Se eee ———SSS SRST ES WE” 2, Fae SS ay = ty. - -t. 7 « - nN »* , ‘ ‘ \ ‘ ‘ i z . ‘ a" ‘ x F WE Brine ’ \ ty 1b ‘ Z. ‘ . - . ? ' / ’ j J ' ‘ ‘ WHEATEAR. (Saxicola oenanthe), Life-size THRUSHES 461 from forty-five to sixty days later, the male in the mean- time taking charge of the first brood after they leave the nest. VARIED THRUSH The Varied Thrush is a handsome bird, inhabiting the Pacific Coast region of the United States, breeding from California northward into the wilds of Alaska, but princi- pally in British possessions. In spite of its supposed West- ern range, three or four specimens have been recorded along the Atlantic Coast in New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts. The varied thrush feeds chiefly upon the ground, obtain- ing insects and bugs by scratching away the leaves and exposing the earth in damp situations. They also are fond of wild berries and fruit. The mating song in early spring and later in Canada is beautiful, reminding one of the robin. It is sometimes, though incorrectly, called Western robin. _ The nests are placed in ordinary localities, usually a few feet above the ground in a shrub. Dry grass, moss, and lichens, intermingled with dry stem rootlets are used in constructing the nest. The eggs are pale grayish-blue, spar- ingly marked with brown specks. WHEATEAR The range of the Wheatear, or Stone-chat, is nearly cosmopolitan, occurring in Europe, North Africa, Asia, and Greenland. The accidental visitors to this continent . 462 BIRDS have been observed in Labrador, Nova Scstie. and other points along the Atlantic Coast. In the British Isles he is one of the commonest birds. Mr. Saunders writes: “From early spring onward, the wheatear is to be seen jerking its white tail as it flits along, uttering its sharp ‘chack-chack,’ on open marshes, moors, and uncultivated places.” Some ascend the mountains almost to the highest altitudes. The song of the male is rather pretty, and the bird also displays considerable powers in imitating other species. The nests are usually well hidden among the crevices of rocks and boulders, sometimes in an old well, a quarry, a gravel pit, in excavations made by sand martins, or even in deserted rabbit burrows. The nest is merely an accumula- tion of grass, moss, hair, and other soft material, in which four to six pale blue eggs are laid in May and June. BLUEBIRD The common and familiar Bluebird is an inhabitant of all the States east of the Rocky Mountains, from the Gulf northward into Canada. It winters as far north as south- ern Illinois in the Mississippi Valley and Pennsylvania in the east, thence south to the Gulf. In the spring it is one of the first migrants to arrive in the Northern States, and is always welcomed as an indication of the final breaking up of winter. : The upper parts of the plumage in both sexes are blue, - darker in the male, but the shades vary greatly in both sexes. The breast of the male is a rich chestnut brown; 21 BLUE Life-si BIRD ze. THRUSHES 463 that of his mate is several shades paler. In America we have no other member of the family, save the Western form of the bluebird, where brown is not the predominating color among the thrushes. The notes of the bluebird are as sweet as they are simple. ‘There is something in the character of the notes that reminds one of the wood pewee’s song, if such the lat- ter may be called. Their sweet carols convey the idea that the birds take life seriously. As the bluebirds are passing overhead late in October, their sad notes bring a realization that the days of blossoms and verdure are past, and bleak, wintry weather is in store. At no season of the year does this species appear over- demonstrative. The actions at all times are modest and reserved, seeming to show the result of good breeding. He has neither the cunning of the jay, the aggressiveness of the kingbird, nor the cherry-stealing habit of his near rela- tive, the robin. The bluebird’s arrival is simultaneous with that of the meadowlark and robin, a trio that inspires the feeling that spring has really returned. The most sentiment is asso- ciated with the return of the bluebird, because the mellow warble is uttered about our dooryard, perhaps on a nearby wire. “The bluebird has not been accused of stealing fruit or of preying upon crops. An examination of 300 stomachs showed that 76 per cent of the food consists of insects and their allies, while the other 24 per cent is made up of vari- ous vegetable substances, found mostly in stomachs taken in winter. Beetles constitute 28 per cent of the whole food, 464 BIRDS grasshoppers 22, caterpillars 11, and various insects, includ- ing quite a number of spiders, comprise the remainder of the animal diet. ‘All these are more or less harmful, except a few predaceous beetles, which amount to 8 per cent. In view of the large consumption of grasshoppers and cater- pillars, we can condone this small offense. ‘The destruction of grasshoppers is noticeable in August and September, when these insects form more than 60 per cent of the diet. “It is evident that in the selection of its food the blue- bird is governed more by abundance than by choice. Pre- daceous beetles are eaten in spring, as they are among the first insects to appear, but in early summer caterpillars form an important part of the diet, and are replaced a little later by grasshoppers. Beetles are eaten at all times except when grasshoppers are more easily obtained. So far as its vegetable food is concerned, the bluebird is positively harmless.” They take readily to artificial nesting sites, and appre- ciate bird boxes and cotes that are erected for that purpose. Every dooryard should be adorned by such a bird house. They return annually to build their nests in the hole in the old apple tree. Dry grass is the principal composition used in constructing the abode. Four or five light blue or some- times pure white eggs are laid in April or early May. Fre- quently a second brood is raised in July. “ Brave little fellow! the skies may be dreary, Nothing cares he while his heart is so cheery. Hark! how the music leaps out from his throat, Hark! was there ever so merry a note?” . we : ; Sila OE as a Pe ee eS pe eran ‘ th uh MOUNTAIN BLUE BIRD. ll 2 Life-size COPYRIGHT 1901, BY A. W. MUMFORD, CHICAGO J a asthe] é ¥ a P ate : j ae ity € + + i / : i 7 f be ‘ ’ A ‘ ; . “i ee Ah. ¥ ? : : vee “y+ = “ o i> ~ o, ‘ . J - » 7 ’ M a 4 cs ws ‘ ‘ * + a - A t a) en a aa b ‘ f » 4 : \ ‘ i 7 r - i ' * ; Ui j . . A = ‘ A ' n LJ - ’ : ° - ’ ‘ . om ~ > = . ' i Pw ' - x i he iy wal 1 : : ag y . , | | i ~ ‘ ‘ PR | rare iM) de? 3. Peis bus > | ; | f a! if bf . ‘ q THRUSHES 165 MOUNTAIN BLUEBIRD This handsome bird of the Thrush family is more deli- cately colored than our Eastern bluebird. It may be found in the territory from Colorado to the Pacific, ranging north- ward through the mountains to the Hudson Bay country. In some localities it is known as the Rocky Mountain, or Arctic, Bluebird. ‘The habits are similar to those of the bluebird. The birds feed upon insects, worms, wild fruit, and seeds. They are able to adapt themselves to climatic con- ditions and weather some of the severest storms. In certain portions of our Western States the birds show a preference for the habitation of man, and build their nests in nooks and crevices about barns and sheds. Fre- quently the deserted excavations constructed by various woodpeckers are used as nesting sites. Dry grass is the chief and often only article used in constructing the nest. Four or five pale blue eggs are laid. Like our Eastern bluebird, the young, when able to fly, are escorted by the male, while the female prepares the nest for another setting. CHAPTER XXII FAMOUS FOREIGN AND INTRODUCED BIRDS Tuese birds are famous for various reasons. Most of them are noted for striking characteristics which will be brought out in the special article descriptive of each. The lyre bird and motmot are noted for their remark- able tails. The parrot is famous for its bright colors, its peculiarities of claws and beak, and for its ability to speak. The robin redbreast, the skylark, and nightingale have become household words and universal favorites in Europe. The pheasant family includes nearly one hundred spe- cies, all of which, with the exception of the Yucatan turkey and the wild turkeys of the United States, are natives of the Old World, where more species are found in southern Asia than elsewhere. To this family belong the peacock ‘and the interesting jungle fowls from which our domestic chickens have been developed. Many of the pheasants are remarkably beautiful birds. Some of these foreign species have been successfully introduced into the Pacific States and in British Columbia. THE MANDARIN DUCK * “A more magnificently clothed bird,” says Wood, “than the male Chinese Mandarin Duck can hardly be found, when in health and full nuptial plumage. They are natives 467 468 BIRDS . of China and Japan, and are held in such high esteem by the Chinese that they can hardly be obtained at any price, the natives having a singular dislike to seeing the birds pass into the possession of Europeans.” Though web-footed, the birds have the power of perch- ing, and it is a curious sight to watch them on the branches of trees overhanging the pond in which they live, the male and female being always close together, the one gorgeous in purple, green, white, and chestnut, and the other soberly appareled in brown and gray. This handsome plumage the male loses during four months of the year, from May to August, when he throws off his fine crest, his wing-fans, and all his brilliant colors, assuming the sober-tinted dress of his mate. 'The summer duck of America bears a close resemblance to the mandarin duck, both in plumage and manners, and at certain times of the year is hardly to be distinguished from that bird. “The Chinese,” says Dr. Bennett, “highly esteem the mandarin duck, which exhibits, as they think, a most strik- ing example of conjugal attachment and fidelity. A pair of them are frequently placed in a gaily decorated cage and carried in their marriage processions, to be presented to the bride and groom as worthy objects of emulation.” “T could more easily,” wrote a friend of Dr. Bennett’s in China, to whom he had expressed his desire for a pair of these birds, “send you two live mandarins than a pair of mandarin ducks.” This foreign duck has been success- fully reared in zodlogical gardens, some being hatched under the parent bird and others being quite successfully hatched under the domestic hen. MANDARIN DUCK AIX rit FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 469 THE BLACK SWAN * Australia is the home of the Black Swan, and it is invested by an even greater interest than attaches to the South American bird, which is white. The Dutch navi- gator William de Vlaming, visiting the west coast of South- land, sent two of his boats on the 6th of January, 1697, to explore an estuary he had found. There their crews saw at first two and then more black swans, of which they caught four, taking two of them alive to Batavia; and Valentyn, who several years later recounted this voyage, gives in his work a plate representing the ship, boats, and birds, at the mouth of what is known from this circumstance as the Swan River, the most important stream of the thriving colony of West Australia, which has adopted this swan as its armorial symbol. Subsequent voyagers, Cook and others, found that the range of the species extended over the greater part of Australia, in many districts of which it -was abundant. It has since rapidly decreased in number there, and will most likely soon cease to exist as a wild bird, but its singular and ornamental appearance will probably preserve it as a modified captive in most civilized countries, and it is said perhaps even now there are more black swans in a reclaimed condition in other lands than are at large in their mother country. The erect and graceful carriage of the swan always excites the admiration of the beholder, but the gentle bird has other qualities not commonly known, one of which is great power of wing. 470 BIRDS When left to itself, the nest of the swan is a large mass of aquatic plants, often piled to the height of a couple of feet, and about six feet in diameter. In the midst of this is a hollow which contains the eggs, generally from five to ten in number. They sit upon the eggs between five and six weeks. THE WHITE SWAN* This magnificent bird is well known from being kept in a half-domesticated condition throughout many parts of Europe, whence it has been carried to other countries. In England, according to Newton, it was more abundant for- merly than at present, the young being highly esteemed for the table. The swan was introduced into England in the reign of Richard Coeur de Lion; but it is now so perfectly natu- ralized that birds having the full power of flight remain in the country. There is no evidence to show that its num- bers are ever increased by immigration from abroad, though it is known to breed as a wild bird in the extreme south of Sweden, whence it may be traced in a southeasterly direc- tion to the valley of the Danube. The nest of the swan is a large mass of aquatic plants, is often two feet high and six feet in diameter. The eggs are from five to nine in number, of a grayish-olive color. The young are hatched in five ‘to six weeks, and when hatched are clothed in sooty-gray down, which is succeeded by feathers of dark soot-gray. This suit is gradually replaced by white; but the cygnets are more than a year old before they lose all trace of color and become white. se NS GREEN WOODPECKER (Europe), COPYRIGHT 1903, BY 4. Ww. MUMFORD, CxrCaso (Picus viridis). w FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 471 The swan of North America is considerably larger than that of the Old World. The first species is the trumpeter, so called, of which the bill is wholly black, and the second (Cygnus columbianus, or americanus) has the colored patches on the bill of less extent and deepening almost into scarlet. THE GREEN WOODPECKER* Not unlike its relatives in our own country, the beauti- ful Green Woodpecker of foreign lands finds in a tree “a castle, a pasture, a larder, a nursery, an alarm-drum, and a lute.” It frequents the ancient forests of Europe, Asia, where it is even found to some extent in the intemperate climate of Siberia, and in northern Africa. As it is a bird of wide distribution, found in many countries and known to all classes of people, it has been given many common names. Space forbids an enumeration of all of these names, but a few of the more common ones may be men- tioned. Some of them, such as Hew-hole, Pick-a-tree, Aw]- ’ bird, and Nickapecker, are eminently suggestive of the bird’s habits, and the names High Hoe Popinjay, Yoppin- gall, and Whittle are not without meaning. The green woodpecker is quite frequently called the Rain-bird, or Rain-fowl, for it is very active and quite noisy as the “drought begins to soften,” a short time before a shower. At this time its harsh note, which has been described as sounding like “glu, glu, glu, gluck,” is much more in evidence. The green woodpecker not only feeds upon the grubs that bore in the wood of trees, but also from the various 4T2 BIRDS . insects that it finds upon the surface. It will also feed upon the eggs of insects, and ants are dainty morsels of food, and of these it destroys a large number, seeking them upon the ground as well as on the trees. The green woodpecker nests either in a natural hole in a tree or in one that it has excavated. The woodpeckers are among our most useful birds. Though they do not feed to any extent upon the insect pests of the meadow, the grain field, and the garden, they do destroy a large number of the borers and other insects that are injurious to trees. “The aged tree is all to the woodpecker, and the woodpecker is much to the aged tree.” THE EUROPEAN KINGFISHER * Rarely indeed is this charming bird now found in Eng- land, where formerly it could be seen darting hither and thither in most frequented places. Of late years, according to Dixon, he has been persecuted so greatly, partly by the collector, who never fails to secure the brilliant creature for his cabinet at every opportunity, and partly by those who have an inherent love for destroying every living object around them. Gamekeepers, too, are up in arms against him, because of his inordinate love of preying on the finny tribe. The Kingfisher is comparatively a silent bird, though he sometimes utters a few harsh notes as he flies swift as a meteor through the wooded glades. Sometimes he will alight on stumps and branches projecting from the water, and sit quiet and motionless, but on your approach he darts ont wy m ’ e 4 . * * ” : . 7 4 “ 0 . , . : ‘ ~ > i _ . ” . ~. « . ¥ : % . 4 ~ a + ~ x / 4 hee! a +s - 2 >> ° a’ " “ = ne : . r * : _ 7 . _ a - * . = ' ” . - < + 2 7 a . : } x * ~ ” : ' ~ . - < — ee, ™ . ‘ a. : : . o " > a ~~ e. ~ . ‘ ~ } * EUROPEAN KINGFISHER (A ea Ga LYRI FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 473 quickly away, often uttering a feeble “seep, seep” as he goes. The nest is said to be made of the fish bones ejected by the bird, while the real facts are that they not only nest, but roost, in holes, and it must follow that vast quantities of rejected fish bones accumulate, and on these the eggs are of necessity laid. These eggs are very beautiful objects, being of a deep pinkish hue, usually six in number. The food of the kingfisher is not composed entirely of fish, the remains of fresh-water shrimps being found in their stomachs, and doubtless other animals inhabiting the waters are from time to time devoured. The English kingfisher, says Dixon, remains through- out the year, but numbers perish when the native streams are frozen. THE LYRE-BIRD If Australia were noted for no other thing than the ancient and strange animal forms which are to be found nowhere else on the earth, it would still be a wonderful continent. Not the least remarkable of these forms is the Lyre-bird. The tail is the bird’s crowning glory, at once giving it a name and fame. Like many other cumbersome things, the lyre-bird’s tail is used for ornament during a part of the year only, being donned at the mating season and doffed at the close of the nesting period. Authorities agree that the lyre-bird’s powers of song are remarkable. It seems to have the power of mocking 474 BIRDS almost every other bird, as well as the barking of the dingo, besides possessing a sweet song of its own. One author states that for the first two hours of the morning it repeats over again its own song, then gradually changes it to imi- tate other birds, ending its four-hour song period with imi- tations of all the other birds within hearing, then remaining silent for the rest of the day. The nest is a dome-shaped affair with the opening in one side, made of “small sticks, interwoven with moss and fibers of roots.” “The single egg laid is of a very dark color, appearing as if it had been blotched over with ink.” The young emerges from the egg a downy white ball, per- fectly helpless, and remains in the nest for several weeks. The food seems to consist of insects, myriapods, and snails, of which large quantities must be destroyed to satisfy a bird of this size. Lynps JONES. THE RED BIRD OF PARADISE* Birds of Paradise are found only in New Guinea and on the neighboring islands. The species presented here is found only on a few islands. In former days very singular ideas prevailed concern- ing these birds, and the most extravagant tales were told of the life they led in their native lands. The natives of New Guinea, in preparing their skins for exportation, had removed all traces of legs, so that it was popularly sup- posed they possessed none, and on account of their want of feet and their great beauty, they were called birds of para- dise, retaining, it was thought, the forms they had borne in 7. a * VURIASBI Basit Bit d ) MSIQVNVd AO GMI Gay ODVOIN YOZAOW CMV AG 6. LHDINAGOO ee YELLOW-THROATED TOUCAN, COPYRIGHT 1900, BY A. W. MUMFORE 4 Life-size i eRe my t 5 (aa hg Arent Ny : rea FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS AT5 the Garden of Eden, living upon dew or ether, through which it was imagined they perpetually floated by the aid of their long, cloud-like plumage. The sounds uttered by this bird are very peculiar, resem- bling somewhat the cawing of the raven, but change gradu- ally to a varied scale in musical gradations, like “‘he, hi, ho, how!” He frequently raises his voice, sending forth notes of such power as to be heard at a long distance. These notes are “whack, whack,” uttered in a barking tone, the last being a low note in conclusion. While creeping amongst the branches in search of insects, he utters a soft clucking note. During the entire day he flies incessantly from one tree to another, perching but a few moments, and concealing himself among the foli- age at the least suspicion of danger. “To watch this bird make its toilet is one of the most interesting sights of nature; the vanity which inspires every movement, the rapturous delight with which it views its enchanting self, its arch look when demanding the specta- tor’s admiration, are all pardonable in a delicate creature, so richly embellished, so neat and cleanly, so fastidious in its taste, so scrupulously exact in its observances, and so winning in all its ways.” YELLOW-THROATED TOUCAN The Yellow-throated Toucan, a large-billed bird found in tropical America, bears some resemblance to the hornbill of Asia and Africa. ‘The most striking feature of this handsome bird is the monstrous bill, and the bird’s chief 476 BIRDS . mission seems to be to care for it, as it frees its beak from every stain and carefully tucks it away among its feathers or rests it on its back while sleeping. The bill seems entirely out of proportion to the size of the bird, but it is of a light, honeycombed structure, and is not so heavy as it appears. It has been suggested that the bill masticates the food, since the bird has no gizzard. The awkward, hopping gait is in striking contrast to the easy, graceful flight. It feeds on fruits principally, but eggs, fish, and even small birds may enter into the diet. While feeding, a sentinel is stationed to give the ery, “'Toucano,” from which the name is derived. Toucans live in flocks in forests, nesting in hollow trees. These birds are killed not only because of their beautiful plumage but also as food. THE CASSOWARIES * “Two important features serve at once to distinguish the Cassowaries and their near allies, the emeus, from the ostriches and the rheas, the first of these being that the feathers have airshafts of such large size as to make them practically double, while the second peculiarity is to be found in the eggs, which, instead of being light-colored and smooth, are dark green in color and granulated in texture.” Like the ostrich, the cassowaries belong to a group of flightless birds, their wings being so rudimentary as to be practically invisible externally. The visible portion of the wings consists of about five black quills, which have no — barbs, and resemble coarse bristles. Their heads are devoid of feathers and on the crown there is a prominence which CASSOW ARY ' Sit, , Mal a ate af yy “ ¢ a % \ ' run 1 4 + ee 5 Ua FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS ATT is simply an extension of the bones of the skull. The feathers of the body have a loose and coarse appearance and are dark-colored and glossy. The feathers do not appear at all like those of the plumage of flying birds, and seem more like hairs. ‘The cassowaries possess three toes on each foot, the inner ones having a very long claw. There are about nine species of the cassowaries, all being classed by ornithologists in the genus Casuarius. Of these, probably the most familiar is the helmeted species of our illustration (Casuarius galeatus), which is a native of the island of Ceram. ‘The other species inhabit either Aus- tralia, New Guinea, or some of the neighboring islands. The Australian species is the largest of them all, and when it stands erect is more than five feet in height. The skin of the head and the upper part of the neck of the helmeted cassowary is of a dull blue or purple color, with a reddish tint. The wattles are pendant and similar to those of the turkey. The cassowaries inhabit thick forests, and are so shy and wary that they are seldom seen in their native haunts. They are easily tamed, and in captivity they are very docile. It is said, however, that in a wild state they do not hesitate to defend themselves, and kick with great force and effect. Their food is without doubt of a vegetable nature, though some authorities claim that they also feed upon the eggs of other birds. They are inclined to feed in flocks. Observers say that the Australian species, which seems to inhabit only the rocky, wooded districts, is usually seen in flocks of eight or ten individuals. One species, taken young, may be reared by hand. | 4718 BIRDS . SOUTH AMERICAN RHEA OR OSTRICH * South American Rhea is the name by which this immense bird is known to science. It is a native of South America, and is especially numerous along the River Plata. Usually seen in pairs, it sometimes associates in flocks of twenty or thirty, and even more have been seen together. Like all the members of the family, it is a swift-footed and wary bird, but possesses so little presence of mind that it becomes confused when threatened with danger, runs aimlessly first in one direction and then in another. For our knowledge of the rhea and its habits we are chiefly indebted to Mr. Darwin, and we shall use his lan- guage in this account of the bird. The birds generally pre- fer running against the wind, yet, at the instant, they expand their wings and, like a vessel, make all sail. Natives easily distinguish, even at a distance, the male from the female. The former is larger and darker colored, and has a larger head. It emits a singular, deep-toned hissing note. Darwin, when he first heard it, thought it was made by some wild beast. It is such a sound that one can- not tell whence it comes, nor from how far distant. “When we were at Bahia Blanca, in the months of September and October, the eggs of the rhea were found in extraordinary numbers all over the country. They either lie scattered singly, in which case they are never hatched, or they are collected together into a hollow excavation which forms the nest. Out of the four nests which I saw, three contained twenty-two eggs each, and the fourth twenty- PYRIGHT RHEA, N RICA CTH AME SOL a imericalr Rhea IMPEYAN PHEASANT (Lophophorus impeyanus) 2. Titfaecize FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 479 seven. The Gauchos unanimously affirm, and there is no reason to doubt their statement, that the male bird alone hatches the eggs, and that he for some time afterward accompanies the young.” THE IMPEYAN PHEASANT * This beautiful bird, which is noted for the wonderful color and metallic iridescence of the male’s plumage, is a native of the higher and colder regions of India. It is greatly admired by the natives of India, who have given it the name Monal, or the bird of gold. The metallic luster of its plumage is so very marked that some authorities have been led to give this bird the specific name resplendens. The plumage of the males of nearly all the pheasants is quite as strikingly brilliant, while that of the female is much more somber. “The monal is found on almost every hill of any eleva- tion, from the first great ridge above the plains to the limits of forest, and in the interior it is the most abundant of our game birds.” When the severe weather of winter sets in, the pheas- ants descend into the forests of lower altitudes, where the ground is covered with a thick layer of decaying leaves. Here they find an ample supply of insect food. Though a few of the older birds remain in higher altitudes throughout the winter, the majority descend to lower levels, and in the spring again ascend the mountain sides, as the snow and frost disappear. “The call of the monal is a loud, plaintive whistle, — 480 BIRDS : which is often heard in the forest at daybreak or toward evening, and occasionally at all hours of the day.” It is an omnivorous feeder, its food consisting of grains and other seeds, insects, fleshy roots, and succulent herbage. The length of its wings, which are very short for the size and weight of the bird, shows the Impeyan Pheasant to possess terrestrial habits. Its flights, though quite rapid, are short, and taken, as a rule, only when frightened. The impeyan pheasant does not seem to bear a change of climate. Many attempts to domesticate them have been made in several countries. GOLDEN PHEASANT This beautiful bird is a native of China, as are most of the pheasants. It is being bred with partial success in vari- ous places in the United States; for years it has graced city parks. ‘The introduction of these birds into Washington and Oregon has been successful. Great flocks of them are seen in the fields and at the edges of the woods. They have been protected by law until they are so numerous that a limited open season for hunting is now allowed. In various other States these fine birds have been intro- duced with varying success. In Illinois, Missouri, and various places in New York and the New England States enterprising citizens have placed colonies of them. If they are kept within an enclosure until they become used to the - locality, they seem to remain and increase in number; if not, they often scatter and are killed by hunters who mis- take them for tropical birds. OZIS-9ft'yT TY LNVYSVAHHd NAYATO9 an. sniawmayjoAu SnUuBIseYg ) a | DLNVSVHHd MHA'IIS FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 481 The flesh, as in the case of other pheasants, is fine eat- ing, but the beauty is such that one is reluctant to kill them for food. The bright artificial fish baits are usually made from the tips of the bright-colored feathers. THE SILVER PHEASANT * The magnificent Silver or Penciled Pheasant, a native of China, which has long been introduced into Europe, has been considered to be fitted only for the aviary. The pheas- ant was long thought to have been brought from the banks of the River Phasis, now the Rioni, in Colchis, and intro- duced into Europe by the Argonauts. Newton says that, as a matter of fact, nothing is known on this point; and, judg- ing from the recognition of the remains of several species referred to, both in Greece and in France, it seems not impossible that the ordinary pheasant may have been indige- nous to England. It was thought only a few years ago that the successful propagation of pheasants was problematical, but now the Mongolian, the English ring-necked, and the Chinese golden pheasant each has found a home in some of the States, where it is increasing in numbers. Why may not a similar experiment be made with the silver pheasant? In England within recent years the practice of bringing up pheasants by hand has been extensively followed, and the numbers so reared, says Newton, vastly exceed those that are bred at large. The eggs are collected from birds that are either running wild or kept in a mew, and are placed under domestic hens; but, though these prove most - 482 BIRDS 2 attentive foster-mothers, much additional cave on the part of the keepers is needed to insure the arrival at maturity of the chicks; for, being necessarily crowded in a compara- tively small space, they are subject to several diseases which often carry off a large proportion, to say nothing of the risk they run of not being provided with proper food or of meet- ing an early death from some predatory animal. RING-NECKED PHEASANT The Ring-necked Pheasant, a native of China, has been introduced and acclimated in the States of California, Ore- gon, and Washington, and also in British Columbia. In many localities they have become so abundant that an open season is allowed for hunting them. So beautiful are they that taxidermists are kept busy in the open season mount- ing these birds as an article of commerce. Some of the Central and Western States have introduced these pheas- ants with more or less success. Dr. Dawson, in his “ Birds of Ohio,” says: “'The successful introduction into our State of this splendid game bird really marks a new era in the history of sports, and its event should be hailed with delight by all true sportsmen. Quick on the wing, rapid, prolific, hardy, this handsome pheasant is admirably adapted to take the place of those larger native game birds, the wild turkey, the prairie chicken, and the ruffed grouse, which are no longer available to us.” They, like grouse, more than pay for the grain they consume, by destroying insects. It is said the bird introduced with the greatest success is a cross between the English ring-necked and Mongolian pheasants. "ESNIBNDIOI SHULISEU) 6) ANOINAGOO ‘LNYSVAHd GANOAN-ONIN FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 483 THE JAPAN PHEASANT * Originally the pheasant was an inhabitant of Asia Minor, but has been by degrees introduced into many coun- tries, where its beauty of form, plumage, and the delicacy of its flesh made it a welcome visitor. The Japan Pheasant is a very beautiful species, about which little is known in its wild state, but in captivity it is pugnacious. It requires much shelter and plenty of food, and the breed is to some degree artificially kept up by the hatching of eggs under domestic hens and feeding them in the coop like ordinary chickens, until they are old and strong enough to get their own living. The food of this bird is extremely varied. When young it is generally fed on ants’ eggs, maggots, grits, and similar food, but when it is full grown it is possessed of an accom- modating appetite, and will eat many kinds of seeds, roots, and leaves. It will also eat beans, peas, acorns, berries, and has even been known to eat the ivy leaf, as well as the berry. This pheasant loves the ground, runs with great speed, and always prefers to trust to its legs rather than to its wings. It is crafty, and when alarmed it slips quickly out of sight behind a bush or through a hedge, and then runs away with astonishing rapidity, always remaining under cover until it reaches some spot where it deems itself safe. The male is not domestic, passing an independent life dur- ing a part of the year, and associating with others of its own sex during the rest of the season. The nest is very rude, being merely a heap of leaves and 484 BIRDS grass on the ground, with a very slight depression. The eggs are numerous, about eleven or twelve, and olive-brown in color. In total length, though they vary considerably, the full-grown male is about three feet. The female is smaller in size than her mate, and her length a foot less. THE DOMESTIC FOWL* The writers of antiquity used the term fowl to include all the members of the bird tribe, and, in some cases, the young of other animals. Feathered creatures, no matter what their habits, were not called birds, neither were they separated into classes other than the “Fowls of the Air,” “Fowls of the Sea,” “Fowls of the Earth,” and similar descriptive divisions. In the seventeenth and the earlier part of the eighteenth century the word fowl was applied to any large feathered animal and the term bird to those of less size. In early times the word bird was used in the sense of brood and included the young of all animals. In an early act of Par- liament of Scotland we find the expression “ Wolf-birdis,” referring to the very young wolf. At the present time the term fowl in its wider sense is generally used to include all the forms of farm poultry, both when living and when prepared for food. More spe- cifically, it is applied to the domestic cock and hen, or, as they are more familiarly called, chickens. The word chicken appropriately belongs to the common fowl when under one year of age, yet it is used to indicate those of any breed and of any age between birth and maturity. In this connection ROOSTER AND HEN PYRIGNT 1900, BY A.W. MUMFORD, CHICA FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS | 485 it is of interest to note that in the English language the common fowl has no distinctive name. The term hen, fre- quently used, should be applied only to the female of this and other domestic fowls. The progenitor of the common fowl is generally con- ceded to be the Red Jungle Fowl, though there are three other wild species, all oriental. This species is a native of India, a part of China, the adjacent islands, and the Philip- pines. Its habits are diversified, for we are told it may “be found in lofty forests and in the dense thickets, as well as in bamboo jungles, and when cultivated land is near its haunts it may be seen in the fields, after the crops are cut, in straggling parties of from ten to twenty.” This wild species closely resembles the breed of poultry fanciers called the “ Blackbreasted Game,” but the crow of the wild cock is not as loud or prolonged as that of the tame one. ‘ FARM-YARD FOWLS* Silver-spangled Hamburg. 'These fowls are among the most highly developed of all the spangled varieties. They are valued as egg producers and rank among the best. They are very impatient of confinement, and are said to succeed best when they can have the run of a clean pasture or common. phy Sel 4 Mr ff? ya, . : a _* wt te Roa iA . - - 7 4 . FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 487 and were much sought after, but had as yet no name. A gentleman asked me what I called them. I said, ‘Plymouth Rock.’ The name passed from one to another and they were soon generally known by that name.” THE BLACK GROUSE * Well known as the Black Cock is supposed to be, we fancy few of our readers have ever seen a specimen. It is a native of the more southern countries of Europe, and still survives in many portions of the British Islands, especially those localities where the pine woods and heaths afford it shelter, and it is not driven away by the presence of human habitation. The male bird is known to resort at the beginning of the nesting season to some open spot, where he utters his love calls, and displays his new dress to the greatest advan- tage, for the purpose of attracting as many females as may be willing to consort with him. His note when thus engaged is loud and resonant, and can be heard at a considerable distance. This crowing sound is accompanied by a harsh, grating, stridulous kind of cry, which has been compared to the noise produced by whetting a scythe. The black cock does not pair, but leaves his numerous mates to the duties of maternity and follows his own desires while they prepare their nests, lay their eggs, hatch them, and bring up the young. The nest is carelessly made of grasses and stout herb- age, on the ground, under the shelter of grass and bushes. There are from six to ten eggs of yellowish-gray, with spots 488 BIRDS . of light brown. The young are fed first upon insects, and afterwards on berries, grain, and the buds and shoots of trees. The coloring of the female is quite different from that of the male grouse. Her general color is brown, with a tinge of orange, barred with black and speckled with the same hue, the spots and bars being larger on the breast, back, and wings, and the feathers on the breast more or less edged with white. THE CRESTED CURASSOW * An interesting race of birds, known as the Curassows, has its range throughout that part of South America east of the Andes Mountain range and north of Paraguay. All the species are confined to this region except one, which is found in Central America and Mexico. This is the bird of our illustration. The curassows belong to the order of gallinaceous birds, and bear the same relation to South America that the pheas- ants and grouse bear to the Old World. ‘They are in every respect the most important and the most perfect game birds of the district which they inhabit. In all there are twelve species, placed under four genera. As the hind toes of the feet are placed on a level with the others, they resemble the pigeon and are unlike many of the other gallinaceous birds. The curassows are very large and rather heavy birds, and some of them are larger than our turkey. They have short wings and a strong bill. “'They live in small flocks, CRESTED CURASSOW. COPYRIGHT 1901, BY A W. MUMFOAD, CHICO (Crax globicera.) 15 Life-size. : UN ‘ rer +d AA) a: ew OY } . i ‘ Wd Pine ‘ \ "NOOOVAd FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 489 and are arboreal in their habits, only occasionally descend- ing to the ground, while roosting and building their nests on the branches of trees.” The nests are large and made of twigs and willowy branches held in place by the stems of grasses, which are neatly interwoven between them. The nest is lined with down, feathers, and leaves. It is said that they are easily domesticated, and that in some parts of South America they may be found in tame flocks around the homes of the planters. ‘Though a tropical bird, it would seem that they might be acclimatized. They would certainly form a valuable addition to the list of our farm fowls, for their flesh is said to be “exceedingly white and delicate.” The female is not as large as the male, and is usually reddish in color. Their food consists almost entirely of fruit and insects. THE PEACOCK * It was a saying among the ancients, “ As beautiful as is the Peacock among birds, so is the tiger among quadru- peds.” The birds are of many varieties, some white, others with crests; that of Thibet being considered the most beau- tiful of the feathered creation. The first specimens were brought to Europe from the East Indies, and they are still found in flocks in a wild state in the islands of Java and Ceylon. The common people of Italy describe it as having the plumage of an angel, the voice of a devil, and the intes- tines of a thief. In the days of King Solomon, his riavies imported from the East apes and peacocks, and A®lian relates they were brought into Greece from some barbarous 490 BIRDS - country, and that a male and a female were valued at a hundred and fifty dollars of our money. It is said also that when Alexander was in India he saw them flying wild on the banks of the River Hyarotis, and was so struck with their beauty that he imposed a fine on all who should slay or disturb them. ‘The Greeks were so much taken with the beauty of this bird, when first brought among them, that it was shown for money, and many came to Athens from sur- rounding countries to see it. It was esteemed a delicacy at the tables of the rich and great, and the birds were fatted for the feasts of the luxurious. Barley is its favorite food, but as it is a proud and fickle bird, there is scarce any food it will at all times like. It lays waste the labors of the gardener, roots up the choicest seeds, and nips favorite flowers in the bud. The peahen seldom lays above a dozen eggs, which are generally hatched about the beginning of November. Though the peafowls invariably roost in trees, yet they make their nests on the ground, and ordinarily on a bank raised above the common level. The nest consists of leaves and small sticks. The female is much smaller than her mate, and not nearly so handsome, the train being almost wanting, and the color ashy-brown, with the exception of the throat and neck, which are green. | The peacock lives about twenty years, and the beautiful variegated plumage of the male’s train appears about the third year after birth. His train, though popularly called — his tail, is in reality composed of the upper tail coverts, which are enormously lengthened and finished at their extremities with broad, rounded webs, or spear-shaped ends. FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 491 THE CROWNED PIGEON The Crowned Pigeon is the giant among pigeons. These birds pair for life, and the loss or death of a mate is in many cases mourned and grieved over, the survivor frequently refusing to be consoled. J. G. Wood gives the following description of this inter- esting bird: “The splendid crowned pigeon is indisputably the most conspicuous of all its tribe, its great size and splendid crest rendering it a most striking object, even at a considerable distance. “So large and un-pigeonlike is this bird that few, on first seeing it, would be likely to determine its real relations to the rest of the feathered race, and would be more likely to class it among the poultry than the pigeons. If, how- ever, the reader will lay a card upon the crest, so as to expose only the head, he will see that the general outline of the head and beak is clearly that of a pigeon. It is a native of Java, New Guinea, and the Moluccas. “The cry of this bird is loud and sonorous, a kind of mixture between a trombone and a drum, and every time the bird utters this note it bows its head so low that the crest sweeps the ground. “The nest of the crowned pigeon is said to be made in trees, the eggs being two in number, as is generally the case with this group of birds. “The general color of this bird is a deep and nearly uni-, form slate-blue; that of the quill feathers of the wings and 492 BIRDS . tail being a very blackish-ash, and a patch of pure white and warm maroon being found on the wings.” N. M. HOMING PIGEON * Utilization of the homing instinct of the domesticated varieties of the Blue Rock pigeon, the Columba livia, by employing the birds as messengers, has long been in use. The carrier pigeon obeys the one governing impulse of its small heart when, released at a distance from its mate and its nest, it turns with marvelous fidelity to its home cote. With no compass except that home-seeking instinct, no reliance except in the exquisitely adjusted beat of its wings, it soars upward until its keen eyesight and quick perceptions give certainty of direction; then at a splendid pace of fourteen hundred yards in a minute, it speeds on its journey home. Once a male bird has regularly mated, he will fly back to his duties as a husband and father as fast as he can. These duties are serious and practical, for the male bird bears his full share in sitting upon the eggs and in feeding the nestlings when hatched, for which purpose both cock and hen possess special faculties and functions. The hom- ing tendency acts best when it is entirely concentrated. For example, it has been found that a mated pair will not fly home together with anything like proper certainty. They stop and dally by the way; they behave like holiday people who have “ got scmebody to mind the babies.” In order to have trustworthy messengers for war or peace, the pigeons must not be bachelors or loafers, nor be ‘eZzis- Vy NOWDId ONIWOH PRE AUSTRALIAN GRASS PARR \KEE1 PYRIGHT {Melopsittacus undulatus) Life-size , Ty a To > ay _ : * 7 P) ; > 4 : e a) A ee - & 1 ow x, 1. 1 . wf! v ri A pt = \ yy by P | r » ae - 7 9 ad ‘ ~ en . bh F ¥ J ee oy hee Watiseee aloe ly > ie a FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 493 flown with associates; they must be the respectable mated birds with establishments, so that in employing them for war messengers one actually presses domestic virtue, as well as love and parental instinct, into the service of the military. But even the peaceful pigeon can be sometimes pugnacious on his own account, and a jealous fantail, or tumbler, or Antwerp, or Jacobin, often will conduct himself like a game cock. THE AUSTRALIAN PARRAKEET * Parrakeets have a great fondness for the grass lands, where they may be seen in great numbers, running amid the thick grass blades, clinging to their stems, or feeding on their seeds. Grass seed is their constant food in their native coun- try. In captivity they take well to canary seed, and what is remarkable, they never pick food with their feet, as do other species of parrots, but always use their beaks. “ They do not build a nest, but must be given a piece of wood with a rough hole in the middle, which they will fill to their liking, rejecting all soft lining of wool or cotton that you may furnish them.” Only the male sings, warbling nearly all day long, push- ing his beak at times into his mate’s ear as though to give her the full benefit of his song. The lady, however, does not seem to appreciate his efforts, but generally pecks him sharply in return. A gentleman who brought a parrakeet from Australia to England says it suffered greatly from the cold and 494 BIRDS > change of climate, and was kept alive by a kind-hearted, weather-beaten sailor, who kept it warm and comfortable in his bosom. It was not kept in a cage, but roamed at will about the room, enjoying greatly at times a ride on the cat’s back. At meals he perched upon his master’s shoul- der, picking the bits he liked from a plate set before him. If the weather was cold or chilly, he would pull himself up by his master’s whiskers and warm his feet by standing on his bald head. He always announced his master’s coming by a shrill call, and no matter what the hour of night, never failed to utter a note of welcome, although apparently asleep with his head tucked under his wing. THE DOUBLE YELLOW-HEADED PARROT * Here we have a picture of the best, with possibly one exception —the African Gray — of the talking parrots. Its home is in Mexico, about the wooded bottoms of La Cruz River, in the Province of Taumaulipas, on the east coast. The only Mexican parrot that is in general demand as a talking pet is the Double Yellow-head, which with age develops a yellow hood that extends completely over its head and shoulders. The parrot builds no nest. The female selects a deep hollow in the highest tree trunk, and there lays two eggs. This occurs about the first of May. The young are hatched about the 15th of June; ten days elapse before they can open their eyes, and several weeks must be allowed for the © young birds to outgrow their squab state and gain sufficient strength to be removed from the care of their parents. The Bs DOUBLE YELLOW-HEADED PARRO 157 ie ODVOINO ‘OHOUNON “MH “Vv AG 108) LHDINAdOO ‘azis-ayry % ‘(snjudosqey sdosiys) (ANVWIVAZ MAN) LONAVd TMO FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 495 parrot is a wily and wise bird. It lays its eggs safely out of reach of ordinary danger, and takes good care not to betray their whereabouts. When the young birds are hatched they are fed twice a day by their elders, early in the morning and again about the close of day. The birds, in feeding their young, give vent to a series of contented clucks and chuckles, which is answered by the young ones. These birds live on mangoes and the nuts of the ebony tree. THE OWL PARROT * The Australian continent and New Zealand, as every- body knows, are the countries where everything goes by contraries. And it is here that the parrot group has devel- oped some of its most curious offshoots. One would imagine beforehand that no two birds could be more unlike in every respect than the gaudy, noisy, gregarious cockatoos and the somber, nocturnal, solitary owls. Yet the New Zealand Owl Parrot is a lory which has assumed all the appearances and habits of an owl. A lurker in the twilight or under the shades of night, burrowing for its nest in holes in the ground, it has dingy brown plumage like the owls, with an undertone of green to bespeak its parrot origin; while its face is entirely made up of two great disks, surrounding the eyes, which succeed in giving it a most marked and unmistakable owl-like appearance. Why should a parrot so strangely disguise itself and belie its ancestry? The reason is not difficult to discover. It found a place for itself ready-made in nature. New Zealand is a remote and sparsely-stocked island, peopled by 496 BIRDS : various forms of life from adjacent but still distant conti- nents. There are no dangerous enemies there. Here, then, was a great opportunity for a nightly prowler. The owl parrot, with true business instinct, saw the opening thus clearly laid before it, and took to a nocturnal and burrow- ing life, with the natural consequence that those forms sur- vived which were dingy in color. Unlike the owls, however, the owl parrot, true to the vegetarian instincts of the whole lory race, lives almost entirely upon sprigs of mosses and other creeping plants. It is thus essentially a ground bird; and as it feeds at night in a country possessing no native beasts of prey, it has almost lost the power of flight, and uses its wings only as a sort of parachute to break its fall in descending from a rock or a tree to its accustomed feed- ing ground. KING PARROT OR KING LORY* Lory is the name of certain birds, mostly from the Moluccas and New Guinea, which are remarkable for their bright scarlet or crimson coloring, though also applied to some others in which the plumage is chiefly green. Much interest has been excited by the discovery of Dr. A. B. Major that the birds of this genus having a red plumage are the females of those wearing green feathers. For a time there was much difference of opinion on this subject, but the assertion is now generally admitted. They are called “ brush-tongued” parrots. The color _ of the first plumage of the young is still unsettled. This bird is a favorite among bird fanciers, is readily tamed, and is of an affectionate nature. It can be taught to speak PARROT, KING +e! Dna hia vice a ces oO: a a ss nt a 3 94 GRAY PARROT (AFRICA) (Psittacus erithacus 24 Life-size COPYRIGHT 1901, BY A W. MUMFORD, CHICAGO. FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 497 very creditably, and is very fond of attracting the attention of strangers and receiving the caresses of those whom it likes. There are few things a parrot prefers to nuts and the stones of various fruits. Wood says he once succeeded in obtaining the affections of a Parisian parrot, solely through the medium of peach stones, which he always saved for the bird, and for which it regularly began to gabble as soon as it saw him coming. “When taken freshly from the peach,” he says, “the stones are very acceptable to the parrot, who turns them over, chuckling all the while to show his satis- faction, and picking all the soft parts from the deep inden- tations in the stone.” He used to crack the stone before giving it to the bird, when his delight knew no bounds. They are fond of hot condiments, cayenne pepper or the capsicum pod. If a bird be ailing, a capsicum will often set it right again. THE GREAT GRAY PARROT * The common Gray Parrot, the best known in confine- ment of all his kind, and unrivaled as an orator for his graces of speech, is a native of West Africa. He feeds in a general way upon palm nuts, bananas, mangoes, and guavas, but he is by no means averse, if opportunity offers, to the Indian corn of the industrious native. It is only in confinement that this bird’s finer qualities come out, and that it develops into a distinguished speechmaker. As a group, the parrots must be comparatively modern birds. Indeed, they could have no place in the world until 498 BIRDS the big tropical fruits and nuts were beginning to be devel- oped. And it is now generally believed that fruits and nuts are for the most part of recent and special evolution. To put the facts briefly, the monkeys and parrots developed the fruits and nuts, while the fruits and nuts returned the compliment by developing conversely the monkeys and par- rots. In other words, both types grew up side by side in mutual dependence, and evolved themselves pari passu for one another’s benefit. Without the fruits there could be no fruit-eaters; and without the fruit-eaters, to disperse their seeds, there could not be any great number of fruits. Most of the parrots very much resemble the monkeys and other tropical fruit-eaters in their habits and manners. They are gregarious, mischievous, and noisy. They have no moral sense, and are fond of practical jokes. They move about in flocks, screeching aloud as they go, and alight together on some tree well covered with berries. No doubt they herd together for the sake of protection, and screech both to keep the flock in a body and to strike con- sternation into the breasts of their enemies. THE ROSE-BREASTED COCKATOO * The Rose Cockatoo, as may be seen, is a remarkably handsome bird. The species is gregarious, and they are very numerous in South Australia, where they frequent woods and feed on seeds, fruits, and larve of insects. Their note is harsh and unmusical. The young ones tame readily and some species show remarkable intelligence. They asso- ciate in flocks of from one hundred to one thousand and do ROSE-BREASTED COCKATOO (Psittacus roseicapillus ts Life-size, 6Y A. Ww. MUMFORO CHICAC / ean i, » aF iY Ve BLUE MOUNTAIN LORY. COPYRIGHT 1900, BY 4. W. MUMFORD, CHICA (Psittacus swainsonii). % Life-size. nie ih lel ¢ * F : . i Die | a) ¥ ‘ ee ox at a . ; ' , ne Al y = Ur Nad col rie oe } _ i i 1 eT ' « ory At : \ Ped en ¥ 14 ‘ Fy ‘el : + ‘ Te vn y e a r Mag? 7 i oe Pps mei FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 499 great damage to newly planted grain, for which reason they are mercilessly destroyed by farmers. ‘Two eggs, of a pure white color, are laid in the holes of decayed trees or in the fissures of rocks, according to the nature of the locality in which they live. This is a rather large bird, equalling a common fowl in dimensions and assuming a much larger form when it ruffles up its feathers while under the influence of anger. Many of these birds are fine talkers, and their voice is peculiarly full and loud. The cockatoo is not gifted with the wonderful imitating powers of the true parrot, and, on account of its deafening cries, it is not an agreeable inhabitant of the house. It is in a state of nature that the birds are most interesting. They are not shy or wary, are very vociferous, and, like the common parrots, rise up in bodies toward sunset and fly two-and-two to their resting places. It is a superb sight to see thousands of these beautiful creatures fly- ing overhead, low enough to permit a full view of their feathered mantles. THE MOUNTAIN LORY * This bird inhabits the vast plains of the interior of New South Wales. It is one of the handsomest, not only of the Australian parrots, but takes foremost place among the most gorgeously dressed members of the parrot family that are to be met with in any part of the world. It is about eleven or twelve inches in length. The female can- not with certainty be distinguished from her mate, but is 500 BIRDS > usually a very little smaller. The lory seldom descends to the ground, but passes the greater part of its life among the gum trees, upon the pollen and nectar of which it mainly subsists. In times of scarcity, however, it will also eat grass seeds, as well as insects, for want of which, it is said, it often dies prematurely when in captivity. Despite his beauty, the Blue Mountain Lory is not a desirable bird to keep, as he requires great care. A female which survived six years in an aviary, laying several eggs, though kept singly, was fed on canary seed, maize, a little sugar, raw beef, and carrots. Like all the parrot family, these lories breed in hollow boughs, where the female deposits from three to four white egos, upon which she sits for twenty-one days. The young from the first resemble their parents closely, but are a trifle less brilliantly colored. They are very active and graceful, but have an abom- inable shriek. The noise is said to be nearly as disagreeable as the plumage is beautiful. They are very quarrelsome and have to be kept apart from the other parrots, which they will kill. The feathers of the head and neck are long and very narrow and lie closely together; the claws are strong and hooked, indicating their tree-climbing habits. THE COCK-OF-THE-ROCK * The Cock-of-the-rock lives in Guiana. Its nest is found among the rocks. The eggs are described as pale buff, with various-sized spots of shades from red-brown to pale lilac. , a a & y as COCK-OF K THE-ROCK a ‘ RESPLENDENT TROGON. ' By Aw. Muwron 74 Life-size é Fi 4 . - " . ; ~ ' w iif ‘ . ‘ - r , 1 1 ss og « ‘ ‘ 4 * \ \ J ‘ i ‘ a ‘ ; ‘ * ’ ¢ : Pn Pu ; a* >.<." ’ : . NE ae ey + a ; = owt “4 he ye, es lee oe at ang FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 501 It is a solitary and wary bird, feeding before sunrise and after sunset and hiding through the day. Robert Schomburgh describes its dance as follows: “While traversing the mountains of western Guiana we fell in with a pack of these splendid birds, which gave me the opportunity of being an eye-witness of their dancing, an accomplishment which I had hitherto regarded as a fable. We cautiously approached their ballet ground and place of meeting, which lay some little distance from the road. The stage, if we may so call it, measured from four to five feet in diameter; every blade of grass had been removed and the ground was as smooth as if leveled by human hands. On this space we saw one of the birds dance and jump about, while the others evidently played the part of admiring spectators. At one moment it expanded its wings, threw its head high in the air, or spread out its tail like a peacock, scratching the ground with its foot; all this took place with a sort of hopping gait until tired, when, on emitting a peculiar note, its place was immediately filled by another performer. In this manner the different birds went through their terpsichorean exercises, each retiring to its place among the spectators, who had settled on the low bushes near the stage.” THE RESPLENDENT TROGON * Resplendent Trogons are natives of Central America. There are fifty kinds, and this is the largest. Of all birds, there are few which excite so much admira- tion as the resplendent trogon. 502 BIRDS The skin is so singularly thin that it has not inaptly been compared to wet blotting paper, and the plumage has so light a hold upon the skin that when the bird is short the feathers are plentifully struck from their sockets by its fall and the blows which it receives from the branches as it comes to the ground. Its eggs, of a pale bluish-green, were first procured by Mr. Robert Owen. Its chief home is in the mountains near Coban, in Vera Pas, but it also inhabits forests in other parts of Guatemala at an elevation of from 6,000 to 9,000 feet. The cries of the trogon are various. They consist prin- cipally of a low note, whe-oo, whe-oo, which the bird repeats, whistling softly at first, then gradually swelling it into a loud and not unmelodious cry. This is often succeeded by a long note, which begins low, and, after swelling, dies away as it began. Other cries are harsh and discordant. ‘The flight of the trogon is rapid and straight. The long tail feathers, which never seem to be in the way, stream after him. The bird is never found except in forests of the lofti- est trees, the lower branches of which, being high above the ground, seem to be its favorite resort. Its food consists principally of fruit, but occasionally a caterpillar is found in its stomach. THE NIGHTINGALE * The Nightingale is usually regarded as an English bird, and it is abundant in many parts of the midland, eastern, — and western counties of England, and the woods, coppices, and gardens ring with its thrilling song. It is also found, 148 NIGHTINGALE. (Motacilla luscinia). 3 Life-size COPYRIGHT 16 SY A. Ww. MUMFORO nica | WM, Wy WW) i VIN SS i A). f= v4 Ze. ROBIN REDBREAST e ® FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 503 however, in large numbers in Spain and Portugal, and occurs in Austria, upper Hungary, Persia, Arabia, and Africa, where it is supposed to spend its winters. The markings of the male and female are so nearly the same as to render the sexes almost indistinguishable. They cannot endure captivity, nine-tenths of those caught dying within a month. Occasionally a pair have lived, where they were brought up by hand, and have seemed con- tented, singing the song of sadness or of joy. The nest of the nightingale is of a rather uncommon kind, being placed on or near the ground, the outworks con- sisting of a great number of dead leaves ingeniously put together. It has a deep, cup-like hollow, neatly lined with fibrous roots, but the whole is so loosely constructed that a very slight touch disturbs its beautiful arrangement. There are laid from four to six eggs of a deep olive color. Towards the end of summer the nightingale disappears from England, and, as but little has been observed of its habits in its winter retreats, which are assumed to be in the interior of Africa, little is known concerning them. It must be a wonderful song indeed that could inspire the muse of great poets as has that of the nightingale. ROBIN REDBREAST* This typically foreign bird must not be confounded with the American robin. This bird is the Robin Redbreast of childhood tales and has been the inspiration of many writers of prose as well as of poetry. In no part of its range, which covers the whole of Europe, the northern portion of Africa, 504 BIRDS and eastern Asia, is the redbreast so revered as in England. Its sprightly air, inquiring and sagacious demeanor, its intelligence, and its trust in man make the redbreast a general favorite. The redbreast not only remains at a distance from other small birds, but also shuns the society of its fellows. No matter how numerous the individuals may be in some hedge, each is for itself, and the truthfulness of the old saying, “One bush does not harbor two redbreasts,” is apparent. Though bold and pugnacious, it does not appear that the males often give battle to each other for possession of a mate. Their solitary habits would preclude such battles. But once they have selected a breeding locality and built their home, they exhibit much resolution and in a most determined manner resist the intrusion of all other birds. Though far from neighborly, the male is always very attentive to his mate. He seldom leaves her long, and never goes far away. With his sweet voice he is constantly encouraging her with song during the whole period of incu- bation. When the baby birds appear he gallantly helps his mate to feed the little ones, no light task, for the young number five to seven. Usually the site selected for the nest is concealed by a dense foliage. If such a site is not obtainable, the birds will often conceal the nest by an ingenious arrangement of dry leaves. This interesting bird-home may be placed almost anywhere, and sometimes the oddest places seem best to satisfy the whims of this little bird. , Not only is the redbreast an interesting bird, but it is an exceedingly useful one, as it destroys insects on the lawns OOVoMm OeOunnA “wae O08) ANDINAGOD Z1S-OJUT VE ASIGVMVd AO GMI v mdi uy ’ i, ¥ 4 i ee i ’ i} } di i . { ‘ ' ine es eae i Pais ‘ nd VAs t i 1 ‘ cA $%: Cae = mene AO, iy tr { : AF ‘ ar v i : ' ce | ’ ‘ * i ‘ . « a ’ . i} . ' < oan 1. > f « Vi Nl ae - “ ' ~ J : ‘ 7 i’ j 4 Ni ~ f id A 4 . 7 7 Ly i ' n t a = Sa Tl ns; a. . 4 5 | ie oo ~ % Mi ® we mi " ~ \ i i 4 , tae boy i" : se » ‘ » ; iy 3 ‘ ; i TY ‘ = ~ ip. P = . i eer | FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 505 and among the shrubs and flowers. When hunting upon the ground it approaches its prey with rapid hops, and sel- dom misses as it pounces upon caterpillars, beetles, moths, earthworms, and flies. When insect food is scarce, and even at other times, the redbreast enjoys the crumbs of the door- yard. THE KINGBIRD OF PARADISE * The sublime is no nearer the ridiculous in literature than in the things of nature. An instance of this is the close relation of the common crow to the most glorious bird of them all. Not only are they very much alike in general form, including shape of feet, bill, bones, and ordinary feathering, but also in habit. They seem to delight in the same sorts of food and secure it in much the same manner. When they are happiest and attempt to pour forth their songs of joy the voice of the crow is fully as melodious and satisfactory to the human ear as is that of the bird of paradise. While the males have not only a splendid growth of delicate floating feathers of very unusual length and glossy fineness of texture, the females have but little more to boast of than our American crow, and they even lack the degree of luster which our black friend frequently exhibits. But the males are adorned with a wealth of color display, rich in velvety softness and blazing with metallic luster. This luster cannot be appreciated from the appearance of the faded specimens so often seen in the museums, which may have suffered, not alone from dust and exposure for years to the chemical action of light, but have also been sadly 506 BIRDS , diminished in glory by the rude arts of the natives, who fumigate the skins with burning sulphur, their principal care seeming to be to get enough of it deposited to make sure of the skins not being attacked by insects. The King Bird of Paradise is a small bird, measuring but little over six inches in length. It is extremely viva- cious, flying about and running with but little show of the dignity of its family. Very fond of fruits, it is not satisfied with attacking those which other birds of its size would choose, but enjoys showing its gormandizing powers by devouring as much as possible of the largest specimens within reach. THE SKYLARK * The English Skylark has been more celebrated in poetry than any other song-bird. “By the first streak of dawn,” says one familiar with the skylark, “he bounds from the dripping herbage, and on fluttering wings mounts the air for a few feet ere giving forth his cheery notes. Then upward, apparently without effort he sails, sometimes drifting far away as he ascends, borne, as it were, by the ascending vapors, so easily he mounts the air. His notes are so pure and sweet, and yet so loud and varied withal, that when they first disturb the air of early morning all the other little feathered tenants of the fields and hedgerows seem irresistibly compelled to join him in filling the air with melody.” The lark sings just as richly on the ground as when on quivering wing. When in song he is said to be a good guide to the weather, for whenever we see him rise into the air, despite the gloomy COryeiGHT 1903, BY 4. Ww. MUMFORD, Cxscage, 8 CRESTED TITMOUSE (Europe). (Parus cristatus). Life-size. wi Foto agi ‘ Ky ut ‘A y ’ : ’ ” We —_* ¥ ‘ ’ , ' P . iit ee ' wee _ FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 507 looks of an overcast sky, fine weather is invariably at hand. The nest is most frequently in the grass fields, some- times amongst the young corn, or in places little frequented. It is made of dry grass and moss and lined with fibrous roots and a little horse hair. The eggs, usually four or five in number, are dull white, spotted, clouded, and blotched over the entire surface with brownish-green. The female lark, says Dixon, like all ground birds, is a very close sitter, remaining faithful to her charge. She regains her nest by dropping to the ground a hundred yards or more from its concealment. The food of the lark is varied; in spring and summer, insects and their larve, and worms and slugs; in autumn and winter, seeds. THE EUROPEAN CRESTED TITMOUSE * Sprightly and restless, the Crested Titmouse of Europe frequents the topmost branches of secluded forests in north- ern Europe. Hopping from twig to twig, flying from branch to branch, and seeming always in motion, the little bird peers under leaves and into the crevices of the bark, diligently searching for its food of insects, of which it con- sumes a large number. Of a shy and retiring disposition, it has a decided liking for forests of coniferous trees, where its diminutive form and the compact foliage protect it from intruders of all kinds, while it readily finds an abundant supply of food. It is a rare bird in the central and southern parts of the European continent and in Great Britain. In an economic sense it is a most useful bird, as it feeds. 508 BIRDS 7 upon insects in all the stages of their development. It also feeds upon the seeds of various cone-bearing trees. Con- stantly active, the crest of this beautiful bird gives it an added dignity as it seeks its food, leads a flock, or quarrels with one of its kind, as it often does during the nesting season. Probably because of its nesting habits, the crested tit- mouse seems to like those cone-bearing forests in which there are also deciduous trees. Its nest of grasses, moss, lichens, feathers, hair, and other soft materials is usually placed in a hole of some tree or stump. Not infrequently, however, the deserted holes of squirrels or the old nests of crows and magpies are selected. The European crested titmouse would be a popular bird and much better known were it not for the difficulty of studying the habits of so small an object in the dense and extensive forests which it frequents. Its characteristics can only be satisfactorily observed when it is compelled to seek its food in more open places. THE EUROPEAN SONG THRUSH * The Song Thrush of Europe is a beautiful and familiar bird of sprightly habits and wonderful power of song. Sing it must, for it possesses a happy nature. In England and Scotland the thrushes sing from the month of January to that of October. Its blithe song indicates a contented nature and that its larder is full to overflowing. Its voice is never heard amid desolation. Its home is not in the marshes nor in regions that are without trees or hedges. EUROPEAN SONG THRUSH (Turdus musicus). 45 Life-size ‘y ry *, A. FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 509 The song thrush loves trees; the woods and hedges around plantations, even the bushes of gardens and the orchards, are to its liking, and there it is found. It prefers animal food and thus destroys vast numbers of snails, slugs, earth- worms, larvz, beetles, and other insects. When it cannot obtain animal food, it eats berries and seeds, and frequently commits great devastations among cultivated fruits. How- ever, much of its food consists of animal forms that are highly detrimental to the growth of cultivated plants. It eats large numbers of snails which feed upon the early vegetables and upon the smaller fruits. Even before the snails have awakened from their winter’s sleep the song thrush finds them in their cozy hiding places beneath hedges and under a covering of leaves, where they have been pro- tected from the storms and the cold. So industrious are the thrushes in their search for snails “that the hedge-side is marked by a line of broken shells, as the birds fetch the snails out and batter the shells to pieces with their bills by hammering them against a stone.” The nest is usually built in a hedge, tree, or shrub, at no great height above the ground. In unwooded localities it is often placed in a crevice of a rock or at the base of a tuft of heath. Externally, the nest is composed of slender twigs, fine roots, grasses, and moss. It is lined with a thin layer of mud, dung, or rotten wood, upon which the eggs rest. Not only is the male song thrush a beautiful singer, but it is also industrious and very attentive to its mate during the period of hatching their young. ‘Two, and not infre- quently three, broods are raised in a single season. 510 BIRDS THE EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH* This gay-plumaged and sprightly goldfinch is a native of the larger part of Europe, northern Africa, and eastern Asia. Throughout its range it is a most useful bird, as it feeds extensively on the seeds of weeds, especially those of thistles and related plants. Introduced into various local- ities in the New England States and New York City, it has seemingly become naturalized. Its nests have been found in Central Park, New York, where they “were placed in pine trees, among the tufts of long pine needles, near the end of a slender horizontal limb and about twelve feet from the ground.” The nests are compact and handsome structures made of fine, soft grasses, small roots, and vegetable fibers, mosses, and lichens, all woven together with wool and fibers, and finally lined with soft hairs and feathers. These homes have thick walls and are very substantial, and are models of neat- ness. Sometime in March the beautiful male begins to sing. Somewhat crude at first, the song reaches perfection late in May. No matter what he is doing, he finds time to stop and from some perch utter a lovely song. Few birds are more useful to man. The goldfinch feeds almost entirely upon the seeds of those plants that are equally injurious to both the cultivated field and the pas- ture. It is seldom found in marshes or in cultivated fields that are free from weeds. It frequents those waste places where there are thistles and related plants and weeds of 537 EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH. (Fringilla carduelis.) Life-size BY 4. W. MUMFORD, CHICAGO COPYRIGHT 1900, CANARIES, Life-size. FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 511 the mustard family. Nearly all of these plants are most noxious to the agriculturist and several possess winged seeds that are easily transported by the winds. It is here that the goldfinch feeds most assiduously, and the number of seeds that a single bird will devour in a season is far beyond computation. In color the female of the European goldfinch is very similar to the male, except that the tints are less brilliant. THE CANARY This favorite singer and cage bird is a native of the Canary Islands, Madeiras, Azores, and other small islands near the western coast of Africa. The islands are in the latitude of Florida and the climate may be said to be of a tropical character, though varied by lofty mountains. The canary in its native habitat is chiefly found in the moun- tainous districts, often several thousand feet above the level of the sea. The wild birds mate about the latter part of March. The nest is built in the tall trees of the evergreen species, frequently in the tops of these trees, and never less than eight or ten feet from the ground. We have seen it stated that they build on the ground, but this has been found to be an error. The first canaries known to Europeans were brought from there by a merchant ship trading with the Canary Islands. The climate has had much to do with the change of color in these birds. The canary, which in its native home at Teneriffe is almost brown, becomes yellow and sometimes nearly white after being bred a few years in the 512 BIRDS > north, and it has been observed by naturalists that the win- ter fur of animals and feathers of birds become thicker and lighter in color in proportion to the coldness of the climate which they inhabit. In England and Germany canary societies have existed for upwards of a century, and annual shows or exhibitions are held, with prizes offered for the best birds. Of the many varieties of canaries, the most popular in the United States is the German. It is smaller than the English canary and is a much finer singer, being bred and trained for song and not for size. They are called Hartz Mountain canaries, and experts consider them the most satisfactory bird for the people. ‘They are bred by the peasants in ordinary living-rooms high up among the Hartz Mountains of Germany. C.C. M. THE PHILIPPINE SUN-BIRD* The sun-birds bear a similar relation to the oriental tropics that the humming-birds do to the warmer regions of the Western Hemisphere. Both have a remarkably brilliant plumage, which is in harmony with the gorgeous flowers that grow in the tropical fields. It is probable that natives of Asia first gave the name sun-birds to these bright creatures because of their splendid and shining plumage. By the Anglo-Indians they have been called humming- birds, but they are perching birds, while the humming-birds are not. There are over one hundred species of these birds. They are graceful in all their motions and very active in their habits. Like the humming-birds, they flit from flower s az + ; PHILIPPINE YELLOW-BREASTED SUN-BIRD. corrmenT 1008, BY A. w. MUMFORD, CwEAmD 513 (Cinnyris jugularis). Life-size. Sie TE vis RED-RUMPED TANAGER (Ka I phocoeli S costaricensis Life-size COFYA'GHT 180 FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 513 to flower, feeding on the minute insects which are attracted by the nectar, and probably to some extent on the honey, for their tongues are fitted for gathering it. However, their habit while gathering food is unlike that of the hum- ming-bird, for they do not hover over the flower, but perch upon it while feeding. The plumage of the males nearly always differs very strongly from that of the females. The brilliantly colored patches are unlike those of the humming- birds, for they blend gradually and are not sharply con- trasted, though the iridescent character is Just as marked. The bills are long and slender, finely pointed, and curved. The edges of the mandibles are finely serrated. The nests are beautiful structures suspended from the end of a bough, or even from the under side of a leaf. The entrance is near the top, and usually on the side. Over the entrance a projecting portico is often constructed. The out- side of the nest is usually covered with coarse materials, apparently to give the effect of a pile of rubbish. Two eggs are usually laid in these cozy homes, but in rare instances three have been found. The Philippine Sun-bird of our illustration is a native of the Philippines and is found on nearly all the islands from Luzon to Mindanao. The throat of the male has a beautiful iridescence shaded with green, while that of the female, shown on the nest, is yellow. THE RED-RUMPED TANAGER * An American family, the tanagers are mostly birds of very brilliant plumage. There are 300 species, a few being tropical birds. They are found in British and French 514 BIRDS . Guiana, living in the latter country, in open spots of dwell- ings, and feeding on bananas and other fruits. They are also said to do much harm in the rice fields. Mr. George K. Cherrie, of the Field Museum, says of the Red-rumped Tanager: “During my stay at Boruca and Palmer (the last of February) the breeding season was at its height, and I observed many of the Costa Rica red-rumps nesting. In almost every instance where possible I collected both par- ents of the nests, and in the majority of cases found the males wearing the same dress as the females. In a few instances the male was in fully adult plumage—velvety black and crimson red. From the above it is clear that the males begin to breed before they attain fully adult plumage, and that they retain the dress of the female until, at least, the beginning of the second year. “While on this trip I had many proofs that, in spite of its rich plumage and being a bird of the tropics, it is well worthy to hold a place of honor among the song-birds. And if the bird chooses an early hour and a secluded spot for expressing its happiness, the melody is none the less delight- ful.” THE SWALLOW-TAILED INDIAN ROLLER * Swallow-Tailed Indian Rollers are natives of northeast- ern Africa and Senegambia, and also the interior of the Niger district. The bird is so called from its way of occa- sionally rolling or turning over in its flight, somewhat after the fashion of a tumbler pigeon. A traveler, in describing the habits of the Roller family, says: 12 SWALLOW-TAILED INDIAN ROLLER. 35 Lite-size. MEXICAN MOT MOT, Ml tus swains FAMOUS FOREIGN BIRDS 515 “On the 12th of April I reached Jericho alone, and remained there in solitude for several days, during which time I had many opportunities of observing the grotesque habits of the roller. For several successive evenings great flocks of rollers mustered shortly before sunset on some dona trees near the fountain, with all the noise but without the decorum of rooks. After a volley of discordant screams, from the sound of which it derives its Arabic name of ‘schurkrak,’ a few birds would start from their perches and commence overhead a series of somersaults. In a moment or two they would be followed by the whole flock, and these gambols would be repeated for a dozen times or more. “Everywhere it takes its perch on some conspicuous branch or on the top of a rock, where it can see and be seen. The bare tops of the fig trees, before they put forth their leaves, are in the cultivated terraces, a particularly favorite resort. In the barren Ghor I have often watched it perched unconcernedly on a knot of gravel or mar! in the plain, watching, apparently, for the emergence of beetles from the sand. Elsewhere I have not seen it settle on the ground.” THE MEXICAN MOT MOT* Mot mots are peculiar to the New World, being found from Mexico throughout the whole of Central America and the South American continent. The general plumage is green, and the majority of the species have a large racket at the end of the center tail feathers, formed by the bird itself. The houton (so called from his note), according to 516 BIRDS Waterson, ranks high in beauty among the birds of Deme- rara. This beautiful creature seems to suppose that its beauty can be increased by trimming its tail, which under- goes the same operation as one’s hair in a barber shop, using its own beak, which is serrated, in lieu of a pair of scissors. As soon as its tail is fully grown, he begins, about an inch from the extremity of the two longest feathers in it, and cuts away the web on both sides of the shaft, making a gap about an inch long. Both male and female wear their tails in this manner, which gives them a remarkable appearance among all other birds. To observe this bird in his native haunts one must be in the forest at dawn. He shuns the society of man. The thick and gloomy forests are preferred by the houton. In those far-extending wilds, about daybreak, you hear him call in distinct and melancholy tone, “ Houton, houton!” An observer says: “Move cautiously to the place from which the sound proceeds and you will see him sitting in the underwood, about a couple of yards from the ground, his tail moving up and down every time he articulates “ Houton!” The mot mot lives on insects and berries found among the underwood, and very rarely is seen in the lofty trees. He makes no nest, but rears his young in a hole in the sand, generally on the side of a hill. 10 PYRIGHT 19 BY A. W. MUMFORD, EGGS. Life-size. 1. Spotted Sandpiper. 2, Bartramian Sandpiper. 3. Marbled Godwit. 4. King Rail. 5. American ‘ t 6. Least Tern. 7. Sooty Tern. 8. Common Murre. 9 Black Tern. 10. Herring Gul Ww a ‘ iM rn Hot iy r » Bien * ' CHAPTER XXIII EGGS AND FEATHERS 1. PROTECT THE EGGS OF THE BIRDS ELizABETH NUNEMACHER, in Our Animal Friends, writes thus of her observation of birds. Would that her sugges- tions for their protection might be heeded. “Said that artist in literature, Thomas Wentworth Hig- ginson: ‘I think that, if required, on point of death, to name instantly the most perfect thing in the universe, I would risk my fate on a bird’s egg; . . . it is as if a pearl opened and an angel sang.’ But far from his beautiful thought was the empty shell, the mere shell of the collector. How can he be a bird-lover who, after rifling some carefully tended nest, pierces the two ends of one of these exquisite crusts of winged melody, and murderously blows one more atom of wings and song into nothingness? The inanimate shell, however lovely in color, what is it? It is not an egg; an egg comprehends the contents, the life within. Aside from the worthlessness of such a possession, each egg pur- loined means we know not what depth of grief to the parent, and a lost bird life; a vacuum where song should be. “People who love birds and the study of them prefer half an hour’s personal experience with a single bird to a whole cabinet of ‘specimens.’ Yet a scientist recently con- fessed that he had slain something lke four hundred and 517 518 BIRDS ~ seventy-five redstarts, thus exterminating the entire species from a considerable range of country, to verify the fact of a slight variation in color. One would infinitely prefer to see one redstart in the joy of life to all that scientific lore could impart regarding the entire family of redstarts by such wholesale butchery, which nothing can excuse. “We hear complaints of the scarcity of bluebirds from year to year. I have watched, at intervals since early April, the nest of a single pair of bluebirds in an old apple tree. On April 29th there were four young birds in the nest. On May 4th they had flown; an addition was made to the dwell- ing, and one egg of a second brood was deposited. On May 31st the nest again held four young bluebirds. June 15th saw this second quartette leave the apple tree for the outer world, and, thinking surely, that the little mother had done, I appropriated the nest; but on June 25th I found a second nest built, and one white egg, promising a third brood. From the four laid this time either a collector or a bluejay deducted one, and on July 14th the rest were just out of the shell. 'This instance of the industry of one pair of blue- birds proves that their scarcity is no fault of theirs. I may add that the gentle mother suffered my frequent visits and my meddling with her nursery affairs without any show of anger or excitement, uttering only soft murmurs, which indicated a certain anxiety. May not the eleven young bluebirds mean a hundred next season, and is not the pos- sessor of the missing egg guilty of a dozen small lives?” We have observed that the enthusiasm of boys for col- lecting eggs is frequently inspired by licensed “collectors” who are known in a community to possess many rare and FROM COL. OHI. ACAD. SCIENCES 1. Great Creasted Flycatcher. 2. King Bird. EGGS. Life-size. 8. Night Hawk, 7. Audubon’s Caracara. &. Black-billed Magpie. 160 Gamble's Partridge. 4. Crow, COPYRIGHT 190 BY A. W. MUMFORD, CHICAGO 5. Red-headed Woodpecker. 6. Yellow-billed Cuckoo. 9. Kingfisher. 10. Screech Owl, 11. Turkey Vulture. 13. Bob-White. EGGS AND FEATHERS 519 valuable specimens. ‘Too many nests are despoiled for so-called scientific purposes, and a limit should be set to the number of eggs that may be taken by anyone for either private or public institutions. Let us influence the boys to “love the woodrose, and leave it on its stalk.” 2. FEATHERS OR FLOWERS? Was the question which confronted the fair sex this year when about to select their Easter hats or bonnets. “Say flowers,” pleaded the members of the Audubon Society, and from the many fair heads, innocent of feather adornment, which bowed before the lily-decked altars on Easter morn- ing, one must believe that the plea was heeded. Nearly every large house in Chicago, dealing wholly or in part in millinery goods, was visited by a member of the Audubon Society, says the T'ribune. One man who sells nothing but millinery declared that the bird protective asso- ciation was nothing but a fad, and that it would soon be dead. He further said he would sell anything for hat trim- ming, be it flesh, fish, or fowl, that a woman would wear. Touching the question whether the beautiful terns and gulls, with their soft gray and white coloring, were to be popular, it was said that they would not be used as much as formerly. One salesman said that he would try, where a white bird was requested, to get the purchaser to accept a domes- tic pigeon, which was just as beautiful as the sea and lake birds named. The milliners all agree that the snowy egret is doomed to extermination within a short time, its plumes, so fairy- 520 BIRDS . like in texture, rendering its use for trimming as desirable in summer as in winter. As to the birds of prey, people interested in our feathered friends are as desirous of saving them from destruction as they are to shield the song-birds. There are only a few of the hawks and owls which are injurious, most of them, in fact, being beneficial. Hundreds of thousands of these birds were killed for fashion’s sake last fall, so that this coming season the farmer will note the absence of these birds by the increased number of rat, mouse, and rabbit pests with which he will have to deal. It is a matter of congratulation, then, to the members of the Audubon Society to know that their efforts in Chicago have not been wholly fruitless, inasmuch as the majority of dealers in women’s headgear are willing to confess that they have felt the effect of the bird protective crusade. Dr. H. M. Wharton, pastor of Brantly Baptist Church, Baltimore, has always been a bitter opponent of those who slaughter birds for millinery purposes. “It is wholesale murder,” said he, “and I am delighted that a bill is to be offered in the Maryland legislature for the protection of song-birds. I have commented from the pulpit upon the evil of women wearing birds’ wings or bodies of birds on their hats, for I have long considered it a cruel custom.” “Birds are our brothers and sisters,” said the Rev. Hugh O. Pentecost before the Unity Congregation at Carnegie Music Hall, Pittsburg, a few weeks ago. “If we are chil- dren of God, so are they. The same intelligence, life, and love that is in us is in them. The difference between us is not in kind, but in degree.” 25 26 168 EGGS. PUBLISHED BY ATKINSON, MENTZER & GROVER, CHICAGO ) 5 : , Life-size. 1. Cat Bird. 2. Robin. 9. Chickadee. 4. Long-billed Marsh Wren. 5. Brown Thrasher. 6. Yellow Warbler. 7. Red-eyed Vireo 8. Loggerhead Shrike. 9. Cedar Waxwing. 10. Cliti Swallow. 11. Martin. 12. Rose-breasted Grosbeak. 13. Scarlet Tanager. 14. Tow- hee. 15. Song Sparrow... 16. Chipping Sparrow. 17. Vesper Soarrow. 18 Great-tailed Grackle. 19. Bronzed Grackle. 20. Baltimore Oriole. 21. Orchard Oriole. 22. Meadow Lark. 28. Red-winged Blackbird. 24. Blue Jay. 25. Prairie Horned Lark. 26, Wood Pewee, EGGS AND FEATHERS 521 “How is this murderous vanity of women to be over- come?” asks Our Animal Friends. “We confess we do not know; but this we do know, that good women can make such displays of vanity disreputable, and that good women ought to do it.” na PAGE PAGE Accentor, Aquatic........0e0eeeeees 406 Birds, That Feed Among the Foliage Acknowledgments ......-e+++eeee88 12 of Trees and Bushes........... 2 AYDATTOBSER 2... cc csc ccc eccecerece 39 That Feed Around the Edge of AWTINGE asec cc ccs nscssciameracnse 51 Pools and Lakes.......+-seeees SS A SE rr ar Sn re 117 That Feed by Diving for Fish..... 26 TRO o's ob aikla m0 ae are Wb &s 48 Niece 1038 That Feed by Wading ........--+- 26 Awk, Little. ........cceeccceeeeees 38 That Feed on Carrion .......-.+-- 26 MTNTIVEL 505 That Lay White Eggs.......----- 26 of Paradise, Red .....++++++++++: 474 That Live in Our Meadows and Wii vie Se in avlatx sin # tals 0'n© 8, 0)e' a\#le 405 Pastures ids sic ey ean bie weceoss 29 EGAIEIS Tish. & cones is ark a wm (wie s eee. g 345 That Live in Our Orchards ...... 28 1 (ERS RSE rena oe eR eee 283 That Live on the Timbered Hill- BEIGE: cise visle tc weiss ep Seen us eicaees 283 SCC Ree 29 BINGRG@ 8S cine sce ove Sle niee swe seis 51 Wading ....-..-- sees eeeeeer sees 89 Yellow-billed Tropic......-.-+-++++5 50 Which Are Resident Throughout the Birds, Diving........-+-+ssseeeeeers 31 Year in a Given Locality....... 27 Famous Foreign....--.-:+++s2e0% 467 With Conspicuous Red or Orange Frequenting Barns or Outbuildings. 28 Plumage ..-.--.sseeeeeeereecs 27 Frequenting Neglected Fields and With Crests or Topknots.........- 28 Weed Patches......-....++-e+-8: 29 SEER PT con biaieiainla Siniolp pnd anid wie & ole 95 Frequenting Our Sandy Shores and TSGHE oe ae a Ne ame cae een 96 Gravel Beaches......-+-2++-++5 30 BIEVOPNG 30 Blue-bill, Little........-. cece ee eees 73 Marsh ....cccseccccceccesccece 1038 Bluebird .........eeeeerereececeees 462 of Damp Woodlands.....-++-++++++ 30 APIO) oo Vs Kona menevaceanka wena ka 465 Of KANSAS 6c cccecccercevvovcesvs 41 Mountain .. 73 That Are Partial to Evergreens... 29 Brown-Back ......-esceceeencrceee 126 That Are White ....---++see+ee> 28 Bufflehead ......c2cccsescecescces 76 That Do Not Construct or Use Any Bunting, Bay-winged.......-++++++> 319 MEG Wiceheeew'c Daca evecewurwes 27 Black-Throated ......--0e-+eee008 355 INDEX TO BIRDS 523 524 INDEX 4 PAGD PAGH Bunting, Crissal Towhee........... 344.) Curlew, Red 2 yo.5'0 ois, die ake sal are loselchanetonale 133 BGO eet te Watts ei cle cele islet) stsite 351 Straight-billed G Bator iettathe dehhe Lats Naat ae 133 BULA Poke cial arenevar edie abe te er chute ete, mile vess fe 3535 (Dabehick (ors s Jac cclencte see 33 Painted: 2 wie ktecie wicicletein siatehetayens SDL) MDAVECT ey sre: bie sie Sin) of oss e So8) Cyalacdbotreicuetereme 51 RECA eek ce Ee Le ete ayotace 283 DICKCISSEIY Seite ciassteie ie o luie a e-oie aiat eae 355 BRICS aie creo ote Bid aH avEISLMEW silanes! oeatete Opens 283 DICK GISSETS' #25 5 ire Cie a-e a eveiei hee aee aie eee 303 SNOW ii 5 soe, cuseleraainy siuie ofalciels ei els $315) Die-Dapper! e\s:\.c\e.c sbi aisielgd aleene 32 BUSH UIE) o/s Snlace sera otoin yo atiotnten ieteliele (ops 445) ) “ DIPPericip le ols» w\e\n's.elslaasnicietn eleva) ooo 419 Vellow-Hesaded) sore iaietsiole olelaleioleie =e 446). Diver, (Great Northern). 350i. eee 34 Buzzard, Turkey........c2ce+eseere 181 UETGIL ) oi aeja\stn'=, sileleinl « sintpiereioteroiete els meiane 32 CalicosBagk toi ddsme ee eeeniaatee es 151 | Divers, Lobe-footed:s\./2)\ 2c). -/nteesietaee 31 Canary Peiicrlatercm etelpvel feta is telsbielersiai x! = Sig >, Dominiquese:)s foveiccistsiissien ten meee 486 MGxICAN ivci darete pete einietelotaVersiats)eise\ 6 S54) DOUBM cieteis/ cate cic lcie ainvete sist hchevetaretetatenes 133 WADA) cic a )2ie Sie ebeye wi cia vie sielais/eje.e eis 311 Dove, Mourning ..... ais: aie .s(sfele later eyaseye 174 Canaries, Hartz- MOUNTAIN tre elecieiels cin 512 Bin e-NeECKed tne\cove eicteter sie letotele wien 175 Canvas-baek aks oh oe ciiaeioe ete 's 70 SOA is Ns bisschoteratele elev eiucecere ene eee 38 Cardinal yay jcctaiess oye eleleietoyete (ele) eusliate aire S45 15 DOVES) oe cies wis lejercle cievoielatare oracle eter 153 GASSOWATICS| fare vie cieiac ois tiem eiaiavciess< 476) (DOyveKIC: tsicisrcre wie, s iol efeyeatial nis ic) sieceenename 38 GCaEDITG EE By Oiciciete rele teeta oie a. elel os ovsiehat ADD» -FDOVEKICS) iis chs Sicic oretwussele er acre evra tee otene 31 Gatbirds. «cae nec mehinis oiseiiee oe ine 419)» Dowilteber i. hii cic crecaiwie cts le vie cetera 126 Ghats sStoneeatceale crest. nerers eeiatc 461 BITLVER Hecate) clapaietate ots ahetece oye eee 126 WiellOw-DECASLeds > eucvaueicies reves wusi01 442° . Duck; American’ Scoter, .o-.22cle eee 79 Cheywinkah ayer vale arereretiemtnrar stances 340 Baldpate ..... CAO Sen eons haa hlc: 63 GuTGAPTC) Aes cree siete isto metic inianedeieas 151 STS Clan eter euen by pte; houcrere folate voter mine 61 GHickadse ve weime hee eteleveicials sisrststoc 442 Black English . sider ehacts ¥ ais eittareee eters 61 Carolina, tes oeraeieie Oates @ aieiere te 443 Black Jacke ec iietiss cle ce Chee 74 CHICKA dees yore lersole is ovolelcharnreelstetesenciene 435 Bite-wineed) Ways it. ojo) gets letale 74 @Ghicken? GPrairies f...hs ecieteie acta terel vere 166 Blue-winged' "Peal, 5.5 sic: he eee 65 Chickens (is Soe eniecidics seieel sereee 484 Booby, ine =/. cle) Si stare inte laters} otelctions 331 Cinnamon) Peak. 2. ..c cess aie 66 Gack. ail SS GUWidOW were Xa aw kites io oe MEM Nw dhe aoa Se dace ache ROE ee ee O4 NMERESFE as Bc hater c lan bla ie vie bd dicidle mie mae 177 mone-prenstel 4.2205. ive ieeeawess 847 PEM Reet ets ha yaw eb oie vdeo older a SEU CCREUHOE ss wih ts G40 Sy cys hakies iste olden 153 MMRMNORR IPEDS 2 a or'cs & Wie Vic)'w Wile Bch a8 a faralat eh ole 177 POET As tc w ecleCe tie nk ck aw skint 487 MISTERETS PISOONN, © ciao ab, ul5. a) oio.e bale behing 31 SAY ea date ks hae Oa od ed ee ete 160 cole ifs SS ea Gee a ae pee 517 SIOUNOMY 4 oe reid bs ve Cea meee mek 161 DONEMOrs OF PIOWEIB «3. ss ss 00's v0 jel 519 BIG wie th Swe saute bene ce Me eae 160 PEPE EIee SSSI E a.k.a Na wine's wiele oa. @ 6a Dlate 344 RERAG Petals > 2 ahe eyerntn A aide elaie were a 160 fae RUE Chara fe Dalen inn le gems Wee ong ate a deg wolp ev fe leldidbateinjohe pin whe eo aie" ane MEST ta br hiay drotel bine als $ bate yoiv dle at AED as gia’ & Rs i6.0's'e ule Wo ee Bialbiel ay 6 “tid dara ORV. E + wale ais slats aietens a ee RAP D-tARICO. bb cfc clive okie exh aa RAMEE Waits eta ie eG om ha saree bin win ee (i ee ae eee pee ia eh reed oe ye 62 eal AA ore A ee eae Se BOVGVALIG Nv wicks es eb ab celeb e TRIER Hare ic ofa aie fevaks e's sie/e vis gin wk ete 5 GEERT TaN ohh bis m bru late ete nee a etree fe oo LE Se ee Sea ee 303 PEIN DINGHY Se bc oC a crs deltas his en 42 Le ota PROEOUSS aie'y ciataleisvia oite a é eae Raw with: Vibe aha ood acai Sijd © ra CMON Es nie lela ©. uate Wibie va ob 'e n't ae we 2 MS ss mica haves bah abinwWakwee ae ule v SUIRIERIEIETS CE eek A eis kale cle etaininss,'< eee’ 90 Hamburg, Silver-spangled........... 485 SI PIEICHS: 3 oon wb who) i oun te, din! alain ble ote ao) Bammer, Melowsit. cos ha secon sk. vie'e 232 REPRESEN ecto 6 vio eiele etye ea dint) Vika: WEEE RIOUMING wre b bic ain 2a oe bated ware ole a 78 ks far tl on Sietatubeting pte eater ce ath aoe alee gS eg ste Vie Wie iets eae ia eheae le ww a Pa RAD ESE RCE yone) Sle ie ce injec, ooo bebe e e\e 5 awk, BEIG Sine ents oh tae craw mb ee inial a +] MEFGGM-CRESUCE | 5 5c ce ik clceicec Viviete Oe Black Rough-legged.............. 190 i det ar | Scab pape al tipe = ace is tle aaa ade Mth Am ineim Miele la ntact IRM EASIOU Gruivisisis Gas Gale we aie > CREM F asyics eu aldbice miagenie uae eS ¢ SP EIML SN). stab > 0% Siate beet eat ee ain acne 20a Ferruginous Rough-legged........ 195 PERISH Solve scart dem celedne’s 6 263 BID Viadices ek wciaie wale A eispmal Aw eae 200 TRIO WE DOMAIN ich + a \c:0' «wate. aeve"s § «iyi 260 EIGN 123 Vek cde ek oy bh vie Seer as ae 193 RURUUGARINEEHM NS 615 Wis felvib bd a 6 Sic bie cid wide 253 Uys hw a mee ie oo ke atin oie ein 199 ROMER TES Cra ure Siw a Wabi Bi eOntenaiccsee 160 DARERIE «ara 5.5 WR a pice ew eater Rha kane 185 be ere WHEL hind tcihb eicnlciee ec pi Me eG Ds en Sy Aor ak ae eh Ate = tS FA AA Be ere ed-shoulder PE A PEERS OO E Red Jungle BAR A Ee Ete 485 Red-tailed cf ind dlaldie’ oman wipe ee 189, 191 awe POND VOIT. occa a c.clok ee's enw wee Py PUUBD-LOR ROG) a 7 siete ok cine wie Piel) aie hs dol SSIS ech Lea oeab Re arse ° EULA mr ee arga aia etme sea 1 ig TR 4 Re Re oe 484 Western }Red-tatieds o6s cs ¢ cae ss 191 WERAEURERLE us Gis ara le date Oimin. Sb pia b jae ©/e) oom Cake: UPR WRG CAN Cd Sk ce oo Adee wee 177 Galtinule, BIOrida. ...secesvvevevess i Head, Beotle 5 SE SAE Ee ere 148 PEE Salatcic ae tl bora ol Suh eco 2 Waletam ae TES ie eg Re ey Wa ar ee ee Gallinules Sty Riel e ip lah 6.5K 3, ce Nw wine Sh 108, “Hen, Lesser Prairic.s oc .ccvcccesdcs 168 Game, Black-breasted.........2....- = ny Riu Wie aac 6 eek & Bete aie ere — ROMs iecelcxtdosselcn vi icat ote sae; eprmapan Momec ct. 2 S2093707 20S aes Gnateatcher, Blue-gray............. 449 ae sete eee teen eee ee eeee Se eit Hirncrraonesesh ack’ 235 __Salt-water Marsh..............-. 106 Gitwit, Marbled. ...... ocean cc lkn 133 Heron, Black-crowned night......... 101 eerste esl hi be ces ee ieee a RADORE, SESS at iata Wh ule pi dinid ets bid win och 96 Golden-Cye@ 2... ev ercrcccevavcescece 75 Whittle RING |i sae Gore ee 99 Goldfinch ec ec ean eee eenesesersteereses 811 Little Green a 2 BE he pe ea 99 BPRBOERS Gres ks vlaw sian viele desing ss 313 Maley (2.64 ch CPL reise iee takes 98 European ... +. sees reese eeeeeeeee eel) POY CAN he aca beak notte ia kines St) Goose, Brant........eseeeeeeeceees | CIRM 124 cc Cee ete Secs 471 Canada .. 1... eee ee cee eeeeeecees Boy CEOS KL be 6 Lhikby a bucind Glade Sb 471 C i sete ener eeeeeeeeee sc High-Hold SORE re Oi Epp t 232 OBDAWK ove ccccccscccsnecccncesen ERIN 3c aas 4.¢ Rhine oad Wide aie a woe 32 PR PRRGUER ip, S30 bs x, Khe ne: 8 mm Ole ein ew -- 187 Honeysucker, Ruff-necked........... 250 BERNE 9 fa tare dakota kisinte ele nie am aitaln vieke MENA | PAGHIEOIR Ts cry uray cena Shane oder ea ara 515 526 PAGH Hummer, Cinnamon...........-.-2- 200 Humming-bird, Allen’s..........+- oe 201 ANTS Fees isis Pee CON te ae . 247 Black-chinned .......0.. Secheiaeie ee Broad-tailed ‘sec csecews ae euine ss es BRivoll) 3? epiesse seiclen vitae aa tae gue. 248 Ruby-throated. Sie Te inlet ee ister toler © 244 RUtOas Ln. se istcw estore eye Sees e's vie COU RUTOUR-DACKEG f picisielsisials @ > pi slele’s = 250 Humming-birds .......-... aees2oo, 242 THis UNcarlet seo wits a crn coe eet 93 WHILE 33 i. bk easvcty lo wlnte te nie leas eee areins, © 92 White-Faced Glossy..........---- 94 EDISGS bis Se aie iin ec iokoarelewsveleteetetar s/s 89 Anjuns: (OM Apc ale pete cir eiwin ate le eie. ox 77 Jay, Arizona Greet... o. soc c cc cue 271 WE EE Ree alone iscsi talents kas ies en teta 268 Canada ie ote siti wlele deletes lasieie « 272 Long- -crested — Buntovete te SAG Ort Sic Meni 270 SHCTICI Se eter tie te tevetnn ee eich eip vole exe 269 THY Se cleicre nest camelaioteiateteterscyeisiaiwisiey stare 265 Junco, Pink-sided .......+-+-+-++++- 334 Sia te-coloneds miehitecme sweets weaee eee CICKATEDIU BESO Yon clenissofo late oteieieimiatcisiscsi> 406 WiSUGI Fel oreter micletersieteletslatete Spetgintelets ts 406 Lar CYS SR Sais ag Gee HeoGn Aor atic pishers 145 King Lory..... Sroveieieleieicimitc atenetetenelats 496 EGAN Ile ersterstetel cuerore © \ as cie eevee =e te 316 DSMECHIS ones e ore 317 TOON N:. = ster MAmMUly ce crcectebis Lord and Lady.. Lory, King...). :..:. Mountain KS TiVEO, BivG «sieve cc cusicre ieleterelalets/ eleralente MAGOTOH) ic icrcke stotctelcnevsysi ari ate [ornis 1 C9) CAPRA arto Ciclo 6 IMS epics \.c<'0'cie 20k Merganser: Hooded sc). ¢:s aisiviele o honis ala 59 Red-breasted ........ ahie.s) sare ante 58 Mergansers ..... sj} o Giohe eieie/abeioetemianerele 57 INDEX : PAGE MocRitie-Bird)c.\.)s s\aicie:eie = vies bie’ fe eater aoe Mocking-Birds) s o\<'sc\ew.c1e o\e as 9) 0ie ates Molly, Old...... IMLOPIEEL o.siolos: oie wualeue eb ee me keve late ete a vas pee Moonyill 5 cis fas oslee sonia oo 74 Mot Mot, “Mexican Petes oi eit ee ek pee Mountain LORY Some ae oidie.8 siesta sane 499 Murre,) (Brinnich’s.3.>,s1es.ce eee 37 MUEEGS! oS A Ao elas piclecls tee eee 31 Murrelet, Marbled........ ons'o od, Seonetane 36 Nature! overs, JLo0.s dae ence eee i) Nature, the Old Nurse..... as .d\eh see 6 Nest)) Hang. cs odie die dies cscieieye le eee 295 INICKA PEEKED © 2..ictsyeie cals sleveiols siete - 471 Nighthawk.’ s..c:2%eu.. die pia. ccokebohatsheteanee 239 Wighthawks' 2.2/6 s:sivis's, cc epocta huisierenens 235 NiBHEIN ES le) co5,6.c cove c cus bye ele or pieneienene 502 INOWDATEM ilicic.:3 Weare a sveteiel ae eran -.. 304 WNuteracker; Claris. e cos es ve 3 5.5 cee Nutcrackers: s.' 950004004 nace 265 Nuthatch, Brown-headed............ 439 Red-breasted ........+00 Bialstoieeete 438 White-breasted ...... PEM e Oe ye 437 Nuthatches ........ mia lela W's eC are CL 435 Oriole, Audubon! Ss.) si. 4 oe «ote eae ee 291 Baltimore Vaso «as0:0)0) oe wintntoel aie - 295 Bullock’ a! gohenc itere,s) 6.0/5 wa ea epee eeeee 296 Golden 6ckepet. <2 i.e ct eee 291 Hooded). teehee. ss : cee bo atens - 293 Oxnard 2 Nien 3.c0/é sche ene cee 294 OTIGIER fas mi ctorerese | cise ui Sa Sahara ape 281 OSPREY 6 eS So io BE ak oh ake oe 200 Ostr ich, South American... ..cicn.ee 478 Ouzel, Wl bettie” fates iciceihe aes 407, 419 Owl, BAIT. cos oases oases Ce + Se BULLO WIDE) ce bc.e where die wie shi bie lee cee CINGreoOUs) 6 2biic o's Sere ke cle eee 204 Greg GAY’ isteveicieso vialoaletchoelonaenene 204 Great Horned | ci2)cic esos atelels eters eee 207 PTA WE ion ek cclevn dc nis. & om abaleretoneraienene 211 FLO GE ie cis,aveceinie bl gr ule: sae etdvete | sk eee 207 Tattle ELOrned jx). .<<'s, eis ae (eieve Stele ete 206 MonkGy=fAGed: feiss sissetate are a ieeprial anata 201 eft: E hy (PANE Mim ILO Eerie 203 FROG ayate cote onic siaidlote. wielaroleietake Otero 206 SAWeWHEE | wie 0 i rbiete a slate aicie oetelereeet 205 NOQECEGH (5 Ails cide srcuttaltle estore eee 206 SBhert-ecared «joc hicie cic wee ees 203 SSG WY. (sic lalla ois oe aiets ele, shel 5) akan 210 Western, Horned -Jcip0 was ones eters 208 Paroduet, }Carolinad. «i. c%,2 s. seceene 214 IPATOGUGES \\e\uiai es, 50 bless Rl ddena ats eee eer + ake Parrakeet,, Avistralian «.. .0o\.\./c/s ere sete 493 Parrot): Atrican (Grays. sis 0s same . 494 Brush-tonetted |<)... 5'c\c cise sie aceon 496 COMMON MeV ars iocis eal csicre ersioieneuete 497 Double Yellow-headed............ 494 Great: Grays cod wastes os eee Pepe |g FING. est taiviw vis sal eiels wai s/s sreheiee . 496 OL vidarctate Helene whe Seto ‘ 495 Partridge shale eh nia oy Sie tataetela terete tepecene 162 GIT DOL SE ae dee Wiecala'elelebe axel ot ahotanenenene 158 IMIGRSCAN 1c kore wiarelvestsiels oshinie hme 159 MOU EAID lai 65) a: a dh cveydiaichouely 6 are: ate tar aie 156 SGHICG: b's Ocicteicre od dichetelcie oleistareneree 157 SSPEUGCES cecde-siare baie ls o- ste att tae 161 PRACGGE? ‘se)0/eisacatan © dain mia shale Satna ene 489 Peetweet ...... Aiur ohavetoreteLnictoas kaemtene iain 139 Pelican, White......... ee ate oe wee 54 PPCMCRHS @. abies crcl Ae a) cw ene/ al ehana ene elec 39 Petrel, Wilson’s..... cdl shojo cia Geacsters eh ene Petelass.% secs Sve Sere wih) oe fermen Wile teters 39 INDEX 527 PAGE PAGE POOLE Saa6e3 isos sedn>s k's Sala vte 257 eno al FIOM. Rig h oak Wied baw 186 Se ee ee ee OS binmiabiae we bk cel cx cae Phalarope, ‘Northern RE rae, eee 114 Pectoral nga GORA b Milaate ite we amie 128 PERIL Mh gaits ae caach «tees eae fe 115 MEMTEBCIOUL! y's k'ukiacn ath ou betes ed aiee 130 Maalaropes SERA Oe re 103 BOULETRUL fade’ hin nate, ke 6 Biotec cant 139 Poses, COE... 0.5 dsewanes anne Pet 0G SAERMOOEI 5 evii'e: le aie Wie ate 2 yan ean & 121 IWIN: ttn dna hiv ag hae VAN ae OER era en PEERAGE. f adiaa's Ga a aa chee ah Woiae 151 LEO NEES Spy ae ar eS ae eee 483 sg ne Red-breasted.......-..6. 227 EMOTE Os ain Us 0. w wien nhac Bla eat 481 Se ORLICU. A fuie's & ob. dee Re ce beled 225 COATES): ae ees SRB CRU LOND ay in v/o.s'x ao kink ob iph'e a vor 73 MEER as cetaceans kee airtel 481 BARR TIONS occ op tein iovaln sha wiarhioieeraynia a 74 EIS S Wie arog: lalalac asx ate atv ie ate wid ee See RPO MERIIORG, 6 ugh sp biwivia xy be ewlbd oaks 99 RTE WOES AG), Nh ini tie Ah wins Oat hata Sele Wala TCS gE a ee ie SR Re SD CEES CE Fa 77 een MUG FROCK, 6.¢ sap ees evilaw as Bie (OLers AMINGPICAN 14.0 uv saceae sieges oc 79 NEE Ro ont gs a een ae 492 RETR TS AIR 80 MENU SUENA wt lnde ipiein. vx ,wintulelin leis Wikis 491 White- Seats seine hata te tain Ol narte ealaiets 79 CREM st A vace Si uia'c''y bs ware 65 (h gee ee aaeee Pe Ce TAAL Re ARON pis n'a wie wipe Oi waln weed mewn 47 REELED in 15.735» gin’ w cu ates 0/'B7e are ote Mem NCHANOKON oda os 2. -<5 6s voenceekicd s 57 MMEEREREL! lvi'n': oialuly"e yia Tarmiijnte bie. aaa sitet CSS (ODL ho Ae ASS eee SS ee SRS 67 SUITRPIRERLENS Vasharu. w'op /aie acai o;'abet w kvehecelut tat 514 Shrike, Great Northern... ..s Sc elv le wate Lys PRS A a aS SeRPES eee See Seer ee 357 INSEE UTAE wi < yb. = nw ole nluteleia. Ghats 406) “-Shnitier,” Rinie-pilled. .\...2 5. veces swe 74 MEIER Te atreie ty thie ofeie iy w'e 10 ni ele areal - 68 ~ Siskin, Manis be Ut cabs cee eho d 314 EMIS Faas latel we a. 0'w uw @'pieie) tr eatewe caeikets « 470 528 INDEX PAGH PAGE Swift, Chimney......... we teionee ee 20 | Multure;:Califomia..\; cic. c/s lelee lalate Sener Swimmers, Long-winged..........+0. 39 PRUE KCY: cclo/a eh icvs, w, smboreta ehevetohatone 2 oc hou NOtOpalMAbe Bi\ 357 Bla ek Durnin |. 2).ceisie lve clea owes etetate 399 Teal, Blue-wineed as-ciccy lotectes ers 7G BIACK-powl C2 sis cicisuc te ciate lous aan i. Goes CInna Man aoe eater reat crniareiatetarale 66 Black-throated blue ..........+.. 391 (ehgtaria ahita UA a Bc Ba Aone Soo 64 Black-throated green ....e.ccceee 400 TEPDale: 26 ele atatereietenciereiesveiesnie crac e 134 Blue-winged Swamp ...........e. 382 Merns Blacker cisteisictes ele rtarstersietstsietele 48 Blue-winged Yellow .........-cee- 382 GASDIST eieretelerey ste ste ele lakate avetelaietstcre.e 44 GCAanaGlans sociedltatsie’s o apelelototeratanetereme 415 (COMMON c niecactene wioretbevate averate tare ele 47 ie Payer rate ey crorele soya) oie aha iene ean 389 OVATE BY ceseierclsreie mieveetereleve re leveuers ors 46 Cerulean ..... Peicnatats cl ohel laveon eG Go 395 WATSON ire releieleieloreleietetatayayyisiatanetn) silane 47 CHEStR ESI. oo icies rein wien ist aye elaine 396 UY ee ye orb ea plomoracen Dacron eae 39 Connecticut cc siete cieielelale seisteletiats .. 409 Thrasher, “BenGixe|Sijesiete eleciere aise o 424 Golden-winged ....02.scsscnsecus 383 BLOW viseis stat tere ernie a \otnraie \ethtoistereisinse 424 Jevoyels teat OA ea Sons ena acc reneietene 414 CATIPORITE i oxi = > - “e —— ® - ee * Tce ee P%. ¢ } abl Li Hi Fs) NW ,) by a" Fi ") ‘ bh pe - r eat his a3 aN , al ah fe ie ve 1 it , Tam ane ( P Nes (Vy et é 1 4 © 7 Sam J un ry » EARNS gd y : , EE SN a om gate Te saints ee sO eS eS NT, SEEN PR mee OL A PN ah (oS FeO ee BOB oy no tal DI orgie SEO EE I ERE ee Eo ci ee