The “davon" Patent ^icnfJelescope combines the functions of the microscope, telescope, camera and pro- jecting lantern for laboratory, educational, and industrial purposes. THE GAP BETWEEN THE MICROSCOPE AND TELESCOPE IS BRIDGED. TERRESTRIAL OBSERVATIONS from six feet to infinity. Mag- nifications 16 — 50. Objects which because of their size or shape ( e.g insects, plant life, eggs, &c.) cannot be put upon the stage of a microscope, can be viewed at from three feet to one foot distance, magnifications x 30—90. ALL IN STEREOSCOPIC RELIEF. IDEAL FOR POND LIFE AND NATURE STUDY. “ Your exhibit on pond life was the ‘piece de resistance.’ It was a revelation and astounded all ."—Leeds University . GREAT DEPTH OF FOCUS both visually and photographically. TELE-PHOTOGRAPHY. With any plate camera. Magnification 20 diameters, covering J-plate, with 10" extension. THE “DAVONTEL,” Price £12 12 0. t takes the place of the camera lens. Photos have been taken at distances varying from 6 feet to 70 miles. Fine photos of birds’ nests, some in autochrome, were taken by Dr. Wright, of Crossgar, Co. Down. Illustrated descriptive brochure free from : — F. Davidson & Co., MASVSWSnB!Na 29, GREAT PORTLAND ST., LONDON, W.l. Agents : — Sheffield, WALLACE HEATON, LTD., Change Alley. Manchester, G. W00LAST0N, Lord’s Chambers, Corporation Street. A BOOK FOR THE MOMENT. THE REBUILDING OP BRITAIN Causes and Effects of the Great War. By an INSPECTOR OF SCHOOLS. /jo pages, Crown 8vo , with 25 Photo Illustrations , bound in stiff boards , 2/6 net. Post free 2/9. Extract from Preface. — “ This little book has been prompted by the imperative need for the statement of the simple facts of Britain’s post-war position to every section of the community, and not least to the young. It is a small contribution to the volume of effort needed to ensure that the rising generation shall not grow to manhood and womanhood ignorant of the truth, and of the peril we still have to face, or with warped ideas due to partial know- ledge or misinterpretation of fact. The young people now at school will, in a few years’ time, be electors ; in due course the destinies of the British Empire will lie in their hands. It is essential that they shall then be able to wield power with judgment bom of knowledge. London : A. BROWN & SONS, Ltd., 5 Farringdon Avenue, E.C.4. AND AT HULL AND YORK. Printed at Browns’ Savile Press, 40 George Street, Hull, and published by A. Brown & Sons, Limited, at 5 Farringdon Avenue, in the City of London. Dec. 1st, 1920. THE NATURALIST: A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND EDITED} BY THOS. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F. S. A. (Scot.). Curator of the Municipal Museums, Hull. Hon. Member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union; the Spalding Gentlemen’s Society ; the Doncaster Scientific Society ; the Selby Scientific Society. and THOMAS WILLIAM WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S. Lecturer in Biology, Technical College, Huddersfield ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF GEORGE T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S. JOHN W. TAYLOR M.Sc. 1921. LONDON : A. Brown & Sons, Ltd., 5, Farringdon Avenue, E.C.4. And at Hull and York. PRINTED AT A. BROWN AND SONS, LTD., SAVILE STREET AND GEORGE STREET, HULL. 3 DEC. 1921. 74 EDITED BY A MONTHLY ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. V VV 8JM432J JAN. 1921 No. 768 No. 542 of current Series T. SHEPPARD, M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.Scot The Museums , Hull : AND T. W. WOODHEAD, Ph.D., M.Sc., F.L.S., Technical College, Huddersfield, WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS O G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E.S. JOHN W. TAYLOR, M.Sc. RILEY FORTUNE, F.Z.S. Contents : PAGE Notes and Comments : — Subscription to the Yorkshire Naturalists' Union ; Mr. H. H. Corbett ; Unveiling a Memorial ; The Contents 1-2 Pine Marten in East Yorkshire — W. H. St. Quintin, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. 3-4 The Conglomerates underlying the Carboniferous Limestone in the North-West of England — II. (illustrated) — J. A. Butterfield, M.Sc. F.G.S. 5-8 The Millstone Grits West of Huddersfield — II. — W . S. Bisat... ... 9-11 Some Derbyshire Plant-Galls — II. — James Meikle Brown, B.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.C.S 13-14 Chironomid Parasite and its Effects— John H. Ashworth ... ... 15-16 Key to the Harpidioid Hypna — I.A.Wheldon ... ... ... ... 17-20 The Ecology of Thorne Waste — Rev. E. A. Woodruff e-Peacock , F.L.S.,, F.G.S. , .F.E.S. , etc. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21-25 Some New Natural History Books (illustrated) ... ... ... 26-20 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Entomological Section— B. Morley 30-31 Yorkshire Naturalists at Bradford — W.E.L. W. ... ... ... 31-32 Field Notes : — Glacial Erratics at Scarborough ; Permian Marls at Ripon ; Schizodus ( ohscurus or truncatus ?) near Doncaster; Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus L., in Upper Wharfedale ; Boreus hy emails in Yorkshire ; Forficula auricularia L. var. forcipata Steph. in York- shire ; Boreus hyemalis. L., a new Yorkshire Neuropteron ; Late occurrence of House Martin in Yorkshire ; Large Migration of Wild Geese in Yorkshire ; Migration of Tree Creepers at Scarborough ; Unusual Birds at Selby ; Effect of Oil on Marine Life ; Another N.E. Yorkshire record of Mutilla europaea L. ; FLypnum exannulatum (Giimb.) near N. Ferriby 4, 11, 16, 32, 55 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union Report for 1920 ... ... ... ... 33-47 List of Members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, etc.* ... 49-55 Reviews and Book Notices ... ... ... ... ... ... ...8,12, 56 Northern News ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29,48*56 Illustrations ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6, 29 LONDON : A. Brown & Sons, Limited, 5 Farringdon Avenue, E.C. 4. And at Hull and York. Printers and Publishers to the Y.N.U. Price 1/- net. Prepaid Subscription 10/6 per annum. YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE OF SUGGESTIONS. A Meeting of the above Committee and all others interested in Peat Investi- gation will be held in the Geological Department, Leeds University (De Grey Road), on Wednesday, January 12th, at 7-30 p.m. Dr. Forsyth will present his report on Bibliography, and the library question will be discussed. Mr. W. H. Pearsall will read a paper on “ The Significance of Buried Trees in Peat,” inviting comments. Suggestions for future work will be welcomed. Chris A. Cheetham. BOOKS FOR SALE. British Non -Marine Mollusca. Swanton. 1/6 Lessons on Shells. 1/6 Astronomy, Clerke, Fowler and Gore. 4/- Beasts, Birds and Bees of Virgil. Royds. 2/- Rust, Smut, Mildew and Mould. Col. Pis. Cooke. 3/- HistoRy of the Oxford Museum. 2/6 Medical Contributions to the Study of Evolution. Adami. 7/6 Fourth International Ornithological Congress, Proc. 1905. 10/- Evolution in the Past. Knipe. Pis. 7/6 Aristotle’s Researches in Natural Science. Lownes. 4/6 Turner on Birds. 1544. Evans. 5/- Reptiles and Batrachians. Boulenger. Pi. 10/6 Darwin and the Problem of Life. Gunther. 7/6 Growth and Form. Thompson. 15/- Waves of the Sea. Cornish. 5/- Waves of Sand & Snow. Cornish. 5/- Life of Crustacea. Calmen. 5/- Plant Life in Alpine Switzerland. Arber. 4/6 A Picture Book of Evolution. 2 Vols. 2/6 a vol. Conditions of Life in the Sea. Johnstone. 5/- The Further Evolution of Man. Calvert. 4/- Life and Evolution. Hedley. 4/6 Harmsworth Natural History. 3 Vols. 10/- each. Lessons from Nature. Mivart. 4/- Heredity. Thompson. 5/- Darwinism and Human Life. Thompson. 4/6 The Lessons of Evolution. Hutton. 2/6 Animal Life under Water. Ward. 5/- The Chrysanthemum. F. W. Burbridge. 2/6 Hunting in British East Africa. Madeira. 7/6 The Flora of West Yorkshire. F. A. Lees. 7/6 The Glow-worm and other Beetles. Fabre. 6/6 Birds and Man. W. H. Hudson. 4/- Invertebrate Palaeontology. Hawkins. 4/6 Evolution of a Coastline. Ashton. 7/- Wasp Studies Afield. Race. 6/- Published Records of Land and Fresh -Water Mollusca, F*st Riding. (Maps). T. Petch, B.Sc., B.A. 1/6 Notes on the Natural History of Hornsea Mere. By G. Bolam. 1/-. Keys to the Families and Genera of British Spiders and the Families, Genera and Species of British Harvestmen and Pseudoscorpions. By W. Falconer. 1/- Apply — Dept. C, c/o A. BROWN & SONS, Ltd., Hull. THE NATURALIST FOR 1921. NOTES AND COMMENTS. SUBSCRIPTION TO THE Y.N.U. In order to meet the greatly increased cost of paper, printing, etc., principally in connexion with its official organ, The Naturalist, it was unanimously resolved at the Annual Meeting of the General Committee held at Bradford on December 4th, that the subscription for membership of the Union should be increased from 12/6 to 15/- per annum, and that the quali- fication for Life Membership should be a donation of not less than eleven guineas ; these increased rates of subscription to commence as from 1st January, 1921. MR. H. H. CORBETT. The Zoological Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union nominated one of its number, Mr. H. H. Corbett, of Doncaster, as President of the Union for 1921, and this nomina- tion was unanimously confirmed at the Annual Meeting held at Bradford on December 4th. On this occasion the Union honours one of its hard-working members, who has associated himself with Yorkshire natural history for a considerable number of years. The Doncaster Scientific Society owes its present successful condition largely to the energy of Mr. Corbett, who for a considerable period has helped in the capacity of President, Secretary, or in other ways. It is largely due to his efforts that the Doncaster Corporation, having purchased the Beechfield Estate, devoted the house to the purpose of a Museum and Art Gallery some years ago. For some years he acted in the capacity of Hon. Curator, and ever since its foundation he has taken a keen interest in the Museum and its work. Mr. Corbett is perhaps specially interested in En- tomology, although he is a keen student in Ornithology and Botany, in fact he may be taken as a typical ‘ all-round Yorkshire Field Naturalist. He has served on many of the Committees of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and is a frequent contributor to this journal. UNVEILING A MEMORIAL. The annual monument to a certain man’s marvellous memory (i.e. the volume of Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia) has recently appeared, in which we learn with irritating frequency of ‘ the author’s researches J 1921 Jan. 1 A 2 Notes and Comments. Instead of telling us plainly that ‘ I picked up a flint on the shore/ it is ‘ the present author’s researches on the beach, in the presence of,’ and so on. Even Prof. Sollas, following Sir Ray Lankester and Prof. Marr, now worships at the same shrine, and with reverent and respectful humility, tells us that this man picked a flint from a deposit with his own hands ! Is Prof. Sollas in the habit of picking things up with anybody else’s hands, or does he pick flints out of strata with his toes or teeth ? The ‘ author ’ has been to Mundesley, and tem- porarily all the wonders of the prehistoric world are switched on there for his edification. But he cannot give a plain account of the marvels of Mundesley without tacking on to it the stereotyped story of the succession of the flints at Ipswich, which we have seen over and over again in almost every scientific magazine in the country, with the exception, perhaps, of The Naturalist. THE CONTENTS. Otherwise, the volume is entertaining. Certainly the large crude school-boy sketches which once so lavishly adorned a certain author’s rippling murmurs have disappeared and given place to decent sketches, but dozens of the illus- trations are of quite common flints, and neither the flints themselves nor the illustrations in many cases are worth the cost of the blocks. Yet the subscription (a few years ago 2/6, then 5/-) is to be raised to 10/- in order to ‘ keep up the standard of the report.’ Personally one would rather be without scores of these unnecessary illustrations, and save the second five shillings. There are, however, many valuable papers in the present part (Vol. III., pt. 2). These include ‘ Man and the Ice Age,’ Presidential Address, by Prof. J. E. Marr ; ‘ Windmill Hill, Avebury, and Grime’s Graves : Cores and Choppers,’ by H. G. O. Kendall ; ‘ Implements from the Glacial Deposits of North Norfolk,’ by J. Cox ; ‘ A Romano- British Site at Santon,’ by W. G. Clarke ; ‘ Implements from Beer Head, South-east Devon,’ by J. A. Powell ; ‘ A Bronze Shield from Sutton, Norfolk,’ by R. Gurney ; ‘ The Stoke Bone-Bed, Ipswich,’ by N. F. Layard ; ‘ A Series of Humanly- fashioned Flints from Mundesley,’ by J. R. Moir ; ‘ A New Celt -making Floor at Grime’s Graves,’ by D. Richardson ; Note on the Paper by Mr. F. N. Haward on ‘ The Origin of the Rostro-Carinate Industry,’ by A. S. Barnes ; ‘ A Flaked Flint from the Red Crag,’ by Prof. W. J. Sollas ; ' Some Flat -based Celts from Kent and Dorset,’ by H. Dewey ; ‘ The Evidence of South Yorks. Surface Implements relative to Classification and Dating,’ by A. L. Armstrong ; ‘ Grime’s Graves : Floors 47 to 59,’ by H. G. O. Kendall ; ‘ Classification of Burins or Gravers,’ also * Pleistocene Deposits in England and the Continental Chronology,’ by M. C. Burkitt. Naturalist PINE MARTEN IN EAST YORKSHIRE. 3 W. H. ST. QUINTIN, M.B.O.U., F.Z.S. I wish to record another of the strange sporadic occurrences of the Pine Marten, far from its nearest recognized habitat. About the middle of last May, George Allison, Mrs. Wickham Boynton’s keeper at Barmston, six miles south of Bridlington, noticed the ‘ work ’ of some animal with which he was not familiar. Young rabbits were found killed, and their remains suggested a prowling cat. But seven or eight hares and leverets were found dead with peculiar injuries — a wound had been opened, in each case, behind the shoulder, from which the blood had been sucked. My friend, the Rev. Edmondes Owen, a well-known Welsh naturalist, says that, when sometimes a young lamb is found with such a wound, it is recognised at once as the work of a ‘ Boda ’ (Marten). Traps were set, as for a cat, but with no result. In the end the animal was caught in a tunnel dug through a bank, in which a trap had been inserted, unbaited. On the ist June, the Marten was found caught by a fore-leg, and dead. It was reported to me ; but it had been sent off at once to the stuff er, and has only lately been returned. It is a male, and, from its teeth, apparently a young one, though full-grown. Its length, in the flesh, was given me as 32 inches. Mr. J. G. Millais, in his fine work, ‘The Mammals of Great Britain and Ireland’ (1905), gives the measurements of various British and Irish Martens, one of which, a Scotch one, and a male, also measured 32 inches in extreme length, the tail being 12 inches, with a weight of 3 lb. 2 ozs. (The largest specimen mentioned by Mr. Millais measured 35 inches.) Unfortunately, as one would expect in the summer season, the animal was ‘ coating ’’ badly, the forearms and thighs being covered with short, very dark brown, new hair ; while much of the old pelt remains on the back and rump. The ears are thinly covered, and the brush very shabby. The breast spot is decidedly white, but this is, no doubt, due to the fading of the old hair. (The Beech Marten ( M . foina), in which the throat and chest are pure white, is not a member of the British Fauna.) Mr. Millais mentions a Marten which was trapped in February, 1900, at Swainby-in-Cleveland. I have no note of any more recent record for Yorkshire. Can it be that the Cleveland occurrence indicates the route by which the animal under notice may have reached the East Riding? If it wandered down Teesdale, from Westmorland, to Cleveland, and thence through the moors by Newton Dale, it might not have had much more than some twenty miles to complete its journey to Barmston, and that 1921 Jan. 1 4 Field Notes. through the sparsely populated wold district, and perhaps at a season when the farm crops were growing fast, and affording cover. ^ This is the same animal that was discussed at the meeting of the Vertebrate Section of the Union at Leeds, on October 23rd, and there described as a ‘ large escaped Ferret ’ But,, anyone familiar with the Pine Marten should have no difficulty in recognising a specimen, whose superior size, larger ears, longer legs, and longer and more bushy tail sufficiently dis- tinguish it from the Polecat, or from the latter’s domesticated form, the Ferret. : o : GEOLOGY. Glacial Erratics at Scarborough. — During excavations in the Boulder Clay forming part of the Cliff of the South Bay, at Scarborough, made in connection with a building for entertainments, no fewer than nine large Shap Granite Boulders, and four of Carboniferous Limestone, were excavated. The largest three of the Shap Granite Boulders measure 14 ft. 7 ins., 12 ft. 4 ins., and 9 ft. 3 ins. in girth, respectively, and from 2 ft. 11 ins. to 3 ft. in height.- — D. W. Bevan, Scarborough. Permian Marls at Ripon. — Drainage excavations, in early 1915, at Ripon South Camp shewed that red and grey marls, with occasional thin limestones, occur close to the surface at about the 150 ft. contour, and 200-300 yards west of the Harrogate Road. Southward towards the Magnesian Limestone quarry at Quarry Moor (rather less than a quarter of a mile away) boulder clays intervene, so that the junction of the marls and the massive limestone was not seen, but presumably the marls are of either Upper Permian or Triassic age.— W. S. Bisat, North Ferriby. Schizodus (obscurus or truncatus ? ) near Doncaster. — A small Schizodus is well known from the shell bed at the summit of the Upper Magnesian Limestone. At a quarry on the Doncaster-Tickhill road, one mile south of Wilsick (close to Narrow Lane), it occurs in fair numbers at this horizon, in loose blocks in the subsoil at the north-west corner of the quarry. The peculiarity about it in this exposure is that all the specimens are preserved with the two valves outspread, and that quantities of what is presumably an algal growth cover the bedding planes at the same horizon. The algal growth is known elsewhere in the Upper Magnesian Limestone, but not in such quantities as occur at this quarry. Specimens are in the Doncaster Museum. — W. S. Bisat,. North Ferriby. Naturalist 5 THE CONGLOMERATES UNDERLYING THE CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE IN THE N.W. OF ENGLAND. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, M.SC., F.G.S. ( Continued from The Naturalist for ig2o, page 284. ). II.— The Tebay Area. In a previous paper,* the distribution of the above con- glomerates (long known as the Basement Conglomerates) in the Sedbergh Area was outlined, in a general way, and it was stated that in Nor Gill, near Sedbergh, there appeared to be evidence of a transition from the coarse red conglomerates into the Lower Limestone Shales. It is intended to give here a similar account of the general distribution round Tebay, and much clearer evidence of that transition. In the Sedbergh area the deposits consist of red conglomerates mainly, with a few interbedded red sandstones; but in the area under con- sideration there is a very different constitution, the red sand- stones covering a much larger area than the red conglomerates, and a series of light green conglomerates and sandstones appearing which are quite absent in the Sedbergh area. Prob- ably none of the deposits at Tebay are so old as the coarse red conglomerates of the bed of the Rawthey at Sedbergh. The area is contained in the three Ordnance Survey quarter sheets (6 in. to mile), numbers 21 S.E., 28 N.E., and 29 N.W. The accompanying sketch map gives a general idea 01 the geological features, though, for the sake of clearness, all deposits of alluvium have been left off. The writer must accept sole responsibility for the ideas contained in it, and it is quite possible that it may require considerable amendment as more field work is done. Reference should also be made to the one-inch geological map of the district. From the one -inch map it will be seen that near to Penrith the conglomerates occupy a fairly large area around the Mell Fells,j but from the south-east corner of this area south- ward there is only a very narrow strip, varying in width up to about half-a-mile, which skirts the outcrop of the Carboni- ferous Limestone in the form of a crescent, curving round •eastwards for a short distance when it reaches Tebay. The portion contained in the sketch-map is the southern portion of this curve, extending about three miles east and three miles north-west of Tebay village. This narrow strip of conglomer- * See The Naturalist, August, 1920, p. 249, and Sept., 1920, p. 281. t ' Mell Fell Conglomerate,’ Green. Pvoc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. XXIX., p. 117. 1921 Jan. 1 ai$.c. wn b*r Naturalist »q N.w, Conglomerates underlying the Carboniferous Limestone. 7 ates dips underneath the Carboniferous Limestone to the north and north-east at a similar angle to that of the lime- stone itseli, and rests unconformably on the Upper Silurian rocks, etc., to the south and south-west. On the one-inch map a narrow strip marked as Lower Limestone Shales is shown parallel with this strip of conglomerates, and this at once suggests a passage from the Conglomerate Series into the Carboniferous Limestone, which passage is borne out by the field evidence. In these notes the writer has coupled together the beds marked on the one-inch geological map as Basement Conglomerates, and Lower Limestone Shales, and he has described them as the ‘ Conglomerates underlying the Car- boniferous Limestone/ The general relationship with regard to the beds above and below, viz., conformity with the beds above and unconformity with the beds below, is shown in the sketch-map. For purposes of description it will be convenient to divide the district into three portions as follows : — (1) Chapel Beck, Blind Beck and Micklegill Beck. (2) Birk Beck, Stakeley Beck, etc.. (3) The Lune, Redgill, Ellergill Beck and Langdale Beck. Each illustrates some interesting point with regard to the deposits of this area. (1). Chapel Beck, Micklegill Beck and Blind Beck. — - Of these three becks flowing from the north, Chapel Beck flow s into the Lune and Micklegill Beck flows into Birk Beck, which is itselt a tributary of the Lune, joining the latter at Tebay village. Blind Beck is a very small stream flowing between the two, and only introduced to show the continuity of the sections. These three becks have been linked together because their sections are similar, and because they show a passage from the Conglomerate Series into the Carboniferous Limestone. Both Micklegill Beck and Chapel Beck give good workable sections, the former being perhaps the more straightforward . (a) In Micklegill Beck, just above and below the position where it is crossed by the railway, deep red sandstones are exposed, dipping 8° N. 240 E. These sandstones are well bedded, and the harder bands form well marked ledges and falls in the stream. About 80 yards above the railway crossing, and overlying these red sandstones, is a band of red conglomerates, fairly coarse, with pebbles up to 5 in. across, rounded and sub-angular. This conglomerate forms the bed of the stream for about another 80 yards, when it is overlain by red sandstones dipping 8° N. 160 E. These red sandstones are similar to those mentioned above, but perhaps slightly finer in grain, and they form the bed of the stream 1921 Jan. 1 8 Conglomerates underlying the Carboniferous Limestone. for about 50 yards. Up to this point the deposits are red in colour, but from here upstream they are green or yellowish- green, and this is the point apparently taken on the one-inch geological map as the dividing line between the Conglomerates and the Lower Limestone Shales. Proceeding upstream these red sandstones are overlain for about 100 yards by a series of current -bedded yellowish -green sandstones and fine- grained conglomerates containing quartz pebbles. These sandstones have exactly the same dip and direction of dip as the red sandstones underlying them. They are succeeded, at the bend of the stream, by a bed of bluish -green shale about 12 in. thick, which is rather interesting, since it appears to contain some traces of carbonaceous matter which may repre- sent plant remains. It is also a consistent bed appearing similar^ in Chapel Beck, and its dip is in agreement with those of the beds below. Above the shale band for about 120 yards the stream flows over light green conglomerate, fairly coarse, pebbles up to two inches across, containing a' fair amount of quartz, pink felspars and an interesting assembly of rocks, both sedimentary and igneous. This is then overlain by a dark sandy rock which, for the time being, we may term a mudstone, and then in the quarry near to Sproatgill Well a dun-coloured limestone is exposed. Thus in this beck a sequence can be traced from the red sandstones and conglomerate to the limestone, the dips all the way through being constant in direction and amount. (b) In Chapel Beck there is a similar section agreeing with that in MickJegill Beck in practically every detail. There is thus no need to repeat the description except to note that here again the dip is about eight degrees, though the direction is slightly more northerly; that the beds seem a little disturbed, and some splendid faulted pebbles were obtained here ; that the red conglomerates are coarser, with pebbles 9 in. to 10 in. across ; and that the bluish-green shale band is again present. (c) Blind Beck is only a small stream and does not give the complete sections mentioned above, simply because it does not give exposures higher than the red sandstones. It is useful in showing, however, that the red sandstones are present in the lower portion of its course. (To be continued). As one of Pitman’s Mastery Series appears The Mastery of Water, by the author of ‘ The. Triumph of Man,’ whoever he may be. By the aid of numerous photographs, diagrams, etc., an entertaining account is given of water and its various aspects, in addition to which there are articles on Water Supply, Engineering Schemes in connection with water, Canals, Reservoirs, Rivers, Pumps, etc. Naturalist 9 THE MILLSTONE GRITS W. OF HUDDERSFIELD— II.* W. S. BISAT. As the result of further work in. the Huddersfield district, it is possible to put on record the following additional notes of exposures of marine bands in the Millstone Grits of the Marsden area : — (1) The clay shales previously recorded as occurring at about 875 ft. O.D. in the banks of Bradley Brook, near Holt Head, have now been examined. Glyphioceras bilingue occurs in profusion, with a few Pterinopecten papyraceus and Posidoniella Icevis. There is also another goniatite, larger than G. bilingue, not yet identified. There seems no doubt that this exposure, and those at Brow Grains and Royd Edge, are in the same beds. (2) The Wessenden Valley. — (a) The overflow from Wessenden Old Reservoir cuts through clay shales and forms a picturesque waterfall leading down to the old stream. The section is approximately : — Clay shales above the fall with Glyphioceras reticulatum and Pterinopecten papyraceus Rock, forming the upper part of the fall ... 25 ft. Hard Shales, at the foot of the fall, with Lingula, Aviculopecten cf. clathratus, Nucula, Bellerophon, Sanguinolites occidentalis... ... ... ... ... 18 ft. The lamellibranchs I have referred to Sanguinolites occidentalis agree very well with the description and figures given by Hind [Trans. Roy. Soc., Edin., Vol. XLVL, pp. 348, 349. PI. 2, Figs. 36-38), and form a new record for Yorkshire. These Nebraskan-Scottish species keep turning up in the Yorkshire Grits. This makes the sixth North- American species recorded from Yorkshire, the others being Protoschizodus curtus, Schizodus wheeleri, Aviculopecten occidentalis, Aviculopecten carboniferus, Prothyris elegans. (b) At the west end of Blakeley Reservoir Embankment is a fine section, approximately as under : — Sandstone Rock ... ... 30 ft. 4- Blue sandy shales ... 30 ft. Sandstone rock ... ... 30 ft. Blue shales sandier than) above 30 ft. of shales J (Numerous cf. Allorisma sulcata at about 17 ft. down, in a very narrow ' band. Wet Clay Shales (partially obscured by luxuriant vege- tation ) , turning sandier downwards, but probably again clayey at the base Sandstone (. A of waterworks sections), at west foot of By wash . ■30 ft. 20 ft.+ No fauna seen. * For first paper see The Naturalist, November, 1920, pp. 347-352. 1921 Jan. 1 10 The Millstone Grits West of Huddersfield . I suspect a marine band in the shales at the top of the 20 ft.-b of sandstone rock, but could find no exposure. En- deavour should be made by local workers to trace an exposure, as the horizon is the lowest in the neighbourhood and might yield important zonal evidence. (3) There is a large disused quarry on the south side of the Huddersfield-Marsden road, near Linthwaite ; well seen from the railway. It gives a magnificent section, approxi- mately as under : — Shales and sandstone bands 40 ft. Dark shales ... ... 40 ft. Clay shales, with Glyphio-\ ceras reticulatum, Pterino- pecten papyraceus, Posi-Y 6ft. doniella Icevis j Rock in bands ... ... 12 ft. Solid sandstone rock JSeen on floor of quarry near south-east face. Compare with band in j Rake Dike, Holme, at l 1,250 ft. O.D. There is a fine shale scarp formed by the River Colne a little further west and immediately below the Huddersfield- Marsden high road. This shews about 50 ft. of blue sandy shales apparently unfossiliferous. In the Meltham-Marsden area we therefore now have the following definite succession, in descending order : — (1) Shales under Rough Rock with Gastrioceras listen. Rock A of Survey and underlying sandy shales. (2) Clay shales with Glyphioceras bilingue. Measures . (3) Lamellibranch. band seen in quarry on Holt Head-Slaith- waite road at 775 ft. O.D. Measures . (4) Reticulatum band — Wessenden Old Reservoir, above water- fall. Rock. (5) Lingula and lamellibranch band — Wessenden Old Reservoir,, foot of waterfall. Measures . (6) Lamellibranch band — -Blakeley Reservoir Embankment. There are also the following exposures not yet definitely fixed in the above sequence : — (a) The nodular reticulatum band of Slaithwaite and Oxhouse. This is definitely below (3). It may be between (3) and (4) or equal to (4). (b) The reticulatum band in the Linthwaite quarry. This must be below (2) and may be between (2) and (4) or equal to (4) - (c) The Lingula band at Butterley Reservoir may be equal to (5) or between (5) and (6). Naturalist: Field Note. ii (d) The band with Sanguinolites ovalis discovered by Barnes, at Holt Head, has not yet been rediscovered. Its position is therefore uncertain. (e) The fossiliferous grit at Pule Hill, Marsden, described by Barnes and Holroyd, is probably between (3) and (5). Thanks are again due to Dr. Woodhead for assistance in the field. : o : Hen Harrier , Circus cyaneus L . , in Upper Wharfedale . — About the middle of October a pair of Harriers made its appearance on Barden Fell. Unfortunately the birds confined their attention to feeding upon Grouse — probably because there was little else living in that neighbourhood excepting Red Grouse. The local gamekeeper, who is an intelligent man and does not destroy the Kestrels and Merlins, was upset by the numbers of dead and partially eaten bodies of Grouse that he found lying about. In his own words ‘ they flew round in big circles, and then swooped down and shot along quite low and very fast, in a straight line.' On November 9th he shot one of the birds near to Simon's Seat. It was identified by the Rev. C. F. Tomlinson, Rector of Bolton Abbey (who measured it as 18 inches) and by his brother-in-law, Dr. W. F. Buckle, as a male Hen Harrier, in immature plumage. The hope of the keeper that the other bird would depart on the demise of its mate was not realised, and on November 24th he shot the Second bird when it was actually devouring the breast of a Grouse near Laund Pasture, Barden Fell. This bird was forwarded to me en route to the taxidermist, and it proved to be a female Hen Harrier, or ‘ Ring-tail.' I took it to be in the last stage of immaturity by the tawny brown colour between the five black bars of its tail. This was confirmed by the taxidermist who wrote, ‘it would have bred next year (as it) contained small eggs.' Its total length was 20 in., its wing measurement 19 inches (from carpal joint, 14 \ inches) and its wing expanse 43 inches. It weighed 1 lb. 2 oz., and its primaries were emarginated on both the outer and the inner webs, from the second to the fifth inclusive. As the female had been shot devouring the breast of a Grouse, I opened her mouth, and with a skewer extracted quite a teaspoonful of Grouse flesh from around her tongue, and in her gullet. This was almost cut as fine as though it had been through a mincing machine. Although it was undoubtedly Grouse flesh, it was curiously entirely devoid of smell. I have to thank the Rev, C. F. Tomlinson, for whom the female bird is being preserved, for particulars of this record. The male is being preserved for Dr. W. F. Buckle. — H. B. Booth, Ben Rhydding. 1921 Jan. 1 12 REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES. Mr. T. V. Barker, lecturer in Chemical Crystallography, has published a pamphlet on The Study of Crystals in Schools, being the substance of two lecture-demonstrations given at the University Museum, Oxford (I5 pp., i id. post free). This will appeal to teachers. Notes on Geological Map Reading, by Alfred Harker (1920, Heffer & Sons, 64 pp., 3/6). Our former colleague on the editorial staff •of The Naturalist is essentially a field geologist, and has had a tremendous experience of mapping and map-reading. The present little work, which is illustrated by an enormous number of diagrams, is the result of prac- tical work, and will be of especial value to amateur or professional geolo- gists. Tales of the Ridings (83 pp.). More Tales of the Ridings (84 pp.) These two volumes by the late F. W. Moorman, of the Leeds University, have been issued at 2/6 each in paper covers, or 3/6 in cloth, and contain interesting dialect stories, for the collection of which Prof. Moorman was so well known. The volumes will particularly appeal to Yorkshiremen, and we feel it is only necessary to draw the attention of our readers to them. The first of the books mentioned contains a memoir of the author by Prof. C. Vaughan, with portrait. Some little time ago the Leci ester Literary and Philosophical Society issued a rather substantial volume on The Keuper Marls Around Charn- wood, by Prof. T. O. Bosworth, 129 pp., paper covers 4/-, cloth, 5/-. Prof. Bosworth has had exceptional opportunity for examining these beds, and the wealth of illustration is remarkable in view of the small price of the volume, there being maps, plates and diagrams to illustrate each of the interesting points he brings forward. The book is on sale at the Leicester Museum, and we trust our readers will encourage the Society in its enterprise by purchasing a copy. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, has issued a Catalogue of Engraved Gems of the Classical Style, by Gisela M. A. Richter, Litt . D . In the characteristic style of our friends across the water, the volume is remarkably well illustrated by nearly a hundred plates, as well as by numerous figures in the text. The work illustrates the re- markably skilled way in which the American Museums collect, and having collected, bring the wealth of the contents of their cases before the public by means of very good handbooks. An introduction deals with the history of Gems, Engravers, Forgers, etc., which is followed by a detailed catalogue of specimens dating from the earliest times. We remember once seeing at a Fair an enormous cart horse and a Shetland pony being driven side by side, and the effect was certainly ludicrous. We are reminded of this by the names- of the authors (Dr. A. E. Trueman and Mr. W. Percival Westell), appearing in a volume entitled Every Boy’s Book of Geology, published by the R.T.S., 4 Bouverie Street, London (315 pp., 6/- net.) An attempt is made to give a fascinating account of geological features likely to interest beginners, and there are numerous illustrations, some of which are on the crude side. The work is uneven, and had it appeared under either one or other of the author’s names, we could have reviewed it at greater length. A History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire, by W. H. Wheeler (Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 489 pp., plus various appendices, 2 5/-). In this, volume a former contributor to The Naturalist has brought to- gether a wealth of information relating to the Lincolnshire Fenland. The first edition appeared so long ago as 1868, and since then the late author had collected an enormous number of old maps and facts, which he has put together in this substantial work. There is a chapter oil -Natural History, but this is admittedly largely obtained from Miller and Skertch- ley’s volume on The Fenland, and other sources. There are numerous appendices, containing names of places, list of books, Acts of Parliament, Rainfall Statistics, etc. Naturalist SOME DERBYSHIRE PLANT -GALLS.— II . IS JAMES MEIKLE BROWN, B.SC., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.C.S. Since the previous list of plant -galls found in Derbyshire was prepared ( The Naturalist , October, 1919, pp. 330-332), a number of additional galls have been obtained. These were collected from the same parts of Derbyshire as referred to before, but most of them are additional also to the list given by E. and H. Drabble ( The Naturalist, Jan., 1920, pp. 11-15). In two or three cases fresh localities are given for galls, previously listed. Several here recorded appear to be distinctly scarce in the district, only one plant of Viola canina was noticed galled by Perrisia affinis, and Aulax glechomae observed last year in Via Gellia was not found this year. Although dozens of heads of Centaur ea nigra were examined, no galls of Urophora solstitialis were found, though this gall is quite common in many parts of Yorkshire (Brown, The Naturalist, February, 1920, p. 74 ; Falconer, The Naturalist, December, 1919, p. 392, and December, 1918, p. 384). In the meadows at Bakewell were several plants of Lathyrus pratensis, of which the leaflets of the upper leaves were folded boatwise, and within the fold several individuals of a species of Thrips were living. The appearance suggested an incipient gall-formation. Thrips, I believe, are not known to produce galls in this country, though they are reported to do so in France (Houard, Les Zoocecidies des Plantes d’ Europe, pp. 1339 and 1345), Germany (Houard, op. cit. p. 1468), and Australia (Sharp, Cambridge Natural History, vol. 6, p. 530). Hymenoptera. Trigonaspis megaptera Panz. On oak. Scarce. Holmesfield. Pontania salicis Christ. On Salix purpurea L. Bakewell. Andricus curvator Hartig. Common on leaves of Quercus Robur L. Stanton -in -the -Peak Cryptocampus venustus Zadd. On Salix Caprea L. Leaf -base and petiole swollen, with a more or less central cavity containing the whitish grub. Swanton ( British Plant Galls, p. 148) seems to refer to C. saliceti Fall, as also causing enlargement of the leaf- base and petiole. Houard {op. cit. pp. 137 and 142) gives C. venustus as producing enlargement of the leaf-base and petiole, and C. saliceti and C. ater as attacking the axillary bud. Plentiful amongst a group of young trees, Stanton -in -the -Peak. Dryophanta similis Adi. form longiventris- (Hart.), on leaves of oak. Not common. Stanton-in-the-Peak. Diptera. Contarinia campanulae Kieff. On Campanula rotundi folia L. Plentiful. Eyam Moor. Contarinia helianthemi Hardy. On Helianthemum Chamaecistus Mill. Lathkil. Dale. Contarinia steini Karsch. On flowers of Lychnis dioica L. Bakewell. C. betulina Kieff. On Betula alba L. Bakewell. ? C. barbichei Kieff. On Lotus corniculatus L. Upper internodes - 1921 Jan, 1 M Brown : Some Derbyshire Plant Galls. shortened so that the young shoot takes the form of an ovoid cluster of leaves forming a gall, and containing whitish larvae. This gall, which occurred in large numbers on small specimens of the plant at Ashford-in-the-Water, corresponds well with the description given by Houard {op. cit. p. 620, No. 3617) for C. barbichei. Perrisia galii H. Low. On Galium verum L. Plentiful. Lathkil Dale. Perrisia kiefferiana Rubs. On Epilobium angusti folium L. Causing the leaf-margins to be rolled under, the rolls containing a white grub. Lathkil Dale. (See also Brown, The Naturalist, February, 1920, p. 73.) Perrisia affinis Kieff. On Viola canina L. Leaf-margins rolled upwards, thickened, coloured greenish -violet, the rolls containing either white grubs or pupae. Apparently very scarce. Via Gellia. Perrisia viciae Kieff. On Vicia sativa L. Common. Lathkil Dale, Bakewell, Cord well. P. lathy ricola Rubs. On Lathy rus pratensis L. Stipules of the upper leaves swollen and thickened, enclosing the young leaves, and the reddish grubs. Swanton {op. cit., p. 214) describes this gall as consisting of the leaf folded pod -wise, with swollen mid-rib forming a keel ; but in all the galls observed by me, it was the stipules that were especially swollen and enclosed the larvae (as also Houard, p. 642, No. 3771). Fairly plentiful. Bakewell. P. loticola Rubs. On Lotus corniculatus L. Plentiful. Eyam Moor. P. ranunculi Bremi. On Ranunculus acris L. Not very common. Bakewell. P. rosarum Hardy. On Rosa canina L. Bakewell. P . plicatrix H. Low. On Rubus fruticosus L. Bakewell. P. serotina Winn. On Hypericum hirsutum L. Not common. Monsal Dale. P. galiicola F. Low. On Galium Cruciata Scop. More frequently reported on other species of Galium. Plentiful. Monsal Dale, Over-Haddon. Oligotrophus bursarius Bremi. On Nepeta hederacea Trev. Common. Monsal Dale. Lathkil Dale, and elsewhere. Anthomyia signata Brischke. On Lastrea Filix-mas Presl. Bakewell. Stictodiplosis jacobaea H. Low. On Senecio J acobaea L. Lathkil Dale, Monsal Dale. Macrodiplosis dryobia F. Low. On Quercu.s Robur L. Bakewell. Macrolabis corrugans F. Low. On Heracleum Sphondylium L. Bakewell. Rhabdophaga salicis Schrank. On Salix Caprea L. Plentiful. Cordwell. COLEOPTERA. Mecinus beccabungae L. On Scrophularia nodosa L. Monsal Dale. Acari . Eriophyes thomasi Nalepa. On Thymus Serphyllum L. Common. Lathkil Dale. Eriophyes rudis Can. var. longisetosa Nal. On Betula alba L. Via Gellia. E. galii Karp. On leaves of Galium saxatile L. The mites contained within the rolls of the leaves probably belong to this species, which attacks various species of Galium. Hathersage. Fungi. Protomyces pachydermus Thiim. On Taraxacum officinale Weber. Cordwell. Urocystis anemones Persoon. On Ranunculus acris L. Common. Bakewell and District. Puccinia poarum Nielsen. On Tussilago Farfara L. Winster. Taphrina aurea Fries. On leaves of Populus tremula L. Bakewell. Naturalist i5 CHIRONOMID PARASITE AND ITS EFFECTS. JOHN H. ASHWORTH. Miall and Hammond, in their Monograph on the Harlequin Fly, warn students against the irregularities and troubles they will experience from the presence of parasites in the sections under microscopic examination, particularly mention- ing Mermis as infesting Chironomus larvae. In August last an example was found of Chironomus plumosus showing female antennae, but with anal appendages like those of the male. Three or four weeks later about half- a-dozen similar specimens were seen on one evening. Three of these were secured, and when examining them through the lens a few minutes later, a worm was seen to be protruding from the abdomen of one of them. The worm continued to emerge and wrap itself in a coil, the halterCs of the fly mean- while developing a blood-red tinge. During the evening the second specimen, the mid -femora and tibia of which had mean- while acquired a reddish colour, also produced a green worm ; the third was therefore placed in a separate tube to await results. Nothing further showed next day, but on the morning following, the fly was found to be dead, part of the genitalia being bright red, while a dark, smooth, green worm about an inch long also occupied the tube — the difficulty being to understand how such a large parasite could have been stowed in such a small host — less than a half inch in full length. On examining the August specimen it was seen also to be bearing a partially-emerged green worm, so that there would appear to be some connexion between the dual sexuality displayed by these Diptera and their being infested by this Annelid parasite. Considering the zeal displayed by some systematists in the past, our fauna might easily have been enriched by two or three new species, if not another genus., our present classi- fication including numerous cases of species differing by little more than the colour of the halteres or a joint of the legs, whilst under a lens and low power of the microscope the third specimen (which seemed a true hermaphrodite) showed another joint to the antenna, as if it were a male near Smittia Holmgr., T elematogeton Sh., or Chasmatonotus H.Lw. (Kieffer in ' Genera Insectorum.’) Under a higher power, however, the number of joints might be put down as anything from seven to ten, according to the ideas of the observer, to the lasting con- fusion of succeeding workers having a different idea as to what constitutes a joint. Later in September, and afterwards in October, numbers of females were taken, some of which proved to be infested 1921 Jan. 1 i6 Field Notes. by two or even three worms. While under observation it was noticed that the worms after emerging, retained a hold on the Chironomus, and imbibed the juice or blood of the insect. A drop of this fluid on the side of the glass tube was of a reddish colour, but when the worm became detached im- mediately changed to a green similar in tinge to the colour of the worm. Problems remain as whether Chironomids with plumed antennse and male genitalia can be found infested with these parasites, and if so, at what stage of existence the worms begin their attack, and if on the larvae, how it happens that the antennae are affected. : o : ENTOMOLOGY. Boreus hyemalis in Yorkshire. — Looking over some mosses on limestone walls at the foot of Smearsett, on Nov. 14th, 1920, I found a specimen of Boreus hyemalis. This near but wingless relative of the Scorpion Fly, Panorpa communis, does not seem to have been previously recorded for Yorkshire; but Mr. G. T. Porritt informs me that Mr. Walsh has recently taken it near Scarborough [see below]. — Chris A. Cheetham. Forficula auricularia L. var. forpipata Steph. in Yorkshire.— To the localities for this interesting male form (antea, p. 362) can now be added the East Riding ; a single dead specimen occurred to me on October 25th under a plant of Erodium in a sand-pit near Flixton. Under the same plant occurred also an example of the weevil Phytonomus fasciculatus Herbst. The only other known Yorkshire locality is Spurn, where Mr. T. Stainforth and I took several specimens last year. — Geo. B. Walsh, B. Sc., Scarborough. The var. forcipata of F. auricularia is not rare, and probably occurs among an abundance of the type in any locality. — G.T.P. Boreus hyemalis L. — A New Yorkshire Neuropteron. — On November 6th, while working moss on Hay Brow, near Scalby, for the beetle Mniophila muscorum Koch, I took a pair of the curious Panorpid Boreus hyemalis L., the female nearly escaping by its powers of jumping. This is apparently a new Yorkshire record ; in any case the insect seems to be extremely local, for these are the first specimens I have ever seen alive.— Geo., B. Walsh, B.Sc., Scarborough. Boreus hyemalis is a most interesting addition to the York- shire List, as it has been recorded from but few localities in England. More specimens have been taken in Scotland, but it has always been regarded somewhat as a rarity in Britain. — G. T. P. Naturalist 17 KEY TO THE HARPIDIOID HYPNA. J. A. WHELDON. So much has been written upon this polymorphous group of plants, that some apology is perhaps needed for this paper. The key here presented was drawn up at the request of one of my most stimulating bryological correspondents, the late Prof. T. Barker. He wrote to me in March, 1902, criticising my ' North of England Harpidia ' which had just appeared in The Naturalist to the following effect * What I chiefly miss in the paper itself is a “ Key ’’ to the species, varieties and forms. Without this it often takes a long time to find the name of any specimen. With a key you get quickly to the probable name, and then it does not take long to compare the specimen and description, and see if they agree.' Later he again wrote: ‘ I am strongly prejudiced in favour of keys. I think they should be made even if not printed, because the process, almost more than anything else, compels a man to form clear crisp opinions. It is an article of my creed that when a man who knows a group of plants or animals cannot make a key that will work, it is because the species and varieties are not distinct. . . . Schimper's “Synopsis" is to me a very difficult book, and almost hopeless unless I can first otherwise get at the probable name of a specimen.’ In a later letter offer- ing much useful and helpful criticism, he writes : * I must not keep your key to the Harpidia longer. It seems to me to be really a key, and not a series of condensed descriptions. A dichotomous key is a very great help to a tyro ; those in Dixon’s Handbook are very time-saving, and the want of them makes it very tedious to find out an unknown moss by help of Schimper’s “Synopsis." I hope you will publish the key in due course, as it is too useful to be consigned to oblivion.’ After eighteen years, I find the key has needed many alterations. Not the least difficulty has been the selection of a generic name or names ! At first the choice was between Amblystegium, Hypnum and Drepanocladus. As the study of mosses has progressed, there has been a gradual evolution of our ideas as to the limits of genera. Such genera as Junger- mannia, Hypnum, etc., served their purpose until, by the growth in the number of species, they became too unwieldy. They were then divided into sections, which were speedily raised to sub-genera and finally to genera. The Harpidioid Hypna were for a time classed under Amblystegium or Hypnum , under sections ‘ Harpidium,’ ‘ Scorpidium ’ and ‘ Cratoneuron: These groups next emerged as genera, the first named becoming Drepanocladus, because Harpidium was untenable. In common with other hypnoid genera, such as Campylium , 1921 Jan. 1 B 18 Wheldon : Key to the Harpidioid Hypna. Calliergon and Stereodon, they are very closely allied, and hardly separable by other than slight modifications of the gametophyte. Earlier Bryologists would have considered these features as of no generic value. In these highly developed tribes of mosses the sporophyte exhibits remarkable uniformity of structure, and the deviations presented by the vegetative phase therefore assume considerable importance. As this key was originally written, Hypnum was adopted as the generic name, following Muscologia Gallica, the North of England Harpidia, and Dixon’s ‘Handbook of British Mosses.’ An examination of botanical literature, however, shows that systematists' now regularly treat the sub-sections of Hypnum as genera, a course which has my entire approval. These smaller generic names are much more instructive and expressive, and are of practical convenience, too, in arranging collections. It will be observed that Drepanocladus has itself been further divided. As pointed out by Loeske,1 the group was an incongruous one, containing species more widely differing from each other than they did from neighbouring genera. Whilst welcoming his improved classification, one regrets that he did not follow the classical example of Lejeunia, in the sub-division of which the names of the newer genera indicate their relationship to the original collective genus. Besides the generic names, other difficulties had to be faced, owing to the polymorphism of the species. Their study has been mostly conducted on herbarium specimens, from which it is not always possible to appraise correctly the value of varietal forms. In deciding which to retain, I have erred on the side of retention rather than re- jection ; it is so easy to say ‘ Oh, that is a mere temporary form,’ but it is much more difficult to prove it. Roth wrote of so well marked a plant as W. fluitans var. atlantica ‘ aus England macht mir mehr den Eindruck einer Kummerlichen Form.’ 2 But in 1909 he wrote to me saying : ‘ Renauld is right writing to me ‘ H. fluitans var. atlanticum dait etre main- tenue.’ Hitherto I possessed only a juvenile form of this plant.’ Roth was no doubt right to adopt this cautious attitude, as many forms which appear very distinct in the herbarium prove on better acquaintance to be only starved, juvenile, or seasonal variations. Others are ecological forms, and it is a moot point whether these are not entitled to recog- nition and distinctive names. Prolonged study of moss variation leads to the conclusion that the vast majority of the varieties are simply the direct expression of environmental moulding.15 It does not seem desirable to entirely ignore such variations, as they are constantly reproduced where the necessary conditions prevail, as may be seen in numerous alpine, dune and xerophytic adaptations. Although it is quite probable that too many varieties and forms have been Naturalist JVheldon : Key to the Harpidioid Hypna. 19 ' maintained, this may be regarded as a venial sin compared with that of making a too sweeping reduction of their number. The older botanists in England looked askance at the intro- duction of new varieties, whilst their continental confreres perhaps erred in the opposite extreme . The result in this •country was that there was a constant effort to fit square pegs into round holes ; and our older herbaria sometimes contain an incongruous admixture of different forms under one label. Many of the minor forms described in continental works are of little importance, but their lists present perhaps a truer and more natural view of this polymorphous group than that of our own botanists of the last generation. The arrangement adopted here is in some respects a com- promise between that of the ‘North of England Harpidia/9 adopted from Renauld,7 and that of Loeske.1 Some, of the larger and more polymorphous species have, as a matter of convenience, been divided into sub-species. On the other hand the old Drepanocladus Kneiffii and D. polycarpus have been merged, as previously suggested by me, 8 as no satis- factory or constant line of demarcation can be drawn between them. D. aquations has been subordinated to D . pseudo fluitans in preference to regarding it as a distinct species, or as a variety of D. aduncus. Warnstorfia serrata is doubtfully maintained as a species until it has been studied further. From my limited experience of it, its two forms Lindbergii and Mildei have no constant differential characters apart from the inflorescence, and this is not always available. Their case is analagous to that of Bryum pseudotriquetrum and B. bimum. Renauld 3 regarded one as a fluitans and the other as an exannulatum form. . I follow Renauld and Monkemeyer 4 in rejecting Drepanocladus simplicissimus , although Roth 2 follows Warnstorf in giving it full specific rank. I agree with Renauld10 and Dixon5 that D. capillifolius should be maintained as a species, although Monkemeyer 4 gives some cogent arguments against this course. It follows, to be consistent, that W arnstorfia Rotae should be considered to be distinct from W. exannulata. I have not been able to see a specimen of Hypnum fluitans var. Brotheri Sanio. 13 Renauld 3 does not attempt to indicate its affinities with his various flmitans groups, but Roth 2 puts it near var. Arnellii and indicates some features in which it approaches W. exannu- lata. It may be remarked that Renauld figures it with a finely acuminate leaf point, and describes it as ‘ Feuilles fine- ment acuminees munies au sommet de petit es dentes espacees/ Roth, on the contrary, says : ‘ mit ganzrandigen, kurz and breit zugespitzen Blattern.’ Sanio’s original description is as follows : ‘ foliis acutis acuminatisve, repandulis vel apice singulis denticulis serrulatis/ I have not attempted to place 1921 Jan. 1 20 Wheldon : Key to the Harpidioid Hypna. this in the absence of specimens, nor have I included Dre- panocladus furcatus Roth, which, as Monkemeyer 14 has- pointed out, is Limnobium ochraceum var. uncinatum, a plant which has more than once been sent to me as a Harpidium by British collectors ! The forms of Cratoneuron are also con- stantly sent as ' Drepanocladus,’ etc. They are so often confused with the other Harpidia, that it seemed desirable to include them in the key. I should imagine that all our herbaria, contain C. falcatum labelled ‘ Hypnum vernicosum,’ although almost the only feature they have in common is the plication of the leaves. A word is perhaps necessary on taking up herbarium specimens of these plants. They should be carefully collected in fair quantity, and as mature and representative as possible. It would be possible to pick out abnormal, juvenile or seasonal growths which could not be accurately named. In the her- barium they are misleading, unless accompanied by more characteristic shoots, which may nearly always be found. Finally the “ Key ” is not intended to take the place of the descriptive handbook, but rather to act as an index. Unfortunately the literature on the subject is very scattered, so to facilitate the student’s work, when he has found the probable name of his plant by aid of the key, a reference is given to the original description in the List, and to the pages in Dixon’s f Handbook of British Mosses' and Braith waite’s ‘ British Moss Flora ’ for such varieties as are quoted therein. KEY TO GENERA, SPECIES AND MINOR FORMS. 1. Alar cells not forming distinct auricles, or if auricled, leaves- obtuse and apiculate (2 ) . Alar cells wider, forming more or less distinct and often decurrent auricles (3). 2. Nerve short and forked, double, or none : leaves broad and concave (A) Scorpidium. Nerve longer, single : leaves entire, narrowly acuminate (B) Limprichtia. Some aberrant forms of Warnstorfia have the leaf auricles obsolete, but the margin is denticulate, and rhizoids occur at the back of the leaf apex occasionally. 3. Leaves toothed and plicate : perichaetial leaves longly convolute,, making the perichaetium very prominent : cortical cells of stem inflated : inflorescence autoicous (C) Sanonia. Perichaetium less prominent : stem cortex not differentiated (4). 4. Stem clothed with rhizoids and paraphyllia : leaves distinctly plicate and strongly nerved : capsule annulate : inflorescence dioicous (D) Cratoneuron. Paraphyllia rare, or none : stem not rhizinose : leaves not plicate — sometimes lightly striate (5 ) . 5. Leaves entire : capsule annulate : inflorescence dioicous- (Drepanocladus). Leaves normally serrate : capsule exannulate,, inflorescence monoicous or dioicous (Warnstorfia). (To be continued). Naturalist; 21 THE ECOLOGY OF THORNE WASTE. Rev. E. A. WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, F.L.S., F.G.S., F.E.S., etc. {Continued from The Naturalist for 1920 , p. 384). I have the following notes, too, which I believe belong to these Crowle turbaries on the bog edge there : — Air a aquatica, Andromeda polifolia , Caltha palustris, Carex vesicaria , Equisetum palustre , Eriophorum polystachion , Hippurus vulgaris, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Juncus conglomeratus , J. effusus, J. campestris , Lycopodium clavatum, Myrica Gale, Nardus stricta, Pinguicula vulgaris, Schoenus albus, Schoenus mariscus, Scirpus palustris and Utricularia minor , with the following mosses Bryum hypnoides., Hypnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum palustre and Confervae, if these names mean anything to modern workers. These notes would hardly fit any spot on this moor -bog known to me but its old turbaries. I fancy that they were at one time the Doctor’s special ground for study, but as these notes are not localised, I may be wrong. (1.) Agriculture and Commerce. See my notes on the Ecology of Thorne Waste, The Naturalist, 1907, pp. 320-322. This is my full man-influenced peat -list. Anagallis arvensis, Anthriscus sylvestris, Arrhenatherum , Beilis, Bromus mollis, and v. B. glabratus, Capsella, Carex < ovalis , Cerastium vulgatum, Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum , Cnicus arvensis, C. lanceolatus, Cuscuta trifolii, Dactylis, Festuca rubra, Ficaria, Galeopsis versicolor, Geranium molle , Hieracium Pilosella, Ho'lcus lanatus, Hypochaeris radicata, Lepidium campestre, Linum catharticum , Folium perenne, Lychnis alba, Matricaria Chamomilla, Mentha arvensis, and hybrids, Myosotis arvensis, M. versicolor, Pap aver Rhoeas, Phalaris arundinacea warp influence, Plantago lanceolata, P. major, Poa annua. P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Polygonum amphibium and v. P . terrestre, P . Aviculare, and v. P . rurivagum, P. Persicaria, Potentilla anserina, P . reptans, Ranunculus arvensis, Raphanus Raphanistrum , Rumex crispus , Senecio erucifolius , S. Jacobaea, S. vulgaris, Spergula arvensis , S. sativa, Stellaria media, Trifolium repens, the agricultural form only, Tussilago Farfara, IJrtica dioica, U. urens, Veronica agrestis, V . arvensis, V . Chamaedrys , V . officinalis, V . serpylli- Jolia and Viola arvensis. Warping Period. The species of this area, while the warping is going on are, according to Dr. H. H. Corbett, Aster Tripoliumf A triplex 1921 Jan. 1 22 Woodruff e-Peacock : The Ecology of Thorne Waste. deltoidea,\ and Scirpus maritimus.\ So far from the shore I have not yet heard of J uncus Gerardi, which has been taken on other warpings nearer the coast but in every case I believe boot or mammal foot carried. These three species are soon gone when the warping period is over. See Journal of Botany, 1917. PP- 333-4- (i6-) Scheuchzeria palustris L. — This was, from the plant col- lector’s point of view, the only truly interesting species found in the whole area of this large bog. From the ecologist’s point of view, it is duck-carried and so might be there or not, as the facts of carriage and local circumstance allowed. It is not there now, but, as it once abounded, we may safely reason only because there is no fitting ecological nidus for it. A few points remain to be settled about it — (1) when, (2) where, (3) by whom, and (4) under what circumstances, was it found. Dr. P. Ellis, though he had forgotten its scientific name in his old age, said it was the rarest plant in the district. He surely meant the most unusual in a wide area. There were far rarer, more transient, or unstable species even then on the waste, as Hydrochar is, Utricularia minor and Zannichellia palustris for instance. He said, ‘ it was found in 1830 or a little after,’ and named a Mr. Harrison as connected with it. This is confirmed by Mr. A. Bennett’s notes on Scheuchzeria , which say, ‘ Thorne Moor, near Don- caster, Mr. R. Harrison.’* Sir W. J. Hooker’s British Flora, 2nd edition., 1831, p. 170. The next note in time is ‘ Thorne Moor, in great plenty.’ S. Appleby, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1832, Vol. V., p. 558. In the late Rev. J. K. Miller’s notes, The Naturalist, 1895, p. 170, we read : ‘ Thorne Waste,* Crowle side, I learned from his son, George, under date, 16th July, 1840, ‘ most abundant in a little pool nearest to the Decoy, but found in others too.’ F. A. Lees says, Flora of West Yorks, 1888, ‘ Sought in vain by Dr. Parsons in 1877-80.. I found one flower less example by one of the ‘ wells,’ in com- pany with Mr. W. Todd, in 1870 ; recognisable as Scheuchzeria by the pore at the tip of its leaf.’ I saw nothing of it from 1874-81, when I was often on the waste, and it was not for want of looking in likely spots. These are all the facts we have to work with. As far as they go they fully corroborate Dr. P. Ellis’s statements as to its finder, and that it was in the old turbaries in pools on the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire edge of this peat bog, where I understood only a three-foot wide drain marked the county border. I have passed over this boundary many times not recognising it, and I do not know it to this day. When this spot was warped because it was the lowest ground — the tur- * Does anyone know anything of this R. Harrison or of S. Appleby? Naturalist Woodruff e-Peacock : The Ecology of Thorne Waste. 23 baries having cleared off the peat — this species fitting home was practically destroyed in this area. It should be noted that these turbaries began within a quarter of a mile of the village of Crowle, and like the decoy said to have been there too, belong to the seventeenth century, as well, no doubt, as a later date. There is one other point of confirmation. Dr. Ellis and the Rev. J. K. Miller both name a decoy close to Crowle ; and the Doctor implied that it had been warped over and buried with the turbaries years earlier. Now there are or were at least six decoys on Thorne Waste with this one of Messrs. Ellis and Miller ; two near Goole, two near Thorne, one on the moor, in Yorkshire, two and a half miles from Crowle, from which the turf is being cut off now for warping. Archdeacon Stonehouse’s Hist, of the Isle of Axholme, p. 68, says, there was (another?) one within a mile of Crowle, which was called even in my day ‘ Crowle Decoy ’ by old men, who could remember it before it was warped over. In which county it was I cannot say, but I believe in Yorkshire, on the very border. This could only be possible if it were due west of the village, which I understood it was — if north or south it was no doubt in Lincolnshire. I was told by W. Tune that the birds flighted over Lincolnshire to the Humber saltings in an evening. The ‘ New Decoy,' as I have heard it called as a lad, two and a half miles from Crowle, is most certainly in Yorkshire, but never had turbaries round it to my knowledge. It was too far away from that village with so much good peat nearer. To sum up all the evidence available now. Scheuchzeria was found in pools in turbaries on the edge of the two counties, and it was c in great numbers,’ ‘ in great plenty,’ and ‘most abundant,’ according to three quite independent witnesses, as it might be expected to be where there was little floral competition. This was the case before any warping was done, north, south, or west of Crowle. Since then the plant has become extinct, as there was no fitting spot elsewhere in my day on the moor. I judge, therefore, that this point is at last finally settled for good. No doubt it was in both counties, as the turbaries certainly were, as Dr. P. Ellis said. If he were wrong in this, it is the only thing in which he has ever proved to be wrong. His still more wonderful facts about the Hazel nuts, twenty feet below the bed of the river Trent, bored by the Nut Beetle (Balaninus nucum, L.), has been demonstrated as true. See Trans. Lines. Nat. Union , Vol. III., pp. 33, 116 and 166- 168. He said, too, that Scheuchzeria had gone, for its natural conditions had been destroyed, and that I should never take it ; and after years of hunting I have not in either county. 1921 Jan. 1 24 Woodruff e-Peacock : The Ecology of Thorne Waste. The object of these notes, however, is not to prove that Scheuchzeria was once in Lincolnshire, for wdiich. a three foot ditch in peat as a county boundary I am quite indifferent to the county question, but to point out that the ecology of these ancient turbaries, whatever parish or county they were in, on account of their lowness, i.e., wetness, and of their broken scurf or floral blanket, were the only places it could be abundant in till other niduses were made for it by man’s work. In my day, at least, the scurf of the great bog was far too overpowering except where fractured. The Lincolnshire seed-carriage is from E. to W., or from the shore inland, as a rule with many exceptions from local movements of fowl. Sand -bog species are carried more directly N. to S. So far as I can judge with my past ex- perience of Thorne moor, and present information, only two species are likely to have been seeded from W. to E. locally across this wide moor — Corydalis claviculata and Lathyrus palustris. Scheuchzeria and Eriophorum lati folium no doubt came from the N. to the S. by moorland bird -carriage. There is only one other matter. Can anyone say whether there are any localised specimens of Scheuchzeria in existence from Thorne Waste ? I have never heard of any in herbaria, neither has Mr. Arthur Bennett, who knows far more of existing specimens than I do. I have a specimen from this area, but it is unlocalised, I regret to say. So it may have been taken in anyone of the three counties ; 'but I have good reason to believe that it was taken in Yorkshire, though the locality may have been in Lincolnshire. PERSONS, BOOKS AND CONTRACTIONS. 1 Phineas Ellis, a doctor, of Crowle. He gave me the notes I use here in 1874-75. He is not to be confounded with his younger brother and partner, Henry, who lived there too and in 1880 supplied 10 (below") with certain information re Crowle ‘New Decoy' as I call it, 2-5 miles away on the waste. As printed not quite accurate ; I cannot believe that he said Beech for Birch, which was the species there. 2 W. Tune, the late, of Eastoft, a very original and thoughtful labouring man naturalist, from whom next to Phineas Ellis, I obtained most valuable information in 1874-75. 3 Dr. W. G. Smith, late President of the L.N.U. (in 1919). 4 Rev. W. T. Humphrey, in 1874-75, Vicar of Eastoft, in Lincoln- shire and Yorkshire. My first trainer in what is now called ‘ Ecological Botany.' 5 F. A. Lees, author of The Flora of West Yorks. As also by letters and in conversation. 6 The Rev. R. P. Norwood, now Vicar of Crowle. 7 Arthur Bennett, of Croyden. Letters and personal collections of notes on Scheuchzeria palustris. 8 Earl of Cromarty, Phil. Trans, v. 27. 9 Henry Ellis, brother and partner of Phineas Ellis. Naturalist Field Notes . 25 10 Sir R. Payne -Gallwey’s Duck Decoys, 1885. 11 The Rev. J. K. Miller, Vicar of Walkeringham, Notts., 1819-1855. Seventh wrangler in 1808, and sometime fellow of Trinity College, Cam- bridge. ‘ A splendid botanist for his day, and my own mother’s trainer in it.’ The Naturalist, 1895, pp. 159-171. 12 The Rev. Canon W. Fowler, of Liversedge, Yorks., President of the L.N.U. in 1884. 13 Samuel Hudson, the late, of Epworth. 14 William Casson, the late, of Thorne. 15 The Rev. N. C. Marris, then curate of Crowle. Now Vicar of Holy Trinity, Gainsborough. 16 H. H. Corbett, physician, of Doncaster. 17 H. F. Parsons, the late, physician, of Goole. 18 George Miller, the late, son of the Rev. J. K. Miller, of Holcombe, Bath. 19 W. A. E. Ussher’s Geology of North Lines, and South Yorks., p. 152 ; and Drift Map Sheet 86. C. = Central Moor. E. = East Moor. N.= North Moor. S. = South Moor. W.=West Moor. ‘ Side ’ understood with the last four. The exposed peat is now all in Yorkshire, but its original east side, now wholly covered by warp, was in Lincolnshire. 1, 2, 18. : o : BIRDS . Late occurrence of House Martin in Yorkshire. — On Sunday, November 21st, I saw a single House Martin, at a few yards distance, flying feebly along the ground near the trout stream at Lowthorpe. There was a dense fog at the time, and the thermometer stood at 34 degrees on the north wall of the house at 4 p.m., followed by the sharpest frost of the autumn, so far. No doubt the poor bird perished that night. — W. H. St. Quintin. Large Migration of Wild Geese in Yorkshire. — During the week i8th-25th November, a very considerable migration of Wild Geese took place along the Yorkshire coast. The first flocks were seen on the 18th, when a few Brent Geese were passing, calling as they flew. Their voices could be heard in increasing numbers all night, and on the 19th, flock after flock, numbering from fifty to two hundred birds in a pack, passed in quick succession all day until late afternoon, when they slackened off. Many thousands must have passed during this time. Most were Brent Geese, but there were a few flocks of Grey Geese, which kept apart from their smaller relatives. Owing to the height at which they flew it was impossible to determine the species, probably they were Pink -footed Geese. Smaller flocks of both species were noted on November 20th, 21st, 22nd and 25th, on the latter date only Grey Geese being seen. — W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S., Scarborough. 1921 Jan. 1 26 SOME NEW NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS. Notwithstanding the extraordinary rise in the cost of printing, paper, binding, and in the production of books generally, there seems to be no decrease in the number of works, issued dealing with Natural Science, and although the prices in some cases are rather severe, the quality of many of the publications is quite equal to that issued in pre-war days. Messrs. Longmans, as usual, seem to take the lead with the issue of Vol. I. of Thorburn’s British Mammals, Yol. II. of which will be issued in the spring (2 vols, 10 guineas net). This handsome book is a companion to the Volumes on ‘ British Birds ' and ‘ A Naturalist’s Sketch Book,’ already referred to in this journal, and besides containing details of the various Mammals, there are remarks on the Distribution, Colour, Measurements and Habits. The species dealt with in the present volume include 12 Bats, 5 Insect-eating Mammals, 15 Flesh-eating Mammals, 14 Rodents, 4 Ruminants and 20 Whales, etc. It contains 25 plates in Mr. Thorburn’s inimitable style, in addition to which there are a number of. pen-and-ink sketches as tail-pieces, etc. Not only do the plates portray the Mammals in characteristic attitudes, but the artist completes an effective picture by including the materials in which the particular animals revel. Thus, for instance, the plate of ‘ The Dormouse ’ represents a single specimen which does not occupy more than 2J ins. of the plate, and yet the colour-scheme of the autumn leaves and fruits, spiders, etc., all go to form a very pleasing and artistic picture. . Just now, when particular interest is centred on the Bats, Mr. Thorburn’s illustrations are especially appropriate, as he takes an extraordinary care to represent the colour of the fur as accurately as possible. At first the illustration of the Walrus was a little unexpected in this volume, but, of course, the species has been recorded in British waters, as also have various species of seals, which are so admirably drawn. By an extraordinary coincidence the face of the Badger, Plate 18, can be seen from two distinct points of view, though in one of them the left eye (which is the ‘ mouth ’ from another) appears to have been damaged by wasps, the comb of which is providing a meal ! Of distinctly scientific value, and on quite original lines, is Dr. J. Ritchie’s handsome volume on The Influence of Man on Animal Life in Scotland : A Study in Faunal Evolution (Cambridge University Press, 550 pages, 28/- net). Dr. Ritchie’s lectures contained in this volume were written with the object of tracing the effect man has had in various ways upon the fauna of his country. “A result of this enquiry has been to emphasize the instability and changefulness of a fauna, and a word may be said as to the general place of man’s influence in the sum of change. Two types of changefulness affect a country’s animals — one temporary in incidence and local in effect, a function of circumstance ; the other persistent and general, a function of time. Within itself a fauna is in a constant state of uneasy restlessness, an assemblage of creatures which in its parts ebbs and flows as one local influence or another plays upon it. It may be that a succession of favourable seasons breeds many field -voles, and the tide of the field -vole race flows to its high-water mark of numbers. But this new food -supply brings to the feast hungry owls, hawks, stoats and others, and as the tide of the beasts and birds of prey flows, that of the voles ebbs. Yet no sooner is the ebb apparent than the carnivores themselves decline for lack of food ; and eventually the dead level is reached again. So the story goes on — there is a constant ebb and flow of parts within the whole, a fauna is in unstable equilibrium, the ‘ balance of nature ’ is never quite struck.” Dr. Ritchie begins with ‘ Scbtland as man found it,’ and refers to the extinct animals, and the conditions availing in prehistoric times. He then deals with the various species of cattle, sheep, horses and other similar animals ; animals for food ; their protection for sport, or for superstitious reasons, and so on, the whole forming the most fascinating series of. articles, quite Naturalist: Some New Natural History Books. 27 distinct from the usual methods adopted in Natural History volumes. There are diagrams, views of the various species dealt with, maps showing distribution, and so on. Messrs. W. & R. Chambers, Edinburgh, have issued a massive volume by H. Mortimer Batten, entitled Habits and Characters of British Wild Animals, which is illustrated by black and white and coloured illustrations, by Warwick Reynolds. Mr. Batten’s word ‘ Animals ' is confined to the Mammals, and he deals at some length with ‘ Red Deer, Roe-deer or the Roebuck, Fox, Weazel and the Stoat, Otter, Pine- Marten, Badger, Polecat, Brown Hare, Blue or Mountain Hare, Rabbit, Hedgehog, Squirrel, Gray or Brown Rat, Water-rat, Wild Cat.’ The author endeavours to achieve some degree of originality by writing from practical observations, and without the aid of references, and his chapters certainly indicate familiarity with the species he describes. The author is fortunate in securing the drawings of Mr. Warwick Reynolds, which are on quite new lines. Under the title of The Wild Unmasked (by the same publishers),. F. St. Mar® writes a volume in a more or less chatty style, in which the habits of Field Mice, Ravens, and a whole host of familiar Mammals and birds are described, and evidently the author is fairly familiar with their haunts. The book requires careful perusal in order to ascertain precisely the various species dealt with. Certainly it cannot be obtained from the chapters, etc., among the titles of which we notice ‘ The Master - Hun, Notice to Quit, The Old White Devil, Fizzle’s Angel, The Forlorn Hope, A Pygmy in Armour, A Real Hero, The Great Adventure, The Call of the Flock, The New World, The Cry, Sapper Mauldy, and The Hustlers.’ We can recommend the volume as a very fascinating story, which is considerably helped by Harry Rowntree’s sketches. From the same house is a small volume entitled Tracks and Track- ing : A Book for Boy Scouts, Girl Guides and every Lover of Woodcraft; also by Mr.H. Mortimer Batten (95 pp., 2/-). in which are illustrations of tracks of Mammals and Birds, running or walking, etc. ; also plans showing rabbit tracks in the vicinity of warrens, and other information likely to be of service to young people who wish to use their eyes, and incidentally older folks might derive much useful information by a perusal of its pages. Messrs. Witherby & Co. have issued a volume of exceptional merits entitled A Naturalist in Himalaya, by R. W. G. Hingston, M.C. (300 pp., price 18/-). Dr. Hingston visited the Himalaya between 1914-1916, and made many valuable observations upon the fauna of that part of the world. The volume deals principally with Insect Life, the- observations on the various species of ants and spiders being exceptionally valuable. His work, however, is not confined to these, as we have information relating to Glow-worms, Shells, Birds, Molluscs, and even Mammals, the photographs of the leopard being especially interesting, those facing pages 248 and 252 being remarkable for the way in which, the animal is represented against a background which almost precisely resembles its markings. The volumes concludes with a geological sketch of the district. Another Indian Volume has been issued by Mr. John Lane, and is entitled The Dairy of a Sportsman Naturalist in India, by E. P. Stebbing (298 pp., 21/- net). The artist is very free with his pencil, and quite a large proportion of the pages has been improved by his small sketches, many of which well ‘ hit -off ’ the characteristics of the animals he so carefully describes. The camera has also been extensively used, and in this manner the narratives of his hunting expeditions are rendered doubly entertaining. The title ‘ Sportsman Naturalist ' is justified. Most of the information was ready for the press in 1914, but was held over for more favourable times, but the chapters are none the less interesting on that account. We observe that the author considers. 1921 Jan, 1 28 Some New Natural History Books. that ‘ India is threatened with an irretrievable decrease in and deteriora- tion of the most interesting members of its Fauna.’ At the same price, Mr. John Murray has published Territory in Bird Life, by H. Eliot Howard, a feature of which volume is the un- usually artistic series of illustrations in photogravure by G. E. Lodge and H. Gronvold. These are certainly some of the finest of their kind that we have seen in a work of this character. Mr. Howard treats the subject rather differently from the usual run of natural history books, as will be gathered from the following headings of the chapters : — The Disposition to Secure a Territory ; The Disposition to Defend a Territory ; The Relation of Song to the Territory ; The Relation of the Territory to the System of Reproduction ; The Warfare between Different Species and its Relation to the Territory ; The Relation of the Territory to Migration. In its series of ‘ Life Stories of Famous Men,’ Messrs. Watts & Co. have published Thomas Henry Huxley, by his son, Dr. Leonard Huxley (120 pp., 2/- net.) The volume is remarkably well written, and gives a fascinating account of the work of one of our greatest naturalists, and is illustrated by photographs. Messrs. Warne & Co. have issued the second volume of T . A . Coward’s work on The Birds of the British Isles and theirEggs, which comprises the families Anatidae to Tetraonidae (376 pp., 12/6 net). There are no fewer than 213 coloured illustrations by A. Thorburn and others, as well as photographs by Kearton, and similar well-known Naturalists. The volume is even better than the first one, which was noticed in these pages a little while ago, and we can only add that for the money it is the very best work we know dealing with this subject. A scientific work of welcome kind is The Sea Shore, one of the S.P.C.K. ‘ Nature Lovers’ Series,’ written by W. P. Pycraft, of the British Museum (156 pp., 4/6 net). Mr. Pycraft deals with the subject in a way likely to interest the myriads of visitors to our watering places, and gives illustrations of the more remarkable forms of marine life likely to be met with, in addition to which he has remarks on the Past History of our Islands, the effect of Coast Erosion, Sand Dunes, and so on. The seven chapters are headed : The Gathering Together of the Waters ; Concerning our Seas ; The White Cliffs of England ; The Inhabitants of Cliffs, Caves and Rock-pools ; Pebbles and Sand -beaches ; Where the River Weds the Sea, and Concerning Islands. We can recom- mend the book as a pleasant means of passing away some of the otherwise -dull hours with which visitors to the seaside nowadays so frequently meet. Secrets of Earth and Sea, by Sir Ray Lankester (243 pp., Methuen & Co., 8/6 net). This contains still further reprints of chapters written by Sir Ray Lankester in The Field, the Illustrated London News and the Daily Telegraph. The publishers claim that the author is second to none as an enthralling writer on Science. The chapters are of a quite mis- cellaneous character, and have the advantage of having been written by an expert who rarely finds pits and falls into them, though we don’t mean to suggest that he is infalhable. Among the twenty two chapters in the present volume we have such subjects as The Earliest Picture in the World ; Portraits of Mammoths, by men who saw them ; The Art of Prehistoric Men ; Vesuvius in Eruption ; The Biggest Beast ; What is meant by ‘ A Species * ; Wheel Animalcules ; The Swastika ; Coal. In justice to Prof. Lankester, we ought to say that he seems to make no mention in his second chapter of an alleged carving of a mammoth found by one of his disciples (or masters ? ) in East Anglia. . It will be remembered that Professor Herdman, the President of the British Association, made an urgent appeal in his address at Cardiff for the thorough scientific investigation of the Seas surrounding Britain, and all that in them is. Bearing upon this important question is The Sea Fisheries, by Dr. J. T. Jenkins (London : Constable & Co., 300 pp., 24/- net). Next to the ‘ Challenger ’ Reports, and the reports of smaller Naturalist Some New Natural History Baoks. 29* expeditions subsequently made, we know of nothing containing such a wealth of information bearing upon the British Sea Fisheries, from every possible point of view, as Dr. Jenkins’ volume. It is, perhaps, surprising to learn from the title-page that the author is ‘ Of Gray’s Inn, Barrister-at-Law, ’ as we usually look elsewhere for sound treatises bearing upon natural science. Dr. Jenkins has been fifteen years with the Lancashire and West Sea Fisheries Committee ; he has a tremendous admiration for British fishermen, and has the ability to obtain informa- tion from all manner of sources and present them in a readable form. Not only is the natural history of Fishes dealt with, their migrations, and so on, but he describes methods of fishing, developments of Steam. Trawling, Inshore Fisheries, Shellfish Fisheries, Scientific Research, and so on; and, of course. Legislation and Sea Fisheries. The volume' Plankton containing Fish Eggs. The large egg is that of a Plaice ; the smaller ones are Cod and Whiting. The Copopod is that of a Calanus. should have a large sale, not only among naturalists, but among business men at our Fishing Ports. The Cardiff Naturalists Society is to be congratulated on the publica- tion of the elaborate and detailed pamphlet entitled Instructions to Collectors (36 pp.), which has been issued in connection with their Faunistic Survey of Glamorgan. It is the work of the referees of the various groups, and gives sound advice on methods of collecting and preserving the various forms of animal and plant life to be met with in any particular area. The volume should aippeal to collectors anywhere, and we can strongly recommend it. It can be obtained in quantities up to 500 at 6d. each, which, we should imagine, is much less than the actual cost, and we would suggest that many of our Societies which are now unable to publish reports on account of the increased cost of printing, might do well to purchase a number of these for distribution among the members. : p : The late John Gerard has left his collection of coal fossils, birds and eggs, as well as his scientific books, to' the Wigan Mining College. He had previously given specimens to the Manchester and British Museums. ; 1921 Jan. 1 30 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION. ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. On October 30th, well attended meetings of this section were held in the Institute, Leeds, Mr. G. T. Porritt presiding. Although the past wet season had generally been disastrous for insects, much useful work was reported . After the election of officers, the following were exhibited : — Coleoptera, ®tc. — -Mr. W. J. Fordham exhibited the Solitary Ant Mutilla euYopaea, §§ from Ravenscar and a^ from Bournemouth, and the sawfly Loderus gilvipes from Lancashire, new to Britain (see E.M.M.). Beetles — Plagiarthrina fordhamiana Keys, from Bubwith ; Saperda populnea and Phytodecta rufipes from Martin Beck Wood ; Stenostola fevrea from Edlington (H. D. Smart) ; Ptinus tectus from bird seed at Selby and Pachyta cerambyciformis from Wharncliffe. Exhibited by Mr. H. H. Corbett : Cassida nobilis and Cryptocephalus julvus from Doncaster district. Exhibited by Master Kitchen : various N ecrophori (burying beetles) from Leeds district. Exhibited by Master Caird : a box of Chrysomelidae from the Leeds district. Exhibited by Master HJncks : several beetles from Leeds district, including Rhynchites nanus, Limonius minutus, Silpha sinuata and Necrobia ruficollis. Hymenoptera. — Mr. A. E. Bradley showed males of Bombus lucovum Sm. taken in Littondaie during August. In these males the face was black and the coloration generally of the female type. Hitherto Mr. Bradley had only taken such dark males very rarely and as isolated examples, but on the high Calluncs moors above Litton he found them in great numbers and apparently replacing the common form altogether. He also brought from the neighbourhood of Leeds a series of the males of P si thy vus campestvis which ranged in colour from almost entirely yellow io entirely black ; ‘ yellow -tailed ’ and also extremely dark forms of the males of both Ps. distinctus and Ps. quadvicolov ; and a queen of Vespa rufa which had the dark 'markings of the abdomen so extended as to produce a broad black band on each segment. Mr. Rosse Butterfield showed specimens of most of the Andrenas found in Britain. In reporting some observations made upon bees and wasps during the past season, Mr. Bradley mentioned that the female of Andvena lapponica Zett. does not, as has been supposed hitherto, gather pollen only from the flowers of VacciniuYn. In some of the northern suburbs of Leeds, from which most or all of the bilberry has now disappeared, A. lapponica is still fairly common, and three females were taken early last June on the capitula of the Cat's -Ear ( Hypochaevis Yadicata) , the scopa and fioccus of each bee being more or less charged with the pollen of that plant. Shortly afterwards, several bees, taken in various parts of the same district, were found to be carrying pollen apparently identical with that of the Cat’s- Ear. Farther out from Leeds, where bilberry is common, as at Adel, the lapponica females do appear to confine themselves to the flowers of the last-named plant. At the end of August and in early September, old queen bumble-bees, usually very faded and ragged, were frequently to be seen gathering pollen from Scabious and other flowers. In a normal season, such queens do not, as a rule, stir from the nest after the early months of summer, and one may suppose these individuals to have come from nests where the brood of ‘ workers ’ had failed or starved, partially or entirely. Alluding to the new county record for AmYnophila sabulosa, reported at the last Annual Meeting as having been taken at Spurn by Mr. Cheetham, Mr. Bradley stated that he had found amongst the late W. D. Roebuck’s collection a specimen of this species taken at Strensall Common near York, in 1909, by the late Mr. W. Hewett. LepMoptera. — Exhibited by Mr. Porritt : a rayed form of Melanippe ihastataiiom Honley, nr. Huddersfield ; Aplasta ononavia frorrqFolkstone, Naturalist Yorkshire Naturalists at Bradford. 3i and Abraxas grossulariata vars . gloriosa and iochalca. By Dr. H. D. Smart : Theda betulae ab. spinosa and pale Luperina testacea from South Devon ; dark Bryophila perla from Shelley ; a series of Syrichthus malvae approaching ab. tar as and a variable series of Vanessa urticae, Polyommatus phlaeas and Eugonia quercinaria ; and specimens of Macrogaster castaneae from Wicken. By Dr. Croft : Colias edusa from South Devon, a series of Odontopera bidentata showing extreme variation, from near Leeds ; and the continental ‘ Map ’ butterfly Araschnia lev ana and its variations prorsa and porina. By Mr. H. H. Corbett : a case showing specimens of Asphalia flavicornis and Hybernia leucophaearia resting on birch bark, also the following species taken in the Doncaster •district during the past season — Zeuzera pyrina, Asteroscopus sphinx, Phigalia pilosaria, Hybernia defoliaria. Scop aria angustea, Herbula cespitalis, Oxyptilus teucrii, Tortrix unifasciana, Amphysa prodroman,a Carpocapsa splendidana, Adela rufimitrella var. maculata. By Mr. Edward Cocker : a fine series of Arctia caia from Huddersfield district, including a remarkable creamy suffused specimen. By Mr. B. Morley : a long series of Calymnia affinis from near Doncaster, where the race is exceptionally large and variable, including almost black forms. For comparison were shown specimens from Cambridgeshire, Kent and Berkshire, where the species is small and pale coloured. Dip ter a. — Mr. C. A. Cheetham showed a case containing most of the known Yorkshire mosquitoes and a number of their larvae mounted in slides. Amongst the flies shown by Mr. Morley was a specimen of Gymnochaeta viridis new to the county lists and a specimen. of Xylophagus ater, both from Skelmanthorpe. Mr. W. Falconer passed round various kinds of foliage bearing galls of many kinds, both of bees, midges and mites, and also a few leaves scabbed with mildew. He appealed to the members to send him any galls they may come across and thus help forward the work yet to be done with the galls of the county. — B. Morley. YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS AT BRADFORD. By the kind and joint invitation of the Bradford Natural History and Microscopical Society and Bradford Scientific Association, the fifty- ninth Annual Meeting of the Union was held in the large Lecture Hall of the Church Institute, Bradford, on Saturday, December 4th last. The party who assembled in the morning spent an interesting time under the guidance of Mr. W. P. Winter, B.Sc., and Mr. E. Hepworth, B.Sc., in examining the geology of Chellow Dene and the neighbourhood of Nab Wood, Shipley. The Meeting of the General Committee held in the afternoon was well attended, 28 of the 34 affiliated Societies being represented. After the formal adoption of the Report and Balance Sheet, the latter showing a satisfactory gain on the year’s working, the Chairman, Mr. G. T. Porritt, announced that the Executive had offered to Mr. H. H. Corbett, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., of Doncaster, the presidency of the Union for the ensuing year. Great satisfaction was voiced upon learning that Mr. Corbett had signified acceptance of the office. Upon the invitation of Mr. Thomas Sheppard, M.Sc., it was decided to hold the Annual Meeting at Hull, in December, 1921. In order to meet the increased cost in the publication of The Naturalist it was unanimously resolved on the motion of Prof. P. F. Kendall, M.Sc., seconded by Mr. E. G. Bayford, that the necessary steps be taken, in accordance with the Rules, to increase the annual membership subscription from 12/6 to 15/-, and that the qualification for Life Member- ship should be a donation of not less than eleven guineas, such increased subscriptions to date from 1st January, 1921. The resignation of the 1921 Jan. 1 32 Field Notes. Secretaries (Dr. T. W. Woodhead, M.Sc., and Mr. W. E. L. Wattam) was received with regret, and they were instructed to place on record the hearty appreciation of the members of the Union for their services during the past nine years. No nominations having been received for the vacant Secretariate a small sub-committee was appointed to deal with the matter. The remainder of the officials were re-elected. There was an excellent attendance at the evening meeting. After the election of nineteen new members. Prof. J. E. Marr, Sc.D., F.R.S., Camb., delivered his Presidential Address, ‘ Rigid North West Yorkshire,’ from the Chair. This Address will appear in The Naturalist. The motion of thanks to Prof. Marr for his address, and for his services during the year, was moved by Prof. Kendall, seconded by Dr. A. Gilligan, B.Sc., and heartily carried. Thanks were also accorded to the inviting Societies for making the local arrangements. At the close of this meeting the members proceeded to the Cartwright Hall, and were there received by the Lord Mayor, Lieut.-Col. A. Gadie, and the Mayoress. Afterwards a pleasant and instructive time was spent in admiring the works of art, and varied natural history exhibits. — W.E.L.W. : o : Migration of Tree Creepers at Scarborough. — On November 23rd, a considerable migration of Tree Creepers appeared in the early morning at Scarborough, the Ramsdale Valley in the centre of the town, and surrounding gardens, being full of them. Six were counted running up the trunk of the same tree. All had passed on by afternoon of the same day. — W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S., Scarborough. Unusual Birds at Selby. — The Yorkshire Evening News of November 3rd reported the shooting of a Greenshank at Selby. Inquiries through Mr. Musham revealed the fact that this bird was a Knot, a fairly common winter visitor. Mr. Musham also reports that a Red -throated Diver flew into a yard in Armoury Road, Selby, during the evening of November 9th, and killed itself. Mr. B. Hanley shot a solitary Snipe at Bubwith on November 1st. — R. Fortune. Effect of Oil on Marine Life. — Owing to the great increase in the number of motor -propelled vessels, both large and small, considerable quantities of oil find their way into the sea, and in the near future are likely to have a very destructive effect upon the flora and fauna of the littoral zone. The heavy lubricating oil sinks and becomes incorporated with the sand and shingle of the shore, while the lighter petrol floats on the surface. A number of sea birds — Black-headed Gulls, one Herring Gull, Razorbills and Guillemots — have been picked up along the coast, dead or dying, their plumage being so saturated with oil that they are unable to fly or dive. Sedentary forms of rock pool organisms are dying, and the inshore fisheries are suffering in consequence, codling, coalfish and others haunting the inshore rocks being very scarce this year. — W. J. Clarke, F.Z.S., Scarborough. Naturalist 33 THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION’S FIFTY -NINTH ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1920. (Presented at Bradford, 4th December, 1920). : o : The Fifty -Eighth Annual Meeting was held at Doncaster on Saturday, December, 6th, 1919. A full report of this meeting appeared in The Naturalist for January, 1920. The Presidential address of Dr. W. G. Smith, B.Sc., entitled ‘ The Naturalist and the Gardener,’ then delivered, appeared in the same journal for March, April, and May, 1920 (pp. 89-95, 129-132, 155-157)* The Field Meetings for the year have been six in number, viz. : — at Skipton (Easter week-end), Reeth (Whit week-end), Martin Beck Wood, near Doncaster, Kirkham Abbey, near York, Beverley (August Bank Holiday week-end), and Helmsley (Myco logical meeting). .In addition, the Marine Biology Committee held its Annual Meeting at Scarborough, in September ; the Botanical Section met at Meltham, near Huddersfield on May 15th, and the Dipterists at Old Farnley, near Leeds, on August 21st. It is pleasing to record a considerable increase in the attendance at these meetings. The usual descriptive programmes were issued, and full reports of the meetings have appeared in The Naturalist (pp. 224, 324, 363 and 365). The Union has been considerably assisted in its work by the kindness of the landowners of the county granting permission to the members to visit their estates. The Excursions for 1921 will be as follows : — Yorks., S.E. South Cave (Easter week-end), March 26th to 28th. ,, N.W. Dent (Whit week-end). May 14th to 16th. ,, N.E. Redcar, Saturday, June nth to 13th. ,, S.W. Wentworth, Thursday, July 7th. ,, Mid. W. York (Bank Holiday week-end), July 30th to August 1st. Mycological Meeting at Castle Howard, in September. Membership. — The efforts of the Executive towards increasing the membership have been satisfactory, but to a great extent this has been counteracted by the deaths and resignations. The membership now stands at 383, the following fifty new members having been elected during the year, viz. : — ■ Abbott, A., 2 Langdale Terrace, Headingley Lane, Leeds. Ashworth, John H., The Bungalow, 151 St. Andrew’s Road South, St. Annes-on-Sea. Behrens, Harold J., Moorside, Ilkley. Behrens, Mrs. G. J., Moorside, Ilkley. Bennett, Chas. George, Jesmond House, Pateley Bridge. Bisat, Wm. S., 1 Selwyn Avenue, North Ferriby, Hull. Bladon, Frank M., The Hornbeams, Sutton-on-Hull. Brown, James M., B.Sc., F.L.S., F.C.S., 176 Carter Knowle Road,, Sheffield . Browning, Miss D. M., B.Sc., 39 Grasmere Mount, Armley, Leeds. Bulman, Miss F. M., 15 Emerald Street, Saltburn-by-Sea. Chislett, Ralph, Larkspur, Broom Crescent, Rotherham. Elgee, F., F.G.S., Shirley, Rookwood Road, Nunthbrpe, R.S.O. Ferguson, J. B. P., 1 Norwood Terrace, Headingley, Leeds. Ferrale, Edward L., Bank House, Penistone. 1921 Jan. 1 C 34 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Annual Report , 1920. Firth, Harry, 45 Leeds Old Road, Bradford. Flintoff, Robert J., Gale, Cardigan Road, Bridlington. Grace, George, B.Sc., F.G.S., 23 Alexandra Crescent, I lkley. Grainger, Miss J., Wood Nook, Slaith waite. Haydock, Arthur, High Street, Settle. Henderson, John, Kettlewell, via Skipton. Hind, Miss Mildred, B.Sc., 31 Royal Avenue, Doncaster. Holder, F. W., 20 Hawesside Street, Southport. Illingworth, John L., Gowan Lea, Queen’s Drive, Ilkley. Matthewman, S., 52 Belle Vue Road, Leeds. Milnsbridge Naturalists’ Society, c/o Mr. J. Beaumont, 68 Stoney Lane, Leymoor Bottom, Long wood. Murphy, H. N., B.Sc., 3 Cromer Terrace, Leeds. Musgrave, E., B.Sc., 18 Lister Lane, Bradford. Parker, Theodore, A.R.S.I., F.R.H.S., 4 Brookfield Place, Leeds. Parkinson, Herbert, 52 Norton Lees Road, Meersbrook, Sheffield. Pearsall, W. H., M.Sc., F.L.S., Woodsley Terrace, Clarendon Road, Leeds. Pickering, G. F., Woodcroft, Horsforth, near Leeds. Phillips, Major G. W., 21 Lawn Road, Doncaster. Procter, C. F., 522 Holderness Road, Hull. Ridgeway, Miss, 4 Springfield Mount, Leeds. Roberts, T. N., 38 West Bank, Scarborough. Rudd, R. H., Brantwood, Great Horton, Bradford. Seaman, Fred, Kirkfield, Ben Rhydding. Schroeder, W. L., M.A., 40 Clifton Road, Halifax. Smith, A. Malins, Biological Department, Technical College, Bradford . Stewart, Prof. M. J., M.B., M.R.C.P., Medical School, Leeds. Stewart, Mrs., Medical School, Leeds. Tempest, Ewart V., DTS.O., 463 Idle Road, Bradford. Tempest, Mrs., 463 Idle Road, Bradford. Thorpe, John G., 12A South Parade, Doncaster. Wallis, H. H., M.A., 145 Wilmer Road, Heaton, Bradford. Walsh, George B., B.Sc., 41 Gladstone Street, Scarborough. Watson, Rev. C. H., The Vicarage, Masham, Yorks. Wilson, Miss A. G., Bulcote School, Thornboro’, Ley burn. Wilson, Miss M., Bulcote School, Thornboro’, Leyburn. Wilson, Miss Janet, 24 Milton Place, Halifax. The Affiliated Societies are the same in number as last year, having an aggregate membership of 2645, as against 2324, an- increase of 321 upon the previous year’s figures ; the total numerical strength of the Union is therefore 3028. Obituary. — We regret to have to record the death of three Past Presidents of the Union, viz., The Right Hon. Lord Walsingham, Lieut-. Colonel Wheelton Hind, M.D., F.R.C.S., and Dr. J. G. Baker, F.R.S. In Memoriam notices to these gentlemen have appeared in The Naturalists The Divisional Secretaries have greatly facilitated the work of the General Secretaries, with the result that much expense has been saved in organising the Excursions. General Committee .—The following has been elected a member of the General Permanent Committee of the Union, viz. : — Mr. James Y. Granger, Bradford. Naturalist Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Annual Report, 1920. 35 VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY SECTION. West Riding. — Mr. H. B. Booth writes : — Mr. F. Booth believes a few pairs of Lesser Black-backed Gulls nested on the ‘ moss ’ at the side of Malham Tarn. I took the matter up with the gamekeeper (Mr. A. Ward), who states that three nests, each containing three eggs, had been seen, and he had also seen the young birds. He thought half-a-dozen pairs had nested. The birds first came in 1919, when he believes some nested. Mr. W. H. Parkin reported in the summer of 1919 that he had seen a number of Lesser Black-backed Gulls near Malham, and he believed they were nesting in the neighbourhood. This is a new nesting species for the West Riding, and is interesting in view of the curious nesting •distribution of this species on the eastern side of England. Mr. Haigh Lumby took me to see two gulleries of the Black-headed species of which we had no previous knowledge. They are in swamps three or four miles south of Clapham railway station, just past Keasden, and in the direction of Bowland Knotts. The first and larger one I carefully estimated at about 300 pairs. The smaller colony was about three-quarters of a mile to the east, and consisted of about 80 to 90 pairs of birds. From what we could learn they had been established some years. The local gamekeeper informed us there was a third, and still smaller, gullery further on in the direction of Bowland Knotts. The Eshton Herons have again nested across at Lords Wood, and I hear between 20 and 30 were occupying nests this season. The small heronry at Hubberholme continues about the same — seven pairs having nested there this season (J. Henderson). Ravens have greatly increased on the fells in the North-west of the Riding. On April 6th I spent several hours at Gordale Scar. During most of that time two to half-a-dozen Ravens were in sight, yet I could not see any sign of a nest. Magpies, almost unfortunately, still continue to increase, chiefly in the suburbs of some of our towns and villages. I have had many reports of numbers seen, the largest of which was by Mr. Geo. Priestman, who carefully counted thirty Magpies leaving one small tree between Ilkley and Addingham in January, 1920. A Great Crested Grebe frequented Malham Tarn during September, and was still there on the 24th of that month (A. Ward). A pair of Bramblings roosted nightly during March in a tall shrub in Saltaire Park (W. H. Parkin), and a late bird of this species was seen near Den- holme on April 15th (I. Colledge). An early nest of the Waterhen, with seven eggs, on January 17th, in Lister Park, Bradford, was reported by Mr. Malone. The nesting season of 1920 was cold, wet, and late ; most probably with poor results. In game birds in this Riding, Red Grouse have done a little better than in the very bad season of last year, and Partridges and Pheasants much worse. About the‘ist of October many young Pheasants here were little more than half-grown. East Riding. — Mr. E. W. Wade writes : — An open winter, followed by a wet spring, brought on the early breeding birds. Peewits were nesting freely by mid March. On warren land eggs were laid during that month, but in Holderness clays the early nests were washed out by heavy rain, and laying was delayed till the second week of April. The Corvidae were well to the fore in nesting, as is usual in an open wet spring. Many clutches of five and six Rooks’ eggs were seen by the end of March, and in one nest were 10 eggs, evidently the produce of two birds, as the nest was well flattened out. During 40 years’ experience of Rooks’ nesting habits the writer has never seen such a thing before. The Magpie, unfortunately, has made good in Holderness. On 1921 Jan. 1 36 Yorkshire Naturalists * Union : Annual Report , 1920. 5th April six new nests were seen between Patrington and Easington, where the bird had been exterminated before the war. The breeding of the Brown Owl has been resumed after last season’s miss, but clutches of two and three only were observed. The White Owl has hardly bred at all, but Long-eared Owls have been normal, though late in laying. Snipe had laid before March was out, and four pairs of Shoveler frequented some low-lying land, converted into a marsh all the spring, being seen later on with young broods. I have only one previous record of such an occurrence. The migrants arrived about the average date. Swallows, House and Sand Martins were very much below the 1919 numbers ; Spotted Fly- catchers and Redstarts above the average numbers. Breeding of the Warblers was generally seven to ten days later than the average, and some very late nests were seen. The Goldfinch again shows a satisfactory increase in the East Riding. Whinchats are scarcer than in 1918-1919. The Turtle Dove is extending its breeding range. Three Corncrakes were heard in Holderness, and but eight round the foothills of the Wolds. The bird shows a still further decrease. A Woodwren was sitting on four eggs in Burton Constable Woods on 26th June. It has always been an occasional visitor to this part of the Riding, but this is the first record of its breeding there. The abnormal migration of Woodcock, in November, 1919, was followed by a record bag at Burton Constable, where 198 birds were secured November-March, the highest number ever shot in one season. The Goldcrest has again established itself as a breeding species in Holderness, and has been seen in Howdenshire. Evidently our overseas migrants have become residents. The Little Owl was seen on 18th April near Keyingham, and during the summer near Leconfield. The Tufted Duck and Dipper again bred in the Riding, and a pair of Grey Wagtails was seen, but no nest was observed. On 23rd November, 1919, a small party of Crossbills was seen at North Ferriby, and on 21st January, 1920, one out of a flock of about twelve was shot near Brough. On 18th January, 1920, a flock of Snow Buntings was recorded at Bridlington. Pheasants are showing the effects of underfeeding, and on some estates the young birds are dwindling. Partridges started nesting early, with a strong breeding stock, and hatched well, but the wet cold July and August left very few alive out of what were strong coveys to start with. Pink -footed Geese arrived on the Wolds on September 22nd. The bird perches on Spurn lighthouse have been re-erected. On 30th July the East Riding County Council decided to apply to the Home Secretary for orders to protect the Peewit all the year round, and to prohibit the taking of eggs after 15th April. The orders have since been granted. There is no change to report in the status of the Stone Curlew in the protected area at Warter. North Riding. — Mr. W. J. Clarke writes : — Most species of birds are fully equal in numbers to those of previous years, and some are increasing. The abundance of Tawny Owls and Goldfinches continues, and the former is now becoming a very common bird. Complaints of the ravages of bird catchers among the Goldfinches are received from two observers in the Whitby district. Tree Creepers, Golden Crested Wrens, and Longtailed Tits are regaining their numbers, and are again up to the standard of 1916-17. The Turtle Dove has also been more common this year, while Magpies Naturalist Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Annual Report , 1920. 37 have been much more numerous. Landrails and Whinchats slightly increased in the Scarborough district, but the former is reported as less common near Whitby. Swallows, House Martins, and Swifts were normal in the Scarborough and some other districts, but were less numerous than usual in the Whitby area. Quails were present in two districts, and nested in one of them. Details of a flock of upwards of twenty Siskins, a Waxwing, and a Grey Shrike, in the Whitby district, were published in The Naturalist for May, 1920. Upwards of 100 Coots visited the Scarboro’ Mere in the early spring, but owing to disturbance from boats on the water, only two pairs remained to nest. Both reared their young. No Little Grebes nested on this water during the present year. A pair of Merlins tried to nest on the Moors north of Scarborough, but as usual both clutches of eggs were taken by a local collector. A Hen Harrier was shot in the Whitby district, but precise details are lacking. A pair of Teal, in the act of copulation, was seen upon Foul Syke on the first Sunday in May. Six weeks later a family party of seven was seen there, the majority of which were obviously young birds, pointing to their having been bred there. Redshanks are extending their range as a breeding species in the North Riding. Herring Gulls are also establishing new nesting colonies in the cliffs south of Scarborough. It has just come to light that in 1917 a pair of. these birds nested in the midst of the Black-headed Gulls at Foul Syke. Cormorants are numerous — too numerous— along the coast. The number nesting at the Peak is stated to have practically doubled during the last three years. The recorder is indebted to Messrs. T. N. Roberts, A. E. Peck, and A. T. Wallis, of Scarborough, and to Mr. F. Snowdon, and Rev. A. M. Bolland of the Whitby District, for information used in compiling this report. York District. — Mr. S. H. Smith writes : — -The wet and stormy season has had a most disastrous effect on most of the local nesting species, and particularly game birds. . Migrants, in nothing like their ordinary numbers, were late in arriving in their usual summer haunts. Whinchats appear to be increasing, and there was a noticeable increase amongst Landrails, this latter being specially significant in view of previous reports as to steady decreases. I am indebted to. Mr. V. G. F. Zimmer - mann for valuable assistance in compiling the report. 1920. Jan. 20. — A Blackbird's nest containing three eggs was built in a green- house on Bishop thorpe Road, York ; these birds have nested in the same place since 1916. Feb. 1. — A pair of Pochard and several Shoveler are frequenting the brickponds at Dringhouses, York. ,, 13. — Rooks commenced building nests in an ash tree at Monkgate, York. On the 23rd they began to build in the old rookery at Heworth, York. Mar. 14. — A large flock of Golden Plover on Bootham Stray, York. ,, 16. — Two skeins of Pink-footed Geese passed over Dripghouses, York, flying west. ,, 21. — Several Hooded Crows were observed at Strensall. April 13. — A large flock of Brambling Finches at Dringhouses. ,, 23. — The York Evening Press reports that ‘ A little Grebe broke the metal top cone of a signal post at Selby station by collision when flying at night.’ 1921 Jan. 1 38 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Annual Report, 1920. May 8. — Nest and four eggs of the Curlew found at Skipwith, the parent birds were successfully photographed, and the eggs hatched out on the 20th, the young eventually going away safely. ,, 9. — Several small flocks of Meadow Pipits were observed on Clifton Ings, York. ,, 21. — A pair of Redshanks was seen in a meadow at Grimston, near York ; a very unusual district for this species. ,, 23. — A Curlew’s nest containing four eggs was found on Strensall Common. ,, 24. — Cole Tit’s nest, with young, in the ruins of Byland Abbey, and two pairs of Kestrels had their nests in Whitomcliff. June 2. — A pair of Curlew, two pairs of Redshanks, and three pairs of Nightjars were seen on Sandburn Common. A pair of Turtle Doves was carrying nesting material, and on the 9th the nest contained two eggs, both of which hatched in due course. A nest of' the Bullfinch was found containing five eggs. ,, 13. — A nest of the Garden Warbler, with five eggs, and that of a Lesser Whitethroat, with four eggs, were found at Strensall. A pair of Curlew with three strong young birds were also observed. ,, 23. — A Meadow Pipit’s nest, containing four eggs, and an egg of the- Cuckoo, was found in Askham Bog. ,, 27. — The Blackcap Warbler was observed at Strensall and a nest of five eggs was successfully hatched. July 14. — A pair of Great Crested Grebes, with two young ones, seen on the lake at Castle Howard. One nest of the Reed Warbler with five young ones, was found in the usual haunt by the lake side. July 22. — A Tree Creeper’s nest, with four young ones, was found at Sand Hutton, York. Aug. 1 . — Four Herons and a flock of sixty Mallard were seen on Strensall Common . ,, 19. — Nineteen Pink-footed Geese flew over York at 7 p.m., travelling south-west. The evening was clear and calm. The followings day the weather changed to very stormy, and heavy floods and storms are reported to have taken place in Scotland. ,, 18. — Three parties of Sandpipers passed through York, one of four and two of five birds, all following the course of the River Ouse towards its mouth. ,, 20. — Several more parties of Sandpipers proceeding down the River Ouse, all flying fearlessly through the City.' I have to thank Mr. F. Vear for his observations upon the Curlew at Skipwith, he further states that the Black -headed Gull is more numerous than ever in the well known haunt on Skipwith Common, many new nests being built on the ponds nearest to the main road. Other species that have more than held their own in point of numbers are Tawny and Barn Owls. Kingfishers are now a common feature in the bird life of the Rivers Ouse and Foss, at York, and locally there are hordes of Wood Pigeons. Stockdoves are reported to be very common in a plantation at Bolton Percy, and Pied Flycatchers have nested at Newton Kyme for the past five years. Dippers have been very common in all their usual local haunts. Lapwings have fared well, and large flocks gathered together during September, and at the time of writing one favourite haunt of the species at Raskelf is crowded with larger numbers than have been seen for several years. There is also a ‘ stand ’ of Golden Plover of perhaps one hundred birds. Naturalist Yorkshire Naturalists' Union : Annual Report , 1920. 39 MAMMALS, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES AND FISHES COMMITTEE. Mr. S. H. Smith writes : — This Committee has been re-organised, and it is hoped that members will put forth renewed efforts in making more complete the existing records for the county. All the early records cannot be traced, and if anyone possesses notes or books that should be in the hands of this Committee will they please communicate with the Convener. The most interesting item to report is the capture of a Barbestelle Bat (female) at Helmsley. (See Mr. Booth's note in The Naturalist for December). Mr. H. B. Booth reports that four Foxes (two old and two cubs) and a Badger were taken at Bransley Falls, four or five miles from the centre of Leeds, by two men in one morning ( vide Yorkshire Post of October 12th, 1.920). Badgers are increasing in numbers in Upper Wharfedale. (See report of Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union excursion to Skipton.) All the known Badger colonies appear to be in a thriving condition. This is due mainly to the kindly preservation by friendly landowners. At the Kirkham excursion it was stated that two old established colonies were still in a very healthy condition. The same species has fared well at Kilnwick Percy, Allerton Park and Acaster, five being observed at the latter place, and I believe that two were killed by hounds. Mr. W. H. St. Quintin reports that a male Pine Marten was trapped on June ist at Barmston, six miles south of Bridlington, by Geo. Allison, gamekeeper to Mrs. Wickham -Boynton. Otters are common in all their usual haunts. Mr. E. W. Taylor informs me that Mr. C. F. Procter and he saw a Pipistrelle Bat flying over a pond at North Cave on December 12th, 1919, between two and four p.m., the weather was very mild at the time, and may account for the unusual appearance of this species in the depth of winter. Mr. F. Vear reports that Viper’s have been exceedingly numerous on Skip with Common this year, more being killed than for many past years. Grass Snakes appear to be steadily increasing and extending their range in Holderness, chiefly along the course of the agricultural drains in the neighbourhood of Kelsey Hill, which appears to be the centre of their distribution. The Palmated Newt appears to be a steadily decreas- ing species. WILD BIRDS AND EGGS PROTECTION COMMITTEE. Mr. Johnson Wilkinson writes : — Green Plovers. — It is satisfactory to know the East Riding County Council has passed an order similar to that of the West Riding County Council for the protection all the year for both birds and eggs. The following County Boroughs have likewise applied for an order, viz. : — Barnsley, Bradford, Dewsbury, Sheffield and Wakefield. North Riding. — Young Falcons have again hatched and flown. Bempton. — Climbers have had a good season. No Falcons have laid this year. Fulmars again visited the Cliffs, but no eggs have been seen. Hornsea Mere. — Unfortunately four dead Grebes (starved specimens) were picked up during the month of June, but many young Grebes got away. Tufted Ducks and Pochards about as usual. Spurn. — Unfortunately a very large tide and heavy seas during the month of June washed away a number of eggs between Chalk Bank and Spurn. The Terns, however, laid again on the same ground and reared their young safely. Posters had to be put up in prominent places for protection ; afterwards there were no complaints of any sort. Stone Curlews. — Very satisfactory year for hatching ; many young birds seen, but not many nests found. 1921 Jan. 1 40 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Annual Report , 1920. BALANCE SHEET. Receipts. Expenses. £ s. d £ s. d. Cash in hand 11 1 2 Coates and Bairstow 1 7 6 Mr. Albert Hirst 10 0 0 Advertiser Press 0 18 3 Mr. St. Quintin 5 0 0 Spurn ... ... 20 0 0 Mr. F. W. Dent 2 2 0 Hornsea Mere ... ... 6 0 0 Mr. L. Gaunt ... 2 2 0 Sedbergh ••• 3 0 0 Mr. O. F. Saner 2 2 0 Stone Curlews, etc. ... 2 10 0 Mr. H. B. Booth 1 1 0 Bempton 1 0 0 Dr. Bishop 1 1 0 Balance in hand ... 12 15 5 Mr. F. H. Edmondson.. 1 1 0 Sir W. Garforth 1 1 0 Mr. J. Wilkinson 1 1 0 Mr. J. Atkinsoh i ... 1 0 0 Mr. J. Y. Granger 1 0 0 Miss Waterhouse 1 0 0 Mr. J. H. Behrens . 0 10 6 Mr. W. N. Cheesman ... 0 10 6 Mr. E. B. Gibson 0 10 6 Mr. F. Haxby ... 0 10 6 Mr. A. H. Lumby 0 10 6 Mr. C. W. Mason . 0 10 6 Mr. J. F. Musham 0 10 6 Mr. W. H. Parkin . 0 10 6 Mr. E. W. Wade . 0 10 6 Mr. G. T. Porritt . 0 10 0 Mr. S. H. Smith . 0 10 0 Mr. E. Cockshaw 0 5 0 Mr. G. Fysher 0 5 0 Mr. E. W. Taylor .. . 0 5 0 Mr. H.E.Wroot . 0 5 0 Bank Interest ... . 0 4 6 £47 11 2 £47 11 2 Audited and found correct, W. E. L..WATTAM, ■22nd September, 1920. MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE. Mr. A. I. Burnley writes The members met at Scarborough from August 28th to August 31st, during which time a visit was also paid to Filey. A full report appeared in The Naturalist for November, pp. 363-364, to which reference should be made for details. The meeting •was most successful. CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION. East Riding. — Mr. J. F. Musham writes : — Bordering on Selby, the common species have been noticed in their usual haunts, while in the extreme south-west corner of the Riding, the demands of commerce have now entirely wiped out what was once a prolific area for many species. Naturalist Yorkshire Naturalists' Union : Annual Report , 1920. 41 ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. Lepidoptera. — Mr. B. Morley writes : — The past season has been one of the worst on record. During the mid -season months, especially, scarcely a moth or butterfly was to be seen. Even the three species of white butterflies have been rare in the West Riding. There was, however, a great abundance of spring moths in January, which month, strange to say, was more prolific than any succeeding month. The Rev. C. D. Ash found a colony of Nonagria arundineta Schmidt, in Lower Wharfedale, where both the type form and the melanic variety dissoluta occurred . Mr. Ash also reports two specimens of Agrotis praecox from an inland locality near Holme-on-Spalding Moor. On-May 14th, near Staithes, Mr. T. Ashton Lofthouse took two specimens of Anesychia funerella, of which there is only one previous Yorkshire record. Near Skelmanthorpe I have taken Heliacea tenebrata, Apamea leucostigma and Peronea aspersana new to the local list. Plusia moneta has extended its range to Meltham, Grassington, Driffield and Scarborough. Acherontia airopos has also been taken at Meltham. Mr. W. E. L. Wattam bred specimens of Cucullia verbasci from larvae found at Newsome, and also noted many larvae at Kirkham Abbey in July. Mr. G. T. Porritt noted the latter species at Huddersfield again, near which town he also found the larvae of Sciaphila sinuana abundantly. An immigration in spring of Vanessa atalanta, V. cardui and Plusia gamma occurred, but the Yanessids have only been scarce in comparison with what was expected, while gamma, on the other hand, produced an exceptionally numerous autumn brood. Mr. Porritt took a pretty variety of Melanippe hastata in Honley Wood, near Huddersfield, where the species was fairly common. Abraxas grossulariata seems to have practically disappeared from the gardens of the West Riding during the past two years. Mr. H. H. Corbett adds : — A very mild winter was remarkable for the abundance of some species and the early appearance of others. From November to January Hybernia defoliaria was extremely plentiful and varied. It was no uncommon sight to see thirty or forty females on the trunk of one tree. Himera pennaria was also remarkably abundant ; on one occasion I counted sixteen females on one oak trunk. On the other hand, Hybernia aur anti aria and Cheimatobia brumata were quite scarce, and those that did put in an appearance were usually dwarfed. Phigalia pedaria appeared on December 9th, 1919, and by the new year was abund- ant. Asphalia flavicornis appeared on March 4th and was fairly common, while Epigraphia avellanella was extremely rare. Mild weather con- tinuing until the middle of April the young larvae of the ‘ winter ' moths came out in countless numbers, and there was every appearance of a caterpillar plague. A series of frosts, gales and heavy rains in May withered young leaves and destroyed millions of larvae. From that time, throughout the year, collecting has been a hopeless quest. The only species that I have seen in normal numbers are Plusia gamma, Tortrix viridana and Pyrameis atalanta. Notwithstanding the bad season, I have had the good fortune to add two species and one variety to the County list. These are Carpocapsa splendana of which I took one at Doncaster in August ; Adela rufimirella var. maculata, one at Askern in June ; and Oxyptilus teucrii that I found fairly common at Hatfield. Goleoptera. — Dr. W. J. Fordham writes : — The general experience of the Committee has been that the past season has been one of the worst on record. The number of species observed, and even beetles which are usually accounted extremely abundant, have appeared in much depleted numbers. There are a few unexplained exceptions to the above generalisation, and a full account will appear as usual in The Naturalist. when the material acquired has been fully worked out and verified. A few additions have been made to the County list, not the least interesting 1921 Jan. 1 42 Yorkshire N aturalists’ Union : Annual Report , 1920. being the capture, near Hull, by Messrs Tj Stainforth and G. B. Walsh, of Dytiscus circumflexus F. in fair numbers. Hymenoptera. — Mr. R. Butterfield writes : — The outstanding feature with regard to this section is the discovery, in March, of consider- able numbers of the small bee, Ardrena ruficrus Nyl. at Adel, near Leeds, by Mr. A. E. Bradley. Its burrows had not been previously found in Britain, and only a few examples of the bees had been taken, recorded from Scotland, and a few said to be from Yorkshire, obtained 75 years ago. These are in the possession of Dr. R. C. L. Perkins, but no particu- lars are known. The season has been very disappointing, even the hardy social bees and wasps have been few in numbers. During the fine weather, in March, the early bees were abundant, and Andrena gwynana K. and A . nigrocenea K. were common in places. Mr. A. E. Bradley has made some interesting observations as to the relationship of some of the species of Andrena to the inquilines of the Genus Nomada. He has found Nomada jabriciana associated with Andrena angustior at Adel. The only new bee that I have to record is Andrena subopaca Nyl., from Keighley and Grassington. I captured a specimen of Megachile circumcincta Lep., near Bingley, in June. I have not previously seen any of the leaf -cutting species in the .western hilly districts of Yorkshire. There are a few additions to the Saw flies, including Tenthredopsis excisa Thom., T. palmata Geof., T . tristior, Pachyprotasis variegata Fall., and Priophorus padi. Neuroptera and Trichoptera. — Mr. G. T. Porritt writes that very little appears to have been done in these orders. He found Tinodes aureola in plenty during July, about dripping rocks in Pennyspring Wood, Huddersfield, a species hitherto only recorded in the county from Hayburn Wyke. The local Stenophylax vibex also occurred at Dalton,. Huddersfield. Dr. W. J. Fordham has sent for determination a number of species taken by himself, but they were received too late for incorporation in this report. Diptera.— Mr. Chris. A. Cheetham reports. — During the year close on 300 additions have been made to the published Yorkshire diptera list, by looking over old collections and unpublished lists and by increased activity in the field ; many more will doubtless be added as the year's collections are worked over in the winter. A notable feature has been the first sectional meeting under the leadership of our referee, Percy H. Grimshaw. The summer has lacked the hot sunshine that some diptera delight in, good collecting days have been few. Many species .which were fairly plentiful in 1919 have not been met with this year, especially Syrphidae and other sun-loving groups ; those seen most frequently having aquatic larvae ( Eristalis , Helophilus, etc.), or semi -parasites like Volucella bombylans and V. pellucida. Attention has been given to sweeping, and Acalypterate Muscidae and Anthomyidae seaem fairly up to the average, but perhaps Dolichopodidae' were less numerous than usual. Hemiptera. — Dr. W. J. Fordham writes : — Complete lists are not yet to hand. It is hoped that a preliminary list of Yorkshire species may shortly be published, to form a basis for future work, and an appeal is hereby made to all members of the Entomological Section to take any Hemiptera they may come across and forward them to one or other of the members of the Committee. Arachnida. — Mr. W. Falconer writes -Nothing new has been added, except amongst the mites, but eight kinds of spiders, new to Y.C. 65,. were recorded in the account of the Union Meeting at Reeth ( ante August, pp. 254-5). Mr. W. P. Winter sent in three small collections, amongst which was one female, Evansia merens Cb., taken from a nest of the ant, Myrmica ruginodes, at Goitstock, V.C. 63, by Mr. Rosse Butterfield, Naturalist Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Annual Report, 1920. 43 April, 1918. Two other spiders have not been recorded before for the Huddersfield district. Mr. A. Clarke found a female Epeira cornuta in his garden, and in Sun Dean, a fine male Europhrys frontalis Walck. was captured beneath a stone in June last. The latter is a rare spider in the western half of the county, there being only two previous records, viz., Bradford (Dr. Meade) and Linton Common, near Wetherby. The ‘ Spiders of Yorkshire/ begun in June, 1918, continues its serial publica- tion in The Naturalist. Good progress has been made in the investigation of the mite fauna, the distribution of many species being extended and others added to the list, so that now there are some 260 species to be recorded for the county. Mr. Winter contributes the names of those recently found in the Bradford area by Mr. F. Rhodes and himself. Acting on information received from the Rev. R. A. Taylor, now of Elland, I entered into communication with Mr. C. D. Soar, who very kindly supplied a valuable list of the water mites gathered by himself and Mr. Taylor in various parts of the county. The localisation of the latter’s finds was obtained from the records of the Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society, per Mr. G. B. Walsh. Amongst the few I submitted later to Mr. Soar were four species new to the county, namely, V.C. 61., Eylais infundibulifera Koen., and E. discreta Koch, Barmston Drain, Hull (Mr. T. Stainforth) ; V.C, 63, E. gigas Pier, and E. triarcuata Pier, near Doncaster (the late Captain Corbett). With these, the total in this group is now 36. The names of 15 gall mites are included in ‘ Plant Galls from Wensleydale ’ (Jan., p. 30) and twelve from Swaledale in a forthcoming paper. A living tick, Ixodes hexagonus Leach, taken from a domestic cat (not its usual host) at Selby, was sent for identification by Mr. Cheesman in June. Although a common species in some places, it does not seem to have been recorded before for the county. The false -scoprion, Chernes nodosus Schr., as usual clinging to the legs of flies, has occurred in two successive years to an observant Huddersfield resident, and is the sixth of the eight Yorkshire species to be noted in the district. A momentous discovery at the Parasitology Laboratory of Aberdeen adds a mite new to science to the British list, viz., Tarsonema woodii, stated to be the cause of the fatal Isle of Wight disease, which has devastated countless hives of bees in Yorkshire as elsewhere. BOTANICAL SECTION. Mr. J. F. Robinson writes : — The resuscitation of floristic interest referred to appreciatively in the last two or three annual reports has welL maintained itself, and, we believe, is even increasing in intensity. Many new and flourishing stations of several, not absolutely common, plants have been discovered, notably may be mentioned Hypericum montanum, Spiraea Filipendula, Atropa Belladonna (with much flower and fruit), Campanula glomerata, and V erbascum Thapsus on the chalk slopes of East Riding dales ; Statice Limonium and Hyoscyamus niger, near the Humber Shore ; and U tricularia vulgaris , with Ceratophyllum demersum, in old brickponds within the boundaries of the only E. Riding City. As to the vegetative aspect, never have we noticed plants more rank and luxuriant than during the season 1920 ; flowering also, especially in the later part of the year, was tolerably profuse, but of fruiting generally perhaps the less said the better. Both wild and cultivated species of prunus have in many instances been a complete failure. Apple and Pear are a very little better, whilst Oak, Ash and Elm, which we said did only fairly well in 1919, are very much worse this year. The later flowering plants, e.g., the rubi (Raspberry, Bramble, etc.) have shown a very good- average crop of good fruit. Mr. C. A. Cheetham adds : — Many early flowers were seen in February, 1921 Jan. 1 44 Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union : Annual Report, 1920. viz., the two Daphnes, Celandine, Purple Saxifrage, Primrose and Violet ; the promise of an early spring, but this was spoilt by the la,te frosts and cold, wet spells which followed. Some nice weather in May, however, brought Hawthorn into flower earlier than usual. It would be well carefully to consider the question of weather and insects in attempting to unravel the curious anomalies presented by the almost complete absence of fruit from a group containing Apple, Pear, Plum, Cherry, Ash, Elm and Oak, and a second group of those with abundant fruit like Beech, Sycamore, Elder, Rose, Bramble, Mountain Ash, and Hawthorn. A carefully compiled weather report, month by month, summarized in the Union’s Annual Report, would be a help in such enquiries. There is need for careful consideration of all available facts ; but part of the lack of fruit may be due to the extra effort of last year, and this is probably the cause of the partial absence of many of the Orchids. Entomologists quote the absence of bees when orchard fruit trees were in bloom, and insects generally have been adversely affected by the weather, pollination being consequently uncertain. Botanical Survey Committee. — Mr. W. H. Burrell writes : — ■ Notes have appeared in The Naturalist from time to time, and further work has been put in hand at Gormire and in Upper Wharfedale. The Study of Hagg Wood, near Huddersfield, has been continued, and has so far progressed that a report may be expected shortly from Mr. J. R. Simpson, who, we regret to learn, has recently left the county. Mycology. — Mr. A. E. Peck writes : — At the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Meeting at Skipton in May, the Mycological Committee was represented by Messsrs. M. Malone and F. A. Mason. The meeting at Reeth in May, was attended by Messrs. J. Ackroyd, R. Fowler Jones and F. A. Mason. Messrs. J. Ackroyd, W. N. Cheesman, and F. A. Mason attended the meeting held at Martin Beck Wood, near Doncaster, on June 19th. An illustrated article, entitled ‘ Mitrophora gig as at Forge Valley, Scarborough,’ by the writer, appeared in The Naturalist for July, 1920 (No. 762). At the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Meeting at Kirkham Abbey on July 10th, the Mycological Committee was represented by Messrs. R. Fowler Jones, F. A. Mason and A. E. Peck. See report in The Naturalist (No. 766). The Meeting, at Beverley, July 3ist-August 2nd, was attended by Messrs. R. Fowler Jones and A. E. Peck. Many species of Fungi were noted, particularly at Dalton Holme. See report in The Naturalist, December, No. 767. The Annual Fungus Foray was held at Helmsley; September nth- 16th, and was well attended. For report with illustrations, by the writer, see The Naturalist, December ,(No. 767). The Mycological Committee again has to deplore the loss of a member by death. On July 27th, Chas. H. Broadhead died in his 60th year. An article by the writer, with portrait, appears in The Naturalist for October, 1920 (No. 765). GEOLOGICAL SECTION. Mr. John Holmes writes : — The Section has been represented on all the long-date excursions. During Easter week the whole of the Carboni- ferous succession in the Skipton district was examined under the guidance of Dr. Wheelton Hind, who also demonstrated the zoning of the Pendleside Series by means of the Goniatites, a valuable piece of work, which, unfortunately, proved to be the last of his numerous contributions to Yorkshire Geology. Dr. Hind’s loss is keenly felt by members of the Section, but the work on the Pendlesides and Millstone Grit is being continued, and preliminary reports by Mr. Bisat have appeared in The Naturalist. Mr. Butterfield’s Naturalist Yorkshire N aturalists’ Union : Annual Report, 1920. 45 work, loc. cit., on the Red Conglomerates of the Sedbergh district, is also worthy of note. A beginning has been made with the investigation of the Yorkshire Rivers and the Peat deposits of the County. Jurassic Flora Committee. — Mr. J. J. Burton writes : — Inter- mittent and individual work has been done by several members during the past year, but, there has been no collective work by the Committee. Some fresh finds are frequently being obtained from workings in the oolitic sandstone of the Cleveland area, consisting chiefly of Otozamites obtusus, Williamsonia pecten, and Williamsonia gigas. Some further work has been done at the Roseberry plant bed. Mr. Hamshaw Thomas is working at Cambridge on some of the plants collected on the Yorkshire beds, but I am advised that there is nothing yet ready on which a report can be issued. Yorkshire Glacial Committee. — Mr. J. W. Stather writes : — Beverley. — On the occasion of the Union’s visit to Beverley last August a very fine section of boulder clay was seen resting on chalk in Messrs. Storry and Witty’s quarry south of the town. The bed, eighteen feet thick, was unusually clear for an inland exposure, the dividing line of silt between the Hessle clay (upper six feet) and the purple clay (lower twelve feet) being very noticable. For particulars see The Naturalist for December. North Ferriby. — In connection with some extensive excavations on the Humber foreshore between North Ferriby and Brough, interesting' sections in the glacial and late glacial series have been made. These have been carefully measured by Mr. W. S. Bisat, and details will be given in due course. Coast Erosion Committee. — Mr. J. W. Stather writes : — Holderness. — Severe erosion continues unabated on the Holderness coast. At Cowden, four miles south of Hornsea, the boulder clay cliffs are between seventy and eighty feet high. In 1902 a bungalow was erected there, and a stone was built into the wall with this inscription — “ Manor Cars. Erected 71 yards from the cliff edge. G. W. Oldham, 1902.” In October this year (1920) the distance of the house from the cliff edge was under twenty yards — showing a loss of fifty -one yards in eighteen years — an average loss of nearly three yards per annum. Whitby. — Mr. J. T. Sewell, J.P., reports that during 1920 the inroads of the sea on the east side of the town have been more marked than usual, arid along the Lias cliffs several new caves have appeared. On the other hand, the level shales forming the scar alter very little, as the cart ruts, made at least forty-five years ago by the collectors of cement doggers, can still be seen. On the west side of the town, between Upgang and Eastrow, there have been many minor falls of rock, and the path on the edge of the cliff has, had to be set back. Committee of Suggestions for Research Work. — Mr. Chris. A. Cheetham reports : — A start has been made on the two lines of work selected by this Committee at the meeting held in Leeds University in May. An exhibit was made at the Conference of Delegates at the British Association Meetirig showing the work that is in progress. The Peat Investigation has been of a general type, and every oppor- tunity has been taken to get a broad view of the problem. Reports have been made in connection with the Union’s excursions, . and some local problems have been put before the Committee, with samples of peat; one by Mr. Leslie Armstrong from Broomhead Moor, Sheffield, where flint implements were seen on the old surface, and in the subsoil beneath four to six feet of peat ; another by Mr. Nowers, from Darlington, where a thin deposit of peat was found below five to six feet of clay, and resting on deep clay. Here the recognisable remains were Menyanthes seeds, Chara spores and debris of Hypnum scorpioides . On October 16th Prof. Kendall demonstrated the use of boring tools 1921 Jan. 1 46 Yorkshire Naturalists' Union : Annual Report, 1920. in testing the depth and sampling the lower layers of peat, a report of this meeting occurs in The Naturalist (Nov., pp. 369-370). Lectures on the subject are being arranged during the winter ; the •difficult but exceedingly useful work of bibliography, and the possible arrangement of a small library on Peat, is well in hand. Dr. Forsyth’s report of people interviewed, and papers, etc., consulted, is very encourag- ing and hopeful. The Rivers Investigation appears to have been confined to the examina- tion of submerged mosses in various types of streams. It is hoped that n note on this subject may be published shortly in our journal. British Association. — The representative of the Union (Mr. Thomas Sheppard, M.Sc.) attended the British Association meeting at Cardiff in the dual capacity of the Delegate from the Union and President of the Conference of Delegates, which met on two occasions. He took for the subject of his address, ‘ The Evolution of Topographical and Geo- logical Maps,’ which was printed in advance by the Association, and was ■distributed among the delegates. A brief reference to this address appeared in The Naturalist for October, pages 317-319. Originating from a suggestion made by your delegate, Mr. Gilbert D. Shepherd of the Cardiff Naturalists’ Society, arranged an exhibition to illustrate .the work of the Corresponding Societies, which was held in two rooms at the Technical College, where the Conference was held. This was quite successful, but in view of the prominent part which the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union has played in the scientific history of the country, its exhibits were disappointingly few, being confined to the presideht's extensive collection of geological maps, which occupied the large lecture hall ; the Botanical Survey maps (original and published) by Drs. W. G. Smith and T. W. Woodhead ; Yorkshire Syrphids, and specimens illustrating Peat Investigation, by Mr. C. A. Cheetham, and a case showing the variations in the Pale Brindled Beauty, by Mr. R. Butter- field. Through the kindness of Principal A. D. Trow, who provided tea for the delegates, an excellent opportunity was afforded for examining the various exhibits. Howev.er, as the British Association has been invited to visit Hull in 1922, possibly an opportunity will then be given for the Yorkshire Narturalists to show that they are capable of greater achievements than was evident at Cardiff. The Naturalist. — The high standard of excellence of our journal has been maintained under the well directed energy of the Editors, and they are to be heartily congratulated bn their continued success in keeping the Union’s organ in the front rank of Natural History journals. Thanks are due to Mr. Thomas Sheppard, M.Sc., for supplying entirely free of cost blocks in illustration of his contributions, and to Mr. C. A. Cheetham for paying for the plate in the June number, and four extra pages in the July number of The Naturalist. The Presidency of the Union for 1921 has been offered to and accepted by Dr. H. H. Corbett, M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Doncaster. The Union wishes to record its indebtedness to its retiring President, Prof. J. E. Marr, D.Sc., F.R.S. Soppitt Memorial Library. — Dr. T. W. Woodhead, M.Sc., reports : The following contributions have been received : — Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Vol. X., Nos. 49-50, and Vol. XI., No. 51. Birmingham Natural History and Philosophical Society Annual Report for 1918 and list of members for 1919, and Proceedings, Vol. XIV., Part 3, 1919. North Staffordshire Field Club, Transactions and Annual Report, 1919-20. British Association Hand- book, Cardiff Meeting, 1920. Bibliographical Contributions from the Lloyd Library, Vol. III., Nos. 2 to 7. 97th Report of the Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society for 1919. N aturalist Yorkshire Naturalist $ Union : Annual Report, 1920. 47 Financial Statement. — Th$ following is the Hon. Treasurer’s (Mr. /Edwin. Hawkesworth) Statement of Receipts and Payments | — STATEMENT OF INCOME AND EXPENDITURE, 12 months to November 22, 1920. INCOME. EXPENDITURE. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1 £ s. d. ■Members’ Annual Expenses of Meetings 9 4 0 Subscriptions, arrears 15 4 0 Printing and Stationery (General A/c) 34 15 11 1920 117 5 0 Postages, etc. (Hon. Secretaries’ A/c) 15 0 5 1921 2 12 6 Clerkage, „ „ 10 0 0 135 1 6 Printing and Stationery .Life Members’ Subscriptions ( contra ) 3 15 0 (Hon Treasurer’s A/c) 3 0 7 Lewes from Associated Postages, etc. „ ,, 2 3 9 Societies arrears 2 15 0 Publications : — 1920 9 13 2 Annual Report. 1919 ... 11 11 6 12 8 2 „ „ (est.) 1920 14 0 0 25 11 6 Less Provision in A/cs, 1919 14 0 0 -11 11 6 £ s. d. £ s. d. 7 Naturalist ’ : — ‘ Naturalist ’ : — Subscriptions, arrears 18 12 0 Members’ Copies ... 119 18 0 j} 1920 103 10 0 Exchanges 3 18 0 « 1921 2 8 0 Editor’s Postages etc.... 11 12 4 124 10 0 Extra pages ... ... 9 4 0 Bank Interest 2 9 6 Binding 5 8 6 Extra Postage 10 2 6 Printing Sundries ... 1 4 0 161 7 4 Life Members’ A/c ( contra ) 3 15 0 Balance, being excess of Income over Expenditure 27 5 8 £278 4 2 £278 4 2 BALANCE SHEET, November 22, 1920. LIABILITIES. Amounts owing by Union — £ s. d. ‘Naturalist’ 74 10 3 Annual Report, 1920 (estimate) 14 0 0 Subscriptions received in advance ... 5 0 6 Life Members’ A/c ... 108 2 0 *Hey’ Legacy A/c Balance, being excess of Assets over 20 0 0 Liabilities 73 9 10 £295 2 7 ASSETS. £ s. d. £ s. d. Cash at Bank 165 7 1 Cash in hands of Hon. Secs. 1 18 5 Cash in hands of Hon. Treas. 3 7 1 170 12 7 War Savings Certificates — £100 (Feb. 12/17) cost £77 10s. ; present value, say ... 92 10 -O' £25 (Jan. 1919) cost £19 7s. 6d. ; present value, say ... 20 0 0 112 10 0 Subscriptions in arrears ... 16 0 0 Written off as unrealisable 4 0 0 12 0 0 £295 2 7 E. HAWKESWORTH, Hon. Treasurer. 1921 Jan. 1 j 48 NORTHERN NEWS. The List of Members of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union appearing in this number is printed through the kindness of a Past-President of the Union, Mr. W. N. Cheesman, J.P. Mr. R. W. Goulding, F.S.A., favours us with ‘ Notes on Books and Pamphlets printed in Louth, 1801-1850,’ which is a remarkable record for this comparatively small township, and speaks well for the industry of the compiler in gathering the various facts together. Mr. Mark L. Sykes, whose papers on Lepidoptera are well known to Manchester and Leeds Naturalists’, has presented a collection of over 20O0 insects to the Leeds University, including some cases of gorgeous exotic butterflies, also specimens illustrating Mimicry, a subject Mr. Sykes has made his own. The Transactions of the London Natural History Society, 1919 (45 pp., 3s.), besides the usual reports of the various sections, contains the Annual Report on the Birds of Epping Forest ; the President’s Address on ‘ Wing Colour ;n Butterflies and Moths,’ and a paper by H. B. Williams on ‘ Parallelism in Variation in Butterflies.’ The editor of a contemporary, according to the leading article in the November issue, is not quite sure whether ‘ the character of a curate appears in "The Private Secretary” or in "Charley’s Aunt.”’ We certainly tfiink in the profound scientific discussions which occur in that journal, an important matter of this kind might at least have been veri fied . The correspondence columns of the daily papers have recently con- tained articles dealing with Sun Temples and Bruanburgh Battles. Personally we should be grateful if the gentlemen who write about the sites of battlefields found in tunnels, and altars for bloody sacrifices on hill tops, would give us even a reasonable amount of evidence for the' extraordinary theories which they propound. The London Museum, St'. James’s, has issued a ‘ Guide to the Pre- historic Room ’ (11 pages, 3d.), which is rather different from the usual type of Museum Guides, inasmuch as it is a running lecture or talk on the various objects exhibited in this particular room, reference to the in- dividual specimens being made by means of their numbers in parenthesis. The Guide is not broken up by references to cases or anything of that kind. Dr. Marie Stopes, in Vol. XLIV. of the Linnean Society’s Journal (Botany), describes in detail ‘ Bennettites Scottii sp. nov., a European Petrification with Foliage.’ Her paper is based on a specimen without any history, which was transferred from the Botanical department in 1898 to the Geological department of the British Museum. This species has been carefully sliced, and an interesting description of the plant structure has been described as a result. Vol. LXIII. of The Memoirs and Proceedings of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, 1918-19, contains five valuable * memoirs, four of which are of particular interest to our readers, though the first three were published separately during 1919. : — | The Herbarium of John Dalton,' by R. S. Adamson and A. McK. Crabtree ; ‘ The Ancient Legend as to the Hedgehog carrying Fruits upon its Spines,’ by M. Christy ; ‘ On a New Middle Carboniferous Nautiloid,’ by J. W. Jackson ; ‘ Henry Wilde,’ by Prof. W. W. Haldane Gee. Referring to our notes in the last issue, we learn from the daily press that ‘ Clement Edwards, M.P., is very proud of the prehistoric flint which he found while on. holiday in Berkshire. It contains, he claims, 83 different carvings upon it, done some time in the Palaeolithic Age. He is always finding a new one. It proves that there were Epsteins even when we wore skins. Mr. Edwards keeps it in the members’ cloakroom, and brings it out to be admired whenever you like.’ From this it seems clear that he does think the flint is the work of Palaeolithic Man ! Naturalist 49 YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS' UNION. LIST OF MEMBERS. Corrected to January, 1921. The Members whose names are printed in italifc type are Permanent Members 0/ the General Committee. The dates preceding names are those of election ; Original Members, being those elected previous to 1883, are marked — ; those to whom L. is prefixed are Life Members, by virtue of a donation of not less than seven guineas ; those to whom H.L. is prefixed are Honorary Life Members; P.=Past-Presidents ; E.=Members of the Executive; C. = Presi- dents or Secretaries of Committees. Members changing their addresses are requested to inform the Secretaries as soon as possible Those to whom an asterisk (*) is prefaced do not receive The Naturalist. 1920 1905 l! 1919 1909 1894 1920 1910 1907 1911 1897 1911 1893 1915 L. 1908 1919 1889 1893 1913 E.' 1920 1920 1907 1884 1904 1919 1907 1916 1885 1919 1913 1903 1920 1920 1921 1909 1905 L.C. 1894 1921 1885 1919 1892 1910 1919 1917 l! 1907 1920 1920 1920 1910 1: 1914 c. 1891 c. 1921 * ... 1918 Abbott, A., 2 Langdale Terrace, Headingley Lane, Leeds. Ackroyd, J., West View, 101 Dark Lane, Batley. Adamson, R. S., M.A., B.Sc., The University, Manchester. Armstrong, A. L., 14 Swaledale Road, Millhouses, Sheffield. Ash, Rev. C. D., M.A., Saxton Vicarage, Tadcaster. Ashworth, John H., The Bungalow, 151 St. Andrew’s Road South, St. Annes- on-Sea. Assheton, Mrs. M. N., Whitebeams, Upper Hardres, Canterbury. Atkinson, J., 33 St. Michael’s Road, Headingley, Leeds. Atkinson, Miss Constance, 3 Woodland Grove, Chapeltown Road, Leeds. Audas, Thos., L.D.S., “ Taematon,” Cardigan Road Bridlington. Bagshaw, W., J.P., F.R.M.S., 17 Hereford Road, Harrogate. Barker, R, H., May. Lodge, Filey Road, Scarborough. Barker, W. R., 64 Grove Street, Barnsley. Barry, J. W., J.P., Fyling Hall, Robin Hood’s Bay. Bates, Miss Winifred M., 35 Armitage Road, Birkby, Huddersfield. Bayford, E.G., F.E.S., 38 Eldon Street, Barnsley. Bean, Eugene, Hinderwell House, Falsgrave Road, Scarborough. Beanland, Jo., 55 Oulton Terrace, Horton Road, Bradford. Bedford, J . E., F.G.S., Arncliffe, Shireoaks Road, Headingley, Leeds. Behrens, Harold J., “ Moorside,” Ilkley. Behrens, Mrs. G. J., “ Moorside,” Ilkley. Bellerby, W., 8 Burton-Stone Lane, York. Bennett, S. H., Westholme, Rotherham. Bentinck, Rt. Hon. Lord., M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. Bentley, Miss Esther C.; B.Sc., 3 Hardy Grove, Beeston Hill, Leeds. Bevan, D. W., 32 Nansen Street, Scarborough. Bilton, Edward, 81 Abbey Street, Hull. Bingley, Godfrey, Thorniehurst, Shaw Lane, Headingley, Leeds. Birch, Walter G., 20 Barbican Road, York. Birmingham Nat. Hist, and Phil. Soc., c/o W. H. Foxall, F.R.G.S., -81 Sonlerset Road, Handsworth Wood, Birmingham. Bisat, G. B., 30 Nether Hall Road, Doncaster. Bisat, Wm. S., 1 Selwyn Avenue, North Ferriby, Hull. Bladon, Frank M., The Hornbeams, Sutton-on-Hull, E. Yorks. Blackshaw, J. Tremayne, 38 Hill Gate, Doncaster. Booth, G. A., M.B.O.U., The Hermitage, Kirkham, Lancs. Booth, H. B., M.B.O.U., F.Z.S., Ryhill, Ben Rhydding, Yorks. Bradford Public Free Library, c/o Butler Wood, Librarian, Bradford. Bradley, A. E., 8 Shaftesbury Avenue, Roundhay, Leeds. Branson, F. W ., F.I.C., 13 Briggate, Leeds. Brigg, John J., J.P., M.A., Kildwick Hall, Keighley. Brittain, W.H., J.P., Storth Oaks, Ranmoor, Sheffield. Brockman, Dr. Drake, Cleveland Asylum, Middlesbrough. Brook, J. H., The Old Vicarage, Selby. Brotherton, Colonel Sir E. A., J.P., The Hall, Roundhay, Leeds. Brown, J. A., Thornhill Street, Calverley, Leeds. Brown, James Meikle, B.Sc., F.L.S., F.C.S., 176 Carter Knowle Road, Sheffield. Browning, Miss D. M., B.Sc., 39 Grasmere Mount, Armley, Leeds. Bulman, Miss F. M., 15 Emerald Street, Saltburn-by-Sea. Burnley, A. I., 43 Moorland Road, Scarborough. Burrell, Wm. Holmes, F.L.S., 44 West View, Horsforth, Leeds. Burton, J, /., J.P., F.G.S., Rosecroft, Nunthorpe, R.S.O., Yorkshire. Butcher, R. W., Botanical Department, The University, Leeds. Butter ell, J . D., The Manor House, Wansford, Hull. Butterfield, J. E., B.Sc., Ormesby, 21 Dorville Road, Lee, London, S.E. Butterfield, Rev, Frank, B. L., Jn., Oakfield, Pannal Ash, Harrogate. 1921 Jan, 1 D 5o y 1909 E. 1916 L. 1919 1913 1891 L.’ 1903 1919 1904 1905 1891 L. 1910 1910 P.L. 1905 E.L.C. 1920 1898 * L. 1892 — . * P. 1892 L.C. 1917 1906 1915 1919 1919 1891* l! 1911 1890 c.‘ * 1915 1908 1903 E. 1916 1915 1896 1894 1910 Y.N.U. : List of Members and Affiliated Societies. Butterfield, Rosse, F.E.S., The Museum, Keighley. Bywater, Matthias, 64 Park Road, Low Moor, Bradford. Carleton, Thomas, 15 Mill Street, Junction, Crosshills, Keighley. Carlisle, Lady, Boothby Manor House, Brampton, Cumberland. Carpenter, Hon. Mrs. B., 22 Grosvenor Road, Westminster, London. Carr, Prof. J. W '., M.A., F.L.S., University College, Nottingham. Carr, Wm., Strammongate School, Kendal. Castle, Thomas, Orchard Villa, Heckmondwike. Catterall, W. H., Rokeby School, Barnard Castle. Champney, J. E., J .P., 27 Hans Place, London, S.W. Chapman, E. H., M.A., 1 Kings Bench Walk, London, E.C.4. Cheavin, H. S., F.R.M.S., F.N.P.S., F.E.S., Chemistry Dept., The Middlesex Hospital, Medical School, Berners Street, London W. 1. Cheesman, W. N., J.P., F.L.S., The Crescent, Selby. Cheetham , C. A.,“ Wheatfield,” Old Famley, Leeds. Chislett, Ralph, “Larkspur,” Broom Crescent, Rotherham. Chorley, Mrs. Mary, F.E.S., Woodhead, Burley-in-Wharfedale. Clark, J. E., B.A., B.Sc., Asgarth, Riddlesdown Road, Purley, Surrey. Clarke, Alfred, 16 St. Andrew’s Road, Huddersfield. Clarke, W. Eagle, F.L.S., 35 Braid Road, Edinburgh. Clarke, W. /., F.Z.S., LL.D., 33 Oak Road, Scarborough. Clegg, Colin, A.M.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., More Hall, Bolsterstone, near Sheffield. Clough, Sam, Steeton Hall, near Keighley. Cockerline, Thos., 14 Leicester Place, Blackman Lane, Leeds. Cockshaw, Edward, 65 Blacker Road, Birkby, Huddersfield. Cole, E. W. Maule, Hillside, Northiam, Sussex. Cooke, J. S., J.P., F.R.A.S., Ploverfield, Ben Rhydding, Yorks. Cooper, Miss C. A., California Road, Bushey Heath, Herts. Corbett, H. H., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., 3 Thome Road, Doncaster. Cordeaux, Mrs., Great Coates, R.S.O., Lincoln. Couldwell, Sidney H., 18 Clifton Terrace, Beverley Road, Hull. Cowling, H., 10 Bradley Road, Silsden, near Keighley. Croft, E. O., M.D., 12 North Hill Road, Headingley. Croft, Frank, Bank House, Leyburn, S.O. Cross, Edward R., 12 Filey Road, Scarborough. Crowther, J.E., Portland Street, Elland. Crump, W. B., M.A., The Lodge, Rastrick Common, Brighouse. Cryer, John, 182 Cliffe Wood Mount, Bradford Road, Shipley. 1914 ... Dale, Harold A., School House, Askrigg. 1921 ... Dallman, A. A., 17 Mount Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkenhead. 1898* ... Darley, Rev. Bertram, Harthill Rectory, Sheffield. 1896*P.H.L. Dawkins, Sir W.B., M.A., F.R.S., Owens College, Manchester. (Ex-President). 1883 ... Dawson, Percival W., 107 Westboume Avenue, Hull. 1908 ... Dennis, Thomas, 21 Peel Street, Hull. 1885 ... Denny, Prof. Alfred, F.L.S., 61 Ranmoor Crescent, Sheffield. 1903 L. Dent, Major J. W., Ribston Hall, Wetherby. 1915 ... Douglas, D. Fraser, Stourton Ford, Ilkley: 1921 ... Drake, Walter, 10 Lyell Street, Scarborough. 1913 ... Dudley, Harold E., 137 Frodingham Road, Scunthorpe, Lines. 1906 ... Dwerryhouse, A. R., D.Sc., F.G.S., Geological Dept., Ireland University, Belfast. 1898 ... 1910 C. 1901 ... 1904 ... 1920 ... 1912 ... 1893 ... 1921 ... 1921 ... Eden, Hon. Miss Agnes, Ford House, Wangford, Suffolk. Edmondson, F. H., The Lindens, Utley, Keighley. Edmondson, Prof. T. W., M.A., New York University, University Heights, New York, U.S.A. Edwards, Rev. J. R. W., M.A., The Grammar School, Leeds. Elgee, F., F.G.S., ‘ Shirley,’ Rookwood Road, Nunthorpe, R.S.O. Elliott, Thos., Beechville, Cambusbarron, Stirling. Elmhirst, C.E., 29 Mount Vale, York. Elwess, W., 66 Thorne Road, Doncaster. Ewing, James, D.Sc., Botanical Department, The University, Leeds. 1909 E.C. Falconer, W ., F.E.S., Wilberlee, Slaithwaite, Huddersfiled. 1918 ... Farrar, Frank, 17 Leasowe Terrace, Hunslet Carr, Leeds. 1920 ... Ferrole, Edward L., Bank House, Penistone. 1908 ... Fielding, W., 24'Ventnor Terrace, Halifax. 1892* ... Fierke, F. W., 86 Grafton Street, Hull. 1920 ... Firth, Harry, 45 Leeds Old Road, Bradord. 1912 ... Firth, J. Digby, F.L.S., F.E.S., March Institute, Woodhouse Moor, Leeds. 1919 ... Fletcher, Chas. Hartley, Apsley House, Albion Road, Scarborough. 1920 ... Flintoff, Robt. J., “ Gale,” Cardigan Road, Bridlington. 1897 ... Foggitt, T. J., Stoneybrough, Thirsk. 1911 ... Fordham, A. A., Department of Applied Science, The University, Sheffield. 1905 ... Fordham, W. J., City Hospital, Winter Street, Sheffield. 1909 ... Forrest, H. E., “ Hill Side,” Bayston Hill, Shrewsbury. 1887 P. Fortune, Riley, F.Z.S., 22 Ripon Road, Harrogate. Naturalist Y.N.U. : List of Members and Affiliated Societies. 51 1908 ... Fowler, T. M., “Elsinore,” Dodsworth Road, Barnsley. 1909 ... Fryer, Dr. J. H., East Gate, Barnsley. 1913 E. Fysher, Greevz, 78 Chapel Allerton Terrace, Leeds. 1915 ... Fysher, Mrs. G., 78 Chapel Allerton Terrace, Leeds. 1885 ... Gardner, John, F.L.S., Laurel Lodge, Hartlepool, West Hartlepool. 1916 ... Garforth, Sir Wm., LL.D., Snydale Hall, near Pontefract. 1908 E.C.P. Garstang, Prof., W ., D.Sc., M.A., F.Z.S., University, Leeds. 1883 ... Gaunt, Leonard, Hazelbrae, Farsley, Leeds. 1886* ... Gaunt, Mrs. Leonard, Hazelbrae, Farsley, Leeds. 1917 P.H.L. Geikie, Sir Archibald, O.M.,K.C.B., LLD., Shepherd’s Down, Haslemere, Surrey. 1915 L. Gibson, Edward B., L.D.S., Croft Terrace, Hebden Bridge. 1904 ... Gibson, J., F.R.M.S., Elmfield, 192 Salter Lane, Sheffield. 1918 ... Gibson, Sam., Primrose Cottage, Hebden Bridge. 1913 E.C. Gilligan, Albert, D.Sc., B.Sc., F.G.S., Geological Department, The University, Leeds. 1914 ... Gough, J. H., Ph. C., 4 Woodland Grove, Newton Road, Leeds. 1920 ... Grace, George, B.Sc., F.G.S., 23 Alexandra Crescent, Ilkley. 1920 ... Grainger, Miss J., Wood Nook, Slaithwaite. 1915 ... Granger, James V ., Willow Grove, Manston. 1908 Greaves, A. E., 52 Cecil Street, Goole. 1914 ... Greaves, Walter, 1 Chapel Avenue, Hebden Bridge. 1918 ... Greenwood, Miss F. Vera, B.Sc., Stoodley Hall, Todmorden. 1918 ... Greenwood, Thos. Fenton, 9 Eiffel Street, Hebden Bridge. 1919 ... Greening, Linnaeus, F.L.S., F.Z.S., M.B.O.U.,“ Fairlight,” Grappenhall, Cheshire. 1921 ... Greenwood, Sam, Nutclough House, Hebden Bridge. 1907 ... Grimshaw, P. H., Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 1921 ... Grist, W. R., B.Sc., Secretary Appointments Board, The University, Leeds. 1921 ... Grist, Mrs. W. R., 2 Balmoral Terrace, Headingley, Leeds. 1887 ... 1902 ... 1889 L. 1890 ... 1919 ... 1910 ... 1909 C. — P. 1918 ... 1908 ... 1897 ... 1917 ... 1891 ... 1907 ... 1908 E. 1920 ... 1919 ... 1913 ... 1920 ... 1897 ... 1919 ... 1920 ... 1910 ... 1920 ... 1895 ... 1908 L.C. 1884 ... 1921 ... 1909 E. 1919 ... 1904 .". Haigh, G. H. Caton, M.B.O.U., Grainsly Hall, Great Grimsby. Haley, W. B., 9 Myrtle Road, Ravensthorpe, Dewsbury. Hall, A. E., F.E.S., Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts. Hallimond, H. T., “ Escomb,” Sleights, S.O... near Whitby. Hallowell, Ernest, 12 Edward Street, Sowerby Bridge. Hardy, C. J., Langdale, Dore, near Sheffield. Hargreaves, J. A., 40 North Marine Road, Scarborough. Harkef, Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., St. John’s College, Cambridge. Harper, Joseph, 14 Otto Terrace, Sunderland. Harrogate Public Library, c/o G. W. Byers, Victoria Avenue, Harrogate. Hartshorn, J., Leyburn, R.S.O., Yorkshire. Harvey, Rev. Reginald H., The Rectory, Barwick-in-Elmet, Leeds. Hawkesworth, Edwin, Sunnyside, Crossgates, Leeds. Hawley, Sir H. C. W., Holly Mount, Hurst Woods, Buxsted, Sussex. Haxby, Fred, 11 Necropolis Road, Lidget Green, Bradford. Haydock, Arthur, High Street, Settle. Heaton, Harry, Cot Fiejd, Roundhay, Leeds. Hebden, Thos., Hainworth Lane, Keighley. Henderson, John, Kettlewell, via Shipton. Herdman, W., F.G.S., St. John’s Chapel, Co. Durham. Hilary, Miss Daisy, B.Sc., 15 Plevna Terrace, Bingley. Hind, Miss Mildred, B.Sc., 31 Royal Avenue, Doncaster. Hobson, Bernard, B.Sc., F.G.S., Thornton, Hallam Gate Road, Sheffield. Holder, F. W., 20 Hawesside Street, Southport. Hollingworth, J., M.R.C.S., 2 Hornsea Parade, Holderness Road, Hull. Holmes, John, 9 Campbell Street, Crosshills, near Keighley. Horne, William, F.G.S., Market Place, Leyburn, R.S.O., Yorks. Horrell, E. Chas., 23 Victoria Terrace, Belle Vue Road, Leeds. Howard, G., Sitwell Vale, Moorgate, Rotherham. Howard, J. R., 5 Rowden Villas, Shotton, Chester. Hoyle, W. E., Dr., M.A., National Museum of Wales, City Hall, Cardiff. Hutton, W. Harrison, 44-46 Dial Street, Leeds. 1920 ... Illingworth, John L., “ Gowan Lea,” Queen’s Drive, Ilkley. 1896 C. Ingham, William, B.A., 6 Sycamore Terrace, Clifton, York. 1917 ... Ingle, Edward J. T., 18 Strattan Street, off Willow Terrace Road, Leeds. 1904 C. Irving, J., M.D., Inagh Mount, 15 Filey Road, Scarborough. 1907 ... Jackson, E. W., F.C.S., Godrevy, Saltbum-by-Sea, Yorks. 1914 ... Jackson, Ward, 11 South View Terrace, Silsden, Keighley. 1907 ... John Crerar Library, c/o H. Grevel & Co., 33 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 1904 ... Johnson, J. W. H., M.Sc., F.G.S., Grange View, Walton. 1907 E.C. Johnstone, Miss, M. A., LL.A., M.Sc., F.L.S., 9 Victoria Avenue, Cheadle Hulme Cheshire. 1903 L. Jones, R. Fowler, 8 Lendal, York. 1919 ... Jones, Richard, 24 Rutland Park, Sheffield. 1903 ... Jordan, A., Claremont, Windsor Road, Doncaster. 1905 ... Jowett, F., Hammondale, Eldwick, Bingley. 1921 Jan. 1 52 Y.N.U. : List of Members and Affiliated Societies , 1892 P.E.C. 1888 C. — L. 1906*P.H.L. 1908 1919 1902 1907 1889 1899 C.’ 1919 1910 1898 1919 1907 E. 1884 1908 1920 P.H.L. 1919 1914 1905 1901 1920 1912 1914 T896 1894 1907 1908 1893 L.’ 1918 1919 1896 1900 1906 C.’ 1914 1883 1905 1906 J.919 1919 1920 1920 1909 c.’ 1886 1889 1901 1890 L. 1915 1919 1890 L. 1888 1920 1906 E. 1920 1891 P.L. 1891 L. 1919 1893 1918 1920 C. 1909 E.C. 1893 1920 1911 1921 1920 1918 — P.E.L. 1896 L. 1911 1911 L.E, 1920 C. Kendall, Percy F., M.Sc., F.G.S., Sandhills Lane, Moor Allerton, Leeds. Kidston, Robert, LL.D., F.R.S., 12 Clarendon Place, Stirling. Knubley, Rev. E. P., M.A., Steeple Ashton Rectory, Trowbridge, Wilts. Lamplugh, G. W., F.R.S., F.G.S., 13 Beaconsfield Road, St. Albans. Laverack, Clive, Ph.D., Broughton Rise, Malton. Lawson, F. H., Thurstonville, Brighouse. Lawton, Fred, Carlton Terrace, Lane End, Skelmanthorpe, Huddersfield. Leeds Public Library, c/o T. W. Hand, Public Library, Leeds. Lofthouse, J. H., Lyell House, 62 Dragon Parade, Harrogate. Lofthouse, T. A., F.E.S., 129 Albert Road, Middlesbrough. Longbottom, Maurice, 33 South View Terrace, Silsden, Keighley. Lotherington, E. B., 39 Grange Avenue, Scarborough. Lucas, B. R., Winnington Lodge, Winnington, Northwich, Cheshire, Lumb, J. H., 32 Undercliffe Terrace, Scar Bottom, Halifax. Lumby, A. Haigh, Nab Drive, Shipley. Lund, Percy, 57 Southfield Square, Bradford. - Malone, Michael, 3 Ingleby Street, Brownroyd, Bradford. Marr, Prof. J. E., Sc.D., F.R.S., Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Marsden, W., A.M.I.M.E., 7 Heathfield Place, Halifax. Mason, C. W., 78 Beverley Road, Hull: Mason, F. A., 29 Frankland Terrace, Leopold Street, Leeds. Massey, Herbert, F.E.S., Ivy Lea, Disbury, Manchester. Matthewman, S., 52 Belle Vue Road, Leeds., Megson, Albert, Fern Villa, Headlands, Ossett. Mellish, Margery, Stonebridge Lower House, Wortley, Leeds. Melrose, J., Clifton Croft, York. Melvill, J. C., M.A., F.L.S., Meole, Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. Midgley, H., Glendene, Anlaby, near Hull. Midgley, T., Chadwick Museum, Bolton. Mills, F. W., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Thornleigh, Huddersfield. Milsom, F. E., B.Sc., High Cross, Kirkburton, Huddersfield. Moiser, H. R., F.G.S., Heworth Grange, York. Moore, Albert J., Ousefield Poultry Farm, Riceall, Yorks. Moore, Harry, F.R.M.S., 12 Whiston Grove, Rotherham. Moore, H. H., 5 Olga Avenue, Cowersley, Milnsbridge, Huddersfield* Morley, B., Wind Mill, Skelmanthorpe, Huddersfield. Morris, M. C., 6 Telford Terrace, York. Morrison, Walter, J.P., Malham Tarn House, Settle. Morse, E. W., c/o G. Oldfield, Lynn, Crescent Road, New Barnet, Herts. Moses, G. W., West View, Bishop Auckland. Mosley, Percy, 5 Skipton Road, Steeton, Keighley. Moss, Chas. H., Woodside, Rotherham. Murphy , H. V., B.Sc., 3 Cromer Terrace, Leeds. Musgrave, E., B.Sc., 18 Lister Lane, Bradford. Musham, J. F., F.E.S., 48 Brook Street, Selby. Naughton, John, Ellesmere School, Park View, Harrogate. Naylor, E., Corner Garth, Leadhall Lane, Leeds Road, Harrogate. Newcomen, G. H. T., Kirkleatham Hall, R'edcar. Newton, Rev. Canon H., Vicarage, Redditch. Newton, C. B., F.G.S., Waterworks Engineer, Hull. Norton, Thos., O.B.E., D.L., J.P., Bagden Hall, Denby Dale, near Huddersfield. Oxley, H., Spenfield, Weetwood, Leeds. Oxley, Rev. W. H., M.A., The Cottage, Filey. Parker, Theodore, A.R.S.I., F.R.H.S., 4 Brookfield Place, Leeds. Parkin, W. H., Studholme, Shipley. Parkinson, Herbert, 52 Noton Lees Road, Meersbrook, Sheffield. Pawsoh. A. H., J.P., F.L.S., Howe Combe, Watlington, Oxon. Pawson, Mrs. A. H., Howe Combe, Watlington, Oxon. Peacock, Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-, Grayingham, Lines. Peake, Rev. Edward, M.A., Cathedral Choir House, Oxford. Pearson, A. A., F.L.S., 59 Southwark Street, London, S.E.l. Pearsall, W. H., M.Sc., 1 Woodsley Terrace, Clarendon Road, Leeds. Peck, A. E., 20 Avenue Road, Scarborough. Fetch, T., B.Sc., B.A., The Lawn, Peradenirya, Ceylon. Phillips, Major G. W., 21 Lawn Road, Doncaster. Pickles, A., -56 Tufton Street, Silsden, Keighley. Pickles, J. W., Thornton, near Bradford. Pickering, G. F., Woodcraft, Horsforth, near Leeds. Pollard, H., M.R.C.V.S., 1 Warren Terrace, Wakefield. Porritt, G. T., F.L.S., F.E.S., Elm Lea, Dalton, Huddersfield. Priestley, F. N., Kingswood, Sholebroke Avenue, Chapeltown, Leeds. Priestman, G. E., Hollin Grange, Wharfedale, Ilkley. Priestley, Prof. J. H., B.Sc., The University, Leeds. Procter, C. F., 522 Holderness Road, Hull. Naturalist Y.N.U. : List of Members and Affiliated Societies. 53 1919 ... Pullan, Fred 9 Oban Place, Armley, Leeds. 1898 ... Punch, J. W. R., Hastoe House, Southfield Road, Middlesbrough. 1894 ... Punshon, Mrs. R. M., Ingleby House, Northallerton. 1917 L. 1919 ... 1917 C. 1919 ... 1920 ... 1919 ... 1912 ... 1908 ... 1920 ... 1890* ... 1898 ... 1892 C. 1915 ... 1908* ... 1907 ... 1915 ... 1921 ... — L. 1920 ... 1916 ... Ratcliffe, Mrs. Charles, Eagle Hall, Pateley Bridge. Reed, Frederick, Parkside, Hartburn Lane, Stockton-on-Tees. Rhodes, Fred, 113 Park Row, Heaton Road, Bradford. Riddell, Robert G., M.D., F.R.C.S.E., Chilton Lodge, Rotherham. Ridgeway, Miss, 4 Springfield Mount, Leeds. Riley, Miss Annie, Elizabeth Street, Elland. Roe, T. B., 29 West Street, Scarborough. Roberts, S., jr., M.A., The Beeches, Park Grange, Sheffield. Roberts, T. N., 38 West Bank, Scarborough. Roberts, Walter, F.R.G.S., Lynwood, Avenue Road, Doncaster. Robertshaw, A. Gibson-, Gordon Bank House, Midgley, Luddenden Foot, R.S.O. Robinson, J. F., 22 Harley Street, Hull. Robinson, Miss H. M. S., B.A., F.L.S., Rosenhurst, Bewdley. Robinson, Wilfred, D.Sc., 23 North Avenue, Garden Village, Levenshulme, Manchester. Roose, T., Bolton Abbey, Skipton. Roome, George W., B.Sc., F.G.S., 214 Psalter Lane, Sheffield. Ross, Perceval, F.G.S., A.M.Inst.C.E., 41 Manville Terr., Morley St., Bradford. Rowntree, J. H., Scalby Mabs, Scarborough. Rudd, R. H., “ Brantwood,” Grt. Horton, Bradford. Rushworth, Miss E. E., 22 Carlton House Terrace, Halifax. 1890 P.C. 1908 ... 1897 ... 1907 ... 1920 ... 1920 ... 1921 ... 1911 P.C. 1900 ... 1914 ... 1886 ... 1915 ... 1897 P.H.L. 1917 ... 1912 ... 1904 ... 1917 ... 1920 ... 1907 E.C. 1903 P. 1897 ... 1919 ... 1904 E. 1918 ... 1904 C. 1891 E.C. 1911 ... 1919 ... 1911 ... 1919 ... 1920 ... 1920 ... 1884 ... 1921 ... 1890 ... 1908 ... 1910 ... St. Ouintin, W. H., J.P., D.L., M.B.O.U., Scampston Hall, Rillington, York. Sanderson, A. R., Research Laboratory, Petaling, Federated Malay States. Saner, C. O. F., Cottingham, near Hull. Saunders, T. W ., 7 Yarborough Terrace, Bentley Road, Doncaster. Schroeder. W. Lawrence, M.A., 40 Clifton Road, Halifax. Seaman, Fred, “ Kirkfield,” Ben Rhydding. Seaton, J. Arnold, Kingswood, Grimscar, Huddersfield. Seward, Prof. A. C., M.A., F.R.S., Botany School, Cambridge. Sewed, J. T., J.P., Arren, Bagdale, Whitby. Sharp, Herbert J., Langford Villa, Filey. Sheffield Central Free Library, Sheffield. Sheppard, Geo., B.Sc., F.G.S., The Imperial Oil Co., Ltd., Geological Department. Imperial Oil Buildings, Toronto, Canada. Sheppard, T., M.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., The Museum, Hull. Simpson, J. R., Glenesk, Selkirk. Slack, R., Heather Cottage, Kildwick, via Keighley. Slater, H., North End, Northallerton. Smart, H. Douglas, Clifton House, Shelley. Smith, A. Malins, Biological Department, Technical College, Bradford. Smith, S. H., 78 Huntington Road, York. Smith, W. G., B.Sc., Ph.D., College of Agriculture, George Square, Edinburgh. Snelgrove , E., B.A., Whiteley Wood, Sheffield. Spencer, T. J., F.R.G.S., 8 Heath Hall, Halifax. Stainforth, T., B.A., B.Sc., 90 Ryde Street, Hull. Stansfield, Harry, Ribstone Street, Bankfields, Mytholmroyd, S.O. Stather, Major A. J., 206 Westbourne Avenue, Hull. Stather, J. W ., F.G.S., Brookside, Newland Park, Hull. Stead, J. E., F.R.S., 11 Queen’s Terrace, Middlesbrough. Steedman, J., Catterick, Yorks. Stephens, Rev. Thos., Horsley Vicarage, Otterburn, S.O., Northumberland. Stephenson, H. L., 90 Tempest Road, Beeston Hill, Leeds. Stewart, Prof. M. J., M.B., M.R.C.P., Medical School, Leeds. Stewart, Mrs., Medical School, Leeds. Stiles, M. H., F.R.M.S., 10 Avenue Road, Doncaster. Sutcliffe, G. L., 44 Mutual Street, Doncaster. Sutcliffe, J. W ., 14 Clifton Road, Skircoat, Halifax. Sykes, A. W., High Close, Kidroyd, Huddersfield. Sykes, M. L., F.R.M.S., 19 Westbourne Grove, Scarborough. 1908 ... 1899 ... 1911 C. — H.L.P. 1910 ... 1900 ... 1897 L. 1920 ... 1920 ... 1903 1911 ... 1921 ... 1921 ... Tait, A., M.D., Lower House, Lepton, Huddersfield. Taylor, C. E., Akay, Sedbergh, R.S.O. , Yorkshire. Taylor, E. W., Staircliffe, Mount Villas, York. Taylor, J. W ., M.Sc., North Grange, Horsforth, Leeds. Taylor, T. C., M.P., Sunny Bank, Batley. Taylor, T. H., M.A., The University, Leeds. Teal, Joseph, Bankfield House, Yeadon. Tempest, Ewart V., D.S.O., 463 Idle Road, Bradford. Tempest, Mrs., 463 Idle Road, Bradford. Tetley, C. F., M.A., J.P., Fox Hill, Westwood, Leeds. Thirkell, E. W., Aldwarke, Rotherham. Thomas, Hamshaw H., M.A., The Botany School, Cambridge. Thomas, Rev. Harold, M.A., The Manse, Dogley Lane, Fenay Bridge, Huddersfield .- Thomas, Elton, Hazlewood, Hebden Bridge. 1921 Jan. 1 54 Y.N.U. : List of Members and Affiliated Societies. 1890 ... 1890 C. 1911 ... 1918 E. 1920 ... 1916 ... 1884 ... Thomas , W. H., The Ness, Roman Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbro’. Thompson, M. L., F.E.S., 40 Gosford Street, Middlesbrough. Thornber, W., 68 Avenue Hill, Harehills, Leeds. Thornes, Albert, 151 Town Street, Armley, Leeds. Thorpe, John G., 12a South Parade, Doncaster. Todd, Hubert A., 6 Queen’s Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough. Travis, Rev. W. T., M.A., The Rectory, Ripley, Leeds. 1921 Versey, H. C., M.Sc., The University, Leeds. 1911 1907 C.‘ 1910 1908 1894 P.C. 1907 1920 1920 1884 c. 1887 1912 1919 1891 1885 E. 1920 1903 1887 1912 L. 1919 1919 1913 1917 1909 1891 1914 1904 1893 1894 C.‘ 1914 1920 1920 1920 1918 1918 1905 C. 1921 1919 1890 1890 L. 1901 L. 1914 Waddington, Thos., Fairbank, Moorallerton, Leeds. Wade, E. W ., M.B.O.U., Melton Road., North Ferriby, E. Yorks. Wade, H., 10 Pitt Street, Barnsley. Wager, M. E., B.Sc., Cragg Road, Mytholmroyd. Wager, Harold, F.R.S., D.Sc., Hendre, West Park, Leeds. Wakefield, E. H., “ Windyridge,” Kingwell, Worsbro Dale, Barnsley. Wallis, H. H., M.A., 145 Wilmer Road, Heaton, Bradford. Walsh, Geo. B., B.Sc., 41 Gladstone Street, Scarborough. Walton, F. F., F.G.S., 19 Charlotte Street, Hull. Ward, Thomas F., Park Road South, Middlesbrough. Warde-Aldam, Mrs., Frickley Hall, Doncaster. Warrington Field Club, c/o J. Smith, M.R.I.A., 62 Willis Street, Warrington. Waterfall, Charles, “ Dalmeny,” Shavington Avenue, Chester. Watson, Arnold T., F.L.S., Southwold, Tapton Crescent Road, Sheffield. Watson, Rev. C. H., The Vicarage, Masham. Wattam, W. E. L., 30 Town Gate, Newsome, Huddersfield. Watts, Rev. A., F.G.S., Rectory, Wilton Gilbert, Durham. Waud, Geo. C., Ferniehurst, Baildon, Yorks. Welch, F. D., M.D., Hartley, Longfield, Kent. Wells, C. H., M.B.O.U., 80 Brookhouse Hill, Fulwood, Sheffield. Wethey, E. R., M.A., F.R.G.S., Bridge Cote, Menston-in-Wharfedale. Whitaker, B. J., M.B.O.U., Hesley Hall, Tickhill, Rotherham. Whitaker, F. W., 10 Upper Howard Street, Batley. Whitley, J. H., B.A., M.P., Brantwood, Halifax. White, Frederick, Registrar, Cemetery House, Keighley. Wilcox, R. L., South Eastern Hospital, New Cross, London, S.E. Wilkinson , H. J., 12 Minster Yard, York. Wilkinson, Johnson, M.B.O.U., Vermont, Huddersfield. Williamson, Herbert J., 6 Oakburn Road, Ilkley. Wilson, J. E., F.G.S., Dunholm, Ilkley-in-Wharfedale. Wilson, Miss Janet, 24 Milton Place, Halifax. Wilson, Miss A. G., Bulcote School, Thornboro’, Leyburn. Wilson, Miss M., Bulcote School, Thornboro’, Leyburn. Wimpenny, R.S., 19 North Lane, Headingley, Leeds. Winter, A. E., 65 Valley Road, Harrogate. Winter, W. P., B.Sc., 20 Hirst Wood Road, Shipley. Woffenden, Miss L. M., M.Sc., Botanical Department, The University, Leeds. Wood, Frank, School House, West Vale, Halifax. Woodhead, T. W., Ph.D., F.L.S., Technical College, Huddersfield. Wright, C. B. E., J.P., D.L., Bolton Hall, Clitheroe. Wroot, H. E., 99 Spencer Place, Leeds. • Wyley, Rev. W. K., The Vicarage, Aysgarth. LIST OF SOCIETIES Affiliated with the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, with the addresses of the Secretaries. Barnsley Naturalists’ Society. — H. Wade, 10 Pitt Street, Barnsley. Bootham School Natural History Society. — C. E. Hodgson, Bootham School, York. Bradford Natural History and Microscopical Society.— H. J. M. Maltby, Bolling Hal Museum, Bradford. Bradford Scientific Association.-t-W. Newbould, 34 Burnett Avenue, Bradford. Cleveland Naturalists’ Field Club. — F. Elgee, “Shirley,” Rookwood Rd., Nuntjiorpe R.S.O. Craven Naturalists’ Society. — T. H. Holmes, 20 Castle View Terrace, Skiptop. Crosshills Naturalists’ Society. — J. Holmes, 9 Campbell Street, Crosshills. Darlington and Teesdale Naturalists’ Field Club. — John E. Nowers, Mechanic’s Institute, Darlington. Doncaster Scientific Society. — Spencer Baker, 173 Crathie Road, Doncaster. Greetland and West Vale Naturalists’ Society. — W. Moore, 15 Crosshill. Greetland. Halifax Scientific Society. — J. H. Lumb, 32 Undercliffe Terrace, Scar Bottom., Halifax. Hebden Bridge Litarary and Scientific Society. — E. B. Gibson, Croft Terrace, Hebden Bridge. *HeckMondwike Naturalists’ Society. — G. W. Parker. 13 Vernon Road, IJeckmondwike. Naturalist Y.N.U. : List of Members and Affiliated Societies. 55 Huddersfield Naturalist, Photographic and Antiquarian Society. — C. Mosley, 24 Upper George Street, Huddersfield. Hull Geological Society. — J. W. Stather, F.G.S. Brookside, Newland Park, Hull. Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club. — C. F. Procter, 522 Holdemess Road, Hull, Keighley Naturalists’ Society. — R. Butterfield, F.E.S., The Museum, Keighley. ♦Leeds Conchological Club. — F. Booth, 18 Queen’s Road, Shipley. Leeds Co-operative Naturalists’ Field Club. — Thos. Cockerline, 14 Leicester Place, Blackman Lane, Leeds. 1 Leeds Geological Association. — H. C. Versey, M.Sc., The University, Leeds. Leeds Naturalists’ Club and Scientific Association. — Edward Ingle, 18 Stratton Street, Leeds. Milnsbridge Naturalists’ Society. — Joe Beaumont, 68 Stoney Lane, Leymoor Bottom, Longwood, Huddersfield. OVenden Naturalists’ Society. — E. Roberts, 16 Melbourne Street, Lee Mount, Halifax. Rotherham Naturalists’ Society. — R. Stewart, 12 Broomfield Grove, Rotherham. Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society. — G. B. Walsh, B.Sc., 41 Gladstone Street, Scar- borough. ♦Scarborough Philosophical and Archaeological Society. — A. I. Burnley, 43 Moorland Road, Scarborough. SELbY Scientific Society. — J. F. Musham, F.E.S., 48 Brook Street Selby. Sorby Scientific Society. — C. H. Wells, M.B.O.U., 80 Brookhouse Hill, Fulwood, Sheffield. South-West Yorkshire Entomological Society. — J. Hooper, Grosvenor Terrace, Middles- town, near Wakefield. Spen Valley Literary and Scientific Society. — J. A. Long, Westgate Hill, Bradford. Wakefield Naturalists’ Society. — H. G. Townsend, Myrtle House, Altofts^Normanton. Whitby District Field Naturalists’ Club. — P. S. Jeffrey, Bagdale Old Hall, Whitby. Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society. — T. W. Parkinson, The Museum, Whitby. York and District Field Naturalists’ Club. — F. Year, 68 Cromer Street, Burton Lane, York. Total number of members belonging to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union ... 399 Total number of Subscribing Societies 34 : o : Another N.E. Yorkshire record of Mutilla europaea L. — To Mr. FordhanTs records of this interesting insect (antea p. 364) can be added a solitary specimen — also a female —Taken by Mr. W. Pearson, of Scarborough, on Ebberston South Moor on the 9th September, 1901. This is some miles distant from the localities given by Mr. Fordham. — Geo. B. Walsh, Scarborough. Hypnum exannulatum (Giimb.) near N. Ferriby. — This moss, which is usually associated with hilly country, but which occurs also, at Skipwith and Pilmoor, has been found recently in a sub-fossil state in late Glacial deposits on the fringe of the Red Cliff moraine at Melton, North Ferriby. Quite a large quantity of the moss was seen, intercalated in a calcareous loam, in layers varying from single strands up to pads of half -an -inch and more in thickness. Although the loam has been proved over several acres, the moss has only been seen in an area about ten yards square. The bed in which it lies shews signs of glacial plucking and is overlaid by chalk gravels, which in their turn are (a hundred yards away) much squeezed, and covered by a rich reddish-brown clay, with angular flints and chalk chips. Boulder clays and laminated clays underlie the moss beds. In Europe the moss is known from the lowlands to 5,000 feet. I am much indebted to Messrs. Chris. A. Cheetham and Burrell for the identification of the moss and for the above particulars of its vertical range and previous records from the lowlands of the Vale of York. — W. S. Bisat, North Ferriby. 1921 Jan, 1 56 REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES. Faith in Fetters, by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing (T. Fisher Unwin, 223 PP-, 6/- net). Some little time ago the author of this work rather upset the equanimity of some of the good members of the South-Eastern Union of Scientific Societies by his presidential address, which some of them considered to be ‘ profane.’ The author has now extended his remarks in the present volume, which is doubtless influenced by his studies in natural history, and appeals to the National Church to purify itself from a dense load of ignorance and prejudice, and to the men of light and leading in its ministry to renounce all hypocritical evasion and boldly avow themselves the champions of Sincerity and Truth. Zoology, a textbook for Colleges and Universities, by T, D. A. Cockerell (Harrap, Ltd., 558 pp., 10/6 net). Of perhaps a more tech- nical character than the preceding volumes, is this by the Professor of Zoology in Colorado. The author is a great believer in illustrations and various forms of animals are represented by over two hundred photographs and diagrams. The volume is much more readable than the usual text book, and among the chapters are interpersed articles on ■ Mendelism,’ ‘ Variation,’ etc. As a sample of the author’s style we may quote one paragraph : ‘ Many years ago the baby lions in the London Zoological Gardens died in numbers, in spite of the fact that the animals were well housed and given expensive food. In Dublin, where conditions were not supposed to be so good, the young lions lived. It turned out that the death of the London lions was owing to a rickety condition of the base of the skull, and this in turn to a deficiency of lime in the milk of the lionesses. This deficiency appeared tQ be owing to the fact that the beasts had been fed on good cuts of meat, with too little bone. In Dublin, where they could not afford to treat them so well (as they considered it), they gave them more bone and less meat, with the good results already mentioned. Thus, while the cellscan do marvellous tricks of conjuring, there are limits to its power.’ The price of Discovery has been increased from 6d. to 1 /- monthly. The yovhshive Post of November 30th records a Little Auk shot at Wrelton, near Pickering. The Museum and Art Gallery presented to West Hartlepool by Sir William C. Gray, Bart., was opened on 'November 4th by Capt. Gray. Lieut. -Col. L. Robson, C.M.G., D.S.O., presided over a large gathering. The Annual Meeting of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union was held on November nth at Lincoln. Mr. Medlicott stated that in North Lines, the barn owl had adopted the curious habit of hunting by day. He had seen many hunting between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. He thought the reason was lack of food, as they seemed to be in a very starved condition. He also reported an instance of a cuckoo, with an unmistakable note, appearing in two seasons in succession in the same locality. Regarding mammals, two white stoats were shot during the winter north of Scun- thorpe. .-On August 23rd he watched for five minutes a stoat rolling a hen’s egg from a nest over rough ground for thirty yards. The stoat did it all quite easily with the point of its nose, and travelled at about walking pace. In the autumn of 1919, voles— probably the short -tailed field vole — did great damage to young sycamore trees in a small mixed plantation by eating the bark. Hundreds of trees were damaged up to 20 ft. high, but only sycamore trees were touched. Badgers, not common in the district north of Scunthorpe, returned to an old earth in 1919, which had not been occupied for eight years, and bred there successfully in 1919 and 1920. The Rev. F. S. Alston was elected President for the ensuing year, In his presidential address, Mr. J. F. Musham spoke on ‘ Some Molluscan ways as observed in tl vai- : o : Naturalist THE INFLUENCE OF MAN ON ANIMAL LIFE IN SCOTLAND A Study in Faunal Evolution By J. RITCHIE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E. Royal 8vo. With 91 illustrations, including many original photographs and drawings, and 8 maps. 28s net. “ It is with an amazing wealth of knowlege that Mr Ritchie traces the influence of these factors on the fauna of Scotland from prehistoric times down to the present day. It is impossible in a brief article even to indicate the fascinating highways and byways of his learned in- vestigation.”— The Morning Post. Cambdbcje ‘dniversthp press fetter OLatte, %ont>on, E.G.4: C. f. Clay), /Manager NATURAL HISTORY BOOKS AND SERIALS. JOHN WHELDON & CO- have the largest stock in the country of Books in all departments of Natural History and Science, also Transactions and Journals of Learned Societies, etc., in sets, runs, and single volumes or numbers. Libraries or small parcels purchased. 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