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VIVARIUM NATURA,

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BREBRUM NATURALIUS,

VARIM ET VIVID IC ONes,

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COLOURED FIGURES

Barun aL OBJECTS;
DRAWN and DESCRIBED

IMMEDIATELY

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AUGUSTISSIME CELSISSIMAOQUE
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BRITANNIARUM REGINA,

VIRTUTIBUS PRACELLENTISSIM,

ARTIUM ELEGANTIARUM

JUDLCL FAUTRICN susaims,

HUN Cer LAL ot
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GEORGIUS SHAW,

FREDERICUS P: NODDER.

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MOST ILLUSTRIOUS PRINCESS.
PHARLOTT E.
OQOUEEN or GREAT BRITAIN,

NOT LESS DISTINGUISHED BY
HER VPRT VUES
THAN
HER STATION,
THIS FIRST VOLUME
OF GH |
NATURALIST’s MISCELLANY
Ee
WITH PROFOUND HUMILITY INSCRIBED
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HER MAJESTY’s MOST DEVOTED
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MOST OBEDIENT SUBJECTS AND SERVANTS,

GEORGE SHAW,

FREDERICK P: NODDER.

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PSITTACUS PORPHYROCEPHA-
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Ee a Re ee ee ee ee oe

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Roftrum aduncum: mandibula fuperiore mobili,
cera inftruécta.

Nares in roitri bafi. :

Lingua carnofa, obtufa, integra.

Pedes {canforu. | |

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 139.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

PSITTACUS fubmacrourus viridis, vertice fub-
criftato, purpureo-czruleo, gula rubra.

Inter numerofas hujus generis fpecies vix extat avi-
cula aut forma elegantior, aut coloribus pulchrior.
Infulas incolit auftrales modo‘exploratas, nuperis na-
vigiis inde ad nos advecta. Interdum fit ut differat
paulum colore alia ab alia: ut nempe in nonnullis fint
femora viridia, in noanullis purpurea. Interdum
etiam pectus aliquid fufci coloris exhibet. He diffe-
rentiz fortaffe vel fexus difcrimina indicant, vel a ju-
niori aut provectiori state oriuntur.

A

tT ok
PURPLE - HEADED PARRAKEET.

QI III IMO IOS

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill hooked. Upper mandible moveable.
Noftri/s round, placed in the bafe of the bill.
Longue flefhy, broad, blunt at the end.
Legs {hort. ‘Toes formed for climbing, viz. two
backward and two forward.
Linneus and Pennant.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

GREEN PARRAKEET, with the tail rather
elongated; crown flightly crefted, and of a
purplifh blue; throat red.

BLUE-CRESTED PARRAKEET.

Latham’s Synopfis of Birds. vol. 1. p. 254.

Of the extenfive genus to which this bird belongs,
there hardly exifts a more beautiful fpecies, either in
point of fhape or colour. It is a native of the newly-
difcovered Iflands in the South-Sea, and is one of the
numerous acquifitions with which Natural Hiftory has
been enriched by the late Voyages to the Southern
Hemifphere. It is fubject to fome variety as to co-
lour, the thighs in fome being green, and in others
purple: the breaft alfo is fometimes of a dufky tinge.
Thefe are probably either fexual differences, or elfe
may be owing to a more or lefs advanced ftate of age.

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PHALANA ATLAS.

Saoiferfe fool oferfesteofeoferfeafeafeofeofeafeodeafeafeateafeofeafe stead ;
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Antenne {etacee, a bafi ad apicem fenfim atte-

nuate.
Ale, \edentis, feepius deflexe. (Volatu no€tturno.)
Lin. Sy/t. Nat. p. 808.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

PHALANA peétinicornis elinguis, alis falcatis,
concoloribus luteo-variis, macula feneftrata :
fuperioribus fefqui-altera.

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 808.

Phalzena, in hac tabula depicta, eft omnium phala-
narum hactenus cognitarum maxima: omnium etiam,
teftante Linnzo ipfo, fpeciofiffima. Hiftoriz: naturalis
cultoribus Jjamdudum eft cognita, et a Domina Merian
in Hiftoria Infectorum Surinamenfium depicta: qua
tamen eximiam ipfius infecti venuftatem et varios co-
lores in tabula minus feliciter exprimit. Eruca, nota-
bilis hujus infecti mater, pragrandis eft, colore viridi,
et tuberculis flavis annulata. Appropinquante ejus in
chryfalidem metamorphofi, telam ferici fubflavi de fuo
ipfius glutine deducit, in qua cubat, durante chryfalidos
ftatu. Erucz he in China, et aliis Orientis regionibus,
nec-non in America calidioii frequenter reperiuntur :
et quandoquidem ter quolibet in anno producuntur, fe-

ricum

ricum illinc ortum commercii non parvi zftimandi fieri
poflit fundamentum ; firmiffimum enim hoc fericum fi-
mul ac elegantiffimum habetur. Opinionem hanc jam
olim vulgavit Domina Merian.

Vide Infect. Surin. tab. 52.

Vefcitur hac Eruca precipue foliis citri-

Phaleenze non mediocrem pulchritudinem afferunt
antennee fuze: finguli enim antennarum articuli radiis
quatuor, feu duobus utrinque fe diducentibus inftructi
funt, ita ut duplices appareant.

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DERI IEEE EEE EE EEE EEO
GENERIC CHARACTER,

The Antenne or Horns {etaceous, decreafing in
_ fize from the bafe to the point.

The Wings, when at reft, generally deflected.
Fiight, generally nocturnal.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

MOTH with fub-falcated Wings, varied with
different {hades of ferruginous and orange ;
with a large tran{parent fpot on each, and
a {maller contiguous fpot on the upper
wings. Colour of both the furfaces nearly
the fame.

The Moth figured in this plate is the largeft fpecies
of Phalena, hitherto difcovered; it muft be unne-
ceffary to add, that it is one of the moft beautiful.
Linneus, in the Syftema Nature, calls it Speciofiffima
Phalenarum. It has been long known to naturalifts,
and has been figured by Madam Merian, amongft the
infects of Surinam. The figure, however, which fhe
has given, does not by any means do juftice to the un-
common elegance of the infect itfelf. The Caterpillar
from which this remarkable Moth is produced, is very
large, of a green colour, and furrounded by rings of yel-

low

HE 7
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HOMME EO.

GENERIC CHARACTER.
No Horns.
Two long Tu/es in the upper jaw.
Fight {mall cutting Zeeth in the lower jaw, none

in the upper.
Linneus and Peynant.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
MUSK with legs of {maller diameter than the

human finger.

GUINEA MUSK.
Pennant. Hiff. Quadr. p. 115.

This elegant little creature is one of the fmalleft
of the hoofed quadrupeds, being feldom more than
about g Inches in length; or about the fize of a {mall
cat. It abounds in feveral parts of the Eaft-Indies,
and is common in the ifland of Java. Jt is an animal
of a very agile and lively difpofition. At firft view
one would not be inclined to rank this creature in the
genus Mofchus or Mutk. Yet, fince both Linnzus
and Mr, Pennant have agreed in fo doing, we fhall not
object to its being thus placed. The tufks in the upper
jaw are, however, very fhort, fo that it does not fhew,
in a ftriking manner, that particular of its generic cha-
racter. This little fpecies is generally of a tawny colour
above, and white below ; but the individual fpecimen,
from which this figure was taken (and which is now
in the Leverian Mufeum), is ftreaked in a remarkable
manner on the neck with white.

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CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Rofrum conicum, acuminatum, emarginatum,
bali fubtrigonum, apice declive.

Lin, Syft, Nat. p. 313.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

TANAGRA violacea, dorfo nigro, uropygio ful-
vo, capite viridi, pectore alifque violaceis.
7 Lin. Sy, Nat. p. 935.

Nefcio an hac plumas habeat aliqua avis fplendidi-
ores. Poffunt fane Trochili, aliarumque nonnullarum
colores, figillatim infpecti magis nitefcere ; vix tamen
alii avi obtigit tanta lucidarum plumarum varietas.
Guianum incolit in America Auftrali pulcherrima hzec
avicula. Hzemine et pullis pallidior eft color; fit etiam
interdum ut avis adulta differat paulum colore alia ab
alia. Cantu plane caret ; quod illi cum multis aliis re.
giones calidiores incolentibus commune eft: dicamus
igitur cum elegantiffimo fabularum {criptore, ‘$7 vocem
baberes nulla prior ales foret.’

B

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GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill conical, acuminated, a little inclining tox
wards the point, upper mandible flightly
ridged, and notched near the end.

Linneus and Pennant.---Clals, Pafferes.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER,
VIOLACEOUS TANAGRA, with the back
black, the rump orange, head green, breaft
and wings violet-blue. |
Lin. Syft. Nat. p.
Le SEPTICOLOR. |
Buff. Oif: vol. IV. p. 279. pl. 12.

TITMOUSE or PARADISE.
. Edw. pl. 349,

It may be doubted whether in the whole feathered
tribe there exifts a bird of gayer plumage than this,
In the Humming-birds and fome others, there are in.
deed {till more vivid hues, if fingly confidered ; but
{carce any bird yet known difplays fuch a combination
of lively colours. This fplendid little creature is an
inhabitant of Guiana in South America. The female
is fomewhat lefs brilliant in colour, as is alfo the cafe

with

Aealblatgecd, hob 7 17a. but Bo Neleler ELE ios

with thofe which have not yet attained their full age;
it likewife happens that fome flight varieties occafion-
ally take place in the colours of the full-grown birds.
Like many of the gay birds of the hotter climates, it
.is deftitute of fong. In the words of the elegant fabu-
lift, we may apply to it, ‘Sz vocem haberes, nulla prior

ales fores.’

‘fervatrix fuls armis, horrentibus execrabili veneno,
‘ peffimorum peffimo, in diverfis diverfo. Ne vero hi
‘fpoliati miferique armis que ipfis fupereffent nimium
‘fevirent, decimam quamque tantum fpeciem armavit
‘imperans, fed verfipelles eos voluit, ut dubii omnes
‘metuerentur ab omnibus.’

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THE
PAINTED SNAKE,

Drbe te sfeetereferfeferte ate fe fe afe afoot ate sfe oheaterfeaeotee >

GENERIC CHARACTER,
Body covered with uniform f{cales, or thofe on the

belly and beneath the tail, not differing in
fhape from the reft.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

SNAKE with about 240 {cales along the belly,
and 13 beneath the tail. General colour
black and orange; fometimes black and
white, &c.

The Serpent figured on this plate, befides being dif.
tinguifhed by the beauty of its colours, is perfectly
harmlefs. It is common in South America, where it re-
fides in woods, and preys upon various infects, &c. It is
faid to be particularly fond of Scolopendre, or centi-
pedes, which in thofe regions are uncommonly nume-
rous and large. It is fometimes found entirely black
and white, and fometimes pale rofe-colour and black:
but the moft elegant {tate in which it appears is that of
a bright orange-red ; much paler or yellowifh white on
the belly, and beautifully fafciated all over with bars of
the deepeft black. One of the moft fingular properties

of

of the ferpent tribe, is that of cafting their fkins at cer-
tain periods, and appearing ina ftate of fuperior beau-
ty in point of colour than before. This is one of the
principal caufes of that difficulty which obtains amongft
Naturalifts of determining the fpecies ; fince one and
the {ame animal may vary extremely in colour at diffe-
rent feafons, and therefore be miftaken for a different
fpecies. Linnzeus gives a very good:and probable rea-
fon for this, vaz. ‘That fince the Author of Nature has
‘armed many of the ferpent tribe with a dreadful poi-
‘fon, He has ordained that all fhould caft their fkins, in
‘order to infpire a neceflary univerfal caution and fuf-
‘picion of the whole tribe.’

BRADYPUS TRIDACTYLUS.

PETITE EEO PEP EEE OD

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Dentes primores nulli utrinque.

Lamarit obtufi, folitarii, molaribus longiores,
occurfantes.

Molares utrinque 5, obtufl.

Corpus pilis tectum.
Lin. Syft. Nat. Pp. 50.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

BRADYPUS pedibus tridaftylis, cauda brevi.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 50:

Hoc animali vix aliud afpectu deformius et inelegan-
tius poteft excogitari. Species ita in tabula depicta, in
America Auftrali nafcitur; fedem fibi querens in de-
fertiffimis locis, ubi otium turbare nec poffint homines
aut alia animantia. Negat celeberrimus Nature fcru-
tator Buffonius reperiri poffe aliquid in hoc animali.
quod mundani fyftematis vel ufui vel decori inferviat ;
clamitans monftrum effe informe, fine arte et confilio
factum, et ad folas erumnas aptum. Nec mirum, ait
ille; magna enim pars hominum vix fato meliore gau-
det. Pace tamen tanti viri, (qui fape feria cum ludi-
cris permifcet) liceat mihi dicere hoc ipfum animal tam
vile, tam vifu foedum, pro fuis vitae moribus fuifque pro-

prils

priis amcenitatibus non minus apte et idonee formari,
quam alia animantia, queis melior forma et ingenium
vividius obtigerint. Fructibus preecipue vefcitur Bra-
dypus; fed et folia ipfa lubenter comedit. Motu in-
cedit languido et tardiffimo. Vocem emittere dicitur
tam ultra fidem fingularem, tam miferanter ejulantem,
vultu fimul adeo lachrymofo, ut audientium mifericor-
diam et faftidium commoveat. Infolitum hunc clamo-
rem, (a natura, ut credere par eft pro defenfione datum)
fimul ac audierint alia animalia, terrore percita in fu-
gam fe recipiunt., Nec tamen vox et praterea nihil,
quo fe defendat data eft ; adeo enim robore preepollet
Bradypus, ut canem, unguibus fuis prehenfum, vehe-
menter renitentem, et omni vi evadere conantem mor-
dicus retineat, donec ipfa fame confumptum miferit.
Tantam enim ipfe tolerare poteft abftinentiam, ut trun-
co appentus, fine efca aut potu, per menfem integrum
duraverit, vix tandem fame et languore confumptus.
Patet hoc a mirando Kircheri experimento.

Alia exftat Bradypi fpecies ; huic valde fimilis ; cur
tamen pedes anteriores duobus tantum unguibus mu-

niti funt.

LP b.44 nl” 7, LOS, ly FP Nedder
of ls del

x C2 N13 Cantor Breet:

oy a eee ee

To Bee
THREE-TOED SLOTH.

Siiteledeieeb bebebidetleetitb].
GENERIC CHARACTER.
No Cutting-Tecth in either Jaw.
Canine Teeth obtule, fingle, longer than the grind-
ers, placed oppofite.
Grinders five on each fide, obtufe.
Fore-Legs much longer than the hind.
Claws very long. [ Linneus and Pennant.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
SLOTH, with three toes on each foot, and a
very fhort tail; fize of a fmallifh dog.
THREE-TOED SLOTH.
Pennant. Hif?. Quadr. p. 494.

tAT [ Buffon. vol. XII. p. 34. tab. 5.6.

So extraordinary is the union of awkwardnefs and ug
linefs in this uncommon creature, that it has generally
been regarded as one of the moft {triking examples of
animal deformity. The {pecies here exhibited, is a na-
tive of South America, where it refides in folitary places,
and where its quietude is leaft liable to be difturbed by
Man or other animals. <A celebrated Naturalift, the
Count de Burron, will not allow this creature to have
any fhare in contributing to the general beauty in the
chain of beings, but regards it as an ill-conftructed
mafs of deformity, created only for mifery, which he

thinks.

fee

thinks is the lefs to be wondered at, when perhaps the
major part of mankind experience the fame fate.
With fubmiffion, however, to this lively Naturalift, I
fhould not hefitate to believe that the Sloth, notwith-
{tanding this appearnce of wretchednefs and deformity,
is as well fafhioned for its proper modes and habits of
life, and feels as much happinefs in its folitary and ob-
{cure retreats, as the reft of the animal world of greater -
locomotive powers and fuperior external elegance.

The Sloth feeds chiefly on fruit: it will even feed
on the leaves of trees; and it 1s of all animals the moft
languid in its motions. Its voice is faid to be fo incon-
ceivably fingular, and of fuch a mournful melancholy,
attended at the fame time with fuch a mifery of afpect,
that it excites at once a mixture of pity and difgutft ;
and that the animal makes ufe of this natural yell as
its beft mode of defence; fince other creatures are
frightened away by the uncommon found. ‘This is,
however, far from being its only refuge; for fo great
is the fhare of mufcular {trength which it poffeffes, that
it is capable of feizing a dog with its claws, and hold.
ing it, in fpite of all its efforts to efcape, ’till it perifhes.
with hunger ; for the Sloth itfelf is fo well calculated
for fupporting abftinence, that the celebrated Kircher
affures us of its power in this refpect having been ex-
emplified by the very fingular experiment of fuffering
one which had faftened itfelf to a pole, to remain in
that fituation, without any fuftenance, ’till it perifhed
through fatigue and famine ; which did not happen ’till
more than the fpace of a whole month.

There is another fpecies of Sloth which has the fame
general appearance with the fpecies here figured, but
is furnifhed with only two toes to the fore-feet..

PErPrLTACUS PORPHYRIO.

rile kloteloiotoiiiokekolek det ibtoletetefeoleterkafeakec

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Roffrum aduncum : mandibula {uperiore mobil1,
cera inftructa.

Nares in roftri bafi.

Lingua carnofa, obtufa, integra.

Pedes {canforii.

Lin, Sy/?. Nat.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

PSITTACUS fubmacrourus, violaceo- -cyaneus,
capite fubcriftato, gula albida.

Perexigua hee Pfittaci fpecies inter elegantiffimas
fui generis merito locum obtinet. Color illi eft admo-
dum violaceus, gula pettorifque parte fuperior! excep-
tis, quee albicant, in quibufdam f{peciminibus fubfulco
obumbrata. Roftrum pedefque rubefcunt. Capitis
plume fere in criftam funt produéte, ut in Pfittaco
_Porphyrocephalo in Numero primo hujus operis ex-
preffo., Huic avicule fingulare quoddam eft, (quod
et Lathamium in Synopfi Avium non effugit,) lingua
nempe que generi obtufa et brevis eft, in hac fpecie
honga eft, et fafciculo, feu penicillo fetularum albarum
terminata. Infulam Otaheitee, in Oceano Auttrali,

incolit hac {pecies.
D

ltt tt eat ce ea ee aiid

LL a

TT i me

VIOLET BLUE: rAR RA. 4.
ite fedededolesiededetefedete teteleatedele >

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill hooked. Upper mandible moveable.

Tongue broad, flefhy, and obtufe.

Legs rather fhort. Toes formed for climbing,
viz. two forward and two backward.

Specific CHARACTER:

VIOLET-BLUE PARRAKEET, with the tail
-fomewhat elongated; head rather crefted ;
throat white. Length about 5 Inches, or
fomewhat more.

OTAHEITAN BLUE PARRAKEET.
Latham. Synopf. p. 59.

N. B, This bird and the Pfittacus Porphyrocephalus figured in
the Firft Number of ¢izs work, are very nearly of the fame
fize and proportion. |

This diminutive {pecies is one of the moft elegant
of its tribe. Its colour is a beautiful deep violet, ex-
cept on the throat and upper part of the breaft, where
it is white ; but in fome {pecimens {lightly tinged with

dulky.

\
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WH

ee ee

,
.
i
/
,

dufky. The bill and legs are reddifh, and the feathers
on the head are elongated, fo as to form a flight crett,
in the fame manner as in the Pfittacus Porphyrocepha-
lus, defcribed in the Firft Number of this work.

A very curious circumftance relative to this little
bird, has been obferved by Mr. Latham in his Synop-
fis of Birds ; viz. that the tongue, which in the reft of
the genus is blunt and fhort, is in this fpecies long, and
terminated by a fort of pencil of {hort white brifties.

It isa native of the Ifland of Otaheitee in the South-
ern Hemifphere.

DRACO VOLANS.

IIIA ALI ILI ILIA IIIA LILIAN IME

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Corpus tetrapodum, caudatum, alatum ; alis pro-
pris.

Lin. “yt Nat. p- 9596.

ee ACTER, SPECIFIC UE.

DRACO brachus ab ala diftindts.
Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 358.

Simile eft Lacertis hoc animalculum nifi quod mem-
branam habeat lateralem, radtis quibufdam offeis firma-
tam, et Guam ad arbitrium vel complicare vel explicare
poteft. Hinc Lacerta volans non inepte nominari pof-
fet. Celeberrimus tamen Linnzus, in Syftemate Na-
ture, genus illi diftin€ttum nomine Draconis dedit.

Africa indigena eft, et ut alize minores Lacerte, in-
ter arbores vagatur, more {ciuri volantis, ope membra-
nz fuze lateralis faliens; an volitans potius dicam? Ali-
arum lacertarum more infeétis vefcitur, que (ut verif-
mite mihi vifum eft) facculo quem habet in gula, inge-
rit, poflea pro arbitrio, et per otium comedenda.

Tegitur undique Draco volans fquamis parvulis, et
plerumg ue eft coloris fubcinerei, fufco alboque plus
minus vivide dorfum et alas variatus.

TB dae; Publioded. Oost
—fonidon, Siblisted Oct? 4

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FLYING DRAGON.

DIR IOC Ob Bh EO

GENERIC CHARACTER:

Body four-footed, tailed, and winged:

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

DRAGON with the fore-legs unconneéted with
the wings.

It is merely in being furnifhed with a lateral expand-
ed membrane, ftrengthened by a few radii, or bony
proceffes, that this animal differs from the Lizard tribe;
fo that it might, without impropriety, be named the
Flying Lizard. Linnaeus however, in his celebrated
work, the Syftema Nature, has inftituted a diftin@
genus for it, under the title of Draco or Dragon.

This animal is an inhabitant of Africa, and like ma-
ny other of the fmaller Lizards, delights in wandering
about trees, and from the peculiar mechanifm of its la-
teral membranes, is enabled to fpring from bough to
bough, and fupport itfelf in air for a moment or two,
in the manner of a flying Squirrel. Like other Li-
zards, it feeds on infects, and it is not improbable that
the remarkable gular pouch with which its furnifhed,
may be a provifion of Nature, for retaining for fome
time, a number of fmall infeéts which it may colleét,

to be afterwards fwallowed more at leifure.
This

This animal is covered with very fmall fcales, and
is generally of an afh-colour, varied and clouded on
the back and wings with brown and whitifh; which va-
riations in the different fpecimens of the animal are

more or lefs deep.

SCOLOPENDRA MORSITANS.

Se ee Oe ie ec i eS a oe

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Pedes numeroli, totidem utringue quot corporis
fegmenta.
Antenne l{etacee.
Palpi duo, articulati.
Corpus depreflum.
Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 1062.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

SCOLOPENDRA pedibus utrinque 20.
Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 1062.

Huic Infeéto, Indiam utramque et Africam incolen-
ti, formidolofus omnino et horridus eft afpeétus. Non
fatis manifefte patet (ut mihi vifum eft) difcrimen inter
duas fpecies Linneanas, Giganteam fcilicet et Morfi-
tantem. Articulos itidem, feu corporis pedumque feg-
menta, non femper in eadem fpecie numero zqualia
effe opinatus fum. In fpecie Europcea, ita fe rem has
bere, probe cognofcitur: larve enim, feu juniores, pe-
dibus paucioribus quam feniores funt inftru€ti. Vene-
no quodam imbuta eft fpecies illa jam defcripta, quod
per forcipem tubulatam, cui apex foratus, morfu in

vulnus indit.
Scolopendra

f

Scolopendre hz ingentes in fylvis plurime funt, va-
riis anguibus cibum prebentes. In domus haud raro
irrepunt, Indiam colentibus adeo molefte, ut lettorum
poftes in aqua immergere dicantur incole, ne noétu in-
commodi aliquid ab infeétis hifce horrendis percipiant.

Veteres qui de Hiftoria Naturali {cripferunt, multa
et dira perhibent de Scolopendrarum morfu, quorum
tamen ita incertum eft teftimonium, ut facete potius
fabulari, quam in veritatis inveftigatione verfari vide-
antur.

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COA HA Ne soot boteteettettece

GENERIC CHARACTER.

feet numerous. As many on each fide as the
joints of the body.

Antenna {etaceous and jointed.

Feelers 2, jointed,

Body deprefled, or flattened.

Linneus. |

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

SCOLOPENDRA with about 20 legs on each
fide,

a

There is fomething uncommonly formidable in the

appearance of this Infeét. It 1s found both in the Fatt
and Welt-Indies, as well as in different parts of Africa.
The difference between the two Linnean fpecies, the
Gigantea and Morfitans, does not.appear fufficiently
clear, and I am inclined to believe that the number of
joints and confequently of legs, is not always the fame
in different {pecimens of the fame animal ; indeed, in

: 1 the

the {maller European fpecies this is well known to be
the cafe; the larve, or thofe which are young, being
furnifhed with fewer feet than when in a more advan-
ced {tate of life. The fpecies here defcribed, is of a
poifonous nature, and is furnifhed with a pair of for-
ceps, which being tubular, and with an opening or flit
towards the points, are the inftruments through which
the infeé injeéts its poifonous juice when it bites.
Thefe large Scolopendre chiefly inhabit the woods,
where they are preyed upon by different f{pecies of
{nakes; but, like the European ones, they fometimes
are found in houfes, and are faid to be fo common in
{ome particular diftriéts, that the inhabitants are obliged
to have the feet of their beds placed in veffels of water,
to prevent their being annoyed during the night by
thefe horrible reptiles. The older writers on Natural
Hiftory are full of the dreadful confequences refulting
from the bites of Scolopendre, but their defcriptions
are {fo vague, and their accounts fo uncertain, that no

great fatisfa€tion can be obtained from reading their
Hiltories. |

MOTACILLA SUPERBA.

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Rofrum fubulatum, rettum : mandibulis fubaqua-
21 libus. |

Nares obovate.

Lingua \acero-emarginata. ;

| Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 328.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

MOTACILLA nigra, remigibus fufcis, abdomi-

’ ne albo, fronte genifque ceruleis.

Hec avicula, inter alias fui generis forfan pulcher-
rima, Nove Hollandia, pracipue Terra de Van Die-
man dict incola eft; illinc paucis abhinc annis pri-
mum in Angliam illata. Colores paulum variat ; cir-
ca frontem {cilicet plus minus eft czrulea, ventrem
plus minus albida. Caput eft aterrimum; quod tegunt
plume molliffime. ‘Totum etiam corpus vettiunt plu- |
mz preter folitum tenere et elegantes.

ce OT BE )
SUPERB WARBLER.

PEEKS

GENERIC CHARACTER,

Bill {ubulated (or awl-fhaped); ftrait; the man- |
dibles nearly equal.

Noftrils nearly oval.

Tongue jagged, or lacerated towards the tip.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

BLACK WARBLER, with the long feathers
of the wings brown; the belly white; the
forehead and cheeks blue.

The beautiful fpecies of Motacilla here figured, is a
native of that part of New Holland called Van Dieman’s
Land; and is one of the new fpecies of birds, which
have been difcovered during the voyages to thofe parts.
It varies a little in colour, fome fpecimens having more
of the blue on the head than others; the belly alfo in
fome fpecimens is of a more dufky tinge than in others. ©
The head is of the deepeft velvet-black, and the fea-
thers on the whole bird have an unufual fhare of foft- _
nefs and elegance. |

Ay

Lente , Published. Nov? 69 hy PP, Nodder ; ae 1. 9 Cawers Rr Wer

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MANIS PENTADACTYLA.
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Denies nulli.

Lingua teres, extenfilis.

Os anguiiatum in roftrum.
Corpus {quamis tectum.

ALI, Syft. Nat. p. 52.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.
=e pedibus pentada¢tylis.
Tae. Wa INal. p.' 52.

LACERTUS SOUAMOSUS.
Bont. ‘Fav. p. 60.

Externam tantum formam fpetanti, videatur hoc
animal inter lacertos debere reponi: quibus tamen nul-
la alia re eft affine. Eft enim quadrupes revera vivi-
parum, ab aliis quadrupedibus in hoc tantum difcre-
pans, quod {quamis validis admodum et magnis, pro
pilis veftitur. He {quama mire adeo a Natura com-
parantur ut, appropinquante periculo, contrahere fefe
poffit animal in pilam oblongam, nullis pene dixerim
-vulneribus obnoxiam ; funt enim {quame robufte adeo
eCacute, ut pedes ferarum rapacium, incaute contrec-
Yare audentium, fevere lancinent. Animal mite eft

Manis,

Manis, vefciturque precipue infectis et vermibus. In-
ter fylvas et loca paluftria vagatur, nullam aliam vocem
prater rhonchum quendam peculiarem emittens. In
magiiam interdum crefcit molem, pedes feptem vel
oio longa. Alia fpecies eft hujus generis, in pluribus
huic valde fimilis, cui tamen cauda multo longior, pe-
defque unguibus quatuor tantum munitifunt. Species
hic depicta in India Orientali habitat, in infula Java
quam alibi frequentior. In Africa etiam dicitur inve-
mini.

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TH E
FIVE-TOED MANIS.

oe ee ee ee ee eee

GENERIC CHARACTER.
No Teeth.

Tongue cylindric and extenfile.
Mouth narrowed into a Mout.
Body covered with {cales.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
MANIS with pentadattylous (or five-toed) feet.
Pee:
SHORT-TAILED MANIS.
Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 505. .

If external form alone were regarded in this animal,
it might be looked upon as a {pecies of Lizard, {o ftrik- :
ing is the general refemblance which it bears to that |
tribe. In reality, however, it has no other afhnity
- with thofe creatures; it is a genuine viviparous qua-
druped, and only differs from the generality of other
quadrupeds in being covered, not with hairs, but with
large and ftrong {cales, which are fo admirably con.
-trived by Nature, as to enable it to contract itfelf on

the approach of danger, into an oblong ball, in fuch
: a manner

a manner as to be almoft invulnerable ; for fuch is the
ftrength and fharpnefs of its fcales, that they have been
known to cut the feet of fuch beafts of prey as have
ventured to attack it in this its defended ftate. The
Manis is an animal of a harmlefs difpofition. It feeds
principally on infects, worms, &c. wanders about
woody and marihy places, and has no other voice than
a fort of fnorting. It grows toa very great fize, and
fometimes meafures feveral feet in length. There is
another fpecies of Manis, which has the fame general
appearance, but which differs in having a much longer
tail, and the feet furnifhed with four claws only, in-
ftead of five.

The fpecies here figured, is an Eaft-Indian animal,
and feems to be more common in the ifland of Java,
than in other parts. It has alfo been found in Africa,

ARANEA AVICULARIA.
ee ee ee ee ee ee ae
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Pedes oto.
Oculi o€to.
Os unguibus, feu retinaculis duobus.
Palpi duo articulati; mafculis genitalibus capi-
tati.
Anus papillis textoriis.
Lin. Syfi. Nat. p. 1030,

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

ARANEA thorace orbiculato convexo; centre
tran{verle excavato.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1034:
Mer. Sur. t. 18.
Fabric. Spec. Inf. p. 545:

Araneam vulgarem ct domefticam non poflunt non
horrefcere et averfari incuriofi natura obfervatores.
Quam longe tamen diftat haec minuta et imbellis {pe-
cies ab Aranez Avicularize horrenda et ingenti mole!
quam non folum alia Infecta fed ipfe etiam aves refor-
midant, forcipes habentem unguibus accipitris magni-
tudine pares, oculofque quibus exfectis et more vitrt
optici paratis pro microfcopio uti poffunt Philofophi.

Enorm!s

Enormis hec Aranea in variis Americ regionibus
frepe confpecta, frequentior eft in America Meridi-
onali. Inter arbores verfatur, aviculis infidians, quas
prius forcipibus vulneratas fanguinem exfugendo de-
inde enecat. Forcipes ifte virus inflant in vulnus, ut
et aliis pleri{que Araneis commune eft. Foramen juxta
apices forcipum, per quod exit venenum, et de quo,
fitne foramen necne, multum diuque inter phyficos
dubitatum eft, in hac fpecie ab ipfo oculo, fine ope
microfcopii plane poteft percipi.

Mirari fane jure poffunt illi, qui in microfcopicis
inveftigationibus verfantur, illique praecipue qui mi-
crofcopio Liberkuniano ufi funt, ullum unquam exifti-
tiffe dubium de hoc foramine in Aranearum forcipibus:
inefle enim illud Aranez ipfi vulgari et domeftice
plane demonftrat prima vel fecunda lens iftius micro-
{copii. Notandum tamen eft commune microfcopium
ad diftinctum rei tam minute confpectum non fatis
accommodari. Swammerdamii et Roéfelii acumen
effugit hoc foramen, et probe notum eft Meadum cele-
berrimum in tractatu fuo de venenis Leewenhoekium
erraffe credere, cum venenum Aranee per foramen for-
cipum exprimi aflerit: affirmat enim Meadus fe vari-
arum fpecierum forcipes, et fpeciatim przgrandis
hujus {peciei fedulo examinaffle, nec tamen foramen
potuifle detegere. Cum tamen multos poft annos rem
illi plane oftendit Bakerus, priorem opinionem fummo —
cum candore revocavit vir doctiffimus, alteramque
fubftituit; certas tantum fpecies venenofas effe, eas
hempe que tubulatis forcipibus inftructe funt; ut in
ferpentibus evenit; quorum certe tantum fpecies

| yeneno

-veneno imbutz funt ; ille nempe que dentes tubula-
tos gerunt, e.g. Crotalus, Vipera, &c. f

Ab oculis aliorum Infe@torum differunt longe Arane-
arum oculi, et pro diverfitate fpecierum diverfum
habent numerum et fitum.

Species de qua jam agitur o¢to habet oculos, in for-
mam pene oblongo-quadratam difpofitos. Horum
duo intermedii reliquis grandiores funt, et plane ro~
tundi; ceteri in formam ovi efinguntur.

~

THE
-BIRD-CATCHING SPIDER. _
PIMA IME IEEEES

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Eight Legs.

Eight Eyes.

Mouth furnifhed with 2 hooks or holders.

Two jointed Pa/pi or Feelers, the tips of which
(in the males) diftinguifh the fex.

The Addomen terminated by papille, or teats,
through which the Infect draws its thread.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

SPIDER with orbicular convex thorax with a
tranfverle central excavation.

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1034.
Mer. Surin. tab. 18. |

The common Spiders of Europe are frequently be-_
held with horror and averfion by thofe who have not
accuftomed themfelves to an attentive furvey of the
works of nature; but what are thefe when compared
with the terrific magnitude of the gigantic f{pecies here
exhibited! A fpecies which is formidable not only to
other infects, but even to birds themfelves; whofe
fangs are equal in fize to the talons of a hawk, and

whofe

of

he

PRS ee Se

r,

whofe eyes are capable of being fet in the manner of
glaffes and ufed as microfcopes. This enormous Spi-
der is not uncommon in many parts of America, but
it is principally found in South-America. It refides
amongf{t trees, and frequently feizes on {mall birds,
which it deftroys by fucking their blood, after having
firft wounded them by its fangs, which inftil a poifon-
ous fluid into the wound, in the manner of other Spi-
ders. The flit or orifice near the tip of the fangs of
Spiders, through which the poifonous fluid is evacu-
ated, and the exiftence of which has afforded fo much
_ matter of doubt amongft Naturalifts, is in this {pecies
fo vifible that it may be diftincétly perceived without
a glafs.

To thofe who are accuftomed to microfcopical in-
veftigations, and make ufe of the advantageous ftruc-
ture of the opake microfcope, it may feem furprifing
that any doubt could ever have been entertained of the
exiftence of this foramen in the fangs of Spiders, fince
even in the common Houfe-Spider it is perfectly vifi-
ble by the affiftance of the firft or fecond magnifier of
Liberkun’s microfcope ; but it fhould be confidered
that microfcopes of the ufual ftructure are not calcu-
lated for fhewing to advantage fo fmall an object, and
which requires fo favourable a light. Even Swam-
~ merdam and Roéfel could not difcover it; and it 1s
notorious that Mead in his Account of Poifons, ima-
-gines Leewenhoek to have been miftaken in fuppofing
that the Spider evacuated its venom through a hole in
its fangs; and declares that he himfelf had examined

the fangs of feveral Spiders, and of this large one 1n
¢ _ particular,

particular, without having been able to difcover the
foramen. The late Mr. Baker however, feveral years
after, convinced him of its exiftence. He then re-
tracted his former fentiment, and with great candour

and judgment gave it as his opinion, that, as amongtft

ferpents, only fome particular fpecies are poifonous,
and have teeth that are perforated for the emiffion of
their poifon, viz. the Rattle-Snake, the Viper, and
others, fo among{t Spiders fome kinds only may be
poifonous, viz. fuch as are provided with perforated
fangs. ‘ |

The Ikyes of Spiders differ very much from thofe of
moft other infects ; and are different both in number
and difpofition in the feveral fpecies.. The prefent
[pecies has eight eyes, which are difpofed fomewhat in
the form of an oblong fquare. Of thefe the two mid-

dle ones are larger than the reft, and perfectly round;
the others are of an oval fhape.

. te oe emins
See ey ee ee

AeweOr CRISTATA,

Saesfesfesfeafeofefesfeafedfeafeafesfeafeafeafeafestesteafedfesfeateatocts
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Roftrum trigonum, craflum, rectum, longum.
Lingua carnofa, brevillima, plana, acuta.
Pedes greflorn, plerique.
gad | 7 age
Lin. Syft, Nat. p. 178.
C] a {T : Picé.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Se.

ALCEDO brachyura fuberiftata ceruléa, fubtus

rufa, crifta nigro-undulata.
; | Lin. Syft. Nat. pe 170.

Edwards. t. 336?

Le VINTSI.
| Buffon. Oif: vol. VII. p. 205.

In genere Alcedinis exempla funt coloris varii et
fplendidiffimi: inter omnes autem Alcedines eminet
pulcherrima fpecies in tabula depicta. Titer muinores
eft fui generis. Criftam in vertice formofam gerit
hee avicula qua illi non parvo eft ornamento. In
infula Amboyna apud Indos praccipue inventtur,

H

A te E
CRESTED KIN Crisn ae

anjuisiolevoieolojoliioisictuboieisiatejedtote
GENERIC CHARACTER,

Bill trigonal, thick, ftrait, long, fharp-pointed.
Tongue flefhy, very fhort, flat, fharp-pointed.
Feet (in moft of the fpecies) greflorial, 7. e. three
toes forward, and one backward; and the
three lower joints of the middle toe clofely
joined to thofe of the outmott.
Linnaeus and Pennant.

Clafs, Price.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER. Se.

SHORT-TAILED BLUE-CRESTED KING-
+ ISHER, rufous beneath, the creft undula-
lated with black. | aoe
Edwards, pl. 336?

Le VINTSI.

Buff. Hift. Orf- vol. VIL. p. 205.

In the Kingfifher genus, we have examples of the
moft ftriking variety and brilliancy of colour, and
perhaps, in this refpect, no fpecies can be found that
exceeds the bird here reprefented. It is one of the
{maller birds of its genus. Its beauty is fingularly
heightened by the elegant creft with which the head

is ornamented. It is a native of the ifland of Amboy-~
na in the Eaft-Indies.

SS
SS
SEBQV

Ce
“OS

WANS
Os.

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= r —_——_ a, ~_ P aaeeeee art Mi
————— , er

op ne are |
Bilstad Deol trys te Vas

é

ne <a se
5. a

GORGONIA FLABELLUM?

DEITIES

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Flores Hydre, fparfi e poris lateralibus.
Stirps radicata, cornea, continuata, ramofa; bafi
explanata, cortice obduéta.

Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 1289.
Claff: Vermes.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Se.

GORGONIA reticulata ramis interne comprel-
fis, cortice flavo ?
Lin. Syfi. Nat. p. 1299.

FRUTEX MARINUS ELEGANTISSIMUS?
Cluf. exot. 120.

FLABELLUM VENERIS.
Elif: corall, p. 61. t. 20.

a slfrmenereeetene tte A CCA ER A LC ON

De corallii in hac tabula depicti natura et ortu, no-
mine Flabelli marini cogniti, plurimum difceptavere
Philofophi ; incerti quo in ordine entium debeat repo-
ni. Multas hujus claffis fpecies f{criptores antiqui et
recentiores ut vegetabilia defcripferunt ; at a feriis et
fedulis inveftigationibus doctorum hominum tandem
compertum eft vera effe animalia, vegetabilia tantum

{tructura
H 2

{tructura fua referentia, ab animalium incelentium Ia-
bore ita efhcta. Vetat inftituti mei brevitas varia in
hanc queftionem Phyficorum argumenta proferre.
Qui plura defiderat Acta Philofophica Anglica et Gal-
lica, praecipue vero fcripta Elliiii confulat. Subftan-
tlas omnes marinas, communiter nomine Coralliorum
et Corallinarum diftinctas, cum paucis alis diverfe
indolis animalibus, digerit Linnzeus in duas divifiones,
Lithophyta {cilicet et Zoophyta. In Zoophytis ani-
malis natura multo magis prapollet : nam he fubftan-
tize (ut et nomen vult) ex animalibus et vegetabilibus
compofita funt: in Lithophytis materia calcaria et la-
pidea magis dominatur. Lithophyta corallium quod
incolunt revera edificafie creduntur, ut patet In ma-
dreporis et in aliis corallus lapidofis. Zoophyta autem
ut putat Linnzeus, funt vere planta, floribus animatis
preeditee, peculiari Naturz confilio a ramufculis in for-
mam polyporum fe pandentibus. Dubitari merito po-
teft fitne haec Linnaei idea vere Philofophica. Verifi-
milior fortafie Elhfil opinio, qui vult partem vulgo
vegetabilem reputatam, efle meram bafin, ab anima-
libus incolentibus efhictam.

Heec animalia forma fua ad genus Hydre, feu Po-
lypi accedunt. Genus Gorgonia, ad quod prefens
{pecies pertinet, eft forte omnium Zoophytorum ele-
gantiffimum. Plurimas continet fpecies, inter quas
alize {unt timplices, feu vix ramofee ; aliz valde ra-
mote, et alia etiam reticulate ; fub quibus hec ipfa
{pecies militat.

Formofum hoc corallium, in littoribus maris Me-
diterranel, in littoribus etiam Indicis et Americanis

reperitur,

reperitur, rupibus aliifque bafin fecuram praebentibus
adnatum.

In magnam fzpe crefcit molem, duorum fcilicet
vel trium pedum: frequenter etiam more elegantiffimo
proliferum confpicitur. Color ejus generalis purpu-
reus eft ; interdum flavus; nec raro utrifque hifce co-
loribus variatus. Pars ejus vegetabilis eft coloris ob-
{cure cornei feu fufci; pars calcaria feu carnea, quam
incolunt animalia, eft, ut antea dictum, vel flava vel
purpurea, et undique tuberculis parvis creberrime ob-
fita, intra que, fi recens fit Zoophytum, vivunt Hy-
dre parvulz.

Fig. 1. Pars ramuli leviter audti, cum tuberculis, feu Hydrarum
cellulis.

Fig. 2. Hydra ipfa, magnitudine aucta,

THE
FAN GORGONIA,

OK

YEN US's Pee

Le fe YM AM AIMEE III IE EEE ES

GENERIC CHARACTER.

The Flowers Polypes, difperfed from the lateral
branches.
The Sem rooted, horny, continued, branchy ;
flattened at the bafe, covered with’a bark.
Lin.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Se.

RETICULATED GORGONIA, with the ra-
mifications internally comprefled, and the
bark yellow (or purple).

Lin.

VENUS’s FAN.

Ellis’'s Zoophytes, p. 92.

SEA-FAN.
Elis’s Corallines, p. 60.

The object figured on this plate, and generally known.
by the name of the Sea-Fan, is one of thofe numerous
productions which are not more remarkable for the

‘fingularity of their appearance, than for the different

opinions

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opinions which have arifen amongft philofophical en-
quirers, relative to their real nature, and the rank
which they fhould hold in the fcale of beings. Many
of the fpecies of this clafs have, by the ancient wri-
ters and feveral of the moderns likewife, been defcri-
bed as vegetables; but from the unwearied attention
of fome learned naturalifts to this fubject, it was at
length difcovered, and feems now pretty generally ad-
mitted, that they are in reality of an animal nature,
and that the ftrong refemblance which many of them
bear to vegetables, 1s to be contidered as entirely ow-
ing to the operation of the animals which formed them.

In a publication of this nature, it will not be ex-
pected, that a particular inveftigation of the arguments
on both fides of this curious fubject fhould be intro-
duced: we fhall therefore refer fuch of our readers
who may with for more circumftantial defcriptions, to
the Philofophical Tranfactions, the Memoirs of the
French Academy ; and more particularly to the works
of the late Mr. Ellis, where the fulleft information may
be found.

The whole tribe of the marine fubftances, known by
the general names of Corals and Corallines, ( with fome
animals of a different kind,) are arranged in the Lin-
nzan Syftem under two divifions, wz. Lithophyta and
Zoophyta. In the latter of thefe, or Zoophytes, the
animal nature predominates more apparently than in
the former; and indeed thefe beings (as the name im-
ports) feem rather to be a compofition of animal and
vegetable; whereas in the Lithophytes, or other Lin-

nean divifion, the ftony or calcareous part prevomi-
haces

nates greatly over the animal one. The Lithophytes
are confidered as the actual builders of the fubftance
which they appear to inhabit, as in the Madrepores,
and other hard or ftony corals ; but the Zoophytes are
(according to the Linnean idea) to be confidered as
a kind of real vegetables, furnifhed with animated flow-
ers, which, by a peculiar procefs of nature, difplay them-
{elves from the ramifications in the form of real ani-
mals of the Polype tribe.

Whcether this idea be ftrictly philofophical may well
be queftioned ; and perhaps the opinion of Mr. Ellis,
viz. that the ramified or fuppofed vegetable part, is
a meer bafis or fupport formed by the animals which
inhabit it, is the moft probable opinion of the two.

Thefe animals are generally of an appearance more
or lefs refembling the Hydra, or Polype genus. The
ecnus Gorgonia, to which our prefent fubject belongs,
is one of the moft elegant of the Zoophyte tribe. It
contains a great number of f{pecies, fome of which are
nearly of a fimple or-unbranched ftructure, while
others are very much ramified, and fome are alfo reti-
culated; it is in this latter divifion of the genus, that
this fpecies 1s to be arranged. ,

This beautiful coral is found on the coafts of the
Mediterranean, and thofe of both the Indies ; adhering
to rocks or other fubftances, which may afford it a
{teady bafis.

It is frequently of a very large fize, viz. two or
three feet in length; and it is often proliferous in a
moft elegant manner. Its general colour is a beauti-
ful purple, tinged with yellowifh ; but in point of co-

lou.

lour, it varies extremely ; fome f{pecimens being feen
almoft all purple, others all yellow, or variegated with
purple branches and veins.

The vegetable part or {tem is of a very dark horn-
colour, or brown; the animal part confifts of the cal-
careous yellow or purple incruflation ; thickly befet
with {mall protuberances, in each of which is a cavity,
which, (in the recent coral) is the habitation of a {mall
Polype.

Fig. 1. A {mall detached part, flightly magnified, fhewing the
cells in which the Polypes refide.

fig. 2. Vhe Polype itfelf flightly magnified.

eat a

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-

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Sraibherpete shat iit aan

43 ae rs
ane

ee ee aD oP 1 MG td
Orie doieebeboboebitedobobaeitutee.
CHARACTER GENERICUS.
Antenne apicem vertus crafliores, faepius clava-
to-capitate.

Ale (ledentis) ereéte furfumque conniventes,
(Volatu diurno.)

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744:
CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &e.

PAPILIO alis denticulatis tomentofis fupra_ vi-
ridibus ; inftitis atris; pofticis maculis fex
nigris,

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744.

PAPILIO AMBOINENSIS viridi et nigro-

holofericus infignis.

Vincent. Muf. 10.
PAPILIO PRIAMUS.

Clerk. Leon. Inf. rar. t. 17.

N. B. Antenna in hac fpecie non clavato-capitata, fed filiformes,
et acuminatz.

Si illuftrifimo Linnzo affentimur, hac Papilionis
Species omnium pulcherrima reputanda eft, Papili-
“onum omnium (inquit Linnaeus) princeps longe au-

« oufliflimus

“ouftiflimus, totus holofericus, ut dubitem pulchrius
“quidquam a natura in infectis productum’”’. In in-
{ula Amboyna habitat, et inter lautiffimas fimul ac
pretiofiffimas fpecies cenfetur. Color ejus viridis ita
eft formofus, ut omnem alium virorem fuperet, et fe-
ricum molliffimum et nitidiffimum longe antecellat :
notandum etiam eft quod aureus quidam fulgor cum
virore commiftus, illi alarum parti que aterrimi eft
coloris, pulcherrime opponitur.

Papilio Priamus primum locum obtinet inter duas
Linnaeanas divifiones Papilionum majorum in Equites
Trojanos et Achivos. Hee duze fectiones Papilionum
ab omnibus aliis hujus generis infectis diftinguuntur
forma peculiarit alarum fuperiorum, que ab angulo
poftico ad apicem longiores funt quam ad bafin.

Equites ‘Trocs plerumque maculis ex utraque parte
thoracis fanguineis notati funt. Plerumque etiam co-
lores hujus divifiones in nigrum potiflimum vergunt.

S 2 yy? 4p Cth
yee PAL 42
wy ase &F I As age a Pr

. ,
ae 5 Y cal AS ap tet? A COP la =

PRIAMUS,
OR EBs
IMPERIAL TROJAN.
eilededebdetededeb ap etofoteddotetdetetetepae
GENERIC GHARACTER,

The Aatenne or Horns thickening towards the
upper part, and generally terminating na
knob, or club-fhaped up.

The Wings (when fitting) erect, and meeting up-

wards ( //ghe diurnal. )
Lin. Syft, Nat. ps 744

SPECIFIC GHARACTER,
BUTTERFLY with black-and-green wings,
with fix (or four) black {pots on the lower
Wines,
N.B. ‘The Antenne in this fpecies are not thick at the extrem
ties, but filiform and tharpened,

+ ee se ee

ALLELE ALLL LEILA OLE LIE ALE A a

If we allow the opinion of Linnwus to be decilive,
this is, of all the Papilionaceous tribe, the moft beau-
tiful infeet. «Tt is (lays Linnecus) by far the moft au.
“cuft of all the Papilios ; being all over of a tilky ap-
“pearance, and it may be doubted whether nature has

“ produced any object more beautiful amonett intects’”’.
Ff

{t is a native of the ifland of Amboyna, and it is
regarded as one of the moft curious and valuable fpe-
cies yet known. Nothing can exceed the richnefs of
the green colour, which in particular lights, is not on-
ly of an appearance far fuperior to the fineft fattin, but
has alfo a golden tinge diffufed through it, which
forms the moft beautiful contraft with the deep black
of the reft of the wings.

The Papilio Priamus ftands foremoft amongft the
Linnzan divifion of the larger butterflies into the two
fections of Trojan and Grecian Warriors or Equites.
Thefe two fections of butterflies are diftinguifhed from
all others by the remarkable fhape or outline of their
upper wings, which are longer if meafured from the
hinder corner to their anterior extremity, than from
the fame point to their bafe. The Trojan Equites are
generally diftinguifhed by red or blood-coloured fpots
on each fide their breafts: the prevailing colour alfo
of this divifion is generally black.

iby,

OPS, tale

PSITTACUS PORPHYRURUS.

III

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Rofirum aduncum ; mandibula fuperiore mobil,
cera inflructa.

Nares in roftri bali.

Lingua carnofa, obtula, integra.

Pedes {canforu.
| Lin, Syft. Nat. Pp. 139,

GHARACTER SPECIFICUS,

PSITTACUS brachyurus viridis, uropygio cy-

aneo, retricibus (exceptis intermedi dua-
bus) purpureis.

Obf. Caudex teCtrices valde producte ; rectrices apice fubquadrate,

nigro fimbriate. |
Latham, vol. 1. p. 315.

wer" - ™" : “or '

Formofam hanc aviculam, Cayanam in America
Auttrali incolentem, colores decorant preter folitum
vividi et {plendentes. Praecipue diftinguitur haec fpe-
cies rectricibus, feu cauda pennis purpureis ; exceptis
intermediis, quae virent. Species fui generis fere ra-
riffima eft, et (ut puto) nunc primum pictura in pub.
licum evulgata.

THE
PURPLE-TAILED PARRAKEET.

i i i ee a a

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill hooked. Upper mandible moveable.
Noftrils round, placed in the bafe of the bill.
Tongue flefhy, broad, blunt at the end.
Legs fhort. Toes formed for climbing, wz.
two backward and two forward.
Linneus and Pennant.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Se.

SHORT-TAILED GREEN PARRAKEET,
with the rump blue, and the tail (except
the two middle feathers) purple.
Obf. "The coverts of the tail are very long, and the tail-feathers are
{quarifh at the tips, and fringed with black.
PURPLE-TAILED PARRKRASEERT.
Latham. vol. 1. p. 315.

The colours of this moft beautiful fpecies, which is
a native of Cayenne in South America, are of uncom-
mon brilliancy. It is principally diftinguifhed by the
purple rectrices, or tail-feathers ; except the two mid-
die ones, which are green. It is one of the rareft
birds of its genus, and we believe this to be the firtt
figure of it yet publifhed.

-jpp 4
| varios _Suableticl fan Fi oge

I FS Vedder #73 —_

16

oar 8

“th

n

oD
i

RANA PIPA.
Suipdeioieinieienivinielnivicieiofeetfesteee®
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Corpus tetrapodum, nudum, ecaudatum.
Lin. Syft. Nat. Pp. 354.
CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Sc.

RANA digitis anticis muticis quadridentais, pol-
ticls unguiculatis.
Lin. Sy/t. Nat. Pp. 354-
pep; wigs, 4. t.. 77.
Mer. Sur. t. 59.
Vallifi. Nat. 1. t..41. f. 6.

Solent communes ranz foemine ova fua in foffis et
aquis ftagnantibus, punctis mille nigris fimilia, gluti-
ne copiofo contenta, primo vere deponere. Puncta
heec, ranarum futurarum veri embryones, elapfis pau-
cis diebus, mole augentur, colore funt minus fufco, e
glutine circumfufo emergunt, et in aquis libere natant.
Gyrinorum nomine nunc probe cognofcuntur, ¢t cor-
pore funt pregrandi, fine ullis pedum veftigiis, cauda
autem maxima pinniformi:. ex utraque etiam parte
thoracis apparent branchie ramole, feu organa refpi-
rationis. _ Elapfo longo tempore, illifque nihil nifi
magnitudine mutatis, branchie ramofe decidunt, pe-

des anteriores e cute emergunt, et paulo poft pedes
le pofteriores.

pofteriores. Vivit adhuc animal in aqua in qua pri-
mum nafcebatur, cauda etiam remanente. Pott auc
quot tamen feptimanas hac quoque fenfim decrefcens,
tandem evanefcit : jamque rana perfecta in terram pro-
sreditur, abhinc pro arbitrio vel in humo vel in aquis
degens.

Talis eft ranarum omnium Europoearum transfor-
mationis feries (exceptis aliquot differentiis in figura
et difpofitione ovorum in variis {peciebus). At vero
in America Auftrali hujus generis eft fpecies, quze in-
ter omnia ludentis Natura miracula primum fibi lo-
cum videtur vindicare. Pullos enim more prorfus in-
folito e cellulis, feu concavis tuberculis in dorfo fitis
excludit. Differt igitur haec ranee {pecies, utpote vi-
vipara, ab omnibus fui generis, nec non ab aliis ani-
malibus, infolito geftandi et parturiendi modo.

Surinamiam incolit rana hac monftrofa. Color illi
(faltem in fpeciminibus que ad nos pervenerunt) eft
plerumque plus minus fufcus, et interdum pene nigri-
cans; interdum multo pallidior. Animal eft immo-
dice deforme ; caput antica parte acuminatum gerens,
roftro velut fuillo. Pedum anticorum digiti extremi-
rates habent quadrifidas,

Affirmat Camper, vir anatomes peritiffimus, Pipam
uterum, feu ovarium internum habere, ovaque fua, eo-
dem modo quo et alia hujus generis animalia, exclu-
dere; et, fiqua fides Fermrno, (qui fe teftem ocula-
tum tam mire rei fuiffe afferit,) mas ova a foemina
depofita pedibus congregat, dorfoque foeminz impo-
nit, quae fecundata, intra cellulas dorfuales illa recipit,
et occludit, donec paulatim perfectam tan formam
adepta, iterum excludantur.

Animal

\

Animal hoc tam fingulare unicum tantum partum
edere voluit Natura, nec cum aliis fui generis fpecie-
bus collatum, foecundum haberi poteft; Pipa enim
quam obfervavit Ferminus, quinque diebus feptua~
ginta quingue pullos produxit.

4; FE,
Bip op A

OR

TO ACD oOo, Yee
PIII IIIS
GENERIC CHARACTER,

Body four-footed, naked, without tail.
Lin. Syft. Nat,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, ec.

FROG with the toes of the fore-feet quadrifid
at their extremities; the hind-feet webbed
and clawed. |

Seba. vol. 1, t. 77.
Mer. Sur. t. 59.

The {pawn of the common frog is depofited in large
heaps or clufters by the females in ftagnant fhallow
waters and ditches in the early part of the.f{pring ; it
confifts of a congeries of black globular points, fur-
rounded with a confiderable depth of gelatinous fub-
{tance. The black points are no other than the real
embryos of the future frogs; ina few days they en-
large, change to a fomewhat lighter colour, and break
through the furrounding gluten, and fwim in the wa-

ter.

guqaetes eet

im
rial
4

Pease" eabharal

: hae

Sonne
arr «abate
ory:

ce
A gre

a

ter. In this ftate they are well known by the name
of tadpoles, and confift of a very large body, with no
appearance of legs, but furnifhed with a very re-
markable fin-fhaped tail, and on each fide the breaft
is a fet of ramified branchiz, or refpiratory organs.
After having lived for a confiderable fpace in this
ftate, with little other change of appearance than an
increafe of fize, the ramified parts drop away, and
the fore-legs appear; thefe are foon fucceeded by the
hinder ones, and the animal ftill continues to inhabit
the water in which it was hatched ; it is ftill furnithed
with the tail, which at this period of its growth makes
a con{picuous appearance; but, after fome weeks this
alfo fhortens by degrees, and the animal, having at-
tained its perfect figure, ventures upon land, and
from that time is at pleafure an inhabitant of either
element.

Such is the change (with fome few variations as to
the figure and difpofition of the {pawn in the different
{pecies) which the animals of this genus undergo in
all the kinds which belong to Europe ; but in South
America we have an inftance in a fpecies of this fame
genus, of one of the moft extraordinary particularities
which the whole compafs of Natural Hiftory can ex-
hibit: for in this animal, (which is called the Pipa,
or Surinam Toad,) as if by a caprice of nature, unpa-
rallelled by any other known animal, and diametrically
oppofite to the eftablifhed laws of production in other
creatures, the young are produced, perfectly formed,
out of cells, or hollow tubercles placed on the back of

the female. This fpecies therefore forms an excep-
tion

tion to the reft of the Frog-genus in being viviparous,
and is likewife an exception to the general way of
production in all other larger animals.

This moft extraordinary creature is a native of Su-
rinam. Its colour, (at leaft in fuch fpecimens as are
brought over to Europe) varies confiderably in dif-
ferent fubjects ; but it is generally brown, more or
lefs deep, and in fome, even approaches to blacknefs.
It is a {pecies of moft {triking deformity ; the head is
of a fort of pointed fhape, the fnout fomewhat: like
that of a hog; and the toes of the fore-feet are at
their extremities divided into four {mall proceffes.

I fhould not omit to obferve, that according to the
celebrated anatomift Camper, the Pipa is furnifhed
with an internal uterus, or ovarium, and excludes its
ova in the manner of other animals of this genus ;
and, from the obfervations of Fermin, (who declares
he was an eye witnefs of the ftrange procefs,) it ap-
pears, that the male, after the exclufion of the ova,
collects the whole heap, with his paws, and depofits
it on the back of the female, where, (after impregna-
tion) they are received into the cellules, which clofe
over them, and in which they gradually arrive at
their complete form, and are then again excluded. |

This fingular animal is calculated by nature for
bearing young but once; and, compared with others
of its genus, it cannot be regarded as very prolific ;
the number which the female Pipa, obferved by Fer-
min produced, was feventy-five, which were all ex~
ciuded in the {pace of five days.

SPH ENA OCELLAT A,

ee ee ee ae ee te ee ee ee
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Antenne medio crafhores, feu utraque extremi-
tate attenuate, fubprifmatice.

Ale deflexze (Volatu graviore velpertino feu
matutino. ) |

| Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 796.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &e.

SPHINX alis repandis: pofticis ocellatis.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 790.
SPHINX alis angulatis: pofticis rufis, ocello

ceeruleo. |
Fabr, Syf?. Ent. p. 536.

Scopolt. Entomol. Carntol. p. 182.

Plurimas que infectis hujus claffis accidunt, muta-
tiones peculiari quadam letitia folemus contemplari
phyfici. Quamvis enim philofopho rem penitus in-
tuenti fatis conftet animal idem effe, nec adeo immu-
tari ut fiat alterum; fed partes tantum gradatim ex-
plicari que fub forma infecti longe aliter apparentis
latuerunt ; non poffumus tamen non admirari, nof-
tramque e mortuis refufcitationem Papilionis meta-
morphofi plane obumbratam agnofcere.

| Antiqul

‘

Antiqui fane varias Papilionum vices, illofque a
morte temporaria redivivos intuentes, (ut verifimile
eft) quafi anime fymbolum habuerunt. Vox enim
‘uyn et pro anima et papilione ufurpatur.. Recentio-
res Phyfici hiftoriam naturalem ad religionis ufum
recte convertentes; ab hifce infectis mire adeo permu-
tatis humani corporis refurrectionem elucidare conan-
tur. Exemplum tamen minus aptum feligunt, nempe
Phalanam Mori, five Sericam ; utpote. que nec fub
terra Immutatur, nec a morte accita, notabili eft pul-
chritudine. At vero, inter omnia Nature phenome-
na, Sphinx, de qua jam agitur grandis et ultime hu-
mani corporis transformationis exemplum jure habea-
tur vividiflimum. Eruca enim Sphingis, pabulo fuo
fatiata, fub terra alte feocculit, ibi exuvias ponit, et
veluti mortua menies multos Jacet: his exactis, iterum
ab humo attollitur: tumuli clauftra deferit, et inter
animalia unum e formofiffimis erumpit. Ipfius certe
Apoftoli idea, merito ab omnibus laudata, quaque ad
popularem captum nulla poteft effe accommodatior,
philofopho minus apta et vivida videtur, quam ejuf-
dem myfterit elucidatio, de variis hujus infecti vicibus
defumpta. Nec fane in omnibus fuis operibus aliud
clarius exemplum profert Natura.

De hac metamorphofi ita cecinit poeta anonymus.

Segnis et informis ferpens eruca per herbas
Innocue viridi fuftinet ora cibo.
Jam conviva fatur, perteefa et lumina vite
Querit in effoffa ponere corpus humo.
Exuit et veftem, ac czcis commifia latebris
Dormit, et in placida morte quieta manet.
Hyberni

Hyberni fruftra fugiunt per pafcua venti,
Altaque nix rigido Jam tenet arva gelu.

Ila nihil fentit, tumuloque occlufa profundo
Dormit, et a vento tuta, et ab hofte jacet.

At fimul auratis aperit cum cornibus annum
Taurus, et a zephyris terra foluta viret,

Cum frondent fylva, cum formofiffimus annus,
En! tumulo furgit pulchra phalana fuo!

Surgit, et ut veteris rumpit jam clauftra fepulchri
Miratur {peciem corporis ipfa fui.

Quam formofa vigens! O quantum diftat ab illa
Viderat errantem quam prior annus humi!

Alarum ornatum, gemmantes afpice ocellos!
Jam pluma in molli corpore multa nitet :

Mille trahens varios adverfo fole colores
Evolat, et cacos defpicit inde rogos.

Blandaque purpureis fubvecta per aéra pennis

' Per nemora et varios expatiatur agros.

Inque vices lectifque rofis violifque fuperbe
Incubat, et forma vincit utrafque fua.

Scilicet et noftri reputentur vana fepulchri
Preemia, cum tali tefte probata manent ?

Sphinx Ocellata, quam in adjuncta tabula pro ex-
emplo generis depingi curavimus, infectorum que in
Britannia nafcuntur, fpecies eft formofiffima. Larva
ejus fuper falices plerumque vifa, fub initio menfis Au-
gufti magnitudinem plenam adepta, fub terra fefe fe-
pelit, et in chryfalidem mutatur, e qua, ineunte fe-
quente Junio, phalana ipfa erumpit.

THE
OTC ELE AT LD eer et wa

oar!

ETED HAW KR-MOT EH,

PHAM IAM MMAR MM EEEEMO
GENERIC CHARACTER,

Antenne thickcft towards the middle, or attenu-
ated at each extremity.

Wings deflected, 7. e. loping downwards on each
fide, when clofed. (F/ight generally in the
morning and evening.)

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

SPHIN with repandous wings: the lower ones
ocellated.
Lin, Syft. Nat.

The EYED HAWK-MOTH.
Albin, kif: p. 8. f. 2.

eee cee tage np sess spss

The alteration of form during the different periods
of life, which the infects of the Papilionaceous tribe
undergo, affords a fubject of the moft pleafing con.
templation to the mind of the Naturalift ; and though
a deeply philofophical furvey demonftrates that there

1S

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LOAN, ihallahed “ferva IV1: PA bd ly: Aelowa
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is no real or abfolute change produced in the identity
of the creature itfelf, or that it is in reality only the
- gradual and progreflive evolution of parts before con-
cealed, and which lay mafqued under the form of an
infect of a widely different appearance, yet it is juftly
viewed with the higheft admiration, and even gene-
rally acknowledged as in the moft lively manner ty-
pical of the laft eventful change.

{f any regard is to be paid to a fimilarity of names,
it fhould feem that the ancients were fufficiently ftruck
with the transformations of the butterfly, and its re-
vival from a feeming temporary death, as to have
confidered it as an emblem of the foul, the Greek
word dwn fignifying both the foul and a butterfly.

Modern Natural Hiftorians, impreffed with the fame
idea, and laudably folicitous to apply it as an illuftra-
tion of the awful myftery revealed in the facred writ-
ings, have drawn their allufions to it from the dor-
mant condition of the papilionaceous infects during
their ftate of chryfalis, and their refufcitation from it:
but they have unfortunately chofen a f{pecies the leaft
proper for the purpofe, v/z. the Silkworm; a f{pecies
which neither undergoes its change under the furface
of the earth, nor, when emerged from its tomb, is it
an infect of any remarkable beauty ; but the larva, or
caterpillar of the Sphinx, when fatiate of the food al-
lotted to it during that ftate, retires to a very confi-
~derable depth beneath the furface of the ground, where
it divefts itfelf of all appearance of its former ftate, and
continues buried for feveral months, then rifes to the
furface, and*burfts from the confinement of its tomb,

| and

and commences a being of powers fo comparatively
exalted, and of beauty fo fuperior, as to be one of the
moft elegant of the whole infect tribe.

Even the animated illuftration taken from the vege-
table world, fo juftly admired, as beft calculated for
general apprehenfion, muft yield in the force of its fix
militude to that drawn from the infeét’s life, fince Na-
ture exhibits few phenomena that can equal fo won-
derful a transformation.

This metamorphofis is thus defcribed by an anony-
mous poct.

The helplefs crawling caterpillar trace,

From the firft period of his reptile race.

Cloth’d in difhonour, on the leafy {pray

Unfeen he wears his filent hours away.

"Till fatiate grown of all that life fupplies,

Self-taught, the voluntary martyr dies.

Deep under earth his darkling courfe he bends,

And to the tomb, a willing gueft, defcends.

There long fecluded in his lonely cell,

Forgets the fun, and bids the world farewel.

O’er the wide waite the wintry tempefts reign,

And driving fnows ufurp the frozen plain:

In vain the tempeft beats, the whirlwind blows -

No ftorms can violate his grave’s repofe.

But when revolving months have won their way,

When fmile the woods, and when the zephyrs

play,

When laughs the vivid world in fummer’s bloom,

He burfts, and flies triumphant from the tomb.
And

And while his new-born beauties he difplays,

—» With confcious joy his alter’d form furveys.
Mark, while he moves amid the funny beam,
O’er his foft wings the varying luftre gleam.
Launch’d into air, on purple plumes he foars,
Gay Nature’s face with wanton glance explores ;
Proud of his various beauties wings his way,
And fpoils the faireft flow’rs, himfelf more fair

than they.

And deems weak Man the future promife vain,
When Worms can die, and glorious rife again?

The Sphinx Ocellata, figured on the annexed plate,
as an example of the genus, is perhaps the moft beau-
tiful infect which this country produces. ‘The cater-
pillar is generally found on willows. It arrives at its
full fize towards the beginning of Auguft, when it bu-
ries itfelf, and changes to a chryfalis, from which, a-
bout the firft week in the following June, proceeds the
moth,

. t i
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Pee lHIA FAMOSA.

Qaiickeeiei ie liteoolobiehoh ho

CHARACTER GENERICUS,

Rofirum arcuatum, tenue, lubtrigonum, acutum.
Lingua acuta.
Pedes ambulatorii. ee:
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 184.
: Pice.
CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.

CERTHIA re€iricibus intermediis duabus lon-
gilfimis, corpore viridi nitente, axillis luteis,
loris nigris.

| Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 187,

_ Certhize genus numerofum varias {pecies continet
_ coloribus ipfos Trochilos fplendore zmulantes. Spe- °
cies jam depicta inter majores fui generis exftat. Co-
lor <jus communis eft perviridis, cupreo quodam
fplendore leete fuper collum ac dorfum diffufo. Rof-
trum longiffimum eft. Axilla, five partes humero-
rum inferiores funt flavee, partes autem exteriores, feu
tectrices nigricant, plumis tamen margine viridi cinc-

tis. Remiges, feu penne alarum longiores, nec non
_ cauda, funt atrae, margine etiam viridi cinte. Avis
eft Africana, et in Promontorio Bonz Spei invenitur.
‘ Kk

THE
SHINING CREEPER.

Qa iob ei ie pte pop bh

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill {lender, incurvated. and fharp-pointed.

Tongue differing in fhape in the different {pecies.

Legs moderately ftout.

Zoes placed 3 before, and 1 behind; back toe
large ; claws hooked and long.

Linneus. Latham. Pennant.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &e.

CREEPER with the 2 middle tail-feathers ve-
ry long, the body of a fhining green, the
under wing-coverts yellow, the lores, (7. e.
the {paces between the bill and eye on each

fide) black.
Lin.
FAMOUS CREEPER.
Latham. vol. 1. p. 720.

The very numerous genus Certhia contains feveral
{pecies whofe colours are equal in fplendor to the
Humming-Birds. The fpecies here reprefented is one
of the largeft of the genus. Its general colour is a

rich

—

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OO Lae ae Kabbtrad |

Pol 14 yee

Ap , v
by ih 4 Vector &/,

stern Sireet ,

ty

rich deep green, with a very ftrong tinge of copper-
colour, which is moft predominant on the neck and
back. The bill is very long. The under parts of
the fhoulders, or axilla, are yellow, the outward parts
black, edged with green. The long feathers of the
wings, and the tail, are alfo black with green margins.

It is an African bird, and is found at the Cape of
Good Hope.

ON ha, VA LY DS

ee ee
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Flos. Os terminale, cinétum Crrrrs fetaceis.
Stirps vaga, gelatinofa, uniflora. bafi fe affigens.
| Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1320.

Claff. Vermes. Ord. Zoophyta

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Se.

HYDRA tentaculis fubdenis brevioribus.
Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 1320.

HYDRA VIRIDISSIMA.
Pall. Zooph. 3.
Leewenhoek. Act. Angl. vol. 23. p. 1494.

Ecce! redundabit foecundo vulnere vermis,
Fertilis et damnis dives ab ipfa fuis!

Inter miracula Nature jufte referuntur varie gene-
ris Hydre fpecies. Tam ultra fidem fingulares funt
- earum vita, et propagandi modus, prefertim facultas _
- quam habent vel in fruftula diffectae repullulandi, ut
in fummo heererent dubio Philofophi; nec horum a-
nimalium hiftoria plenam fidem adepta fit, donec ex-_
perimentis a folertiffimis Phyficis iterum iterumque

factis

factis et omnibus modis variatis, proprietates earum

mire, et primo vifu impoffibiles, tandem extra om-
nem dubitationem probate effent.

Cum in hoc opere vifum fit, res breviter ut poffu-
mus, proponere, non longis ambagibus hiftoriam hu-
jus infecti percurremus.

Hydra eft animal aquaticum, cujus varia funt fpe-
cles; quarum que maxime vulgaris eft, in tabula de-
pingitur, Hydra nempe viridis Linnzi. In aquis de-
git imperturbatis, plerumque in foffulis: in rivulis e-
tiam per campos ductis frequens reperitur ; pracipue
menfibus Martii et Aprilis. Cauda fe affigit caulibus

plantarum aquaticarum, et paginis inferioribus folio-

rum. Corpore eft longo, tubulofo: capite tentaculis
octo feu decem longis, os cingentibus inftructo. Cor-
pus ita contrahere poteft territa, ut globulum repre,
fentet ; caufa vero timoris dempta, rurfus in priftinam
longitudinem fe explicat. Animal valde eft vorax ; ver-
miculos aliaque aquas incolentia animalia praedatur.
Cum vermiculus, aut aquaticum aliud animal ad Hy.
dram parum faufte accedit, dicto citius eum arripit, bra-
chuis feu tentaculis conftringit, ad os attrahit, et ut an-
guis ranam inhaurit. Ano caret Hydra: omne igitur
quod vorat, abforbtis humoribus nutritiis, ab ore ejicit.
Vermiculum bis vel ter feipfam magnitudine fupe-
rantem devorare facile poteft; quod licet plane incre-
dibile videri poffit, notandum tamen eft Hydram effe
corpore valde tenfili, et pro rei exigentia mirum in
modum dilatato. Hydrez vegetatione fefe propagant :
junior enim vel duz vel tres juniores e lateribus pa-
rentis erumpunt, ipfe etiam haud raro foecunde an-
tequam

tequam parentem deferunt: ut duas vel tres generati-
ones fimul uni animaliad herentes videre fit. Maxi-
me autem omnium mirabile adhuc indictum eft ; nem-
pe quod Hydra in partes diffecta, non deftructa fed
multiplicata eft vulneribus fuis ; fabulam de celeber-
rima antiquorum Hydra veriflimam reddens,

« Fertilis, et damnis dives ab ipfa fuis.”’

Hydra non preter folitum magna commode in tres
partes dividi poteft: nempe forficem infinuando intra
vitrum in quo fervatur Hydra, et arrepta occafione,
ad extremum extenfam dividendo; partem etiam pof-
teriorem cum fe rurfus extenderit, diflecando. Hoc
facto, pars pofterior novum caput cum tentaculis pro-
ducet ; anterior pars novam caudam, et media pars
novum caput cum tentaculis et nova cauda : elapfifque
paucis diebus, omnes eque erunt integra ac fi man-
fiffent invulnerate. Ut verbo dicam, Hydre omni-
bus modis dividi poflunt fine injuria, et moleftiam mo-
ramque frequentium experimentorum renate fatis re-
‘munerabunt. Hydram viridem, utpote {fpeciem apud
nos vulgatiffimam, pro exemplo felegi : communis ejus
longitudo eft a quadrante uncia ad femiunciam, ex-
clufis tentaculis ; interdum tamen multo major et lon-
gior confpicitur. Mirum hoc animal a Leewenho-
eckio circiter finem centuriz jam elapfe detectum eft,
qui tamen ejus proprictates ignoravit. Oblitum vide-
tur effe poft Leewenhoeckium ufque ad annum mille-
fimum feptingentelimum quadragefimum, cum iterum
a Domino TremBLey repertum eft ; qui innumeris ex-
perimentis, miras omnes qualitates, et praefertim re-
pullulandi facultatem in lucem protulit. [:xperimen-

Ta,

ta hac cito vulgata funt, et ab omnibus Europe Phy.
ficis repetita. Hoc modo plures Hydre reperte funt, —
cum varuis aliis animalibus eandem repullulandi potef-
tatem habentibus; et nova velut Epocha in Hiftoria
Naturali exorta eft.

, Fig. 1. Hydra magnitudine auta.

fig. 2, 3, &c. Hydre magnitudine naturali; et aliz leviter
auctz.

Fig. 7. Hydra vermiculum arripiens.

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GENERIC CHARACTER.

Body long and tubular.
Mourh {urrounded by arms, or tentacula.

SPECIFIC GHARACTER.

POLYPE with about 8 or 10 arms, or tenta-
cula.

See with new life the wond’rous worm abound,
Rich from its lofs, and fruitful from its wound!

The various fpecies of Polype, or Hydra, are juftly
ranked amongift the moft wonderful productions of Na-
ture; fo extraordinary are the particulars of their life
and mode of propagation, as well as their powers of
reproduction after being cut in pieces, that at. their
firft difcovery the philofophic world was involved in
{cepticifm; and the Hiftory of the animals did not
obtain complete credit, till experiments repeated by
the moft diligent and accurate Naturalifts, and varied

in

in every poffible manner, at length inconteftibly pro.
ved the truth of their furprifing, and feemingly impof-
fible properties.

As it is the intention of this work to give as fhort
defcriptions as the nature of the fubject can admit of,
we fhall, in our account of this animal, only relate in
very plain and brief terms the general hiftory of the
creature.

The Polype is an aquatic animal, of which there are
feveral {pecies: of thefe one of the moft common is
that reprefented on the annexed plate; wz. the Green
Polype, or Hydra Viridis of Linnaus. It is a native
of clear waters, and may generally be found in great
plenty in {mall ditches and trenches of fields ; efpeci-
ally in the months of April and May. It affixes itfelf
by the tail to the under part of the leaves, and to the
ftalks of fuch vegetables as happen to grow immerfed
in the fame water. The animal confifts of a long tu-
bular body, the head of which is furnifhed with eight,
and fometimes ten long arms, or tentacula, which fur-
round the mouth or opening. It is capable of con-
tracting its body in a very fudden manner when dif-
turbed; fo as to appear only like a roundifh green
fpot; and when the danger is over, it again extends
itfelf as before. It 1s of an extremely predacious na-
ture, and feeds on the various {pecies of {mall worms,
and other water-animals which happen to approach+
when any animal of this kind paffes near the Polype,
it fuddenly catches it with its arms, and dragging it :
to its mouth, {wallows it gradually in the fame man-
ner as a {nake {wallows a frog. ‘The Polype has no.

anus

anus or vent; it therefore again evacuates the remains
of the animal on which it has preyed, by its mouth,
It is capable of {wallowing a worm of twice or thrice
its own fize; which at firft appears incredible ; but is
eafily underftood when we confider that the Polype’s
body is extremely extenfile, and is dilated on fuch oc-
cafions to a furprifing degree.

The ufual manner in which Polypes propagate is by
vegetation; one or two, or even more young ones c-
merging gradually from the fides of the parent animal ;
and frequently thefe young ones are again prolific be-
fore they drop from the parent; fo that it is no un-
common thing to fee two or three generations at once
on the fame animal. But the moft aftonifhing parti-
cular is yet untold ; vez. that if a Polype is cut in pieces,
it is not deftroyed but multiplied by its wounds, and
what was faid of the fabulous Hydra of the ancients, 1s
here literally true ;

« Fertilis et damnis dives ab ipfa fuis.”” *

A Polype of the common fize may be very conve-
niently cut in three pieces, by taking the opportunity,
when the creature is fully extended, of introducing a
pair of {ciffars gently into the glafs in which it is kept,
and dividing it fuddenly ; and when the tail-part is a-
gain extended, repeating the fame operation: 1n this
cafe the tail-part will produce a new head and arms,
the head-part a new tail, and the middle part will re-
produce both head, and arms, and tail; and all thefe
will in a few days become as perfect, except in length,

as

* Rich from its lofs, and fruitful from its wound.

as the animal was at firft. In fhort, Polypes may be
cut in all diretions and in every manner that can be
conceived, without injuring them; and will amply re-
pay the trouble attending the experiments by the afto-
nifhing views which they will exhibit during their dif-
ferent degrees of growth.

As the green Polype is one of the moft common a-
nimals of the kind in this country, we have felected it
as the beft and moft familiar example of the genus:
Its moft general length is from a quarter to half an
inch, when extended, exclufive of the arms; but
fometimes it grows to a much greater extent. The
firft difcovery of this animal was towards the end of
the laft century by Leewenhoek ; but he was not ac-
quainted with its extraordinary properties of reproduc-
tion. It feems to have been neglected after Leewen-
hoek’s obfervation, ’till the year 1740, when Mr.
TremMBLety of Geneva again difcovered it ; and by in-
numerable experiments was convinced of its reproduc-
tive nature. His experiments were foon made public ;
were repeated by all the Naturalifts of Europe; feve-
ral other fpecies were difcovered, as well as many o-
ther animals which poflefs the fame power of repro-
duction, and a new Era commenced in the annals of

Natural Hiftory.

Fig. 1. A Polype magnified.

Fig. 2, 3, &c. Polypes, fome in their natural fize, and others
flightly magnifed.

Fig. 7. A Polype feizing a worm.

LACERTA MONITOR,

Qe Pebble ieko.

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Corpus tetrapodum, caudatum, nudum.

Lin. Syft. Nat. P. 359.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &ec.

LACERTA cauda carinata, corpore mutico
maculis. ocellatis.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 360.
Seba. Muf. vol. 1. t. 97. Fig. 2.
eens VOI. 1. t. 4. Fig. 1. 2.
vol. 2. t. 30. Fig. 2. & tab. 49. Fig. 2.
vol, 2. t. 86. Fig. 2.

SEES Sa) BEE Oe Ec WERE A Re

Nomen Monitor huic Lacerta datum eft, quoniam,
(quod valde dubium videtur,) crocodilo vifo, clamorem
argutum pre metu tollere dicitur ; hoc modo viatores
de monftro ifto appropinquante haud raro admonens.

In magnam molem fepe crefcit Monitor, et gracili
eft forma, caudam habens longiffimam. Color ejus
communis eft niger, albo variatus. Variationes albz
in fafcias tran{fverfas macularum circularium centro
nigro difpofite funt, et inter has fafcias aliz plerum-
que occurrunt angufte, feu velut ftriataz. Variationes

fuper caudam, non, ut in reliquo corpore, ad normam,
{fed

fed velut temere et fortuito pofite viderttur, Crura
pedefque albo tranfverfe maculata funt. In abdomine
color albus dominatur, ftriis maculifque nigris plus
minus notatus. Interdum coloribus variat hec fpe-
cies: color ejus nempe primarius eft fufcus, aut fub-
ferrugineus, potius quam niger.

Elegans heec Lacerta in Indiz Orientalis fimul ac
Americee partibus Auftralioribus nafcitur.

4a USS SSE

Le “40. om
<a ‘ z 7 om a Sane an ar ane = ’ vi
> vf Veo rete, saves eat mn) a vests, M4 sag WT dG,
kas weibee ON pref aad =] - wa, — —_ ;
© J pee y ” Ry is 4) y e
‘ \
mm ANA Me aku.
» Yn WHO

a on Sublushed Peb-ry rt 47 GO ts ‘ P Ny WP 0 Vo; Fe.
; 7 Y 4. 7. -Vodder éd s c“v. AF Santon Sarust>

Hv
MONITORY LIZARD.
Srinieleiuluoboieidoloicteloitelobotededoobto
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Body four-footed, tailed, naked.
Lin. Syft. Nat.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, €e.

BLACK LIZARD, marked with tranfverfe
bands of ocellated white f{pots.

This fpecies of Lizard has obtained the name of
Monitor, from a circumftance which feems of very
doubtful authority. It is pretended that on fight of
the crocodile, it fets up a loud and fhrill cry through
fear, and thus frequently warns travellers of the vici-
nity of that formidable creature. It grows to a con-
fiderable fize, and is of a very flender make, and the
tail is extremely long. The general colour of the ani-
mal is black and white ; the black forming the ground-
colour, and the white the variegations, which are dif-
pofed in tranfverfe bands of annulated {pots with black
centres, and between thefe bands are generally fome
narrowifh ftripes of white. On the tail the variega-
tions are lefs regular than on the body. ‘The legs
and feet are fpotted tranfverfely with white. On the

belly the white prevails, which is marked more or lets
with

with tranfverfe ftreaks and {pots of black. Sometimes
this animal varies in colour; the ground being rather
brown or ferruginous than black.

This elegant Lizard is found both in the Eaft-In-
dies, and in the Southern parts of America.

STRIX PULCHELLA.

DERE EEE REA EEA EAE EERO

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Roftrum aduncum (abfque cera.)
Nares pennis fetaceis recumbentibus obtettz.

Caput grande: auribus oculifque magnis.

Lingua bifida.
Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 131.

Ord. Accipitres.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &e.

STRIX capite auriculato, corpore cinereo, punc-
tis maculis ftriifque nigris variato, remigi-
bus albo maculatis.

Sth FE LCHELLA.

Pads.
Latham. Synopf. vol. 1. p. 130.

Avicula, magnitudine naturali in tabula depicta,
eft omnium noctuarum hactenus cognitarum minima.
Inter eas {pecies fui generis militat qua nomine noc-
tuarum auritarum diftinguuntur; quarum nempe tem-
pora fafciculis plumofis exftanttbus ornantur. Sibe-
riam habitat, et varias Mofcovie regiones. Species
eft maxime elegans et concinna. Color ejus prima-

rius eft dilutiffime cinereus, feu canus, pundctis innu-
\y meris

meris maculifque nigris et fubferrugineis pulcherrime
irroratus. Alarum remiges, feu pennz fufco alboque
faf{ciatee. Cauda quoque albido leviter fafciata eft;
et tota avis coloribus fuis avi Torguille non eft abfi-
milis. Pectus et abdomen albicant, maculis longitu-
dinalibus nigris notata.

A

/

“Hd,

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s /

"1

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Cmdre? an fai

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Aarpelore ¢ SA ,

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Pees

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eae aye

THE
Leet HORNED OWL.

DEERE EAN AIM AAPA IIA IID

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill hooked, not furnifhed with a cere.
Noftrils covered with recumbent briftly feathers.

Head large: Ears and Eyes very large.
Tongue bifid.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, ©.

HORNED OWL with pale grey plumage, va-
ried with {pecks and markings of black and
brownifh; the long feathers of the wings
{potted with white.

SIBERIAN OWL.
Latham. Synopf. vol. 1. p. 130.

The bird here reprefented in its natural fize, is the
leaft fpecies of Owl yet known; it is of that, divifion
of the genus which contains the fpecies commonly cal-
led Horned Owls, or fuch as have a tuft of feathers
ftanding up on each fide of the forehead. It is a na-
tive of Siberia, and is found in feveral parts of Ruffia.
It is a {pecies of uncommon elegance of plumage. The

L 2 oeneral

general or ground colour is a very pale grey or afh-co-
lour; curioufly fprinkled all over with innumerable
points and fpotsof black, brownifh, &c. ‘The long fea-
thers of the wings are barred with brown and white ;
the tail is alfo flightly fafciated with white, and the
whole plumage bears a very confiderable refemblance
to that of the Wryneck. ‘The breaft and belly are
whitifh, with longitudinal marks of black.

Cenk VS APL EP ERA.

Qe bt ee hoe ot hii
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Neclarizum fubtus fubcarinatum.
Lin. Syft. Nat. tom. 2. p. 592.
Gynandria Diandria.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Se.

OPHRYS bulbis fubrotundis, fcapo foliofo, nec-
tari labio fubquinquelobo.
Lin, Spec. Plantar. p. 1343.

OPHRYS radicibus fubrotundis, labello holofe-
riceo, emarginato et appendiculato.
Haller. Hift. vol. 2. 1266. t. 24.

Planta hac, cui nomen Ophrys Apifera, rei botani-
ce ftudiofis probe cognita eft: Junio et Julio floret.
Super colles, et prope fylvas, folo preecipue cretaceo
naicitur ; venuftatem tamen habet eximiam et peculia-
rem in umbrofo fylvarum feceffa reperta. Sic fita in-
juriam omnem que a fole nimium torrido foliis accide-
re folet, evitat. Flores formofe hujus planta adeo
{unt apibus fimiles, parvo intervallo confpecti, ut qui e-
am intuentur, in eademfententia non poffint non omnes
convenire.

Notum epigramma, parce detortum, Ophri Apife-
re non male convenit.

Dum dubitat vel apem Natura an fingeret herbain,
Conjunxit formas ingeniofa duas.

‘ vet . iy en a
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4

The large plates on ferpents are called, in the Lin-
neean language, by the name of Scuta, to diftinguifh
them from the Squame, or fcales on the other parts
of the body: but as thofe fcuta which are fituated un-
der the tail, differ from the reft in being fmalier or
lefs extended, and form a feparate affortment from the
abdominal ones, they fhould always be called by a name
which fhould inftantly diftinguifh them from the Scu-
ta or larger plates. I have therefore called thefe {mal-
ler {cuta by the name of Scutula.

Notwithftanding an appearance of malignity in this
animal, itis not of a venomous nature; that is, it is
not capable of inflicting any other than a fimple wound
by its teeth, as it is unprevided with the tubular fangs
and refervoir of poifon with which the venomous fer-
pents are furnifhed.

Its colour is a moft beautiful vivid Saxon or bluifh-
green, with feveral broad tran{verfe bars of white down
the back; the belly is of a white colour, but flightly
tinged with yellow. It is an inhabitant of America.

The figure of this Snake in Seba’s Mufeum is fo well
executed both as to pofture and accuracy, that it was
thought better to copy it than to attempt a new one.

In the Britifh Mufeum is a fine fpecimen of this
animal. It is alfo figured in the Mufeum Adolphi Fri.
derici of Linnaeus, but the figure in that work is far
from having the elegance of Seba’s reprefentation.

The defcription of this ferpent by Linnaeus in the
Muf. Adolph. Frid. is as follows.

“ Head cordated, oblong before the eyes, depreffed,
“ gibbous behind, imbricated with fmall fcales; the

“anterior

“anterior ones, efpecially at the fides before the eyes,
“ Jarger than the reft. Upper Lp retufe before, white,
“ emarginated, the fides excavated with a feries of deep
« {calary furrows, which give the face a formidable ap-
“pearance. Teeth fituated towards the anterior part
“of the mouth, 2 or 3 in each jaw, both above and
“below, long, fharp, fixed, not retractile. No/irils
«“Jinear, tranfverfe. Eyes orbicular.

“ Trunk compreffed, efpecially towards the abdomen:
« covered with fmooth fcales. Abdomen white ; Scuta
“203. Tail 1-7th of the whole, attenuated, fomewhat
< obtufe, covered beneath with 77 Scutula.

« Colour green, with tranfverfe white bands, which
« are narrow and fituated on the back only, and fome-
« what broken or interrupted towards the middle.

«Length 4 fect. ‘Thicknefs nearly that of the {mall
“of the arm. ”’

i
Lr i

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a

a

bas

Lpstq

er

1 wa NE BULOS A.

Deere totter lod sdeafeie fe afeafedeafesfeafe of feoh >

CHARACTER GENERICUS.,

Roftrum aduncum. (abfque cera.)
Nares pennis fetaceis recumbentibus obtecte.
Caput grande: auribus oculifque magnis.
Lingua bifida.
Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 131.
Ord. Accipilres.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Gc.
-STRIX fufco albidoque tranfverfim fafciata, ab-
domine albo maculis oblongis ferrugineis.

Penn. Zool, Arét. p. 234.
Aéit Angl. vol. 62. p. 424.

Lath. Synopf. p. 133-

Hee avis inter majores fui generis exftat, quamvis
aliis fpeciebus magnitudine impar. Specimen a Doc-
tore Forsrer in Actis Anglicis defcriptum pondere
erat librarum trium, longitudine fedecim unciarum,
latitudine quatuor pedum. Tota avis fufco albidoque
colore tranfverfim fafciata eft, fafciis verfus caput mi-
noribus et numerofioribus. In imo ventre et fuper la-
tera funt macula varie longitudinales, magne, ferru-
gineo-fufce. Pallida qua oculos cingunt plume,

M {triis

frriis concentricis fufcis leviter notantur. Super re-
miges alarum et caudam fafcia alternatim alba fufcae-
que majores funt, et magis confpicua quam in aliis
partibus. Colores totius avis funt molles et cleganter
difpofitt. Sinum Hudfoni in America Septentrionali
inhabitat hac avis.

‘
.

a Oe. —— ee, ie Noa. he A ip ,
es ORAM, Liltithed . OX 4 EH 3!) « Yoel 1°70 Cy roe rez Vaal de os T ‘ I. 4i lanfleu ot cual 2
‘ SO ‘ " , “ag \ ’ "

Ss

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Coie? Ut ty ey Ww:

ee eee

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill crooked (not furnifhed with a cere.)
Noftrils covered with recumbent briftly feathers.
Head large: Ears and Eyes large.
Tongue bifid.

Lin. Syft. Nat.—Acctprtres.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Sec.

OWL tranfverfly fafciated with brown and whi-
tifh, the belly white with oblong ferrugi-
nous {pots.

BARRED OWL.
Pennant. Ari. Zool. p. 234.

Lath. Synopf. p. 133.
ns) SRE raaal mn nce te ee

This is one of the larger fpecies of Owls, though
inferior in fize to fome others of the genus. A {peci-
men defcribed by Dr. Forsrer in the Philofophical
Tranfactions weighed three pounds, and was in length
fixteen inches, and in breadth, when extended, four
feet. The whole bird is tranfverfly barred with brown
and whitifh ; the bars being fmalleft, and moft nume-

M 2 rous

rous towards the head. On the lower part of the bel-
ly, and on the fides, are fome large longitudinal marks
of ferruginous brown. The feathers furrounding the
eyes are of a pale colour, lightly marked with concen-
tric ftria of brownifh. On the long feathers of the
wings and tail, the alternate bars of brown and white
are larger and more confpicuous than on the other
parts. The colours on the whole bird are foft, and

very elegantly difpofed. It is a native of Hudfon’s |
Bay.

ACTINIA ANEMONE.

kek hook tho tO be tet he tok hfe
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Corpus fe afhgens bafi, oblongum, teres: apice
dilatabili intus tentaculato.
_ Os terminale dentibus incurvis; roftro cylindri-
co radiato.
(Apertura preter os nulla.)

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1088.
ANIMAL fe affigens bafi, carnofum, oblongum,

teres, contractile, viviparum.
Os terminale, dilatabile, tentaculis cin¢tum.
(Apertura preter os nulla.)
Elif. Hift, Zooph. p. 1.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS.A56,

ACTINIA fubcylindrica, breviufcula, rubra, ten-

taculis interioribus ramofis, exterioribus co-
nicis, obtufis.

AN ACTINIA EQUINA?
Lin. Syft. Nat.
BIRT <5 E> Sas! kt Tes) RUPE De elle

Si Zoologie claffes inferiores attentius {cruternur,
multa inveniemus forme adeo infolita et nature ve-
lut ambigua, ut dubium videatur fintne inter plantas,
an inter animantes memoranda. Plurima hujufmodi

a cele-

a celeberrimo Linneo fub nomine Mollu/corum dige-
runtur; ita f{cilicet ordinem conftituentia claffis Ver-
mium. Inter varia Mollufcorum genera nullum genus
AGinie aut pulchritudine aut miro artificio precellit.

Multe hujus generis fpecies nomine Anemones ma-
rine defcripte funt, utpote formam floris Anemones,
cum expanduntur, pre fe ferentes.

Species autem hic depicta, peculiari modo hac ap-
pellatione digna videtur: illam igitur nomine ddim
Anemones diftinguere non dubitavi. Quamvis perquam
vulgaris fit hac fpecies in variis Europe littoribus, et
nullis frequentior quam noftratibus, a Linnezo tamen
in Syftemate Nature minus videtur defcripta. Rupi-
bus arcte adheret, et mari refluente, interdum nuda
fuper rupes, plerumque tamen paulum fub aqua relin-
guitur. Color ili generalis eft ruberrimus, plus mi-
nus vividus in diverfis {peciminibus. Magnitudinem
reprafentant tabula. Dum contrahitur (fig. 1.) cono
obtutiffimo fimilis eft, apice aperto, quem pro arbitrio
penitus claudere poteft: plerumque tamen adeo refe-
ratus eft apex, ut ramofa aliquot tentacula centralia
emergant. (Fig. 2.) Animal autem expanfum f{pecta-
culum exhibet pulcherrimum omnino et mirandum.
Duplicem enim, et interdum triplicem in circumferen-
tia ordinem tentaculorum protrudit, forma oblonga,
apicibus obtutis, quibus color flavus eft, rubro elegan-
ter variatus: hoc modo florem a quo nomen habet, op-

time exprimens. (£4

or «
S

non exferuntur, fed ampla in medio relicta eft cavitas,

9.) ‘Tentacula centralia nunc

in quam fi aliquid extraneum introducitur, aut fi ali-
gua tentacula vel leviter tanguntur, illico fe fortiter
contrahit

\

contrahit animal, et in formam coni, (ut in Fig. 1.)
rurfus fubducitur. Hanc Actinie fpeciem interdum
a rupe fua detraxi, vidique illam mirabundus paulo
poft, cum languefcere cepit, omnia pene vifcera pro-
trudentem in formam membranz inflate et late expan-
fe, coloris flavefcentis, radiis fubrubris et viride pal-
lentibus variati. (Fzg. 4.) Cum hoc fit, tentacula cen-
tralia non exferta funt, feries autem duplex vel triplex
tentaculorum in circumferentia pulchre expanditur.
Viviparee funt Actinie, fed ab experimentis in nonnul-
lis fpeciebus hujus generis demonftratur poffe animal
(adhibita cautela) in partes abfcindi, et hoc modo pro-
pagari, fingulis partibus gradatim ad perfectionem re-
pullulantibus.

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THE
ANEMONE ACTINIA.

OR
Slt A: dkdN. dE MON E.

SH ede bith bob deduboboiehhe
GENERIC CHARACTER,
Body oblong, nearly cylindric, fixing itfelf by the
bafe, the top expanfile and tentaculated
within.

Mouth terminal, furnifhed with Bolen teeth.
No other Opening except that of the mouth.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

ACTINIA, of a nearly cylindric fhape, fhortifh,
with the interior tentacula ramified, the ex-
terior ones conic and obtufe, Colour red.

When we take a view of the lower orders of Zoolo-
gy, we find a large and fingular fet of beings, which
are fo widely diftinct from the other tribes of the ani-
mal world, that they feem almoft as nearly allied to
vegetables as to animals. Many of thefe curious pro-
ductions of Nature are arranged by Linnzus under the
title of Mollufca; which title is one of the fubdivifi-
ons of the Linnean tribe of Vermes. Of the various
| gener?

-

genera belonging to the Mollufca, that of Actinia is
perhaps the moft elegant and curious. Many fpecies
of this genus have been called by the name of Sea-
Anemonies, from a general refemblance which they
bear, during their expanded ftate, to that flower. The
{pecies here reprefented, feems in a peculiar manner
worthy of this name. J have therefore given it the
title of the Anemone Actinia.

Though extremely common on feveral of the Euro-
poean coafts, and on our own in particular, it does not
feem diftinctly mentioned by Linnzeus in the Sy{tema
Nature. It adheres firmly to the rocks, fo as to be
frequently left above water at the ebbing of the fea;
but it is generally found adhering at fome little depth
below the furface of the water. Its general colour is
a deep red, more or lefs vivid in different fpecimens,
and of the fize reprefented in the annexed plates.

When in a ftate of contraction, (as at Fig. 1.) it has
the appearance of a very obtufe cone, with an orifice at
the top, which it can at pleafure clofe entirely ; but
which is generally fo far open, as juft to exhibit a few
of the interior branchy tentacula or central parts. (7g.
2.) but when expanded, it prefents a moft curious and
beautiful appearance, (fig. 3.) it then difplays a triple
row of circular tentacula of an oblong form, with ob-
tufe points, of a yellow colour, and varied with red in
fuch a manner as to bear a very confiderable refem-
blance to the flower from which it is named. In this
{tate the central tentacula are not protruded, but a
large cavity appears in the middle, into which, if any
extrancous fubftance is introduced, or even if any of

the

the tentacula are but {lightly touched, the animal ine
itantly contracts itfelf into a conoid fhape again, (as at
fig, 1.)

I have fometimes taken this fpecies of Actinia from
its native rock, and have oblerved that after fome time,
when it grew languid, it protruded in a moft extraor-
dinary manner almoft the whole of its interior parts or
vifcera, in the form of an inflated membrane of a pale

yellow colour, and {triped very clegantly with rays of

red and pale fea-green. (fg. 4.) In this ftate it does
not protrude any of the central or branchy tentacula,
but the rows of lateral ones are protruded all round the
circumference. ‘The Actiniw are viviparous animals,
and experiments have been made on fome of the [pe-
cies of this genus, which prove, that they are capable
of being cut (with proper care) into feveral parts, each
of which by degrees becomes complete.

a

at
C

iS Ra
bed on

4 7 Ak ISIS 1

PAPILIO POLYMNESTOR.

ieee teenie stent afoot ate fe afeafe ofeate ape ae ofefe feafeate.

CHARACTER GENERICUS.,

Antenne apicem verlus crafliores, fapius clavato-
capitate.
Ale ({edentis) ereéte furftmque conniventes.
(Volatu diurno.)
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS,

PAPILIO alis dentatis fubconcoloribus nigris,
pofticis apice cerulefcentibus nigro macula-
tis.

Fabr. Spec. Infeé. tom. 2. p. 9.
kq. Tro.

Elegans hoc infectum, Afiam incolens, eft inter {pe-
cies a Linneo non defcriptas. Ali ejus fuperiores
funt aterrima, nubeculis tamen paucis albefcentibus
in longitudinem juxta apices ductis, et prope bafin no-
ta exftat fubtrigona producta coccinea. Alarum infe-
riorum bafis eft aterrima et holoferica, pars autem re-
liqua colorem habet e fubczruleo albicantem, maculis

nigris niveif{que ornatum,

THE
POLYMNESTOR. BUTTERFLY.

Sr essbbbiib bobbie ebie b>
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Antenne, (or Horns) thickening towards the up-
per part, and generally terminating in a
knob, or club-fhaped tip.

Wings (when fitting) erect, and meeting upwards,
(Fiigh¢ diurnal. ) |

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 744.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

BUTTERFLY with indented black wings, co-
lour of both furfaces nearly the fame, the
lower wings blueifh towards the tips, and
{potted with black.

ee a nee ee

This beautiful infect is one of thofe fpecies which
are not in the works of Linnzus. It is an inhabitant
of Afia. The upper wings are of a deep black, with
a few longitudinal whitith clouds towards the tips, and
a lengthened mark of deep crimfon of a fomewhat tri-
angular fhape, near the bafe of each. ‘The lower wings
are of a deep velvet-black at the bafe, and from thence
of a moft elegant whitifh or extremely pale blue, or.
namented with {pots of black and fnow-white.

-_
,
4

LEMUR TARDIGRADUS.

fe sfeofe spoof feof afoot afeafe a ofeofe feat oof ofeofeofefecs
GHARACTER GENERICUS,

Dentes primores fuperiores 4: mtermedius remotis,
Inferiores 6: longiores, porrecti, comprefht,
parallel, approximatt.

Lamari folitaru, approximati.

Molares plures, fublobati; antici longiores, acu-
tiores.

Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 44
CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Ge.

LEMUR ccaudatus, fubferrugineo-cinereus, I1-

nea dorfualt fufea.

LEMUR ECAUDATUS.
Lin, Syfl, Nat. ). 44.

Singulare hoc animal interdum pro Bradypi f{pecie
errantes habuerunt auctores, et nomine ‘Tardigrrad
Ceylonici defcripferunt. Bradypo tamen nequaquam
affine eft, nifi quod, (ut ipfum nomen vult,) tarde ad.
modum gradiatur; in quo fane ab omnibus aliis fui
ipfius generis {peciebus infignitur differt: funt enim
ila ingenii maxime vividi, et motus Omnino celerri-
mi. Notabile etiam eft quod vel ullo cauda veftigio
penitus careat. Indiam Orientalem, et prarcipue in-
fulam Ceyloniam inhabitat Lemur ‘Vardigradus. May.

N nitude

nitudo ejus eft fere felis junioris domeftice. Coloris
eft pallide fufci: oculi autem circulis obfcuris, feu ful
co-nigricantibus cinguntur, qui fupra caput coeuntes,
lineam eodem colore continuatam per dorfi longitudi-
nem ducunt. |

Pellis illi eft delicatula et molliffima. Facies eft qua-
fi antice truncata, nafo fubacuminato: oculi magni,
valde convexi, perfectas velut hemifphzrias reprefen-
tant, iridibus coloris fere fuccinei. Digitus interior
pedum pofteriorum unguem acutum gerit; ceeteri di-
giti ungues rotundatos et complanatos habent. Sylvas
incolit, et fructibus vefcitur; fed et animalia fertur
devorare; aviculas fcilicet; quod (ut mihi videtur) ob
infignem tarditatem vix verifimile eft. Alia eft hujus
generis {pecies, vere diverfa, huic noftre tamen in mul-
tis fimilis, cuique etiam cauda deficit ; fed multo mi-
nor, multo gracilior, et velocior; quam cum Lemure
Tardigrado confundunt nonnulli auctores, et commu-
niter nomine Loris cognofcunt.

fri h fies 2
ell talrea

4‘

THE
SLOW-PACED LEMUR.

DIO OOO.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Six Cutting Teeth, and two Canine Teeth in each

cap odes
Vifage (generally) {harp-pointed.

Feet formed like hands, in the manner of apes.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Se.

TAIL-LESS LEMUR, of a fubferruginous afh-

colour, with a brown dorfal line.

TAIL-LESS MACAUCO,
Pennant. Hif. Quadr. p. 212.

This curious animal is fometimes improperly regard-
ed as a fpecies of Sloth, and has been called the Cey-
lon Sloth ; but it is not in the leaft allied to that ge-
nus, and has only been fo named from the flownefs of
its motions; in which it differs in the moft ftriking
manner from all other fpecies of its own genus, which
are animals of the moft lively difpofition, and the moft
vivid celerity of motion. Another peculiarity belong-
ing to this creature, is the total defect of a tail, of which
not fo much as a veftige appears. It inhabits the Eaft-
Indies, and particularly the ifland of Ceylon. Its fize

) N 2 is

is nearly that of a young cat. Its colour a uniforrti
palifh brown, but.the eyes are furrounded with circles
of deep brown or blackifh, which unite on the top of
the forehead, and from thence acontinued line of brown
runs down the back. ‘The fur on the whole animal is
remarkably fine and foft. The face very flat, but the
nofe fomewhat fharpened. The eyes are large and ex-
tremely convex, fo as to appear like perfect hemif-
pheres. ‘The irides are amber-coloured. The inner
toe of each hind-foot is furnifhed with a fharp, crook-
ed claw, while the reft of the toes have flat, rounded
nails. It inhabits‘ woods, and feeds on fruit; but is
likewife faid to eat animal food, and to kill fmall birds,
but this, on account of its extreme flownefs, does not
feem very probable. _

There is another fpecies of this genus, which agrees
with this in many particulars, and is deftitute of a tail,
and has fometimes been confounded with it; but in
reality itis a very different {pecies ; being much finall-
er, and having both limbs and body much thinner in
proportion: it is called by feveral authors by the name
of the Loris.

i

HEEDX “HORT ENSIS.

DOE OOOOH EO

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Animal Limax.
Teffa univalvis, {piralis, fubdiaphana, fragilis.
Apertura coarttata, intus lunata, f{. fubrotunda:
fegmento circulo dempto.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 1241.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Ge.

HELIX tefta imperforata pallida, fafciis latis in-

terruptis fufcis.

COCHLEA vulgaris major pulla maculata et
faf{ciata hortenfis.
Lift. Angl. tab. 2. fig. 2.

AN HELIX LUCORUM? |
Lin.

Militat omnis amans, et habet fua caftra Cupido:
Attice, crede mihi; militat omnis amans.

Ov.

Helix vulgaris, feu ut communiter vocatur, Coch-
lea, in numero eft animalium quz ob vilitatem, for-
mamque fordidam et abjectam, a plerifque contemni
€t negligi folent; in quibus tamen plura fortafle dif-

cernere

cernere poteft phyficus que delectationem admiratio-
nemque excitent, quam vel in majoribus animalibus.
Cochlearum enim anatome adeo miraculis plena eft,
ut de variis illarum partibus integrum volumen poffet
componl. Cum vero longis ambagibus fpeciatim has
minutias defcribere lectoribus plurimis moleftum fit,
breviter tantum illa percurremus memoratu digniffima.
Oculi Cochlearum in fummitatibus duorum longiorum
tentaculorum, feu ut vulgo vocantur, cornuum {iti
funt: quod licet a quibufdam phyficis dubitatum fit,
ab experimentis tamen et accuratiffimis Swammer-
damit inveftigationibus clare confirmatur: probatur
quoque eos eof{dem fere humores, tunicas, et vafa, qui-
bus animalium majorum oculi inftruuntur, continere.
Non defuere qui Cochlearum cornua pro veris telefco-

pus naturalibus habuerunt, afferueruntque poffe illas

ea vel extendere vel contrahere pro diftantia objecti
ad quod oculos direxerint. Haec autem idea ftructu-
ram magis multimodam arguit, quam revera his or-
ganis tribuit Natura, et fortaffe inter plurimas {it haec
hypothefis, quas ingenio fuo indulgere folent nonnulli
Nature {peculatores.

Dentes Cochlez funt validi et acuti; omnefque cor-
poris partes tam Interlores quam exteriores ad anima-
lis iftius mores habitufque egregie accommodantur.

De miro genérandi modo dicturus, lectores meos
enixe orem necefle eft ut nec me fabulas philofophicas
fingere exiftiment, nec fidem fuam deficere et immi-
nut finant.

Si quidem vera nobis referunt oculati Nature inter
animalia inferiora inveftigatores, Cochlearum amores

inufitato

inufitato et fibi peculiari quodam more promoventur ;
femperque ipfum complexum precedit mira formula,
que pugne ftataria faciem omnino exhibet.

Cochlez lafcivientes mutua vota telorum parvulo-
rum ictibus, qua peracuta funt et quafi cornea, fibi
invicem communicant; illifque refertam pharetram
exiguam, in dextro latere cervicis fitam, quamdiu per-
manferit illis conjunctionis defiderium, intus geftant.
Emiffo primo telo, illico refpondet Cochlea vulnerata,
@ fimile in amantem jaculatur; ab ila telum alterum
emittitur, rurfufque ipfa invicem percutitur ; Cupidi-
nifque fagittee, quas per omne zevum cecinit fervidum
poetarum et amantium ingenium, in ipfa tandem Na-
tura revera inveniuntur. Peracto hoc lepido prelio,
coeunt Cochlez, et deinde locum idoneum ubi ova fua
deponant follicite queritant ; humidum nempe et opa-
cum receffum, vel fub terra gleba, vel cavo aliquo teg-
mine. Rotunda funt hec ova, magnitudine fere pifo-
rum parvulorum, coloris albi fubpellucentis, et fub-
ftantiz mollis. Ex his excluduntur Cochlea plene
formate, teftas fuas in dorfo ferentes, nec ullam aliam
mutationem preter naturale molis incrementum fube-
unt. Hortis et pomariis damnum non leve inferre fo-
lent Cochlez, et notatu dignum eft, illas, fi defecerit
cibus fucculentus, fructus nempe aut folia, corpora
etiam dura et ficca rodere: memini enim egomet He-
licem hortenfem, (qualis eft illa quee hic depingitur, )
fub vitro cujus diameter quatuor uncias fuperabat 1n-
clufam, fubftratam chartam communem ceruleam una
nocte ufque ad ipfius vitri marginem devorafle; circu-

lo relicto velut ab ipfo circino defignato.
Ab

~

Ab “experimentis Spallanzanii aliorumque probatur,
Cochleas, abf{ciffa aliqua parte, repullulandi facultatem
habere: ipfe enim Spallanzanius Cochlee caput abfci-
dit, quod, elapfo certo tempore perfecte regerminabat.
Huyjus experimenti veritas, licet a nonnullis denegetur,
ab aliorum tamen doctiffimorum phyficorum teftimo- |
nio fatis comprobatur. ,

Quanquam variis intervallis fagittas fuas jaculentur
Cochlez, fatendum tamen eft tabulam repreefentare il-
las plus aquo a fe invicem remotas. Plerumque pro-
pius accedunt; immo interdum fit ut telum ipfum,
gladit inftar, in corpore oppofito infixum ftet, dum
Cochlea que jaculum emiferit, recedit paululum, fa-
gittam quafi commilitonis fui expectans.

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QE OEE S
GENERIC CHARACTER.

The Anzmal a Slug.
Shell {piral, fub-pellucid.

Aperture femi-lunar.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c.

SNAIL with a fhell of a pale colour, with broad
interrupted bands of brown.

The COMMON GARDEN SNAIL.

See to the fight the gentle warriors move,
And dart with harmlefs force the fhafts of love !

The Snail is amongft the number of thofe animals
which we are apt to overlook on account of their feem-
ingly contemptible appearance, but which will per-
haps open to our attentive furvey a greater variety of
Curious particularities than moft other creatures can
exhibit. The anatomy of the fnail is full of wonders,
and a volume might be written on its hiftory; but,
without defcending to a tedious narrative of all its
parts, I fhall only mention a few of the moft remark-
able ones. The eyes of Snails are fituated on the tips
of the two longeft horns, and though their exiftence

has

has been queftioned by fome Naturalifts, yet the accu-
rate refearch of SwaMMERDAM has fufficiently proved
their real nature, and that they are furnifhed with near-
ly the fame humours, coats, and veffels as in moft of
the larger animals. Some authors have fuppofed the
horns to be a kind of natural telefcopes, and that the
animal fhortened or lengthened them according to the
diftance of the objects to which it directed them; but
this idea feems to imply a more complicated ftructure
than can be found in this organ, and, I believe, muft
be given up as one of thofe ingenious hypothefes which
are too frequently entertained by fpeculative enquirers.

The teeth of the Snail are fharp and ftrong, and all
the internal as well as external parts of the creature
are admirably calculated by Nature for the mode of life
to which it is deftined.

But the moft wonderful part of the hiftory of the
Snail, is its manner of breeding; and I muft requett
my readers to f{ummon all their philofophical faith to
receive the furprifing particulars.

If the obfervations of the moft profound enquirers
into the operations of Nature amongit the lower orders
of animals may be depended upon, the amours of Snails
are conducted in a manner very different from thofe of
moft other creatures, and are always preceded by a ve-
ry extraordinary ceremonial, which has all the appear-
ance of a regular combat.

When thefe animals are difpofed to love, they figni-
fy their mutual wifhes by launching feveral little darts
-ateach other. Thefe darts are of a very fharp form,
and of a horny fubftance, and the animals are provided

| with

with a little quiver or refervoir of them during the
breeding feafon: this internal quiver or repofitory of
the darts is fituated within the neck, and opens exter-
nally on the right fide. Upon the difcharge of the
firft dart, the wounded Snail immediately retaliates
upon the aggreflor, and difcharges a fimilar one; the
other again renews the battle, and is again in its turn
wounded; and thus the darts of Cupid, fo long and
loudly celebrated by poets and lovers, and which are
metaphorical with all the reft of the creation, are here
completely realized. When the animals have continu-

ed for fome time the combat juft defcribed, a reconci-
liation takes place, and they unite; after which they
are folicitous to depofit their eggs in a place of fafety.
For this purpofe they choofe a moift, cool fituation,
generally under fome little clod, or in fome {mall fhel-
tered cavity, in which they place them: they are per-
fectly round ; about the fize of very {mall peafe, of a
femi-tranf{parent white colour, and of a foft fubftance :
from thefe the young are hatched completely formed,
and with their fhells on their backs, and undergo no
farther change than a gradual increafe of fize.

The depredations which thefe animals commit in
gardens and orchards is very confiderable, and it is re-
markable that in defect of moift fucculent food, as fruit
and tender leavés, they will even attack fubftances of
a hard and dry nature. I have known the common
garden Snail here figured, when confined for one night
under a glafs of more than four inches in diameter,
which was placed ona fheet of common blue paper,

entirely devour the whole paper contained in the inclu-
| ded

ded fpace, to the very edge of the glafs, fo that a cir-
cular piece feemed almoft as accurately taken out, as
if marked by a pair of compaffes.

From the experiments of SpALLANZANI and others,
it appears that Snails are poffefled of a very confide-
rable degree of reproductive power. SpaLLANZANI in
particular, has found that the whole head of a Snail
may be cut off, and yet in a certain {pace of time will
be reproduced. This has been denied by fome, but its
truth is eftablifhed by experiments conducted by the
moft careful and accurate obfervers.

It is neceflary to add, that the Snails in the annex-
ed plate, are reprefented at fomewhat too great a dif
tance from each other; this is a circumftance which
admits of great variation, but in general the animals
make a nearer approach before they dart their f{picula ;
and in fome particular inftances they have been known
to approach fo near during this action, that the dart
has been infixed in the manner of a fword, in which
cafe the animal that difcharged it, withdraws again to
fome little diftance, and feems to wait for a fimilar at.
tack.

SPARUS? FORMOSUS.

Cede fete fff fe defer of ferfer te ok eo te
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Caput: Dentes inctfores vel Laniarn robulti;
Molares obtufiufculi, conferti. Ladzz dupli-
cata.

Memb. branch. radus 5. Opercula {quamofa.

Corpus compreffum. Linea lateralis poftice cur-
vata. Pinne@ pectorales rotundate.

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 467.
CHARACTER SPECIFICUS,

SPARUS RUBER, corporis maculis longitudi-

nalibus varus, apiceque caudex, cxruleis,

Inter illos eft pulcherrimus hic pifcis quos in Syfte-
mate Nature non defcripfit Linnaus. Secundum nor-
mam Linneanam ad genus Spari referendus eft. Fa-
tendum fane eft Spari et Labri characteres non fatis
accurate diftingui, fpecielque efle aliquas quee eequali
pene jure ad alterutrum genus pertinere videantur.
Teftis fit fpecies de qua jam agimus, quamgue Domi-
nus Ascanius in Opere fuo Lvgures enluminees d’ Hifteire
Naturelle du Nord dicto, fpeciem *Labri effe voluit. Hu-
ic noftro maxime affinis effe videtur pifcis, a Pennan-
uo SYriped MW rafe nominatus. Spari et Labri fpecies

| Varlis

* Kt fortafle revera potius Labrus quam Sparus.

variis plerumque et vividis coloribus fuperbiunt ; ut
plurimum quoque, pifces funt exteri et adventitii; at
fupradictus ille quem defcripfit Pennantius, interdum
circa littora Britannica confpicitur. Unde delatum fit
individuum hoc fpecimen in tabula depictum, et adhuc
in Mufeo Leveriano confervatum, nobis non fatis li-
quet. Verifimile tamen eft pifcem effe Britannicum.

Figura noftra magnitudine naturali fere dimidio mi-
norem illum reprefentat. Notatu dignum eft nullam
aut Labri aut Spari fpeciem in grandi illo Opere I¢thy-
ologico Domini Brocu fuifle depictam: quod fane ma~-
gis mirandum, cum apud multos auctores horum pif-
cium figuree reperiantur quas ille commode fatis, un-
de et alias plurimas mutuatus eft, in Icthyologiam fu-
am tranftuliffet.

ann res» re ae = SE
Ra pA IRE NE EE VE ET = es

SS genet ERR EO ee eee

gongs? cain) wy >,De App ry? Fp last hay» eyez? ‘caggrtceg Se een eee ee ee

THE
Pea TLE UT SPAR US,

DAMA AIAANI AAA AAA OIA AMAR ED

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Teeth (generally) ftrong, and fomewhat obtufe.
Lips double.
Membrane of the Gills furnifhed (generally) with

5 Vays.

Peétoral Fins of a rounded form.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

RED SPARUS, with the various longitudinal
marks on the body and the tip of the tail

blue.

The beautiful fifh here reprefented, is amongft the
number of thofe which are not to be found in the Syf-
tema Naturze of Linnzeus. The genus to which it be-
longs fhould, according to Linnzus’s own rules, be
that of Sparus; but it muft be confeffed that the cha-
racters of the two Linnzan genera of Sparus and La-
brus are not quite fufficiently diftinguifhed, and feve-
ral fpecies may be obferved which might with almoft
equal propriety be referred to either genus. As a proof
of this, I cannot but obferve, that in the Work of As-

canius, entitled Figures enluminees d’ Hifloire Naturelle
| du Nord,

du Nord, this fifh is given as a fpecies of Labrus. *

It feems very nearly allied to the fpecies which Mr.
Pennant in his Britifh Zoology has called the Striped
Wraff. The genera of Sparus and Labrus are both
remarkable for the vivid colours which frequently a-
dorn the fpecies belonging to them. Moft of them
are natives of the extra-Britannic feas; but the ftriped
Wraffe of Mr. Pennant, to which this fifh is fo nearly
allied, has been fometimes caught on our own coalts.
Where the individual fpecimen was taken, from which
this figure was copied, and which 1s now in the Le-
verian Mufeum, I have not been able to learn; but
there is reafon for fuppofing it to be a Britifh fifh.

It is reprefented about half the fize of the {peci-
men itfelf.

It is fingular that no fpecies either of Sparus or
Labrus has yet been figured in the fuperb Icthyology
of Dr. BLocu; efpecially as there are not wanting nu-
merous figures of thefe fifh in the works of feveral
authors, from whom he might have copied them with
the fame eafe that he has done thofe of a great many |
other fifhes introduced in the courfe of his Work.

* And perhaps it is really rather a Labrus than a Sparus.

2

ANAS OCCIDUA.
Obed eee eee et ht

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Roftrum \amellofo-dentatum, convexum, obtufum.

~ Lingua ciliata, obtufa.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 194.
' Ord. Anferes.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &e.

ANAS albo-variata, fafcia frontis occipitif{que vi-
rente, pennis fcapularibus falcato-dependen-
tibus, roftro-pedibufque nigris.

ANAS STELLERI.
Palle Spic. Ow Ps 95: t..5:

Anatis perpulchra hzc fpecies nomen habet a pa-
tria; Americ quippe littora occidua precipue in-
habitat. In Kamtfchatka etiam invenitur, ubi in ru-
pibus inacceffis pullos fuos educat. Gregatim con-
volant he Anates, nec unquam, ut perhibent, rivos
intrant, fed in littoribus maritimis femper degunt.

A fpecimine eximio hujus avis in Mufeo Leveriano,
confervato, figuram hanc noftram depingi curayiamus ;
ab eodem etiam fpecimine figuram fuam in Zoologia
Arctica expreffit Pennantius. Magnitudine Anatem

Penelopen equat.
O

THE
W ‘Ee DER NL, Dd AK.

Sth hhh hhh hhh hhh hele hk fe he
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill broad and flattened; the edges marked with
{harp lameéllz.
Tongue broad and ciliated at the edges.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &ec.

VARIEGATED DUCK, witha frontal and oc-
cipital band of green; the fcapular feathers
falcated downwards ; the bill and legs black.

WESTERN DUCK.

Lath. Synopf. 3. p. 532.
Pennant. Aréh. Zool. p. 564.

The beautiful {pecies of Duck here reprefented, is na-
med the Weftern Duck from its having been princi-
pally found on the weftern coafts of America; but it is
likewife an inhabitant of Kamtf{chatka, where it breeds
amongft inacceffible rocks. It is faid to fly in flocks,
and never to enter the mouths of rivers, but to confine
itfelf to the fea-coafts. The elegant {pecimen in the

~* Leverian Mufeum was the individual from which this

igure was taken: Mr, Pennanrt’s figure of this bird
in the Arctic Zoology was alfo drawn from the fame
ijpecimen. ‘The fize of this fpecies is nearly that of a
Wigeon.

ps

ti. ad

/ sail
UR lal uv
Hig! J aia

us: ry 1
F

Sar =
'
'

4 ¥ ep Whe ee Ae ae Feds
bondhin, ttihtirtnt Va ait Aye ty “Ai iA ‘ Vitti tyne Vi as Aaniten 6 flee

5 Pane

tan”

MACROPUS GIGANTEUS.

ee ee te ie ie he ie ie i i es OS os es
CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Dentes primores {uperiores 6, emarginati.
Inferiores 2, validiflimi, acuminati, antror-
fum porreéti.

Molares utrinque 4? remot.

Pedes antici breviffimi; poftici longiffimi.

Folliculus abdominalis. (Fceminz)

G. S.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Sc.

MACROPUS cauda fenfim attenuata.
ye

YERBOA GIGANTEA.

Zimmerman. 520.

KANGUROO OPOSSUM.
, Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p..3060.

Inter quadrupedes anomalum omnino et fingulare
eft animal Kanguroo dictum. Genus a Pennanrio dif-
ponitur nomine Didelpbis feu Opoffum, cui fane maxi-
me eft affine. Affine tamen eft et Murini generis cer-
tis {peciebus, quas defcribit Linn aus, quibus pedes
pofteriores infolita: {unt longitudinis, pedefque anteri-
ores infolite brevitatis. Inter illas eft fpecies valde
fingularis, communiter Yerboa nominata, que a Lin-

O 2 NEO

Nao Mus Jaculus dicta eft, cui geftus fitufque corpo-
ris {unt avi fimiles, pedibus utpote pofterioribus tan-
tum infiftenti, anterioribus non nifi inter edendum, et
terram pro cubili fcalpendum utenti. Differt in hoc
Kanguroo a Ferboa, quod dum pedibus tantum pofteri-
oribus quiefcit, metatarfum ? adeo productum habet ut
primo intuitu tota velut tibia videatur terre inniti: at
Ferboa pedibus folis nititur. Kanguroo foemina fac-
culum habet in abdomine, ut et vulgaris feu magna
Didelphis. Utrique maxilla infunt quatuor?dentes
molares, ab aliis dentibus remoti. Maxille fuperiori
infunt fex dentes incifores, validi, lati, paulum bifid),
feu medio leviter excifo. (emarginati.) In fronte max-
illa inferioris funt dentes duo prominentes, maxim,
validiffimi, acutiflimi. Pedes anteriores in quinque
digitos longos divifi funt, unguibus acutis munitos.
Pedum autem pofteriorum forma eft valde fingularis ,
Primo intuitu tridactyli apparent, digitis nempe tri-
bus inftructi. Digitus medius validiffimus, maximus,
ungue itidem maximo et validiffimo armatus. Digiti
iaterales utrinque minores funt, unguibus proportiona-
ris; quorum interior, fi prope confpicitur, duplex vi-
detur, five ex unguibus duobus valde vicinis conftans.
Pedes itaque pofteriores revera funt tetradactyli, feu
digitis quatuor inftructi. Heec obfervatio (que, ut vi-
detur primos fpectatores effugit,) certe eft accurata ;
poffit etiam effe utilis; affinitatem enim maximam de-
monftrat inter hanc {peciem et aliam a pictore Le Brun
nomine Philandri defcriptam, in qua unguis interior
duplex plane confpicitur. In alia quoque Kanguroo
fpecie Novam Hollandiam cum Aanguroo magno inco-

| lente

8 Se ee ee

lente, eadem obfervatur pedis ftructura. In fuo gene-
re Kanguroo eft fpecies facile maxima ; utpote ovi adul-
te magnitudine par. Caput collumque, cum parte
corporis fuperiore gracilia funt; corporis autem pars
pofterior permagna eft et carnofa. Infolite eft agili-
tatis, faltibus altis adeo et longis progrediens, ut canes
Graii dicti facile ab illo in curfu fuperentur.

Novam Hollandiam incolit Kanguroo, ibi frequenter
confpectus. Victum prebet non infalubrem. Vege-
tabilibus folis vefcitur. |

THE
GER EAD otk FIN AG AD ie ee,

usu e eiieeigieieioiotebeteiaiteo
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Six Cutting Teeth in the upper jaw, {lightly emar-
ginated.

Two very flrong, fharpened Teeth in the lower
jaw, pointing forwards.

Grinders on each fide 4? diftant from the other
teeth.

An Abdominal Pouch. (in the female.)

? G. S,

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Se.

KANGUROO, with the tail gradually attenua-
ted.
G. 8.
KANGUROO OPUSSUM.
Pennant. Hift. Quadr. p. 306.

KANGUROO.
Cook's Voyage. 3. Pp. 577:

The Kanguroo is a very anomalous and extraordina-
ry quadruped. ‘The genus to which it bears the great-
eft afinity, is that of Didelphis or Opoffum, in which

genus

Vihiees

My
4

4
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genus it is placed by Mr. Pennanr; butit has alfo fome
affinity with thofe {pecies of the Linnean genus Mus,
which are furnifhed with hind legs of a very remark-
able length, and fore-legs as remarkably fhort. One
of the moft fingular of thefe is the creature called the
Jerboa, which is the Mus Jaculus of Linneus; an
animal which has the general actions and attitudes of
a bird; {tanding on its hind legs, and making ufe of
the fore-legs only in feeding and in fcratching or bur-
rowing in the ground.

The Kanguroo, like the Jerboa, refts only on its
hind legs, but the whole metatarfus ? having the appear-
ance of the tibia, refts on the ground, whereas the
Jerboa more frequently feems to f{tand on the feet alone.
The female Kanguroo is furnifhed with a ventral
pouch, in the fame manner as the large or common
Opoffum. In each jaw there are 4? grinding teeth,
or dentes molares; thefe are fituated backwards, ata
diftance from the front-teeth. Of thefe, viz. the front
or cutting teeth, (incifores,) there are 6 in the upper
jaw, of a broad fhape, and appear as if approaching
to a bifid figure, or with a part cut out from the mid-
dle edge (emarginated). In the front of the lower jaw
are two extremely large, fharp, and {trong teeth, which
incline forward. ‘The fore feet are divided into five
longifh toes, with fharp claws; but the itructure of
the hind feet is extremely remarkable. At firft view,
the foot feems to be tridactylous, or to confift of three
toes; the middle toe is moft uncommonly {trong and
large, and furnifhed with a claw of proportional

magnitude ; the fide toes are much fmaller, and the
| claw

claw of the interior one, if clofely examined, will be
found to be double, or to confift of two claws very clofe
to each other; fo that in reality, the hind feet are
tetradactylous, or have four claws. This particular,
(which feems to have efcaped the firft obfervers) is both
curious and important, as it feems to fhew how very
nearly this animal is allied to another anomalous fpe-
cies of quadruped, which has long ago been defcribed
by Le Brun, the painter, under the name of the Phi-
lander, in which the fame particularity (vzz. the double
inner claw) takes place; as likewife in a {mall fpecies
of Kanguroo, which, like the large {pecies here figured,
inhabits New Holland.

The tail of the Kanguroo is very long, and gradually
tapers to the end.

The Kanguroo is by far the largeft animal of its”
genus ; being as large as full-grown fheep. Its head
and neck, and whole upper parts are very {lim and de-~
licate ; while the lower part of the body is very large
and mufcular. It is a creature of furprifing agility,
_ and fprings forwards, by leaping to fo uncommon a
height, and to fo great a diftance, as to out{trip the
fleeteft purfuit; the fwifteft greyhound being eafily
and foon diftanced by this wonderful quadruped.

It is a native of New Holland, where it is found in
plenty, and is efteemed a ufeful article of food.

SCARABAUS HERCULES.

DIME Mor pep?

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Antenne clavate capitulo fifhli.
Tibie antice fepius dentate.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 541.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Se.

SCARABAAUS feutellatus, thoracis cornu in-
curvo maximo: fubtus barbato unidentato,
capitis recurvato: fupra multidentato.

Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 541.

Réel. Inf. 2 Scarab. 1. tab. A. fig. 1. et Inf. 4.
tab 5. fig. 3.

Edw. Av. tab. 334.

Quis, ait celeberrimus Burronus, efficit ut de fummo
mundi Creatore altius fublimiufque concipiamus? an
ille qui foles et planetas poteftate {ua formantem, mun-
dorumque circulos gubernantem depingit; an qui
apum oeconomiam ordinantem, aut alas Scarabei ferio
et fedulo plicantem? Talis equidem tanti viri fententia
Hiftoria Naturalis minutiores partes inveftigantibus
foret inimiciffima, utpote vix hominis literati ftudio

| dignas,

dignas, aut faltem pra majoribus et nobilioribus Zoo-
logie partibus fordidas, nifi quod et alii de hac re cen-
fuerint in eadem ponamus trutina; virl nempe non
minus ingenio vivido et pollenti, quam virtute per
omne zevum laudandi. Perilluftris Boylius breviter et
nervofe fuam ita fententiam edidit; fe non tam Natu-
rz majoribus horologiis, quam parvulis et minutis ftupe-
fcere; Deumque plane dixit effe maximum in minimis.
Et profecto fi elephantis aut rhinocerotis molem gi-
ganteam miramur, acarum attoniti contemplemur ne-
ceffe eft, cui plura funt membra, corpufque magis com-
plicatum quam animalibus majoribus. Ad fummum
vero augetur nobis admiratio, innumera ifta animalcula
explorantibus, que non nifi microfcopil ope videnda
funt; quibus vel ipfe acarus eft quafi elephas. Im-
mortalis Prrnir fententia de his parvulis Nature ope-
ribus ex ipfius verbis conftat. ‘In his tam parvis,
tamque fere nullis, que ratio! quanta vis! quam inex-
tricabilis perfectio !”’

Infectum vero, quod nunc defcribere pergimus, ne-
quaquam ad minora infecta pertinet, fed inter maximas
fui generis fpecies numeratur. Phyficis probe cogni-
tum eft, et a multis defcriptum. Americam incolit
calidiorem, et inter alios fcarabeeos praminet cornu
in vaftam longitudem e thorace extenfo necnon allio
cornu acapite orto, et furfum tendente, donec cornu
thoracis pene occurfet. Cornu fuperius fuperficiem
habet inferiorem villo, feu tomento denfo holoferico
elegantiffime veftitam. Infecta heec (ut fertur) Mam-
mae Americane ramulos cornubus complexa, cir-
cum-gyrando vulnerant, ut humorem ab arbore incifa

ftillantem

ftillantem forbeant ; quo mox inebriata in terram de-
cidunt, et facillime capiuntur. Huic tamen fame,
ut doctus obfervat Fasrictus, fides non temere haben-
da eft, quoniam, ut antea diximus, cornu, cui fuperficies
inferior barbata eft, hoc modo abrafum omnino denu-
daretur. Infectum hoc, ob molem infignem, optimum
praebet exemplum characteris generici. Magnitudine
multum variat. Dubitari etiam merito poteft, annon
minora aliqua {pecimina veluti fpeciem diverfam de-
{cripferint auctores ; exempli gratia Scarabeeum Alci-
dem Fasricri, adeo huic noftro affinem, at vix probe
f{eparari queat, quamvis multo fit minor, cornuaque
minus confpicue dentata gerat.

es

Te ne ge ee

Sas

yg ee :

Tye ad tel Regie

\ dy

> is ph ndiy F
A es lk,

2

aa

s
a
pat,

by ig
ek ee .
ge a

;
ye obL? ‘ant oun POYLGP YS VY fo

a

sai ae ie ad PP OY

LO

" &

and guiding the revolutions of worlds, or he who difco-
vers him bufied in regulating the ceconomy of anhive of
bees, or deeply engaged in foiding the wings of a beetle?
Such an obfervation, from fo elevated a character,
might be capable of exciting a very wrong and unfa-
vourable idea, with refpect to the ftudy of the fmaller
branches of Natural Hiftory; as if unworthy of any
confiderable fhare of attention, or at leaft of but flight
importance, when compared with the higher orders of
Zoology. But let us recollect the fentiments of other
men, of the moft comprehentive minds, the moft bril-
liant abilities, and the moft exalted piety and virtue.

The celebrated Mr. Boyte ufed to exprefs himfelf
on this fubject in a fomewhat fingular phrafe, viz. That
for his own part, his wonder dwelt not fo much on the
clocks as the watches of Nature ; and that the Creator
appeared in reality to be maximus in minimus. If we are
{truck with admiration at the prodigious bulk of the
elephant, or the rhinoceros, we are loft in aftonifhment
at the contemplation of a mite, for in that animal there
is a more complicated ftructure, and a greater variety
of parts than in the larger animals ; and how mutt this
aftonifhment increafe, when we contemplate by the
help of glafles, thofe innumerable legions of animal-
cula, compared to which, a mite may itfelfbe regarded
as a kind of elephant.

The opinion of Piryxy on the minuter parts of Na-
ture 1s evident, from his own words. © In his tam
parvis tamque fere nullis que ratio! quanta vis! quam
inextricabilis perfectio!”’.

The

The infect, however, which makes its appearance on
the prefent plate, is not amongft thofe of the fmaller or-
der; but on the contrary, is one of the moft gigantic
animals of the clafs to which it belongs. This curious
creature has long been known to the admirers of Na-
tural Hiftory, and has been figured by feveral authors.
It is a native of the warmer parts of America, and is re-
markable for the exceffive length of the horn, which pro-
ceeds from its thorax, as well as for another horn which
proceeds from its head, and bends upwards, foas almoft
to meet the thoracic one. The uppermoft of thefe
horns, or procefles, 1s moft curioufly coated on the in-
ner furface, with a fine hair or velvet-like fubftance.

It has been faid that thefe infects have a cuftom of
taking hold of the flender branches of the Mammeza
Americana, and {winging themfelves round with fuch
rapidity, as to wound, by this circular motion, the
- branch on which they faften, in order to be enabled to
fuck the juice diftilling from the tree; by which they
are foon inebriated, fo as to fall in great numbers on
the ground, and to be eafily taken. But this account,
as the learned Fasrictus has well obferved, feems not
very probable; fince the thoracic horn being bearded
on its lower furface, would undoubtedly be made bare
by this operation. This Infect, from the remarkable
fize of all its parts, affords an admirable example of
the characters of the genus to which it belongs.

It varies much in fize, and it may even be much
doubted whether fome of the fmaller fpecimens have
not been regarded as diftinct fpecies by authors : fuch,
is the Scarabeus Alcides of Fasrictvus,

for inftance, |
which

which feems fo extremely nearly allied to the Hercules,
as {carce to admit of feparation, notwithftanding its
fize, which is hardly more than half that of the form-
er; and the horns not furnifhed with fuch remarkable
denticulations as in the Hercules.

PSITTACUS PULLARIUS.

PIII OPO IO

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Roffrum aduncum: mandibula fuperiore mobil,
cera in{tructa.
Nares in roftri bafi.
Lingua carnofa, obtufa, integra.
Pedes {canforu.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 139.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS,

PSITTACUS brachyurus viridis, fronte rubra,
cauda fulva fafcia nigra, orbitis cinereis.
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 149.

PSITTACUS GUINEENSL.
Edw. Av, t. 297. f. 1.

Lath. Synopf. 1. p» 309.

In caveis inclufam hanc aviculam plerique tam fre-
quenter confpexerunt, ut hoc ipfum ab admiratione
detrahat quam aliter fibi vindicaret excellens pulchri-
tudo. Hiftorie naturalis cultoribus tam probe cog-
nita eft hac fpecies, ut illam peculiariter defcribere
non fit neceffe: fatis fit dicere fpeciem effe pulcherri-
mam ; moresque ejus fuaves et manfuetos forme tam

P exImle

eximiz bene refpondere. Africe eft indigena, et in
Guinea frequentiffima eft. In India etiam Orientali

invenitur. Nomen ejus Anglicanum commune eft
Guinea-S LAVVOW.

a ak

ig) Mr?

ody ?
a.
baal ?
&v*
Oo

>
2,

Dp
he ere;

THE
GUINEA PARRAKEET.

EI III IOI

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Bill hooked. Upper mandible moveable.
Noffrils round, placed in the bafe of the bill.
Tongue flefhy, broad, blunt at the end.

Legs fhort. ‘Toes formed for climbing, viz. two

backward and two forward.
Linnaeus and Pennant.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &c.

SHORT-TAILED GREEN PARROT, with
red front; tail fulvous with a black bar;
orbits of the eyes grey. Lin.

RED-HEADED GUINEA PARRAKEET.
Latham, fol. 1. p. 309.

This beautiful little bird is fo often feen in cages,
that the circumftance of its not being a rare f{pecies
feems in fome degree to leffen the admiration due to
its uncommon elegance. As it is fo well known to Na-
turalifts, it is unneceflary to fay more than that it is
one of the moft brilliant of its genus, and that the
beauty of its appearance is equalled by the gentlenefs

P 2 of

of its manners. It isan African bird, and abounds in
Guinea. It is alfo found inthe Eaft Indies. In Eng-

land this bird is generally called by the name of the
Guinea-Sparrow.

MANIS TETRADACTYLA.

QMO PEE O

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Dentes nulli.

Lingua teres, extentilis.
Os anguftatum in roftrum.
Corpus {quamis tectum,

Lin, Syft. Nat. p. 52.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, Ge.

MANIS pedibus tetradaétylis.

Lin. Syft. Nat. DP; 53;

LACERTUS {quamofus peregrinus.

Cluf. Exot. 374.

Tam prope accedit hac Manis fpecies ad fimilitu-
dinem Manis Pentadactyle, in priore numero hujus
operis depict, ut a quibufdam phyficis varietas potius
quam {pecies diftincta cenfeatur. Linnzeus etiam ipfe,
cum characterem illi fpecificum ftatuerit, addit, “ pra-
cedenti nimis affinis.” Caudz tamen longitudo, que
in omnibus fpeciminibus a meipfo obfervatis, illam
Manis Pentadactyle longe fuperat, fquamzeque magis
oblong, acuminate etiam et ftriate, feu fulcate, nec
non corporis forma gracilior, cum aliis differentis,

quee accurate perpendenti phyfico patebunt, clare de-
monftrant

monftrant hanc fpeciem alteram omnino et diverfam
effe. Quod ad habitus vitaque mores attinet, ea
omnia in hiftoria alterius fpeciei antea defcripte nu-
merantur. Nihil igitur reftat, quin ut illam ipfam
defcriptionem adeat lector.

a

. _
> ‘
Sondeon Aull rahed taly eft (Qo ly ta
‘ / “ ’

on Cores 4, Peet:

THE
POU Eb ED MANTIS.

Te a ee a
GENERIC CHARACTER.

No Teeth.

Tongue cylindric and extenfile.
Mouth narrowed into a {nout.
Body covered with {cales.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Se.

MANIS with tetradaétylous (or four-toed) feet.
| Lin.

LONG-TAILED MANIS.
Pennant. iff. Quadr. p. 504.

This {pecies of Manis makes fo very near an approach
to the Manis Pentadactyla, figured in a former number
of this work, that it has been regarded by fome Natu-
ralifts as a variety rather than a diftinct {pecies; and
Linneus in his Syftema Nature, after giving its {pecific
character, obferves that it is almoft too nearly allied to
the other to be regarded as diftinct. The length of the
tail however, which in all the fpecimens | have ever, ob-
ferved, very greatly exceeds the proportion of the fame
part in the former fpecies, as well as the more oblong
and even acuminate form of the furrowed or ftriated

{cales, together with a greater degree of flendernefs in
the

/

the body, and‘fome other particulars which an atten-

tive furvey difcovers, feem clearly to prove a real {peci-
fic difference. In point of general habits and mode of
life nothing need be added to what has been already
faid of the other fpecies, or M. Pentadactyla, to which
the reader is therefore referred for its hiftory.

FULGORA LANTERNARIA.

i i ie i i ee ae ke ee

CHARACTER GENERICUS.

Caput fronte producta, inani.
Antenne infra oculos : articulis 2; exteriore glo-
bofo majore. |
Roftrum inflexum.
Pedes greflorii.
| Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 703.

CHARACTER SPECIFICUS, &c.

FULGORA fronte oval1 recta, alis lividis; pof-
ticis ocellatis. .
Lin. Syft. Nat. p. 703.
LANTERNARIA.
Mer. Sur. t. 49.
Réfel. Inf. 2. gryll. t. 28, 29.
Fabr. Spec. Inf. vol. 2. p. 313.

Vix aliud in Infectis videtur mirabilius luce illa
phofphorea, quam certe {pecies emittunt. Inter in-
fecta Europea, Lampyrides, (qua ad Coleoptera Linnel
referuntur) maxime hac qualitate pollent. In America
eft fpecies Elateris, cui multa ineft vis lucem in tene-
bris fpargendi. Scolopendra etiam vulgaris Europza,
(qua Scolopendra electrica Linnei) manifefte noctu

lucet,

lucet, praefertim fi aliquo modo fit irritata aut com-
preffa. Pree cateris tamen infectis eminet {pecies in
tabula depicta, quae communiter Lanternaria Peruvi-
ana dicitur: lucem enim adeo vividam fpargit, ut
viatores noctu ambulantes iter {uum commode peragere
poffint, ope unius vel duorum horum animalium,
baculo alligatorum, geftatorumque more facis. In-
fectum hoc ad ordinem naturalem pertinet infectorum
quatuor alas habentium, quarum exteriores funt magis
coriacee feu denfe in parte fuperiore quam inferiore.
Hujus ordinis infecta Hemiptera Linnei conftituunt,
inter que major pars roftrum tubulatum fub pectore
gerunt, cujus ope fugendo fe nutriunt. Hinc patet
Fulgoram et Cicadam effe valde afines. Fulgora fre-
quens in America calidiori reperitur, et a Domina
Merian in hiftoria fua infectorum Surinamenfium nec
non ab aliis Naturz indagatoribus defcripta eft. Non
injucunde narrat Merian metum {fibi ingentem incuf-
fiffe flammeas corrufcationes ab infectis hifce exortas,
cum adhuc facultatis quam habent lucem in tenebris
emittendi ignara effet. ‘Cum aliquando (inguit illa)
Lanternarios magna copia mihi attuliffent Indi, fcatulae
eofdem mapyori ligneze inclufi, illos noctu lucere adhuc
infcia ; verum de no¢te infolito ftrepitu expergefacta, et
perterrita, e lecto profiliens, lumen accendere juffi,
quis domi mez infuetus effet ftrepitus ignara. Tum
vero e fcatula ftridorem profectum illico nobis patuit ;
illam itaque cum‘animi quadam perturbatione aperui-
mus, fed adapertam magis adhuc paventes in terram
fubito dejecimus, quod inter aperiendum inde velut
ignea erumperet flamma, toties refulgens quoties hovum

evolaret

evolaret infectum: quo tandem animadverfo, ad nos
redeuntes, iterum congregavimus animalcula, fplendo-
rem in ipfis plurimum demirate.’’ Ope etiam unius
infecti, ut afhrmat Merian commode aliquis noctu le-
gere potelt.

Non abs re fitaddere quod quamvis Domina Merian
figuras horum animalium pulchre et accurate depingi
curaverit, tamen transformationem ipfius infecti a larva
ad integrum ftatum defcribere conata, figuram, ut vide-
tur, fictam introduxit, nempe cicadz {peciem (que
Cicada Tibicen Linnei) cum capite Fulgore.

Lux phofphorea a Fulgora dimanans, a capite con-
cavo feu velut inflato procedit: nulla enim alia pars

phofphorea elt.

THE
GREAT LAN THORN-FLY,
OR
ip Bae Se ee re

Oe be heb eh eee RE EO:
GENERIC CHARACTER.

Head hollow, inflated, and produced forwards.

Antenne below the eyes, confifting of 2 joints,
the exterior larger and globole.

Beak infleéted.

Feet formed for walking.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER, Se.
FULGORA with large oval head; variegated
wings ; the lower pair ocellated.

LANTERNARIA.
Merian. Sur. t. 49.
Rojfel. WOl. 2.425, Boe

Few circumftances are more remarkable amongft in-
fects than the phofphoric light with which fome parti-
cular fpecies abound. Amongft the European infects
this quality is moft confpicuous in the Glow-Worms,
which are of the Linnean genus Lampyris, and belong
to the Coleopterous tribe. In Americaa large {pecies
of Elater, or Springing-Beetle is poffefled of this faculty

in

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or

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in a very high degree ; the common {mall Scolopendra
of Europe, and which is well known in our own coun-
try, is pretty ftrongly phofphoric likewife, cfpecially
if preffed or irritated ; but of all infects that which ts
here reprefented, and which is generally called the
Lanthorn-Fly of Peru, pofleffes this lucid quality in the
moft eminent degree, and affords a light fo vivid, that
travellers walking by night are faid to be enabled to
purfue their journey with fufhcient certainty by one or
two of thefe infects tied to a ftick and carried in the
manner of atorch. ‘The infect belongs to the natural
order of Hemipterous infects, or fuch as are furnifhed
with four wings, of which the exterior pair on the up-
per part are of a f{tronger or more coriaceous nature
than on the lower. ‘The divifion in this tribe to which
it ftrictly belongs, is that containing the roftrated
infects, or fuch as have a tube or inftrument of {uction
lying flat, beneath the breaft. It is therefore extremely
nearly allied to the genus Cicada. It is common in
many parts of South America, and amongtt other wri-
ters is defcribed by the celebrated Madam Merian in
her hiftory of the Surinam infects. She gives an enter-
taining account of the alarm into which fhe was thrown
by the flathing which proceeded from them in the dark,
before fhe had been apprized of their fhining nature.

“ The Indians once brought me (fays fhe) before I
knew that they fhone by night, a number of thele
Lanthorn-Flies, which I fhut up in a large wooden
box. In the night they made fuch a noife that I awoke
in afright, and ordered a light to be brought, not be-

ing able to guefs from whence the noile proceeded :
as

as foon as we found that it came from the box, we
opened it, but were alarmed {till much more, and let
it fall to the ground in a fright at feeing a flame of fire
come out of it; and as many animals as came out, fo
many flames of fire appeared. When we found this to
be the cafe, we recovered from our fright, and again
collected the infects, much admiring their f{plendid
appearance.’’ She adds, that the light of one of thefe
infects is fo vivid that a perfon may fee to read a news-
paper by it.

It may not be improper to obferve, that though
Madam Merian has given good figures of the Fire-Fly,
yet, by way of explaining the change from its fuppofed
larva into the complete infect, fhe feems to have iitro-
duced an imaginary figure, reprefenting the Cicada
Tibicen with the head of a Fulgora. The light emit-
ted by the Fire-Fly proceeds entirely from the hollow
part, or Lantern of the head; no other part of the ani-
mal being luminous.

PND xX.

PLATE

26. 2 * Acrinia Anemone.

13. Alcedo criftata.
92, Anas occidua.
5. Anguis Scytale.
12. Aranea avicularia.
24. Boa canina.
6. Bradypus tridactylus.
19. Certhia formofa.
8. Draco volans.
37. Fulgora Lanternaria.
14. Gorgonia Flabellum.
30. Helix hortenfis.
20. Hydra viridis.
21. Lacerta Monitor.
29. Lemur tardigradus.
| 33. Macropus giganteus.
11. Manis pentadactyla.
36. Manis tetradactyla.
~—10. Motacilla fuperba.
3. Mofchus pygmzus.
23. Ophrys apifera.
28. Papilio Polymneftor.
15. Papilio Priamus.
2. Phalena Atlas.
7. Pfittacus Porphyrio.

1. Pfittacus porphyrocephalus.

16. Pfittacus porphyrurus.
35- Pfittacus pullarius.
17. Rana Pipa,
34. Scarabxus Hercules.
g. Scolopendra morfitans.
18. Sphinx ocellata.
25. Strix nebulofa.
22. Strix pulchella.
31. Sparus? formofus.
4. Lansgra Tatao.

i ee ee eee ke ee ee ee ee ene ee Ee eee ie

IND EX,

PLATE

26.

34°
28.
ie.
. Creeper fhining
- Duck Weftern
. Dragon flying

. Fire-fly.

. Gorgonia Fan.

27.4 MACTINIA Anemone,

Beetle Hercules.
Butterfly Polymneftor.
Butterfly Imperial Trojan

. Kanguroo great

. King-fifher crefted
. Lemur flow-paced
. Lizard monitory.
. Manis five-toed

. Manis four-toed

. Moth Atlas

. Mutk pygmy

. Orchis Bee

. Owl clouded

. Owl leaft horned

. Parrot purple-headed
. Parrot violet-blue

. Parrot purple-tailed
. Parrot Guinea

. Polype green

. Sloth three-toed

. Snail garden

. Spider bird-catching
. Sphinx ocellated

. Sparus? beautiful

. Snake painted

. Snake dog-headed

. Scolopendra great

. Tanagra Paradife

. Toad Surinam

. Warbler fuperb

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7
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