THE NAUTILUS A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XV MAY, 19Ol,to APRIL, 1902 PHILADELPHIA Published by H. A. TILSBRY and C. W. JOHNSON At? INDEX TO THE NAUTILUS, VOL. XV. INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND SPECIES. Adamsiella jarvisi Henderson, n. sp. . . . . .49 Aglaja purpurea (Bergh), at SanvPedre, Cal. . . .72 Alabina Dall, a new name for Elachista Dall & Simpson . 127 Alasmidonta marginata Say ..... 16, 47 Amphidromus laevus Miill. ....... 8 Anomia aculeata Gmel. ....... 130 Anomia glabra Yerr. ........ 130 Aperostoma sanctsemarthte P. & C., n. sp. .... 134 Aperostoma smithi P. & C., n. 8p. ..... 135 Aplexa hypnorum var. tryoni Currier .... 112 Aqnillus Montf. = Lampusia Schum. ..... 108 Area pexata Say ........ 93 Area transversa Say ........ 93 Ashmunella, an evolving ....... 35 Ashmunella antiqua Cockerell . . . . . .110 Ashmunella, notes on . . . . . . .109 Ashmunella porterse, Cockerell ..... 109, 110 Ashmunella thomsoniana Cockerell .... 109, 110 Bittium (Elachista) californicum Dall, n. sp. 58 Bythinella obtusa Lea, the synonymy of . . .30 Cantharidus, notes on two species of . . . . .8 Carychium cymatoplax Pils., n. sp 23 Cepolis milled Pfr 86 Ceratodiscus solutus Simp. & Henderson, n. gen. and sp. . 73 (iii) IV THE NAUTITUS. Cerion marmoratum Pfr. ....... 85 Chiton, an abnormal .... 53 Chiton, a new Triassic ...... 8 Chloritis perpunctatus Pils., n. sp. 116 Ckondropoma hjahnarsoni Pfr. ... .86 Cincinnatia eraarginata (Kiist.) ...... 3'2 Circinaria ponsonbyi P. & C,, n. sp. ... . 134 Circinaria ponsonlryi clara P. & C., n. var. . . . 135 Colombian Clausilia, a new . 39 Colombian Pleurodonte, a new . . .34 Correspondence 12, 36, 48 Crandall, Orestes A. ...... 60 Crenella glandula ........ 106 Ctenopoma hydii Weinl. .... 86 Cyclotus hirasei Pils., n. sp. • • • . . - .22 Cylindrella (Anoma) abnormis Vend ryes, n. sp. . . 3 Cylindrella (Anoma) cognata Vendees, n. sp. . . . 1 Cylindrella (Anoma) inusitata Vendrj-es, n. sp. 1 Cylindrella (Anoma) propinqua Vendryes, n. sp. . 2 Cylindrella (Thaumasia) instabilis Vendryes, n. sp. . . 4 Cylindrella (Thaumasia) sanguinea var. perplexa, Vendryes. n. var 3 Cyprse& eitrina Gray ... . .83 Dean, George W. .... ... 48 Diplommatina cassa Pils., n. sp. ... . 23, 64 Diplommatina dormitor Pils., n. sp. ..... 142 Diplommatina insularum Pils., n. sp. . . . . .22 Diplommatina kobelti Ekrm ... .23 Diplommatina }^akushimse Pils., n. sp. . . . .64 Elachista, note on the name ...... 127 Ennea iwakawa var. yakushinice Pils., n. var. . . .65 Epiphragmopbora kellettii, on Santa Catalina Is. . . 72 Euconulus fulvus Drap. ....... 129 Eulota (Coelorus) caviconus Pils., n. sp. .... 117 Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina Pils. . . . .61 Fortune Island, Bahamas, land shells of . . .85 Ganesella adelinae Pils., n. sp. . . . . 64, 116 Ganesella optima Pils., n. sp. . . . . . 116 Ganesella sororcula Pils., n. sp. . . . . .116 THE NAUTILUS. V Ganesella tanegashimse Pils., n. sp. . . . .63 Gastrodonta clappi Pils. ....... 37 Georissa luchuana Pils., n. sp. . . . . . 21 General notes 8, 35, 46, 71, 83, 119, 144 Glandina callista P. & C., n. sp. .t . . . . 133 Goniobasis virginica in Massachusetts . . . .83 Great Barrier Reef, a day on the . . . . . .97 Haiti, a new land operculate from , ,,. . . . .73 Haiti, collecting in ........ 13 Helicina cacaguelita P. & C., n. sp. . . . . . 186 Helicina santaemarthffi P. & C., n. s. . . . . • 136 Helicost.yla carinata Lea, and H. dactj^lus Brod. . . 8 Helix aspersa increasing in California . . . .119 Hirasea Pils., n. gen. . . ... . . . .118 Hirasea chichijimana Pils., n. sp. ..... 119 Hirasea diplomphalus Pils., n. sp. ..... 142 Hirasea goniobasis Pils., n. sp. ...... 142 Hirasea nesiotica Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .119 Hirasea sinuosa Pils., n. sp. ...... 118 Hirasiella Pils., n. gen. . . . . . . .142 Hirasiella clara Pils., n. sp. . ... . . . 143 Hyatt, Alpheus 143 Ischnochiton conspicuus Cpr. (with six valves). . 53, 144 Jamaican Adamsiella, a new ...... 49 Jamaican land shell, a new ....... 33 Jamaican Pleurodonte, a new species and sub-species of .101 Jamaican Urocoptidae ....... 1 Japan, new land shells from ..... 18, 116 Japanese Vivipara in California . . . . . .91 Kaliella austeniana Pils., n. sp. . . . . . .20 Kaliella ruida Pils., n. sp. . . . . . . .21 Kaliella yaeyamensis Pils., n. sp. ..... 21 Lampsilis sapperi v. Ihering n. sp. . . . .50 Latrunculus Gray = Eburna Lam. . . . . .108 Limax montanus Ingersoll. . . . . . .129 Limnaea ampla Mighels, the original localit}7 of . . 127 Limnaea auricularia in America . . . . . .59 Limnaea emarginata Say var. montana Elrod, n. var. . Ill Limnaea nuttalliana Lea 89 VI THE NAUTILUS. Limnaea palustris Mull. . . . . . . .111 Limnaea reflexa jolietensis Baker, n. var. . . . .17 Limnaea stagnalis L. var. appressa Say . . . .110 Liomesus nassula Dall, n. sp. . . . . .89 Loo Choo Islands, new land shells from the . . 18, 61 Lucapina crenulata Sowb., animal of . . . . .71 Lucina, a gigantic fossil ....... 40 Lucina megameris Dall, n. sp. . . . . .41 Macrochlamys cerasina Pils., n. sp. ..... 117 Mandarina exoptata Pils., n. sp. . . . . .117 Margaritana margaritifera L 89 Meseschiza grosvenorii Lea, Notes on .... 5 Microcystina hahajimana Pils., n. sp. .... 118 Modiolaria discors L. ....... 106 Modiolus hamatus Say ....... 96 Modiolus rnodiolus L. 104 Modiolus plicatulus Lam. . . . . . . .105 Mollusks, the approximate number of . . . .46 Monoplex Perry = Ranularia Schum . . . .108 Montana, collecting shells in . . . 86,103,110,129 Mytilus edulis L. ........ 94 Mytilus pellucidus Penn. ....... 95 Navanax inermis Cooper, ....... 72 Nenia smithiae Pils., n. sp. . . . . . . 37, 39 Ostrea borealis Lam. ........ 131 Ostrea virginica Lam. . . . . . . .131 Pecten irradians Lam. . . . . . . .113 Pecten tenuicostatus Migh. and Ad. . . . . .113 Physa anatina Lea ........ 57 Physa ancillaria Say ....... 42, 128 Physa ampullacea Gould ... . . . . .112 Physa billingsi Heron . . . . . . .56 Physa brevispira Lea ....... 57 Physa crassa Walker ........ 43 Physa crocata Lea . ... . . . . .70 Physa cubensis Pfr. ........ 58 Physa deform is Currier ....... 55 Physa distorta Hald 70 Physa elliptica Lea . ... . . . . .54 THE NAUTILUS. VI 1 Pt»3'sa elliptica minor Crandall, n. var. . . . .55 Physa forsheyii Lea ........ 69 Physa globosa Hald. . . . . . . . .71 Physa grosvenorii Lea ....... 69 Physa gyrina var. albofilata Ancey . . . . .54 Physa gyrina Say ....... 45.112 Physa heterostropha Say 28,112 Physa heterostropha alba Crandall, n. var. . . .29 Physa hildrethiana Lea ....... 45 Physa integer Hald. ........ 56 Physa lordi Baird . . . . . . . .44 Ph}?sa magnilacustris Walker . . . . . .43 Physa microstoma Hald. ....... 70 Physa niagarensis Lea . . . . . .55 Physa oleacea Tryon ........ 45 Physa parkeri Currier ....... 44 Physa philippi Kiister ....... 29 Physa plicata DeKay . . . . . . .29 Physa pompilia Conrad . . . . . . ,70 Physa rhomboidea Crandall, n. sp. . . . . 37, 44 Physa sayi Tappan ........ 43 Physa solida Phil 71 Physa tenuissima Lea . . . . . . .71 Physa troostiana Lea ....... 55 Physa vinosa Gould ........ 43 Physa walkeri Crandall, n. sp. . . . . 37, 57 Physa warreniana Lea ....... 44 Physse, the American 25,42,54,69 Pisidium afflne Sterki, n. sp. . . . . .66 Pisidium sargenti Sterki, n. sp. . . . . . .67 Pisidium strengii Sterki, n. sp 126 Pisidium variabile Prime ....... 132 Pisidium virginicum Gmel. ...... 132 Planorbis bicarinatus striatus Baker, n. var. . . . 120 Planorbis parvus Say ...... 104, 128 Planorbis trivolvis Say . . . . . . .103 Pleurobema missouriensis Marsh, n. sp. . . . .74 Pleurodonte acuta Lain. ...... 138, 140 Pleurodonte acuta var. acutissima 140 Vlll THE NAUTILUS. Pleurodonte acuta var. julia . . . . . .140 Pleurodonte acuta var. lucerna Mull. . . . . .140 Pleurodonte acuta var. sublucerna Pils. .... 140 Pleurodonte adarnsiana Clapp, n. sp. .... 33, 37 Pleurodonte bainbridgei Pfr. ..... 138, 141 Pleurodonte carmelita Fer. . . . . . 137, 138 Pleurodonte chemnitziana Pfr. ..... 137, 138 Pleurodonte (Labyrinthus) Clappi Pils., n. sp. . . 34, 37 Pleurodonte gigantea . . . . . . 14, 36 Pleurodonte ingens var. imperforata Adams . . . 138 Pleurodonte ingens var. indigna Adams .... 138 Pleurodonte ingens Adams ..... 137, 138 Pleurodonte oxytenes Adams ..... 137, 140 Pleurodonte patina Adams ..... 137, 138 Pleurodonte patina var. nobilis Adams .... 138 Pleurodonte pretiosa Adams ..... 138, 141 Pleurodonte soror Fer. var. peracuta Yendryes, n. var. . 102 Pleurodonte spengleriana Pfr. ..... 138, 141 Pleurodonte subacuta Pfr. . . . . . . 137, 138 Pleurodonte vacillans Yendryes, n. sp. . . . .101 Pleurotomaria, note on the name . . . . .127 Pleurotomarius = - Pleurotoma . . . . . .127 Polygyra devia var. bemphilli "W. G. B. . . . .129 Polygyra thyroides sanctisimonis Pils., n. var. ... 8 Polygyra townsendiana var. ptychophora A. D. Brown . 129 Polymesoda, the generic name for the American C}rrenas . 48 Potamides (Cerethidea) californica, how it travels . . 82 Pristophora — Serridens ....... 144 Pyramidula alternata, the sub-species of . . . .6 Pyramidula alternata var. kuoxensis Pils., n. var. . . 6 Pyramidula elrodi Pils. . . . . . . .130 Publications received . . . 9, 24, 36, 84, 107 Quadrula andrewsii Marsh, n. sp. ..... 115 Quadrula lananensis Frierson, n. sp. . . . . . 75 Rhode Island, the shell-bearing mollusca of 92, 104, 113, 130 Septidse, a new term for Tritonidee 108 Serridens oblongus Cpr 144 Simpson, George B 107 Sphaerium partumeium Say 103 THE NAUTILUS. IX Strophitus wrightianus Walker, n. sp. . 65 Succinea nnttalliana Lea ... . 129 Tamiosoma Conrad, a sessile Cirripede . . . 120 Tethys (Neaplysia) ritteri Cockerell, n. sp. . 90 Texas oil-well fossil ...... .74 Tornatellina inexpectata Pils., n. sp. ... .23 Trachypleura triadomarchica ... Trishoplita collinsoui var. casta Pils., n. var. . .19 Trishoplita hiugensis Pils., n. sp. . 20 Truncatella stimpsoni guadalupensis Pils., n. var. . 83 Truncatella subcylindrica Linn. . . . . .119 Truncatella truncatula (Drap.) in the United States . . 35 Unio, a new species of ....... 65 Unio from Missouri, description of a new . . .74 Unio from Tennessee, description of a new . . .115 Unio from Texas, a new ....... 75 Unionidae of North America .... 37, 50 Unionidae, on the classification of the . . .77 Urocoptidae, new Jamaican. .... 1 Valvata bicarinata Lea. ....... 123 Valvata bicarinata normalis Walker, n. var. . . . 124 Valvata tricarinata Say. ...... l'-3, 127 Valvata tricarinata confusa Walker, n. var. . . 123 Valvata tricarinata simplex Gould ..... 123 Valvata tricarinata unicarinata Dekay. .... 123 Valvata utahensis Call. ....... 124 Valvatas of the United States, a revision of the carinate . 121 Vivipara stelmaphora Bgt. of Japan, in California . . 91 Volutimitra, a new species of ...... 102 Volutimitra alaskana Dall., n. sp. ..... 103 Wagner Free Institute of Science, Transactions of . . Ill Wetherby, Prof. A. G 144 Yoldia sapotilla Gould . ... 92 INDEX TO AUTHORS. AJdrich, T. H. . 74 Ancey, C. F. 83 Baker, Frank C 17, 59, 120 Bartsch, Paul ......... 58 Carpenter, Horace F 92, 104, 113, 130 Clapp, Geo. H 33, 133 Clarke, J. M .107 Cockerell, T. D A 72, 90, 109 Cooper, Mary 109 Crandall, 0. A 25, 42, 54, 69 Ball, Wm. H 12, 40, 58, 89, 102, 127 Elrod, Morton J. 86, 103, 110, 129 Fox, Wm. J j ... 47 Fluck, Wm. H 48 Frierson, Lorraine S. . . . . . . . .75 Gaylord, Mrs. E. M 72 Hedley, Charles 97 Henderson, J. B., Jr. . . . . . 13,49,73,85 Hinkley, A. A. . . . . . . . . .5 Ihering, H. von . . . . . . . 37, 50 Jarvis, P. W 137 Johnson, C. W 35,36,46,143 Keep, Josiah ......... 119 Kelsey, F. W 144 Kendig, A. B 36 Marsh, Wm. A 74, 115 Nylande-r, Olof 0 127 Pilsbry, Henry A. . 6, 8, 18, 34, 39, 61, 83, 116, 119, 133, 141 Simpson, C. T 16,73,79 Stearns, R. E. C 53, 91 Xll THE NAUTILUS. Sterki, Y 66, 120 Vendryes, Henry 1, 101 Walker, Bryant . .... 30, 63, 121 Williamson, Mrs. M. Burton . . . . . 9, 82 Winkley, Henry W. . . 83 THI: NAUTILI'S, XA7. PLATK I. m 9 VE DRYKS: NEW JAMAICAN THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XV. MAY, 1901. No. 1. NEW JAMAICAN UROCOPTID.E. BY HENRY VENDRYES. Cylindrelht (A now a) inusitata, Vendryes. PI. I, tigs. 1 and 2. Shell much elongated, cylindrical, rimate, somewhat shining and transparent, color light brown ; spire slightly tapering both above and below its greatest diameter, which is about the middle ; truncate with the loss of 7 to 8 whorls, whorls remaining 11 to 12, planulate, shouldered by an early obsolete angle, the last detached and descending, strongly carinated at the base, the carina extending to the back of the aperture ; striae waved, strong and compact, cross- ing the whorls obliquely and continued up to and many crossing over the edge of the suture, which appears fringed here and there by their intrusion ; aperture like that of Dunkeriana, but rather larger in proportion to the shell, and less oblique than in that species, well produced over the penult, whorl. Height 18 mm., greatest breadth above the middle of the spire, 3£ mm.; aperture, 3 mm. high, 2^ mm. wide. This species is remarkable for its produced and detached aper- ture, placing it in the same group to which princeps belongs. Specimens were received from Mr. Bancroft, who collected them on the mountains at Upper Leighton, near Spring Garden estate in the parish of Saint George. CylindraJla (Anuma) coynata, Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 3, 4. Shell rimate, cylindrical, elongated, color very light pale brown ; spire tapering from the last whorl to the summit ; apex truncate, with the loss of 7 to 8 whorls, whorls remaining 11 to 12, subplan- 2 THE NAUTILUS. ulate, slightly shouldered, the last detached and descending, strongly carinated at the base, carina continued to the back of the aperture ; striae very strong and compact, irregularly spaced and waved here and there, t-ome crossing over the sutures from one whorl to the other ; aperture as in inusitafa, but less elliptical, well produced be- yond the penult whorl. Height, 1 "» mm.; greatest breadth, 3 mm.; aperture, 2^ mm. high, 2^ mm. wide. I am indebted for specimens of this shell to Mr. Hart, at one time Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations in Jamaica, and now occupying a similar position in Trinidad, by whom they were collected tit the government cinchona plantations in the mountains of Saint Andrew, about 5,500 feet above sea level. One of the specimens being alive, I obtained the radula, but failed in securing the buccal plate. The teeth are of the type common to MM. Crosse & Fischer's first group A. of Cylindrellre. The animal is very small in proportion to the shell. It is spiral behind the man- tle, short, of a pearly-white color, slightly mixed witli green, and marked with close-waved, narrow, longitudinal brown lines, not ex- tending to the lapping of the foot; head short, with a simple labial appendage, apparently incapable of much projection ; eye peduncles short, slender, of a deep bistre color, except on the lips, where the color is like that of the body; eyes very black, placed on the bulb- shaped tips of the peduncles ; tentacles short and very slender ; foot broad ami lance-shaped behind. The animal is very active for a Cylindrella. Ir progresses by extending forward the forepart of the foot and drawing the afterpart up to it in a sort of wave. Part of the shell drags lightly on the ground and is carried forward with each fresh advance of the foot. OyUndrella (Anoma) propingua Vendryes. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8. Shell rimatc, cylindrical, nearly white, under a light brown epi- dermis, which becomes paler towards the apex; the spire widens very gently from the base of the penult whorl to about one-third above it, where the greatest diameter is reached, and thence it tapers to the truncate apex ; apex truncate with the loss of 8 to 9 whorls, whorls remaining 10, less deep and less flattened than on Dunkeriana, the first two above the base subangular about the periphery, the last more strongly carinated than in Dnnkeriana, with the carina continued down to the base of the aperture ; striae very strong, compact and THE NAUTILUS. ." wavy, extending across (lie \vliorls to tlrj very edge of the well- impressed suture; aperture oblique like that of Duiikeriana, but the peristome is thinner and is appressed above to the penult whorl. Height 13 mill., greatest breadth at the slender part of the spire 3 mill. The shell comes near to Dunkertana, but it has 10 whorls which are less planulate than on that species, and the striation is rather coarser and less regular ; the color of Dunkeriana is also different. Gloyne, in Journ. de Couch., vol. — , reports it as siniilis from Belle- vue. Bland had identified them with great doubt as siinilis. On closer examination they turned out to be unlike siniilis or any other Jamaican species of Anoma. Hab. : Bellevue, near Stony Hill, in the. parish of Saint Andrews, (!) Vendryes. (!) Gloyne. Oylindretta (Tliaumasia) sanguinea Pfeitler, var. perplexa Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 11, 12. This variety was collected at(!) Water House, an abandoned sugar estate, now turned into a grazing pen and negro provision grounds, in the upper northern portion of the Liguinea plain, \\here the lime- stone hills of the Rod Hills range, begin to rise. The aperture is produced and the peristome is detached all round ; whilst in the typical sanguined the peristome above is closely soldered to the body-whorl, and often so much attenuated at the point of attachment as to form a thin film. The shell is of medium size and .dark colored ; there is a narrow line of a deeper tint than the ground color, but rather dingy, running next to the suture along the lower part of it and extending to within it. This form is very persistent in the locality mentioned. CylindreUa (Anoma^) ttbnormis Vendryes. PI. I, figs, o, G. Shell deeply rirnate, cylindrical!}' elongated, color brown with a very slight tint of yellowish-red, shining ; spire broadly truncate with the loss of — whorls, whorls remaining 9, the last and the three fol- lowing it are more drawn out and consequently deeper than the remaining ones, the last is slightly narrower in diameter than the second, the second than the third, and the third than the fourth, thence the remaining whorls become less deep and gradually diminish in diameter to the truncated apex, so that the outline of the shell presents the form of a long, narrow, drawn-out purse, somewhat 4 THE NAUTILUS. bulging about the middle, and thence tapering towards the bottom ; whorls slightly convex, obtusely angulated at the periphery, sculp- tured with strong, thick lamella-like costulae crossing the whorls obliquely, generally curvilinear, irregular in some places and wavy here and there, extending to the very shoulder of the whorls, the last whorl with a prominent carina which extends to the back of the base of the aperture close to the peristome ; suture well incised ; aperture inclining to the right, the plane very oblique, peristome thick, nearly white, smooth and shining, reflected all around, with a very large, strong, elevated knob close over the spot where the columellar lip should merge into the columella, and apparently arched over the space of the entering rima beneath. Total length, 11 mm.; greatest breadth at middle of spire, 3 mm.; next above the aperture, 2 mm.; at the truncation, 2 mm. This shell was collected by me among tine earth and vegetable debris taken from the roadsides near to Brown's Town, in the parish of Saint Ann. Unfortunately, as its presence was only revealed to me when searching this debris some time afterwards at home, no note was kept of the exact habitat and station. It is as yet unique in my collection. It is unlike any species of Anoma with which I am acquainted, and its peculiarities would seem to warrant the creation of a new subgenus, or at least of a special section to receive it. The reasons for this appear to me to be as cogent as were those which led to the creation of the subgenus Chittya for Geomelania sinuosa. CylindreUa (Thauma&ici) histabilis Vendryes. PI. I, figs. 9, 10. Shell ovate-cylindrical, solid, rimate ; color dark-sanguineous, not unlike that of some specimens of CyL sanyuinea, but the sur- face of instabih's exhibits in most specimens semi-hydrophanous, more or less wide, transverse patches sparsely and irregularly occurring, and apparently produced by some indistinct lesions of the very thin epidermis; spire describing a well-drawn-out ovate outline; apex broadly truncate with the loss of (J to 7 of the earlier volutions, whorls remaining 7 to 8, almost entirely plane in some examples, or moderately convex in others , subarcuately, obliquely and closely costulate strife ; the last whorl not detached in some examples, and detached and produced in others, and generally more strongly sculptured than the penult and other whorls, with a well-pro- THE NAUTILUS. O nounced carina at the base ; suture lightly impressed and submar- gined ; aperture slightly oblique, circular in some examples or trans- versely narrowed in others; peristome slightly tinged with the prevailing ground color of the shell, well expanded all around and reflected, not continuous above, but, attenuated or reduced to a mere film '.md appressed to the body whorl in some examples, or in other? detached and continuous, and produced outward near the upper part of the right side of the aperture and with a sinus or notch on the produced part. Long., 24 to 25 mm.; diam. at middle of spire, 9 to 10 mm.; aperture with peristome appressed, 8 mm. high and wide; when produced and with peristome detached, 6 mm. high, and 6 to 7 mm. wide. In several of its characters this species is rather inconsistent. In specimens found side by side and manifestly of the same brood, some examples show strong affinities with Thaumasia sanguined, others with Thaumasia cylindrus, others again with Gongylostoma lata (? Thaumasia lata), in so fur that it becomes often very difficult to locate them decisively. In the two specimens figured, one has the lip appressed, as in sanguinea ; in the otl'er it is detached and expanded towards the right side of the aperture and bears a notch or sinus. In one the sculpture is decidedly like that of sanguinea, on the other it is like that of cylindrus, but stronger. In specimens with the aperture but slightly produced and the peristome uninterrupted by attenuation and adhesion to the body whorl, or produced and not bearing a sinus, the resemblance to lata is very great. Habitat : (!) Phoenix Park, near the Monarque in the parish of Saint Ann ; (!) environs of Brown's Town in the same parish. NOTES ON MESESCHIZA GROSVENORII LEA. It is now over thirty-seven years since Mr. Lea described this spe- cies, and additional specimens have not been reported. In his Mono- graph of tl:e family Strepomatidse, Mr. Tryon says, in a foot-note page 350, " every specimen examined shows evidence of diseased growth." In the description, the location of notch is stated to be inconstant or wanting. Admitting then that the notch of this species is a de- formity, where should the specimens described by Mr. Lea be placed ? The notch being a deformity, the genus would not stand, because that D THE NAUTILUS. is the distinguishing point of tlie genera, like tlie fissure nf Schizos- toma. I am of tlie opinion that Mr. Lea's specimens are young Angitrema armigera Say, for the following reasons : The young of armigera is generally smooth, is fusiform, thin, obtusely conical and of various shades and markings, from a light straw-color to purple, occasionally seven banded while six is common ; the aperture is large and rhomboidal, obtuse longitudinal thickenings are common on body whorl, a light line under the suture is also common in banded and purple specimens, base channel well defined. Polar point of the operculurn well removed from the margin. There is no other species found in the Wabash that has so many points of resemblance ; about the only point of difference is the number of whorls, five to six in the young armigera I have, while Mr. Lea's description says seven. There are some other species I think must be referred to Angilrema armigera, but additional specimens from other localities are needed to fully determine the identity. — A. A. HINKLEY. THE SUBSPECIES OF PYRAMIDULA ALTERNATA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Pyramidula alfernata knoxensis, n. v. A more robust, Ia7-ger shell than typical P. alternate, with more widely open umbilicus; dull rusty brown, with comparatively incon- spicuous or much-reduced flame-markings. Whorls 5^, not carinated. Sculpture of fine and even rib-strias, but little weaker on the base, the whole covered with a secondary sculpture of fine wrinkles, partially cuticular, and running a little more obliquely than the rib-stria>. This minute wrinkling is barely visible to the naked eye, but is much stronger than in other forms of P. alternata, and gives the surface a peculiarly dull appearance. Alt. 11, diam. 23, width of umbilicus G^ mm. (Knox Co., Tenn.). Alt. 11, diam. 23, width of umbilicus 7 mm. (Laurel Creek Gap). Alt. 13, diarn. 25, width of umbilicus 7^ mm. (Hazel Creek). This remarkable race of P. alternata belongs, so far as we know, to the valleys of the western slope of the Great Smoky mountains, extending into the valley of East Tennessee. It was first found by Mrs. George Andrews, in Knox county, Tenn. During the past summer Mr. Jas, H. Ferries found it in Cade's Cove, at Laurel Creek THE NAUTILUS. i Gap and Hazel Creek. We saw nothing of it on higher elevations in tlie Great Smokies, the localities mentioned lying below 2000 ft. elevation. In the collection of Geo. II. Clapp there is a single shell from the .las. Lewis coll. labeled "Philadelphia, Monroe Co., Tenn.," probably collected by Miss Law, and measuring: Alt. 13, diam. 24, umbilicus 7i mm. No intergrades with typical P. alternata, P. /?itrits, while the girdle is armed with spines \vhich are believed by Jaekel to have been calcareous. The length, without girdle, is about 16, breadth 9 mm. The genus is evidently extremely like Lepidopleurw in hard parts, and so far as the figures and description show, indistinguishable from the recent genus except in the character of the girdle armature. It is quite unlike any of the known Palaeozoic genera. — H. A. P. PUBLICATIONS EECEIVED. SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILY CARIMIDJK AND OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. BY WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. PROC. U. S. NAT. Mus. VOL. xxni, PP. 381-392, 1900.— As Tryon and Pils- bry's " Manual of Conchology " does not yet include Pelecypoda, the necessity for monographs giving the latest investigations in system- atic changes is apparent. Students are deeply indebted to Dr. Wm. H. Dall for his recent monographs on several families of bivalve rnollusks, including the Mactracea, Diplodontida?, Leptonacea, Psam- mobiidre, Solenidje, Tellinida? and Cardiida-. In the bulletin on Cardiidse there are no plates, but there is a bibli- ography followed by a synopsis of the family which includes a " sub- division of the family included as a whole." The " brackish water forms associated with Adacna" are no longer included in this family. The principal changes in nomenclature of the East American species since Dr. Dall's " Marine Mollusks of the South Eastern Coast," are as follows : Cardium magnum Born is included under the name of C- (Dfno- cardiitm*) robiistum Solander, which is the older name ; this does not include C. magnum Linnaeus, which Dr. Dall thinks is probably C. (Trachycardiurn) leucostoma Born. In subgenus Papyridea, spino- sitm takes the place of bitllatinn, or bullata, of " many authors but not of Linnaeus," and P. petitianum Orbigny is a synonym of/5, semisul- catum Gray. Liocardium l. " The next question which arises is, how far are the above totals trustworthy ? On the one hand they are inflated by a mass of synonyms which still masquerade as species, while on the other hand they are reduced by a certain number of omissions. The only omission of any importance, however, will, I think, be found in the Nudibranchiata, of which the true total is, owing to the nature of the works consulted, unduly curtailed." "Making a reduction therefore for synonyms and allowing for the above, I think a very fair approximation will be : Cephalopoda, 4/><>; Gastropoda, 40,000 ; Scaphopoda, 2*20; Pelecypoda, 8,500; Ampin - neura, 600; or a grand total of 49,770 — say 50,000 known species of recent mollusca." C. W. J. THE LOCALITY OF SAT'S TYPE OF ALASMIDONTA MARGINATA. —Bearing on the question whether the name Alasmidonta inurginata of Say should be applied to an Eastern or a Western shell, and as it has been questioned that Lea ever collected in the Scioto River, the following quotation1 will be found of interest : " Mr. Lea remembers that Mr. Say founded his genus Alasmodonta on a single valve which he himself had picked up on the river shore at Chillicothe, Ohio, and which he carried from that place to Philadelphia in his saddle-bass." From this it is clear that Say's name should be applied to the form known as A. truncata of the western states, as it corroborates Say's statement that the type was found in the Scioto River. It may be well to point out that the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, containing the description of Alas- midonta marainata, although dated December, 1818, really did not appear until the year 1819, which is the same date as the separate of Say's paper from the 3d edition of Nicholson's Encyclopedia. From the fact that no locality for the species is given in the latter paper, it seems safe to say that A. marainata was first described therein, the locality being supplied in the later paper in the Journal, which was published prior to March 13th, 1819, as Say, in a letter of that date, speaks of having sent a copy of it to a correspondent. In Say's American Conchology there is an article, or chapter per- haps, entitled : " An attempt to exhibit a synonymy of the Western North American species of the genera Unio and Alasmodonta," in which will be found listed as a western species, "Alasniodonta mar- ginata Say."- -WiLLiAM J. Fox. 1 From The Published Writhiqs of Isaac Lea, LL. D., by Newton Pratt Scud- der. (Bull. No. 23, W. S. Nat. Mus.} 48 THE NAUTILUS. CORRESPONDENCE. We extract the following from a letter recently received from Rev. W. H. Fluck, Wounta Haulover. (Address care of Moravian Mission, Bluefields. Nicaragua): " I believe I am the only conchologist in Nicaragua, and 1 sup- pose my collection is not only the largest but the finest. Caesar said, ' Better be first in a little Iberian village than be second in Rome,' but I don't agree with him. I send you herewith a few shells. Donax cayennensis Lam. Prinzapolka, Mosquito Coast, Nica- ragua, C. A. Donax denticidatus L. Wounta Haulover. Nerita pelaronta L. Man of War Keys, Mosquito Coast, Nica- ragua, C. A. Dione dione Linne. Wounta Haulover. Neritina reclivata Say, var. reticulata C. & J. In the Lagoon at Wounta Haulover. Pachycheilus corvinus Morel. Quiquina, on the Toongla River. Pulymesoda inflat.a Hanley. Lagoon, Wounta Haulover. I have eaten bushels of the Donaces. The Indian children collect them at low water." We would add that the specimens of Donax and Dione are the finest we have ever seen. The Neritina is exceptionally large. Neritina reclivata is now referred, correctly no doubt, to N. lineolata Lam.; and the netted Central American race will stand as N. lineo- lata var. reticulata C. & J. Polymesoda is what has usually been known as Oyrena; and is now accepted as the generic name for the American Cyrenas, which have a small pallial sinus, such as carolin- ensis and the tropical American species. Working alone in a bookless land, we are sure that Mr. Fluck will be glad to receive papers on conchological topics, and exchanges for the shells of his region. GEORGE W. DEAN. We regret to learn of the death of our old friend Mr. Geo. W. Dean, which occurred on April 10th at his home in Kent, Ohio. Mr. Dean was born in Wayne township, Ashtabula Co., Ohio, August 20, 1820. In 1855 he took up the occupation of a nursery- man and florist, a business in which he was successfully engaged until the time of his death. Mr. Dean was a great lover and student of nature, and well known to many of the readers of THE NAUTILUS, for notwithstanding his busy life as a horticulturist, he was an ardent and enthusiastic col- lector of shells. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XV. SEPTEMBER, 19O1. . 5. A NEW JAMAICAN ADAMSIELLA. BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR. Adanisiella jarvisi n. s. Shell moderately elongate, pyramidal. Whorls four, well rounded, the last leaving the body of the shell and projecting one-half its own length free in a slight curve. Apex truncate; sutures well impressed. Sculpture consists of ii n e v e n 1 y-s paced, prominen tly-raised laminae circling all the \\ liorls ; these are crossed by obsolete spiral lirse which are only apparent at their points of intersection with the transverse ridges. Umbilicus narrow and extending through the shell, forming a puncture at the apical truncation. Aperture exactly round; inner peritreme greatly ex- tended; the outer peritreme corresponding to an exaggerated lamina, circles the whorl like a collar, the outer edge of which is irregular but not fluted. Color pale yellowish-gray. Height 11 ; diam. above aperture 6.5; greatest diam. '.) ; diam. of aperture 3 mm. This species resembles .4. peurnununnn in general shape and sculp- ture, but is obviously distinct by reason of ils coarser lamina1 and evidences of spiral stride, also by the striking projection of the l;i~i 50 THE XAUTILUS. whorl. The sculpture of this shell is somewhat suggestive of the rough burr-like appearance presented by some of the Jamaican Choanopomas. A series of chestnut-brown spots circling the outer expanded peritreme probably indicates in fresh specimens parallel rows of similar spots upon the whorls. Operculum unknown. Collected by Mr. Jarvis near Ewarton, Jamaica. THE UNIONIDJE OF NORTH AMERICA. BY H. YON IHERING. Entering into consideration of particular species, I would make the following observations : Quadrula spheniopsis Morel certainly does not belong to the genus Quadrula, because the female is inflated in the same manner on the base of the shell as Lampsilis. I have a good series of speci- mens, some of which were examined by the late Dr. Fischer. I sub- ordinate this species to the genus Nephronaias, of which Pachynaias Crosse and Fischer is a synonym. Quadrula pernodosa Lea. I consider that this is not a variety of pustulosa, because the form is quite different from that of the varie- ties of pustulosa, which is always more quadrate, while pernodosa is of an elongate, higher form, with more prominent beaks. The hinge- line is longer in pustulosa. The distance of the large pseudocardinal tooth from the end of the lateral is more than a half of the height in pustulosa, but is less in pernodosa. Lampsilis occidens Lea, I consider as a good species, different from L. ventricosus by the more central position of the beaks and different shape of the anterior extremity. I have males and females of both ventricosus and occidens. Lampsilis pictus Lea, is perhaps the male of perdix Lea. Lampsilis sapperi sp. n. This is the shell mentioned by Simpson in his Catalogue, p. 571, n. 4, as a doubtful variety of L. explicatns. The shell is more elongate, with the ventral margins sinuate and the anterior extremity lower and somewhat obliquely truncate on the inferior part of the anterior margins. The pseudocardinals are very stout, one in the right, two in the left valve. This differs remarkably from L. explicatus as figured by Crosse and Fischer, pi. 61, fig. 1, of the Moll. Mex., having the pseudocardinals elevated, compressed, THE NAUTILUS. 51 lamelliform. I believe the L. sapperi more allied to L. umbrosus Lea than to explicatus, being, however, of a more elongate form with produced posterior extremity and larger size. The type example has a length of 64 mm., breadth of 114 mm., diam. of 38 mm. The epidermis is dark brown, blackish, the nacre white. The posterior slope has two obtuse, somewhat indistinct diverging lines. The spe- cies is from the Chixoy river in Guatemala, and dedicated to Dr. Carl Sapper, who has collected in scientific expeditions in Central America and Mexico many interesting Unionidce, for which I am much indebted to him. Nephronaias medellinm Lea seems to be the same as Lampsilis aztecorum Phil. Nephronaias averyi Lea, I have from the Rio Tuca, in N.-W. Guatemala. Nephronaias goascoranensis Lea (1858), I have received from Dr. Sapper from the Moramusko river, in Honduras, and from the Rio Coco in Nicaragua. The species varies, and I have specimens corresponding to the figure of Lea and others to that of Crosse and Fischer (Miss. Sci., Mexico, pt. 2, 1894, pi. 64, fig. 5 and 5 a), of Unio calamitarum Morelet (1849.) The name of this widely- distributed Central American species should, therefore, be Nephro- naias calamitarum Morelet, if Morelet, as also Crosse and Fischer have not confounded two different species, and it is impossible to say what is the true calamitarum. Nephronaias tabascoensis Kiister (1856) is also a widely-distributed Central American species. This is my No. 60 from the Rio Copan, Guatemala, tributary of the Motagua river, and which Mr. Simpson believed be the scamnatus Morelet. Having both N. scamnatus Morel, and gandlachi Dunker from Cuba, I consider them different. The true scamnatus is a smaller and thinner shell, while to tabasco- ensis are synonymous U. persulcatus Lea, rugulosus Kiist. and per- haps also plicatulus Kiister. To this species belongs also Unio cala- mitarum Morelet, var. prolongata Crosse et Fischer 1. c., p. 612, pi. 63, fig. 5 et 5 a. The supposed Central American examples of N. scamnatus may be identical with N. dysoni Lea. N. tabascoensis I have also from Nicaragua, Rio Telpanek, and (No. 61) from El Obrage, Guatemala. Referring to the genera of North American Unionidae admitted by Simpson, I would make the following observations : 52 THE NAUTILUS. Truncilla. This. would be a quite natural genus, eliminating some lieterogenous elements, that must be placed with Quadrula, as T. personata Say, allied to Q. trigona, and T. perplexa andfoliata allied to Q. metanevra. Lampsilis. A very natural genus, from which, however, Proptera should be separated as a genus. Obovaria belongs in the vicinity of Quadrula, as do likewise Tri- togonia, Cyprogenia, Obliquaria and Dromus. Ptychobranchus is a subgenus of Lampsilis. Pleurobema will form a natural group after the removal of P. cesopus and probably some other species. Unio. There are to be removed U. spheniopsis, a species allied to Nephronaias cyrenoides, and also the group of U. semigranosus, con- sisting of species of Quadrula. There are a number of species of Quadrula in Mexico distinguished by peculiar granular sculpture and thin reddish-gray epidermis, for which Crosse and Fischer cre- ated the sub-genus Psoronaias. I can find no reason for dividing them between two groups, as Simpson has done; and I unite U. semigranosus and allied species to Quadrula. In this way all sculp- tured forms are eliminated from the genus Unio. Plagiola. Genus probably to be restricted to P. elegans and similar forms, while P. cyrenoides, etc., may be transferred to Nephronaias. The family Unionidce, as limited by Simpson, would contain, according to these views, two families : DiplodontidcE and Unionidce, which are distinguished not only by the marsupia. but also by im- portant conchological characters. The sexual differences, strongly pronounced in the Lampsilis group, are not entirely deficient in the other groups, as there are species with pronounced sexual differences in both the genera Quadrula and Diplodon. The sculpture of the beaks is concentric in the Unionidse, radial in the Diplodontidce. In some species of ffyriaand Tetraplodon the radial sculpture is reduced or almost obsolete. Of two specimens of Castaliella sulcata Krauss in my collection, one shows the radial sculpture well developed ; in the other it is nearly absent. The pseudo-cardinals are variant in both examples ; the nacre is bluish-white. This mussel is doubtless identical with Tetraplodon schombergianus Sow., but 1 have received my speci- mens, collected by Kapler on the Marowini River, Surinam, from the Zoological Museum in Stuttgart as typical specimens of Castalia THE NAUTILUS. 53 sulcata Krauss. As Simpson believes also to be typical his specimen with purplish nacre, further investigations will be necessary, how- ever, as it is probable that the species shows some variability, and that Tetraplodon schombergianus is a synonym. Conformable with the conceptions here exposed, we may consider the super-family of Naiades as composed of two families : Unionidte and DiplodontidcK. The former, the only one occurring in North America, may be divided into the following three sub-families : UNIONISE with the genera: Anodonta, Lastena, Gonidea, Ano- dontoides, Peyias, Arcidens, Symphynota, Alasmidonta^ ffemilastena, 3 far gar it ana, Unio. QUADRULIN^E with the genera : Quadrula, Pleurobema, Obovaria, Cyprogenia, Obliquaria, Dromus. LAMPSILIN^E with the genera : Lampsilis, Truncilla, Micromya, Medionidus, Nephronaias, Glebula, Plagiola. As shown by the arguments given, the opinions of Mr. Simpson, in many essential points, are in accordance with those of the writer, and I thought it useful to publish such of my ideas as do not accord with Mr. Simpson's, in order to submit them to examination in the discussion which a book of such great importance will naturally provoke. S. Paulo (Brazil} 10 May, 1901. AN ABNORMAL CHITON. In September of last year Mr. Hemphill sent me a photograph of an abnormal specimen of the common Californian species Ischnochiton (Maugerella) conspicuus Cpr., the divergence from the ordinary form consisting in its having only six valves. The length of the specimen (photo) is about 70 and the breadth 38 millimeters. There is no indication of pathologic deformity ; the proportionate size of the valves compared with the size of the shell as a whole, exhibits no eccentricity. Cooke, in the Mollusca volume of the Cambridge Natural History Series, remarks that "seven-valved monstrosities very rarely occur." Sykes has recently reported and figured a three-valved individual. In the hundreds of Chitons of various species that I have collected on the West Coast I have never de- tected an example with less than the usual number, though it is pos- sible in handling a large number, especially of the smaller forms, to 54 THE NAUTILUS. overlook an individual varying in the above respect. It will be well for collectors to keep their eyes open for such abnormal individuals ; it may be found that they occnr oftener than is supposed. R. E. C. STEARNS. Los Angeles, May 2, 1901. THE AMERICAN PHYS.E. BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO. Physa gyrina var. albofilata Ancey. This variety is confined to southwest Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, extending into the Indian Territory and Kansas. It is distinguished by its lighter color, fine lines of growth, rarely showing cross strise, generally malleated on some part of the surface, and large white varicose bands. It is generally found with five whorls. Forms : Physa hawni Lea, P. cylindrica Newcomb, Physa smith- soniana Lea. P. gyrina is the most widely distributed of all the American species. It extends over all the territory between the Alleghanies and Rocky Mountains, and from the Arctic region south into Alabama and Texas. I have examples from near Philadelphia, Pa., and from Routt county, Colorado, but I do not consider them permanent in- habitants of those localities. It is possible that they may yet be found to extend as far west as the Sierra Nevada Mountains, but I have been unable to obtain any evidence that they now inhabit the Great Basin. I account for their being found outside of the limits here given by the ova being carried on the feet of migratory birds, by means of which isolated colonies are planted, which survive for a time, but finally become absorbed by the more numerous inhabitants and disappear. They may be called sporadic colonies. This also in part accounts for the hybridization that has produced so many forms that have been described as new species, only to vanish in a season. Physa elliptic;! Lea. Includes the sub-species Physa elh'ptica troostiana Lea, Physa ellip- tica minor n. v. There probably is not a more distinct species in the genus than this, yet Binney and Haldeman place it in the synonymy of P. gyrina Say. Tryon recognized it as a species, gave it a very large THE NAUTILUS. OO synonymy, and substituted his description of P. oleacea for that of Lea. The species are widely different, and were so acknowledged by him in later years. The form which I refer to this species may be described as follows : Shell elliptical, thin, pellucid, smooth and generally shining, lines of growth scarcely perceptible, spire rather short and obtuse, sutures impressed, aperture elliptical, axis straight, with varicose bands when mature, and diameter from two-fifths to one-half the length. The outline is almost exactly that of an elliptic spring. All the varieties are small, not exceeding a half inch in length. O O Physa troostiana Lea is a more robust form, more obtuse, and the diameter a little greater in proportion to the length. Its habitat is along the Ohio valley. Physa elliptica minor n. v. was sent to me from Grand Rapids, Mich., by Mr. Streng. It is very small, being only four to five mm. in length, rather cylindrical in form, whorls three, convex, sutures impressed, spire slightly elevated, surface highly polished, color deeper than the type. At first I thought they were immature, but the lip has a well defined rib on the subuiargin, and I now think they are a miniature form of this species. Physa deformis Currier probably belongs here, and may be a variety, but for the present I prefer to consider it only a form. It may be a larger form of P. elliptica minor ; if so it will take its place. Forms : P. aurea Lea, P. febigerii Lea, P. nicklinii Lea. This species is distributed sparingly over all the region east of the Mississippi and north of Tennessee. Phjsa niagarensis Lea. This species was described in 18G4 from forms taken in Niagara river, N. Y., but has generally been considered a variety of P. integer Hald. In fact I have held the same opinion until quite recently. In the last few years I have had opportunity to examine examples of P. integer from over fifty localities, about one-fourth of which were properly referred to this species, and from these exami- nations and the places from which they were taken, I feel satisfied that this form is not a variety of P. integer. If it is not entitled to rank as a species, it should be referred to P. heterostroplta as a variety. They vary but little, but the largest part of those I have examined have the form of P. heterostropha, except that the spire is a little 56 THE NAUTILUS. more elevated and the acute apex is tipped with reddish-brown. Axis straight, aperture ovate, smooth and shining surface, rarely showing varicose bands. Color yellowish-white grading into a pale yellowish chestnut in some forms. It usually has four whorls. While white, it is not porcellaneous. Lea's description is correct. P. sajfordi Lea, is a form of this species. Distribution : Along the Great Lakes. Physa integer Haldenum. Subspecies : Phyfa integer billingsi Heron. This is a very distinct species, described in 1841 from shells found in Indiana. It is distinguished by its oval form, light color fre- quently banded with white, deeply impressed sutures, ear-shaped aperture and somewhat rough but shining surface. It is not closely allied to any other species. It requires two seasons to reach matu- rity. Diameter seven-tenths the length. It is the only species that extends from the Lakes to the Gulf. It inhabits all the country bordering on the Lakes from Ontario west, and extends south and west as far as San Antonio, Texas. I have collected live forms in the latter place, and found it fossil in the post-pliocene at Belton, Texas. Its distribution being different from that of any other species raises a doubt as to the identity of the species at the extreme ends of the territory covered. It has not been reported from south of the Ohio river, nor from eastern Arkansas, but seems to occupy a belt lying between central Arkansas and central Kansas, continuing about the same width to the Gulf. Physa billingsi Heron. The type was taken in Rideau river, near Ottawa, Canada. The first examples sent me from that locality varied so much from any described form that I was inclined to accord it specific rank, but having received it from several localities in Michigan, I am now placing it here as a well-marked variety. It is smaller than P. integer, of finer texture, and the sutures are much less impressed. None of them have the ear-shaped aperture. The lip is expanded and in many of them forms the arc of a circle. In some of them the diameter is nearly as great as the length. From this form they graduate into the usual form of P. integer. Its distribution, so far as known, is confined to Canada and Michigan. THE NAUTILUS. Oi Physa anatina Lea. This is the most striking and beautiful species of the genus. It was discovered in a northern tributary of the Arkansas river in Kan- sas, in 1864, and in that locality it has its greatest development. The extent of its distribution is unknown. It is plentiful around Wichita, Kansas, and has been reported from Missouri, Arkansas, Nebraska and Michigan. It probably inhabits all the intervening territory. Distinguished by its sub-fusiform and symmetrical shape, smooth and shining surface, pale color, six oblique whorls, impressed sutures, and the malleations on the lower part of the last whorl of all adult forms. Bi-annuan. Diameter ^ the length. Physa brevispira Lea. Ottawa river, Canada West, furnished the type for this species in 1864. It is not numerous in any locality, and is seldom reported by collectors. I have examples agreeing with Lea's figure from Lake Nippising, Ont.. and shells from five other localities which I believe belong here, although they differ in color and height of spire. Speci- mens from Detroit river, Reed's Lake and Pent Water, Mich., are good representatives of the species in size, color and all other char- acters except that the spire is somewhat exserted. The Isle of Mackinac furnishes a much larger white shell which I refer to the same species. Distinguished by its globose form, opaque whitish color and dilated aperture. It has been sent to me as P. ancillaria and vinosa. An- nuan. Diameter | the length. Aperture T7^ the length of shell. Physa walkeri n. s. PI. 2, fig. 5. Shell elongate-ovate, ashy horn color, texture rather coarse, whorls four, very convex, sutures much impressed, spire much elevated and tapering to an acute apex, aperture ovate, not expanded, -^ the length of the shell, lip tortuous and evenly curved, inner margin thickened with thin white deposit. Length 10 mm, width 6 mm. This little shell was sent to me by Bryant Walker, Esq., of De- troit, Mich., having been collected by him at Petoskey, Mich., after whom I take pleasure in naming it. It has also been sent to me from three other localities in Michigan, and Rideau river, Ont. It is allied to P. integer Hald, and fills the place between that species and P. anatina Lea. 58 THE NAUTILUS. It differs from P. Integra Hald. in having a more elevated, slender and acute spire, less deeply impressed sutures and much finer tex- ture. The aperture is nearly ovate, not ear-shaped, the columella gracefully curved and covered with a thin lamina. It differs from P. anatina Lea in being much smaller, lighter colored, the whorls less oblique, lines of growth more visible and being of lighter texture. The shell as a whole, when seen with these species, impresses itself as distinct at a glance. Physa cubensis Pfeiffer. This is a Cuban species found in Florida. I have not seen Pfeif- fer's description, but forms kindly sent to me by Prof. Pilsbry may be described as follows : Mature shell sub-fusiform, light amber, smooth and shining surface, lines of growth scarcely perceptible, whorls five, convex, sutures im- pressed, spire rising like a cone to an acute apex, aperture elongate ovate, lip not expanded, columella twisted and covered with a callus. Bi-annuan I think. A peculiarity of this species, as shown by the forms sent to me, is that the immature form is ovate, the last whorl in the adult being somewhat flattened and elongated, thus making the shell sub-fusiform when mature. A NEW CALIFORNIAN BITTIUM. BY W. H. DALL AND PAUL BARTSCH. Bittium (Elachista) californicum >-pec. nov. Shell white, broadly elongate-conic ; whorls rounded, falling off more abruptly toward the suture than the summit. The earlier whorls increase less rapidly in diameter, and are more evenly rounded. Base short, well rounded ; aperture suboval, effuse and subchannelled anteriorly, with the posterior angle rounded ; colu- mella somewhat twisted and slightly revolute. The ornamentation consists of about 14-16 broad and low axial folds, which gradually become obsolete on the periphery and base, THE NAUTILUS. -r)9 and on the whorls three or four impressed spiral lines, which are equally apparent on the ribs and intercostal spaces. This species occurs both recent and fossil in California. Recent shells appear more slender with fewer ribs, 12-14. The type is a fossil specimen from Dead Man's Id. off San Pedro, Gala., and has 8 whorls which measure : long 5.3 mm., diam. 2.2 mm. A recent shell of 10 whorls measured 6.0 mm., diam. 2.1 mm. LIMNAEA AURICTJLARIA IN AMERICA. BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER. Some weeks ago Mr. Herbert E. Walter, instructor in Biology in the North Division High School, brought me several specimens of a Limnaea which was new to the fauna of the United States. Upon inquiry, the locality was given as the propagating green-house of Lincoln Park. A few years ago Miss Marie LaGrange, a pupil in the North Division High School, found a number of the same species in a lily pond in the park, the water of which was artificially heated to give the necessary warmth for certain tropical plants, the tem- perature being above 90° Fahr. Comparison with the shells in the Academy's collection showed the species to be Limnaea auricularia, and an inquiry of the park gardener brought to light the fact that certain plants had been recently imported from Belgium. This information at once removed the mystery surrounding the sudden appearance of this shell in the park, and shows how easy it is at the present time to transport a species from one continent to another, especially if it be a pulmonate. The shells of L. auricularia are about an inch in length, of a deep corneous color, and are rather thin. When alive, the mantle of the animal is seen through the shell to be made up of dark and light spots arranged irregularly. The animal appeared rather active, moving about the aquarium with a steady, gliding motion. The heart pulsations were 34 per minute. It may also be of interest to state that the following introduced species have been found in the greenhouse or in the lily ponds: Testacella haliotoidea, Limax maximus and L. flavus^ Vitrea drapar- naldi and Limnaea auricularia. 60 THE NAUTILUS. ORESTES A. CRANDALL. It is with deep regret that we record the death of Colonel O. A. Crandall, of Sedalia, Missouri, which occurred at West Chester, Pennsylvania, July 6. He left home during the latter part of June on a business and pleasure trip East. After staying a few days at Bridgeport, Connecticut, he went to Philadelphia, where he was sick four days, when he went to the home of an old friend at West Chester, hoping that with complete rest he would soon recuperate ; but the extreme heat combined with heart trouble caused his sudden death. Interment was at Sedalia. " Orestes A. Crandall was born at Syracuse, N. Y., February 25, 1833. In 1835 his parents removed to McHenry county, Illinois, at that time known as the Crystal Lake country, a wilderness in- habited by Indians and wild animals. The nearest settlement was forty miles distant. Thrown upon his own resources at the age of thirteen, Mr. Crandall developed rapidly those sterling qualities which in later years made him prominent among men. " In 1853 he went to California, walking 500 miles of the distance and carrying his bundle on his back. He worked eight years in the Golden State as miner and mineralogist, returning to "The States" in 1801 and locating in Saline county, Mo. "• At the outbreak of the war, soon after corning to Missouri, he aligned himself with the Union and went to the "wilderness" of Illinois, where he organized and put two regiments of soldiers in the field. He fought with honor during the war, his last battle being the battle of Sedalia, October 15, 1864, in which he was captured by the Confederate forces. " He located permanently in Sedalia in 1864, and in that year was admitted to the bar and practiced his chosen profession until the beerinnino; of the eighties. He married Miss Kate A. Kidd, of that O O O ' city. " In 1875 he organized the Pettis County Bank and was made its president. He was elected president of the Missouri Trust Com- pany in 1880. Under his guidance the company became one of the foremost institutions of its kind in the country." Mr. Crandall was well known to many readers of THE NAUTILUS, especially those interested in fresh-water snails. For a number of vears his spare time was spent in a study of the genus Physa, the results of which are still being published under the title " The American Physas." THE NAUTILUS, XV. PLATE III. STHOPHITUS \\ RKJIITIANUS WALKER. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XV. OCTOBER, 19O1. No. 6. LAND MOLLUSKS OF THE NORTHEASTERN GROUP OF THE LOO CHOO ISLANDS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRT. The exploration of Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-no-shima (Yaku- shima), effected under the direction of Mr. Y. Hirase, gives us abso- lutely the first information upon the land mollusca of the " north- eastern group " of the Loo Choo Islands. Tane-ga-shima is a well-cultivated island, about 32 miles long and 5 wide. It is comparativeJy low, the highest point having an eleva- tion of about 1200 feet. It is somewhat noted as being the first Japanese soil trod by an European. In 1542, Mendez Pinto, the Portugese adventurer, landed there, astonishing the natives with his firearms. I have named a diminutive Clausilia in memory of this circumstance. Yaku-shima is a wilder, forested island, nearly circular, with a diameter of about 15 miles. It towers in a splendid mountain mass 6000 feet, above the sea. The snail faunas of the two islands seem to be very similar, with a number of identical species. I do not know whether Mr. Hirase's collector ascended the peak of Yaku- shima ; probably not. The heights would probably have different species from the shore zone. A Helicid species, Eulota (Euhadra) submandarina, described by me many years ago from two bleached specimen; , one said to be from the " Loo Choo Islands," the other labeled u China," proves to be a characteristic species of these islands. Jt is quite unlike other known Japanese forms, both in shell and soft anatomy. Eulota sub- 62 THE NAUTILUS. mandarina is quite variable. The figured type measures alt. 17, diam. 21 mm. Three specimens from Tane-ga-shima (from no. 660 of Mr. Hirase's collection) measure 16x2H, 18x244 and 20x26 mm. They are reddish-brown, with a narrow dark band at the periphery. Two others from the same island are more elevated, measuring alt. 22, diam. 21, and alt. 21, diam. 25 mm. ; the latter being of a rich dark chestnut color, the band black. These are Mr. Hirase's no. 659. From Yaku-shima the shells sent out are larger, alt. 23, diam. 30; alt. 22, diam. 28 mm. They have 6^ whorls, like the smaller shells of Tane-ga shima, and the color is rather light, the peripheral band reduced to an indistinct line. This form I have called var. magna. It is no. 672 of Mr. Hirase's collection. Doubtless E. submandarina is peculiar to these and perhaps some neighbor ing islands. The following species are not confined to the two islands : Trocho- morpha Gouldiana Pils. occurs on Yaku-shima, indistinguishable from the types from Oshima. Macrochlamys tanegashimce has recently been received from Kago-shima, Satsuma (Mr. Hirase's no. 701), quite like the types, but slightly larger. Sitala circumcincta var. data (Gude) is a trifle more brown in color than the types from Hondo, the perforation is perceptibly wider, and the whorls possibly less con- vex ; but specimens received from three localities in Kiusiu are partly similar, partly intermediate in characters, so that although it takes next to no difference to make a '' species " in this group, I do not think the Kiusiu or Yaku-shima Sitalas deserve separation from the Nippon form. Among the land operculates there is a new Spiropoma ( Ccelopoma) which has been called S. Nakadai, and a new PupineUa, P. Fimatoi. These are named for Messrs. Nakada and Funato, two able and en- thusiastic collectors of shells for Mr. Hirase. The ClausiliidcR are represented by five species and several vari- eties, all peculiar to the islands, and remarkable for the excessive thickness of the shells. Their general relations are with species of Kiusiu and Nippon, not with those of the central group of the Loo Choo Is. The wonderful forms with plicate lips, found in Oshima and Great Luchu (Okinawa or Nawa Island) are apparently wanting in Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima, and their place is taken by species of the sections Stereophcadusa and Hemiphcedusa. All but Clausilia stereoma are rather small, and all of them are remarkably THE NAUTILUS. 63 unlike any Japanese species, though more nearly related to them than to those of the central Loo Choo Islands. The general affinities of the faunas of the two islands are with that of southern Kiusiu, but there is remarkable specialization, vastly more than in Tsu-shima, for instance, although the latter is more distant from the west coast of Kiusiu than these islands from the south. Tsu-shima, so far as the specialization of the snail fauna is concerned, might be a part of Kiusiu. Its isolation must be of very recent date, but Tane-ga-shima and Yaku-shima are clearly much more ancient islands. The full list of species sent by Mr. Hirase is as follows : Species from Tane-ga-shima. Eulota submandarina (Pils.). Clausilia Pinto Pils. Ganesella tanegashimaj Pils. Clausilia tanegashima? Pils. Macrochlamys tanegashima? Pils. Spiropoma Nakadai Pils. Microcystina Hiraseana Pils. Pupinella rufa var. tanegashima?. Clausilia stereoma var. cognata Pils. Pils. Pupinella Funatoi Pils. Clausilia ptychocyma Pils. Diplommatina tanegashimre Pils. Clausilia entospira Pils. Species from Yaku-shima. Eulota submandarina var. magna Clausilia stereoma var. nugax Pils Pils. Clausilia ptychocyma var. yaku- Trochomorpha Gouldiana Pils. shimre Pils. Sitala circumcincta var. elata Ennea Iwakawa var. yakushimai (Gude). Pils. Clausilia stereoma Pils. Diplommatina yakushinite Pils. Yaku-shima is so for the northern limit for Trochomorpha. There are in all 21 forms. One species is common to Yakushima and Oshima ; four are varietal or subspecitic modifications of, or identical with, Kiusiu and Nippon species, and twelve species with six varieties are confined, so far as we know, to the two islands. Most of the species have been described in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, but the following remain to be char- acterized : Ganesella tanegashimce n. sp. Shell imperforate, depressed, with convexly-conoid spire, rather- thin. Dead specimens, denuded of the cuticle are white, becoming red-brown above, the inner 3^ 64 THE NAUTILUS. whorls of that color ; periphery encircled by a narrow red-brown band, the peristome pale red-brown. Whorls 5-|, very slowly in- creasing, moderately convex, the last rounded at the periphery, rather flattened beneath, hardly impressed around the axis, slowly descending in front. Aperture oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome narrowly expanded, thickened within, reflexed and abruptly dilated over and closing the umbilicus ; columella concave, bearing an in- conspicuous, low, oblique, fold-like tooth. Alt. 21-22, diam. 28 mm. Tane-ga-shima (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 689). Only dead and somewhat weathered specimens were found ; but what remains of the cuticle on the parietal wall is a moderately bright yellow tint. The species is related to G. myomphala, and most resembles the variety minor of Gude, from which it differs in the smaller aperture, the columellar tooth, less impressed axial region and higher spire. In this connection I may mention that a species of Ganesella, G. Adelines, n. sp., has been sent from Oshima, Mr. Hirase's no. 352. It is the shape of G. largillierti or somewhat more pyramidal, but has a decidedly larger umbilicus than that species. On a pinkish or pale yellow ground there are three blackish bands, the peripheral united with that above, or with a reddish space between, basal band wide, interior of the umbilicus and the dilated columella very dark ; peristome well expanded. Alt. 26^, diam. 25, to alt. 24, diam. 22^ mm. Diplommatina yakusMmce n. sp. Shell similar to D. cassa but more acutely tapering above. Whorls 5|, the last two of equal diameter, last half whorl reduced. Sculpture of even, fine, low, rather close, delicate stria? ; no spiral strire. Aperture subcircular, the lip expanded, duplicate; columellar tooth blunt and strong; palatal fold short, above the columella. Length 2.3, diam. 1.3 mm. Yakushima (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 679). D. tanegashimtz is a large shell, conspicuously different in sculp- ture. D. yakushima is much smaller than any of the numerous Japanese species of the same group. It resembles D. cassa most. Besides its distribution in Hondo, D. cassa has now been sent from five localities in the provinces Bungo, Higo and Satsuma, in Kiusiu. It is evidently a species of wide distribution, though surpassed in this respect by the tiny D. pusilla, which has been found in Hokkaido, Hondo and Kiusiu, the latter island being represented by specimens of the variety omiensis in Mr. Hirase's last sending THE NAUTILUS. 65 Ennea Iwakawa var. yahtshima nov. Similar to E. Iwakawa of Nippon and Kiusiu Islands in sculpture and aperture, but of a de- cidedly broader, more swollen shape. Yakushima (Mr. Y. Hirase, no. 680&, types; also A NEW SPECIES OF STROPHITUS. BY BRYANT WALKER. Strophitus wrightianus, n. sr>. Tlute III. Shell irregularly subrhomboidal, inflated, scarcely sub-solid, nearly equilateral ; beaks very full and high, turned in over a slight lunule; their sculpture consisting of a few strong ridges that run nearly parallel with the growth lines ; anterior end rounded, elevated above the line of the hinge superiorly and slightly cut away below ; base line evenly curved ; posterior ridge angled, ending in a blunt point below the median line of the shell ; dorsal slope subtruncate, covered with strong, subconcentric, somewhat broken ridges extend- ing from the posterior ridge to the margin; disk with light uneven growth lines; epidermis almost jet black, lighter on the beaks, shin- ing, with occasional indications of very light transverse sculpture similar to that on the dorsal slope ; left valve with an irregular tooth and a vestigeal one in front of it ; right valve with a roughened tooth in front of the beaks ; laterals almost wanting ; beak cavities deep ; anterior muscle scars distinct; posterior scars faint; nacre bluish white, a little thicker in front. Length 54 mm., height 38 mm., width 31^ mm. A single specimen only of this fine species occurred in two barrels of Unionidcz received from Messrs B. F. and G. H. King, collected in the tributaries of the Flint river, Baker county, Ga. It differs from all other known species in the strong ridges which cover the dorsal slope. It seems to be most nearly related to S. tombigbeensis Lea, and has the " obtruded anterior margin " characteristic of that species. Mr. C. T. Simpson, to whom the specimen was submitted for ex- amination, and to whom I am indebted for assistance in preparing the foregoing description, writes in reference to it : "I know of nothing at all like it. In fact it is so different from anything that I have seen or read of that I am at a loss to know just where to place 66 THE NAUTILUS. it. Its general form, texture and color of epidermis inclines me to believe that it is a Strophitus, related to S. tombigbeensis. I find some vestiges of plication on one or two specimens of Strophitus in our collection. The teeth of this are stronger than in any specimen of that genus I have seen, but there is much variation in this matter." I take great pleasure in naming this species after Mr. B. H. Wright, who has done so much in recent years in developing our knowledge of the Unionidse of the southern states. NEW PISIDIA. BY DR. V. STERKI. The following Pisidia have been known as distinct species for sev- eral years, and the names have been used in my own collection as well as in identifying specimens sent for examination by many con- chologists. So they should have been published long ago. Pisidium offline n. sp. Rather large, well-inflated, slightly oblique, beaks somewhat posterior, large and prominent in full-grown, broad and quite low in young specimens, rounded or slightly flattened on top ; superior and inferior margins moderately curved, posterior sub- truncate, with slightly marked angles above and below, supero- anterior forming one regular curve from the beaks to the anterior end, which is low-situated and well-rounded ; surface distinctly and somewhat irregularly striated, with some coarser lines of growth, dull or somewhat shining ; color lighter or darker grayish horn to plum- beous or brownish with a few irregular darker zones corresponding with the lines of growth, and often with fine darker mottlings, usually with a broad lighter zone along the margins ; the young are pale horn or straw-colored ; shell moderately thick, nacre whitish, muscle insertions little ; hinge rather stout, plate rather broad ; cardinal teeth long, not very strong, the right one curved, its free edge often indented in the middle, its posterior end somewhat thicker, with a fine groove, the left anterior tooth curved, the posterior slightly so, oblique, rather behind the anterior, each covering the other for half their lengths ; lateral teeth stout, rather long, their cusps short and somewhat pointed, the outer ones in the right valve of good size; ligament rather long and stout. Size : Long. 6, alt. 5, diam. 4 mill, (average). THE NAUTILUS. 67 Long. 7, alt. G, diam. 4.7 mill. Long. 4.6, alt. 3.8, diam. 2.8 mill, (small, northern form). Habitat : Great Lake Region, Michigan to New York • also Min- nesota, Illinois and Ohio (Ohio river drainage). It seems to prefer quiet water, small lakes and slow-running rivers. Pisidiiim affine is related with nov-eboracense Pr. and with sargenti St. (See the following sp.) From the former, it differs by the fol- lowing characters : it averages larger, its beaks are larger, broader, a,3 especially noticeable in the young, the whole muscle is more full, the hinge margin is less curved, the supero-anterior, as mentioned, forms one long, unbroken curve, the anterior part is larger, the end situated nearer the " base " and more rounded. P. nov-eboracense retains its light, yellowish horn color, and the surface is rather shin- ing, while older specimens of affine usually are light to dark grayish, and the surface is more dull. Our species is somewhat variable. Specimens from Michigan, especially Perch Lake,1 Reed Lake, some other small lakes, and from the Grand River at Grand Rapids are regarded as typical, and ex- amples from the Little Lakes near Mohawk, N. Y., are rather the same. In northern Michigan, e. #., in Mountain Lake, River Rouge, Carp Lake, there is a smaller form, of darker color but typical shape, collected by Mr. Bryant Walker, and the same was found in Clear- water Lake, Minnesota, by Mr. H. E. Sargenl. A somewhat higher form, with a slightly marked angle at the scutellum, is known from Minnesota, Michigan, Buffalo, N. Y. (Miss E. J. Letson), and Meyer's Lake, near Canton, Ohio (the writer). The latter has a straighter striation and a somewhat waxy appearance of the surface. Whoever has carefully studied and compared a few suites of spe- cimens at all stages of growth, will always recognize the present species, as the young and half-grown are quite characteristic, while some full-grown examples may present similarities with P. nov- eboracense and sargenti. All these species are decidedly variable, in several directions, and so it takes a good deal of material and some experience in order to ascertain their claims for specific dis- tinction, and to recognize aberrant and poorly developed forms. The present one being a '' critical " species, I trust the somewhat lengthy expose on it will be excused. Pisidiiim sargenti n. sp. Mussel of medium size, somewhat oblique, 1 Collected in large numbers by Dr. Kirkland. 68 THE NAUTILUS. well inflated; beaks not much posterior, rounded or slightly flattened on top, well prominent over the hinge margin ; the latter slightly curved in the adult, almost straight in the young and half-grown, with projecting, not or hardly rounded angles at the scutum and scutellum, which are slightly to well marked, narrow; posterior mar- gin subtruncate above, passing into the well rounded inferior with an uninterrupted curve, or with a slightly marked, rounded angle, more so in the young; supero-anterior margin little to moderately curved, sloping from the projecting angle at the scutellum to the rounded anterior end ; surface regularly and rather coarsely striated, dull, rarely somewhat shining in older specimens ; epiconch thin and often worn off, pale horn-colored in the young, lighter to darker grayish to brownish in older specimens, usually with a lighter zone along the margins; shell moderately thick, nacre glassy, colorless to white or bluish, muscle insertions distinct; hinge stout, plate rather broad, cardinal teeth well formed, short, the right one rather strongly curved, its posterior end thickened and grooved, the left anterior angular, stout, the posterior small, oblique ; lateral teeth rather short, stout, their cusps short, pointed, the outer ones in the right valve well formed ; ligament short, strong. Size: long. 5, alt. 4.4, diam. 3.4 mill. Habitat: New York to Ohio, Michigan, Illinois and Minnesota, rather common in creeks, rivers and small lakes. Well formed specimens are easily recognizad by the oblique shape, the rather short, slightly curved hinge margin with the projecting angles at both ends, the regular striation and the dull, often roughish appearance of the surface ; by the latter features it may be discerned from some forms of P. scutellatum which are of similar shape ; but it is more nearly related to P. nov-eboracense and affine ; and some full- grown, well-inflated specimens, in which the scutar and scutellar angles are sometimes less marked, might be mistaken for one or the other. But a lot of mussels at different stages of growth are always recognizable at once ; the projecting angles, especially marked in half-grown specimens, in connection with the peculiarly dull surface (like in "typical" P. compressum and in P. kirklandi) are well marked characters, and so is the color, which turns to grayish while the mussels are much younger and smaller than in P. affine. In the latter species, the hinge-teeth, especially the cardinals, are longer and finer. THE NAUTILUS. 69 The present species is named after Mr. H. E. Sargent, who has assiduously collected small mollusca, and has secured some good lots of this Pisidium. THE AMEEICAN PHYSJE. BY O. A. CRANDALL, SEDALIA, MO. Physa forsheyii Lea. Sub-species Physa forsheyii grosvenorii Lea. This species was discovered near Ruterville, Texas, in 1864. The description calls for six whorls, but I have examined cotypes in the Academy of Sciences in Philadelphia, and nearly a hundred exam- ples from eight different localities, and have been unable to find a single one having more than five, so I concluded that five is the proper number. This is a small shell, not exceeding f inch in length, and dis- tinguished by its sub-fusiform shape, exserted spire, deeply impressed sutures, smooth but not shining surface. Nearly all the adults are covered with microscopic transverse strige, which give the surface a dull appearance. Bi-annuan. Physa grosvenorii Lea, also described in 1864, belongs here as a variety. I have collected it in many different places, and have no hesitancy in referring it to this species. The only difference I can discover between this and P. forsheyii is that it is smaller, shorter, a little more inflated, more robust, and of a darker color. Some of the young shells are highly polished, but the adults have the same dull appearance as the species form, and are dark yellowish horn-color. It is a very pretty shell, uniform in size, color and general outline. In the middle of January I found some of these little shells under some leaves in a spring brook near Sedalia, Mo., where they hiber- nated for the winter. The aperture, instead of being closed by a film as in land shells, was filled with dirt and sand, mixed with the viscid exudations from the body, forming a cement one-eighth inch thick, which I found quite difficult to remove without injury to the shell. The species form is distributed over Texas and Louisana, but farther north, through Arkansas, Indian Territory, Southern Kansas and Missouri, as far north as the central part of the state, it takes the form of P. grosvenorii. Forms : Physa whitei, Lea. 70 THE NAUTILUS. Physa pomilia Conrad. This species was first described by Conrad in 1834 from forms taken from Random's Creek, Claiborne Co., Ala., and was again described in 1864 by Lea under the name of P. showalteri. They are both the same species, but Lea's description is the most correct, and was substituted by Tryon for that of Conrad. It is exclusively a southern species, its habitat being the country lying south of Kentucky and east of the Mississippi River. An annuan. Very similar forms have been sent to me from Grand Rapids, Mich., as P. showalteri, but I feel confident that they are a modified form of P. anatina Lea. Physa microstoma Haldenian. This species was described from a single specimen found in Ken- tucky in 1840, and has been reported by Rhodes from several places in that state. Its principal character is the two obtuse teeth on the columella, but the other characters are sufficient to found a spe- cies upon. Some time ago I received from Mrs. Geo. Andrews, of Knoxville, Tenn., several lots of shells collected in East Tennessee, a large part of which bear the description of this species except the teeth. It is a thick heavy elliptical shell with four to -five whorls not convex, with a continuous peristome, and the labium much thickened anteriorly. The columella is thick and twisted so that it forms a single protuberance somewhat like the tooth-like callus on the columella of Sulimulus alternatus Say. The varicose bands are white on the outside and reddish-chestnut on the inside. I do not hesitate to refer the shells sent to me from Tennessee to this species. Physa crocata Lea. This is a closely allied form, described in 1864 from specimens taken in Walker Co., Georgia. It is a smaller and much lighter shell. In some specimens the spire is a little more exserted, and the twist in the columella not so marked. In form and color, which is light brownish-ochraceous, they are the same. Both are bi-annuans. Length not exceeding ^ inch. Habitat: Kentucky, Tennessee, northern Georgia and Alabama. Physa distorta Haldeman. Some time ago I received from Mr. H. E. Sargent twenty little shells collected near Woodville, Ala., which I refer to this species. The largest is ten mm. in length and six in diameter ; the greatest diameter being near the shoulder. Its color is very light yellowish- gray, whorls three, very convex, sutures very deep. Spire elevated, THE NAUTILCS. 71 first and second whorls small and the last one very large, forming a rounded shoulder; so much larger, that in some of them the spire appears to rise like a cone from an expanded surface. Not umbili- cated. Aperture oval, columella scarcely folded, outer lip thickened on sub-margin with a very pale yellowish-red callus. It corresponds with Haldeman's description except the umbilicus. This species was described in 1842, and so far as I can learn, has not been reported since. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. Physafontana Halderaan, 1841, = young P. heterostropha Say. P. subarata Menke, not sufficiently described tor recognition. P. parva Lea, 1864, probably young P, anatina Lea. P. altonensis Lea, 18G4, an abnormal form of P. gyrina Say de- scribed from a single shell, and not heard of since. P. inflata Lea described many years ago, and not reported since. P. solida Philippi. This species was described many years ago from forms found at New Orleans, but I have been unable to procure any information regarding it. It is a very marked species, and it seems that it should have been reported many times. The name is pre-occupied, and should it ever be re-discovered, it will have to be given a new name. P. tenuissitna Lea, 1864. This is a very distinct species if it exists. It was described from a single dead shell found at Alexan- dria, La. I have been unable to get any information regarding it. I have in my collection a single shell sent to me from Hudson, Ohio, that bears this description, but until others are reported, it had better stand in the doubtful list. P. globosa Haldeman, 1843. Like the two last, I have been unable to learn anything about this species, except the description given by Binney. It has been suggested that it is the same as P. brevispira Lea. I do not concur in this opinion. The form is very much the same, but this is a southern species, and these seldom get as far north as the Great Lakes without materially modifying the form. Besides if it was, it would be found in intervening territory, which does not seem to be the case. GENERAL NOTES. LUCAPINA CRENULATA (SowERBv). — On Aug. 3, at La Jolla, Cal., Miss Vashti Thomas was so fortunate as to find a living speci- men of this gigantic keyhole limpet, which she brought to me for examination. As the published descriptions of the animal state it to 72 THE NAUTILUS. be " black," and lack detail, the following notes from life may be useful : Mantle about 20 cm. long, rather light olive brown, minutely reticulated with black, and blotched in an irregular but radiate manner with dark brown, the blotches mostly around the shell aperture. Edge of mantle black. Shell aperture 43 mm. long, 26 broad. Under side of mantle yellowish-white ; tentacles and adja- cent parts black ; mouth light orange. Foot 65 mm. broad, sole deep orange ; sides of foot dark olive brown, edge black, the black grading into the brown. Epipodial ridge darkened, with round white spots, the lower edge crenulated. Upper surface of shell ex- posed by mantle aperture, flesh colored, with radiating riblets, 13 in 10 mm. measured transversely. Aperture in shell oval, 18 mm. long, 13 broad; portion of animal filling shell-aperture pitch-black. T. D. A. COCKERELL. NAVANAX INERMIS (COOPER) — During July this interesting animal was not uncommon on mud flats in San Pedro harbor, Cali- fornia. As the published descriptions are somewhat inadequate, the following notes from life are offered : Dark brown to black, minutely lineolate above with pale yellow lines ; anterior margin of head-shield narrowly yellow or orange ; in a young example a yellow line, on which are three blue spots, runs back from each lateral angle. Epipodial flaps narrowly margined with orange, next to which is a row of bright blue spots. Beneath the animal is marked with a number of orange streaks or elongated spots, giving way to light yellow lines on the sides. A pink copepod lives in numbers under the epipodial flaps. The creature is quite variable, and at first I thought there were two species, but with sufficient material all are seen to be specifically identical. I may as well record Aglaja purpurea (Bergh) frqm San Pedro. Dr. W. R. Coe gave me one which he found on July 20. — T. D. A. COCKERELL. EPIPHRAGMOPHORA KELLETII, ON SANTA CATALINA ISLAND — " We found the first ones at the Canyon back of Avelon, where we found the E. gabbi. In this locality there are only scattering shells and we were greatly disappointed. But we made a trip to the Isth- mus and there we found them in quantities. They live on and under the cactus, and I have found them nowhere else. This is their hybernating season of course, and they are all asleep. Sometimes a dozen on one leaf, old and young. I expected to find them on the fresh growing cactus leaves, but instead of that they are on the old dead leaves, and under piles of dead leaves. They do not seem to require moisture. I think we have found as fine specimens as are to be found anywhere. — MRS. E. M. GAYLORD, July 19, 1901. THE NAUTILUS. XV. PLATE IV. QUADRULA LANANENSIS FRIERSON. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XV. NOVEMBER, 19O1. No. 7. A NEW LAND OPERCULATE FROM HAITI. 0. T. SIMPSON AND J. B. HENDERSON, JR. CERATODISCUS, nov. gen. Shell almost strictly discoidal ; spire very slightly raised ; whorls few, nearly round, closely coiled except the last third of the outer one, which leaves the penultimate whorl at a tangent and has a groove on its inner side ; aperture nearly circular, scarcely thickened or reflexed ; surface with finely reticulated sculpture ; epidermis cor- neous. Operculum unknown. Probably one of the Cyclotidas. CERATODISCUS SOLUTDS, n. sp. PI. V, figs. 1, 2. Shell small, planorboid, the large nucleus slightly raised, but not elevated to the level of the last whorl; whorls three, nearly round, being a little wider and flatter above than below, the first two and two-thirds in contact and having a deep suture above and below, the last third of the outer whorl solute, leaving the penultimate whorl at a tangent, the free part very slightly deflexed ; on the inner side of the uncoiled part of the shell, close to the penultimate whorl, there is generally a well-marked groove ; surface with close, delicate incre- mental striaj which are crossed by microscopic threads that run par- allel with the direction of the whorls ; aperture nearly circular, com- pressed a little on the inner side ; peristome scarcely thickened or reflexed; epidermis greenish -yellow. Height 1.5, greatest diameter 5, diameter at the point where the last whorl becomes free 4 mm. Seven dead specimens were found on the mountain of La Ferriere, in northern Haiti, at an elevation of perhaps two thousand feet, in a 74 THE NAUTILUS. talus of red clay by the road side. These were the result of an hour's search, and it is greatly to be regretted that no specimens were found with the operculum. When taken they were considerably incrusted with earthy matter. A TEXAS OIL WELL FOSSIL. BY T. H. ALDRICH. Some months since, Dr. Wm. B. Phillips, Director of the Texas Mineral Survey, sent me a few fossils from Beaumont, Texas, ob- tained at a depth of 390 feet in an oil well on Spindle Top Hill. Among them was a new species of Nassa, which has been de- scribed in Bulletin No. 1 of the University of Texas, Mineral Survey, July, 1901. De- scription is herewith repeated, and a figure added. NASSA BEAUMONTEN8IS Aldf. " Shell cancellated, whorls seven, the first two smooth, the others with two strongly nodular transverse lines, except the body whorl, which has six or seven. Aperture with both outer and inner lip dentate, canal short. Length 8 mm., breadth 4 mm. This species resembles Nassa bidentata Emmons, but is much more strongly nodu- lar and has but two transverse or spiral ribs, and also possesses one more whorl. The shell resembles a species of Phos, externally." DESCRIPTION OF A NEW UNIO FROM MISSOURI. BY WM. A. MARSH, ALEDO, MERCEK CO., ILLINOIS. Pleurobema missouriensis, new species. Shell smooth, obliquely triangular, rounded before, subbiangular behind, moderately thick, very much thicker anteriorly, sides some- what flattened, beaks wide, solid, incurved, ligament long, light brown, epidermis light brown, without rays, growth lines numerous, not raised, umbonal slope wide and rather flat, posterior slope wide, THE NAUTILUS. 75 flattened, with two dark inconspicuous lines running from beaks to posterior margin, beak sculpture unknown ; cardinal teetli rather long and solid, depressed, disposed to be double in both valves, cor- rugate. Lateral teeth straight, oblique, corrugate. Anterior cicatri- ces distinct, deep. Posterior cicatrices distinct and well impressed, shell cavity wide and deep, nacre white. Habitat, near Poplar Bluff, Black River, Butler Co., Missouri. I know of no described species which this closely resembles ; in outline it is perhaps nearest to U. Bigbyensis, Lea, but differs in every other respect. Specimens of Bigbyensis from Flint River, Ala., attain twice the size of this shell. Bigbyensis is nearly always covered with green rays. This shell is rayless. It also has higher and more massive beaks, is more equilateral and differs entirely in the color of epidermis, teeth, etc. The color of the epidermis and character of the beaks is more like U. Hartmanianus, Lea, but that shell has very much higher beaks, more swollen and pointed, and is in every respect a more solid shell. Four specimens of this shell from quite young to adult have been in my collection for a number of years, having been collected by the late Ellwood Pleas, of Ind. I never could place them with any known species, but have kept them separate, hoping that sooner or later I might obtain others like them, but having failed to obtain others, I now describe them. A NEW UNIO FEOM TEXAS. BY L. S. FRIERSON. Quadrula lananensis, n. sp. Plate IV. Shell quadrate to triangular, nearly equilateral, anterior margin rounded. Base round in front, nearly straight behind. Posterior oblique, biangular, slightly emarginate. Dorsum curved, smooth, nearly polished above, striate below and upon posterior slope. Lines of growth distinct and ill-defined. Dark reddish-brown, sometimes a little olive, obscurely radiate. Beaks eroded, umbos low, some- what inflated. Anterior umbonal slope rounded. Lateral slope flat- tened. Posterior ridge angular near the beaks, becoming obsolete near the base. Ligament brown, smooth, medium-sized. 76 THE NAUTILUS. Length 3.2, height 2.3, diameter 1.5 inches. Shell of medium thickness, thinner behind. Teeth double in left valve, single in right. Laterals rather thin, nearly straight. Car- dinals stumpy. Muscle scars well marked ; generally separate, some- times confluent. Pallial line distinct in front, less so behind. Cavity of shell dish-like ; of the beaks deep and full. Sometimes the dorsal muscle scars are situated in the extreme end of the beak cavity, but generally upon the base of cardinal and dor- sal plate. Nacre rose-color, with blotches of yellow surrounded by brown. Cavity nearly always studded with numerous pearly excres- cences. Flesh of animal whitish or salmon-colored exteriorly, but shows scarlet when cut. Eggs carried in all four gills, very red, and the gravid animal thus presents a striking appearance. Habitat : Lanana and Banita Creeks, near Nacogdoches, Texas. About 200 specimens were taken on July 10, 1901, by Messrs. Askew, Strode and Frierson. Examples may be seen in their cabinets, and in the U. S. National Museum and Academy of Natural Sciences, where the types are deposited. Q. lananensis is closely allied to Q. askewii Marsh, both by its con- chological and anatomical characteristics. It may be differentiated from that shell by being longer, more compressed, more oblique, and its shell is never so inflated and thickened in front as Askewii, and not so acutely angled on the posterior ridge. Internally, lananensis is rose-colored nearly invariably, and the color is uniformly spread over its surface. Askewii is mostly white, and when colored (pink), the color is almost always confined exterior to the pallial line. Finally, Q. Askewii never possesses those peculiar pearly excre- scences which seem to belong to lananensis. This species was col- lected many years ago at the type locality by Mr. H. G. Askew. But that gentlemen's innate modesty forbade his describing the shell, and he generously gave to me this honor. Lananensis is the shell quoted as having been found by Mr. Askew in the Lanana Creek, in the " Contributions to the Natural History of Texas" (page 321), by Mr. J. A. Singley, and called by him U. cerinus Conrad. Its relationship to this abundant Louisiana shell is so remote, however, that it is not worth while to point out their dif- ferences. THE NAUTILUS. 77 ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE UNIONIDAE. BY CIIAS. T. SIMPSON. In the August and September numbers of the Nautilus, Dr. von Ihering takes exception to the classification of the Unionidse pro- posed by me in the Synopsis, claiming that it is based essentially on the marsupia. He has apparently overlooked the fact that it is founded not merely on the characters of the marsupia, but on the more obvious anatomical characters, as well as those of the shell and the beaks. It agrees with what I believe to be the development of the family from the earliest and simplest forms to the latest and most highly organ- ized. So far as the classification of the Diplodontinse is concerned we essentially agree. This I divided into two supergeneric groups founded on characters of the beak sculpture and shell, and not on those of the marsupia. Von Ihering agrees with me that the earliest uniones probably had radial beak sculpture. I have examined the animals of a large number of the South American and Australasian uniones and in all cases where they were gravid the embryos filled the inner gills alone, forming a smooth pad, the ovisacs not being separated by sulci. I have examined a few specimens of the forms with zigzag radial beak sculpture (Rosanoramphus), and found in the gravid ones that the marsupia filled the inner gills only. It may be, and probably is the case, that in rare instances among the Hyrianje there are a few embryos in the outer gills. I know of no special characters employed in the classification of large groups which do not vary somewhat, but I believe it still to be a fact that in the Hyrianse the embryos are almost invariably contained in the inner gills only, that in the Unioninse they are found in the outer, or (in the Tetragence) all four of the gills. In the South American and Australasian Uniones we have the radial beak sculpture with simple shells and the embryos contained within the inner gills, the ovisacs not being separated by any ex- ternal markings. I believe that these are the simplest and lowest forms of Unione life, that they have descended almost unchanged from the earliest forms of the family. The fact that they occupy the Southern Hemisphere exclusively while the Unioninae, containing 78 THE NAUTILUS. the more highly developed forms, belong entirely in the Northern Hemisphere, would indicate this. I consider the radial beak sculp- ture a character belonging to the older and simpler forms; the con- centric beak sculpture belongs to the more recent and higher forms. The zigzag radial sculpture of the group Rosanoramphus is a move in the direction of concentric sculpture, hence of a higher order than that which is strictly radial. The Tetragenae is a transition group. Its young are contained in all four of its gills, filling them throughout, though they are more numerous as a rule in the outer than in the inner, and this fact to- gether with the general character of the shells and the beak sculp- ture, which is generally more nearly concentric than radial, led me to place these forms in the Unioninoe rather than to make a separate sub-family for them. In every case where 1 have placed a form in this group the shell has deep beak cavites. In the genus Pleurobema, which seems to be the next step in the way of development, while the shells are generally rather short, solid and inflated as in Quad- rula, the beak cavities are invariably shallow, and in all cases that I have examined the outer gills only contain embryos. Here we have characters of the marsupia agreeing with those of the shells. Care must be taken in the examination of the marsupia or appear- ances may lead to wrong conclusions. According to von Ihering, Sterki has found Quadrula heros with only the hinder part of the outer gills filled with embryos. I have seen the same thing in other Quadrulas. I have seen in some of the Unionidse the front part of the gills rilled with embryos while all the rest was empty, and in a number of cases a few ovisacs in the middle or in various parts of the gills entirely empty, while the rest were full, or a few rilled while all the rest were empty. In such cases the empty ones had simply been discharged, the full ones had not. In all the forms which I have mentioned so far the marsupia fill the entire gills and are pad- like, that is, the ovisacs are not marked out separately by sulci. Advancing a little in the development of the family we find a number of aberrant forms confined to the Mississippi and Gulf drain- ages of the United States. Each group has certain characters of the shells which we may call generic, though they are not striking. But they are all very wonderful in the character of their marsupia. In such groups as Ptychobranchus, Cyprogenia and Strophitus, the marsupia are astonishing, and in all of them the ovasacs are dis- tinctly marked. THE NAUTILUS. 79 To this point, proceeding upward in the scale of development, the shells of males and females are essentially alike. It is true that there is some variation in their forms, but it is equally true that some- what elongated specimens with no inflation at the post-basal part of the shell may be females, while shorter specimens that are full post- basally may be males. I do not think there is any strict dimorphism up to this point. In many cases among these lower forms I have assorted my material before opening it, placing in one lot those I would naturally suppose were males, and in another the presumed females, and on opening the shells and examining the animals I always found I was as likely to be wrong as right. In some groups, notably Nodularid and Lamellidens, all the shells of certain species are inflated at the post-basal region. Above this point the shells begin to be regularly dimorphic. They are less regularly so in Obovaria, Medionidus, some forms of Nephronaias and Plagiola ; they are nearly always dimorphic in Lampsilis and Truncilla. The shells of male and female are always so different that the merest tyro could without difficulty separate them. Von Ihering believes that the Unio tuberculatus of Barnes is nearly related to the U. forsheyi and U. speciosus of Lea. I am surprised at such an opinion, because, while the shells of the two last-mentioned forms are alike in male and female, those of the former are strictly and remarkably dimorphic, that of the female being more compressed and ending posteriorly in a wide, rounded wing. That of the male is more inflated, is truncate behind, and has no wing at all. In the animal of the female there is a wide, rounded flap of the mantle which fills this peculiar extension of the shell, differing somewhat from that of any other that I know of. Now among all these higher forms comprised in the group Hetero- gena there is a radical difference in the marsupia. Wherever I have been able to examine them, they occupy only the posterior portion of the outer (/ills in the form of distinctly-marked ovisacs. Each ovisac when filled is rounded below. The higher the form ranks, the more markedly is the marsupium swollen and separated from the rest of the gill, and the more distinctly is the female shell swollen in the post basal region to correspond with it. In some forms of Plagiola and Medioni- dus there is little difference between male and female shells. In such cases the marsupium, though having the characteristic ovisacs, is but 80 THE NAUTILUS. slightly fuller than the rest of the gill. In the more highly organized species of Lampsi/is, both the shell of the female and the marsupia are decidedly produced behind. In Truncilla, which I regard as the highest manifestation of Unione life, the marsupium is almost abso- lutely separated from the rest of the gill, and when full, assumes the shape of a great kidney, projecting below the rest of the branchiae. The great flap of the mantle of the female is very peculiar, being double or having a strong over-hanging ridge inside. In many of the shells of this genus the area corresponding with and covering the marsupium is greatly swollen, is thin, has a different texture from the remainder, is gaping and distinctly toothed. I have never been able to examine a gravid female of the Unio tuberculatus of Barnes, hence I cannot give anything more than a guess as to the character of its marsupium, though from some ma- terial lately seen, in which the ovisacs appeared to have just been emptied, I am inclined to believe that the outer gills are filled throughout with embryos, forming well-marked ovisacs. Now these remarkable characters of a distinctly separated marsu- pium occupying only the hinder part of the outer gills, and a corre- sponding swelling of the female shell to receive it, the fact that the more distinct and swollen the marsupium is the more pronounced is the swelling of the shell, may be merely the work of chance ; they may stand for nothing whatever in the way of rank or development among our Uniones, but it does not seem so to me. All the changes of shell and marsupium which I have indicated seem to me to be steps in the development of the family from the lowest, simplest and oldest forms to the highest, most complex and most recent. I need not occupy space with a discussion on the validity or proper determination of species. Such questions are after all largely matr ters of personal judgment, and in this branch of the work I have endeavored to do the best I possibly could with the material I have been permitted to examine. Dr. von Ihering changes the subfamilies UnioninEe and Diplodon- tinse into families, and divides the former into three sub-families, Unionidse, Quadrulina? and Lampsilinie. He gives no characters for these sub-families, and I am totally at a loss to know on what he would found them. Certainly he cannot establish them on beak sculpture, for in nearly all the species this is more or less concentric, and it seems to me does not offer distinctions sufficiently important to be used as a basis for founding sub-families. THE NAUTILUS. 81 This classification is not founded on characters of the marsupia, for he has placed in Quadrulinre groups in which the embryos occupy- all four of the gills, others in which they fill only the outer gills, and still others where they are confined to the hinder or the median part of the outer gills. Besides, he distinctly states on page 39 that a systematic arrangement of the marsupia does not coincide with a natural arrangement of the family. Nor do I see how such an arrangement can be based on shell char- acters. Obovaria, which is placed with Quadrula, has more or less perfectly developed dimorphism in the shells. In 0. ellipsis the female shells are almost always swollen at the posterior base, and the same is the case with 0. lens and 0. circt/lus, while in 0. castaneus the male and female shells are as distinct as in any species of Lampsilis. Ptychobranchus, with its wonderfully folded marsupium occupying the entire outer gills, with the shells of male and female alike, he places in the genus Lampsilis. Why he does so I do not know, as the group differs most decidedly from Lampsilis in the characters of shell, marsupium and animal. On the other hand, he places Truncilla personuta Say, T. perplexa Lea, and T. foliata Hild., in the genus Quadrula! To me such an arrangement is absolutely astonishing ! The male shell of the first- named species is somewhat triangular, and does resemble a Quadrula somewhat. The female shell is very different, being quadrate and having a decided, gaping, toothed post-basal swelling. In T. per- plexa the female shell has a great rounded post-basal swelling, which differs in thickness, texture and color from the rest of the shell. I do not think there is a species known in Avhich the differences be- tween the male and female shells are so great as they are in T. foliata. In the male shell at the place where there is a compressed, radial, central area the outline of the female is carried down into an enormous and elongated, rounded wing. That these should belong in a genus in which the shells of male and female are alike and from which the animal and marsupium so widely differ, is beyond my com- prehension ! If such an arrangement is a natural one then I am sure that all the years I have spent in patiently and lovingly studying the Naiades have been absolutely wasted. It seems to me that we might just as well go back to the arrangement temporarily adopted by Dr. Lea, of grouping together in one lot those forms which have a wing, and in another those which have none, and subdividing these groups into small ones founded on form and sculpture of the shell. 82 THE NAUTILUS. I have no doubt that a careful histological study of the branchiae and perhaps other parts of the animals of the Unionidfe will furnish additional characters for classification. But it will be many years before this can be done, and when it is, I feel sure that the results of such study will fully agree with the characters of the shells and mar- supia. HOW POTAMIDES (CERETHIDEA) CALIFORNIA HALD. TRAVELS. BY MRS. M. BURTON WILLIAMSON. In traveling over the mud-flats, Cerethidea caUfornica Hald. leaves zigzag marks upon the sandy mud. These lines are made by the apical whorls of the shell as it is dragged forward, or sideways. How .does the animal crawl ? It appears to move forward by the contrac- tion of the foot only, but my observations have led me to the conclu- sion that the foot movement is somewhat secondary. The movement of this tapering shell is one requiring considerable muscular strength. This is very apparent. In order to study the mode of travel of this species, a specimen was studied as it traveled up the sides of a glass jar of sea-water, and this and other specimens were studied for sev- eral hours. The conclusion reached was, that first there was a strong muscular movement forward, then the foot advanced. The Cerethidea pushes its head forward while the tentacles are expanded to their full extent, the body whorl is raised with an effort, then the shell is pro- pelled forward before the foot advances. Immediately, no time is lost, the foot is spread out its full capacity and drawn forward. This is immediately followed by a contraction of the foot in the posterior part, then the head is again advanced. The strength of the animal seems to be concentrated in the movement of the body-whorl as it is raised up and forward. Of course all these movements are rapid, so that it requires close observation to see that all movements are not simultaneous, or at least which is secondary. A homely illustration may be used to make this movement plainer. When a man attempts to step upon a ladder with a hod full of bricks, or plaster, his first movement is apt to be a hunching of the shoulders — the weight being THE NAUTILUS. here — then the step forward, or upward, follows. The movement of the body-whorl reminded me of this hunching of the shoulders of workmen when extra weight was to be borne by them. GENERAL NOTES. GONIOBASIS IN MASSACHUSETTS — A few years ago the Rev. Geo. D. Reid found Goniobosis virginica at Deep River, Connecticut. That was, 1 think, the first instance of that species being found in New England. On October 1st, while riding the wheel from Spring- field to Hartford, I examined the Connecticut River for a few minutes and found the same species in the town of Agawam, Mass., at a spot some three miles from Springfield. This establishes the species in Massachusetts, and no doubt it will be found farther north in the same river HENRY W. WINKLEY, Branford, Conn. TRUNCATELLA ON GUADALUPE ISLAND — Specimens of this genus were collected by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass, in November, 1899, for the first time on any of the islands off Lower California. They resemble T. stimpsoni Stearns, but differ in being stouter with less convex whorls, and of a pale red color. Length 6, diam. 2^ mm. This form may be called T. stimpsoni yuadalupensis, — H. A. PILSBRY. CITRINA Gray — Any one interested in the geographical distribution of Cypragidse will be pleased to learn that the true Cypr&a citrina Gray, has been rediscovered on the beach at Fort Dauphin, S. Madagascar. The old authors have recorded the species from Madagascar, but some more recent ones gave Australian locali- ties as the habitat of this scarce cowry, and supposed there was some error about the existence of the species on the shores of Madagascar. As there may be no doubt whatever about this and about the identi- fication of the specimens, Cyprcea citrina must really belong to the fauna of Australia as well as to the fauna of Madagascar. It some- what recalls the far more common C. helvola, but the teeth are totally different. The color itself, although similar, is not quite the same — C. F. ANCEY. 84 THE NAUTILUS. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF EASTERN CANADA. By J. F. WHITEAVES, Geol. Survey of Canada, 1901. — This is a very useful catalogue, and gives for the first time a concise record of our present knowledge of the Marine Invertebrates of East- ern Canada. The work contains 271 pages, of which 98 are devoted to the raollusca, 100 species of Pelecypoda, 5 Scaphopoda, 166 Gas- teropoda (including 8 Polyplacophora), and 13 Cephalopoda are listed, with ample notes on their geographical and geological distribution and bathymetrical range. GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY OF NIAGARA FALLS AND VICINITY. By A. W. GRABAU (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., VII., No. 1, 1901). The Buffalo Society of Natural Science has appropriately signalized the Exposition year by issuing a volume bearing the above title, containing a full and readable account of the local geology and paleontology. On account of its situation, the geology of Niagara is of course of far greater than local interest, since the intensely interesting and complex history of the Great Lakes is involved, so that the mass of data presented deals with subjects of wide interest. It is suitably illustrated with excel- lent maps and views. The paleontological part consists of an un- technical account of the fossils of the region, properly illustrated by good figures. Chapter V., by Miss Elizabeth J. Letson, describes the post- pliocene fossils of the Niagara River gravels, and dealing with species still existing has special interest for conchologists. Some 17 species of Gastropoda and 14 Pelecypoda are discussed and illustrated. Among the more notable species may be mentioned the carimate form of Goniobasis livescens var. niayarensis, which reproduces the contour of Anculosa carimata ; Amnicola letsoni Walker, an appar- ently extinct species ; some peculiar forms of Limncea desidiosa and catascopitim, and a series of Unionidce, very interesting to the student of geographic distribution : — Lampsilis rectus, ellipsiformis, Unioyib- bosits, Quadrula solida and coccinea — forms speaking clearly of a former connection between the Great Lakes and Mississippi drain- ages. All of the species are illustrated with original figures. The work is well done, and cannot but prove useful for many years to come. THE NAUTILUS, XV. PLATE 1, -2. Ceratocliscus solutus H. & S. 5. Ctenopoma bydii Weinl. 3. 4. Cerion marnioratum Pfr. <>. C'hoiidropoma hjalmarsoni Tfr. THE NAUTILUS. VOL. XV. DECEMBER, 19O1. No. 8. LAND SHELLS OF FORTUNE ISLAND, BAHAMAS. BY J. B. HENDERSON, JR. Fortune Island is one of the Bahamas belonging to the Crooked or Long Island group, and which is separated from the more westerly groups by a deep arm of the sea. Geologically it is in every respect similar to the other Bahamas. The little island is but four or five miles long and from one to one and one-half miles in width, with an elevation scarcely exceeding thirty feet. Its surface is rough with flat fragments of " eolian " limestone, and the entire island is cov- ered by a dingy-colored scrub growth of trees and shrubs. A few clumps of graceful palms scattered here and there relieve somewhat, the monotony of the dreary aspect. A wide beach of silvery coral sand encircles the island, glittering like a mirror by day and superbly bright in the moonlight. Singularly enough the only shells we found cast upon this beach were Cerion. Occasionally low cliffs of eolian rock extend down to the water's edge, and at such places, Tectarius muricatus L., T. trochiformis Dillw., and Litorina lineata Phil., were discovered. The scrub vegetation affords but little shade, and the ground is baked by a powerful sun whose rays oppress the weary collector as they seem to enliven the swarms of sand-flies and mosquitoes. A diligent search from daylight to dark brought to our bag but four species of land shells, although individually these were quite abun- dant. 1. Cerion marmoratum Pfr. Generally dead specimens found under bushes. A considerable range of variation exists, the extremes of which are illustrated on Plate V, figures 3 and 4. 86 THE NAUTILUS. 2. Gepolis ( Hemitrochus} milleri Pfr. The color varieties of this really beautiful shell are infinite — indeed, no two specimens are en- tirely alike. They cling to the under side of leaves and to the stems of a certain species of shrub. Dead shells are scattered about in the debris of fallen leaves. 3. Ctenopoma hydii Weinl. Under slabs of eolian limestone; about the roots of trees ; among fallen leaves. There is no actual difference between this species and C. bryanti of Great Inagua. I believe it is also reported from Long Island. (Plate V, figure 5.) 4. Ghondropoma lijalmarsoni Pfr. Same station as the last. This shell has a decided Haitian appearance and has evidently been iden- tified as G. semilabre Lam. It is doubtful if Lamarck's species ever occurs out of Haiti, indeed I am inclined to believe it is confined to the " cul de sac " region of that island. C. hjalmarsoni is more obese than G. semilabre, its decussated sculpture is not conspicuous, the revolving stria? are more pronounced and the longitudinal striae less so than in the Haitian shell. (Plate V, figure 6.) Fortune Island is easily accessible from New York, and offers an excellent base for exploring the neighboring islands of the group ; however, it requires much patience to tarry in a desert of poor col- lecting when the larger Antillean islands with their magnificent mountains and forests and incomparable molluscan richness lie but a day beyond. COLLECTING SHELLS IN MONTANA. BY MORTON J. ELROP, UNIV. OF MONTANA. The State of Montana is not very productive of conchological speci- mens. The conditions are all against shell growth. The rivers are rapid, the water quite soft, and food in the rivers scarce. The large lakes, as Flathead lake, contain clear, cold water. They are usually deep, with rocky bottoms, and surrounded by mountains with steep slopes. The marshy, stagnant parts of the lakes are usually small. The mountain sides in summer become dry and parched, except in protected portions and along the streams. Great stretches of plain are without moisture for a portion of the summer, drying up every living thing that cannot move to the water-courses. The days are hot, the nights cool. In this mountainous State, where very little THE NAUTILUS. 87 soil is lower than 3000 feet above the sea, the air is dry and evapo- ration rapid. A passing rain-cloud may leave considerable moisture, but it is soon taken up by the parched earth or evaporated if left on the surface. Stagnant ponds with decaying vegetation are few and confined to the vicinity of the few rivers. Even such ponds usually become dry each summer. No doubt the western mountain region will produce some excellent material for study of variation through isolation, when collections have been made more extensively. Most of the valleys were former lake beds of greater or less extent. As these lakes have been drained, they left swamps in which rhinoceroses, camels, three-toed horses, elephants, titanotheriums, and other beasts have become mired, their remains being buried for long ages. These swamps have dried up, and the waters have become more widely separated, now occurring as deep mountainous lakes, or larger lakes, which are mere expansions of rivers. Such isolation must have caused the separation of shells of a species which naturally would take different lines of development. Accompanying this gradual separation of waters we might expect a region of moisture on the land adjacent to the lakes, giving suitable environment to the land snails. As a result of the above conditions, we may expect great variations in adjacent regions, where the barriers may be sufficient to cut off all communication between the regions. Such variations have been illustrated in part by Hemphill's suite of Patulas (Pyramidula), in the Lichtenthaler collection at the Illinois Wesleyan University. This has also been shown by collections made in the Sandwich Isl- ands. There is very little doubt but that the isolated lakes in Mon- tana and the northwest will produce interesting variations. But the sparsely-settled country and the small number of collectors makes the work of collecting and studying very slow. This may be better un- derstood by a practical application. The State of Montana has an area of 14G,000 square miles. So far as the writer is able to discover, he is the only resident of the State who has collected fresh-water and land shells, and this has been done at odd moments while prosecuting other lines of work. The accompanying list is not large. Five species is the maximum taken in one day. Those taken from mountain sides represent much toil for a few scattered specimens. The list, incomplete as it must be, represents the specimens collected at intervals during the past 88 THE NAUTILUS. three years, and is given as a basis for work, with the hope that others may add to it. The species are all from the western side of the range, or Pacific slope, with the exception of a few, which are properly indicated where they are discussed. Missoula is located in a valley in which the Hell Gate and Bitter Root rivers unite to form the Missoula river. West of the Bitte;- Root river the Bitter Root range of mountains extend parallel with the river in a northerly and southerly direction. So far the writer has explored but a few spots in these mountains and along the rivers. But the results have been surprisingly good. North of the valley lies the Cabinet range, rugged and broken. Few spots in this have been examined. Across the Cabinet range lies the Flathead Indian Reservation. The crest ot the Mission range marks the eastern border of the reserve. The Mission range extends almost due north and south for a distance of nearly a hundred miles. The southern end contains the highest peaks, reaching 10,000 feet, while the northern end slopes down to the Swan river, and has been ground smooth by glacial action. Out of the Mission range four large creeks flo-.v across the Mission valley, joining each other or the Fend d'Oreille river, which is the outlet of Flathead lake. The range makes the eastern bank of Flat- head lake for its entire length. In the canons of this range numer- ous small lakes lie nestled among the hills, invisible until one comes suddenly to the bank. Sin-yale-a-min lake is at the base of Sin- yale-a-min peak, at the southern end of the range. A ten days' camp at this lake brought to light probably all the shell fauna to be found. To the north the mountain produced the very interesting variety of Pyramidula strigosa described later. McDonald lake is 15 miles north of Sin-yale-a-min lake, 500 feet lower in altitude, at the base of McDonald peak. Ten days at this spot produced several quarts of P. elrodi Pils., besides the first living shells. Another camp at Crow creek produced several valley shells. Several camps at different points on Flathead lake produced other species from the sands and from the water. Swan lake is on the eastern side of the Mission range. A camp on this lake added one to the list in the western part of the State, not found elsewhere. While the collecting represented by these notes has extended through four summers, the results will probably be modified when a further study of the extensive country has been made. TIJK NAUTILUS. 89 The identifications have been made for the greater part by H. A. Pilsbry and W. H. Dall, and for this and other courtesies thanks are hereby extended. Margaritana mar garitifera L. This is the only species of bivalve mollusk of the family Unionidce taken. It has been found at several places in the Bitter Root river above the junction of this river with the Missoula. At one place a colony was found on a sand bar, when about a peck of live specimens were taken. At another they were found, in March, clinging to the rocks where the water was swift. They were captured by inserting the tip of a switch from a tree between the valves. The shell was closed on the limb, and the specimen pulled from the water. In this way a dozen or so were secured. Pieces of shells have been seen around Flathead lake, but no living specimens taken. In 1900, several dozen were taken in Crow creek, Flathead Indian Reserva- tion. The species is found in all the western mountain streams. At no place is it abundant, and many people who have lived in this country all their lives express surprise at seeing these shells and hearing they are from waters in the State. A NEW SPECIES OF LIOMESTTS. BY \V. H. DALL. Liomesus nassula n. sp. Shell solid, white, covered with a pale olive, slightly-hispid perio- stracum, with a rather elevated, subacute spire of seven whorls; suture distinct, not channelled ; apex somewhat eroded with a small blunt top ; surface of the whorls delicately sculptured with fine re- volving threads, four or five to a millimeter, of which about every fourth thread is perceptibly stronger than the other three ; these are crossed by still finer, sharp, elevated, arcuate, incremental lines, along which the hispidity of the periostracum is arranged ; pillar white, solid, twisted, funicular distally ; canal very short, wide ; outer lip thin, simple, with a concave flexuosity behind the periphery; body with a thin white callus. Alt. 42, max. diam. 22, Ion. aperture 17 mm. Dredged in 121 fathoms, sand, near the Pribiloff Islands, Bering Sea, by the U. S. S. Albatross. 90 THE NAUTILUS. This interesting addition to the genus has a sharper spire than any other species and a different sculpture. It is perhaps nearest L. canaliculaius Dall, which lias coarser sculpture and a channeled suture. A NEW TETHYS FROM CALIFORNIA. BY T. D. A. COCKERELL. Tethys (Neaplysici) ritteri, n. sp. Length 21 cm., breadth about 8cm. Dark grayish-olivaceous; sides with oblique, flame-like, blood-red markings, especially about the middle of the body ; upper surface of the head and outer surface of epipodial lobes mottled with brown, but without any conspicuous blotches ; inner surface of epipodial lobes and mantle covering shell pale sea-green, wholly without markings ; lobe overlapping branchiae deep rich purple ; when the shell is removed, the area beneath it is seen to be strongly suffused with dark purple ; branchiae purplish- grey ; sole 45 mm., broad, transversely grooved and corrugated, greyish-brown, inclining to coffee-color ; epipodial lobes about 80 mm. long and 28 broad, from base within ends of lobes to nearest part of sole about 67 mm.; anterior tentacles 11 mm. from inner base to tip; posterior tentacles 14 mm. long. Shell very thin, flexible, corneous, 58 mm. long, 42 broad ; acces- sory plate well-developed. The animal produces an abundance of a reddish-brown fluid. The muscular stomach or gizzard contains eleven pentagonal corneous bodies, which fit raised areas on its wall. The largest of these bodies was 14x 10^ x 10^ mm. The alimentary canal contained seaweed. Hob.: San Pedro, California. The specimen described was found cast up on the shore of the bay, just in front of the University of California Marine Laboratory, July 23, 1901. Others were obtained by workers at the laboratory ; one of these, which I saw, had been in formalin, and the red, flame-like markings had wholly disappeared. This animal has the structure of T. californicus (Cooper), which was also described from San Pedro, but the color-scheme is so entirely different that it must be assumed that the species are distinct. Should any reason hereafter appear to the contrary, T. ritteri will at least be a very distinct variety. It is named after Prof. Wm. E. Ritter, THE NAUTILUS. 91 director of the Marine Laboratory at San Pedro, in recognition of his important services to marine zoology. JAPANESE VIVIPARA IN CALIFORNIA. BY ROBERT E. C. STEARNS. In the NAUTILUS for February, 1892, Mr. Williard M. Wood mentions the presence of " Paludina Japonica " (as determined by Mr. W. J. Raymond), in the Chinese market in San Francisco, where he saw a bucket-full of living specimens, being part of the first lot brought alive from Japan, where they are collected in the rice-fields near Yokohama, and are sold for a few cents a quart. They are called by the Chinese " Tsen law." Subsequently Mr. Wood (NAUTILUS, September, 1892), mentions seeing the same spe- cies and certain forms of Anodonta in an aquarium in a shop in the Chinese quarter of San Francisco. A year or more ago, Mrs. A. E. Bush, of San Jose, sent me a few examples of a Vi'vipara,a quite familiar Japanese form. One living specimen sent to Dr. Pilsbry, he kindly determined for me as V. stelmaphora Bgt. (= V. malleata Rve.), " it is a female and gives us plenty of young," etc. From Mrs. Bush's note it appears that the species may now be collected, or might have been at the time she sent the specimens, in San Jose, and also in a little valley at (he foot of Mount Hamilton. The examples received from her were collected at the former place. The first specimens from the several regions were detected by a boy, at a point seven or eight miles from San Jose. In wheeling over the floor of a little lake that was dry at the time, he picked up the shells and gave them to a friend who was interested in conchology. From the above it is quite evident that somebody planted this Asiatic form thereabout, presumably some of the Japanese or Chinese living in the neighborhood. It may be remembered that the Euro- pean Helix aspersa was planted in San Jose forty years ago ; in course of time the mollusca of the region may exhibit quite a cosmo- politan aspect. Los Angeles, Oaf., Oct. 22, 1901. 92 THE NAUTILUS. THE SHELL-BEARING MOLLTJSCA OF RHODE ISLAND. BY HORACE F. CARPENTER. The earlier portion of this paper appeared in Volumes III. and IV. of this Journal.] 199. Toldia sapotilla Gould. Nucula sapotilla Gld., DeKay, Sby., Hanley ; Leda sapotilla Stimp., S. I. Smith, Reeve ; Toldia sapotilla, of modern authors. Shell elongated ovate, thin, fragile, translucent ; beaks nearly central, a little nearer the anterior end, not elevated ; anterior por- tion of the shell semi-oval, regularly rounded, posterior narrowed and compressed but not so much so as in JT. limatida; surface with very minute concentric lines ; epidermis thin, glossy, bright yellowish- green with one or two narrow" zones of a darker shade ; interior white and pearly ; hinge with sixteen long and pointed teeth on each side of the beaks, those near the center small and close together. Length T9^r, height |, breadth T3