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NaN AL Mem ag Yor a Hae EB EVN GE gs uM Brae Serer Reeth ve iran dy, eh Viny eat weet ats on Cees VER ONE UVES aby CVs Oi Nek eh Gad ay, Sema CITA ed ery She beeyigy deta ing vey, aay eaten Aes ta a NY var fireere os Se Va ae Ny, WOE by PASO Tene oat (SNES, S68 NTH ANY SEE i nuaetany ati Nag wer ate Vel aL aban neta ‘i aie ess LUO SAY Le UT OMAN Ae VaNTE Meas a Cie vey EMME Le een SSAA ITT aR Uy AWE Oe Sars) ms oe. copra . Creare Vhex a QL FHE NAUTILUS Volume 116, Number 4 December 31, 2002 ISSN 0028-1344 A quarterly devoted to malacology. EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Dr. José H. Leal The Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum 3075 Sanibel-Captiva Road Sanibel, FL 33957 MANAGING EDITOR Christina Petrikas The Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum 3075 Sanibel-Captiva Road Sanibel, FL 33957 EDITOR EMERITUS Dr. M. G. Harasewych Department of Invertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC 20560 CONSULTING EDITORS Dr. Riidiger Bieler Department of Invertebrates Field Museum of Natural History Chicago, IL 60605 Dr. Arthur E. Bogan North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences Raleigh, NC 27626 Dr. Philippe Bouchet Laboratoire de Biologie des Invertébrés Marins et Malacologie Muséum National d’ Histoire Naturelle 55, rue Buffon Paris, 75005 France Dr. Robert H. Cowie Center for Conservation Research and Training University of Hawaii 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 409 Honolulu, HI 96822 Dr. Robert T. Dillon, Jr. Department of Biology College of Charleston Charleston, SC 29424 Dr. Eileen H. Jokinen 8234 E. North Shore Road Sault Ste. Marie, MI 49783 Dr. Douglas S. Jones Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611-2035 Dr. Harry G. 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POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: THE NAUTILUS P.O. Box 1580 Sanibel, FL 33957 al gata aie (i ied ga CON Volume 116, Number 4 December 31, 2002 ISSN 0028-1344 CONTENTS Diego G. Zelaya The identity of Waldo parasiticus (Dall, 1876) and Cristian Ituarte description of Waldo trapezialis new species (Bivalvia: G@alleoimatoxcleas ee wee cee ea ete te ede Rr ee li area 109 G. Thomas Watters The status and identity of Papyridea soleniformis (Bimgorere, ITS) Usivelhies CawcliiGee) . 22.2 ccc5.2ctcececcascosocoasoe 118 Richard E. Petit A new Trigonostoma (Neogastropoda: Cancellariidae) from M. G. Harasewych Mo Zam lot fe ata haf. MORES ee RN eked Bea gic one te hereon at aces er 129 Richard I. Johnson Samuel Liberty Harvey Fuller (1942-2001): a biographical Seton ame! 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Issue Date for Circulation Data Below, September 30, 2002 Single Issue 540 381 THE NAUTILUS 116(4):109-117, 2002 Page 109 The identity of Waldo parasiticus (Dall, 1876) and description of Waldo trapezialis new species (Bivalvia: Galleomatoidea) Diego G. Zelaya Cristian Ituarte Division of Invertebrate Zoology Museo de La Plata 1900 La Plata, Buenos Aires ARGENTINA dzelaya@museo.fenym.unlp.edu.ar ABSTRACT The epibiontic bivalve Waldo parasiticus (Dall, 1876), origi- nally described as a leptonid species, is redescribed and figured on the basis of shell morphology, soft-part anatomy and repro- duction. The complete synonymy of W. parasiticus is given, and a lectotype is designated and figured. Waldo trapezialis new species from South Georgia Islands is described and il- lustrated. The genus Waldo Nicol, 1966 is recognized as valid and redescribed. Additional key words: Antarctica, bivalves, Lepton parasiticum. INTRODUCTION Lepton parasiticum Dall, 1876, was described based upon specimens living as “commensals” on irregular echinoids collected at the Kerguelen Islands. Dall’s (1876) original description was adequate, but without il- lustration. Soot-Ryen (1959) reported and figured Lep- ton cf. parasiticum from southern Chile, and Arnaud (1964) reported L. parasiticum from Adelia Land, Ant- arctica, and the Kerguelen Islands. Moreover, four spe- cies with similar shell features and habitat were de- scribed from Antarctic and Subantarctic waters: Lepton costulatum Martens, 1885, Scioberetia australis Bernard, 1895, Solecardia antarctica Hedley, 1911, and Monta- cuta christenseni Grieg, 1929. Their descriptions were based mainly on shell characters, and most of them were imprecise. With the sole exception of S. antarctica re- ported by Miihllenhard-Siegel (1989) and Linse (1997), none of them have been found again after their original description. At present, as previously noted by Dell (1990), “the relationship of Lepton [= Waldo] parasiti- cum with similar species living in association with echi- noderms remains uncertain”. Waldo parasiticus has been listed under different neo- leptonid genera: Lepton, Notolepton, Neolepton, and Neodawisia (Dall, 1876; Arnaud, 1964; Osorio and Ba- hamonde, 1970 and F. R. Bernard, 1983, respectively). By studying the types of Lepton parasiticum, Nicol (1966) found differences in shell sculpture and hinge characters sufficient to propose Waldo, as a new genus of Neoleptonidae. In a systematic revision of the Neo leptonidae, Salas and Gofas (1998) excluded Lepton par- asiticum from that family, suggesting that this species most likely belongs to the Montacutidae or Galeomma- tidae. In the present paper, the placement of “Lepton” par- asiticum Dall in the genus Waldo is confirmed, and new data on anatomy, shell characters, reproductive biology, and host specificity are given. In addition, Waldo tra- pezialis new species is described. MATERIALS AND METHODS The specimens used in this study were collected by the R/V Epuarpo L. HotmBerc during the 1995 cruise to South Georgia Islands (Figure 1) and the R/V Po.Lar- STERN during the 2002 Latin American POLARSTERN Study (LAMPOS). Specimens were studied and figured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM); shell mea- surements were recorded using a stereoscopic micro- scope equipped with micrometer eyepiece (for all cal- culations mean and standard deviations are given). Sev- eral alcohol-preserved specimens of Waldo parasiticus new species were processed for histology by decalcifi- cation in a Raillet-Henry’s solution, followed by dehy- dration, embedding in Paraplast®, sectioning (7 wm thickness) and staining with hematoxylin-eosin (Gabe, 1968). Additional specimens from the National Museum of Natural History, Washington (USNM), and others ob- tained from dried samples of echinoids housed at the collection of Invertebrates, Museo Argentino de Cien- cias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” (MACN) were studied. Type specimens of Lepton parasiticum (USNM), and Montacuta christenseni from Bergen Mu- seum, Norway (BM), were studied. The type material of Scioberetia australis (consisting of fragments of one shell, two 1 mm-long juveniles and a series of histolog- Page 110 ‘ 0 ) © | A = ) 4 C BAN ¢ @ @ 5 SS @ @ er ee [Br ( @ Vn oF ko ie \ > ‘ % / eax 2s? Lgocw i “ANTARCTICA y 90°E 4 " | | . as sy DEED Be. f D \ yy CRS nea 2 D | | | 180° 1 Figure 1. Location map. ®): localities for Waldo parasiticus (this work); @: other known records for W. parasiticus; : lo- calities for Waldo trapezialis new species. ical sections) from the Muséum National d’Histoire Na- turelle, Paris (MNHN) were also used for comparative purposes. SYSTEMATICS Genus Waldo Nicol, 1966 Description: Shell small (up to 4.1 mm), extremely fragile, elongate-oval or subquadrangular, equiv alve, gapping at anterior, posterior and ventral margins. Shell surface smooth or with radial ribs. Hinge edentulous in adults; ligament internal, strong, and tenn periostra- cal ligament present. Mantle border expanded beyond the shell margin, bearing a variable number of stout ten- tacles. Free edges of mantle border expanding anteriorly in a temporary inhalant structure; only exhalant siphon, present. Only one demibranch, the inner, present. Foot cylindrical, with a well-marked heel and strong byssal gland. Epibionts on irregular echinoids. THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Waldo parasiticus (Dall, 1876) (Figures 2-22) Lepton parasiticum Dall, 1876: 45-46. Lepton costulatum Martens, 1885: 94; 1886: 115 (South Georgia Islands). ?Solecardia antarctica Hedley 1911: 4, pl. 1, fig.5; Miihlen- hard-Siegel, 1989: 164, pl. 3, fig. 28, pl. 7, fig. 28: Linse, 1997: 55, pl 2, figs.1-3 (Cape Royds). Montacuta Wirironenn Grieg, 1929: 14 (Admiralty Bay, South Shetland Islands). Lepton cf. parasiticum.—Soot-Ryen, 1959: 49, pl. Notolepton parasiticum.—Amaud, 1964: 55—60. Neolepton parasiticum.—Osorio and Bahamonde, 1970: 221 Neodavisia parasiticum.—Bernard, 1983: 33; Ramirez-Béhme, 1993: 136 Waldo parasiticus.—Nicol, 1966: 59-61, pl. 8, fig. 5 and pl. 9, figs. 5-7. Martens and Pfeffer, ey ince, MS), Description: Shell small (maximum shell length 4.1 mm), moderately inflated (mean shell width/shell height ratio 0.6 + 0.06, n = 11). Shell extremely thin, cin, translucent, shiny. Shell outline ovate, elongate (shell height/shell length ratio: 0.69 + 0.04, n = 1D), slightly inequilateral, beaks subcentral, not prominent (Figures 2-4). Anterior end rounded and slightly pro- jecting, posterior end truncate (less markedly in juve- niles), slightly oblique (Figures 4, 5). Dorsal margin straight or slightly and evenly arcuate, posterior margin straight, ventral margin slightly and evenly curved, crenulate. Valves gaping ventrally and at anterior and posterior ends (Figures 8-10). Nepionic shell (approx- imately 470 jm length), inflated, forming a rounded cup (Figure 11), clearly demarcated by a commarginal rim (Figure 12). Shell surface sculptured with 30-35 relativ ely well-marked radial ribs and irregular com- marginal ribs, both fading towards the beaks. Radial ribs often very evident in small-sized specimens, tend- ing to fade in adults. Hinge edentulous in adults. Lig- ament internal, strong; Bernal periostracal ligament present (Figures 13-16). D-shaped larvae with two well-developed lamellar lat- eral teeth in the right valve, the anterior long and slen- Figures 2-3. Waldo parasiticus. Lectotype, USNM 11907. 2. 3. Posterolateral view showing the exhalant Right lateral view. siphon and the unpaired tentacle above the siphon. f: foot; s: siphon; t: tentacle. Scale bars = 1 mm. D. G. Zelaya and C. Ituarte, 2002 Page 111 Figures 4-12. Waldo parasiticus from South Georgia Islands, MLP 6505. 4. Outer view of an adult specimen. 5. Outer view of a juvenile. 6. Lateral view of a living specimen showing the anterior extention of the mantle border. 7. Ventral view of a specimen showing the anterior mantle projections and paired tentacles along the ventral mantle border. 8. Anterior shell gap. 9. Ventral shell gap. 10. Posterior shell gap. 11. Detail of the nepionic shell. 12. Detail of the zone between nepionic shell and dissoconch. Scale bars: Figures 4-10 = 1 mm; Figures 11-12 = 100 pm. Page 112 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Figures 13-19. Waldo parasiticus. 13-15. Isla de Los Estados, MACN 22219; 16-19. South Georgia Islands, MLP 6505. 13. Inner view of a left valve. 14, 15. Details of the hinge. 16. Inner view showing the internal ligament. 17. Inner view of the right valve of a larva removed from adult. 18. Right valve of a larva, detail of the hinge. 19. Left valve of a larva, detail of the hinge. L: internal ligament. Scale bars: Figure 13 = der, the posterior shorter and stronger; in the left valve two slightly marked fossettes to receive right laterals. Larval ligament internal, strong, short, somewhat trian- gular (Figures 17-19). Anatomy: Mantle margins free for about the % of its length, fused at posterior end forming a relatively short pre siphon: ul suture. Only the exhalant aperture, extend- ed in a short siphon, present (Figure 3). Mantle border extending beyond shell margin, covering the surface of the valves. The free edges of the Tent extend anteri- orly and upwards forming a partly closed channel serving as a temporary inhalant “siphon” (Figures 6, 7). Ventral 1 mm; Figures 14-15, 17-19 = 100 wm; Figure 16 = 500 pm. mantle border with long and stout cylindrical tentacles: 1 unpaired tentacle (just over the exhalant siphon) and 7 paired tentacles, alternate or opposite (5 pairs at sides of the pedal aperture, 1 at the point of mantle border fusion, and 1 posterior to the mantle border fusion, on the presiphonal suture) (Figures 3, 7). Only one, the inner, demibranch present, ascending lamella shorter than the descending one, with few interlamellar junc- tions; the suprabranchial space serves as brood space (Figures 20-22). Foot cylindrical (short when retracted) with a blunt heel and well-marked byssal groove running along the ventral foot surface. A strong byssal gland lo- D. G. Zelaya and C. Ituarte, 2002 Page 113 Figures 20-22. Histology of Waldo parasiticus (South Georgia Islands, MLP 6505). 20. Transverse section at the posterior end of the visceral mass. 21. Transverse section at the anterior half of the visceral mass. 22. Detail of the free mantle border. al: ascending lamella of inner demibranch; bs: brooding space; dl: descending lamella of inner demibranch; id: inner demibranch; m: mantle; mf: expanded mantle fold; p: periostracum; po: pedal opening r: rectum; t: tentacle. Scale bars: 200 wm. cated at the base of the heel secreting a byssus of 3 to 5 filaments. Type Locality: Kerguelen Islands. Material Examined: Lectotype (here designated) (Figures 2, 3) and numerous paralectotypes (>50 se- verely damaged specimens and loose valves) of Lepton parasiticum (USNM 11907); syntypes of Montacuta christenseni (BM 35268 and 35270) (mostly decalcified); numerous specimens from Deception Island, Bransfield Strait, South Shetland Islands (USNM 613095), and 54°18’ S, 35° 30’ W, South Georgia Islands, 94 m, 8 April 1996 (MLP 6505, MACN 35017); 2 specimens, South Georgia Islands (MACN 18715); several loose valves, Isla de los Estados (MACN 22219); 10 specimens, 54°27' S, 35°41’ W, South Georgia Islands, 249-256 m, 12 April 2002 (MLP 6729): 4 specimens, 60°59’ S, 43° 27' W, South Orlmeys Islands, 399-402 m, 22 April 2002 (MLP 6731) (Figure 1). Other Published Records: Southern Chile: 41°58’ S, 73°18’ W, Golfo de Ancud (200 m); 41°43’18" S, 72°38'15" W, Estero Reloncavi (470 m); 41°38'34” S, 72°22'45" W, Estero Reloncavi (50 m) (Soot-Ryen, 1959); Antarctica: Adelia Land (Amaud, 1964) (Figure ih), Distribution: Antarctic and Subantarctic waters, 50— 470 m. Remarks: Diagnostic characters of Waldo parasiticus are: the extremely thin shell, gaping ventrally and at an- terior and posterior ends, beaks with a well-marked ne- pionic shell, adult hinge edentulous with internal liga- ment, shell surface sculptured with radial ribs and com- marginal ribs, and expanded mantle border covering the outer shell surface bearing long and stout tentacles. The syntypes of Montacuta christenseni (despite being strongly decalcified) were found to be identical in shell morphology and soft part anatomy to Waldo parasiticus. Smaller syntypes differed slightly in having strongly marked radial ribs. The original description of Lepton costulatum Mar- tens, 1885, and its redescription by Martens and Pfeffer (1886) are rather poor and lack illustrations. Despite this, they are informative enough to indicate that L. cos- tulatum is conspecific with W. parasiticus. Unfortunate- ly, the types of L. costulatum, originally housed at Mu- seum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin (ZMB 37468), seem to be lost (M. Glaubrecht, in litt., June 2001). Solecardia antarctica Hedley, 1911, a species reported from the Antarctic Region, is also similar to W. parasi- ticus and, based on the information given by the original description and figure, they seems to be conspecific, as previously suggested by Arnaud (1964). Lepton costulatum and Montacuta christenseni were previously proposed as synonyms of Lepton parasiticum by Soot-Ryen (1959). Biological observations: Waldo parasiticus is a di- oecious species. Females produce large, non-plankto- trophic yolky eggs, which are incubated in the space lim- ited by the descending lamella of the inner demibranch and the visceral mass. Larvae, occurring free in the vol- ume of the brooding space, were found in April and November in specimens larger than 1.5 mm. A maxi- mum number of 157 D-shaped larvae (0.45/0.5 mm length X 0.4/0.5 mm width), all in the same develop- mental stage, were found in a maternal individual of 2.7 mm long. Waldo parasiticus lives as an epibiont, secured by the byssus to the spines in the ambulacral areas of numerous irregular Antarctic and circumantarctic Schi- zasteridae echinoids (Table 1). The epibiotic behavior in association with large invertebrates (referred to as sym- biosis, commensalism or parasitism by different authors) is characteristic of many Galeommatoidea. While the Page 114 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Figures 23-28. Waldo trapezialis new species. 23. Holotype (MLP 6728-1), left lateral view. 24-28. Paratypes (MLP 6728-2). 24. Detail of the nepionic shell. 25. Ventral view of a left valve showing ve sntral gap. 26. Posterior view. 27. Anterior end showing a portion of the mantle fold (much retracted) covering the shell. 28. Detail of the hinge showing the internal ligament. L: internal ligament. Scale bars: Figures 23, 25, 26 = 1 mm; Figures 24, 28 = 100 pm; Figure 27 = 500 pm. vast majority of galeommatids have been reported to live on crustaceans, members of the Montacutidae were mainly fejoomnted! associated with irregular echinoids (Coan et al., 2000: Mikkelsen and Bieler, 1992: Ponder, 1968; Deroux, 1961; Popham, 1940). Species erroneously identified as Waldo parasiti- cus: Mortensen (1943) reported specimens of “white mussels” attached to spines of the echinoid Sterechinus diadema from Kerguelen Islands; these specimens were later reported by Ammen (1964) as Notolepton parasi- ticum. However, Mortensen’s (1943) figures suggest that the specimens likely belong to Lissarca notorcadensis Melville and Standen, 1907. Powell (1957) erroneously reported specimens of a true Neoleptonidae as Notolepton parasiticum (Dall). Speci- D. G. Zelaya and C. Ituarte, 2002 Table 1. Echinoid species reported as hosts for Waldo parasiticus. Species (original designations) Host Lepton parasiticum Lepton costulatum Tripylus sp. spatangoid echinoids Lepton sp. Abatus cavernosus Abatus agassizti Lepton parasiticum Abatus cordatus Montacuta christenseni Abatus cavernosus Montacuta christenseni Abatus cavernosus Lepton cf. parasiticum Notolepton parasiticum Waldo parasiticus Triphylaster philippii Abatus bidens Abatus agassizii Source Dall, 1876 Martens, 1885; Martens and Pfeffer, 1886 Mortensen, 1910; Mortensen, 1936 Thiele, 1912 Grieg, 1929 Mortensen, 1936 Soot-Ryen, 1959 Arnaud, 1964 present work Page 115 Waldo parasiticus mens reported and figured by Dell (1964) as Neolepton parasiticum (Dall) also correspond to a neoleptonid. Waldo trapezialis new species (Figures 23-28) Description: Shell small (maximum shell length 2.9 mm), trapezoidal, somewhat inflated (shell width/shell height ratio: 0.73 + 0.12, n = 7), relatively high (shell height/shell length ratio: 0.74 + 0.03, n = 7); gapping widely at ventral margin and only slightly at anterior end (Figures 25, 27). Shell extremely thin, white, shiny. Shell inequilateral, slightly inequivalve (Figure 26). Beaks sub- central, slightly displaced forward (located at around 45% of shell length), not prominent (Figure 23). Ne- pionic shell (approximately 590 jzm length) well-marked, inflated, forming a cup (Figure 24). Anterior end low, widely rounded, posterior end high, evenly arcuate. Dor- sal margin markedly sloping forward, wide and evenly arcuate, ventral margin long, straight and smooth. Shell surface smooth. Hinge dental ones in adults. Internal lig- ament, strong, saddle-shaped (Figure 28), external per- iostracal ligament present. Anatomy: Mantle margins free at about the 3/4 of its length, with large pedal aperture; posterior end of the mantle forming an exhalant aperture extended in a short siphon. Mantle border extended beyond the shell mar- gin, covering at least partially the shell surface. At the anterior end, the free edges of the mantle extend to form a temporary inhalant structure, a partly closed channel directed upwards. Along the ventral border of the mantle 5 pairs of opposite long and stout cylindrical tentacles, present: 3 at sides of the pedal aperture, 1 at the point of mantle fusion, and 1 posterior to the fusion, on the presiphonal suture. Only one, the inner, demi- branch present. Foot cylindrical with a blunt heel and well-marked bysal groove running along its ventral sur- face. A strong byssus gland located at the base of the foot heel secretes a multifilamentous byssus; each one of the byssus filaments provides anchorage to one spine of the host, an irregular echinoid. Triphylus excavatus present work Type locality: 54°18’ S, 35°30’ W, South Georgia Is- lands, 94 m (Figure 1). Type material: Holotype (MLP 6725-1) (2.45 x 1.9 mm), 3 paratypes (MACN 35016) (2.9 X 2.0 mm, 1.7 xX 1.35 mm and 1.6 X 1.25 mm) and 2 paratypes (MLP 6728-2) (2.45 X 1.8 mm and 2.9 x 2.2 mm) all from type locality, 8 April 1996; 1 paratype, 54°27’ S, 35°41’ W, South Georgia Islands, 249-256 m, 12 April 2002 (2.55 X 1.8 mm) (MLP 6730). Distribution: South Georgia Islands. Etymology: The name refers to the trapezoidal shell outline. Remarks: Waldo trapezialis new species can be easily identified by its trapezoidal shell shape, smooth shell surface, and shell border not crenulated. W. t) “apexialis differs from W. parasiticus in having a more inflated, slightly inequiv alve shell, with a long smooth and straight ventral mar gin, high broadly arcuate posterior end, and surface without Pail sculpture or commarginal ribs. The nepionic shell is larger in W. trapezialis. W. trape- zialis also differs from W. parasiticus in lacking the un- paired tentacle above the exhalant siphon. The specimens of Waldo trapezialis new species stud- ied were collected attached to loose spines of an irreg- ular echinoid. We do not have at this point further de- tails on the identification of the host species. THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF WALDO The genus Waldo was proposed by Nicol (1966) to in- clude Lepton parasiticum Dall, and was tentatively as- signed to the family Neoleptonidae. The presence of only one pair of demibranchs clearly exclude Waldo from the Neoleptonidae. Salas and Gofas (1998), in a revision of the genus Neolepton, suggested that Waldo parasiticus most likely belongs to the Montacutidae or Galeommatidae. However, the lack of hinge teeth in the adults, the presence of stout tentacles as mantle projec- tions, and the dioecious condition are characters not pre- viously reported for members of the Montacutidae. At Page 116 present there is not agreement on the suprageneric clas- sification of the Galeommatoidea. Vokes (1980) recog- nized five families of Galeommatoidea: Kellidae, Erycin- idae, Leptonidae, Montacutidae and Galeommatidae, while Coan et al. (2000), recognized only two galeom- matoid families: Lasaeidae (which includes Montacuti- dae) and Galeommatidae. Due to this and to the lack of a clear definition of families, a decision about the supra- generic placement of Waldo is postponed. Waldo parasiticus resembles Scioberetia australis F. Bernard, 1895, a species obtained from the ambulacral areas of the echinoid Tripylus excavatus from Cape Horn (southern South America). The species was never recorded again after its original description; however, Bernard's (1895a) record was subsequently repeated by Thiele (1912), Arnaud (1964), Osorio and Bahamonde (1970), F. R. Bernard (1983), and B6hme (1993). Ac- cording to the generic diagnosis of the genus Scioberetia given by Thiele (1934), Waldo would be its synonym. However, from Bernard’s (1895a) original description and from the study of the type material of S. australis (MNHN), it is clear that this genus differs from Waldo by the presence of a well-developed taxodont-like larval hinge teeth (Bernard, 1895a), the lack of byssus gland anal by the absence of tentacles on the mantle border. The probable hermaphroditic condition discussed by Bernard (1895a—c) would be an additional differential character. In our opinion, both Scioberetia and Waldo should be considered as valid genera. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank D. Nahabedian for providing the specimens collected by the R/V Epuarpo L. HoLm- BERG. We are grateful also to M. G. Harasewych and T. Nickens (National Museum of Natural History, Wash- ington, DC, USA), V. Héros and P. Bouchet (Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France), and J. A. Kongsrud (University of Bergen, Museum of Zoology, Bergen, Norway) who kindly facilitated the study of type specimens. M. Glaubrecht (Museum fiir Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany) kindly commented on the types of Lepton costulatum, and A. Tablado allowed access to the MACN collections. Michael Schrédl provided photo- graphs of living specimens taken aboard the R/V PoLar- STERN, and Rafael Urréjola (from the MLP Scanning Electron Microscopy unit) for his technical assistance and fine work with SEM photography; their help is al- sogreatly apreciated. The authors are members of the National Research Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina. This work was partially sup- ported by a gr ant from Fundacién Antorchas to D. Z. LITERATURE CITED Arnaud, P. 1964. Echinodermes littoraux de Terre Adélie (Hol- othuries exceptées) et Pélécypodes commensaux dechinides antarctiques. Expeditions Polaires Francaises (Mission Paul-Emile Victor), Publication 258, 69 pp. THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Bemard, F. 1895a. Sur un lamellibranche nouveau (Scioberetia australis) commensal d'un Echinoderme. Comptes Ren- dues de Academie des Sciences 121 (17); 569-571. Berard, F. 1895b. Scioberetia australis, type nouveau de la- mellibranche. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et la Bel- gique 27: 364-395. Bernard, F. 1895c. Sur quelques stades du développement du Scioberetia australis nob., lamellibranche a coquille in- terne. Bulletin du Muséum d’ Histoire Naturelle 1(7): PI OWT, Bernard, F. R. 1983. Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the Eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Ca- nadian Special Publications of Fisheries and Aquatic Sci- ences 61: 1-102. Coan, E. V., P. V. Scott and F. R. Bernard. 2000. Bivalve sea- shells of Western North America. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs number 2, Studies in Bio- diversity 2, 764 pp. Dall, W. H. 1876. Contributions to the Natural History of Ker- guelen Island, I. Mollusks. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 3: 42-48. Dell, R. K. 1964. Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Mollusca: Am- phineura, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. Discovery Reports 33: 93-250. Dell, R. K. 1990. Antarctic Mollusca with special reference to the fauna of the Ross Sea. Bulletin of The Royal Society of New Zealand 27: 1-311. Deroux, G. 1961. Rapports taxonomiques dun Leptonacé non décrit “Lepton subtrigonum” Jeffreys (nomen nudum — 1873). Cahiers de Biologie Marine 2: 99-153. Gabe, M. 1968. Techniques histologiques. Masson, Paris. 1113 Grieg, J. 1929. Echinodermata from the Palmer Archipelago, South Shetlands, South Georgia and the Bouvet Island. Scientific Reports of the Norwegian Antarctic Expedition 1927-1929, 1(2): 1-16. Linse, K. 1997. Distribution of epibenthic Mollusca from the Chilean Beagle Channel. Berichte zur Polarforschung 228: 1-130. Martens, E. 1885. Volaufine Mitheilungen iiber die Mollus- kenfauna von Siid Georgien. Sitzungs-Berichte der Ge- sellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin: 89-94. Martens, E. and G. Pfeffer. 1886. Die mollusken von Siid- Georgien nach der Ausbeute der Deutschen Station 1882-83. Jarhbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschatlichen Anstalten 3: 66-135. Mikkelsen, P. M. and R. Bieler. 1992. Biology and comparative anatomy of three new species of commensal Galeomma- tidae, with a possible case of mating behaviour in bivalves. Malacologia 34 (1-2): 1-24. Mortensen, T. 1910. The equinoidea of the Swedish South Po- lar Expedition. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwed- ichen Siidpolar Expedition 1901— 1903. Band 6, Zoology 2: 114 pp + 19 plates. Mortensen, T. 1936. Echinoidea and Ophiuroidea. Discovery Reports 12: 199-348 + 9 plates. Mortensen, T. 1943. A monograph of the Echinoidea. HI. 3. Camarodonta II. Echinidae, Strongylocentrotidae, Paras- aleniidae, Echinometridae. C.A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 440 Dp. Muhlenhard Siegel U. 1989. Antarktische Bivalvia der Reisen des F.S. “Polarstern” und des F.F.S. “Walther Herwig” aus den Jahren 1984 bis 1986. Mitteilungen aus dem Ham- D. G. Zelaya and C. Ituarte, 2002 burgischen Zoologischen Museum und Institut 86; 153— 178. Nicol, N. 1966. Description, ecology and geographic distribu- tion of some Antarctic pelecypods. Bulletin of American Palaeontology 51(231): 1-102. Osorio, C. and N. Bahamonde. 1970. Lista preliminar de los lamelibranquios de Chile. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 31: 185-256. Ponder, W. F. 1968. Three commensal bivalves from New Zea- land. Records of the Dominion Museum 6(9); 125-131. Popham, M. L. 1940. The mantle cavity of some of the Ery- cinidae, Montacutidae and Galeommatidae with special reference to the ciliary mechanisms. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 24: 549- O86. Powell, A. W. B. 1957. Mollusca of Kerguelen and Macquerie islands. B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. Reports, B 4(10): 107-150. Page 117 Ramirez-Béhme, J. 1993. Moluscos de Chile. Bivalvia. Vol. 4, Tomo 1. 144 pp. Author's edition. Salas, C. and S. Gofas. 1998. Description of four new species of Neolepton Monterosato, 1875 (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Neo- leptonidae), with comments on the genus and on its affin- ity with the Veneracea. Ophelia 48 (1) 35-70. Soot-Ryen, T. 1959. Reports of the Lund University Chile Ex- pedition 1948-49. 35. Pelecypoda. Acta Universitatis Lun- densis Avd. 2 Bd. 55 Nr 6: 1-85 + 4 pl. Thiele, J. 1912. Die Antarktischen Schnecken und Muscheln. Deutsche Siidpolar Expedition 1901-1903, 13:183—285. Thiele, J. 1934. Handbuch der systematischen Weichtierkunde. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena. Bd 2, Dritter Teil, pp. I-V, 779-1022. Vokes, H. 1980. Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bib- liographic catalogue (revised and updated). Paleontologi- cal Research Institution. Ithaca, New York, USA. 307 pp. THE NAUTILUS 116(4):118-128, 2002 Page 118 The status and identity of Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére, 1789) (Bivalvia: Cardiidae) G. Thomas Watters Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Museum of Biological Diversity Ohio State Univer sity 1315 Kinnear Road Columbus, OH 43212 USA ABSTRACT The name Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére, 1789), as used by most authors, embraces two taxa of marine cardiids found in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Papyridea lata (Born, 1778) oc- curs in the western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. Born’s specimen in the Zoologisches Museum, Vi- enna, labeled as variety “roseo-maculata” (891a), is here des- ignated as the lectotype. Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére, 1789) is sympatric with P. lata, but also occurs in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Chemnitz, 1782, Conchylien Cabinet, page 65, plate 6, figures 49 and 50 are designated as the lectotype il- lustrations. Cardiuwm (Papyridea) spinosum var. turtoni Dall, 1900 is a junior synonym of P. soleniformis. Additional key words: Cardioidea, type specimen, Atlantic Ocean. INTRODUCTION The marine cardiid known as Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiere, 1789) is considered a fairly common, wide- spread species in the western Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and portions of the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Addi- tional study has revealed the presence of two taxa cur- rently grouped under that name: Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére, 1789) and Papyridea lata (Born, 1778). The source of the taxonomic confusion concerning these spe- cies may be traced to Linnaeus (1758). He described Solen bullatus from an unknown locale with reference to Rumphius’s plate 44, fig. N (Figure 1). However, Lin- neaus’s brief description of Solen olllatens does not apply to this illustration. (I have cited Rumphius (1705) for this figure, but as Dodge (1952) pointed out, we cannot be sure which edition, or even which of Rumphius’s two works, Amboinische Rariteitkamer or Thesaurus imagin- um piscium Testaceorum, was involved. Regardless, the plates of the two works are identical.) The species de- picted in Rumphius’s fig. N also does not conform to Linnaeus’s concept of Solen as evidenced by the other species originally included by him in that genus. Smith (1945) identified the figure with a Pacific species of Ful- via. But the color plate in Rumphius is of an all-white shell, which would be rare for a Fulvia. Furthermore, Rumphius used the vernacular name Doublet or Dub- beld for other cardiids and the name Ark for arcids. Rumphius called the species later named by Linnaeus as the Bastaard Ark. Based on this evidence, Rumphius’s species undoubtedly is an arcid. Schumacher (1817) be- lieved Linnaeus’s species was misplaced in Solen and suggested Coeur (a cardiid). Hanley (1855) agreed but suggested that the description applied to a Fulvia and the illustration to an arcid. Dodge (1952) concluded that Linnaeus mistakenly had given Rumphius’s fig. N as rep- resenting this species. In any event, the species cannot be identified unambiguously from either the description or the illustration and no type exists in the Linnean col- lection (Dodge, 1952). The name Solen bullatus there- fore is anomen dubium. However, many subsequent au- thors retained bullatus for various species and ignored Linnaeus’s incongruous description. Inasmuch as we do not know the identity of Linnaeus’s species, no use of the name Solen bullatus can be accepted as a correct identification, and none of the subsequent authors may be considered the author of that name, even if placed in a different genus (ICZN, 1999: Art. 49). Finally, Rum- phius’s fig. N does not resemble either of the two Pa- pyridea species discussed here and appears to be an ar- cid. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six specimens of P. soleniformis and 325 specimens of P. lata were examined. Specimens were measured as the greatest length parallel to the hinge axis. Institutional acronyms are: ANSP, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phil- adelphia, USA; GTW, collection of G. Thomas Watters, Columbus, Ohio, USA; HGL, collection of Harry G. Lee, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; RV, collection of Ron Voskuil, Delft, The Netherlands; UF = Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, Florida, USA; UMMZ = University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Ann Arbor, G. T. Watters, 2002 Page 119 ee S : Se NLS ae NG Naw Figures 1-6. 1. Rumphius, 1705, pl. 44, fig. N. Type figure of Solen bullatus Linnaeus, 1758. 2. Pectunculus tenuis pelluci- dus... Lister, 1685, pl. 342, fig. 179. Type figure of Coeur spinosum Meuschen, 1787 = Papyridea lata (Born, 1778). 3. Blasen- arrige Herz Knorr, 1772, pl. 7, fig. 6. Cited by Born as questionable figure of Cardiwm latum Bom, 1778. 4. Born, 1780, pl. 3, fig. 8. Born’s refiguring of Cardium latum Born, 1778. 5. Chama H. inaequilatera, oblique striata... Gualtieri, 1742, pl. 85, fig. H. Type figure of Coeur hiatus Meuschen, 1787 = Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére, 1789). 6. Solen bullatus “Linnaeus.” Chemnitz, 1782, 65, pl. 6, figs. 49, 50. Lectotype figure of Cardium soleniforme Bruguiére, 1789, designated herein. Michigan, USA; USNM = National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA. SYSTEMATICS Superfamily Cardioidea Lamarck, 1809 Family Cardiidae Lamarck, 1809 Subfamily Trachycardiinae Stewart, 1930 Genus Papyridea Swainson, 1840 Type Species: Papyridea Soleniforme “Wood,” non Bruguiére, 1789, by subsequent designation of Gray (November, 1847). Swainson had included four species under Papyridea, including Papyridea soleniforme “Wood, 1815.” Wood's figure (pl. 56, fig. 3) is of Papyr- idea lata (Bom, 1778). Swainson’s type species is there- fore misidentified. But as both species are members of Papyridea, there is no threat to the stability of this genus name, and I have not referred the case to the Commis- sion (ICZN, 1999: Art. 70 (b)). Herrmannsen (Septem- ber, 1847) had earlier designated Cardium bullatum as type of Papyridea, but as that species was not included by Swainson in his original list, it is not eligible as the type species. Papyridea lata (Born, 1778) (Figures 2, 4, 7-13) Pectunculus tenuis pellucidus, leviter purpurascens, dense striatus a Jamaica Lister, 1685: pl. 342, fig. 179 [pre-Lin- nean; type figure of Coeur spinosum Meuschen, 1787, by restriction of Clench and Smith, 1944, as first revisors]. Cardium latum Born, 1778: 37; 1780: pl. 3, fig. 9; Bruguiére, 1789: 234-235 [partim]. Coeur spinosum Meuschen, 1787: 442 [non-binomial]. Cardium soleniforme “Bruguiére”. —Wood, 1815: 233, pl. 56, fig. 3; 1835:56, fig. 3; 1856: 5, pl. 5, fi guiére, 1789]. Papyridea Soleniforme “Wood”.—Swainson, 1840: 374. Cardium (Papyridea) bullatuwm (Linnaeus)—Romer, 1869: 74— 76, pl. 12, figs. 13-16. Cardium latum “Chemnitz”.—Brauer, 1878: 127. Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum “Chemnitz” —Kobelt, 1880: 345, pl. 101, fig. 4. Cardium spinosum var. spinosum (Meuschen).—Dall, 1900b: 1107-1108. Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen).—Smith, 1937: 49, pl. 17, fig. 8: McLean, 1939: 164-165, pl. 24, figs. 3, 9; Vilas and Vilas, 1945: 38, pl. 3, fig. 15. Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen).—Clench and Smith, 1944: 17, pl. 4, figs. 3-5 [partim]. Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen).—McLean, 1951: 71 [partim|] [not pl. 15, fig. 1 = Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguieére, 1789)]. Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére).—Keen, 1937: 14-15; Ab- bott, 1954: 398, pl. 39n [partim]; Perry and Schwengel, 1955: 68, pl. 13, fig. 74: Warmke and Abbott, 1961: 183, pl. 37j; Abbott, 1968: 228, fig. 7; Nordsieck, 1969: 103, pl. 15, fig. 57.10; Stanley, 1970: 157, 158, pl. 20, figs. 1- 6; Porter and Tyler, 1971: 16, fig. 9; Clench, 1973: 57, pl. 23, fig. 16; [partim] Abbott, 1974:484, pl. 22, fig. 5555; Humfrey, 1975: 245, pl. 29, figs. 18, 18a.; Rios, 1975: 223, pl. 71, fig. 1072; Keen, 1980: pl. 5, fig. 7 [partim]; Vokes and Vokes, 1983: 40, 63, pl. 41, fig. 5; Rios, 1994: 263, pl. 90, fig. 1282 [all non Bruguiére, 1789]. Cardium bullatum “Chemnitz”. —Lamy, 1941: 462-463 [par- tim]. Papyridea (Papyridea) soleniforme (Bruguiére )—Fischer-Piet- te, 1977: 69-70 [partim]. Papyridea latum (Bom).—Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1991: 31 [partim]. Papyridea (Papyridea) lata (Born).—Kafanov, 1997: 3-4, pl. 1, figs. 3a, b, pl. 2, figs. la-d, 2a-e, pl. 3, figs. la-c. g. 36 [all non Bru- 5 Page 120 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Figures 7-13. Papyridea lata (Born, 1778). 7. Lectotype, herein designated (Zoologisches Museum, Wien, 891a) (from original photograph of R. Voskuil). Locality unknown. 8. Paralectotype, herein designated (Zoologisches Museum, Wien, 891a) (from original photograph of R. Voskuil). Locality unknown. 9. 2-12 m, Cat Cay, Bimini, Bahamas (UF 176315) (47 mm). 10- 11. Beached, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA (GTW) (34 mm). 12. Salvador, Bahia State, Brasil (HGL) (36 mm). 13. Matanzas, Cuba (GTW) (31 mm). Figures 14-21. Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére, 1789). 14-15. Syntype of Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum var. turtoni Dall, 1900. [Pleistocene] of Caloosahatchee River, Florida, USA (USNM [USGS] 157547) (42 mm). 16-17. Sao Tomé (ANSP 267835) (53 mm). 18. St. Helena (USNM 777907) (43 mm). 19. Cape Verde Islands (ANSP 309062) (45 mm). 20. Water Island, Virgin Islands (GTW) (33 mm). 21. Off Lake Worth, Florida, USA, 60 m (UF 12117) (34 mm). G. T. Watters, 2002 Description: Shell to 44 mm in length, thin but solid, oval, compressed, slightly opisthogyrate, slightly inequi- lateral, with the umbo located 37-45% length back from the anterior margin. Posterior of umbones rounded, lacking a ridge or angulation. Shells gaping antero-ven- trally and postero-dorsally, forming pedal and siphonal gapes respectively. Exterior of shell ornamented with 43-59 primary radial ribs. Ribs about as wide as inter- rib spaces on anterior of shell, becoming wider on pos- terior. Postero-dorsal margin dentate. Primary ribs tri- angular in cross-section on anterior of shell, becoming flattened on posterior of shell. Anterior-most primary ~18 ribs and posterior-most ~12 ribs ornamented with minute concave scales. Scales cross entire rib on anterior ribs, but are situated on a narrow medial line on the posterior ribs. Exterior color quite variable. Background white with large irregular patches of yellow, orange, rose, or purple, sometimes forming irregular concentric bands. Occasional specimens are uniformly colored with these shades. Some specimens have one or two vague, broad rays radiating from the umbones of the same color as the patches. These rarely persist on the exterior on specimens larger than 10 mm. Living and freshly dead specimens have a thin, tan-colored periostracum around the shell margin. Hinge occupying 1/2 of total length. Anterior laterals larger, more blade-like than posterior ones. Left and right laterals of equal size. Left laterals engage dorsal to right laterals. Small, peg-like left car- dinal tooth fits into socket in right valve. Ligament ex- ternal, small, approximately 1/6 or less of shell length. The arrangement of the teeth and ligament allows the shells to rock along an antero-postero axis (Watters, 1992). Interior of shell white, with exterior colors show- ing through. The two broad rays radiating from the umbo are much more conspicuous and noticeably longer on the interior than on the exterior. Preserved examples have not been seen. Type Material: The Born collection in the Zoolo- gisches Museum, Wien, has two syntypes of Cardium latum (891a), one labeled “roseo-maculata,” the other “luteo-maculata” (Voskuil, in litt.). The first, ”roseo-ma- culata,” corresponds best to Born’s 1780 illustration and is here designated as the lectotype (Figure 7). The sec- ond specimen, “luteo-maculata,” is a paralectotype (Fig- ure 8). ICZN (1999: Art. 72.4.1) does not allow speci- mens “expressly” excluded as distinct variants to remain part of the type series. Strictly speaking this might ex- clude Born’s two color variants from being primary types. However, it is clear that Born considered all of his specimens to belong to one or the other color variant; the two variants therefore compose the entire type se- ries. Type locality: Cardiuwm latum Born, 1778: unknown. Material examined: BERMUDA: 1.5-3.0 m, Coney Island (GTW, HGL). TEXAS: 46 m off Freeport (ANSP). SOUTH CAROLINA: Myrtle Beach, Orry Co. (GTW). FLORIDA [Atlantic Ocean]: dredged 90 m Page 121 (RV); 21 m, 121 km E of St. Augustine, St. Johns Co. (UF); 320 m, off St. Augustine, St. Johns Co. (GTW); 23 km ENE of Mayport, Duval Co. (HGL); 27 m, 32 km E of Mayport, Duval Co. (HGL); 30-60 m, off Sing- ers Id., Palm Beach Co. (UF); 30 m, Peanut Island, Palm Beach Co. (UF); Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (UF); Fish Haven, Lake Worth, Palm Beach Co. (UF); Lake Worth, Palm Beach Co. (ANSP, GTW, UF): S of Lake Worth Inlet, Palm Beach Co. (UF); 55 m, off Boynton Inlet, Palm Beach Co. (UF); 18 m, off Briny Breezes, Palm Beach Co. (UF); fill from 18 m, Pompano Beach, Broward Co. (UF); Finger Channels, Dade Co. (HGL); Bear Cut, Key Biscayne, Dade Co. (UF); Biscayne Bay, Dade Co. (GTW); 73 m, off Miami, Dade Co. (GTW); Little Duck Key, Monroe Co. (UF); W end Bahia Honda Key, Monroe Co. (UMMZ); Newfound Harbor Keys, Monroe Co. (UF); 117 m, Florida Straits, 24°23°15” N, 82°01717” W (UF). [Gulf of Mexico]: 64 m, 150° off Pen- sacola, Escambia Co. (UF); off Destin, Okaloosa Co. (ANSP); 26 m, Destin, Okaloosa Co. (UF); 40 m, 225° off Panama City, Bay Co. (ANSP, UF); 8-11 km S of Alligator Point, Franklin Co. (UF); Boca Ciega Beach, Pinellas Co. (UF); St. Petersburg, Hillsborough Co. (UF); Longboat Key, Sarasota Co. (UF); 13-15 m, 15- 18 km SW of Big Sarasota Pass, Sarasota Co. (UF); Ft. Myers Beach, Lee Co. (ANSP); Captiva Island, Lee Co. (UF); Point Ybel, Sanibel Id., Lee Co. (UF); Sanibel Id., Lee Co. (ANSP, GTW, UF); Boca Grande, Gasparilla Island, Lee Co. (ANSP); Little Gasparilla Island, Lee Co. (ANSP); 55 m, off Naples, Collier Co. (UF); Naples Beach, Collier Co. (GTW); Marco Id., Collier Co. (UF); 427 m, 241 km W of Cape Romano, Collier Co. (UF); Madiera/Pass-a-Grille Beach, Pinellas Co. (UF, UMMZ): dredged 30 m, Bradenton, Manatee Co. (RV); off Pan- ama City, Bay Co. (HGL). BAHAMAS: 2-11 m, Cat Cay, Bimini (UF); Alicetown, Bimini (ANSP); drift, 300 m N of Current Cut, Current, Eleuthera (HGL); Parrot Cays, Great Abaco (ANSP); Hog Island (ANSP). CUBA: (GTW); Matanzas (GTW); Playa del Frances (GTW); Varadero (ANSP, GTW); 57m, 0.8 km out from bay side of Icacos Peninsula (ANSP): Tarallones de Arena, near Santiago (ANSP). PUERTO RICO: (GTW); off Cabo Rojo Lighthouse (UF); Mayaguez (GTW); Punta Arenas (ANSP). VIRGIN ISLANDS: Devils Bay, Virgin Gorda (UF); St. Croix (UF); Water Id. (GTW); St. Thomas (ANSP). ST. MARTIN: (ANSP). GRENADA: | m, near Lance aux Epines (HGL); Grand Anse Beach (ANSP); 7-11 m, entrance of St. George Harbour (ANSP); 0.3- 1 m, Prickly Bay (ANSP). MARTINIQUE: (ANSP, UF, UMMZ). ARUBA: (GTW). HONDUBAS: 8 m, ESE of Punta Negro (ANSP); 8 m, N of Man of War Cay (ANSP); Hopkins, Commerce Bight (ANSP). BRAZIL: 3-6 m, off Clube Iate, Salvador, Bahia State (HGL); 1- 3 m, Salvador, Bahia State (HGL):; 9-10 m, Porto Belo, Santa Catarina State (HGL). Distribution: Subtidal to at least 90 m. Western At- lantic Ocean from South Carolina to southern Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan (Vokes and Vokes, 1983), Ber- Page 122 muda, and Caribbean Sea. Not recorded from the east- ern Atlantic Ocean. Remarks: Lister's (1685) figure 179 and description of the shell as “slightly purple” identifies it as Papyridea lata as no purple P. soleniformis are known to the writer. The rib count of the illustrated specimen is at the min- imum for P. soleniformis, but only three less than the minimum for P. lata. Reliance on accurate rib counts for identification from a 17‘ century picture book may be unrealistic. The color pattern also suggests P. lata more so than P. soleniformis. This is the first mention of this species in the literature (Figure 2). Meuschen (1787) listed this taxon under the name “Coeur spinosum,” based on this figure and that of Knorr (1772), but Meuschen’s work is non-binominal. Knorr (1772) illus- trated a shell that may refer to one of the two taxa dis- cussed here, but the figure is too crude for accurate identification (Figure 3). Knorr’s works also are non-bi- nominal. Born (1778) cited Knorr’s 1772 illustration, but did so with a question mark, in describing specimens in the collection of the Empress Maria Theresa as Cardium latum. Born redescribed this species with his own figure in 1780 (Figure 4). This was the first available name for this species: Cardiwm latum Born, 1778. Voskuil and On- verwagt (1991) and Kafanov (1997) also reached this conclusion, but included both P. lata and P. soleniformis under that name. Finally, Brauer (1878), working with Born’s types, identified ge with Meuschen’s spinos- um. Papyridea lata differs conchologically from P. soleni- formis in several ways. The former is noticeably more equilateral and lacks the angulation on the umbones. The ribs on the posterior half of the shell of P. lata are flattened, while those of P. soleniformis are triangular. The scales on the posterior primary ribs are positioned in a narrow medial band in P. lata, but in P. soleniformis, they are situated on the postero-dorsal slope of the ribs. The consistent color pattern of P. soleniformis is rarely duplicated in the much more variable and brightly col- ored P. lata. Papyridea soleniformis grows to a larger size than P. lata. Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére, 1789) (Figures 5, 6, 14-21) Chama H. inaequilatera, oblique striata, margine interno den- tata, ex candido and roseo variegata and fasciata Gualtieri, 1742: pl. 85, fig. H [pre-Linnean; type figure of “Coeur hiatus” Meuschen, 1787, by original designation]. Solen bullatus Linnaeus —C Inenamnitez, 1782: 66, pl. 6, figs. 49, 50 [rejected work; type figure of Cardium soleniforme Bruguiére, 1789, herein selected] [reproduced Richard- son, Abbott and Davis, 1979]; Gmelin, 1791: 3226; Bosc, 1802:13; Dillwyn, 1817: 69 [all non Linnaeus, 1758]. Coeur hiatus Meuschen, 1787: 442 [non-binominal]. Cardium soleniforme Bruguiére, 1789: 235; Bosc, 1802:107. Cardium bullatum (Linnaeus). Lannea 1819: 6; Anton, 1839: 11; Sowerby, 1841: 2; Reeve, 1845: pl. 2, fig. 8; Reibisch, 1865: 126 [all non a ILA. 1758]. Cardium bullatum “Lamarck”.—Dunker, 1853: 51. THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Papyridea spinosa (Meuschen)—Adams and Adams, 1858: 456. Papyridea (Fulvia) bullata (Linnaeus)—Chenu, 1862: 109, figs. 500-502 [non Linnaeus, 1758]. Cardium (Fulvia) bullata (Linnaeus)—Tryon, 1894: 193, 437, pl. 116, fig. 78 [non Linnaeus, 1758]. Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum var. Turtoni Dall, 1900b:1108; Schuchert et al., 1905:132; Boss et al., 1968: 328 [non Cardium turtoni Sowerby (IL), 1894 = Parvicardium tur- toni (Sowerby {II}, 1894)]. Cardium bullatum “Chemnitz’.—Lamy, 1941: 462-463 [par- tim). Papyridea hiatus |partim] Clench and Smith, 1944: 17. Papyridea bullata “Chemnitz” —Nicklés, 1950: 170. Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen).—McLean, 1951: 71, pl. 15, fig. 1 [partim]. Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére).—Abbott, 1954: 398 [par- tim] [not pl. 39n = Papyridea lata (Born, 1778)]; Abbott, 1974: 484 [partim|] [not pl. 22, fig. 5555 = Papyridea lata (Born, 1778)]; Keen, 1980: pl. 6, fig. 11 [partim]; Abbott and Dance, 1982: 329, text figure; Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1989: 63, 64, figs. 2.1, 2.1.01, pl. 3, fig. 1; Vermeij and Rosenberg, 1993: 185, 194. Papyridea (Papyridea) soleniforme (Bruguiére).—Fischer-Piet- te, 1977:69-70 [partim]. Description: Shell to 60 mm in length, thin but solid, elongate-oval, compressed, slightly opisthogyrate, ine- quilateral, with the umbo located 26-33% back from the anterior margin. Posterior of umbones angled with a ridge. Shells gaping antero-ventrally and postero-dorsal- ly, forming pedal and siphonal gapes respectively. Exte- rior of shell ornamented with 40-48 primary radial ribs, equal in width to the inter-rib spaces anteriorly, becom- ing wider than inter-rib spaces posteriorly. Postero-dor- sal margin dentate. There is a tendency to form second- ary ribs posteriorly, particularly along the dorsal side of the primary ribs. Primary ribs triangular in cross-section. Anterior-most primary ~ 16 ribs and posterior-most ~ 14 ribs usually ornamented with minute concave scales. Seales cross entire rib on anterior ribs, but are situated on the postero-dorsal side on the posterior ribs. Exterior color consistent on all specimens seen, with white or yellowish background marked with irregular, inter- spersed rose or purple blotches and flecks that may form vague concentric bands. Some specimens have one or two well-defined, broad rays radiating from the umbones of the same color. These rarely persist on the exterior on specimens past 20 mm. Living and freshly dead spec- imens have a thin, tan-colored periostracum around the shell margin. Hinge occupying less than 1/2 of total length. Anterior and posterior lateral teeth of equal size. Left laterals small, short, and blade-like. Right laterals slightly larger. Otherwise, lateral teeth and ligament as in P. lata. Interior of shell white, with exterior colors showing through. Preserved examples have not been seen. Type material: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiére, 1789: Lectotype illustrations, herein selected, Chemnitz, 1782: 65, pl. 6, figs. 49, 50 (see ICZN, 1999: Art. 74.4) (Figure 6). Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum var. turtoni G. T. Watters, 2002 Dall, 1900: Syntypes USNM [USGS] 157547, one whole valve, one fragment (figs. 14, 15). Type locality: Cardium soleniforme Bruguiére, 1789, based herein on Chemnitz, 1782: unknown. Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum var. turtoni Dall, 1900: [Pleisto- cene]| of Caloosahatchee River, Florida. Material examined: BERMUDA: 1.5-3.0 m, Coney Island (GTW, HGL). FLORIDA [Atlantic Ocean]: Palm Beach Co. (UF); 27 m, N of Dodge Estate, Palm Beach Inlet, Palm Brach Co. (UF); 36-46 m, Dodge Estate, Palm Beach Inlet, Palm Brach Co. (UF); Lake Worth, Palm Beach Co. (ANSP, UF): off Breakers Hotel, Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (UF); off radio tower, Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (UF); 1 m, Bear Cut, Key Bis- cayne, Dade Co. (GTW, UF); Stiltsville Finger Chan- nels, Dade Co. (HGL, RV, UF); Newfound Harbor Keys, Monroe Co. (UF); Middle Sambo Shoals, Key West, Monroe Co. (UF); off Key West, Monroe Co. (HGL); Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, Dry Tortugas (UF); 1.2 m, 0.27 km S of Fort Jefferson, Garden Key, Dry Tortugas (UF); 1.6 km S of Garden Key, Dry Tortugas (UF); 0-68 m, Dry Tortugas (ANSP). [Gulf of Mexico]: off Tarpon Springs, Pinellas Co. (UF); Little Sarasota Bay (ANSP). BAHAMAS: 20 m, off reef NE of North Point, Great Abaco (ANSP); Grunt Drop, Bimini La- goon, Bimini (ANSP). PUERTO RICO: Mayaguez (GTW); off Cabo Rojo Lighthouse (UF). VIRGIN IS- LANDS: (ANSP); Water Id. (GTW); Honeymoon Bay, St. Thomas (UF): St. Thomas (ANSP). LESSER AN- TILLES: 1 m, S side of Long Point, Grenada (ANSP): 7 m, Martinique (ANSP, RV). VENEZUELA: Santa Fé (RV). BRAZIL: 3-6 m, off Clube Iate, Salvador, Bahia State (HGL); 1-3 m, Salvador, Bahia State (HGL). SAO TOME: (ANSP). CAPE VERDE ISLANDS: (ANSP). ST. HELENA: (USNM). Distribution: Subtidal to at least 46 m. Western At- lantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico from central Florida to at least Bafa de Todos os Santos, Brazil: Bermuda; Ca- ribbean Sea from Cuba to Venezuela. Eastern Atlantic Ocean from Angola (Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1989), As- cension Island (Packer, 1968), St. Helena (Smith, 1890: Dall, 1900b), St. Vincent (Dall, 1900b), Sao Tomé, and Cape Verde Islands. Pleistocene of Florida. Remarks: In 1787, Meuschen described ”Coeur hia- tus” based on Gualtieri’s work (1742: plate 85, figure H), which probably depicts this species (Figure 5). I base this conclusion on the characteristic color pattern of small, separated spots found in P. soleniformis. Other aspects of the figure suggest P. lata, but overall I believe the figure is closer to P. soleniformis. Meuschen also de- scribed “Coeur spinosum,” from two figures, one of which (Knorr) is unidentifiable. The other figure (Lister) clearly is P. lata. Meuschen thus was the first worker to recognize that these were two different taxa. Unfortu- nately, his work was non-binominal, and subsequent use of them by later authors obliterated his original insight. The name hiatus remained unused until resurrected by Page 123 Clench and Smith (1944), who believed they had un- covered the earliest name for this taxon. Because a non- binominal rejected name does not enter into homonymy (ICZN, 1999: Arts. 11.4, 54.2), their illustration and de- scription resulted in their authorship of the name Pa- pyridea hiatus. Their concept included both taxa rec- ognized here, but fortunately earlier names are available for both species. A similar situation exists for Adams's and Adams’s 1858 authorship of spinosum. Because Ad- ams and Adams introduced the species name in Papyr- idea, there is no conflict with the common Cardium spi- nosum Lightfoot, 1786 [| = Acanthocardia spinosa]. Clench and Smith (1944) also (Pinadvertently) restricted Meuschen’s Coeur spinosum to Lister's figure. Chemnitz (1782) illustrated this species as Linnaeus’s Solen bullatus (Figure 6), but this work is non-binominal and rejected. In 1789 Bruguiére described Cardium so- leniforme based on a list of illustrations that included both taxa, giving a description sufficiently vague as to apply to either species. The name was largely ignored until its use by Keen (1937). It gained immediate pop- ularity with Abbott's use in the 1954 edition of American Seashells, and now it is the most widely used of the sev- eral names applied to these species. However, that name, as used by Bruguiére and later authors, encom- passed two species. I hereby restrict the type figure of Cardium soleniforme to Chemnitz, 1782, pl. 6, figs. 49, 50 (ICZN, 1999: Art. 74.4), which is clearly identifiable as the species discussed here (Figure 6). This enables this widely used name to continue to be applied to only one of the two taxa. Dall (1900b) introduced this species as Cardium spi- nosum variety turtoni, despite the earlier name Cardium turtoni Sowerby (II), 1894. Because varieties proposed before 1961 are considered to be of subspecific rank (ICZN, 1999: Art. 45.6.4), and species and subspecies names may compete as homonyms, Dall’s name is a ju- nior homonym. Dall’s species was described from the “Pliocene” of the Caloosahatchee River, Florida, now be- lieved to be Pleistocene in age. Kafanoy (1997) placed Cardiwm hiulcum Reeve, 1845, as a synonym of P. lata (his concept contained both P lata and P. soleniformis). I have not seen Reeve’s unlo- calized specimen but it seems closest to P- mantaensis Olsson, 1961, as suggested by Voskuil and Onverwagt (1991). Both P. lata and P. soleniformis have cognates in the eastern Pacific Ocean, indicating a Tethyian distri- bution for their common ancestors. Papyridea crokeri Strong and Hertlein, 1937, is the homologue of P. lata, and P. aspersa (Sowerby, 1833) is the homologue of P soleniformis. See under Papyridea lata for comments on identifying P. lata and P. soleniformis. UNIDENTIFIED NAMES AND MISIDENTIFICATIONS Many references cannot be paired with one or the other species, as evidenced from the following references to P. lata and P. soleniformis as defined here. Page 124 non Rumphius, 1705:pl. 44, fig. N [ = an arcid.?]. non Solen bullatus Linnaeus, 1758: 673; Hanley, 1855: 31, 32 [ = nomen dubium, fide Dodge, 1952]. non Cardium spinosum Lightfoot, 1786. [| = Acanthocardia spinosa (Lighfoot, 1786)]. non Cardium latum “Born”.—Bruguiére, 1789: 234 [partim|; Gmelin, 1791: 3255: Bosc, 1802: 106; Link, 1807: 151; Wood, 1815: 236; Dillwyn, 1817: 125; Lamarck, 1819:13; Wood, 1825: 27 [all based on Chemnitz, 1782:pl. 19, figs. 192-193 = ? Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil and On- verwagt, 1991]. non Cardium latum “Gmelin”. —Réding, 1798: 190 [based on Chemnitz, 1782: pl. 19, figs. 192-193 = ? Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1991]. non Cardium latum “Born”.—Reeve, 1845: pl. 6, fig. 21 [ = Maoricardium setosum (Redfield, 1846)]. non Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum (Linnaeus).—Herrman- nsen, 1849:200 [ = nomen dubium, fide Dodge, 1952]. non Afrocardium latum “Born” .—Kirtisinghe, 1978: 28, pl. 11, fig. 12 [ = Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil and On- verwagt, 1991, fide Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1991]. non Plagiocardium (Maoricardium) latum “Born”. —Lamprell and Whitehead, 1983: 8 | = Maoricardium pseudolatum Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1991, fide Voskuil and Onverwagt, 1991]. ? Anomalocardia, que pectunculus tenuis pellucidus, leviter purpurascens Listeri, in latum oblique expansus vertice obtuso Klein, 1753: 144 [rejected work]. ? Blasenarrige Herz Knorr, 1772: 15, pl. 7, fig. 6; also as Coeur enflé in Knorr, 1773 and Blaasagtig Hart in Knorr, 1775 [rejected work]. ? Cardium soleniforme “Bosc” —Schumacher, 1817: 159. ? Cardium bullatum (Linnaeus).—d Orbigny, 1842: 337; Han- ley, 1843: 130-131; Potiez and Michaud, 1844: 184-185; Conrad, 1846: 393; Beau, 1853:415; Carpenter, 1857: 364. ? Fulvia bullata (Linnaeus)—Adams and Adams, 1858: 457. ? Cardium spinosum Meuschen.—Krebs, 1864: 116; Krebs in Clench et al., 1947: 29. ? Cardium bullatum “Lamarck”. —Schramm, 1869: 21: Bordaz, 1899: 182. ? Papyridea bullata (Linnaeus).—Tryon, 1872: 267; Dall, 1889: 54; Marche-Marchad, 1958: 50. ? Papyridea soleniforme (Bruguiére)—Tryon, 1872: 26; Olsson and McGinty, 1958: 21; Vokes, 1977: 164-165, 168. ? Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen).—Tryon, 1872: 26; Johnson, 1934: 46: McLean, 1936: 118. ? Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum “((Linn.?) Chemnitz)”. — Smith, 1885: 161-162. ? Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum (Meuschen).—Arango, 1887: 259: Dall, 1900a: 387: “M.B.W,” 1901; 9-10. ? Cardium aff. papyraceum “Chemnitz” —Lorié, 1887: 125. ? Cardium (Papyridea) bullatum (Linné).—Smith, 1890: 302— 303; Dautzenberg, 1900: 245. ? Cardium (Fulvia) bullatum (Linné)—Cockerell, 1894: 105. ? Cardium (Fulvia) apertum.—Cockerell, 1894: 105 [non Chemnitz, 1782 (non-binominal), nec Lightfoot, 1786 (no- men nudum), nec Bruguiére, 1789, nec Bosc, 1801). ? Cardium spinosum (Meuschen).—Anonymous, 1901: 106. ? Cardium (Papyridea) spinosum (Meuschen).—Dall and Simpson, 1902: 489. ? Papyridea soleniformis (Bruguiére)—Tomlin and Shackle- ford, 1915: 273; Parker, 1956: 309; Parker and Curray, 1956: 2434: Nowell-Usticke, 1959: 13; Olsson, 1961: 250: Arnow, St. Clair and Arnow, 1963: 170: Matthews and THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Rios, 1967: 118; Kempf and Matthews, 1968: 90; de Jong and Kristensen, 1968: 23; Rios and Oleiro, 1968: 22-23: Hoerle, 1970: 58 [Lower Pleistocene]; Rosewater, 1975: 33-34; Treece, 1980: 565; Turgeon et al., 1988: 39; Tur- geon et al., 1998: 42. ? Papyridea spinosa (Meuschen).—Clench and McClean, 1937: 39; Morretes, 1949: 34. ? Papyridea hiatus (Meuschen).—Aguayo and Jaume, 1947: No. 21; Poirier, 1952: 28; Morretes, 1954: 41; Coomans, 1963: 170. ? Papyridea spinosum (Meuschen).—Baker, 1950: 124. >? Papyridea (Papyridea) spinosum.—Haas, 1953: 203. ? Papyridae [sic] soleniformis (Bruguiére).—Porter and Wolfe, 1971: 100. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks: R. Voskuil, Delft, The Netherlands, for commenting on an early version of the manuscript and contributing locality records and photographs of the Born types; R. Petit, South Carolina, USA, for supplying copies of invaluable literature; and the staffs of the Uni- versity of Michigan Museum of Zoology, USA, and Flor- ida Museum of Natural History, USA, for use of their collections and libraries. The Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, USA, and the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, loaned im- portant material and type specimens. H. G. Lee, Florida, USA, loaned material and made valuable comments on the manuscript. The comments of G. Rosenberg (ANSP) and an anonymous reviewer greatly improved the man- uscript. The conclusions reached here are strictly my own. LITERATURE CITED Abbott, R. T. 1954. American Seashells. Van Nostrand Co., New York, 541 pp. Abbott, R. T. 1968. Seashells of North America. Golden Press, New York, 280 pp. Abbott, R. T. 1974. 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THE NAUTILUS 116(4):129-131, 2002 Page 129 A new Trigonostoma (Neogastropoda: Cancellariidae) from Mozambique Richard E. Petit M. G. Harasewych Department of Systematic Biology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Washington, D.C. 20560-0118 USA ABSTRACT Trigonostoma mozambicense is described from the outer con- tinental shelf off southern Mozambique. This new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by its combination of small adult size, its thick shell with coarsely fenestrated surface sculpture, a narrow umbilicus lined with spiral cords, as well as the presence of strong but shallow apertural lirae between the suture and shoulder, and along the outer lip. This new species is provisionally assigned to the genus Trigonostoma based on characters traditionally used to define the genus, while its affinity to a western African species that has been included in the genus Scalptia is also recognized. Additional key words: Indian Ocean, Gastropoda Scalptia. INTRODUCTION The Cancellariidae is a family of diverse, highly special- ized, suctorial gastropods that inhabit soft-bottom, sub- tidal to bathyal habitats throughout tropical and tem- perate seas. The shallow-water Cancellariidae of Moz- ambique were monographed by Petit (1980). The South African representatives of the family were reviewed by Barnard (1959) and Kensley (1973) and in recent pop- ular works by Richards (1981) and Steyn and Lussi (1998). Several additional species were added to the South African fauna in papers by Petit and Harasewych (1991, 2000a, 2000b). Increased biological sampling along outer continental shelf and upper slope depths continues to bring to light previously unknown biota. Over the past year, the Amorim family has kindly made available specimens of newly discovered gastropods from off Mozambique (e.g. Harasewych and Fraussen, 2001), among them the new species of cancellariid described herein. SYSTEMATICS Family Cancellariidae Forbes and Hanley, 1851 Genus Trigonostoma Blainville, 1827 Type Species: Delphinula trigonostoma Lamarck, 1822 (?= Buccinum scalare Gmelin, 1791) by monotypy. Trigonostoma mozambicense new species (Figures 1-6) Diagnosis: A small species with a thick, broadly tab- ulate, narrowly umbilicate shell with strong, scabrous ax- ial ribs and spiral cords that produce a fenestrated sur- face sculpture. Umbilicus lined with spiral cords. Outer lip with strong, short lirae between suture and shoulder as well as between shoulder and siphonal canal. Description: Shell (Figures 1-2) small, reaching 16.1 mm, heavy, ovately biconical, strongly shouldered, with deep, narrow umbilicus. Spire relatively short (spire an- gle 83°), comprising just over half the shell length. Pro- toconch (Figures 4-5) increasing in diameter from 0.52 mm to 1.38 mm in 1% smooth, inflated, slightly cylin- drical whorls. Transition to teleoconch sharply demar- cated by onset of spiral cords and numerous, fine, axial, growth lamellae, followed within % whorl by axial ribs. Teleoconch with up to 3% sharply angled whorls. Suture weakly impressed on first two teleoconch whorls, abut- ting to weakly adpressed on last whorl. Axial sculpture of sharp, prosocline ribs (14-17 on penultimate whorl) that become less numerous (8-12), and progressively broader, more widely spaced and more scabrous on last whorl, producing distinctive, fenestrated surface sculp- ture. Spiral sculpture consists of strong cords (Figure 6, C) and primary (Figure 6, p), secondary (Figure 6, s) and tertiary (Figure 6, t) threads that overlay both cords and intervening spaces. Spiral cords are absent on tab- ulate shoulder, 3 cords present from periphery to suture, 6 cords on last whorl, cords strongest on periphery and siphonal fasciole. Aperture sharply triangular, offset from shell axis by 18°. Siphonal canal short, well defined, slightly deflected dorsally. Outer lip thick, weakly flared, crenulated beneath spiral cords, with 3 strong, shallow teeth along the tabulate region of the whorl (evident only in holotype) and 9 strong teeth along outer lip, be- neath last axial rib (varix). Varices and spiral cords de- marcate uniquely translucent regions within outer lip (Figure 3, arrows). Short parietal region forms an angle of 130° with long, straight columella that bears 2 strong Page 130 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Figures 1-6. Trigonostoma mozambicense new species. Collected by fishing boats south of Bazaruto and north of Maputo, Mozambique, in 100-150 m. 1. Apertural, right lateral, and dorsal views of holotype, USNM 1007053. 2. Apical view of holotype. 3. Aperture of holotype, oblique view showing translucent areas (arrows). 4. Apical and 5. Oblique view of protoconch of holotype. 6. Detail of spiral sculpture. Abbreviations: c, cords; p, primary threads; s, secondary threads; t, tertiary threads. Scale bar (3 mm) applies to all whole shells. R. E. Petit and M. G. Harasewych, 2002 columellar folds near mid-length and a nearly indiscern- ible siphonal fold. A short parietal callus spans the in- ductural region. Umbilicus, deep, narrow, spiral cords within, well defined by thick, prominent siphonal fasci- ole. Shell base color light brown, maculated with dark brown patches between axial cords, especially on tabled shoulder near suture and/or periphery. Protoconch and early whorls pinkish brown. Radula and anatomy un- known. Type locality: South of Bazaruto and north of Ma- puto, Mozambique, in 100-150 m. Material examined: Holotype (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, USNM 1007053); paratype 1 (Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, L5749/T1917), Paratypes 2-3, Amorim collection. All col- lected by fishing boats based in Maputo, Mozambique, March 2001, from the type locality; paratype 4, Brink Col- lection, off Quissico/Zavora, Mozambique, in fish trap at 120-150 m, December 2001, collected by José Rosado; Paratype 5, Petit Collection #2724, off Quissico/Zavora, Mozambique, in fish trap at 120-150 m. Remarks: This new species most closely resembles the west African Scalptia scala (Gmelin, 1791) [often listed under its junior synonym Scalptia withrowi (Petit, 1976)], as well as the Panamic species Trigonostoma goniostoma (Sowerby, 1832) and Trigonostoma breve (Sowerby, 1832) in general shell morphology, and in sharing several unusual shell characters, among them: a tabulate shell that is pigmented near the suture, the presence of denticles under the sutural ramp, a strongly defined siphonal fasciole, and the presence of strong cords within the umbilicus. Trigonostoma mozambicense may be readily distinguished from S. scala on the basis of its smaller shell, its broader, more scabrous axial sculpture, in having fewer, stronger and shallower ap- ertural lirae, and in having two columellar folds rather than three folds of S. scala. Scalptia scala has fine pus- tules or denticles along the columella, which are lacking in I. mozambicense. Like Trigonostoma goniostoma and T. breve, T. mozambicense has two columellar folds. However, it can readily be distinguished from both Pan- amic species by its smaller shell size, its more rounded whorls, its rounded periphery, and by having broader, more scabrous axial ribs. While this new species is readily distinguished from other cancellariids on the basis of its shell morphology, there is some question as to its correct generic place- ment. The species with which it is compared appear to comprise a coherent group. Additional material and fur- ther study will be required to confirm the monophyly of Page 131 this group, to define more precisely the limits and re- lationships of the genera Trigonostoma and Scalptia, and to determine the relationship of this group to these gen- era. Over a century ago Cossmann (1899: 16) discussed the differences between Scalptia and Trigonostoma and assigned these genera to different subfamilies. We provisionally include this new species in Trigo- nostoma as it shares a number of features that have heen used to diagnose Trigonostoma (e.g., two columellar folds, a straight colina, an Henle)! ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to the Amorim family (Mozambique and Portugal) for bringing this species to our attention, and for providing the much of the type material. Thanks are due to Dawn Brink of South Africa for obtaining and making additional specimens available for study. LITERATURE CITED Barnard, K. H. 1959. Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part II. Gastropoda: Prosobran- chiata: Rhachiglossa. Annals of the South African Museum 45: 1-237. Gmelin, J. F. 1791. Caroli a Linné Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae. Editio decima tertia. Vol. 1, pt. 6 (Vermes) Lipsiae, pp. 3021-3910. Harasewych, M. G. and K. Fraussen. 2001. Coluzea groschi, a new species of Columbariinae (Gastropoda: Turbinellidae) from Southeastern Africa. Novapex 2: 171-174. Kilburn, R. and E. Rippey. 1982. Sea Shells of Southem Africa. Macmillan South Africa, Johannesburg, xi + 249 pp. Petit, R. E. 1976. Notes on Cancellariidae (Mollusca: Gastro- poda)—HI. Tulane Studies in Geology and Paleontology 12: 33-43, pls. 1-2. Petit, R. E. 1980. The Mozambique Cancellariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Annals of the Natal Museum 24; 211-216. Petit, R. E. and M. G. Harasewych. 2000a. Additions to the cancellariid (Mollusca: Neogastropoda) fauna of South Af- rica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 113: 145-154. Petit, R. E. and M. G. Harasewych. 2000b. Three new species of the genus Merica (Neogastropoda: Cancellariidae) from South Africa and the Philippines. The Nautilus 114: 142— 148. Richards, D. 1981. South African Shells. A collector's guide. C. Struik, Cape Town, 98 pp., 60 pls. Sowerby, G. B., I. 1832. Genus Cancellaria. In: W. J. Broderip and G. B. Sowerby, Characters of new species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1832: 50-55. Steyn, D. G. and M. Lussi. 1998. Marine Shells of South Af rica. Ekogilde, Hartbeespoort, South Africa, 264 pp. THE NAUTILUS 116(4):132-137, 2002 Page NBy Samuel Liberty Harvey Fuller (1942-2001): a biographical sketch and his works on malacology Richard I. Johnson Department of Malacology! Museum of Comparative Zoology Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ABSTRACT This article lists all of Samuel Liberty Harvey Fuller’s almost . . » . 4 . oe 60 publications, most of which treat Unionoidea. Fuller de- scribed a new molluscan taxon, Elliptio marsupiobesa, in 1972. Additional key words: new species, taxonomy, biogeography, North America. Samuel (Sam) Liberty Harvey Fuller was born on March 2, 1942, the first son of Alan Henry and Vera Harvey nile He spent his childhood on land that had been farmed by his family for four generations. The Fullers were amongst the earliest eenlens of Suffield, Connect- icut, where ‘they persist in some numbers to this day and have long been prominent in the affairs of Suffield Acad- emy. During Fuller's youth his father was forced to give up tobacco growing because of a new dev elopment in the manufacture a cigar wr appers to become a teacher of mathematics at Suffield Academy, Suffield, Connect- icut. Sam's early penchant for natural history was en- couraged by his parents who took him on Saturdays to Springfield, Massachusetts. There he spent mornings at the YMCA and afternoons at the Springfield Neder History Museum. He became a role model for his three younger siblings, Henry, Woodbridge (Woody), and a sis- ter, Tamsen. Woody Fuller, who spent hours with his brother searching ‘for freshwater mussels along the Windsor Locks Camel called Sam a “curiosity mentor and a natural teacher. He helped me to be curious about the world. He was good at stimulating interest in other people.” A brilliant student at Wooster, Sam was one of the few who graduated with a “6 average,” its most superior grade. He achieved perfect SAT scores and became, I Beliene. the first of his branch in a long line of Fullers in America to attend Harvard College, where he enjoyed a Harvard National Scholarship (1960-1963). In his first letter to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, dated ' Associate in Malacology March 26, 1958, Sam begins, “Dear Sirs: I am sending to your department several varieties of freshwater mol- lusk which I hope you might identify for me.” This was the beginning of a beautiful friendship with Curator Wil- liam J. Clench that lasted until Clench’s death in 1984. Sam spent much time during his undergraduate years at the Department of Mollusks, where he would usually appear as a tatterdemalion. He dressed as a gentleman only when he set off to Roxbury to tutor underprivileged children. He spent the month of August and some of September 1961 collecting in the rivers of Georgia with Clench and Kenneth Jay Boss, who would later succeed Clench as Curator of Mollusks. Early in the trip, while on the quest for large Elliptio hopetonensis, at the first really successful collecting site in the Altamaha River, Boss rescued Sam from almost certain drowning. The following summer, Sam joined me, my wife, and two small daughters on an “expedition”, as we called it, to peninsular Florida to collect freshwater mussels. He was an excellent babysitter, able to keep the girls amused, and a fine field collector. We made 49 success- ful collecting stops. He humored my then wife when she tried to help interpret our county maps her way. They were able to establish distant kinship through Stephen Fuller Austin, the Texan hero of the Alamo ae had also been born in Suffield, Connecticut. It was Sam’s respon- sibility to navigate whilst one of us drove. He worked on his life list of birds, and would cry out the name of each one he sighted which was new to him. In the evenings after the last shell had been cleaned, he would practice on his guitar, for which he had no talent, or else read avidly the works of William Faulkner or novels such as Steppenwolf and Demian by Herman Hesse. Before the summer was over, I was also reading these books and discussing them with Sam. In 1964, upon graduating from ered with a degree in biology, Sam received a Ford Foundation grant and went to Tanzania for a year as an instructor at the Kurasini International College. He left behind June, the Radcliffe junior he intended to marry, to complete her undergraduate studies. Sam had several narrow escapes in Africa, one of which was an attack by a swarm of killer bees. Through R. IL. Johnson, 2002 his own accounts and by my observations Sam was ac- cident-prone. In an amusing 1971 article, one of several Sam wrote for the Academyss popular publication, Fron- tiers, he relates, “I picked my way across Old Brown’s yard, knocked, and tripped flat on my face into the kitch- en.” I had planned another trip to the South for him when he returned from Africa, but his commitment to civil rights, shared by his fiancée whose parents were social workers, and their determination to collect and participate in the civil rights movement, led me to cancel the trip. Those were troubled times in the South and I insisted that civil rights work, although admirable, could be done effectively only under the protection of an um- brella organization. Upon Sam’s return to the United States, June put off the wedding because of the recent death of her father. Eventually, their engagement was dissolved. Sam took a post teaching at the Wooster School in Danbury, Con- necticut, from which he had so brilliantly graduated not many years before. In 1968, Sam wrote to Dr. Clench informing him that he was to be married to Mary (Micki) Lou Bush at the Wooster School. Soon after their mar- riage, Dr. Ruth Patrick of the Department of Limnology of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia called me about a position to assist in her department. Since it did not interest me, I recommended Sam, who I thought to be a perfect candidate. With some trepi- dation, he accepted Dr. Patrick’s offer. Micki and he set- tled in New Jersey where they became parents of two children. A glance at Sam’s bibliography between 1971 and 1981 reveals his impressive contributions to the study of Unionoidea. Without ever taking a higher de- gree, he had schooled himself in their anatomy and mo- lecular genetics. He was also responsible for an extensive geographic survey of the mussels of the Upper Missis- sippi River and led symposia on endangered species. Sam also found time to act as an instructor at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. His independent work habits appear eventually to have caused his severance from the Academy. He re- turned to Connecticut where the family was in a serious automobile accident, not of his making, in October 1973. His son, Samuel, Jr., was killed and his daughter, Re- becca, seriously injured. A divorce ensued. In 1990, Sam wrote, “I seem to be back in biology after seven lean, unwelcome years of sorrow and loss.” After an absence of a quarter of a century, Sam paid a visit to the Department of Mollusks at Museum of Com- parative Zoology when he was on his way to Florida to work again on his favorite mollusks as Research Associ- ate with James D. Williams of the National Fisheries Research Center of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Gainesville, Florida. After a few years there, he dis- appeared from view, only to reappear through the kind- ness of Mrs. Deborah M. Heath, who saw that he was comfortably cared for before his death of lung cancer on April 13, 2001. He had earlier predicted that lung cancer would get him as it had his father. He and I carried on a spirited correspondence toward the very Page 133 end. In his last letter to me from Ocala, Florida, he mentioned his intention of naming a new species of mus- sel after me. Harvard College graduates stage reunions every five years and publish a volume of autobiographies of class- mates on each occasion. There seems to be an indication that those who contribute to Class Reports live longer than those who do not. It does not follow that the longer the report, the longer the life. Samuel Liberty Harvey Fuller never contributed to a Class Report. He was list- ed as “lost” at the Wooster School until shortly before his death. He is now listed “In Memoriam” with his Har- vard Class of 1964. NEW TAXA INTRODUCED BY SAMUEL LIBERTY HARVEY FULLER splendens, Gnathophyllum Chase and Fuller, 1971 (De- capoda, Caridea). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (1970) 83: 493-505 (Puerto Yabucoa, 0.5 mi. E Playa de Guayanés, Municipio de Yabucoa, Puerto Rico; holotype United States National Museum 134422 [only specimen)). marsupiobesa, Elliptio Fuller, 1972. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 124(1): 1— 10, pl. 1, fig. 1 (Cape Fear River, 0.1 mile downstream from Carvers Creek, about 3 miles SW of Slocomb, and about 6 miles NNE of Fayetteville, Cumberland Co., North Carolina). Female holotype Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia UANDIE) 324501; paratypes Mu- seum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) 272780, ANSP 324502(16), 324503(2), 324504(3), 324505(1). BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SAMUEL LIBERTY HARVEY FULLER Fuller, S. L.H. 1965. Untapped Tanzania riches. Nation- alist, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1 p. [February 4] Clench, William J. and S. L. H. Fuller. 1965. The genus Viviparus Wunpanae) in North America. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 2(32): 385-412, pls. 64-68. [July 9] Hendrickson, Jr., John A., S. L. H. Fuller and Katherine B. Roop. 1970. An ecology handbook. Frontiers 34(5): 18-21. [June] Fuller, S. L. H. 1970. Fuller’s earth. Wooster News, Wooster School News, Danbury, Connecticut, pp. 4-13. [Fall Term Issue]. Fuller, S. L. H. 1971. Pond Life [review]. Bulletin of the Philadelphia Herpetological Society 18: 49. Chace, Jr., Fenner A. and S. L. H. Fuller. 1971. A new shrimp of the genus Gnathophyllum (Decapoda, Cari- dea) from Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 83(4): 493-504, text figs. 1-7. [February 9] Page 134 Figure 1. Samuel Liberty Harvey Fuller. October, 1973. Fuller, S. L. H. 1971. Everything you always wanted to know about freshwater mussels but were afraid to ask. Frontiers 35(5): [1]2-9. [June] Fuller, S. L. H. 1971. Fossils and Flies—The life of a Complete Scientist, Samuel Wendell Williston (1851— 1918) [review] Frontiers 36(1):; 30-31. [October—No- vember] Fuller, S. L. H. 1971. A brief field guide to the fresh- water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionacea) of the Sa- vannah River system. ABS [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 18(4): 137-146, text figs. 1-14, 1 pl. Fuller, S. L. H. and C. W. Hart, Jr. 1972. Changes along the Patuxent. Frontiers 36(3):; 2-7. Fuller, S. L. H. 1972. Uganda Quest [review]. Frontiers 36(4): 29. [April] Hart, C. W., Jr., and S. L. H. Fuller. 1972. Environmen- tal degradation in the Patuxent River Estuary, Maryland. Contributions from the Department of Limnology Acad- THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 1:1-14. [Sep- tember] Fuller, S. L. H. 1972. Ecotage! [review] 37(1): 31-32. [October] Fuller, S. L. H. 1972. Elliptio marsupiobesa, a new fresh-water mussel (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) from the Cape Fear River, North Carolina. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 124: 1-10, 6 figs. [November 24] Fuller, S. L. H. 1972. Type locality of Unio pumilus Lea, 1838 (Unionidae). The Nautilus 86: 72-73. [November] Fuller, S. L. H. 1972. Unio caroliniana Bosc, 1801 (Unionidae). The Nautilus 86: 74-75. [November] Fuller, S. L. H. 1972. An undescribed structural feature in the marsupium of Elliptio lanceolata (Lea 1828) (Unionidae): The Nautilus 86: 85—S6. [November] Powell, Jr, S. L. El. Fuller and) @) W, Wart |relon2 Some advantages and disadvantages of a multiple-plate conservation webbing artificial substrate as a supplement to hand collecting of macroinvertebrates in Chesapeake Bay. ABS [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bul- letin 19(2): 92. Fuller, S. L. H. and Charles E. Powell, Jr. 1973. Range extensions of Corbicula manilensis (Philippi) in the At- lantic drainage of the United States. The Nautilus 8: 59. [April] Fuller, S. L. H. 1973. The spiny shells of the Altamaha. Frontiers 37(4): 14-15. [summer] Fuller, S. L. H. and D. J. Bereza. 1973. Recent additions to the naiad fauna of the eastern Gulf drainage (Bivalvia: Unionoidae) (Abstrace). ASB [Association of Southeast- ern Biologists] Bulletin 20(2): 53-54. Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Fusconaia masoni (Conrad 1834) (Bivalvia: Unionacea) in the Atlantic drainage of the southeastern United States. Malacological Review 6: 105-117. [January 29] Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. A misunderstood fresh-water mus- sel from the Savannah River system in South Carolina (Bivalvia: Unionidae) (Abstract). ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 21(2): 55-56. [April] Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Neglected papers on naiads by W. I. Utterback. The Nautilus 88: 90. [July 22] Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. The Life of Captain James Cook [review]. Frontiers 38(4): 31. [summer] Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. The journey of the Chinese clam. Frontiers 39(2): 12-13. [winter] Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Biota of Freshwater Ecosystems: A review. ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 21(3); 109-112. R. I. Johnson, 2002 Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Clams and mussels (Mollusca: Biv- alvia): In: Hart, Jr, C. W. and S. L. H. Fuller (Eds.) Pollution ecology of freshwater invertebrates. Academic Press, New York and London. Chapter 8, pp. 215-273. Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Macroinvertebrates. In: Savannah River Biological Survey, South Carolina and Georgia, May and September, 1972 for I. E. duPont de Nemours & Co. Department of Limnology and Ecology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, pp. 56-76, 147-150 [proprietary to I.E. duPont de Nemours & Co.; not seen]. Fuller, S. L. H. 1974. Macroinvertebrates (and) Quan- titative macroinvertebrate samples. pp. 49-69, 143-145 [in] Cooper River Survey for 1973 for I. E. duPont de Nemours & Co. Department of Limnology and Ecology, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia [proprie- tary to I. E. duPont de Nemours & Co.; not seen]. Bereza, D. J. and S. L. H. Fuller. 1975. Notes on Lamp- silis ochracea (Say) (Mollusca: Bivalvia). (Abstract) ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 22(2): 49. Fuller, S. L. H. 1975. Fresh-water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in the Chowan River system of Virginia. (Ab- stract). ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 22(2): 54. Fuller, S. L. H. 1975. The systematic position of Cyr- tonaias (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Malacological Review 8: 81-89. Fuller, S. L. H. and D. J. Bereza. 1975. The value of anatomical characters in naiad taxonomy (Bivalvia: Unionacea). Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, 1974: 21-22. Fuller, S. L. H. 1975. Macroinvertebrates (excluding in- sects) Appendix B, B-1-B-26 [in] Hendrickson, John A., Final report submitted to National Commission on Wa- ter Quality under Contract No. WQ5ACo44 on selected segments of the Santee River basin. XI. Biological, eco- logical, and environmental characteristics of the site. p. X-1 to XI-69. XIV-1 to XIV-13, A-2 to A-30, B-1 TO B- 26, C-1 to C-17, D-1 to D-15, E = 1 to E-4, F-1 to F- 3, G-1 to G-3, H-1 to H-4. Department of Limnology Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. (Subse- quently distributed by National Technical Information Service, 5283 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia. [July] Bereza, D. J., M. F. Vidrine and S. L. H. Fuller. 1976. Anatomical differences between Ligwmia nasuta (Say) and L. swbrostrata (Say). (Abstract) ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 23(2): 43. Fuller, S. L. H. 1976. Apparent resurgence of Hydroli- max grisea (Haldeman), the Grizzly Water Slug (Platy- helminthes: Turbellaria: Alloecoela). ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 23: 60. — Page 135 Fuller, S. L. H. and M. J. Imlay. 1976. Spatial compe- tition between Corbicula manilensis (Philippi), the Chi- nese Clam (Corbiculidae), and fresh-water mussels (Unionidae) in the Waccamaw River basin in the Caro- linas (Mollusca: Bivalvia). (Abstract) ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 23(2): 60. Fuller, S. L. H., M. J. Imlay and James D. Williams. 1976. Endangered or threatened fresh-water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Waccamaw River basin of the Carolinas. (Abstract) ASB [Association of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 23(2): 60. Davis, G. M., S. L. H. Fuller and C. Hesterman. 1977. Toward a definitive higher classification of North Amer- ican Unionidae. (Abstract). Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. 1977: 85 Fuller, S. L. H. 1977. Freshwater and terrestrial mol- lusks. In: Cooper, J. E., S. S. Robinson, and J. B. Fun- derburg (eds.) Endangered and threatened plants and animals of North Carolina, North Carolina State Muse- um of Natural History, Raleigh, pp. 143-194. Fuller, S. L. H. and J.W. Richardson. 1977. Amensalistic competition between Corbicula manilensis (Philippi), the Asiatic Clam (Corbiculidae), and freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the Savannah River of Georgia and South Carolina (Mollusca: Bivalvia). (Abstract) ASB [Associa- tion of Southeastern Biologists] Bulletin 24(2): 52. Fuller, S. L. H. 1978. Final Report. Fresh-water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the upper Mississippi River: Observations at selected sites within the 9-foot channel navigation project on behalf of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. Report No. 78-33, 401 pp. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [June] Fuller, S. L. H. 1978. Corps/Service cooperate to protect endangered mussels. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin 3(9): 3-6. Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Endangered Species Program, Washington, D.C. [September] Fuller, S. L. H. 1978. The changing molluscan com- munity. pp. 124-131. [in] Flynn, K. C. and W. T. Mason (Eds.). The freshwater Potomac: aquatic communities and environmental stresses. Proceedings of a symposium in January 1977, at College Park, Maryland. Interstate Commission of the Potomac River Basin, Rockville, Maryland. pp. 1-194. Fuller, S. L. H. 1978. Freshwater mollusks, pp. 136-152. In: Zingmark, R. G. (ed.) An annotated checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, South Carolina. pp: xii, 364. Davis, G. M., S. L. H. Fuller and C. Hesterman. 1978. (Abstract) Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1977: 85. Page 136 Hart, Jr., C. W. and S. L. H. Fuller. 1979. Pollution Ecol- ogy of Estuarine Invertebrates. New York, Academic Press [editors only]. Fuller, S. L. H. 1979. Freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae). In: Forsythe, D. M. and W. B. Ezell, Jr. (eds.) Proceedings of the first South Carolina endangered species symposium. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Columbia. pp. 114— 128. Fuller, S. L. H., F. W. Grimm, T. L. Laavy, H. J. Porter and A. H. Shoemaker. 1979. Status Report: Freshwater and Terrestrial mollusks. In: Forsythe, D. M. and W. B. Ezell, Jr. (eds.) Proceedings of the first South Carolina endangered species symposium. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Columbia, pp. 55- 59. Fuller, S. L. H. and Raymond H. Hartenstine. 1980. An- odonta imbecillis Say (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Dela- ware River Basin. The Nautilus 94: 4. [January 30] Fuller, S. L. H. 1980. Final Report. Freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the upper Mississippi River: Observations at selected sites within the 9-foot navigation channel project for the St. Paul District. 1977-1979. Report No. 9-24F, vol. 1, 175 pp.; vol. 2, appendices, xiv + 401 pp., Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. [September] Britton, J. C. and S. L. H. Fuller. 1980. The freshwater bivalve mollusca (Unionidae, Sphaeridae, Corbiculidae) of the Savannah River Plant, Aiken, South Carolina. Publication of the Savannah River Plant, National En- vironmental Research Park Program United States De- partment of Energy. SRO-NERP-3. pp. 1-37. [Novem- ber] Fuller, S. L. H. 1980. Historical and current distribu- tions of freshwater mussels in the upper Mississippi Riv- er. pp. 72-119. In: Rasmussen, Jerry L. (ed.) Proceed- ings of the UMRCC symposium on upper Mississippi River bivalve Mollusks. Upper Mississippi River Con- servation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois, 270 pp. Fuller, S. L. H. 1980. Freshwater mussels of the upper Mississippi River, 2 pp. [This two-sheet, 30” by 40” post- er was distributed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers as an aid to mussel identification] E. Ambrogio and M. Fuges. [not seen} Davis, G. M. and S. L. H. Fuller. 1981. Genetic rela- tionships among Recent Unionacea (Bivalvia) of North America. Malacologia 20: 217-253 + 2 appendices Davis, G. M., W. H. Heard, S. L. H. Fuller and C. Hes- terman. 1981. Molecular genetics and speciation in El- liptio and its relationships to other taxa of North Amer- ican Unionidae (Bivalvia). Biological Journal of the Lin- nean Society 15(2): 131-150. THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Thomas, R. L., and S. L. H. Fuller. 1982. The freshwater mussel fauna of the Upper Mississippi River near locks and dam 19 at Keokuk, Iowa (Abstract 119). Abstracts of Contributed Papers. 94'" session, Iowa Academy of Science, Fort Dodge, April 16-17, 1982 p.27. Coney, C., S. L. H. Fuller, G. M. Davis, R. H. Moore, and J. M. Shipley. 1983. Adaptive radiation and conver- gence in the Cape Fear River basin Unionidae (Mollus- ca: Bivalvia). (Abstract). Bulletin of the South Carolina Academy of Science 45: 87-88. Fuller, S. L. H. 1985. Freshwater mussels of the upper Mississippi River. 64 pp. Wisconsin Department of Nat- ural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. (Text by S. L. H. Fuller, Revision by Inga Byrnildson) Bogan, A. E., J. D. Williams and S. L. H. Fuller. 1990. Comments on the proposed conservation of Proptera Rafinesque 1819 (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Bulletin of Zoo- logical Nomenclature 4: 206-207. Case 2558. Williams, J. D, S. L. H. Fuller and R. Grace. 1992. Ef fects of impoundments on freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the main channel of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee rivers in western Alabama. Al- abama Museum of Natural History, Bulletin 13: 1-10. [September 25] The following titles were referred to by Fuller in: An annotated checklist of the biota of the coastal zone of South Carolina (1978), but only abstracts under similar titles of some of them have appeared. Fuller, S. L. H. and D. J. Bereza. 1975. A new genus- group name for Unio ochraceus Say. See: Bereza and S. L. H. Fuller (Fuller). Fuller, S. L. H. and M. J. Imlay. 1976. A new genus- group for Mya radiata (Gmelin, 1791). Fuller, S. L. H., M. J. Imlay and J. D. Williams. 1976. Freshwater-mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Waccamaw River Basin of the Carolinas. See: Fuller, S. L. H., M. J. Imlay and J. D. Williams (1976). Fuller, S. L. H., R. M. Shelley and M. J. Imlay. 1975. Fresh-water mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Chowan River Basin of Virginia and North Carolina. See: Fuller, S. L. H. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All quotations are from letters on file in the Department of Mollusks at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some were sent to the De- partment, others were sent to William J. Clench, at home, for his eyes-only. Clench left his files to Ruth D. Turner who in turn left them to the Department. Some letters were personal to me. Mr. Henry Fuller made cer- tain corrections to the manuscript regarding details of his brother's life and kindly supplied the photograph of him. Neither Mrs. Fuller nor daughter Rebecca deigned R. I. Johnson, 2002 to reply to several requests for information. Thanks are also extended to Mr. Daniel Elliott, Librarian of the Ew- ell Sale Stewart and Dr. Daniel L. Graf, Assistant Cu- rator of Malacology of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Ms. Susan DeSanctis, Ms. Mary B. Sears and Mr. Ronnie Broadfoot of the Ermmst Mayr Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology for locating and making available some of the works referred to. Page 137 ADDITIONAL LITERATURE CONSULTED Abbott, R. T. 1973. American Malacologists. American Mala- cologists, Falls Church, 494 pp. Hamilton, A. M. 2001. Fascination with mollusks led to a bril- liant career. Hartford (Connecticut) Courant. p. H2. (A fitting encomium). [Sunday, October 2] Page 138 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 116, No. 4 Erratum In the article by Bouchet and Petit (2002), on page 100, under the “Remarks” section for the species Merica marisca, please replace the word pirum for marisca. The word pirum should have no nomenclatural standing within the context of that article. LITERATURE CITED Bouchet, P. and R. Petit. 2002. New species of deep-water Cancellariidae (Gastropoda) from the southwestern Pacific. The Nautilus 116: 95—104. Sponsored in part by the State of Florida, Department of State, Division of Cultural Affairs, the Florida Arts Council and the National Endowment for the Arts. vw NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE ARTS THE NAUTILUS Volume 116 2002 AUTHOR INDEX BAU GIO sera sat oianissias aaate selscisionin anenotb nse cislsw nlosenenamniaseen 89 [BKONUC aut IPL A Aad so bennsooend sag be sod as soso Od eOU ee Sate Ena NS 32, 95 OTRO NO New oer eae emia reas senate snare seats wisroun toa uhosinn 67 (GEG ENE'SINE: Rit sere ee eee seeps eo manana tere bey’ dat nai bars ie 89 (CRAIN Tihs, Wasi os oi atia se ome ae Ae ee ee er il ID EVIRTESHGE [oactrussthspiswane ocecuimeias aceaec ss douisnnseemelindacengaiins 71 iD IDATRIO):. 18s sosdanasnangacessads su ceben ape dence Uae aH ner CREA Aaa 13 TRUATTAIVAINIRG? Jel nea pan ay dana nna nea Gane daoHOBe Aan aa ee eae 62 IE OIRINUINIATION 1B Bis eg oeeesoeanse ne camen bade nee need ance Sanaa ae aan 59 (COMBS: S.URs pase sowcotngaseenssonsbonossnoeae nas uscocnueee aan aaess 79 EVAR ENCE Mn Gacy orci eceanceearbienninacsenciicindse aie 129 lnriuaininiag,’ (Gp obeosbancnuan cue sense cesene Un ceserae ne ance nc er enn ae ete 109 |ORINGOIN, INGE Sececostoqnessrebeehaacsasesaaneteencre ap apmeemnceees 132 [LIDANGS, | Jp 18 Boece Aneoddsonstbeeddberpretocdad score ipso race eaten tremens 69 TLIBONIARID, NAL JP aca aoeseccat cas sce meson os baa aoe Ronee aBOn Deena 89 TLii@uitay: Avs vy a seseiaeadie es see tet re age ee ae ov mo aa 50 IMLATRGISUATIE TB)S UAE Res car ae are saan ina onl Sealer ea ee Sa 66 INDINTE@ Neier Reese ince on eon Onna sosticts. ys hem enoor mateiae OO) INGA CETTE V Bee rere erst re cen rN a Ec Sih opie, AM aN ta 13 INDIES ANS), Scan aoe non sosonberssninesudoncausustareesnneDeeonanaate 71 COKIN GH] Kara hn oot Ss OH a a AD OAT A aR ne TAUB GRE pe anameEonee obs 89 AGTORUN an Geer ee eer oer ceo aise lee 105 REN CHAS Z/ATD EB Hee aire apse saerrseraieveis dehvoclasanistek acien aeseeeren 105 JRASH TAD Bind iG Gucte anne sae AR ORG Sen ONT aACERE OORT OT AH GRADUATE 95, 129 TRUSTS ed oe vas er eee ne eatery ore ese Gana en a ae 89 RU Coan Uae Nes Hos, Ait hae dae OS Dann A URtan ea mannii a ane anrtemrea ss ayn 36 SCHONE SB be Peer beacon one eee CEE an REE ee Chee STTEWARE REO Pn anle Senet ee eee OI CE TA LOTS 79 SND ER Gi Naka Av ona eadereet tae eters eae st cece nr eereiavastecine eos 56 ISOS, Jo. \Wonosodooosossonouaacnossneso0nnnssodadaenaosoanbovosooan 79 AVA SIGUA Riberaee oan as Jase SAA SBEE AO AGRO ORS On Na RES OnE EN Reema tr 50 MECAUIR Ue erence itr aaa Penn meaner earner 50 VVADETERS a Grails cerry Sate arecis MErnreT iinet aan cre nee 118 TAT WSN] Dl Gas neon nceH et oant SAO Oue EOS OBE UASAORG ER ORG TR AAES 109 NEW TAXA PROPOSED IN VOLUME 116 (2002) GASTROPODA Aiineontonade pinumn Bouchet and: betty 2002smews species) (Cancellaridac) manne ceases eee eee eee een ae 96 Coralliophila kaofitorum Vega, Vega and Luque, 2002, new species (Coralliophilidae) ...........000....ccceeeeceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeneees 51 Fusius doupdadi Sanpete, A002, men gesoies (BESCORTANGENS)) « .40020020300000000000900000950009000008008AdeNqcuaddan9E0—ss0HGAnUDRADDDAINRAOG 56 Mimanaapnenacayre: bouche anduetites002.mewaspecies (Cancellamidae) -sereeeeeer eee eee ee se eee eee eee 97 Mirandaphera maestratii Bouchet and Petit, 2002, new species (Cancellariidae).................:ccccceeceeeeeneeeeeceeeeteeeeeseeeeeees 98 Menicammunscompouchetand Petite: 2002 snewaspecies) Cancellariidae) eae seen eee eee eceee eee seeeeeeeeeeeeee 98 Nipponaphera pardalis Bouchet and Petit, 2002, new species (Cancellariidae)...................cescceeeeeeecenseeneeeeeeeeeteeeeeseeees 102 Nipponaphera cyphoma Bouchet aud Petit) 2002) newrspecies (Cancellaritdae)s..-).212-e reson ee eene eee eee oss see nes eeeeeee ese 102 Nipponapnerazoniatasbouchewandsetity 2002smews species) (Cancellaridae) sp wereeeyereeeee ees eeeee eee eeeeeee cee eee 103 Socimamocronusbouchetsandebetites2002-enewaspeciess (Cancellanidae) serene eee cee eee eee eee eee eee 100 Sucimomspiendiduiaa ouchewanderetites 2002smewsspeciess\Cancellanidae) aes eee ee teen eee ee cee eee e eee 100 Trigonostoma mozambicense Petit and Harasewych, 2002, new species (Cenc n GIGS) 5 oanacongoosessoaoocosseanasoneaasaccadansoas 129 BIVALVIA Waldosnapexalis Zelayavand Ituaxtes)20025mew-species (Galleomatidae) ss .--e-eeae see e eee eee eee eee cee 115 Alan G. 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