constitution.— Your Executive
have given very careful consideration to the question which a
resolution of the last Annual Meeting placed in their hands, and
are unanimously of opinion that the present regulations for the
election of the General Committee of the Union are calculated to
meet all the requirements that can legitimately arise, and that the
rules being sufficiently comprehensive and practicable in their
present form, do not need amendment. |

The Secretariate.—Your Executive have to express their
satisfaction that the heavy labour which the work of the Union
entails upon its honorary secretaries has been substantially relieved
by the appointment at the last annual meeting of Messrs. P. H.

Naturalist,

NOTES—-COLEOPTERA AND BOTANY. 119

Grimshaw and W. C. Scott as Honorary Assistant Secretaries, each
of whom has taken charge of a definite branch of work which would
otherwise have fallen as of old upon the Honorary Secretaries.

The Presidency of the Union for 1888 has been offered to
and accepted by a well-known Yorkshire geologist, intimately
connected with the district in which the present annual meeting is
being held, and in Mr. Wilfrid H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., who is
one of the Secretaries of the Geological Society of London and an
Editor of the Geological Magazine, and whose monographic papers
on the paleeontology of the Oolitic Rocks of Yorkshire are so well-
known, we have a worthy successor in the series of distinguished
Yorkshiremen who have for the past ten years presided over the
Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

In conclusion, the Executive have to express a regret, which will
be unanimously shared by the members, that Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey
could not honour the Union by accepting the office of President for
the customary second year. They have also to express gratification
at the success which has, under Sir Ralph’s presidency, attended the
proceedings of the Union during the past year.

NOTE—COLEOPTERA.

Quedius longicornis at Hartlepool.—I have recently had some beetles
returned from my friend Mr. W. G. Blatch, of Birmingham, to whom I had sent
them to name, and amongst others of less note I was pleased to observe three
specimens of the rare species Quedius longicornis Kr., which were captured on
our sandhills during last summer. This is new to the Northumberland and Durham
list, not appearing in Bold’s Coleoptera of the two counties, and is a valuable
addition.—J. GAKDNER, 8, Friar Terrace, Hartlepool, 2oth March, 1888.

NOTE—BOTANY.

Some Ingleton Plants.—I send the names of a few of the plants we used to
find in the neighbourhood of Ingleton fifteen or twenty years ago. It will be very
interesting to me to hear whether they are still to be found.

In the ‘ Helks,’ the large wood below the Thornton Falls, Comva/laria majalis
was abundant, Polygonatum multifiorum rather uncommon, while the ‘find’ was
the Daphne mezereum; though I am not aware of any other place in the North of
England where it is said to be really wild, I think it was so here.

On some rocks above Thornton Force a root of Asplenium germanicum has been
found.

In King’s Dale on the side of Gragreth was a solitary clump of Zpr/obinm
hirsutum, and Aspidium lonchitis has been found on the neighbouring rocks, though
very uncommon.

On the way to the Ingleton Falls I have found Pinguicula vulgaris, Primula
Jarinosa, Trollius europeus, Polypodium dryopteris,and P. phegopteris.

Ophrys muscifera has been met with between, I think, the two rivers.

On an old wall between Ingleton and Kirkby Lonsdale the Celerach officinarum
used to grow.—R. E. LEACH, M.A., St. Mary’s Cottage, Beccles, Suftolk, March
oth, 1888.

April 1888.

-
to
1)

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION:
ANNUAL MEETING AT MALTON.

THE Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting, held this year at Malton, on
Wednesday, the 7th of March, was an extremely successful and
pleasant one—a result for which the exertions of the members of the
Malton Society (which enjoys a high place among our local societies)
are in the main responsible. By the courtesy of the Committee of
the Malton Institute, various rooms in that building were placed at
the Union’s service. The proceedings commenced at 3.15 p.m.,
when the General Committee met in the Museum for the transaction
of the Union’s business. The attendance included the official
delegates of seven societies (eleven others being unofficially repre-
sented by:-Permanent Members of the Committee), the two honorary
secretaries and one honorary assistant-secretary, the honorary
librarian, four presidents and seven secretaries of sections, two other
members of the Executive, and twelve other Permanent Members of
the General Committee—making a total of forty. The Rev. E. Maule
Cole, M.A., a vice-president, occupied the chair. The minutes of
the preceding annual meeting were read, discussed, and then unani-
mously adopted, on the motion of Mr. Erskine Stuart, seconded by
Mr. S. A. Adamson.

The Twenty-sixth Annual Report was then read by the secretaries,
together with the certificate of the auditors to the effect that the
accounts had been duly examined and found to be correct, after
which the Reports were adopted, on the motion of Mr. John Stears
(Hull), seconded by Mr. Washington Teasdale, F.R.A.S. (Leeds).

The excursion-programme for 1888 was then fixed as follows,
on the recommendation of the Executive, unanimously confirmed on
the motion of Mr. J. J. Stead (Heckmondwike), seconded by Mr.
P. F. Lee (Dewsbury) :—

Leyburn ; Whit-Monday, 21st May.

Saddleworth ; Saturday, 16th June.

Robin Hood’s Bay; Monday, 16th July.

Market Weighton, for the Wolds; Bank Holiday Monday, 6th August.
Fungus Foray, with Meetings at Leeds, about the end of September.

It was then decided, on the motion of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,
F.L.S., seconded by Mr. J. W. Addyman, B.A., that for the purpose
of arranging excursions in future years, the five districts of the
county be Mr. Cottrell Watson's well-known botanical divisions, viz.:
South-East York, North-East York, North-West York, Mid-West
York, and South-West York. The principal changes involved are the

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT MALTON. I21

division of what is now the North-Western Hills district into two dis-
tricts, and the abolition of the Central district, decided advantage being
likely to accrue from the increased facility for visiting the Western dales.

Proceeding to the election of officers, it was first announced that,
as stated in the concluding paragraph of the Report, Mr. W. H.
Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., had accepted the presidency. The two
retiring Hon. Secreteries (Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., and
Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., both of Leeds) were re-elected, as were
also the two retiring Hon. Assistant Secretaries (Percy H. Grimshaw,
Burley-in- Wharfedale, and W. Cecil Scott, Leeds), the retiring Hon.
Librarian (Charles Brownridge, F.G.S., Leeds), the ten retiring mem-
bers of the Executive (S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds; Wm. Cash,
HeGeo Hlaltiax ;-|. W. Davis, ¥.S.A., Halifax; G. C. Dennis, York ;
John Emmet, F.L.S., Boston Spa; Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., Liver-
sedge; Charles P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., Dewsbury ; Benjamin Holgate,
F.G.S.,- Leeds; H. T. Soppitt, Bradford; and J. J. Stead, Heck-
mondwike), and the two retiring Auditors (J. E. Bedford and
C. D. Hardcastle, both of Leeds).

The Committees of Research were then appointed.

The Yorkshire Boulder Committee was re-appointed, consisting
of Prof. A. H. Green, M.A., F.R.S., Leeds (chairman) ; C. D. Hard-
castle, Leeds (vice-chairman) ; S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds (hon.
secretary); J. E. Bedford and C. Brownridge, F.G.S., Leeds;
S. Chadwick, Malton; Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., Wetwang ;
J. W. Davis, F.G.S., Halifax; W. Gregson, Baldersby ; John Hill,
Morley ; B. Holgate, F.G.S., Leeds; Wm. Horne, F.G.S., Leyburn ;
Prof. L. C. Miall, F.L.S., Leeds ; James Spencer, Halifax; Thos. Tate,
F.G.S., Leeds ; and J. W. Woodall, F.G.S., Scarborough.

The Yorkshire Marine Zoology Committee was also re-appointed,
to consist of the following members :—Dr. H. C. Sorby, F.R.S..
Sheffield (chairman); Rev. E. H. Smart, B.A., Kirby-in-Cleveland
(hon. secretary); George Brook, F.L.S., Huddersfield; J. Darker
Butterell, Beverley ; Wm. Cash, F.G.S., Halifax; Wm. Eagle Clarke,
P-5., Leeds ;- john Cordeaux, M.B.O.U.,Great Cotes; Rev. W. C,
Hey, M.A., York ; Baker Hudson, M.C.S., Coatham ; T. H. Nelson,
M.B.O.U., Redcar; O. T. Olsen, F.L.S., Grimsby; and Rev. H.
Smith, Redcar; with George Massee, F.R.M.S., Kew, as Botanical
Referee.

In addition to these, it was unanimously resolved, on the
recommendation of the Executive, and the motion of Mr. W.
Cash, F.G.S., that a Committee be appointed for the investigation of
the Fossil Flora of the county of York, and that it consist of the
following members :—Prof. W. C. Williamson, F.R.S., Manchester
April 1888.

122 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS UNION AT MALTON.

(chairman); W. Cash, F.G.S., Halifax (hon. secretary); S. A.
Adamson, -F.G.S., Halifax; Thos. Hick, B.A., B.Sc., Manchester ;
B. Holgate, F.G.S., Leeds ; Robert Kidston, F.G.S.; Prof. L. C.
Miall, Leeds; James Spencer, Halifax; John Stubbins, F.G.S.,
Leeds ; and William West, F.L.S., Bradford.

It being in the power of the General Committee to add to its
own number ten Permanent Members annually, this power was used,
Messrs. F. Boyes, Beverley; James Carter, Masham; William
Foggitt, Thirsk ; Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., Hull and Cambridge
University ; Wm. Horne, F.G.S., Leyburn; Baker Hudson, M.C.S.,
Coatham; J. C. PAnson, F.G.S., Saltburn-by-the-Sea; Rev. Wm.
Jessop, F.A.S., Rawdon; T. H. Nelson, M.B.O.U., Redcar; and
John Stubbins, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Leeds.

The unanimous election of Messrs. Robert Barnes, Saltburn-by-
the-Sea; Geo. S. Gibb, LL.B., York ; the Hon. H. W. Fitzwilliam,
M.P., Malton; Zechariah Waite, Whitby; A. W. Walker, Malton ;
and William Young, M.D., Malton, as members of the Union,
followed, all having been duly proposed in writing.

The next business was the selection of the place of the next
Annual Meeting, for which invitations were submitted from Sheffield
and Halifax—the former town being eventually selected—and the
date fixed for Friday, 16th of November next. This concluded the
business of the General Committee, which then adjourned.

The sections then met and elected their officers as follows :—

B. Vertebrate Zoology.—Rev. E. Ponsonby Knubley, M.A.,
M.B.O.U., Rector of Staveley, re-elected president, and- Mr. James
Backhouse, jun., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., of York, re-elected secretary,
and a second secretary elected in the person of Mr. Thomas Bunker,
Goole.

C. Conchology.— Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., M.CS., York,
re-elected president ; Mr. John Emmet, F.L.S., Boston Spa, re-elected
secretary, and Mr. Baker Hudson, M.C.S., Coatham, chosen secretary
in place of Mr. Butterell, resigned.

D. Entomology.—All the officers re-elected, viz., Mr. N. F.
Dobrée, Beverley, president, and Messrs. G. C. Dennis and Samuel
Walker, York, secretaries.

E. Botany.—All the officers re-elected, viz Mr. F. Arnold
Lees, L.R.C.P., Leeds, president ; Mr. P. F. Lee, Dewsbury, phanero-
gamic secretary, and Mr. M. B. Slater, Malton, cryptogamic secretary.

F. Geology.—All the officers re-elected, viz., Rev. E. Maule
Cole, M.A., Wetwang, president, and Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S.,
Leeds, and Mr. S. Chadwick, Malton, secretaries.

Naturalist,

IN MEMORIAM—THOMAS LISTER. 123

G. Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany.—Dr. H. Clifton
Sorby, F.R.S., Sheffield, president, and Mr. J. M. Kirk, Doncaster,
secretary, both re-elected.

_ Afterwards tea was served at the Talbot Hotel, and at 7 p.m. the
Annual Public Meeting was held in the Theatre of the Malton
Institute, when there was a large audience. The chair was taken by
the president, Sir Ralph Payne-Gallwey, Bart., M.B.O.U., who, after
the annual report and excursion-programme had been read for the
benefit of the members generally, delivered the annual address.
He took for his subject, ‘Yorkshire Decoys and the Method of
Decoying Ducks,’ illustrating his remarks by a series of lantern-slides.
During the delivery of the address the chair was occupied by the
Rev. R. W. Elliott, M.A., one of the vice-presidents of the Malton
Naturalists’ Society. A vote of thanks to the president for his
services as such and for his address was cordially voted, on the
motion of Mr. John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., seconded by the Rev. W.
C. Hey, in a couple of happily-expressed speeches, and afterwards
a similar and well-deserved compliment was paid to the Malton
Society for its reception of the Union and to the Rev. R..W. Elliott
for presiding, on the motion of the new president, Mr. Wilfrid H.
Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., seconded by the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A.

An excellent and most interesting exhibition, which had been
arranged by the members of the Malton Society, was open through-
out the afternoon and evening, and engaged the attention of the
members and associates during the intervals between the various
meetings. ‘The objects shown were of a varied character, and were
contributed by numerous local gentlemen and ladies, hardly any
branch of natural history, art, or antiquities being unrepresented.
In addition to this the splendid little museum of the Malton Society
was open to inspection.

ou Aemoriam.

MAOwAS LISTER:
_ In the death of Mr. Thomas Lister, of Barnsley, Yorkshire naturalists
_ have lost a veteran and enthusiastic comrade, while the Barnsley
| Naturalists’ Society and the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union have to
-) mourn the passing away of an old office-bearer.

| Thomas Lister was born at the Old Mill Wharf near Barnsley, on

the 11th February, 1810. A member of the Society of Friends, he

| received his education at the Friends’ School at Ackworth, afterwards
| working with his father, who was a gardener and small farmer. In
| 1839 he accepted the postmastership of Barnsley. He remained post-
) April 1888.

2’
|

a

I24 IN MEMORIAM—THOMAS LISTER.

master till 1870, when he retired on a pension, and received a hand-
some testimonial from his fellow-townsmen in appreciation of his long
and faithful services. In his youth he was active and athletic, fond of
travel, and occasionally performing remarkable pedestrian feats when
visiting the English lake-country, and prolonging his journey into
Scotland, where he made many friendships amongst literary men.
This was in 1837, and in the following year he visited the Continent,
where, after crossing Mont Cenis, he rambled leisurely through the
great valleys of Piedmont and the plains of Lombardy, visiting Milan,
Turin, and other Italian cities. He then skirted the shores of the
Italian lakes, and passing over the Alps, visited Switzerland and then
the Netherlands, Then intervened the thirty years of official life, but
after his retirement in 1870 the old travelling instincts re-appeared,
and Mr. Lister seldom or never failed to accompany the British
Association, of which he became a member, wherever it went, even on
the occasion of the Canadian gathering, which gave him the oppor-
tunity of visiting relatives of his own who had settled in the colony.
Mr. Lister was of a bright and happy disposition, and well-known
to hosts of appreciative friends. His reputation was both literary
and scientific. He occupied a fairly high position among the local
poets of Yorkshire, his principle productions being the ‘ Rustic
Wreath’ (1834), ‘Temperance Rhymes’ (1837), and ‘ Rhymes of
Progress’ (1862), each of these being collections of short poems.
Mr. Lister was a field-ornithologist who knew well (none better),
by ear and by eye, the birds which inhabited the woods and hedge-
rows of his beloved valley of the Dearne. On several occasions he
has published lists of the birds of the Barnsley district. Beyond this
sound practical acquaintance with the familiar birds of his native
district, he made no pretensions to ornithological fame. He was a ~
regular and diligent frequenter of the meetings of the old West Riding
Consolidated Naturalists’ Society, and when this became the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union of to-day, the new departure had no more staunch
supporter than Thomas Lister, who was made first Secretary, and
afterwards became President, of the Vertebrate Section of the Union.
Mr. Lister was married, but childless, and his wife died several
years ago. During the past winter he suffered from a bronchial affec-
tion. On the 16th of March he had a stroke, followed by another on
the 21st, from which he never rallied, and on the 25th he passed away,
from congestion of the lungs, aged 78. He was buried on the 29th
in the Friends’ burial-ground, Barnsley. His end was conscious
and peaceful, and a couplet from the last of his own poems, written
but a day or two before his illness, is singularly appropriate—

And lastly, our day is closed with devotion
To Him who all space His Majesty fills. Naturalist,

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a mle H 4
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Contents: ie
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A New Shell-Book (Review) * oh a ah ae es he 144
Coal-Dust and Explosions in Coal-Mines—Rev. Arthur Watts, F.G.S., F.R.G.S. 145 to 151
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125

THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE,
NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE.

JOHN PERCIVAL, B.A.,
St. Fohn's College, Cambridge.

WENSLEYDALE is situated in the north-west division of Yorkshire.
The district over which my observations have extended includes the
main valley of the Yore, between Hawes and Leyburn, together
with the smaller valleys which join it between those limits. The
chief rocks met with in the district are limestones belonging to the
Yoredale series. Small bands of grit occur in the series, but mill-
stone grit only occurs in isolated patches on the highest points, as
Penhill, ‘Grits’ above Carperby, and Stags Fell near the head of the
dale.

The altitudinal range of the district is between about 350 ft. and
2,000 ft.—the river-bed at Leyburn being about 350-400 ft., and
the summit of Penhill about 2,000 ft. above sea-level. The fruticose
Rubi are, of course, poorly represented.

I have to thank Mr. F. Arnold Lees for kindly supplying a good
many stations referring to the upper part of the dale, and also
Mr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S.; for kindly examining the Rosz.

Anemone nemorosa L.

Ranunculus Drouetii Schultz. In bogs under Wegber Scar,
Carperby, 1,150 ft.; and in brook near Hawes Railway Station.

Ranunculus heterophyllus Fries. In stream near West Burton;
and in Eller Beck, Carperby.

Ranunculus Lenormandi Schultz. In boggy places above
Hardraw, on both sides of the road leading from Hawes to
Muker; and on Penhill.

Ranunculus Flammula L.

{Ranunculus Lingua L. Semerwater (Baker’s ‘ North Yorkshire.’)
Not seen by me].

Ranunculus auricomus L., R. acris L., R. repens L., R.
bulbosus L., and R. Ficaria L.

Caltha palustris L.

Trollius europzus L. Pretty abundant throughout the valley.

Helleborus viridis L. East end of Leyburn Shawl (Mr. W.
Horne !); and in pasture about a quarter of a mile south-east of
Thoresby Green, Carperby (about 600 ft.).

May 1888.

126 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE,

Aquilegia vulgaris L. In Freeholders Wood, Carperby ; about
Aysgarth Falls; and in Shaw Gill, Hardraw.

Actza spicata L. On both sides of the stream near the
Whitfield Gill Waterfall, Askrigg.

Berberis vulgaris L. Woodhall Scar (? planted); possibly

indigenous on wall south-west of Castle at Bolton, and in fields
behind church there..

Nuphar lutea Sm. _ In the Bain, extending about half a mile
below Semerwater Lake (820 ft.).

Papaver Argemone L. Ascends the valley to Carperby (720 ft.).
Papaver dubium L. and a. Lamottei. Ascends to Askrigg.
Papaver Rhzas L. Ascends to Carperby.

[Meconopsis cambrica Vig. Mossdale Head (Mr. Brunton).
Not seen by me].

Chelidonium majus L. By the roadside between Preston and
Wensley.

Fumaria officinalis L. Casual; up the valley as far as Hawes.

Brassica Napus L. (?) Occasional; among waste alpten cultivated
fields.

Sisymbrium officinale Scop. Not common. West of Carperby
and near Preston.

Sisymbrium Alliaria Scop.

Cardamine amara L. Pretty abundant. Ascends Gayledale to
1,000 4t. (FP... Iees).

Cardamine pratensis L., C. hirsuta L., and C. syligea Link.

Arabis hirsuta Br.

Barbarea vulgaris Br. By no means frequent; up as far as
Hawes.

Nasturtium officinale Br. Ascends to Askrigg (about 600 ft.).

Nasturtium palustre DC. In abundance by the side of the pond
at Carperby (about 700 ft.). The pond is now being drained.

Cochlearia officinalis L. 4. alpina.

Draba verna L. a. brachycarpa. Not unfrequent on old
walls and rocks in the upper part of the valley.

Draba incana L. Frequent on nearly all the upper and middle
limestone scars.

Thlaspi alpestre L. 4. occitanum. In great abundance along |
the banks of Eller Beck ; near Hawbank lead-mines and about
the old lead-mines in Ox Close, Carperby.

Naturalist,

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. 127

Teesdalia nudicaulis Br. Very sparingly at the Leyburn
flagstone quarries.

Hutchinsia petrzea Br. Pretty evenly distributed on all the scars
from the head of the valley down as far as Preston.

Capsella Bursa-pastoris Mcench. Not common higher than
Askrigg (700 ft.).

{[Lepidium campestre Br. Recorded in Baker’s ‘North Yorkshire’

_as ascending to Appersett Bridge above Hawes, but not seen by
Mr. F. A. Lees or myself in any part of the dale. |

Reseda Luteola L. Rare. Near the railway embankment at
Redmire Station ; and by road-side above Leyburn Shawl.

Helianthemum vulgare Gaert.

Viola palustris L.

Viola odorata L. Near river below Thoresby Green; in the

Freeholder’s Wood, Carperby ; Yore bank above Askrigg
Station ; and Bain Gill.

Viola hirta L
Viola sylvatica Fries, a. Riviniana. Common.
%. Reichenbachiana. Frequent in lower part of valley, but
does not apparently ascend to Hawes. New to vice-county
65 of Watson’s ‘ Topographical Botany.’
c. velutina Lees. A downy-leaved variety, at first thought to be

V. avenaria, until fruit was obtained; grows very locally on a
stiff till-slope by the Mossdale stream.

| Viola tricolor L. Occasional; not permanent.

Viola lutea Huds. Abundant in moorland pastures, especially on
the north side of the valley.

Drosera rotundifolia L. Locker Tarn, Carperby; in bogs north

of Addlebrough, on Thornton Rust Moor, and higher part of
dale.

Polygala vulgaris L., and P. depressa Wend.

Silene inflata Sm. Ascends to 400 ft. at river-bank, Hawes.
| Lychnis diurna Sibth., and L. Flos-cuculi L.

- Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Not common.

| Cerastium triviale Link.

-Stellaria nemorum L. In nearly all the gills of Upper Wensley-
dale,

| Stellaria media With., and S. Holostea L.
Stellaria graminea 7 and §. uliginosa Murr.

|
| Arenaria trinervis L. Not found higher than Aysgarth, 600 ft.
is ay 1888,

|

|

|

—————————

-~

128 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Arenaria serpyllifolia L.

Arenaria leptoclados Guss. Sparingly at the Flag Quarries,
Leyburn.

Alsine verna Bartl. Very abundant on many of the scars.

Alsine tenuifolia Crantz. Leyburn Flag Quarries.

Sagina ciliata Fries. Leyburn Flag Quarries (F. A. Lees!).
New to vice-county 65 of Watson’s ‘ Top. Bot.’

Sagina procumbens L., and S. nodosa Meyer.

Montia fontana L.

Hypericum calycinum IL. In a small wood above Leyburn
Shawl ; planted.

Hypericum perforatum L.

Hypericum dubium Leers. By the river Yore about the Aysgarth
Waterfalls ; in Cotterdale at an elevation of 1,250 ft.

Hypericum tetrapterum Fries.

Hypericum humifusum L. Rare. Not seen higher up the
dale than the Leyburn Flag Quarries, and there only a few
specimens. Plentiful on sandy cart-track in field between Birk
Rigg Farm and Mid Mossdale, 1,200 ft. (F. A. Lees).

Hypericum pulchrum L., and H. hirsutum L.

Malva moschata L. Leyburn Shawl woods, and in woods about
Scarth Nick, 1,000 ft.

Malva sylvestris L. Rather rare. Ascends to Carperby.

Tilia parvifolia Ehrh. One tree by road-side, near Hawbank,
Carperby.

Linum catharticum L.

Linum perenne L. Long known about cabin Shawl. Mr. W.
Horne gathered specimens in 1883 (!), but it has not been seen
this year (1887).

Geranium sylvaticum L. Abundant.

Geranium pratense L., G. molle L., and G. dissectum L.

Geranium columbinum L. On banks about Scarth Nick; and
near the Upper Aysgarth Falls in Bearpark.

Geranium lucidum L.

Geranium Robertianum L. Common. Ascends over 1,900 ft.
at head of Gayle Beck.

Oxalis Acetosella L

Ilex Aquifolium L.

Euonymus europzus L. Freeholder’s Wood, Carperby; and
Leyburn Shawl woods.

Naturalist,

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. 129

Rhamnus catharticus L. Ascends to Hawbank Wood, Carperby.

Acer Pseudo-platanus L.

Acer campestre L. Ascends to Nappa Scar.

Ulex europzus L. Near Nappa Scar; Aysgarth Force; Castle
Bolton; and Duerley Brook-side, in Gayledale, 1,800 ft.

Ononis arvensis Auct.

Anthyllis vulneraria L.

Medicago lupulina L.

Medicago denticulata Willd. In sandy crevices of rocks below

Aysgarth lowest falls. Introduced by seed from Yore Flour
Mills above.

Trifolium pratense L., T. medium L., and T. repens L.

T. procumbens L., and T. dubium Sibth.

Lotus corniculatus L., and L. major Scop.

Hippocrepis comosa L. Not unfrequent in several places in the
lower part of the dale. Ascends to Carperby (goo ft.).

Vicia hirsuta Koch, and V. Cracca L.

Vicia sylvatica L. In Mill and Whitfield Gills near Askrigg ;
Bolton Gill (Mr. W. Robinson); West Bolton Gill; and Thoralby.

Vicia sepium L.

Lathyrus pratensis L., and L. macrorhizus Wimm.

Prunus spinosa L.

Prunus domestica L. ‘Three trees in copse by Yore above
Appersett Bridge (F. A. Lees).

Prunus Avium L. Woodhall Scar Woods; planted?

Prunus Padus L.

Spirea Ulmaria L.

Agrimonia Eupatoria L.

Agrimonia odorata Mill. On Penhill above West Burton; and
in Bishopdale, west of Thoralby. New to vice-county 65 of
Watson’s ‘ Top. Bot.’

Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Poterium Sanguisorba L.

Alchemilla arvensis Scop. Not common.

Alchemilla vulgaris L.

Potentilla Fragariastrum Ehrh.

[Potentilla verna L. Semerdale (Baker’s ‘North Yorkshire’):
not seen by me].

[Potentilla alpestris Hall. fil. Main Limestone scars on Haslen

Fell, Waldendale (Baker’s ‘ North Yorkshire’): not seen by me].
May 1888.

130 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Potentilia Tormentilla Schenk.

Potentilla reptans L. Ascends as far as Bainbridge.

Potentilla anserina L.

Comarum palustre L. In bogs at the foot of Addlebrough ;
and south of Locker Tarn, Carperby.

Fragaria vesca L.

Rubus Idzeus L. Up to 1,800 ft. in ‘Swallow holes’ on Ten
End.

Rubus Radula Weihe. Up to about Preston.

Rubus rhamnifolius W. & N. Ascends nearly 1,000 ft. on
Penhill.

Rubus discolor W. & N. Ascends the valley to Woodhall.

Rubus villicaulis W. & N. Hawbank Wood, near Carperby.

Rubus diversifolius Lindl. Up to 1,000 ft. in Fossdale.

Rubus corylifolius Sm. Up to below Mill Gill, Askrigg.

Rubus cesius L.

Rubus saxatilis L. Descends to Freeholder’s Wood, Carperby,
630 ft.

Rubus Chamzmorus L.

Geum urbanum L.

Geum intermedium Ehrh. In Cat Scar near Yore Mills; Bolton
Gill; and Cotterdale.

Geum rivale L.

Rosa spinosissima L. In the lower part of Freeholders Wood,
Carperby ; and in Bain Gill.

Rosa involuta Sm. Shaw Gill, Hardraw (F. A. Lees)!

Rosa mollissima Willd. and }. czrulea.

Rosa tomentosa Sm.

Rosa scabriuscula Sm. Freeholders Wood, Carperby.

Rosa micrantha Sm. In Bearpark near the waterfalls (F. A.
Lees)!

Rosa lutetiana Leman.

Rosa sphzrica Gren., and R. dumalis Bechst.

_ Rosa biserrata Merat, R. urbica Leman, and R. frondosa Stev.

Rosa arvatica Baker, R. incana Woods, and R. obtusifolia Desv.

Rosa andevagensis Bast., and R. verticillacantha Merat.

Rosa Kosinciana Bess., and R. Reuteri Godet.

Rosa subcristata Baker. :

Rosa implexa Gren., and R. coriifolia Fries.

Naturalist,

e

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. I31

Rosa Watsoni Baker.

(The best localities for Rosze are Freeholder’s Wood, Carperby ;
and Bain Gill. Nearly all the above mentioned canina forms
are found in the former place).

Crategus Oxyacantha L.

Pyrus Aucuparia Gaert., and P. Malus L.

Peplis Portula L. By the river about Aysgarth Falls.

Epilobium angustifolium L. Head of Gayledale; Ten End in
‘Swallow holes,’ 1,800 ft.; and in Mossdale.

6. brachycarpum Leight. On the Aysgarth side of the river
above the falls in Bearpark.

Epilobium hirsutum L., and E. parviflorum Schreb.

Epilobium montanum L., and E. palustre L.

Epilobium obscurum Schreb. Hawes and Simonstone.

Circea lutetiana L.

Myriophyllum spicatum L. In ‘Strands’ pasture, Carperby ; and
Locker Tarn, Carperby.

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Frequent in many places in
the river and tributaries of the Yore. New to vice-county 65 of
Watson’s ‘ Top. Bot.’

Hippuris vulgaris L. In ‘Strands’ pasture, Carperby; in Bishop-
dale Beck, above Thoralby ; and Semerwater.

Callitriche stagnalis Kitz.

6. platycarpa. Carperby Moor.

Callitriche hamulata Kiitz. In brook near Hawes Railway
Station (F. A. Lees) !

Ribes Grossularia L.

Ribes alpinum L. Indigenous; up Gayle Beck near Aisgill
Force (F. A: Lees) !

Ribes rubrum L., and a. sativum.

¢c. Smithianum. Widdale Gill (F. A. Lees)!

Ribes nigrum L. Occasional.

Sedum villosum L. In moist place by the Muker roadside above
Simonstone ; [damp rocks, Ten End (Baker’s ‘ North Yorkshire’) ;
not seen by me]. High up Gayledale near the old Duerley
ironstone shafts (Albert Crosfield and F. A. Lees; 1885).

Sedum album L. a. teretifolium. Thoroughly naturalized in
a small wood above Leyburn Shawl.

Sedum acre L.

May 1888.

132 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Sedum rupestre Huds. Naturalized in small wood above
Leyburn Shawl, and on bridge at Newbiggin, near Askrigg.
Saxifraga aizoides L. On rocks about the Whitfield Gill

Waterfall, Askrigg.

Saxifraga tridactylites L.

Saxifraga granulata L. In fields about Scarth Nick ; Thornton
Rust; Yorber Knott ; and Burtersett; up to 1,600 ft.

Saxifraga hypnoides L.

Chrysosplenium oppositifolium L.

Chrysosplenium alternifolium L. Rare. Near footpath across
West Bolton Gill (Mr. W. Robinson) !; and at Hawes ‘backwater.’

Parnassia palustris L.

Sanicula europea L.

Helosciadium nodiflorum Koch. Rare. In brook near Ley-
burn ; and below Thoresby Green.

Bunium flexuosum With.

Pimpinella saxifraga L.

Sium angustifolium L. Rare. In brook below Thoresby Green;
and near Leyburn.

fEthusa Cynapium L. Weed in gardens at Hawes.

Silaus pratensis Bess.

Meum Athamanticum Jacq. Meadows in Mossdale (Mr.
Brunton, about 1805); not seen by me, but found there in
1886 by F. A. Lees.

Angelica sylvestris L.

Peucedanum Ostruthium Koch. Occasional; near farm-houses.

Pastinaca sativa L. Shaw Cote Scar, Askrigg (F. A. Lees).

Heracleum Sphondylium L.

Daucus Carota L. In field 100-200 yards east of entrance to
lowest Aysgarth Waterfalls ; and on Shaw Cote Scar.

Torilis Anthriscus Gaert.

Chzrophyllum sylvestre L., and C. temulum L.

Myrrhis odorata Scop. :

Scandix Pecten-Veneris L. Rare. Between Carr End and
Marsett (C.S.) !

Conium maculatum L. Notcommon. Near Thoralby ; Preston ;
and Shaw Cote Scar.

Hedera Helix L.
Adoxa Moschatellina L.

Naturalist,

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. 133

Sambucus nigra L.

Sambucus Ebulus L. Small wood above Leyburn Shaw].

Viburnum Opulus L.

Lonicera Periclymenum L.

~Galium cruciatum With., and G. verum L.

Galium Mollugo L. Ascends to Ellergate, Birk Rigg (1,000 ft.).

Galium saxatile L.., and G. sylvestre Poll.

Galium palustre L.

c. Witheringii. Frequent.

Galium uliginosum L. Locker Tarn Marsh, Carperby (F. A. L.)!

Galium Aparine L. |

Asperula odorata L.

Sherardia arvensis L. Ascends as far as Carperby.

Valeriana dioica L., and V. officinalis L.

Valerianella olitoria Mcench. Rather rare. Preston; Carperby ;
and Shaw Cote Scar.

Scabiosa succisa L., and S. Columbaria L.

Scabiosa arvensis L. Not common.

Carduus nutans L. Frequent in mountain pastures.

Carduus crispus L., C. lanceolatus L., and C. palustris L.

Carduus heterophyllus L. Abundant in several places by the
Yore and other streams throughout the district.

Carduus arvensis Curt.

Carlina vulgaris L.

Arctium minus Schkuhr.

Serratula tinctoria L. On the Carperby side of the river Yore

_ about Aysgarth Falls.

Centaurea nigra L.

Centaurea Scabiosa L. Ascends to Carperby.

Centaurea Cyanus L. Occasional; not permanent. In field
west of Carperby, in 1880.

Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum L.

Chrysanthemum segetum L. Not permanent; occasionally
introduced with corn.

Matricaria inodora L. Casual.

Anthemis Cotula L. Casual.

Achillea Millefolium L., and A. Ptarmica L.

Artemisia Absinthium L. Middleham Moor, above the Quarry

(Mr. W. Whitwell).

May 18838.

134 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Artemisia vulgaris L. Waste ground near Bow Bridge (C.S.)!

Filago germanica L. Leyburn Flag Quarries.

Gnaphalium uliginosum L. Not common; in damp places
about Hawes.

Gnaphalium sylvaticum L. Hawbank, Carperby; and pastures
near river below Swinethwaite.

Gnaphalium dioicum L. In pastures above Hardraw ; near
Preston; and on hill near Locker Tarn, Carperby.

Senecio vulgaris L.

Senecio erucifolius L. Ascends to Freeholder’s Wood, Carperby.

Senecio Jacobza L., and S. aquaticus Huds.

Bellis perennis L.

Solidago Virga-aurea L.

Tussilago Farfara L.

Petasites vulgaris Desf.

Eupatorium cannabinum L. River-side in Freeholders Wood,
Carperby. By stream near Wensley Station (F. A. Lees).

Lapsana communis L.

Hypocheris radicata L.

Leontodon hispidus L.

Leontodon autumnalis L., and 5. pratensis.

Tragopogon pratensis L. Ascends as far as Carperby.

6. minor. Ascends as far as Carperby.

Taraxacum officinale Wigg.

Lactuca muralis Fresen. ;

Sonchus oleraceus L., and S. asper Hoffm.

Crepis virens L.

Crepis tectorum L. Casual on railway-banks and by road-sides.

Crepis succiszfolia Tausch. Bushy places in Bain Gill, at the
higher end.

Crepis paludosus Mcench.

Hieracium Pilosella L., and H. murorum L.

Hieracium Gibsoni Backh. On scars about the foot of Penhill.

Hieracium cesium Fr. Var. Smithii. Sparingly on sandy
shale rock in larch wood above Leyburn Shawl; and Gayle
Beck ; abundant about Jack Wood, Penhill.

Hieracium vulgatum F’.

Hieracium tridentatum Fr. Near the Yore about Aysgarth
Middle Falls ; Fossdale ; Bain and Mill Gills ; and woods north

of Semerwater. a
Naturalist,

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. 135

Hieracium prenanthoides Vill. Single specimen gathered on
Eastholme Bridge, 1884; abundant on banks of Yore near
Cotterdale.

Hieracium corymbosum Fr. (4. Lupatorium Griseb.). With
the preceding in plenty by Yore at Birk Rigg (F. A. Lees).

Hieracium crocatum Fr. Up Gayle Beck.

Hieracium boreale Fr. Common. Ascends to 1,100 ft. in
Cotterdale.

Campanula latifolia L., and C. rotundifolia L.

Vaccinium Oxycoccos L. Locker Tarn, Carperby; Wether
Fell; Ten End; and Thornton Rust Moor.

Vaccinium Vitis-idza L., and V. Myrtillus L.

[Vaccinium uliginosum ‘Ina pasture called ‘“‘ Rough Earth,”
Mossdale Head, Mr. Brunton’; MS. Note in Joseph Woods’
handwriting in Townsend’s copy of Old Bot. Guide. Not
seen by me].

Erica Tetralix L.

Erica cinerea L. On moor above Preston.

Calluna vulgaris Salisb.

Pyrola minor L. In Mill Gill and Whitfield Gill, . Askrigg >
Bolton Gill; and near Thoralby.

Fraxinus excelsior L.

Erythrea Centaurium Pers. Very rare. In pastures near
Aysgarth Force; and below Swinethwaite.

Gentiana Amarella L. Ascends to 1,800 ft. on Ten End.

Gentiana campestris L. Rare. On Penhill above West Burton.

Menyanthes trifoliata L. Locker Tarn; Freeholder’s Wood,
Carperby; and Widdale.

Convolvulus arvensis L. Rare. Ascends to Carperby.

Convolvulus sepium L. Rare. Up the valley as far as Hawes.

Verbascum Thapsus L. Frequent in waste places in lower part
of the dale.

Scrophularia aquatica L.

[Scrophularia umbrosa Dum. By the road-side near the Haw-
bank Lead Mines, Carperby (Baker’s ‘North Yorkshire’): not
seen by me].

Scrophularia nodosa L.

Digitalis purpurea L. At an elevation of 1,800 ft. in ‘Swallow
holes’ on Ten End.

Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. Naturalised on walls near Nappa
Scar.

May 1888.

136 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Linaria vulgaris Mill. ‘Town’s Field,’ Carperby.

Linaria italica Angl. Auct. In larch wood above Leyburn Shawl ;
perhaps not native, as there are several introductions in the
same wood.

Mimulus luteus L. Islets in river Yore below Hawes; and in
‘Strands’ Pasture, Carperby.

Veronica hederifolia L., and V. polita Fr.

Veronica agrestis L., V. arvensis L., and V. serpyllifolia L

Veronica officinalis L., V. Chamzdrys L., and V. montana L.

Veronica scutellata L. Not common. In Bearpark near the river;
Locker Tarn; in bogs on moor above Carperby; and at Hawes
Backwater.

Veronica Beccabunga L.

Euphrasia officinalis L., and E. gracilis Fr.

Bartsia Odontites Huds. with a. verna. and 6. serotina.

Pedicularis palustris L.

Pedicularis sylvatica L.

Rhinanthus Crista-galli L.

Melampyrum pratense L. « montanum. Pretty common
throughout the valley. Specimens with white flowers among
the heather on summit of Dod Fell, 2,000 ft. (F. A. Lees).

Melampyrum sylvaticum L. South-west bank of Whitfield
Gill, at an elevation of 1,200 ft.

Lathrza squamaria L. In Mill Gill; and Leyburn Shawl Woods.
Cotter Force (W. Whitwell).

Orobanche rubra Sm. On the Main Limestone scar nee Leyburn
Shawl as far as Preston ; and on the same series of rocks above
Carperby, over 1,200 ft.

[Mentha sylvestris L. Near Eastholme Bridge (Ward in Baker’s
‘North Yorkshire’); not seen by me. |

Mentha viridis L. By Gayle Beck.

Mentha piperita Huds. In Cotterdale; and at Carperby.
Mentha hirsuta L., M. sativa L., and M. rubra Sm.
Mentha arvensis L. Near Appersett Bridge, Hawes.
Thymus Serpyllum Fr.

Origanum vulgare L.

Calamintha Clinopodium Sp.

Nepeta Glechoma Benth.

Prunella vulgaris L.

Naturalist

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. DSi

Stachys Betonica Benth., and S. sylvatica L.

Galeopsis Tetrahit L. ‘Town’s field,’ Carperby; and Leyburn.

Lamium purpureum L.

Lamium album L. Ascends to Bainbridge (about 750 ft.).

Ajuga reptans L.

Teucrium Scorodonia L.

Lithospermum officinale L. In Freeholder’s Wood, Carperby,
near the river.

Myosotis czspitosa Schultz.

Myosotis palustris With. and 4. strigulosa.

Myosotis repens Don., and M. sylvatica Ehrh.

Myosotis arvensis Hoffm., and M. collina Reich.

Pinguicula vulgaris L.

Utricularia minor L. In peat-bogs on moor north-west of
Addlebrough (1,400 ft.).

Primula vulgaris Huds.

6. variabilis Goup.

Primula officinalis L.

Primula farinosa 1. Abundant in many places in the valley,
especially about Aysgarth Force; Locker Tarn; and Rabbit
Warten, Carperby. —

Trientalis europza L. Widdale Carr plantation (F. A. Lees)!

Lysimachia vulgaris L. In boggy place near the river in the
Freeholder’s Wood, Carperby. A starved form with facies of
Toei tata M i.

Lysimachia nemorum L.

Anagallis arvensis L. Rare. Pasture near Aysgarth Force; and
near river below Swinethwaite.

Armeria maritima Willd. Abundant about Woodhall Lead-—
mines.

[Plantago maritima I. Semerdale, at Carr End (Baker's
‘North Yorkshire’); not seen by me].

Plantago major L.

Plantago intermedia Gilib.

Plantago media L.

Plantago lanceolata L.

Littorella lacustris L. Rare; in small quantity at Locker Tarn,
Carperby.

Chenopodium album L., and C. Bonus-Henricus L.

May 888.

138 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Atriplex erecta Huds. In waste places, not unfrequent.

Atriplex hastata L. Casual.

Rumex conglomeratus Murr.

Rumex nemorosus Schrad. a. viridis.

Rumex obtusifolius Auct.,and R. crispus L.

Rumex aquaticus L. Near Appersett; in lane near Thornton
Rust ; and at Semerwater.

Rumex Acetosa L., and R. Acetosella L.

Polygonum Convolvulus L., and P. aviculare L.

Polygonum Hydropiper L. In ‘backwater’ at Hawes; and
Semerwater.

Polygonum Persicaria L.

Polygonum amphibium L. 4. terrestre.

Polygonum Bistorta L.

Polygonum viviparum L. In pastures about Whitfield Gill,
Askrigg.

Empetrum nigrum L.

Euphorbia Helioscopia L., and E. Peplus L.

Mercurialis perennis L.

Parietaria diffusa Koch. On Bolton Castle.

Urtica dioica L., and U. urens L.

Ulmus suberosa Ehrh. Planted in various places.

Ulmus montana Sm.

Quercus Robur L., a. pedunculata and 4. sessilifiora.

Fagus sylvatica L.

Corylus Avellana L.

Alnus glutinosa L.

Betula alba L., a. verrucosa, 4. glutinosa, and c. pubescens.

Populus tremula L. By river west of Bearpark ; in Hawbank
Wood; and Skelgill.

Salix pentandra L., and S. alba L.

Salix purpurea L., and S. viminalis L.

Salix cinerea L., 2. aquatica, and c.-oleifolia.

Salix aurita L., and S. caprea L.

Salix phylicifolia ‘Linn.’ Frequent throughout the valley.

k. Borreriana.
Salix nigricans Sm. Gayledale.

Salix repens L. Locker Tarn, Carperby; and moor south-west
of Addlebrough.

Naturalist,

Pei =

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. 139

Juniperus communis L. Beldon Gill, Carperby Peat Moor; and
on Grit’s Moor above Carperby. It is interesting to notice that
in the adjoining dale—Swaledale—this shrub is abundant,
whereas in Wensleydale it only occurs in one or two places, and
then only quite a few bushes. Yore bank near Askrigg Station
(FE. A. Lees).

Sparganium ramosum Huds. ‘Strands’ pasture, and by Eller-
beck, Carperby. Hawes Brook and Backwater (zo¢S. neglectum)
(ie Asees):

Arum maculatum L.

Lemna minor L. Rare. |

Potamogeton natans L. (true). Common. New to vice-county
65 of Watson’s ‘ Top. Bot.’

Potamogeton polygonifolius Pour. Locker Tarn and bogs near.

Potamogeton rufescens Schrad. Bog in ‘Strands’ pasture,
Carperby, and in stream on Thornton Rust Moor, east of
Addlebrough.

Potamogeton perfoliatus L.

Potamogeton crispus L., and var. serratus Huds.

Potamogeton pusillus L. In bog in ‘Strands’ pasture, Car-
perby.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Semerwater.

Triglochin palustre L.

Alisma Plantago L.

Alisma natans L. South side of Semerwater (F. A. Lees,
Herb. 1866).

Orchis pyramidalis LL. Bearpark, near Carperby.

Orchis ustulata L. Common at Carperby.

Orchis mascula L.

Orchis incarnata L. Locker Tarn, Carperby, and higher parts of
valley. New to vice-county 65 of Watson’s ‘Top. Bot.’

Orchis latifolia L. Birk Rigg; Locker Tarn ; and Bearpark.

Orchis maculata L.

Gymnadenia conopsea Br.

Gymnadenia albida Rich. Many places in the upper part of the
dale.

Habenaria viridis Br. In Bearpark, near Carperby.

Habenaria bifolia Br. Birk Rigg.

Habenaria chlorantha Bab. In meadows about Mill Gill,
Askrigg ; and in woods near Aysgarth Waterfalls. Common in

____the upper part of the dale (F. A. Lees).

May 1888.

I40 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Ophrys muscifera Huds. Near Aysgarth Force; and Hawbank
Wood, Carperby. |

Listera cordata Br. Carperby Peat Moor (Miss Todd!); and on
moor about 14 miles above Hardraw, near the Swaledale Road,
on moors south of Semerwater.

Listera ovata Br.

Neottia Nidus-avis Rich. Rare. In pasture by the river on the
Thoresby Green side, opposite Eastholme.

Epipactis latifolia Auct. Near bed of stream in Bolton Gill,
200-300 yds. from the entrance at lower end of valley.

Iris Pseudacorus L. Near river in Bearpark ; by the ditch at
Throstle Nest near Carperby ; and at Hawes Backwater.

Tamus communis L. Frequent. Ascends to Askrigg.

Paris quadrifolia L.

Gagea lutea Ker. Near Leyburn end of Shawl Wood (Mr. W.
Horne !), and in woods near Eastholme, Aysgarth.

Scilla nutans Sm. Aysgarth.

Allium Scorodoprasum L. In ‘ Town’s field,’ Carperby.

Allium vineale L. ‘Town’s field,’ Carperby ; Upper Aysgarth
Falls, in Bearpark; and on the west scar of Addlebrough, at
an elevation of over 1,500 ft.

Allium oleraceum L. Freeholder’s Wood, and near waterfalls in
Bearpark. Stream-side in Bain Gill (F. A. Lees).

Allium ursinum L.

Narthecium ossifragum Huds.

Colchicum autumnale L. Pastures near Aysgarth Force; and
meadows near river at Leyburn.

Luzula pilosa Willd., and L. sylvatica Beck.

Luzula campestris DC., and L. multiflora Koch.

Juncus conglomeratus L., and J. effusus L.

Juncus diffusus Hoppe. Between Bainbridge and Semerwater,
near the footpath ; and at east end of Semerwater.

Juncus glaucus Sibth., and J. acutiflorus Ehrh.

Juncus obtusiflorus Ehrh. Rabbit warren, Woodhall; and Locker
Tarn, Carperby.

Juncus lamprocarpus Ehrh., and J. supinus Mcench.

Juncus bufonius L., and J. squarrosus L.

Blysmus compressus Panz. |

Heleocharis acicularis Sm. Muddy south and south-west side
of Semerwater (F. A. Lees) !

Naturalist,

PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE. I4!I

Scirpus palustris L.

Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. Carperby side of the river above
lowest Aysgarth Falls; Locker Tarn; and Bain Gill.

Scirpus czspitosus L., and S. setaceus L.
Eriophorum vaginatum L., and E. angustifolium Roth.

Eriophorum latifolium Hoppe. In bogs at foot of Addlebrough ;
and Locker Tarn, Carperby.

Carex dioica L., and C. pulicaris L.
Carex paniculata L. Rare. In bog at lower part of Hawbank
Wood, Carperby, near the lead-mines ; and below Askrigg.

Carex muricata L. West Burton, about waterfall; and Preston
Scar.

Carex stellulata Good.
Carex curta Good. Head of Bolton Gill, and in boggy place on
the moor above Simonstone ; Birk Rigg.
Carex ovalis Good., and C. acuta L.
Carex vulgaris Fries. Peculiar forms of this occur at Locker
Tarn ; and in ‘Strands’ pasture, Carperby.
Carex glauca Scop., C. pilulifera L., and C. przcox Jacq.
Carex pallescens L., C. panicea L., and C. sylvatica Huds.
Carex binervis Sm., and C. Hornschuchiana Hoppe.
Carex flava L. a. genuina Towns.
6. lepidocarpa Tausch. Near Locker Tarn, Carperby. This
was verified by Mr. Arthur Bennett.
¢. minor Towns.
Carex hirta L., C. paludosa Good., and C. ampullacea Good.
Carex vesicaria L. |
A hybrid—vesicaria x ampullacea—at Hawes Backwater.
Anthoxanthum odoratum L.
Digraphis arundinacea Trin.
Alopecurus geniculatus L., and A. pratensis L.
Phleum pratense lL.
Var. flavescens Moore. With yellow anthers on till-banks by
the Yore at,Thoresby, as low as 400 ft.
Sesleria czrulea Scop.
Agrostis canina L.
Agrostis alba L., and 4. stolonifera.
Agrostis vulgaris With.

May 1888. K

142 PERCIVAL: THE FLORA OF WENSLEYDALE.

Calamagrostis Epigejos Roth. Spinney by Blackburn Sike just
below Hawes, 750 ft. (F. A. Lees). An addition to Baker’s
‘North Yorkshire’ for district vii, and an extension of its
upward range.

Phragmites communis Trin. Locker Tarn, Carperby; and
Semerwater.

Aira czspitosa L., and A. flexuosa L.

Aira caryophyllea L. Leyburn Flag Quarries; Rail track,
Askrigg Station.

Aira precox L. Leyburn Flag Quarries; Rail track, Askrigg
Station.

Avena flavescens L., and A. pubescens L.

Avena pratensis L., and A. elatior L.

Holcus mollis L., and H. lanatus L. .

Triodia decumbens Beauv.

Koeleria cristata Pers.

Molinia czrulea Mcench.

Melica nutans L., and M. uniflora Retz.

Glyceria fluitans Br. :

Glyceria plicata Fr. Near Yore Mills, Aysgarth; and Widdale
Gill.

Sclerochloa rigida, Link. In Bearpark near the falls; and
Leyburn Flag Quarries.

Poa annua L., and P. nemoralis L.

Poa pratensis L., and P. trivialis L.

Briza media L.

Cynosurus cristatus L.

Dactylis glomerata L.

Festuca sciuroides Roth. Yore-side below Aysgarth Middle
Waterfalls. Casual. —

Festuca ovina L., with 4. tenuifolia, and c. glauca.

Festuca rubra'L., a. duriuscula.

Festuca elatior L., and F. pratensis Huds.

Bromus giganteus L.

Bromus asper Murr., a. serotinus.

Bromus sterilis L.

Bromus secalinus L. Casual. By Yore-side below the middle
waterfalls at Aysgarth.

Bromus commutatus Schrad., and B. mollis L.

Naturalist,

|
|
'
|
|
|

JUBULA HUTCHINSIZ IN CUMBERLAND. 143

Brachypodium sylvaticum R.&S.

Triticum caninum Huds., and T. repens L.

Lolium perenne L.

Lolium italicum Br. Casual about the river at Yore Mills,
Aysgarth.

Lolium temulentum L. By river-side at Aysgarth Waterfalls.
Alien.

Nardus stricta L.

Pteris aquilina L.

Cryptogramme crispa Br. Grits moor above Carperby ; and on
the grit tumble above Simonstone.

Lomaria spicant Desv.

Asplenium Ruta-muraria L.

Aspienium Trichomanes L., and A. viride Huds.

Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum L. Not common. Flag rock
at Leyburn ; scar above Carperby ; and on grit near Preston.

Athyrium Filix-foemina Bernh.

Scolopendrium vulgare Sm. Ascending nearly 1,000 ft. on
Penhill.

Cystopteris fragilis Bernh.

Aspidium aculeatum Sw., and 4. lobatum.

Nephrodium Filix-mas Rich., and « Borreri.

Nephrodium dilatatum Desv., and N. Oreopteris Desv.

Polypodium vulgare L.

Polypodium Phegopteris L., and P. Dryopteris L.

Polypodium calcareum Sm. Scar above Carperby (J.P.) ; and
Gayle Beck (F. A. Lees)! New to vice-county 65 of Watson’s
‘Top. Bot.’ Both these stations are at an elevation of about
1,206. ft.

Equisetum variegatum Schl. By the Bain side above Bainbridge,

and at intervals in stony wet places by the Yore down to
Aysgarth Lower Falls.

NOTE—HEPATICA.

Jubula hutchinsie in Cumberland.—Among some Scale Mosses gathered
at Lodore, Cumberland, in 1884, I have found a piece of /ubula hutchinsie
Dumort. and am not aware that it has been recorded before for the North of
England. I have also gathered it at Tollymore Park and Rostrevor, co. Down.
The distribution of this species is remarkable. It seems to be very local, growing
for the most part near our western coasts in moist localities. —C. H. WADDELL,
B.A., Kendal.

May 1888.

144

A NEW SHELL-BOOK.

The Shell-Collector’s Handbook forthe Field. By J.W.WiLtiaAms, M.A.,D.Sc.,
Editor of ‘The Naturalists’ Monthly.’ London: Roper & Drowley, 29, Lud-
gate Hill, E.C. 1888. Small 8vo, 148 pages, interleaved.

The idea of this little book is an excellent one, as a handy
manual for the pocket, with concise and tersely-worded descriptions—
or rather diagnoses—is one calculated to conduce to the convenience
of every working conchologist. Such a work from the pen of a
conchologist of large experience—both in the field and in the study
—would be of much value. We are afraid, however, after examina-
tion of the one before us, that in spite of the excellence of its plan,
the manner of its execution requires much emendation before it can
become the guide which field-conchologists require. Its inaccuracies
are somewhat too numerous for the book to be considered satisfactory.
For instance, the author describes two varieties of Avion ater thus:

V. bicolor (V. Brock) Mog.: Animal dark brown or blackish, sides yellowish
or orange.

V. albolateralis (Ashford): Animal dark brown or blackish, with the sides
white, and the foot-fringe orange ; the two last colours being sharply defined from
one another.

Here are various errors. By what principles of nomenclature one
name is ascribed to v. Brock and the other to Ashford we do not
know. The two descriptions read too much alike, and neither of
them is accurate ; when our author speaks of the two last colours
being sharply defined from one another, the innocent reader naturally
supposes this statement to refer to the white side and the yellow
fringe, whereas in the true a/do/ateralis the sharp contrast is between
the black of the back and the w/z/e of the sides, and the colour of
the fringe has nothing whatever to do with the specific character.
The writer has seen examples with the fringe whitish as well as with
it yellow. The descriptions ought to read thus :

V. bicolor Mog. Animal with the back brown and the sides yellow or orange,
the two colours being sharply defined from each other.

V. albolateralis Roeb. Animal with the back black and the sides pure white,
the two colours being sharply defined from each other.

We notice that in two instances at least our author gives forms
twice over, Avion bourguignati figuring as a species on p. 87, and
as a variety of A. hortensis on p. 86; and Succinea virescens as a
species on p. 97 and also as var. vtrea (Moq.) on p. 96, and var.
vitrea (Jeff.) on p. 97. The tenacity of errors is shown by the
retention of the mythical Avion flavus. And why is Limax made a
subgenus? Our author speaks of ‘Amalia (Limax) gagates, and of
‘ Eulimax (Limax) levis, and so throughout the genus. A. glossary
is given at the end, a full index at the beginning, and two chapters on
anatomy are also given, followed by directions for collecting, and a
conspectus of the classes, orders, families, and genera.—W.D.R.

Naturalist,

il

145

; COAL-DUST AND EXPLOSIONS IN
COAL-MINES.

Rev. ARTHUR WATTS, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.,
Vice-Principal, Bede College, Durham.

AN explosion in a coal-mine, whatever the cause, is a sudden, and for
a short time a continuous, demand for more space in certain or all
passages of a mine. It must be borne in mind that space is, in
mines, limited in all directions save one, viz, that towards the shafts.
This demand for more space is consequent on the presence and
propagation of such heat as will produce incandescence in certain
materials present ; for example, that developed in the firing of a shot
or of a local accumulation of gas. The demand arises from expan-
sion of the air already filing the passages, and wherever dust
participates, from the generation of new gases by the act of combus-
tion, which thus increases the pressure by making an addition
through the conversion of what was solid, into a gas. When some
or most of these thus-formed gases are themselves fiercely com-
bustible, the character of the combustion is so intensified that it is
called an explosion. Hence the varying nature of coal-mine
explosions, and hence initial causes, at one time operative, are at
another time inoperative, not from lack of cause, but from Jack of
proper material on which the cause can act. Hence too, frequently,
not the whole mine, but certain passages only are invaded, because
combustion can only go where inflammable material is found. The
inflammable materials in coal-mines are, jfrs¢, fire-damp, usually
spoken of as gas, found, more or less, in all such mines ; and second,
_coal-dust, found chiefly in dry mines, which are mostly the deep
mines. ‘This second must be in considerable quantities to become
an effective agent. Now, these two materials do not ignite with
_ equal ease or under precisely the same conditions. Gas fires much
_ more readily than dust, and under different conditions. The conditions
| under which fire-damp can produce an explosion may be considered
settled ; not so those under which coal-dust may. Indeed, until
/ lately the latter was not considered capable of producing an explosion,
| and there are still some who do not think it is, in spite of apparently
| irresistible facts. Yet the gas which is the cause of explosion in the
|} one case, is the cause in the other too, for the main difference will
[be found to be one of time—of fast and of /Aresent release of the
same substance. The gas in the one case is already free, whilst it is
May ‘1888.

F
|
|
|

maine

146 WATTS : COAL-DUST AND EXPLOSIONS IN COAL-MINES.

yet, in the other case, locked up in its coaly prisons, the dust
particles. In the one case it has obtained its freedom from the
unbroken seam by changes of atmospheric pressure and other causes
than local heat, whilst in the other case combustion opens the
prison doors at the moment when the coal-dust becomes coked.
Gas is ready-made in the one case, and has to be made at the
time in the other. The danger from the presence of the free gas
is fully recognised ; not so that of the gas imprisoned in the particles
of coal-dust. The kinetic energy is feared and watched; the potential
has been hitherto largely ignored or despised. To the latter the
present inquiry is directed.

There are evidently two factors in the combustibility of the dust
of coal-pits, viz., material and degree of fineness. These will be
considered separately. The degree of fineness of the dust exercises
both a direct and an indirect influence on that combustion which
results in an explosion. Direct, in rendering ignition easier, by
bringing a larger surface under the influence of the agent ; indirect,
in favouring what we may call the saturation of the air-current with
inflammable maternal. The direct influence is in favouring the
transmission of heat; the indirect, in favouring the dispersion of the
particles both before and after being heated. This indirect influence
is very important, and especially so far as the lighter material is
concerned, for the finer it is, the slighter need the shock be that
causes its primary displacement, thus loading the air-current with
combustible material, and making that prolongation of flame possible,
which alone, in the absence of fire-damp, can make an explosion
possible.

As regards composition, ordinary coal-dust consists partly of coal,
partly of dant, and partly of extraneous and incidental matters.
The coal, however fine, retains its cubical character roughly, and so.
can be identified with tolerable certainty under the microscope.
The dant demands a little more care and attention. Among the
rough cubes are seen, in larger or smaller numbers, many needle-
shaped bodies, varying much in size, but all forming oblongs or
trhomboids, and also certain triangular and polygonal bodies of slight
thickness. These find their origin in that substance variously known
by miners as ‘ Dant,’ ‘Mother of coal,’ and ‘ Mineral charcoal.’
Dant is of a deep dull black to the naked eye, soft to the touch, and
is that portion of the coal which soils the fingers when coal is handled.
Its dulness disappears under the microscope, and its long splinters,
often delicate as needles, render it easily recognised. A piece of
charcoal is so like it in appearance and physical condition that the
name ‘ Mineral charcoal’ seems peculiarly appropriate. This ‘ Dant’

Naturalist,

WATTS: COAL-DUST AND EXPLOSIONS IN COAL-MINES. 147

is found usually in very thin layers, but sometimes the layers are an
inch thick. More rarely it appears in pockets of considerable size.
The thin deposits are very numerous and come between the layers of
bright coal in planes parallel to those of the stratification of the
adjoining rocks. Its softness, abundance, and appearance along
these planes makes it form a considerable percentage of all pit-dust,
and especially of the more dangerous kinds. The readiness with
which ordinary charcoal absorbs oxygen may be significant as regards
this dant or mineral charcoal. The presence of spiral vessels and
strings of cells, entire or fractured, clearly prove the vegetable origin.
Pitted cells, uncommonly like those characteristic of conifers, are
occasionally met with.

Ordinary pit-dust mainly consists of these two substances——coal
and dant, varying widely in their ratios, and also of foreign matter,
which varies over a far wider range. I have conducted many
experiments with coal and dant, and they prove conclusively that
dant ignites most readily, and that coal burns with most energy.
The finer either of these ingredients is, the more easily does it
ignite, and the more perfectly is the mass consumed before going out.
Conduction of heat is rendered easy by minute subdivision. Thus,
coal-dust, collected from the screens at the pit-mouth, will not take
fire from a match, when piled in a little heap ona slab of wood ;
it 1s comparatively coarse ; but when pounded in a mortar it will do
so, and burns with much smoke. ‘This dust consists mainly of coal,
but there is an admixture of dant. Coal, carefully selected, so as to
be as free from dant as possible, will burn in like manner, but only
when crushed very fine. With dant, the degree of fineness is of less
moment, since it lights readily whether roughly scraped from the
coal by a knife or pounded fine in a mortar ; still, the ultimate com-
bustion of the heap is perfect in proportion to the fineness.

The ‘material’ is the other factor, and remains yet to be con-
sidered. ‘The microscope shows that it consists of coal, dant, shale,
or other stone dust, and what may be called incidental matter, as
brick-dust, whitening, lime-plates, animal and vegetable refuse, and
the results of the wear and tear of the haulage and winning apparatus.
We will consider these—first, separately ; and second, in the natural
combinations in which they exist in coal-mines.

The incidental matter varies much, is mostly small in amount, and
so far as this question is concerned, is of no importance, so may be
briefly dismissed. Its influence, whatever it may be, is almost in-
variably deterrent. The shale and other stone-dust may, however,
in some cases be found assisting explosions. Usually its amount is
small, often very small, except in the bottom dust of return air-ways
May 1888.

148 WATTS : COAL-DUST AND EXPLOSIONS IN COAL-MINES.

or horse-roads, and in these latter cases it so acts as a deterrent, that
such passages are rarely invaded by explosions. When this dust is
mostly shale, it may be dangerous, for some oily shales have yielded
much volatile matter. Thus, I have found some, on being roasted
on an iron plate, to turn from grey to black, and fall in weight
from ¢zenty grains to fen, thus indicating as much as 50 per cent. of
volatile matter.

Dust is found in pits (1st) on the floors of the road-ways,

(2nd) on the upper faces of the roof timbers and on natural ledges, —

and lastly, on the vertical sides of the passages, the vertical props
and faces of the roof timbers, and even on the zzder horizontal faces
of such timbers. It facilitates the examination of pit-dust, to con-
sider the dust of these three indicated localities separately, for they
differ certainly much in constituents, especially in their proportions, in
physical ‘condition, and perhaps in chemical too. That found on the
floors and lower parts of the sides has been called by Messrs. Atkinson

(‘Explosions in Coal-mines,’ by W. N. & J. Atkinson, H.M.I. of

Mines. Longmans, 1886) ‘4o¢tom’ dust, and that on the upper faces
of timbers and ledges ‘ Upger’ dust ; that on the upper vertical faces
and on the under side of roof timbers I propose to call ‘ Flocculent’
dust. It felts and hangs together with that peculiar ropy aspect seen
in ‘soot,’ and hence has been so called by miners. As regards
fineness, for example, Bottom dust is coarsest, Upper dust inter-
mediate, and Flocculent dust the finest. My examination points to
a similar conclusion as regards the percentage of dant.

Dant is present in all pit-dust—-bottom, upper, and flocculent ; in
the former to a small extent, in the two latter to a very large extent.
From the microscope I estimate its percentage to vary in bottom
dust between nothing and 50 per cent.; in the upper and flocculent
dust between 40 and 70 per cent, or even 8o in the latter.

Got as free from coal as possible, and piled in a little conical
mound on a slab of wood, it takes fire most readily when an ordinary
match is lighted and applied to it, burning steadily, with little smoke,
but with a strong smell (a smell quite characteristic of coal-mines),
through the entire heap, and with such energy that it scorches a deep
pit in the wooden slab on which it is burned. Even on a marble slab
it burns through the entire heap, giving the stone the appearance of
having been wetted. This is very significant, when the high con-
ductive power of the marble, compared with the wood, is considered.
On being burned on an iron plate, it begins to glow before the iron
plate is red, and burns on with a steady glow. The fumes it gives
off will not ignite. ‘The mass changes from its ordinary deep black
to a pale fawn-coloured dust, and is reduced in weight from 20 to 25

Naturalist,

ana

WATTS : COAL-DUST AND EXPLOSIONS IN COAL-MINES. 149

grains. Burned in a retort, it gives off no gas at the nozzle capable
of supporting flame, but is reduced in weight from 41 grains to 384.
It leaves the retort as it entered it, a loose mass of dust. Dant once
thoroughly dry is not readily wetted but the water runs off, as
usually with very fine dust, in little spherules. It is much better wetted
by a moist atmosphere than by a direct application of water, and
hence in my letter to ‘Nature’ (12th Oct., 1886) I suggested that
keeping the ventilating air-current saturated with aqueous vapour
might be found the best practical means of rendering it innocuous.*

Dant clearly, therefore, is not itself dangerously explosive, yet is
admirably fitted to act the part that tinder used to do when it handed
on the spark from the flint and steel to the old-fashioned brimstone
match. Doubtless, in mine explosions wholly or chiefly due to
dust, this is the “der, as the shot flame or other initial cause is the
spark.

Coal supplies a considerable portion of upper and flocculent
dust, and the great mass of ‘bottom’ dust, along intake haulage-
ways, which are the usual tracks pursued by those explosions which
we helieve to be essentially ‘dust explosions.’

When very fine, this coal-dust (got as pure as possible), piled in
a small heap, as was the dant, can be lighted with some little trouble
by a match, and burns at first somewhat fiercely and with considerable
smoke, then with less smoke and less energy, for it goes out before
consuming the entire heap, and only scorches the wooden slab to a
small extent. On the limestone slab it goes out before reaching the
bottom of the heap. Burned on an iron plate, it does not show a
glow till the plate is red, and then burns with small scintillations.
Its fumes take fire when a light is applied, and a pale blue flame,
occasionally tipped white, flickers over the heap. Its ash is reddish-
brown, and only weighs half a grain from 20 grains of dust. Burned
in a retort it gives off at first much smoke, which will not light.
Soon, however, the smoke lessens, and then it at once lights, and
burns with a long bright flame, which dwindles down after awhile
to a small pale blue flame, and very reluctantly goes out. On
opening the retort, the dust comes out a solid core of compact
whitish coke with a metallic lustre.

Such coal-dust is manifestly capable of producing an explosion.
Under favourable conditions it can produce a considerable amount
of ordinary illuminating coal-gas, whose presence will convert the

* Tam glad to see that Mr. Stratton (late manager of Seaham Colliery) has
made a preliminary trial of this method in a South Wales Colliery, with such
success that he is, at special request, pursuing this plan, with the object of sub-
mitting a full report at the next meeting in this great coal-field (May 1887).

May 1888. |

150 WATTS: COAL-DUST AND EXPLOSIONS IN COAL-MINES.

air-current into an explosive mixture. Therefore, adopting the
former simile, as the dant is the /zder, so this is the sudphur match.

So far, artificial dusts have been considered ; now we will deal
with dust zatura/ to deep dry pits. The dust in such pits is mainly
produced within the pit itself, but some is brought (you may readily
see it sparkle in the sunshine over the pit-mouth) by the intake air-
current from the screens. As this does not differ in composition
from that which has never left the pit, it need not be dealt with
separately. It needs only to be mentioned that it is but the very
finest particles that are thus borne back on the wings of the wind
into the pit. |

The dust produced within the pit itself is formed during the
processes of hewing and hauling, especially the latter. The working
face is troubled by no large amount, and it is entirely bottom dust.
The haulage ways are the special homes of the dust. . Here it exists.
in the greatest quantities and in all the varieties of bottom, upper,
and flocculent. It is partly shaken out of the moving tubs, partly
blown out by the strong ventilating current. It must be remembered
that the force of this wind can only be appreciated by adding together
_ the speed of the current and the rate of the haulage. That which is
shaken out goes mainly to form bottom dust ; only the finest particles
getting lodged on roof timbers and natural ledges. That which is
blown out goes much more largely to form upper and flocculent dust.
The mechanical force necessary to render the coal very fine is greatly
in excess of that needed to reduce the dant to the same degree of
fineness ; indeed, great force is necessary in the one case and a mere
touch or jolt is sufficient in the other. This must be borne in mind
when the relative amounts of coal and dant are compared in the
solid coal and in the pit dust. The proportion of dant in the finest
dust is very largely above that in ordinary coal.

Falls of stone, the making of refuge holes, and the natural wear
of the floor, cause an admixture of stony matter, and the constant
passage of horses and men, the carriage of timber, bricks, &c.,
introduce other extraneous and incidental matters; but all these
latter are small in amount and do not materially affect the character
of the dust in intake haulage-ways. .

The dust in return airways is usually only bottom dust in all
essentials, and here the effects of falls from roof and sides, and from
the beating-up of the floor, are found at their maximum, so that the per-
centage of stone is usually in the ascendant. It is not, therefore, here
that the dust is dangerous. The great danger here is gas, since the air in
these returns has circulated through the mine. It is a most significant
fact that in the great majority of late disastrous explosions, the track

Naturalist,

NEPTICULA SERELLA AT INGLEBOROUGH. I5t

pursued by the blast is not the return, but the intake air-ways; and
yet there are those who will persist in attributing such explosions to
gas, and not to the manifestly true cause-—dust.

Nearly all dusts include yellowish, reddish, or purplish fragments,
very often triangular in shape, and with more or less clearly marked
conchoidal fractures. They are tolerably abundant—for example in
the Herrington Maudlin Coal. If these coloured bodies originate in
Lycopodian spores (and they certainly closely resemble those seen in
the well-known spore coals of the Bradford ‘Better bed’ and Leicester-
shire ‘ Moira’) they may play an important part in the production of
explosions, for the resinous nature of the spores of the Se/aginella
selaginoides of our northern hills is so well known that they were
formerly used in theatres to produce artificial lightning. Recent
German experiments have conclusively shown that some dusts are
exceptionally dangerous, and in such these spores may play a by no
means unimportant part.

The following conclusions seem to be warranted by the foregoing
facts and experiments. All dusts are not alike dangerous. ‘The
most dangerous dust really is the jmes¢, viz., the flocculent and
upper, less because of its composition than on account of its fineness.
This, therefore, should be watered rather than the bottom dust.
Dant always enters largely into the composition of such dust, but
the most dangerous contain a high percentage of exceedingly fine
coal, and even other more combustible matters as Lycopodian fossil
spores. The flint and steel of olden times finds its counterpart
in modern coal-pits, in the shot-flame or other start-point of an
explosion, as it finds in the dant of dry dusts a natural tinder to catch
the spark and hand it on to the sulphur match—the coal dust.

Bottom dust, both from its coarseness and its very mixed
character, is much less dangerous. All parts of the pit are not alike
dangerous. The most dangerous parts of pits, as regards dust explo-
sions, are the haulage-ways, and as regards gas explosions, the working
face and the returns. This should be remembered in watering.

The formation and accumulation of dust may be largely checked
by improved tubs or slower hauling, and by saturation of the intake
air-current with aqueous vapour, which latter means too will render
dust already formed innocuous and easy of removal.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Nepticula serella.—This is the name under which Mr. Stainton describes
the Potentilla tormentilla feeding insect taken by Mr. E, R. Bankes at Ingle-
borough (see Naturalist, March 1888, p $2), in the current (April) number of
the ‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,’ at p. 260.—GeEo. T. PorritT, Hudders-
field, April 6th, 1888.

May 18838.

152

THE VERTEBRATA OF SUTHERLAND.

A Vertebrate Fauna of Sutherland, Caithness, and West Cromarty. By
John A. Harvie-Brown, F.R.S.E., F.Z.S., and T. E. Buckley, B.A., F.Z.S.
Edinburgh: David Douglas. 8vo, xii+344 pages, illustrated title-page,
numerous plates, plain and coloured, and map.

Although its typographical errors are somewhat too numerous, the
work before us is one of the most superbly got-up of its kind that
we have seen. It is handsomely printed, tastefully bound, and most
appropriately illustrated. There is not only an excellent map on
paper tenacious enough to make it capable of being unfolded, and a
couple of panoramic views of scenery on tracing-linen, but illustrations
of scenery associated with bird-life, of birds, nests and eggs from local
specimens, and two exquisite reproductions of monochrome sketches
accompany the chapter on fishes.

The work itself is based upon the personal experience of its two
well-known authors, and embodies also such information as they have
been able to gather from other sources—including in particular the
posthumous notes of Henry Osborne of Wick (of whom a brief
memoir is given). The work includes the whole vertebrate fauna of
the district, and the plan of giving a list of the whole British
vertebrate fauna, and indicating those species which occur in the area
dealt with, is here adopted. This plan has the manifest advantage
of demonstrating the relationship of the smaller fauna to the larger
one of which it is but a part—and of recalling to mind the directions
in which further research should be prosecuted. The information is
given separately for each county under each species, excepting only
in cases where the species is expressly stated to be common in both.
The information is very fully given, with details of occurrence, notices
of the local names, and many interesting notes of all kinds. An
interesting account of the nesting of the Snow Bunting at Coire nan
t’ sneadhaidh is accompanied by a view of the place, a coloured figure
of the bird, and a list of the alpine plants growing near. Full
attention is given to the bibliography of the subject, and no pains
are spared by the authors to elucidate in the fullest manner every
aspect of their subject, the physical aspect and the faunal position of
their district, an elaborate account of their sources of information,
and references are also made to the extinct species. We should like,
however, to have seen a summary, numerical and otherwise, of the
whole fauna as compared with that of Great Britain or of Scotland ;
and we note in the preface, that the work, ‘ unlike most local Faunas,
‘Jays aside to a great extent political boundaries, and is marked out
‘ by others, much more natural, suchas watersheds. ‘This, we think,
‘is a ‘new departure,” but one which we imagine will commend itself

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7. 153

‘to the favourable notice of most naturalists.’ For our own part we
thoroughly appreciate the wisdom of this new departure, based as it
is upon sound principles, although it is not perfectly clear to us that
the authors have taken it. The work itself seems to deal with the
counties as politically defined, each county being taken in successive
paragraphs. Had we undertaken the compilation of this work we
should not only have adopted the river-basin province of ‘Sutherland’
as marked out on the map, but we should have subdivided it into
minor faunal areas with natural boundaries, and given successive
paragraphs to each under the various species. The fullness of the
information as actually given compensates however for whatever
imperfection the work may exhibit under this head. Altogether the
work is one which we cannot conceive of any Scottish vertebrate
zoologist being without, and we note with pleasure from a slip at the
end that the authors have a further work of the same kind in
preparation, to deal with the ‘ Outer Hebrides,’ a volume to which all
who have seen the volume now before us will look forward with the
keenest anticipation —W.D.R.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the natural history and
physical features of the North of England.

HYMENOPTERA, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887.

Cirations from Zhe Naturalist are, as usual, not included in this
paper. Reference should be made to the Indexes of this journal
for the years of which this instalment takes cognizance.

ANON. [not signed]. Cheshire.
[Sirex gigas taken at an excursion to Halton Castle, July 12th.] Rep.
Manch. Sci. Stud. Assoc. for 1884 [pub. Jan. 1885], p. 35.
Anon. [not signed]. Cheshire.
[Gall-flies found at Holmes-Chapel, Aug. 9th, 1884; Cyzzps rose, C.
guercus-gemma@, C. longipennis, Neurobius reaumurit, and Cynips kollar7).
Rep. Manch. Sci. Stud. Ass. for 1884 [pub. Jan. 1885], p. 40.
G. C. BIGNELL. ? Lancashire.
Macrocentrus infirmus bred from Hydrecia petasitis [sent by Mr. Pierce, of
Liverpool ; locality not stated]. Ent., April 1887, xx. 114.
BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire.
Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884, pp. 28. [Notes on
various Hymenoptera. |
Joun B. BripGMAN. Yorkshire, Durham.
Further Additions to the Rev. T. A. Marshall’s Catalogue of British
Ichneumonide [including Campoplex unicinctus Holmg. and C. pens
Holmg., both taken by G. T. Porritt at Doncaster in May 1884; Sagaritis
laticollis Holmg., one bred by G. C. Bignell, he believes from the larva of
Mania typica, obtained by Mr. Peter Inchbald from the People’s Park, Hull,
May 1884; and Glypta ceratites Gr., var.?, from Sunderland, A. F. Griffith]
Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, pp. 344, 345, 349, and 366.
May 1888.

154 BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7.

[PETER CAMERON. ] Isle of Man.

[Dolerus fissus very abundant in the Isle of Man]. Proc. N. H. S. Glasgow,
Nov. 27th, 1883, vol. i. p. xiv.

P. CAMERON. Lincolnshire.

A Synopsis of the British Species of Cimbicidina, Hylotomina, Lophy-

rina, and Lydina. [Stephens’ Lincolnshire record of Amaszs obscura
referred to]. Ent. Mo. Mag., NE: 1885, xxil. 51.

[PETER CAMERON]. Lancashire.

[Entorrhiza cypericola Weber, from near Entwistle; new to England].
Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Feb. 15th, 1886, xxv. 220.

PETER CAMERON. Cheshire.
[Nematus fagi Zadd. and Eriocampa annulipes at Sale ; larvee of former

(new to Britain) ona beech hedge ; those of latter very destructive to beech and
hawthorn hedges]. Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Nov. 8th, 1886, xxvi. 52.

P. CAMERON. ; Cheshire.

Parthenogenesis in Eriocampa annulipes [at Sale, where the larve were

excessively abundant during summer and autumn of 1886 on beech and
hawthorn hedges]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. 1887, xxiii. 195..

JOSEPH CHAPPELL. Lancashire, Cheshire.

Obnoxious and Injurious Insects [occurrence of Ciphlorophum (2? Diplorhop-

trum) donesticum at Manchester]. Young Nat., April 1887, vill. 63. [.S7rex

gigas abundant about Dunham Park, and committing great damage to Welling-

tonias at Bowdon; occurs freely on Chat Moss, at Manchester and New

Brighton Ferry, etc.; S. juvencus occurs at Dunham Park and Manchester,
and freely on Chat Moss.] Young Nat., Nov. 1887, viii. 211-212.

W. W. FowLer. Lincolnshire.

Tapinoma gracilescens, Nyl., at Lincoln. [In large numbers in a cottage
in the centre of the city ; the invasion attributed to an old vine which used to
stand near]. Ent. Mo. Mag., May 1885, xxi. 276.

Cul *GEORGE - 2 Lincolnshire.

Sting, Maxille, and Labium of Melecta punctata [a bee which ‘is not
very common in this neighbourhood (Kirton-in- Lindsey), yet I have fre-
quently taken it feeding on the small dead nettle’). Journ. of Micr. and
Nat. Sci., Oct. 1885, p. 259.

C. F. GEORGE. Lincolnshire.
Bees [and their classification; in the last paragraph, writer states that he
has found near Kirton-in-Lindsey representatives of fourteen genera, viz.:—
Colletes, Andrena, Halictus, Sphecodes, Celioxys, Nomada, Epeolus, Melecta,
Apathus, Osmia, Megachile, Anthophora, Bombus, and Apis|. Journ. of
Microsc., Part 20, Oct. 1886, vol. v. pp. 243-245.

JAMES GUNTHER. Lancashire.

Sirex juvencus near Manchester [at Didsbury, a female, Aug. 16th, 1887].
Ent,, Sep: 1887.9xx. 283)

AS EB HAL.. Yorkshire.

[Microgaster glomeratus absent at Sheffield in sie Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Dec. 1887, xxiv. 159.

H. Watts Kew. - Lincolnshire.

Woodland Rambles in Lincolnshire [/ermica flava near Louth]. Young
Nat., July 1886, vii. 129.

H. WALLIs KEw. Lincolnshire.

Chrysis ignita preyed upon by Xysticus cristatus [at Grisel-bottom near
Louth]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov. 1886, xxiii. 136.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7. 155

H. WALLIS KEw. Lincolnshire.

Natural History Rambles. No. I. In the Woods [near Louth; Chrysis
zenita noted in Grisel-bottom]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1887, p. 31.

H. WALLIs Krew. Lincolnshire.

Field Notes—No. 6. The Greasy-field and Grisel-bottom. [Zomébus

terrestris, Vespa vulgaris, and Lchneumon trilineatus|. Nat. World, June
1886, pp. 102-103.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, Lancashire.

Abstract of the Session [refers to S’vex gigas at Liverpool]. Eighth Ann.
Rep. Lanc. and Chesh. Ent. Soc., 1885, p. 5.

W. MALING. Northumberland.

The Hornet [Vespa crabro] in Northumberland [scez by writer and J. Sang
at Newcastle-on-Tyne, but not caught]. Young Nat., Jan. 1886, vii. 16.

H. S. R. MATTHEWS. Lincolnshire.

A Memoir of Ant-life [The present note deals with ‘the wars of the ants,’
based on observations made upon two very large colonies of Hormica rufa in
a fir-plantation near Skellingthorp in Lincolnshire, June 25th, 1850]. Ent.
Mo. Mag., Feb. 1884, xx. £99 210.

R. NEWSTEAD. Cheshire.
-Aculeate Hymenoptera of Cheshire [an important list of 47 species captured
during the past three years]. Ent., April 1887, xx. 112-114.
CHARLES ROBSON. Northumberland.
Natural History Jottings. On Wasps, chiefly [with lengthy details of

actions of Vespa vulgaris, V. sylvestris, V. rufa, V. germanica, and V. britan-
nica on Tyneside]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1885, pp. 41-42; Sep. 1887, pp. 209-211;
Oct. 1887, pp. 219-220.

CHARLES Ropson. Northumberland.

Sirex gigas and S. juvencus [occurrences at Elswick near Newcastle-on-
Tyne, July 27th, 1872, and Sep. 4th, 1869, respectively ; both fine females ;
details of capture given]. Sci. Goss., Jan. 1887, p. 21.

Joun E. Ropson. Durham.

Sirex eye ncHe [and S. gigas] at Hartlepool. Young Nat., Sep. 1887,
vill, 181.

J. T. RopceErs. Lancashire.

Sirex juvencus at Oldham [a pair, July 1887, captured in a cotton-mill].
Ent., Nov. 1887, xx. 308.
W. DENISON ROEBUCK and W. STOREY. Yorkshire.

Humble Bees and Wasps [Vespa vulgaris accused of preying upon Bombs
lucorum, found dead in large numbers beneath a tree, probably a lime].

Field, Aug. 16th, 1884, p. 246.

\
| A. S. ROWNTREE, Yorkshire.

York [Hornet’s—? wasp’s—nest in the garden]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Oct. 15th,
1884, vill. 139.

| ©. H. WADDELL. . Westmorland.

Scarcity of Wasps [near Kendal in 1886]. Sci. Goss., Jan. 1887, p. 21.

| C, WHEELER. Yorkshire.

Sirex juvencus in Yorkshire [at Ingleby Manor near Northallerton,
Sep. 29th, 1886]. Ent., Nov. 1886, xix. 283.

| Tuos. WINDER. Yorkshire.

Wasp taken at Sheffield [on 29th Jan., a warm and sunny day; species

| ___ not stated]. Sci. Goss., April 1887, p. 94.
May 1888.

156

THE BRITISH
EXAMPLE OF BULWER’S PETREL.

At the Zoological Society on November 15th last, Prof. Newton
exhibited the unique British specimen of Bulwer’s Petrel (Bul/weria
columbina), remarking that some doubt having been expressed as to the
occurrence of Bulwer’s Petrel in this country, announced by Gould in
his ‘Birds of Europe’ (ist of August, 1837), Mr. W. Eagle Clarke
determined to investigate the facts; and his search for the specimen in
question has been successful. Had it not been for his perseverance
and that of Mr. James Carter, of Masham, the specimen would pro-
bably have been for ever lost sight of. Gould’s statement was that
the specimen having been found dead on the banks of the Ure, near
Tanfield in Yorkshire, on the 8th of May, 1837, was brought to
Captain Dalton, of Slenningford near Ripon, a gentleman who had
succeeded to a collection of stuffed birds begun by his father, Colonel
Dalton, who, curiously enough, sent Bewick the specimen of the
Stormy Petrel (also found dead in that neighbourhood) figured and
described in his ‘British Birds’ (ed. 1, ii, pp. 249-251). At the end
of last May, Mr. W. E. Clarke applied to Mr. Carter, who found that
the Dalton collection had been dispersed by sale just a week before.
Fortunately all the cases of stuffed birds had been bought by persons
living in Ripon; and having obtained their names from the auctioneer,
Mr. Carter, after many failures and some loss of time, discovered in
the possession of Mr. Jacobs, Head-master of the Choir-school in that
city, the case and specimen labelled ‘Procellaria bulwerit, which he
had bought with others at the Dalton sale. Beyond this fact, however,
there was no note or anything to identify the specimen with the object
of the search. Mr. Carter thereupon undertook to inquire of the sur-
viving members and connexions of the Dalton family, and, fortunately,
one of the latter, Mr. George Clarke, Tanfield House, Bedale, a son-
in-law of Captain Dalton, was found, who not only remembered the
specimen perfectly well, having seen it ‘scores of times,’ but produced an
old manuscript note he had made onthe margin ofa ‘ Bewick’ (in which
he had been accustomed to record ornithological observations), to the
effect that this bird was ‘found dead on the Bridge at Tanfield,’ and had
been given to his father-in-law, who had it ‘ preserved by the late John
Stubbs of Ripon, fishing-tackle maker and bird-stuffer.’ Mr. George
Clarke also remembered the owner having several times refused the
offer of twenty guineas for the specimen, and after his death had
looked in vain for the specimen, which, it appears, had been put away
in a lumber-room and wholly forgotten. There can, then, be no doubt
that this is the very bird found dead at Tanfield. It is now the
property of Mr. W. E. Clarke, whose intention it is that it shall be
deposited in a Yorkshire museum. Naturalist,
2 MAY 1888

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Notes on the Lapwing (Vazellus oe oe ey A. JACKSON.

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THE FLORA OF WEST YORKSHIRE.

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2 JUN 1888

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JUNE 1888.

uf

ami

MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

(TURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, FLS,

AND
MWe AGEN CLARK FE, F.L.S.,;. MiB.O.U.;

CORRESPONDERENDIR MITGLIED DES OKNITHOLOGISCHEN VEREINS IN WIEN.

3 Confenfs: oes

on Be sina Nomenclature—Gvrovanni Battista De-Tont. ae .. 157 & 158

ra of Wensleydale : Additions and Corrections— ohn Percival, B. eg 159

pology | of Skiddaw, Sca Fell, and Helvellyn—Yohn Watson... .. 161 to 169

of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse—W. Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., M.B.O.U. .. 170

shire Naturalists’ Union in Lower Wensleydale .. Fe ¥ .. 171 to 177

aphy—Geology and Palzontology, 1886 .. "1 a < 33 .. 178 to 1&8

for Children (Review) .. .. ; = Sai ite tee 169
otes on the List of Ingleton Plants—F. A. Lees.

160 & 169

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157

NOTES ON BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE.

GIOVANNI BATTISTA DE-TONIT,
Assistant of Botany tn the University of Padua, and Co-Editor of ‘Notarisia.’

In No. 289 of the 25th volume of the Journal of Botany (edited by
James Britten), I have, in collaboration with Dr. Pietro Voglino,
given some examples of generic names which are common to plants
and animals, and also seven instances of generic names which have
a double employ in the vegetable kingdom, viz.:—

fAntennaria Gaertn. (Composite, 1791).

| Antennaria Link. (Fungi, 1809).

{ Chauvinia Bory. (Chlorophycez, 1828).
\Chauvinia Steud. (Graminacez, 1854).

( Cryptodiscus Corda (Discomycetez, 1838).

| Crypitodiscus Schren. (Umbelliferze, 1841).

{ Cystophora J. Ag. (Melanophycez, 1841).

\ Cystophora Rabenh. (Hyphomycetez, 1844).
( Dictyopteris Lamour. (Dictyotacez, 1809 = Halyseris Targ. Tozz.).
\ Dictyopteris Presl. (Filicaceze, 1836).
Flelicophylum Brid. (Hepaticz, 1827).
Flelicophyllum Schott. (Aroideze, 1856).
(Leptotrichum Corda (Hyphomycetez, 1842).
\ Lepiotrichum Hampe (Musci, 1847).

I now offer another slight contribution, in the hope that the
newer duplicated names may be (in works of a general nature and in
monographs) changed in the manner indicated by me in the article
mentioned above, so that the confusion may be removed.

Acanthococcus Hook. & Harv. Acanthococcus Lagerh. (1883),
(1845), Cryptogamic Botany of Bidrag till Sver. Alg.-flora, p. 61
the Antarctic Voyage, p. 131, (= Glochiococcus De- Toni)
t. 181. Ch. Flahault in Bull. (Chlorophycee).

Soc. Botan. de France (1886),
Revue Bibliographique, D, p.
157 (Floridez).

Appendicularia DC. (1828), Appendicularia Peck (1886),

Prodr. iii, p. 114 (Melasto- in xxxviii Report Stat. Mus.,
macez). p. 96. Berlese & Voglino,

2 Additam. Sacc. Syll. Fungorum,
l-lv, p- 354 (Sphzropsidez).
June 1888, I

158 DE-TONI : NOTES ON

Contarinia Zanard. (1843), Sag-
gio di classificazione naturale
delle _ficee) prs. De [Lone
Levi in Notarisia, 1887, No. 6,
p. xxiv (Floridez).

Crouania J. Ag. (1842), Algz
maris Medit. & Adriat., p. 83.
De Toni e Levi in Notarisia,
1886, No. 1, p. iv (Floridez).

Cymbella Ag. (1830), Consp.
crit. diat., 1, p. 9 (Diatomaceze).

Diploderma Link (1816) in
Berl. Mag., vii, p. 40. De Toni,
Syll. Lycoperd. in Saccardo
Syll. Fung. omnium, vol. vii,
p- 92 (Gasteromycetez).

? Empusa Lindl. (1824), in Bot.
Reg., “x; Noe7822;- not. = Cir
Benth. & Hook., Gen. Plant.,
ill, p- 495 (Orchidez).

Inoderma K iitz. (1833), Alg. aq.
dulc. German. dec., vy, Nos.
39-40; Phyc. German., p. 150

' (Chlorophycez).

Protoderma Kiitz. (1843),
Phycologia generalis, p. 295
(Chlorophycez).

BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE.

Contarinia Endl. & Dies.(1845),
in Botan. Zeitung, 1845, p. 289
(Melanophycez).

Crouania Fuck. (1869), Sym-
bolz mycologice, p. 320 (Dis-
comycetez).

Cymbella Patouill. (1886), in
Revue mycologique, No. 29,
p. 27. > Der tient e Revi am
Notarisia, 1887, No. 5, p. 291
(= Chromocyphella De Ton. et
Levi nov. nomen) (Hymeno-
mycetez).

Diploderma Kjellm. (1883).
The Algeze of the Arctic Sea,
p. 188 (Floridez).

? Empusa Cohn (1854), in xxxii
Jahresb. Schles. Gesellsch. p.
43 (Entomophthoracez).

Inoderma Berk..(1880), Austra-
lian Fungi, No. 285. De Toni,
Syll. Lycoperd. in Saccardo
Syll. Fung. omnium, vol.vii, p. 56
(= Mesophelia Berk. nomen
anter.) (Gasteromycetez.).

Protoderma Rostaf. (1875),
Monogr. Sluzovce, p. 90. Cfr.
Schroet, in Cohn Krypt. Flor.
Schles., Pilze, p. 103. Berlese,
Syll. Myxom. in Saccardo, Syll.
Fung. omnium, vol. vil, p. 328
(=Protodermium nomen
emend.) (Myxomycetez).

Naturalist,

Mie PLORA OF WENSLEYDALE:
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

JOHN PERCIVAL, B.A.

I FinD that there are several omissions from my paper on Wensley-
dale plants in Zhe Naturalist for May ; and I take the opportunity of
making an obvious correction.

[Ceterach officinarum Willd. ‘Wallin Mr. Willan’s [wood] yard
at Appersett, WZoore’ (Baker’s North Yorkshire). Gone. Sought
for without success by Wheldon about 1860, and by Lees
1884-6. The old wall still nourishes Asplenium trichomanes
and 4. rita-muraria (¥. A. Lees) |.

Nephrodium dilatatum var. alpina Moore. In peat-holes on
Dod Fell summit, at 2,100 ft. (A. Crosfield and F. A. Lees).

Ophioglossum vulgatum L.

Botrychium lunaria Sw. Common in the pastures throughout
the dale.

Lycopodium ‘selago L.

Lycopodium clavatum |. Grit-heathery summit of Wether
Fell; and Lovely Seat (F. A. Lees).

Selaginella selaginoides Gray.

Equisetum arvense L., and E. maximum Lam.

Equisetum sylvaticum L., and E. palustre L.

Equisetum limosum L. In Locker Tarn, Carperby.

Nitella opaca Ag. In the Yore near Bear Park, Carperby ; and
in Bishopdale Beck near Thoralby.

Chara fcetida Br.
Chara hispida L. In Locker Tarn, Carperby.

Chara aspera Willd. In pool near Yore Mills; and in the Yore
near the Aysgarth ford.

Chara fragilis Desv. In the Yore at Hawes.
Chara contraria A. Br. In pool near Yore at Aysgarth Waterfalls.

ERkATUM.—In former list (p. 141), the Var. flavescens Moore,

of Sesleria cz#rulea, is misreferred to the preceding species

(Phleum).

June 1888,

160 LEES ; NOTES. ON, THE LIST. OF INGLETON PLANTS:

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY.

Pied Flycatcher near Alford, Lincolnshire.—On the 27th April and the
three following days a male Pied Flycatcher (AZmsczcapa atricapilla L.) was seen in
and near the same garden where the one reported last year was noticed by me.
This on the authority of Mr. Hargraves, the owner and occupier.—J as. EARDLEY
Mason, Alford, 3rd May, 1888.

Birds on Heligoland.—Mr. Cordeaux mentions eight resident or breeding
species of birds on Heligoland, but he does not mention the Oyster-catcher
(Hematopus ostralegus), eggs of which species, I was told by the proprietor of the
restaurant on Sandy Island, he had found there; and also some Tern’s eggs—no
doubt the Common aT, as, on walking to he end of the island where it
terminates in a sandy promontary, we found a few hovering over the waves,
which we thought might have eggs, but it is needless to say did not find any
without a dog.—J. H. GuRNEy, Junr., Keswick Hall, Norwich, May Ist, 1888.

Nightingale near Beverley.—Mr. Boyes writes me on the 24th inst.
that they had a Nightingale (Daulias /uscinia) at Beverley for a short time, but he
fears it has either been caught or disturbed. —W. EAGLE CLARKE, May 26th, 1888.

NOTE—LOTANY.

Notes on the List of Ingleton Plants (Page 119).—Mr. Leach’s list of
a dozen plants said to have grown about Ingleton fifteen‘to twenty years ago
contains the names of two which it is most unlikely (looking to their preferences
as evidenced by their known distribution) ever grew thereabouts at all. That
miscalled ‘ Asplenium germanicum’ was doubtless the alternate-pinnuled depau-
perate form of the W all-Rue (A. swta-muraria) into which it sports, though
rarely; and, again, the ‘ Aspidium Jonchitis’ of Kingsdale, was almost as certainly
that very narrow, stiff-fronded, spinulose variety of Asprdzam aculeatum, which (as
its name A. lonchitidioides shows) has not only a likeness to the true ‘ Holly ” fern,
but has, in fact, been often mistaken and misrecorded for it before now.

Then, whatever is meant by the ‘ solitary clump of Zfzlobium hirsutum’ in
Kingsdale, on Gragreth side? The name belongs to the very common
* Codlins-and-Cream’ which bedecks the sides of our water-courses in late summer,
and cannot well be a printer’s error. Probably the lovely wand-like red-spiked
Epilobium angustifolium was meant—it grows nearer Ribblehead, in the swallow-
holes in a few places—but the name, at the least, reveals some faultiness in
Mr. Leach’s memory, and if an error in one name, why not in another !

Again, the Solomon’s Seal of the ‘ Hells’ is not * Polygonatum multiflorum,’
but the indigenous /. officinale, known there since Gerarde’s time (1597). It
still occurs in the less accessible clefts.

And yet again, Mr. Leach not being ‘aware of any other place in the North
of England’ where Dashne mezereum grows ‘ wild,’ does not, happily, make it a
fact. The Mezereon has been known as a denizen of rocky woods in West York
since 1805, two localities, Feizor and Linn Gill near Ribb!ehead being not a dozen
miles from Ingleton. The ‘ Helks’ has probably also nurtured odd and occasional
plants, possibly truly wild, but more likely bird-sown, from an equally remote time.
Birds are very fond of the seeds of the berries, which attract at a time when ‘hips ”
and ‘haws’ are scarce, and they mostly get the berries in gardens (have done
certainly for 200 years) to void them in the undergrowth where they roost. The
rationale of the Mezereon’s increasing frequency is thus explainable, but the whole
question (like that of the original Beles) of the Gooseberry and Wild Cherry,
or the reverse) is full of difficulty.

Lastly, the Fly Orchis (Ophrys muscifera) has been known at Skirreth a
Thornton Force since 1746 (Blackstone). Mr. John Willis found it up to 1873
my knowledge. The locality given so vaguely as ‘ between Ingleton and Kukby
Lonsdale’ for Cetevxach is in Westmorland. Did Mr. Leach know this? It has
been on record since 1860, Isaac Hindson the discoverer, I believe ; but Richard
Clapham reported the fern from Chapel-le-Dale in 1861. It is not at all unlikely
that it yet onlingers in sunny inaccessible spots on the scars. The remaining six
montane plants named by Mr. Leach all grow about Ingleton still.—F. A. LEEs.

Naturalist,

161

THE ORNITHOLOGY OF
SKIDDAW, SCA FELL, AND HELVELLYN.

JOHN WATSON,

keri Leigh, Kendal.

SKIDDAW (3,022 ft.), Sca Fell (3,160 ft.), and Helvellyn (3,055 ft.)
are the three highest mountains in England proper. Each being
in the same system, has, generally speaking, faunal and _ botanical
species in common, the flora partaking of an alpine character, and
containing many rare and fast-vanishing forms. Most of the birds
are rare, whilst one or two species are almost peculiar to these
mountains. One portion of Skiddaw consists of granite, but the
great mass of the mountain, as well as its neighbours, is composed
of a dark schistose stone. Sca Fell is composed of hard shaly
slate, which structure applies also to Helvellyn, though a portion
of it is made up of flinty porphyry.

I purpose here to set down some notes on the birds of these
Lake District mountains, the information contained in which has been
gleaned by actual observation, extending over many years. Living
under canvas among the higher hills during many successive seasons
has given opportunity of a peculiarly favourable kind for observation,
and these opportunities have not been missed. So local is the
distribution of species on the mountains under notice, that what
| applies to one generally holds good with regard to the other. When
this is not so, special reference will be made to the fact. But little
| order can be observed with regard to the birds to be mentioned,

though it may be well to begin with those that exist at the lowest
elevation. In ascending. from the cultivated belt which borders the
valley, the first bird that appears is the Water-Ouzel ( Cinclus aquaticus).
Everywhere among the beds of the fell ‘becks’ it is common, and a
| few hundred yards higher up the stream, and where it becomes a
3 torrent with numerous waterfalls, the white crescented form of the
] Ring-Ouzel ( Zurdus torguatus) is seen. This bird comes to the fells in
| spring, and is regular in making its appearance. For four consecutive
years the arrival of a flock, generally numbering about a dozen, has

been comprehended betwixt the 24th and 27th of March. For some

/| days after their arrival, the only note heard is a harsh chatter.
At the commencement of the second week the males sing freely,
though mostly in the evening. During the early part of May I have
_heard five singing at one time, and all within the space of a mile and
a half. It builds by the ‘becks’--sometimes beneath the very

June 1888.

162 WATSON : ORNITHOLOGY OF SKIDDAW, ETC.

waterfalls themselves, in such cases being obliged to fly through the
spray on entering and emerging from its nest. Although slugs and
ground-beetles would seem to form its food on the mountains, it
loves the scarlet-berried fruit of the rowan-tree when this is obtainable.
The provincial names of the Ring-Ouzel are—Fell Throstle, Mountain
Blackbird, and Mountain Crow.

Still ascending the boulder-strewn stream, a few pairs of Pied
Wagtails (Motacilla lugubris) show themselves near the sheep-folds.
Here they are breeding, and during the summer months, which
embrace the times of gathering and washing the sheep, insect food
is always abundant. Towards the end of August, the Pied Wagtails
flock, prior to their departure.

But the bird essentially of these mountains—from the lowest
shoulder to the topmost summit—is the Meadow-Pipit (Amthus
pratensts). Here it is the tit-lark, titling, moss cheeper, and ling-
bird. This ‘mountain lint-white’ ascends to 3,000 ft., and builds
its nest among the scrub, and at a lower elevation among the heather.
The height of its breeding-season is the first week of July, and its
young are fed upon a species of small red spider, which abounds
among the lichens on the mountains.

Ascending even to the cairn of Sca Fell, and nesting above the
belt where the herbage ceases to grow, is everywhere seen the
vanishing white form of the Wheatear (Saxzcola enanthe). This is
another summer visitant to the mountains, returning with the trailing
green fronds of the stag’s-horn moss, and leaving again when nesting
is over. Flitting and clacking, and then diving below, the white
rumped fallow-chat causes a new light and a new interest in every
lichened boulder. It has its nest and its pale-blue eggs in the grey
stone walls, in a cleft of the rocks, or on the lee side of a stranded
granitic block. On leaving the mountains in autumn, the Wheat-
ears descend to the marshes, prior to taking their departure.

Only those can fully appreciate the meaning of the word ‘tarn’
who have seen these black mountain merelets lying silent and sad,
from the hill tops. Their water appears black as ink, owing to the
soft fringe of peat which encircles the marge. Such are Red Tarn,
at the foot of Helvellyn; Burnmoor Tarn, by Sca Fell; Kepple Cove;
Sprinkling and Grisedale Tarns—each of these has its pair of Summer
Snipe (Z7ingordes hypoleucos). These, with tremulous wings, flit along
among the peat and pebbles, and breed and find their food among
the drift-stuff. Their wild whistle is peculiarly in keeping with the
still solitudes of the mountains, and only serves to make the silence
more intense. In addition to this whistle, the Summer Snipe has
a continuous and lively song, and upon its first arrival in spring

Naturalist,

WATSON : ORNITHOLOGY OF SKIDDAW, ETC. 163

is quite loquacious. Like the last-named, the Sandpiper makes for
the low-lying Cumberland marshes ere starting on its return
migration. The downy young one figured by Yarrell, was sent by
T. C. Heysham, of Carlisle, and was probably from the neighbour-
hood of these mountains.

During its spring and summer migrations, the Osprey (Pandion
haliaetus) is fond of resting for a time by the still mountain tarns ;
and scarcely a year passes but that one or more of these birds may
be seen fishing for the trout that abound in most of the meres.
When the fish are seen swimming near the surface, the Osprey dashes
down into the water, raising a jet of spray, and usually ascends with
a fish in its talons. ‘This is firmly held by the wondrously-adapted
feet, and is eaten at some little distance among the rocks. At the
end of last century the Osprey bred in the Lake District, and notably
in Whinfield Park.

Before the invasion of tourists and the action of the shepherds
ridded us of the Golden and White-tailed Eagles (Aguila chrysaétus
and Haliactus albicilla), the former, as Wordsworth tells us, used to
wheel and hover round the head of the solitary angler as he plied his
silent trade in Red Tarn. Certainly at one time eagles bred commonly
—at least, as commonly as the larger birds of prey in any one district
ever do—in these mountains and their environments.

Upon the shoulders of the mountains a few pairs of Merlins
(Falco esalon) nest annually, preying for the most part on larks,
pipits, wheatears, and young ouzels in autumn. These little falcons,
the arabs of the air of these wilds, hunt in consort and maraud
through the whole district. In summer their bright red eggs are
laid in a depression among the heather, and near the nest are usually
found the remains of various mountain birds. To see a pair of wild
Merlins lark-hawking here, where nothing obstructs the view, is one
of the most fascinating sights in nature. It often happens that
chasers and chased, circling against the sky, rise higher and higher
until they become mere specks in the cloud-caps that overtop the
mountains. To see this falconer’s favourite, too, rush past on the
wings of a mountain storm, as we have often done, is a sight not |
soon to be forgotten.

A bird which constitutes a considerable part of the Merlin’s
prey is the Twite, or Mountain Linnet (Zinofa flavirostris). This is
a species characteristic of the Fells, resembling a linnet, but having
a long forked tail. Its bent-built nest is found on broken heathery
or peaty ground, and always in elevated situations. On Helvellyn,
Sca Fell, and Skiddaw it commonly breeds, descending to the lowlands
at the approach of winter. This species is another of the ‘ling birds’
June 1888.

164 WATSON : ORNITHOLOGY OF SKIDDAW, ETC.

of the fell folk. It is one which is gradually diminishing in the
north, for whilst it was once not uncommon and widely distributed,
it is now both rare and local in its distribution.

There is no sufficient cover on any of the higher mountains for
Black Game; but the indigenous Red Grouse (Lagofus scoticus) is
sparsely scattered up to above 2,500 feet, at which height the peat
suddenly ceases. ‘These birds are somewhat less in size and more
hardy than those on the lowland moors. They rarely have more than
six or seven young, and generally four or five. This is probably owing
to the severe climatic conditions with which they have to contend ;
their spring and summer at this altitude being only of about four
months’ duration. ‘The coveys are late hatched, and the birds le
closely, but disease is almost wholly unknown. Pied varieties of the
red grouse, and others almost white, occur commonly among the
Lake hills. The Ptarmigan is not found on any of these mountains,
although the experiment of establishing them on Skiddaw was tried,
and failed.

It is probable that the number of grouse found on the higher
ranges may be very much kept in check by the great number of
Carrion-Crows (Corvus corone) which everywhere exist among the
fells. ‘These impale the eggs of the Red Grouse upon their bills
and carry them away to eat at leisure. Under some wall or rock
great numbers of egg-shells may often be found, testifying to the
havoc which these sable marauders commit. ‘This bird is one of the
features of the fell fauna, and is well known to the dalesmen and
shepherds, who give it a bad character. In spite of much persecution,
however, it is still a common resident, keeping to the sheep-walks
in search of food, and breeding among the mountains. Although
a great carrion feeder, it will kill weak and ailing lambs, picking
out the eyes and tongues of these when they are reduced to a
helpless condition. ‘They are resident birds, and only the snows of
winter drive them to the lowlands in search of food.

The Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) only comes as an occasional
visitant, though sometimes hybrids between it and the Carrion-Crow
are shot among the hills.

Once only, as we were passing a wild ghyll at the head of
Eskdale, a pair of Missel-Thrushes (Zurdus viscivorus) flew high
above, and straight across the mountain. This was somewhat
remarkable, as the storm-cock is rarely seen on the highest mountains
themselves, in spite of ‘ Mountain-throstle’ being one of its
Cumbrian names.

After the snows of last year (1886), the fell sheep of the higher

runs perished by hundreds, and the farmers (four in number) of the
Naturalist,

WATSON : ORNITHOLOGY OF SKIDDAW, ETC. 165

farms lying contiguous to Sca Fell alone lost 1,500 sheep out of a total
of 6,000. ‘The Peregrines (Falco peregrinus) and Ravens (Corvus
corax) which find an asylum in the recesses of the mountains are the
only creatures which benefit by the great loss. In winter a few Snow
-Buntings (Plectrophanes nivalis) appear on the mountains, but never
long to remain; they soon pass on to the lower feeding-grounds.
Bean and other Geese occasionally stay for a time on some of the
tarns already mentioned, but this is only en route.

Either upon the Lake mountains or elsewhere the Dotterel
(Zudromias morinellus) was probably never common, nor even fairly
plentiful. The small flocks which come in May are called ‘trips,’
and immediately upon reaching the coast they strike inland, follow
the backbone of the country, and are brought up by the mountains
of Westmorland and Cumberland. Here, upon the spurs of the
highest mountains, and among the mists, they nest. Hewitson
spent many annual vacations searching for a breeding site, but never
found one. Five or six pairs frequently breed at no great distance
from each other, but make not the slightest attempt at building a
nest. They are exceedingly tame, and if frightened from the nest
run only to a short distance. ‘The Dotterel rarely lays more than
three eggs. Its call is a low plaintive whistle, which cannot be heard
at any great distance, and this it often utters when alarmed. ‘The
sitting bird will return to its nest even whilst an eye-witness is near ;
or, if the nest be undiscovered, the bird may be seen quietly watching
the intruder. In the past this has been a most persecuted species
owing to the great value of its feathers for fishing. Both miners and
shepherds sought out its breeding haunts, and, on account of its
tameness, often destroyed great quantities. Some of the latter even
trained dogs to find the nests, and in this they were most successful.
From this and various causes the bird has become exceedingly scarce,
until now it is one of our rarest British plovers. Last season it bred
sparsely on Helvellyn, Grassmoor, and Sca Fell. Here the old and
young birds stay through summer, but in autumn commence their
autumnal migration. It may be mentioned that out of eleven nests
found by an old friend, two were in the last week in May, the
remaining nine in June; the May nests contained one and three eggs
respectively.

The Golden Plover (Charadrius pluvialis) is a beautiful moun-
tain-bird, spending its summer among the hills, and retreating to the
mosses and marshes at the approach of winter. Here it lives
gregariously, mixing with various sand- and shore-haunting birds.
One of the most remarkable traits in the bird’s economy is that of
changing its plumage in the breeding season. The breast— a dull
June 1888.

166 WATSON : ORNITHOLOGY OF SKIDDAW, ETC.

greyish white—now becomes black, which, set off against the gold of
the back, renders this Plover a handsome species. As we stood
amid the nesting colony, and the birds ran or wheeled, plaintively
piping, round our heads, it was not inappropriately remarked that
they looked as though in evening dress, only with the colours
reversed. The breeding station referred to was covered with thick
tussocky grass, with here and there bog holes, containing abundance
of water. In some cases the young were hatched, the shells being
left in the nest.

Of the larger birds of prey, the Buzzard (Buteo vulgaris) is the
most common among the hills. Often upon the mountains it sits
upon some commanding crag and remains motionless for hours.
Probably at this time it is digesting the prey which it has secured
during the hours of hunting. This must sometimes amount to a
vast bulk, for it is said that sixty mice have been taken from the
crop of a single bird. It feeds upon moles, beetles, and field-mice,
but rarely destroys birds and then only slow-flying ones. Grouse
which are weakly or ailing, it picks out, and in this way does much
towards stamping out disease. The shepherds destroy many Buzzards
in winter, taking them in fox-traps, set near a dead Herdwick, and
buried beneath the heather. When the buzzards are foraging for food
they fly low over the ground, and systematically work the valleys of
their neighbourhood. They are such omnivorous feeders that they
always seem to have abundance of food. At the same time we
would remark that among the hills they feed much more frequently
upon carrion than birds of the same species which live in the valleys.
No less than seventeen Buzzards were taken by the shepherds upon
one allotment in the manner indicated above. On a cloudless
summer day it is beautiful to see these birds circling high in the air,
until they become as but specks against the blue. Sometimes half-
a-dozen birds may be seen indulging at the same time in these
gyrations, which have evidently no other object than pleasure.
Although naturalists have described the Buzzard as building in trees,
this is not the case with the birds of the Lake District, as in every
instance that has come under my personal notice the nests have been
built among the rocks and crags. These are composed of sticks,
twigs of heather, bents, and are lined with wool. The eggs, however,
are as variable as the plumage of the birds themselves, which is
saying much. Cream-coloured specimens are not at all uncommon,
these being for the most part birds of the year. At the farm-houses
of the dalesmen and yeomen lying contiguous to the mountains
named, one of the orthodox ornaments is a case of ‘stuffed’ birds.
In these the Common Buzzard is generally the most conspicuous,

Naturalist,

WATSON : ORNITHOLOGY OF SKIDDAW, ETC. 167

and in examining the cases referred to we have discovered four
Rough-legged Buzzards (Archibuteo lagopus). The Common Buzzard
is an early breeder, and not unfrequently two broods are produced in
a season. An authentic anecdote anent this species may be worth
reproducing. William Pearson, a friend of Wordsworth’s, was a close
observer of the birds of his valley. When a lad, he was in the habit
of setting ‘gins’ for Woodcock, and one morning, on going to
examine his snares, he discovered a Buzzard near one which was
struck. The bird attempted to escape, but being evidently held fast,
could not. A Woodcock had been taken in one of the snares, which,
whilst fluttering, had been seen and attacked by the Buzzard. Not
content, however, with the body of the Woodcock, it had swallowed
a leg also, around which the noose was drawn, and the limb was so
securely lodged in its stomach that no force that the bird could exert
was sufficient to withdraw it.

The Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) come to the tarns,
especially Crummock Water, but are most difficult to approach.
They either spend their time in fishing, at which they are great
adepts, or sit solitary upon a huge black rock which just rises above
the water. Sometimes in autumn a small flock will make its appear-
ance, when, from the white breasts of the birds, it will be seen that
the majority are those of the year. More rarely, but in company
with the last-named species, a few Shags or Green Cormorants (P%.
graculus) will make their appearance.

When the weather is rough, the Black-headed and Lesser Black-
backed Gulls (Zarus ridibundus and L. fuscus) seem to find food on
the edges of the elevated mountain merelets, and daily in late
summer and autumn visit the tarns. On wild and stormy nights the
Curlews (umenius arquata), attracted by the lights of our bell-tent,
flew and screamed in the darkness. ‘These breed upon the plashy
shoulders of the mountains, and in autumn make off to the low-
lying mosses and estuaries. Whilst camping, and when we emerged
from the flaps of the canvas, it was sometimes seen that a great many
birds were around, and our lights certainly had the effect of keeping
the ‘ling-birds’ cheeping all night. And we noticed that this
continued when the short sharp bark of a fox was coming from out
the crags.

The bird essentially of the mountains, however, is the Peregrine
(Falco peregrinus). Since the Eagles have become extinct, this is our
noblest bird of prey. It still nests high in the beetling crags, and its
nest is most difficult of access. It marauds and plunders the whole
district. The gulls and summer snipe of the tarns afford it food,
as do also moor-game, ducks, and wood pigeons. We have seen
June 1888.

168 WATSON : ORNITHOLOGY OF SKIDDAW, ETC.

the female Peregrine fly with a Rock-Dove in its talons without its
flight being impeded in the least. But the Rock-Dove is a strong
flyer, and the Falcon Crag Peregrines we saw strike thrice, ascending
betwixt each, before pulling down their plucky game. ‘There can be
no doubt that Peregrines are very destructive to grouse; but it is
just as true that they pick off the slowest and weakest birds. When
food is scarce on the mountains, they descend into the valleys, and
here they obtain leverets and partridges, as well as the larger non-
game birds. During the past season two pairs of Peregrines bred in
the immediate vicinity of Sca Fell, one of which was not at all
difficult to come at. In another locality, where there has been an eyrie
time out of mind, we found the Raven and Peregrine building within
about thirty feet of each other, and both had eggs as early as the
last week in March. This bird, with its swift-whirring wings, bringing
death and devastation, is in keeping with the spirit of the mountains.
But, like all the rarer birds of prey, it is fast becoming extinct.
In a few years it, too, will have passed from the mountains and from
our fast-diminishing fauna.

The Hobby (Falco subbuteo) is the rarest of the Falcons, and
only birds occur at long intervals, when on their autumnal migra-
tion.

Not unfrequently in autumn and during rough weather, the Storm
Petrel (Procellaria pelagica) is picked up dead or exhausted among
the hills. So many examples of these interesting httle birds have
occurred in this way that the fact may be worth recording.

It may be well to give the provincial names used in the Lake
District for those species already named :—

Dipper—Water Crow, Bessy, Bessy Douker, Water-Ouzel.

Ring-Ouzel—Mountain Blackbird, Fell Throstleé, Ring Black-
bird, Rock-Ouzel.

Pied Wagtail— Water Wagtail, Wattie Willie, Willie Wagtail.

Meadow Pipit—Lingbird, Titlark, Titling, Moss-cheeper, Lint-
white, Heather Lintie, Moor Titling, Field Titling, Meadow Lark.

Wheatear—Stonechat, Fallowchat, White-rump, Chackbird.

Common Sandpiper—Summer Snipe, Willy Wicket, Sand Snipe,
Sand Lark.

Osprey—Eagle Fisher, Fishing Eagle, Grey Eagle, Silver Eagle,
Fish Hawk, Bald Buzzard.

Merlin—Blue Hawk, Small Blue Hawk, Stone Hawk.

White-tailed Eagle—Cinereous Eagle, Erne, Arn, Sea Eagle.

Twite—Lingbird, Heather Lintie, Forktail, Mountain Linnet.

Black Grouse—Black Game, Black Cock, Grey Hen.

Red Grouse—Moor Game, Moorbird, Moor-fowl.

Naturalist,

|
|
|
|
i
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CLARKE: WHITE STORK NEAR SCARBOROUGH. 16g

Carrion Crow—Corbie Crow, Dope, Doup, Ket Crow, Cobier,
Black Neb.

Hooded Crow-——-Norway Crow, Grey Crow, Grey-backed Crow.
Missel Thrush—Churr Cock, Storm Cock, Mountain Throstle,

Screech Thrush, Shrite.
Snow Bunting—Snow-flake, Snow-fowl, Snow-bird, Pied Finch,

Fell Sparrow, Mountain Bunting.

Bean Goose—Grey Lag, Wild Goose.
Dotterel— Mountain Plover, Foolish Dotterel.
Golden Plover—Grey Plover, Whistling Plover, Yellow Plover.
Buzzard—Buzzard-hawk, Shreak, Bustard, Puttock, Gled.
Cormorant—Scart, Black Cormorant, Black Diver, Elder.
Black-headed Gull—Sea Mew, Black-head, Red-legged Gull.
Lesser Black-backed Gull—Black-back (fisher-folk).
Curlew—Whaup, Jack Curlew.
Peregrine—Big Blue Hawk, Falcon.
Storm Petrel—Sea-Swallow, Mother Carey’s Chicken.

BOTANY - FOR... CHILDREN,

Flower-Land: an introduction to Botany for Children, and for the use of
Parents and Teachers. By ROBERT FISHER, M.A. (Vicar of Sewerby).
Cr. 8vo, boards, pp. 62. Heywood: Manchester and London. 1887.
The aim of this little work is as simple as its method of treatment, recalling to
one’s mind Browning’s dictum—
That low man goes on adding one to one—
His hundred’s soon hit,
but so far as it goes—it is verily the alphabet of botanology—we have nothing but
praise to accord to it. As a sample of the happy way in which ‘the little ones’ are
to be led into the decoys of cotyledonous terminology, we cannot do better than
cite from the Ruskinesque paragraph with which the author opens: ‘I am,’ he
says to the children, ‘ going to write you a little book, which I hope will help you.
Perhaps you will be disappointed when I tell you that there will not be any
pictures init. But vou are to find the pictures for yourself. This will be much
the best plan, for first, you will have all the fun of looking for them, and then
when you have found them, they will be better than any pictures you have ever seen.’
This is delightful, and there are more naive remarks with the same quaint sim-
plicity about them. Those anent umbelled blooms—the hollow-stemmed Kex,
the Earth-nut, etc.—are especially good, but surely all youngsters know the
Angelica ‘ Kex,’ the thick, pink, hollow juicy stem of which furnishes the tube for
the rustic’s first wAzst/e. Most country-bred children, too, have dug for pig-nuts
and eaten their farinaceous root-knobs (they are not ‘ bulbs ’—vide p. 49—by-the-
bye) alluded to by Geo. Eliot alone among the poets, in her ‘ Brother and Sister ’—
Here were earth-nuts found
And here the Lady-fingers in deep shade.
The little book is well printed in clear type, but we nowhere see its price
stated. —L.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOG Y.

White Stork near Scarborough.—Mr. Frederick Boyes writes me on the
24th inst. that a White Stork (Cvcomza alba) was picked up recently near Scar-
borough.—W. EaGLe CLARKE, May 26th, 1888.

June 1888.

170

IRRUPTION OF PALLAS’ SAND-G ROUSE.

W. EAGLE CLARKE: (RIES:,

Senior Assistant in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.

ONCE more—after an interval of a quarter of a century—Europe
and the British Isles are the scene of an irruption of Pallas’ Sand-
Grouse (Syrrhapies paradoxus Pall.), large flocks of which, leaving
their home in the Steppes of Central Asia, have been making their
way westward during the past month or two. On the 21st of April

they appeared in various localities in Poland; on the 27th they —

reached Saxony; on the 5th of May they were seen in the Island of
Rugen, and on the 7th in Holstein.

They reached England about ten days later. On the 17th of May
a specimen was brought in the flesh to me at the Leeds Museum, which
was said to have been shot in Dewsbury Road, Leeds. On the 18th,
Mr. Philip W. Lawton saw five at Spurn, and the same day (as Mr.
J.awton informs me) 4 man at Patrington saw a party of about a score.
Since then Mr. Lawton has had numerous examples brought to him for
preserving. On the rgth Mr. Donkin saw a party of twenty in a field
adjoining the Ardsley reservoir, near Leeds. On the 2oth large flocks
—as reported in the newspapers—were seen in Oxfordshire, and at
Hoddesdon, in Hertfordshire ; and others—the date of which I have
not seen noted—were reported from Clifton, Nottinghamshire. On the
24th Mr. Thos. Bunker wrote me that one had been captured alive near
Goole, and on the same date Mr. Frederick Boyes, of Beverley, wrote
me that about fifty or sixty had been seen at Flamborough, and that
Mr. Harper, of Scarborough, had called to tell him that he had seen
about thirtyat Spurn. In a note in Zhe Fie/d of May 26th, Mr. Boyes
remarked that these birds appeared on the East Coast of Yorkshire
on the anniversary of the day on which they were first observed a
quarter of a century ago, and that a flock seen on the 2oth, at an East
Yorkshire locality, the name of which he does not give, contained at
least a dozen birds. In the same note he states further, that a friend
saw about thirty at Spurn, on the 25th of the month. On the 24th
one was telegraphed on the Boroughbridge Road near Norton-le-Clay,
and eight others are said to have been seen in the neighbourhood.

As it is desirable that an ample record should be kept of this
most noteworthy and interesting ornithological event, I hope all
readers who have it in their power will communicate to this journal
full details and particulars of such occurrences in Northumberland,
Durham, Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire (including the
details of the Clifton instance), Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire,
Westmorland, Cumberland, and the Isle of Man, as may come within

their observation. Naturalist,

—
Se s

ini

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
IN LOWER WENSLEYDALE.

In brilliantly fine and sunny—not to say hot—-weather, the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union opened their excursion season of 1888 on Whit-
Monday, the 21st of May, when they visited Leyburn, for the exami-
nation of so much of the picturesque northern escarpments of Wens-
leydale as lay between Bolton Castle and Leyburn. Only one line of
route was planned out, and all the members, amounting to about
eighty in number, assembled at Redmire Station about mid-day, some
having been in the district over the week-end. The party was in
charge of Messrs. Wm. Horne, F.G.S., Arthure (President of the
Leyburn Society), J. A. Rodwell (manager of the Keldheads Mines),
and Edward Chapman, of Carperby (from whose pen emanated the list
of Wensleydale birds published in Ze Waturalist for June 1886).
The party first made their way to Bolton Castle, and there examined
the little museum of ethnological and archeological objects formed
by the Hon. W. T. Orde-Powlett. The route was then taken by the
main body for Redmire Scars, a few ornithologists making their way
to Locker Tarn above Carperby, and the conchologists pushing on
direct for Scarth. Nick, where they were rejoined by the main body.
The Keldheads Mines were then inspected, and then the whole party
worked their way along the Shawl to Leyburn. Permission had been
most kindly granted by Lord Bolton for members to visit his estates.

Arrived at Leyburn, a substantial tea was provided at the Golden
Lion Hotel, and the sectional and general meetings were held at the
Public Hall, for the use of which the Union were indebted to the
local Society. ‘The general meeting was held ten minutes before the
announced time, most of the members being present, and as there was
a wide-spread desire to be out in the fine evening, the business was
curtailed. In the absence of the president and of all the vice-
mresidents, Prof. A. H. Green, M.A., F.R.S., of Leeds, Chairman of
the Yorkshire Boulder Committee, was voted to the chair. ‘The
minutes of the preceding meeting were then taken as read, and
passed. The Hull Scientific Club, and the Ellesmere School Natural
History Society (Harrogate) were then unanimously admitted into
the Union. The following new members were then elected by an
unanimous vote, each having been first duly proposed and seconded:
—Rev. T. G. Butterworth, M.A., Headingley near Leeds; Robert
Kidston, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., Stirling; Robert Law, F.G.S., Halifax ;
Angus Macpherson, Coatham; Charles Oldroyd, Snainton near
Heslerton ; Rev. W. Hunt Painter, Knypersley Hall near Congleton ;

C. Arthur Payne, Baldersby; Sir H. Beresford Peirse, Bart., Bedale
June 1888.

172 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN LOWER WENSLEYDALE.

Hall; Rey. T. Powell, Healey Vicarage near Masham; Mrs. Pulleine,
Clifton Castle near Masham; Simon T. Scrope, J.P., D.L., Danby-
super-Yore ; George Silabon, Hull; Christopher W. Smith, Harome
near Nawton; Edgar R. Waite, Leeds; and Henry Weetman, F.Z.S.,
Howden Hall, Derwent near Sheffield. The roll of Societies was
not formally called over, but it was ascertained that representatives
from the following 17 Societies were present :—Leeds (4 societies),
York, Malton, Hull, Halifax, Rotherham, Cleveland, Harrogate (2),
Craven, Middlesbrough, Leyburn, Scarborough, and _ Practical
Naturalists’ Society. Thanks were unanimously voted to Lord
Bolton for permitting members to wander over his estates, and to
the Hon. W. T. Orde Powlett for permission to see his Ethnological
and Archeological museum at Bolton Castle, to Messrs. W.
Horne, F.G.S., Arthure, J. A. Rodwell, and E. Chapman for their
services in guiding the party during the day; and to the Leyburn
Society for securing the use of the Public Hall for the meeting.
Thanks were also given to Prof. Green for presiding, and it was
determined to dispense with the Sectional reports on account of the
fineness of the evening and the desire of members to be in the open
air. The Sectional Reports which should have been given were the
following :—

For the Entomological Section, its senior secretary, Mr. G. C.
Dennis, of York, reported that only very few members were present,
no doubt on account of it being too early in the year, and but four
captures were made —viz., Pieris rape, Vanessa urtice, Thera
obeltscata, and larve of Nudaria mundana.

The Conchological Section was strongly represented, both its
secretaries—Messrs. John Emmet, F.L.S., of Boston Spa, and Baker
Hudson, M.C.S., of Redcar—being present, and the shell-collectors
on the ground alsoincluded Messrs. W. Cash, F.L.S., Halifax ; Wm.
Coates, M.C.S., Middlesbrough; W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.,
Leeds; T. A. Lofthouse, Middlesbrough, and others. Mr. Baker
Hudson furnished the report, as follows:—The conchological
members, after a brief survey of the museum at Bolton, descended
to the lower portions of the castle, where they commenced operations
by securing Helix rotundata, H. rufescens, Pupa umbilicata, Arion
ater, Limax agrestis, and a good specimen of its uncommon variety
nigra. The direct route was then taken for Scarth Nick, and aithough
the heat had dried up the road-sides, hedge-bottoms, and mossy walls,
yet finds were rapidly made. A. arbustorum was to the fore, quickly
followed by A. /aficida and H. rufescens. H. rupestris was abundant
even in the driest situations. Zonzfes came slowly to hand, but before
the Nick was reached Z. crystallinus, Z. purus and its var. margaritacea

Naturalist,

|
|

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN LOWER WENSLEYDALE. L-73

were noted down. Balea perversa was twice taken, and Bulimus
obscurus waS not uncommon. ‘The other species observed were—
Zua lubrica, Vitrina pellucida, Helix hispida, H. rotundata, 1. hor-
tensis, LH. pulchella, LH. ericetorum, and Clausilia rugosa, Near the
Nick, Mr. Braim, of Pickering, was lucky enough to secure an
immature specimen of the rare Limax cinereo-niger, which was
undoubtedly the event of the day. Keeping along the scars above
Preston, Zonites radiatulus was met with under stones on the ledges,
a somewhat unexpected locality. A. rupestris was still abundant,
and #7. ericeforum not uncommon. Aulimus obscurus was frequent
under stones, associated with AZ. rupestris and HY. pulchella. The
list for Preston Scar, in addition to those already. mentioned, included
Ff, rotundata, H. nemoralts (dead), Hf. hortensis, Pupa umbiticata,
Clausilia rugosa, Arion hortensis, and ina small drinking-trough on the
moor, Limnea truncatula (fine) was secured. On reaching Leyburn
Shawl, Claustlia laminata, Zonttes nitidulus, Vitrina, Azeca, Helix
hortensts, and Avion bourguignati were boxed, and on meeting with
a contingent who had worked along the valley through Bolton Woods,
flelix aspersa, Succinea elegans, Zonites cellarius, Z. alliarius, and Zua
were reported, whilst Mr. Wm. Cash, F.G.S., F.L.S., stated he had
observed Ancylus fluviatilis, Limnea peregra, and Anodonta (anatina ?)
in the River Ure near Leyburn; and later on, the ornithologists
brought Z. zztf7dulus, found near Locker Tarn. The Section had there-
fore to report.a total of thirty-five species as having been observed .
during the day, of which four were fluviatile and thirty-one terrestrial.

For the Geological Section, Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., of Leeds,
secretary, the only sectional officer present, reported that from
Leyburn Station, Mr. William Horne, F.G.S., pointed out the
character of the section through which the railway passed. It was
composed of a tough boulder clay, the included stones being local
in their origin, the whole being produced by a glacier, which
descended from the head of the dale, grinding and polishing the
rocks as it passed along. From Redmire Station, where the members
alighted, Mr. Horne conducted the party to Bolton Castle, the
famous feudal stronghold of the Scropes, and although geologists
in the field have little time to spare for archeology, yet here was
something specially interesting. Mr. Horne had, in March 1884,
discovered the remains of a human skeleton on the hill-side west of
Leyburn, and near it found a bone implement made of a deer’s horn.
In March 188s, he found another skeleton in the same locality, and
then succeeded in discovering the entrance to a cave, where a
number of human and other bones were picked up. ‘This cave he
has named the ‘ Lady Algitha Cave,’ and the pre-historic relics found
June 1888. M

174 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN LOWER WENSLEYDALE.

he has placed in a room at Bolton Castle, thus constituting a small
but valuable museum. Mr. Horne attributes this cave to a period
long before that of the Romans. The specimens were examined
carefully and with great interest by the party, and the explanations
of the leader were evidently appreciated. The object of this
excursion was to study those beds of limestone, shales, and sand-
stone which the great Yorkshire geologist, Professor Phillips, has
named the ‘ Yoredale series, and many opportunities were offered
during the day of effecting this purpose, as well as of studying the
physical geology of one of Yorkshire’s finest dales. Perhaps a
section of the beds carefully taken by Mr. Rodwell, engineer and
agent of the Keld Head Lead-mines, which he has kindly allowed
to be used, will not only simplify present remarks, but, as being
thoroughly authentic, will be most useful for future reference, as it
shows the relative position and the thickness of the beds so well.

SECTION OF STRATA TAKEN AT THE KELDHEAD MINES,

WENSLEYDALE.

o tite IDE ft. in

~ | Grits 53 aoe one 530) 810. | UNDERSETT LIMESTONE
© | Plate or Shale ee seb, 5) OFEO (fish remains) ... fie eT Zea
QB | Grit aon ae eee 30°) 0 Rlate- or slaleae Been 27 oO
274 Hasle Grit cel staal OCC) | Soapy Gritstone ... ee 2 AO
© 2 | Plate and Girdles. PDC HO | Plate or Shale... (e271
2” | Stone Plate or Shale --2) 6/0. Oly) |) hin leimestonemer: oe
4 | Coal 0 2. On. to 37 "6S 7) PrestoneGrnt Pes 50) 30 tO.
= \|Gritand Shale... --- 66 0 & | Plate and Shales .. ; 6 oO
(Crow Chert des -- IQ Ow | LIMESTONE (fossiliferous) 58 Oo
Crow LIMESTONE --- 16 © ., | Sandstones and Shales ... 60 0
Grit : au by ZOFAOnSe ) KELDHEAD LIMESTONE... 64 O
y, | Plate or Shale wae Beri ite (O) Z| Flagstone (Gilbert Sear)... 18 oO
& | Girdles and Shales eae) 12) Oa) | Plate or Shale... we, LO
~ |Main Chert or Red Beds a Gritstone and Shale”... 53 ~e
FA (HARMBY QUARRIES, > | Grit and Limestone tee), 12O
~) | _ fish remains) Boos AAR ©) | Plate and Shale ... seit 2h O
4 i Thin Limestone ... See fae) AsH BANK LIMESTONE... 42 O

a Shales (Black Quarry) 7.0 Shales and Sandstones
f] | MAIN Tone Gi alternately 56 60 Oo
is | burn Shawl)... 163-10 (S1x FATHOM LIMESTONE 61 0
nett BS -- 30 O 7,3 [Shales and Limestone ... 30 0
Plate or Shale wits pee, 24 (Olea aeaee ii: SOOP =O
Sandstone and Coal 1-16 Mie 2 Grit (West Burton) Sie. DAO

Plate on Shale |... ASE iyrey O) ice (Desa (thickness not

a known).

As Mr. Davis has so well observed, the alternations of limestone,
shale, and sandstone in the Yoredale rocks indicate repeated changes
in the level of the land. At one time the water was deep enough
for the existence of the animal forms of life which originated the
limestone; at others, the mud, brought from some adjacent land,
formed accumulations represented by the shales, probably in much
shallower water. The sandstones again point to extensive shore

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN LOWER WENSLEYDALE. 175

deposits and the immediate proximity of land. Mr. Horne now
conducted the geologists by a mercifully easy gradient, considering
the high state of the thermometer, to the summit of Redmire Scars,
some 1,100 ft. above sea-level. And now ample opportunity offered
of grasping the physical geology of the wide expanse before us.
We were now on the escarpment so prominent from the valley, and
upon the bed known as the ‘Main Limestone,’ and Mr. Horne
pointed out, directly in front, but on the opposite side of the valley,
an escarpment just below the grit-capped summit of Penhill, and
forming part of that gigantic elevation, the same bed of limestone
dipping gradually eastwards, a conclusive proof that Wensleydale is
a valley of denudation. ‘The view from this point was expansive
and beautiful. To the left, above the historic pile of Middleham,
rose the wooded heights of East Witton Fell. Then before us
rose the giant mass of Penhill, and to the west, peeps of Bishopdale
and Waldendale were afforded, whilst more to the right, the flat-
topped summit of Addlebrough was conspicuous. Heights in Craven
and North-western Yorkshire bounded the view. Below was the
verdant smiling valley, rich in pastoral beauty, with the silvery Ure
meandering through it. ‘This was a scene not only conveying
splendid practical lessons in denudation, but also inspiring an ardent
love for nature. We now traversed the summit of the escarpment
In an eastwardly direction, the fresh mountain breeze being a
pleasant contrast to the murky, smoke-laden atmosphere of the
West Riding.

A descent was then made, when the party, under the guidance of
Mr. Rodwell, visited the Keld Head Lead-mines, when the débris
at the mine was carefully examined, and ample explanations given as
to the working, etc., of the mine by the conductor. ‘The hill was
again ascended, and half-way between the river and the summit
Mr. Horne pointed out the remains of small homesteads, alleged to
be of early British origin ; whoever the builders were, they had a
large stock of common sense. ‘These homesteads are always on the
gritstone. Gritstone is not only drier in its nature than lhmestone,
but also easier to build a rude wall with. Again, these grits always
rest upon shales which throw out the water which had percolated
through the upper beds: thus they were sure of good water close at
hand. Another easy ascent brought the party to the top of Leyburn
Shawl, that splendid terrace of limestone overlooking Wensleydale.
Its highest part is about 870 ft. above sea-level, and as the whole
length is traversed by carefully-kept paths, fine views of the dale are
readily obtained. Mr. Horne now called a halt to inspect the ‘ Lady
Algitha’ Cave, but an amusing delay was occasioned by the dis-
June 1888.

176 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN LOWER WENSLEYDALE.

covery that some mischievous vertebrates had devoured the candies
necessary for exploration. When a fresh supply was obtained, the
party entered it by two at a time to inspect the interior ; the entrance
is only 4 ft. 4 in. wide by 4 ft. high, but inside it is 74 ft. high and
5 ft. to 7 ft. wide. The lower part of the cave, when discovered,
was filled with clay, the upper part with cave-earth and stones, and
throughout were found teeth and bones of animals, also some
charcoal. At the bottom of the cave there is a fissure varying from
7 in. to 12 in. wide, filled with clay ; in this, bones were also found.
Inside the cave likewise were found broken pieces of slightly-burnt
pottery—some only dried—and several millstone grit rubbing-stones.
At the keeper's lodge a detour was made to the left by a few knights
of the hammer to visit the Black Flags Quarry, when they were
gravely informed by the workmen it was the only one of the kind in
England! Here the ‘main limestone’ is quarried extensively, which
is overlaid by some extremely variable beds. Some are impure,
earthy limestones ; others hard, irregularly bedded sandstones ; whilst
others again are sandstones of a flaky, micaceous character. Some
beds are very fissile, and intensely hard and durable; they are thus
well adapted for roofing and flagging purposes. Some large slabs,
five or six ft. square, were noted as having been obtained from this
quarry. The beds are in places very bituminous. The hungry
geologists now made a determined attack upon the resources of the
‘Golden Lion’ Hotel, with marked success, after which an adjourn-
ment was made to the Public Hall, where Prof. Green, with
celerity, disposed of the business of the General Meeting.

The evening was far too fine for indoor debate, and moreover
a splendid section remained to be seen at the Harmby Limestone
Quarries, about a mile east of Leyburn. Thither the section departed,
to work until the time approached for return. Here there is a truly
imposing section of the ‘main chert,’ or upper portion of the ‘main
limestone, or what is locally known as the ‘red beds,’ exposed. The
latter name is owing to the limestone having a reddish hue in many
places, from oxidation. It is very massive and crystalline, presenting,
when weathered, a very coarse exterior; this, under a lens, showing
an infinite multiplicity of broken crinoids and shells. Mr. Horne
has obtained many of his most beautiful fossils at this quarry. The
fossils contain, amongst others, teeth and spines of fishes, and several
specimens were obtained. On the return to Leyburn Station, Mr.
Horne showed to the members a fine glaciated surface of limestone;
he has had it carefully preserved, and properly too, for it is easy of
access, and the striz on the surface are well defined. They are in
an easterly direction, showing clearly the direction of the glacier

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS IN LOWER WENSLEYDALE. 177

which once descended Wensleydale. The geologists felt, on parting,
that the examination of the sections alluded to, and the instruction
they had received on the geology of Wensleydale from so experienced
a geologist as Mr. Horne, had added largely to their practical know-
ledge, and constituted the day’s work most valuable.

For the Botanical Section the following report was given by Mr.
M. B. Slater, of Malton, who was the only officer of the Section
present:—A short ramble of four hours’ duration is only sufficient
to give a glimpse of the fine and extensive district of Wensleydale.
The ‘ Flora of Wensleydale, by Mr. J. Percival, given in the May
number of Zhe Naturalist, includes a large list of plants that have
been found growing in the district. At this early season of the year
comparatively few are yet in flower. About eighty plants were seen
during the excursion, many of them of general distribution, and all
enumerated in Mr. Percival’s list. The following include the rarer
plants seen :— Cardamine amara, Cochlearia officinalis, Viola lutea
{very abundant in some of the high pastures), Geranium lucidum
(plentiful on old walls, etc.), Saxifraga granu/ata (not uncommon in the
high pastures above the Scar), Prunus padus, Myrrhts odorata, Adoxa
moschatellina, Parietaria diffusa, Orchis mascula (the only species
of this group seen), Saxifraga hypnoides, and Lathrea squamaria.

For the Vertebrate Section, its senior secretary, Mr. James
backkieuse, jun., -1-Z.5., M.BCO.U., ‘reported. that, owing to. the
exceptionally fine weather, those belonging to the Vertebrate Section
had capital opportunities of observing birds, about forty-six species
in all being noted during the day. The zoological programme, care-
fully prepared by Mr. Carter, of Masham, indicates a rich avi-fauna
for Wensleydale generally, and the species noted during the day
show that the Leyburn district is a rich corner for research. Among
the most satisfactory discoveries of the day must be mentioned the
nesting-place of the Black-Headed Gull (Larus ridibundus), at least
one pair of which were seen, but no nest found. In the same place,
too, four pairs of Redshanks evidently had eggs or young, and a
Curlew’s nest was noticed hard by, containing two eggs. Some of
the migratory species proved very common (notably the Willow
Warbler), whilst others again appeared scarce, but possibly the late
season may account for it in measure. The Redstart was seen nesting,
and all three Wagtails noted. Three or four Peewits’ nests repaid the
careful watchfulness of our collectors, all with eggs, most of which
were fresh.

The Section for Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany was not
Fepresented, its secretary, Mr. J. M. Kirk, of Doncaster, being
absent, from ill-health.

June x 888.

178

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the natural history and
physical features of the North of England.

GEOLOGY AND PALA:ONTOLOGY, 1886.

WE are again indebted to Messrs. S$. A. Adamson, F.G.S., and
Alfred Harker, M.A., F.G.S., for the geological bibliography ; to
both gentlemen for contributing the titles and abstracts, and to the
former for arranging and preparing the material for the printer.
Titles are cited of such papers published in 1884 and 1885 as have
escaped notice in former instalments of the bibliography. Papers
which have appeared in Zhe Naturalist itself are cited but not
abstracted.

S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
On the Discovery of a Stone Implement in Alluvial Gravels at Barnsley.
[Details of a section exposed in excavating a gasholder tank in the gravel; a
singular implement of Mica-schist discovered.] Proc. Yorks. Geol. and
Polyt. Soc., 1886, pp. 281-282.

S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
On ‘Recent Discoveries of Carboniferous Vegetation in Yorkshire ’
(abstract). [The fine examples of St2gmaria ficordes at Clayton near Bradford,
and the group at Bradford reviewed; accurate measurements of the roots,
with details as to their geological horizon given. A fossil tree (Dadoxylon ?)
at Ilkley in the Third Grits similarly described.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc.,
Part 2, 1885-6, pp. 71-75; see also Naturalist, 1886, pp. 252, 284, 309, 316,
336, 348.
S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
[Reports of] Excursions (Leeds Lower Coal Measures, Nos. 1, 2, and
3). [Description of the beds in descending order from the Beeston Bed to
the Better Bed Coal. Careful detailed measurements of the sections
by B. Holgate, F.G.S., included.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2,
1885-6, pp. 77-80.
S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
[Report of] Excursion to Draughton. [The contortions of Mountain Lime-
stone at Draughton described, with angles of dip given. Abstract of address
by J. E. Bedford on causes of above included.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc.,
Part 2, 1885-6, pp. 80-81.
S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
[Report of] Excursion to Bingley (Aire Valley). [Gravel-mounds of
Airedale described, the Aire turned out of its course by these deposits, so
that it flows 7 the valley for a short distance and cuts a new channel through
sandstone.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2, 1885-6, pp. 82-83.
S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
[Report of] Excursion to the Shibden Valley. [Geology of the district
described ; characteristic fossils obtained from ‘coal balls’ and ‘ baum pots.’]
Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2, 1885-6, pp. 83-85.
S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
[Report of] Excursion to Wensleydale. [Geology of the dale described,
also an account of the discovery of the ‘ Lady Algitha Cave’ by W. Horne.]
Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2, 1885-6, Part 2, pp. 85-87.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1886. 179

S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.

[Report of] Excursion to Crummockdale [Fine glaciated surfaces of
Silurian Grit observed]. Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2, 1885-6, pp.
87-88.

S. A. ADAMSON. Yorkshire.
[Report of] Excursion to the ‘Hitchingstone,’ Keighley Moors. [Object
of this excursion to solve whether this rock is a true erratic or in situ. After
detailed examination, result being conclusive that it is a portion of the original
strata of Rough Rock, which once covered the moors ; therefore, a wreck
caused by denudation, and not due to glacial action.] Trans. Leeds Geol.
Assoc., Part 2, 1885-6, pp. 88-90; see also Naturalist, 1886, pp. 333-336.

ANONYMOUS [not signed]. Yorkshire.
Cave-hunting in Yorkshire [Describing the well-known Wethercote (Chapel-
le-dale), Hull and Hunt Pots (on Penyghent), Alum Pot (Ingleborough), an
Goyden Pot (Nidderdale).] Chambers’ Journal, Oct. 16th, 1886, 5th series,

ili. 657-660.
H. C. BEASLEY. Cheshire.

A Section of the ifuaer Keuper Beds recently exposed at Oxton
[Section in Wellington Road, Oxton, minutely detailed]. Proc. Liverpool
Geol. Soc., vol. v. Part 2, 1886, pp. 134-136.

A. BELL, 3 Northern Counties generally.
The Succession of the Later Tertiaries in Great Britain [A compre-
hensive discussion of the question, treating, among other deposits, of the
Great Chalky and Purple Boulder-clay, the Bridlington shelly patches, the
Hessle Sands, the Hessle Clay, and the Upper Boulder-clay of the North-
west, and various post-glacial formations]. Geol. Mag., Feb. 1886; Dec. iii.,
vol. ili., pp. 67-78.
W. Boyd DawkIns. North of England generally.
On the Geography of Britain in the Carboniferous Period [The great
horizontal tract of forest clad alluvia (the cause of the coal-fields) was the
delta of a mighty river, and its enormous extent implies a river of great mag-
nitude and a continent of corresponding extent for drainage area. Such
continent he names Archaia, from the original massive being composed of
Archaian rocks. To this Archaia may be traced the pebbles and groups of
pebbles found in the coal-seams, and which have probably been brought
down in flood-time by the roots of trees. They are, without exception,
quartzites, and have probably been derived from a shingle beach of a sea
which beat against Cambrian or Silurian rocks. The north-western continent
of Archaia occupied the North Atlantic area, stretching from the west coast
of Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland to Greenland and the St. Lawrence
region from the Cambrian age, through all the succeeding periods, down to
the close of the Miocene, and on its ever-oscillating coast-lines the British
primary and secondary strata were accumulated]. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc.
xix. 37-47.
P. B. BRopvIE. Derbyshire.
On a Remarkable Section in Derbyshire [A sand-pit at Longcliff shows
a series of variegated sands and clays resembling those of Alum Bay. They
lie in a hollow of the Carboniferous Limestone, and the question is whether
they are referable to the Bunter, or whether they may be remnants of
Tertiary beds]. Geol. Mag., September, 1886, Decade iii., vol. ili. p. 432

DipTON BuRN. Westmorland, Cumberland, Yorkshire.

Discovery of the Remains of Extinct Animals in Westmorland [and
Cumberland, also at Sedbergh: remains of numerous extinct cave mammals,
Bos primigenius and B. longifrons, brown and cave bears, wolf, boar, cat,
badger, horse, weasels, deer, and human bones and implements: large and
perfect skull of beaver at Sedbergh]. Sci: Goss., July 1886, p. 166.

June 1888.

180 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1886.

SAMUEL CHADWICK. Yorkshire.
Geological Report to Malton Scientific Society [A long and interesting
list of Fossils collected from the Cretaceous and Oolitic formations of the
Malton district is included, comprising many sponges and detached spicules,
a fine spine of Asteracanthus ornatissimus, palatal teeth of Gyrodus and
Pycnodus, namerous Zoophyta, Echinodermata, Lamellibranchiata, Cephalo-
poda, and some specimens of fossil fruit named Carfoltthes conicus, exhibiting
distinctly kernel, shell, and outer rind]. Malton Field Naturalists’ and
Scientific Society’s Third Annual Report, 1885-6.
S. CHADWICK. Yorkshire.
Asteracanthus ornatissimus in the Middle Oolites near Malton.
Naturalist, 1886, p. 102.
F. CLOWEs. : Nottinghamshire.

Barium Sulphate as a Cementing Material in Sandstone [the first record
in the British Isles. The sandstone occurs near Nottingham, forming Staple-
ford and Bramcote Hills and the Hemlock Stone. A specimen analysed gave
30 per cent. of barium sulphate.] Brit. Assoc. Report, 1885, Aberdeen,
pp. 1038, 1039; Chem. News, vol. li. p. 194, Oct. 16th, 1885; Journ.
Chem. Soc., Abstracts, vol. ii. p. 35, 1886; and Midl. Nat., ix. 48.

E. M. Core. : Vorkshire.

Geology of the Huil, Barnsley, and West Riding Junction Railway and
Dock [Reviewed in Naturalist, June 1886, p. 191]. Hull, 1886, 60 pp.,
with sections and map.

W. G. CoLLINGWoop. Westmorland.

On Lake-basins of the neighbourhood of Windermere [opposing the ice-
erosion theory of their origin]. Trans. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. x.

1884-5.
JOHN CORDEAUX. Lincolnshire.
Lincolnshire (General review of its Geology). Naturalist, 1886, pp. 6-8.
J. W. Davis. Yorkshire.

On some remains of Fossil Trees in the Lower Coal Measures at
Clayton, near Halifax [Short description of the fossil trees found at
Clayton, Wadsley, and Queensbury]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Society,
1886, pp. 253-256.

J. W. Davis. Yorkshire.

On the Exploration of the Raygill Fissure in Lothersdale [Brief
account of the latest operations]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Society,
1886, pp. 280, 281.

J. W. Davis. Derbyshire.

Carboniferous Fish-remains from the Mountain Limestone of Derby-
shire [Twelve species are new to Derbyshire, and five have not previously
been described... The specimens are from near Chapel-en-le-Frith]. Geol.
Mag., April 1886, Dec. iii. vol. ill. pp. 148-157.

R. M. DEELEY. Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, etc.

The Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin [In this valuable con-
tribution to the correlation of the British glacial deposits, the author divides
the Pleistocene of the Trent Basin into three epochs, the oldest being marked
by the absence of chalk-débris. These three epochs are subdivided, and the
deposits discussed in detail, with particulars of many interesting sections.
Abstract, Proc. Geol. Soc., May T2th, 1886]. Quart. Journ. Geol. Society,
vol. xlii. pp. 437-480.

C. E. DE RANCE. Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, etc.

Eleventh Report of the Committee, consisting of . . [20 names] .
appointed for the purpose of investigating the Circulation of Underground
Waters [etc.]. [Particulars are given of borings near Grimsby, Goole, Raw-

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1886. 181

cliffe, Snaith, Selby, Donington, and Scarle or Collingham. Prof. Green
furnishes particulars of the intercalated sandstones in the Yorkshire Coal-
Measures. G. J. Symons quotes a number of observations concerning
the effect of the drought of 1884 on the levels of wells]. Brit. Assoc.
Report, 1885, Aberdeen, pp. 382-390 and 394.

CRISPIN DUGDALE. Lancashire.

General Section of the Lower Coal Measures and Millstone Grit Rocks
in the Forest of Rossendale, with remarks on some of the fossiliferous
beds contained therein [General section of beds in descending order, com-
mencing about 220 yds. below the Arley Mine. This succeeded by details
of each bed and fossils pointed out. The sandstones, with their intervening
shales, marked the different conditions under which they were respectively
deposited, the former containing the remains of land plants (Ferns, Calamites,
Sigillaria, etc.), while the shales contain a marine fauna of well-known car-
boniferous types (Orthoceras, Goniatites, Productus, Lingula, Aviculopecten,
etc.]. Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., xix. 220-233.

T. W. EMBLETON. North of England generally.

Notes on Ancient Coal Mining. [Interesting account of the use of coal,
etc., in Roman, Saxon, and Early English times.] Proc. Yorks. Geol. and
Polyt. Soc., 1886, pp. 257-265.

J. D. EVERETT. Lancashire.

Seventeenth Report of the Committee, consisting of . [17 names]
. . . appointed for the purpose of investigating the Rate of Increase of
Underground Temperature downwards [etc. ; contains observations taken in
the Mersey Tunnel, in Denton Colliery, and at Ashton-under-Lyne]. Brit.
Assoc. Report, Aberdeen, 1885, pp. 96, 97.

J. STARKIE GARDNER. Yorkshire.

On Mesozoic Angiosperms [Describes ]V7/i/amsonia from the Yorkshire
Oolites, and figures a supposed Monocotyledonous fruit from the same, and
also the stem of the so-called Calamites Beanit from Scarborough, ‘one of
the Arborescent Graminez’ (Williamson)].. Geol. Mag., May 1886; Dec. iii.
vol. 11. pp. 193-204, with plates v. and ix.

A. H. GREEN. North of England generally.

On ‘The Drift of the North of England’ (Abstract). [Varieties of drift
described, likewise its distribution and origin. Yorkshire dales filled by
glaciers, but these were local. Immense quantity of drift in Lancashire and

Cheshire accounted for, also classified.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2,
1835-6, pp. 64-66.

fe : ELARDCASTLE: Yorkshire.

On ‘Metamorphic Rocks’ (Abstract). [Process of metamorphism in different
stages described ; Sandstones from Meanwood Road, Leeds, Middle Grits of
Bolton Woods and Potternewton, examined.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc.,
Part 2, 1885-6, pp. 62-64.

C.D: HARDCASTLE, Yorkshire.

Inaugural Address to Leeds Geol. Assoc. (Abstract). [Describes geology
of Ingleton and district. The Ingleton coal - field, the unconformity at
Thornton Force, the Thornton Hall and Tow Scar faults, and the Trap-dikes
crossing the Ingleton Beck, detailed.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2,
1885-6, pp. 66-69.
ALFRED HARKER. Yorkshire.
_ Jointing in the Mountain Limestone of the Austwick District. Naturalist,
1886, p. 102.
ALFRED HARKER. Yorkshire.
Joints cutting through Pebbles. Naturalist, 1886, p. 102

une 1888,

182 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1886.

W. Hewitt. Lancashire.
Notes on the Topography of Liverpool [Brief geological account including,

localities of Boulder Clay and list of quarries]. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc.,
Part 2, vol. v. 1886, pp. 145-155.

B. HOLGATE. Yorkshire.
On ‘The Leeds Lower Coal Measures’ (Abstract). [Outcrops of following
beds of coal noted at Leeds, viz., the Better Bed, the Black Bed, the Crow
Coal, and the Beeston Bed.] Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 2, 1886,

pp- 49-50.

B. HOLGATE. Yorkshire.

Leeds Lower Coal Measures [Detailed measurements of sections occurring

at Hunslet, Newtown and Dolly Lane, Leeds, given]. Trans. Leeds Geol.
Assoc., Part 2, 1885-6, pp. 77-80.

T. V. HoLMEs. Cumberland.
Purple-grey Carboniferous Rocks and the Whitehaven Sandstone
[Rocks similar to the Whitehaven Sandstone occur on almost every horizon
throughout the Carboniferous System in Cumberland]. Trans. Cumb. and
Westm. Assoc., No. xi. 1885-6; pp. 146-148.

Wm. Horne. Pe Yorkshire.
On Pre-historic Remains recently discovered in Wensleydale [The
geology of the Leyburn district briefly described, and an account given of the
discovery of the Lady Algitha Cave]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc.,
1886, pp. 175-179.

T. McKENNY HUGHES. Yorkshire, Westmorland.
On some Perched Blocks and associated Phenomena. [A discussion of
certain erratic blocks on limestone pedestals, which they have protected from
weathering. They occur near Cunswick Tarn (W. of Kendal), on Farleton
Knot (between Carnforth and Kendal), and on Norber Brow (in Craven).
The author supposes them to represent the last push of the retreating great
glacier]. Abstract, Proc. Geol. Soc., June 23rd, 1886. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., vol. xlii. pp. 527-539. See also Geol. Mag. Aug., 1886, Dec. iii.
vol. ili. pp. 375-376.
OsMUND W. JEFFS. Cheshire.

Notes on the occurrence of Copper in the Keuper Sandstone at the
Peckforton Hills [Geology of the region briefly deseribed; references
to localities where Copper has been found given, also analyses of specimens].
Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc., Part 2 of vol. v., 1886, pp. 139-145.

T. RupERT JONES and J. W. KirKsy. Northern Counties and Isle of Man.

Notes on the Distribution of the Ostracoda of the Carboniferous
Formations of the British Isles [Contains tables showing the strati-
graphical distribution of these entomostracans through the Carboniferous
formations, preceded by some notice of the classifications of these strata].
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1886, vol. xlii. pp. 496-514.

T. R. JoNEs and J. W. KirRKBy. Northumberland, etc.
On Some Fringed and other Ostracoda from the Carboniferous Series.
[Records a new genus Beyrichiopsis, and figures and decribes species of it
from Plashetts and other localities.] Geol. Mag., Oct. 1886 ; Dec. iii. vol. 111.

pp- 433-439, and plates xi. and xii.

Westmorland, Furness, Northumiberlaads

T. RUPERT JONES and JAMES W. KIRKBY. Durham, Cumberland.

Notes on the Paleozoic Bivalved Entomostraca.—No. xxii. On some

undescribed Species of British Carboniferous Ostracoda | Aythocypris
Phillipsiana Jones & ae var. nov. carbonica J. & K., B. cuneola J. & K.,

B. cornigera J. & K., B. pyrula sp. nov., ‘B. thraso J. & K., Cythere

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1886. 183

gyripunctata J. & K., Leperditia armstrongiana J. & \., L. scotoburdigalensis
(Hibbert), Z. obesa J. & K., L. compressa J. & K., L. lovicensis sp. nov., L.
acuta |. & K., Beyrichia radiata J. & K., &. longispina sp. nov., B. tuberculos-
pinosa sp. nov.,B. bicesa sp. nov., Beyrichiella ventricornis |. & K., Kirkbya
tricollina j. & K., Cytherella reticulosa J]. & K., C. valida J. & K. var. nov.
afiliata, Bythocythere antigua sp. noy., B. youngiana sp. nov., Argillecia
equalis |. & K., Aglaia cypridiformis J. & K., Xesoleberis subcorbulotdes
J. & K., Cythere obtusa sp. nov., Batrdia legumen J. & K., B. subelongata
J. & K., var. major, cited from numerous localities in Northumberland, Cum-
berland, Furness, and Westmorland]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1886,
Series 5, vol. xviii. pp. 249-269, and plates vi-ix.

A. J. JUKES-BROWNE. Northern Counties in general.
The Student's Hand-book of Historical Geology, xi+597 pp., London,
1886. [This manual is illustrated by many well-selected sections, and the
matter brought well up to date. Adopting Lapworth’s tripartite division of
the Lower Palzozoic, the author gives a good résumé of the Cambrian,
Ordovician, and Silurian rocks of the Lake District. In the Carboniferous
he inclines to Tate’s classification of the Northumbrian type, as adopted by
the Survey (pp. 207, 208). The Dyas and Trias of the North of England
are well summarised ; also the Jurassic rocks—which are presented under
unfamiliar divisions—and the Cretaceous. In describing the Glacial deposits
of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, the author adopts the two-fold division, for
which he has given reasons elsewhere. |

A. J. JUKES-BRoWN. Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.
On the Application cf the term Neocomian [The author attempts to
correlate the Lower Cretaceous strata of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire with

their equivalents in other areas]. Geol. Mag., fuly 1886, Dec. iii. vol. iii.
Pp- 311-319.
J. D. KENDALL.

The Iron Ores of the English Secondary Rocks. Trans. North of
England Inst. of Mining and Mech. Eng., vol. xxxv. p. 105, 1886.

Percy F. KENDALL. North of England generally.
On the Carboniferous Volcanoes of Great Britain. [The toadstone of
Derbyshire alluded to, and the fact of a bed of baked mud lying between
this and the Mountain Limestone, in Tideswell Dale, having assumed a
columnar structure.] Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc., vol. xix. Parts 6 and 7,

pp- 133-151.
H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.

A Post-Glacial Ravine [at Welton Vale near Louth, described and plan given].
_ Nat. World, Feb. 1886, iii. 21-22.

ROBERT KIDSTON. Northern Counties generally.

Catalogue of the Palzozoic Plants in the Department of Geology and
Palzontology, British Museum (Natural History), pp. 288, with list of
works quoted and index. [This invaluable work of reference for palzo-
botanists is an enumeration of the Palzozoic Plants with their synonymy.
The classification employed is that at present adopted by the majority of
palzeo-phytologists, with slight modifications. The plants are treated under
the four great divisions of the Paleozoic rocks, viz., Permian, Carboniferous,
Devonian, and Silurian. In the Botanical arrangement the Family is first
given, following which is the Genus, with its author’s name, date of its
publication, and reference to the work in which it first appeared. The
specific name adopted follows, with its synonymy, the oldest name of the
plant in question being used. The geological horizon of the specimen then
follows, after which the locality ; there are many hundreds of references to
localities in the North of England. In the Index, the accepted names of
genera and species are printed in ordinary type, the synonyms in italics].

June 1888.

184 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY, 1886.

L. G. DE KONINCK and M. LOHEsT. Yorkshire.
Notice sur le Parallélisme entre le calcaire Carbonifere du nord-ouest de
Angleterre et celui de la Belgique [Compares the beds which uncon-
formably overlie the Silurians in the Ingleborough district with the Carbon-
iferous Limestone of Belgium]. Bulletin de Acad. Roy. de Belg., 3me sér.,
tom. xi. No. 6, 1886. Noticed in Geol. Mag., October 1886; Dec. ii. vol.
ill. pp. 463, 464.
G. W. LAMPLUGH. Yorkshire.
On Glacial Shell-beds in British Columbia [with discussion ; these deposits
are pointed out as closely resembling those at Bridlington]. Abstract. Proc.
Geol. Soc., April 7th, 1886.
G. A. LEBOUR. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire.
Outlines of the Geology of Northumberland and Durham. 1886, New-
castle-upon-Tyne ; 156 pp. and 5 plates. Second edition as regards Northum-

berland. [Reviewed in Nature, July 26th, 1887, and in Naturalist for Sep-
tember 1887.

G. A. LEBouR. Durham.

On some recent Earthquakes on the Durham Coast, and their probable

cause [see Bibliography for 1885 for Abstract]. Brit. Assoc. Report, 1885,
Aberdeen, pp. 1013-1015.

H. CarvILu Lewis. Northern Counties generally.
Comparative Studies upon the Glaciation of North America, Great
Britain and Ireland [Abstract of paper read before British Association.
The southern edge of the great ice-sheet, as marked by a great terminal
moraine, is traced from Macclesfield, by Burnley and Skipton, to Whitby.
Great glaciers descended Airedale and Wensleydale. A branch of the ice-
sheet was forced eastward through Stainmoor Pass. The author does not
believe in any submergence of more than 450 ft.]. Nature, Nov. 25th, 1886,
vol, xxxv. pp. 89-91.
E. Lovett. i Yorkshire.
Notes on the Glacial Deposits and other interesting Geological Features
of North Yorkshire. Proc. and Trans. Croydon M. and N. H. Club,
vol. ili. p. 37, 1886.
FRANK. E._Lort: Derbyshire.
[Remarks upon the Geological features of the district within 20 miles of
Burton-on-Trent, introductory to a list of] the Lepidoptera of Burton-on-
Trent and neighbourhood. Entomologist, July 1885, vol. xviii, pp. 178.

[EDITOR OF MANX NOTE-Boox]. Isle of Man.
Geological Survey of the Island [of Man: merely a note that Prof. W. Boyd
Dawkins has commenced one]. Manx Note-Book, No. 8, Oct. 1886, vol. ii.

p. 191.
P. H. MARRow. Cheshire.
On ‘Triassic Sandstones of West Cheshire’ (Abstract). [These rocks
result from re-deposition of the palzeozoic rocks after denudation. Beautiful
examples of current-bedding noted, particularly in a section running through
Wallasey. Conditions of deposition reviewed, and composition of the
triassic rocks described.] Trans. Liverp. Geol. Assoc. ,vol. xi. 1885-6, pp. 18-21.

R. MELDOLA. Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Cumberland.
The Great Essex Earthquake of the 22nd of April, 1884 [felt as far as

Brigg and Leeds ; reference made to previous earthquakes ; a terrible one in
A.D. 261 in Cumberland; one in April 1185, in Lincoln, damaging the
Cathedral]. Trans. Herts Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. iv. Pt. 1 (May 1886), pp. 23-32.
HuGH MILLER. Cumberland.
On the Geology of the Silloth Dock. Proc. Edinb. Roy. Phys. Soc.,
Session 1884-5, p. 338, 1885.

Naturalis

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1886. 185

HuGH MILLER. Northumberland.

On the Classification of the Carboniferous Limestone Series; Nor-

thumbrian Type [reasserts the classification proposed twenty years back

by Tate]. Abstracts of Brit. Assoc. Papers, Nature, Sept. 23rd, 1886, vol.
XXXIV. Pp. 515.

J. H. MonckMan. Yorkshire.

On ‘The Volcanic History of England’ (Abstract). [Castle Rigg, in the
Lake District, shown to be the neck of an ancient volcano]. Trans. Leeds
Geol. Assoc., Part 2, 1886, pp. 56-58.

J. R. MORTIMER. Yorkshire.

On the Habitation Terraces of the East Riding [A description of the
lance-pointed terraces or platforms, which are visible on many of the steep
hill-sides of the Yorkshire Wold valleys]. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt.
Soc., 1886, pp. 221-224.

H. ALLEYNE NICHOLSON. Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Northumberland.

On the Genus Fistulipora, M‘Coy, with Description of several species
[including 4. ¢zcrustans from Bolland, Derbyshire, and Redesdale]. Ann.
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1885, 5th Series, vol. xvi. pp. 496-517, and plates
XV-xvlll, [pp. 500-505].

H. M. OrMEROD. Cheshire.

On some markings upon a sandstone flag at Tyldesley. [The flag from
the Lower Coal Measures; the markings seemed to Mr. Ormerod to be that
of a reptilian animal—like that of Aevaterfeton]|. Trans. Manchester Geol.
Society, Part 12, vol. xviii. pp. 293-295.

R. OWEN. Northern Counties, etc.

British Earthquakes and their Seismic Relations [Of the 399 British
earthquakes recorded in Mallet’s Catalogue, 315 are connected with a great
circle drawn through Stromboli and Hecla, and passing near Colchester,
Lincoln, and York]. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. for 1884, pp. 438-
433, with map: 1885.

HORACE PEARCE. Westmorland.

Glacial Action near Grasmere [Great number and size of glacial moraines
near the outlet of Easdale Tarn briefly alluded to]. Sci. Goss., Aug. 1886,
p. 189.

J. PETERSEN. Northumberland.

Analyses of Enstatite and Labradorite from the Enstatite-Porphyrite
of the Cheviot Hills. [The rock is the Hypersthene-andesite described by
Teall.] Zeitschr. fiir Krystallogr. u. Mineral, vol. xi. pp. 69-70. Quoted in
abstr., Journ. Chem. Soc., vol. 1. p. 211: 1886.

G. H. PHILIPSON. Northern Counties.

[Review of Excursions, in Presidential Address; Hexham and district ;
Alston, for Cross Fell and Hartside (the ‘ Great Sulphur Vein’ noted); Low
Row and district ; Leyburn, Loftus, and Staithes (Boulder of Shap noted at
Hammersea, decription of Rockcliff); Seaton Delaval and Blyth]. Nat.
Hist. Trans. of Northumb. and Duth., vol. viii. Part 2, pp. 278-291.

J. POSTLETHWAITE, Cumberland.

The Mineral Springs near Keswick [comprise saline waters at Brandley
Mine and Saltwell Park, and a chalybeate spring at Wood-end Mine. |
Proc. Cumb. and Westm. Assoc., No. xi. (1885-6), pp. 142-145.

JoserH PRESTWICH. Northern Counties generally.

Geology, Chemical and Physical: vol. 1, pp. 472, with maps, plates, and
diagrams. [This magnificent work contains many references to the physical
geology of the North of England, amongst which may be noted Carboniferous
Limestone of Derbyshire, Durham, and Northumberland, p. 145; faults in

June 1888.

186 BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1886.

the Manchester coal-field (with section), p. 252; Jointed Limestone at Rich-
mond, Yorkshire, p. 273; slate of Patterdale quarries (with section), p. 262 ;

mountain system of North of England, p. 292; slates of Kirkby Lonsdale,
p- 279; unconformable strata in Westmorland Guth section), p. 297 ; Copik
measures near Appleton, Yorks. (with section), p. 299; Derbyshire (Fluor
spar with fossils, p. 315; galena veins, pp. 321-330; clay altered by toad-
stones (with section), p. 401); Cumberland (Jointed Triassic rocks, p. 273 ;
mineral veins of Alston Moor, with ground plan and sections, pp. 319, 320 ;

clay veins, p. 321; lead lodes, pp: 321-330; mineral veins, p. 335; iron
ore, p- 349)3 iron ores in Lincolnshire, PP- 355-3563; igneous rocks near
Borrowdale, p. 382; old volcanic neck at Castle Head, Keswick, p. 382;
old volcanic ash of Skiddaw, p. 382; intrusive basalt of Northumberland,
p- 400; coal altered in Durham, p. 401; granite of Eskdale and Skiddaw,

p- 425].
J. PRESTWICH. Northern Counties generally.
On Underground Temperatures... . [A complete record of temperature

observations in mines, wells, bore-holes, etc., including many in Lancashire,
Durham, and other northern counties.] Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 1-116,
1886.

T. MELLARD READE. Northern Counties generally.

The Origin of Mountain Ranges, pp. 359, maps, plates, and diagrams.
[This valuable work is full of descriptions of remarkable geological features
in the North of England, amongst which may be named the Pennine Chain,
pp. 325-76, 77, 171, 320; Valesof Eden, pp. 79, 80, (321; denudation of
Lancashire and Cheshire since Trias, p. 79; Craven fault at Giggleswick
Scar (with plate), pp. 80, 815; fault in Mersey Tunnel, p. 1043 Yorkshire
Coal Field, sections exhibiting ‘characteristic features of normal faulting (with
plate), pp. 106, 107 ; Synclinal at Wheetam near Skipton (with plate), p. 179;
Anticlinals at Draughton near Skipton (with plate), p. 179, and at Aldecar
Wood (Notts.), p. 219; effects of pressure on Scar Limestone, p. 179; con-
tortions in Chalk at Staple Nook, Flamborough Head, pp. 218, 219;
Slickensides in Keuper sandstone (Cheshire, Liverpool, etc.), pp. 275, 276;
destruction of all beds above New Red in N.W. of England, p. 324. ]

T. MELLARD READE. Lancashire.

Notes on a Bed of Fresh-water Shells and a Ghipped Flint lately
found at the Alt Mouth. [The shells, consisting of Lymuneus lymnea, L.
peregra, Cyclas cornea, and Flanorbis spirorbis, were crowded in a bed of
mixed peat, sand, and mud ; immediately under the sandhills, close to this
bed, a small flint flake was found]. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc., Part 2
of vol. v. (1886), pp. 137-139.

CHARLES RICKETTS. Cheshire.

On Footprints and Plants in the Trias at Oxton Heath. [In the making
of a sewer at Oxton many slabs of Keuper sandstone were exposed, bearing
upon them casts of the footprints of quadrupeds and of the impressions of
leaves of plants. The bird-like imprints of Rhynchosaurus exceedingly
plentiful.] Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc., Part 2 of vol. v. (1886), pp. 168, 169,

A. S. STEVENSON. Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland.

[Review of Excursions in Presidential Address; Talkin Tarn (remark-
able row of pot-holes in red sandstone); Settle and district (pot-holes in
conglomerate at Kirkby Stephen, Victoria Cave, Malham, Ingleborough
Caves, and Gaping Ghyll); Crag Lough; Barnard Castle (Balderdale inves-
tigated) ; Otterburn (some fossil footprints examined) y and Morpeth]. Nat.
Hist. Trans. of Northumb. and Rae Part 2 of vol. viii. pp. 225-239.

W. STEVENSON. Yorkshire.

A Post-Glacial Forest in Hull. [Remains of a forest of Scotch fir and
oak, found about low-water level, covered by 12 or 13 ft. of warp]. Eastern
Morning News, Aug. 1886; and anonymous article in Sci. Goss., Sep. 1886,
p- 214.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : GEOLOGY AND PALHONTOLOGY, 1886. 187

M. STIRRUP. Lancashire.

Fall of Roof in a Mine at Little Lever. [A huge mass of fine-grained,

slightly micaceous sandstone, with a polished carbonaceous coating (said in a

_ newspaper to be a meteorite), fell from the roof and killed a workman. In

discussion, Mr. Wild said this was not a boulder, but a pocket of sandstone. |
Trans. Manchester Geol. Society, vol. xix. Part 5, pp. 109-114.

M. STIRRUP and H. H. BoLTon. Lancashire.

Boulder and Fossil Plant from the Gannister Coal, Bacup. [Boulder
embedded in the roof, close to the top of the coal, in the Old Meadow Pit.
Fossil identified by Prof. Williamson as a terminal bunch of leaves of a species
of Cordattes, and found in the same mine ] Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc.,
vol. xix, Part 10, pp. 233-235, with photograph.

HB. STOCKS. Yorkshire.
On a Concretion called Acrespire. [A local name for some curious con-
cretions in the Millstone Grit. Analyses of specimens from Kingby and
Lightcliffe, near Ilalifax; also for comparison, one of a white sandstone
from Halifax. The essential difference is that the acrespire contains
about 32 per cent. of carbonate of lime.] Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt.
Soc., 1886, pp. 149, 150.
A. STRAHAN. Lancashire and Cheshire.
On the Glaciation of South Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Welsh
Border. [About Liverpool the average direction of glacial strize is N. 28° W.;
further up the Mersey there is a slight deflection towards the east. The
materials of the drift, both matrix and boulders, have come from the north-
west.] Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., 1886, vol. xlii. pp. 369-391. Abstract in
Geol. Mag., June 1886, Dec. ili. vol. ii. pp. 331-333.
A. STRAHAN. Lincolnshire and Yorkshire.
Notes on the Relations of the Lincolnshire Carstone. [The author
makes the Carstone conformable to the Red Chalk above, and probably
unconformable to the Tealby Series below, thus forming the basement-bed of
the Chalk. It thins out and disappears to the north]. Abstract, Proc. Geol.
Soc., June 23rd, 1886; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlil. pp. 486-493.
FREDERICK SWINNERTON. Isle of Man.

Flints at Port St. Mary [detailed description of a find of a deposit denoting
an ancient settlement]. Manx Note-Book, No. 6, April 1886,vol. 2, pp. 91, 92.
i. -LAYEOR. North of England generally.
Our Common British Fossils and where to find them, pp. 336, with index
and 331 woodcuts of fossils. [This work, invaluable to fossil collectors, is
divided into the following chapters :—Fossil sponges, etc. ; Corallines, Corals,
Encrinites, Star-Fishes and Sea Urchins, Annelids, Trilobites and other
Crustacea, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Mollusca (Bivalves and Univalves), Cepha-
lopods. Throughout the entire volume, localities given where above fossils
may be readily found. ]

ee. Fi, BEALL: Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and Northumberland.
British Petrography. [This valuable work gives descriptions of typical
British rocks, illustrated by coloured plates of thin sections. Among the
rocks already figured are the Olivine-Dolerite of Tideswell Dale, Dolerite
dyke of Tynemouth, Enstatite-Dolerite (Whin Sill) of Middleton, and
Felspar-Augite rock of Shankhouse, Northumberland. The work is adver-
tised to be completed in 25 monthly parts.] Parts 1-10, with Plates 1.-xx.
February to November 1886, 4to, Birmingham.
R. H. TRAQUAIR. Lancashire and Derbyshire.
New -Palzoniscide from the English Coal-measures [describing new
species of ZAlonichthys, including £. aitkeni]. Geol. Mag., Oct. 1886,
Dec. iii. vol. iii. pp. 440-442.
W. TURNER. Cumberland.
On Fossil Bones of Mammals obtained during Excavations at Silloth.
___ Proc. Edinb. Roy. Phys. Soc., Session 1884-5, pp. 333 et sequ., 1885.
June 1888.

188 BIBLIOGRAPHY: GEOLOGY AND PALZONTOLOGY, 1886.

J. STANLEY TUTE. Yorkshire.

The Cayton Gill Beds. [A bed of highly fossiliferous rocks, immediately

underlying the Plompton Grit, described. © Localities of outcrops and fossils
given. | Prec. Yorks. Geol. and Polyt. Soc., 1886, pp. 265-267.

F. F- WALTON. : Yorkshire.

Geology of the District between Market Weighton and the Humber.
[Describing the Liassic, Oolitic, and Cretaceous strata of the district, and
indicating the localities of instructive sections.] Hull, 1886, 24 pages. _
[Review ed in JRE ES March 1887, pp. 88, 80. ]

THomas WaRD. Cheshire, Yorkshire.
On Rock Salt. [Deposits of rock salt in various parts of the world and in
all geological ages described in detail. Borings at Middlesbrough, North-
wich, and other places given. Method of deposition of rock salt adduced.
The geology of the Great Cheshire Triassic Salt Lake described. Conclusions
arrived at: that our beds of rock salt have been crystallized out of the
saturated waters of salt lakes, and that their admixture of marl has been
caused by streams running into the lake during the wet seasons, and that the
peculiar amorphous mixture of marl and salt, known as rock salt, is the
result of the continual growth of pure salt crystals, and their partial destruc-
tion by mud-bearing fresh waters.] Trans. Manchester Geol. Society, vol.
xvill. Part 15, pp. 396-419.
THos. WARD. ; Cheshire.

On the Subsidences in the Salt DSS of Cheshire: their history
and cause. [Subsidences of two classes. Those taking the form of a

funnel-shaped hole of varying diameter ee depth. 2. Those forming
trough-shaped hollows, varying in breadth and depth. The history of sub-
sidences in Cheshire given. Causes: mining of rock salt, pumping of brine,
and also from a combination of the two.] Trans. Manchester Geol. Society.
vol. xix. Parts 6 and 7, pp. 152-172
]. GSWecce: Cumberland, Durham.
Analyses of Some Iron Ores [including Hzmatite from Ulverstone with
60°2 p.c. metallic iron, and Limonite from Weardale]. Chem. News, Jan.
29th and Feb. 5th, vol. lili. pp. 52-53, 65: 1886.
WILLIAM WATTs. Lancashire.
Geological Sketches at Piethorn and Denshaw [The glacial phenomena,
stratigraphy, and physical features of this district noticed in detail]. Trans.
Manchester Geol. Soc., vol. xix. Part 2, pp. 47-58.
GEORGE WILD. Lancashire.
On Section of Shaft sunk through the Middle Coal Measures at
Bardsley Colliery, and an interesting discovery of Calamite. [Measured
section given, showing general character of strata passed through, also
mineralogical and paleontological characteristics.] Trans. Manchester Geol.
Society, vol. xviii. Part 16, pp. 446-464.
A. S. WOODWARD. Yorkshire.
Notidanus Amalthei (Oppel) [describes a tooth probably belonging to this
Selachian genus, from the Middle Lias, Whitby]. Geol. Mag., Nov. 1886,
* Dec. ili. vol. ili. pp. 525, 526.
T. WRIGHT. ; Yorkshire.
Monograph on the Lias Ammonites of the British Islands [concluding
part, with description (pp. 482, 483) of Amaltheus lenticularis from the iron-
stone beds at Eston, Upleatham, and Hawsker, near Whitby.] Palzeonto-
graphical Society’s vol. for 1885, pub. 1886.

[YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION]. Yorkshire.
[Excursion to Askern, May 24th—Naturalist, 1886, p. 190; Excursion to
Flamborough Head, June 14th—Naturalist, 1886, pp. 217-219; Excursion
to Upper Nidderdale; July 17th—Naturalist, 1886, pp. 254, 255 ; Excursion

to Pickering for New tondale, August 2nd— Naturalist, 1886, pp. 274, 275-

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4 Spring of 1888— ohn Cordeaux, M.B.0.U. AN «. 195 to 197
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|) Bibliography—Coleoptera, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887 a My e 56 .. 203 to 210
i ‘Yorkshire and Lancashire Naturalists at Saddleworth te -. rz to.216
_ Diptera from Alford and Louth, Lincolnshire—Z. Wallis Kew, FE. s. .. 217 & 218
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Note—Lepidoptera ee ; : re ae * 199
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EVIDENCES OF GLACIAL ACTION
NEAR INGLETON.

ROBERT R. BALDERSTON,
Ingleton.

THE evidences of glacial action, as indicated by drift-formation, are
very considerably manifested in the neighbourhood of Ingleton, in
the valleys of the Greta, Twiss, and Doe. Ingleton itself stands on
Drift 70 feet thick, whilst on the opposite side of the river, in Enter
or Tenter Banks, the accumulation. is at least 140 feet from top to
bottom. This deposit consists of boulders 6 feet and less in diameter,
for the most part derived from formations seen in the neighbouring
hills, or from others situated elsewhere, but presenting a similar
character. These boulders, when in situ, are found lodged indiscrim-
inately in earth varying to some extent in character, according to the
locality examined. In certain places—as, for instance, the neighbour-
hood of the church—there is a preponderance of sand and gravel as
compared with clay ; in others, the latter substance is more inclined
to predominate. In the cutting between the Cemetery and Yarlsber,
a good section of the lighter and finer description of Drift was
recently exposed; in some places there were pockets or local deposits
of sand, a little of a light colour, but the greater part of very dark
hue, and mixed with small pebbles of quartz, spar, and other sub-
stances ; few boulders of material size were to be seen, whilst the
constituents of the gravel element, where this was predominant, were
small in size, and not approaching the nature of shingle. The
general situations in which the constitution of the Drift is most satis-
factorily examined are the river's bed or the banks immediately
adjacent, the streams having cut their way between slopes of Drift
towering above to the height of 100 feet to 150 feet, whence they
have rolled or gradually been dislodged by the undermining action of
water, so as to collect below, conveniently for the geologist’s inspection.
The description of boulders principally observed are: (1) Sandstones
from the Yoredale Millstone Grit series ; (2) Black Marble occa-
sionally from the Yoredales; (3) Productus Limestone from the same
series ; (4) Crinoidal Limestone from the upper portion of the last-
named formation; (5) Mountain Limestone, upper and _ lower ;
(6) Blocks and boulders from the grainless, non-fissile, Lower
Llandeilo beds, locally known as ‘Calliard’; (7) Numerous examples
of the coarse-grained, derivative, green porphyry, found in situ in
patches—not dykes or beds—at a point two miles distant from
Ingleton, on the S.E. side of the Doe; finer-grained examples of
July 1888. N

Igo BALDERSTON : GLACIAL ACTION NEAR INGLETON.

these boulders assume the appearance of a lava-trap ; (8) One small
and another very small block, derived from the Red-dyke, consisting
of micaceous syenite, but none evident as having come from the
dyke or ridge of hornblendic grey-granite; (9) Two boulders of silver-
grey trap, specially described to the Yorkshire Boulder Committee ;
(10) A few of the limestone examples may be referable to the Coniston
Calcareous bed; (11) The stratum of Silurian conglomerate is also
sparingly represented in the boulder system.

The Limestone and Sandstone boulders are usually smoothed
and rounded; the hard, non-fissile Silurians are in many cases
broken and angular, in others smooth and somewhat polished, and
in a few, striated or marked by traces of glacial grooves and scratches.
The same remarks regarding angularity and the absence of rounding
and scratching apply to the blocks of derivative, green Porphyry—
‘Silurian grits.’ The small blocks of micaceous syenite have both
been smoothed, whilst one boulder of silver-grey trap has been
distinctly rounded, but appears to some extent to have weathered
again rough, so as to have lost some of its smoothness ; on the other
hand, another example is decidedly angular, yet has retained a great
degree of smoothness. Above the Drift, lying upon it or in the
watercourses below its slopes, are the porphyritic boulders of class
7, sometimes found in considerable abundance, especially in the
last-named situation, or along the edges of the old glacier-line of the
Doe, even up to an altitude of 800 feet on the S.E. boundary, or
550 feet on the N.W., where the Twistleton promontory reaches its
highest level, and where the line of junction of the glaciers of the
Doe and Twiss must have been. As the glaciers receded, the
boulders falling from the edges of that in the Doe valley were left
on ground at a lower level, but not so in the Twiss. Why not?
Because none of these boulders descended the Twiss valley, the
porphyritic patches, if any, not being exposed in this dale, the
prolongation of the strata in which those of the Doe occur, lying
below the limestone of Kingsdale even now, for a time at least, safe
from erosion and denudation. How is it then, that in the lower
part of the Twiss ravine the same blocks and boulders are found ?
The answer appears to be that the glacier of the Doe being the
longer and stronger of the two, overlapped its partner, or drove
it to some extent to the west, and so let fall some of its freight in
this region. Good examples of the green porphyritic erratics may be
seen opposite the mouth of the Catleap stream, but a few yards further
down the Doe, a little to the N.W. of the road on Storrs Common,
at a point near the Bull-copy, and in Fell-end pasture, above the
same Common.

Waturalist,

“eee errr

_ 4

BALDERSTON : GLACIAL ACTION NEAR INGLETON. Igt

Clay Formation.—To the E.S.E. of the Twiss, below Broadwood
Weir, is a slight outcrop of a well-defined, grey-blue, firm boulder-clay
of homogeneous composition and texture; the exposure is only
meagre, so that a perfect examination at this point is not easily made.
In a corresponding situation in the valley of the Doe, also below the
mill-weir in that place, at the base of a steep bank called the Strands
Waste, is an outcrop of the same bed of boulder-clay from below the
Drift ; here, however, it appears somewhat dingier in colour, owing
to refuse that has been thrown on to the bank above. In Kingsdale,
in that section called Sandymires, very thick and hard beds ‘of clay
may be observed in a deep and angular pool of the river, where they
have been formed in this upper region as a basement to the lacus-
trine basin above the ford—a basin that appears to have been cut
through by natural agencies. |

Returning to the low land in the vicinity of Ingleton, clay is also
found in certain places above the general Drift, and is, no doubt,
referable to the Upper Boulder Clay ; and from what I remember of
its appearance, it is of a much darker blue than that characteristic of
the stratum already described as lying below the glacial aggregation
of heterogeneous rock.

From the outline of facts here presented, it may be concluded
that the components of the Drift at Ingleton consist almost exclu-
sively of local material, brought down by the two glaciers descending
the valleys, and not by Icebergs, Iceflows, or the extension of larger
glaciers from more distant and elevated mountains. That foreign
material in the form of ‘erratics’ may from time to time have been
added to the local deposit, when variations in physical conditions
occurred, as in the case of the boulders of section g, is undoubted ;
but, although this has been most unquestionably the case, yet the
arrivals have been so rare as not materially to have affected the con-
stitution of the formation.

It must be noted that the extreme height to which the glacier of
the Doe carried its porphyritic burden is 800 feet, an altitude which
approximately corresponds to that to which the original patches or
beds, from which the former were derived, attained ; and that these
blocks have in some cases travelled about four miles from their
Original position. In the instance of a few limestone and sandstone
boulders, the distance may even be as much as seven to ten miles.
Lower down the river, at a point one or two miles from Ingleton,
are rounded masses of soft Red Sandstone, some of which may have
been subjected to the action of the lower extremity of the combined
glacier, but others are undoubtedly concretionary. The Red and
Grey Dykes may possibly give evidence to the experienced eye of
July 1888.

Ig2 BALDERSTON : GLACIAL ACTION NEAR INGLETON.

some glacial action, the former being crossed obliquely and the latter
longitudinally by the course of the respective glaciers, but the signs
are doubtful, not that there is any lack of a manifestation of the
rounding and smoothing of the rock, but the exact agent is uncertain
and appears in a great measure to have been purely fiuviatile, whilst
at the joints or veins, sometimes grooves, at others ridges, are con-
spicuous as the result of variation in the chemical agents, which in
their turn have brought about the slow decomposition of the upper
surfaces of the dyke.

As in the case of Crummack Dale on the south-eastern slopes of
Ingleborough, so at Ingleton, a kind of Silurian ridge, which has
interposed itself in the way of the glacier, may be observed about
two miles above the village at this place, where the patches of green,
porphyritic rock appear; here, however, the rocks are massive, or if
showing indications of dip, denote it as only slightly deviating from
the perpendicular, whilst above Austwick the dip of the beds is in a
contrary direction and as much as 45° (N.E.) from the horizontal line.
These two ridges are fine situations, in situ, for viewing the direct
traces of glacial erosion; the rocks, especially in Crummack Dale,
are in many parts reduced to an almost glassy smoothness, with
traces of striation in various. places, and so high is the polish that it
is more easily detected by the foot than by the eye, as, when wet, it
is dangerous for a person to walk upon the inclined surfaces.

The striation of the boulders at Norber is much more notable
than at Ingleton, where the smoothing and rounding of the somewhat
smaller masses is a stronger feature, speaking comparatively. At
Ingleton the story told is not so limited to one place, is not so con-
centrated, but, perhaps, on the whole gives a fuller history of general
glacial action. The Silurians of Crummack Dale are toa certain extent
of a more impressionable character than those which have been the
chief subject of erosion in the valley of the Doe, being of a somewhat
calcareous composition, effervescing with H,SO,, and not ‘grits’—
although occasionally flecked with mica—as they have erroneously
been designated, yet sufficiently proof against the weather as to have
retained their lines and furrows for a protracted period: they appear
referable to the Coniston-Bala series, belonging to a portion of a fold
of the contorted strata now lying beneath the Carboniferous beds
somewhere about Chapel-le-Dale and Weathercote, the other portion
having been removed prior to the Carboniferous era, with the excep-
tion of the lower part, now buried below Ingleton and stratigraphically
abave the Coniston limestone and shales here exposed, and appearing
again in the inverted flexure of the duplicature above Austwick with
these hard, calcareous Silurians actually overlying them.

Naturalist,

VARIETIES OF VIOLA ODORATA IN NOTTS. 193

If the view regarding the derivative nature of the green, porphy-
ritic patches of stone found in the Dale, two miles above Ingleton—
notwithstanding certain signs of concretionary bodies and weathering
of inherent particles—be discarded, these masses of highly crystalline

and coarse-grained rock may be regarded as a kind of boss of igneous

formation, occupying the centre of the fold in the Silurians, which in
the case of the Doe and Crummack valleys we find, either fully or in
part, offering itself as an obstacle to the course of one or other of the
glaciers that we observe in our mental vision traversing and grooving
the glens of the ancient hills: but this leads us to something else, a
total thickness of blue slates and hard non-fissile Lower Llandeiloes
of 6,600 feet to 7,000 feet.

It is with some diffidence that certain views, here set forth, have
been explained, when the ground has been so well explored by
geologists already; yet the appearances are such as I have attempted
to show them to be, whether the conclusions which one has been
induced to form, as a result of their study, be sound or not; it may,
however, be added that doubtless a much greater fund of valuable
information may be culled from the deposits of the district than the
few notes here set down, should such, as may take advantage of the
hints given, endeavour more arduously to do a reaily valuable work
for the geological brotherhood.

NOTE—LOTANY.

Varieties of Viola odorata.—In the neighbourhood of Tuxford, in Notts.,
the sweet violet is extremely abundant, and of great variety of colour ; various
shades of light blue are found occasionally, though rare; many are of a peculiar
red, somewhat like the colour of the common red primrose—this is probably the
variety mentioned in Ann Pratt’s ‘ Flowering Plants of Great Britain,’ where the
following passage occurs: ‘The Rev. W. T. Bree found this flower of a red colour
at Castle Hill, Allersley, and on the mount of Warwick Castle.’ Some years ago
I sent several roots to Devonshire, where they increased rapidly. and no change of
colour took place. These occur at the commencement of the violet season, when
the blues are the most plentiful ; afterwards the white violets are the most common,
and with these appear flowers of a beautiful pearly-grey tint.—W. A. GAIN,
Tuxford, Newark, Notts., April 18th, 1888.

BAKER ON FERN ALLIES.

Handbook of the Fern Allies: A Synopsis of the Genera and Species of the
Natural Orders Equisetaceze, Lycopodiacez, Selaginellaceew, and Khizo-
carpee. By J. G. BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., etc. London: G. Bell & Sons.
1887. Demy 8vo., pp. 159. Price 5s.

This work, the learned author’s latest monograph, supplies a dis-
tinct want. Planned upon the same lines as Hooker and Baker’s
Synopsis Filicum, it supplies the systematist with a diagnostic guide
to the whole known Fern-Allies,—the Horsetails, Club-Mosses, and
Pillworts; and the two books now overview a// the Vascular Cryp-
July 1888.

194 BAKER ON FERN ALLIES.

togams. In’some of the genera the species are suggestively few in
number. Of the Horsetails, for example,—an order gigantically in
evidence in the carboniferous era—there are now only twenty known
in the whole world, ten being British ; a dying-out genus this one,
clearly, under the conditions of historic times. Per contra, the work
before us shows there to be 334 species of Se/aginella (many beautiful
though small in size), of which only one, Se/agtnella spinosa, 1s British,
this being a latter-day order so to say, sub-tropical in its distribution
for the great part, the product of some mysterious inscrutable
environment to which modern science has not, as yet, found the key.

The fossil types of the Fern Allies are of course not included in
this work, since they have gradually been fully dealt with by Prof.
W. C. Williamson in the PAzlosophical Transactions from 1871
onwards, although truly, to quote the Preface, a study of these fossil
types is quite needful to a correct understanding of their relations to
one another and other plants; and there is an excellent general
summary of what is known about them in a translation by Goebel, of
the systematic portion of Sachs’ Text-book amplified, recently issued
from the Clarendon Press.

The orders and genera are as follow :—II. Equisetaceze. One
genus (Equisetum—2o species, to of them British). III. Lycopodiacez.
Four genera. 1. Phylloglossum (1 species, Australasian). 2. Lyco-
podium (94 species, 6 British). 3. Tmesipteris (1 species, Polynesian).
4. Psilotum (2 species). IV. Selaginellacez. Two genera. 1. Sela-
ginella (334 species, the first one only being British). 2. Isoetes
(49 species, only two of the aquatic and one of the terrestial forms,
and none of the amphibious, being British). V. Rhizocarpeze. Four
genera. 1. Salvinia (13 species). 2. Azolla (5 species). 3. Mar-
silea (40 species, 2 European, none British). 4. Pilularia (6 species,
1 British).

Errors, of course, as in all that Mr. Baker does, are conspicuous by
their absence ; and but very few omissions of recently brought up
names, etc., strike us. Wahlenberg’s beautiful variety capzllare of
Equisetum sylvaticum does not appear to be considered worthy of
notice. Misprints and printer’s errors are few, though there is a rather
funny one in the (as often happens) larger conspicuous type of the
Preface —‘amplication’ in place of ‘amplification’; and Kuhlwein’s
E-quisetum litorale is usually spelled with a single, not a double, t.
Under species No. 26 on page 40, the surname ‘Spruee’ should be
‘Spruce.’ These are points indeed ; that they are the only ones the
reviewer can find to descant upon is, perhaps, the highest praise that
could be given to a work that from cover to index (which is full),
alike in matter, type, and get-up, is both sightly and good.—F. A. L.

Naturalist,

195

NOTES ON THE
OCCURRENCE OF PALLAS’ SAND-GROUSE
IN THE SPURN DISTRICT IN THE
SPRING OF 1888.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O.-U.,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolushtre.

THE Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus) were first seen by Mr. Philip
Loten and his father on Kilnsea Warren, on May 18th, at about
4.30 p.m.—wind S.E. (4)—four birds travelling overhead, and within
easy gunshot. They came from the direction of the sea on to the
Warren. At the same time, between four and five o’clock, C. Hopper,
near Spurn Lighthouses, saw five arrive in the same manner, and
pitch near the chalk embankment on the Humber side. In the after-
noon of this day Mr. Sergent, of Welwick, saw a covey of twenty on
his farm in that parish (these were also subsequently seen by others) ;
and at the same date also, a single male bird was obtained at Irby,
six miles south-west of Grimsby, in Lincolnshire. ‘This, I sub-
sequently found, was one of three, shot from a small band of five, by
a boy who was employed in tenting birds, on the Wold. I rescued it
some days afterwards by chance, the other two having been plucked
and eaten. ‘These four separate occurrences mark their time of
arrival very clearly on the 18th of the month. Mr. F. Boyes, who
has been at much pains to ascertain the number visiting Flam-
borough, informs me that they also arrived there on the 18th.

A flight of twenty was seen near the Spurn Point on the 22nd,
and another of twelve on the 23rd, about thirty near Kilnsea
Warren, on the 24th; and on the 25th C. Hopper, of Spurn, states
that he saw about the same number flying directly south—probably
these may have been the same flock seen on the previous day.
A considerable number also, from a single bird to five, have been
seen at various times, between the 18th and 26th, in the parishes of
Kilnsea, Easington, Skeffling, and Welwick, all near the Spurn. No
doubt flocks have been seen more than once, so I have endeavoured
to mention only those in which the evidence appears sufficient to in-
dicate separate and distinct occurrences. One, a male bird, was shot
from four on Swallow Wold, near Caistor, Lincolnshire, on May 23rd;
and on the 26th I saw two small bands, of four each, rise from the
sea side of the Spurn sand-hills, between Kilnsea and the Point.

Exclusive of the two Lincolnshire birds, seven were shot between
the 18th and 26th; of these five are males and two females. Also,
another, a female, was washed up opposite to Easington. This had
July 1888. .

196 CORDEAUX : PALLAS’ SAND-GROUSE.

the scalp partly separated from the skull, probably having come in
contact with the coast telegraph-wire, fallen into the sea, and sub-
sequently washed up by the tide.

The number of Sand-Grouse actually arriving at the Spurn may
be estimated at about seventy, but I admit this may be considerably
below the mark; when flights are seen in so many places it is
impossible to give more than an approximate estimate of their
number.

Two which I saw in the flesh, said to have been shot by a farmer
at Easington, on the 26th, were both males. One of these had the
lateral or outside rectrices the natural length, but the intermediate
feathers were only about one-half the length, and without any trace
of the two long filamentous ends.

These Sand-Grouse flew very straight and direct, and with extra-
ordinary velocity. Their long sharply-pointed wings and tail are
suggestive of rapid dashing flight, and the whole contour of the bird
seen on the wing seems a model of grace and restless activity. ‘Their
small daintily-shaped head and dark-hazel eye are also very pleasing
features. In flight, with a bright sunlight, they have quite a pink or
rosy appearance, and the dark markings, or belt, on the abdomen
and flank may be seen at a great distance. ‘Their flight has been
compared to that of the golden plover, but it struck me as more
resembling that of driven grouse when in full swing. The four birds
which, on the 26th, rose from the sand-hills, flew high and with great
rapidity out to sea in a straight line for more than a mile; then, with
the glass, I saw them make an immense circuit, apparently shaping
their course for the Point, two miles away to the south. The second
lot of four rose suddenly beyond a bank of tide-tossed sea-weed, and
flew directly out to sea, till they became invisible in the extreme
distance.

I found places in the sand-hills where flocks had evidently been
basking or dusting like partridges. All round were the rat-like
paddings of their small flat feet, and numerous holes scratched or
excavated in the loose sand, sufficiently deep to hold the whole of
their body. As a man remarked, who had flushed them, they
appeared to rise out of the sand, and not from the surface. Another
said, ‘they came from holes in the sand like rats.’

The crop of one from Spurn on the 1gth was crammed with
wheat and linseed, washed to shore in the last winter from a wreck
near Hornsea. ‘The gizzard of another, shot near Patrington on the
21st, I found filled with numerous small, dark, flinty fragments and
turnip seed. The crops and gizzards of three males shot on the 26th
contained a large amount of small agricultural seeds, as red and white

Naturalist,

CORDEAUX: PALLAS’ SAND-GROUSE. 197

clover, trefoil, Italian rye-grass, a few barleycorns, and some seeds of
weeds, as the common dock; also fragments of the leaves of the
white clover plant. The gizzards also contained many small sharp
fragments of white quartz.

The call-note I only heard once, and then indistinctly ; it was
a loud guttural cluck, and I put it down as resembling the word
‘cur-ruck.’ ‘Those who have had better opportunities of hearing
it at Spurn. compare it to the call-note of the turnstone.
Colonel Prjevalski says that in the air the male birds utter a
peculiar note, like ‘truck-turuck, truck-turuck, especially when in
small flocks, and this probably will be found as closely to resemble
their call as anything that can be given on paper.

In a freshly-killed bird the iris was dark hazel, the beak lavender-
grey, darker at the tip. The parasite of the Sand-Grouse is the largest
I have seen on any species—it is a huge acarid. Two examples,
taken from the head of a male bird, have been sent to the Rev. O.
Pickard-Cambridge for determination.

The Sand-Grouse which have reached the East coast of England,
as far as can at present be ascertained, represent but a very small
proportion of the ‘great horde’ which, from May 8th to the 25th,
passed Heligoland, and it is fair to presume that the main body of
this Tartar host swept onward in a south-westerly direction along
the coast-line of Europe, in which case we may expect to hear of
them again in some parts of France. That any should have visited
our shores is the more remarkable when we consider that they not
only started, but persistently followed up for some hundreds of miles,
a line of flight which, in their case at least, was across an unknown
sea, and might, for anything they knew to the contrary, have been
an Atlantic. Perhaps, however, experiences gathered in crossing the
waters of their own Caspian proved all-sufficient for their purpose.

May 31st, 1888.

OCCURRENCES OF
PALLAS’ SAND-GROUSE AT HELIGOLAND.

JOHNS COR DE AUX MB.OFU:,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.

In a letter dated the 25th of May, Mr. Gatke has given me the
following dates of the occurrence of the Sand-Grouse (Syrrhafées
paradoxus) at Heligoland.

‘May 8th, twelve birds ; 13th, a score; 14th, some; 15th, some;
16th, flights from five to twenty—twenty-five shot; 17th, L
early this morning, on Sandy Island, shot eighteen; 18th, flights
July 1888.

198 PALLAS’ SAND-GROUSE.

from twenty to two hundred head ; roth, a few; 2oth, small flocks,
from five to twenty; 21st, fog, none seen; 22nd, hundreds, many
females ; 23rd, flocks from ten to forty; 24th, many great flights,
from fifty to one hundred; 25th, many flights from five to twenty—-
very cold northerly wind blowing rather fresh.

‘This is principally to tell you to look after the birds in sandy,
gravelly places, the flat beach at foot of the sand-dunes, like our
Sandy Island; on the top of our cliff, the cultivated ground, they are
met with in far less proportion, not ten to one hundred. To see the
birds when squatting on ground composed of sand, stones and some
dry seaweeds, is scarcely possible—and they know this well, because
they lay so ciose.

‘What flyers they are! They beat all we ever have seen here.’

THE IRRUPTION OF PALLAS’ SAND-GROUSE.

Denmark.—In 1863 comparatively large flocks of this interesting
bird settled in Denmark in the neighbourhood of Ringkjébing,
where it built and lay, but the eggs being collected, many eaten,
others procured for public and private collections, disturbed the bird
so that it did not have the peace and protection requisite to encourage
it to settle down and breed.

This year, 1888, it has appeared here again ; the first I saw was one
that had killed itself by flying against the telegraph wires near Assens
in Fiunen on the 1st of May, and since that date they have been
observed in flocks in various districts over the country. Last week
a large flock of over one hundred were seen in the neighbourhood of
Thisted in North Jutland, Denmark. Its Danish name is Steppe-
honen.—J. S. Woop, Nyborg, Denmark, June roth, 1888.

Flamborough, Yorkshire.—Friday morning, June 15th—
Fifty in a flock were seen flying in a westerly direction. Several
flocks, from ten to twenty in a flock, seen at a radius of twenty miles
from the Headland. One found dead on the beach, probably fallen
in the sea and washed on shore. A gentleman farmer also picked
up one in his field minus its head ; another one found wounded, no
doubt it had been in contact with the telegraph wires. From the
reports, a great many have been shot to preserve. I have had
several sent in for that purpose.—MatTTHeEw BaiLey, Flamborough,
June 18th, 18388.

Since writing to you on the 18th, several more flocks of Pallas’
Sand-Grouse have been seen on the Headland.—MatTrHeEw BaILey,
Flamborough, June 22nd, 1888.

Naturalisi,

ee =

EE ae

HERMAPHRODITISM IN SATURNIA CARPINI. 199

Whitby, Yorkshire.—On the 28th May last, two (a male and
female) out of a flock of about twenty Sand-grouse were shot at
Carr Hill, near Whitby, whilst feeding on some clover ; the female,
which I saw in the flesh, has been preserved by Mr. J. H. Wilson of
this town, who found the crop full of clover. It is exactly a quarter
of a century since the specimen in our local museum was shot when
in company with three others feeding on recently-sown barley at
Newholm near Whitby, viz., May 1863.—THomas STEPHENSON,
1, Haggersgate, Whitby, June 18th, 1388.

Pickering, Yorkshire.—It may be of interest to know that
the Sand-Grouse have reached the neighbourhood of Pickering.
A lot of ten birds was seen on Allerston Warren Farm on Sunday,
3rd June ; and again on Tuesday, the 5th June, by another observer,
ten or twelve were seen near the same spot, most probably the same
birds. The birds were seen on my brother’s farm here by his foreman
hind on the first occasion, and by two of the men on the second.
I think they had taken their departure on the Tuesday, as I had a
long look for them that day and on the two following days without
seeing anything of them. The foreman, who is a keen observer of
natural history subjects, had a close and long observation of the
birds, and gave me a capital description of them, which left no
doubt as to their identity—HrrsertT PRopHAM, Allerston, near
Pickering, June 12th, 1888.

Nidderdale, Yorkshire.—On the 8th June (Friday) I received
a letter from Mr. Wm. Smorfitt of Darley, Ripley, Yorks., regretting
that he had not seen me on the previous Wednesday, as he had shot
two birds and did not know what they were, but he was having them
preserved. I wrote him by return, suggesting that they were probably
Sand-Grouse, and giving him a description of the bird. In reply
he wrote—‘ The two birds I shot are undoubtedly what you have
described, Sand-Grouse. Five were on some oats and tares sown
with clover and hay seeds in a field near the dam. From their note
or scream I could imagine I saw one near the dam two years ago.’
The ‘dam’ he alludes to is on the edge of the moors, and in his
former letter he told me he shot the two birds not very far away
from it.—Rp. PAvER-CRow, Ornhams Hall, Boroughbridge, June roth.

E NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Hermaphroditism in the Emperor Moth.—aAt the meeting of the Entomo-
logical Society of London, on May 2nd, 1888, Dr. Philip Brooke Mason, F.L.S.,
exhibited an hermaphrodite specimen of Sa¢urnia carpint from Lincoln,—H. Goss,
Hon. Secretary.

July 1888.

200

SPARGANIUM RAMOSUM VAR. MICROCARPUM
IN YORKSHIRE.

Pt BOX 1 EE,

Secretary for Phaneroganita to the Botanical Section of the Vorkshire Naturalists Union:
President of the Dewsbury Naturalists Society; Member of the Botanical Record Club, etc.

WHEN Mr. W. H. Beeby a few years ago demonstrated to the
botanical world that Sparganium neglectum was no longer confined
to the Continent only, but was a true British species, many gatherings
of what had hitherto been regarded typical Sparganium ramosum
were sent to him from all parts of the country with the hope that the
new segregate (S. xeglectum) might be detected amongst them.

During last autumn I found a new patch of Spargania (for the
Dewsbury district) in the marshy corner of a small thicket near
Bretton in S. W. Yorkshire, only a few miles from Dewsbury, the form
of whose fruit (i.e. each drupe in the globose heads) seemed to
approach the new segregate, and I sent some specimens labelled
Sparganium neglectum, Beeby, to the Watson Bot. Exch. Club.

Mr. Arthur Bennett, one of the Club’s referees, submitted them
to Mr. Beeby, who states in the Fourth Annual Report, 1887-8,
p. 13, of the Watson Club recently issued, that my gathering is not
‘S. neglectum, but a var. of S. ramosum called microcarpum of
Neumann. Mr. A. Bennett, in a letter just received, says :—‘The
var. of Sparganium ramosum is a continental one, not yet in our
manuals ; it will be published in a Swedish Monograph of the Order
separately, and conjointly with the new edition of Hartmann’s
Handbook of the Scandinavian Flora (ed. 12). It is the form of
ramosum that zs(!) continually mistaken for nxeglectum.

NOTES AND NEWS.

It is a pleasure to geologists, not only in Yorkshire but throughout the country,
to hear of the birth of another geological society, namely, at Hull. Hitherto,
Leeds only in Yorkshire has possessed a local society established purely for the
study of geology ; now it has a friendly rival at Hull. Long may they co-operate
and flourish! It would appear that from the good work the Leeds Association
has done throughout Yorkshire, the ‘golden opportunities’ of its members have
been envied ; hence a desire that in the large and prosperous borough of Hull, so
well placed in many ways for the study, an association of this nature should be
formed. This is now an accomplished fact, as a week or two ago a preliminary
meeting of gentlemen interested in the science was held, at which the society
was constituted, and the first officers elected. The executive are :—President,
Dr. F. F. Walton; vice-presidents, the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., Mr. W. Hunt
(editor of the ‘ Eastern Morning News’), and Dr. J. Walton; secretary, Mr. J. W.
Stather ; treasurer, Mr. W. Dixon; committee, Messrs. J. Stears, E. A. Peake,
J. Carter (late of Leeds), M. Carmichael, and G. Silabon.

Naturalist,

ce
—— SE eee

201

NOTES ON THE
BIRDS OF THE LAKE DISTRICT.

JOHN WATSON,
Kern Leigh, Kendal.

Greenland Falcon (falco candicans).—So far as I have been
able to make out, only a single bird of this species has occurred
in the Lake District. This is an adult male, and is now in the col-
lection of the late Sir Richard Musgrave, Bart., at Edenhall. It was
shot near Crosby Ravensworth, in Westmorland, about 1864, and is
a beautiful creamy-white individual, exhibiting tne characteristics of
the Greenland race of Jer Falcons. In a privately-printed note
kindly sent me, Mr. J. G. Goodchild has put the occurrence of this
specimen upon permanent record, as also that of the Iceland
Falcon below. ‘These notices are each illustrated by a woodcut of
the bird they describe.

Iceland Falcon (alco is/andus).—An immature female Iceland
Falcon was shot by Mr. John Dodd, at Winton, Westmorland, about
1842. Mr. Goodchild says that when first seen the bird was perched
upright on a wall, and so intent was it upon the doings of some
magpies and other birds, that it was approached without difficulty
and shot.

A second occurrence of this bird was that of a female, shot near
Cross Fell, on the 13th October, 1860. This specimen was preserved
by Mr. Blackett Greenwell, of Alston, who still retains the bones
and some of the wing feathers of the bird (Duckworth, in Trans.
Cumb. and West. Assoc., No. vill, p. 206).

Peregrine Falcon (falco peregrinus).—The Peregrine is the
largest of our resident Falcons, and though much more rare than
formerly, is still by no means extinct. From our note book we learn
that at one time and another there have been not less than seventeen
nesting-places of the Peregrine in the Lake District, about half of
which number we have visited. To these the birds return year after
year, and do not leave unless much persecuted. The breeding sites
are invariably among the rocks of the crags, and generally in the
most precipitous and inaccessible parts. Peregrines are early breeders,
and usually have young by the middle of April. These the shepherds
and dalesfolk are careful to destroy whenever practicable, from a
mistaken notion that the ‘big blue hawk’ is injurious to the lambs of
the fell sheep. We have known two instances in which the Peregrines
had their nest in close proximity to that of a Raven—in one case
July 1888.

202 CORDEAUX : NOTES FROM THE SPURN.

within thirty feet, and this continued year after year. On the Lake
mountains the prey of the Peregrine consists of golden plover, grouse,
ring-ouzels, and the water-fowl that stay by the tarns. When it
descends to the valleys, ringdoves, rabbits, leverets, and the larger
thrushes constitute its chief food ; though, in autumn and winter this
is more varied. At these times we have, in addition to the resident
birds, those which appear on migration, and which are usually seen
about the low-lying mosses and marshes. Here they feed upon
shore-haunting birds, especially dunlins.

NOTES FROM
THE SPURN IN THE SPRING OF 1888.

JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O.U.,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.

Ring-Ousel (Zurdus torquatus).—May 6th. A fine old cock
bird, now in my possession, was picked up dead near Easington.
There was, I am told, a very great immigration of the species
in the first week in May, at Kilnsea, and as many as twenty were
seen in one field.

Wryneck (Jjyxx ‘orguilla).— One, a male, was obtained near
Kilnsea in the spring. The Wryneck may be considered one of
the rarest visitors to the Spurn district.

Hoopoe (Ufupa epops).—One, a female, was found dead near
Easington, on May 11th. It had been observed in the neigh-
bourhood for two or three days previously.

Dotterel (Zudromias mortnellus).—A small trip of eight were seen
in a field between Easington and Kilnsea, on the 25th.

Bartailed Godwit (Zzmosa Jlapponica).—I did not see any on
the Lincolnshire side of the Humber in May. At Spurn, how-
ever, they were very numerous on the sands near Kilnsea
throughout the month. Also, unusual numbers of Oyster-
catchers (Hematopus ostralegus) and Curlews (umenius
arquata).

Shelduck (Zadorna cornuta).—1 was very pleased to find three
pairs of these nesting on the Kilnsea Warren, and another pair
nearer the Point. They were extremely tame, continuing to feed
when I stood within thirty yards and watched them through
a glass, and it was difficult to realise that they were really
wild birds.

June ist, 1888.

Naturalist,

203

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

COLEOPTERA, 1884, 1885, 1886, 1887.

ANON. [not signed]. Yorkshire.

Leeds Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association [ Clytus arietis, Cicindela
campestris, and Pyrochroa coccinea in Nidderdale]. Nat., June 1884, ix. 197.

ANON. [signed B: B. L. T.]. Yorkshire.

[Carabus violaceus at York, and Cvcindela campestris at Strensall and
Langwith]. Nat. Hist. Journ., May 15, 1886, x. 80.

[T. R.] BrLLups. Lincolnshire.

[Agapanthia lineatocollis Don., from Lincoln, exhibited to South London

Ent. Soc., Feb. 4th, 1886]. Ent. Mo. Mag., March 1886, xxii. 242; Ent.,
March 1886, xix. 71.

[T. R. Briiups.] Lincolnshire, Durham.

[Meligethes exilis Sturm, and Anthicus schaumi Wool., from Lincoln ;

Hydnobius perrist Fair., Alycetoporus nanus Grav., and Omalium rugulipenne

Rye, from Hartlepool ; all exhibited to South London Ent. Soc.].. Ent. Mo.

Mag., April 1886, xxii. 267 ; Ent., April 1886, xix. 94. [Subsequent notes

in Ent. Mo. Mag., xxiii. 24; and Ent., July 1886, xix. 191, state that the
ae, and Anthicus were not from Lincoln, as the record implies. ]

W. G. BLATCH. Nottinghamshire.
= nitidus, F., Rhyncolus gracilis, Rosen., &c. [viz., Dryocetes villosus,
Extheia clavata, Elater: coccinatus, and Ptentdium gressneri|, 11 Sherwood
Forest [details of captures and habitat given]. Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1884,
XX1. 36.
W. G. BLATCH. Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire.
Notes on the British Species of the Genus Euplectus, including a
description of Z. zzbzgena, Reitter, a species new to Britain [taken in Sher-
wood Forest, May 1884 and Sep. 1885; records also of £. duponti Aubé,
Scarborough, R. Lawson; £. punctatus Muls., E. karstent Reich., £. signatus
Reich., Z. zanus KReich., 2. nzgricans Chaud., £. sanguineus Denny, and
y eB bicolor Denny—all from Sherwood Forest ; and Ee “ninulissimus Aubé,
Repton, 1879; details of capture given in several cases]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Feb. 1886, xxii. 203-200.

W. G. BLaTcH and.A. C. HORNER. Nottinghamshire.
An Entomological Trip to Sherwood Forest [in mid-Oct. 1886 ; numerous
species recorded]. Ent..Mo. Mag., Feb. 1887, xxill. 212-213.

W. G. BLATCH. Nottinghamshire.
Coleoptera in Sherwood Forest [in “Sep. 1885 ; six species mentioned ;
and in June 1886, eight species]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1887, xxiv. 155.
GEORGE BoLamM. Northumberland.

On the Occurrence of the Cockchaffer (J/elolontha vulgaris Fab.) in
Northumberland [rarely seen in the district ; instances cited}. Proc. Berw.
Nat. Club for 1886 [pub. 1887], xi. 558.

BRADFORD NATURALISTs’ Society. Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire.

[Reports of Meetings, with notices of occurrence of Coleoptera in
Cumberland, Westmorland, and Yorkshire]. Nat., Jan., June, and July 1884,
ix. 106, 196, 214.

July: 1888.

204 BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7.

BRADFORD NATURALISTS’ SOCIETY. Yorkshire.

Diary of Natural History Observations for 1884, pp. 29 [including some
notes relating to beetles].
J. W. CaRTER. ? Yorkshire.

Coleoptera [capture of Cychrus rostratus and Othius fulvipennis, presumably
near Bradford]. Young Nat., March 1884, v. 95.

[As J, CHAEKLEY.] Yorkshire.
[Meloé violaceus near Sheffield, female]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th,
1886, x. 102.
Northumberland, Isle of Man, Lancashire, Cheshire,
JOsEPH CHAPPELL. Yorkshire, Cumberland, Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire.
Obnoxious and Injurious Insects [Sphodrus leucophthalmus, Carpophilus
mutilatus, Lemophleus pustllus, Anommatus 12-striatus, Dermestes vulpinus,
D. lardarius, Ptinus sexpunctatus, Gibbiun (species undetermined), A zobzt
domesticum, Xestobinm tessellatum, Ptilinus pectinicornis, have North of
England localities assigned to them ; numerous other species are mentioned
in a general manner]. Young Nat., April 1887, vill. 65-69. [Slaps sulcata,
Hy pophleus depressus, Tenebrio obscurus, T. molitor, Bruchus pectinicornis,
LB. rufimanus, have Northern localities cited]. Young Nat., May 1887, viii.
92-94. [The next instalment treats of Wood- and Bark-feeding Insects :
Nemosoma elongata. Sinodendron cylindricum, Lymexylon navale, Hylecetus
dermestoides, Priobiunt castaneum, Ptilinus pectinicornis, Ochina hedere, Bos-
trichus capucinus, Phlcotrya stephenst, and Hylobius abietis referred to from
specified localities in the North]. Young Nat., June 1887, viii. 98-102.
[Pessodes notatus, Cryptorhynchus lapatht, Hylastes trifoli, Hylurgus hedere,
Scolytus prunt, S. intricatus, Trypodendron domesticum, T.quercus, Dryocetus
bulmeringui, Tomicus sexdentatus, ZT. acuminatus referred to from precise
localities]. Young Nat., Aug. 1887, vill. 155-159. [Calldium vartadile,
Sherwood Forest; Clytus arcuatus, Newcastle and Cumberland ; Wonohammus
sartor and M. sutor, frequent about Manchester ; Ast:nomus edilis at Astley
deep pit, Dukinfield ; Swperda scalaris, several places about Manchester
cited ; Stesostola fervea, Dunham Park, its only locality, referred to]. Young
Nat., Sep. 1887, viii. 168-171. [Ahagium bifasciatum at Staly-brushes ;
Pachyta cerambyciformis near Manchester, and Strangalia quadrifasciata in
Sherwood Forest]. Young Nat., Oct. 1887, vili. 200-201. [Grammoptera
_atra? at Castle Mill, on Umbellifere]. Young Nat., Nov. 1887, villi. 211.

Tom DuCKWORTH. _ Cumberland.

[Scarcity of Melolontha vulgaris in Carlisle district]. Trans. Cumb. and
Westm. Ass., No. xii. (1886-87, pub. 1887), p. 98.

Joun W. ELtis. Yorkshire.

Hibernation of Cetonia aurata [in April 1884, Dr. Ellis received one alive,
which had been captured in the thatch of an old house at Helmsley ; Editors
append a note that there is little doubt that it assumes the perfect state in the
autumn, but does not emerge till the year following, except a few brought out
by an autumnal ‘burst’ of hot weather]. Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1884, xxi. 36.

Joun W. ELLs. Yorkshire.

Amara fusca, Dj., at Doncaster [A male ‘specimen found under stones in
August 1884, together with a number of Péerostichus vulgaris and Harpalus
ruficornis}. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1884, xxi. 112.

JL AVE LIS. . Cheshire.

fegialia rufa, Fab. [captured at Wallasey Sandhills, June 2nd]. Ent. Mo.
Mag., Aug. 1885, xxli. 62.

J. W. EL.is. Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire.

Coleoptera for beginners. [Carabus nitens used to occur plentifully at

Southport ; and Mebria /ivida occurs abundantly in crevices of the clay cliffs

at Scarborough]. Young Nat., Oct. 1885, pp. 19 and 20 of Appendix.

Naturalist

BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7. 205

[Afetabletus foveola very common about Liverpool ; Oodes helopiordes taken
near York by Mr. Smedley]. Young Nat., Nov. 1885, Appendix, pp. 25 and
29. [Amara spinipes used to be taken freely on thistle-flowers near Liverpool
by F. Kinder]. Young Nat., Dec. 1885, p. 39 of Appendix. [Czt//enum
Jaterale, habitat in Liverpool district stated]. Young Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 49
of Appendix.

JW. ELrIs. ? Lancashire or Cheshire.

Apion annulipes Wenck. [near Liverpool, a male]. Ent. Mo. Mag., April
1886, xxii. 266.

Joun W. ELLIs. Cheshire.

Homalium rugulipenne, Rye [and three Aphodii], at Wallasey. Ent. Mo.
Mag., June 1886, xxiil. 16.

Joun W. ELLIs. Lancashire, Cheshire.

Entomological Localities near Liverpool [a most valuable and useful paper,
dealing with the lepidoptera and coleoptera which occur on the Lancashire
coast sand-hills, at Wallasey sand-hills, at Bidston Hill, and on Simmonswood
Moss; very numerous species cited with notices of their numbers and
habitats]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Aug. 1886, xxiii. 57-63.

E. A. F[iTcu]. Cheshire.

The Willow Beetle [Piratora vulgatissima] at Lymm [, Statham, Thelwall,

and other localities in Cheshire; great damage done amongst the extensive
willow-beds]. Ent., Oct. 1884, xvil. 239.

W. W. FowLer. Derbyshire.

The Genus Cercyon [; in this useful paper the only North Country record
given is: C. obsoletus Gyll. (‘I believe, near Burton-on-Trent’)]. Ent.,
March 1884, xvii. 54-59.

W. W. FOWLER. Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Northumberland.

The Genera Hydrochus, Octhebius, and Hydrezna [the North of England
records givenare: Hydrochus brevis Herbst. (of late years has occurred in the
North of England), A. elongatus Schall. (Askham Bog, York); Octhebius
riupjimarginatus Steph. (Repton; Scarborough); Aydrena palustris Er.
(Askham Bog); &. angustata Sturm. (the Wansbeck, Wallington, Northum-
berland); A. zigrita Germ. (North of England); 4. atricapilla Wat.
(Scarborough; the Wansbeck, Northumberland); “4/7. gygm@ea Wat. (Scar-
borough; the Wansbeck, Northumberland) ; &. pz/chella Germ. (Scarborough ;
Derbyshire ; the Wansbeck)]. Ent., July 1884, xvii. 156-163.

W. W. FowLer. Lincolnshire.

Captures of Coleoptera near Lincoln [at Langworth Wood, where numerous
Beetles (47 species) noted ; other notes of this season for Nocton Wood and
other places near Lincoln given]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Dec. 1884, xxi. 162.

W. W. Fow ter. Cheshire.

Tachys parvulus, Dej., a species new to Britain [taken on the Wallasey

sand-hills in Sep. 1884, by J. H. Smedley; full descriptions given]. Ent.

Mo. Mag., July 1885, xxii. 43-44; and Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. Nov. 4th,
1885, p. XXvli.

W. W. Fow_Ler. Lincolnshire.

Agapanthia lineatocollis, Don. [at Langworth Wood] near Lincoln.
Ent, Mo. Mag., Aug. 1885, xxii. 601-62.

Northumberland, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire,
W. W. FowL er. Derbyshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Yorkshire.

The Nitidulidz of Great Britain [the Northern notes are: Cercus bipustulatus
Payk., Nocton near Lincoln, beaten in some numbers from Carex paniculata ;
also found on Spzr@a, and has occurred in Cossws burrows in Sherwood

July 31888. o

206

BIBLIOGRAPHY: COLEOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7.

Forest (p. 57); Carpophilus mutilatus Er. (p. 58), taken by Mr. T. R.
Hardy of Manchester, very commonly at the bottom of old wheat-stacks
in his neighbourhood. He has also taken it at Sherwood Forest in
Cossus burrows, which fact goes a long way towards establishing its claim
to be regarded as indigenous]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Aug. 1884, xxi. 54-58.
| Zpurea decemguttata Fab., Dunham Park near Manchester, and Sherwood
Forest (p. 93); &. dffusa Brisout, Mr. Chappell has taken at sap of oak
exuding from Cossws burrows in Dunham Park, with £. 10-g¢¢tata ; and Mr.
Reston has taken it at Stretford near Manchester (p. 95); &. medina Er.,
Bowdon near Manchester; Amberley; Bretby near Repton (p. 94); 4.
oblonga Herbst., Dunham Park, in cracks of Scotch fir, Mr. Chappell (p. 95);
£. florea Er., Robin’s Wood, Repton; Mr. Reston has taken it on Chat
Moss, on umbelliferous plants (p. 96); Z. deleta Er., very common in fungi,
especially boleti, near Lincoln. where it generally occurs in company with
Gyrophene (p. 96); Epurca parvula Sturm, ‘A very local species, but
somewhat plentiful where it occurs; I have found it in numbers in Sherwood
Forest with Mr. Matthews, by shaking faggots over a sheet, also a smaller
variety by beating faggots of a species of Zzla (called ‘bass’ by the
country people) in Langworth Wood, near Lincoln ; Stretford, flying over old
wood-yard, Mr. Reston; . . . . 3 also taken near Scarborough’ (p. 97);
£. immunda Er., very rare species; has been taken at Scarborough by
Messrs. Wilkinson and Lawson (p. 97); &. vartegata Herbst., very rare ;
Scarborough, etc. (p. 97); £. obsoleta Fab., ‘ Dunham Park, Manchester,
under chips in the midst of exuding sap’ (p. 98); £&. avgzstula Er., ‘very
rare; Scarborough, Mr. Lawson and Mr. Wilkinson; . . 3; one specimen
under bark of beech in Dunham Park, Mr. Chappell; Mr. Reston has taken
it by sweeping on Chat Moss’ (p. 98)]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Sep. and Oct. 1884,
xxl. 92-98. [Jicrurula melanocephala Er., 1 have beaten from wild cherry
blossom in early spring, at Foremark, near Repton (p. 142); Omosiphora
limbata Er., Nocton, Repton, etc. (p. 142); Métidula flexuosa Fab., very
rare and doubtful as British ; Scarborough, Mr. Lawson; Northumberland,
Mr. Bold; very probably imported with hides or bones; Mr. Bold himself
considered his species taken near Newcastle-on-Tyne to have been not truly
indigenous (p. 144); S. pzactatissima Il., Dunham Park, Manchester, in
oaks and alders, Mr. Chappell (p. 145); S. gvésea L., Stretford, Manchester,
under bark of old apple-trees, Mr. Reston; Prestwich, under bark of alders
near Cossus burrows, Mr. Chappell ; I have beaten it from hawthorn blossoms
near the banks of the Trent at Repton, and in Bretby Wood near the same
place, and have also taken it in flood-refuse (p. 145); Ovzoszta depressa L., a
local species, common in the North of England . . . ; North Derbyshire
(p. 147)]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov. and Dec. 1884, xxi. 142-147. [JMeligethes
Zumbaris Sturm., Repton (p. 217); IZ. fulvipfes Bris., Askham Bog (p. 218)].
Ent. Mo. Mag., Feb. and March 1885, xxi. 213-219. [Meligethes diffictlis Heet.,
Manchester, Lincoln, and Repton (p. 261); Var. £uzzez Er., Repton (p. 261);
M. morosus Er., Repton (p. 262); M4. memnonius Er., Repton, Chat Moss

(Mr. Chappell), (p. 262); JZ. widuatus Sturm, Mablethorpe, on Gadeopsis —

tetrahit var. versicolor at Chat Moss, Mr. Chappell, and occurs commonly in
Langworth Wood near Lincoln, on Ajuga reptans, and by general sweeping,
and also on strawberry flowers in author’s garden, Lincoln (p. 264);
pedicularius Sturm, occurs to author commonly on the same plants and in the
same localities in and near Lincoln as the last-mentioned (p. 264); JZ. ovatus
Sturm, Chat Moss, flowers of Galeopsis (p. 266); JZ. flavipes Sturm, on broom
near Lancaster]. Ent. Mo. Mag., April 1885, xxi. 260-267. [A/eligethes
symphyti Heer. on Galeobdolon luteum, near Bowdon, Manchester, Mr.
Chappell; Studley Royal, Yorkshire, Mr. Waterhouse (p. 33)]. Ent. Mo.
Mag., July 1885, xxii. 33-36. [MJeligethes evythropus Gyll., abundant in
Langworth Wood near Lincoln, on Potentilla tormentilla, and sparingly on
strawberry flowers in author’s garden at Lincoln; Repton and Chat Moss ;
and Castle Mill, near Manchester, on Galeobdolon luteum, Mr. Chappell
(p. 69); WZ. exzlis Sturm, Isle of Man, Rev. R. P. Murray (p. 70); JZ. brevis
Sturm, and its var. mzlabilis Rosenh., on Helianthemum vulgare at Scar-
borough, where the type is rare, only one or two—out of a series of nearly

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7. 207

forty—showing no trace of the red spot which characterizes the variety (p. 71) ;
Cryptarcha strigata, Dunham Park, Manchester, and author has taken it by
sweeping in Bretby Wood near Repton (p. 73); C. zmzpertalis, Dunham Park
(p. 73) 3 7ps quadriguttata Fab., Ripon, Manchester (p. 73); 2. guadripunctata
Herbst., under oak chips where the trees have recently been cut down, near
Manchester, and in fungi on Chat Moss (p. 74); Prlyophagus ferrugineus
Fab., Northumberland, Dr. Power (p. 74); Rhczophagus cribratus Gyll.,
Stretford, Mr. Reston; on decayed roots of lime-trees, Withington Common
near Manchester, Mr. Chappell; Studley Park, Ripon, in fungus, G. R.
Waterhouse (p. 75); &. parallelocollis Er., once taken by late Archdeacon
Hey in numbers near York in fungus in company with Atomaria fimetarii
(p. 76); R. nztzdulus Fab., Sherwood Forest, Dr. Power (p. 77); &. dispar
Gyll., Newcastle ; under bark of pines and in fungus growing on decayed
trees, Chat Moss, Dunham, etc., Mr. Chappell; under poplar bark, Stretford,
Mr. Reston (p. 77); “&. folitus Hellw., Manchester; and Stretford, Mr.
Reston (p. 78).]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Aug. and Sep. 1885, xxii. 69-78.

W. W. FOWLER. Yorkshire.

Coleoptera at Tenby [refers to Cassida hemispherica, of which the only other
specimen the author ever met with was at Filey, Yorkshire]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Nov. 1885, xxii. 139.

W. W. FOWLER. Yorkshire, Derbyshire.

Harpalus calceatus, Sturm, re-established as British, with notes on other
Hlarpah [captured at Bridlington when searching for Vebria Livida ; reference
also made to once capturing upwards of two hundred /7. rufibarbis at Repton
from a spot a foot square]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1886, xxii. 172-174; also
see Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1886, p. i; Ent., March 1886, xix. 70; and Young
Nat., March 1886, vii. 53.

Northumb., Durham, Yorksh., Lincolnsh., Notts., Derbysh.,
W. W. Fow_enr. Cheshire, Lancash., Westm., Cumb., I. of Man.

The Coleoptera of the British Islands. A Descriptive Account of the
Families, Genera, and Species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, with
notes as to Localities, Habitats, etc. [many relating to the Northern Counties].
Vol. i. Adephaga—-Hydrophilide. . . . 1887 [8vo., pp. 270.]

W. W. FOWLER. Lincolnshire.

Tachinus elongatus, Gyll. at Lincoln [running on a pavement in the city,
June 1887]. Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1887, xxiv. 46.

W. W. FOWLER. Yorkshire, Derbyshire.

On certain species of Coleoptera new to Britain, or reinstated [A/ecius
dissimilis Er., Bridlington, 1878 and 1884, with details of its occurrence
there; 8. arenarius also abundant there; Aythinus validus Aubé, Bretby
Wood, near Repton]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Aug. 1887, xxiv. 49-53.

J. GARDNER. Durham.
Hydnobius Perrisii, &c., near Hartlepool [The &c.=. punctatissimus,
five species of Azzsotoma, Colon denticulatum, and Bryoporus hardyi]. Ent.
Mo. Mag., Jan. 1886, xxil. 185.
pee. GILL. Yorkshire.
N. H. Society, Ackworth [Notices of captures of beetles], Nat. Hist.
- Journ., Oct. 15th, 1884, vill. 134.
R. W. GouULDING. ? Lincolnshire.
Beetles’ [Geotrupes stercorarius] Burrows [presumably at or near Louth,
though not stated]. Sci. Goss., March 1885, p. 70.
[R. W. GouLDING]. Lincolnshire,
Louth Naturalists’ Society [Barynotus merens noted for Haugham Pasture].
Nat. World, Aug. 1886, i. 158.

July 1888.

208 BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7.

JAMES Harpy. Northumberland.
Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, for the year
1885 [Cronus scrophularia (larvee) and Crciidela campestris noted at Roth-
bury, 24th June; Ovchestes fag? as very frequent on Tyneside; and Batophila
rubt Fab., and Agelastica halensts noted at Dunston]. Proc. Berw. Nat.
Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 38, 42, 59, and 63.

Joun HILt. Derbyshire.

Cryptorhync[h]jus Lapathi [in Derbyshire ; account of its infesting a sallow
tree]. Young Nat., Feb. 1887, viii. 39.

A. C. HORNER. Nottinghamshire.

[Sherwood Forest Beetles: a Rizzophagus, probably new, and Holopedina

polyport Forst., in company with, and probably parasitic on, Czs vest7tus ; all

from Sherwood Forest ; exhibited to Ent. Soc. Lond., July 6th, 1887].

Ent. Mo. Mag., Aug. 1887, xxiv. 72; Ent., Aug. 1887, xx. 215; Young Nat.,
Aug. 1887, vili. 160; and Zool., Aug. 1887, xi. 313.

H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.

Food of the Whirlwig Beetle (Gyrznus natator) [at Louth]. Nat. World,
April 1885, ii. 80.

H. WALLIS KEw. ‘ Lincolnshire.

Louth Naturalists’ Society [capture of Cercus bipustulatus at Burwell]. Nat.
World, Aug. 1885, ii. 155.

H., WALLIS KeEw. Lincolnshire.

Rambles near the Coast [of Lincolnshire ; notices of Xantholinus glabratus,
Phyllopertha horticola, Lagria hirta, and Agelastica halensts). Nat. World,
Oct. 1885, 11. 190.

H. WALLIS KEw. Lincolnshire.

Some Cole[o]pterous Larve [Chilocorus renipustulatus, Cassida virides,

Coccinella 7-punctata, and Adimonia tanacett, found near Louth; all
described]. Young Nat., Oct. 1885, pp. 232-234.

H. WALLIS KEw. - Lincolnshire.

Aphis-eating Insects [Coccinella 7-punctata and Chrysopa, near Louth].
Nat. World, Dec. 1885, ii. 232.

H. WALLIS Kew. . Lincolnshire.

Another Postglacial Ravine [Hubbard’s Valley, near Louth] and its

inhabitants [including mention of Aelolontha vulgaris, Melo’ violaceus, and
Staphylinus cesarius|, Nat. World, March 1886, iil. 42.

H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.

The Greasy-field and Grisel-bottom [near Louth; Adimonia tanacet,
Meligethes rufipes, Badister bipustulatus, Dromius quadrimacutatus, Lema
cyanella, Philonthus eneus, Helophorus aquaticus, Hydroporus palustris,
Aydrobius fuscipes, and Gyrinus natator mentioned]. Nat. World, June
1886, il]. IOI-103.

H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.

Woodland Rambles in Lincolnshire [in Maltby and Haugham Woods near
Louth, 23rd April, 1886; numerous species of beetles are mentioned].
Young Nat., July 1886, vii. 129-131.

H. Wau Kew. Wancotishite:

In the Woods [near Louth] in Summer [Wecrvophorus humator, N. ruspator,
NV. mortuorum, Silpha rugosa, Nitidula bipunctata, Hister cadaverinus, Der-
mestes lardarius, D. murinus, Stilpha thoracica, Chilocorus renipustulatus,
Phyllopertha horticola, Strangalia armata, and Coccinella 7-punctata referred
to]. Nat. World, July 1886, iil, 121-124.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7. 209

H. WaLuis Kew. Lincolnshire.
On the Lincolnshire Wolds [at Donington-on-Bain; Acilins salcatus,
Calathus melanocephalus L., Anchomenus prasinus Fab., Amara plebeia Gyll.,
Flerostichus madidus Fab., Ocypus olens Miill., Philonthus eneus Rossi,
A griotes lineatus L., and Aphodius fimetarius L., noted]. Nat. World, Aug.
1886, iil. 141-143.
H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.
[Beetles on the Coast of Lincolnshire: Lagria hirta, Agelastica halensis,
Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Cneorhinus geminatus, and Otiorhynchus ovatus, all
mentioned as common, and their food-plants specified]. Sci. Goss., Sep.
1886, p. 208.
HI, WALLIS KEw. Lincolnshire.
Evenings in Spring [near Louth; Dvomius quadrimaculatus, Chrysomela
polita, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Ocypis olens, Nebria brevicollis, Leistus fulvi-
barbis, Phyllobius uniformis, P. argentatus, P. alneti, Necrophorus humator,
Sipha rugosa, Creophilus maxillosus, and Bembidium rufescens noted].
Nat. World, Sep. 1886, iii. 161-162.
H. WALLIS KEw. Lincolnshire.
Note on Adimonia tanaceti L. [and its occurrence near Louth]. Ent. Mo.
Mag., Oct. 1886, xxiii. 107.
H. WALLIS Kew. Lincolnshire.
Natural History Rambles. No.1. In the Woods [near Louth ; Cassida
viridis (‘1 believe’) noted in Grisel Bottom]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1887, p. 31.
E. LAMPLOUGH. Yorkshire.
Dytiscus marginalis in a Draper’s Shop [at Hull, where the species is
stated to be very scarce]. Sci. Goss., Jan. 1887, p. 19.
LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Yorkshire.
[Reports of Meetings; Cetonza aurata from Leeds.] Nat., June 1884,
Ix. 197.
THOMAS LUDGROVE. Nottinghamshire.
Choleva spadicea near Nottingham [at the root of a tree, Jan. 1885;
named by Rev. W. W. Fowler]. Ent., April 1885, xviii. 124.
J. E. Mason. ? Lincolnshire.
Rhipiphorus paradoxus [presumably near Alford]. Nat. World, Dec. 1885,
il. 236.
A. MATTHEWS. ? Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire.
Synopsis of the British Species of Orthoperus [O. driunnipes Gyll., the
only British example is in P. B. Mason’s collection, and appears to have been
taken by the late Mr. Wilkinson, of Scarborough, presumably at that place ;
and O. corticalis Redt., two found by author some years ago in Sherwood
Forest]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Oct. 1885, xxil. 107-110.
ja}. NIXON. Derbyshire.
Great Capture of Water Beetles [in a dyke near Little Eaton, quite
dry, hundreds of Dyticus marginalis, with Nepa, Notonecta, and Hydrous
caraboides ; anecdote of capture of D. marginals]. Young Nat., Feb. 1885,
vi. 36-38.
A. RESTON. ? Lancashire.
Notes upon the capture of Coleoptera during flight [numerous species
referred to]. Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1886, xxiii. 39-40.
GEORGE ROBERTS. Yorkshire.
Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its neighbourhood
[etc.]. Vol. ii. [Lampyris noctiluca (pp. 27, 246); Phedon tumidulum
(p. 134); Ztmarcha (p. 183)]. Leeds: printed for the Author. 1885.
a [pp. vill + 258].
July 1888.

210 BIBLIOGRAPHY : COLEOPTERA, 1884-5-6-7.

W. A. RosINson. Yorkshire.

[Blaps mortisaga taken at 20, Bootham, York]. Nat. Hist. Journ., March
15th, 1886, x. 41.

J. T. RODGERs. Lancashire.

Lepidoptera [and two Coleoptera— Carubus nemoralis and Nebria gyllen-
halit| observed in the neighbourhood of Oldham, in 1884. Young Nat.,

March 1885, p. 69.
J. H. SALTER. ; Yorkshire.
Scarbro’ [Cicindela campestris swarming on the moors]. Nat. Hist. Journ.,
May 15th, 1885, p. 79.
J. SANG. Durham.
Luciola italica at Darlington [in one of the streets, June, two seen, one

captured, and determined by C. O. Waterhouse as a South European species
whose occurrence so far north is rather remarkable]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov.

1885, xxii. 138.
JOSEPH SIDEBOTHAM. Cheshire.

The Story of CEcophora Woodiella [with incidental mention of the
occurrence of Lymexylon mavale in Dunham Park, Cheshire, where it is
found in scores and seen in hundreds]. Ent., March 1884, xvii. 54.

J. W. SLATER. Yorkshire.

A Swarm of Aphodii [on Skircoat Moor near Halifax, some years ago;
the species named as 4. sphacelatzus}. Sci. Goss., Jan. 1887, p. 21.

E. STOTT. Lancashire.

Acanthocinus cedilis [a fine male taken in a Bolton cotton-mill in Oct. 1887 ;

and one down a coal-pit about three years before]. Ent., Dec. 1887, xx. 327.

HvusBerT L. TERRY. Nottinghamshire, Lancashire.

Coleoptera [Ast:momus @dilis in a coal-mine at Cossall, Notts., August ;
Cychrus rostratus near Manchester, September]. Nat. World, Nov. 1885,

p. 220.

R. WILDING. Cheshire.

fEgialia rufa, F., at Wallasey [single specimens in May and in June 1883,
found crawling on the bare sand of the Wallasey sand-hills, Cheshire, in com-
pany with 2. arenarza]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1884, xx. 191.

R. WILDING. Lancashire, Cheshire.

Ocypus fuscatus at West Derby [near Liverpool; the species seems to
occur in various places round Liverpool ; PAzlonthus fumigatus and abundance
of Bembidium 5-striatum at West Derby, also noted]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
Jan. 1885, xxi. 192.

R. WILDING. Cheshire,

Cymindis vaporariorum at Heswell, Cheshire [several found under heath
in Sep. 1833 and Oct. 1884]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1885, xxi. 192.

R. WILDING. Lancashire.

Amara fusca at Preston [a male taken, together with three A. rufocincta,
under rejectamenta of the Ribble]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Jan. 1885, xxi. 192.
R. WILDING. Cheshire.
fegialia rufa Fab. [and its occurrence at Wallasey Sand-hills]. Ent, Mo.
Mag., July 1886, xxiii. 4o.

Naturalist,

cs see

214

YORKSHIRE AND LANCASHIRE NATURALISTS
AT SADDLEWORTH.

THE June Meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union was held
close to the Lancashire and Cheshire border of the county on the
16th of the month, for the purpose of exploring a district which,
although politically in Yorkshire, is drained by a Lancashire river.
On this occasion the excursion was joined in by a number of
Lancashire naturalists, including Messrs. W. H. Pearson, of
Eccles, and F. Bower, of Manchester, E. Collier, of Manchester,
John R. Byrom, of Fairfield, Councillor James Nield, of Oldham,
J. B. Robinson, F.R.M.S., of Mossley, and Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc.,
of the Owens College, the latter an old and valued member and
former vice-president of the Union. The morning opened in an
inauspicious manner, the black clouds appearing to threaten a
downfall, but as the day wore on matters improved meteorologically,
and the day’s explorations were carried out with comfort. Two
parties were arranged. One, a geological one, was the most
numerous, and under the able charge of Mr. W. Watts, F.G.S., the
engineer to the Oldham Waterworks, worked round by Castleshaw
and Denshaw from Diggle to Uppermill. The narrative of this route
is given further on in the report of the Geological Section. The
other party started from Greenfield Station, and had for its object the
investigation of the Greenfield Valley. The ground over which this
party was to work is grouse moor, and Mr. Lees, of Oldham, to
whom the shooting rights appertain, gave permission to the Union to
investigate it. He also instructed one of his keepers to accompany the
party, and this added much to the enjoyment of the members and
the success of their investigations. The keeper was an intelligent
companion and an efficient guide, and not only did he protect his
master’s game, but did so without hindering in the least the careful
search for plants and insects which was kept up throughout the day.
The line of route, after a brief halt at Bill’s-o’-Jack’s, was along the
bottom of the valley up to the Seal Bark Rocks and over the moor
to Bill’s-o’-Jack’s again, and thence over the Church Moors to
Uppermill. On the way was passed the curious pile of stones called
‘Pots and Pans,’ where the keeper informed the members, to the
undisguised interest of one at least, that at the time of the repeal of
the Corn Laws, the largest hollow, a capacious one withal, was filled
with brandy-punch. Further on were the Fairy Holes, a narrow cleft
in the rocks which runs underground for about forty yards. At this
point the investigation ceased, for there was now but time to reach
Uppermill.

July 1888.

2712 NATURALISTS AT SADDLEWORTH.

Here, at the Hare and Hounds, both parties met, and all the
straggling groups of independent investigators joined them. Tea—
a truly welcome and substantial Yorkshire tea—awaited the hungry
scientists, and over constantly-replenished plates of beef, ham and
tongue, and steaming cups of tea, notes were compared and captures
discussed. The room was a large upper chamber in which were several
quaint canopies of wood with various mottoes emblazoned thereon.
Under one of these sat a burly geologist with the solemn injunction
over his head ‘DO JUSTICE,’ a precept which he and his hungry
comrades, with mutual exhortation, faithfully carried out. Near them
were the botanists, who had to stoutly deny an assertion by the
hammer-men that they had got M/alaxis paludosa, a plant which, with
all their labour, the plant-men had been unable to find in its recorded
station. On this point appeal was made from the tea-table to the
sectional meetings, with the result that the I in labour
brought forth Orchis maculata for Malaxis.

The Sectional and General Meetings were held in the Lee Street
Schoolroom, which had been kindly lent by the Rev. Mr. Doig, vicar
‘of Uppermill. The chair at the general meeting was taken by an
old friend and ex-president of the Union, Prof. W. C. Williamson,
LL.D., F.R.S., of the Owens College, Manchester. The minutes of
the Leyburn meeting having been confirmed, the Hull Geological
Society was admitted into the Union by a unanimous vote, and Mr.
and Mrs. J. W. Bilbrough of Ben Rhydding were elected Members.
The roll-call showed that the forty or fifty members present repre-
sented ten societies. Mr. Thomas Hick, B.A., B.Sc., of the Owens
College, proposed a vote of thanks to Messrs. Lees and Abel Buckley
for granting permission to visit their estates, and to the Vicar for the
use of the schoolroom, to the leaders of the parties, and to all who
had co-operated with the secretaries in arranging the meeting. The
sectional reports were then taken.

For the Vertebrate Section, Mr. Thomas Bunker, of Goole,
secretary of the section, reported that very few vertebrates were
noticed, and those in the Greenfield Valley only. These were the
Song Thrush, Blackbird, Ring Ouzel, Water Ouzel, Robin, Hedge
Accentor, Skylark, Yellow Bunting, Common Bunting, Starling,
Grouse, Magpie, Wheatear, Tree Pipit, and Cuckoo —fifteen in all.

For the Conchological Section, in the absence of all its officers,
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., reported that conchologically the
day was a blank, only two species having been seen by himself and
Messrs. E. Collier and J. Conacher, the highly unfavourable geological
character of the district being against molluscan life. The two

species were 4770n bourguignatt, found on the canal-side at Green-
Naturalist,

NATURALISTS AT SADDLEWORTH. 213

field, and Zimnaa peregra, which was abundant at Saddleworth, both
in the canal and in the river Tame. After the meeting was over, and
the Yorkshire members had left, Mr. Collier worked the canal
from Uppermill down to Greenfield, and added a third species, Z.
auricularia, of which he found several specimens, in addition to a
very peculiar inflated variety of Z. feregra with the lip turned back.

For the Entomological Section, in the absence of all its officers,
Mr. G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.E.S., of Huddersfield, reported that
Hadena glauca had been found commonly around Bill’s-o’-Jack’s,
also Phoxopteryx myrtillana, Clepsis rusticana, and various other
lepidoptera. He had taken a good many Neuroptera, including
Perlidze, Hemerobidez, and Trichoptera, but several of the species
would require future examination for determination.

The report for the Botanical Section was given by Mr. P. F. Lee,
of Dewsbury, Phanerogamic Secretary, who enumerated and exhibited
some of the best flowering plants and ferns gathered during the day.
In several places on the higher flanks of the moors, Rubus chame-
morus, the Cloudberry, presented a sight to be remembered, as it was
in full bloom ; but it was stated that the greatest number of observa-
tions had been made near water-courses and in the grand ravine
leading to Seal Bark from Bill’s-o-Jack’s. The plants thought worthy
of special mention were:—Cardamine amara, Viola palustris,
Epilobium angustifolium (several plants on the rocky stream-bank
under Seal Bark), Vaccinium vitis-idea (with leaves like box and
beautiful waxy racemes of flowers), Empetrum nigrum, Scirpus
cespitosus, Narthectum ossifragum, Eriophorum angustifolium var.
elatius Koch (the broad-leaved uncommon form of the Cotton-grass),
Drosera rotundifolia, Luzula campestris var. erecta Desy.(the moorland
form of the Field Wood-rush), Carex pilulifera, and C. flava var. minor
‘Towns. Eight species of Ferns were noted, amongst them being
Polypodium dryopteris and C ‘ystopteris fragilis at Seal Bark only,
Nephrodium oreopteris on the wooded bank below Bill’s-o’-Jack’s,
and WV. filix-mas var. borreri Newm. in fair abundance near the
stream at Seal Bark. Mymenophyllum unilaterale occurs at Seal
Bark Rocks, and had been gathered there a day or two before the
Union’s visit. Ze plant upon which the botanologists were most
intent was the rare bog orchis, Malaxis paludosa, long known at
Gulliver's swamp in the neighbourhood of Bill’s-o’-Jacks, its only
West Yorkshire habitat. A worthy vice-president of the Y.N.U.
almost crept over every inch of the swamp, but even his lynx eye
failed to detect the slightest trace of the rarity. Had it been August
instead of (this year) cold, dull June, the ardent representatives of
this section might have been better rewarded.

July 1888.

214 NATURALISTS AT SADDLEWORTH.

Mr. W. H. Pearson and Mr. F. Bower had collected the following
Hepatics, most of which are common: WDzplophyllum albicans,
Scapania undulata, Cephalozta bicuspidata, C. divaricata, Chiloscyphus
polyanthus, Kantia arguta, and Pellia epiphylla, all at Uppermill, and
Jungermania riparta at Saddleworth.

For the Geological Section, Mr. Councillor Nield, of Oldham,
gave an address on the geological features of the district, after
which Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., secretary, the only officer of
the Section present, said that the objects of the excursion may
be briefly stated to have comprised chiefly, a personal observation
of the continuation of the great Pennine anticlinal which runs
directly down the Saddleworth Valley; a more extended idea of
the powers of denudation in carving out the deep valleys and
creating the rugged escarpments on every hand; and a practical
acquaintance with the Lower Millstone Grits and Upper Yoredales.
These, happily, were all obtained, constituting the day one of the
highest value in field work. The section had also the inestimable
privilege of being conducted by thoroughly practical and experienced
leaders in the persons of Mr. Watts, F.G.S., manager to the Oldham
Corporation Water Works, who had prepared horizontal and vertical
sections of the rocks met with, and Mr. Councillor Neild, of Oldham,
one of the ablest lieutenants of Prof. Williamson, F.R.S., in his
discoveries of fossil plants.

The geologists alighted at Diggle Station, were there received by
Mr. Nield, and lost no time in making the ascent of the dark and
lofty hill, right before them, known as Harrop Edge. This is capped
like Diggle Edge, Millstone Edge, the Noddle, and other adjacent
hills, with the Kinderscout Grit. On the road, a little above the
Preston’s Arms, a halt was made, when a comprehensive view of the
beautiful scenery of the Saddleworth Valley was obtained. The fine
escarpments of Diggle and Millstone Edges bounded the view on the
north east, whilst directly in front, on the other side of the valley,
stretched the lofty plateaux of the grit moorlands, in places 1,800 to
1,900 ft. in height, extending southwards into Cheshire, and broken
only by the picturesque valley of Greenfield.

Mr. Watts here met the party, and with the aid of his carefully
prepared contour map, gave very practical instruction in the physical
geography of the district. On Harrop Edge being crossed, a descent

was made in the direction of the ancient village of Castleshaw, where
Mr. Watts showed the party the site of an old Roman camp, and
also the direction of the Roman road which crossed the hills of
Standedge from Slack to it. The party had been passing over the
Upper Yoredale Shales on the slopes of the descent, thence arriving

Naturalist,

8 a a |

NATURALISTS AT SADDLEWORTH. 215

at the Yoredale Grits in the lower reaches of the valley. The
upheaval of the beds which caused the great anticlinal referred to,
threw off the overlying Yoredale shales and Grits which were
formerly capped by the Kinderscout Grits, and created dips east and
west, known more expressively as the Yorkshire and Lancashire dips.
Then denudation came in attacking and conquering easily the
openings made by this dislocation, thus forming a wide and ever-
increasing valley. The shales are easily carried away, thus under-
mining the grits, which fall off at the jointing of the rocks. All the
way up the ascent were noted huge masses of grit, which certainly
are the relics of ancient escarpments. Some of these blocks, from
long weathering, showed admirably current-bedding on their sides.

The party now ascended Millstone Edge to view the Cudworth
Quarry, where the Kinderscout Grit is being extensively quarried for
the use of the new waterworks. The stone is much intersected by
joints, but is well adapted for rough work. In many places it is quite
of a conglomeritic character, having large pebbles enclosed of white
quartz. They then entered the navvies’ cabin (the tropical heat of the
interior being a painful contrast to the fresh breeze outside), where
Mr. Watts unfolded a large diagram showing the succession of beds
from the summit of Pule Hill (a lofty elevation to the north east), to
their present position.

As this is such a valuable and important section, the description
given by the Geological Survey may be profitable if quoted for
reference: ‘The Kinderscout Grit is very well shown along the road
to Huddersfield, where it crosses Millstone Edge. There are here
_ three principal beds of grit, separated by two beds of shale. Further on
_we reach a series of dark shales interposed between the Kinder-scout
Grit and the Third Grit. Then the second shale with coal, forming the
flat partially occupied by Redbrook Reservoir. Then a bed of sand-
stone, quarried for road material at Great Nab End, encircling the
lower flank of Pule Hill. The steep slopes of the hill are formed of
the first shale series, containing a coal seam half a foot thick, formerly
worked by tunnelling. At the top of the hill we reach what we suppose
to be the Flagstone, and finally the Rough Rock.’ This gives, there-
fore, a general view of the succession in this part of Yorkshire.

The party then crossed a tract of boggy ground, and ascended
another grit-capped eminence named the Noddle. Ever since they had
crossed Harrop Edge, nearly three hours before, they had observed on
the very top of this lofty and breezy hill a solitary figure, perched like
a monument ; when they arrived at the summit they found this to be
Mr. Brierley, the historian of Saddleworth. <A pleasant conversation
was then held with that gentleman, during which he described the

July 1888.

216 NATURALISTS AT SADDLEWORTH.

salient points of the scenery around them. The view was most expansive
and magnificent, and ever and anon bright flashes of sunlight would
illumine the dark summits and escarpments encircling them. The head
of the valley from this point appeared like a gigantic amphitheatre,
or as may be said, the half of a circular basin with gradually sloping
sides scooped out by denudation. A few miles away on the east,
was a long escarpment stretching across, known as ‘ Helpet Edge,’ in
which Mr. Neild said the outcrops of several coal-seams of the
Gannister series occurred, and where some notable discoveries of
fossil plants had been made by him. ‘The party now descended the
steep side of Noddle to Mr. Watts’ residence in the valley, where he
displayed to them a splendid set of specimens of erratic blocks he
had obtained on the drainage areas of the Oldham Waterworks.
They were certainly varied in their character, and must, when com-
pleted, throw much light upon the glaciation of the district. To
name a very few, they comprised Criffel and Eskdale:granites, Lake
district felsites, syenites, etc.; Permian nodule containing Schzzodus,
Silurian grits and schists, etc. ‘The specimen which occasioned most
controversy and speculation was an almost perfect example of a
familiar Liassic fossil (Gryphea incurva) he had obtained from the
drift. Could this be a relic of an ancient Liassic area, now altogether
removed by denudation, as many other deposits have undoubtedly
been? Mr. Watts most kindly presented each member with a list of
the specimens exhibited. He also showed a fine example of a
neolithic axe, found in a cleft of the grit at Cudworth Quarry.

Mr. Watts now conducted the party to inspect the gigantic puddle
trench now being constructed for the new reservoir at Lower
Castleshaw. He described the character of the strata met with in
excavating to the depth of go ft., viz., surface soil, 1 ft.; gravel, 13 ft.;
sandy loam, 12 ft. ; laminated marl, 3 ft.; yellow loam, 1 ft. ; followed
by blue shale. Some of the party now made a short detour to inspect
an erratic block in the centre of a field. It was examined and
measured, but beyond saying that it was a trap-rock, its exact deter-
mination must be deferred for a more minute consideration. It was
5 ft. by 8 ft. 6 in., and its longest axis north and south. And now Mr.
Watts was obliged to leave the party, but before doing so, Messrs.
Adamson, F.G.S., and Hemingway expressed on their behalf the great
obligations all were under for the care and ability with which he had
acted as conductor. :

The Section for Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany was not
represented, and the proceedings were concluded by a vote of thanks
to the Professor for presiding, moved by Mr. W. H. Pearson, and
seconded by Mr. J. B. Robinson, F.R.M.S.

Naturalist,

2a

DIPTERA FROM THE ALFORD AND LOUTH
DISTRICTS OF LINCOLNSHIRE.

H. WALLIS KEW, F.E.S.,
London; late Hon. Sec. to Louth Naturalists’ Society, Louth.

In February last, Mr. Jas. Eardley Mason sent to me a box of flies

casually collected by him when in search of insects of another Order

in the Alford district, and they have now been examined by Mr. E.

Brunetti. Previously, Mr. Verrall had kindly identified others,

which I had collected in the neighbourhood of Louth. They are as

follows :—

ALFORD. DISTRICT.

Chloromyia formosa, Chapel, 26th July, 1885 ; Sandhills, Chapel,
5th July, 1886.

Microchrysa polita, Alford, two; Well, one, June 1887.

Sargus cuprarius, Claythorpe, 6th July, 1887 ; Chapel, two, July
1887.

Hzmatopota pluvialis, Alford, one ; Well, one, 3rd July, 1887.

Chrysops cecutiens, Alford.

Thereva annulata, Chapel, roth July, 1886.

Eutolmus rufibarbis, Chapel, 12th July, 1886.

Empis borealis, Well, 6th June, 1885.

Eristalis tenax, Greenfield, 8th June, 1887; Alford, three, Sep-
tember and December, 18386.

Eristalis arbustorum, Rigsby, 13th September, 1886; Chapel,
August 1887.

Volucella pellucens, Claythorpe, 6th July, 1887.

Helophilus pendulus, Chapel, August 1887.

Syritta pipiens, Alford, 1st September, 1887.

Xylota segnis, Greenfield, 8th June, 1887.

Rhingia campestris, Well, 5th June, 1887.

Chilosia cestracea, Chapel, 26th July, 1885.

Syrphus ribesii, Chapel, 25th July, 1887 ; Alford, 27th June, 1887;
Well, 5th June, 1887.

Platychirus clypeatus, Chapel, August, 1887.

Baccha obscuripennis, Rigsby, 13th September, 1886.

Musca corvina, Chapel, August 1887.

Pollenia rudis, Rigsby, two, 3rd April, 1887; Alford, 29th
December 1886; Claythorpe, 6th July, 1887.

Morellia hortorum, Chapel, 26th May, 188s.
July 1888.

218 KEW: DIPTERA FROM ALFORD AND LOUTH.

Cyrtoneura stabulans, Alford, 28th February, 1887.

Spilogaster communis, Well, June 1887.

Limnia marginata, Sutton-le-Marsh, three, 5th August, 1885 ;
Chapel, one, August 1887.

Scatophaga stercoraria, Chapel, 26th July, 1885 ; Chapel, 9th
August, 1886; Well, June 1887.

Palloptera arcuata, Well, June 1887.

Platystoma seminationis, Well, 27th June, 1886.

Sepsis cynipsea, Well, 22nd September, 1886; Claythorpe, 6th
July, 1887.

Themira putris, Well, June 18387.

Micropeza corrigiolata, Well, 6th June, 188s.

Opomyza germinationis, Claythorpe, 6th July, 1887.

Phora rufipes, Alford, January 1887.

Ptychoptera contaminata, Rigsby, 3rd August, 188s.

Limnobia flavipes, Greenfield, two, 8th June, 1887.

Trichocera regelationis, The Sycamores, Alford, 2nd December,
1887.

Tipula gigantea, Well, June 1887.

Hippobosca equina, Well, 8th September, 1886.

LOUTH: DISTRICT.

Chloromyia formosa Scop., Horncastle Road, 24th July, 1886.
Dysmachus trigonus Mg., Mablethorpe, June 1887.

Empis livida L., near Louth, 1887.

Empis tesseliata F., Burwell Wood, 1887.

Dolichopus zneus Dg., near Louth.

Eristalis tenax L., Louth, 27th March, 1887.

Eristalis pertinax Scop., Kenwich Lane, 1887.

Eristalis arbustorum L., Kenwich, 12th August, 1886.
Volucella bombylans L., near Louth.

Chrysophilus auratus F., three, near Louth.

Borborus equinus Fen., near Louth.

Scatophaga stercoraria L., two, near Louth.

Chilosia pubera Ztt., Haugham Wood, 1887.

Cyrtoneura stabulans Fen. and Blepharoptera serrata L.,
, 7, Lee Street, Louth, February 13887.

Bibio johannis L., Hallington.

Bibio marci L., two, near Louth, 1887.

Mr. Verrall pointed out that Chilosia pubera Ztt. is not a common

insect, but is probably widely distributed. I took my specimen on
a flower of Caltha palustris.

Naturalist,

SS

219
INSECT MIGRATION AT HELIGOLAND.

CONTRIBUTED By JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O.U,

In the notice of Heligoland as given in the January number of Zhe

_ Naturalist 1 have very briefly alluded to the insect migration as

observed on that island. I am not aware that any list, partial or
complete, of the diurnal and nocturnal lepidoptera in Mr. Gatke’s
collection has been published, excepting a short notice by M. Edm.
de Selys-Longchamps in a paper which originally appeared in the
‘Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France,’ t. vil. 1882, under
the title of ‘Excursion a Vile d’Helgoland en: Septembre 1878.’
This paper, of which, through the kindness of the author, I possess
a separate copy, has reference almost exclusively to the migratory
avi-fauna of Heligoland ; in the concluding paragraph, a translation
of which is here given, there is a short notice and list of butterflies
and moths which have from time to time occurred.

M. de Selys-Longchamps says ‘ Mr. Gatke is not an entomologist,
but he has collected all the insects that he has been able to meet
with in Heligoland. Subjoined is a list of the Diurnal Lepidoptera
and the Sphingidee that I saw in his cases. I took the names very
hurriedly ; however, I do not think there is any serious error. The
species of Diurni which are preceded by an asterisk are those
found as a rule nearly every year. The others have been collected
only very accidentally.

DIURNI (RHOPALOCERA).

*Papilio machaon.
Papilio podalirius.
Aporia cratzegi.

* Pieris rape.

*Pieris napi.

*Pieris brassicze.

*Leucophasia sinapis.
Colias palzeno.
Colias hyale.

Colias edusa.

*Rhodocera rhamni.
Polyommatus phlvzeas.

Polyommatus hippothoé.

Lyczena acis.
Lyczena arion.
Lyczena icarus.
Apatura iris.
Limenitis sibylla.
Vanessa polychloros.
*Vanessa urtice.
*Vanessa io.

July 1888.

Vanessa antiopa.
*Vanessa C-album.
*Vanessa atalanta.
*Vanessa cardui,

Argynnis lia.

Argynnis lathonia.

Argynnis aglaja.

Argynnis paphia.

Melitzea didyma.
*Satyrus semele.

Melanargia galatea.

Pararge mera.

Pararge megera.

Pararge cegeria.

Coenonympha pamphilus.

Coenonympha tiphon.

Ccenonympha iphis ?

Epinephele janira.

Epinephele tithonus.

Epinephele hyperanthus.

Hesperia comma,

220 CARABUS NITENS IN SWALEDALE.

CREPUSCULARIA (SPHINGID~:).

Sphinx ligustri. Deilephila celerio.
Sphinx convolvuli. Smerinthus ocellatus.
Sphinx pinastri. Smerinthus populi.
Deilephila galii. Smerinthus tilize.
Deilephila euphorbiz. Acherontia atropos.
Deilephila elpenor. Macroglossa stellatarum.
Deilephila porcellus. Zygeena minos.

Among the Bombycidz we must notice the singular melanism
of Sprlosoma lubricipeda named zatima Cramer (radiata Steph.),
almost exclusively peculiar to Heligoland. Mr. Gatke has raised
a point which proves, by the variation of examples, that it is a
variety and not a distinct species. It is met with, but very rarely, in
Holland and on the east coast of England.

The list of butterflies is composed chiefly of species which
exist in Southern Norway, to which may be added some others
which are found in Germany.

In reply to some questions I asked Mr. Gatke in “aaisnes to
migratory Lepidoptera, he writes me :—‘I can assure you that my
cases only contain those that I have obtained here, the greatest part
taken by my own hands. The specimens were often very faded and
ragged, and in those instances I procured good specimens from the
Continent, which I have placed side by side with those caught here.

‘Those I was not able to identify I sent to friends good enough
to determine them for me. Such was the case with Me/itea didyma
(whose appearance so much surprised you, also its freshness), and
which has been determined on good authority.

‘Of Deilephila celerto 1 took one very fresh example. I took
twice in my own garden the pretty little nacreous white Pyralid,
which I was told is the AZargarodes unionalis Hubn., and the habitat
of which is the South of France.’

The information given by Mr. Gatke, sincere and frank as is
everything he writes, shows that if there is any error in this list, it
must not be attributed to him.’ This concludes the remarks. I am
aware that anything connected with the migration of insects at
Heligoland must be of considerable interest to English entomologists,
and, as there are doubtless many who have not seen, or who would
not be able to obtain a copy of M. de Selys-Longchamps’ paper,

I have ventured to give an English translation of it.

NOTE— COLEOPTERA.

Carabus nitens in Swaledale.—On the 20th of May, a bright and sunny
day, while Mr. Roebuck and I were investigating the plateau on which, at an
altitude of 1,620 ft., Birkdale Tarn is situate, I found a couple of examples of
this handsome beetle. On the previous evening we noticed C. vzolaceus on a
mountain path near Keld.—W. EAGLE CLARKE, Leeds, May 22nd, 1888.

5 JUL 1888

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Contents: 7 PAGE
The irruption of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse 221 & 222
Co. Durham, Isle of Man, and Cleveland, Yorkshire—/. #. Nelson, M.B.O. U.:
Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire — F. B. Whitlock ; Boroughbridge—
Rev. E£. Ponsonby Knubley, M.A. M.B.O.U.

Gyrfalcons in the Lake District—fev. H. ‘A, Macpherson, M.A., M.B.O.U. te 223
Crossbills in Heligoland—Coxtributed by Fohn Cordeaux, M.B. O. Uz. ‘ = 224
Notes on ‘The Flora of West Yorkshire’—A. Craig Chi ‘istic, FL. Ss 3 225 & 226
North of England Specimens in the British Collection at the British Museum
i. D. A. Cockerell; M.C.S.. = 227 to 231
Helix hortensis and its. variation—George Rober ts, M. Cc. ‘S pie ge oe — 232
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Robin Hood’s Fu ot ss re .. 237 to 242
Newts near Warrington—Linueus Greening .. ue is wi .. 243 & 244
Some Ingleborough Coleoptera—¥. WW. Carter. Ae i Be 2 .. 245 & 246
Bibliography—Moilusca, 1886.and 1887 e ste Le As i 5% .. 247 to 252
New Manual of British Birds (Review) .. Bee oh: “is a ac .. 233 & 234
Westmortiand and its Natural History (Review) .. “3 an oy 235 & 236
Notes—Ornithology .. 222, papas 234, 236, 242

Cuckoo in Berwick ‘Town—P. Maclagan, M, D.: Arrival of Crossbills on the
Yorkshire Coast—W. Eagle Clarke, F.L S., M.B.O.U.; Siskins in North
Derbyshire— /. WW. Dickinson : The Eared Chat not a British Bird—
W, Eagle Clarke, F.L.S., M.B. O.U. ; Nesting of the Hawfinch near New-
castle—Thos. H. Hedworth: ‘The Solan Goose near Bridlington—J7atthew
Bailey; Black - throated Diver near Bingley—Z. P. P. Butterfield : Alarm
Note of the Woodcock—Rev. ¥. C. Atkinson, D.C.L.; Notes from Flam-
borough—MWatthew Bailey; Bittern near Ripon—/Z. S. Byers ; The Ornith-
ology ‘of Skiddaw, Sca Fell, and Helvellyn—/. A. Macpherson.

Note—Mammaiia ae zy 226
Capture ofa Seal in the Aire at Rawclifie--7. Banker.

Note—Hemiptera . ‘ st Se 244
Hemiptera- Heteroptera i in the Isle of Man—Jas. Ear dley Mason.

Note—Conchology . 232
Reappearance of Canal Shells at Agbrigg near Wakefieli—Geo, Rober ts, M.S.

Note—Geology om 234
The Evidences of Glacial Action near Tuglesnyes mete B. Balderston.

Notes—Lepidoptera .. 244 & 246

Lepidoptera near Halifax in 1887—G. 17e Harding: Thecla rubi on Barden Moor,
Wharfedale—F. 7’. P. Butterfield ; Stigmonota dorsana at Axwell—7v%as. H.

Hedworth.
Note—Coleoptera ie ye 246
Carabus glabratus and other Beetles i in the Lake District—¥. W. Carter.
Notes--Botany . 246

Varieties of Viola odorata—F. B. Whitlock; Ceterach officinarum in Wensley-
dale still—/*. A. Lees.
_ Notes and News re

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BOOKS RECEIVED. }
Smithsonian Institution.—Report for 1885, Part 2. [The Institution.
Revue Bryologique, 15° Année, 1888, No. 4. [T. Husnot, Redacteur.

Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci.—Proc. 1888, No. 1, Jan., Feb. [The Academy.
Hertfordshire Nat. Hist. Soc.—Trans., vol. iv., Part 9, June 1888. [The Society.

Flora of Ashton-under-Lyne and District. 8vo., 84 pp. [Mr. J. Whitehead.
The Zoologist, vol. 12, No. 139, 3rd Series, July 1888. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
The Mineralogical Society.—List of Members, March 1888. [The Society.
The Mineralogical Magazine, vol. 8, No. 36, May 1888. [The Society.

W. Cash.— Fossil Fructifications of Yorks. Coal Measures, 8vo, reprint. [Author.
Essex Naturalist, vol. ii, Nos. 5 and 6, May and June, 1888. [Essex Field Club.
Notarisia, Ann. III, No. 11, Luglio 1888. [G. B. de Toni e D. Levi- Morenos, Redattori.
Journal of Conchology, vol. v, No. 11, July 1888. [J. W. Taylor, Editor.
Scottish Naturalist, No. 20, New Series, July 1888. [Prof. J. W. H. Trail, Editor.

Yorkshire Notes and Queries, Part 12, July 1888. [J. Horsfall Turner, Editor. °

Journal of Microscopy, New Series, vol. i, No. 3, July 1888. | [Postal Micr. Soc.
Leeds Philosophical and Lit. Soc,—Annual Report for 1887-88. [Society.
John Watson.—A Year in the Fields ; 8vo, boards, 118 pp. [D. Douglas, Publisher.
An Illustrated Manual of British Birds, by Howard Saunders. Parts 1-3.
[Messrs. Gurney and Jackson.

Flora of North-east Ireland, by Stewart and Corry. Crown 8vo, pp. 331.
[Belfast Naturalists’ Field Club.

Psyche, a Journ. of Entom. Vol. v, No. 146, June 1888. [Camb. Ent. Club, U.S.

Science Gossip, No. 283, for July 1888. [Messrs. Chatto & Windus, Publishers. —

The Wesley Naturalist, No. 17, for July 1888. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 103, for July 1838. [Mr. John E. Robson, Editor.
The Midland Naturalist, No. 127, for July 1888. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.

EXCHANGE.
Notices of Exchange inserted free of charge to Subscribers.

WANTED.—Living examples of Limax arborum, L. levis, and L. tenellus.
British Land and Freshwater Shells in exchange.—W. A. GAIN, Tuxford, Newark.

Yorkshire Neuroptera and Orthoptera.—lI am anxious during the
present and several future seasons to work up the Neuroptera and Orthoptera of
our county as much as possible, with a view to publishing a list of species, with
their localities, etc., and shall be very grateful to all entomologists (or other
naturalists} who, when out collecting their own particular groups of objects, will
kindly kill and pin (of course they need not trouble to set them) one or two or
three specimens of any species they may come across. and send them to me at the
end of the season—or oftener if it be not too much trouble. The families in the
Neuroptera wanted are the Lzbel/ulide (Dragon-flies), Perlide (Stone-flies), Sza/ida,
Raphidtide (Snake-flies), Osmylide, Hemerobide, Chrysopide (Lacewing-fiies),
Contopterygide, Panorpide (Scorpion-flies), and the Z7zchoptere@ (Caddis-flies).
The two other British groups, Psocede and Ephemeride (May-flies), I do not
propose to touch at present. The Orthoptera include the Forjiculide (Earwigs),
Blattide (Cockroaches), Acridide (Grasshopper and Locusts), and the Achelide
(Crickets), all of which, with the exception of the several universally abundant
and distributed species, are wanted.—GEO. T. PoORRITT, Greenfield House,
Huddersfield, May 18th, 1888.

Conchology.—I have several specimens of Venus exoleta which I should
like to exchange for other Marine specimens.—ARTHUR SMITH, 103, Freeman
Street, Grimsby, July 11th, 1888.

Improved Egg Drills (2 sizes) and Metal Blowpipe with instructions 1/3 free.
‘Hints on Egg Collecting and Nesting,’ illustrated, 33d. free. Birds’ Skins,
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eo J

PAPAN

THE IRRUPTION OF PALLAS’ SAND-GROUSE.

Co. Durham.—Six were noticed in a field between Bishop
Auckland and Byers Green, on June 3rd.—T. H. Ne son, Redcar,
13th July, 1888.

Derbyshire.—A specimen of this bird came to grief by striking
the telegraph wires at Breaston, a village near the Derwent, and a
second bird was reported at the same time; both occurrences were

noted at the end of May.—F. B. WuitTLock, Attenborough, 3rd July,
1888.

Isle of Man.—A correspondent residing in the Isle of Man
informs me that a large flock of about fifty visited the Island early
in July.—T. H. Newson, Redcar, 13th July, 1388.

Nottinghamshire.—Mr. Whitaker, of Rainworth, writing to
The Field, records the occurrence of a single specimen on June 14th.
When first observed it was flying towards him. He describes it as
looking like a gigantic Swift. He also states that it uttered a loud

MG, slike teck, teck; teck.— F. Bi Wuirrock, Attenborough,
3rd July, 1888.

Cleveland, Yorkshire.—According to the information I have
been able to collect, it appears that Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes para-
doxus) were seen here in the second week in May, the precise date I
could not ascertain ; a flock of six was first noticed at the Tees mouth,
and frequently observed until June. Most probably all these birds
perished, as several were found dead on the neighbouring salt-
marshes ; the tail and a foot of one were brought to me on the 12th
of June. On May 22nd a female, in good condition, was picked up
on the sands east of Redcar; the ovary contained eggs the size of
No. t shot. About the same date another specimen was washed up
by the tide; I saw the remains of this bird as late as the 28th of
June. On the 7th June five were shot from a large flock near
Marske. I had an opportunity of examining them shortly after-
wards, and secured two; there were four females and one male; all
the females had eggs in the ovaries, and one had evidently nested, as
the ovary had only two eggs, one the size of a hazel-nut. On June the
1oth a flock of twelve was seen on the Redcar sand-hills; on the
12th a flight passed one of the fishing-boats at sea, heading towards
land. Other flocks have been reported at various times, but probably
they formed part of those already mentioned, although, on the other

Aug. 1888. P

222 CUCKOO IN BERWICK TOWN.

hand, it is not improbable that fresh arrivals may have come over
June 25th, a pair were seen near the Tees mouth; 30th, wind N.
strong, I found one on the sands near Redcar; it had been in the
water for some considerable time, for the head was gone and the
body sodden with water. Same date, a flock of thirteen was flushed
near the Tees mouth. July 1st, a flock of about a dozen, and an
odd bird, were on Coatham sands. 3rd, one on the sands near
Redcar ; it remained within a hundred yards of the town, picking
amongst the gravel at high-water mark, until disturbed by a passing
dog. 4th, eight at the Tees mouth, flying W. 9th, two flew past
Redcar at 6.30 a.m., going N.W., and calling loudly.

Other instances in Cleveland :—

About the end of May one was picked up at Battersby, on the
railway, killed by flying against the telegraph wires.

May 23rd, twelve near Whitby, and a male and female shot.

June rst, a female found below the telegraph wires, between
Hinderwell and Kettleness.

June roth, a flock of twenty near Ormesby.—T. H. NELSON,
Redcar, 13th July, 1388.

Boroughbridge.—Mr. Christopher Clarke, of Minskip, near
Boroughbridge, informs me that on the zoth of June he flushed a covey
of about twenty Sand-Grouse in a clover field between Minskip and
Staveley. The birds alighted again in the same field, and so gave
him a further opportunity of identifying them. On the 27th of the
same month he saw a single bird near his farm buildings, within a
few yards of a spot where some pigeons and poultry were feeding.
When this bird rose he called it, whereupon it turned and flew over
his head, within easy gunshot. The birds were not to be found
yesterday, though a careful search of the field was made.—
E. PonsonBy KNUBLEY, Staveley Rectory, July 6th, 1888.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Cuckoo in Berwick Town.—It is seldom that dwellers in towns have the
pleasure of hearing the unmistakable note of this summer visitor (Czculus canorus).
This morning about five o’clock I listened to it with pleasure for some time, the
bird being in a tree behind my house. I had a similar experience three or four
years ago at the same season: returning from one of those night expeditions to
which country doctors are liable, I heard, on going to my bedroom about four a.m.,
_ the note of the Cuckoo from the same trees. Rather apprehensive that I might
not be credited if I related this at the breakfast table, I awoke two or three
members of my family in order to bear witness to the unusual phenomenon.
I suspect that in both cases the birds had just arrived from their continental
winter resorts, for my house is within half a mile of the sea, with nothing but
green fields intervening, and the trees in the little garden must no doubt be a
welcome resting-place after a flight across the North Sea.—P. MACLAGAN, Berwick,
May Ist, 1888. 1) Se
. Naturalist,

223
-GYRFALCONS IN THE LAKE DISTRICT.

Rev. H. A. MACPHERSON, M.A., M.B.O.U.,
Carlisle; Foint-Author of ‘ The Birds of Cumberland.

J norice that the July number of Zhe Naturalist contains some
remarks on the three Gyrfalcons well known to have been obtained
in the Lake district. Particulars regarding such rare birds are so
important that I may fairly claim to add a few words to what has been
there said ; especially as I have personally interviewed all the persons
concerned, and carefully examined the specimens on many occasions.
As regards the statement of Mr. John Watson, that Mr. Goodchild
sent him ‘privately printed notes,’ I may point out that not only are
two of the specimens already mentioned in ‘ The Birds of Cumber-
land,’ but all three birds were recorded in detail in the ‘ Transactions
of the Cumberland and Westmorland Association,’ of which I have
the honour to be the zoological recorder.

The Greenland Falcon is, as Mr. Watson states, preserved in the
fine collection of the Musgrave family at Edenhall, Penrith, and
a grand bird it is.

The skin of the Iceland Falcon, killed at Winton, was deposited
some years ago in the Carlisle Museum by my friend Mr. J. G. Good-
child. ‘There it remains, and only about six months ago I called
Mr. Duckworth’s attention to the fact that we had omitted this
specimen from notice in the ‘ Birds of Cumberland.’ I was myself
responsible for draughting our little book, and how I forgot this
specimen, which was in my charge, I cannot say, but I was working
under high pressure.

The remains of the Iceland Falcon, killed on Cross Fell, have been
in my own possession for the last four years. The late Mr. Greenwell,
their original owner, had a long talk with me about the specimen, some
two years previous to his lamented decease; he showed me all his
notes, and handed over to me this bird’s sternum and feathers.

To conclude, it is perfectly true that the three Gyrfalcons above
mentioned are the only authentic ones that we know to have been
obtained in the Lake counties. But both Mr. Hodgkinson of Preston,
and the late James Fell of Carlisle (who only died about six weeks
ago), described to me how they each met with a white Gyrfalcon in
the north of Cumberland, though neither of the birds were shot.
Mr. Harris of Cockermouth also favoured me with some information
regarding an Iceland Falcon caught near Workington, but this is
believed to have been an escaped bird. Various ‘ white hawks,’ which
have been reported to me from time to time by keepers, have proved
to be light-coloured Buzzards and Rough-legged Buzzards.

Aug. 1888.

224
CROSSBILLS IN HELIGOLAND.

CONTRIBUTED BY JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O.U.

In a letter dated July 1st, Mr. Gatke sends the following interesting
notes of the occurrence of the Crossbill on migration at Heligolana:—

‘Have you seen any Crossbills (Zoxia curvirostra)? We are
swarming here with them. Since the 16th of June there have been
flights from 10, 20, 50—-and sometimes all the hawthorns in my
garden you know so well are crammed with them. ‘There must
during some days have been hundreds dispersed amongst the foliage.
When they are feeding they remain quite dumb, and only when
taking wing the whole chorus begins, calling ‘‘ciit, ctit, cuit.” I have
just mounted an old male, almost as red all over as a male 47i-
gilla erythrinus; a few with white bars have been reported, but
I have not seen one. They are of all shades, from lemon rump to
orange scarlet, and almost carmine, but the greater number, as you
may fancy, are grey birds, but not a single striped young one amongst
them. These birds are rather out of date; they are not regular
visitors to this island, years intervene without any being seen, and
when they do appear it has almost invariably been in August, with
boisterous north-westerly winds and rain; this year flight has been
two months too early, and came with fine sunny weather. All are in
excellent plumage—wings, tail, and all.’

Mr. Thos. Winson writes from the Spurn under date of July 17th—
‘Some Crossbills were shot here last week, and one caught alive and
kept a week on board the Bull Lightship, when it escaped and flew
away.’

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Arrival of Crossbills on the Yorkshire Coast.—Crossbills, I have just
heard, have arrived on the Holderness Coast. This is a most interesting fact, and
especially so when taken in conjunction with Mr. Gatke’s excellent note on |
this species at Heligoland on this page. JI hope to have further informa-
tion furnished, and invite others to send in any notes they may have on the
appearance of this species in the North of England.—W. EAGLE CLARKE,
Edinburgh, July 20th, 1888.

Siskins in North Derbyshire.—While on the moors of North Derbyshire
on the 8th December, 1887, Mr. West (curator to the Rotherham Naturalists’
Society) and myself had the good fortune to come across a small flock of Siskins
(Chrysomitris spinus), consisting of three males and two females, all of which we
secured on account of their rarity, although it seemed a pity to take such harmless
lives. There was a heavy fall of snow on the ground at the time, and the birds
were feeding in a small clump of alders which we were beating through in search
of Woodcock. I had never met the bird wild before, although I had seen it in
a caged state. Mr. Cordeaux speaks of it as very rare, so I thought the occurrence
worth recording.—F. W. DicKINSON, Rotherham.

Naturalist,

225

NOTES ON THE
TRLORA, OF Wrest YORKSHIRE,

A. CRAIG CHRISTIE, F.L.S.,
Edinburgh; Hon. Sec. Scottish Natural History Clu,

I HAVE only had time to glance over Mr. Lees’ magnum opus, and now

send a few notes which I have jotted down in the course of doing so.

Thalictrum alpinum L. (Page 111). This is certainly in the
vicinity of Settle, but as the plant is very common with us in
the North I do not recall the exact locality; ‘hills at the back
of Settle’ is the most exact definition. I have no doubt it is on
Ingleborough and your other big hills.

Sagina eu-apetala E.B. (Page 169). Settle.

Sagina ciliata Fries. (Page 169). Settle.

Sagina nodosa (The S. glandulosa Bess.). (Page 170). I have
found this on the river side above Settle, on sand.

Melilotus alba Lam. (Page 192). In very large quantity in an
old quarry near Skipton ; was there for a number of years.

Prunus padus (Page 206) is called ‘hagberry’ in many parts of
Scotland, where the rough furrows in a peat moss are called
‘haggs’; as the species grows on that kind of ground I have
no doubt the name originated in that way.

Alchemilla arvensis Scop. (Page 208). Is found on the hills
above the Victoria Cave, and also at Malham Cove.

Linaria minor Desf. (Page 338). On dry ground at Settle, also
on the railway-line.

Asplenium septentrionale Hull. (Page 502). This will
probably be found on the south side of Ingleborough. In all
the Scotch stations that I know this plant grows on trap rocks,
and if there are any trap dykes on Ingleborough they should
be carefully examined.

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. (Page 504). Malham, Settle,
and Giggleswick, on Limestone.

Aspidium lonchitis Sw. (Page 507). I have seen nothing like
the true plant near Settle, and forms of ‘ acizleatum’ are often
confounded with it; it is more likely to be on Ingleborough,
Penyghent, etc., than at a lower elevation. No record for this
plant ought to pass unless the specimen is in good fructification.

Nephrodium emulum Newm. (Page 511). With us in Scotland
this plant occurs on sandstone; the Settle district is a very
unlikely one for it, being far foo dry.

Aug. 1888,

226 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Polypodium phegopteris (Page 513). I have seen this near
Bradford, but do not know the name of the locality.

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (Page 515). At Malham Cove
in quantity.

Lycopodium inundatum L. (Page 517). Is I believe more
common than is usually supposed, but is often hidden by
surrounding vegetation. I know one locality which has been
on record for over forty years.

Nore.—To Mr. Christie’s positive impression (which, however, cannot rank as
accepted fact) as to the occurrence of Vhalictrum alpinum ‘on the hills behind
Settle,’ I might fairly reply in the very words used with regard to my record of
Nephrodium emulum in Settle Woods, that the district is ‘an unlikely one,’ being
‘far too dry,’ but my record rests on the unimpeachable testimony of Edward
Newman, an authority on Ferns; whilst as against Mr. Christie’s—-a comparative
stranger s—opinion, there is the fact that the Alpine Rue is a plant of wet boggy
mountain-.and rill-sides; that bogs over the fissured limestone area of Settle are ill
developed, and that not one of the many lynx-eyed botanists, from Ray, Lister,
Blackstone, and Dickson downwards. to Tatham, Howson, and others of latter
days, have ever observed the alpine 7halictrum thereabout. Mr. Christie’s lack
of doubt. and attempted justification for not having made a precise note of where
he saw it, cannot, under the circumstances, be allowed to have any real weight.
I am unwillingly constrained to add that the remarks upon the probability of
Asplenium septentrionale being ultimately found ‘on the south side of Ingleborough
7f there are any trap dykes’ there, must come under the same imponderable
category, Mr. Christie being clearly unaware that there is no f7a/ or basaltic rock
anywhere in West York.—F. A. LEEs.

Duplicated Generic Names.—As a supplement to the Jist given on pp. 157-8,
the following instances of generic names duplicated either in the Animal or
Vegetable kingdoms may be given, and doubtless research would add many
others :— Gadus, in Pisces and Mollusca (Dentaliidze); A7gzopfe, in Brachiopoda and
Araneida ; 77oglodytes, in Primates and Aves; Dzplotaxzs, in Phzenogamia and
Coleoptera (Melolonthidz) ; Zzparzs, in Lepidoptera and Orchidez ; MWzcrophysa,
in Mollusca (Helicidze) and Heteroptera ; Ovsec¢dzum, in Moliusca and Orchidez ;
LPatila, in Mollusca and Lepidoptera ; and Corydal7s, in Neuroptera and Phezeno-
gamia. In such cases, unless a synonym can be brought forward for use, I should
- be disposed to alter the termination or otherwise amend the later name, instead of
proposing an entirely new one.—T. D. A. COCKERELL, West Cliff, Custer Co.,
Colorado, June 16th, 1888.

Phyllodoce in Annelida and Pheenogamia is another duplication. —F. A. LEEs.

Lincolnshire Natural History.--Co-operation in collecting information
respecting the MARINE Mo.uusca of Lincolnshire is desired. Lists and
specimens may be forwarded to the care of Mr. H. Wattis Krew, 19, Stonenest
Street, Tollington Park, London, N.

NOTE—MAMMALTA.
Capture of a Seal in the Aire at Rawcliffe.—A short time ago a large
Seal made its appearance in the Aire at Rawcliffe, having come up the Ouse. It
_ was first seen passing through Hook Bridge. After rounding Howden Dyke, it
was lost sight of, but reappeared in passing Boothferry, and was followed from
Airmyn to Rawcliffe by a crowd of people on the banks. At Rawcliffe it was
shot, and it afterwards drifted with the tide towards Howden Dyke Sands, where |
it stranded. It was found to be a large dog seal, measuring six feet from nostrils :
to tail. It was skinned by some of the villagers, and the skin had no defect but
the gunshot wound.—T. BuNKER, Goole, 24th March, 1888.

Naturalist,

22 Gy,

NORTH OF ENGLAND SPECIMENS
IN THE BRITISH COLLECTION AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.

T. D. A. COCKERELL, M.C.S.,
West Cliff, Custer County, Colorado, U.S.A.

For many years, since they were removed from their old quarters in
Bioomsbury, the specimens illustrating the fauna of these islands
have been inaccessible to the public gaze, and it was not until a short
time ago that the British room was opened, and the now much-
improved collections made visible. On one of my visits I went
carefully through the entire collection, and noted all the north-country
specimens, thinking that it might interest the northern naturalists to
know how they were represented in the Museum. I use the Museum
nomenclature throughout, any other being indicated in square

brackets. MAMMALIA.

There is the well-known tail-less cat from the Isle of Man, a fine

specimen, and a Halicherus gryphus from the Farne Islands (P. J.
Selby).

BIRDS.
Anser brachyrhynchus, Lancs. Tringa canutus and
Bernicla leucopsis and B. cana- Phitomachus pugnax, Lincs.
densis, Cumberland. Sterna cantiaca, Farne Islands.
Falco csalon, Vancs., and a Tringa subarguata, Lytham,
young one from Derbyshire. Lancs.
Coracias garrula, York. Flimantopus candidus, Lincs.
Merula torquata, Y orks. Tetrao tetrix, Wallington, New-
Pagophila eburnea, Y orks. | castle.
FISHES.
Salmo salar (male), length | rama rati, Berwick.
46 inches, weight 46 lbs., River Salmo, hybrid between Com-
Tweed, July. ~ | mon River Trout and Sea Trout,

Myliobatis aguila, Berwick-on- | Solway.

Tweed (Yarrell Coll.). ee
V JUSCA.

These are very nicely mounted on black paper in glass-topped
boxes. The collection is fairly complete, but one cannot help
regretting: much the absence of Dr. Jeffreys’ collection, which the
authorities refused, and which was subsequently purchased by the
Museum at Washington for £50 more than the sum refused by

the British Museum, though the collection was essentially a British

one, and contained the types of very many British species and
varieties. Most of the north-country specimens are from Northum-
berland, Sunderland, and Scarborough.

Aug, 1888.

228 COCKERELL: SPECIMENS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

NORTHUMBERLAND.
Trophon barvicensts. NVatica tslandica (one, broken).
Chrysodomus | Fusus|turtont. Scalaria trevelyana.
Chrysodomus norvegicus (with Léttorina litoralis.
egg-capsule on valve of A/ytzlus Acme@a virginea.
modiolus. _ Fatella vulgata var. athletica.
Chrysodomus gracilts. Chiton levis.
Chrysodomus propinguus. Pupa angtica | ringens}.
Liomesus |Buccinopsis| dalet| Pupa muscorum |marginata|.
(with egg-capsules). Vertigo antivertigo.
Buccinum undatum, vars. Planorbis glaber | parvus].
Marsenia | Velutina| flextlis. — Scrobicularia piperata.
Natica montagut. — Montacuta substriata.
Natica grenlandica.
; SUNDERLAND.
Odostomia unidentata. Patina | Helcion| pellucida var.
Odostomtia interstincta. levts.
Eulima bilineata. Chiton cinereus.
Littorina neritoides. Chiton ruber.
Lacuna pallidula. Chiton fascicularis.
Rissoa parva var. interrupta. Philine scabra.
Rissoa punctura. Cylichna cylindracea.
Rissoa inconspicua. Atys | Bulla] utriculus.
Trochus helicinus.
SCARBOROUGH.
Chrysodomus gracilis. flelix fusca.
LVatica catena. Flelix aculeata.
Odostomta rissoides. Felix lamellata.
Littorina rudis, and vars. tene- Hyalinia excavata.
brosa and saxatilis. | Lyalinia nitiaula var. helmiz.
Littorina litoratis. | Vertigo pusilla.
Rissoa semistriata. > | Vertigo substriata.
Trochus montagut. Limnea auriculariavar.|shaped
Acmea | Tectura] testudinalis. like rather elongate Z. peregral.
Ghiton yuber. Limnea peregra var. sinistrorsa. |
Chiton fascicularis. Limnea peregra vat. | lineata}. |
Aplysia punctata. Limnea glutinosa.
Flelix hortensis {ooooo and Llanorbis nautileus. |
lutea (123)(45)]. | Ltsidium cinereum.
Helix virgata. Pholas crispata. :
Felix hispida |all the concinna Mya truncata. |
are united with Azspida in the Mya arenaria.
Museum as one species]. | Anomta aculeata.

Helix sericea | granulata]. : . Naturalist,

COCKERELL: SPECIMENS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

229

YORK.

Lythinia tentaculata.

Lythinia leachit.

Valvata piscinalis var. depressa.
Flelix caperata.

flelix fusca.

fTelix aculeata.

flelix pulchella.

fTelix lamellata.

Stylifer turtonz, Durham.

Aporrhais pespelecant, Yorks.

Littorina rudis
North of England.

Chiton cinereus, Whitby.

Chiton ruber, Cullercoats.

Diaphana | Utriculus| hyalina,
Cullercoats (J. Alder).

Atys utriculis, Berwick.

flelix nemoralis |var. libellula

eae, Walton (2 Glover).

var. ugosa,

ffelix nemoralis |vars. libellula |

and fetiveria
Lancs.

flelix nemoralis 123 x 45, Nor-
ton, Yorks.

Flelix hortensis 123x45, Mal-
ton, Yorks.

flelix rufescens, Preston (D.
Cooper).

Helix hispida, Preston.

Flelix sericea | granulata|, New-
castle.

Flelix rupestris, Yorks.

Hyalinia excavata
nitidula var. helmii, Preston.

12345|, Lytham,

flyalinia nitidila, Newcastle
(J. Alder).

flyalinia glabra _ (Jeffreys),
- Preston.

Zua| Azeca\ tridens, Newcastle. |

Vertigo edentula, Newcastle

and Preston.

Aug. 1888. °

Hlyalinia cellaria.

Vertigo angustior.

Succinea putris.

Physa fontinalis [very pale
variety |.

Flanorbis spirorbis.

Ancylus oblongus | lacustris].

Spherium rivicola.

Vertigo minutisstma, Durham.

Vertigo substriata, Preston.

Vertigo pygmaea, Yorks.
Preston.

Claustlia rugosa var. |nearly
smooth ], Newcastle; var. dubia,
Preston and Yorks.

Acme lineata, Preston.

Limnea peregra var. | lacustris],
Cumberland; var. [small and
thin], Westmorland.

Physa fontinalis, Lake Hawes-
water.

Planorbts marginatus
[zerebrum|], Rochdale.

Flanorbis fontanus, Rochdale.

FPlanorbis ditatatus, Man-

and

monst.

| chester.

Ancylus ftuviatilis, Westmor-
land ; var. [a/ézda], near Bolton
Abbey.

Spherium lacustre, ¥ orks.

Pisidium henslowanum, Pres-

HF LEO WAL
BGs te. |

Solen ensis, Liverpool.

Limnea glabra, Birkenhead.
Panopea Dogger
| Bank.

norvegica,

Anodonta cygnea var. | seliensis |,
| Liverpool.
| Arion ater [var. albolateralis|,
Isle of Man.

230 COCKERELL: SPECIMENS

IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

There are also a few species of Mollusca from other districts
that I have taken note of, as follows :—

Purpura lapillus |var. imbrt-—

cata |, Anglesea.

Paludina contecta, Norfolk (the
geographical range of this species
in eastern England is peculiar, it
seems to favour the parts drain-
ing into the Wash, but north
and south it appears
extremely rare).

Neritina fluviatilis, Orkneys.

Trochus amabilts,

slands, five specimens.

Testacella haliotidea, Brighton.

Helix nemoralis, Galway |
(bleached white, one
formula 0030;).

flelix hortensts
00305 and
(C. Dickens).

flelix pisana |var. albidal,
Tenby ; var. [a/a], Falmouth.

flelix virgata, var. [leucozonal,
Exmouth.

Cochlicella acuta, Edinburgh
(this, as an east-coast locality, is
remarkable).

Zua lubrica, Shetland Islands.

[ var.
100,45], Chichester

|

|

With aa

_ampton (

Vertigo moulinstana, South-
Ho & J; Groves).

Vertigo pygmea, Suffolk and
Norwich.

Succinea oblonga, Battersea (a

long series, Mr. Smith does not
_know aught of their origin, and
tom bes

the locality is so remarkable that

|I cannot help fancying that it
| may be erroneous).*
Shetland

Succinea pfeiffert, Arran and
Killarney.

Claustlia rugosa |var. albinos],
Coggeshall, Essex.

Cecilioides | Achatina| acicula,

_ Dublin.

lutea |

Physa hypnorum (small and
almost colourless var.), Killarney.

Flanorbis glaber, Dagenham,
Essex.

Unio pictorum [large speci-
mens], River Bure, Norfolk.

Unto tumidus var. | ponderosa],
Highgate.

Limax maximus |var. ferussact|,

_Starston, Norfolk.

Ommatostrephes pteropus, North —
Sea [a huge species].

ANNELIDA.

Glossiphonia granifera, North-
umberland (J. Alder).
Meckelia annulata, Berwick.

Phyllodoce lamelligera, Pectin-
arta belgiaca, and Arenicola pisca-
torum, Berwick Bay.

HYDROZOA.
Plumularia frutescens E. & S., Northumberland (Dr. Johnston).

POLYZOA.
ketepora beaniana King, Northumberland.
ALCY ONARTA.
Pennainta MEY L., Northumberland.

‘i os. to We eee : Ippon with fd seca. Sand as was fhe « case with

hundreds of exotic plants between 1850 and 60.—F. A. L.

Naturalist,

LEEDS GEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION. 231

PORIFERA.
Lsodictya permollis Bowerb., fTalichondria panicea Johnst.
Scarborough (Bowerbank collec- | (id. loc.).
tion).
INSECTA.

Entomologists have not hitherto thought it necessary to affix
localities to their specimens in most cases, and so I have none to
record. It seems, however, very desirable that each insect should
have a locality label, as is always done in other classes of animals.

CRUSDTACKHA:
Arcturus LS EDD Sby., Balanus hamert and Lb. fpor-
Cullercoats. catus, on Fusus antiquus, Dogger
Cypris tristriata Baird, Isle of | Bank.
Man (Rey. H. Stowell). Balanus tintinnabulum, Scar-

Balanus porcatus DaC., on | borough.
Mytilus modiolus, Northumber- |
land. |

NOTES AND NEWS.

Amongst the recent elections to the fellowship of the Geological Society of
London we note the name of Mr. J. E. Bedford, the newly-elected President of
the Leeds Geological Association.

-oo<—-—__—

The annual meeting of the Leeds Geological Association was recently held
under the presidency of Mr. C. D. Hardcastle. A report of the year’s work was
submitted wherein it was stated that the Association is still increasing in strength,
extending its influence, and consolidating its position. As some evidence of this,
the roll of membership which stood four years ago at 39 is now 105. The autumn
and winter were profitably employed in evening meetings for the reading of
papers and the exhibition of specimens. The field excursions, which are, without
doubt, the backbone of any geological association, have received unremitting
attention. The varied geology of our splendid county has thus been extensively
studied, with corresponding benefit to those who attended. The attendance at
meetings and excursions has been most encouraging. ‘The third part of the
‘Transactions’ has met with unqualified approbation. Whilst relating with
pleasure the progress of this Association, it is gratifying to know that the pub-
lished accounts of its work have resulted in a strong geological society being
formed at Hull, while at Huddersfield a similar step is in contemplation. Leeds has
hitherto possessed the only local geological society in Yorkshire, and, it rests with
the members to retain the laurels they have won. The duties of the secretary
having been too onerous for one individual, it was decided that the treasurership
should no longer be a nominal office, but that its holder should now receive all
subscriptions and conduct all the financial business of the Association. An
assistant secretary was also appointed. The election of the Executive for the
coming year resulted as follows:—President, Mr. J. E. Bedford, F.G.S. ; vice-
presidents, Messrs. T. W. Bell, William Cheetham, C. D. Hardcastle. and B.
Holgate, F.G.S. ; treasurer, Mr. W. TI. ¢ rill, Park Cottage, Stourton, Hunslet ;
librarian, Mr. C. Brow nudge, F.G.S. : council, Professor Green, M.A., F.R.S.,
Messrs. C. Brownridge, F.G.S , John Hill, E. Hawkesworth, and John Ingleby ;
assistant secretary, Mr. J. F. “Appleby : and secretary, Mr. S. A. Adamson,
F.G.S. » 52, Wellclose Terrace, Leeds (fifth time of election).

Aug. 1888.

232
HELIX HORTENSIS AND ITS VARIATION.

GEORGE, VROBER TS, . MC Ss
Lofthouse, Wakefield.

THIS species is more common about Lofthouse than Helix nemoralis.
The variety with the three upper bands and the two lower fused,
making two broad brown bands, and the variety with all the bands
fused (coaltta) are the most prevalent. The type with five bands is
not common. Amongst the brown shells a few bandless yellow ones
occur, and it is probably from these that the variety Z/acina is
produced. Last year I collected a considerable number of the
variety /t/acina—some of a darkish hue, approaching the brown shells
in colour, but many more of the lilac colour from which they are
named. Many are rosy-lipped, but this feature is not a constant
concomitant of the lilac colour. The base is usually yellow, but
I have some in which the base or ground is white. Some are banded,
but the banding is generally obscure. The individuals of Z/acina
with the bands clearly defined only count about one per cent. But
I am informed that it is unusual to find them banded at ail. It is
perhaps worth noting that, although the same ordinary colour-
varieties, brown and yellow, of 1 xemoralis are found together-—the
same as in 47. hortensis—the lilac variety stwderia is rarely produced.
I have never seen more than one or two specimens from this neigh-
bourhood that could be called lilac or purple. Among the ortensis
last year I found a small colony of szb-alozda (shell nearly white), and
one specimen among the brown shells with a brown or fuscous lip—
the variety named by Von Martens /usco-labiata.

NOTE—CONCHOLOG Y.

Reappearance of Canal Shells at Agbrigg near Wakefield.—On June 2Ist
I examined the Wakefield and Barnsley Canal at Agbrigg, about a mile from
Wakefield, and dredged up about twenty specimens of Unzo tumzdus and ten of
Paludina vivipara, but none of the latter were full-grown. These two species
seem to be plentiful this year, but have been scarce for ten years back. They
were in the same places in the canal thirty years since, as recorded by Mr. C. F.
Tootal in Morris’s ‘ Naturalist.’ Along with the above-mentioned species I found
four specimens of Anodonta anatina, twoof Bythinia leachiz, two of Neritina
fluviatilis, and one of Spherium rivicola. On June 25th I paid another visit to
Agbrigg Canal and got a dozen more Unio tumidus, six Paludina vivipara, six
Spherium rivicola, three Anodonta anatina, and two Neritina fluviatilis. The
shells of four of the Uxzo tumiédus are constricted, that is, drawn in or crushed at
the lower margin as if they had been jammed and grown a’ considerable time
between two stones. It often happens that several individuals are found together
all deformed alike. On June 26th one of the Paludina vivipara excluded six
young about the size of a small pea. GEO. ROBERTS, Lofthouse, June 27th, 1888,

[Mr. Roberts mentions Mr. Tootal’s record as being in Morris’s ‘ Naturalist.’
I have not, however. been able to find his List of Wakefield Shells in that journal,
or in any other publication to which I have access. Can any reader state definitely
where Mr. Tootal’s list did appear >—W. D.R. ]

Naturalist,

258)

A NEW MANUAL OF BRITISH BIRDS.

An Illustrated Manual of British Birds. By Howarp SaunpDe_ks, F.L.S.,

F.Z.S., &c. With illustrations of nearly every species. London: Gurney

and Jackson, I, Paternoster Row. Parts I, 2, and 3, 1888

Those who are familiar with the literature of the general subject of
British ornithology will admit that the student of our avifauna is now
well supplied with most excellent text-books. The last few years have
witnessed the completion of the fourth edition of Yarrell’s standard
book, and of the issue and completion of Mr. Seebohm’s extremely
useful work on British Birds, with coloured illustrations of their eggs;
then we have now appearing at intervals Lord Lilford’s excellent
coloured illustrations, which form a most desirable companion to
either of the books just named, and to which we have had from time
to time to speak of in high terms of praise in these pages. These are
fairly exhaustive, and somewhat bulky and expensive works, hence a
manual on the subject, giving in an epitomised form all that it is
essential the field-naturalist and student should know about our
feathered animals—their plumage in all seasons and ages, their life-
history, their distribution at home and abroad—in as concise a manner
as possible, is, and has been for many years, a great desideratum.
Such a work commanding the appreciation of naturalists has not, we
believe, appeared since the excellent little volumes of Mr. Macgillivray,
issued in 1846. The book now under consideration supplies this want,
and supplies it admirably. The production of such a book requires
for its successful compilation an accurate and well-read author, and
it is a matter for sincere congratulation that such a really excellent
- ornithologist has been secured for the task. We are well aware that
Mr. Howard Saunders requires no recommendation at our hands, but
some of our readers are not ornithologists, and we would remind these
that Mr. Saunders edited Volumes III. and IV. of the last edition of
Yarrell’s ‘ British Birds’ in a fashion that earned for him the gratitude
of all British ornithologists ; for six years, too, Mr. Saunders filled
the honourable and most important position of one of the editors of
the ‘ Ibis,’ the leading journal of scientific ornithology, and it is only
just to him to say that during his term of office the high standard of
excellency which has always characterised the pages of that classical
publication has been most fully maintained. It must be manifest to
all that such a desirable book by such an excellent author is a most
valuable addition to the faunal histories of our islands. It supplies,
at a price which places it within the reach of all, a well-illustrated—
for nearly all the excellent woodcuts of the complete Yarrell are
given—and thoroughly reliable book, one alike indispensable to the
naturalist, since it affords him the very essence of British ornithology,
Aug. 1888. .

234 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

and to the tyro because it is cheap and good. We strongly advise
all our readers zxz¢erested 1n a popular subject to furnish themselves
with a copy of this excellent work, of which three parts have appeared.
The price is only a shilling per part, and twenty parts are to complete
the work.—W.E.C.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

The Eared Chat not a British Bird.—The reference at p. 24 of the
‘Manual of British Birds,’ by Mr. Howard Saunders, to my being responsible for
including, erroneously, the Eared Chat (Saxzcola albicollzs Vieill.) in the British List
of Birds published in the ‘ Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire,’ demands from me
some notice. The inclusion of this species was obviously due to the unsatisfactory
state of the synonymy of several species of Saxzcolcna existing at the time of
publication, and which is alluded to by Mr. Saunders and explained zw sap. I was
aware that Saxzcola stapaztna had occurred in Lancashire, and on referring to
that species in Mr. Dresser’s admirable work on the ‘ Birds of Europe’ (ii. p. 203)
found that the Black-Eared Chat was there so named. In 1881, just as we were
going to press, there appeared Mr. Dresser’s ‘ List of European Birds,’ in which
the nomenclature had been revised to date. In this list stafazznza had no place,
but the Black-Eared Chat—the stapazzma of the ‘ Birds of Europe ’—appeared as
Saxtcola albicollis (Vieill.), and thus found its way into our list. I feel in duty
bound to make this somewhat detailed explanation, as attention has also been
called elsewhere to my responsibility for the addition of a bird to the British list
which has not occurred in our islands. —W. EAGLE CLARKE, Edinburgh.

Nesting of the Hawfinch near Newcastle.—You will be glad to learn
that the Hawfinch has again successfully nested at Axwell Park, the seat of Sir
Henry Clavering, on the Derwent. Mr. Battensby, the joiner on the estate, told
me that three nests of young birds were now on the wing.—THos. H. HEDWoRTH,
31, Spoor Street, Dunston-on-Tyne, July 2nd, 1888.

The Solan Goose near Bridlington.—In the ‘ Bridlington Free Press’
is a paragraph that, as Mr. R. H. Veitch, gamekeeper at Sewerby House, was
going his usual rounds, he observed something lying ina fallow field. On pro-
ceeding to it, he found it to be a specimen of the Solan Goose or Gannet (Sz/a
bassana) ; it was dead, and had about twenty yards of fishing-line entangled about
it, having swallowed the hook with the line attached. The bird is supposed to be
over four years of age, and is in splendid plumage.—MATTHEW BalILeEy, Flam-
borough, April 3rd, 1888.

IM OIG I—S C12 OVE ONC.

The Evidences of Glacial Action near Ingleton.—In my report on the
above subject, written in October last, I surmised that the thickness of the Lower
Llandeilo slates at Ingleton does not exceed 6,600—7,000 ft., a thicknes deduced
from the strike of the Coniston shales below Norber and Crummock Dale on the
one hand and that of the same shales on the reverse side of the fold at Ingleton.
As these shales, however, are very much contorted and dislocated the apparent
strike is not always exact for any great distance. At last a band of scoriaceous
grit has, by its recurrence and association with felspathic ash, given mé the exact
thickness of the Lower Llandeiloes, and what I now recognise as massive syenitic
Gneiss, as being 5,800 ft. The succession of Lower Silurian folds, I have also
identified, the first at Ingleton, the junction of first and second in Crummock Dale
and near Gods Bridge ; the junction of the second and third close to Horton,
Helm Gill, and Gawthrop; and of the fourth and fifth near Sally Beck and Rawthey
Bridge. The dip of the Silurian ridge of ‘ grits’ in Crummock Dale must not be
taken as an exact clue to the dip of the Coniston shales, &c., below, owing to a
considerable degree of uncomformity between the Upper and Lower Silurians.
In relation to the term ‘grits,’ I must add that I do not for a moment raise the
question as to the ridge not being an equivalent of grits found elsewhere, but
personally, I must refuse to call a rock ‘grit’ when it presents no lithological
character of a grit.—ROBERT B. BALDERSTON, Ingleton, July 28th, 18388.

Naturalist,

235

WESTMORLAND AND ITS NATURAL HISTORY.
The Westmorland Note-Book and Natural History Record. A quarterly

magazine, in two divisions. Demy 8vo., 3s. per annum. London: Elliott

Stock. Kendal:’E. Gill. Part I, March 1888. Part II, June 1888.

Although this new serial, combining Natural History with notes
on local Archzology, Dialect, and Folk-lore, might be thought, with
some warrant, to trench upon the province of Zhe Waturalst as the
organ of record for the eleven northern counties of England, we have,
nevertheless, nothing but commendation for the actual performance
of the natural history work in the two first parts before us. Agreeably
unusual, both in the inception and the realisation, the projectors .
appear to have been far-sighted and felicitous ; they have had clearly
before them at start what was wanted, and that want they have com-
menced to supply with care and perspicuity.

Each part of the Note-book is divided into two sections—paged
separately—with the hindmost of which, the Natural History Record,
we are, of course, only concerned. It fills some fifty clearly-printed
pages, embellished by a judicious use of thick-letter type for species-
names, in the two parts; and is edited by Mr. J. A. Martindale,
whose name is a quite sufficient guarantee that precision of statement
and scrupulous accuracy in matters of detail, will be preferred to that
more showy copiousness which is so often, alas! the vitiating factor
in natural history lucubration. The papers are somewhat fragmentary
(e.g., the isolated, tentative or rather provisional ‘ List of Sedges,’
which might have been made fuller for District 6 at least by easy
references) as must needs be where the raison d’étre of the whole
endeavour is ‘to work out in full’ what is far from thoroughly known
at present ; but each paper is, after all, a genuine instalment—a stone
of known weight and proportion added to the cairn that shall some
day by such additions become a lasting monument to the labours of
the early workers. The first paper is, appropriately, ‘Our District,’ in
which the editor briefly sketches its salient features, and it is accom-
panied by a map (on a sufficient scale, 4 miles to the inch) of the
Watsonian comital area 69, that is to say, Westmorland with that
detached portion of Lancashire known as Furness, which—drained
by the Leven, Crake, and Duddon—is phyto-geographically one with
it. This map is a good one, showing with commendable clearness
the six very unequal river-basin districts into which the area is divisible.
The limitations of the Tees district as regards the Troutbeck tributary
seem not to be quite accurately indicated by the coloured area, but
this is the only shortcoming apparent.

An instalment of a List of the Larger Kendal Fungi (by Rev. C. H.
Waddell), enumerating 138 species down to Dacrymyces; a List of
Aug. 1888.

236 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

the Cambrian and Silurian Fossils in the Kendal Museum (by Rev.
Geo. Crewdson); a List of the Birds of the Lake District (by Mr.
John Watson)—a too-brief instalment again, and some Meteorological
Returns, complete the tale of papers in the two first parts.

In conclusion, we can sincerely aver that this serial serves a well-
considered end, and should reap the success it plainly deserves. It
only remains to say—for our part without jealousy—V//oreat.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Black-throated Diver near Bingley.—I saw a Black-throated Diver
(Colymbus arcticus) a week or two ago, which had been shot at Manywells the last
winter. It had not attained its full plumage, being probably in its second year’s
moult, and is the only specimen recorded for this district. —E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD,
Wilsden near Bingley, April 1oth, 1888.

Alarm Note of the Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola).—On or about
June 15th, last year, I was walking in a wild place some six or seven miles
from Dumfries, and about two from New Abbey, where it was said a hamlet had
once found a site, and in which what might have been the ruins of dwellings
and their containing enclosures were mingled up with grassy glades and
straggling groups of natural wood-growth and underwood, when my attention was
arrested by frequent bird-notes reminding one of the cry of the Curlew when
suddenly disturbed, and yet, with all their resemblance, distinctly different.
Curlews were there certainly; for the wood-grown space I was in was separated
on one side by one of the customary dry granite walls of the district from the moor
lying at the foot of a considerable range of granite hills. I was looking for a
plant or two I was told grew near, or for a butterfly or the like, for some very
juvenile naturalists of my acquaintance, and I thought I saw a Woodcock go down
under a holly-bush about ten yards from where I was standing. Going forward
quickly to see if I could flush it, I disturbed rather a good moth, which flew out
into the open and settled among the rough herbage of what would have been a
damp or boggy place but for the prevalent droughty weather. Pursuing it, I was
immediately greeted with a repetition of the notes which had caught my attention
shortly before. They came from a pair of Woodcock which were flying about
just above the tops of the trees, precisely as do the Lapwing, the Redshank, or
any other of the birds whose habit it is to ‘mob’ the intruder upon their nesting
precincts. During some fifteen or twenty minutes this was continued, only
pausing when I went back under cover of the woodland growth. The moment I
reappeared in the open, these vociferous attentions were renewed, both birds
coming within twenty yards of me times without number. I was already aware
that the Woodcock bred in considerable numbers in some woods barely a mile
distant, but I had never before seen anything like this on the part of a nesting
Woodcock. Certainly on one occasion, about three years ago, I had heard a
Woodcock giving utterance to a series of short, rather peculiar, notes (two or three
of thein emitted in quick succession) while on the wing. There was some
pigeon-shooting going on in a low meadow about a third of a mile from where I
was standing, and on the hill-side rising from this meadow to the level of our
Danby ‘Low Moors,’ was a five-and-forty acre bit of young wood which has
always been a safe place for a cock or two if there were any in the country. The
Woodcock I speak of continued to fly round and round in wide circles for a con-
siderable space of time, and was ‘left’ so flying. {t came within shot of me
half-a-dozen or half-a-score times, and during the whole space of time I continued
to observe it, the notes I have mentioned continued to be uttered at intervals of a
minute or two. I have not seen any notice of either of these habits of the Wood-
cock in any account or monograph of the bird I have met with, and they may be
worth recording. The low note emitted as the birds fly in the gloaming to their
feeding-places seems to be quite distinct from either of those I have here noticed.
—J.C. ATKINSON, Danby-in-Cleveland.

Naturalist,

23H)

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
| AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY.

THE excursion to Robin Hood’s Bay, arranged for Monday, July
16th, had long been anticipated by the members of the Union,
particularly those in the geological section, with the liveliest feelings
of pleasure. Alas! when the long expected day arrived, our phenom-
enal summer dealt hardly with those who, many of them from a
distance, had travelled to the classic region of the Peak, the southern
cheek of Robin Hood’s Bay. All day the rain fell most heavily and
relentlessly, and worse, a dense sea fog obscured the majestic cliffs
and beautiful scenery which they had hoped to explore. Upon
arrival at Peak Station, the whole party, with two or three exceptions,
ranged themselves under the leadership of the President of the Union
(Mr. W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S.), and attempted, in spite of the
terrific rain, a little field work, but were very soon compelled to
discontinue and return to Scarborough. Upon arrival it was judged
best to resort at once to the Museum of the Scarborough Philosophical
Society, where the members thoroughly inspected the grand collection
of geological specimens, natural history objects, and antiquities
there, by the kindness of Mr. Phillips, thrown open to them. The
typical specimens of the Oolitic and Liassic fossils of the district were
closely examined, and one object which attracted much attention was
a fine specimen of the egg of the Great Auk, which on account of its
rarity is now of such great value. One most pleasurable reminiscence
will be the examination of the specimens collected by William Smith,
‘the father of geology,’ for many years a resident in the neighbourhood.

No sectional meetings were held, but the general meeting was duly
held with the President of the Union in the chair. The following new
members were then unanimously elected: Miss Gertrude Walker, Lees
House, Thornhill Edge, Dewsbury; J. W. Woodall, M.A., F.G.S.,
St. Nicholas’ House, Scarborough; Oswald Dawson, Caledonian
House, Leeds; J. W. Abram, Foston, via Hull; and Francis Augustine
Grimston, Mosergh, Kendal. Upon the roll of Societies being called
over, it was found that representatives from the following were
present—Leeds Naturalists’ Club, Goole Scientific Society, York and
District Field Naturalists’ Society, Leeds Geological Association, Brad-
ford Scientific Association, Malton Naturalists’ Society, Keighley Scien-
tific and Literary Society, Ackworth School Natural History Society,
Scarborough Philosophical Society, and Hull Geological Society.
The Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., President of the Geological Section,
then moved a vote of thanks to the gentlemen who had conducted

the excursion, viz., Messrs. W. H. Hudleston, M.A., F.R.S., M. B.
Aug. 1888. Q

238 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY.

Slater, and Thomas Bunker, and remarked that after all the discomfort
and disappointment, the geologists had had an excellent opportunity
of studying denudation. The resolution was seconded by Mr. S. Chad-
wick, and carried by acclamation. The President, in returning
thanks, said that of course it would have been much more satisfactory
if the weather had permitted the programme to be fully carried out,
for at no point in England could grander geological lessons be
obtained. He paid a tribute to those who had accompanied him
thus far, despite the adverse circumstances, and complimented them
on their true Yorkshire pluck and spirit. He then alluded in most
sympathetic terms to the absence of their valued senior secretary,
Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., who had met with a severe street
accident, causing a fracture of the left thigh, and was deeply gratified
to inform them that Mr. Roebuck was progressing very satisfactorily.
Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., then proposed, and Mr. M. B. Slater
seconded, a vote of thanks to the Scarborough Philosophical Society,
for the use of the museum and for the hearty kindness with which
they had been received. ‘The museum that day, in addition to its
classic stores of geology, had been a real ‘refuge in the storm.’
Mr. Phillips responded for the Scarborough Society, and gave a
sincere welcome to the members present. He too, deeply regretted
the unfortunate weather as he was sure that if the whole programme
could have been carried through, the visit to the Peak would never
have been forgotten. He urged that another visit should be made.
A vote of thanks was then passed to the gentlemen who had
contributed to the excursion circular, viz., the President, Messrs. T,
Newbitt, J. T. Sewell, W. Denison Roebuck, W. Cecil Scott,
and the Rev. W. C. Hey. The sectional reports were then presented.

For the Vertebrate Zoology section, Mr. Thomas Bunker, the
sectional officer present, reported that his party consisted of himself,
but that the weather being so bad, very few birds had been observed ;
amongst those seen were mentioned the Jackdaw, Blackcap, Yellow
Bunting (with nest and eggs), Blackbird, Thrush, Starling, Lapwing
(already in flocks), Havens Accentor, Sparrow, Whitethroat, and
Meadow Pipit.

For the Botanical section, Mr. M. B. Slater of Malton, one of the
secretaries, reported :— From the list of plants seen, it will be observed
that the flora of the district, although varied, is composed mostly of
plants of general distribution throughout our island. The soil of the
district examined is of a stiff clayey nature, retaining moisture, and
evidently fairly fertile by the variety of plants seen in so small an
area. Only the cliffs and the lower portion of the valley were

explored ; the higher ground was to have been gone over on Monday ;
Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY. 239

little, however, could be done, owing to the torrents of rain and
dense fog, which fairly caused the visitors to beat a retreat.

Fortunately, some few of the members got to Robin Hood’s Bay
on Saturday, which enabled them to explore some portion of the
district. The cellular cryptogams seen from the following list are, like
the flowering plants, mainly of general distribution. ‘The district is
evidently not so rich in variety, and has not the rare plants in this.
group that are met with in the Esk valley and its tributaries.

FLOWERING PLANTS.

Ranunculus auricomus. Sanicula europzea.
Ranunculus acris. Bunium flexuosum.
Ranunculus repens. Heracleum sphondylium.
Cardamine pratensis. Cheerophyllum sylvestre.
Sinapis arvensis. ~ Cheerophyllum anthriscus.
Capsella bursa-pastoris. Galium cruciata.
Polygala vulgaris. Galium aparine.
Lychnis vespertina. Asperula odorata.
Lychnis diurna. Sherardia arvensis.
Stellaria graminea. Eupatorium cannabinum.
Stellaria holostea. Tussilago farfara.
Cerastium glomeratum. Hieracium pilosella.
Sagina procumbens. Leontodon hispidus.
Hypericum perforatum. Hypocheeris radicata.
Linum catharticum. Crepis virens.

Oxalis acetosella. Carduus lanceolatus.
Ononis arvensis. Carduus palustris.
Medicago lupulina. Myrrhis odorata.
Trifolium pratense. Melampyrum pratense.
Trifolium repens. Erica cinerea.

Anthyllis vulneraria. Vaccinium myrtillus.
Lotus corniculatus. Lysimachia nemorum.,
Centaurea nigra. Myosotis sylvatica.
Vicia hirsuta. Scrophularia nodosa,
Vicia sepium. Veronica chameedrys.
Lathyrus pratensis. Veronica beccabunga.
Spirzea ulmaria. Stachys sylvatica.
Geum rivale. Teucrium scorodonia.
Agrimonia eupatoria. Ajuga reptans.

Fragaria vesca. Prunella vulgaris.
Potentilla reptans. Daphne laureola.
Epilobium hirsutum. Orchis maculata.
Epilobium parviflorum. Epipactis latifolia.

Circzea lutetiana.
SEDGES AND GRASSES.

Carex vulpina. Festuca pratensis.

Carex sylvatica. Lolium perenne.

Trisetum flavescens. Dactylis glomerata.
Holcus lanatus. Arrhenatherum avenaceum.
Alopecurus pratensis. Poa trivialis.

Cynosurus cristatus.
Aug. 1888. -

240 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY.

FERNS.
Lastrea filix-mas. Scolopendrium vulgare.
Lastrea dilatata. Athyrium filix-foemina,
Polystichum aculeatum. Equisetum maximum.
MOSSES.
Trichostomum tophaceum Brid. Rhynchostegium confertum Dicks.
Barbula muralis L. Amblystegium serpens L.
Barbula unguiculata Dil. Hypnum filicinum L.
Ulota bruchii Hornsch. Hypnum commutatum Hedw.
Orthotrichum affine Schrad. Hypnum molluscum Hedw.
Bryum capillare L. Hypnum cuspidatum L.
Bryum pallens. Hypnum purum L.
Weisia viridula Brid. Hypnum resupinatum Wils.
Thuidium tamariscinum Hedw. Hypnum stellatum Schreb. |
Brachythecium rutabulum L. Hylocomium triquetrum L.
Eurhynchium striatum Schreb. Hylocomium loreum L,
Eurhynchium prelongum Dill.
; HEPATICE.
Fegatella conica (L.). Jungermania riparia Tayl.
Frullania dilatata (L.). Jungermania turbinata Rad.
Radula complanata (L.). Aneura sinuata Dicks.
Lophocolea bidentata (L.). Pellia epiphylla {L.).

Kantia trichomanis (L.).

The sections of Conchology, Entomology, and Micro-Zoology and
Micro-Botany were not represented.

For the Geological section, the President of the Union delivered
a most instructive address, drawing attention to the development of
the strata in the district visited, and successively describing the Sand-
stone or Moor Grit capping the cliffs, the Scarborough or Grey
Limestone series, the Middle shales and sandstones, the Millepore
bed, the Lower Estuarine shales and sandstones, the Dogger (with
its divisions—the true Dogger, including the Nerinza bed, the Yellow
sandrock and the Grey sandrock), the ‘striatulus’ or passage beds,
and the alum or ‘communis’ shales of the Upper Lias. He also
drew attention to the stratigraphy of the coast between the mouth of
the Tees and the Humber, where, passing southwards, we come upon
newer strata, with a slight dip to the south-east, except where faults
break the continuity, of which that at the Peak is the most remarkable.

Mr. Adamson, F.G.S., the senior secretary of the section, also
thus reports upon the work actually accomplished during the day.
Upon arrival at the Peak Station Mr. Hudleston would, considering the
storm then beating, have advised the total relinquishing of the pro-
gramme, but at the urgent entreaties of several members he consented
to lead the way down the line and visit the Crag Hall Quarry, of
course, further willing, if possible, to carry out the full day’s work.
Accordingly the path was taken along the line to show the effects of

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT ROBIN HOOD’S BAY. 241

the great fault at the Peak. No clear section of this was seen beyond
the decided curve of the beds of the Middle Estuarine sandstones,
which are thrown, a little further on, against the beds of the Upper
Lias. ‘Mr. Hudleston still further indulged the enthusiastic hammer-
men by visiting the Crag Hall Quarry, where a notable section was
examined and a lucid description given. his quarry is simply a —
giant excavation left by the alum-workers of former days, when the
shales of this coast were valuable, commercially considered. Now,
by the rapid development of modern chemistry, the residuals from
our gasworks have entirely supplanted this industry of the Yorkshire
coast, and hence we see the immense heaps of shale, débris, and
calcined material left. And now an arduous ascent was made from
the railway, and shortly afterwards, by an unctuous and yet pre-
cipitous descent, the Crag Hall Quarry was inspected.

The Crag Hall section is a very instructive one. Here were
shown the Lower Estuarine shales and sandstones resting upon the
Dogger series, which again rested upon the alum shales, or ‘com-
munis’ beds of the Upper Lias. The ‘striatulus’ beds, which may
fairly be considered as passage beds between the Oolite and the Lias,
are wanting in this quarry, and, indeed, the Dogger, which at the
other side of the fault attains a thickness of nearly roo ft., including
the Yellow and Grey sandrocks, 1s here attenuated to 4 ft. only. This
remarkable difference. in the thickness of the strata in such a short
distance is a most important geological problem, and must be duly
considered. To use the words of the President, ‘it can hardly be
supposed that, the distance being short, this is due to non-deposition.
It really looks as if the bed of the Liassic sea was lifted on the
upthrow side of the great fault, and thus brought under the influence
of denuding currents, or that the downthrow side sank so as to be
preserved from such action. It is a remarkable coincidence that on
the westward or upthrow side of the great fault there should be such
a disappearance of beds in so short a space. The subject, when
more thoroughly investigated, may serve to throw more light upon
the changes of level and of other physical conditions which marked
the close of the Liassic epoch and the commencement of the
Oolitic.’ The heavy rain now beat more pitilessly than ever, and
with extreme reluctance and regret a return had to be made to
the station, although if Mr. Hudleston had considered it safe to
descend the wet and slippery shales to the shore, the members
would loyally have followed him. Yet enthusiasts, if wise, will
always submit to experience and knowledge; therefore the train
for Scarborough was regained. It was certainly a most acute
disappointment that, from the violence of the storm, the most
Aug. 1888. |

242 NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY.

valuable part of the day’s work had to be deferred, but still we must
look to a better and brighter day, when Mr. Hudleston will once
again give Yorkshire geologists the benefit of his experience, and
thoroughly describe to them that wonderful feature in Yorkshire
geology, the Peak. This immediate district must, without fail, be
made the centre of another excursion.

Mr. Stears, of Hull, and Mr. Phillips, of Scarborough, respectively .
moved and seconded a vote of thanks to the President of the Union
for his valuable address, and for the great kindness he had shown in
coming so far to give them the benefit of his experience. This was
enthusiastically carried, after which the President moved, and the
Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., seconded, a vote of thanks to Messrs.
Adamson and Scott for the admirable way in which, during the
enforced and regretted absence of Mr. Roebuck, they had con-
ducted general matters, whereby the circular had not been delayed,
nor the interests of the Union caused to suffer. Mr. Adamson, in
replying, stated he would do his utmost for the Union in this
emergency, and would assist his valued and dear friend Mr. Roebuck
in every way possible. ‘The members afterwards had tea together at
Bearup’s Station Hotel. pl) ad ahd

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Notes from Flamborough.—Great arrivals of our summer visitants this
season on the Headland, Flamborough: Redstart (Rzticilla phanicurus) and
Wheatear (Saxicola wnanthe) first seen April 6th; no more arrivals for several
days. April 24th, I saw four Swallows (Azrundo rustica); April 25th, first
appearance of the Cuckoo (Cuczlus canorus); April 26th and 27th, large numbers
of the Flycatchers were to be seen in nearly every field; April 28th, great arrivals
of the Ring Ouzel (Zurdus torqguatus): April 29th, I also observed the Swift
(Cypselus apus).—MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, May 12th, 1888.

Bittern near Ripon.—lI saw a fine stuffed Bittern (Botaurus stellaris) late in
January of 1887, and I was told that it had been shot during the first week of
January 1887, at Norton Conyers near Ripon.—H. S. Byers, Stockton-on-Tees.

The Ornithology of Skiddaw, Sca Fell, and Helvellyn. — As a
student of the ornithology of the Lake district, I have waited for weeks for
the appearance of Mr. Watson’s long-promised paper. I felt certain that his
‘peculiarly favourable’ opportunities for observation ‘ during many successive
seasons’ would supply us with new and interesting facts. My expectations have
been realized. I had often wondered where the downy nestling of the common
Sandpiper, figured by Yarrell, was captured. It is mentioned in letters of June
28th, 1837, and January 1oth, 1838, from Mr. Yarrell to Mr. Heysham, but these
letters, now on my table, throw no light on the locality concerned. It is gratifying
to learn from Mr. Watson that it was ‘ from the neighbourhood of these mountains,’
I had always supposed, from observation and dissection, that the Peregrine fed
entirely on live prey. But we learn from Mr. Watson that this falcon is a carrion-
bird, for he tells us at p. 165 that the Peregrines ‘ benefit ’ by mortality among the
sheep. This is a new light to me, and I.am thankful for it. I had always found
that the Golden Plover abandoned its gregarious habits in the nesting season, but
as Mr. Watson has found a ‘ nesting colony,’ my experience must have been unfor-
tunate. I have never seen the Shag inland, nor is it a common bird on the Cum-
berland coast. It is therefore due to Mr. Watson to say that he is the first to detect
its presence on Crummock Water. I trust that Mr. Watson’s ready pen will give
us some more of his picturesque sketches of bird-life.—H. A. MACPHERSON.

Naturalist,

243
NEWTS NEAR WARRINGTON.

SoME time ago we received a copy of Mr. Linnzeus Greening’s paper
on ‘ British Newts,’ read by him before the Warrington Field Club
on the 21st January, 1887. It is a most detailed and exhaustive
paper, dealing with structure, development, habits, life-history, etc.,
and from it we take the liberty of extracting the faunistic information
which falls within the scope of our journal.

Of the Smooth Newt (Molge vulgaris), Mr. Greening says :—
‘This newt is the commonest, being found almost everywhere in the
British Isles ; but at the same time it is exceedingly local ; it may be
found in one pit, although in the adjoining pits it does not occur.
It is never found, so far as I know, in swift running streams or dirty
waters. JI have taken specimens at Stretton Hill Cliffe, Dallam,
Bewsey, Stockton Heath, Walton, Arpley, and Hartford.’

Of the Great Warty Newt (Molge cristata), he remarks :—‘ This
species is not so common as JZ. vulgaris. I have caught it at
Frodsham, Stretton, and Hartford, and I have had specimens from
Soham and Scarborough. Ina pool at Hartford these newts abound,
and are of all sizes, from 3 in. to 6 in. long; out of a large quantity
taken the majority were small.’

Of the Palmated Newt (J/olge palmata), it is written:—‘ This
certainly is the rarest of our British species, though possibly its rarity
has been exaggerated, as it has been sometimes mistaken for the
common newt (JZ. vulgaris). It had never been recorded as existing
in Lancashire till Mr. J. A. Jackson caught in a small mill dam, near
Garstang, what were locally thought to be the common smooth newts,
and he having kindly brought me a few of these, I found them to be
M. palmata, and had the pleasure of recording this fact in the
‘Zoologist’’ for June 1886. It is curious that all these newts were
caught within an area of two yards square ; and that in other parts
of the pool the net was tried in vain. I have noticed this peculiarity
in many pits, but have been unable to find a perfectly satisfactory
reason for it, though it is probably owing to a greater abundance of
food and suitable vegetation over that particular area.’

Some of our readers will be interested in Mr. Greening’s table
of specific characters, which we accordingly reproduce :—

‘Molge cristata (Great Warty Newt).—Skin covered with minute
warty excrescences, ground colour black or dark brown, with black
spots.. Belly deep orange, with black spots. Throat black, covered
with small white spots. Colours of female as male—but distinguished
by yellow line along lower surface of tail. Length 5 in. to 6 in.
Female in this as in other species larger than male. Summer crests
of males broken.

244 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

‘Molge vulgaris (Smooth Newt).—Skin smooth, ground colour
dark brown, with black spots. Belly bright orange, with black spots.
Throat light yellow, with black spots. Female—ground colour
greenish brown, belly pale yellow (which is continued to end of tail
on the under side, as in other species), with small black spots.
Summer crests of males unbroken. Length 34 in. to 4 in.

‘Molge palmata (Palmated Newt).—Skin smooth, ground colour
greenish brown, with small black spots. — Belly pale yellow, with few
black spots. The throat in both sexes is creamy white, and quite free
from spots. Female lighter colour than male, characterised by yellow
line at base of tail. Summer crests low, dorsal lines very prominent,
hind feet of both sexes webbed, much more so in male, which also
has truncate tailin summer. Length 24 in. to 24 in.’

NOLL HENMIP EER AG

Hemiptera-Heteroptera in the Isle of Man.—The following were my
captures in September 1887, all in the south near Castletown. Although the
number of species is small, the individuals of some swarmed, notably Lygus
pratensis and Presmia guadrata in their respective habitats.

Pentatoma verbasct, Liygus kaliniz.
Prezodorus lituratius. Lygus pastinace.

Scolopostethus ericetorv uti.
Stygnocoris sabulosus.
Stygitocoris arenarvus.
Piesma quadrata.
Monanthia cardur.
Acalypta parvula.
Miris calcaratus.
Miris levigatus.
Megalocerea erratica,
Lygus pabulinus.

Ly gus pratensts.

Lygus cervinus.
Monalocores filtcis.
Atorhinus angulatus.
Chlamydatus anbulans.
Psallus sanguineus.
Anthocoris nemorum.
Anthocorts stemoralts.
Nabis ferus.

Nabis rugosus.

Salda saltatoria.

Velia currens.

JAS. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, Lincolnshire, June 23rd, 1888.

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Lepidoptera near Halifax in 1887.—The only rare captures made in this
district last season were three specimens of Cyatophora ridens and one of Sphinx
convoluult. C. ridens came to light.—G. F. HARDING, 4, Back Crib Lane,
Halifax, April 16th, 1888.

Thecla rubi on Barden Moor, Wharfedale.—On Monday, May 2Ist,
I took Thecla rubi commonly on Barden Moor. In crossing the moor a few years:
ago, on the 7th of May, I took an odd specimen about the same locality, which
seemed to me a strange habitat for this species, but thought at the time it had got
- there by accident. The conditions, however, under which the above specimens
were taken this year suggested no other alternative than that they had been bred
from larvee fed upon plants on the moor, though a search revealed no plants other
than the commoner moorland species. Its presence in any abundance seemed to:
be confined to one particular spot, my boxes being filled without moving many
paces, and they were evidently fresh out.—E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD, Wilsden,
May 28th, 1888.

Naturalist»

245

SOME INGLEBOROUGH COLEOPTERA.

J. W..CARTER,

Entomological Recorder, Bradford Naturalists Society, ete.

DuRING two ascents of Ingleborough—one on the 11th of April,
1884, in company with Mr. H. T. Soppitt, of Bradford, and Mr. J. A.
Butterfield of Lewisham, and again on April 3rd, 1885, also in
company with Mr. Soppitt—several species of coleoptera, some of
exceptional interest, were collected, the following list of which may
be of interest to some of the readers of Zhe Waturalist.

Those marked * are new county records.

Carabus arvensis F. One on the side of Ingleborough at an
elevation of about 2,000 ft., April 1884 (J.A.B. and H.T-S.).
Only once previously taken in the county, viz., at Strensall
Common (Ent. Trans. Y. N. U.).

Notiophilus aquaticus L. In boggy ground at the foot of Ingle-
borough, April 1885. A blue-black variety occurred with the
type.

Notiophilus palustris Duft. One at the base of Ingleborough,
April 1885. This and the preceding species are new to the
north-west portion of the county.

Notiophilus biguttatus F. Common about Ingleborough and
the neighbourhood, 1884 and 1885.

Nebria gyllenhalii Sch. Very abundant on the summit of Ingle-
borough, April 1884. Amongst them were three or four
examples with the elytra ‘ entirely rust-red,’ a form mentioned
by the Rev. Canon Fowler in his admirable work on ‘ British
Coleoptera.’

Clivina fossor L. At the base of Ingleborough, 1885.

*Patrobus assimilis Chaud. In great abundance on the summit
of Ingleborough, April 1884. I think that everyone who has
examined large numbers of this form from varying altitudes
cannot but agree with Mr. Fowler in regarding it as ‘merely a
highland variety’ of P. excavatus Payk. I have taken it at an
elevation of from goo to above 2,000 ft., those taken at the
highest point being the most pronounced asszmz/is, while at
lower elevations, forms not agreeing exactly with either, but
partaking of the characters of both, are often met with.

Pterostichus nigrita F. Common in the neighbourhood of
Ingleborough, 1884 and 1885.

Aug. 1 888.

246 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

*Pterostichus zthiops F. One each by Mr. Soppitt and myself,
at the base of Ingleborough, April 3rd, 1885.
Badister bipustulatus F. One given me by my friend, Mr. T,
Hey of Derby, taken on Ingleborough, 1887.
Calathus melanocephalus L. Common in the neighbourhood
of Ingleborough.
*Var. nubigena Hal. On the sides and at the foot of Ingle-
borough, 1884 and 1886.
Anchomenus albipes F. At the foot and in the neighbourhood
of Ingleborough, common.
Byrrhus fasciatus F. Not uncommon on the summit of Ingle-
borough, 1884.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Stigmonota dorsana at Axwell.—On the 27th May I observed several
specimens of a pretty little Tortrix (St2gmonota dorsana) on the wing, in a field
at Hage Hill, near Axwell.—TuHos. H. HEDWORTH, 31, Spoor Street, Dunston-
on-Tyne, July 2nd, 1888.

NOTE—COLEOPTERA.

Carabus glabratus and other Beetles in the Lake District.—Amongst a
number of beetles kindly given me by our energetic friend, Mr. W. West, F.L.S.,
and taken by him in the Lake District in June 1884, were four specimens of the
rare Carabus glabratus Payk., three of which were taken on Scawfell Pike, and
one on Serjeant Mann, 2,000 ft. There were also several examples of /Vebrvza
gyllenhalit Sch., Carabus catenulatus Scop., very fine, Geotrupes sylvaticus Panz.,
Lema cyanella F., and Corymbites cupreus var. eruginosus F., all taken on the
above-mentioned hills and on Helvellyn. For the names of some of them I am
indebted to the kindness of Dr. Ellis, F.E.S., of Liverpool, who is ever willing
to assist his co-workers.—J. W. CARTER, Bradford, July 14th, 1888.

NOTES—BOTANY.

Varieties of Viola odorata.—I have found the red variety alluded to by
Mr. Gain, in South Notts. in two localities, but in very limited numbers in each
place. The red colour is very similar to that in the common Mallow. The white
and blue varieties are abundant with us on the heavy lands, but the white is most
plentiful. I believe the blue to be decreasing. —F. B. WHITLOCK, Attenborough,
Notts., 3rd July, 1888.

Ceterach officinarum in Wensleydale still.—A friend of John Percival’s
having stated that specimens of the above rare Yorkshire fern were growing on the ~
masonry of a certain bridge, Mr. Percival last week (July 1st—7th) visited the
locality, and had the satisfaction of confirming the report. It would be unwise to
indicate the spot more precisely than this: the station is in the Askrigg (middle)
third of Wensleydale, and it is not the Coverdale-head locality recorded by
Mr. M. B. Slater, nor is it the same as the Appersett Bridge and w ood-yard wall
station of Baker’s ‘ North Yorkshire.’ In this latter place it has long been extinct,
and in Mr. Percival’s station it may possibly have been planted. I examined both
walls of the bridge many times when resident at Hawes, and am quite positive it
was not there in 1884-6. Mr. Percival adds the satisfactory information that there
are six or seven roots of the fern, and that being high up on the wall, it would
require a ladder to extirpate it.—F. A. LEES.

Naturalist,

247

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

MOLLUSCA, 1886 and 1887.

THE present instalment, containing 183 titles of papers, is for the
two years 1886 and 1887, and covers a period of much greater con-
chological activity than the preceding two years, for which the Biblio-
graphy was published at pages 144-149 of this journal for May 1886.
Several of the papers are of high interest, notably the very complete
county-lists for Lancashire and Lincolnshire, two areas hitherto much
neglected conchologically, and several lists for smaller areas, mostly
in Yorkshire.

The Marine Shells—although they are the subject of five times
as many papers as In the previous biennial period—still account for
but an infinitesimal part of the attention which has been paid to
Conchology in our North Country, as only twenty-one of the titles
contain any reference to them, and not one of these is of any par-
ticular importance. ‘The twenty-one titles are those by Anon. [not
signed], T. D. A. Cockerell (three titles), W. Shewell Corder, R. D.
Darbishire, B. S. Dodd, W. Gain, Carleton Greene, W. H. Heathcote,
W. A. Herdman (two), W. C. Hey (three), H. Wallis Kew (four),
J. T. Marshall, and P. L. Simmonds.

Since former Bibliographies were published, the opinion of the
Editors as to the desirability of including titles of papers printed
in The Naturalist has changed, and they now think that each Biblio-
graphy ought to be a full and complete record of titles for the period
of time which it includes. Accordingly, the present instalment
embraces not only the complete record for the two years 1886 and
1887, but also the titles of papers published in this journal for 1884
and 1885, and designedly omitted at the time from the Bibliography
published for those years. ‘This new departure having been taken,
the present and former instalments, taken together, present a full and
complete record of the conchological literature of the eleven northern
counties (or eighteen vice-counties) for the four years they embrace.

-Conchological work being based, like botanical, on the recognition
of the equalised comital areas defined in ‘Watson’s Cybele Britannica,’
it will not be out of place here to enumerate those with which this
journal concerns itself:—Isle of Man, Cumberland, Westmorland
with Furness, Lancashire West, Lancashire South, Cheshire, Derby-
shire, Nottinghamshire, Lincoinshire South, Lincolnshire North,

Aug. 1888.

248 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

Yorkshire South-East, Yorkshire South-West, Yorkshire Mid-West,
Yorkshire North-West, Yorkshire North-East, Durham, Northumber-
land South, and Cheviotland. To these areas the amount of attention
paid by conchologists has been very unequal, for while Lancashire
and Yorkshire, Lincolnshire, Notts., and Cheshire have of late been
ardently investigated, a deep lethargy seems to have settled on the
Northumbrian area which of old could boast of Alder, Hancock,
Johnston, and others of like fame, while Cumberland seems to
depend upon the annual reporting of Miss Donald’s additions, and
the Isle of Man and Derbyshire, in spite of their SO Ee ea and
attractiveness, receive next to no attention.

ANON. [not signed]. York S.E.

[Helix lactea at Filey, Aug. 5th, 1885]. Young Nat., Jan. 1886, vil. 15
(copied from N. H. Journ., “Dec. 15th, 1885, ix. 187).

ANON. [signed L. R. and B. B. L. T.]. York N.E., York N.W.
York, Bootham. School News [He/ix arbustorum, H. caperata, and Hi, ertce-

torum taken at Castle Howard, and 4. rufescens and 4. lapicida in Wensley-
dale, by O. Morland]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1886, x. 102.
ANON. [not signed]. Linc. N.
Louth Naturalists’ Society [report on mollusca ; the list now amounts to
58 species ; Anodonta cygnea, Paludina contecta, Bythinia leachit, Planorbis
corneus, Arion subfuscus, Cyclostoma, and Carychium noted ; estuarine shells
noted are Alelampus myosotis, Hydrobia ulva, Littorina littorea, L. rudis vars.
tenebrosa and similis found in the salt-marsh at Saltfleet]. Nat. World, Aug.
1886, iii. 158.
ANON. [not signed]. York S.W.
Ackworth Reports.—Natural History Society [Acme at Went Vale;
Vertigo minutissima at Smeaton Crags; V. antivertigo and Carychium in
grass fields; Pistdium roseum at Hessle; and enormous specimens of an
Anodonta in Stapleton Park]. Nat. Hist. Journ, Sep. 15th, 1887, xi. 128.

Anon. [Editorial]. Cheshire, Isle of Man.

Bulimus acutus ; a query [as to whether it occurs in Lancashire, Westmorland,
or Cumberland; and noting that it is on record for Cheshire and Isle of Man].
Nats, Dees 1864) p: 112:

Jor BATEs. Lane. S.

Planorbis dilatatus at chen! [identified by Thomas Rogers]. Nat. World,
May 1887, iv. 83.

J. BATEs. Lance. S.

Additional Note on Planorbis dilatatus and P. glaber at Burnley [dis-
covered June 1886 amongst Valvata piscinalis, and afterwards found in
another place near Burnley]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 221.

T. W. BELL. York S.E.

[Helix rufescens and vars. albida and rubens, H. nemoralis and H.
aspersa from Driffield]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885, iv. 260.

[T. W. BELt.] York Mid W., Linc. S.

[Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Mollusca: Hex rotundata v. alba, Pupa
umbilicata and Helix rupestris from Crina Bottom, Ingleton, H. Shaw ;
Clausilia dubia, Pupa secale and Zua from White Scar, Ingleboroughy,
H. Shaw ; and Limmnea stagnalis, L. peregra, L. palustris, Planorbis corneus,
P. marginatus, P. albus, P. vortex, Paludina contecta, and Bythinia tenta-
culata from Crowland Wash]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 134.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87. 249

W. D. BRAITHWAITE, Secretary. York S.W.

Ackworth School Natural History Society [with notes of Limnea glabra—
erroneously recorded as Planorbis glabeyr—in great quantity ina small pond near
Primrose Vale, and of Limne@a stagnalis of normal shape at Wintersett,
Oct. 17th]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1886, x. 169, and Erratum, Dec.
15th, 1886, x. 188.

W. D. BRAITHWAITE, Secretary. York S.W.

Ackworth Natural History Society [Zimnea auricularia, L. palustris and

Paludina contecta at Askern, May 26th, 1887]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th,
1887, xi. 106.

[J. DARKER BUTTERELL. | York S.E.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pocklington [June 24th, 1885 ; Avion

ater, A. hortensis, Limax agrestis, L. levis, L. maximus, L. flavus, Anodonta
cyonea, Pisidium pusillum, Planorbis albus, Pl. complanatus, Limnea peregra,
L. truncatula, Zonites nitidulus, Z. alliarius, Helix aspersa, H. nemoralis,
H!, hortensis, H. cantiana, Hl. hispida, H. rotundata, Bulimus obscurus,
Clausilia rugosa, C. laminata, Zua, and Carychium, noted]. Nat., Aug.
1885, p. 308.
S. C. COCKERELL. Lanc. W., Furness.
Mollusca of Coniston and Carnforth, Lancashire [April 6th et seq., 1887;
three species of Zzmax, two of Arion, Vitrina, eight of Zonztes, Helix aspersa,
HT, nemoralis, H. aculeata, H. ericetorum, H. rufescens, H. pulchella, A.
rotundata, H. rupestris, H. hispida, Bulimus obscurus, Zua, Pupa umbilicata,
Vertigo edentula, Claustlia rugosa and vars., Valvata piscinalis, Physa fontinalzs,
Ancylus fluviatilis, and Limnea peregra v. lacustris noted]. Nat., June 1887,
p. 190.
“YO Dy Av COCKERELL. Lanc. S., Cheshire.
A September Walk through Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire [made
from Sep. 9th to 12th, 1885; the route was from Liverpool by Prescot, Rainhill,
Warrington, Knutsford, Chelford, and Congleton to Leek, etc. ; numerous
species noted. with interesting remarks]. Nat., Feb. 1886, pp. 55-59.

Ty D.WA. COCKERELL. York N.E.

Marine Shells at Whitby [criticising the nomenclature of W. C. Hey’s record
of Zrochus cinereus ; editorial explanation appended]. Nat., March 1886, p.|78.

T. D. A. CocKERELL. Northumberland.
Arion subfuscus [Northumberland (Sutton)]. Sci. Goss., May 1886, p. 114.
TD. A. COCKERELL. wine. N.

Chameleonic Arions [a variety of A. hortensis with orange slime at Louth].
Sci. Goss., June 1886, p. 140.

T. D. A. COCcKERELL. Durham.

Mollusca from Seaton Carew, Co. Durham [collected by Rev. J. W.
Pattison; the marine shells mentioned are species and varieties of /ectez,
Mactra, Cardium, Tellina, Solen, Lucinopsis, Mya, Saxicava, Tapes, Lutraria,
Venus, Capulus, Emarginula, Patella, Helcton, Littorina, Lacuna, Trochus,
Lydrobia, Natica, Buccinum, Purpura, Nassa, and Melampus—35 forms in
all; the land and fresh-water ones are Lythinia tentaculata, Planorbis
spirorbis, Limnea peregra (2 vars.), Helix nemoralis and H. aspersa|. Nat.,
June 1886, p. 163.

T. D. A. CocKERELL. York N.W.

Shells in Coverdale and near Markington, N.W. Yorkshire [collected by
R. ©. Chaytor ; V2trzna, six species of Zonztes, Helix arbustorum and vars.,
Hf. concinna, H. rupestris, H. rufescens and v. rubens, H. hortensis v. lutea,
A. rotundata, Pupa umbilicata, Balea, Claustlia rugosa, Cl. laminata, Bulinius
obscurus, Zua and var. ovata, Azeca, Carychium, Linnea truncatula, Anodonta
anatina, Spherium corneum, S. lacustre, Pisidium pulchellum, Bythinia
tentaculata, Physa hypnorum, Ancylus fluviatilis, and Succinea putr?s|. Nat.,
June 1886, p. 163.

Aug. 1888

250 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

‘TesD Ay -COCckKERELE, Lanc. S.

Some varieties of British Shells [including Avzox ater var. atra Dum. &
Mort., Lancashire, near Warrington]. Nat. World, Sep. 1886, iii. 179.

T. D. A. COCKERELL. York Mid W., York N.E.
Slug Variation [with mention of Lzmax cinereo-niger var. luctuosa found at

Shipley Glen and of Arzon bourguignati at Middlesbrough]. Sci. Goss.,
Jan. 1887, p. 16.

' TT. D. A. COCKERELL. York S.W., Linc. N.

Helix virgata [var. nov. subdelees from Pontefract (G. Roberts); and
HI. caperata var. lutescens Pasc., from near Louth (H. W. Kew)]. Nat. World,
Jan. 1887, iv. 19.

T. D. A. COCKERELL. Cheshire, York S.W.
Helix ericetorum [var. *ooz0nza Pascal, near Chester (Tomlin); Avzox

hortensis v. nigra Mogq., Wakefield, as new to Britain, also noted]. WNat.,
Feb. 1887, p. 38.

T. D. A. CoCKERELL. Yorkshire.

On Melanism [based in part upon Yorkshire records of Limax agrestis var.
nigra]. Ent., March 1887, xx. 58-59.

T. D. A. CocKERELL. York S.E., York N.E.
Variation in Helices [G. Roberts has found trochiform A. semoralis and
fH, arbustorum living together near Wressle ; and Rev. W. C. Hey has found
reversed HY, virgata at Coatham within a few yards of the spot where he had
previously taken reversed 4. aspersa]. Sci. Goss., March 1887, p. 67.

Durham, Linc. N., Cheshire,
7. DD A. CockERELE. York S.W., York N.E.
Practical Naturalists’ Society.—Conchological Reeoriers Report for
1886 [the rare Scalaria trevelyana, Seaton Carew (Rev. J. W. Pattison) ;
Limnea peregra vars. lacustris and intermedia, L. auricularia var. acuta, and
Anodonta anatina var. rostrata, all from Louth (H. W. Kew) ; &. xemoralis,
Beeston, Cheshire (H. Friend), and var. a/bolabiata, Kiveton Park (H. Friend);
Arion subfuscus, Wakefield ; Succenea vitrea, Wressle; Arion bourguignatz,
Wakefield and Lofthouse]. Nat. World, March 1887, iv. 43-44.

T. D. A. COCKERELL. York S.E.

Notes on Some Species of Inland Mollusca [with woodcut of Szccinea
vitrea Jeff. from Wressle, Yorks.]. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., March 1887,
Fifth Series, xix. 175.

T. D. A. COCKERELL. York S.W.

The Variation and Abnormal Development of the Mollusca [referring
to Kiveton Park specimens of Hel¢x nemoralis]. Sci. Goss., Aug. 1887, p. 178.

[E. CoLLier.] Lane-/S:

[Planorbis dilatatus from Canal at Reddish, and P. sfivorbzs, curiously
distorted, from a ditch at Rusholme, Manchester]. Journ. of Conch., July
1887), V2, 202:

EDWARD COLLIER. Lancashire (absence).
Bulimus acutus . . [absent from Lancashire]. Nat., March 1885, p. 181.
[W. E. COLLINGE. ] . York Mid W.

[Limnza palustris from Clapham Common, and Clausilia dubia from
Ingleborough, exhibited to Conch. Soc., July Ist, 1886]. Journ. of Conch.,
Jan. 1887, v. 133.

[W. E. CoLuInceE.] York Mid W.

[Arion ater var. brunnea found between Ripon and Kirby Malzeard].
Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 134.

Naturalist,

BILLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87. 251

W. E. CoLvinGE, York Mid W.
Additions to the ‘ Mollusca of Clapham’ [ Helix concinna, Pisidium pusillum,
Planorbis vortex, Physa hypnorum, Limnea glabra and L. truncatula, for all

of which localities are given]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 195.

[W. E. CoLLINGE. ] York Mid W. or S.W.

[Small Limnza palustris from Bingley]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v.
204.

JOHN CORDEAUX. York S.E.

The Spurn [the kitchen middens of Kilnsea contain Helix nemoralis—‘ no
doubt used as food’; A. nemoralts and H. ericeforum abundant on the sand-
hills]. Nat., Aug. 1884, pp. 1-8.

W. SHEWELL CORDER. Lanc. W., Furness.

The Lancaster Sands [refers to the Cockles and the method of their collection
for the market; also to ancient ballad anent the cocklers, and to their
superstitions]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Dec. 15th, 1886, pp. 182-186.

R. D. DARBISHIRE. Northumberland.

Astarte borealis [from the beach at Warkworth, one valve, epidermis very
fresh]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885, iv. 270; copied in Sci. Goss., May
1885, p. 115.

R. D. DARBISHIRE, York S.W.

Achatina acicula at Knottingley [found in accordance with John Emmet’s
suggestions]. Nat., Sep. 1885, p. 320.

B. StuRGES DODD. Linc. N.

Paper on the Discovery of a new Marine Shell [7Zeredratula papillosa
Marshall] found at Skegness and Sutton-on-Sea [figured]. Trans. and 34th
Rep. of Nottingham Nat. Soc. for 1886 [pub. 1887], p. 76 and litho-plate.

[B. SrurcEs Dopp.] York S.W,
Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire Naturalists at Anston Stones [April 30th,
1885; <Achatina, Vertigo minutissima, three Spheria, Pisidium amnicum,
P. fontinale, both Anodonta, Neritina, Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis,
Planorbis albus, P. vortex, P. carinatus, Physa fontinalis, Limnea peregra,
L. stagnalis, Ancylus fluviatilis, Arion ater, A. hortensis, Limax agrestis,
Vitrina, Zoniles cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. crystallinus, Z. purus, Helix aculeata,
HT, nemoralis, H. hortensis, H. concinna, H. hispida, H. pulchella, H.
rotundata, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, and Zua]. Nat., June 1885,
p- 260.
J. DONALD. Cumberland.
Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Shells of Cumberland [P/azordbis
vortex and Pl. spirorbis, Pl. carinatus, Pl. contortus, Clausilia dubia, and
C. /aminata ; the number of Cumbrian species remains at 78, Pl. carinatus
as an addition balancing P/. vortex, struck out as misnomer]. Trans.
Cumb. and Westm. Ass., No. xi. (1885-86, pub. 1886), pp. 150-151.

Ep[i1ror]s., Nat. Hist. JOURNAL. Nottinghamshire, York S.W.

Ackworth Reports [of fine Zzmnea glabra in brick-ponds near Nostell, an
Anodonta cygnea 7+ inches long in Clumber Lake, and var. vos¢ya¢a found in
Walton Hall Lake]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1886, x. 167.

JoHN EMMET. York Mid W.
Achatina acicula (the Needle Agate Shell) and its occurrence and distribution
_ over the Magnesian Limestone of Yorkshire. Nat., July 1885, pp. 270-274.
JoHN EMMET. York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Blubberhouses [Sep. 26th, 1885 ;

only three species found, Avon hortensis, Limax agrestis, Zonites cellarius ;
reference made by W. Denison Roebuck to the addition of ZLrmax evs,
L. cinereo-niger, L. maximus, Limnea auricularia, L. truncatula, Pisidium
pusillum, and Zua bringing up the total recorded fauna for the Dale to 20—
a meagre total, but a most a es eible district]. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 380.

Aug. 1888.

252 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

[JoHN EMMET]. Geof, S: Wi,
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Askern [zoth May, 1886 ; species noted
were Spherium corneum, Bythinia tentaculata, Planorbis complanatus, P.
carinatus, P. albus, Limnea ovata, L. auricularia, L. truncatula, Valvata
pisctnalis, Unio tumidus, Anodonta cygnea, L. stagnalis, Pl. corneus, three
Arions, Limax maximus, L. levis, L. agrestis, two Succinee, Vitrina, Zonites
cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Z. crystallinus, Helix aspersa, Hl. nemoralis, H.
cantiana, H. hispida, A. rotundata and var. alba, Bulimus obscurus, Pupa
umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, Zua, and Carychiun). Nat., June 1886, pp.
189-190.
[JoHN EMMET.] York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Nidderdale [July 1886; Azeca
and Zonztes radiatulus added to the Upper Nidderdale list; 2. crystallinus,
Z. cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Clausilia rugosa, Helix hispida, H. rotundata,
Arion ater, and Limax agrestis (with v. zzgra) also noted]. Nat., Aug. 1886,
pp- 253-254.
W. W. FOWLER. Linc. N., Linc. S.
Helix arbustorum v. cincta and Limnza glabra near Lincoln [city ; but in
North and South Lincolnshire respectively]. Nat., May 1886, p. 149.

[F. G. FRYER]. York N.E.
[Helix cantiana on the way from York to Nova Scotia Wood]. Nat.
Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1886, x. 102.

W. GAIN. Nottinghamshire.
Unio pictorum at Ossington, Nottinghamshire [in abundance and of large size

as were also Anodonta cygnea ; measurements given]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 20.

W. GAIN. Linc. N.

Marine Shells at Mablethorpe [So/ex, Mfya, and Pholas plentiful ; an odd
valve of Pholas dactylus measured 42 inches]. WNat., Sep. 1884, p. 31.

W. GAIN. Nottinghamshire.

Unio pictorum at Ossington, Nottinghamshire [of large size; dimensions
given]. Nat., Dec. 1884, p. 112.

W. GAIN. Nottinghamshire.
Amalia gagates [var. plumbea] in Nottinghamshire [tolerably abundant
in writer’s garden at Tuxford, 36 miles from nearest coast]. Nat., Sep. 1885,
p. 32m
W. A. GAIN. Nottinghamshire, York S.W.
Paludina contecta in Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire [near Bawtry ; and
Balea perversa found at the junction of three Notts. parishes—Darlton, East
Markham, and East Drayton]. Journ. of Conch., July 1886, v. 80; and
Nat., July 1886, p. 213.
CARLETON GREENE. York S.E.

A List of Marine Shells obtained at Filey in August and September 1887
[giving first a list of 27 shells found on the beach, then a list of 12 brought
_by fishermen from the Dogger Bank, and a notice of a fine Cregzdu/a procured
from a fisherman, and stated to have come from the neighbourhood in the
course of trawling]. Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1887, v. 233-235.

J. A. HARGREAVES. York Mid W. or S.W.

Scalariform Planorbis spirorbis near Bingley [22nd Jan. 1887]. Nat.,
March 1887, p. 86.

W. Hy. HEATHCOTE. Lanc. W.

Lancashire Notes [made at Morecambe and Heysham, Sep. 7th, 1886;
Helix aspersa and var. minor, H. rufescens, H. caperata and vars. ornata and
gigaxiu, H. nemoralis, H. hortensts, H. hispida, Zonites cellarius, Z. alliarius,
Z. nitidulus, Vitrina, Cochlicopa lubrica and var. hyalina, Helix rupestris,
H, pulchella and var. costata, H. rotundata, and Pupa umbilicata, among land
shells; and Lzttorina littorea, Mytilus edulis, Cardium edule and vax. rustica,
Tellina, Mactra stultorum, Solen siliqua, and Buccinum undatum). Nat.
World, Feb. 1887, iv. 38. ~ Naturalist,

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PAGE ro)
Bibliography—Mollusca, 1886 and 1887 ‘ : 3 eB .. 253 to 263 = re
Utility of the Barn Owl—¥. A. Gurney, Fun., F.Z. Se PS B. O. a. ; 264 re
List of Plants noticed at Fylingdales ichis Hood’ s Bay) in September 1882 Sis
—C. C. Babington, M.A., F.RS. : 265 to 267 w a
New West Yorkshire Plant (eyrois rotundifolia) A. Bees M. KC; S. lige R. C. P. 267 = +
Notes on the Lapwing near Garstang—¥. A. Yackson .. Sle - Se .. 269 to 275 = her
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Market Weighton v; He as .. 277 to 282 0 eee
Harcourt Bath on British Birds (Review) .. Me a a os ee .. 283 & 284 Be 3
Notes—Mammalia . 263 ee
Whale at Flamborough — Matthew Bailey; Lincolnshire Bats—W. Denison 2.
Roebuck, F.L.S.; Water Shrew and Field Vole near Ripon—W. Denison 3 =e
Roebuck, F.L. ee c
Notes—Ornithology 264 & 276 o o
Unusual Nesting-site for Missel Thrush—£. P. P. Butterfield and F. A. Lees, ibe
M.R.C.S., £.R.C.P.; Fieldfares near Halifax in July—C. C. Hanson ; -~<£
Osprey near Alford— as. Eardley Masex; Food of Crossbills—¥ohn Sei
Cordeaux, M.B.O.U.; Crossbill at the Farne Islands—¥. A. Gurney, Fun., FS >
BS 3 1.B:0.U. | ec
Notes—Lepidoptera ce me - 268 bo A)
Deilephila galii at Bradford— ¥. W. Carter; Deilephila galii at Harrogate— es
Major B. B. Thompson; Deilephila galii at Alford, Lincolnshire—XZ ober ‘= Oo
Garjit; Deilephila galii at Hartlepool—. Gardner. e =
Note—Conchology 275 cx =
Occurrence of Dead Shells of Crepidula fornicata on ‘Grimsby Beach—A rthur o oO
Smith. = e
Note—Geology .. ; hy si NE 276 os o
au Calverley Wood Quarries, Leeds—S. A. ‘Adamson, mG. S. O <=
1] Notes—Botany . f = .. 268 & 284 oe
Thalictrum alpinum L. at Settle-—A. Craig Christie, F.L.S.; Dichroism in Viola ce
odorata—7.D.A. Cockerell, M.C.S.; Carduus acaulis in North Lincolnshire =o
—Fas. Eardley Mason. | ©
'| Note—Mollusca ; 4} 284 - ®
Arion ater var. nov. cinere2 at Nottingham—W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. - >
Notes and News a bis :: A s a ee ar ty ra ze 282 cx
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Mittheilungen des Ornithologischen Vereinesin Wien. Juni, Juli, Aug., 1888. [ Verein.
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New York Microsc. Society.—Journal, vol. 4, No. 3, July 1888. [Society.

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Manchester Geol. Soc.—Trans. Vol. 19, part 20, 1887-88. [The Society.

Yorkshire Notes and Queries—Index Part. Aug. 1888. [J. H. Turner, Editor.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 18, for Aug. 1888. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
Penzance Nat. Hist. and Antiq. Soc.—Rep. and Trans., 1887-88. [The Society.
Journal of Conchology, vol. v, No. 12, August 1888. [J. W. Taylor, Editor.

Journal of Microscopy, New Series, vol. i, No. 4, August 1888. [Postal Micr. Soc. —

Scottish Naturalist, No. 21, New Series, August 1888. [Prof. J. W. H. Trail, Editor.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87. 253

W. Hy. HEATHCOTE. Lanc. S.

Lancashire Notes [made at Tarleton, etc., near Preston; 27 aquatic
mollusca mentioned as taken]. Nat. World, March 1887, iv. 57-58.

W. H. HEATHCOTE. adc: S:

Physa fontinalis var. albina at Farington, South Lancashire [two found
March 4th, 1887]. Journ of Conch., April 1887, v. 185.

[W. H. HEATHCOTE. ] Lanc. S., Lanc. W.

[Bythinia tentaculata, curiously and extensively eroded, from Tarleton,
S. Lancashire, Helix hispida and var. a/bida from Penworthan; Cahlicopa
lubrica var. hyalina from Morecambe, W. Lancashire]. Journ. of Conch.,
July 1887, v. 205.

[W. H. HEATHCOTE. ] | Lanc. W.

[Unio margaritifer from the Lune at Halton]. Journ. of Conch., Oct.
1887, v. 248.

[W. A. HERDMAN. ] Cheshire.
[Address on the Work of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee :

referring to a nudibranch—Dendronotus arborescens—which is particularly
abundant at Hilbre Island at certain times of the year, and almost absent at
others]. Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., Dec. 7th, 1885, xxv. 103.

[W. A. HERDMAN.] Cheshire.

Liverpool Microscopical Society [Goniodoris castanea, three species of
Ascidium, from Hilbre Island, and other species, referred to]. Sci. Goss.,

Jan. 1886, p. 17.

W. C. Hey. York N.E., York S.E.

The Marine Shells of Yorkshire [the list, which is prefaced by introductory
remarks, includes 115 species]. Nat., Sep. 1884 and Jan. 1885, pp. 25-31
and 129-133.

[W. C. HEy.] York N.E.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Helmsley [4th Aug., 1884 ; Lzmncea
peregra, Helix sericea, H. fusca, H. lapicida, H. rupestris, and Clauszlia
laminata noted}. Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 42. ‘

LW.- CoHEy,] Yotk SE.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point [3rd Sep., 1884 ; He/zx
aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. virgata (not observed), H. capferata and v. ornata,
Pupa marginata, Vitrina, Zua, Vertigo edentula, Hydrobia ulve, Littorina
littorea, Chiton marginatus, Tellina solidula, Purpura lapillus, Buccinum

_ undatum, and Trophon truncatus noted]. Nat., Noy. 1884, p. 92.

ae C. EEY. - York Mid W.

Conchological Notes from Settle [April 28th; Ael¢x rupestris, Clausilia
rugosa, H. arbustorum and var. flavescens, Zonites nitidulus, Z. radiatulus,
Hi. hispida, H. concinna, Z. alliarius and v. viridula, Vitrina, Zua, H.
nemoralis, Pupa umbilicata, Z. crystallinus, Pupa secale, H. ericetorum, H.
rufescens, Z. cellarius, Ancylus fluviatilis, Limnea peregra, Bulimus odscurus,
and Clausilia dubia]. Nat., June 1885, p. 258.

W. C. Hey. ] York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Boroughbridge [May 25th, 1885:
Limnea glabra, Planorbis spirorbis, both Physe@, both Ancylz, Pl. albus, PI.
contortus, Bythinia tentaculata, Anodonta cygnea, L. truncatula, Arion ater,
A. hortensis, Limax agrestis, L. levis, Succinea putris, Zonites crystallinus,
Z. cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Helix aspersa, H. hortensis, H. cantiana, H.
rufescens, H. hispida, H. concinna, H. rotundata, Clausilia rugosa, Zua,
Spherium corneum, Pisidium pusillum, P. fontinale, Pl. corneus, Pl. com-
planatus, Pl. carinatus, Limnea peregra, L. palustris, L. stagnalis, L.
auricularia]. Nat., July 1885, p. 280.

Sept. 1888. R

254 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

[W. C. HEy-] York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Whitby [August 3rd: Pes¢dium
pusillum, Unio margaritifer, Planorbis nautileus, Limnea peregra, L.
truncatula, Ancylus fluviatilis, Arion ater, Limax agrestis, L. maximus,
Succinea putrts, Zonites cellarius, Z. alliarius, Z. nitidulus, Helix aspersa,
Hf. nemoralis, Hi. hispida, H. concinna, H. rotundata, Zua, and of marine
shells Lzttortna saxatilis, L. littorea, L. littoralis, Chiton marginatus,
Trochus cinereus, Modtola modiolus, Anomia ephippium, and Patella vulgata).
Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 348-349.
[W. C. HEy.] : York S.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Flamborough Head [14th June,
1886; Spherium lacustre, three Pistdia, Limnea peregra, L. palustris, L.
truncatula, FPlanorbis nautileus, P. complanatus, Physa fontinalis, three
Arzions, three Limaces, Succinea putris, four Zonites, Helix aspersa and var.
exalbida, H. nemoralis and var. albolabiata, H. cantiana, FH. rufescens, H.
hispida and var. subrufa, H. virgata, H. caperata, Clausilia rugosa, Zua,and
Carychium noted]. Nat., July 1886, pp. 216-217.
Wm. C. HEy. York N.E.
Reversed Specimen of Helix virgata at Coatham [within a few yards of

the spot where the writer had some years before found a reversed 4. asfersa ;
coincidence of station noted as suggestive]. Nat., Jan. 1887, p. 20.

W..C. HEve York N.E.
The River Foss [and its molluscan inhabitants ; Spherium (all four), both
Anodonte, Unio pictorum, U. tumidus, Paludina vivipara, Limnea auriciu-
laria, L. palustris, L. stagnalis, both Bythinie, both Valvate, Physa fontinalis,
Planorbis carinatus, P.complanatus, P. corneus, Ancylus fluviatilis, Neritina,

and the Succznee|. Nat. World, Feb. 1887, iv. 22-23.
[W.-CArEY: | York N.E.
Yorkshire Naturalists at Gormire Lake and Thirkleby Park [July 1887 ;
Llanorbis albus, Pl. nautileus, Physa fontinalis, Pistdium pusillum, Limnea
glabra, L. peregra, Spherium corneum, Helix lapicida, H. rotundata, H. arbus-
torum, HH. hortensis, H. hispida, Hl. rufescens, Zontites alliarius, fupa
umbilicata, Claustlia rugosa, Pistdium fontinale, and Limax agrestis observed;
Helix aspersa is also noted as found by W. Cash, but this is an error ; the fact
being that W. Cash threw away a specimen he happened to have in his
pocket, and this was picked up by someone else]. WNat., Aug. 1887, p. 237.

W. €> Hey. Vork S:E.

Notes on Land and Fresh-water Shells near Bridlington [ Azodonta cygnea,
Planorbis corneus, Limnea stagnalis in Boynton Fish-pond; Helex virgata and
Hf. caperata at Auburn, and var. ovzata at Bridlington; Pupa marginata near
Bempton ; Planorbis vortex and Valvata prsctnalis at Driffield ; H. arbustorim
at Speeton Cliffs; earthy marls at the back of Bridlington Harbour contain
four Lemna, three Planorbes, Succinea putris, Bythinia tentaculata, Spherium
corneum and Prstdium pusillum ; the blue marls contained the two last-named
with Valvata pisctnalis and Zua ; an excavation in pre-glacial clay at Sewerby
yielded Papa marginata, Helix pulchella, and H. hispida sub-fossil; singularly,
the same three occurred together at Bempton alive]. Nat., Dec. 1887, p. 374.

[RICHARD Howse. ] Northumberland S.
[Limax arborum from Akeld; Z. /euis, Arion bour-guignati, Zonites radiatulus,
Z. purus, and Z. crystallinus from West Woodburn, Northumberland].
Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1887, v. 249.
BAKER HUDSON. Durham.
Land and Fresh-water Shells collected in County Durham, 1883 and 1884
[45 species (besides varieties) mentioned, with localities]. Nat., Dec. 1884,
Port2:
BAKER’ HuDsON. York N.E.
[A very peculiar example of Limax maximus from Airy Holme Wood,
N.E. Yorkshire]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885, iv. 261.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87. 259

C. H. Prerson. York Mid W.

Clausilia rugosa var. gracilior at Clapham, Yorkshire [found Aug. 1884,

not far from the Church]. Journ. of Conch., April and July 1887, v. 183
and 205.

[C. H. PIERSON. ] York Mid W.
[Shells at Addingham, April 11th, 1887; Zonztes cellarius, Z. nitidulus, Z.
purus and v. margaritacea, Z, glaber, Azeca tridens and var. crystallina, and

Zua). Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 207.

[G. H. PIERSON.]. York Mid W., York S.W.

[Unio tumidus and Anodonta cygnea from mud-heaps on the banks of the
Canal at Kirkstall; and A. cygrea and var. rostrata from Roundhay, near

Leeds]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 209.

H. PoLiarp. York N.E.

Land and Fresh-water Shells in the neighbourhood of Whitby [a full and
detailed list, with localities and introductory remarks, of five slugs, twenty-six
land and ten fresh-water shells (altogether forty-one species) found in the
valley of the Yorkshire Esk, which is on the whole an unfavourable district].
Nat., May 1887, pp. 134-138.

T. MELLARD READE, Lanc. S.

Notes on a Bed of Fresh-water Shells and a chipped flint lately found at
the Alt Mouth. [The shells, consisting of ‘ Lymmeus lymned,‘L. periger’,
Cyclas cornea, and Planorbis spirorbts, were crowded in a bed of mixed peat,
sand, and mud; immediately under the sand-hills, close to this bed, a small
flint flake was found.] Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc., Part 2 of vol. v. (1886),
pp. 137-139.

HuGuH RICHARDSON. York Mid W.

Mollusca of the Neighbourhood of Clapham, Yorkshire [found by
J. RK. B. Tomlin, M. C. Hughes, and the writer; the list includes 41 species
and one or two varieties]. Journ. of Conch., April 1886, v. 60-61.

HuGH RICHARDSON, York N.E., York S.W., York Mid W.
Hints to Shell-Collectors [with notes on Achatiza in Ouse rubbish at Clifton
Ings, York, Vertigo minutissima near Ackworth, Azeca and Pupa umbilicata
found at York, Clausilia dubia at Ackworth, Physa hypnorwm at Bishopthorpe,
Onto, Anodon, Neritina, Paludéina, and all four species of SAherzum at York,
and Helix lapictda near Ackworth]. Nat. Hist. Journ., June 15th, 1886, x.
89-93-
HuGH RICHARDSON. York S.W.
The Shells of Ackworth and Went Vale [The first part is devoted to

explanation, nomenclature, verification of records, and varieties, and a copious
résumé of authorities, not only bibliographical, but with indications of con-
tributors of hitherto unpublished notes]. Nat. Hist. Journ., Feb. 15th, 1887,
xi, I-4. [The second instalment defines the district, and describes the various
localities within and closely adjoining, with notice under each of what is
there found]. Nat. Hist. Journ., March 15th, 1887, xi. 27-30 (with map of
district). [The list of species includes 83 species and 16 more within square
brackets as found immediately outside the district]. Nat. Hist. Journ, April
15th, 1887, xi. 50-53; May 16th, xi. 76-77; June 15th, xi. 101-104; Sep.
Roineexie ab222625 3 (Oct. 5th, xt.) 147-2535 Nove. 15th; xi. 176-179;
Dec, 15th, xi. 200-203.

GEO. ROBERTS. York S.W.

Achatina acicula and its occurrence near Wakefield [at Newton, and in
the town, on Carboniferous Sandstone]. Nat., Sep. 1885, p. 321.

G. ROBERTS. York Mid W.

Conchological Difficulties [in continuation of discussion on naming variations :

reference made to difference in colour of Helix rufescens, due to environment,
___in Craven and other parts of Yorkshire, etc.]. Zool., Jan. 1886, pp. 31-32.

Sept. 1888.

260 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W.
Garden Slugs [at Lofthouse, near Wakefield, are Avion ater, A. hortensis; and
at Wakefield, Zimax agrestis var. nigra]. Sci. Goss., May and June 1886,

pp- 118 and 140.

GEO. ROBERTS. Lance. S.
Lancashire Helices [referring to published notes and lists, as Cockerell’s,
Standen’s, and Dyson’s, mentioning species, and urging publication of detailed

and further information]. Nat., June 1886, p. 163.

GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W.

Arion subfuscus and Helix epee var. fusca in Yorkshire [at Lofthouse,
near Wakefield, June 2nd, 1886]. Zool., Aug. 1886, x. 341.

GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.E.
Mollusca of Wressle and neighbourhood [being a full and detailed list—
with localities—-of twenty-one fresh-water mollusca, two slugs, and fifteen land
mollusca, besides numerous named varieties]. Nat., Oct. 1886, pp. 311-314.

GEO. ROBERTS. York S.W.

Planorbis complanatus var. submarginata in Yorkshire [at Sharleston near
Pontefract]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 347.

GEO. ROBERTS. York S.E.

Addition to Wressle List of Mollusca [of Spherium corneum var. regularis
Pasc.], INat., Nov. 1860, p:. 347.

GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W.
Supplementary Notes on the Mollusca of Pontefract and Neighbour-
hood [in which Spherium, Pistdium, Planorbis, Bythinia, Physa, Linnea,
Arion, Limax, Succinea, Helix, Clausilia, and Achatina are treated of, the
notes chiefly dealing with Varieties not included in the author’s former papers].
Zool., Nov. 1886, x. 448-453.
GEORGE ROBERTS. York Mid W., York S.W., Lanc. S.
Notes on Varieties of Bythinia tentaculata [with descriptions of monst.
scalariforme, Milford near Pontefract, var. #zajor Loc., Fairburn and Bradford,
var. nov. azgzlata, canal near Bradford, var. ? producta Menke, Fairburn,
var. zonata Baud., near Bradford, var. fu/va Loc., Apperley near Bradford,
and monst. decollatum Jeff., Kirkthorpe near Wakefield, near Bradford, and
at Prestwich]. Nat., Jan. 1887, pp. 19-20.

GEORGE ROBERTS. York Mid W., York S.W.

Arion flavus [at Harrogate and at Wakefield]. Sci. Goss., Nov. 1887, p. 260.
[These were doubtless juvenile specimens of one of the other drzons, Avion
flavus being merely a name, a myth.—W.D.R. ]

GEORGE ROBERTS. York N.E.

Planorbis Nautileus var. [from Scarborough, tle smooth form]. Sci. Goss.,
Nov. 1887, p. 260.

WM. DENISON ROEBUCK. Durham.
Slugs in County Durham [collected by Baker Hudson at Durham ; Zzmax
arborum, L. maximus var. cellaria, L. agrest¢s and vars. sylvatica, albida, and
tristis, Arzon ater vars. rufa and marginata, and A. hortensis; and Lzmax
arborum from Middleton-in-Teesdale]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 20.
[W. DENISON ROEBUCK.] York N.W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Hawes [28th June, 1884; Lemax /evis,
L. arborum, Succinea putris, Zonites fulvus, Helix sericea, Claustlia laminata,
C. dubia, Azeca, and Anodonta anatina mentioned, with localities]. Nat.,

Aug. 1884, p. 18.

W. D. RoEBUCK. York Mid W.
[Limax maximus, type, Headingley, Leeds]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885,
iv. 260.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87. 255

BAKER HUDSON. York N.E.

Notes on the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of the Lower Tees
[Yorkshire ; 24 species mentioned, with localities, as additional to Ashford’s,
Hey’s, and Watson’s lists; and a note as to the successful introduction of
Limnea stagnalis and Planorbis corneus in a pond on Redcar sand-hills].
Journ. of Conch., April 1886, v. 46-48.

[BakER Hupson. ] York N.E.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pickering [Aug. 1886; Pestdzum
pusillum, Planorbis sptrorbis and monst. scalare, Limnea ovata, L. palustris,
L. glabra, Ancylus fluviatilis, three species of Avzoz, five of Lzmax (including
L. cinereo-niger), Succinea putris, seven of Zonites, Helix aspersa, H.
nemoralis, H. arbustorum, H. concinna, H. hispida, H. virgata, Hf. caperata,
H. rotundata, Bulimus obscurus, Pupa umbilicata, Clausilia rugosa, Cl.
laminata, and Zua noted]. Nat., Sep. 1886, pp. 273-274.

BAKER Hupson. York N.E.

The Conchological Stigma removed from Yorkshire [by the discovery—
by T. A. Lofthouse—of Amalia gagates at Middlesbrough, in company with
A. marginata)|. Nat., Oct. 1886, p. 314.

[B. Hupson. ] Durham, York N.E.
[Mollusca from N. E. Yorkshire and co. Durham ; Limmnea ovata, River
Leven near Hutton Rudby; Pesedium fontinale, Linthorpe; Planorbis
spirorbis, Pisidium pusillum, and Limnea palustris, pond near Levisham ;
Ancylus fluviatilis and Helix rotundata, Levisham ; H. aspersa, Sunderland ;
Hl. concinna, H. rotundata, H. hispida, Zonites cellarius, Zua, Clausilia rugosa
and C7. /aminata from Farwath Bridge, Newtondale; 4. virgata var. subal-
bida, Coatham; Limnca ovata, Marton; and Planorbis spirorbis monst.
scalare from Levisham]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 136 and 137.
[BAKER HuDSON.] York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Saltburn [30th May, 1887; Lemna
peregra, all the four species of Azo, three of Limax, six of Zonites, Helix
nemoralis, H. hispida, H. cagerata, Zua, H. rotundita, H. aculeata, Clausilia
rugosa, Cl. laminata, Vertigo edentula, Carychium, Vitrina, Succinea putris,
Flelix arbustorum, H. sericea, H. hortensis var. lutea, H. concinna, Azeca, and
Pupa umbilicata were observed ; and information as to the range in Cleve-
land of A. hortensis is given]. Nat., July 1887, pp. 218-2109.
BAKER HUDSON, Durham.
Description of a New Variety [albida] of Planorbis carinatus Miill.
[taken in the mill-race, Bluestone Mill, near Norton, co. Durham, April 18th,
1885 ; where also were Limnea peregra (pale), and Aythinia tentaculata vars.
excavata and al/bida). Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1887, v. 249.
[BAKER Hunpson. ] York N.W.
Yorkshire and Westmorland Naturalists at Sedbergh [Zovztes fulvus,
Azeca, Helix rupestris, Vertigo pygm@a mentioned]. Nat., Sep. 1887, p. 279.
[HENRY] HyDe. Cheshire.
[Cyclas rivicola from the Marple Canal]. Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil.
Soc., Sep. 20th, 1886, xxvi. 6.
Jo M. Jerrcorr. Isle of Man.
[One of] ‘The Seven Sleepers,’ according to Manx Tradition [was the
crammag, or snail: etym. cvamman=lump or bulb]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 14.
H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.
Another Post-glacial Ravine [Hubbard’s Valley near Louth] and its
~ inhabitants [with mention of Lzmax arborum, Arion hortensis var. grisea,
Limax agrestis and var. sylvatica, Helix ericetorum and var. aft. alba, H.
rufescens, and H. caperata and var. ornata]. Nat.World, March 1886, iil. 42-43.
H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.
Mollusca at Louth, North Lincolnshire [notes on thirty-one species and
their varieties, the results of a few months’ work]. Nat., March 1886, p. 79.
Sept. 1888.

256 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.

Shells of the Ponds and Streams [near Louth ; Anodonta cygnea, Ancylus

fluviatilis, Planorbis vortex, Sphaerium corneum, Linnea palustris, L. ovata,

L. stagnalis, Planorbis corneus, Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis,

Planorbis spirorbis, Pl. carinatus, Pl. contortus, and Physa fontinalis|. Nat.
World, April 1886, iii. 61-62.

H. WaLLIs KEw. Linc. N.
Old Chalk-pits [near Louth; Helix ericetorum, Arion ater. A. hortensis,
HT. nemoratlis and varieties (of which 0,3(45) is said to be characteristic of
Louth), Lzmax agrestis, H. rufescens, H. roetundata, and H. hispida
mentioned]. Nat. World, May 1886, iil. 81-82.

H. WaLLis Kew. inc, Ni
A Half-Day’s Ramble on the Lincolnshire Coast [at Mablethorpe, 3rd
April, 1886; Helzx aspersa, H. nemoralis, H. caperata, H.. hispida, H.
pulchella, Pupa umbilicata var. alba, P. marginata, Zuwa and var. mzno07
noted, with remarks on the variation of A. zemoval’s ; marine shells on the
beach were species and varieties of Pholas, Alya, Solen, Macira, Tellina,
Scrobicularia, Cardium, Mytilus, Pecten, Ostrea, Patella, Trochus, Hydrobia,
and Aucctnum—t15 forms; and high-water rejectamenta produced Spherdum
corneum, Bythinia tentaculata, Valvata piscinalis, six Planorbes, Physa
fontinalis, and Limnea ovata]. Nat., June 1886, pp. 171-173.

H. Watus Kew. 4 Linc. N.

The Greasy-field and Grisel-bottom [near Louth; Limca peregra var.
ovata, and Bala pferversa mentioned]. Nat. World, June 1886, 11. 101-103.

H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.
Woodland Rambles in Lincolnshire [in Maltby and Haugham Woods near
Louth, April 1886 ; numerous species of mollusca mentioned]. Young Nat.,
July 1886, vil. 129-131.
H. Watiis Kew. Linc. N.
Estuarine Shells at Saltfleet, Lincolnshire [16th June, 1886; Melampus
myosotis, Hytrobia ulve, Littorina littorea, L. rudis and two varieties].
Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 251.
H. WALLIS KEw. Linc. N.
On the Lincolnshire Wolds [at Donington-on-Bain ; 47207 ater, Zonites
glaber, Z. filuus, Cochlicopa lubrica, Heltx ericetorum, H. caperata, Limnea
truncatula, Arion hortensis, Limax agrestis, H. nemoralts (vars.), Hf. hispida,
L. peresra v. ovata, and Zonites crystallinus noted]. Nat. World, Aug. 1886,
ill. 141-143.
H. WALLIs Kew. Linc. N.
Evenings in Spring [near Louth; Ae/ix nemoralis (varieties), H. aspersa,
HI. hispida, H. rufescens, H. ericetorum, Limax arborum, L. agrestis and var.
sylvatica, L. maxtimus vars. fasciata and cellaria, and L. flavus noted]. Nat.
World, Sep. 1886, iii. 161-162.
H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.
[Hydrobia ulve mentioned as abounding in the salt-marshes at Saltfleet].
Sci. Goss., Sep. 1886, p. 208.
H. WaLLIs Kew. Linc. N.
Cyclostoma elegans re-discovered in [Martin Lister’s] North Lincoln-
shire [locality, Burwell Wood, for which it was first recorded in 1678].
Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 347. ,
H. Wa.tis Kew. Linc. N.
Estuarine Shells at Tetney, Lincolnshire [12th July, 1886; Cardiuwm
edule, Mya arenaria, Littorina rudis, L. littorea and var. paupercula, and
Hydrobia ulve found ; Melampus myosotis searched for, but unsuccessfully].
Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 347.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87. 257

H. Watuis Kew. Linc. N.
Notes from the Green-sand [ Avxodonta cyenea and Linnea auricularia noted
at Benniworth Haven ; and Helix arbustorum, 1. nemoralis, FH. ericetorum,
HT. caperata, Ff. concinna, Zonites glaber, Z. fulvus, Z. radtatulus, and Zua
/ubrica at Donington-on-Bain]. Nat. World, Nov. 1886, iii. 201-202.
H. WALLIS KEw. Linc. N.
Natural History Odds and Ends [scarcity of Helix hortensis near Louth ;
occurrence of 7. vzv-gata in raisins, . cespitum in nuts, and 7rochus sizyphinus
in ‘ Irish Moss,’ in Louth shops]. Nat. World, Dec. 1886, p. 222.
H. WALLIS KEw. Linc. N.
Natural History Rambles. No.1. In the Woods [near Louth; Martin
Lister’s records for Cyclostoma elegans and Zonites fulvus quoted, and the
capture of Bythinia tentaculata, Cyclostoma, Arion ater var. rufa, and Limax
maximus var. fasciata noted]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1887, p. 31.
H. WALLIS KEw. Linc. N.

Zonites fulvus [and Cyclostoma elegans] re-discovered in its ancient
locality in Lincolnshire [at Burwell Wood, for which it was recorded in 1678
by Martin Lister]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 199.
B. B. Lie}. PLA, Secretary]. York N.E.
York, Bootham. Natural History Club [albino 47702 ater at York,
Limnea glabra near Bootham Stray. Spherium ovale in the Foss, noted].
Nat. Hist. Journ., Nov. 15th, 1886, x. 172.
[J. Mapison. ] York S.W.
[Vertigo minutissima from Sheffield (no doubt Kiveton Park)]. Mid. Nat.,
June 1886, ix. 171.
[J. MapIson. ] York Mid W.
[Limnza stagnalis var. fragilis-variegata from Malham Tarn]. Midl. Nat.,
Aug. 1886, 1x. 227.
J. T. MARSHALL. Linc. N.
On some New British Shells [ 7ercbratula papillosa described and figured as
new; found at Skegness and at Sutton-on-Sea, Lincolnshire]. Journ. of
Conch., April 1887, v. 186-190, and plate i. figs. 1-3.
[LAURA and KATHERINE MASON. ] Pisic. Ni:
[Vertigo pygmza and Helix caperata, Chapel Sand-hills, Lincolnshire].
Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1887, v. 248.
J. G. MILNF. ° Cheshire.
Varieties [decollata] of Bythinia tentaculata, [vitrina of | Zonites excavatius, and
[Ayvalina of] Cochlicopa lubrica in N.E. Cheshire [localities stated]. Nat.,
March 1886, p. 78.
J. G. MILNE. Cheshire.
Scarcity of Helices in N.E. Cheshire [Z. vofwdata is the only generally
distributed one; 4. xemoralis, H. aspersa, H. aculeata, H. hispida, H.
pulchella, and H. pygme@a are all scarce, stations given; the species of Zovztes
on the contrary, are common everywhere]. Nat., March 1886, p. 8o.
J. G., MILNE. : Cheshire.
Mollusca near Ashley, Cheshire [ Vert?go pyemea, Vitrina, Succinea elegans,
eight species of Zonztes, Helix aculeata, H. hispida, H. votundata, Zua with its
var. hyalina, Carychium, Limnea peregra, L. truncatula, two species of Arzon
and three of Zzmax are enumerated]. Nat., Aug. 1887, p. 228.
J. Moore. Isle of Man.
Arion ater v. albolateralis [found at Kirk Braddan and Onchan, and ‘one of
v. albida at Onchan]. Sci. Goss., April 1886, p. 94.
Cyt; Musson. Nottinghamshire.
Large Anodons in Nottinghamshire [at Sutton-in-Ashfield; 4. crgvea,
___ dimensions given]. Nat., Dec. 1884, p, 112.
Sept. 1888.

258 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

C. T. Musson. Nottinghamshire.
Mussels [Azodonta cygnea, Unio tumidus, U. prctorum, and Dreissena\ eaten
by animals and birds [Nottinghamshire evidence adduced in proof]. Nat.,
March 1885, p. 181.
C. T. Musson. Nottinghamshire.
Discovery of Helix cantiana in Nottinghamshire [not previously recorded,
plentifully found at Staunton in S.E. Nottinghamshire]. Journ. of Conch.,
_. july 1886, v. 65; and Nat., Aug. 1886, p. 251.
Wm. NELSON. York S.E.
Paludina contecta in East Yorkshire [between Breighton and Wressle ;
peeves records recapitulated]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 20.
Wm. NELSON. York Mid W., York S.W.
Fonttes radiatulus var. viridescenti-alba in West Yorkshire [at Hud-
dersfield (Whitwham), Shipley Glen (W. West), and Crossgates, Leeds]. Nat.,
Aug. 1884, p. 20.
W. NELSON. Cumberland.
[Limneza peregra v. acuminata from Carlisle, and L. glabra from Corby].
Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885, iv. 265.
[W. NELSON. ] York Mid W.
[Limneza glabra from Castleford and Planorbis marginatus from Black
Hills, Leeds]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 136.
[W. NELSON. ] York S.E.
[Subfossil Planorbis parvus from Hornsea mud-cliffs, exhibited]. Journ.
of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 138
[W. NELSON. ] York Mid W.
[Zonites nitidus and Helix rotundata from Headingley, Leeds, exhibited].
Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 139.
[W. NELSON. ] York Mid W.
[Limnza glabra at Swillington Common, near Leeds]. Journ. of Conch.,
July 1387, v. 206.
[W. NELSON. ] York Mid W., York S.W.
[Large Planorbis albus from near Harrogate (IF. R. Fitzgerald), measuring
9 mm., and var. draparnaldi from Sandal, 9 mm.]. Journ. of Conch., Oct.
1887, Vv. 247.
CHARLES OLDHAM. Cheshire.
Fresh-water Shells near Manchester [in a pond at Baguley, Cheshire,
Paludina contecta, Bythinia tentaculata, Planorbis corneus, Anodonta cygnea,
Limnea auricularia, LE DECLT ee ovata, and Planorbis cavinatus|. Nat.,
Feb. 1885, p. 156.
CHARLES OLDHAM. Lanc. S.

Fresh-water Shells eaten by Rats [at Birch near Manchester, the shells
eaten being Paludina contecta-and Planorbis corneus|. Nat., July 1885, p. 274.
CuHas. OLDHAM. Derbyshire.
Helix arbustorum monst. sinistrorsum in Derbyshire [at Ashwood Dale
near Buxton, Aug. Ist, 1887; this is the first recorded British example].
Nat., Sep. 1887, p. 272.
CHARLES OLDHAM. Cheshire, Derbyshire.
[Helix arbustorum, with vars. alpestris and flavescens and monst.
Sinistrorsum, from Buxton ; ; and type from Marple, aie Journ. of
. Conch., Oct. 1887, v. 247.
EDGAR PICKARD. York S.W.
Mollusca at Anston Stones [Puja wmbilicata, Claustlia rugosa, Zua lubrica
and.var. v77?dula, Zonites glaber, Z. nttidulus, Z. purus, H. hispida, A. rotun-
data, Planorbis albus, Vertizo antivertigo, V. minutissima, and H. aculeata).
Nat., May 1885, p. 227.

Naturalist,

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(-
/

NOTES——MAMMALIA. 263

Jno. W. TaAvYLor. York S.W.
Occurrence of Vertigo alpestris Alder in Yorkshire [at Cottingley near
Bingley, discovered by H. T. Soppitt, and found associated with /elzx
ritfescens, Zonites crystallinus, Vitrina, and Clausilia rugosa]. Journ. of
Conch., Oct. 1887, v. 238.
[J. R.] BRocKToN ToMLIN. Cheshire.
L.[imnza] peregra m. decollatum and Bythinia tentaculata m. decollatum
in Cheshire [locality stated and remarks made]. Nat., March 1886, p. 79.
[J. R.] BRocKkTON TOMLIN. Furness, Lanc. S.
Monstrosities of various Lancashire Shells [¢erebraim of Planorbis com-
Planatus, Rochdale, szzzstvorsum and another monstrosity of Hel7x aspersa
from Ulverstone]. Nat., Jan. 1887, p. 20.
[J. R.] Bkockron ToMLIn. Cheshire.
Variation in Helix ericetorum near Chester [a var. corresponding to szb-
albida of H. virgata ; monst. scalar¢forme also occurred, and with the species
occurred 4. caperata and two of its varieties; all on the banks of the Dee].
Nat... Jan.1887, \p. 20.
J. RUSSELL WILDMAN, - Lance. S.
Lancashire Notes.—Conchology [ ; a list of 26 fresh-water mollusca found
in the Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Burnley; also of 15 terrestrial shells
found on the margin]. Nat. World, April 1887, iv. 79.
J. RussELL WILDMAN. Lanc. S.
Lancashire Notes. — Conchology [list of 20 species of Vetrina, Zonites,
Flelix, Bulimus, Ancylus, Limnea, Spherium, and Carychium, taken at
Simonstone and Whalley, besides varieties]. Nat. World, May 1887, iv. 100 ;
and Erratum, June 1887, iv. 116.
J. W. WILLIAMS. Linc. N.
The Variation and Continental Distribution of the British Slugs [47:ox
ater var. bicolor mentioned as having been found at Louth]. Sci. Goss.,
March 1886, p. 55.
J. W. WILLIAMS. York S.W.
Slugs and their Varieties [refers to Arco subfuscus and A. bourguignati at
Lofthouse near Wakefield]. Young Nat., Oct. 1887, viii. 190.
J. W. WILLIAMS. Durham.
Slug Gossip [in which the Allansford record of Zimax tenellus is repeated].
Sci. Goss., Nov. 1887, p. 244.

NOTES—MAMMALTA.

Whale at Flamborough.—I have had a report of another Whale having
been seen by one of our fishermen not far from the place where the other one was
washed ashore. The fisherman informs me that this Whale is white or cream-
coloured, and much larger, with the dorsal fin in the same place as the other.
When seen, it was swimming about ina very wild sort of manner, perhaps in search
of the one washed ashore.—-MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, April 3rd, 1888.

Lincolnshire Bats.—-Mr. J. W. Chandler, of Gosberton near Spalding, has
sent me a couple of Bats taken in Gosberton Church. They are the Long-eared
Bat (Plecotus aurttus) and the Pipistrelle ( Vesperugo prpistred/us), and are small,
evidently young, specimens. —W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Leeds, August 21st, 1888.

Water Shrew and Field Vole near Ripon.—I have received to-day from
the Rev. R. A. Summerfield, vicar of North Stainley, near Ripon, a specimen of
the Water Shrew (Cvossopus fodiens) and one of the Common or Field Vole
(Arvicola agrestis), both out of a hay-field at North Stainley. The Vole is a fine
adult male, the largest example of the species that I have ever seen. The speci-
mens are now in the Edinburgh Museum. [ record them because micro-mammals
are not very often examined in the flesh, and definite records of them are of interest.
—W. DENISON Rogesuck, Leeds, 9th August, 1888.

Sept. 1888. |

264
UTILITY OF -THE. BARN: -OWe2

je. GURNEY. “jun bs7S)- aM Onn
Keswick Hall, Norwich.

In the autumn of 1865 a Barn Owl (Strix flammea) was brought to
a naturalist at Tonbridge, Kent, to be stuffed, which belonged to a
gentleman at Leigh near Tonbridge, whose wife stated that she had
picked up the owl, dead, on their barn floor, and that beside it lay a
very large rat, also dead. There is little doubt, adds my informant,
that an encounter had taken place between them, the injuries received
by each being sufficient to cause death, for the Owl had been severely
bitten by the rat.

This is only one more instance of the utility of the Barn Owl,
which does not obtain the protection which by law it is entitled to.
It would have been much better if only the Barn Owl had been
included in the schedule of Protected Birds, and not all Owls, as it
is impossible to restrain gamekeepers—at any rate in Norfolk—from
killing the Tawny and Long-eared Owls, and the law as it stands
becomes a dead letter as far as Owls are concerned, and thus the
Barn Owl—the most useful ally the farmer has—is rapidly becoming
a very rare bird in the eastern counties. A still greater anomaly in
the Act is that any sort of legal protection should be afforded to the
farmers’ enemies, the Sparrow and Ring Dove, which do far more
harm than good, and are quite undeserving of it; yet only persons
expressly appointed by owners and occupiers are legally entitled to
kill them in the close-time [43 and 44 Vict., c. 35, 7th Sep., 1880].

NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY.

Unusual Nesting-site for Missel Thrush.—One of my boys found a nest
of the Missel Thrush ( 7urdus visc’vorus) in a wali which formed part of the
boundary of a pasture bordering upon Barden Moor. if I had not had autoptical
proof of this record I should have surmised either that the nest was not in situ,
or, what would have appeared more probable, a nest of the Ring Ouzel. Whether
this departure from its usual habit had been induced with a view to its greater
safety Iam unable to say, but when passing through an adjoining plantation we
were struck with the many remains of birds which had undoubtedly fallen victims
to birds of prey.

We noted the Pied Flycatcher (A/uscicapa luctuosa) nesting in Barden Tower.
—E. P. P. BUTTERFIELD, Wilsden, May 28th, 1888.

In the ‘ Fell’ district of Upper Wensleydale, I, my son, and others, used
frequently to find the Missel Thrush nesting in stone walls, or in fissures of vertical
crags on the open moor-slopes. We assigned the fact to super-abundance of the
bird relatively to tree supply ; still, though far from proven, one cannot fail to be
struck by the theory Mr. Butterfield adumbrates—that ‘inherited memory ’ (to use
Romanes’ word) of disaster following on the practice of a time-honoured custom,
has led the older and wiser birds to a protective variation in habit. The eggs of
the crag-breeding birds were, I am sure, larger and finer in character ; the eggs
of the plantations (used presumably by the younger generations) less boldly
marked and smaller. The matteris well worth patient investigation.—F. A. LEEs.

Naturalist,

205

LIST OF PLANTS NOTICED AT
FYLINGDALES (ROBIN HOOD’S BAY)
IN SEPTEMBER 18382.

CC. BABINGTON, M.A., F.R.S.,

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge; and Author of the
‘Manual of British Plants.

My district included the edge of the high moorland all round the
bay, as well as the low country of the bay. I have put a * to those
which are included in Mr. Slater’s list given on p. 239. - This list
may be worth printing as an appendix to that list. It will be seen
that nearly all the earlier plants are wanting in this list. If they could
not be easily determined at that late season I did not mark them :
many things were omitted of which I was dubious at the time. I did
not mark any brambles, but believe that I have a few specimens.

Ranunculus flammula.
*Ranunculus acris.
*Ranunculus repens.

Papaver rhoeas.

Meconopsis cambrica, doubt-

ful native.

Fumaria pallidifiora.
*Sinapis arvensis.

Sinapis alba.

Sinapis nigra.
Nasturtium officinale.
*Capsella bursa-pastoris.

Viola riviniana.
*Polygala vulgaris.
*Saponaria officinalis, native.
*Lychnis diurna.

Stellaria media.
*Stellaria holostea.
*Stellaria graminea.

Stellaria uliginosa.

Sagina procumbens.

Hypericum. tetrapterum.

Acer campestre.
*Medicago lupulina.
*Trifolium arvense.
*Trifolium repens.

Trifolium minus.
*Lotus corniculatus.

Lotus major.

Vicia cracca.

Prunus spinosa.

Potentilla fragariastrum.
*Potentilla reptans.

Potentilla anserina.

Fragaria vesca.

Geum urbanum.

Rosa mollis.

Pyrus torminalis.

Pyrus aucuparia.
*Epilobium hirsutum.
*Epilobium parviflorum.

Epilobium montanum.

Epilobium obscurum.

Callitriche vernalis.

Hypericum humifusum.
Hypericum pulchrum.
Malva sylvestris.
Geranium rotundifolium.
Ilex aquifolium.

Sept. 1888.

Parnassia palustris.
Hydrocotyle vulgaris.
Egopodium podagraria.
Aéthusa cynapium.
Angelica sylvestris.

266 BABINGTON : PLANTS AT FYLINGDALES.

*Heracleum sphondylium.
Daucus carota.

Hedera helix.

*Galium cruciatum.
Galium verum.

Galium saxatile.
Galium palustre.
*Galium aparine.
Scabiosa arvensis.
Carduus crispus.
*Carduus lanceolatus.
Arctium minus.
Centaurea nigra.
Chrysanthemum _leucanthe-

mum.

Matricaria inodora.
Achillea millefolium.
Gnaphalium uliginosum.
Senecio vulgaris.
Senecio sylvaticus.
Senecio jacobzea.
Senecio aquaticus.
Solidago virga-aurea.
*Tussilago farfara.
*EKupatorium cannabinum.
Leontodon autumnalis.
Taraxacum officinale.
Lactuca muralis.
Sonchus oleraceus.
Sonchus asper.
*Hieracium pilosella.
Hieracium boreale.
Campanula rotundifolia.
*Vaccinium myrtillus.
Erythreea centaurium.
Convolvulus arvensis.
*Scrophularia nodosa.
Veronica agrestis.
Veronica buxbaumii.
Veronica serpyllifolia.
Veronica officinalis.
*Veronica chameedrys.
*Veronica beccabunga.

Pedicularis sylvatica.
Rhinanthus crista-galli.
Calamintha mentheefolia, ze.
officinalis.

*Brunella vulgaris.
*Stachys sylvatica.
Galeopsis tetrahit.
Lamium purpureum.
Myosotis repens.
Myosotis arvensis.
Pinguicula vulgaris.
Lysimachia vulgaris.
*Lysimachia nemorum.
Anagallis arvensis.
Anagallis tenella.
Plantago lanceolata.
Chenopodium bonus-henricus.
Atriplex angustifolia.
Atriplex erecta.
Rumex conglomeratus.
Rumex pulcher.
Rumex obtusifolius.
Rumex crispus.
Rumex acetosa.
Polygonum convolvulus.
Polygonum aviculare.
Polygonum hydropipert.
Polygonum persicaria.
Euphorbia peplus.-
Mercurialis perennis.
Urtica dioica.

Quercus robur.
Corylus aveilana.
Alnus glutinosa.

Salix cinerea.

Salix caprea.

Arum maculatum.
Potamogeton polygonifolius.
Tamus communis.
Juncus conglomeratus.
Juncus effusus.
Juncus glaucus.
Juncus acutiflorus.

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87. 261

W. D. RoEBUCK. York Mid W., York N.W.

[Helix lactea, living, from Pateley Bridge; and Swaledale captures,
six species]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885, iv. 261.

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. York Mid W.
Occurrence of Limax cinereo-niger in Washburndale [July 5th, 1885,
with Z. agrestis, L. levis, L. maximus var. cellaria, Arion ater var. rufa, and

Zonites fulvus|. Nat., Sep. 1885, p. 320.

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. Linc. N.

Amalia gagates [and var. plumbea] in North Lincolnshire [in gardens at
Alford]. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 366.

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. Cheshire.

Testacella haliotidea v. scutulum at. Chester [in the green lanes near
nursery gardens, but not in them (G. W. Shrubsole)]. Nat., March 1886,
p. 80.

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. York Mid W.
Upper Nidderdale and its Fauna . . . Mollusca [a full list of forty

species (besides varieties), only one of which (Lemna peregra) is not a land
shell; localities cited for all]. Nat., July 1886, pp. 206-208.

Wm. DENISON ROEBUCK. York Mid W.

Limax cinereo-niger at Shipley Glen [the var. mara found by J. A.
Hargreaves, Sep. 30th, 1886; same locality where W. West found the var.
/uctuosa some years ago]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 347.

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. York Mid W.

[Limax cinereo-niger collected by J. A. Hargreaves at Shipley Glen,
exhibited]. Journ: of Conch., Jian. 1887, v. 138.

W. DENISON ROEBUCK. [eine N;, Einc. S.

Materials towards a List of the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of
Lincolnshire [being a full and detailed enumeration of eighty-eight species
(eleven slugs, thirty-nine land and thirty-eight fresh-water shells) known to
inhabit the county, preceded by a description of the investigated districts and
by a full historical summary of the investigations made]. Nat., Aug. and
Sep., 1887, pp. 245-272.

THOMAS ROGERS. Lanc. S.

On Planorbis dilatatus, P. glaber, and Sphzrium ovale [their introduc-
tion into canals near Manchester and at Burnley, and the conditions under
which they flourish]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 218-220.

GEORGE W. SHRUBSOLE. Cheshire.

On the Erosion of Certain Fresh-water Shells [clean Staffordshire speci-
mens of Plazorbis corneus from the Trent Canal at Stone, became very much
eroded in water from the Dee at Chester; attributed to the different propor-
tion of lime in the respective waters]. Journ. of Conch., July 1886, v. 66-71 ;
and see review in Americ. Nat., 1886, p. 1065.

P. L. SIMMONDS. Isle of Man, Furness, Lanc. W.

The Animal Food Resources of Different Nations, with mention of some

of the Special Dainties of Various People derived from the Animal Kingdom

[at p. 425 it is stated that there are large beds of Scallops (/ectezz, ? species)

off the Isle of Man; and at p. 432 are given statistics of sales of Mussels

(Mytilus edulis) taken in Morecambe Bay]. London: E. and F. N. Spon,
1885 ; 8vo. cloth, 461 pages.

R. STANDEN. Lanc. W., Lance. S.

Lancashire Helices [being detailed notes on the occurrence of 7. xemoralis,

HT, hortensis, H. caperata, FH. ericetorum, H. virgata, H. aspersa, 1. rifescens,

HT, rvotundata, H. arbustorum, and H. hispida, in various localities round

Preston, at Manchester, Blackpool, and Formby]. Nat., March 1886, p. So.
Sept. 1888.

eee oie

262 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1886-87.

R. STANDEN. Lanc. S., Lanc. W.
Lancashire Land and Fresh-water Mollusca [a detailed enumeration of
the forty-one fresh-water and thirty-nine land shells and seven slugs recorded
for Lancashire, based upon Dyson’s 1850 and Hardy’s 1865 lists, and upon
the observations of the author and of W. H. Heathcote, F. C. Long, R. D.
Darbishire, T. ‘Rogers, and others; at p. 176 are noted intentional intro-
ductions of species into fresh localities]. Nat., May and June 1887, pp.
155-176.
JoHN W. TAYLOR. Northumberland S.
Shells at Riding Mill on Tyne [Pistdium amnicum, Limnea ovata, Ancylus
fluviatilis, Vitrina, Zonttes cellarius, Helix rotundata, Bulimus obscurus,
Clausilia laminata, C. rugosa, and Zua lubrica vay. lubsicozdes, collected by
Rev, Ha ae Slater]. . Nat, Jan: 13835,).p. 139)
J. W. Taytor. York N.E.
Pupa marginata var. brevis (Baudon) in Yorkshire [at Runswick Bay,
near Whitby, 27th June, 1885]. Nat., March 1886, p. 79.
J. W. TAytor. . Cumberland.
Shells at Millom, Cumberland [Sep. 1882, collected by C. T. Musson ;
flelix rufescens, H. aspersa, H. rotundata, H. rupestris, Pupa umbilicata,
Clausitia rugosa, Balia and var. simplex, Zonites cellarius, Z. fulvus, and Z.
radiatulus|. Nat., March 1886, p. 78. A
J. W. TAYLor. Nottinghamshire.
Vertigo moulinsiana in Nottinghamshire [with /. pygw@a and V. pusz/la in
rejectamenta at Carlton-on-Trent, April 1883, C. T. Musson]. Journ. of
Conch., April 1886, v. 45.
Je WV. “PAY.LOR: Nottinghamshire.
Extension of the range of Pupa ringens Jeff. [to Nottinghamshire ; found
at Kirkby-in-Ashfield by C. T. Musson]. Journ. of Conch., July 1886, v. 81.
JNo. W. TAYLOR. York Mid W.
Helix lactea [at Pateley Bridge] in Yorkshire [Aug. 1884, probably brought
with shingle from the coast]. Journ. of Conch., July 1886, v. 81; and Nat.,
Aug. 1886, p. 251.
i Wal seAOR |e: Lanc. S., York S.E.
[Planorbis dilatatus from Gorton Canal, Coll. T. Rogers; and Helrx
nemoralis with straw-coloured bands, found at Bridlington by W. Denison
Roebuck]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 134.
[J. W. Taytor.] Lane. S.
[Distorted specimen of Planorbis spirorbis found at Tarleton, S. Lancashire,
by W. H. Heathcote, exhibited]. Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, v. 140.
[J. W. Tavior.] York S.W.
[Helix rotundata, Zonites excavatus, and Z. alliarius at Bramley Fall, near
Leeds]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 209.
Jno. W. TAYLOR. Linc. N.
Discovery of Clausilia Rolphii in North Lincolnshire [in three distinct
localities in old oak woods near Louth]. Journ. of Conch., July 1887, v. 220;
also Oct. 1887, v. 245.
JOHN W. TAYLor. : York S.W.
Pisidium roseum in Yorkshire [found near Bawtry by W. A. Gain; the
only previous Yorkshire record is for Bentley near Donéaster]. Nat., Sep.
1887, p. 272.
Jno. W. TAYLOR. Derbyshire.
Helix arbustorum monst. sinistrorsum in Derbyshire [at Ashwood Dale,
near Buxton, Aug. Ist, 1887; of the var. flavescens}]. Journ. of Conch.,
Oct. 1887, v. 225.

Naturalist,

TN

LEES: A, NEW. WEST YORKSHIRE PLANT. 267

Juncus lamprocarpus. Bromus giganteus.
Juncus bufonius. Bromus asper.

Juncus squarrosus. Brachypodium sylvaticum.
Phleum pratense. Triticum repens.
Agrostis canina. Nardus stricta.

Aira czespitosa. * Athyrium filix-foemina.
Aira caryophyllea. *Scolopendrium vulgare.
Triodia decumbens. *Aspidium aculeatum.
Briza media. Aspidium spinulosum.
*Cynosurus cristatus. Aspidium dilatatum.
*Dactylis glomerata. Polypodium vulgare.
Festuca ovina. Equisetum arvense.
Festuca elatior. *Equisetum maximum.

MINE WEST” YORKSHIRE PLANT
(PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA).

He ARN OD) MUR ESeeMER: @:S--bnese: LaRsCjP.; ond;

Author of the ‘ Flora of West Vorkshire’; President of the Botanical Section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists Union; etc.

By favour of Mr. Trevor Basil Woodd I am glad to be able to place
on record an observation of that gentleman’s, which makes a genuine
addition to our list of ‘West Riding plants. In my ‘Flora’ I
considered it justifiable to express grave doubts whether true Pyvola
rotundifolia L. occurred in W. York at all, seeing that every previous
record made under that name had turned out, upon investigation of
herbarium specimens or plants growing in the assigned stations, to
be either Pyrola media or P. minor—species either confused with or
classed under ‘zofundifolia’ by early botanists. Now, however,
Mr. Woodd has kindly sent me green flowering examples of a Pyrola
which grows ‘on the damp slopes of the wood at Outershaw (in
Langstrothdale), sloping down to the Wharfe, 1,200 ft. above the sea.’
This is a new station, zof one of those previously recorded for either
P. media or P. minor; and by its much decurved pink styles, with a
raised ring at the tip bounding the base of the stigmatic cone, its
small round leaves, and longish fine-pedicelled flowers, the petals of
which open out more than in P. mznor, the species is undoubtediy
true Pyrola rotundifolia. The altitude at which it grows is fully
300 ft. -greater than any known hitherto for the round-leaved section
in Yorkshire, but in the highlands of Scotland, according to Hooker,
Mr. Woodd’s plant is found as high as 2,000 ft.
August 20th, 1888.
Sept. 1888.

268 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

NOTE—BLBOTANY.

Thalictrum alpinum L. at Settle.—As Mr. Lees, in trying to throw doubt
on my record for Zhalictrum alpinum, has fallen into some very amusing mis-
takes, I claim a little of your space while I correct them. In the first place,
I have no ‘impression’ in regard to 7: alpinum. I only possess a very clear,
distinct, and somewhat extended knowledge of it. JZ have seen tt on the hills at
the back of Settle. As one who is, according to Mr. Lees, ‘a comparative
stranger, I need no apology for being unable to indicate to him the exact square
yard of ground on which he may find it ; enough for him to learn that the hills in
the Settle district ave not tov dry for this plant. Mr. Lees labours under a
delusion when he imagines that 7: alpinum is a bog plant; it is not so, but is
found on wet or on dry ground. I have seen it in the crevices of the driest rocks
on Ben Lawers, Ben Lui, Ben Ledi, and many other of our hills, as well as on the
wet ledges. In the Shetland Islands I have seen it on very dry ground, as well
as on still more dry gravel; indeed, I do not know any alpine plant which thrives
under a greater range of conditions. Mr. Lees reminds me of the Irishman who,
being accused of a crime, stated that he could bring fifty men to prove that they
did not see him do it, and so he drags forward six names to prove that they did
not see the plant in question. And now one word in regard to Wephrodium
cmulum, a plant Mr. Lees seems as familiar with as with 7: alpzzem. Will Mr.
Lees kindly inform your readers wheve Edward Newman states that he (Edward
Newman) saw this plant (VV. @mzlum) in Settle Woods. In conclusion, I have
seen 7. alpinum on the hills near Settle, and I have no doubt that it will be
found on Ingleborough and some of the other hills by those who know where to
look for it. If, however, your botanists follow the advice of Mr. Lees and look
for it in a bog, they will remain as familiar with it as he is at present.—A. CRAIG
CHRISTIE, Edinburgh, August 12th, 1888.

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Deilephila galii at Bradford.—-Mr. J. Holmes, a collector of lepidoptera
here, brought me this morning a specimen of this rare hawk-moth for identification,
which had been taken from a wall in Manningham Park on July 22nd last.
Considering that the captor had carried it in his hat—which although it has often
done good service as a botanical vasculum, is not so convenient a receptacle for
insects—it is in very fair condition, being only slightly ‘ rubbed’ on the thorax.
Previously, only two specimens had been recorded for the Bradford district—
one having been captured at Cleckheaton, the other in 1878 at Wibsey.—
J. W. Carter, Bradford, August 5th, 1888.

Deilephila galii at Harrogate.—On the 26th of July last I took a specimen
(male, I think) of Dezlephzla galiz, hovering over a plant of Delphinzum formosum
in a garden in Harrogate, about 9.15 p.m. The occurrence of this species is so
rare in England that its capture in Yorkshire is worth recording. —BEN. BLAYDES
THOMPSON, I1, Franklin Parade, Harrogate, 13th August, 1888.

Deilephila galii at Alford, Lincolnshire.—A fine specimen of Dezlephila
galit was brought to-day to me to be named. It was taken here by Mr. T. P.
Richardson on the evening of the 2nd instant, in his garden at a clump of ‘ Sweet
William.’— ROBERT GARFIT, Alford, 16th August, 1888.

Deilephila galii at Hartlepool.—I had brought to me on the 24th July a
specimen of Deilephila galiz, which had been taken amongst some pit timber by
a labourer upon the quay side. The specimen had evidently been in beautiful con-
dition when first seen, but the man who discovered it unfortunately thought it was
dead, and took hold of it by one of the wings, rubbing it somewhat ; the other
side is, however, quite undamaged. Mr. J. E. Robson also had a specimen
brought to him about a week previously ; this had been taken in a hotel yard.—
J. GARDNER, 8, Friar Terrace, Hartlepool, August 19th, 1888.

Naturalist,

269

NOTES ON THE LAPWING NEAR GARSTANG.

J. A. JACKSON,

Warrington.

(Read before the Warrington Field Club, February 3rd, 1888.)

THE following notes all refer to the district near Garstang, unless
specially mentioned otherwise. The bird to which I wish to call
attention is no doubt familiar to all—at least at a distance—
and is known commonly as the Lapwing, or Tewit, and its scientific
name is Vanellus vulgaris. It is a handsome bird when closely
examined, being black on the head, crest and breast, white on the
sides of the neck and lower parts, yellowish red under tail coverts,
and dark green above, slightly mottled and shot with purple; tail
white, with a black patch on all except the outer feather at each side.
In winter the chin and throat are white, changing to black during
the breeding season, beginning about April. Biull dark, legs reddish,
the eye large and full. Length, 12} in.; width from tip to tip of
wings, 28 in. Weight, 8 oz. tog 0z. Plumage of male and female
is similar, except that the latter is not quite so bright, and the crest
shorter. The crest is a very conspicuous feature in this species, and
in a fine specimen is some three inches long. ‘This bird is widely
distributed, being found in most parts of Europe, in Egypt, and
East and West from Ireland to Japan. It breeds in all our English
counties, but is least common in the Midland and South-Western.
They are partially migratory, in some districts regularly so; and I
find them mentioned several times in the migration reports from the
lighthouses, and also in Mr. Gatke’s notes from the Island of Heligo-
land. The young are led by the parent birds in search of food, but
not fed by them. Their principal food is worms, slugs, and insects.
On the shore they get sandhoppers, shrimps, and other small
crustacea. ‘They are good to eat in autumn and winter, and in
some districts large numbers are netted for the market; but, so
far as I know, this is never practised in this part of the country. In
‘The Fowler in Ireland’ there is a very interesting account of this
bird ; its eggs are not sought for there, or regarded as a dainty, as in
England. A full description is given of the method to be pursued
in netting it: ‘From thirty to forty dozen birds per net per week
would be an average take in January if the weather be mild (this
being the best month). The dealers give from 4d. to 6d. each for
the birds, and as many as 150 are sometimes taken at one fall of
the net.’

Sept. 1888. s

270 JACKSON : NOTES ON THE LAPWING NEAR GARSTANG.

Of course so common a bird has many provincial names (see
‘Provincial names of British Birds,’ by Rev. Chas. Swainson, M.A.,
English Dialect Society, 1885), a few of which it may be interesting
to notice. First from its mode of flight, Lipwingle (in Bedfordshire),
Lymptwigg (on Exmoor), Flopwing; second from its cry, Pee-wit
(generally), Piewipe, Peeweep (in Norfolk), Puit (Essex, Suffolk,
Norfolk), Peaseweep (Stirling and Forfar), Weep or Wype, Tewhit
and Teewheep (Kirkcudbright, Orkney), Teufit (Cleveland, East
Yorkshire), Teuchit (Forfar), Tuet (Westmorland, Lancashire, West
Riding), Dix-Huit (France); third from its plumage, Hornpie
(Norfolk, East Suffolk), Horneywink (Cornwall), Green Plover
(Ireland), Cornwillen (Cornwall). ‘The Lapwing is almost universally
held in bad esteem, as is shown by the various titles and legends in
which it plays a part. In the South of Scotland the peasantry bear it
a traditional antipathy, arising from the raids upon the Covenanters
by Claverhouse and Dalyell of Binns, whose troopers were directed
to their hiding-places by its cries of alarm. Hence its name of “the
ungrateful bird.” Leyden alludes to this in the lines :—

And though the pitying sun withdraws his light,
The Lapwing’s clamorous whoop attends their flight ;
Pursues their steps where’er the wanderers go,

Till the shrill scream betray them to the foe.

Poor bird! where’er the wandering swain intrudes
On thy bleak heath and desert solitudes,

He curses still thy scream and clamorous tongue,
And crushes with his foot thy moulting young.

In Eastern story the Lapwing is mentioned as having the power
of finding water under ground in the desert.’ This is, no doubt, from
its always resorting to a damp spot, if there be one, because of the
food to be found there. ;

The first few days of 1887 the ground was so hard with frost that
with the exception of three or four birds flying over, no Lapwings
were to be seen. When flying in a flock no regular form is observed,
such as many other birds assume under the same circumstances.
If a flock is observed flying across a dark background of cloud, the
silvery white of the feathers when the wings are raised has a very
striking effect, especially if the sun happens to be shining. On the
22nd January, the weather having moderated, a small flock of
Lapwings had returned to the pasture-fields, and were busy running
- about in company with some Starlings, as is often the case. On
February 6th the ground was frozen hard, and in a wheat-field at
Burtonwood about twenty of these birds were resting on the ground,
not standing on their feet or running about, but apparently waiting
for the ground to soften. February 26th—Plenty of birds running

Naturalist,

JACKSON : NOTES ON THE LAPWING NEAR GARSTANG. 271

about the grass fields; saw some forty in one field, mostly about
twenty yards apart, and busy sticking their bills into the ground.
Also saw a few pairs which had to all appearance chosen their field
to nest in, although there was no appearance of the wild flying up
and down which they exhibit in the breeding season, nor any attempt
at making nests. On March roth Tewits were abundant, not more
than two together, and spread about over all the localities where they
usually nest, but no sign of nests yet, and the weather very cold,
with east wind, whilst much snow still remains on the high ground.
March 25th— Birds still in plenty, scattered over the fields, but no
trace ofnests. April znd—Tewits very noisy, seeming never to rest,
shouting and flying about night and day. ‘They were scattered over
the fields, mostly in pairs, but saw one small flock of about seven ;
no nests to be seen as yet. April 8th—During a day’s walk near
Bakewell, in Derbyshire, we saw only three Tewits, but the ground
was not specially suitable for them, and they are evidently not very
numerous just there. April 11th—Tewits in great plenty, and when
the night happens to be warm, they are very noisy. If the night is
cold it seems to check their exuberance. Several nests are now
made, but saw no eggs. ‘The nest is a shallow depression in the
ground, generally scratched out by the bird; in some cases lined
with short straws, but in many nests no straws are to be seen. We
may note here that very many nests are made which never seem to
have eggs laid in them, and this seems especially to be the case in
ploughed fields, where the nests are almost on the bare earth.
April 22nd—Tewit’s nest, with four eggs in, ‘hard sat.’ The birds
are very plentiful, and apparently never rest at this season of the
year, day or night; the noise of their wings as they rush close over
you in the dark gives you the idea that each separate feather will be
torn out of the wing by the strain on it. We heard several birds
making the peculiar grating noise they produce when on the ground,
and in many cases whilst scratching a hollow for a nest ; the weather
cold and nests not plentiful. In early spring the eggs run the danger
of being frozen, and in this case the shell cracks and the egg 1s
spoiled. Rooks may be often observed flying over the fields where
the Lapwings are nesting, keeping close to the ground, and they are
sure to be attacked by the Lapwings and driven away. No doubt the
Rook likes Plovers’ eggs raw as well as we do boiled. Lapwings
have at least four distinct notes: (1st) The usual call of ‘ pee-wit,’
from -which so many of its local names are derived; (2nd) the
exaggerated form of this which they give forth with such vigour
whilst performing all sorts of gyrations in the air over their nesting
places at the beginning of the breeding season; (3rd) the grating

232 JACKSON : NOTES ON THE LAPWING NEAR GARSTANG.

noise already mentioned which cannot be heard at any great distance;
and (4th) the kind of contented short whistle which they indulge in
when a number are feeding together. These birds seem to feed
either by day or night, usually the latter if not very rough and
dark ; and during the day they may be sometimes seen sitting quietly
in the grass fields, all heads turned to the wind, and evidently resting.
The Lapwing lays almost, if not invariably, four eggs ; they are large
for the size of the bird, and it seems strange that the number should
be so fixed unless it is that any more would be simply wasted from
fitting badly into the nest, and not getting covered by the bird when
sitting. Nests have been found with five eggs in (see ‘ Zoologist,’
July 1887), but these cases are so very rare as to warrant the assump-
tion that two birds have laid in one nest. The eggs are always placed
in the nest with the small ends together, and fit admirably in this
position. The eggs vary a little in size and colour, and in rare cases
varieties are met with. The eggs are much sought after in this country
as delicacies for the table, and large numbers are sent to market, in
many cases fetching a higher price than ordinary hen’s eggs. The
white of the egg when boiled is not chalky white, like that of a hen,
but a semi-transparent jelly. The nests are not usually very near
together, although many may be in the same field, and seem to be
placed on all kinds of ground, and are most sought for in ploughed
and stubble fields. During the breeding season the birds are
scattered all over, and nesting even on the tops of the highest fells,
but the most favourite places are the rough pastures on high ground
where the grass is coarse, the ground often damp, and in places
growing rushes. These fields never fail to produce eggs if carefully
searched, but no careless glance will be likely to detect the nest, even
though it is open to your gaze, and the best plan to find them is.
systematically to quarter the ground section after section, or to drive
your stick in as a mark and walk round it; even this way a practised
eye 1s required to detect them with certainty, and some persons seem
to have a special ‘knack’ of finding them. It is not easy to detect the
bird leaving its nest unless you come on one suddenly over a hill-top,
in which case you can sometimes walk straight to the nest. Certain
spots are sure to be selected as nesting sites year after year, not the
very same inch of ground, perhaps, but somewhere near. In one
field we know of, there is a shallow reedy tarn in the middle, and
round this is a strip of land covered with rough grass, the field itself
being ploughed. On this strip of grass there have been one or more
nests for several years now, and this year we kept watch on a nest
here, and the time of incubation seemed to be about twenty-one
days. It is a difficult matter to get the exact time of incubation in a

Naturalist,

JACKSON : NOTES ON THE LAPWING NEAR GARSTANG. 273

wild state, as so many chances are that the nest may be disturbed,
more especially if you have not the opportunity of visiting it at very
short intervals.

May 14th—Saw one young Tewit, about a fortnight old; observed
it with the glass running about the field, and on going to the place
had some difficulty in seeing it, although knowing where to look.
The young are covered with a soft down of a greyish colour on the
back, mottled with darker markings ; the neck and under parts are
rather lighter in colour. ‘They lie so close, and have such incon-
spicuous colouring on the upper part that they are not easy to see.
This young bird, when hiding, made itself look very small, although
when running about its legs seemed Jong, and it looked a considerable
size. Though the old and young birds walk about in the fields
together, I never saw any attempt on the part of the old birds to feed
the young. ‘The tradition is that the young leave the nest with the
shell on their back, and they certainly leave it at a very early stage,
as I have found them a foot or two away, even before they could
stand upright on their legs; of course, if they have to seek food for
themselves they must of necessity move about early.

May 21st—Wretchedly cold weather for the time of year, and
the young tender shoots and leaves of beech and sycamore trees
much injured and disfigured by the wind during the last few days,
being left hanging black and withered on the branches. Found
three young Tewits in a pasture-field, all close together, and apparently
almost benumbed with the cold ; they were very small, not more than
three or four days old, and although so close together, we were
unable to find the nest they had come from. The two old birds
came flying round us very close before we found the young ones.
Once, when passing along a country-lane, I was surprised to see a
Tewit standing in the middle of the road quite still, but as we came
nearer it flew away and four very small young ones hastened to hide
themselves in the grass at the side, which they can do in a very
short time.

May 28th—Was informed that four pairs of Tewits had been
frequenting Arpley Fields near Warrington, and that two pairs bred
there this year.

June 4th—Went to the Moat House Farm, Burtonwood, in the
fields near which Tewits were evidently breeding, as six or seven
came screaming around in close proximity, although I only passed
along the road. They used to breed in these same fields many
years ago.

June 18th—The earliest young birds seem now able to fly, and
observed one small flock of about a dozen, but was not near enough
Sept. 1888.

274 JACKSON : NOTES ON THE LAPWING NEAR GARSTANG.

to distinguish how many of these were young birds; this being the
earliest attempt at flocking it seems that some six weeks elapse before
the young are able to fly, and during all this time they appear to be
altogether unprotected, as they are on the ground, cannot fly, and do
not attempt to run away, but seem to rely solely on their admirable
skill in keeping out of sight. We carefully searched a large pasture
field for young birds, but were unable to find one although there were
certainly some in it, as six or seven old birds were flying around all
the time. We afterwards found one in the same field by seeing it
walking about with the old one and going to the spot. In such cases
the young birds disappear long before you can get near them, and even
before the old bird takes to flight. On the same date we also took
three eggs which were only slightly incubated, so that there will be
at least eight weeks between the early and late hatches, the latter are
probably birds which have had their first lot of eggs taken. These
small young ones are most active on their legs, and if lifted up and
again placed on the ground will run a few yards, then stick their bill
to the ground and run on again in exactly the same fashion as the
old birds ; they seem to do this whether there is anything to pick up
or not.

July 9th—Very few single birds left in the fields now, and we saw
one flock of about sixty, but too far off for minute examination.
We also saw during the daytime two or three birds, apparently asleep
and not standing on their legs.

July 16th—Saw only two or three single birds about the fields,
but several large flocks—one which was in a rough pasture-field con-
tained not less than 200 birds, and more than half of them appeared
to be birds of the year.

August rst—Almost all the Tewits in flocks now. After careful
search over a grass field with the glass, we discovered one young bird
walking about, being evidently about the latest of its kind. On going
to the place we found it ‘squat,’ and took two photos of it in this
position, which give some slight idea of the admirable protective
power of unobtrusive colour and marking when no movement what-
ever is made by the bird. This young bird could fly well for twenty
or thirty yards and no doubt would be fairly on the wing in three or
four days. .

August 20th—During the morning spent some time trying to get
near a large flock of Tewits in a pasture-field: there were about 200
birds and all seemed to be resting, some pruning their feathers, some
sitting down, but none appeared to be feeding. They seem to have
a kind of daily migration, and just as dusk comes on and the first star
appears they leave the fields they have frequented duringthe day,

Naturalist,

CREPIDULA FORNICATA AT GRIMSBY. 275

‘

and visit some damp or marshy spot, where no doubt food is plentiful.
If you wait in some spot which is a kind of high road to these feeding-
places you may be sure of several coming over before it gets quite
dark. In the very early morning they are much scattered over the
fields, but soon gather up again into flocks as the day advances, and
are exceedingly wary. At this time of year they seem to be well
distributed over the country, or at least the lower-lying land, as I saw
numbers of them in the fields up to the sea bank between Pilling
and Fleetwood.

September toth—Newly manured grass land appears to be the
most attractive locality at this date.

November 12th —A very dark night, and going down Legh Street,
Warrington, was astonished to hear two or three Tewits shouting ;
they were evidently flying round, attracted by the bright light from
the Fair Ground and Market.

November r9th— The ground was rather hard with frost, and we
put up several. Tewits from sheltered spots and places under trees
where the cold had not rendered the ground so hard.

November 26th—Ground soft, and almost every field held several
Tewits, and some favoured ones had many hundreds.

December 11th—We had a walk up the hills and on the higher
ground, but saw no Tewits after leaving the low-lying land ; they seem
to desert the higher ground as soon as the breeding-season Is over.

December 26th—Ground frozen hard, with a slight sprinkling of
snow; almost all the Tewits driven away in consequence, and
although we kept a careful look-out, only saw nine in three days.
The frost continued tiil the end of the year, and the Tewits absolutely
deserted this part of the country. The birds seem much more
plentiful during the last few years, and possibly this is owing to the
operation of the Wild Birds’ Protection Act, as the close season is
the only time that they appear to lose any of their wariness.

NOTE—CONCHOLOG Y.

Occurrence of Dead Shells of Crepidula fornicata on Grimsby Beach.—
While searching for specimens on the Grimsby Beach I found a shell which I did
not recognise as being British, nor had I found or seen such a shell before. This
was in November 1887. Some weeks after I found another. I sent one to the
Natural History Museum at South Kensington. It was kindly returned to me as
Crepidula fornicata, a native of the east coast of North America, and I was told
that it had possibly been thrown out of some ship with ballast, and then washed
ashore; but as I continued to find specimens I could scarcely think this to be the
case. After making inquiries I have learnt that they are brought from America
with the American Oysters, which are deposited at Cleethorpes for the use of
visitors to this seaside resort in the summer season. As yet I have not found living
specimens, although a friend assures me they are often adhering to the shells of
the Oysters when first brought here. —ARTHUR SMITH, 103, Freeman Street,
Great Grimsby, February 29th, 1888.

Sept. 1888.

276 MISCELILANEOUS NOTES.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Fieldfares near Halifax in July.—Walking in the fields on Sunday morning
the 1st of July, I heard the well-remembered ‘ chack-chack’ of the Fieldfare ( Z2rdus
pilaris), and, turning round, saw a flock of eight or nine flying in a north-westerly
direction. They settled in a field a few hundred yards further on.—C. C. HANSON,
Greetland, near Halifax, July 17th, 1888.

Osprey near Alford.—On the 3rd of May, 1888, an Osprey (Pandion haliaétus)
was shot at Chapel Marsh, in the parish of Mumby Chapel, near Alford, by a son
of Mr. J. N. Robinson, of Anderby. I have seen the bird, which is one of last
years brood apparently. When shot its stomach was found full of fish.—
JAS. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, 8th August, 1888.

Food of Crossbills.—The stomachs of two of these birds, obtained on the
Yorkshire coast near Kilnsea, on the 14th and 15th of July, were crammed with
the nymph of Philenus spumarius, the ‘cuckoo-spit’ insect, no doubt picked
from the blades of sea-grasses growing on the sand-dunes.—JOHN CORDEAUX,
Great Cotes, Ulceby, August 9th, 1888.

Crossbill at the Farne Islands.—You ask for occurrences of the Crossbill
(Loxta curvirostra) in the North of England. About July 17th a male was
picked up dead on the Farne Islands and shown to Mr. H.:G. Barclay, of
Norwich, who was on the islands at the time. Whether it was a solitary example,
or whether any others were seen at the time on the mainland, I know not, but
Mr. Barclay did not see any others.—J. H. GURNEY, Jun., Keswick Hall,
Norwich, 14th August, 1888.

NOTE _GEOLOGY.

Calverley Wood Quarries, Leeds.—The Council of the Leeds Geological
Association, upon the invitation of Mr. J. Cameron Rowan, paid a visit to the
above-named quarries, to inspect a fine section of the Rough Rock, the uppermost
bed of the Millstone Grit series. The day was most unfavourable for any geological
work, an incessant rain falling throughout, but still the observations were most
perseveringly carried through. Upon arrival at Apperley Bridge Station, the
party made the best of their way along the pleasant road intersecting Calverley
Wood, until they were met by Messrs. Gray and Rowan, and conducted to the
quarries. The first quarry visited did not present any striking features beyond the
manner in which the rock had been disturbed by one of the numerous smaller
faults in this neighbourhood. The second quarry was more interesting and prac-
tical, and certainly was a fine section. Here could be seen in descending order
the well-known rough rock, then a ragstone, followed by a good flagstone. A good
opportunity was in this quarry offered of observing the cause of the disturbance
which had so dislocated the superincumbent strata. The beds, which were once
deposited horizontally, or at all events with a slight dip in one direction, were
noted as dipping in opposite directions over a boss of solid sandstone. This has,
no doubt, been produced by tremendous lateral pressure operating in the most
gradual manner; still this extremely slow but incalculably powerful force has rifted
and cracked the solid sandstone above. Some remarkable instances of this force
were observed in a quantity of flags which had been obtained from this quarry,
which were not perfectly flat, but slightly concave. In one part of this quarry was
noted a good example of a fault, with a wedge-shaped mass of sandstone between.
The next quarry visited showed also a good section of the rough rock, and also
afforded an opportunity of studying the composition of this well-known and most
valuable stone. Just where it had been bared it was of a conglomeritic character,
being full of large pebbles of whitish quartz. These were mixed with rapidly
decomposing felspar. This showed undoubtedly the origin of this rock, its
materials being furnished from the wear and tear of pre-existing rocks, such as
granite.—S. A. ADAMSON, Leeds, July 28th, 1888.

Naturalist,

207

THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION
AT MARKET WEIGHTON.

THe Bank Holiday excursion (August 6th) of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union had been arranged to take place in the interest-
ing and picturesque neighbourhood of Market Weighton, including
Goodmanham, Londesborough Park, and Houghton. Nature was
on this day in one of her sunniest aspects, the long reign of Jupiter
Pluvius seemed to be at an end, and altogether our scientists were in
far different spirits than upon the unfortunate visit made recently to
the Peak. The whole party assembled at the Market Weighton
Railway Station, from whence the geologists, under the leadership of
the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A., President of the Geological Section,
proceeded in the direction of Goodmanham, Enthorpe, and Londes-
borough, whilst the second party, under the direction of Mr. Boyes,
examined the district including Houghton Park and North Chiff
Woods.

After the investigations of the day, a substantial tea was partaken
of at the Londesborough Arms Hotel, Market Weighton, at the con-
clusion of which the sectional and general meetings were held at the
National Schoolroom.

The general meeting was presided over by the Rev. E. Maule
Cole, M.A. After the adoption of the minutes of the previous
meeting, the following new members were unanimously elected :—
Edward J. Lloyd, Manager, York Street Gas Works, Leeds;
Rev. Alfred Clarke, M.A., Kirkby Malzeard, Ripon. The attend-
ance included representatives from the following societies, viz.:—
Leeds Naturalists’ Club, York and District Field Naturalists’ Society,
Goole Scientific Society, Leeds Geological Association, Malton
Naturalists’. Society, Hull Field Naturalists’ Society, Harrogate
and District Naturalists’ and Scientific Society, Ackworth School
Natural History Society, Hull Scientific Club, and Hull Geological
Society. Thanks were then voted—upon the motion of the
Rey. W. C. Hey, M.A., seconded by Mr. C. H. Bould—to the
Rt. Hon. the Earl of Londesborough, and to the Hon. C. Langdale,
for permission to visit their estates; to the Rev. R. Digby French,
for the use of the schoolroom; to the Rev. E. Maule Cole, M.A.,
and Messrs. F. A. Lees, J. D. Butterell and Frederick Boyes, for
assistance rendered on the circular; to Mr. Proudlock, for his
efficient guidance of the geological party in a topographical capacity ;
and to the Rev. E. M. Cole, M.A., Messrs. M. B. Slater, T. Bunker,
and F. Boyes for their leadership of parties.

Sept. 1888, | .

278 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT MARKET WEIGHTON.

Upon the proposition of the Rev. E. P. Knubley, M.A., seconded
by Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., and supported by the Chairman, the
Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A., Messrs. S. Chadwick and M. B. Slater, it was
unanimously resolved that the Secretary be requested to enrol the
Union as a member of the International Geological Congress, by
a subscription of tos., which will secure the publications of the
Congress, and also to make a donation of two guineas to the
Guarantee Fund. Mr. Knubley had previously described the objects
of the Congress, which meets every three years, and is shortly to
hold a meeting in London, after the conclusion of which several
geological excursions will be made, Yorkshire being honoured with
two, one in the Craven district, the other along the Yorkshire coast
from Saltburn to Speeton.

Mr. Adamson reported upon the continued improvement and
favourable condition of the secretary, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck,
F.L.S., and was requested to convey the sympathy ofthe members
to him.

The sectional reports were then presented.

For the Vertebrate Zoology Section, which was represented by all
its sectional officers, Mr. J. Backhouse, jun., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., York,
reported that only thirty-three species of birds had been met with,
i.e. twenty-five residents and eight migrants. The small number of
the latter is probably accounted for by the fact that a large number
of our migrating birds are now moving towards the sea-coast, pre-
paratory to their long southern voyage. It is interesting to notice,
on referring to last season’s reports, that on August 27th, at Welton
(Brough), a few miles further south, three migrants only were observed,
notwithstanding the exceptional fineness and warmth of the season.
A sharp look-out was kept during the day, but without avail, for
Pallas’ Sand-Grouse, which species has been observed this summer
in fair numbers on the lowland in the vicinity of Market Weighton.

The chairman, Rev. E. M. Cole, remarked that the Norfolk Plover
has been found nesting of recent years on the wolds to his knowledge.
In York Museum is a bird of this species, in immature dress, which
was killed at or near Kiplingcotes a few years ago, and must have
been reared in the neighbourhood.

For the Conchological Section, the Rev. W. C. Hey, M.A,
York, president of the section, reported that all the species of
mollusca observed were terrestrial. Helix cantiana was very abun-
dant in hedge-banks. A. aspersa and AH. nemoralis in a quarry at
Sancton. A. caperata under chalk, with A. Azspida. A small form
of Succinea putris was the only other shell collected. Among the
specimens of HZ. caferata were some examples of the variety ornata.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT MARKET WEIGHTON. 279

For the Entomological Section, its president, Mr. N. F. Dobrée,
Beverley, reported that there was a fair muster of entomologists, but
the united effort merely succeeded in finding one Luthemonta russula,
a species known to exist on the moor there, and a few quite fresh
specimens of Lryophila perla on the walls of houses in Market
Weighton, which latter is only noteworthy as proving the lateness of
the season. Mr. Dobrée had taken them on the Rhine and Moselle
at the end of July this year. It was not a favourable day for diurnal
lepidoptera.

The Rey. W. C. Hey reported that of Coleoptera he met with a
fair number of species, chiefly by shaking refuse. Among them were
Quedius molochinus, Philonthus varians, and Tachinus marginellus.
In dung occurred Philonthus marginatus, Cercyon hemorrhoidalts,
C. melanocephalus, etc. Telephorus fulvus abounded on umbelliferous
plants.

For the Botanical Section Mr. M. Bb. Slater reported that the
botanists, under the guidance of Mr. Boyes, fortunately favoured by
fine weather, were enabled to explore the route mentioned in the
programme. At their sectional meeting, the total number of plants
reported was 201 Flowering Plants, 7 Ferns, 20 Mosses and
5 Hepaticze. The most interesting and rare plants seen during the
ramble were the following :—Fapaver argemone; the double-flowering
form of Chelidonium majus, growing by a hedge-side at Sancton,
evidently a stray from the adjoining garden; Corydalis claviculata;
Lrysimum ortentale, a single specimen growing amongst potatoes
near to a disused brick-yard, probably introduced with seeds or
manure ; Leseda lutea; Silene noctiflora; Malva moschata var. alba ;
Melilotus officinalis, probably an alien, introduced with flower-seeds ;
Spirea filipendula, new to the East Riding; £pzlobium angustifolium,
a large mass seen in a wet situation in Houghton Wood; Sryenza
dioica (White Bryony) reported as growing in the district ; Apzum
graveolens (Alien inland). The Black Bryony (Zamus communts) also
occurs in the district. The rarer Thistles seen were: Onxopordium
acanthium, Carduus nutans, and C. heterophyllus, whilst C. eriophorus,
mentioned in the circular as occurring in the district, was not met
with, The only Heaths seen were Calluna vulgaris and Erica
tetralix. Only two Orchids were seen, Lestera ovata and Sprranthes
autumnalis, the latter near Houghton Wood, and one of the most
interesting finds of the day. Dzygztalis purpurea, a commonly dis-
tributed plant on sandy-heathery tracts, whereas on the coralline
limestone about Malton it is never seen except in cultivation.
FHlumulus lupulus, the hop-plant, was reported to have been seen,
perhaps not truly wild; it is often introduced, and easily establishes
Sept. 1888.

280 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT MARKET WEIGHTON.

itself. Hydrocharis morsus-rana, Typha latifolia, T. angustifolia,
Narthecium ossifragum, on boggy ground. <Apera spica-venti seen
growing by the road-side near Sancton ; it is a species that likes a
sandy soil, and is only recorded as occurring in eighteen of the
vice-counties ; Baker, in his ‘North Yorkshire,’ records it from the
vale of York at Catton, Alne, and Sutton-on-the-Forest, and it is also
reported by Teesdale from Bulmer near Castle Howard. ‘The Ferns
seen included ZLastrea filix-mas, L. spinulosa, and L. dilatata, the
latter of which was by far the most abundant, and is the most
common fern in the woods on the chalk wolds. Athyrium filix-
femina, Lomaria spicant, Pteris agquilina, and Polypodium vulgare
were also seen.

Two members, interested in Mosses, spent the time at their
disposal in Houghton Wood, as the most likely place in the district
for the growth of these plants. They were fortunate in finding one
moss (Hypnum imponens Hedw.) which has only hitherto been
recorded for Riccall Common in the East Riding. In the wood the
trunks of the trees were very free from cortical mosses, no Orthotricha
were seen, and Crypfhea, which has been found growing on trees in
the neighbourhood of Sledmere, was not met with.

The following Mosses and Hepaticze were gathered, all but one
of them, however, of general distribution in moist shady woodlands :—

MOSSEs.
Sphagnum cymbifolium Ehrh. Eurhynchium prelongum Dill.
Sphagnum acutifolium Ehrh. Rhyncostegium confertum Dicks.
Dicranum scoparium L. Plagiothecium sylvaticum L.
Dicranum bonjeani DeNot. Plagiothecium denticulatum L.
Ceratodon purpureus L. Plagiothecium undulatum L.
Webera nutans Schreb. Amblystegium serpens L.
Mnium undulatum Hedw. Hypnum purum L.
Leucodon sciuroides L. Hypnum schreberi Ehrh.
Thuidium tamariscinum Hedw. Hypnum cupressiforme L.
Eurhynchium striatum Schreb. Hypnum imponens Hedw.

This last moss is very closely allied to A. cupressiforme, differing in
the narrower cellular tissue of the leaves, etc. It was found growing
amongst heath adjoining Houghton Wood. It has been gathered on
Strensall Common by Wilson and other muscologists, and is men-
tioned in the ‘Catalogue of British Mosses’ as occurring in only
three vice-counties.

HEPATICA. ;
Radula complanata (L.). Lophocolea heterophylla Schrad.
Cephalozia divaricata Sm. Ptilidium ciliare Nees.

Lophocolea bidentata (L.).

The Geological Section was numerously attended and_ also
represented by all its sectional officers, the report being given by

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT MARKET WEIGHTON. 281

Mr. Samuel Chadwick, one of the secretaries. Upon our arrival the
line to Beverley was traversed until, upon the south side of the
cutting, those beds of the Lower Lias, belonging to the zone of
Ammonites angulatus, or the ‘grey stone,’ were examined. ‘They
were extremely fossiliferous, and, had time permitted, the wallets
might have been filled at the beginning of the day’s work. The line
was still continued until we arrived at a fine section of the grey or
upper division of the lower chalk. Here ample work was found for
the hammers, and some good results ensued. Among the fossils
found were Zerebratula gracilis, T. biplicata, T. semt-globosa, Rhyn-
conellz, Inocerami, a tooth of Otodus, etc. Reddish bands were
observed in this chalk. This chalk is denoted by the Government
geological surveyors as flintless, but numerous specimens of a whitish
flint were obtained in situ (of quite a different character to those of
the middle chalk), a circumstance which occasioned much incredulity
and speculation. Of course, some were strongly inclined to be
ortnodox in believing the lower chalk to be flintless, whiist the
discoverers of the flints, fresh with their spoils from the living
rock, triumphantly refuted this idea. ‘The way was now taken by
a gentle and pleasant ascent to the ancient village of Goodmanham,
the ‘Godmundingaham’ of the venerable Bede, where, according
to tradition, some most remarkable events in connection with the
introduction of Christianity into our island have taken place. Some
extensive earthworks were carefully walked over and examined, but
the general opinion was that although some parts may have been
due to the perseverance of our forefathers, yet they were really the
débris of a modern chalk-pit. The pleasant gardens of the palatial
rectory were then passed through to the village, and a little detour
made from the geological track to inspect the venerable church,
which displayed in its chancel arch and doorway its Early Norman
origin. This church was viewed with great interest, as, with the
greatest probability, it stands upon the site of ‘the place where the
idols were’ of Bede, or the ancient heathen temple. There was
always an idea in those early days to efface Paganism by erecting
upon the site of the destroyed heathen temple a Christian church.
And now a long walk was taken in the direction of Enthorpe to view
the cutting now being made on the new railway intended to connect
Market Weighton and Driffield. This new line has a peculiar interest
to West Riding people, as, when completed, the necessity of travel-
ling from Leeds to Bridlington either by way of Hull or Seamer will
be at an end, anda more direct route secured, which will shorten
the journey by about twenty miles. An immense embankment is
being formed from the material obtained from the deep cutting

Sept. 1888.

282 NOTES AND NEWS.

a little farther on, and from the freshly-cut blocks of chalk and flint
some of our friends reaped a rich harvest. Mr. Chadwick, of Malton,
ever on the alert in his special subject, was most assiduous, and was
rewarded by the discovery of some fine hexactinellid and tetracti-
nellid (or six-rayed and four-rayed) sponges. We now came into the
cutting in the middle chalk, some 70 ft. in depth, which certainly
was a magnificent section. ‘Three bands of flint and several of
fuller’s earth were noticed traversing the chalk. This fuller’s earth
was continuous, the chalk above and below never uniting. This
would point to a break now and then in the deposition of the chalk,
and the influx of mud, in a greater or a lesser degree, into the
cretaceous sea. Bank holiday was not observed on the new railway,
as the busy bands of men were hard at work, and their operations
were noted with great interest. In the immediate neighbourhood
several tumuli were pointed out by the leader. From Enthorpe
a devious but pleasant route was taken across the fields to Londes-
borough Park. Here and there outcrops of the Lower Lias were
noted and attentively examined. The finely wooded park was then
traversed, to the delight of all present, the fine old trees and majestic
avenues attracting much admiration. Upon emerging from the park
the course of the East Beck was followed some little distance to dis-
cover, 1f possible, those interesting passage beds between the Lower
Lias and the Keuper Marls of the Trias known by the name of Rheetic.
Patient search was upon this occasion of no avail, and their discovery
must remain over for a further visit. A lengthened walk brought
the party again to Market Weighton, during which many fine views
of the broad and fertile valley were obtained. Holme-on-Spalding
Moor was a prominent object, whilst far away Eye Barf and
Hambleton were discerned.

The section of Micro-Zoology and Micro-Botany was not repre-
sented. A vote of thanks to the chairman concluded the proceedings.

NOTES AND: NEWS.

We have received from Mr. A. Norman Tate, F.I.C., etc., of Liverpool, the
two first numbers of a new monthly illustrated journal of science, which he is
editing, under the title of ‘ Research.’ It is in quarto form, well printed and
nicely illustrated, and several of its articles are of special local interest to
naturalists resident in the north. One special feature is ‘Our Portrait Gallery ’—
the first two portraits of which are those of the Rev. H. H. Higgins, M.A.,
the well-known Liverpool naturalist, and Sir H. E. Roscoe, M.P. Another
feature is a series of articles on ‘The Scientific Aspects of Health Resorts,’
dealing at its outset with Harrogate and with Buxton. Another series of
articles deals with ‘Geological Rambles,’ the first being in Charnwood Forest.
Special prominence is given also to ‘ Local Museums,’ and to the proceedings
of local scientific societies, and altogether the journal is eminently readable and
full of interest.

Naturalist,

283

HARCOURT BATH ON BRITISH BIRDS.

The Young Collector’s Handbook of British Birds, and their Nests and
Eggs. By W. Harcourt BATH; with a Chapter on Collecting and
Preserving Birds,’ by-'R. BOWDLER SHARPE, F.E:S., “F.Z.S.,) :&c.
112 pp. and Woodcuts. London: Swan Sonnenschein, Lowry & Co. 1888.

Under this title we have a little book which aims at furnishing in
eighty 8vo pages a history of our native birds, some 400 strong.
Whether it is possible to supply in so small a compass what this book
pretends to do, we will not concern ourselves. But as the book is
specially and wholly designed for the ‘Young Collector,’ we must
insist that strict accuracy—the cardinal merit of such a manual—be
afforded, however small the store of knowledge to be gleaned from
it may be. We regret to say that such a primary attribute is entirely
wanting in the book before us ; indeed, the book 1s a veritable multum
an parvo of errors. Here are a few specimens of Mr. W. Harcourt
Bath’s knowledge of British ornithology :—

Rage 23: \.* White's Thrush (Zuvaus varius). . . 1s supposed
by some to be a mere variety of the Song Thrush.’ Mr. W. Harcourt
Bath does not tell his readers that it is a perfectly genuine species.
[The italics are ours in this and the following extracts. |

Page 33. ‘The Shore Lark (O/ocorys alpestris) inhabits the sea-
coast and estuaries of rivers, and always breeds in the vicinity of its
habitat.’ Marked as a bird known to breed in the British Islands at
page 72.

Page 35. ‘The Ortolan Bunting (Zmeriza hortulana) is also by
no means common in this country. It is principally an inhabitant
of the eastern counties, azd is resident throughout the year. Marked
as a bird known to breed in the British Islands at page 72.

Page 35. ‘The Brambling (Avimgilla montifringilla)
sometimes stays to breed.’ Marked as a bird known to breed in ane
British Islands at page 72.

Page 45. ‘The Capercaille (Zetrao urogallus) oth,
It 2s supposed by some ornithologists once to have been an znzdigenous
inhabitant of this country.’

Page 46. ‘The Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) is another moor-
loving bird,

Page 47. ‘The Red-legged Partridge (Perdix rufa)
has on several occastons been known to breed here.’

Page 49. ‘The Dotterel (Zudromias morinellus) is a summer
visitor to this country. Jt breeds on moors and commons.’

Page 49. ‘The Ringed Plover (4 gvalttis hiaticula) is another
summer visitor, but 7s generally considered to be very rare,

Sept. 1888.

284 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Page 50. ‘The Spotted Redshank (Zotanus fuscus) is also a
resident spectes. Marked as a bird known to breed in the British
Islands at page 75.

Page 51. ‘The Dunlin (Z7inga alpina) is also a winter visitor,
and sometimes stays to breed,

Page 52. ‘Bartailed Godwit (Zimosa lapponica) is a regular
winter visitor, z/zch sometimes remains to breed.’

Page 53. ‘The Whimbrel (Mumenius phaeopus) ts a winter visitor.’

As a specimen of Mr. W. Harcourt Bath’s accuracy in descriptions
of plumage, we note—The Nuthatch (p. 30): ‘The plumage of
this bird is dusky brown, and the breast greyish,

It is, we are sorry to say, a thoroughly harmful little book ; the
result of the author’s gross ignorance of his subject, and of an unpar-
donable neglect on his part to consult the many and easily accessible
books on British Birds for information. Mr. Sharpe’s portion of the
book is in every way a satisfactory production, but we believe we have
seen it issued in another form by the same publishers.—W. E. C.

NOTES—BOTANY.

Dichroism in Viola odorata.— Mr. Gain, on p. 193, records a very interesting
variety of Viola odorata, in which the normal blue colour is replaced by pinkish-
red. It appears that this blue colouring-matter, both in Vzo/a and in other
plants, is dimorphic, and presents two phases—blue and pink. In this locality
a pink-flowered Oxytropis occurs, which always goes blue in drying, and on the
other hand, the violet-blue flowered Clematis douglastz presents a somewhat rare
variety vosea, in which the blue is replaced by pink, and similar varieties occur of
Anemone patens var. nuttalliana (var. rosea) and Aster pauciflorus (var. rosaceus),
in both of which pink takes the place of violet. These varieties occur in Colorado,
and others like them are recorded from other countries, fully bearing out the close
relation between pink and blue in flowers.—T. D. A. COCKERELL, West Cliff,
Colorado, July 19th.

Carduus acaulis in North Lincolnshire.—On Bank Holiday, the 6th inst.,
Mr. Joseph B. Davy found this thistle on the Chalk Wolds at South Ormsby, and
brought me a specimen, which I sent to Mr. F. A. Lees for confirmation.-—
Jas. EARDLEY Mason, Alford, 1toth August, 1888.

NOTE—MOLLUSCA.

Arion ater var. nov. cinerea at Nottingham.—Mr. G. W. Mellors, of
Nottingham, has lately forwarded me a number of slugs from that neighbourhocd.
His last consignment was of specimens from the Corporation Gardens, Wells
Road, Nottingham, 25th June, including a juvenile specimen of Lzmax maximus
var. fasctata, a few of L. agrestis, type and var. sylvatica, one Arion bourguignate
and a few typical A. hortens?s, several full-grown typical A. ater, and one fine
adult of that species which is of a colour that I have never before seen in 4. atev,,
viz., dark cinereous, uniform in colour, and having the foot-fringe dull brown with
the usual dark cross-streaks. The cinereous colour is exactly that so prevalent in
L. maxtmus.—-W. DENISON ROEBUCK, Leeds, 26th June, 1888.

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MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

EDITED BY
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CORRESPONDIKENDIR MITGLIED DES ORNITHOLOGISCHEN VEREINS IN WIEN.

Gonfents: oot

Bibliography—Neuroptera and Trichoptera, 1884, 1885, 1886, and 1887 .. 285 & 286
A List of some Hemiptera- Heteroptera of Lincolnshire, with notes on
Collecting—Fames Eardley Mason .. e ee Me .. 287 to 297
Deilephila galii in 1888—George T. Porritt, F.L.S., BE. s. Bs i Be 208
Additional Localities for the Vascular Plants of the West ce Floya
William West, F.L.S. re E -. 299 to 302
Notes on the West Yorkshire Flora—F. yee 8 M.R.C. S., VEE R. (Oy Ze -. 303 to 306
The British Association at Bath—Rev. Z. P. Knubley, M.A., M.B.O. Oe wane .. 308 to 312
On the Hepaticze and Musci of Westmorland—George Stabler ve * +51 3E5.$0..326
Note—Lepidoptera .. a a 5c ie 286
Larvz of Deilephila me ae ararlenaol Gardner.
Note—Ornithology .. be ee Re 207
Sand -Grouse near Whitby, Varkehice T. etek S Petia
Note—Geology . mt t aye vik ie 297
Glacier Work i in Visecdalen a. Be ainson, v8 G. JS:
Notes—Botany . a 306, 307 & 312
The Hoiid’s: Tongue at ‘Siapron: -in- Cravens W. Edminden : ; Spirzea
filipendula in South-East’ Yorkshire—Watthew B. Slater; Notes on Settle
Plants—Waltiam Whitwell; Goodyera repens near Market Weighton—
W. West and M. B&B. Slater.

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285

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

NEUROPTERA and TRICHOPTERA,
1884, 1885, ee and 1887.

JOSEPH CHAPPELL. Lanc. S.

Obnoxious and Injurious Insects [A4/¢r spos pulsatorius, etc.]. Young Nat.,
April 1887, vill. 64.

Dal-Ay COCKERELL. ivade. oo

A September Walk through Lancashire. . . . [Sep. 1oth, 1885, Hemero-
bius nervosus and Limnophilus lunatus from near Rainhill; named by
R. McLachlan]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 59.

A. _E. EATON. Derbyshire, Cumberland, Westmorland.
A Revisional Monograph of Recent Ephemeride or Mayflies [The only
notes referring to the North of England in this exhaustive treatise are
the following :—Cenzs dimzdiata Steph., var. rzvulorum Eaton, the Dove,
near Mayfield, Ashbourne, Derbyshire, June (page 144), and the Eden in
Cumberland, profusely abundant at Langwathby on certain evenings towards
sunset, so as to produce an appearance as of mist or dense haze hovering over
the course of the river (p. 320); Aaétis scambus Eaton, Ashbourne and
Norbury, Derbyshire, in the Dove and in the Henmoor Brook, June and
September (p. 160), and abundant in Briggle Beck and in the Eden near
Little Salkeld in Addingham, Cumberland (p. 320); &. tewzax Eaton, rills
and streamlets on Ashbourne Green, Derbyshire, in June (p. 165); Rhzthrogena
semicolorata Curt., the typical race in Cumberland ascends on Cross Fell to
about 1,500 ft. (p. 258); Acdyurus insignis Etn., England, in rapid parts of
rivers, suchas... . the Eden p. 289); Z£. lateralis Curt., nowhere has the
author found it more abundant than it was along the shore of Ullswater, in
Westmorland, under Kailpot Crag, on Ist July (p. 295); Zphemerella notata,
sp. novy., locally common by shallow and swift parts of the river Eden in
Cumberland during June, near the villages of Langwathby and Salkeld
(p. 306)]. Linnean Transactions, 2nd Series, Zoology, vol. 3, parts 1
(Dec. 1883, pp. 1-77), 2 (July 1884, pp. 77-152), 3 (April 1885, pp. 153-230),
4 (Dec. 1885, pp. 229-281), 5 (Dec. 1887, pp. 281-319), and 6 (Feb. 1888,
pp- 320-352), with 65 plates.
J. E. FLETCHER. Westmorland.
Dragon-flies near Worcester [a specimen of Lescorrhinia dubia V.d.L.
mentioned as captured with Sympetrum scoticum Donoy. at Witherslack,
some three or four years since, by Mr. J. H. Threlfall]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
May 1884, xx. 273-4.
James Harpy. Cheviotland.
Boreus hyemalis [among mosses on the porphyry rocks behind Wooler].
Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, vol. x, part 2 (1885), p. 608; and Scott. Nat., April
1885, viii. 64. Be cs
H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.
Shells of the Ponds and Streams [near Louth; with mention of the

caddis-cases of Limnephilus flavicornis and Phryganea grandis in canal).
Nat. World, April 1886, iii. 62.

H. WALLIs KEw. Linc. N.

A Half-Day’s Ramble on the Lincolnshire Coast [at Mablethorpe, 3rd
April; case of Limnephilus flavicornis noted]. Nat., June 1886, p. 173.

H. WALLIS Kew. Linc. N.

On the Lincolnshire Wolds [caddis-cases of Limnephilus flavicornis noted
as very plentiful in a drain near Louth]. Nat. World, Aug. 1886, ui. 142.
Oct. 1888. - fh

286 DEILEPHILA GALII AT HARTLEPOOL.

ROBERT McLACHLAN. ‘North of England,’ ‘ Lincolnshire.’
The British Dragon-flies annotated [Leucorrhinia dubia V.d.L. is certainly
common on some of the extensive moors of the north of England, and Mr.
J. C. Dale also recorded it from Lincolnshire (p. 252)]. Ent. Mo. Mag.,
April 1884, xx. 251-256.
R. McLACHLAN. Cumberland, Derbyshire.
Tinodes dives, Pict., in Cumberland [Cross Fell and Onsby ; previously only
known from Derbyshire, as recorded in Ent. Mo. Mag., v. 277, as 7. schmzdtit
Kolenati]. Ent. Mo. Mag., June 1886, xxiii. 17.
R. McLACHLAN. Westmorland.
Micromus aphidivorus Schrk. (azgzlatws Steph.), near London [writer
possesses also one taken by J. B. Hodgkinson at Witherslack, 1863 ; one of
the rarest of the British Hemerobiide]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Noy. 1886, xxiii. 138.
R. McLAcHLayn. Westmorland.
Hydroptila femoralis, Eaton, and H. longispina, McLach., probably only
one species [the latter was taken commonly at Ambleside by J. J. King].
Ent. Mo. Mag., July 1887, xxiv. 44-45.
[E. N. MENNELL.] York N.E.
[Mayfly—species not stated—caught, in a torpid state, in a room at 20,
Bootham, York]. Nat. Hist. Journ., April 15th, 1887, xi. 60.
KENNETH J. MorTON. Westmorland.
Drepanopteryx phalenoides, L., in Scotland : a re-discovery [refers also to
previous records, thus: Bowness, taken by Mr. Allis (Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond.,
New Series, vol. i. p. xlvi. Jan. 6th, 1851); Windermere, taken by Mr.
Strouvelle, and in McLachlan’s Collection (R. McLachlan, Monog. Brit.
Neuropt. Planip.)]. Ent. Mo. Mag., Nov. 1885, xxii. 140.
Geo. T. PORRITT. York N.E.
Lepidoptera, etc. [=Neuroptera and Trichoptera] on the North-East
Coast of Yorkshire, in August 1886 [about Saltburn and Redcar ; Cirysopa
tenella, C. flava, Hemerobius micans, H. humuli, Micropterna sequax,
Stenophylax latipennis, Limnophilus affints, L. hirsutus, L. sparsus, and
L. vittatus noted, with observations]. Nat., March 1887, p. 69. ;
Gro. T. PorRITT. York S.W.
Yorkshire Neuroptera and Orthoptera [also Trichoptera ; asking for assistance
in the study, partly with a view to publication of a list]. Nat., June 1887, p. 180.
GEO. T. PoRRITT. ; York N.E.
Hemerobius concinnus at York [at Warthill, July 18th, 1887; particulars
given]. Nat., Oct. 1887, p. 290.
GEORGE ROBERTS. York S.W.
Topography and Natural History of Lofthouse and its Neighbourhood
[etc.]. Vol. ii. Leeds: printed for the Author. 1885 [viil. + 258 pages,
8vo. ; reference at p. 91 to ‘ Dragon-flies’ (species not stated)].
J. SANG. ? Durham or York N.E.
Hemerobius inconspicuus, McLach., bred [along with Retzma prnivorana
from Scotch fir; locality not stated—query near Darlington?]. Ent. Mo.
Mag., Jan. 1885, xxi. 192.

NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA.

Larve of Deilephila galii at Hartlepool.—I had the pleasure of taking
two full-grown larvee of Dezlephila galit on the sand-hills here on the 23rd inst.
They were feeding, quite exposed, upon Galiam verum, during bright sunshine.
With the exception of one taken over thirty years ago, they are the only ones
which have been taken in our district in the larval state.—J. GARDNER, 8, Friar
Terrace, Hartlepool, September 25th, 1888.

Naturalist,

287

A LIST OF SOME HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA
OF LINCOLNSHIRE, —
WITH NOTES ON COLLECTING.

JAMES EARDLEY MASON,
Alford.

TuIs paper records the results of scattered and much-curtailed
collecting-days in the district of the Alford Naturalists’ Society in
the years 1885-6-7, and one or two in 1888.

Notices of a few species from other localities in the county—to
which the word ‘also’ is prefixed—and by other collectors, are incor-
porated herewith.

The Alford district lies in Watson’s ‘Lincoln North’ and is
about ten miles square. Its eastern face skirts the shore of the
North Sea, with its wind-blown sand-hills and peculiar flora; the
western verge just tops the first rise of the Chalk Wolds; Mable-
thorpe at the north-eastern corner, and Mumby Chapel at the south-
eastern, lie open to the German Ocean; while South Ormsby and
Skendleby at the corresponding corners to the west look out from
fair woods over the flat alluvial tract below them to the sea.

It will be observed that the natural features indicate mainly
a Limestone Fauna and Flora modified: by proximity to the sea and
exposure to the biting north-east winds of winter and early spring.

Except where otherwise stated, each species has been taken by
myself, and verified by Mr. Edward Saunders, F.L.S., to whom I am
much indebted. The nomenclature and arrangement are those of
his Synopsis, published 1876. ‘E.M.M.’ refers to the volumes of
the ‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,’ and ‘Brit. Hem.’ to the
‘ British Hemiptera-Heteroptera’ of Messrs. Douglas and Scott, 1865.
From Mr. Douglas I have also received help and information.

GYMNOCERATA.
GEODROMICA.
CYDNIDA
Sehirus picipes Fall. Mablethorpe (T. V. Wollaston, E.M.M.,
Xll. 154).
ARTHROPTERID“.
Acanthosoma hzemorrhoidale Linn. Well Vale; not uncommon
on hawthorn, June and September.
Tropicoris rufipes Linn. Well Vale; on various trees, June.

Also Muckton Wood, on oak, July. Common.
Oct. 1888.

-

288 MASON: LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

BERYTID/E.

Berytus pygmzus Reut. Mumby Chapel; land-foot of sand-

hills amongst moss ; abundant in one spot, August 1887.
LYGAID/.

Scolopostethus adjunctus D. & S. Well; some, August 13th,
1887 (Charles O. Waterhouse). It would appear that this is
the ‘afinis’ of continental authors, but further discussion and
comparison of specimens is needed before the matter can be
considered as settled. Meanwhile I should be glad of specimens
of any of the genus for comparison with those of the Alford
district.

Scolopostethus affinis Schill. Well, Mumby Chapel, Sutton-le-
Marsh ; common under moss and at grass roots, April to
August.

Drymus sylvaticus Fab. Well; one, May 21st, 1888. This is
of the var. vyez.

Rhyparochromus chiragra Fab. Mumby Chapel sand-hills;
not abundant, August to October. -

Stygnocoris sabulosus Schill. Mumby Chapel and Sutton-le-
Marsh sand-hills ; common under moss, August to October.

Stygnocoris arenarius Hahn. Same as the preceding.

TINGIDID.

Piesma capitata Wolff. Well; at grass-roots, one, 3rd March,
1885.

Monanthia ampliata H.-Schff. Mumby Chapel sand-hills ;
abundant on thistles, August to October. Sutton-le-Marsh
sand-hills, rst June, 1888.

Monanthia dumetorum H.-Schff. Well Vale; old hawthorn,
six, 25th May, 1885.

Derephysia foliacea Fall. Mumby Chapel ; land-foot of sand-
hills, amongst moss ; plentiful in one spot, 25th August, 1887.

Acalypta parvula Fall. Mumby Chapel and Sutton-le-Marsh ;
amongst moss on the sand-hills, plentiful August to October.
Also at Skegness, two, 8th April, 1887.

} ARADID.

Aradus depressus Fab. Well Vale; under moss on stump of

felled ash, six, 22nd September, 1886.
CALS EDA:

Miris calcaratus Fall. Abundant on long grass and generally

distributed, but less plentiful near the sea. March to September.

Naturalist,
~

MASON : LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. 289

Miris levigatus Linn. Same as the preceding.

Megalocerea erratica Linn. Claythorpe, Mumby Chapel,
Rigsby-with-Ailby ; a few. Also at Muckton.

Megalocerea longicornis Fall. Not yet recorded for the
Alford district. At Muckton; two, 3rd August, 1885.

Megalocerzea ruficornis Fall. Mumby Chapel sand-hills ;
abundant on the flower-spikes of Zlymus arenarius and
Psamma arenaria in July and August. Most are of the
variety noted by Prof. Reuter (E.M.M., xiii. 87). Well Park,
one, 13th July, 1887.

The protective mimicry of these five species is very striking.
Both in shape and colour they resemble the glumes of the
flower-spikes of the grasses among which they live, as well green
as ripened.

Teratocoris viridis D. & S. Mumby Chapel, foot of sand-hills ;
off Ononts arvensis, one, 25th July, 1887.

Mr. Saunders writes: ‘I do not feel sure that this is not a
female saunderst. ‘The two species are very closely allied in the
female.’

Leptopterna ferrugata Fall. Mumby Chapel sand-hills; one,
roth July, 1885. Well; plentiful, 16th August, 1888.

Pantilius tunicatus Fab. Rigsby-with-Ailby; hazel, one, 30th
October, 1886. Well Vale; abundant on hazel, 22nd Sep-
tember, 1886.

Phytocoris longipennis Flor. Well Vale; several, 3oth July,
1885, and 22nd September, 1886. Rigsby-with-Ailby ; one, 4th
October, 1886. Also at Muckton, 3rd August, 1885.

Phytocoris tiliz Fab. This and its variety marmoratus are
common ; Alford, Rigsby-with-Ailby, Well. Note the mimicry
of lichen-covered bark which the markings of this and other
species of the genus exhibit.

Phytocoris reuteri Saund. Rigsby-with-Ailby; two, 6th and
13th September, 1885.

Phytocoris ulmi Linn. nec. D. & S. Alford; one, 5th Sep-
tember, 1885.

Oncognathus binotatus Fab. Well; one, 13th August, 1887
(Chas. O, Waterhouse).

Calocoris striatellus Fab. Rigsby-with-Ailby; oak (Quercus
robur), two, 28th June, 1885.

Calocoris chenopodii Fall. Rigsby-with-Ailby; on Ovonds arvensis
in one spot, plentiful, 4th September, 1886.

Oct. 1888.

290 MASON : LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

Calocoris bipunctatus Fab. Alford, Rigsby-with-Ailby, Mumby
Chapel, Sutton-le-Marsh; on herbage, common. Also at
Muckton, 3rd Aug., 1885.

Rhopalotomus ater Linn. Mumby Chapel sand-hills;_ plentiful
in one place, July 1886 and 1887. Few found with perfect
antennee.

Liocoris tripustulatus Fab. A common and pretty species.
Claythorpe, Mumby Chapel, Rigsby-with-Ailby, Sutton-le-Marsh,
Well. Mostly on nettle (Urtica dioica).

Dichrooscytus rufipennis Fall. Well Park, on Pinus sylvestris ;
plentiful, 13th July, 1887.

Plesiocoris rugicollis Fall. Well. Willow (Sa/x ————— ?),
six, 8th July, 1885.

Lygus pabulinus Linn. Common. Alford, Mumby Chapel,
-Rigsby-with-Ailby, Well.

Lygus contaminatus Fall. Alford; one, 14th July, 1887. Well
Vale ; two, 30th July, 1885. Also at Muckton, 3rd August, 1885.

Lygus pratensis Linn. Very common. A well-marked reddish
variety abounds on larch (Lavix europea) in Well woods.

Lygus pastinace Fall. Well Vale; Pinus sylvestris, one,
30th July, 1885; one, 13th July, 1887.

Lygus kalmii Linn. Well; beech (Fagus sylvatica) and haw-
thorn ; several, 25th May, 1885. Mumby Chapel, one, 13th
July, 1885. Rigsby-with-Ailby ; one, 23rd August, 1885.

Lygus cervinus H.-Schff. Well; hawthorn and sloe (Prunus
spinosa) five, 13th June, 1885; four, 22nd September, 1886.
Rigsby-with-Ailby ; ash, one, 26th September, 1886.

Monalocoris filicis Linn. Well; one, 29th September, 1886.

Pithanus markeli H.-Schff. Alford; several, 13th July, 1887.
Mumby Chapel; one, 22nd July, 1887. Also at Muckton,
3rd August, 1885.

Cyllocoris histrionicus Linn. Rigsby-with-Ailby; oak, four,
28th june, 1885. Well Park; oak, 3rd July, 1887. Note how
the beetle Walthodes sanguinolentus mimics this species.

Campyloneura virgula H.-Schff. Well; several, ash (Fraxinus
excelstor) and oak, 30th July and roth September, 1885.

f©torhinus angulatus Fall. Rigsby-with-Ailby; sloe, three,
gth August, 1886; one, 30th September, 1887; maple (Acer
campestre), three, 2nd August, 1885. Well; three, 30th July,
1885. Also at Muckton, 3rd August, 1885.

Naturalist,

MASON : LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. 291

Byrsoptera rufifrons Fall. Well; several, 13th August, 1887
(C. O. Waterhouse). Also at Muckton Wood; one, 3rd August,
1885.

Dicyphus giobulifer Fall. Well Vale, on low herbage or on
Lychnis diurna; four, 3rd June, 1888; several, 16th June, 1888.

Dicyphus constrictus Boh. Well; two—one undeveloped.

This species hitherto has been recorded only for Perth, N.B.,
where it occurred on Symphytum. Here it was beaten from
ash, willow, or low herbage in a small holt.

Malacocoris chlorizans Block. Well; abundant on hazel and
ash, roth September, 1885. Rigsby-with-Ailby; one, goth
September, 1887.

Orthocephalus saltator Hahn. Mablethorpe (T. V. Wollaston,
Btls) Elem, 4.3.1)).

Orthotylus bilineatus Fall. Not yet recorded for the Alford
district. At Muckton; plentiful on aspen (/opulus tremula),
3rd August, 1885.

Orthotylus striicornis Kirsch. Well Vale; off ash, three, 22nd
September, 1886. Rigsby-with-Ailby; one, 13th September,
1886.

Orthotylus prasinus Fall. Well Vale; several, probably off ash,
8th and 3oth July, 1885.

Orthotylus diaphanus Kirsch. Well ; ash, four, 29th Sept., 1886.

Orthotylus nassatus Fab. Rigsby-with-Ailby ; one, 9th August,
1886. Also at Muckton; a few, 3rd August, 1885.

Orthotylus tenellus Fall. Well Park ; oak, two, 13th July, 1887.

Orthotylus bicolor D. & S._ Rigsby-with-Ailby ; on furze (Ulex
europeus), one, 13th September, 1886.

Asciodema obsoleta D.& S. Rigsby-with-Ailby; on furze, under
a willow, two, 13th September, 1886.

Heterotoma merioptera Scop. Common. Alford, Rigsby-with-
Ailby, Well, Mumby Chapel. Also at Muckton.

Phylus melanocephalus Linn. Rigsby-with-Ailby; one, 28th
June, 1886. Also at Muckton; some, 3rd August, 1885.

Phylus palliceps Fieb. Well Vale; hazel, two, 30th July, 1885.
Rigsby-with-Ailby ; maple, 2nd August, 1885.

Phylus avellanz Schaff. Well Vale; two, 30th July, 1885.

Psallus ambiguus Fall. Alford; abundant on apple (2yrus
malus), 9th July, 1885. Well Vale; plentiful on oak, 3rd July,
1887; some on the same, roth September, 1887.

Oct. 1888. |

292 MASON : LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

Psallus variabilis Fall. Alford; one, 14th July, 1887. Well, and
Rigsby-with-Ailby ; abundant on oak, June and July, 1886 and
1887. Also at Muckton, 3rd August, 1885.

Psallus obscurellus Fall. Well Park; Pinus sylvestris, seven,

13th July, 18387.

Psallus sanguineus Fab. Rigsby-with-Ailby; sloe, one, 28th
June, 1885; one, 9th August, 1886. Also at Muckton, 3rd
August, 1885.

Psallus lepidus Fieb. Well; ash, several, 8th July, 1885.

Psallus varians H.-Schff. Well, Rigsby-with-Ailby ; abundant on

. - oak, June.and July, 1885 and 1887. Also at Muckton.

Psallus salicis Kirschb. Well; willow, two, 8th July, 1885.

Plagiognathus viridulus Fall. Claxby and Well; herbage in
chalk-pits, several, September 1885 and 1886.

Plagiognathus arbustorum Fab. Claythorpe, Mumby Chapel,
Rigsby-with-Ailby, Well; more common than the preceding.
Also at Muckton. Fond of nettle-beds.

MICROPHYSID-©%.

Microphysa pselaphiformis West. Alford; on sycamore

_ trunks,-females plentiful, July 1887.

Microphysa elegantula Baer. Alford; on sycamore trunks, some
males and many females, July 1837. Well; on oak trunks,
several males and females, 13th July, 1887.

Myrmedobia coleoptrata Fall. Not recorded for Alford district.
Spridlington ; males (T. V. Wollaston, Brit. Hem., 485).

ANTHOCORID-.

Tetraphleps vittata Fieb. Rigsby-with-Ailby ; larch, four, 4th
October, 1886. Well; larch, several, 23rd October, 1886.
Also at Donington-on-Bain, one, 25th October, 1886.

Acompocoris pygmzus Fall. Well; Prxus sylvestris, three,
13th July, 1887.

Temnostethus pusillus H.-Schff. Rigsby-with-Ailby ; larch, one,
4th October, 1886.

Anthocoris nemorum Linn. The most common species of the
district—found everywhere, but less abundant near the sea.
Anthocoris nemoralis Fab. Also very common, but more
abundant near the sea, and especially so on Aippophaé rham-
noides (Sea Buckthorn). The var. sarothamni D. & S. is not

uncommon.

Naturalist,

MASON: LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. 293

Triphleps minutus Linn. Mumby Chapel sand-hills; two,
2oth August, 1886; one, 25th August, 1887.

Lyctocoris campestris Fab. Alford; pigeon-cote, one, roth
June, 18386; office-table, one, 25th October, 1886. Mumby
Chapel sand-hills ; three, 5th July and 18th August, 1886.

ACANTHID#.

Acanthia lectularia Linn. Alford; five, 9th May, 1887.

Acanthia columbaria Jen. Alford; in pigeon-cote, abundant,
17th April and roth June, 1886.

REDUVIDE.

Ploiaria vagabunda Linn. Rigsby-with-Ailby; elder bush,
(Sambucus nigra), one, 4th October, 1886; furze, two, 13th
September, 1886.

Reduvius personatus Linn. Not yet recorded for Alford district.
Lincoln ; one, July 1885 (H. T. Sills, E.M.M., xxii, 115).

NABIDz.

Nabis major Costa. Generally distributed.

Nabis flavomarginatus Scholz. Sand-hills; Mablethorpe, Mumby
Chapel, Sutton-le-Marsh ; August ; not uncommon.

Nabis limbatus Dahlb. Well Vale; some, July 1885, and
September 1886. Rigsby-with-Ailby; two, 30th October, 1886.
Also at Muckton, 3rd August, 1885.

Nabis lineatus Dahlb. Trusthorpe sand-hills; one male, 24th
August, 1885.

Nabis ferus Linn. Alford, Rigsby-with-Ailby, Well; common.
March to October.

Nabis rugosus Linn. Rigsby-with-Ailby, Well; not uncommon.
June to September.

The food of this family appears to be other insects, especially
small lepidopterous larvee and aphides. They hold firmly and
boldly to them, and even in the sweeping-net will again seize
them after being once detached.

SALDIDAE.

Salda lateralis Fall. Mumby Chapel; outmarsh, a few, 25th
July, 1887.

Salda littoralis Linn. Mumby Chapel; abundant on the dried-up
bed of a delph, among reeds, July 1887.

Oct. 1888.

294 MASON : LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

Salda pilosella Thoms. Mumby Chapel; outmarsh, abundant
on the mud by the brackish water, July 1887. Also South
Ferriby (T. V. Wollaston, Brit. Hem., 528).

Salda orthochila Fieb. Not yet recorded for Alford district.
Spridlington (T. V. Wollaston, Brit. Hem., 522).

Salda saltatoria Linn. Mumby Chapel; outmarsh and delph
banks ; affects mud less than \S. Az/ose/la ; common, July 1887.

Salda cincta H.-Schff. Mumby Chapel; outmarsh, one, 25th
July, 1887.
HYDRODROMICA.
HYDROMETRIDA:.
Hydrometra stagnorum Linn. Alford, Well, Mumby Chapel.
Common on stagnant water.
Gerris thoracica Schum. Generally distributed and common.
Gerris gibbifera Schum. Alford; one, 2nd April, 1885. Rigsby-
with-Ailby ; one, 7th July, 1886.
Gerris lacustris Linn. Generally distributed and common.

Gerris odontogaster Zett. Sutton-le-Marsh; delph, one, 16th
April, 1886.

Gerris argentata Schum. Farlesthorpe, brick-pit; two, 14th
May, 1887.

Microvelia pygmza Duf. Well; three, undeveloped, 3oth
May, 1888, Chas. O. Waterhouse.

Velia currens Fab. Generally distributed and common on all
running water.

CRY PTOCERAT A.
NEPID&.

Nepa cinerea Linn. Generally distributed. One, walking on a
drain-bank among reeds, Mumby Chapel, 25th July, 1887.

NAUCORID.

Naucoris cimicoides Linn. Not recorded for Alford District.
Lincoln ; Arboretum ponds (W. W. Fowler).

NOTONECTID.

Notonecta glauca Fab. Common in all stagnant water.
Var. maculata Fab. Lincoln; Arboretum ponds (W. W. Fowler).

Naturalist,

MASON : LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA. 295

CORIXID.

Corixa geoffroyi Leach. Common.

Corixa przeusta Fieb. Mumby Chapel; one, 16th August, 1886.
Well ; one, 11th April, 1887.

Corixa hieroglyphica Duf. Well and Alford; also at Muckton ;

common.
Corixa linnzi Fieb. Sutton-le-Marsh; delph, one, 16th April,
1886.

Corixa sahlbergi Fieb. Rigsby-with-Ailby; three, 8th May,
1887. Well; some, 11th April, 1887.

Corixa striata Fieb. Sutton-le-Marsh; delph, one, 5th August,
1885. Mumby Chapel; delph, one, 16th Aug., 1886.

Corixa fallenii Fieb. Well; some, April 1886 and 1887.

Corixa distincta Fieb. Well; some, rith April and 5th June,
1887.

Corixa fabricii Fieb. Alford; one, 5th May, 1885. Rigsby-with-
Ailby ; one, 8th May, 1887.

Corixa fossarum Leach. Farlesthorpe ; brick-pit, two, 25th May,
1887.

Cymatia coleopteata Fab. Sutton-le-Marsh; delph, one, 16th
April, 1886.

Sigara minutissima Linn. Lincoln; Arboretum ponds (W. W.
Fowler).

The list thus shows Lincolnshire to have records for 122 species
out of some 420 known to occur in Great Britain and Ireland. All
are for Lincoln North ; not one is yet recorded for Lincoln South,
so far as I know; but I have not searched all the entomological
publications of the century to see whether more than the six Lincoln-
shire records contained in the books I have cited do exist.

So few have been the students of the order that I do not think
many, if any, more Lincolnshire species of the sub-order have been
noted.

It is to be hoped that fresh interest may be awakened, and that
some of the energy devoted now to Lepidoptera and Coleoptera may
be given to the Hemiptera.

Can it be that the name attaching to the Heteropterous section
has acted as a deterrent? In delicacy of structure some of the dugs
vie with anything in nature. Their capture, moreover, requires no
very special skill or complicated apparatus, and in the hope of
inducing some to turn their attention to collecting and studying
them, I give a few details, for which I trust the experienced will
pardon me.

Oct. 1888.

296 MASON : LINCOLNSHIRE HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA.

An umbrella and a sweeping-net, with a stout pocket-knife for
ground exploration, not forgetting a camel’s-hair pencil for the
pygmies, are tools enough. The vapour of a few shred leaves of
laurel in a small wide-mouthed bottle quickly kills the captures. Let
the laurel be covered with a piece or two of thick wrapping paper,
cut to fit evenly and closely to the sides of the bottle, and fill it up
with bits of muslin or crumpled blotting-paper to provide retreats for
the insects and prevent their being shaken together, thereby
endangering the legs and antennz of the more delicate. A quill
passed through the cork and cut off square at the bottom, but
sloping at the upper end so as to be readily placed over an insect,
provides access to the interior of the bottle for all but the larger
species. Take care that a stopper, a full inch or more in length and
having a knob, is provided to fit—not too tightly—the quill. On
taking hold of the knob with the teeth, the stopper can be
extracted, and yet both hands left free for work. None but the
more robust species should be touched with the fingers.

In two or three days the insects should be mounted with gum on
narrow parallel-sided strips of stout white card, or on a piece which
can be so cut with them upon it.

A specimen dropped sideways on a dab of gum so as to show
both the upper and the underside is much better for work than the
trim arrangement of the tidy man. The larger species may well be
gummed. across a narrow slip, the insect then lying to the nght and
left of the pin and haying almost the whole of the underside free for
examination. Use pins of the same size (I use No. 5), and let every
slip be at the same height from the bottom of the cabinet-drawer.

Above all things keep an accurate record of the date, the locality,
and the circumstances of every capture. It is a safe plan to mark
the two first items on the underside of each slip. Hundrecs of
collections of insects are almost valueless for want of these details.

Particulars given in the list show that almost everywhere bugs
may be looked for. On trees of all kinds, on low herbage, under
moss, and on water both stagnant and running, and also in it and at
bottom, and even on mud.

Many of the tree-loving kinds are very active, and a supplementary
net about the width of one’s expanded palm will be found very useful
to intercept their escape from the umbrella or beating-net. Most of
the Saldide are very hard to catch. For their especial wariness and
activity I have devised a very effective weapon which I can commend
for trial to Coleopterists when hunting on mud or soft ground out of
arm’s reach, such as is found about and in the delphs, which, generally
speaking, are the deep pits or mere hollows made at the land-foot of

Naturalist,

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY AND GEOLOGY. 297

the sea-banks by excavating clay for their raising or repair. A thick
vegetation of reeds and other marsh-loving plants soon hides the
water where less deep, and the sand blown over from the beach, with
the mud formed by the decay of vegetable matter, slowly fills up the
shallower parts. Many of the rarer plants are there to be found.

But let me describe the piece of apparatus I mentioned.
Take the neck of a clear glass wine- or beer-bottle broken off at
the shoulder, grind the broken end to an angle of some 45 degrees
or so, and insert a walking-stick at the other. With this a dive is
made at the insect sitting or running on the mud or soft ground, and
if the aim be good enough to cover it, a little careful pushing ensures
a stopper of like material, between which and the end of the stick it
is safe. For Sa/dide a net of any kind is almost useless.

The district and county have been too little worked as yet to
render any deductions or speculations as to relative abundance or
geographical distribution worthy of being submitted for consideration.

Meanwhile, a word or two in season from such of my readers as
may agree with me, may be profitably expended in directing attention
to this and the other less studied branches of entomology, in which
there are more discoveries to be made and more need of labourers
than in the well-worked tribes which first attract the notice of the
young insect-hunter.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY.

Sand-Grouse near Whitby, Yorkshire.—Six Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaptes
paradoxus) were shot on the ridge between Stonegate and Lealholm Bridge, the
latter part of June, out of a flock of about ok —THOos. STEPHENSON, Whitby,
September 13th, 1888.

NOTE—GEOLOGY.

Glacier Work in Airedale.—A few members of the Executive of the Leeds
Geological Association have just paid a visit to a quarry at Greengates, near
Apperley Bridge, which had been reported by Mr. Wm. Thornton, of Calverley, as
deserving of some attention. This quarry is near the Old Lane, and a little west of
the ravine which the Carr Beck has cut for itself through the shales and sandstones
of the Lower Coal Measures. The Rough Rock (the uppermost bed of the Millstone
Grit series) is here quarried, and the stone is very massive and of a good character.
It is capped by about six feet of very stiff and tough yellow Boulder Clay, full of
rounded and sub-angular blocks of gannister and other local sandstones, with frag-
ments of coal and shale interspersed here and there. These vary in diameter from
a few inches to about two feet. Many of these blocks, particularly the gannister,
show fine examples of glacial strize. This Boulder Clay had been removed in order
that the underlying stone might be quarried, and the bared surface of the Rough
Rock presented most strikingly that characteristic ice-worn feature of being rounded,
polished, and engraved with well-defined strize and groovings. A finer moutonnéed
surface is not often seen. The striz run ina N.W. and S.E. direction, showing
clearly the line of travel of the Airedale glacier. The quarry is about 300 ft. above
sea-level, and immediately to the south is some rising ground, which would impede
the course of the glacier, and render its pressure and grinding power greater at this
spot. This fine evidence of glacial erosion possesses additional value from the fact
that we believe it is the furthest point down the valley of the Aire where such an
observation has been noted and recorded, and great credit is due to Mr. Thornton
for reporting the same.—'S. A. ADAMSON, 22nd September, 1888.

Oct. 1888,

298
DEILEPHILA GALII IN 1888.

GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S.,
Huddersfield; Author of the List of Vorkshtre Lepidoptera, etc.

Ir is satisfactory to note the occurrences of Devlephila galit in
Yorkshire this season, specimens being already recorded from Scar-
borough, Harrogate, and Bradford. The species seems this year to
have been scattered pretty well over Britain, though more imagines
appear to have been taken on the Kent coast than anywhere else.
After the advent of the moths in July, it was natural that the larvee
should be eagerly looked for as soon as they were big enough to be
readily seen, and as was anticipated they have already been taken in
some numbers. On August 30th and 31st, I had the pleasure of
taking twelve on Ga/um growing on the shingle near Deal, and one
in St. Margaret’s Bay, and my friend, Mr. W. H. Tugwell, who was
with me, and to whom I was indebted for the information that a
number of the moths had been taken there several weeks previously,
secured ten more, making twenty-three between us. They varied
much in size, some being quite small, others apparently almost full-
grown. Unfortunately, I had to return to Huddersfield early next
morning, or should no doubt have taken more. Two of mine have
‘gone down,’ and except one, the remaining eleven appear to be
doing well, so that next summer I hope to breed a nice series of this
beautiful moth. Since my return home I have been informed of the
capture of about 400 larve near Deal by several collectors together.

But not only on the south-east coast, but also on the opposite coast
and much further north has searching been rewarded with success.
As several moths had been taken near Liverpool, the Lancashire and
Cheshire entomologists were eager in anticipation of again seeing the
large spotted larvz on the Wallasey sand-hills, where they were taken

in abundance in 1870, but I believe had never been seen there since. ;

One collector, I am told on good authority, has already secured 150
larve there, and two others have also taken it in some numbers.
Probably more gadzz larve will be taken this year than ever were
found in any previous season in Britain. Notwithstanding the
numbers taken, on the Kent coast at any rate, from the extent and
nature of the ground, only a very small proportion of the larvae which
must be there, can possibly be found, and yet, why, as is most likely,
hardly a moth will be seen at large in Britain next summer ; and still
further, why they are here this year, and where they have come from,
are enigmas I will leave for others to try and explain.
September 15th, 1888.

Naturalist,

sig

29,

ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES
Porm THE VASCULAR PLANTS OF: THE
WEST RIDING FLORA.

WILLIAM WEST, F.L.S.,
Lecturer in Botany and Materia Medica at the Bradford Technical College.

In glancing through the pages of this welcome book, it struck me
that several other localities for some of the more uncommon plants
might be cited with advantage.

Ranunculus auricomus L. is hardly an uncommon plant.
I mention it simply with regard to my experience of the form
depauperata, which I generally find to be almost the sole form
on our shady banks in the Mid-Aire district, as about Gilstead
and Cottingley, while the form with large petals is the one I
have noticed chiefly on ‘ barren calcareous soil,’ as in Gordale.

Ficaria verna Huds. Var. incumbens F. Schultz. ‘If not a
hybrid with Ca/tha.’ Is it possible for a plant of the Ranunculew
to hybridise with one of the /e//eborec }

Meconopsis cambrica Vig. occurs between Bell Busk and Airton
in the Aire drainage, but within a stone’s throw of a farm-house.

Corydalis claviculata DC. is abundant west of Doncaster.

Draba muralis L. was still frequent in Upper Wharfedale in 1887.

Silene noctiflora L. Several plants occurred in waste ground
near Frizinghall in 1886.

Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. I have seen fine plants at
Bingley, and I would go beyond the author’s assertion, ‘ not one-
tenth as abundant as C. ¢vzviale, and say ‘ not one-hundredth.’

Claytonia perfoliata Don. is frequent as a weed. I have it from
Ilkley and Bramham.

Hypericum dubium Leers. is frequent E. of Doncaster.

Hypericum elodes L. I have from Grassington, collected by
Wm. Nuttall.

Althza hirsuta L. This has occurred as a casual this year at
Frizinghall.

Geranium sylvaticum L. Aire. In plenty a few miles N. of

Skipton. Airton to Hanlith.

Euonymus europezus L. This occurs at a good elevation at
Hawkswick, and flowers abundantly.

Rhamnus catharticus L. The range of this is given up to
750 ft.; it occurs in a well-grown condition at about 1,100 ft.,
between Maiham Cove and the Tarn.

Oct. 1888.

300 WEST: LOCALITIES FOR WEST RIDING PLANTS.

Ornithopus perpusillus L. This is fine in old quarries E. of
Doncaster.

Poterium sanguisorba L. is one of the commonest plants on
Hawkswick Clouder, Wharfe drainage. It is also common from
Skipton to Malham. .

Alchemilla alpina L. descends below 1,000 ft. at Cautley Spout ;
certainly to 800 ft.

Potentilla procumbens Sibth. I gathered fine specimens of this
at Greenfield, in August 1880.

Comarum palustre L. is plentiful in Malham Tarn Bog.

Geum intermedium Ehrh. is common in great variety between
Bell Busk and Airton. I have gathered it also in Heaton
woods.

Geum rivale L. is fairly abundant about Esholt, quite away from
the river. :

Dryas octopetala L. This was as abundant as ever in its old
station in 1887 ; my sons and I saw hundreds of flowers.

Lythrum salicaria L. I have seen specimens of this from Helks
Wood, Ingleton, gathered by Messrs. Soppitt and Butterfield.

Epilobium roseum Schreb. I gathered several fine plants of this
a few years ago at Frizinghall, in waste ground.

Epilobium tetragonum L., mentioned (and properly bracketed)
from Bingley, was given under the collective name of Bentham’s
Flora; the plant was £. obscurum Schreb.

Epilobium alsinifolium Vill. comes down to about 800 ft. at
Cautley Spout.

Myriophyllum spicatum L. I have seen very fine plants of this
species in the pools at Goole.

Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. This is abundant in Austwick
Beck above Wharfe, between Moughton Fell and Ingleborough,
as well as in Dale Beck, towards Chapel-le-Dale.

Hippuris vulgaris L. This plant is in plenty in the ditches of
Malham Tarn Bog, at 1,250 ft. I noticed it in the stream
between Hambleton and Bishop’s Wood, and mentioned its
occurrence on the occasion of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
meeting there in 1878. ;

Sedum villosum L. occurs on shales on ascending Baugh Fell
from Hawes Junction.

Saxifraga hypnoides L. This occurs plentifully at about the
highest elevation given on the flat top of Ingleborough, and

Naturalist,

WEST: LOCALITIES FOR WEST RIDING PLANTS. 301

200 ft. at least lower than ‘goo ft.’ in several places between
Kilnsey and Arncliffe. It occurs at a lower elevation still below
Janet’s Cove, in Gordale.

Parnassia palustris L. ‘Adel Bog—perhaps now gone.’ It is
there yet (1888).

CEnanthe phellandrium Lam. This grows luxuriantly between
Hambleton and Bishop’s Wood.

Chzrophyllum anthriscus Lam. is common about Baildon.

Viscum album L. This grew in a dwarfed state within the present
borough of Bradford forty years ago, so an old resident informed
me, who also gave detailed particulars.

Galium mollugo L. occurs near Sedbergh.

Galium uliginosum L. I have gathered this in Heaton woods.
It has since been gathered near Keighley by several members of
the Bradford Naturalists’ Society.

Carduus nutans L. This occurs between Kilnsey and Grassington,
where it can be seen in the same view with the more abundant
C. heterophyllus \..

Anthemis arvensis L. Occurs plentifully in corn-fields near
Hemsworth.

Gnaphalium dioicum L. is frequent on the top of Gordale and
Hawkswick Clouder.

Petasites hybrida Hook. is abundant from Shipley to Bingley also.

Leontodon hirtus L. I have gathered this at Eldwick at
800 ft.; this is 500 ft. higher than the upward limit given. It
grows with Gentiana amarella \.., Linum catharticum 1..,
Euphrasia officinalis L.., and other xerophilous plants.

Lactuca virosa L. This is not mentioned for the Don district.
I have collected it on walls at Womersley.

Jasione montana L. This was shown’to me at Wilsden by
Mr. Butterfield, in fair quantity.

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. In several places on Baildon Moor.

Menyanthes trifoliata L. ‘Adel Bog—now gone.’ It is still
there (1888).

Myosotis collina Hoffm. is abundant about Grassington.

Polygonum amphibium L. is an uncommon plant about Brad-
ford ; it occurs in the canal below Shipley and at Arthington.

Polygonum viviparum L. I have gathered in the upper part of
Gordale, and Mr. Pawson brought me some fine specimens

from Penyghent.
Oct. 1888. -.

302 WEST: LOCALITIES FOR WEST RIDING PLANTS.

Sparganium simplex Huds. is common both in the river and
canal about Saltaire and Shipley.

Lemna gibba L. I found abundantly in a pond on Rawcliffe
Common.

Orchis ustulata L. I have seen from Kettlewell and with Oph7y's
muscifera Huds. at Collingham.

Luzula pilosa Willd. is abundant in the woods from Keighley to
Apperley.

Juncus obtusiflorus Ehrh. occurs abundantly between Church
Fenton and Towton.

Scirpus pauciflorus Lightf. I have gathered near the edge of
Malham ‘Tarn.

Scirpus setaceus L. occurs plentifully in the Hebden valley.

Carex sylvatica Huds. is hardly ‘infrequent,’ but abundant about
Shipley, Keighley, and Hawksworth.

Melica nutans L. is an abundant plant in the woods at Grassington.

Sclerochloa rigida Link. I have gathered on walls between
Giggleswick and Austwick.

Brachypodium sylvaticum R. & S. is common in Mid-Airedale.

Hordeum pratense Huds. This I have seen in some quantity in
meadows near Kildwick. I afterwards saw it in ‘ Gill Grange,’
not knowing at the time that this was another name for Holden
Gill. When I was told that these localities were synonymous,
I remembered that Mr. J. Eastwood had previously reported to
me that he had seen this grass in Holden Gill. The station in
the Gill will extend its upward range at least 300 ft.

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. is certainly ‘rare’ in W. York ;
I have gathered it between Sedbergh and Cautley Spout. _

Ceterach officinarum Willd. I had the pain of seeing a fine
tuft of this in a ¢vee-fot exultingly shown to me by a person
who had got it on a hill near Settle.

Aspidium angulare Willd. My friend Mr. Nuttall has this from
Burley-in-Wharfedale.

Nephrodium oreopteris Desv. is not ‘rare in Airedale,’ but
common in sub-alpine glens like those of Baildon, Keighley,
and Hawksworth.

Equisetum hyemale L. I have gathered this about a mile
below Shipley, so sparingly that I think it had been washed
down from higher up the vale.

[Chara vulgaris L. (not a vascular plant) is also common above
Clapham village ; also at Kilnsey. |

Naturalist,

ba a
~ 6 ee. 4 Lee

323
NOTES ON THE WEST YORKSHIRE FLORA.
F, ARNOLD LEES, M.R.C.S.Eng.; L.R.C.P.Lond. ;

Author of the ‘ Flora of West Vorkshire’; President of the Botanical Section of the
Yorkshire Naturalists Union; etc.

THE Rev. W. A. Shuffrey, M.A., of Arncliffe, kindly furnishes
me with some information and emendation additional to my
West Yorkshire Flora, which I think ought to be printed. ‘The
concluding note anent the /vzs made by Miss M. Morton, and those
with Mr. Friend’s name appended, are added-in here for convenience
sake. The serial numbers within parentheses following the names
agree with those in the West Yorkshire Flora..

Ranunculus hirsutus Curt. (Flora, No. 22, p. 122). <A single
specimen in fruit on hills behind Sedbergh, Oct. 1887; Ai/deric
friend. If no misnomer, then it must have been a casual plant
brought with hay-seed ; it cannot be indigenous on those inland hills.
I have not examined the specimen.

Cerastium glomeratum Th. (Flora, No. 124, p. 164). Shire-
oaks and Anston ; Ai/deric Friend. Record for T. district.

Rhamnus catharticus L. (Flora, No. 183, p. 186). Seen by
me as high up as 1,100 ft. in Arncliffe Woods; W. A. Shuffrey.
So have I on Hawbank, near Carperby, out of the riding. An un-
published station, and the nearest spot to Leeds in which it can be
found is ‘the limehills’ beyond Roundhay: I noted two or three
non-fruiting bushes there lately.

Ononis arvensis Auct. (Flora, No. 194, p.190). In Arncliffe,
as high as goo ft.; W. A. Shuffrey.

Saxifraga granulata L. (Flora, No. 352, p. 249). Field near
to Burnsall Rectory, and in Arncliffe churchyard; W. A. Shuffrey.
New records for W. district.

fEgopodium podagraria L. (Flora, No. 363, p. 254). At
Buckden, and near Litton at 800 ft.; W. A. Shuffrey.

Scabiosa arvensis L. (Flora, No. 430, p. 277). At 800 ft.
near Litton; W. A. Shuffrey.

Senecio saracenicus L. (Flora, No. 475, p. 293). One station
(to be kept secret) in Upper Wharfedale, at about 700 ft.; VW A.
Shuffrey. No need to fear the eradication of such a tenacious-lived
plant as this: most certainly an introduction to Wharfedale (for which
district it is additional); this particular station may be the sequel
of roots washed from some garden adjoining a beck by a flood.

Pyrola rotundifolia (vera) (No. 540A). Wooded bank sloping
to Wharfe at Outershaw (7: B. Woodd)! New to West Riding Flora.
See record in September number of this journal, p. 267.

Oct. 1888,

304 LEES: WEST YORKSHIRE FLORA.

Hieracium Friesii Hartm. (Flora, No. 517, pp. 309-10).
Ingleborough (coll. F. A. Lees); # /. Hanbury in Journ. Bot.,
1888, xxvi, 205. Mr. Hanbury has identified some plant I sent
to him, under another name (probably as gothicum or broad-
leaved ¢ridentatum), as being Hartmann’s /vzeszz, about which I
know no more than that Nyman in his Conspectus places the name
twelfth in his arrangement, in the Umbellata group, as a synonym of
H. rigidum Htn. The Ingleborough and Settle scars, carefully
reinvestigated by patient observers resident in their vicinity, would
doubtless add much to our knowledge of the precise names, accord-
ing to the modern lights, of the species occurring there, and their
range of variation. Information has reached me of new localities
for both A azglicum and H. gibsont on the Settle hills, whilst
Gibson’s maculate-leaved Hawkweed has turned up on Penhill,
Witton, and other spots in Upper Wensleydale (Percival, spns. !), and
has been known to me in Summer Lodge Gill near Gunnerside in
Swaledale for a couple of years; and in the present transition state
of our hawkweed-knowledge any species is worth the trouble of
carefully gathering and preserving, with full notes, made in the field,
of colour of styles, phyllary and peduncle character, etc., howev Sr
‘common’ the collector may himself imagine it to be.

Camium® album EE. (Plora, Nox 643, p:263). iw Win
Shuffrey avers this to grow near Hesleden (Heseltine) at goo ft.
elevation. This will be, I think, quite the highest point to which it
ascends, naturally, in Yorkshire. JI do not mean to say it would not
exist on the Malham Tarn plateau at 1,200 ft., if put there, but it
seems a species that thins out very rapidly as the warm sheltered
hedge-banks of the lowlands are left behind.

Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. (Flora, No. 691, p. 385).
Grows plentifully at Halton Gill, 1,000 ft.; W. A. Shuffrey. Surely
planted, or out-thrown from farm garden, there! _

Erythrea centaurium Pers. (No. 547). At quite 800 ft. in
Hawkswick Wood; W. A. Shuffrey. Yes, the 600 ft. limit given in
Flora (p. 324) was a slip for goo ft. I have a note, I find, of having
seen it myself on Arncliffe or Hawkswick ‘clouder,’ along with
Potertum sanguisorba, Gymnadenta conopsea, etc,, at fully 1,000 ft,
i.e., clearly into the super-agrarian zone.

Ophrys muscifera Huds. (Flora, No. Sy p. 430). Near
Arncliffe, at 800 ft.; W. A. Shuffrey. Yes, both this and the
Narcissus mentioned below might be regarded as going quite up to
the limit of the mid-agrarian zone in our Yorkshire latitude, in other-
wise suitable spots, of course.

Naturalist,

LEES : WEST YORKSHIRE FLORA. 305

Epipactis palustris Crantz. (Flora, No. 817, p. 434). A fresh
specimen sent August 16th by Mr. R. E. Leach, from Ingleton—
‘Both sides Beesley’s Woods ’—to show it still exists in that neigh-
bourhood.

Narcissus pseudo-narcissus L. (Flora, No. 823, p. 438).
Plentifully at about goo ft. near Arncliffe; WV. A. Shuffrey. This
doubles our previous information as to its range.

Colchicum autumnale L. (Flora, No. 841, p. 448). At 800 ft.
near Arncliffe; WV. A. Shuffrey. ‘This is astonishingly high, though
clearly well within the upper limit of middle zone. Probably it
nowhere in England runs up higher, or as high, finding here in
Wharfedale-head the lime-soiled pasture and climatic protection it
needs, coexisting conditions which show it not to be a ‘cold-fearer’
if in other respects a ‘weak’ species.

Asplenium adiantum-nigrum L. (Flora, No. 1006, p. 504).
An untypical non-fruiting frond sent from the Ingleton neighbourhood
by Mr. R. E. Leach, with somewhat the facies of robust Asplenium
pseudo-germanicum Milde, turns out on inquiry to have been gathered
in Lancashire, outside our Riding limit, on the road between Ingleton
and Kirkby Lonsdale. [I may here say that the first three miles of
this road, going from Ingleton, is in West Yorkshire, the next three
miles crosses that tongue of Lancashire which, here wedged in, forms
Leck Fell; and the last mile of the highway is in Westmorland. |
Ceterach officinarum, sent at the same time, is in the same case: it
was from a spot within Lancashire bounds ; whilst five other species—
Sedum telephium, Daphne mezereon, Epipactis latifolia, Eriophorum
latifolium, and Nephrodium aculeatum var. lonchitidioides—were all
from Ingleton.

Aspidium lonchitis Sw. A fresh specimen-frond just
beginning to fruit, has been sent me by Mr. R. E. Leach (since the
above lines were written). It was got off a scar or fell ‘near Feizor
(zot Moughton) on the right going from Austwick east, and the hill
faces Ellersbridge,” which would be Oxenber Wood Scar, the eleva-
tion of which is under 1,000 ft. ‘This seems a very low station—I
might write suspiciously low—but the plant is nght.

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (Flora, No. 1028, p. 515).
Found as high as 1,100 ft. near Litton; W. A. Shuffrey. A con-
siderable extension of its West Yorkshire range: Mr. Baker gives its
upward limit for North Yorkshire at 150 yds., 1.e., 450 ft. I have
seen it at 850 ft. at Hawes.

Botrychium lunaria Sw. (Flora, No. 1029, p. 516). This
grows near Arncliffe; W. A. Shuffrey. An addition for the Wharfe
Oct. 1888.

306 : NOTES— BOTANY.

river-basin district. I did not doubt its growing therein, but never
having seen it myself, and there being no record in print, I did not
venture to assume anything not proven.

Iris foetidissima L. (No. 8218). Not extinct, as stated by me
in Flora (p. 437). Miss M. Morton gathered it in Brunton’s old
station—the bank, very near the river Yore, at the back of the house
known as Little Nunwick— or rather a woman brought that lady
some plants for her garden, and told her where they grew, which led
to Miss Morton getting some flowers for herself.

In this connexion, with the double view of pointing a moral as
well as reciting a significant tale, I may here say—with regard to
my quotation from Slater's Flora of the Ripon neighbourhood
(Flora W.Y., p. 437) to the effect that Miss Morton had sought the
Tris at Little Nunwick for years in vain—that Miss Morton informs
me she gave Mr. Slater a list of the Flora thereabouts, w/zch he
thought was Miss Morton’s own, whereas that lady admittedly copied
zt from an old History of Ripon. ‘This is a fair example of how
misconceptions undesignedly lead to false statements, for want of that
directness and caution which should insist on candid answers to
plain questions. Reticence and reservation, where records of fact
are to be made, should be above all things swept away and eschewed.
In this matter of /rzs extinction I quoted positive, unqualified words
from what seemed to bea reliable source, and two years afterwards
I am shown to be a repeater of absolute error! Verbum sapientt.

NOTES—BOTANY.

The Hound’s-Tongue at Skipton-in-Craven.—I had the pleasure of
gathering last week, on one of the old rubbish-heaps in the Hawbank Quarry,
the Cynoglossum officinale. It was discovered there a few days previously by
Mr. L. Rotheray, of Skipton. There is only one plant ; much eaten off by sheep.
No record appears in Mr. Lees’ ‘ West Yorkshire Flora’ for the Aire river-basin,
for which area, therefore, it is an addition. I also noted Geztiana amarella (very
common all over the old spoil-heaps and workings about the quarry), and likewise
the Parsley Piert (A/chemzlla arvensis). Skipton is not given for the two latter
in the Flora above-named, but Mr. Lees has seen specimens.—T. W. EDMONDSON,
September 13th, 1888.

Spirza filipendula in South-East Yorkshire.—In the botanical report of
the Market Weighton excursion there is added after Spzevrwa filipendula ‘new to
the East Riding.’ This remark was certainly not in my manuscript, for I
gathered the plant forty years ago near Flamborough, on the road-side at Danes-
dyke, and we have also a locality for it about two miles from Malton, on the
Settrington road, which is also in the East Riding, and I gathered it in the latter
locality this summer, where it has been known to local botanists for many years.
I presume the remark has got in through some printer’s error, and think it should
be corrected in next month’s number. The report being put as mine, it is
probable some botanists will call attention to it, and I could hardly have
described it as new to the East Riding when I have known it so long.—
MATTHEW B. SLATER, Malton, September 16th, 1888.

Naturalist.

WHITWELL: NOTES ON SETTLE PLANTS. SoH.

Notes on Settle Plants.—Yorkshire botanists must, many of them,
have read Mr. Craig-Christie’s notes (Vatwralist, August 1888, p. 225) with
surprise, and particularly that throwing doubt upon the presence of the Holly Fern
near Settle. The name of the late Mr. John Tatham, of Settle, has long been
held, by competent judges, to be an amply sufficient guarantee for any record to
which it is attached, and I am sorry that Mr. Craig-Christie should have so
‘expressed himself as to seem to throw doubt upon his accuracy in identifying
Aspidium lonchitis Sw., and also upon that of the careful author of the ‘ Flora
of West Yorkshire,’ merely because a tyro in his first year usually blunders over
var. lomchitidioides of A. aculeatume.

As a matter of fact, I have in my possession four fronds of A. /onchitis, given
to me twenty years ago by my late friend, Mr. Silvanus Thompson, as having been
collected at Settle by his father-in-law, Mr. Tatham, and to make assurance
doubly sure, these have been submitted to Mr. F. A. Lees; also, Mr. John
Tatham’s own herbarium contains an 1844 specimen marked ‘Attermire,’ and
another, dated 1845, from ‘ Settle Scars.” In Mr. Silvanus Thompson’s collection
is one from ‘ Attermire Scars,’ collected July roth, 1847 ; Mrs. Silvanus Thompson
recollects gathering the species, which then grew in some abundance on Attermire,,
with her father, Mr. Tatham, more than forty years ago. Mr. Wilson, gardener
at Feizor, frequently gathered A. Jonchitis on Moughton Scars between 1840 and
1883; his grandson, Mr. Robert Wilson of Settle, obtained it there in 1883, and
on Attermire in 1882. Dr. Buck, of Settle, has fronds gathered on Attermire by
the late Mr. Joseph Jackson during the period 1870-5; and Mr. Herbert Sturdy,
of Settle, states that he has collected the fern on Attermire and other hills above
Settle, in most years between 1874 and 1887. Dr. Silvanus Phillips Thompson,
the well-known principal of the Technical College, personally obtained true
A. lonchitis on Moughton Fell a few years ago ; he also remembers his father and
grandfather (Mr. Tatham) bringing specimens home from Attermire. Other
evidence might be cited, but I will only add that a fresh frond of A. lomchites lies
before me, just received from the Misses Thompson, which is from a root obtained on
Moughton Scar a year or so ago, by Mr. Timothy Green, a Settle gardener. The
fern has, however, become very rare, through the rapacity of collectors for sale.

Then we have the personal evidence of Mr. F. A. Lees, who—as shown in the
‘Flora’-——met with a few plants at Linn Gill, Ribblehead (also a locality fairly
within the Settle district), in 1879. Surely 4e does not need the tyro’s caution
against /obatum: and similar forms !

I have also just learned that Mr. Lees has received within the last month,
from Mr. R. E. Leach, M.A., of Beccles, a newly-gathered frond, just beginning
to show fruit, only 4 in. long by #-in. broad, of true A. lomchztis, obtained by
that gentleman himself on a scar or fell near Feizor (o¢ Moughton Scar).—

Nephrodium emulum Baker. No specimens of this fern are found in Herb-
Tatham or Thompson. As was already remarked in the ‘Flora,’ this fact is
suggestive of error. But, on the other hand, Mr. Newman distinctly names Settle
as a locality for V. emulum (recurvum) in his ‘ British Ferns.” And Mr. J. G.
Baker, F.R.S., who was intimately acquainted with the Tatham-Thompson family,
without any expression of misgiving, in ‘ Supplement Flora of Yorkshire’ (1854),
p- 142, quotes Mr. Newman’s name in conjunction with Mr. Tatham’s as having
certified a record for ‘hills about Settle.’ That accurate cryptogamist, Dr. B.
Carrington, in his and Prof. Miall’s ‘West Riding Flora’ of 1862, gives an
additional confirmatory record—‘ Settle.’

Thalictrum alpinum L. Negative evidence has usually little weight against a
positive statement, but I may say that in the course of various wanderings over the
Settle hills (and Penyghent) in search of Yzeracia and other plants, I met with no
trace of this. Were I to see it there, my first thought would be—who planted it?

Sir J. D. Hooker (‘ Student’s Flora,’ ed. iii, p. 2) gives for habitat ‘ alpine and
sub-alpine bogs.’ Mr. Lees tells me that he has collected 7. a/pznwm in North
Yorkshire (Cronkley Fell), Westmorland (Helvellyn), and Durham (Widdy Bank),
and in each case it grew in peaty wet ground, best described as boggy, though it was
most frequent by the stony rillets on Widdy Bank. Surely, therefore, it would be
most natural to look for the plant in similar places in West Yorkshire. May I suggest
that possibly dwarfed examples of 7. m/nus var. montanum, growing on Settle Crags,
have simulated luxuriant Scottish forms of the a/p/ntm.—WILLIAM WHITWELL.

Oct. 1888. ;

308
THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION AT BATH.

Rev. E.. P. KNUBLEY, -M.A.,. M.B.O.U.,

Rector of Staveley; Delegate representing the Yorkshire Naturalists Union on the
General Committee of the Association.

To the Executive Council of the Yorkshire Naturalists Union.

GENTLEMEN,—Your delegate has to report that the fifty-eighth
meeting of the British Association commenced at Bath, under the
presidency of Sir. Frederick. Bramwell, D.C.L., F.R,S.,, M-Inst.C.E.,
on Wednesday, September 5th, 1888.

Your delegate was elected to serve on the Committees of the
Geological and Biological Sections.

The Council nominated Dr. John Evans, Treasurer R.S., chair-
man; Mr. W. Whittaker, F.R.S., vice-chairman ; and Prof. R.
Meldola, F.R.S., secretary to the Conference of Delegates of Corres-
ponding Societies for the Bath meeting. The Conference met on
Thursday, September 6th, and again on Tuesday, September 11th.
Most of the delegates also attended a dinner on the former day,
for which arrangements had been made by the secretary.

At the first meeting the Report of the Corresponding Societies
Committee was presented. It showed that thirty-two delegates were
nominated for the Manchester meeting. ‘The following matters were
referred to as having engaged the attention of various committees
of the Association during the past year.

PREHISTORIC REMAINS COMMITTEE.—This is a committee formed
for the purpose of ascertaining and recording the localities in the
British Islands in which evidences of the existence of prehistoric
inhabitants of the country are found. Mr. J. W. Davis, secretary,
stated that this committee had been carrying on its work during the
past year. ‘Two reports had been obtained relating to the bronze
implements of the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire, and several
others had been promised.

PRESERVATION OF STONEHENGE.— ANCIENT MONUMENTS ACT.
—It was pointed out that the local societies could do good service in
inducing the proprietors of prehistoric remains to communicate with
General Pitt-Rivers, the Inspector of Ancient Monuments, with
the object of placing these remains under Government protection.
Sir John Lubbock explained what Parliament had done in the
matter, and laid his own views before the committee.

PROVINCIAL MusEuMS CoMMITYEE.—Mr. F. T. Mott stated that
this committee had been engaged during the past year in collect-

Naturalist,

KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 309

ing particulars respecting museums other than those in London.
Considerable assistance had been given by the secretaries of many
of the local societies.

EARTH- TREMORS COMMITTEE.—This is a committee for the
purpose of considering the advisability and possibility of establishing
in other parts of the country observations upon the prevalence of
earth-tremors, similar to those now being made in Durham in con-
nection with coal-mine explosions. Prof. Lebour, the secretary, said
that the corresponding societies, if they would interest themselves in
the matter, might be the means of establishing a great network of
seismoscopes with a few seismographs in suitable localities, and
results of value would by this means be in all probability obtained.
A sufficiently good seismoscope might be had for about £2, a seismo-
graph for £14 to £15, and the cost of keeping them in order would
not be great. He hoped the delegates present would help in
establishing such a network of observing stations all over the
country, and he would be happy to communicate with anyone
interested in the subject.

Prof. Ewing said that it certainly seemed to him that no bodies
could more appropriately undertake that work than the local societies
represented at the Conference acting in conjunction with a committee
of the Association. From recent observations it appeared probable
that tremors would be found wherever they were tested for with
sufficient delicacy, so that a society undertaking the search was not
likely to be disappointed.

TEMPERATURE VARIATION IN LAKES, RIVERS, AND ESTUARIES.—
This committee, of which Mr. John Murray is the secretary, is
appointed to arrange for an investigation of the seasonal variations
of temperature in lakes, rivers, and estuaries in various parts of the
United Kingdom, in co-operation with the local societies represented
at the Association.

Dr. H. R. Mill proposed that the Societies situated in the neigh-
bourhood of rivers and estuaries, which were willing to undertake
this work, should appoint some member to observe the temperature
daily or weekly, as the case might be, in accordance with the rules
to be drawn up by the committee.

Mr. J. W. Davis raised the question whether it would be of use to
extend the observations to the streams in manufacturing districts. He
also asked what the committee proposed to consider an estuary.

Dr. Mill, in reply, said that the temperature of streams in manu-
facturing districts should certainly be ascertained in as many cases as
possible, in order to find whether the increase of temperature of a
river passing through a manufacturing town is in any sense permanent.
Oct. 1888.

310 KNUBLEY: THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION.

The term ‘estuary’ should, in his opinion, be used as meaning all parts
of a tidal river between the upper limit of the tide and the open sea.

THE UNDERGROUND WATER COMMITTEE requires information as
to the depth of wells, the sections passed through, the height at which
the water stands before and after pumping, daily records of the
height and chemical analyses of the waters.

THE ERRATIC BLocKs COMMITTEE wants information as to the
position, size, and character of boulders of foreign origin that may
occur in drift-covered areas, and is anxious that the position of the
same should be noted on the one-inch map of the Ordnance Survey,
with a view to taking steps for their preservation. It was mentioned
that Mr. S. A. Adamson, F.G.S., had rendered valuable assistance
to this committee on behalf of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

THE SEA Coasts ERosION CoMMITTEE—With reference to the
work of this committee, Mr. Topley stated that but little assistance
had as yet been received from the local Societies, those in maritime
counties might greatly assist the committee by local observations as
to present changes, and by researches as to past conditions of the
coast.

LIFE-HISTORIES OF PLANTs.—Prof. Bayley Balfour forwarded a
communication in which he stated that the discovery and description
of new forms, and the distribution of our indigenous plants is, in
Botany, the line upon which most of the energies of local societies
are principally spent, whilst habit, construction, and generally the
features of life-history of plants come in for attention in quite a
secondary way. This arose, he thought, in great part from the
prevalent notion that the facts of the life-history of our common
plants are all well known, and that there was little, if anything, more
to find out about them. ‘This was an erroneous idea. He thought
that good results would follow if the members of their societies were
to study the life-histories of indigenous plants in their entirety, z.e.,
from the stage of embryo in the seed up to the production of fruit
and seed again. Anyone who would take up this line of study would
assuredly derive great pleasure from it, and would be able to add a

great deal to the sum of our knowledge of plant-life. Such work.

could be well combined with the more usual systematic work, it
could be easily accomplished, and it would be found to give much
additional interest to the study of British Botany.

STATUS OF THE CONFERENCE OF DELEGATES.—At the Manchester
meeting of the Association an important resolution was framed, at the
instigation of Sir Douglas Galton, with the object of conferring addi-
tional powers upon the Conference. According to the former rules, the
delegates had no power of submitting resolutions or recommendations

Naturalist,

KNUBLEY : THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. 311

to the Committee of Recommendations, but the resolution referred
to is calculated to give them the necessary power, and thus to put the
Conference on the same footing as the Sectional Committees. The
resolution, which is now arule of the Association, is as follows: ‘That
the Conference of Delegates of Corresponding Societies be empowered
to send recommendations to the Committee of Recommendations for
their consideration, and for report to the General Committee.’

The Leeds Geological Association has been enrolled for the
first time as a corresponding society.

At the second sitting of the Conference, in addition to the
matters already alluded to, the following subjects were brought
before the delegates :— |

GEOLOGICAL PHOTOGRAPHY.—The value of collecting photo-
graphs of geological strata was pointed out, especially of those
which were not likely to be permanent, and depositing them in
local museums, where they could be consulted.

DISAPPEARANCE OF LocAL PLants.—Prof. Hillhouse gave some
account of the work of the committee which was appointed for the
purpose of collecting information as to the disappearance of native
plants from their local habitats. He stated that, in order that the
work might be done thoroughly, the committee had hitherto con-
fined their work to Scotland. He thought that local societies might
render valuable assistance.

It was stated that it would add to the value of the Annual
Report if many more local societies which published reports, etc.,
were affiliated as Corresponding Societies, in order that the titles of
the papers which they published might appear in the index.

INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL CONGRESS.—Owing to the impend-
ing meeting of this Congress, a large number of foreign visitors
attended the Geological Section. The great value of the official
reports of the meeting and excursions was urged upon the delegates.
It was stated that the meetings of the Congress would be held at
Burlington Gardens between the 17th and 22nd of September. Six
excursions were arranged to take place in the week after the
meeting. Two of these have a direct bearing upon the geology of
the county, for the first was arranged to embrace a survey of the
Yorkshire coast from Speeton to Saltburn, and the second was
directed to an examination of the rocks in the Craven district.

The following papers, which are of interest to Yorkshire naturalists,
were read in their respective sections :—

Dr. H. W. Crosskey.—Sixteenth Report of the Erratic Blocks
Committee, which included a great number of reports sent up by
the Boulder Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

Oct. 1888.

312 GOODYERA REPENS IN S.E. YORKSHIRE.

JAMES SPENCER.—On the occurrence of a boulder of Granitoid
Gneiss or Gneissoid Granite, in the Halifax Hard Bed Coal.

G. W. LAMFLUGH.—Report on an Ancient Sea Beach near
Bridlington.

Pror. W. C. WILLIAMSON.—Report on the Flora of the Carbon-
iferous Rocks of Lancashire and West Yorkshire.

Pror. Newron.—On the Irruption of Syrrhaptes paradoxus. In
the course of his remarks, Prof. Newton stated that he had evidence
that Pallas’ Sand-Grouse had nested this year in the neighbourhood of
Beverley.

Pror. Newron.—Report of the Committee on Migration of
Birds. The Report stated that the inquiry had been continued for
nine years, and that an immense number of facts had been collected
and brought together in the Annual Reports in connection with the
seasonal movements of birds on the British coasts. They now
wished to utilize, digest, and classify the mass of information at their
disposal. ‘The committee had much pleasure in stating that one of
their number, Mr. William Eagle Clarke, of the Museum of Science
and Art in Edinburgh, had undertaken the laborious task of thus
reducing the mass of observations collected. At a subsequent
meeting of the Biological section, the name of your delegate was
added to the committee.

The General Committee of the Association unanimously accepted
the invitation of Leeds to hold their 1890 meeting in that town.

September 15th, 1888.

NOTES—BOTANY.

Goodyera repens near Market Weighton, S.E. Yorks.—Mr. J. Beanland
has shoy.a me a plant gathered in Houghton Hall Woods on the occasion of
the Market Weighton meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; thirty or
forty plants of it were seen. It is undoubtedly Goodyera repens R.Br., which
Mr. Beanland thought it might be, as he found that it did not agree with
Spiranthes autumnalis, which I believe it was thought to be. It will, no doubt,
have been accidentally introduced with coniferous plantings.—W™M. WEsT, Brad-
ford, August 29th, 1888. :

Goodyera repens near Market Weighton.—Although in my report of
plants collected at the excursion I included, under the name of Sfzvanthes autum-
nalis, the rare orchid gathered in Houghton Hall Wood by Mr. J. Marshall, I was
suspicious that it would prove to be another plant. Since then I have re-examined
it. and Mr. George Webster has compared it with Goodyera repens R. Br. (a plant
I have myself never seen either growing or dried); he confirms me that it is that
species. It isthus a much rarer plant than the Spzvanthes, and being of a northern
and arctic type, the find is of great botanical significance. This appears to be the
first record for Yorkshire ; Mr. Baker, however, in his Lake Flora, mentions 1t—
on the authority of Mr. F. Arnold Lees—as growing in a fir plantation near the
Eden at Armathwaite. Bentham and Babington cite it as in the fir forests of the
North of Scotland, and in Bouvier’s Flore des Alpes, its habitat is thus given :
Bois du Jura et des Alpes, et dans les bois de Sapins a la faucille, au Colombier.—-
M. B. SLATER, Malton, 26th September, 1888.

Naturalist,

aS

ON THE HEPATIC AND MUSCI
OF WESTMORLAND.

GEORGE STABLER,
Levens, Milnthorpe.
So far as I am aware, no detailed list or account of the hepatics and
mosses of Westmorland has yet been published ; this fact, and the
solicitations of some of my botanical friends, have induced me to
undertake the task.

The county of Westmorland is situated in the north-west of
England, between 54° 10’ and 54° 42’ N. latitude, and between 2° 9’
and 3° 10’ W. longitude. Roughly speaking, it is about forty miles
in length and thirty miles in width, and its area is 786 square miles.
Its outline is very irregular.

The mean annual temperature at Kendal is 46°76° Fah., the
mean day maximum being 64'018° Fah., and the mean night minimum
26°745° Fah. January is the coldest month, with a mean temperature
of 36°130 for the last sixty-five years, and July the warmest, with a
mean of 59°45 for the same period. For these data I am indebted
to Mr. Richard Nelson, of Ivy Garth, Kendal. A considerable
amount of snow covers the higher mountains in winter, and some-
times the remains of drifts are seen in the middle of June; yet on
and near the shore of Morecambe Bay it very seldom lies long, so
that it is possible to botanize there almost all the year round.

The following table shows the rainfall in various parts of the county.
The names of the gentlemen to whom I am indebted for the data,
and to whom I tender my thanks, appear in the second column :—

| "| Aver. |
| Average | No. Hovithaal oo
Station. Registrar. Number | of | oer TeeL|
of Inches. Years oo Rainy
= as 8 ain 8 MD SNE bi Deeb (10S
G |
Little Langdale ... cap} He WE T.. JOneS ay 2) 104730) 35] DO7G-SE | 162
Patterdale; Greenside ...|T. Taylor ... ..-| 92°42 | 14 | 1874-87 | —

Ambleside, Lesketh How | F. M. T. Jones. ...| 78°32 9 | 1879-87 | 210
Grasmere, High Close .. “ : 69°33 | 10 | 1878-87 | 187
Windermere, Fallbarrow A. Rawson... : 62°90 | IO | 1877-86 | 210
Orton abe au ...| Rev. E. Holme ...| 53°37 | 10 | 1878-87 | 167
Kendal -... a5 «.<| R.'J. Nelson 52°41 |100 | 1778-87 | 181
48°47 | 10 | 1878-87

|

a cia ee wa i “
Kirkby Lonsdale... ...| G. J. Symons, F.R.S.| 46°20 | 10 | 1870-79 | —
Ulleswater, Sharrow Bay | A. Parkin ... -| 43°10} 10 | 1870-79 | —
Arnside ... = ...| Jw BP. Drewitt |) 42°17 | 4 | 1884-87 | 167
Kirkby Stephen ... ll ice 05 0 al ---| 39°82 | 10 |.1878-87 | 165
Penrith, Blencowe School | T. Fawcett ..- ---| 38°44 | Io | 1878-87 | —
Penrith, Lowther Castle | T. Clark... saxf 97°30) |. 28-1 (883-87 | x2
Appleby ... ane ee) Dr. Armstrong 33°71 | 7.| 1881-87 | 181

Oct. 1888.

314 STABLER : HEPATICZ AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND.

I have not been able to obtain statistics for one of my favourite
valleys, that of Mardale, except for the last dry year (1887), when
Mr. G. J. Symons registered in three different parts of the valley the
following quantities, 76°55, 68°95, and 45°50 inches (Naddle Forest).
Just over the western boundary of the county is one of the wettest
parts of the island, over 220 inches having been recorded in one
year at Seathwaite in Borrowdale.

Around the head of Morecambe Bay and across the southern
part of the county, the principal rocks are those of the Carboniferous
formation. ‘The same system of rocks also occupies an extensive
district in the north-east part of the county, stretching along each
side of the Eden Valley from Mallerstang and Ravenstonedale to the
borders of Cumberland, the limestone of the middle of the valley
being overlaid on both sides of the river from Kirkby Stephen
northward by Permian strata, chiefly sandstone. The rest of the
county, to the north and south-west of these two limestone areas
respectively, 1s occupied by Silurian rocks. The boundary between
the upper and lower Silurians is marked by the very narrow strip of
Coniston Limestone running in a N.E. direction from the head of
Windermere across the upper part of the valleys of Troutbeck,
Kentmere, and Long Sleddale towards Shap Fell. The Conglomerate,
which in a similar manner marks the division between the Carbon-
iferous and Silurian formations, appears here and there, as at the foot
of Ulleswater, Shap Wells, by the river Lune at Barbon, and in the
valley of the river Mint near Kendal. The summits of Wild Boar
Fell and of the higher portions of the Pennine Hills are of millstone
grit; basalt appears at Caldron Snout in the upper Tees Valley,
and along the western slope of the Pennine Hills ; and a small
exposure of granite occurs about the centre of the county to the
S.W. of Shap.

Commencing at the sands around the head of Morecambe Bay
and the estuary of the river Kent in the south-west, the county rises
very irregularly to an elevation of about 3,000 ft. in its north-western
part. On its eastern side the Pennines reach over 2,000 ft. in height.
The main watershed runs east and west. The northern slope is
drained by the Eden, and the southern by the Lune, the Kent, and
some smaller streams.

Within the boundaries of the county are numerous scars, crags
and screes,* lakes and tarns, glens and ghylls, extensive peat-mosses
and alpine bogs, water-falls and rocky streams, as weil as remains of
ancient forest.

* Scree: the sloping masses of debris at the base of a precipice.

Naturalist,

STABLER : HEPATICH AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. 315

All these, together with the position of the county, its temperature,
its excessive and varied rainfall, its geological constitution, the
altitude of its mountains, and its proximity to the sea, combine to
make it a district peculiarly well adapted as a home for mosses.
When thoroughly explored, it should stand amongst the foremost
English counties from a bryological point of view, and occupy no
mean position when compared with other parts of the British Islands.

It will perhaps not be out of place here to give a short account
of Westmorland bryology. In this part of the subject I have been
greatly assisted by the generous permission of Mr. Harry Arnold, of
Arnbarrow, to consult his valuable library containing several old and
rare books, especially connected with local botany. The works
herein mentioned will be found arranged in chronological order.
From the older writers, the few Westmorland mosses with their
habitats are extracted, and I have to the earlier references added
synonyms when necessary.

The record commences with Polytrichum commune (1.), that
handsome giant among acrocarpous mosses. It was first described in
a catalogue of plants found around Geissen (1718) by Dillenius, at
which time Ray had been dead thirteen years. As Dillenius edited the
3rd edition (1724) of Ray’s Synopsis, he is answerable for the
insertion of the Westmorland locality, although in his AW7storia
Muscorum of 1741 it is not mentioned.

1724, DILLENIUS (Ray). Synopsis Methodica Stirp. Brit., ed. 3.

‘FPolytrichum vulgare et majus capsula quadrangulart. Great

Golden Maiden-hair or Goldilocks. [Polytrichum commune L.]
In paludosis et putrido copiosissime in montosis.—Westmor-
landicis, etc.’
1777. STEPHEN Rosson. ‘The British Flora.
‘ Fontinalts squamosa 1. In brooks in Westmorland.’ p. 272.
‘Fontinalis pennata L. Huds. [LVeckera fontinaloides (Lam.).
NV. pumila Bry. Brit.| On trunks of trees in woods between
Troutbeck and Ambleside in Westmorland.’ p. 272.
‘Phascum pedunculatum “Huds. [Splachnum pedunculatum
(Huds.) Lindb. S. sphericum Bry. Brit.] On moist heaths in
Westmorland.’ p. 272.
‘Bryum apocarpum LL. [Grimmia apocarpa Sch. Syn.
(Schistidium Bry. Brit.).| In Westmorland.’ p. 281.
Obs.—It may be observed that at least two out of the four fore-
going mosses are probably in the first edition of Hudson’s
Fl. Angl., 1762, in which case the Fl. Angl. should precede
Robson’s Brit. Fl. I have only had access to the 2nd and
3rd editions of Fl. Angl.
Oct. 1888.

316 STABLER: HEPATIC AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND.

1778. Wm. Hupson. FI. Angl., ed. 2 (also ed. 3).

‘Fontinalis pennata lL.’ |. fontinaloides (Lam.).| ‘In arborum
truncis in sylvis inter Troutbeck et Ambleside.’

‘Bryum crudum LL. [Pohlia cruda (1..). Webera cruda Sch.
Synop.]~ In sylvis circa Rydall in comitatu Westmorlandico.’

‘Splachnum vasculosum Huds. Fl. Angl. (1798). | Phascum pedun-
culatum Huds. Ed. 1,1762.] In ericetis montosis et humidis
in comitatibus Eboracensi et Westmorlandico passim.’ .

‘Jungermania nemorosa Dill. [| Martinellia nemorosa (L.) B.Gr.,
Scapania nemorosa Nat. E.| In sylvis et umbrosis udis
in comitatu Westmorlandico.’

‘Jungermania ciliaris L. |Lrichocolea tementella (Ehrh.) Dum.]
Habitat in sylvis et ericetis udis et ad rivulos in comitatibus
Eboracensi, Cumberlandico et Westmorlandico passim.’

1796. W. WITHERING. An Arrangement of British Plants, ed. 3.

‘Hypnum pennatum With. |Neckera fontinaloides (Lam.).]
Withering gives Hudson’s habitat, and makes the mistake of
giving the same plant under the name of Fontinalis pennata
(L.) as another species.

‘Mnium fontanum L. [Philonotis fontana (L.) Brid.] Cold
clear streams in Westmorland on the sides of hills; Mr.
(J.) Gough.’

‘Bryum crudum \V.. Huds. [= FPohla cruda (L.).| Woods
about Rydal; Hudson.’

‘Hypnum crispum With. [ = Weckera crispa (L.) Hedw.] About
Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorland ; Dr. J. E. Smith.’

‘Hypnum viticulosum L. | = Anomodon viticulosus (L.) H. & T.]
By north-west corner of the bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale;
Dr. J... E. smith

‘Fypnum loreum L. | = Hylocomium loreum (1...) Br. Eur.] Near
Ambleside, Westmorland; Dr. J. E. Smith.

‘Jungermania nemorosa Dill.’ [= Scapania nemorosa.|

‘Jungermania ciliaris With. [|TZrichocolea tomentella.| The
habitats of the two last are from Hudson: see above.

1804. J. E. Smitu. Flora Britannica.

‘Grimmia pusilla Smith. [Seligeria recurvata Hedw. (1787).
S. setacea (Wulf.) (1781).] In Pa Re montosis. Near
Ambleside, Westmorland.’

‘Trichostomum fontinaloides Hed. [Sekra minor (L.), Cinclidotus
fontinaloides (Lam.) P.B.] On rocks in the river at Kirkby
Lonsdale, Westmorl PERE the. bridge, fume? 1733=
Dri smithy

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Contents:

NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

PAGE
On the Hepaticze and Musci of Westmorland—George Stabler az es .. 317 to 320
Fungus Foray at Bramham and Harewood Parks z= . 321 to 329

The Yorkshire Boulder Committee and its Second Year’s Work—S. oe ieaoes

Note—Coleoptera
Coleoptera at Market Weighton, August ‘6th, 1888—E. G. Bayford.

Note—Fungi ...
Zcidinm calthz ‘Grev. near Kendal—Rev. C. H. Waddell.

Note—Arachnida
Lincolnshire- Spiders—H. Wallis Kew, F.E.S.

Notes—Ornithology
Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra and L. pity opsttacus) on the East Coast of England
— ¥. H. Gurney, Fun., F.Z.S.,3/.4.0.U.; Purple Heron in West Yorkshire—
W., Eagle Clarke, SES: M.B.O. U.: Black Guillemot near Whitby
—T. Stephenson; Reed Warbler nesting inthe Washburn Valley—H. Knight
Horsfield, M.B.O.U.; Fiamborough Bird-notes—Maithew Bailey ; Robin
caught in a Mouse-trap—Basit Carter.
Notes—Botany . : ue fe cs om: fe
Silene nutans still at Knaresborough— Rev.W.C. Hey, M.A.; Stratiotes aloides
at Carlton near Selby—Thomas Bunker; Notes on Settle Plants—
A. Craig Christie.
Notes—Lepidoptera ..
Scopula ferrugalis at Huddersfield—G. W. K. Crosland : Euperia fulvago and
Acronycta alni near Doncaster—George T. Porritt, F.L.S

Note—Mammalia :
Whales off F lamborough—. Matthew Bailey.

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STABLER : HEPATICZ AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. Sil 7

‘ Neckera pumila H. |=. fontinaloides (Lam.).| ‘On trees
between Troutbeck and Ambleside, as mentioned by W. Hud-
son where I found it in 1782; J. E. Smith.’

‘Bryum crudum \.’ |= Pohlia cruda (1.).| Hudson’s habitat.

1805. TuRNER and Dittwyn. ‘The Botanist’s Guide.

In this work seven mosses and two hepatics are recorded for
Westmorland. They are:— Splachnum sphericum PB Muse.
Hib., Grimmia pusilla Sm., Trichostomum fontinaloides Huds.,
Neckera pumila H., Bryum crudum V.., Hypnum loreum 1.,
Fontinalis squamosa U., Jungermania tomentella, and //.
lanceolata Weiss.

All of these, except the last, had been previously recorded.
Of /. lanceolata it is said, ‘woods and moist shady places
(Westmorland); Hudson.’ This remark would lead one to
suppose that this species is not rare. Twelve years ago
I found it near Windermere with its characteristic siphon-like
colesules. In no other place have I seen it growing. It will
be seen that I have doubt as to the plant of Hudson being
the true one. In this I am supported by a remark of Sir
W. J. Hooker’s in the British Flora, vol.ii (1833), p. 108, in
which he says: ‘Of this (/ lanceolata) I have never seen
British specimens ; and I suspect the authors just mentioned
(Hudson, Withering, and Lightfoot) may have mistaken
some other species for it,’ and Dr. Carrington remarks

that AZylia anomala was long confounded with / lanceolata
Brit. Hep.

1812-16. W. J. Hooker. British Jungermannie.

In this work the following six species are given as Westmorland
plants :—

‘Jungermania lanceolata L.’ [| =Liochlena lanceolata,| pl. 18.
Under this, Hooker says: ‘‘I am induced to represent the
species in this work rather with a view of calling the attention
of botanists of my country to what I conceive to be the true
J. lanceolata of Linnzeus than from the conviction of its ever
having been found in Britain.” The true plant was afterwards
found by Borrer at Tunbridge Wells and by Dr. Spruce in
the upper part of the vale of the Yorkshire Esk (Cronkley
Gill), December 1847, and was first figured and described

from British specimens by him in Eng. Bot. Supp., Oct.
1848.
Nov. 1388. Ww

318 STABLER: HEPATICZ AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND.

‘Jungermania Taylori Hk. [Mjylia Taylori (Ak.)| pl. 57. Two
miles from Ambleside to the north of the Penrith road, and
on the rock behind the hill at Patterdale.’

‘Jungermania radicans | = Marsupella emarginata| with J. Taylori.’

‘Jungermania barbata with J. Taylort!

‘Jungermania hyalina Lyell |Nardia hyalina], Pl. 63. Amongst
the rocks immediately above Stock Ghyll Force near Amble-
side (Mr. Lyell).’

‘ Jungermania Orcadensis Ak. Pl. 71. Ambleside (Mr. Lyell).’

1818. Hooker and Tayitor. Muscologia Britannica.
‘Hypnum Crista-castrensis L. [| = Ptilium Crista-castrensts (L.)
DeNot.] Ina wood at the head of Haweswater (Rev. Jas.
Dalton).’

1841. J. E. SmitH. English Botany, 2nd edition.
‘ Hypnum incurvatum Brid. | = Stereodon incurvatus (Schrad.)|.
Near Kendal, on the way to Ambleside.’ Vol. viil., p. 104.
The figure is dated 1st July, 1839, so I infer that this is the

locality where Mr. Wilson found it on the 14th of July,
1838.

1843. R. Spruce. On the Mosses and Hepatice of Teesdale.

In this paper we find recorded from Caldron Snout and Maize
Beck, seven mosses and four hepatics. They are:—Aryum
jfulaceum v. concinnatum | = B. concinnatum Spruce|; Bryum
LZierit Dicks.| = Plagiobryum Lierit (Dicks.)|; Grimmia spiralis
H. & T. [=G. /funalis (Schwaeg) Schpr.]; Physcomttrium
ericetorum DeNot. | = Funaria obtusa (Dicks.) |; Splachnum
mntoides L. fil.| = Tetraplodon bryoides (Zoeg.)|; Letradontium
Brownianum (Dicks.) | = Georgia Brownz (Dicks.)|; Zygodon
Lapponicus B. & S. | = Anectangium Lapponicum (Hedw.)] ;
Jungermania incisa Schrad.; /. setacea Web. | = Lepidozia
setacea (Web.)|; /. spinulosa Dicks. | = Plagiochila spinulosa
(Dicks.)]; 7. undulata L.. [= Scapania undulata (1..)}.

1845. J. SIDEBOTHAM in The Phytologist, vol. ii., p. 316.
In July of this year the following sixteen mosses were collected
in Westmorland by Mr. Sidebotham. For the sake of brevity
I here omit the localities, which will be given in the list under
their respective species.
Andreea alpina Dill.; A. Rothit Web. et M.; A. rupesiris L. ;
LBartramtia Halleriana Hedw. ; Bryum crudum Schreb. ; Bry.

Naturalist,

STABLER: HEPATIC AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. 319

elongatum Dicks.; Bry. julaceum Sm.|=B. filiforme Dicks. ];
Bry. turbinatum Hedw. (?); Bry. pseudotriquetrum Schwg. ;
Lry. erythrocarpum (2); Dicranum scopartum Hedw. ; Diphy-
scium foltosum Web.et M.; Hedwigia estiva Hk. | Anwctangium
compactum Schwg.|; Gdipodium Griffithianum Schw. ; Ptero-
gonium gracile Sw.; Weissia fugax Hedw. | = Rhabdoweisia
striata Schrad.]. ,

Obs.— Mr. Sidebotham does not say whether his plant is
Bryum erythrocarpum Schwaeg |Sry. sanguineum Brid.|
or Bry. erythrocarpum Brid. | Bry. atropurpureum Web.
ere Vin lt it be the! formen at asthe: only ‘record for
Westmorland.

1846. W. BorrerR in The Phytologist, vol. 1., p. 435.

Mr. Borrer’s list of ten mosses, collected in 1845. They are :—
dipodium Grifithianum Schwg.; Grimmia torta Asch. | =
G. torquata HUsch.]; G. spiralis H. & T.; Orthotrichum
rupincola Funck. |O. rupestre Schleich.|; Aypnum Crista-
castrensis 1..; Bryum albicans Wahl.; Bry. gulaceum Sm.; Bry.
Zierii Dicks.; Bry. actminatum B, & S.; Bry. mnioides Wils.
[= Mnium subglobosum B. & S.}.

1855. WriitamM Witson. Bryologia Britannica.

Mr. Wilson in his classic Bryologia has given Westmorland
habitats for the following ten mosses:—Grimmia spiralis
H.& T., Grimmia torta Hsch., Orthotrichum crispulum Usch.,
O. crispum Hedw., O. Bruchit Brid., Bryum concinnatum
Spruce, Antitrichia curtipendula Brid., Hypnum palustre BP
Bry. Brit., (2. eugyrium Schpr.), A. Crista-castrensis' L., H.
incurvatum Brid. [(Stereodon incurvatus (Schrad.) Mitt. |

1855. HARRIET MArRTINEAU. A Complete Guide to the English
Lakes.

The List of ‘Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Mosses’ of ‘ Winder-
mere and its Neighbourhood’ in this work was drawn up
by Dr. Clowes, and’ comprises several mosses, which are
divided into two sections; first, those of which localities

| are given, viz., Zygodon Mougeottt B. & S., Gymnostomum
rupestre Schwer., Gedipodium Griffithtianum Schwgr., Diphys-
cium foltosum W.& M., Werssta denticulata Brid., W. tenut-
Hostris FA.& T. [ Mollia tenutrostris (H.& T.) Lindb. |, Grémmia
spiralis H. & T., G. torta Hsch., Orthotrichum rupincola
Funck., O. aristatum Turn., Sm. (O. dtaphanum Schrad.,

Nov. 1888.

320

1863.

STABLER : HEPATIC AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND.

Bryum julaceum Sm., B. Zierit Dicks., B.acuminatum B.&S.,
B. mnioides Wils. (Mntum subglobosum B. & S.), Hypnum
fiagellare Dicks., . Crista-castrensis L.; and secondly,
other species mentioned as in the Windermere district, but
without any exact stations:—Zryum albicans Brid., Hook.,
B. alpinum, Lin., Anectangium ciliatum Hedw. (Hedwigia
ciliata H.), Anomodon curtipendulus HH. & T., Bartramia
pomiformis Hedw., B. Halleriana Hedw., &. arcuata Brid.,
Hypnum brevirostre Ehrh., H. undulatum (1.), Neckera
crispa (L.), Polytrichum alpinum (1.), P. urnigerum (L.),
Trichostomum (Racomitrium) aciculare W.& M., T: canescens
Hedw., Z: fasciculare Schrad., TZ: Jlanuginosum WHedw.,
T. polyphyllum (Dicks.).

J. G. Baker. North Yorkshire.

From Caldron Snout and Maize Beck, at the boundary between

1887.

Westmorland and Yorkshire, Mr. Baker mentions Azxdreea
Rothit W. & M. (A. rupestris L.), Blindia acuta Hedw.,
Grimmia torta Usch., Racomitrium protensum Al. Braun,
Zygodon Mougeotit B. & S., Diphyscium foliosum W.& M.,
Bryum crudum Schreb., .° alpinum Linn. B. ZLieri
Dicks., Fisszdens osmundoides Hedw., Hypnum catenulatum
Schwer., Campylopus longipilus Brid.; and from Hell Ghyll,
another part of the boundary line between the same two
counties, Gymnostomum rupestre Schwgr., and Bartramia
Gderi Sw. }

C. H. Binsteap. The Naturalist, No. r4o.

In the March number of The Naturalist, the Rev. C. H. Binstead

announced half-a-dozen important additions to the Westmor-
land Moss Flora in the following species :— Grimmia anodon
B. & 5., G. commutata Hubn., G. anomala Hampe, Bryum
Muhlenbeckit B. & S., Cinclidium stygium Swartz., Hylocomium
umbratum Schreb.

In addition to the foregoing, it may be here mentioned that in
Dr. Carrington’s yet uncompleted British Hepaticee, and in the ten
parts of Dr. R. Braithwaite’s British Moss Flora (1880-87), which
comprise about half the acrocarpous mosses, several Westmorland
stations are given.

This completes the literature on the subject, so far as has come
under my notice. It now remains to indicate what other workers
have been engaged in this field.

Naturalist,

FUNGUS FORAY
AT BRAMHAM AND HAREWOOD PARKS.

THE closing meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union for 1888,
held on Tuesday, the 25th of September, was organised as a Fungus
Foray, and as such was a decided success in every way. ‘Thanks to
the very kind manner in which Lord Harewood and Mr. George
Lane Fox allowed the day’s investigations to be carried out on their
respective estates, to the excellent and productive character of the
ground thus made available, to the abundance of fungi, to the
favourable character of the weather, and to the presence of
Mis sGeorge Massee, F.R:M.S., of the Royal Herbarium at Kew,
who had accepted the Union’s invitation to participate, and of a
goodly number of the keenest and most assiduous of the very few
Yorkshire botanists who study this group of plants, the excursions
were both enjoyable and profitable. The meeting held at Leeds in
the evening was well-attended, and the Show, which was open the
same evening and following day, was nearly as extensive and quite
as interesting as the very successful one laid out in Leeds in 1881,
on the occasion of the first Fungus Foray ever held in Yorkshire.

Two parties were arranged for the excursion, starting in wagonettes
from the Leeds Museum at 9g o'clock inthe morning. The larger
party went to Bramham, under the guidance of Mr. Massee; the
smaller, to Harewood, under that of Mr. H. T. Soppitt, of Bradford.
Mr. Massee was accompanied by the Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., Mr. W.
Norwood Cheesman, Mr. Dewhirst, and other members, and was
met at Bramham by Mr. Lane Fox, who took a kindly interest in the
investigation, pointing out the most suitable woods on his estate,
after ascertaining the requirements most looked for by a fungological
party. This party collected about 124 species.

The party headed by Mr. Soppitt, who was accompanied by
Messrs. W. West, F.L.S., A. Clarke, and others, was favoured by the
assistance of two or three of Lord Harewood’s keepers, whose local
knowledge stood in good stead, and one of whom was of use in
swarming a tree for a specimen of the Vegetable Beef-Steak. The
ground investigated by Mr. Soppitt and his companions was varied
as well as extensive, including most excellent fir-woods on Wigton
Moor, and the splendid mixed woods (in which beech predominated)
of Harewood Park itself. No list of the species observed on this
route was kept at the time, but subsequent examination of results
showed that, with a few interesting exceptions, the majority of the
species were the same as those collected by the Bramham contingent.

Nov. 1888.

322 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: FUNGUS FORAY.

By both parties were collected a very large quantity of fungi, and
they returned to Leeds about five in the afternoon. Soon after this,
all hands set to work to arrange and set out the specimens for the
‘Show.’ Thanks to the kindness of the Leeds Philosophical Society,
the Show was arranged in their library, in which also the meeting
was held.

At the meeting—over which the Rev. Wm. Fowler, M.A., an
ex-president, presided—the minutes of the preceding meeting having
been taken as read, and passed, Mr. Geo. Massee, F.R.M.S., was
called upon to state the results of the day’s work. Numerous
species (over 200) had been collected, many of which (about forty)
were new to the West Riding Flora, and others had not been seen
therein since the time of James Bolton, about a century ago. Among
the Hymenomycetes, white-spored species largely predominated, and
the genera “/ygrophorus, Russula, and Lactarius were especially
abundant. On the other hand, several of the commonest of fungi
(such as Armillaria melleus, Hypholoma fascicularis, etc.) were
apparently absent or nearly so. Amongst the principal finds were
Lactarius aspideus Fr. and Russula cuprea—a species included by
Fries under #. zztda, from which it is readily distinguished by its
copper-coloured pileus and rose-coloured stem—both new to Britain.
Other species of note were Lactarius aurantiacus Fr., collected in
quantity under fir-trees in Bramham Park, and recorded as
British for the first time a few weeks previous when gathered in the
New Forest; it is a really pretty species, with a deep-orange pileus
and stem and decurrent gills, and has hitherto probably been con-
fused with L. mztesstmus; Russula cerulea Fr., R. granulata Cke.,
R. expallens, Lactarius uvidus, Leotia lubrica, Hygrophorus hypo-
thejus Fr., Hl. clarkit Berk., Hl. calyptreformis Berk., Dictydium
cernuum, and many other rare species. Later in the evening,
Mr. Massee gave an interesting and racy address on the ‘ Evolution
of Fungi,’ which he treated in a humorous and masterly manner.
Mr. C. P. Hobkirk, F.L.S., then proposed a vote of thanks to Lord
Harewood, Mr. Lane Fox, Messrs. Massee, Soppitt, and all who had
contributed to the success of the foray, which was unanimously
adopted, as also was one to the chairman.

The Show, which was kept open the whole of the following day,
proved of great interest to the visitors to the Museum, and was
carefully examined by those members (not many, alas!) who take a
real interest in the study. For the contribution of specimens to the
Show the Union was indebted to various members and associates for
specimens collected at other localities than those visited during the
excursion. Mr. Rushforth, of Horbury, brought the Dry-rot (JZerulius

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: FUNGUS FORAY. 323

lachrymans) from that place; Mr. Edgar R. Waite sent a large box of
specimens from Goathland, amongst which were Lycoperdon saccatum,
etc.; Mr. Lister, of Ovenden, brought Boletus felleus and several
other species; Mr. R. Dewhirst brought Wygrophorus cossus, Pluteus

cervinus, and Peziza aurantia from Saltaire; Mr. Soppitt’s consignment

included Collybia distortus and Tricholoma albo-brunneus from Esholt,
and FHelvella lacunosa from Heaton, near Bradford; and Mr. A.
Clarke, of Huddersfield, brought a large number of specimens,
including Z7:choloma brevipes, Marasmius epiphyllus, etc., and to him
the Union was much indebted for the use of a number of neatly-
written labels of the names of species. The only regret is that
for the Show there were not more fungologists of the first rank
present. As it was, from shortness of time and abundance of
material, Mr. Massee and his few assistants were more than fully
employed, both on Tuesday evening and Wednesday morning, and
it was simply impossible to keep a record of all the species in each
consignment, as it is most desirable should be done.

The list of species exhibited at the Show, as far as can be ascer-
tained, is as follows, species marked with * before name being new
to the West Riding :—

HVYMENOMYCETES.
AGARICINEAE.

Agaricus (Amanita) phalloides Fr. Bramham.

s (Amanita) muscarius L. Bramham. Harewood.

ms (Amanita) rubescens P. Harewood.

3 (Amanita) mappa Batsch. Bramham. Whitby(G.JZ).

53 (Amanita) pantherinus DC. Bramham. Harewood.

is (Amanitopsis) vaginatus Bull. Bramham. Harewd.

¥ *(Lepiota) clypeolarius Bull. Bramham.

,» (Lepiota) cristatus L. Bramham.

we (Lepiota) granulosus Batsch. Bramham. Harewood.

5 (Lepiota) seminudus Lasch. Bramham.

‘5 *(Lepiota) amianthinus Scop. Bramham.

» (Lepiota) carcharias Pers. Bramham. Harewood.

, *(Tricholoma) portentosus Fr. Castle Howard(G.4JZ.)

- (Tricholoma) albo-brunneus Pers. Bramham.,
Harewood. Esholt (4. Z: Sopfitt). Bulmer (G.JZ.).

i. (Tricholoma) rutilans Scheff. Bramham. Harewood.

oF (Tricholoma) imbricatus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

(Tricholoma) terreus Scheff. Bramham.

ae (Tricholoma) nudus Bull. Harewood.

9 (Tricholoma) melaleucus Pers.

Nov. 1888.

324

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: FUNGUS FORAY.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) brevipes Bull. Huddersfield (4. Clarke).

(Clitocybe) nebularis Batsch. Bramham.

*(Clitocybe) clavipes Pers. Bramham.

(Clitocybe) odorus Bull. Harewood.

*(Clitocybe) cerussatus Fr. Bramham.

(Clitocybe) phyllophilus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

(Clitocybe) fumosus Pers. Bramham. Harewood.

(Clitocybe) infundibuliformis Scheff. Bramham.
Harewood. Castle Howard (Geo. Massee).

(Clitocybe) brumalis Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

(Clitocybe) fragrans Sow. Harewood. Filey (G.4Z).

(Laccaria) laccatus Scop. Bramham. MHarewood.

(Collybia) radicatus Relh. Bramham. Harewood.

(Collybia) maculatus A.& S. Bramham. Harewood.

(Collybia) distortus Fr. Bramham. Esholt (1 7.
Soppitt.)

(Collybia) butyraceus Bull. Bramham. Harewood.

(Collybia) velutipes Curt. Harewood.

(Collybia) confluens Pers. Harewood.

(Collybia) tuberosus Bull. Bramham. Harewood.

(Collybia) esculentus Wulf.

(Collybia) dryophilus Bull. Bramham. Harewood.

(Mycena) purus Pers. Bramham. Harewood.

*(Mycena) gypseus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

(Mycena) galericulatus Scop. Bramham. Harewood.

(Mycena) polygrammus Bull. Harewood.

(Mycena) alcalinus Fr. Bramham.

(Mycena) filopes Bull. Bramham.

(Mycena) sanguinolentus A. & S. - Bramham.
Harewood.

(Mycena) galopus Pers. Bramham. Harewood.

(Mycena) epipterygius Scop. Bramham. Harewood.

(Mycena) stylobates Pers. Harewood.

(Omphalia) campanella Batsch. Harewood.

*(Pleurotus) limpidus Fr. Bramham.

(Pluteus) cervinus Scheff. Bramham. Harewood.
Saltaire (2. Dewhirst).

*(Pluteus) nanus Pers. Bramham.
*(Entoloma) fertilis Berk. Bramham.

(Entoloma) jubatus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
(Entoloma) costatus Fr. Harewood.
(Entoloma) sericeus Bull. Harewood.

*(Entoloma) nidorosus Fr. Bramham.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: FUNGUS FORAY.

i»)
N
Sal

*Agaricus (Clitopilus) cancrinus Fr. Bramham.
» ‘(Leptonia) lampropus Fr. Harewood.
; (Claudopus) variabilis Pers. Bramham.
8 *(Claudopus) byssisedus Pers. Bramham.
is (Pholiota) spectabilis Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
5s (Pholiota) squarrosus Mull. Harewood.
9) (Inocybe) scaber Mull. Bramham.
03 (Inocybe) rimosus Bull. Bramham.
» *(Inocybe) asterosporus Quel. Bramham. Harewood.
55 (Inocybe) geophyllus Sow. Bramham. Harewood.
= (Hebeloma) fastibilis Fr. Bramham.
» ‘*(Hebeloma) glutinosus Lindgr. Harewood.
, *(Hebeloma) mesophzus Fr. Bramham.
95 (Hebeloma) crustuliniformis Bull. Bramham.
3 *(Flammula) lentus Pers. Harewood.
(Flammula) carbonarius Fr. Bramham.
55 (Flammula) sapineus Fr. Bramham.
5 (Naucoria) melinoides Fr. Bramham.
55 (Galera) hypnorum Batsch. Harewood.
Var. sphagnorum. Bramham.
> (Tubaria) furfuraceus Pers. Harewood.
“p (Stropharia) zruginosus Curt. Bramham. Harewd.
+ (Stropharia) squamosus Fr. Harewood.
$3 *(Stropharia) thraustus Kalehb. Bramham.
i (Stropharia) semiglobatus Batsch. Harewood.
99 (Hypholoma) sublateritius Scheff. Harewood.
7B (Hypholoma) capnoides Fr. Bramham.
ar (Hypholoma) velutinus Pers. Harewood.
39 (Psilocybe) semilanceatus Fr. Bramham. Harewd.
a (Psilocybe) spadiceus Fr. Bramham.
5 (Psilocybe) hydrophilus Bull. Harewood.

» (Psathyra) corrugis Pers. Bramham.

x (Panzolus) separatus L. Bramham. Harewood.
” (Panzolus) campanulatus L. Harewood.

& (Psathyrella) atomatus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

Coprinus atramentarius Fr. Harewood.
a micaceus Fr. Harewood.
4 plicatilis Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) czrulescens Fr. Bramham.
) ; Harewood.
rn *(Dermocybe) ochroleucus Fr. Bramham.
| ~ *(Dermocybe) caninus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
| 93 *(Hydrocybe) paleaceus Fr. Bramham.
Nov. 1888.

|
|
|

220

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: FUNGUS FORAY.

Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) acutus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

Paxillus involutus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
» *leptopus Fr. Harewood.
Hygrophorus eburneus Fr. Bramham.

93 cossus Fr. Bramham. Saltaire (R. Dewhirst).

i hypothejus Fr. Harewood.
-s pratensis Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
- virgineus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
BS *clarkii Berk. Harewood.
3 lactus Berk. Harewood.
% coccineus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
99 ceraceus Fr. Harewood.
9 puniceus Fr. Bramham.
33 conicus Fr. Harewood.
: “calyptreformis Berk. Harewood.
5 psittacinus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
»: unguinosus Fr. Harewood.
Lactarius turpis Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
*aspideus Fr. Harewood.
.; blennius Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
. *flexuosus Fr. Harewood.
. deliciosus Fr. Bramham.
% quietus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
5) *aurantiacus Fr. Bramham.
a rufus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
59 glyciosmus Fr. Harewood.
% mitissimus Fr. Bramham.
subdulcis Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
” uvidus Fr. Bramham.
Russula nigricans Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
» *densifolia Seer. Bramham.
depallens Fr. Harewood.
» *cw#rulea Fr. Bramham.
» “lepida Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
- rubra Fr. Bramham.
59 cyanoxantha Fr. Bramham.
- fellea Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
» *granulata Cke. Bramham. Harewood.
A emetica Fr. Bramham. Harewood. °
ochroleuca Fr. Bramham.
fragilis Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
. *expallens Gillet. Bramham.
» *cuprea Krombh. Bramham.

Naturalist,

YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: FUNGUS FORAY. 327

*Russula puellaris Fr. Harewood.
# lutea Fr. Bramham.

Cantharellus cibarius Fr. Bramham.
f, cinereus Fr.

Marasmius peronatus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

*terginus Fr. Bramham.
‘. erythropus Fr. Harewood.
s ramealis Fr. Harewood.
, amdrosaceus Fr. Harewood.
33 rotula Fr. Harewood.
55 epiphyllus Fr. Bramham. Harewood. Hudders-
field (A. Clarke).
Panus stypticus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

POL YPOREZ.

Boletus flavus With. Bramham. Harewood.
3 felleus Bull. Ovenden (1/7. Lister).
x badius Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
ie chrysenteron Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
53 scaber Fr. Bramham.
- edulis Fr. Harewood.
versipellis Fr. Harewood.
Fistulina hepatica Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
Polyporus intybaceus Fr. Bramham.
us chioneus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
cs -adustus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
* betulinus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
“5 annosus Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
“ versicolor Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
5: vaporarius Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
Merulius lacrymans Fr. Bramham. Horbury (lV. Rushforth).

HYVDNE.
Hydnum repandum L. Bramham. Harewood.

THELEPHORE.

Thelephora laciniata Pers. Bramham. Harewood.
Stereum hirsutum Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
*Hymenochete tabacina Fr. Bramham. Harewood.
Peniophora quercina Fr. Harewood.
- *velutina Fr. Bramham.

*Corticium comedens Fr. Bramham.
Clavaria cinerea Bull. Bramham. Harewood.

i: rugosa Bull. Bramham. Harewood.
Nov. 1888.

328 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: FUNGUS FORAY.

Clavaria inzqualis Fl.Dan. Bramham.

fragilis Holmsk. Bramham. Harewood.
argillacea Fr. Harewood.

Calocera viscosa Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

99

TREMELLEZ.

Tremella mesenterica Retz. Harewood.
Dacrymyces chrysocomus Tul. Bramham.

GASTROMYCETES.
PHALLOIDEZ.

Ithyphallus impudicus L. Bramham. Harewood.
Mutinus caninus Fr. Harewood.

LYCOPERDEE.

Lycoperdon saccatum Vahl. Bramham. Goathland (Z.R. Waite).
45 *perlatum Fr. Bramham.
pyriforme Scheff. Bramham.
Scleroderma vulgare Fr. Bramham. Harewood.

ASCOMYCETES.

HELVELLEZ.
Helvella crispa Fr.
- elastica Bull.
, lacunosa Afz. Heaton, near Bradford (4. Z. Soppitz).
Leotia lubrica P.

PE LALLA,

Peziza vesiculosa Bull. Bramham.
55 aurantia Cd. Saltaire (2. Dewhirst). Esholt (ZZ. 7. Soppite)
*carbonaria A.& S. Bramham.
, *omphalodes Bull. Bramham.
Lachnea scutellata L. Bramham.

XVLARIEA.

Xylaria polymorpha Grev. Bramham.
c hypoxylon Grev. Harewood.

MYCETOZOA.

*Dictydium cernuum P. Bramham.

The results of the foray may be tabulated as follows :—
Species collected and determined, 202 ; species new to the British
flora, 2; species new to the West Riding flora, 42.

Naturalist,

ns

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 329

The Fungus Foray of 1888, as a whole, may be regarded as
highly successful, and it is to be hoped that it will give as much
impetus to the study of fungi in Yorkshire as was given by that held
in 1881. The foray of that year was the first ever held in the
county, and it can be truly said that the seven years intervening

between it and the one now chronicled have witnessed more

practical work than had been done since the day of James Bolton,
the author of ‘The Fungusses of Halifax,’ now about a century ago.
We do not know how many fungusses Bolton collected, but the
Yorkshire list which Mr. Massee contributed to the ‘ Transactions of
the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union’ after the foray of 1881, included
318 species, while for the West Riding alone the number cited in
Lees’ ‘Flora of West Yorkshire,’ published 1888, is 1,009, to which
forty-one are added as the result of the Foray of 1888. May it not
be so many years before the third Yorkshire Foray is held, and may
it be even more successful than its two predecessors of 1881 and 1888!

NOTE—LFUNGI.

Zecidium calthe Grev. near Kendal.—This cluster-cap, which seems to be
very local, and which I have often sought for in vain, was growing in abundance
on one spot on the side of Benson Knot near Kendal, in June of this year, on the
leaves of Caltha palustr’s. It was interesting, from its bearing on the theory of
dimorphism, to find Puccinea calthe Lk. (also rather a rare fungus) growing on
the same plants in September.—C. H. WADDELL, Whitewell, Belfast, Oct. 25th.

NOTE—COLEOPTERA.
Coleoptera at Market Weighton, August 6th, 1888.—<As a supplement to

the report in last month’s WVaturalist, I may remark that amongst other captures
were Oxyporus rufus and Mycetophagus quadripustulatus. One very noticeabie
thing was the absence of Geodephaga, for, excepting a few Amare, Calathus
crsteloides, and C. melanocephalus, 1 saw none.—E. G. BAYFORD, West Melton
near Rotherham, September 12th, 1888.

NOTE—ARACHNIDA.

Lincolnshire Spiders.—The following three spiders, my specimens of
which have been kindly examined by the Rev. O. Pickard-Cambridge, are
additions to the list of spiders obtained in the county of Lincoln, published
at pp. 55-59 of Zhe Naturalist for 1887 :—-

Argyroneta aquatica Bl. Two observed in a drain bv Monk’s House Lane,
near Spalding, and another found running upon the beach at Mablethorpe, the
latter having, doubtless, been washed down from the marsh-drains. August 1888.

Linyphia vivax Bl. Taken in an out-building at 7, Lee Street, Louth,
April 1887.

Lycosa palustris L. Cleethorpes, April 1887.

While in Lincolnshire in August last, I found the beautiful Zperva scalares in
Bourn Woods, in the south of the county ; and in several places in the marshes,
and near Gosberton in the fens, observed Fferva cornu¢a numerously by the
drain-sides. Near Wragby, three of the dome-shaped webs containing the young
of Ocyale mirabilis were noticed. Two of these were upon low herbage, while
the third was amongst furze fully eighteen inches from the ground. In each case
the adult spider was near the web, and one was observed to have a 77fz/a within
its grasp.—H. WALLIS Kew, London, 8th October, 1888.

Nov. 1888.

330 ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra and L. pityopsittacus) on the East Coast
of England.—Besides the Crossbills which you have recorded, two were taken
the last week in July at the Outer Dowsing Lightship, which is far out to sea, and
almost in the same line of latitude as the Humber mouth. They were brought
alive by a sailor into Yarmouth, and taken to Mr. G. Smith. In April two
Parrot Crossbills were shot near Norwich. Mr. Gunn and I compared their beaks
with the common species, and were satisfied that they were typical examples of
this form, which has only once occurred before.—J. H. GURNEY, Jun., Keswick
Hall, Norwich, September 11th, 1888.

Purple Heron in West Yorkshire.—On the 20th of April last I examined,
in the flesh, a fine mature male specimen of Ardea purpurea Linn., which had
been obtained the previous day on the margins of Farnley Pool, near Otley.
When first seen, the bird was approaching the water from the direction of Hare-
wood. It appears to have been quite unsuspicious of danger, and allowed a
keeper to approach within gun-range, and this in quite an exposed situation, where
the bird was shot for a Common Heron (Ardea cinerea). This specimen makes
the seventh occurrence known to me for Yorkshire of a bird which has occurred
chiefly in the spring and summer in the county. The bird is now, I believe, in
the possession of the Rev. F. Fawkes, of Rothwell.—Wm. EaGLe CLARKE.

Black Guillemot near Whitby.—-On the 30th August, a Guillemot was shot
off Sandsend. It is splashed black and white from the beak, all the underside to
the tail, also round the head and neck to the shoulder ; the back black, with slight
splashings here and there ; each wing has two white bars, and the legs and feet
are a beautiful red. Can you say what it is?—T. STEPHENSON, Whitby, Sep. 13th.

[There can be little doubt that the bird above described is an adult Black
Guillemot (Ua grylle), in the transition stage of plumage between summer and
winter. The species is a casual visitant on the Yorkshire coast during the autumn
and spring.—W.E.C. ]

Reed Warbler nesting in the Washburn Valley.—On July 5th I found
the nest of the Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus streperius), with young ready to fly, on
the bank of one of the reservoirs. The nest was in mowing-grass, supported by
long stems, which were woven in its structure. This is, I believe, the first note of
the nesting of the bird in the above-named locality. —H. KNIGHT HORSFIELD.

Flamborough Bird-notes.—The late storms have brought several of our
summer migrants down to the Headland, where they generally stop a few days to
take rest before leaving our shores. Several young Cuckoos (Czculus canorus),
Nightjars (Caprimulgus europeus), Wagtails, Redstarts (Rutecilla phanicurus),
and Wheatears (Saxicola wnanthe), have arrived, ready to book (to use the late
Frank Buckland’s metaphor, who represents Flamborough Head as a railway
station for birds coming and going):
MATTHEW BalILey, Flamborough, September 11th, 1888.

Robin caught in a Mouse-trap.—On visiting my traps, which were set
for Red Field Voles amongst a small plot of swede turnips, I was much surprised
to find in one of them a Robin (Z7¢thacus subecula), which was caught by the
head, and killed, as a mouse would be. The traps used were the common spring
ones, set with thread, and which are struck, as soon as the thread is bitten
through, death being caused by strangulation. The one in question, however,
was set by means of a spring instead of thread, but made on the same principle ;
it was baited with oatmeal. The Robin, after releasing the spring, to obtain the
bait, had evidently, in its struggles, upturned the trap, which remained in such a
position that the bird could not reach the ground with its feet, and was thus quite
helpless, being held by its neck, with its body in a perpendicular position.—
BASIL CARTER, Burton House, Masham, October oth, 1888.

Naturalist,

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Go
Go
Tl

NOTES—BOTANY.

Silene nutans still at Knaresborough.—This plant is by no means extinct
in its old habitat at Knaresborough, but quite abundant. I saw any quantity of
it this year, last year, and the year before.—W. C. Hey, St. Olave’s Vicarage,
York, October 9th, 1888.

Stratiotes aloides at Carlton near Selby.—On the 11th October inst., I
found in a pond near Carlton, Selby, a number of specimens of the Water Soldier
(Stratiotes alotdes). I believe this plant has not been recorded previously in the
district of the Aire. In the same pond were growing AHydrocharis morsus-rane,
Stum latifolium, Tris, and Rumex hydrolapathum.—THOMAS BUNKER, Goole,
October 13th, 1888.

Notes on Settle Plants.—I observe that Mr. Whitwell puts words into my
mouth which I did not and could not use. May I assure him that I did not throw
doubt on the presence of 4. Jonchztis in the Settle district, or on Mr. Tatham’s
record for the same. My words were :—‘ I have seen nothing like the true plant
near Settle, and forms of ‘ acz/eatum’ are often confounded with it ; it is more
likely to be on Ingleborough, Penyghent, etc., than at a lower elevation. No
record for this plant ought to pass unless the specimen is in good fructification.’
These words are the words of caution and of my personal experience—they are
not the words of doubt.—A. CRAIG CHRISTIE.

NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA.

Scopula ferrugalis at Huddersfield.—I took a specimen of Scopula ferrugalis
at Grimescar Wood near here on the 31st of August last. The species is quite
new to this district ; the only other Yorkshire localities for it are Scarborough and
Harrogate.—G. W. K. CrosLANbD, Holmfield, Huddersfield, Sep. 7th, 1888.

Euperia fulvago and Acronycta alni near Doncaster.—Recently, Mr.
J. N. Young, of Rotherham, sent me a pair of Auperza fulvago, part of twenty-
six specimens which Mr. Young and his friends have secured in Wadworth Wood,
near Doncaster, this season. Except in Sherwood Forest, where the species is
abundant, Z. fz/vago has always been considered rare in Britain, and the only
two previously recorded Yorkshire captures are— one by Mr. Harrison at Barnsley
in 1875, and one by Mr. Prest at Doncaster in 1881. in Wadworth Wood also,
Mr. Young’s son beat out of aspen on September 8th, a larva of Acronycta alni ;
the food is rather unusual for this species. In the same wood, Lodophora hexap-
terata was unusually abundant earlier in the season.—GEORGE T. PORRIT?Y
Huddersfield, October 6th, 1888.

NOTE—MAMMALIA.,

Whales off Flamborough.—-For several days some scores of large Whales,
which I believe to be Finners, have visited our shores. They go in shoals, and,
to ali appearance, should any obstacle come in their way, they would tear it limb
from limb, so monstrous and wild-looking, jumping and plunging for yards, going
at the rate of about eight miles an hour. The crew of one of our crab-boats (so the
men inform me, working their crab-pots) being afraid of them, having had to make
all the noise they possibly could to keep them off from molesting the boat. Two
very large codfish were picked up near the North Smithwick Buoy, having been
killed by those sea-monsters.—-MATTHEW BAILEY, Flamborough, Sep. 17th, 1888.

[ We submitted the above note to Mr, Thomas Southwell, who is inclined to think
that the Whales are some species of Balenoptera, which are probably attracted by
the presence of Herring or Whiting off the coast, and that they are not likely to
display any viciousness, being of a very timid disposition, unless wounded. They
might, certainly, come in contact with the boat accidentally, but that is not very

probable.—Eps. ]
Nov. 1888.

tN

io)
GW

THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE
AND “ITS SECOND’ YEAR'S WORK

S. A. ADAMSON, F.G.S.,

flon. Secretary to the Commtttec.

THis Committee has again received, and, after careful examination,
approved of, a large number of reports upon the Erratic Blocks of
Yorkshire. These have been duly forwarded and presented, through
Dr. Crosskey, to the Geological Section of the British Association at
the recent meeting at Bath. They were warmly received and
acknowledged to be valuable contributions to our glacial history.
The feeling was expressed, as heretofore, that Yorkshire still showed
a splendid example in the method and exactitude of the observations
presented, and also still afforded a type for laudable emulation on
the part of other counties. The Boulder Map of Yorkshire, whereon
are placed the true positions of the various erratics reported, was on
view before the members of the Geological Section. The opinion
was likewise expressed, that considering the large number of returns
sent in and approved of, some classification of the same should be
made; this, in due time, the Committee will certainly attend to.
The Committee would again most warmly thank those valued con-
tributors and observers who have accomplished such valuable work,
and would impress upon them the necessity of the continuance of
their efforts, so that the glacial survey of Yorkshire may be an
exhaustive one. And, whilst specially acknowledging the efforts of
the geologists of the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire (evidence
of which the detailed reports will show) they would also ask that
their friends in the West Riding should emulate this example and
supply the information so much needed with respect to this important
part of the county. The Committee desire to place upon record the
personal and self-denying efforts which their eminent chairman,
Prof. Green, F.R.S. (now Professor of Geology at the University of
Oxford), has unremittingly made to further their work. They also
wish to embody in this report the following resolution passed at a
recent meeting of the Committee: ‘“‘ That we sincerely congratulate
our chairman, Prof. Green, F.R.S., upon his well-deserved promotion
to the illustrious position of Professor of Geology at the University
of Oxford, and trust that his health may long permit him to adorn
that post, although at the same time we are only too conscious of the
personal loss to ourselves and to Yorkshire geology by his approaching

Naturalist,

hl

3
—.
oy

ps es eas

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 333

removal.” The Committee also express their poignant regret at
the untimely decease of Prof. H. Carvill Lewis, who entered with such
enthusiasm and success into glacial investigations connected with
this country, and who, at the Manchester meeting of the British
Association, expressed his high opinion of the work of the Yorkshire
Boulder Committee, looking forward, as he then said, to much
practical co-operation with them.

Speaking upon coming work, many reports are already in hand
for consideration, and the Committee desire to emphasise their
request that all unreported examples of erratic blocks in this county
may be duly scheduled, for which purpose the hon. secretary
(Mr. Adamson, F.G.S., 52, Wellclose Terrace, Leeds) will gladly
supply the requisite form of schedule, or give any information upon
the work of the Committee and the results they desire. The details
of reports received and examined are now presented.

REPORTS UPON ERRATICS IN NORTH AND EAST RIDINGS
OF YORKSHIRE.

Rev. E. MAULE COLE, M.A.,
Wetwang; President of the Geological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.

- Stillington, near Easingwold soe ae North Riding.
Gristhorpe, near Filey os set eb i}
Filey Brigg... a e632] eee Pee fs
Muston, near Filey ... a we er East
Bempton ae = oe i Fa
Bempton and Buckton ee ee “us Ss

STILLINGTON, NEAR EASINGWOLD (NorTH RIDING).

In the North Skeugh Field, Stillington near Easingwold, is a
boulder 4°. 2 In. x 3at.-x 2 ft.7 im.; rounded ; “has not been
moved; longest axis N.E. and-S.W. No striz apparent; a very
hard Cherty Limestone; about 150 ft. above sea-level. Rests upon
Middle Lias.

_GRISTHORPE, NEAR FiLEY (NORTH RIDING).

In a field about 350 yards north of Gristhorpe Station, and about
50 yds. east of the railway, is an isolated boulder of Basalt. Sub-
angular; 4 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. roin. x 1 ft. rr in. Partially embedded
in the ground.

Carr Naze, Fitey Bricc (NortH RIDING).

1. Rounded block on surface of third field from Filey Church,
due north, near cliff; 2 ft. 7 im. x 2 ft.5in. x 1ft.5 in. Whinstone.

Nov. 1888. x

334 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

2. A similar but flatter block, lying at dase of Boulder Clay,
partially exposed, on North side of Naze, just above Oolitic rocks ;
2.ft. 1a min x 2.ft..$.in..x, aft. 2.m. 5: direction, ENE, — Beautifully
furrowed with ice-marks. Whinstone.

3. A mass, lying exposed on Oolitic rocks, about 50 ft. above
sea-level, evidently washed out of Boulder Clay above; 3 ft. 8 in. x
2 ft. x 1 ft. 4 in.; smooth edges, flat surface. Mica-Trap.

4. Small block, on ledge, fallen as above. Quartz-Felsite.

5. In Boulder Clay, on S. side of the Naze. Black earthy
Limestone, with Iron-Pyrites.

6. Fine mass of Lias, with Lower Lias fossils (Gryphza, Mya,
etc.) 1 ft. x 1 ft. 5 in. x 7 1n. Washed out of Boulder Clay on N.
side of the Naze.

7. Mass of Freestone, lying partially exposed, half-way up N.
face of Boulder Clay at Carr Naze; 3 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft.;
direction N.; no markings.

,

MuSTON, NEAR FILey (East RIDING).

In and around the village of Muston are the following boulders:

NOx. 3 it. x” 2s Xe ik Basalt. Smoothed.
7. 2s it. 3 ex Tit. Qint © h- GA, Sharp edges.
3 Qe 2 at ei Bae oa ONIn, 3 Smoothed.
34s Ait Sine eit, Tom xS i. s Triangular-shaped end.
So he Fie re 1a x Tce Angular.
5. (0. Eat Sn xX 26 ml & ZA. aan, ,, Smoothed on one side.

5. 7- Ait-6 Ine 7 in. Sarit. ean Gant

Round the sign-post in the centre of Muston village are two
boulders. Basalt; 2 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 3 in. x 8 in. (embedded in
ground), and 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. (embedded in ground).

A boulder at the corner of a house close by. Basalt; 2 ft. 3 in. x
1. {t.. 8 in. x9 1m.

There are at least half-a-dozen others from 1 ft. to 2 ft. cubes.

In a bank surmounted by-a hedge, at the Hunmanby end of the
village, are three Gritstone boulders; 3 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. x7 ft. 1 in. ;
2 ft 7 In. KT Tt Ane 358 ee Gree an,

In the middle of a grass field, halfway between Muston and
Hunmanby in a straight line, is an isolated boulder of Basalt;
rounded 5’ 3: ft. Gin) 3 HE srr Ht. 12 in. © -Embeddeatin~ the
ground.

BEMPTON (East RIDING).

At Bempton, in the fields known as the ‘ Leys,’ a few yards from
the top of Bempton Cliffs, opposite Scale Nab, are two boulders,
which are about 50 yds. apart.

Naturalist,

mr Te

eo .

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 335
1. 4 ft x 3 ft. x 1ft.6in. Sub-angular. ae necet axis, North,
inclined to West. Whinstone. Above sea-level 275 ft. Isolated.
Rests upon thin Boulder Clay, underlaid by eiatke.
2. 4 ft. x 4 ft.x 1 ft. 6 in. Sub-angular. Longest axis, North,
inclined to West. Whinstone. Above sea-level 280 ft. Isolated.
Rests upon thin Boulder Clay, underlaid by Chalk.

BEMPTON AND BUCKTON (East RIDING).

At Bempton and Buckton. 3 ft. x 2 ft. and 2 ft. cube is the
ordinary shape; a few angular, a few sub-angular, but mostly rounded.
The ones referred to have all been moved by man; built into
foundations of houses; set up at corners of streets; also used as
seats. There is no doubt whatever the boulders have been removed
from adjacent fields. By far the greater number are Whinstone;
there are many blocks of various Sandstones, but four-fifths are
Whinstone. They are about 250 ft. above sea-level.

They are abundant in the villages of Bempton and Buckton—
speaking only of the large ones: five may be seen at the well; ten
at the pond close by; ten more in the cottages towards Cliff Lane ;
five forming steps in the lane itself ; hundreds in the walls, of smaller
size, but upwards of 1 ft. cube; ten in Buckton, upwards of 2 ft. ;
fifteen at least in Old Bridlington, at the corners of streets, upwards
of 2 ft., some smoothed ; twenty-four by the pond at Flamborough,
removed thither from adjacent fields. A// the above-mentioned are
Whinstone ; it is the characteristic boulder of the Buckton, Bempton,
and Flamborough Cliffs, and seems ubiquitous.

REPORTS UPON ERRATICS IN NORTH AND EAST RIDINGS
OF YORKSHIRE.

SAMUEL CHADWICK,

Malton, Foint Geological Secretary to Vorkshire Naturalists Uvion.
No. 1. Cropton, near Pickering ee North Riding.
» 2. Neswick, ,, Driffield... Be.) East
523 Grosmont.,.. Whitby. .... ie North ,,
eA BICIOAS — 3: = ry Pi 3
so Ge, sult DY Underdale cs 7 East a
Nos. 6to 9g. Speeton, near Filey s
5» Oto 15. Hunmanby,, ne z
an 20 tol18., Reighton, ,: ,; ic dee si
5, I9to 29. Cayton 3, Scarborough .... North
95 30to 34. Lebberston,, #

No. 35. Filey (near) ; be

», 36. Gristhorpe, near Saneaoae iM

9) o7-.. Seamer Ss oF 3 7

Nov. 1888.

336 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

I.—CROPTON, NEAR PICKERING.

In the parish of Cropton, four miles from Pickering, North Riding,
and in a grass field belonging to Mr. James Dixon, Loand House
Farm ; 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft.5 in. x 1 ft. 10 in. out of ground. Rounded,
but attempts have been made to break it. Its longest axis is nearly
E.to W. Sandstone, approaching Quartzite, not unlike some of the
Yoredale Sandstones of the Yorkshire dales ; about 200 ft. above
sea-level, but considerably below Cropton village. There are several
small boulders near, and it rests upon fine loamy soil.

2.—NESWICK, NEAR DRIFFIELD.

On the farm occupied by Mr. Grundon (estate of Mr. J. R.
Grimston), Neswick, south-west of Driffield ; at present 4 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in.
x 1 ft. 3 in., but some portion has been broken away. Sub-angular.
Not moved by man ; is long shaped, longest axis E. and W. Whin-
stone; 250 ft. above sea-level; isolated, and is upon Boulder Clay
resting upon Chalk.

3.—GROSMONT, NEAR WHITBY.

Grosmont, near Whitby, on the estate of Messrs. Bagnall, Gros-
mont Iron Works; 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. ro in. x 2 ft. Well rounded ;
has been moved ; no striz or groovings. Shap Fell Granite ; about
too ft. above sea-level. Was originally found in the bed of the river
Esk, which is 300 yds. E. of the railway station, and the boulder was
found about 50 yds. to the N. of the first railway bridge crossing the
stream. The boulder rests upon the Alum Shales of the Lias, through
which the river Esk cuts its way.

4.—SLEIGHTS, NEAR WHITBY.

Sleights, near Whitby, on the Sleights Hall estate, about
300 yds. W. of Sleights Railway Station, and on the E. side of the
river Esk ; 2 ft. x 1 ft.6in. x 1 ft.6in. out of ground. Sub-angular;
rather long shaped, but has been moved; no striz or groovings.
Granite ; 100 ft. above sea-level. Was originally in a small bed of
gravel, which rests upon the Lias Alum Shale, cut through at the
making of the railway.

5.—KirKBY UNDERDALE.

In a grass field, three-quarters of a mile due E. from Kirkby
Underdale and half a mile S. of Uncleby are two boulders :—
Noi 1 is 5 ft. x 3 ft. 6m: x ft. in); angulansslongest axis, N. and S:
No. 2-1s 6 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in. above ground ; sub-angular;
longest axis, direct N. and S.

These are both composed of Ferruginous Oolitic Limestone
(Inferior Oolite), resting upon the Red Chalk ; no strize or groovings
are visible upon exfosed surfaces ; are about 300 ft. above sea-level.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 337

6, 7, 8, 9. —SPEETON, NEAR FILEY.

6. On Mr. Wilson’s farm, ina field, and going from the high road
to the house, is a boulder, 2 ft. 9 in. x2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. Nearly a
square, angular block. Whinstone ; about 350 ft. above sea-level.
Is isolated. Rests on Boulder Clay.

7. Ina field near the mill belonging to Mr. Plews is a boulder,
eit 7 im.) <1 it. 31m. x 1-ft: 3 in. | Oblong, rounded at each end ;
no striz or groovings observed. Whinstone; about 350 ft. above
sea-level. Rests on Boulder Clay, with Chalk underlying.

8. At the corner of Mr. Wilson’s garden are three boulders :—

NOM Tift.,.6 in x) 1gft.6) my yxin ft.) Angular

Petz, 2 sfite xn ft, 6 imx «ft, “Rounded.

WG alte uy xX 12iit. x 2 ft. Sub-angular.
No striz or groovings observed. All are Whinstone ; about 350 ft.
above sea-level. Rest on Boulder Clay, with Chalk underlying.

9. Inthe village road leading from the high road are twenty-three
boulders, the three largest being of the following dimensions :—

Nowa. «2 ft: Soom fieee. oo x) afiteye in:

aoe vA it. Opin x Ea ft. Spe ite

iG, ii, 2m att ans « aett.
The majority are Whinstone, the remainder fine Sandstone; about
350 ft. above sea-level.

Norr.—In various parts of the village Whinstone boulders may
be found, some rounded, others angular. The average size about
1 ft. 31n. x 1 ft. Many of them have been moved, and are now
used for support of stacks and other purposes.

| Irregularly shaped
and angular.

IO, II, 12.—HUNMANBY.

1o. On the farm known as ‘ Airy Hill,’ occupied by Mr. Wood-
cock, are several boulders in front of the house, which have been
collected from adjacent fields.

There are five composed of Whinstone, varying in size from

| Qi lornaon fy TO 1m--x.1. ft-o4/in. tO ty ity 6m. x1 fts.6 im. x {rit

| There are also three of Shap Granite, and one of Grey Granite,
| the largest being 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 2 in. x 11 in. They are rounded
to sub-angular. The surface in this district undulates, and any
sections are through Boulder Clay.

11. On the Glenton Farm, on W. side of road leading from
Reighton to Filey are two boulders :—1 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft..7 in. x 1 ft.;
| Grey Granite; rounded. 3 ft. x 2 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft.; Mountain Lime-
stone ; rounded. Nostriz or groovings. Have doubtless been taken
| from an adjacent ridge of gravel which runs nearly N. and S.

Nov. 1888.

En ee eee

3238 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

12. On Col. Mitford’s estate and on a farm occupied by
Mr. Hornby, 14 miles E. of Hunmanby and 34 miles S. of Filey, are
two boulders, 1 ft. 34 in..x 1 ft-x*9 in.; 1 ft. 10 1n.>¢a fe Sam. x 7 in.
Both are hard fine-grained Sandstones, and have been removed from
adjacent land. ‘They originally rested upon the top of a bank close
to the cliff.

All the above are from 150 to 200 ft. above sea-level.

13, 14, 15. — HUNMANBY.
ISOLATED BOULDERS.

13. Ona farm known as ‘Airy Hill,’ occupied by Mr. Woodcock,
about 1 mile E. of Hunmanby and 24 miles S. of Filey. 2 ft. 4 in.
x 2 ft. 2 in. x 5 in.; a square angular block, has been moved; no
groovings or striz. A hard Sandstone, very like Kellaways Rock ;
150 ft. above sea-level; was found on the top of a knoll which is
composed principally of Boulder Clay.

14. On the Graffitoe farm, about roo yds. E. of farmstead, 2 miles
E. of Hunmanby, and 3 miles S. of Filey, are two boulders :—z ft. 2 in.
x i ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 4 in.; sub-angular, has been moved, but formerly
rested upon Boulder Clay intermixed with gravel; no striz or
groovings ; red sandstone. . 4 ft. 1.In- x 3\ft-2in> x 2it.; oblong
and sub-angular, has been moved, but when found its longest axis
was direct N. and S.; no striz; Grey Granite; formerly rested on
same bed as preceding boulder.

15. At the base ofa cutting on the North Eastern Railway about a
mile S. of Filey Railway Station, 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 11 in. and projects
above the ground about 1 ft. 6 in.; oblong and sub-angular, has not
been moved; longest axis N. to S.; no striz or groovings; Dark
Blue Whinstone; t50 ft. above sea-level; is about midway in the
centre of a ridge of Boulder Clay, sand and gravel.

16, 17, 18.—REIGHTON.’

16. On the property of Mr. Gullan, Reighton, near Filey, and on
the S. side of St. Helen’s Road (23 miles E. from Hunmanby, and
44 miles S. from Filey) are two boulders :—2 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. x
1 ft.6 in. and 1 ft.9 in. x 1 ft.6in. x 1oin. Both are sub-angular,
and are Dark Blue Whinstone. ‘They were taken from a ridge of
gravel and Boulder Clay close by; about 150 ft. above sea-level ;
no strize or groovings.

17. On Mr. Crow’s Manor Farm, about too “als W. of Reighton
village, are two boulders :—z2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. 2 in,
and 1 ft. 10 in. x 1 ft. 2 in.x 1 ft. Both are oblong and sub-angular,
and are Dark Blue Whinstone. They were both taken from a field
close by, and were exposed on the surface. No striz or groovings.
Are about the same level as preceding blocks. Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 339

18. At the entrance to Reighton village are four boulders :—3 ft.
Penn LOAN) x ift) 2 fh 2iinw <2 ft. rr inxs ft!-4 1m. 3 ft.-5°m.
tation 1 Lan! 55 2)ft. 3 mix 1-ft. 4m. x-o im: Allare oblong
and sub-angular, and are Dark Blue Whinstone; have no striz or
groovings. Have been in present position beyond memory, but there
is little doubt have been originally upon surface of adjoining fields,
and removed for agriculture, but could not be broken for repairing
of roads. :

19 to 26.—CAYTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.
ISOLATED BOULDERS.

1g. OnDr. Taylor’s estate, and in the farm-yard of Mr. N. Smith,
on the west side of the village; 2 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 2 in;
angular; has been moved; no striz or groovings. Whinstone.
It is now used as a mounting block; 150 ft. above sea-level. It rests
upon drift, composed of gravel, sand, and clay.

20. On Mr. Hodgson’s estate. It is close to Mr. Smith’s black-
smith’s shop, and used for a seat, also for a mounting stone; 2 ft. x
1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.; sub-angular ; has been moved; no striz or
groovings. Whinstone; 200 ft. above sea-level. It rests now upon
surface soil.

21. On Mr. Stead’s estate. It now forms the foundation-stone at
the south corner of an old house inhabited by W. Fowler, shoe-maker,
on the side of the village main street ; 1 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 6in. x 1 ft. 3 in,;
flat, angular block ; has been moved ; no striz or groovings ; 150 ft.
above sea-level. Whinstone.

22. About too yds. E. of the railway station, at the N. side of the
road, close to the gate, leading into the Valley Field, occupied by
Mr. N. Smith; 2 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft.; sub-angular; probably
has been moved; no striz or groovings. Whinstone; 150 ft. above
sea-level. Rests on surface soil.

23. In the foundations of an old cottage belonging to Mr.
Stephenson on the. side of the street. This cottage is about 250 yds.
N. of the church ; 2 ft. 7 in. x 1 ft. x 1 ft. 2 in.; rounded and oblong ;
has been moved ; no striz or groovings exposed ; 150 ft. above sea-
level. Rests on surface soil. Coarsely-grained Dolerite.

24. On Mrs. Wilson’s estate,in the centre of the village on the W.
side of the Scarborough and Filey road; 2 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. to in. x
1 ft..3 in; rounded; has been moved; no striz or groovings.
Dolerite. 200 ft. above sea-level.

Notre.—The possession of this boulder is at present in dispute.
It originally was in the foundation of some very old thatched
cottages, and when the new property was built some years ago, a

Nov. 1888. .

340 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

large block of Sandstone was given in exchange, and now that the
Sandstone is a fixture, they dispute the other being taken away.

25. On Dr. Layton’s estate, Cayton Carr, about a mile and a half
W. of Cayton village. It was taken out of a ridge of gravel that runs
through the centre of a field called the ‘Six-acre Strip,’ in the
occupation of Mr. Smith. Its present position is close to the gate
entering the field in which it was found; 2 ft. 4in. x 1 ft. 7 in. x 9 in.;
sub-angular ; no striz or groovings. Whinstone. 250 ft. above sea-
level.

Note.—In a heap close by are several smaller boulders taken
out of the same field, comprising Grey Granite, Red Granite,
Mountain Limestone, Whinstone, and Sandstone.

26. Is at the S. corner of a wall surrounding the engine-house of
the Scarborough Waterworks Co., about one mile E. of the village of
Cayton ; 2 ft. x 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.; rounded; long-shaped ; no
strie or groovings. Mountain Limestone.

Note.—It was brought from the beach below to strengthen the
corner of the wall.

27, 28, 29. —CAYTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.
GROUPS OF BOULDERS.

27. Ina bye-road leading from Cayton toScarborough are a large
number of boulders, of which upwards of thirty will average 1 ft. 4 in.
x g in., and over seventy others are over a foot in diameter. The
larger ones are sub-angular; the smaller ones rounded. All have no
doubt been conveyed from adjacent fields ; no strize or groovings are
to be seen on exposed surfaces. They are different kinds of Sand-
stone, and are about 150 ft. above sea-level.

28. On Miss Craven’s estate, in the village of Cayton, about
300 yds. N. of the church and on the main road to Scarborough, is
a group of nine boulders, four of which are Whinstone, and upon an
average 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft.; the other five are Sandstone, and average
1 ft.8in. x 1 ft. 2 in. The Whinstones are mostly sub-angular; the
Sandstones angular ; there are no striz or groovings exposed ; they are
about 150 ft. above sea-level. Some of them are entirely exposed,
the rest being partially covered with other stones and soil. :

29. On Miss Craven’s estate, in the village of Cayton, and about
250 yds. N. of the church in a bye-road called North Lane are a
number of boulders, the seven largest of which I have noted as
follows :

No. 1. 1 ft. 11 in. x1 ft. 4 in. x1 ft. Red Sandstone. Angular.
» 2. 2ft.6inxz1 ft.2 in. x1 ft. Whinstone. Angular.
3. Ift.10in. x 1ft.4in. x 1ft. 3in.. Whinstone. Rounded.

Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 341

No. 4. 1 ft. 5 in. x 1 ft. 3in.x 1ft. Hard grey Sandstone. Sub-angular.

Pasi On, x 1 ft. x°9-in. Whinstone. Rounded.
On Made. wt is) G- Ine x: 7m. Mottled Granite. Sub-angular.
ie ttatAcin. x Tpit. 2:1; «6 in.': _Whinstone. Angular.

Could not observe any striz or groovings. The rising ground is

principally composed of drift, gravel, sand, and clay, whilst the
hollows are filled with deep peat-bogs.

Note.—The great bulk of the boulders in this district are
composed of Sandstone and Whinstone; of these, thousands have
been broken up and used to mend the roads from time unknown.
There is no doubt about the roads having received their supply of
metal from this source. Those left behind (as above) are those
which could not be broken up, or which have been taken out of the
land at a recent date.

30, 31, 32.—LEBBERSTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.
ISOLATED BOULDERS.

30. On Mr. Wardell’s estate, in a grass field at the E. end of the
village, and about 100 yds. W. of the Scarborough and Filey Road ;
4 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. 7 in., but evidently one-half of it is
embedded. Sub-angular; longest axis, N.W. to S.E.; should think
it has not been moved. ‘There are remains of several groovings
which are much worn, and there are also striz on the side of the
block, in the direction of the longest axis. Whinstone. Is 200 ft.
above sea-level. Is near the top of a ridge of gravel-drift.

31. On Mr. Jackson’s estate, at the E. end of the village, near a
yard door, on the W. side of the road ; 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. g in. x 2 ft. 3 in
Angular, and is used as a stepping or mounting stone. Has been
moved, but is known to have been in its present position for more
than a century; no striz or groovings; Whinstone; 200 ft. above
sea-level. No doubt has been obtained from gravel-drift in vicinity,
but now rests on the surface soil.

32. OnMr.H.Watson’s estate. Is ina grass-field about a quarter
of a mile north of the Gristhorpe Railway Station, Hull and Scar-
borough branch; 4 ft. 23 in. x 2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 6 in., and partially
embedded; sub-angular; flat on one surface; long-shaped; its
bearing N. and S. There appear to be some strive, which have
become very faint from exposure, but the stone being grown over

with Lichen, they are difficult to determine. Upon the under side,

however, is a well-defined groove about 1 ft. long. Whinstone. The
popular tradition is, that it was thrown by his Satanic Majesty at one
of his satellites for staying out too long. An old farmer avers he
found it one morning, but the previous evening it was not there.
200 ft. above sea-level. Rests on Boulder Clay.

Nov. 1888.

342 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

33, 34..-LEBBERSTON, NEAR SCARBOROUGH.

33. On Mr. Welburn’s estate, and upon a farm in the village
occupied by Mr. R. Brown, are two boulders, 150 ft. above sea-level.
Dimensions of No. 1 boulder :—3 ft. 2 in. x 1 ft. ro in. x 1 ft. 2 in;
sub-angular ; has been moved; Whinstone. Dimensions of No. 2
boulder :—-3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. x 1 ft. 8 in.; angular; has beén moved ;
Whinstone. Both have evidently been found in the land. No. 2
was dug out of the garden in front of the house, close to the street,
and moved to its present position. Lebberston village is situated on
a ridge of gravel. |

34. In Leys Lane, at the entrance to the village of Lebberston,
on the north side of the lane, and west end of village, is a group of
boulders :—

Nio: 4.) <2 7am eft. Olin. oun. Whinstone. Sub-angular.
pp a2) 2utes inex 1 Aten) 16) int f re
3. 02) ft] pan.ix 2): am <i ait: cam Coarsely-stamed
Dolerite. Rounded.
ide Bite ani. Keiteio it Sandstone. Sub-angular.
Pie she ite Dulce eno Min ween ate ie st

There are no striz or groovings upon them. ‘They are about too ft.
above sea-level ; are all close together, and exposed on the surface.

35.— FILEY.

There is a boulder in the North Eastern Railway cutting about
one mile N. of Filey in the direction of Gristhorpe; 2 ft. 10 in. x
2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 41n.; rounded and pear-shaped ; has been moved ; 1s
now at the base of the cutting laid across a gutter or water-way; no
strie or groovings. Dark Blue Whinstone; 200 ft. above sea-level.
Was connected with a long ridge of gravel, sand, and clay, which
was cut through when making the line.

36.—GRISTHORPE.

There is a boulder in the North Eastern Railway cutting about
200 yds. N. of Gristhorpe Station, and on the east bank of the
cutting. It is inthe parish of Gristhorpe, near Scarborough ; 2 ft. x
t ft. to in. x 1 ft.; angular, almost square; longest axis N. and S. ;
has not been moved; no groovings or striz can be seen, but it is
now almost covered with soil, which.has fallen from above. It is a
light-coloured Sandstone, like the Moor Grit near Scarborough ;
200 ft. above sea-level; it is in a bank of rough gravel, clay, and
sand.

Naturalist,

be:

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 343

37-—SEAMER.
GROUP.

In the parish of Seamer, near Scarborough (N. Riding) ; about
three miles S.S.W. of Scarborough, and about two miles S.E. of
Seamer village, and close to Seamer Junction (N.E.R.), on the estate
of Lord Londesborough.

Gna Inite x o IN. 61h: Red Granite.

pee et ON x Tit. Toi. x1 ft. 41n. Shap. Granite.
meine tin X OF IN.

rit. On, < 1 it. x 9 In:

tots 2 inex 1 tt; x Sin:

Lette Outi x1 10. Gin: <1G) ITT.
ie ttrOMMee rh tte 2-1, 1S. In: Mica Schist.

fit. O ie iit. 6 In. <1 tho ins Red Schist-

All are rounded ; they have been moved, but were obtained from the
Seamer Gravel Drift ; no striz or groovings are visible ; about 200 ft.

above sea-level. The Gravel Drift of Seamer overlies the Coralline
Oolite.

yh)

99

99

REPORE. UPON “BOULDERS IN. THE GROUNDS OF THE
VORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, YORK.

Hee SVAN AUEHR B-Sc:, 1.G:s.,
. Curator of the Vork Museunz.

Note.—The following were obtained from the Boulder Clay that
was dug out when the York New Station was built, and are placed
about the grounds as examples of travelled boulders.

1. Shap Granite ; irregular shape ; smooth ; 2 ft. g in. x 1 ft. Io in.
x II in.

2. Shap Granite; irregular; parallelopiped; rough surface ;
ire ties © it. 41. X10 IN.

3. Shap Granite ; roughly ellipsoidal ; smooth surface ; 2 ft. 2 in.
bet ft. te in 1 ft,’ 2°.

4. Shap Granite; irregular mass; rounded, but not smooth ;
eiiieol in 2 ff, $-1n..x 1 ft. 10 in.

5. Shap Granite; irregular oval; smooth; 2 ft. 9 in. x 1 ft. 10 in.
oritary mn.

6. Whitish Limestone; flat piece, polished and striated on one
Sides it.xit ft) 3:1n. x San.

4, Estuarine Sandstone ; rounded mass; 1 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. I in.
x g in.

8. Dark-coloured Mountain Limestone ; polished and striated ;
Penson. x 1 ft, 2 1n. X.9 in.

Nov. 1888.

344 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

9. Limestone (Oolitic, but of what horizon I cannot say) ;
smooth ; striated on one side; 1 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. x g in.

10. Similar to. No.9 1 4t:_3..in. * 1-ft,-2, in: x Juin:

11. Sandstone (probably Estuarine) ; angular; irregular; x ft. 5 in.
xT Pte ein. <inttieet an!

12. Grey arenaceous Limestone (probably jurassic) ; irregular ;
smoothed on one side; 1 ft. 1 in. x 1 ft. 3 in. x ro in.

13. Similar to No. 12; smooth on one side; 1 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 4 in.
Xa Ata ane

14. Light-coloured Sandstone; smooth; egg-shaped ; striated ;
2 tt edt eo ia. ot ab Onna:

15. Lithostrotion; small, polished, and rounded mass; 1 ft. x
g 1n. x 7 in.

16. Greenish-grey Trap (probably a Hornblende-Andesite) ; an
irregular quadrate mass, trapezoidal, in section at one direction ;
the faces at an obtuse angle are polished and somewhat striated ;
240510 1. Xe2 tt xt it ans

REPORTS UPON BOULDERS NEAR NORTHALLERTON.

Rev. THOS. PARKINSON,

Vicar of North Otterington, near Northallerton.

THORNTON-LE-BEANS, NEAR NORTHALLERTON.

In the centre of the village, at the left or north side of the village
street, going eastwards; township of Thornton-le-Beans, parish of
North Otterington ; length, 3 ft. roin., E.and W. ; breadth, 3 ft. 2 in.,
N. and S.; above ground, 2 ft. 4 in., and probably about the same
in the ground ; rounded; uncertain whether it has been moved or
not; longest axis, E. and W.; no strize or groovings ; Shap Granite ;
isolated ; rests on clay.

THORNTON-LE-MoOOR, NEAR NORTHALLERTON.

In the township of Thornton-le-Moor, parish of North Ottering-
ton, are three boulders :—

No. 1. In an open field near a well, named ‘ Stockeld’s Well’;
about 4 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.; somewhat wedge-shaped ;
rounded ; cannot say whether it has been moved or not; longest
axis N. and S. (nearly); ice-worn ; isolated; rests on clay ; Granite.

No. 2. Ina lane called ‘Endecon’; about 300 yds. from S. end
of village of Thornton-le-Moor ; 3 ft. 2 in. x2 ft. x 2 ft.; was con-
siderably broken a few years ago; has been moved ; Coarse Dolerite

or Gabbro ; isolated ; rests on clay.
Naturalist,

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 345

No. 3. On the road-side near farm-house called Hill Top or
Thief Hole Farm; 3 ft. 8 in. x2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 9 in.; all above
eround; rounded a little, angular in some parts; has been moved;
taken out when foundation was dug of an adjacent building; isolated ;
rests on clay ; Close-grained Trap or highly altered fine Ash.

NorRTH OTTERINGTON.

In township of North Otterington ; on Otterington Farm, in field
near the entrance gate from Northallerton-road, and about 300 yds.
on the road from North Otterington Church; 4 ft.x 2 ft. 11 in. ;
height above ground—one side, 1 ft. 6 in.; the other, 3 to 4 in.;
somewhat wedge-shaped; angles all rounded; has been moved;
there are four ruts running longitudinally on the top and in the
direction of longest axis; Granite ; rests on gravel.

NORTH STAINLEY, NEAR RIPON.

Rev. R. A. SUMMERFIELD,
Vicar of North Stainiey.

In the parish of North Stainley, near the hamlet of North Leys,
and about too yds. from the ‘Smithy’ (so marked on the 6-in.
Ordnance Map), on the west side of the road to North Stainley, is.
a boulder; 3 ft. 31n. x 2 ft: 5 in. x 1 ft. 7 in.; sub-angular; it has
been moved from the adjoining field to the place it now occupies
about twenty years, being a hindrance to ploughing, etc.; Carboni-
ferous Gritstone ; about 170 ft. above sea-level ; connected probably
with a long gravel ridge, which is about two miles in width, and
which abuts on the western bank of the River Ure and underlies all
the parish; in this ridge are a large quantity of scratched, grooved,
and polished blocks, varying much in size ; one block—s ft. x 3 ft. x
1 ft. 3 in.—is a mass of large producti.

THE NORBER GROUP OF BOULDERS.

J. W. DAVIS, F.G.S., F.S.A., etc.,

Hon. Sec. Vorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society

At Norber near Clapham, Yorkshire, extending over an area of
three-fourths of a mile square, are several hundreds of boulders.
They are of Silurian Grit resting upon Mountain Limestone, and of
all sizes up to 16 and 20 ft. in diameter. They are angular; they
show slight striations on under surface rarely, but are not easily
determined. From 800 to 1,250 ft. above sea-level. Rock identical
Nov. 1888.

346 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

with that of the boulders is found in the valley to the north, at
various spots varying from a mile to a mile and a half from the place
where the boulders are most thickly congregated. Are all exposed
on the surface ; in many instances the masses of Silurian Grit have
protected the Limestone immediately beneath, whilst the surrounding
surface has been removed and they now stand on pedestals of
Limestone, 12 to 18 in. in height.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE NORBER BLOCKS.

Phillips. Trans. Geol. Soc., vol. 111.,p.13 ; and Rivers, Mountains,
and Sea Coast of Yorkshire, p. 111.

Hughes. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc. (1867), iv, 574 ;
and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1886), xlu, 527.

Tiddeman. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1872), xxxvill, 477.

Davis. Proc. Yorks. Geol. and Polytech. Soc., vol. vil, 266.

Davis and Lees. West Yorkshire, pp. 200, 201, 267.

Adamson. ‘Trans. Leeds Geol. Assoc., Part 1 (1885) pp. 32-34.

SALTBURN, YORKSHIRE (N. RIDING).

W. Y. VEITCH, M.D.
Middlesbrough.

Saltburn ; thirty feet from the top of the road leading up from the
beach ; almost opposite the Zetland Hotel ; 3 ft. 8 in. high, 14 ft. in
circumference ; is entirely out of ground on one side; rounded ; has
no long axis, no groovings, or striations ; Shap Fell Granite; has no
popular name and is without a legend ; about 150 ft. above sea-level ;
is not indicated upon any map; it rests upon Middle Glacial Drift.

REPORT UPON BOULDERS AT FILEY AND HUMMANBY.

WEL DEAN =H ODGSON (GEE.
Stourton, Leeds.

At Filey, Yorkshire, and lies on the beach behind the wooden
piles at the base of cliff, near Ravine Villas; 3 ft. 3.in. x 2 ft. 2 In.
x 2 ft. 2 in.; 1s rounded; no groovings or striations; Shap Fell
Granite ; it rests on Boulder Clay.

At Hunmanby, at the end of the road leading to the beach;
3 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 3 n.; is sub-angular; no groovings or
striations ; Shap Fell Granite ; it rests on Boulder Clay.

Naturalist

ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 347

At Filey, on the beach between Primrose Valley and Hunmanby
Road ; 4 ft. 1 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 1 in.; angular; no groovings or
striations. Calcareous sandstone with nodules and pebbles. The
specimen has been referred to Mr. C. Fox Strangways, F.G.S., and he
reports that it resembles so closely some parts of the Dogger that he
has little hesitation in referring it to that bed. It rests on Boulder
Clay.

LINDHOLME (S.W. YORKS.).

C. BROWNRIDGE, F.G.S., Assoc.M.Inst.C.E.,
Leeds.

These boulders are on the west front of Lindholme Hall, which
is about four miles to the S.E. of Hatfield. The Hall is upon
slightly elevated ground in the centre of Hatfield Chase, a wide
extent of bog. The deposits in the vicinity of the Hall consist of
gravel and sand, resting upon Triassic Sandstone. The boulders
extracted from the gravel include magnesian limestone, carboniferous
sandstones of various kinds, gannister and millstone grit, porphyries
ana basalts, quartzite, vein quartz, black flints, chert, etc.

Nig ot 1.10 in. <1 ft. gin. x 1 it. 8 in-; longest axis, N-E. to
S.W.; sub-angular; closely-grained Flinty Trap, not unlike some
Lake country rocks of that character; no groovings or striations
observed.

No. 2. 2 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. of in. x1 ft. 7 in.; longest axis, N.E. to
S.W.; rounded; a coarse grit, almost a conglomerate with large
quartz pebbies ; no groovings or striations observed.

Lindholme is a perfect solitude, and here a mythical personage,
half giant, half hermit, known as ‘ William of Lindholme,’ is said to
have lived, and to have brought the above stones, known traditionally
as the ‘Thumb Stone’ and the ‘ Little Finger Stone,’ to their present
position.

GUISBOROUGH (NORTH RIDING).

WILLIAM GREGSON,
Baldersby, Thirsk; Hon. Local Secretary, ¥ orkshire Geological and Polytechnic Soctety.

In the Priory Grounds, Guisborough, are two boulders :—No. 1
ioe it.x2 ft, 6)in. x 1 ft..3 in. ; No. 2)1s 3 ft. 6 in. x ft,.2 in. x 1 ft. ;
both are sub-angular and have no groovings or striations; they are
isolated and about 300 ft. above sea-level. ‘They are composed of
Grey Granite, and rest on Lower Lias.

Nov. 1888.

ES A SO eee

\
\

348 ADAMSON: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE.

CUNDALL, NEAR BOROUGHBRIDGE (NORTH RIDING).

T. CARTER MITCHELL, M.R.C.S., \
Topcliffe, Thirsk. \

In the parish of Cundall, on the Leckby estate, five miles from
Boroughbridge, about a quarter of a mile above ‘Elmire Ings,’ as
given on the Ordnance Map, is a boulder; it is in the bed of the
river Swale, close to the Leckby bank; it is entirely out of the water
when the river is very low; 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. x 2 ft, 9 in.; is more or
less rounded ; no striz or groovings ; Shap Granite’; is about 50 ft.
above sea-level. ‘There is a long ridge of gravel and sand about a
quarter of a mile from where the boulder lies.

’

YOULTHORPE, NEAR STAMFORD BRIDGE (EAST RIDING).

ROBERT MORTIMER,
Fineber. e \

At Youlthorpe, between Bishop Wilton and Stamford Bridge, is a
large isolated boulder; had not been moved by man until recently,
when it was carted into the farmyard of Mr. Hawkins. Is now used
as a mounting block; 3 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 10 in. Youlthorpe
is on the Keuper Marl and not far from the foot of the Chalk
escarpment of the Wolds. Pure white, very quartzose, Sandstone.

SEAHAM HARBOUR (Co. DURHAM).

Rev. ARTHUR WATTS, F.G.S., Erc.,
Vice-Principal, Bede College, Durham.

This boulder is in the grounds of Mr. R. L. Hawthorne, Haw-
thorne Tower, Seaham Harbour, on north side of Hawthorne Drive
and W. of the Tower; was removed from an adjacent field, when
draining, to its present position; 5 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.;
weight, 1 ton, 18 cwt.; sub-angular ; it originally pointed, by its long
axis, 20 E. of N. magnetic, 42° E. of N. true bearing. There are
seven grooves across the stone—five perfect, two imperfect; there
are two sets of striz, the one set of six are nearly obliterated by the
other numbering about seventy; the smaller groups of striz are
nearly in the line of the longest axis, the larger group make an
angle of about 60° with the long side. -It is Encrinital Carboni-
ferous Limestone, and the nearest in situ that I know of is twenty-five
miles due west at Frosterley ; it has no popular name or legend; is
about 80 ft. above sea-level; it was discovered in March 1879, and
is not indicated on any map ; it formed part of a mass of clay, sand,
gravel, and boulders, that is seen in a coast section to lie in a hollow in
the Magnesian Limestone about 1 FMR nd 60 ft. or more deep.

Naturalist,

2
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1 LEG 1888 |
No. 161. DECEMBER 1888. S. e
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The Igneous Dykes of the North of England—Alfred Harker, M.A.,F.G.S. .. 349 t0 353 20
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| Occurrence of the American Pectoral Sandpiper on the Yorkshire Coast— z =
Fohn Cordeaux, M.B.O.U... ae = a a = < = . 354 2 ao
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Notes on the Reed Warbler—F. A. IVhitlock al Be + ae es ..- 355 & 356 S -
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|| The Natterjack Toad in Cheshire and Lancashire—Linneus Greening .. -- 357 to 360 3 >
2) Bibliography: Cryptogamic Botany, 1886 and 1887 .. =e a = .. 361 to 369 © =
Notes—Ornithology 3% >. Ss s3 2 % i: a -F ~« 353» 354 350 = =
Rough-legged Buzzard at Meanwood, Leeds—H. A. Horsjield, M.B.O.U.; = ~
Whitby Notes—7omas Stephenson; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse at Wetwang-on- <= =
the-Wolds—Rev £. Maule Cole, .A.; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in Lincolnshire © oO
: —F. W. Harrison; Manx Shearwater near Nottingham—F. B. Whitlock. 3 <
s
Note—Pre-historic Archzology .. : a of ze ae 360 O =
| A Lake-Dwelling in Lancashire—fev. £. Jiaule Cole, M.A. : S
S
oo Notes and News i Ba = - ee es ¥ ss £: = s 369 =o
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Zoological Society’s Library Catalogue, Two Parts. [Rev. H. H. Slater.
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Abstract of Proc. Geol. Soc. London, No. 523, May goth, 1888. [A. Harker.
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reprint, 2 pages, October 1888. [Author.
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The Midland Naturalist, No. 131, for Nov. 1888. [Birmingham Nat. Hist. Soc.
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Mineralogical Magazine, vol. viii, No. 37, October 1888. [The Society.
Research, monthly illust. journ. of science. vol.1, No. 5, Oct. 1888. [A. N.Tate, Ed.
Natural History Journal, No. 1o6a, Nov. Ist. 1888; No. 107, Nov. 15th, 1888.
[J. E. Clark & B.B. Le Tall, Editors, York.
The Wesley Naturalist, No. 21. for Nov. 1888. [The Wesley Scientific Society.
The Young Naturalist, Part 106 for Oct. 1888. [Mr. John E. Robson, Editor.
Notarisia, Ann. III, No.12,Ottobre 1888.[G.B.de Toni e D. Levi- Morenos, Redattori.
New York Microsc. Soc.—Journ., vol. iv.. No. 3. July ; No. 4, Oct., 1888. [Society.
Journal of Conchology, vol. v, No. 12, Oct. 1888. [J. W. Taylor, Editor.
J. W. Williams—Land and Freshwater Shells : an introduction to the study of Conch
8vo, Lond., 112 pp., dated 1889 (pub. 1888). [Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Pubs.
Psyche : journ.of entom.,vol.v, Nos. 149-150, Sep.-Oct. 1888, [Camb. Ent.Cl., U.S.A.
Société Royale Malacologique de Belgique —Procés-verbaux, Année 1888.
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The Zoologist, Vol. xii, No. 142, 3rd Series, Oct. 1888. [J. E. Harting, Editor.
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349

THE IGNEOUS DYKES OF THE NORTH
OF ENGLAND.

ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S.,
Fellow of St. Fohn's College, Cambridge.

AMONG the minor phenomena of field geology, few features are more
striking than the various igneous dykes of which the British Isles
afford such numerous examples. Ranging as more or less vertical
walls through stratified or other rocks of totally dissimilar character,
and often persisting for considerable distances in a straight line with
approximately uniform width and constant lithological characters,
they are sufficiently distinctive to be at once recognised when found.
Often they stand out slightly above the adjacent rocks at the surface,
owing to superior durability; in other cases they have weathered
more rapidly than the ‘country rock,’ and figure in the landscape as
slight depressions or trenches ; in some places, again, small dykes are
liable to be passed over unless carefully sought.

In many modern volcanoes the filling of fissures with molten
lava, which solidifies into dykes, is seen to be a common accom-
paniment of volcanic action. Many of the dykes exposed among
the rocks by denudation appear, on the other hand, to be offshoots
of deep-seated masses of igneous material.. They have been
injected under great pressure from below, and in most cases probably
never reached the surface of the earth. Again, it appears that dykes
have served as the channels by which molten matter on a very large
scale has been forced upward and extruded over the surface in
massive lava-flows. By Richthofen and others some of the grandest
out-pourings of lava in Tertiary and possibly in earlier times have
been ascribed to these ‘fissure-eruptions’ rather than to volcanic
vents of the ordinary type.

In the nature of the case, it must be extremely difficult to obtain
direct ocular evidence of the connexion of dykes in partially
denuded districts, either with plutonic bosses or reservoirs, or with
volcanic activity long dead. It seems probable, however, that much
may yet be done in this direction by detailed work—by noting the
localities of dykes (many of which are known, but doubtless many
more unknown), and by observing their bearing, their width, and
especially their petrological characters.

The earliest dykes in the North of England must naturally be
looked for in the Lake District, where the oldest strata in this part of

the country crop out. Here volcanic conditions are known to have
Dec 1888. Y

350 HARKER: IGNEOUS DYKES OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

prevailed throughout the time when the rocks of the Borrowdale Series
were laid down, and we may therefore expect to find dykes of this age
in the same district. The most imposing manifestations of vulcanicity
belonging to this age are the andesitic lavas and agglomerates so
largely developed in the central zone of the Lake District, forming
the greater portion of the Borrowdale Series of rocks. Dykes of
similar (i.e. ‘intermediate’) composition do indeed occur intersecting
the Skiddaw Slates at certain places; but since the sites of the
andesitic volcanoes are not certainly known (Mr. Clifton Ward
considered the Castle Head, Keswick, to mark one of these), it is
impossible to connect the dykes definitely with this period of
volcanic activity. It is of course to be borne in mind that, owing
to their conditions of consolidation, the rocks of the larger dykes
would take the structure of dolerite or diabase rather than andesite.

The andesitic rocks were succeeded by an out-pouring of acid
lavas (rhyolites), which are now well seen along the southern border
of the former series. The volcanoes which emitted these newer
lavas are long since destroyed; but there are good reasons for
supposing that their basal wrecks are still represented by some of
the masses of crystalline acid rocks, which break through, especially
on the boundary of the Skiddaw Slates and the Borrowdale Series,
in St. john’s Vale, in Ennerdale and by Buttermere, and perhaps on
Caldbeck Fells in the north. If so, this fixes the date of numerous
dykes of micro-granite, granophyre, and quartz-porphyry which may
credibly be linked with the masses in question. For instance, the
dykes of spherulitic quartz-porphyry near Armboth and Helvellyn
seem to belong to the microgranitic boss of St. John’s Vale: others
in Ennerdale are doubtless connected with the granophyre of the
Ennerdale mass. A number of dykes of granite and quartz-porphyry
to the south of Shap Wells may be related to the porphyritic granite
boss close by; but these must be of later date than the others
mentioned, for the Shap Wells boss breaks through the Coniston
Limestone Series, which overlies the Borrowdales, and perhaps
through higher strata. This invasion of acid rocks must, however,
have taken place during some part of the Silurian period proper, or
immediately after it, for pebbles of the well-known Shap Granite are
found in the basal conglomerate of the Carboniferous, the Old Red
Sandstone of the earlier writers. Again, granite and quartz-porphyry
dykes on Kirkfell and near Bootle seem to be allied to the great
granitic mass of Eskdale and Wastdale; but there is nothing to
connect this system of intrusions definitely with the rhyolitic lavas.
Perhaps, as first suggested by Sedgwick, the injection of the molten
matter was connected with the folding and disturbance of the area

Naturalist,

HARKER: IGNEOUS DYKES OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 351

at the close of the Silurian period, and the same conjecture is
plausible for the granite of Shap Wells and its attendant dykes.

Certain groups of dykes in the Lake District show a parallel
disposition in evident relation to the strike of the rocks in which
they occur. These must clearly be due to more widely operating
agencies than are the dykes which show no special disposition, or
radiate in rude order about plutonic bosses. The red felspathic
dykes to the west of Windermere and some of those to the north of
Kendal, although decidedly cutting across the strata, run parallel to
the strike. It follows that these dykes were injected at a time
posterior to the disturbances which gave the beds their present
direction of dip, that is, later than the close of the Silurian, though
not necessarily much later.

A very remarkable group of dyke-rocks is that of the lampro-
phyres or ‘ mica-traps,’ so-called from their large proportion of dark
mica, occasionally replaced, however, by hornblende. They may be
more minutely classed as minette, kersantite, vosgesite, etc., and
a number of them have been described by Prof. Bonney and
Mr. Houghton. Such rocks are largely represented among the
dykes seen east of Windermere, to Kendal, Sedbergh, and Dent;
they appear also in Swindale and Knock Becks to the north-east of
Appleby, in Ingleton Dale, and in the little Silurian inlier discovered
in Teesdale by Messrs. Gunn and Clough. From their occurring in
all the Silurian strata, not infrequently occupying dip-faults, but
never penetrating into the Carboniferous, the mica-traps may safely
be referred to the Old Red Sandstone period. Owing to their
readily destructible nature, and often their small width, they are not
always easy to detect.

Going now to the far North, we find in the Cheviot district
certain quartz-porphyry dykes breaking through andesitic lavas of
Old Red Sandstone age. Mr. Teall, who has given a valuable
description of all the igneous rocks of this district, regards these
intrusions as probably connected in origin with the Cheviot granites,
and as constituting the last phase of one general system of igneous
outbursts during Old Red Sandstone times. ‘The order of succession,
acid rocks following those of intermediate composition, is one
which can be verified in numerous other districts, and which lends
itself to some interesting speculations.

There is no very clear evidence of the injection of igneous dykes
in the North of England during the Carboniferous period, although
the ‘toad-stones’ (olivine-dolerite lavas) of Derbyshire indicate
a certain amount of contemporaneous volcanic activity. It is
probably to the close of this period that we must refer the intrusion
Dec. 1888.

352 HARKER: IGNEOUS DYKES OF THE NORTH OF ENGLAND.

of the well-known Whin Sill, a great sheet of diabase extending
from the Eden Valley to the Farne Islands; and there is little
doubt that some of the Northumberland and Durham dykes, such
as that of Hett, belong to the same date. This, however, raises a
difficult problem-—the separation of these dykes from those of
Tertiary age. There are in the North of England a large number
of dykes of basic and sub-basic characters, cutting Carboniferous
rocks, but—with one or two exceptions—not entering the Mesozoic
tracts. The difficulty is to separate those injected in the interval
between the Carboniferous and Permian from others which, there
are good reasons to believe, are of Lower Tertiary age. Of course,
if a dyke can be seen to rise through the uppermost Carboniferous
beds and be abruptly cut off at the base of the overlying strata,
there can be no doubt of its pre-Permian age; but such relations
can rarely be verified. The only large dyke which cuts through
Mesozoic rocks is that of Cleveland, which intersects the Lower
Oolites at its eastern extremity, and this may be referred, without
hesitation, to the only subsequent period which we know to have
produced igneous rocks in Britain—the Lower Tertiary. Unfor-
tunately, the majority of the dykes in question occur only in tracts
occupied by Carboniferous and older strata, and cannot be traced to
the edge of the Permians, thus leaving it a matter of doubt to which
of the two groups any individual dyke is to be referred. According
to Mr. Teall, petrological study affords no certain data for separating
the earlier set from the later. Perhaps some conclusions might be
drawn from their bearings, if regarded collectively. Prof. Lebour
places the dykes of Northumberland and Durham in two classes—
(z) those striking E.-W. or E.S.E.-W.N.W., and (4) those striking
N.E.-S.W. or E.N.E.-W.S.W. The former class, which seems to
have the more uniform direction, probably includes dykes mostly of
Tertiary age, while pre-Permian dykes may perhaps be looked for
among those of the second category. The former are to be linked
with an enormous development of basic dykes in southern, central,
and western Scotland ; and they have recently derived a new interest
from Dr. A. Geikie’s theory, which makes them the channels of great
fissure-eruptions of basaltic lava in early Tertiary times. Many of
these dykes, scattered from Whitby to Stornoway, are remarkable for
their singular persistence in nearly straight lines for very great
distances. For example, the great augite-andesite dyke—variously
known as the Cleveland, the Cockfield, and the Armathwaite dyke—
runs from near the coast of North Yorkshire, through Durham and
Cumberland, to near Carlisle, a length of 110 miles, and possibly to
near Ayr, eighty miles farther. Dr. Getkie has also drawn attention

Naturalist,

ORNITHOLOGICAL NOTES. 353

to the manner in which the Tertiary dykes range across the country
without any respect to strike, faults, or other geological accidents in
the rocks traversed. In this they differ from many other sets of
dykes, which have a bearing often clearly dependent on the lie of
the strata they intersect. For instance, the post-Carboniferous but
pre-Permian dykes of the Menai Straits run at right angles to the
strike of the Carboniferous rocks, and often fill dip-faults; and the
same is true of dykes of lke age in some other districts, including
perhaps the Isle of Man. Dr. Geikie, however, considers some of
the Isle of Man dykes as belonging to the great Tertiary outburst ;
while Mr. Clifton Ward, again, believed some in the south of the
island to be connected with a volcanic outbreak during the Car-
boniferous period. Here is a problem for the Manx geologists to
solve.

Finally, if it be permitted to theorise in a subject so little known,
we may perhaps conveniently group igneous dykes under three
heads, arranged in order of increasing geological importance :—
firstly, those in connexion with volcanic necks or plutonic bosses,
commonly presenting a rough radial arrangement about their source ;
secondly, those injected during or closely subsequent to movements
of folding, etc., in the strata, sometimes showing a tendency to run
approximately parallel, or more frequently perpendicular, to the axes
of movement, and often along lines of faulting; and thirdly, those
belonging to more extensive geological operations (fissure-eruptions,
etc.), these dykes sometimes presenting a general parallelism, which
may be part of a larger radial disposition, and being to a great
extent independent of any minor geological features of the rocks
through which they break.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y.

Rough-legged Buzzard at Meanwood, Leeds.—When passing along
the Meanwood Road, on November 6th, just within Leeds borough boundary, my
attention was called to a large bird in a stubble-field (apparently feeding), which
my informant described as a Sea-Gull. When I endeavoured to approach it, it
rose and flew slowly past me, alighting finally in a low tree. It was soon after-
wards shot and proved to be a fine specimen of the Rough-legged Buzzard
(Archibuteo lagopus). The bird was in excellent plumage, and measured 56 in.
from tip to tip of wings. —H. KNIGHT HORSFIELD,

Whitby Bird-notes.—The following extracts from my ornithological notes for
this month may be interesting :—
November.—- Young Golden-eye Duck ( Clazgzla glaucton) shot in Whitby Harbour.
-3.--Immature specimen of Eider Duck (Somateria mollissima) killed in
Whitby Harbour.
-g.—Another immature specimen of Eider Duck shot in the harbour of
Whitby.
», 10.—Large Black-backed Gul! (Larus marinus) shot in the harbour.—
THOMAS STEPHENSON, Whitby, 22nd November, 1888.

Dec. 1888.

9°?

=

OCGURRENCE’ OF
THE .AMERICAN :. PECTORAL SANDPIPER
ON "THE: YORKSHIRE, COAST.

JOHN..CORDEAUX,) 'M.B:0.T.,

= ae pe i ee
Great Cotes, Ulceby, Lincolnshire.

AN example of this American Sandpiper (Z77zga maculata Vieillot),
one of two, supposed to be of the same species, was shot on the
coast near Kilnsea on October 2nd, and left with Mr. Philip Loten,
of Easington, for preservation. Mr. Loten was good enough to
forward the skin for identification, with the information that after
dissection he came to the conclusion it was an adult male; its
maturity is also perhaps suggested by the plumage, the feathers being
much abraded and worn; the markings on the breast are also of a
distinctly sagittate character, although not so pronounced as in some
examples of the bird I have seen from America.

This species is readily diagnosed from its near American ally,
T. bairdi, as clearly pointed out by Mr. Seebohm in his excellent
work, ‘The Geographical Distribution of the Charadride,’ by its
larger size. In Z. dazrdi also the tarsi and feet are black, and not
yellowish-brown, and the central tail-feathers not longer than the
outer, although the intermediate ones on each side are somewhat
shorter. In Z? maculata the central rectrices are the longest, and
pointed. From the Siberian sub-species 7: acuminata it differs in
having the lateral rectrices more rounded, but this appears to be a
somewhat uncertain character, as intermediate forms are known to
occur.
_ The Pectoral Sandpiper has previously been recorded in Yorkshire,
twice in 1853 and once in 1854 (see Clarke and Roebuck’s ‘ Hand-
book of the Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire,’ p. 74).

November 3rd, 1888.

NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY.

Pallas’ Sand-Grouse at Wetwang-on-the-Wolds.—On Thursday,
September 6th, about 4 p.m., a brace of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse (Syrrhaftes para-
doxus) flew close to me within 100 yards of Wetwang Station. They were darker
than I expected. The cry was ‘tack—tack, tack—tack.—£. MAULE COLE,
Wetwang, via York, October 1888.

Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in Lincolnshire.—A remarkably fine specimen of
this rare visitor (Syrrhafptes paradoxus) was shot in the parish of Goxhill, on
Tuesday, October 23rd. It was one of a flock numbering about twenty, which were
feeding on a piece of wheat stubble. They had been seen about the same field for
some days.—J. W. Harrison, Goxhill, Lincolnshire, October 24th, 1888.

Naturalist,

3595
NOTES ON THE” REED “WARBLER.

F. B. WHITLOCK,

Attenborough.

ACCORDING to my observations in Mid-Trent Valley, the spring of
1888 was noteworthy for the abundance of the Sedge Warbler
(Acrocephalus phragmitis) and Reed Warbler (A. streperus). The
latter bird breeds with us in scattered pairs up and down the Trent
and on the larger ponds every year, but this year we were favoured
with quite little colonies.

Living near the river gives many opportunities of observing the
habits of these warblers. They are rather late arrivals, and I never
hear their song until the last few days of April or the beginning of
May. It is easy, however, to overlook them in rough weather, as
they are then silent, and the nature of their haunts renders observa-
tion very difficult. Their home is made in the half-cultivated willow
beds, in which the withies have been standing for a year or two;
they do not favour the better-cleaned holts, where there is a lack of
undergrowth. I sometimes meet with a few pairs wherever the
banks of the river are lined with bushy willows, but this is not always
the case. The feathery reed-beds in which they delight in Norfolk
are almost absent from this part of the Trent.

In their haunts they are restless, inquisitive little birds, and I find
the best way to observe them is to take my dog with me, and let him
wander about whilst I lie down, half concealed by the willows. The
Reed Warblers and Sedge Warblers soon find him out, and when he
returns some of them are sure to follow. On their catching sight
I am usually treated to a burst of defiant song, interrupted with
numerous changes of position and glances in my direction. ‘This
continues until curiosity is apparently satisfied, or perhaps an out-
break of song from a rival is the signal for a battle, when, quite
heedless of my presence, the little combatants, twittering fiercely,
chase one another in and out of the willow twigs with great rapidity,
until the weaker bird is driven away. The splash of a passing
boat or a stone thrown into their haunts will also rouse them into
song.

The call-note is very similar to that of the Sedge Warbler, and
may readily be imitated by drawing in the breath between the nearly
closed lips. Often have I called up both species in this way, but the
Sedge Warbler is usually first to respond.

The song is difficult to express in words, but it is neither so harsh
nor so loud and continuous as that of the Sedge Warbler. It may
Dec. 1888.

356 WHITLOCK: MANX SHEARWATER NEAR NOTTINGHAM,

perhaps be described as a not unmusical jerky chatter. The female
bird is shy and silent, and not so often seen as the male, except
during incubation. They are rather late breeders; I seldom find
nests containing eggs before the first week in June, sometimes even
later. The site usually chosen is some willow twig about 5 ft. or 6 ft.
from the ground, but I have seen them placed as high as 20 ft. ina
tall willow-bush, as well as in a clump of nettle- or hemlock-stalks
but a few inches from the earth.

The nests are very compact and neat structures. Compared with
those of the Sedge Warbler they are very small. The latter usually
measure some 5 in. across, whilst the former measure but 3 in.
Outwardly they are constructed of dark-coloured grasses, fine roots,
bits of moss, and a little wool and spider-cocoons. The cup, which
is rather broader at the base than at the rim, is lined with fine, round,
and lighter-coloured grasses, the rim being generally finished off with
this material. So firmly are the nests bound to the supporting stalks
or twigs that it is impossible to take one without cutting them away.
The eggs, from three to five in number, vary in ground colour from
pale French grey to light brown; the underlying spots are iron grey.
The conspicuous spots or blotches which sometimes nearly cover
the egg vary from greyish green to dark brown. Some eggs, in
addition, have conspicuous black dots on the broader end. It is
surprising how rapidly the nests are constructed. Some years ago
a pair built where they were much disturbed by boys, and I know
that three nests were taken, each containing eggs, in as many
weeks,

The young birds are hatched in about twelve days, and the
parents may then be observed busily searching the willows and
herbage for small insects, with which to feed their brood.

On the wing the Reed Warbler may readily be distinguished
from the Sedge Warbler by its more attenuated appearance, and
its stouter head and broader tail. The flight is straight, but not
long sustained. I have found Cuckoo’s eggs in the nest of this <=
bird.

No doubt the time of arrival, number of eggs, etc., varies with
locality, but these notes are only intended to apply to the Mid-Trent
and tributaries.

Attenborough, November 5th, 1888.

NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY.

Manx Shearwater near Nottingham.—A fine mature bird of this species
(Pufinus anglorwm) was picked up alive at Bestwood, about the last week in
August.—-F. B. WuitTLock, Basford near Nottingham, Nov. 5th, 1888.

Naturalist,

304

THE NATTERJACK TOAD
IN CHESHIRE AND LANCASHIRE.

[ WE have received a copy of a paper by Mr. Linnzus Greening, on
‘British Frogs and ‘Toads,’ read before the Warrington Field Club,
November 18th, 1887, and printed for private circulation, from which
we extract the following interesting account of the Natterjack at
Wallasey and in two Lancashire localities :]

Bufo calamita (Natterjack Toad) .. . is decidedly rarer and more
local than our other English toad... . . On the 2nd April, 18387,
Mr. Gregson, Mr. A. Jolley, and myself paid a visit to the Wallasey
sand-hills, where this toad abounds. Having arrived on the ground,
the veteran naturalist (Mr. Gregson) soon pointed out the outward
and visible sign of the den of this creature. ‘This distinguishing sign
is the shape of the holes in which the Natterjacks hybernate, and to
which they return during the daytime, even after hybernation, being
exclusively nocturnal feeders. ‘The entrance to each hole is semi-
circular, just large enough to admit its tenants, of which there are
usually two, male and female. It is not very pleasant to put your
hand down a hole 20 inches deep, and feel something cold, which is,
or should be, the nose of the toad. After Mr. Gregson had fetched
a pair out, without suffering death, we set to work and found
considerable numbers. . . . It is a very curious fact that when
first taken from their holes they are small, but soon seem to expand
or fill up to their normal size. The cause of this, I take it, is the
imiation lof the lungs. and skin. .....'...., Asa matter of course
respiration is almost arrested during hybernation. Another curious
fact is that although they enter their holes head foremost, yet, when
found, their noses always point outwards. The reason is obvious,
for amongst the ever-changing faces of the sand-hills, the mouth
of the hole may be filled up; when this happens, the toad has
only to follow his nose, and can then work his way out with little
difficulty.

The fertilization, deposition, and quantity of spawn are as in the
common species; though the pools in which the spawn is laid are
usually devoid of water-plants, and consequently the spawn sinks to
the bottom. The development of the embryo and larva is more rapid
than in the common species. I repeatedly visited the pools amongst
the sand-hills at Wallasey, and found that the adult form was attained
39 days after the hatching of the egg. The spawn is usually laid at
the end of May, or early in June. The young tadpoles lost their
gills on the fourth day; the hind legs appeared first, and six days
Dec. 1888.

358 GREENING: THE NATTERJACK TOAD.

later the fore legs were developed. Of the pools which I was
observing, several dried up before the spawn had fully developed, and
from this we may learn the reason of the more rapid development of
the young of this species.

Those individuals possessing an inherited tendency to mature
more rapidly than the average could alone survive and reproduce
their species, in the peculiar situations which the Natterjacks affect.
As a proof that this tendency to a more rapid development is
hereditary, and not merely dependent on the temperature or
depth of the water in which they are laid, I may mention that the
development was equally rapid in the deepest and consequently
coolest pool.

As an illustration of the enormous destruction of embryonic and
larval life, in the circumstances under which Natterjacks exist, owing
to the great tendency of the smaller pools, in sandy places, to dry up
in the summer months, I found that one small pool, which had shrunk
to about 6 ft. by 4 ft., by 6 in. deep in the middle, was positively
black with tadpoles. Having counted a few square inches, we
estimated that the pool contained at least 30,000 tadpoles; a few
days later, this pool was completely dried up, and all the tadpoles
had perished.

In their wild state, worms don’t form much of their diet,
as they will only take them when nothing else is forthcoming.
They take none but living food, whose faintest movement is
quite sufficient to catch the quick eye of the Natterjack. These
toads are wild, and almost untamable; mine not at all reciprocating
the kindly feeling shown to them. Out of some eighteen specimens,
only four would teed from the hand; although, occasionally, if a
particularly tempting morsel is held in the fingers, a wild one will
rush at it, seize it, and then be lost amongst the sand. If anyone
wishes to see this toad in all its activity, let him take a lamp and visit
the sand-hills in the evening, more especially in the neighbourhood of
some pool (in the early summer in the breeding season, the locality
may easily be found by the croaking of the males), and he will be
astonished at the numbers round about him. In the daytime he may
search in vain, unless he happens to know something of the habits of
this creature. It is sometimes called the ‘ Sand-Toad,’ an appropriate
name, as it is generally found in sandy localities, and its colour is so
much like that of sand, that, when seen at rest, it is difficult to detect
it. It might seem probable that the dorsal line would make it
conspicuous; this is not so, however, for the yellow line may be
easily mistaken for a bit of the dry grass which is so common
amongst the sand-hills. On July 23rd, 1887, when . . . at Formby,

Naturalist,

GREENING: THE NATTERJACK TOAD. 359

I found the Natterjacks in their holes amongst the sand-hills ; they
-are abundant there, and owing to their loud croaking are locally
known as ‘Formby Organs.’ Mr. J. A. Jackson has also sent me some
from Garstang, amongst which were two small ones, in their second
year, . . . as well as some born this year.

[The whole paper is replete with interesting details as to the
habits and life-history of the British Frogs and Toads, but we content
ourselves with reproducing Mr. Greening’s table of the most striking
characteristics of these animals :]

Rana temporaria (Common Frog). Skin smooth. Length of
body, 2% in. to 3 in. Fore legs 1$ in. long. Hind legs 4 in. long.
Fore feet not palmated. Hind feet much palmated. Legs formed
for jumping and swimming. Head triangular, snout pointed. Dorsal
ground colour very variable—from light yellow to dark green, from
pale rufous to brick red, from hght to dark brown. Ventral surface
pale yellow to light green, irregularly marked with brown. Upper
surface of legs persistently barred and spotted with brown. Dark
brown patch running from eye to shoulder ; this is a constant feature
in this species. Two well-marked dorsal ridges.

Rana esculenta (Edible Frog). Skin smooth, or slightly tuber-
culated on back. Length of body, 3 in. to 3}1n. Fore legs 1} in.
long. Hind legs 32 in. long. Fore feet not palmated. Hind feet
much palmated. Legs formed for jumping and swimming. Head
triangular, snout pointed. Dorsal ground colour generally green,
variable to brown, with irregular black splashes along the dorsal
ridges ; well-marked median dorsal line. Ventral surface milk white,
spotted or marbled with greenish brown. Upper surface of legs
splashed with black, and sometimes barred.

Bufo vulgaris (Common Toad). Skin warty, densely covered
with tubercles. Length of body, 3 in. to 3} in. Fore legs 14 in.
long. Hind legs 3 in. long. Fore feet not palmated. Hind feet
palmated. Legs formed for running and swimming. Head rounded,
snout blunt. Dorsal ground colour, ashen grey to dark brown, or
from dull olive green to dirty yellow; irregularly spotted over back
and legs with darker markings, sometimes forming irregular bands.
Ventral surface greyish green, speckled with brown.

Bufo calamita (Natterjack Toad). Skin warty, densely covered
with tubercles. Length of body, 2} in. to 2} in. Fore legs 1} in.
long. Hind legs 2} in. long. Fore feet not palmated. Hind feet
palmated. Legs formed for running and swimming. Head rounded,
snout blunt. Dorsal ground colour yellowish brown, suffused with
olive, and marbled with black ; well-marked dorsal line of brimstone
yellow colour. Ventral surface greenish white, marbled with black.
Dec. 1888.

360 COLE: A LAKE-DWELLING IN LANCASHIRE.

A frog can at once be distinguished from a toad: by its smooth
skin, and jumping powers. The common can be distinguished from
the edible frog by the presence of the brown patch running from the
eye to the shoulder, and by the absence of the dorsal line.

The common toad can be distinguished from the natterjack by
the absence of the yellow dorsal line. which is a constant feature in
the natterjack, and also by its sluggish movements.

In the larval form, the common frog may be distinguished by its
being speckled all over with gold-coloured spots. The edible frog
larva differs from that of the common frog in being free from gold-

coloured spots, and in having its ground colour greenish (instead of

brown), marbled with olive. The toads are of a uniform blackish
brown. The natterjack tadpole can be distinguished from that of the
common toad, by its denser black colour, and smaller size.

NOTE—PRE-HISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY.

A Lake-Dwelling in Lancashire.—A few years ago Mr. T. Boynton
discovered a lake-dwelling at Ulrome, in Holderness, the first of the kind found
in England. I have just had an opportunity of exploring the works, which have
been for some time in progres ss, for diverting the course of the Ribble at Preston,
in Lancashire, and constructing large docks in the marshes which border on the
river-course. The excavations are at present at a standstill, and will probably
remain so for a considerable time. The sections exposed, 30 ft. deep, are extremely
interesting. Every trace of boulder clay, which covers the Fylde elsewhere toa
great depth, was ages ago removed by the river, and on the bared new Red Sand-
stone were Sueded thick beds of gravel and sand, full of estuarine shells. In
these gravels. at various depths, lie scores of huge blackened trunks of trees, with
their ends mostly in the same direction—down-stream. There is no trace of soil ;
they have all, without exception, been drifted into their present position—a position
which does not appear to have been altered by any change in the river's course
since the gravels were laid down. Whilst tracing the line of trees I caught sight
of some piles standing vertically in the gravel beds, and on closer examination
found that they had been driven in toa depth of from § ft. to 15 ft.- The ends
were roughly pointed. For a depth of 2 ft. or 3 ft. at the top a quantity of brush-
wood had been laid horizontally between the piles, so as to make a solid and firm
floor. The length of the floor was about 17 yds., but I could not ascertain the
width beyond 7 yds., as evidently portions of the platform had been removed in
the excavations. The appearance was exactly similar to the upper platform
discovered by Mr. Boynton in Holderness, and I have little hesitation in assigning
it toa lake-dwelling. The structure was erected in a marsh, distant about 100 yds.
from the present bed of the river. There were no traces of weapons or implements
of any kind, but this may be accounted for by the fact that the navvies had no
instructions, and no one in authority noticed what they were destroying. In the
area of the unfinished dock, however, as I learn from the curator of the Preston
Museum, the Rev. J. Shortt, no less than 52 pairs of antlers of the Red Deer have
been found, 43 heads of the Urus, 4 human skulis of the type found in our tumuli,
two ancient canoes hollowed out of the trunks of trees, and a solitary bronze spear-
head. No flint or pottery seems to have been discovered. Mr. Shortt has kindly
promised to have the section photographed before the works are resumed ; but it
would be more satisfactory if the piles and brushwood could be carefully examined
by competent persons, instead of being left to casual demolition. Doubtless there
were many lake~iwellings once in this country, as in Switzerland, but so far, with
one or two exceptions, they have escaped notice.—E. MAULE COLE, Wetwang,
near York, October 4th, 1888.

Naturalist,

i.

361

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Papers and records published with respect to the Natural History and
Physical Features of the North of England.

CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY,
1886 and 1887.

In the preparation of the Botanical Bibliography the Editors have
obtained the assistance of Mr. P. Fox Lee, Dewsbury, who has most
kindly consented to examine botanical literature, and to arrange the
botanical bibliography for publication. The present is the first
instalment which has had the benefit of his supervision ; the second,
which will be devoted to the Phanerogamia and the Vascular Crypto-
gamia of the London Catalogue, is ready, and will appear early in
the next year’s volume..

It only remains to add that the Characee are included in this
cryptogamic instalment, and that the citations from The Naturalist
for 1884 to 1887 are included, so as to render this, with former
instalments, as complete a record as possible for the years included,
1884 to 1887.

ANON. [not signed]. York S.E.

[Notes made in 1885 by Hull Field Naturalists; “Zetdium pimpinelle
var, apit and 4. primule)|. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 63.

ANDREW AMORY. - Cheviotland.

Alnmouth Marine Algz [giving first a List of thirteen Additions to previous
list, and then detailed notes of Observations made on various species]. Proc.

Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 267-268.

[R. Barnes. ] York N.E., York N.W.

[List of 48 Mosses found near Saltburn and in Cleveland, and of two

(Thuidium blandovit and Amblystegium sprucec) from Gainford and Croft
respectively ; localities stated for all]. Nat., July 1887, pp. 220-221.

C. H. Brnsreap. Westmorland, Derbyshire.

Barbula squarrosa in Westmoreland [in various places; hitherto not further
N. than Derbyshire]. Nat., Jan. 1886, p. 18.

C. H. BINSTEAD. Westmorland.
Some Rare Mosses in Westmorland [Grimmia anodon B.&S., G. com-
mutata Hiibn., G. anomala Hampe, G. hartmanni, Bryum miihlenbechit
B.&S., Cinclidium stygium Sw., Hylocomtum umbratum Schreb., H. sguar-
rosum, H. loreum, and 1. splendens}. Nat., March 1887, pp. 65-66.

HENRY BOSWELL. Isie of Man, Westmorland, Furness, Derbysh.
Notes on Rare British and Irish Mosses [including Drceranella curvata
Hedw., new to Isle of Man (Boyd); Grimmta commutata Hueb., rocks near
Rydal Water (Binstead); G. st¢rfomz Schpr. and G. anomala Hampe near
Windermere (Binstead); an intermediate form from Derbyshire between
Zygodon wiridissimus and its var. B rupestr7s Lindb.; and Aypnum callichroum
Brid. and Hylocomtum umbratum Schreb. found in Westmorland by Binstead].
Jerot Bot., April 1887, xxv. IL1-L12,

J [Ames]. C[AsH]. Yorkshire.

Barbula princeps (a query) [as to where in Yorkshire and by whom it was
discovered]. Nat., Dec. 1884, p. 114.

Dec. 1888.

362 BIBLIOGRAPHY : CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 1886-87.

James Casu. York S.W., Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lanc. S.
The Early Botanical Work of the late William Wilson [in York S.W.,
Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lanc. S., etc. ; in Seal Bark, Yorkshire, were noted
Jungermannia taylori, J. repians, ]. trilobaia, Wetssia recurvata, W. striata,
Bryum marginatum, B. elongatum, Hypnum commutatum, Didymodon
fiexijolium, Alyp. fiagellare, Diphyscium foliosum, Tortula tortuosa, and
Splachnum mmnioides; in Staley Brushes, Déscelium nudum, Dicranum
sguarrosum, D. fiexuosum, Hyp. stramineum, Jungermannia minuta, and
Hyp. aduncum v. revolvens; Weissia nuda, Orthotrichum rivulare, Fon-
tinalts sguamosa and Paascum serratum at Stalybridge, Leskea polycarpa
and 7Vztraphis ovata near Middleton, Phascum crispum and Ph. axillare near
Hulme, Jungermannia tomentella near Cotterill Clough, Excalypta strepto-
carpa at Youlgreave, etc., Cynodontium bruntoni, Grimmia trichophylla, and
Schistostega osmundacea, at Rowter Rocks, Sezgerza pusilla, Brachyodus
trithodes, Bartramia sracilis, Jungermannia pubescens, ]. hyalina, J. pumila,
Yortula tortuosa, Didymodon flexifolius, Mnium serratum, M. rostratum,
Seligeria acutifolia, and S. pusilla at Buxton, and Ayp. rugosum in Dove-
dale]. Nat., June 1887, pp. 181-190.
W. EaGLe CLARKE. York S.W.
Cynophallus caninus Fr., near Leeds [at New Wortley; occurs also at
Saltaire and Bingley}. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. 332.
T. D. A. COcKERELL. Cheshire.

A September Walk through .. Cheshire . . [-2£cidium tussilaginis noted
between Chelford and Congleton, Sep. 11th, 1885]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 57-

[M. C. Cooxe.] York Mid W., York N.E., Cumbrid., Westmrid., Furness.

New British Fresh-water Algze ([J/erismofedia? paludosa, bog- pools,
Loughriggs ; Nostoc hyalinum, in a bog-pool, Loughrigg Fell; Pedzastrum
compactum, bog-pools, Loughrigg; A/esocarpus? neaumensis, duck-pond,
Neaum Crag, Skelwith Bridge; Omnychonema nordstedtiana, Strensall
Common, York]. Grevillea, March 1886, xiv. 97-99 §=6. [[M/esotenium degreyi
(see Turner, Nat. 1886, 34, t. f. 1.); Tetmemorus penioides, among Sphagnum,
Furness Fells, Lancashire; J/icrasterias cornuta, stream between Codale and
Stickle Tarns, at 1,800 ft. alt.; wastrum ornithocephalum, bog-pool,
Loughrigg; £. J/undellii among Sphagnum, Loughnigg; Cosmarium
wittrockiz, C. oblongum, bog-pools, Loughrigg; Xanthidium spinulosum,
stream between Codale and Stickle Tarns;: Svraurastrum bullosum, stream
flowing out of Loughnigg Tarn: S. tuberculatum, bog-pool, Loughrigg].
Grevillea. June 1886, xiv. 121-123.

M. C. CooKE. Cumberland, Lanc. S. and W., York N.E., Cheviotland.

British Sphzropsidez. Provisional List of Species hitherto found in
the British Islands [Septoria podugrarie Lasch., on “gopodium, White-
haven ; S. eryugiz Pass., on Eryngium, near Liverpool ; Polystigmina rubra
Desm., on leaves of Prunus domestica and P. spinosa, Thirsk ; Leptothyrium
astérinum Berk. on Aster tripolium, Fleetwood ; Leptostroma scirpinum Fr.
on Scirpus, etc., L. filicinum Fr. on fteris, L. herbarum Link. on herb
stems, and Z. sf:rez Fr. on Spir~a ulmaria, Berwick]. Grevillea, March
1886, xiv. 101-108. [Gleosporium ribis Lib., on red-currant leaves, Lanca-
shire ; Myxosporium croceum Pers., on branches, Carlisle; Libertella rose
Desm., on rose twigs, Berwick; Welanconium elevatum Corda, on oak
branches, Langridge]. Grevillea, June 1886, xiv. 123-128. [PAfctena
johnstonii B.& Br., on. ragwort, Berwick]. Grevillea, June 1887, xv. 103-106.

M. C. Cooke. York N.E., Cumberland.
New British Fungi [Agaricus (Pluteus) pellitus Pers., Scarborough].
Grevillea, March 1886, xiv. 113-128. [Agaricus (Psathyra) gyrofiexus Fries,
Scarborough; Lactarius helvus Fries and Russula expallens near Car-
lisle]. Grevillea, Dec. 1886, xv. 39-43. [Agaricus (Pane@olus) scitulus
Massee, Cortinarius (Phiegmacium) atro-virens Kalch., and C. (Hydrocybe)
Erombholzi ¥r.—all from Scarborough by G. Massee]. Grevillea, March
1887, xv. 65-67. [Agaricus (Mycena) flavipes Quelet, on stumps, Whitby ;

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 1886-87. 363

Ag. (Cilitopilus) straminipes Massee, on the ground, Carlisle (Dr. Carlyle) ;
Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) herpeticus Fr., in woods, near Carlisle (Dr.
Carlyle); C. (Dermocybe) lepidopus Cooke, in heathy ground, near Carlisle
(1887), Scarborough; C. (7¢lamonia) rubellus Cooke, in swampy places
near Carlisle (Dr. Carlyle); C. (Aydrocybe) tortuosus Fr. in damp pine
woods, Scarborough; C. (Hy.) uxzmodus Britz., in grassy places, Carlisle
(Dr. Carlyle) ; C. (Ay.) dicolor Cook ce, on the ground in mixed woods near
Carlisle ; TSS (Russularia) cremor Fries, in woods, Carlisle (Dr.
Carlyle); Chaetospheria pileo-jerruginea Crouan, on roots of Cal/uma near
Carlisle (Dr. Carlyle); Ostrezchnion americanum Duby Hyst., on pine wood,
Scarborough (G. Massee); 7uéercularia conorun: Cke.& Mass., on fir cones,
Carlisle (Dr. Carlyle)]. Grevillea, Dec. 1887, xvi. 42-40.
M. C. CooKE. York N.E.
Agaricini [Agaricus (Pancolus) scitulus (Massee), Scarborough]. Grevillea,
Sep. 1887, xvi. 200-22
. C. COOKE. Derbyshire, York S.W. and N.E., Cumberland, Lanc. S.
British Hyphomycetes. A Catalogue of Known Species [ Oesfora aurantia
Cooke, on spent hops, Burton-on-Trent ; J/onziza racemosa Pers., on rotting
substances, Halifax; Cephalosporium acremonium Corda, on ———
Scarborough; 7richoderma viride Pers., on wood and bark, Carlisle, Man-
chester; Rhinotrichum decipiens Cooke, on bark, etc., Carlisle: Botrytis
argillacea Cooke, on wood, Carlisle ; Bot. (Polyactis) vera Fr., on Polyporus
versicolor, Halifax ; Acrostaiagmus cinnabarinus Corda, on leaves, branches,
etc., Liverpool; <Arthroboirys rosea Massee, on branches. Scarborough].
Grevillea, Dec. 1887, xvi. 57-65.
J. M. Cromspre. Westmorland, Derbyshire, Northumberland, Cumberland.
Recent Additions to the British Lichen-Flora [ Gonzenema compactum (Ag.),
Ephebera martindalei Cromb., Collema zsidioides Ny\., Lecanora decincia Ny}.,
Lecidea peritlaca Nyl., L. ‘tenebrica Nyl., and Z. coriacella Nyl. have
Westmorland localities ass signed, Zecanora conizeoides Nyl. is from Buxton,
Dermyshire (Holl.), Z. subradiosa Nyl. from walls, East Allendale,
Northumberland (Rev. W. Johnson), Zecidea percontigua Ny}. from rocks,
Whitehaven, Cumberland, and Z. /méina Auzi, is parasitic on the thallus
of Coccocarpia plumbea at Borrowdale, Keswick, Cumberland) J. of Bot.,
Jaly 1885, xxiii. 194-106.
TuHos. DENNIS. York S.E., Linc. N.
4Ecidium pimpinellz var. apii [near Cleethorpes and near Hedon ; /&. statices
and Cystopus Jepizoni also noted at Cleethorpes]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 21.
LD. EMBLETON. Durham, Westmorland, York N.W.

A Catalogue of the Place-Names in Teesdale [including some derived from
* Moss’; see pp. xiii. and 140 for discussion of the word]. Nat. Hist. Trans.
of Northd., Durh., and Newc., vol. ix. part i. (1887), pp. i.-xvill. and 1-223.
[Wah. FowLer.] York Mid W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Blubberhouses [26th Sept., 1885;
the fungi noted included Agaricus rutilans, A. umbelliferus, Russula
nigricans, R. adusta, Boletus scaber, B. chrysenteron, Lactarius rufus, and
Peziza auraniia|. Nat., Nov. 1885, p. 381.
[\W. FoOwLer. ] York S.W.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Askern [20th May, 1886; Morchella
esculenta, Pluteus chrysopheus, and absence of Trufiles noted]. Nat., June
1886, p. 190.
[HILDERIC FRIEND. ] York S.W.
Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire Naturalists at Anston Stones [3oth
Apnil, 1885; micro-fungi observed—Zuadium composiiarum vw. lapsant,
4E. ranunculacearum, E. urtice, Uredo potentillarum, Puccitnia anemontis,
P. umbelliferarum, Trichobasis lapsane, Erysiphe graminis, Peronospora
schlewdeniana, P. parasitica, P. ficarte, Protomyces ari, ‘and U romyces ficaria).
Nat., June 1885, p. 261.

Dec. 1888.

364 BIBLIOGRAPHY : CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 1886-87.

HILDERIC FRIEND. Derbyshire, Notts., York S.W.
The Micro-Fungi of North Notts. [recording three species of Reste/va, one
of Peridermium, and 22 of &czdium, for which stations are recorded, some
of which, however, are in Derbyshire and Yorkshire]. Sci. Goss., Aug.
1886, pp. 170-171.
HILDERIC FRIEND. Notts.
Spots on Sycamore-Leaves [referred to Casnodium footi? Berk., a fungus
abundant in Sherwood Forest]. Sci. Goss., Aug. 1886, p. 190; but see a
number of letters in Sep. 1886, p. 215.

HILDERIC FRIEND. Notts., York S.W., Derbysh., Chesh.
Notes on the Fungi of North Notts. [numerous species mentioned, with
localities ; and a few references to other counties]. Trans. and 34th Ann.
Rep. of Nottingham Nat. Soc. for 1886 [pub. 1887], pp. 44-48.
W. GAIN, Notts.
Hydnum coralloides in Notts. [at Ossington, 1883 and 1884]. Nat., Jan.
1885, p. 138.
W. A. GaIN. Notts.
A New British Alga [Avidenbrantia rivularis on stones in the Poulter, a
tributary of the Idle]. Sci. Goss., July 1887, p. 165 [in the Aug. number,
p- 214, Mr. W. Barwell Turner points out that it has already been recorded as
British, by Kiitzing and by Carter]. :
E. GROVE. York Mid W.
Surirella elegans, etc., in West Yorkshire [in the Skell near Fountains
Abbey, Sep. 1884, with Mavcula retnhardti and 4X. trochus|. Nat., May
1885, p. 232.
W. B. GROVE. York S.W., Cheviotland.
New or Noteworthy Fungi. Part III. [i%addospora pleosporoides Sacc.,
on old stems of Awmex acefosa from nests of terns, Farne Islands, in the
collection of Mr. R. W. Chase]. J. of Bot., May 1886, xxiv. 136; also see
Midl. Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 298. Part III. [Z7vchosportum murinum Sacc.,
on dead wood, Steetorn, Yorks., Nov. (H. T. Soppitt)]. J. of Bot., July
1886, xxiv. 201.
[W. B. Grove. ] Yorkshire.
[Arthrobotryum stilboideum from Yorkshire, collected by H. T. Soppitt].
Midl. Nat., Feb. 1886, ix. 59.
JAMEs Harpy. Northumberland.
Report of Meetings of Berwickshire Naturalists’ Club, for the year
1885. . ... Rothbury [24th June; Conferva rivudar7s common in Coquet,
and used as and called ‘ Ladies’ Soap’ (p. 39); Spherophoron coralloides,
Borrera ciliata, Leucobryum giaucum (p. 40); Gymnomitrium concinnatum.,
Dicranum fuscescens, Andreea rupestris, Gyrophora proboscidea (p. 42)].
Proc. Berw. Nat. Club for 1885 [pub. 1886], xi. 39, 40, and 42.

C. P. HoskIRK. York S.W.
Physcomitrium pyriforme [near Thornhill Edge]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 21.
C. P. HoBKIRK. York S.W.

Freshwater Algze near Dewsbury [Sfrvogyra forticalis v. quinina, S.
jilavescens ? Mesocarpus, Prasiola crispa, Chlorococcum, Cladophora glomerata,
and Drafarnaidia plumosa noted]. Nat., June 1885, p. 259.
E. M. HoLMEs. Cheviotland.
Alge Britannice Rariores Exsiccate. Fas. III. ([Lyngdya luteo-fusca
J. Ag., Berwick-on-Tweed (E. Batters)]. Grevillea, June 1887, xv. 115-116.
G. A. Hott. Derbyshire.
A British Moss new to Science [ 7/amnium angustifolium Holt, sp. nov.,
found. sparingly on shady limestone rocks, associated with 7. a/opecurum, in
Ravensdale, Derbyshire, May 1883 and 1884]. J. of Bot., March 1886,
xxiv. 65 and tab. 265.

Naturalist,

4

BIBLIOGRAPHY : CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 1886-87. 365

W. JOHNSON. Durham.
A New British Lichen [Zecanora weardalensis Johns., occurring on sandstone
in sub-alpine places, rare, Lanehead, Weardale, Durham, 1879]. Grevillea,
March 1886, xiv. 91.
WILLIAM JOHNSON. Cumberland.
Lichenology [with notice of Solorina saccata at Alston Moor, East Cumber-
land, and details of its station there]. Wesl. Nat., June 1887, i. 115.
P. Fox LEE. York S.W.
Chara fragilis var. fulcrata in Yorkshire [a form not mentioned in the latest
edition of the Lond. Cat. (1836). It is a moncecious plant, characterised by
very short bract-cells and rudimentary stipulodes, resembling the fertile plant
of C. connivens, a dicecious Chara]. Nat.. Sept. 1887, p. 272.
F,. ARNOLD LEEs. York N.E.
Yorkshire Naturalists at Gormire Lake and Thirkleby Park [mosses noted
were Sphagnum papillosum type, Seligerta recurvata, Brachyodus trichodes,
and Grimmia trichophylla, with the fungus Zztoloma sericea]. Nat., Aug.
1887, p. 239.
F. ARNOLD LEEs. York N.W.
Yorkshire and Westmorland Naturalists at Sedbergh [Aug. Ist, 1587;
mosses noted, Dechodontium flavescens, Dicranum palustre, Didymodon
cylindricus, Grimmia trichophylla, G. commutata (this proved erroneous, see
Nat., Oct. 1887, p. 294), Orthotrichum saxatile, O. rupestre, Plagiothecium
sylvaticum, Gymuostomun commutatum, Trichostomum cristulum, Barbula
revoluta, Blindie acuta, Bryum filiforme, Mnium stellare, Polytrichum
formosum, Hedwigia ciliata, Heterocladium heteroplterum, Neckera pumila,
and Hypnum eugyriums; Uepatics, Leyeunea calcarea, Madotheca levigata,
Jungermania barbata, J. riparia, J. bantriensis, J. cordifolia, Nardia
emarginata, Trichocolea tomentella, Mylia taylort, and Metzgeria conjugata ;
Lichens, Collemodium plicatile, Parmelia subaurifera, Lecanora dichsoniz, and
LPertusaria lactea (with notes on the species of Cladinz, Parmeliz, and
Lecanora); Alge, Edogontum princeps, Chlorococcum frustulosum, Hormiscia
bicolor, Ceratoneis arcus, Mesotenitum chlamydosporum, and LEncyonema
cespitosum). Nat., Sep. 1887, pp. 281-282.
F, A. LEEs. : York N.W.
A Mythical Moss.—Correction of Error [Grimmia commutata at Cautley
recorded in error for var. commutata of Barbula curvirostris ; the source of
error explained]. Nat., Oct. 1887, p. 294.
H. W. Lerr. Nottinghamshire.
New British Algz [mentions the Fresh-water Alga: Az/denbrantia rivularis
Lieber, found on quartz pebbles in the river Poulter, a tributary of the Idie,
near Retford, hitherto unrecorded for the British Isles]. Grevillea, June
1887, xv. I21.
GusTAV LIMPRICHT. Cumberland.
Description of a Species of Andreza new to Science (Andreea commutata
Limpricht) [Borrowdale, Cumberland, and rocks near Buttermere ; details
given]. Nat., Dec. 1884, pp. 113-114.
J. E. Lorn. Lanc. S.
Notes on the Rotifera. (A Prolific Pond.) [at or near Rawtenstall; in
addition to the rotifers the genera Surtrella, Encyonema, Synedra, and
Melosira of Diatoms; Pandorina, Cosmarium, Closteritum, and Pediastrum
of other Alge; and Vaucheria, Spirogyra, Rivularia, and Drafarnaldta of
Contervz, are cited]. Sci. Goss., Aug. 1887, p. 185.
JosepH A. MARTINDALE. Westmorland.
_. Additions to the Lichen Flora of Westmorland [viz. Calictum roscidum F\k.,
Lecidea pilularis Korb., L. plumbina(Anzi), L. declimascens Ny\., L. rubescens
Th. Fr., LZ. obturbans Nyl., L. acutula Nyl., Schizoxylon corticola (Frs.), and
Platygrapha periclea (Ach.), with localities stated]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 40.
JosErH A. MARTINDALE. Westmorland.
Descriptions of New British Lichens [Leciwea obturians Nyl\. and L. acutula
Nyl., both from Westmorland]. Nat., April 1886, p. Ior.

Dec. 1888.

366 BIBLIOGRAPHY: CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 1886-87.

JosEPH A. MARTINDALE. Westmorland, Cumberland.
New British Lichens [from Westmorland and Cumberland; Parmelia
estdiotyla Ny]. and Pannularia lepidiota (Smrft.) Nyl.]. Nat., Sep. 1886,
p- 279.
JosEPpH A. MARTINDALE. Westmorld., Lanc. W., Cumberld., York N.W.
The Lichens of Westmorland [121 species, with a notice of Collema tsidioides
at Warton Crag, Lancs., and other species noted for adjoining parts of
Cumberland and Yorkshire; Zhammnobia vermicularis, Parmelia mougeotit,
P. isidiotyla, and P. lanata from Cumberland]. Nat., Oct. and Nov. 1886,
pp. 317-324; and Feb. 1887, pp. 47-54.
JosEpH A. MARTINDALE. Westmorland.
New Westmoreland Lichens [Zecanora flavocttrina Nyl.,and L. crenulatella
INyloliwe Nat...) Dee. 1536, ps 374:

JosEpH A. MARTINDALE. York N.W., Westmorland.
Sedbergh District Lichens, [a list of 54 species] observed on the occasion of
the August Meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union [including ten
additions to the West Yorkshire Flora, and note of Westmorland locality for
Lecidea periplaca Nyl.}. Nat., Sep. 1887, pp. 285-287.

JosrpH A. MARTINDALE. Yorksh., Cumberland, Linc. N., Westmorland.
Notes on British Lichens [discussion as to Cladina rangiferina and C.
sylvatica ; as to the Parmele of the olivacea group, of which there are eight
British segregates ; and as to the difficulty of apportioning the old local records

for the aggregate species]. Nat., Oct. 1887, pp. 295-299.

JosEPH A. MARTINDALE. Cumberland, Yorksh., Westmorland,

Isle of Man.

Notes on British Lichens: Lecanora murorum and its more immediate

allies [discussed at length ; Northern localities stated are: L. dissidens Nyl.,

in Westmorland, Z. Jobulata Smrft., in Westmorland and Isle of Man,

L. murorum (Hoffm.), L. decepiens (Arn.),and ZL. tegular7s (Ehrh.) in Westmor-

land, LZ. cirrochroa Ach., in Westmorland and Cumberland, and Z. xantholyta
Nyl., in Yorkshire and Westmorland]. Nat., Dec. 1887, pp. 355-364.

GEORGE MASSEE. York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Helmsley [4th Aug. 1884; mosses
noted—Brvrachyodus trichodes, Philonotis calcarea, Hypnum chrysophyllum,
Eurhynchium striatum, Amblystegium confervoides, Fissidens pusillus, and
Limnobitum palustre; fungi—Pluteus chrysopheus, Entoloma nidorosus,
Russula heterophylla, R. vitellina, Gomphidius stillatus, Eecilia carneogriseus,
Crepidotus mollis, Polyporus varius, Boletus satanas, and B. flavus). Nat.,
Sep. 1884, p. 41.
[GEORGE MASSEE. ] York S.E.
Fungus Foray at Selby [a total of 134 species observed, amongst them
being the following—T7orrubza ophioglossoides parasitic upon Elaphomyces
eranulatus, Cortinarius cinnabarinus, Agaricus nebularis, Lactarius
deliciosus, Gomphidius viscidus, Russula alutacea, etc.]. Nat., Jan. 1885,
pp. 140-141.
GEORGE MASSEE, York N.E.
Marine Algz of the Scarborough District [a full list, annotated, of 110
species, of which Chlorochytrium tmmersum is described as new to science].
Nat., Aug. 1885, pp. 300-306. |
[GEO. MASSEE. ] York N.E.
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Whitby [3rd Aug. 1885 ; “cidium
periclyment noted]. Nat., Oct. 1885, p. 349.

York Mid W., York N.E., York S.W., Lanc. S., Derbysh.,

G. MASSEE. Cumberland, Chesh., Cheviotland, Northumberland S.
British Pyrenomycetes (a preliminary list of known species) [Xy/arza
corniformis Mont., on fallen branches, Speke Hall, Lancashire ; Zhamo-
myces hippotrichoides Sow., on cocoanut fibres, Scarborough ; Aypoxylon
mareinatum Schw., on dead wood, Chatsworth ; Phyllachora pterides Reb.,

on fronds of Pterzs aguzlina, Wakefield ; Rhytesma andromede ¥r., on living

Naturalist,

BIBLIOGRAPHY : CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 1886-87. 367

leaves of Andromeda polifolia, Cheshire; Stigmatea nicholsoni Cke., on
leaves of Portugal laurel, Newcastle; .S. ranunculi Fr., on leaves of Ranwn-
cult, Berwick]. Grevillea, Dec. 1886, xv. 33-39. [Valsa ambiens var. coryli
Sacc., on hazel, and var. populina Fckl., on poplar at Thirsk]. Grevillea,
March 1887, xv. 68-72. [Pseudovalsa lanciformis Fr., on birch, Scarborough ;
P. convergens Tode, on Rubus, Berwick (Johnstone) ; Autypa spinosa Pers.,
on branches, Scarborough ; &. z/czs (Fr.), on furze, Langridge]. Grevillea,
June 1887, xv. 116-121. [Déaporthe sarothamni Awd.,on Sarothamnus, and
D. lirella M.& N., on Spirea ulmaria, both at Scarborough]. Grevillea,
Sep. 1887, xvi. 12-14. [Cucurbetaria berberidis (P.), on dead branches of
barberry, Scarborough; C. /aburnz Pers., on dead branches of laburnum,
Scarborough, Carlisle; C. spfart7d N., on Savothamnus, Scarborough,
Cumberland; C. rhamnt N., on Rhamnus frangula, York; Ayssos-
pheria thelena Fr., on wood, etc., Scarborough ; B. zanumera B.& Br., on
wood, Carlisle; 4. pheostroma Mont., on wood, Carlisle, Scarborough ;
Chetospheria pileo-ferruginea Crouan, on stems and roots of Calluna vulgaris,
Carlisle ; Lastospheria ovina Pers., on dead wood, Scarborough ; LZ. mem-
branacea B.& Br., on wood, Langridge; Z. vacodium Pers., on wood, Scar-
borough ; Venturia wicifolia Cooke, on holly leaves, Thirsk ; Z. johnstoni
B.&Br., on Lpclobeam a PES SEL] OIUI 2, Berwick]. Grevillea, Dec. 1887, xvi. 34-39.
CHARLES T. MuSSON. Notts.
Luminous Wood [part of a root of hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha), the
luminosity thought to be due in some measure to the presence of the mycelium
of a fungus]. Nat., Sep. 1885, pp. 326-327.
Wm. NARRAMORE. Cheshire, Lanc. S.
Fresh-water Algze [TZetraspora gelatinosa on the Cheshire side of the
Mersey ; and Afuocystis brauntana in the pond in the middle of a field at
Broadgreen, Liverpool]. Wesl. Nat., July 1887, i. 141.

M. H. Rosson. Cheviotland, Northumberland S.
Additions to the Local Fauna and Flora, with Remarks on some New
Habitats, etc. [Uvel/a noted as found in a pool on Nuns Moor ; Wte//a—
probably 4. flex7/zs—observed in 1874 on Newcastle Town Moor, and found

in 1883 in Crag Lough (new to Northumberland) ; Wostoc, Batrachospermum
moniliforme, Chetophora elegans, Draparnaldia glomerata, Fontinalis anti-
pyrvetica—all found on Newcastle Town Moor ; Volvox globatcy recorded from
three localities; and Chetophora endivifolia at Sugley Field, Lemington].
Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durh., and Newc., viii. 185-189 (1884).

I. of Man, Derbysh., Furness, ‘ Lake district,’
"THOMAS ROGERS, Sec. Lanc. S., Lanc. W., Chesh.
Manchester Cryptogamic Society [ Zedweidium ¢tmberbe in the Lake district ;
Fhilonotis rigida, Isle of Man; Lejeznea calcarea, Miller's Dale ; Cosc¢nodon
cribrosus, Coniston, exhibited]. Nat., Aug. 1884, p. 21. [Three notes—
Tortula princeps (Miller’s Dale); Z7echostomum flavovirens (St. Amn’s-on-
Sea and Southport) ; and Brachythectum albicans (Southport) noted]. Nat.,
June 1885, p. 259. September 2Ist, 1885 [Gywnostomum rostellatum and
Phvscomitrium sphericum from Mere, Cheshire, exhibited]. Nat., Feb.
1886, p. 60. January 18th, 1886 [detailed notes by G. A. Holt, on his new
species Zhamnzium angustifolium from Derbyshire; and on Coscinodon
cribrosus at Coniston]. Nat., April 1886, p. 100. April 19th, 1886 [note by
G. A. Holt concerning Thdidintm recognitum and Trichostomum crispulum
var. 22gro0-viride from Monk’s Dale, the latter new to Derbyshire, and Barbula
hornschuchiana at Miller’s Dale].. Nat., July 1886, p. 212.

'M. B. SLATER. York Mid W.
Mosses, [Hepatice,] etc., at Sherburn-in-Elmete [June 2nd, 1884 ;_/usger-
mania turbinata, Leptobryum pyriforme, Antsothectum rubrum, Hypnum
resupinatum, H. chrysophyllum, Rhynchostegium murale, Zygodon viridissimus
var. rupestris, Tortula alotdes, and 7. hornschuchiana ; \ocalities stated).
Nat., Sep. 1884, p. 36.
M. B. SLATER. York S.W.
Mosses and Hepatics gathered on the Askern Excursion, May 20th, 1886
[Barbula muralis var. incana, B. ambigua, Funaria hygrometrica, Webera
Dec. 1888.

368 BIBLIOGRAPHY : CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY, 1886-87.

nutans, nium rostratum, AL. punctatum, Homalothecium sericeum, Campto-
thectiim lutescens, Eurhynchium prelongum, Rhyncostegium murale, Ambly-
stegium serpens and three varieties, A. radicale, Campylium chrysophyllum,
Cratoneuron filictnum, and of Hepatics Leuzularia vulgaris, Lophocolea
heterophylla, and L. bidentata noted]. Nat., July 1886, p. 212.

[H. T. Soppirr.] York. S.E.

The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Pocklington [June 24th, 1885 ;

Amanita cecilia, Stropharia melaspermus and Pholiota precox noted]. Nat.,,
Aug. 1885, p. 308.

[H. T. Soppirr and W. West. ] York Mid W., York S.W..
Plants of the Bradford District [being records—localised—for Chara fragilis,
Urocystis fischeri, Leptota procerus, Lentinus procerus, three Bolett, Russula
nitida, Puccinta cirstl, P. anthoxantht. Peronospora alta, three Lecidec,
Solorina limbata, Peltigera aphthosa, Umbtlicaria polyphylla, Fisstdens
crasstpes, Seligeria pusilla, Scapania bartlingit, S. curta, Lejeunea echinata,
Bazzania trilobata, Cylindrocystis diplospora, Staurastrum orthostichum,
Hyalotheca disstliens, and Micrasterias crenata). Nat., March 1885, p. 178.

H. T. Soppirr and W. WEstT. York Mid W., York S.VV.
Bradford Naturalists’ Society—A Year’s Botanical Work [Mosses noted,
Tetrodontium brownianum, Atrichum crispum,and Splachnum ampullaceum ;
hepatics, Zrichocolea tomentella and Jungermania capitata ; fungi, Coprinis
comatus, C. atramentarius, C. hemerobius, Pesiza venosa, P. leporina, Hygro-
phorus virgineus, Hl. pratensis, Hl. ovinus, Marasmius oreades, Lentinus
cochleatits, anus torulosus, Schizophyllum commune, Boletus rubinus,
Cynophallus caninus, Chondrioderma umbtilicatum, Puccinia baryt; lichens,
Stigonema saxicola, Calicium citrinum, Urceolaria scruposa, and Amphiloma
lanuginosums; fresh-water alge, Palmodictyon subramosum, Horntscia
moniliformis, Dictyosphertum ehrenbergit, Chroococcus turgidus, and Cyli-
drocystis diplospora ; a\l with localities noted]. Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 60.

RICHARD SPRUCE. York Mid W. and N.E.
Lejeunea holtii, a new hepatic from Nillarney [in which Z. wleceva in
Upper Wharfedale and at Saltersgate is referred to; and the Cleveland Esk
Valley stated as being rich in rare hepatics of European (or arctic) type, as.
Harpanthus scutatus, Liochlena lanceolata, Cephalozia curvifolia, C. crenulaia,
C. connivens, C. fluitans, Nardia compressa, etc., but not possessing a single
Lejeunea, except the common Z. serpyllifolia). J. of Bot., Mch. 1887, xxv. 74.
G. STABLER. Westmorland.
Hedwigidium imberbe and Grimmia hartmanni found in England [in
Kentmere Valley, Westmorland]. Nat., Jan. 1886, p 15.
[W. BARWELL TURNER. ] ; York “S.E:
The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Spurn Point [Sep. 3rd, 1884:
Delesserta sanguinea, D. alata, Ceramtum rubrum, C. echinatum, Ulva
latissima, U. linga, Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus, F. ceranotdes, Griffithsia
setacea, Chrystmenta clavellosa, Laminaria digitata, L. saccharina, and
Cladophora rupestris noted among the alge]. Nat., Nov. 1884, pp. 92-93.

W. BARWELL TURNER. York Mid W., York N.E.
Notes on Fresh-water Algz [from Blubberhouses and Strensall]: with
descriptions of new species [viz. :— Jlesotentum degreyi7, Blubberhouses,
Onychonema nordstedtiana, Strensall ; list of eight algz, thirteen diatoms and
twelve desmids from Blubberhouses ; Cosmarium regnest from Strensall ;
paper concludes with generalizations on the geological preferences of desmids].
Nat., Feb. 1886, pp. 33-35 and plate I.

W. BARWELL TURNER. York N.E., Westmorland.

Notes on Alge collected at Gormire and Thirkleby, with notice of a

New Form [Docidium truncatum y labiatum var. nov.; 15 species of alge,

3 genera of diatoms, and 42 species of desmids, with stations enumerated 5

Docidium truncatum $8 crassum also noted as found last year in great

abundance near Bowness, Windermere (Turner) ]. Nat., Sep. 1887, pp. 275-
276; and erratum, Oct. 1887, p. 290.

Naturalist,.

NOTES AND NEWS. 369

W. BARWELL TURNER. York N.E.
Desmids of Gormire Lake.—-Correction of Error [in respect of varieties of
Docidium truncatum and D. nodulosum). Nat., Oct. 1887, p. 290.
GEORGE R. VINE. York S.W.
Luminous Wood [the phenomenon observed in firewood composed of beech
(Fagus sylvatica), elm (Ulmus campestris), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus),
and oak (Quercus vobur), due to presence-of fungus mycelium ?]. Nat., Oct.
1885, pp- 340-341.
C. H. WADDELL. Westmorland.
Cortinarius alboviolaceus Fr., and Boletus cyanescens Bull., near Kendal
[in 1886]. Nat., Nov. 1886, p. B32.
Cai WADDELL. Westmorland.
Hygrophorus sciophanus Ir. near Kendal [in Oct. 1886, plentifully].
Nat., March 1887, P- 66.
C. H. WADDELL. Westmorland.
Fungus Crop of 1887 [near Kendal deficient in the species of woods and
pastures ; Avaricus granulosus entirely absent; Aoletus edulis and Paxellus
envolutus very abundant]. Sci. Goss., Dec. 1887, p- 281.
W. WEST. York Mid W.
Habitats of Fresh-water Alge [in West Yorkshire, etc.; Botrydina
vulvaris. Stvogonium sticticum, Cylindrospermum miacrospermum, Rivularia
calcarea (Gordale), Petalonema alatum, and Scytonema myochrous, only one
-of which, however, has a specific locality assigned]. Nat., May 1885, p.232.
W. WEST. Westmorland.
Pilularia globulifera in Westmoreland [ Pielonoti's fontana, Dicranella squar-
rosa and Sarcoscyphus ehrharti also noted]. J. of Bot., Jan. 1886, xxiv. 24.
JOHN WHITEHEAD. Lance. S., Chesh., York S.W., Derbyshire.
Mosses of Ashton-under-Lyne District [list of about 250 species, localised
within a radius of ten miles ASIN Nat., March and April 1886, pp. 85-100.

VO TE S AND NE WS.

We have noted with great interest the excellent series of papers on the ‘ History
of the County Botany of Worcester,’ from the pen of Mr. Wm. Matthews, M.A.,
appearing in successive numbers of our contemporary ‘The Midland Naturalist,”
and could wish that similar work were done for Lincolnshire or the East Riding
of Yorkshire, both of which are comparatively neglected tracts.
pon

Yorkshire naturalists, especially those who remember the old West Riding
Consolidated Naturalists’ Society in the years before it enlarged its borders and
became the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, will learn with regret of the decease of
two of the most prominent of its members—Mr. Joseph Tindall, of Huddersfield,
and Mr. J. M. Barber, of Heckmondwike.

Ne ee

Mr. Tindall, whose decease occurred in September last, devoted himself to the
study of geology, and was frequently called upon at the meetings to describe the
geology of the scene of the excursions, and to determine the rock-specimens and
fossils brought to the meetings.

—__—_ po
Mr. Joseph Marshall Barber, a native of Barnsley, settled at Heckmond-
wike, with the intellectual life of which he was identified throughout his residence
there. He was one of the founders of the Heckmondwike Naturalists’ Society,
of the Heckmondwike Mechanics’ Institute, of the Heckmondwike Juvenile
Naturalists’ Society, and of the Heckmondwike Antiquarian Society, of all of
which he was an office-bearer and indefatigable supporter. As a member of the
Naturalists’ Society, he was concerned in the foundation of the West Riding
Consolidated Naturalists’ Society, of which at a later period he became honorary
secretary; and when, in 1876, this body became the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union,
he was presented with a valuable microscope in recognition of his services. He
died suddenly on the 2Ist of November, at the age of 59, and was interred at
the Heckmondwike Cemetery three days after.

Dec. 1888.

312)

CLASS LEE)»

IN Dex.

CONARIBU £ O2'S-

Adamson, 9. A. F.G.S9, 174/975: 1735 214-
Ashford, Charles, 89. [240, 276, 297, 332.
Atkinson,. Rey; J. (C25 DiC: l., Kal:S:, 226:

Babington, Charles C., M.A., F.R.S., 265.
Backhouse, Jas., jun , F.Z.S., 79, 177, 278.
Bailey, M:, 5354, UL4,, 199, 234,242, 263,
BakerajecG ache Res: F.L.S.,.33> 1330, 331.
Balderston, Robert R., 189, 234.
Bayford, E. G., 329.

Brownridge, Chas., F.G.S., 49, 347.
Bunker, hos: 2126) 227-02 28503 ai.
Butterell, J: Darker, M.c.s., 45.
Butterfield, 1. P* P. 1551230,0244,. 205;
Byers, Hl. S., 242.

Carter, Basil, 330.
Carter, J-2W.. ..O1,1245,1246,,208.
Chadwick, Samuel, 51, 281, 335.
Clarke, W. Eagle. F.L.S., 55, 85, 156, 160,
169, 170, 220, 224, 233, 234, 283, 330.
Cockerell] is DsAc. McG:S.,. 220,227) 2SAr
Cole, Rev. E. Maule, M.a., 109, 81, 278,
333, 354, 360.
Cordeaux, John, M.B.O.U., I, 24, 195, 197,
202; 219, 224, 276, 354.
Craig-Christie, A., F.L.S., 225, 268, 331.
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Davis, fW 5 EsSvAs, BalsSo.0b.Ges:, 34.56
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De-Toni, Dr.-G. B:,-157,.

Dickinson, I. W., 224.

Dobrée; N:, FE. 55, 270.

Edmondson, T. W., 306.

Fowler, Rev. Wm., M.A., EIT.

Fowler, Rev. W. W., M.A., F.L.S., 114,
Gains Wess. CsSs, LO

Gardner, J., 110, 119, 268, 286.

Garht, R., 268.

Georse; Che. ERG C53. O77

Gill, W. Hodgson, 346.

Goss, Herbert, F.L.S., 199.

Greening, Linnzeus, 243, 357.

Gregson, William, 19, 347. [ 330.
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Hansonsi@7@21276.

Hardcastle, C. D., 18.

Harding, G. F., 244.

Harker, Alfred; M.A., F.G.S., 349.
Harrison, J. W., 354.

Hedworth, T. H., 234, 246.

Hey Rev, WiC) M.A278, 2705321
Hobkirk, Chas-2Ps BS.,-13, apa:
Hodgson, William, A.L.s., 44, 80.
Horsheld, Hi. 1X., M.B.0.U.; 330, 253.

Hudleston, Wilfrid H., M.A., F.R.S., 240.
Hudson,-Baker, M.C.S., 172.

Jackson, J. A., 269.

Keéw,: H. Wallis, F.E:s., 217,226, 320.
Kick, [-eMepes3t
Knubley, Rev. E: P., M.A., 222, 308.

Leach, RES MyA-S EG.S- sal bO:

ee, P-Hox,, 35,200; 213:

Lees; F; A.,-M-R.C.S.; 160, 169, 193,°226,
[246, 264, 267,2303.

Maclagan, P., M.D.,-222.

Macpherson,- Rev. Hi Aj) mea, 223; 242.

Manson, R. Taylor, M.R.C.S., 20.

Martindale, Joseph A., 23. [284, 287.

Mason, J. Eardley, 82, 102, 160, 244, 276,

Massee, George, F.R.M.S., 323.

Moline; *)\-7 Gy, e-C2s2e-4ou.

Mitchell, T. Carter, M.R.GS., 348.

Mortimer, Robert, 348.

Nelson, Thomas H., M.B.0.U., 221.
Newton, Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., 156.

Parkinson, Rev. Thomas, 344.
Paver-Crow, R., J.P., 199.

Peak, E. Aq, 46:

Pearson, W. H., 214.

Percival, John, B.A., 125, 159.

Phillips, John H., 23.

Platnauer, H. M., B.Sc., F.G.S., 343.
Porritt, (Geo: Th Pal.Say W2no2, O25 ot San

Prodham, Herbert, 199. (2133206,
Riley, Edward, 46.

Roberts, George, M-C.S:, 232:

Robson, John E., 52. [263, 284.

Roebuck, W. Denison, F.L.S., 48, 85, 212,

Selys-Longchamps, Edm. de, 219.
Shepheard, Thos., F.R.M.S., 51.
Slater, M.B., 177, 238; 278, 300, 312.
Smith, Arthur, 275.

Soppitt, Ede; 37,-On

Southwell, Thos., F.Z.S., 331.

Stabler, George, 313. Rest
Stephenson, Thos., 199, 297, 330, 353-
Summerfield, Rev. R. A., 345.

Thompson, Major B. B., 268.
Veitch, W: Y., M:D., 346.

Waddell, Rev. C.,H1:, BA. 143, 329-
Walton, F. Fielder, M.R.C.S., 47.

| Watson, John, 161, 201.

Watts, Rev. Arthur, F.G.S., 145, 348.
West, William, F.L.S., 299, 312.
Whitlock, F. B., 221, 246, 355,356:
Whitwell, William, 307.

Wood, J. S., 90, 198.

Naturalist,

CLASSIFIED INDEX. eyf is

BOOK] NOTICES.

Adamson, C. M.—Some more Illustrations
of Wild Birds, 108.

Baker, J. Gilbert —Handbook of he Fern
Allies, 193.

Bath, W. H.—Young Collector’s Hand-
book of Ants, Bees, &c., 78.

Bath, W. H.—Young Collector’s Hand-
book of British Birds, 283.

Day, Francis—British and Irish Salmon-
idee, 55.

Fisher, Rev. R.—Flower-land, an intro-
duction to Botany for Children, 169.

Harvie-Brown and Buckley — Vertebrate
Fauna of Sutherland, 152.

Saunders,
|

Newcastle Sunday Lecture
Lectures, 78.

Research, monthly journal of Science, 283.

Ridgway, R.—Manual of North American
Birds, 108.

Rule, P. M.—The Cat ;
tory, &c., 78.

Saunders, H.— List of British Birds, 16.

H. — Illustrated Manual of

British Birds, 233.

Society —

its Natural His-

| Smith, Rev. A. C.—Birds of Wiltshire, 108.
| Westmorland Note-Book and Natural His

tory Record, 235.
Williams, J. W.—Shell-Collector’s Hand-
book for the Field, 144.

EE SiR AA LOIN Ss:

Autotype Frontispiece—Views in Heligoland.

ERKA TUM.

In Mr. Christie’s note, p. 331, for ‘

may I assure,’ read ‘I beg to inform.’

NEWoy Ankit y WOF MOLLUSK DESCRIBED IN THIS; VOLUME.

Arion ater var. nov. cinerea, Roeb., 284.

GEVE S Hn i.

Coleoptera :
1887, 203-210.

Cryptogamia ; Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361- 360.

Geology and Palzontology :
graphy for 1886, 178-188.

Hymenoptera: Bibliography, 1884 to
1887, 153-155.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to
1887, 58; Deilephila galii on Wallasey
sand-hills (Porritt), 298.

Biblio-

Bibliography for 1884 to |

Mollusca : Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 247-263; Amalia gagates at
Bowdon (Milne), 48; Cheshire speci-
mens in British Museum (Cockerell),

229.

Polyzoa: Paludicella ehrenbergii (Shep-
heard), 51.

Reptiles and Amphibia: Newts near
Warrington (Greening), 243 ; the Natter-
jack Toad at Wallasey (Greening),
357-360.

GUMBERLAND.

Birds: Avifauna of Upper Teesdale
(Backhouse), 79; remarkable flight on
Solway (Hodgson), $0; the Ornithology
of Skiddaw, Sca Fell, and Helvellyn
(Watson), 161-169; (Macpherson), 242 ;
Notes on Falconidz in Lake District
(Watson), 201; Gyr-falcons in Lake
District (Macpherson), 223; Cumberland
specimens in British Museum (Cockerell),
227.

Coleoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 203-210; Carabus glabratus and
other beetles in the Lake District
(Carter), 246.

Cryptogamia : Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-369 ; Lichens of Westmorland
(Martindale), 29-32; Jubula hutchinsiz
at Lodore (Waddell), 143; Mosses and
Hepatics in Cumberland (Stabler), 316.

Dec. 1888. '

| Mollusca :

Flowering Plants: Botany of the Cum-
berland part of the Pennine Range
(Baker), 33-44; Linaria minor in Cum-
berland (Hodgson), 44.

Fishes: Solway Salmon in British Museum
(Cockerell), 227.

Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1886, 178-188; the Igneous
Dykes of the North of England( Harker),
349-353:

Lepidoptera :
1887, 62.

Bibliography for 1885 to

Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 247-263; Cumbrian specimens in
sritish Museum (Cockerell), 229.

Neuroptera : \ Bibliography for

Trichoptera:f 1887, 285-286.

1834 to

372

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

DERBY Sie bh

Birds: Pallas’ Sand-Grouse at Breaston
(Whitlock), 221 ; Siskins in North Derby-
shire (Dickinson), 224; Derbyshire speci-
mens in British Museum (Cockerell), 227.

Coleoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 203-210.

Cryptogamia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-369.

Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-

graphy for 1886, 178-188; The Igneous
Dykes of the North of England
(Harker), 349-353.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to
1887, 58.

Mollusca: Bibliography for
1887, 247-263.

Neuroptera: )\ Bibliography for 1884 to

| Trichoptera: J 1887, 285-286.

1886 and

DURHAM.

Birds:
Avifauna of Upper Teesdale(Backhouse),
79; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse near Bishop
Auckland (Nelson), 221.

Flowering Plants: Thalictrum alpinum
at Widdy Bank (Whitwell), 307.

Coleoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 203-210; Quedius longicorn's at
Hartlepool (Gardner), 119.

Cryptogamia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-369.

Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1886, 178-188 ; Boulders near
Darlington (Manson), 22; the Igneous
Dykes of the North of England

(Harker), 349-353.

Notes on and Additions to the |

Hymenoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 153-155.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885, 1886,
and 1887, 58; Memoir of John Sang
(Robson), 53; the Locality for certain
Agrotide (Gardner), 110; Stigmonota
dorsana at Axwell (Hedworth), 246;
Deilephila galii at Hartlepool (Gardner),
268; Larve of D. galii at Hartlepool
(Gardner), 286.

Mollusca: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 247-263 ; Durham specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 228.

_ Neuroptera: \ Bibliography for 1884 to

| Trichoptera:) 1887, 285-286.

AN GAS HOR.

Birds: Lancashire Specimens in British
Museum (Cockerell), 227 ; Notes on the
Lapwing near Garstang (Jackson), 269-

275.
Coleoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to |

1887, 203-210.

Cryptogamia: Bibliography for 1886 and |

1887, 361-369.
Flowering Plants and Ferns: Ferns

neir Kirkby Lonsdale (Lees), 305.
Geology and Palzontology:

Dykes of the

(Harker), 349-353.
Hymenoptera :

1887, 153-155;

Biblio- |
graphy for 1886, 178-188; the Igneous |
North of England |

sibliography for 1884 to |

Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to
| 1887, 58.
_ Mollusca: Bibliography for 1886 and
| 1887, 247-263; Lancashire Shells in
British Museum (Cockerell), 229.
| Neuroptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 285-286.
| Pre-historic Archeology: a
dwelling at Preston (Cole), 360.
Reptiles and Amphibia: Newts near
Warrington (Greening), 243; the Natter-
jack Toad in Lancashire (Greening),
357-360.
_ Trichoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 285-286.

Lake-

IO COLIN, S BOIS

Arachnida: Lincoinshire Spiders (Kew),

329.

Birds : Pied Flycatcher near Alford
(Mason), 160; Notes on the Occurrence
of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in the Spurn
district in the Spring of 1888 (Cordeaux),

195-197; Lincolnshire specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 227;
Osprey near Alford (Mason), 276;

Pallas’ Sand-Grouse at Goxhill (Har-
rison), 354.

Coleoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 203-210.

Cryptogamia : Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-369; Fungi near Wroot (Sop-
pitt), 86. ;

Diptera: Lists for Alford and Louth
districts (Kew), 217-218.

Fishes: Three-bearded Rockling in the

North Sea (Cordeaux), 24.
Flowering Plants and Ferns: Poly-
stichum angulare at Withern (North

Naturalist,

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

373

LINCOLNSHIRE—Continued.

Lincs. (Mason), 102; Lincolnshire Marsh
and Water Plants (Fowler), I1I-114;
Carduus acaulis at
(Mason), 284.
Geology and Palzontology:
graphy for 1886, 178-188.

Biblio-

Hemiptera: List of Hemiptera-Heterop- |
tera of Lincolnshire, with Notes on |

collecting (Mason), 287-297.
Hymenoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 153-155; List of Aculeata of Kir-
ton-in-Lindsey (George), 107; Sirex
juvencus there (George), 107.
Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to

Souta Ormesby |

1887, 58; Moths attracted by the
illuminations of Lincoln Cathedral
(Fowler), 114; Hermaphrodite Saturnia
carpini (Goss), 199; Deilephila galii at
Alford (Garfit), 268.
Mammalia : Otter in Lincolnshire( Mason),
82; Bats at Gosberton (Roebuck), 263.
Mollusca: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 247-263; Request for assistance
with Marine Species (Kew), 226 ; Occur-
rence of dead Shells of Crepidula forni-
cata on Grimsby Beach (Smith), 275.
Neuroptera: ) Bibliography for 1884 to
Trichoptera:{ 1887, 285-286.

LESTE Ee O2E = VEAGN |:

Birds : Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in the Isle of |

Man (Nelson), 221.

Coleoptera: Bibliography for
1887, 203-210.

Crustacea: Manx specimens in British
Museum (Cockerell), 231.

Cryptogamia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-360.

Diptera : Manx captures in August 1887

= (Porritt), 167.

Geology and Paleontology:
graphy for 1886, 178-188 ;
Dykes of the North
(Harker), 349-353.

Hemiptera-Heteroptera : Manx captures
in 1887 (Mason), 244.

1884 to

Biblio-
of England

the Igneous |

Hymenoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 153-155.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to
1887, 60; an Entomological Expedition
to North Wales and the Isle of Man
(Porritt), 103-107.

Mammalia: Manx Cat in British Museum
(Cockerell), 227.

Mollusca: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 247-263; Manx specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 229.

Neuroptera: Captures in August 1887
(Porritt), 106.

Orthoptera: Captures in August
(Porritt)> 167.

Trichoptera: Captures in August 1887
(Porritt), 106.

1887

NORD ELUM BEREAN D.

Alcyonaria: Northumbrian specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 230.

Annelids: Northumbrian specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 230

Birds: Cuckooin Berwick town(Maclagan),
222 ; Northumbrian specimens in British
Museum (Cockerell),
Hawfinch near Newcastle (Hedworth),
234; Crossbill at the Farne Islands
(Gurney), 276.

Coleoptera: Bibliography for
1887, 203-210.

Crustacea: Northumbrian specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 231

Cryptogamia : Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-369. ,

Fishes: Northumbrian specimens — in
British Museum (Cockerell), 227.

Geology and Buieontolues Biblio-
__graphy for 1886, 178- 188 ; the Igneous

Dec. 1888.

1884 to

_ Hymenoptera :
227; Nesting of |

Mammalia:

Dykes of the North of
(Harker), 349-353.

Hydrozoa: Northumbrian specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 230.

Bibliography for 1884 to

England

1887, 153-155.
Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to
1887, 59.

Halicherus gryphus at the
Farnes (Cockerell), 227.

| Mollusca: Bibliography for 1886 and 1887,

247-263 ; Northumbrian specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 228, 229.
Neuroptera: Bibliography for 1884 to

1887, 285-286.
Polyzoa: Northumbrian specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 230.
Trichoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 285-286.

374

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

NOTTINGHAMSHIRE.

Birds: Irruption of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse
(Whitlock), 170, 221 ; Manx Shearwater
near Nottingham (Whitlock), 356; Notes
on the Reed Warbler (Whitlock), 355-
356.

Galeantera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 203-210.

Cryptogamia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-360.

WESTMORLAND

Birds: Upper Teesdale (Backhouse), 79 ;
Falconide in Lake district (Watson ,201 ;
Gyr-falcons in Lake district (Macpher-
son), 223.

Coleoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 203-210.

Cryptogamia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 361-369; Lichens of Westmorland
(Martindale), 25-32; the Hepatice and
Musci of Westmorland, part 1 (Stabler),
313-320; AXcidium calthze near Kendal
(Waddell), 329.

Flowering Plants: Varieties of Viola
odorata (Whitlock), 246.

Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1886, 178-188.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to
1887, 66.

_ Mollusca : Bibliography for 1886 and 1887,

Flowering Plants and Ferns: Ceterach |

near Kirkby Lonsdale (Lees),
Thalictrum alpinum on Helvellyn ( Whit-
well), 307.

160 ; |

247-263; Arion ater var. nov. cinerea at
Nottingham (Roebuck), 284. ;

AGING AW RINTE. Siok

Geology and Palzontology: Biblio-
graphy for 1886, 178-188 ; the Igneous
Dykes of the North of England (Harker),
349-353-

Hymenoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 153-155.

Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885, 1886,
and 1887, 58; the supposed Nepticula
tormentillz (Porritt), 82.

Meteorological Tables: for various sta-
tions, 313.

Mollusca: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 247-263 ; Westmorland specimens
in British Museum (Cockerell), 229.

Neuroptera: | Bibliography for 1884 to

Trichoptera: f 1887, 285-286.

MORK SHIRE:

Birds: of Heligoland compared (Cor-
deaux),- 1; Crested Tit, etc., near
Keighley (Butterfield), 15; Flamborough
Notes (Bailey), 15 ; Albino Kittiwake at
Flamborough (Bailey), 54; additions to
Avifauna of Upper Teesdale (Backhouse),
79; Birds at Hatfield Chace (Clarke), 84,
85; the British Example of Bulwer’s
Petrel (Newton and Clarke), 156 ; Night-
ingale near Beverley (Clarke), 160 ;
White Stork near Scarborough (Clarke),
169; Irruption of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse
(Clarke), 170; Birds at Leyburn (Back-
house), 177; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in
Spurn District, Spring of 1888 (Cor-
deaux), 195-197; at
(Bailey), 198; at Whitby (Stephenson),
199; at Pickering (Prodham), 199; in
Nidderdale (Paver-Crow), 199; Notes
from Spurn in Spring of 1888 (Cor-
deaux), 202; Birds at Saddleworth
(Bunker), 212; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse in
Cleveland (Nelson), 221; at Borough-
bridge (Knubley) 222; Crossbills at
Spurn in July (Cordeaux and Clarke),
224; Yorkshire specimens in British
Museum (Cockerell), 227;
Chat not a British Bird (Clarke), 234;
Solan Goose near Bridlington (Bailey),

Flamborough |

the Eared | Coleoptera :

234; Black-throated Diver near Bingley
(Butterfield), 236; Alarm Note of the

Woodcock (Atkinson), 236; Birds at
Robin Hood’s Bay (Bunker), 238;
Flamborough Notes (Bailey), 242 ;

Bittern near Ripon (Byers), 242 ; unusual
nesting site for Missel Thrush (Butter-
field and Lees), 264; Fieldfares near
Halifax in July (Hanson), 276; Food
of Crossbills at Spurn (Cordeaux), 276;
Birds at Market Weighton (Backhouse),
278; Norfolk Plover on the Wolds
(Cole), 278; Sand-Grouse near Whitby
(Stephenson), 297; Purple Heron near
Otley (Clarke), 330; Black Guillemot
near Whitby (Stephenson), 330; Reed
Warbler nesting in the Washburn Valley
(Horsfield), 330; Flamborough Notes
(Bailey), 330; Robin caught in a mouse-
trap at Masham (Carter), 330; Whitby
Notes (Stephenson), 353 ; Occurrence of
Pectoral Sandpiper at Kiinsea (Cor-
deaux), 354; Pallas’ Sand-Grouse at
Wetwang-on-the-Wolds (Cole), 354;
Rough-legged Buzzard at Meanwood,
Leeds. (Horsfield), 353.

Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 203-210; Carabus nitens in Swale-
dale (Clarke), 220; Some Ingleborough

Naturalist,

‘te

CLASSIFIED INDEX. 375

Coleoptera (Carter), 245-246; Beetles at
Market Weighton (Hey), 279; Coleop-
tera at Market Weighton (Bayford),
g20;

Crustacea: Dogger Bank and_ Scar-
borough specimens in British Museum
(Cockerell), 231.

‘Cryptogamia: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887,361-369; a Curious Habitat of soine
mosses near Dewsbury (Hobkirk), 13 ;
Lichens in Teesdale (Martindale), 30, 32;
Fungi at Hatfield Chace (Soppitt), 87 ;
Desmids, Diatoms, and Alga at Hatfield
Chace (Kirk), 89; Hepatics at Saddle-
worth (Pearson), 214; Mosses and
Hepatics at Robin Hood’s Bay (Slater),
240; Mosses and Hepatics at Market
Weighton (Slater), 280; Yorkshire

Mosses and Hepatics (Stabler), 316; |

Fungus Foray at Bramham and Hare-
wood Parks and List of Fungi collected
(Massee), 321-329.
Diptera: Hessian Fly in East Riding
(Riley and Bunker), 46.
Entomostraca: At Hatfield Chace (Kirk),
88.

Fishes: Three-bearded Rockling in the
North Sea (Cordeaux), 24; Congers at
Flamborough (Bailey), 114.

Flowering Plants and Ferns: Plants at
Welton Vale (Peak), 46; at North
Ferriby (Peak), 47; on Hatfield Chace
(Lee), 85 ; Some Ingleton Plants(Leach),
119; the Flora of Wensleydale (Percival),
125-143, and 159; Notes on the List of
Ingleton Plants (Lees), 160; Plants near
Leyburn (Slater), 177; Sparganium
ramosum var. microcarpum near Dews-
bury (Lee), 200; Plants observed at
Saddleworth (Lee), 213; Notes on the
Flora of West Yorkshire(Craig- Christie),
Paige \ieees) yy o220);) Plants | at » Robin
Hood’s Bay (Slater), 239; Ceterach
officinarum in Wensleydale still (Lees),
246; List of Plants noted at Fylingdales
(Robin Hood’s Bay) in September 1882
(Babington), 265-267; a new West
Yorkshire Plant, Pyrola rotundifolia
(Lees), 2675; -Thalictrum alpinum at
Settle (Christie), 268; Plants observed
at Market Weighton (Slater), 279;
Additional Localities for West Riding
Plants (West), 299-302 ; Notes on the
West Yorkshire Flora (Lees) 303-306 ;
Hound’s Tongue at Skipton-in-Crayen
(Edmondson), 306; Spireea filipendula
in S.E. Yorkshire (Slater), 306; Notes
on Settle Plants (Whitwell), 307; Good-
yera repens near Market Weighton
(West, Slater), 312; Silene nutans still

Dec. 1888.

YORKSHIRE—Continued.

at Knaresborough (Hey), 3313; Stratiotes
aloides at Carlton near Selby (Bunker),
331; Notes on Settle Plants (Christie)

’

BBL
Geology and Paleontology: Biblio-

graphy for 1886, 178-188 ; the Yorkshire
Boulder Committee and its first year’s
work (Adamson), 17-24; Geology of
Welton Vale (Walton), 47; interest-
ing discovery of Boulders in the Coal
Measures at Wortley, Leeds (Brown-
ridge), 49; Ancient and Modern, or
Scenes in the History of a Glacial Pebble
(Chadwick), 51; the Rudstone (Cole),
81; Geology of Hatfield Chace (Adam-
son), 87; of Leyburn (Adamson), 173 ;
Evidences of Glacial Action neir Ingle-
ton (Balderston), 189-193 and 234;
geologists at Saddleworth (Adamson),
214-216; at Robin Hood’s Bay (Hudles-
ton and Adamson), 240; Calverley
Wood Quarries, Leeds (Adamson), 276;
Geologyat Market Weighton (Chadwick),
281 ; Glacier work in Airedale (Adam-
son), 297; Yorkshire Boulder Committee
and its second vear’s work (Adamson),
332-348; the Igneous Dykes of the
North of England (Harker), 349-353.

Hemiptera: Piileenus spumarius as food

of Crossbills at Spurn (Cordeaux), 276.

Hydra: at Hatfield Chace (Kirk), 89.
Hymenoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to

1887, 153-155; Sirex juvencus at Hull
(Dobrée), 51; Trichiosoma vitellinze at
Hatfield Chace (Roebuck), 85.

Infusoria: at Hatfield Chace (Kirk), 88.
Lepidoptera: Bibliography for 1885 to

18570 50 3, Lludderstield, Vork,. ‘ete.
(Porritt), 12; Sang’s Captures in York-
shire (Robson), 52; the supposed
Yorkshire Nepticula tormentillz, and
occurrence of another species new to the
county (Porritt), 82; Hatfield Chace
(Roebuck), 85; Nepticula serella at
Ingleborough (Porritt), 151; Leyburn
(Dennis), 172; Saddleworth (Porritt),
213; near Halifax in 1887 (Harding),
244; Thecla rubi on Barden Moor,
Wharfedale (Butterfield), 244; Deile-
phila galii at Bradford (Carter), 2685; at
Harrogate (Thompson), 268 ; Lepidop-
tera at Market Weighton (Dobrée), 279;
Deilephila galii in Yorkshire in 1888
(Porritt), 298; Scopula ferrugalis at
Huddersfield (Crosland), 331; Euperia
fulvago and Acronycta alni near Don-
caster (Porritt), 331.

Mammalia : at Hatfield Chace (Clarke),

84; Whale at Flamborough (Bailey),
114; .Seal:in the Aire at Rawcliffe

ON

376

CLASSIFIED INDEX.

YORKSHIRE—Continued.
(Bunker), 226; Whale at Flamborough |

(Bailey), 263 ; Water Shrew and Field

Vole near Ripon (Roebuck), 263; Whale |

at Flamborough(Bailey& Southwell), 331.
Mollusca: Bibliography for 1886 and
1887, 247-263; Mollusca at Welton

Vale (Butterell), 45; at Hatfield Chace |

(Roebuck), 85 ; another Yorkshire locality
for Vertigo angustior (Ashford), 89 ;
Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of
Upper Airedale (Soppitt and Carter),
(Roebuck), Scar-

Saddleworth 212):

Porifera :

Scarborough specimens in
British Museum (Cockerell), 231.
Pre-historic Archeology: a Lake-

dwelling at Preston compared with that
at Ulrome (Cole), 360.

Reptiles and Amphibia: Great Warty
Newt at Scarborough (Greening),
243.

_ Rotatoria: at Hatfield Chase (Kirk),

89

| Societies: Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union
g1-102; at Leyburn (Hudson), 172; at

borough specimens in British Museum |

(Cockerell). 228; York and Yorkshire
specimens there (id.), 229-231; Helix
hortensis and its variation at Lofthouse
(Roberts), 232; Re-appearance of Canal
Shells at Agbrigg near Wakefield
(Roberts), 232; Mollusca noted at Mar-
ket Weighton (Hey), 278.

Neuroptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 285-286.

Personal Notices: Death of John Sang,
52; of Thomas Lister, 123; Election of
Yorkshire F.G.S., 231; Deaths of Joseph
Tindall and J. M. Barber, 369.

at Welton Vale, 45; and at Hatfield
Chace, 83; 26th Annual Report of
Y.N.U., 115-119; Annual Meeting at
Malton, 120-123; Y.N.U. in Lower
Wensleydale (Leyburn), 171-177; founda-
tion of Hull Geological Society, 200 ;
Y.N-U. at; -Saddleworth, 201-216 =
Annual Meeting of Leeds Geological
Association, 22%) YeNeW.) at Robin
Hood’s Bay, 236-242; at Market
Weighton, 277-282; British Association
at Bath (Knubley), 308-312; Fungus
Foray of Y.N.U. at Bramham and
Harewood Parks, 321-329.

Trichoptera: Bibliography for 1884 to
1887, 285-286.

Mis CE LLUANEOus,

Birds: of Heligoland (Cordeaux), I, etc.;
of Heligoland (Gurney), 160; Irruption
of Pallas’ Sand-Grouse (various), 170;
Pallas’) Sand-Grouse at Heligoland
(Gatke), 197; in Denmark (Wood),
198 ; Crossbills at Heligoland in July
(Cordeaux), 224; Eared Chat not a
British Bird (Clarke), 234; Utility
of the Barn Owl (Gurney), 264; Cross-

bills (2 species) on the East Coast of |

England (Gurney), 330.

Botanical Nomenclature: Duplicated
Generic Names (De-Toni), 157-158;
(Cockerell) 226; (Lees) 226.

Flowering Plants: of Heligoland (Cor-
deaux), 8; Leating of Oak and Ash
(Hobkirk), 14; Dichroism
odorata and other plants (Cockerell),

284.

Geology and Paleontology: Coal-dust
and Explosions in Coal-Mines (Watts),
145-151.

Heligoland (illustrated by autotype views).
I-12.

Hemiptera-Heteroptera : Notes on Col-
lecting (Mason), 295-297.

Printed by McCorquodale

in Viola |
| Reptiles and Amphibia: Table of Specific

Hepatics : Jubula hutchinsiz in co. Down
(Waddell), 143.

Lepidoptera: on Heligoland (Cordeaux),
4,8; Penmaenmawr, N. Wales (Porritt),
103-107 ; insect-migration at Heligolanc
and lists of species (Selys-Longchamps),
219-220.

Measurements: Conversion Tables for
naturalists (Wood), 90. -

Mollusca: Specimens in British Museum
from various counties (Cockerell),
230.

Neuroptera: at Penmaenmawr (Porritt),
105.

| Orthoptera : Grasshoppers on Heligoland

(Cordeaux), 9; at Penmaenmawr (Por-
ritt), 105.

Characters of British Newts (Greening),
243; Table of the Specific Characters
of Frogs and Toads (Greening), 359.

| Trichoptera: at Penmaenmawr (Porritt),

105.

Zoological Nomenclature: Duplicated
Generic Names (Cockerell), 226 ; (Lees),
226.

& Co. Limited, Leeds.

Ln Preparation.

A Monograph of the Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca
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Information is at present specially required on the Slugs ( Zestacella, Limax, and
Arion), of which living specimens from every district are desired.

On Monday, February Ist, 1886, was Published, No. }, Price 4d. Monthly,
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LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
LANCASHIRE.

cea cee ao a ee oe -e e A IN S e

This paper contains not only Mr. Standen’s own observations, but those of Messrs. R. D.

’ Darbishire, T. Rogers, W. H. Heathcote, J. A. Hargreaves, F. C. Long, H. Stephenson, and

other conchologists, and the observations published in Dyson’s list of 1850, and in Hardy’s
lists of 1864 and 1865, are reproduced for comparison.

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This day, price One Shilling, 8vo, with 20 Engravings, Parts I, LI, and IIT of

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By HOWARD SAUNDERS, F.L.S., F.Z.S., etc.,
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Additions to the Alge of West Yorkshire.—Wm. West, F.L.S.

Bird-Notes from ane oC neeEe Coast in the Autumn of 1888.—Joun
CorDEAux, M.B.O

Bibliography: Diptera, 1884, 1885, 1888, 1887.

Wotes on the Food and Habits of Slugs and Snails.—W. A. Gat, M.C.S.

Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union: Annual Meeting at Sheffield.

Plants of Langstrothdale, Mid-West Yorkshire.—Trevor Basi, Woopp.

CN ee this.

Bibliography: Geology and Paleontology, 1887.

Museums of the North of England.—Britisy AssociaTION COMMITTEE.

Bibliography: Phanerogamic Botany, 1886-1887. .

Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire & Cheshire.—J. W. Ettis, L.R.C.P., F.E.S.

a i Ak SIR a

NOW READY, 224 PAGES, 125 ILLUSTRATIONS, DEMY 8vo.
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THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE-HISTORY OF

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