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THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS
OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. XXXV

JULY, 1921, to APRIL, 1922

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS
HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences
PHILADELPHIA

CHARLES W. JOHNSON

Curator of the Boston Society of Natural History
Boston

INDEX

TO

EE INA WE OSs xe oy’:

INDEX TO TITLES, GENERA AND SPECIES.

Memes testudinalis amosna, Say 05.0.2. soe ee PRT OO
Acteocina Gray, notes on the genus ............. 44, 96, 122
Aeolis (Flabellina?) opalescens Cooper ..............- 75
Pe eeReA EMU TTTT AGN Mh eh UP een atten (8 Sis a otaae a ro as. oltey Veda anal ane 78, 80
EMA ATCA AOLE OM). 502 « sas sod ease 6 cs elles ihe ayes 84
PoMeDM ASCE N A cete, CPT ys til polis esiie'ss ai eis ional eleva a oleic oete slave 85
REMI ACTTAVOSOL IS PVT [a | os sa) aysitieis eielene @ sie sla ene Lisle aha aise 87
Amnicola lustrica gelida Baker, n. var. .............+.- 22
Pmrmmnicols teishtont Bake#r 6 ya Ui bos baka anes sites 23
BANAL MEO) NCAP UIT aay IEEE oct ot 95 de a) sie alle le) austere ovale elelelials 9
PMMIGUIGSA PIOLOSA! OAV bo Wl) caine, ies aie code cia ie ecaueine il
PANE OSE HETTMMGA TANSEY aie s es eeelald aie eleralelin oi ele tela el perenne 10
Anculose north of the Alabama drainage .............. 9
Aneviastrum bourciionat, "Type OF... 6)s.\.'s We sce iets 5
Perea NeS CLITIGT OTANI HOt e |. ss cre sea cave e. eceicrsvenelstoneda, oseiaes 6
Ancylus fluviatilis Miller, generic position of .......... 57
eM eIGrea. SOMETIME ADOUE, ‘ais sic ocishd scm oyaielaalerorula Kane 58
ASDA STG: Sia Cosa itn eel MSA len AS nar ate aN APTS Sanka sh ya sta 80
JASE ACTIN EMSS aL No A Rood OEE Bie ALA Ran Pesate gs aa ig ne pa A 78, 117
Pepe CLG UMA Maral ah oth og am cay ayaa ceva enteane goa) 'e 85
Buccinum undatum L., egg-capsules of (pl. 1)........ 33, 87
Oavotna, crassicormis Histh $2200! hes). chal sersraval eve ol cuore ale. 74
Central American species of Naides .................. 24
Chamberlain, Frederick Morton (obituary)............ 60
Chon ceralemmnray GOulene aoc CitMMsR AS ibr ti th) ee 51
Minor seray tue Sra hus iN We Lene Un lo hi! 50, 100
Phiton!) from Southern’ Bravzali.’a wWew 's\. 00.606. este ww ace eoele 4
Chrysodomus decemcostatus, egg-capsules (pl. 1)....... 30
«2 AS TIES BS eae ath ee 0 Rae ee Ro A A aM Oy 93
Collecting mollusks on a beam-trawler ................ 29
Crepidula fornicata in the British Isles ............... 62
(111)

lv THE NAUTILUS.

Cuba; mollusks of (Guantanameyeyae 2) ae Uae 120
Cyprea ostergaardi Dall, n. n. for C. pacifica Osterg.,
mOt Garay SS oC aon 00) fe)

Diala, marmorea Cpr eye spews penny.) ol ee 85
Miala: varia A, Ass Vong eM MOE Ty! 90) 0 Le ea 84
Deroceras Rak. 032) 5 Sa aera | IUCR VA) Ye a aa a le
Disculella Pilsbry, the) eheod eroup. 2... 2.3). eee 12
Dreissensia polymorpha in the British Isles ............ 63
HUiptio calamitaromi Moereleges ie). Cayce ee se 26
Eiptio ortmanniy Mriersomie us henna eee ee 25
Elliptic ravistellus;Moneleii..... ie 8) ie ae we 2
Elbptio yzabalensig Cinema... inlets el dau ee 26
Hpiphragmophora arresanient)..../. i. Sek a eee ee 35
Epiphragmophora fidelis near San Francisco Bay ...... 34
Kulimax MogumMandon. 0. 66.035 26 eee ee 78
Flabellina opalescens: Cooper’ \..).5 i006... «6 eee ee 75
Florida ‘west coast Mimemus!. 3:5 1. cic sic.. dhe, c nie oo Ee 20
Geomitra (Disculella) cenourensis CkIll., n. sp. ......... 12
Glochidia in, Surface TOWIRES 22 Lili wk. cule ke ee 16
Gray Garden Slug with notes on allied forms .......... on
Hawaiian Islands, shore reef hunting in the ........... 82
Helix: calcareay Rar yen cans ett oakiowis Geiser cian 39, 100
Helix stulata: same agi ii cle vie cisions aie alt elas meee 40, 100
Hermissenda, opalescens' erga, ora). oy aloes meen 15
Hinkley collection acces lode eoaiein wees ieheie ae 62
Koryaickillas Kalen iy ce eee hee a see a vinta I, 2 ea 79
Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, mollusca of .............. 130
lacuna vincta pertusa Conte (02 Se oe ee ie eee 89
Lampsilis gracilis lacustris Baker, n. subsp. ........... 131
Land mollusea of the Madeira Islands ................ 39
Land shells from Palm Canyon, Cal. and Grand Canyon. 48
Leptaxis, The Helicoid: cennsyc.\jananeses tte eee oer 101
Leptaxis chrysomela bifasciata Ckll., n. subsp. ......... 103
Leptaxis furva grandissima Ckll., n. subsp. ............ 103
Ticuus, a search ‘for’ oes 03 ae Moet eee mere c CORE 65
Liguus, Mlorida west coast i:3004 sore eee eee 20
Dimacella Brards 3004 hn Ee ee Ce ee eee estonia V7
j Din ove: aul Bins eam MeR MR er ILA NN Uy LAAN Ay Cie tM dR 18, aie,
Tuimax gracilis Rake (0. WU Cerne Ie Leap 1s CLAS Mave aa 19
Uuray cavern; ‘shelle imi) ea ee ee en eiee eeeee 64
Malino Gray ss 6 ood badicee Bn eRe eee 19
Margarites johnsoni Dall, nm. sp: cae beet eon see 50
Merapelta: Morel. ooo. ili Ae ae cea nen 79
Meliba. fimibriata./A GE.) oa) a eee ey ec ee 51

Mollusea of Pisgah Forest, North Carolina ............ 40

THE NAUTILUS. Vv

PASO COMEECTIOM OR te peti ere tte sie Neel aie aCe. (otal a eal aural 62
INenia) belahubbardi: Pils: miisps (ple 2) 2 os lad 93
Nentay bryantwalkert Pils). m.ispo (pl 2c ees. se ee 95
Nenia flachi tingamarie Pils., n. subsp. (pl. 2) ......... 94
New forms of Pleistocene mollusks from Illinois ....... 22
igmenelarOrral MOLES!) iho eettab tite tatalh alles Qate ahenate a 6 49
TCI SR be NA ES SNC os LAL, Se AG Ae EA AE Aaa AA 27, 62, 99, 182
Nudibranchiate mollusca from the Pacific coast of North
BARIATRIC A MLV eR NARMS UROL LYRA LOL Our ML A 74
Observation on living Gastropods of New England ..... 85
Oreohelix maculata Henderson, n. sp. ...............- 15
Oreohielsx ~walcottzana, “Bartsely ii)... )o iets wie ola 's 6 eager 48
royctyla. Tormdensig, Fils iis Se Oe SR Nak Leuk) Oe 20
SRLS UTCE DY OED MAUMEE MHC OF CUE LU Ae 28
ernviar Claasilridse Mitde CARAS Lose kU TNs 93
Polygyra columbiana shasta Berry, n. subsp. (pl. 2).... 37
Polyavrn Sierrana Berry, n. Sp. (pl. 2) oe... 6 cece. 36
ESRC ATION HECOTVEC A.C OTD vert ois 60, 97, 135
ociscusymarice PISO ms Spa soy se cape alate 0/0) bk aletareteca se 49
innyer barriers £0 aquatic animals: oo... 0.0. ks it
eines. the nomenclature Of 6. yee eo ls VOI ht) LE
Rurennenice MAS LINC SCOMETY, (2)2/0 521.2) shal. ai ahal li lany Syste os eab)'ele) 6) she 123
Spinetti METAMIOE O N/ara nui Nen ta aid uatenatals a7) Spealaiais isting 104 ©
Strobilops labyrinthica, the anatomy of ............... 91
WSEAS MG gery ae A nA A TG Be TO 99
Tethys willcoxi in New England waters ............... 80
iy ehlochiten: felipponet Dall, n. sp.) so)... See ok -
Rieke ata briGarima ba Say sic suas pte la aera eiavelanal lavatelere 23
Valvata tricarinata supracarinata Baker, n. var. ....... 24
ecleanacy collection Wie Ws ae STS SU ea 62

INDEX TO AUTHORS.

1B Bere) Bae NEG BANA eno PAE SGI GR EARNED A 22, 180
1S GALERIE BA eas UMPIRE ACN A 85, 99
ISITE tS be Me TUR HS Ag OUR SPREE RSC OIG tna PLUS RADI 35
Re erste EIEN Veree SLUH NG Ae UOTE CWA DUR LE LOS SLU AV VAAN ah 16
Ber aN BN De EO a SO 12, 39, 101
LLL CMTE EGE eee Rt CTE eet a cL LE 4, 49, 84, 96
EPSP TNA BN CAD SRE AEDS MES RA ee oa aL a 29
AE GirrVel gl OW vata IY AURORE OS UT ANA EGR cE AA a ON 5S
C5 TECTED OES A ee 123
Meaeerentey Gy ALAS ys ics) sels th euc lovee ol'od otek W's igus des 34, 60, 91, 97
Re Sane Orth) eV URTV EDS) 5 Ns lace atatiole ehcuaie rey aie) Ui artataces ala) ec ena 14

J GIS 1 Ce RTE NS eT oa eae 28, 62, 98

vi THE NAUTILUS.

Kjerschow-Agershore: EP ek. ss we «se over eneene 50
haste: ©, MAR CNet ee Seek eo os Cate 82
Miavay CRN INN imo pare latte) a eas ea cls: ote ecajicliatcvace ote spats re 6 one eee 100
INslarid Gril ihe i ee oe Sis I asta) ea letoy oveste hele 33
OD ora ose AO Eyes is Oe aga an wo deena eokr a: nee '« tor hehe 74
Ore traneg aye NO aT eNO She ute be 24
Pilsbry, UA vee NECN! Ei tae 48, 49, 77, 98, 117
Ve TAAMTMOGOTIEE, (Ss faa) sip stavayae raloicdece nie be he aie arene chs oe eee 118
PUMAOT ANNI es oh Sic Ruts Aare oo copays ches ane eee a 80
Simpson, Ces Waka Reis bie: +6: db beara dete Genta gene gee 20, 65
RSRBeSMWSS: i! fe 1c ti onebe tease ote rss (tae oat wr ape Beene RENE eves eee 16
RETA Vo VAs Ne RAR als levi iaie lara veive' we solleb omene boven me ta ei een 104
enone, A. WE tees ae tk elec s «aw cleveland weighs peal a veneer 44, 122
Wamatta, HiMGeank ooo 2 iiss aia ee elevate olka Cree ee ae 64
Walker. Bryamtiye ils t ie. s oa’ ole siemens oigcerebeenta one aaee nena 5, 57

iWinslow, Mina.) 2.0 .\.0/0. <ais site eimiak asia en ieee eae 40

LOGS iy?
i

hs

THe NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV JULY, 1921. No. 1

RIVER BARRIERS TO AQUATIC ANIMALS.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Contending that the genus was purely a creek form, Dr.
James Lewis! questioned the existence of Gomobasis in the
Holston river. Tryon,? with little waste of good-nature, re-
torted that Dr. Lewis was in no position to know about this,
since the information upon which the assertion was based had
to do with only twenty-five miles of the Holston.

Dr. Lewis seems to have glimpsed a fact in the distribu-
tional history of Gomobasis, but not all of the fact. The
genus does exist in parts of the Holston, but it is where creek
conditions obtain or river conditions are no more than begin-
ning. It ceases to live in the true river. The twenty-five
miles which had been painstakingly explored by Lewis’s cor-
respondent were apparently below the line of creek charac-
teristics, within the barrier across which Goniobasis of the
region could not go.

Dr. Paul Bartsch,’ describing the restrictions which the
sediment-laden Missouri piaces upon the distribution of the
Unionide, remarks: ‘‘We have, therefore, the curious condi-

1 Amer. Jour. of Conchol., vol. vi, p. 216.
2 Ibid., vol. vii, p. 86.
3 Nautilus, Dec., 1916.

2 THE NAUTILUS.

tion of a river forming a barrier to aquatic animals.’’ It
may be of interest to recite similar instances as they apply to
Gonwobasis.

Say’s G. semicarinata lives in streams upon both sides of
the Ohio river. It does not, I am convinced, inhabit the river
itself. Shells that one may identify as semicarmata have
been sent out from Cincinnati, and it has been assumed that
the material came from the Ohio. The collection of the Uni-
versity of Cincinnati leads me to believe that the shells were
taken, not in the Ohio, but in the Little Miami river and in
Mill creek, close at hand. A barrier is plainly indicated by
the difference in the species on the two sides, the semicarinata
of the Kentucky streams being smaller, darker, the carine
less pronounced, than in Ohio and Indiana streams.

In the Blue river of southern Indiana, Daniels found a
Gomnobasis that Pilsbry described under the name indianensis.
So far as the records show, the race is confined to that stream.
In Hardin county, IIl., the streams of which are tributary to
the Ohio, occurs a plicate Gontobasis which is identified as
costifera Hald. In Pigeon creek at Evansville, Ind., I found
a species of the genus which, if not new, is exceedingly rare
in collections. It has no counterpart in streams explored else-
where in Indiana and in Ohio and, so far as I know, in Ken-
tucky and Illinois. To the list of isolated races of the region
ean be added G. eliminata Anth. In all these instances, the
Ohio river has acted as a barrier, preventing the interbreed-
ing of the races of one species, permitting the development of
small, distinct races, acting as a wall between the inter-
distribution of the Goniobases of the Licking, Kentucky and
Salt rivers on one part and of the Green river Goniobases on
another.

Goniobasis depygis Say is recorded as from the Falls of the
Ohio. I have collected there three times and never found
specimens of the genus. None appears in the Daniels collec-
tion, and in a large sending from this locality to Dr. Bryant
Walker, from Billups, there were no Gomobases. My own
suspicion is that depygis is a Lithasia as surely as is the G.
Louisvillensis of Lea.

THE NAUTILUS. 3

The characteristic Gontobasis of the upper Wabash river is
livescens Menke, a species which, with the possible exception
of virginica Gmel., is the most adaptive of all members of the
genus. It appears as far down the river as Logansport. But
somewhere below that point the conditions become inimical.
It does not occur in the extensive collections made by Daniels
in the Wabash at Lafayette. A small depauperate form was
taken by Hinkley under stones at the ‘‘Chains’’ in Posey
county, and he reports it also from Mt. Carmel, higher up the
river. Its relationship is with livescens. We have here the
ease of a fairly robust species that has been isolated by river
conditions but which, by reason of its adaptiveness, has been
able to plant struggling colonies in an unfavorable environ-
ment, the colonies developing subspecific characters.

This isolating effect of river conditions is compactly illus-
trated at Big Stone Gap, Virginia. In a collection from the
south fork of Powell river at this point — made without dis-
criminating among species—Pleurocera unciale Hald., a river
form, was exceedingly abundant; G. simplex Say, a race of
the creeks, was rare. In the north fork of the Powell, a
smaller stream about a mile away, nearly 16 percent of the
Pleuroceride were simplex, the rest wnciale. In a brook tribu-
tary to the south fork, 78 percent of the specimens taken
were simplex, 22 percent wnceiale. Near Arthur, Claiborne
county, Tenn., the Powell seemed to contain no Gomobases.
Conditions were suitable in the brook at Big Stone Gap. The
genus survived, but under difficulties in the north fork of the
Powell. The struggle was all but over in the south fork and,
farther down stream, the isolation had been made complete.

The inhospitable nature of the true river to most species of
Gomobasis may again be indicated by a quotation from a
letter from Herbert H. Smith to Dr. Walker in November,
1909, writing while collecting at the Muscle (Mussel) Shoals
of the Tennessee. ‘‘It is remarkable,’’ Mr. Smith says, ‘‘that
we have found no Gontobasis in the river except a few creek
forms evidently washed in. The predominating genus is
Plewrocera.’’

A great many forms of Goniobasis occur in east Tennessee.

4 THE NAUTILUS.

Yet of all the species and in spite of their seemingly great
powers for existing under such harsh conditions as those of
flood, shifting stream bed and chemical erosion, none seems
to have been able to survive the river conditions of the middle
Tennessee. Not one, present study appears to show, has
rounded Walden Ridge and become located in the streams of
central Tennessee or of Alabama. Nor, the literature to the
contrary, is there clear evidence that Goniobases characteristic
of central Tennessee thrive east of the mountains.

A NEW CHITON FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL.

BY W. H. DALL.

Among some shells sent for identification by Dr. Florentino
Felippone of Montevideo is a chiton with quite unique sculp-
ture, and a combination of characters which does not admit
of its being placed in any of the subdivisions which have
hitherto been proposed in the restricted group of Chitonide.
I therefore suggest for it the following designation.

TYPHLOCHITON.

Chiton without dorsal eyes, the end valves with numerous
slits, the intermediate valves with one slit on each side; the
insertion plates externally grooved; the eaves not spongy;
the gill rows long but not extending to either head or tail, the
margin of the sinus entire.

Type:
TYPHLOCHITON FELIPPONEI 0. sp.

Chiton with brownish velvety girdle with rare minute,
short, silvery spicules sparsely irregularly distributed; gills
about 25 on each side with the ends of the series separated by
a marked vacant space from both head and tail; valves rather
acutely ridged and medially posteriorly produced; the an-
terior valve with ten, the intermediate valves with one slit on
each side, the tail valve with 12 slits; the eaves pale blue and
not spongy; the insertion plates are radially sharply grooved

THE NAUTILUS. 5

but the distal margins remain practically entire; sutural
plates narrow, the sinus shallow with entire margin; a brown
streak on each side of it internally but the rest of the interior
white; external sculpture of the intermediate valves with
lateral areas but no defined jugal tract; the surface micro-
scopically reticulate with, on the central and pleural tracts,
rather sparse slender bluish beaded longitudinal threads on a
brownish ground, about 15 threads on each side with wider
interspaces; lateral areas with two to four similar threads of
which not more than two run the whole length of the area,
the others being irregularly broken up and short; the anterior
valve with about 20 similar threads, tending to pairs; the
posterior valve with a feeble subcentral mucro, in front of
which it is threaded like the pleural tracts, behind it there
are about a dozen sparse feeble radial threads. There are no
eyes or visible sense organs on the surface of the valves.
Length of specimen (after soaking) 23; breadth 16; height
Smm. U.S. Nat. Mus. Cat. no. 333091.

WHAT IS THE TYPE OF ANCYLASTRUM BOURGUIGNAT?

BY BRYANT WALKER.

In a paper recently published in the Proceedings of the
Malacological Society (XIV, 1920, p. 86), Messrs. Kennard
and Woodward, after stating that in their opinion the type of
Ancylus of Geoffrey was the Patella lacustris of Linné, and
that as that species is the type of Beck’s Acroloxus, the latter
consequently becomes a synonym of Ancylus s. s., suggest
that as fluviatilis Mull. must be placed in a distinct genus,
“‘recourse must be had to the subgeneric name of Ancylas-
trum, proposed by Bourguignat in 1853 and that name must
now be raised to generic rank.’’

Assuming that the premises of the authors are correct,
which is by no means free from doubt, the question is at once
raised as to whether Ancylastrum Bgt. can properly be used
for the group typified by the European fluviatilis Mull.

If so, it is evident that the Tasmanian species represented

6 THE NAUTILUS.

by Ancylus cumingianus Bgt., which are generically distinct
from the European group of fluviatilis, will have to be known
by another name.

As the establishment of the proper type of Ancylastrum
thus becomes of very considerable importance in the classifi-
cation of the Ancylide, and as I have not been able to agree
with the position taken by the authors of this paper, it seems
proper to state the reasons that have influenced my decision
of the question before their suggestion has been generally
accepted.

STATEMENT OF FACTS.

Ancylastrum was first proposed by Bourguignat in the
Journal de Conchyliologie, IV, p. 68. This number of the
Journal is dated February 15, 1853. His paper is entitled
“Notice sur le genre Ancylus, suivie d’un catalogue synonym-
ique des especes de ce genre.’’ Only the preliminary part,
the ‘‘Notice’’, was published at this time. On p. 68 the
author defines his new “‘S. G. Ancylastrum,’’ but neither
names a type nor lists any species that he would include in it.

In the next number of the Journal, issued May 1, 1853, in
a paper, which is entitled ‘‘Catalogue des especes du genre
Ancylus, 2e Article,’’ Bourguignat published a complete
catalogue of all of the species of the genus then known to
him. Under the caption ‘‘ANcyLASTRUM’’ (p. 170) the first
Species mentioned is Ancylus cumingianus Bet., which he
states ‘‘is the type of the section Ancylastrum,’’ and remarks
that ‘‘Cette magnifique espece, remarkable par 1l’excessive
deviation de son sommet, contourné sur lui-meme, habite la
terre de Van Diemen, dans la Nouvelle Hollande.’’ He fur-
ther states that he regrets that he is unable to give the diag-
nosis of this and eertain other new species from the Cum-
ingian collection for the reason that he had promised Mr.
Cuming that they should appear first in the Proceedings of
the Zoological Society of London. He then proceeds with his
catalogue, which shows that he included all of the known
Ancyli in Ancylastrum except those having the apex directed
to the left side.

THE NAUTILUS. %

On July 12, 1853, Bourguignat’s paper was presented to
the Zoological Society and was published on July 25, 1854.
The A. cumingianus was fully described in this paper on p. 91
and beautifully figured. And the author again states that it
is the type of his section Ancylastrum.

In 1864 Bourguignat (Mal. Algerie, II, pp. 188-9) repeated
his diagnosis of Ancylastrum, citing A. simplex Buch. (=
fluviatilis) and A. cumingianus as examples.

In 1881 Fischer in his Manual cited fluviatilis as an example
of Ancylastrum. Clessin in his monograph in the Conchylien
Cabinet (1882) gave fluviatilts as the type of Ancylastrum,
and in this has been followed by Tryon, Germain and prac-
tically all of the recent European writers.

Hedley (Prac. Mal. Soc., I, 1895, p. 118) was the first to
eall attention to the fact that Bourguignat had designated
cumingianus as the type of Ancylastrum.

ARGUMENT.

The publication of Bourguignat’s paper in 1853 in two
distinct parts with an interval of nearly three months must
be considered as two separate publications.

If so, it follows :—

I. That Ancylastrum in the first instance was a genus pub-
lished not only without any specified type, but also without
any accompanying list of species. It therefore comes within
the ruling of Opinion 46 of the International Commission on
the ‘‘Status of Genera for which No Species was Distinctly
Named in the Original Publication,’’ and consequently con-
tained all of the species of the world which would come under
the generic description as originally published. And the
generic type could be designated by the first subsequent
author dealing with the subject.

II. That the subsequent publication of Bourguignat’s cata-
logue was not a part of the original publication and that con-
sequently the subsequent designation of the type was not
restricted to the species listed in that catalogue.

This does away with the criticism that the designation of
cumingianus in the catalogue of 1853 was ineffective because

8 THE NAUTILUS.

it had not then been described and was therefore simply a
nude name.

If there is any question as to this position, it may be well
claimed that the characterization of cumingianus in the cata-
logue of 18538, taken with the subgeneric diagnosis of Ancy-
lastrum given by Bourguignat, was sufficient to identify the
species, even though he refrained from giving a formal de-
scription of it at that time. His remarks give an ‘‘unmistak-
able picture, which applies to no other form yet known.’’
The only other known species of that group, A. irvine Petterd,
is quite different in the manner of the enrollment of the per-
sistent spire, which has practically no lateral twist at all.

III. No other species having in the meantime been desig-
nated as the type, it follows that Bourguignat’s second desig-
nation of cumingianus in the P. Z.S. as the type of his section,
cumingianus having then been formally described, was fully
operative, even though that of 1853 was insufficient.

IV. When later it was discovered that cumingianus was
generically distinct from the European Ancyli, Ancylastrum,
of which it was the type by designation, necessarily followed
its type and became the name of the new genus.

The argument of Kennard and Woodward, as I gather from
several letters from Mr. Kennard, is substantially as follows:

I. ‘‘It is clear that Ancylastrum Bourg. is really a synonym
of Ancylus s. s. of authors. Bourguignat in 1853 when he
used the word type did not use it in the modern sense and
had no idea that it was generically distinct from the forms.
with which he associated it.”’

The reply to this is that under the Code the original diag-
nosis ‘‘cuts very little ice’’. The generic name follows the
type regardless of the specifications of the original diagnosis.
Very many of the ancient genera now in accepted use have
wandered far from the specifications of the original author.

II. ‘“‘Bourguignat never intended to separate cumingianus
from the rest and he uses the word type in a different sense.
He meant example, a very different thing. The present idea
of ‘‘type’’ is quite a modern one and when the older men
used it they meant example.”’

THE NAUTILUS. 9

The answer to that is that Bourguignat twice explicitly
stated that cumingianus was the type of Ancylastrum. I can-
not see how we can go behind his positive statement and argue
that he meant something else. The fact that in 1864 he men-
tions cumingianus and fluviatilis as ‘‘examples’’ of Ancylas-
trum has no bearing on the validity or intention of his orig-
inal designation. If this can be done, all of the older desig-
nations of typical species can be overthrown.

III. That when cumingianus was designated as the type in
1853 it had not been described and therefore could not be so
used.

This has been answered by my paragraph II.

CONCLUSION.

Ancylus cumingianus Bgt. is the type of Ancylastrum by
designation and consequently that name cannot be used for
the European group typified by A. fluviatilis Mull.

ANCULOSAE NORTH OF THE ALABAMA DRAINAGE.

BY CALVIN GOODRICH.

Work upon the Alabama drainage Anculose collected by
Herbert H. Smith, compelled a more or less thorough study
of the species and forms which occur in other parts of the
country. I submit the impressions and conclusions for what
they are worth, realizing that a painstaking examination
might greatly modify my present views.

Group of Anculosa carinata (Brug.).

1—A. cCARINATA (Brug.), 1792.

Synonyms: Paludina dissimilis Say, 1819; Anculotus m-
grescens Conrad, 1834; Anculotus monodontoides Conrad,
1834; Anculotus dentatus Couthouy, 1839; Anculosa carinata
Lea, 1841; Anculosa dentata Lea, 1841; Anculosa variabilis
Lea, 1841; Anculotus carinatus DeKay, 1843; Anculotus tri-
vittata DeKay, 18438.

Some of these may deserve recognition as local races.

10 THE NAUTILUS.

lJa—A. CARINATA NICKLINIANA Lea, 1841.

Tryon’s insistence to the contrary (Monograph of the
Streptomatide, p. 395), this is an Anculosa. I think the
reason for Tryon’s error may lie in the fact that a dwarf
form of Gomobasts virginica Gmel. was in his day distributed
as nickliniana. I have specimens from the type locality which
were sent to me by Mr. Robert Patterson of Chase City, Va.
Their generic position cannot be questioned.

2—A. CORPULENTA Anth., 1860.
3—A. CANALIFERA Anth., 1860.

4A. pILATATA Conrad, 1834.

Synonyms: Anculotus rogersi Conrad, 1834; Melania inflata
Lea, 18388; Anculotus kirtlandianus Anth., 1840; Leptomwis
rapeformis Hald., 1843(?) (on the authority of Tryon) ;
Anculotus carinatus Anth., 1860.

5—A. ORNATA Anth., 1860.

This is a form with Atlantic drainage antecedents which,
like dilatata, has crossed over into a western drainage. So far
as I know, it is confined to the Hiawassee of the Tennessee.

Group of Anculosa trilineata Say.
J—A. TRILINEATA Say, 1829.
Synonym: Melama viridis Lea, 1841.
2—A. costaTa Anth., 1840.
Synonym: Melania occidentalis Lea, 1841.

3—A. virGaTA Lea, 1841.
A distinct species, quite different from subglobosa Say
where Tryon placed it.
4A. minor Hinkley, 1912.
5—A. ARKANSENSIS Hinkley, 1915.

THE NAUTILUS. ie

Group of Anculosa prerosa Say.

1—A. pR#ROSA Say, 1824.

Synonyms: Melania cruentata Menke, 1828; Melama angu-
losa Menke, 1830; Anculotus angulatus Conrad, 1834; Mela-
nopsis neritiformis Deshayes, 1838; Melania cincinnatiensis
Lea, 1838.

2—A. TINTINNABULUM Lea, 1834.
3—A. TRYONI Lewis, 1870.

4—A. Pingus Lea, 1852.

5—A. TROOSTIANA Lea, 1841.

6—A. PLANISPIRA Anth., 1854.

The figure given of this species by Tryon suggests a variant
very common among the prerosa of the Holston and Cumber-
land rivers. The Green river material mentioned in Tryon is
Inthasia obovata Say with the spire worn away.

7—A. Lewisit Lea, 1861.

8—A. viripuLA Anth., 1860.

Cited from Tennessee. It suggests some of the forms taken
by A. picta Conrad in the Alabama river. Tryon links it
with kirtlandianus Anth. of the carinata group.

9—A. UMBILICATUS Wetherby, 1876.
10—A. HARPETHENSIS Pilsbry, 1896.

11—A. suBa@Loposa Say, 1825.
Synonym: Melania globula Lea, 1841.

12—A. aipsosa Lea, 1841.

A form from Abram’s creek, Blount county, Tenn., is the
only one I have seen which consistently corresponds with the
description of this species.

13—A. uiTtoriIna Hald., 1840.
Synonym: Melania pilula Lea, 1841.

It seems to me to be of significance that this species, re-

12 THE NAUTILUS.

corded from the Holston river, does not appear in the exten-
sive collections of Mrs. Andrews and Professor Wetherby.
Aberrant specimens of virgata agree with the description ex-
cept in the matter of size. It may be suspected that littorina
is a form of subglobosa varying in a similar manner.

The entire prerosa group is something of a confusion.
Particularly in the smaller rivers and creeks of central Ten-
nessee does it take peculiar aspects which may or may not
deserve differentiation from the parent stock. In the Elk
river are forms ranging from undeniable prerosa to subglo-
bosa. The same thing is true of the Duck river. A. pingwis
is in the Caney Fork of the Cumberland river, but typical
prerosa is there also, and I have not had means of learning
whether pinguis is a true local race or represents specimens
selected from sendings of species previously named. The
suspicion holds good against troostiana and lewis. The only
subglobosa outside of southeastern Virginia and eastern Ten-
nessee that may not be challenged as variants of prerosa
comes from Lookout creek, a tributary of the Tennessee river
in northern Alabama. There is still a great deal to be learned
about the forms of middle Tennessee.

THE HELICOID GROUP DISCULELLA PILSBRY.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Lowe gave the name Placentula to a small group of Ma-
deiran Helices, typified by H. maderensis Wood. This shell,
in general form and coloration, resembles the H. polymorpha
group (Discula Lowe), but is easily distinguished by the lack
of the surface sculpture of elongate pustuliform granules, the
round aperture (hence the synonym H. cyclostoma Menke)
and strictly continuous peristome. Eight species are referred
to Disculella by Pilsbry, and a ninth must now be added:

Geomitra (Disculella) cenourensis n. sp.

Shell with max. diam. 7.2 to 9.5 mm., with the form of G.
dealbata Lwe., to which it is nearly related, but dark reddish-

THE NAUTILUS. 13

brown, varying to whitish, with the surface dull, above and
below, minutely granular, not very conspicuously striate;
aperture round, the peristome continuous, livid brown. The
umbilicus is rounder than in dealbata; in the latter species it
is distinctly contracted, and therefore not round. In the dull
surface the shell resembles G. (Spirorbula) depauperata, but
it differs by the wider umbilical region, with much more of
the penultimate whorl showing. In the form of the umbilical
region it resembles G. (Disculella) fictilis Lwe., but it is con-
siderably larger than fictils and lacks the glistening surface.
The animal is pellucid whitish.

I found this abundantly on Cenouras Island, off the east
side of Porto Santo, January, 1921. The snails of this small
island have not previously been collected, so far as I can learn.
The island is barren, with a scanty vegetation consisting of
Microstigma maderensis (Matthiola maderensis Lowe), Lotus,
ete. I could not find any ants or millipedes. The same plants
and the same general conditions are found on the Ilheo de
Nordeste, a short distance away, yet the snail faunas of these
two islets are very different. Nordeste possesses a fine Lep-
taxis (forensis Woll.), and swarms with a Discula (gomesiana
Paiva). On Cenouras I found no Discula, except a single
dead and broken G. cheiranthicola (Lowe), which, as Mr. A.
C. de Noronha suggests, may have been brought by a bird.
On Nordeste we found a small variety of G. (Caseolus) abjecta.
(Lwe.) in some numbers, but the shells were all dead.

The group Disculella contains rather discordant elements.
G. leptoticta (Lwe.) of Madeira, and the related G. microm-
phala (Lwe.) of the Desertas stand apart, having a granu-
lated surface, small umbilicus, no keel, and peristome not
strictly continuous. They should, I think, be transferred to
Caseolus. G. spirulina n. n. (Helix spirorbis Lowe, 1852, not
Linné, 1758) is the smallest of the series, and G. compar
(Lwe.) is easily known by the elegant ribbing.

I recently received G. micromphala from the Southern De-
serta (Bugio), collected by Mr. C. B. Cossart. According to
Paiva, spirulina and leptosticta also occur there, but several
of Paiva’s Bugio records are improbable and in need of con-

14 THE NAUTILUS.

firmation. Mr. Cossart’s collection from Bugio (1921) con-
sists of the following forms:

Plebecula vulgata saxipotens (Woll.). Six.

P. punctulata avellana (Lowe). Common.

Geomitra micromphala (Lowe). Six.

G. polymorpha poromphala (Lowe). The most abundant
shell.

G. coronula (Lowe). Two examples of this beautiful little
species.

G. actinophora descendens (Woll.). This form can only be
segregated on average characters, I think. Three were found.

OREOHELIX MACULATA, NEW SPECIES.

BY JUNIUS HENDERSON.

In 1917 I collected several species of Oreohelix in abun-
dance in Shell Creek Canyon and White Creek Canyon,
northern Wyoming. The first-mentioned canyon is the type
locality of O. pygmaea Pilsbry, and the other, near by, is the
only other recorded locality for that species. Supposing that
I was at the type locality of pygmaea, and misled by the size
and shape of the smallest species of Oreohelix I found there,
the specimens were labeled pygmaea in the field and so desig-
nated in the field notes. Apparently they were not re-
examined upon returning to Boulder, but were unfortunately
placed in a drawer and published as pygmaea (NAUTILUS,
XXVII, pp. 45-46), and specimens have since been distrib-
uted in exchange to several conchologists and institutions
under that name. A few days ago I examined a few of them
with a lens, just after looking at some true pygmaea, and at
once saw that they bear no very close resemblance to that
form or to any other described Oreohelix. Indeed, the differ-
ence may be readily seen without a lens. An examination of
the records in comparison with the latest map of the region
also shows that the pygmaea localities are several miles far-
ther up both canyons than our 1917 stations, and none of the
material found in 1917 is pygmaea.

THE NAUTILUS. 15

OREOHELIX MACULATA, new species.

Shell below medium size for the genus, spire elevated,
whorls 514, with convex periphery, somewhat flattened above
near the suture, resulting in a deeply impressed suture, con-
vex below. Embryonic whorls dark brown in most examples,
at first nearly smooth, with very fine growth-lines crossed by
microscopic spiral lines, which, at about the beginning of the
third whorl, develop into beaded ribs easily detected with a
low-power lens. The last two whorls of the shell bear numer-
ous rather strong, rude, blunt, irregular ribs, parallel with
the growth-lines, crossed by about equally numerous rude
spiral ribs, this sculpture being especially well developed on
the base of the last whorl. This sort of sculpture is typical
of the depressa-coopert group, as distinguished from the
sharp-ribbed haydeni group, but the sculpture is very much
stronger in maculata than is usual in either depressa or
coopert, and the two latter are smoother below than at the
periphery and above, while in maculata the opposite is true.
Aperture rounded, outer and inner lips approaching. Um-
bilicus deep and narrow. Color exceedingly variable, a large
number seen collectively appearing quite dark because of a
preponderance of brown. The great majority of examples
have irregular, poorly defined light brown patches on a white
ground color, particularly noticeable under a lens, with
usually one spiral band or more of the same color above the
periphery and stronger bands of darker brown, varying in
width and number, just below the periphery and on the base.
A few albinos were found, without intergradation, to the
typical color, as is also true of O. cooperi obscura at the same
locality. A considerable number of examples are almost en-
tirely dark brown, but, except in a very few specimens, there
is a wide, conspicuous Jighter band at or just above the peri-
phery of the melanistic shells, which shows just above the
suture on the spires.

Type, width, 14 mm.; height, 11.5 mm. Univ. Colo. Mus.

Cotype No. 1, width, 13.5 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. Univ.
Colo. Mus.

16 THE NAUTILUS.

Cotype No. 2, width, 14 mm.; height, 11 mm. Univ. Colo.
Mus.

Cotype No. 8, width, 12.8 mm.; height, 10.6 mm. Univ.
Colo. Mus.

Cotype No. 4, width, 13 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. Univ. Colo.
Mus.

Cotype No. 5, width, 13.5 mm.; height, 12 mm. Univ. Colo.
Mus.

Cotype No. 6, width, 14 mm.; height, 10.8 mm. A. N. S.
Phila.

No. 5 is a melanistic example with no light band.

GLOCHIDIA IN SURFACE TOWINGS.

BY H. W. CLARK AND SAMUEL STEIN.

In their article on ‘‘Reproduction and Parasitism in the
Unionide,’’ by LeFevre and Curtis (Journ. of Experimental
Zoology, Vol. [X, No. 1, p. 98), under the caption, ‘‘ Behavior
and Reactions of Glochidia,’’ occurs the following statement:

*‘At the time of spawning the glochidia, already free from
the egg-membranes and more or less loosely held together in
slimy strings, are discharged at irregular intervals through
the exhalent siphon. Being heavier than water, they sink
rapidly to the bottom, coming to rest with the outer surface
of the shell directed downward and the valves gaping widely
apart.’’ The belief was formerly general that they ‘‘swim”’
about by rapidly opening and closing the valves, after the
manner of Pecten, and in spite of frequent denials by Schier-
holz (’88), Latter (’91) and others, the same statement is
still occasionally encountered. In the recent volume on Mol-
lusea in the Treatise on Zoology, edited by Lankester, this
inexcusable error is represented. ‘‘The glochidia,’’ we are
again informed, ‘‘swim actively by clapping together the
valves of the shell’’ (p. 250). They are, on the contrary, as
is now well known, entirely incapable of locomotion and re-
main in the spot where they happen to fall, and that ‘‘The

THE NAUTILUS. 17

glochidia remain in this helpless situation until they die, un-
less they happen to come in contact with the host on which
they pass through the post-embryonic development as para-
sites.’? The same statement occurs in the ‘‘Studies on the
Reproduction and Artificial Propagation of Freshwater Mus-
sels’’ by the same authors in the Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau
of Fisheries, Vol. XXX (Document No. 756, page 152).

The occurrence of glochidia in plankton is noted and com-
mented on in some fullness of detail by Kofoid in his report
on the Plankton of the Illinois River, Part 2, page 287, where,
under the heading ‘‘Lamellibranchiata’’ he remarks: ‘‘This
group is represented in the plankton by the larval stages or
glochidia of the Unionide, which form an important part of
the bottom fauna of the stream and its tributaries.’’ Among
those mentioned as occurring in the plankton are Anodonta
corpulenta Cooper, glochidia ‘‘referred with some uncer-
tainty’’ to Lampsilis anodontoides, and glochidia presumably
belonging to Arcidens confragosus.

Kofoid’s remarks concerning the abundance, numbers and
percentage of occurrence, temperature relations and seasonal
distribution, as well as his remarks on identification of the
glochidia encountered, preceding as it does the strenuous
attempts at description and identification of glochidia and
ascertainment of breeding seasons of different species of mus-
sels later entered into with such avidity in behalf of mussel
propagation, form one of the most fascinating episodes in
scientific research. His discussion is unfortunately too long
to quote in a brief article like that intended here, but too
interestingly precious to be missed by anyone studying the
history of mussel propagation.

Peremptorily dismissing the temptation to quote remarks
illuminating other but what would anciently be called imper-
tinent phases of the subject here, it only remains to remark
that what is really the one pertinent query, that of the rela-
tion of the glochidia to the surface, is left in doubt. The
wording of the one introductory sentence quoted, doubtless
perfectly clear when written, develops an ambiguity which
increases with a growing interest in glochidia rather than

18 THE NAUTILUS.

mussel. Kofoid took his plankton by means of a pump, and
at all depths, from near the bottom to the surface. He may,
therefore, have obtained his glochidia anywhere between
those extremes of depth.

During the spring and summer of 1920, in an attempt to
ascertain the relation, quantitatively and qualitatively, be-
tween the river, the reservoir and the various ponds of the
Fisheries Biological Station at Fairport, Iowa, occasional
surface towings were made with a fine bolting-cloth net in all
the places mentioned. On April 12, ten short hauls were.
made at the surface of the Reservoir near its outlet, in about
12 feet of water. In the portion of the haul examined (in
most cases, especially where a considerable amount of mate-
rial was taken, only a small portion, usually about one-tenth,
was examined carefully) a glochidium of the Anodonta type,
probably that of Anodonta corpulenta, was taken. It was at
first supposed that it was dead, but four hours after capture
it was observed to snap its valves.

On July 3, the river, which was high and muddy, showed a
slightly greenish cast, suggesting an abundance of plankton.
Accordingly several short draws, almost dips, were taken at
11:15 a. m. from the end of the pier, from the surface in
shallow water near shore. One glochidium, provisionally iden-
tified as that of Lampsilis anodontoides, and 12 shorter,
rounder, probably of some species of Quadrula, were taken.
On July 29 a towing was taken in water a considerable dis-
tanee from shore, from a boat and in the current. Only a
small amount of the material — mostly silt — was examined ;
but in the part scrutinized was found a glochidium.

On July 30, the townet was held under the edge of the mass
of water coming up from the river and falling in an inverted
bowl-shaped mass from the vertical inlet pipe, where it enters
the Reservoir. The net was held here only about 3 minutes,
and naturally strained only a small portion of the water fall-
ing from the pipe—hardly a hundredth part. A good deal of
material, chiefly detritus, was obtained and only a small
amount of this examined; but in this small amount was ob-
tained 8 glochidia of the Lampsilis type.

THE NAUTILUS. 19

On August 14, twenty-five liters of water was dipped from
the surface out in the river in fairly deep water and in the
channel. In the part examined one very minute glochidium
was taken.

On August 19, in taking a surface towing by dragging the
townet from a boat going down stream from a bar above the
station, and in fairly deep water, three glochidia were cap-
tured.

To sum the matter up, there was not a single collection of
surface plankton taken from the river in which there was not
one or more glochidia, and indeed, until the river became low
and calm, permitting the development of plankton organisms,
the glochidia usually outnumbered any other organism; the
river, except during the conditions above mentioned, being
remarkedly plankton-poor. In every instance, too, where ex-
amined repeatedly and at long enough intervals, the glochidia
proved themselves alive by a feeble snapping of their valves.
The flapping of the valves was always too feeble and too
widely separated in time intervals to be effective as a means
of locomotion. It may, of course, have been much more vigor-
ous and frequent for a time after first discharged, but there
is no probability that it could ever have resulted in swim-
ming.”’

On the assumption that the glochidia lie on the bottom
where discharged, and there die unless they become attached
to a fish, one of the most important advantages served by
parasitism is that of dissemination. In the light of the obser-
vations recorded above, it becomes evident that distribution
down stream is common and that perhaps many, if not most,
natural infections take place some distance from and below
the place of discharge. The importance of parasitism as re-
gards dispersal is therefore confined chiefly to up-stream
migration, although of course dispersal in other directions is
greatly assisted and accelerated by means of the fish.

The surface-floating habit of glochidia explains also the
occurrence of Anodonta imbecillis, a species which is capable
of developing without parasitism, in floating crates, the bot-
toms of which are considerably above the level of the bottom

20 THE NAUTILUS.

of the river, as has happened in crates moored at Fairport,
Iowa, and at New Boston, Ill.

Fisheries Biological Station, Fairport, Iowa.

FLORIDA WEST COAST LIGUUS.

BY CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON.

In the April, 1921, number of the Nautmus, Mr. M. G.
Miller states that Capt. W. D. Collier, long a resident of Key
Marco, brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and
‘‘planted’’ them at Caxambas, Goodland Point, and Marco,
all on Key Marco. This was done forty-eight years ago and
there were no Liguus snails on Marco previous to this, but
they multiplied and spread rapidly.

As a matter of fact there have been found no less than four
subspecies of Liguus belonging to two species, and one species
of Ozystyla in the Marco region and for some forty miles
southeast of it. Liguus fasciatus roseatus has been found on
Marco Key, Horr’s Island, near it, at Gomez Old Place, ten
miles southeast, at Caxambas, and at Chokoloskee farther
down the coast. The form of Liguus which I have called
lineolatus has been found at several places on Marco Key,
Horr’s Island, Gomez Old Place, Russell’s Key, Turner’s
River, Caxambas and Chokoloskee. Inguus fasciatus castaneo-
zonatus has been found at Rabbit Key, just below Choko-
loskee, and on the island of the latter name, but nowhere to
the northwest of these places, so far as I know. Ligwus cre-
natus marmoratus, the ‘‘black snail’’, was obtained by Mr.
Clarence B. Moore, who got it from a Mr. C. G. McKinney
from land which he cleared somewhere near Chokoloskee, ac-
cording to Pilsbry in his ‘‘Study of the Liguus of Florida,’’
page 453. Some five years ago I visited Chokoloskee and was
taken by a resident to the island where he said the black
snails which Mr. Moore obtained were found. The hammock
had been cleared but diligent search brought to light some
fragments and three dead, badly-faded specimens, one of
which is marmoratus, I believe. Oxystyla floridensis has been

THE NAUTILUS. 21

found at Chokoloskee, its northernmost limit, Pavillion Key
and Seminole Point.

Now then, what I would like to know is if Capt. Collier
brought all these forms of Liguus and Ozystyla from Middle
Cape Sable and distributed them in the various localities on
the west coast I have mentioned. Forms of most of them
have actually been found on the Middle Cape, the Ozystyla,
Liguus fasciatus roasatus, L. castaneozonatus, L. crenatus
marmoratus, and a couple of other forms of crenatus which it
seems he did not bring, or if he did they never became estab-
lished. How did it come that the Oxystyla only is found as
far north as Chokoloskee, that castaneozonatus is only known
from this locality and Rabbit Key? Why did he carry mar-
moratus to a key four miles from Chokoloskee and not put it
on the trees of the latter island — why didn’t he take all the
forms and plant them on Marco Key?

As a matter of fact I have never found any snail on Middle
Cape Sable which is really very close to any of these upper
west coast forms. The castaneozonatus are a little differently
marked; the marmoratus I have from there is of a different
pattern from the Chokoloskee shells and something like a
single dead specimen I obtained on Key Vaca. I never found
during several visits to the Middle Cape anything that could
certainly be referred to lineolatus. While Capt. Collier may
have brought tree snails from Middle Cape Sable and planted
them on or around Marco, it is doubtless true that several
forms of Iiguus and the great Oxystyla crossed from the
Upper Florida Keys to the southwest coast of the mainland
of Florida over a now destroyed land bridge, that this migra-
tion was probably made many thousands of years ago and
that they reached the Chokoloskee, Marco region after the
aborigines had built and abandoned the shell mounds, that
they made part of their migrations to the region of their most
northern distribution from island to island by water, on the
trees they lived on.

This subject of the geographical distribution of the Liguus
and Oxystylas in Florida and the manner in which they
migrate will be discussed later in a separate paper. As to the

22 THE NAUTILUS.

blue tree snails of the southwest coast, I obtained several of
them from residents of Chokoloskee. These were Ozystyla
floridensis pure and simple, and they had been boiled in water
containing a little indigo. We made a number of specimens
of this new species aboard the boat in the same way and they
were just as nice as those sold by the natives. This receipt is
absolutely free to anyone desiring to make new species.

NEW FORMS OF PLEISTOCENE MOLLUSKS FROM ILLINOIS.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.*

A recent examination of Pleistocene material from Grundy
County, Illinois, submitted by Mr. Harold E. Culver, of the
Illinois State Geological Survey, reveals several new forms
of mollusks which seem to need recognition. Upwards of
twenty species and varieties occur in the marl deposit, which
is post-Wisconsin in age.

AMNICOLA LUSTRICA GELIDA Nn. var.

Shell differing from lustrica in being narrower, with more
convex whorls, more deeply impressed sutures, a smaller,
rounder aperture, the lip of which is usually thickened
within. There are six full whorls in adult individuals.

Length, 4.25; diameter, 2.25; aperture length, 1.25; width,
1.0 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of Natural History,
U. of I., No. P926.

Length, 4.50; diameter, 2.30; aperture length, 1.40; width,
1.0 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927.

Length, 4.0; diameter, 2.50; aperture length, 1.50; width,
1.10 mm. Paratype. Museum No. P927.

Types from near Morris, Grundy County, Illinois, in marl
deposit.

This small Amnicola is one of the most abundant species
in Pleistocene deposits, and seems to be widely distributed,

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of
Illinois, No. 16.

THE NAUTILUS. 23

occurring in Ohio as well as in the known Illinois localities,
Chicago, Joliet, and Grundy County. In a previous paper
(Journ. Geol., XXVIII, p. 448, 1920) it was listed as Amni-
cola lustrica variety, its differentiation having been suggested
by Dr. Pilsbry. It is so markedly different from lustrica as
found recently, and as represented in some marl deposits,
that a name seems very necessary.

Three forms of Amnicola related to lustrica have come
under the writer’s observation. The typical form, wide, with
moderately convex whorls and a large body whorl; this is in
the collection of the Museum from Milwaukee, Wis. (30th
Street) ; a wide form like the type but with thickened lip and
solid shell; specimens of this form have been seen from
Randolph County, Indiana; and the form herein described,
which is narrower and more scalariform than the type. These
all represent, probably, different types of environments. The
likeness of gelida to Amnicola oneida Pilsbry, from Oneida
Lake, N. Y. (Nautitus, XXXI, p. 46, 1917) is striking, and
suggests that oneida may be the recent manifestation of the
fossil form. It will be remembered that the old Rome outlet,
in use for the discharge of the waters of the Great Lakes, was
by way of Oneida Lake, and western species had easy access
to this waterway.

AMNICOLA LEIGHTONI Baker.

This recently described Pleistocene Amnicola (NAUTILUS,
XXXIII, p. 125, 1920) also occurred in the Grundy County
material. The shells are more variable in Illinois than in the
type locality in Logan County, Ohio, the spire being long or
short and the body whorl varying greatly in obeseness. Con-
tinued study of this species in comparison with the Maine
species (winkleyt) lead the writer to consider the fossil form
as a distinct species, as indicated above.

VALVATA TRICARINATA Say.

This common species is most abundant in nearly all lacus-
trine and fluviatile deposits of the Pleistocene period. Like
the recent shells, it varies greatly in the carinate condition of

24 THE NAUTILUS.

the shell. On the whole, the fossil individuals appear to be
more variable than the recent forms. The variations in cari-
nation have been recognized to some extent and names have
been applied to the most striking of these variations. Seven
combinations are apparently possible. These are indicated in
the following table:

PTI CATIM AGE iis veep Way cnaatn UR Y te Nate tricarinata Say.
Maddle carina absenti 2 .:)./. c/s tis eee « perconfusa Walker.
Upper and lower carine absent ...... umcarinata DeKay.
Lower carina absent .............¢. basalis Vanatta.
Middle and upper carina absent ..... infracarinata Vanatta.
Middle and lower carina absent ..... supracarinata Baker.
JAN Careinige ASEM alors seis icle ede ceisler & simplex Gould.

VALVATA TRICARINATA SUPRACARINATA Nl. var.

Shell differing from the other described varieties of the
tricarinate series in lacking the carina on the periphery and
base. Otherwise similar. Length, 3.5; width, 4.5; aperture
length, 2.0; width, 1.8 mm. Topotype, Collection Museum of
Natural History, U. of I., No. P928. Type locality, near
Morris, Grundy County, Illinois.

This variation is apparently rare, as but four specimens
were found in sorting several hundred tricarinata. In the
deposit under study (Grundy County) the perconfusa form
was in much greater abundance, followed by the tricarinata
form. See Nautinus, XV, p. 124; XXXI, p. 36; XXVIII,
pp. 104, 105, for descriptions of the other variations of this
polymorphic species.

SOME CENTRAL AMERICAN SPECIES OF NAIDES, BELONGING OR
ALLIED TO THE GENUS ELLIPTIO.

BY A. E. ORTMANN, PH. D.

Frierson (NAUvTIL. 27. ’13, p. 14) has described a new species
as Unio (Nephronaias) ortmanni, and says that it ‘‘ is clearly
placed in the Nephronaias division by its evident near kinship
to melleus Lea and to persulcatus Lea’’.

THE NAUTILUS. 25

Later (Nauti. 31.’ 17 p. 47) he distinguishes as Nephronaias
(s. s.) a group of species, containing plicatulus, persulcatus,
melleus, dysoni, ortmanni, ravistellus etc., of which he says that
the anatomy resembles that of Hlliptio, but that it ‘‘ differs from
Elliptio in its sulcated disk, in its beak sculpture etc.’’? But it
should be remembered that only the anatomy of ortmanni was
Known.

My own determination of the genus Nephronaias (Ann. Carn.
Mus. 8. ’12 p. 326) rested upon the examination of the soft
parts of NV. sapotalensis (Lea), which surely is a Lampsiline shell;
but I have pointed out that it is all important to determine the
position of the type species of the genus, Unio plicatulus Charpen-
tier. Frierson now assumes, from the characters of the shell,
that plicatulus has the same anatomical structure as ortmanni.
This may be correct, but has not been demonstrated; but if
correct, the name Nephronaias becomes either a synonym of
Elliptio, or a subgenus of it, or a genus closely allied to it.

In view of the great deficiency in our knowledge of the Mex-
ican and Central American species, I prefer, for the present,
to leave those species, which have Elliptio-structure, in the
genus Elliptio. Of the following forms, the anatomy is more or
jess known to me.

ELLIPTIO ORTMANNI (Frierson) (1. c.).

Specimens, cotypes, from Rio Conchins, Quirigua, Guatemala,
have been investigated, collected Febr. 4 and 6, 1913.

Frierson (1. ¢., p. 15) has already indicated the essential
features of the anatomy of this species. It should be added,
that the anal opening has crenulations, the branchial papillae;
that the mantle connection between anal and supraanal is
moderate (in most of my specimens torn by rough handling);
that the posterior margins of the palpi are connected for about
half of their length. The inner lamina of the inner gills is free
from the abdominal sac, except at its anterior end. The mar-
supium is in the outer gills, placentae are present, sublanceo-
late, not very solid. Marsupium moderately swollen, its edge
remaining sharp, when charged. Glochidium subcircular, L.
0.23, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alcohol) pale. Male

26 THE NAUTILUS.

and female shells indistinguishable. The breeding season seems
to fall in the winter months of the northern hemisphere.

ELLIPTIO CALAMITARUM (Morelet) (?).

This species has been mentioned incidentally by Frierson
(1. c., p. 15) from Rio Blanco, near Livingston, Guatemala,
collected Febr. 18, ’13, but there is some doubt about the
identification; in a recent letter, Frierson thinks that this is
U. dysoni Lea. I do not want to express an opinion; the speci-
mens investigated by me belong to the same lot, and they have
absolutely the same structure of the soft parts as E. ortmanni.
Also the glochidia have the same shape and dimensions: L.
0.23, H. 0.22 mm. The breeding season also is in winter (glo-
chidia in February).

ELLIPTIO YZABALENSIS (Crosse & Fischer) (Simpson Descript.
Catal. 714, p. 276).

Two specimens, with soft parts, have been sent by A. A.
Hinkley, collected Jan. 6, 717, in Saja River, Guatemala (trib-
utary to Rio Dulce, below Lake Yzabal). Both are females,
and are gravid, but have not yet formed glochidia.

Frierson thinks that these specimens might be a new species,
but they agree, in my opinion, quite well with Simpson’s de-
scription of yzabalensis, and very well with v. Martens’ figures
(Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900, p. 507, pl. 39, f. 9-11), and
in my identification I rely chiefly on 10 and 11 of these figures.
Their chief character is the great height of the shell as com-
pared with the length. One of my specimens has white, the
other has purple nacre.

The anatomy is identical with that of E. ortmanni and calam-
itarum in every particular. Of course, the glochidia have not
been observed.

There is no question that the three above species are closely
allied to each other, both in anatomy and shell characters (sul-
cated epidermis), and I should not be astonished if finally they
turn out to be forms of one and the same species.

THE NAUTILUS. Dy,

ELLIPTIO RAVISTELLUS (Morelet). (Nephronaias rav. Simpson,
14, p. 283).

Specimens from Lake Yzabal, at Jocolo, Guatemala, are at
hand, collected by A. A. Hinkley in January, 1914. Among
them are 1 male, and 3 females with soft parts; one of the
females is gravid, but has only eggs, no glochidia. Seven
others from Lake Yzabal were collected January 9, 1917; among
them 1 male, and 6 gravid females, three of them with glo-
chidia.

The identification is undoubtedly correct, and has been made
chiefly according to v. Martens (Biol. Centr. Amer. Moll. 1900,
p. 516, pl. 88 f. 2). The color of the nacre, in my specimens,
varies from white through lead color and pinkish to dull purple.
The breeding season seems to be similar to that of the preced-
ing species (eggs and glochidia in January).

The anatomy resembles that of E. ortmanni,, but the posterior
margins of the palpi are connected at their bases only, and re-
markably enough, the inner lamina of the inner gills, in all
specimens before me, is free from the abdominal sac only for
about one-half of the length of the latter (or very slightly more),
while it is connected with it in the anterior half (or slightly
less). This is a rather unusual condition in American Union-
inae. Of course, in this case, this character cannot be regarded
as essential, before a larger number of Central American shells
have been investigated.

Gills, marsupium, and placentae of the Elliptio-type. Gilo-
chidia absolutely identical with those of E. ortmanni and cala-
mitarum: L. 0.23, H. 0.22 mm. Color of soft parts (in alco-
hol) pale, with black pigment in the region of the branchial,
anal, and supraanal openings.

NOTES.

Dr. Pau BartscH spent part of May and June in the
Bahamas and Florida, continuing his studies of Cerion.

Dr. C. Montague Cooke, who has been working on the

28 THE NAUTILUS.

anatomy of Hawaiian land snails at the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia for the past nine months, has re-
turned to Honolulu. He expects to resume his studies im
Philadelphia next September.

Pror. T. D. A. CocKERELL, of the University of Colorado,
returned from England early in July, stopping at New York,.
Philadelphia and Washington on his way to Colorado.

Mr. Frank C. Baker, curator of the Museum of Natural
History, University of Illinois, will spend the summer in
Wisconsin, continuing his study of the molluscan fauna under
the auspices of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural His-
tory Survey.

Dr. FrepD Baker has joined an expedition for work on the
fauna of Lower California.

Om Insurtina OystEers. — A suit for $200,000 has beem
brought against the Mexican Petroleum Corporation for dam-
ages done to some of the oyster beds of Narragansett Bay.
The question of sewage has also entered largely into the dis-
cussion. The oyster industry of the bay began to decline in
1914 and has steadily deteriorated ever since. Prof. T. C.
Nelson of Rutgers College, and biologist of the Shell Fisk
Commission of New Jersey, said that oil was responsible for
the death of the oyster ‘‘sets’’ in 1916 and 1917. There seems
to be a general complaint that oil and sewage is gradually
destroying the marine life of our bays and harbors. During
the winter even marine birds, such as the little auks, were
brought to the museum with their feathers thoroughly satur-
ated and discolored by oil. C. W. J.

Leslie of
tiie x ,
een ee
ate

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV.

PLATE |

1. EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L.
2, EGG-CAPSULES OF CHRYSODOMUS 10-COSTATA SAY.

fue NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV OCTOBER, 1921. No. 2

COLLECTING MOLLUSKS ON A BEAM-TRAWLER.

BY A. B, FULLER.

Collecting mollusks on a beam-trawler while not an ideal way
to collect, is nevertheless interesting. These vessels are about
135 feet long, 22 feet beam, tonnage about 150, and run by
steam. August 6, 1920, found me on one of these steel boats
bound for the Georges Bank. Our first set was made about 118
miles southeast of the Boston light in about 45 fathoms, inside
of the Georges Bank proper. The trawl consists of a sweep net
about 90 feet wide and 9 feet deep, held apart and in position
by two heavy oak doors about three feet by seven feet, shod
with heavy iron on one long side. This makes it ride upright
and prevents it from wearing as it drags on the bottom. These
doors act as kites to the net, as it were, one at each end of the
opening, and each hung by a chain bridle toa steel cable. The
cables are attached to steam winches which work simultaneously
in lowering and pulling in the net. A heavy rope cable about
three inches in diameter stretches from door to door and drags
on the bottom, acting as a ground line to which the lower edge
of the net is fastened. In the center of the net is a large pocket
of coarse meshes, but smaller than the meshes of the net proper.
This is called the ‘‘cod end,’’ and is protected by a blanket
of heavy double-meshed netting, so that in dragging on the
bottom it will not snag and tear. A portion of the ‘‘cod end”’

30 THE NAUTILUS.

is pursed and tied with a special knot; when the bag is hoisted
aboard full of fish a pull on the knot opens the purse and the
fish are dumped upon the deck.

The net is ‘‘ fished’’ two hours at a time, and the time con-
sumed in hauling, dumping and resetting is very short. The
fish are then cleaned and are often all on the ice in the hold in
about thirty minutes after being taken from the water. Three
to four thousand pounds of good fish at a haul was fair fishing
and about the average. Most of the fishing is in water ranging
from 30 to 50 fathoms, in a zigzag course across the grounds.
The net sweeps nearly everything before it of any size and all
goes back into the ‘‘cod end.’’ The collection that is dumped
upon the deck is therefore miscellaneous in character. From
two to three tons of mixed fish, sponges, mollusks and other in-
vertebrates is quite a sight to a collector. Large monk fish,
skates, cod, haddock, hake, red snapper, halibut, flounders
and sculpins, comprise the principal fish. Owing to the large
mesh the majority of the mollusks pass through, leaving only
the very large ones or a few of the smaller ones entangled in the
net.

Each haul presented three chances to collect. First, when
the net comes up; a few minutes of hasty inspection brought to
light some fine nudibranchs (Dendronotus frondosus) and many
little hermit crabs bearing various species of shells and a few
very minute shells (Cingula carinata) imbedded in the strands
of the ground line. Second, the fish are sorted by sluicing them
down the deck with a stream of water, the men pushing the re-
fuse fish along with pitch forks and picking out the good ones
as this procession goes by, the shells, etc., may be snatched up
and not much passes by without being seen. Pecten magellanicus
Gmel. were sometimes very common, at other times missing.
Oyprina islandica Linn., Modiolus modiolus Linn., Buccinum un-
datum Linn., Chrysodomus decemcostatus Say, Colus stimpsont
Morch., Polinices heros Say, and the rare P. levicula Verr., were
taken in this way, and all varied greatly in numbers according
to bottom conditions. Some of the Buccinum and Chrysodomus
were unusually large. Attached to some of the Pecten were the
egg-capsules of Chrysodomus decemcostatus, called by the fisher-

THE NAUTILUS. 31

men ‘‘sea corn.’? These were described and figured by Mr.
Charles W. Johnson, ‘‘ Occasional Papers,’’ Vol. 5, pp. 1-4,
pl. 1, 1921, Boston Society of Natural History. I am indebted
to the Society for the cut illustrating these capsules. The third
method of collecting is from the fish stomachs as the men were
cleaning the fish; I was often able to get a bucket full of material
from the haddock, later washing and sifting out the shells,
wrapping them in cheese cloth and throwing them into a can of
formaline. Sometimes the contents consisted mostly of small
crustacea mixed with sand, with but few shells. The cod pro-
duced but little in the mollusk line except fragments of Cyprina
and Modiolus, which they had evidently been able to crush.
There were also pieces of large gasteropods, probably Buccinum
and Chrysodomus. Crabs, however, seemed to be the main
food of the cod. Sometimes the net would come up plastered
with large starfish, then it would bea yellow sponge (Desmac-
idon palmata) that the fishermen call ‘* boxing gloves,’’ from
their resemblance; another haul would show large numbers of
ascidians, the ‘‘sea lemons,’’ or the ‘‘stemmed sea peaches’’
(Pyura). Many times the net was filled with hydroids, known
to the fishermen as ‘‘ moss,’’ clusters of long rubbery worm-
tubes, dubbed by the men ‘‘macaroni,’’ as it resembles that
product, was very plentiful in one place. Thus the men would
say, ‘‘ we are on the boxing gloves,’’ or on the moss, or in the
lemons, or in the macaroni, as the case might be.

The following is a list of species obtained from the fish stom-
achs, with the exception of Polypus arcticus. For their deter-
mination I am indebted to Mr. Charles W. Johnson.

Nucula proxima truncula Dall.
Nucula tenuis Montg.

Leda tenuisulcata Couth.

Yoldia limatula Say.

Pecten magellanicus Gmel. (young).
Anomia aculeata Mill.

Anomia simplex Orb.

Modiolus modiolus L. (fragments).
Musculus substriatus Gray.

Musculus corrugatus Stimp.

o2

THE NAUTILUS.

Crenella glandula Totten.
Periploma leanum Conr.

Thracia truncata Migh. & Ads.
Cyprina islandica L. (young).
Astarte portlandica Migh.

Cardium pinnulatum Conr.
Macoma calcarca Gmel. (young).
Ensis directus Cony. (fragments).
Siliqua costata Say (fragments).
Spisula polynyma Stimp. (young).
Saxicava arctica L.

Solariella obscura Couth.
Odostomia sulcosa Migh.
Epitonium groenlandicum Perry.
Epitonium costulatum Migh. & Ads.
Natica clausa Brod. & Sowb.
Polinices heros Say (young).
Polinices triseriata Say.

Polinices immaculata Totten.
Polinices groenlandica MOll.
Velutina undata Brown.

Crepidula plana Say.

Cingula carinata Migh. & Ads.
Turritellopsis acicula Stimp.
Aporrhais occidentalis Beck (young).
Alectrion trivittata Say.

Anachis avara similis Rav.
Buccinum undatum L. (young).
Chrysodomus 10-costatus Say (young).
Colus stimpsonui Morch. (young).
Colus pygmaeus Gld.

Bela scalaris MOll.

Bela harpularia Couth.

Bela plewrotomaria Couth.

Bela bicarinata Couth.

Retusa pertenuis Migh.

Retusa gouldii Couth.

Cylichna alba Brown.

Polypus arcticus Prosch.

THE NAUTILUS. 33

EGG-CAPSULES OF BUCCINUM UNDATUM L.*

BY OLOF O. NYANDER.

The interesting paper on ‘‘ Egg-capsules of the Ten-ribbed
Whelk,’’ by Charles W. Johnson (Occasional Papers, Boston
Soc. Nat. History; Vol. 5, pp. 1-4, pl. 1, May, 1921), brings
to mind a collecting trip which in this connection may prove of
interest.

In the summer of 1906 I spent one month collecting Silurian
fossils in Cabscook Bay from Eastport to Whiting, Maine, and
as my work was mostly in the tidal zone I could not help but
observe the common marine shells while collecting fossils at
Broad Cove, near Eastport, where the average tide is about 22
feet. Shackford Head is at the west of the cove and near to the
deep water; there is an isolated rock outcrop just above low
water. Ina part of this rock sheltered from the sun and among
the rock weeds was hanging a large bunch of Buccinum undatum
ege-capsules, and three large specimens were depositing their
eggs in different parts of the bunch, which was 6 inches long,
nearly 3 inches broad and 2 inches high. As this mass of eggs
was hanging free about 5 or 6 feet above low-water mark, the
observation was perfect. I took the shells and the egg-capsules
which are now in my collection. This large egg-cluster must
have been the nest of many individuals, as I think they only
deposit a few eggs at a time and sometimes only one. During
my collecting trip I found many eggs of B. undatum deposited
on the rocks, on the rock weeds and on dead shells, ranging
from one single capsule to 25 and probably sometimes a hun-
dred or more. See Plate I, fig. 1.

I have always been interested in the eggs of shells, and at
Newport, R. I., I collected, between 1886-92, many of the egg-
capsules of Busycon carica and B. canaliculatum, as they are very
common on the east shore of the island. When collecting at
Lake Worth, Florida, in March, 1892, I found some very large

* The editors are indebted to the Boston Society of Natural History for the
use of the cut illustrating this and the article by Mr. A. B. Fuller.

34 THE NAUTILUS.

strings of egg-capsules of Busycon perversum; one in my collec-
tion is 27 inches long and full of young shells. On this same
string are attached seven capsules of Fasciolaria distans full of
young shells.

EPIPHRAGMOPHORA FIDELIS (GRAY) NEAR SAN FRANCISCO BAY ?

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

Several years ago Edson (Tur Nautintus, XXV, 18, 1911)
gave a list of land mollusks which he found at the high head-
land called San Mateo Point in San Francisco Bay. He there
questioned the former record by Gifford (THe Navurtizus, XIV,
p- 144, 1901) of the above species at that locality. Button
(THE Nauritus, XXV, 59, 1911) suggested that the specimens
were perhaps exotic, having been brought to that locality in the
oyster traffic which took place between Puget Sound and San
Francisco Bay some years before. This was followed by Gifford
(op. cit., p. 60) again, who stated that he was not only positive
of his identification but that he had collected the species there
a second time, in 1910.

The locality is so far from the usual range of this northern
species that the record seemed to warrant investigation on the
ground. So far as available records show it has not been taken
south of Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, California.

The point on the bay referred to is known as Cayote Point on
many maps. It isa hill of Jurassic chert about 100 feet high
which projects into the bay about 18 miles south of San Fran-
cisco. A roadway leads to it across a salt marsh from Burlin-
game. It consists of about 300 acres, not one and one half as
stated by Edson, densely wooded with eucalyptus. A few Mon-
terey cypresses and pines have been planted here and there.
The soil is very dry. The point is an island in so far as land
snails are concerned. Under present conditions they could not
reach the place of their own accord.

It happened that in August 1921 fire swept through the forest
and consumed all leaves, sticks, grasses and underbrush, leaving
only the bare ground. Among the ashes are the charred re-

THE NAUTILUS. 35

mains of the snails that lived there, literally thousands of them.
It takes a fire such as this to bring to one’s attention the enor-
mous abundance of snails at some localities. Many of the
specimens are badly burned but there would be no difficulty in
recognizing forms so distinct as Ephragmophora fidelis and arrosa.
Of all the many thousands which I saw on August 28th, 1921
every one except three belonged to the latter species. The ex-
ceptions belonged to the E. californiensis complex, doubtless the
same as Edson recorded as FE. nickliniana. A small strip of
ground aroung the northeast side was left unburned and this
was also searched without success for FH. fidelis.

E. arrosa here is exceptionally abundant. Some 200 speci-
mens were picked up incidentally during the search. Consid-
erable variation is noted in this large series. Some approximate
the size and shape of fidelis and the umbilicus is occasionally
almost closed asin that form. Moreover, numerous shells are
very dark as compared with the usual arrosa. But in no case
is the coloration and banding of fidelis approached, and the sur-
face sculpture in all specimens is positively that of arrosa.

It must therefore be said that Gifford’s record cannot be con-
firmed. If H. fidelis existed on San Mateo Point it was a very
small and inconspicuous colony which has now apparently dis-
appeared. It will be an interesting study in the distribution of
mollusks to learn how long it will take the several species to
repopulate the area from the small number of specimens left
living.

Ariolimax californicus Cooper was found living on the Point.
It should be added to the list given by Edson.

Museum, California Academy of Sciences.

SOME LAND SNAILS OF SHASTA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA.

BY 8. STILLMAN BERRY.

During an automobile trip through northern California and
Oregon in the summer of 1920, that industrious collector, Allyn
G. Smith, managed to find time to stop by the way long enough
to unearth a few snails. Of particular interest is a small series

36 THE NAUTILUS.

of specimens taken as chance gave opportunity in Shasta County,
still almost a virgin field for the Californian malacologist.
Along astream band near the highway, about two miles south
of Weed, occurred a number of species, the following list of
which furnishes strange reading for California. The proportion
of eastern, or, rather, boreal types is particularly noteworthy.
A note is made of the number of specimens taken as furnishing
some indication of the probable relative abundance of the species.

Euconulus fulvus (Miller) (alaskensis Pilsbry ?), 8.

Zonitoides arborea (Say), 38.

Polita hammonis (Strom), 5.

Polita binneyana (Morse), 2.

Vitrina alaskana Dall, 1.

Polygyra sierrana n. sp., 31.

Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Newcomb), 25.

Cochlicopa lubrica (Miller), 4.

Succinea avara Say, 9.

A description of the new Polygyra is appended below.
Polygyra sierrana new species (plate II, figs. 1-2).

Description: Shell small, conical, thin. Growth lines
numerous and strong enough almost to resemble fine ribbing
under a lens. Embryonic whorls at first almost smooth, then
finely radially wrinkled, the periostracum soon showing a sys-
tem of dot-like papillae, bearing minute periostracal hairs over
most of the surface of the shell. Spire moderately low, slightly
convex, with impressed sutures. Whorls about 54. Body
whorl with a suggestion of an angle at the shoulder, and a deep,
abrupt constriction just back of the peristome, the base moder-
ately swollen; slightly decending in front. Lip light brown,
thickened and reflected, but not very wide; narrowed below the
pillar, then very slightly flaring again. Umbilicus small but
distinct; contained about eleven to fourteen times in the diam-
eter of the shell. Lip sometimes with a slight extra thickening
at base, otherwise without evidence of teeth, although a small,
whitish, narrowly crescentic parietal tooth is sometimes de-
veloped. Color close to Verona brown of Ridgway’s nomen-
clature.

THE NAUTILUS. Bie

Dimensions:
Type. Paratype. Paratype.
mm. mm, mm.
Greater diameter) cus iii ale, Nell elite 9.0 9.0 8.4
IGESSELCIAMELCL NOM sir cris et eiieile ath Uae 7.4
TRIG Eo MIE 2H ACARI Rima SEU AER 5.7 5.8 5.2
Diameter of umbilicus ....... 0.8 0.7 0.6
INomber of whorls) 2). \2)) 2) \2)\e\\ 3), 3) 53 54 5t

Type: Cat. No. 5087 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes
have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy
of Sciences, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-
phia, as well as the private collection of Allyn C. Smith (Cat.
No. 2236).

Type Locality: Two miles north of Weed, Shasta County,
California; Allyn G. Smith, August 10, 1920; 22 adult speci-
mens, 9 juvenals.

Remarks: From the evidently nearly allied loricata the pres-
ent species differs in its larger size and more simple toothing of
the aperture. In some ways it more nearly resembles germana,
but again is larger, has a much less tumid body whorl and dif-
fers strongly in being distinctly umbilicate. From columbiana
it differs in its compactness and smaller size, but it is neverthe-
less not very unlike this species on a greatly reduced scale.

I have a small series of a similar but rather thinner-shelled
and more depressed race of Polygyra, collected in the high
Sierras of central California between Glenbrook and Al Tahoe,
by Mr. E. P. Chace in 1919. The differences are not great,
however, and they are apparently referable to the same species
as the Shasta County form.

Near La Moine Mr. Smith collected a considerable series of a
peculiar race of Polygyra columbiana (Lea) which seems suffi-
ciently characteristic to be described. The ground was very
dry and no other species were taken there, but the Polygyras
were found almost in the water, under sticks and stones.

Polygyra columbiana shasta new subspecies (Plate II, figs, 3-4).
Description: Shell of moderate size, conic, thin; smooth, ex-
cept for the numerous and fairly strong incremental lines,

38 THE NAUTILUS.

which, however, become much weaker on the base; surface pol-
ished and lustrous, especially on the base. Embryonic whorls,
where not eroded, at first rather rudely radially wrinkled, but,
at least after the first half turn, strongly, coarsely papillose, as well.
Spire low, almost straight sided except toward the summit;
sutures well impressed. Whorls usually 5? to 6. Body whorl
subangulate at the shoulder, but becoming more rounded as the
aperture is approached; slightly decending and rather abruptly
constricted just back of the peristome, the base moderately
swollen and rounded. Lip whitish or stained a very light
brown; thickened and reflexed but not very wide; obscurely
angled and narrowed below the pillar, which is somewhat re-
flexed over the narrow but permeable umbilicus; lip often
showing a slight extra thickening on the base, but aperture
otherwise without denticles save for an occasional specimen
showing the merest trace of a parietal tooth. Color of body
whorl fairly near tawny olive, deepening to snuff brown or
Saccardo’s umber on the earlier whorls.

Measurements:
Type. Paratype. Paratype. Paratype.
mm. mm, mm. mm.
Greater diameter ....... 14.0 13.5 13.3 12.7
Wesserdiameter'.: {/s 2. % sie 12.0 11.4 NES 10.6
STEM eset fat Vor’ fat se) Wis! Lost my lay Ube 9.0 8.2 8.7 8.0
Diameter of umbilicus ..... 1.0 eat 1.0 0.8
INumber/ofswhorls: «57. .)°. 2. %. 2 6 5s 52 5%

Type: Cat. No. 5089 of the writer’s collection. Paratypes
have been deposited in the collections of the California Academy
of Sciences, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and
Leland Stanford Junior University, as well as the private collec-
tion of Allyn G. Smith.

Type Locality: La Moine, Shasta County, California; Allyn
G. Smith, August 1921; 25 adult specimens.

Remarks: Although I have been gathering material of Poly-
gyra columbiana for several years, with a view to possible mono-
graphic treatment of the species, I am still uncertain how far it
will be wise to go in giving taxonomic recognition to the in-
numerable weakly differentiated races of this widespread snail.

THE NAUTILUS. 389

The present form is, however, not like anything which has been
seen by me heretofore. Its warm brown color, smooth, polished
surface, lack of any sort of persistent periostracal fringings, and
narrow, though permeable umbilicus, are features serving to set
it quite distinctly apart.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.

Fig. 1, 2.—Polygyra sierrana n. sp. Type, from near Weed,
Shasta County, California; x 3.

Fig. 3, 4.—Polygyra columbiana shasta n. subsp. Type from
La Moine, Shasta County, California; x 2.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES ON LAND MOLLUSCA OF THE MADEIRA IS.

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL.

Though Porto Santo is the home of so many endemic snails,
there still seems to be room for aliens from Europe. Cochli-
cella acuta is abundant in certain spots north of Villa Baleira.
Helix pisana swarms everywhere. In a spring in the valley
of the Serra do Dentro I found specimens of a small Hydro-
biid, which Dr. Pilsbry has kindly identified as Pseudamnicola
similis (Drap.). This species was already known from Ma-
deira, but is the first record of a freshwater shell from Porto
Santo.

In 1848 (Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond., p. 110) Pfeiffer described
some shells from the Cuming collection, including a species
Helix calcarea, collected by Count Vargas in Porto Santo.
This shell has since been ignored ; Wollaston does not mention
it. Pfeiffer subsequently listed it as a fossil. In the British
Museum I found the type specimen. Mr. Tomlin, to whom I
showed it, recognized Pfeiffer’s writing on the label under-
neath the slab. It is a recent shell, and is a form of Helix
pisana, white without bands. The name calcarea cannot be
used even in a varietal sense, as there is an earlier H. calcarea
Born.

Also in the British Museum, from the Cuming: collection
are five specimens of Vitrea miguelina (Pfeiffer), said to be

* Plate II will appear in next issue.

40 THE NAUTILUS.

from Madeira. They are only 11 mm. diameter, but Azores
specimens in the Norman collection are 14 mm. The species
seems to me to be the European V. lucida. Probably the
Cuming specimens did not come from the Madeira group, as
the Cumingian localities are very unreliable. I found in the
Cuming collection five other Helicoids labeled as from Ma-
deira, but all known from quite other places and, with one
exception, very distinct from anything in the Madeiran fauna.
The exception is Pyramidula retexta Shuttl., a Canarian shell
resembling P. semiplicata (Pfr.) in appearance, but brown
all over, not mottled. It must be a rare species, as Wollaston
had not seen a specimen.

In the Norman collection is a subfossil Helix ustulata Lowe,
said to be from Madeira (Rev. B. Watson). It is genuine
ustulata, but is from the Salvages, as shown by the rest of
Watson’s series in the possession of Mr. Tomlin.

Punctum pygmeum and Vitrea crystallina have been re-
corded as fossil in the Pleistocene beds at Canical, Madeira,
on the authority of Boog Watson. Mr. J. R. LeB. Tomlin hag
Watson’s specimens, and was so kind as to lend them to me
for examination. Both species appear to be correctly named,
though the V. crystallina is a single very immature shell. I
do not believe, however, that they are fossil. Such shells are
easily carried by the wind over the sand hills, and thus mixed
with the fossils. No other collectors have been able to find
these species in the Canical beds.

MOLLUSCA OF PISGAH FOREST, NORTH CAROLINA.

BY MINA L. WINSLOW.

The material on which the following list is based was col-
lected for the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan,
during a part of the months of July and August, 1916. The
Pisgah Forest region was approached by rail from Asheville
to Brevard, thence by wagon to Pisgah Forest station, and
by log railroad about seventeen miles northwest along the

THE NAUTILUS. 41

Davidson River and Lookingglass Creek. Headquarters were
made in the Schenck cabin in the Pink Beds at bench-mark
3278. The cabin was loaned through the kindness of the
United States Forestry Service, and is so located that it forms
a convenient base for work in the Pink Beds and the south-
east slopes of the Pisgah Ridge. The valley called the Pink
Beds is wide, covered with a dense growth of rhododendron
and laurel (whence the name), and lies in Transylvania
County between the Pisgah Ridge and mountains to the south.
It is all a part of the drainage basin of the French Broad
River. Asheville lies about thirty miles northeast and
Waynesville a somewhat shorter distance northwest.

It should be remarked here that an exceptionally heavy
and continuous rainfall delayed arrival and interfered with
field work, reducing the actual time spent in the field to a
mere fraction of the expected amount. Living was compli-
cated by the isolation of the community, due to flooding and
landslips, so that supplies could not come in and communica-
tion was cut off for almost three weeks.

The mountains are heavily timbered, with an occasional
“‘bald’’ at the top. In some places the trees have been thinned
by lumbering operations which have been supervised to such
an extent that the forest has been left in good condition. In
the valley and along the creeks rhododendrons and laurel
grow densely. Chestnut and oak are the prevailing trees,
with intermixture of many others, such as whitewood, maple,
beech, and so forth, with an occasional pine.

There seemed to be a decided aversion for chestnut wood
on the part of the snails. Oak forests were the more favored
habitats, the woods of Rich Mountain, a long flat-topped hill,
yielding the greatest variety of snails. Gastrodonta elliotts
was found everywhere, and a small Zonitoides arboreus was
fairly abundant. Of the larger shells, Polygyra andrewst
normalis was the common form, and often showed a decided
rosy tint. The ten specimens of Omphalina cuprea polita are
all small, possibly immature, and no others were taken. The
lack of lime in this granite country may account in part for
the scarcity of mollusks and the extreme fragility of most of
the larger shells.

42 THE NAUTILUS.

The writer is indebted to Mr. G. H. Clapp for identifica-
tions and notes on material submitted to him. AlJl the mol-
lusks listed are in the Museum of Zoology, Catalog Nos. 10331
to 10463 inclusive.

LIST OF SPECIES WITH NOTES ON HABITAT.

Polygyra albolabris (Say). Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap
Trail, Pink Beds. On the ground, on dead wood, on white
oak and maple trees as high as twelve feet from the ground.
6 specimens.

Polygyra andrewsae normalis Pilsbry. Pigeon Gap Trail,
Wagon Gap Trail, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude.
Crawling on the ground, on dead leaves; along the road,
under boards on a saw-dust pile, on maple and oak trees as
high as twelve feet from the ground, on a clay bank along
the road. 40 specimens.

Polygyra christyi (Bland). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road,
Rich Mountain. In woods on a north slope, on the ground,
on dead wood. 4 specimens.

Polygyra clark (Lea). Rich Mountain, south of the Pink
Beds, Davidson River. In decayed log, on clay bank along
log railroad, in river débris. 3 specimens.

Polygyra hirsuta altispira Pilsbry. Rich Mountain, Ben-
nett Gap Road, Wagon Gap Trail, Pink Beds. Under oak
logs, in forest débris, under old beech log. The species seems
to prefer dark habitats, under rather than on logs and stumps.
21 specimens.

Polygyra wheatleyi (Bland). Pink Beds, Chubb Gap Trail,
Pigeon Gap Trail, Rich Mountain, Wagon Gap Trail. On the
ground above a spring, near a brook, on dead wood and in
débris. 8 specimens.

Polygyra rugelt (Shuttleworth). Pink Beds. One speci-
men only, taken in woods on a north slope.

Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Pigeon Gap Trail. One speci-
men only, taken on leaves along the trail.

Circinaria concava (Say). Asheville Road, Rich Mountain,
Pink Beds. On clay bank beside the road, on leaves on the
ground. 4 specimens.

THE NAUTILUS. 43

Omphalina cuprea polita Pilsbry. Pink Beds, Bennett Gap
Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude. Under dead
wood near a creek, in forest débris, under stones near a spring,
under rotten wood in rhododendron thicket. 10 specimens.

Mesomphi« rugeli (W. G. Binney). Pink Beds. Along the
log railroad. 1 specimen.

Mesomphiz andrewsae Pilsbry. Pink Beds. In decayed
wood and débris in the rhododendron and laurel tangle. 2
specimens.

Vitrea carolinensis Cockerell. Asheville Road at about
4000 ft. altitude, Davidson River débris, Bennett Gap Road.
In débris above the road, and along the river. 4 specimens.

Vitrea cryptomphala Clapp. Pigeon Gap Trail. Under a
stone. 2 specimens.

Vitrea indentata (Say). Pink Beds, Bennett Gap Road,
Asheville Road, Rich Mountain, Davidson River débris. In
leaves and forest débris, under a stone near a creek, under
stones and débris beside a spring, under dead oak log. 8
specimens.

Vitrea lamellidens Pilsbry. Pink Beds. Under moss on a
beech stump. 1 specimen.

Vitrea multidentata? (Binney). Débris from Davidson
River. 5 specimens.

Vitrea sculptiis (Bland). Débris from Davidson River.
1 specimen.

Vitrinizonites latissimus Lewis. Bennett Gap Road, Pink
Beds, Asheville Road. Under stones and in débris near a
spring, on dead leaves near a brook, in débris. 14 specimens.

Zontoides arborea (Say). Rich Mountain, Bennett Gap
Road, Asheville Road, Davidson River débris. On rotten
wood, abundant under bark on a decayed stump as high as
ten feet from the ground, on an oak log. The shells from the
high stump are smaller than normal, and have ‘‘very fine im-
pressed radial lines’’ (Clapp). 50-+ specimens.

Gastrodonta elliotti (Redfield). Pigeon Gap Trail, Pink
Beds, Rich Mountain, Asheville Road, Bennett Gap Road.
Under and in rotten wood in the open woods and in the
rhododendron-laurel thickets, under moss on a beech stump,

44 THE NAUTILUS.

in débris of Davidson River, under stones, and under a mossy
rock wet with spring water. 100+ specimens.

Gastrodonta wmterna (Say). Pink Beds, Rich Mountain,
Bennett Gap Road. In rotten stump, in charred wood, among
chips. 10 specimens.

Gastrodonta gularis (Say). Pigeon Gap Trail, Bennett
Gap Road, Asheville Road at about 4000 ft. altitude, Rich ©
Mountain, Pink Beds. Under stones beside a spring, under
logs and stones, in forest débris. 18 specimens.

Gastrodonta intertexta (W. G. Binney). Rich Mountain,
Bennett Gap Road. In decaying wood (beech and birch),
and in forest débris. 4 specimens.

Helicodiscus fimbriatus? Wetherby. Rich Mountain. Un-
der an old oak log. Two imperfect specimens, not fully grown.

Philomycus carolumanus (Bose.). Bennett Gap Road, near
Avery Creek, Pink Beds, Rich Mountain, Pigeon Gap Trail.
Under a stone near the road, on a stone at a spring, under
boards and beech and oak logs, under moss and bark of stumps
and trees, under mossy rock, on saw-dust heap. 16 specimens.

NOTES ON THE GENUS ACTEOCINA, GRAY.

BY A. M. STRONG.

Dr. Dall in his new ‘‘Summary of Marine Shell-bearing
Mollusks of the Northwest Coast of America’’ (Bull. U. S.
Nat. Mus., No. 112, p. 61) lists seven species of the Genus
Acteocina (formerly known as Tornatina), described by the
early workers on West Coast shells, and adds one new species.
The ranges given in the Bulletin would seem to add confusion
to an already badly confused situation. The following table
shows the ranges given by the different authors:

45

THE NAUTILUS.
Acteocina Dall! Gould? Cooper’ Arnold 4 Pilsbry ®
A. culcitella Kodiak Santa Monterey to Living Santa
Gld. Island to Barbara San Diego Monterey to Barbara
Puget Sound (Col. Jewett) San Diego San Pedro
A, cerealis (A. cutcitella, Santa Monterey to Living Vancouver to
Gld, Junior) Barbara San Diego Monterey to San Diego
(Col. Jewett) San Diego
A. eximia Bd. = Kodiak 4.6 Living Vancouver
Island to Vancouver to Island
Puget Sound San Diego
A.inculta Monterey to San Diego San Diego 6 Woe San Diego
Gld, Gulf of Calif, Monterey
A, infrequens SantaMonica, Spates SN Billie ates Panama
Cc. B, Ad. Cal, to Mazatlan
Panama
A, carinata San Diego to ests eas Mazatlan
Cpr. Gulf of Calif, San Diego
A, planata San Diego
Cpr.
A. smirna San Diego to Baiiive Gye te 3) Bae
Dall. San Salvador

To this should be added Packard’s Molluscan Fauna from
San Francisco Bay (Univ. of Cal. Pub., Vol. 14, 1918, p. 345),
in which A. cerealis Gould is listed and the statement made
that this is the furthest north that this southern species has
been found. Also Zetek’s late list of Panama Shells (La Re-
vista Nueva, Tomo V, p. 521) in which A. carinata Cpr. is
the only member of the genus given.

Most if not all of the species given in this genus are found
living on the bottom of shallow bays. It does not seem pos-
sible that the different species could have the extreme ranges
indicated by the different authors. In citing localities they
have quoted largely from other writers, and the correctness

1List of West Coast Shells, Bull. U. S, Nat. Mus., No. 112, pp, 61-202.
2 Otia conchologica, pp. 184-185.

3 Catalogue of West North American Shells, Bull. Cal. State Min. Bur.
4 Paleontology of San Pedro, Memoirs Cal. Acad. of Sci., Vol. 3, p. 189.
5 Manual of Conchology, Vol. 15, p. 187.

46 THE NAUTILUS.

of the range depends largely on the accuracy with which the
identifications were made. The type localities give an idea
of the probable range. They are given as follows:

A. eximia (Baird), Vancouver Isalnd
A. culcitella (Gould), Santa Barbara
A. cerealis (Gould), Santa Barbara
A. inculta (Gould), San Diego

A. planata (Cpr.), San Diego

A. smirna Dall, San Diego

A. carinata (Cpr.), Mazaltan

A. wnfrequens (C. B. Ad.), Panama

It does not seem reasonable that A. culticella Gould would be
found at Kodiak Island in the Arctics, or that A. infrequens C.
B. Ad. would be found at Santa Monica, California. <A. cari-
nata Cpr. looks equally out of place in Zetek’s list.

All these species are comparatively little known, and the
differences seem to be small. The confusion in range would
seem most probably to be caused by a failure to secure a cor-
rect identification. The following comparative notes are taken
from the above listed authors:

Gould. Bulla (Akera) culcitella. ‘‘B. tenwis Adams is the

only species approaching this. Some of its charac-
ters bring it close in alliance with the genus Torna-
tona.’’
Bulla (Tornatina) cerealis. ‘‘In form and size it is
scarcely to be distinguished from B. gracilis A. Ad.,
which is transversely striated. In terms, it agrees
with B. infrequens C. B. Ad., but Prof. Adams
himself considers it a different species.’’

Arnold. Tornatina cerealis Gld. ‘‘Distinguished from T.
culcitella by more angular whorls, mammillated
apex, more keeled upper edge of whorl and smaller
size.’’

Tornatina eximia Baird. ‘‘Resembles 7. culcitella,
but has a whorl narrowed anteriorly, a spire de-
pressed nearly to the rim of the body whorl, a nar-

THE NAUTILUS. 47

rower aperture and less prominent plait on colu-
mella.’’

Pilsbry. Tornatina carinata Cpr. ‘‘Resembles 7. infrequens
C. B. Ad. more than 7. cerealis Gld.’’

These notes would indicate a close similarity between at
least several of the species, but a distinction between culcitella
and cerealis which would make Dr. Dall’s statement that the
latter is a junior form of the former to seem very doubtful.

One species of Acteocina is occasionally found on the mud
flats of southern California bays in considerable numbers.
The shells average about 4 mm in length and are of the char-
acteristic shape of the genus, but the rather flat apex is always
more or less eroded and pitted. These have been identified as
A. inculta Gld. The description of this species calls for an
ivory-white shell. As found by the writer, they are colored
to varying extents with a brownish ferruginous stain. These
are found traveling just under the surface of the mud and
their presence is shown by a trail very similar to that of a
small Olivella. Like the Olivellas, a large number are always
found traveling together.

Associated with the last few specimens of a quite different
and slightly larger species are sometimes found. Under a
hand-glass the brownish surface is seen to be covered with
very fine, slightly undulating spiral lines. The shoulders of
the whorls are sharply keeled, so that in looking down on the
apex the suture has the appearance of a deep spiral groove.
The shores of a large tide pool just inside the entrance to
Newport Bay has furnished Southern California collectors
with a considerable number of specimens of a large Acteocina
which has always been classed as A. culcitella Gld. These
vary from 10 to 20 mm. in length but otherwise are very
similar to the previously mentioned form. The microscopic
brown spiral lines are quite distinct on the under side of the
shell next to the aperture, but on the opposite side are very
faint, leaving the shell almost white. It is quite probable
that the color has been worn off the portion of the shell which
is not protected by the mantle of the animal when burrowing

48 THE NAUTILUS.

through the mud and sand. This may be the adult of the
preceding, and the identification is not at all certain.

These notes are not written in he hopes of straightening
out the seeming tangle in the ranges and identification of the
different species of the genus Acteocina, but only to call atten-
tion to the matter. A careful comparison of the type speci-
mens with specimens from all along the coast will be required
to form any definite conclusion. It is hoped that others will
be able to throw more light on the subject.

LAND SHELLS FROM PALM CANYON, CALIFORNIA, AND THE
GRAND CANYON

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Dr. C. Montague Cooke and his son C. M. Cooke 34d, col-
lected shells, as occasion offered, while en route westward in
June, among them the following:

Micrarionta wolcottiana (Bartsch). Palm Canyon, River-
side Co., California. ‘‘Found under dead plants of one
species of low-growing cactus at the mouth of the canyon,
about 6 miles above Palm Springs.’’ Small specimens, 15.5
to 21 mm. diameter, only one out of 13 exceeding 19 mm.

Sonorella coloradoensis (Stearns). Bright Angel Trail,
Grand Canyon. Small, 15.8 mm. diam., like the Bass’ Trail
specimens.

Oreohelix s. depressa (Ckll.). ‘‘Collected along the Bright
Angel Trail, from about 1000 to 3400 ft. below the rim. I
found the first specimen very close to the last pine on the
trail, just below the foot of the high yellow cliffs. Dead
specimens were seen along the trail to just below the part of
the trail called Jacob’s Ladder. Unfortunately, we were
with a rather large party and I had a mule that wouldn’t
stop. I collected six specimens, which I am sending you,
and saw 15 or 20 additional along the trail.’’

This species has been found high on the northern side of
the Canyon, but not until now on the southern side.

Oreohelix yavapai angelica P. & F. About 50 ft. below the
rim, Bright Angel Trail, at ‘‘Hermit’s Rest’’.

THE NAUTILUS. 49

A RADIODISCUS FROM BOGOTA, COLOMBIA.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Among a few shell received by Dr. Bryant Walker from Sefior
H”: Apolinor Maria there is a species of Radiodiscus which may
be defines as follows.

RADIODISCUS MARIZ n. sp.

The shell is closely similar to R. millecostatus, from which it
differs by the narrower umbilicus and by the perceptibly greater
height of the last whorl. The sculpture is essentially similar
except that the riblets are noticeably lower as seen where they
pass over the periphery, and the interstitial sculpture of delicate
striae parallel to the riblets and fine spiral lines, is also less dis-
tinct, though present.

Alt. 1, diam. 1.85 mm.; width of umbilicus nearly 0.5 mm.
Riblets about 21 to one mm. at the periphery.

R. herrmanni (Pir.), R. orizabensis (Pils.) and R. pata-
gonica (Suter) differ in sculpture. I have not seen the fol-
lowing species, which from the descriptions appear to belong
to Radiodiscus: Helix coppingert and H.-magellanicus BK. A.
Smith, Patagonia; Helix corticaria, H. muscicola, H. bryo-
phila, H. exigua, H. hypophlea, all of Philippi, Malak. BL,
1856, Chile.

NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES.

BY W. H. DALL.

In 1838 Sowerby figured in the Conchological Illustrations
and described in his Malacologicel Magazine an Arctic shell under
the name of Margarita acuminata. In 1842 Mighels and Adams
in the Boston Journal of Natural History identified and figured
a Margarita from the Gulf of St. Lawrence under Sowerby’s
name, at the same time pointing out (as has every subsequent
author) certain discrepancies between the two. Owing perhaps
to the rarity of the shell, which has been well figured by Morse

50 THE NAUTILUS.

in Binney’s Gould, no action has been taken. A comparison
of the figures shows at once that the two forms are distinct.
For the New England shell I propose the name of Margarites
Johnsoni, in honor of Mr. Chas. W. Johnson, author of the
valuable ‘‘ List of New England Mollusca.’’ Specimens have
been collected by the Canadian Neptune Expedition at Port Bur-
well, Ungava, Hudson Bay.

Cypraea pacifica was described by J. M. Ostergaard in THE
Navriuus for January, 1920, p. 92, and wellillustrated. I have
had the opportunity of comparing a specimen with the varieties
of C. helvola from the dump at Honolulu, to which it bears a
suspicious resemblance, though apparently very distinct, but
the bleaching of the specimens from this dredged material plays
strange tricks with the Cypraeas. However the name is long
preoccupied by Gray, in the Conchological Illustrations p. 15,
pl. 7, fig. 39*, 1832. I would suggest that this interesting form,
whether variety or good species be named ostergaardi after its
discoverer.

ON THE STATUS OF CHIORAERA (GOULD)

K. P. KJERSCHOW-AGERSBORG

From the Zoological Laboratery, University of Illinois

BERGH’s description of various species of Melibe (1875,
Melibe capucina, M. rangui; 1880, M. vexillifera; 1884, M.
papillosa; 1888, 1890, M. ocellata; 1902, M. bucephala; and.
1907, M. rosa Rang), emphasizes the following as Melibean
characteristics: ‘‘ Bulbus pharyngeus cum mandibulis ut wm
Phylliroides; margo masticatorius mandibulis fortiter denta-
tus;’’ (1875) p. 362. Perhaps the only exception to this
may be found in the species collected at the mouth of the
Columbia River, in the State of Washington (1904), in
which case, the author is not sure of the mandibles. He says:
‘¢ Bulbus pharyngeus lingua destitutus. Die Mundrohre und
der Schlundkopf scheinen sich wie sonst bei den Meliben zu

THE NAUTILUS. ow

verhalten; die gelblichgrauen Mandibel ganz zerbrock-
elt, ...’’ I have previously called attention (1919, 1921) to
the possibility that this species may be the same as the one
described by Gould (1852), from the Puget Sound region.
Not all Melibes, however, have the same characteristics as
indicated by Bergh; this is shown by Alder and Hancock
(1864), and substantiated by Eliot (1902). The generic char-
acteristics as enunciated by Bergh (1875) do not necessarily
hold, even though this author thinks that Hanecock’s (Alder
and Hancock, 1864) description is incorrect. Bergh says:
‘‘ Es kann kaum bezweifelt werden, dass die von Hancock
untersuchte Form, mit der von mir besprochenen congene-
risch. Es werden sich daher die bei dem englischen Verf.
vorkommenden, von den untenstehenden abweichenden ana-
tomischen Angaben wahrscheinlich als unrichtig erweisen,’’
p. 363. ‘‘ Besonders wird solche wohl der Fall sein, wo
Hancock den Anfang des Verdauungscanals bespricht: ‘ The
buccal organ is provided with neither tongue, jaws nor collar ;
it is not by any means very distinctly marked, formed as it
were by a mere enlargement of the oesophagus, and having
little or no increase of muscular power,’ ’’ p. 364.

But Eliot (1902) verifies Hancock’s claim when he writes:
‘‘T also found Alder and Hancock’s description of the in-
ternal anatomy to be correct, particularly as regards the
absence of jaws. ... Mr. Crossland and I have, .. . dis-
sected several specimens of Melibe fimbriata, and in all failed
to detect any trace of jaws.”’

Gould’s Chioraera leonina (1852) corresponds very closely
in the general anatomy to that of Melibe fimbriata (Ald. &
Hance., 1864) ; this is also true as regards the species discov-
ered by Rang (1829) and subsequently described by Bergh
(1875), as well as other Melibes described by Bergh (1863,
1871, 1875, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1890, 1902, 1904, and 1908).
The only difference is on the point in regard to the mandibles.
Some authors, Rang, Gould, Pease, Cooper, and Fewkes, do
not touch on this point and in that way, one cannot tell
whether the particular specimens with which they dealt
actually had such organs. Without considering the mandi-

52 THE NAUTILUS.

bles, all the generic characteristics as set forth by the earliest
writers on this type of the mollusks agree (Rang, 1829; Gould,
1852; Pease, 1860; Cooper, 1863; Alder and Hancock, 1864;
De Filippi, 1867; Tapparone-Canefri, 1876; and Fewkes,
1889; as well as the numerous descriptions of Bergh, 1863-
1908). The discovery of the genus Melibe by Rang (1829)
seems to have been unknown to Gould (1852) who created a
new genus (Chioraera) for this type. Cooper (1863) and
Fewkes (1889) employed the nomenclature of Gould. The
generic characteristics as enunciated by the original author
for Melibe (Rang, 1829) are practically identical with those
set forth by Gould twenty-three years later for Chioraera.
Tryon, Jr., (1883) p. 382, without stating a reason, classifies
Chioraera as synonym of Melibe. Owing to the fact that
Gould, and Cooper were ignorant of the actual discovery of
the genus Melibe, the name Chioraera was invented by Gould
and subsequently used by Cooper. The name is, in fact, a
mythical term that is related in meaning to the former; and
neither, of course, is descriptive of the form to which it be-
longs. Bergh (1904) describing a species from the territory
of Gould, Cooper, and Fewkes, does not hesitate to employ the
nomenclature of Rang (1829), so similar is this form to the
Melibes from other parts of the world. No other author
except Bergh gives mandibles as a generic characteristic, and.
this feature, as stated above, is not observed by Rang (1829),
Gould (1852), Pease (1860), Cooper (1863), De Filippi
(1867), Tapparone-Canefri (1876), and Fewkes (1889). Al-
though Melibe Rang (1829) and Chioraera Gould (1852) dif-
fer somewhat in shape, they are very similar in most other
respects; Rang’s description is as follows:

‘¢ Anim. pélagien, gélatineux, transparent et limaciforme;
la téte distincte et comprenant un voile membraneux, con-
tourné en fore d’entonnoir, garni intérieurement de cirrhes
dirigés a l’extérieur, et du milieu duquel s’éléve une petite
trompe terminée par la bouche; tentacules au nombre de deux,
situés a la base du voile, trés allongés, coniques, terminés par
une petite capsule, de laquelle port un organe conique et
rétractile; pied aussi long que l’animal, mais extremement

THE NAUTILUS. 53

étroit, en forme de sillon; branchies formées de deux séries
peu nombreuses de massues oblongues, arrondies a leur
sommet, pédiculées a leur base, et recouvertes de petits tuber-
cules; organes de la génération réunis au cdté droit antérieur,
anus plus en arriecre.”’

And Gould’s description of the genus Chioraera reads:

‘“ Corpus limaciformis, caput enorme, pedunculatum, semi-
globosum; pagina ventrali discoidea; ore longitudinali,
seriebus binis cirrhorum cincto; tentaculae cephalice foliate,
retractiles ; lobi branchiales flabelliformi, serie unica utrinque
ordina; foramen generativum ab anali remotum, fere dor-
sali.’’

In his comment in the English he says:

‘“ This curious and hideous animal seems to belong to
the family T'ritonvadae, with which it agrees in all respects
except its curious oral apparatus. (As regards the family
rank, vide Kjerschow-Agersborg, 1919, 1921). The mouth
is inferior, surrounded by a double series of long cirrhi, each
of which has an independent motion. Two auriform append-
ages, on the back of the head, differing in no respect from the
branchial expansions except in being destitute of reticula-
tions, seem to be the true tentacles, and are retractile. The
generative aperture is at the usual place on the right side, the
vent being distant, near the back.’’

Both Melibe Rang, and Chioraera Gould, have a series of
papille (epinotidia) on each side dorso-laterally; a large
hood, cowl, or veil; a pair of tentacles, (the so-called rhino-
phoria) carried on leaf-like stalks, and situated anteriodorso-
laterally on the veil; the veil is fringed with at least two rows
of cirrhi; and a narrow grooved foot which is blunt in front
and pointed behind; the head is distinctly separated from the.
body, by a neck, and in each ease it is very large; the gizzard
is lined with a ‘‘ keratinized ’’ secretion of its epithelium,
and this keratinized secretion is the so-called stomach-plates
of Alder and Hancock, or Magenzahnen of Bergh, which pro-
tects the delicate epithelium and may also help in the mastica-
tion of the food; these two types are carnivorous; both are
pelagic; and both are distinctly cladohepatic. On a priori,

54 THE NAUTILUS.

the species of the American west coast which falls within this
description must be of the same genus Melibe. The effort,
therefore, to build further on the nomenclature of Gould, as
has been done by Cooper (1863), Fewkes (1889) and more
recently by Dr. O’Donoghue (1921) seems to me to be inde-
fensible, and, owing to the fact, that the genus Melibe may
either possess mandibles (Bergh, 1875) or not, (Alder and,
Hancock 1864, De Filippi 1867, Tapparone-Conefri 1876,
Eliot 1902), the generic description may be modified to read
in part:

Bulbus pharyngeus aut cum mandrbilis aut sine mandibilis;
radula et lingua destitutus.

In point. of fact, Bergh (1908) pp. 94, 95, for the fatty,
Tethymelibidae Bergh (1892) pp. 1039-1048, after consis-
tently having reported mandibles for each species of Melibe
he described during a number of years (1875, 1880, 1884,
1888, 1890, 1892, 1902, 1904) finally admits of the following:

‘‘ Forma corporis quasi ut in A®olidiidis. Caput perma-
enum et cuculliforme; rhinophoria vagina magna retractilia,
clavo perfoliato; tentacula nulla. Epinotidia (papille dor-
sales) colosser sine bursis enidogenis. Bulbus pharyngeus
rudimentarius, lingua et interdum quoque mandibulis desti-
tutus.’’

In the family Tethymelibidae there are only two genera,
Tethys and Melibe. In the genus Melibe he includes eleven
species, but he thinks that continued examination will likely
reduce this number. Among the species mentioned he in-
cludes Chioraera leonina (Gould) and now, (1908) emphasizes
the following as Melibean characteristics:

‘Corpus nonnihil compressum. Branchie (proprie)
nulle. Pea angustius. Bulbus pharyngeus solum
lingua destitutus.’

It is thus seen that he admits, in anit of his controversy
with Hancock, that: the tongue and sometimes also the man-
dibles are entirely lacking.

None of the authors, (Gould, Cooper and Fewkes) who have
not employed the nomenclature of Rang for this type, have
described mandibles, and O’Donoghue, (1921) states defini-

THE NAUTILUS. 55

tely: ‘‘ The radula and jaws or any representatives of such
structures are entirely absent.’’

The reasons set forth by Dr. O’Donoghue for disagreeing
with Bergh’s classification are to my mind not warrantable.
This author, in fact, compares it with Tethys Linneus, with
which it disagrees in several respects, and he uses this as a
reason for placing it in the genus created by Gould. Neither
Cooper nor Fewkes made an intensive study of the type,
which is evident from their description; a careful study of
Gould’s Chioraera, I think, will bring out sufficient reasons
to merge it with Melibe as indicated by Tryon, Jr., (1883)
and Bergh (1908). And as shown in my work on the mor-
phology of Melibe (s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould), now in
press, the general characteristics as well as the structure of
Chioraera leonina Gould, correspond in many details with
those of the Melibes of Rang, Pease, Bergh, et al. For this
reason I have adopted, and indeed used in previous writings
(1919, 1921) the name as indicated by Tryon, Jr., and by
Bergh, and also suggested to me by my friend, Professor
Trevor Kincaid, viz., Melibe leonina. Chioraera leonina
(Gould) stands as synonym of this. The correctness of this
classification may be verified by comparing the descriptions
of Rang, Alder and Hancock, Gould, Pease, Eliot, Bergh,
and Kjerschow-Agersborg, et al.

References:

1864, Alder, J. and Hancock, A. Notice of a collection of
Nudibranchiate Mollusca made in India, by Walter
Elliot Esp., with descriptions of several genera and
species. Tethidae, Ald. & Hane. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don, 5.

1863, Bergh, R. Campaspe pusilla, en ny clegtform af Den-

n/ drofotidernes gruppe, samt bemerkinger om Dotidernes
ee Prof. J. C. Schiodte, Naturhistirisk Tids-
skrift, 3 Kekke, 1 bind, 3 hefte. Kjobenhavn.

1871. Doto, Oken; Scyllaca pelagica. Beitrage zur Kenntniss
der Mollusken des Sargassomeeres. Verh, zool,-bot.
Gesell. in Wien, Bd. 21, Seit. 1275-1276, 1288, 1292.

1875, C. Semper, Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen, II, 2,
Heft. 9.

1880, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Japanischen Nudibranchien
I, (Melibe vexillifera), Verh. zool.-bot. Gesell., 30.

56 THE NAUTILUS.

1884, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Gattung Melibe Rang
(Mr elibe papillosa De Filippi). Z. wiss. Zool., 41.

1888, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Aeolidiaden IX, (Meliba
ocellata). Verh. zool,-bot. Gesell. Wien, 38.

1890, Die Nudibranchien des ‘‘ Sunda-Meeres’’. C. Semper,
Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen IT, 2, Heft. 17.
1892, Ibidem, wissenschaftliche Resultite III, malacologische

Untersuchungen, Heft. 15-18.

1902, Den Danske Expedition til Siam I, (1899-1900), Opis-
thobranchiata, (Melibe bucephala). D. kel. Danske
Vidensk. Selsk. Skrif., 6 Rekke, 12.

1904. Nudibranchiata kladohepatica, (Melibe pellucida), on
the Columbia River, Washington. C. Semper, Reisen
im Archipel Philippinen, wiss. Resultate, 9, VI. Lief I.

1908, The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa; Tethymelibide-
Trans. S. Africa Phil. Soc., 17. é

1863, Cooper, J. G. On new or rare Mollusca inhabiting the
Coast of California, II. Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., 3,
(1863-1867) p. 60.

1902, Eliot, C. N. E. On some Nudibranchs from Zanzibar.
Proe. Zool. Soc. London, 2.

1889, Fewkes, Walter J. New Invertebrata from the Coast
of California. Printed for the Author: Boston.

1867, De Filippi, (On Jacuma papillosa, syn. Melibe papil-
losa, ete.). Atti della R. Accademia della Scienze di
Torino pubblicati dagli Accademici Seecretari delle due
Classi. Volume 2, 1866-1867.

1852, Gould, Agustus A. Mollusea and Shells (Chioraera Ico-
mina, syn. Melibe leonina Gould). United States Ex-
pedition, during Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842,
Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Boston.

WoalO:

1919, TERRY UA palsbone. H. P. Notes on Melibe leonina
(Gould). Pub. Puget Sound Biol. Station, 2, No. 49.

1921, Contribution to the knowledge of the Nudibranchiate
Mollusk Melibe leonina (Gould). Amer. Nat., 55.

1922, The morphology of the Nudibranchiate Mollusk Meloba
(s. Chioraera) leonina (Gould). - ae

1921, O’Donoghue, Chas. H. Nudibranchiate Mollusca from
the Vancouver Island Region. Trans. Royal Canad,
Inst., Toronto, 18, No. 1.

1860, Pease, W. Harper, Description of a new species of
Mollusca from the Sandwich Islands, (Meltbe pilosa).
Proc. Zool. Soc., London, Part 28, p. 34.

1829, Rang, Sander, Mélibée melibe, Rang. Manual des
Mollusques, pp. 129-130. Paris.

M, 5.

THE NAUTILUS. 57

1876, Tapparone-Canefri, C. Genere Melibe Rang; Melibe;
papilosa De Filippi. Memorie della Reale Accademia
delle Scienze di Torino. Sér. 2, T. 28, pp. 219-220.

1883, Tryon, Jr., George W. Structural and systematic con-
chology. Mollusca, 2.

ON THE GENERIC POSITION OF ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS MULLER

BY BRYANT WALKER

In discussing the availability of Ancylastrum Bet. as a
generic receptacle for Ancylus fluviatilis Miill., in case Ancy-
lus could not be used, (ante, p. 5) I stated that the position
of Kennard and Woodward in claiming that Potella lacus-
tris Li. was the correct type of Ancylus was ‘‘ by no means
free from doubt ’’. A subsequent and exhaustive considera-
tion of the argument advanced by them in support of their
proposition convinced me that from the data then known
their position was untenable. But Mr. Kennard has recently
unearthed an ancient paper, apparently entirely overlooked
by the bibliographers, which puts an entirely different com-
plexion on the question.

It appears that in 1823-4 there was published anonymously
ii Vol. XV of ‘‘ The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature
and the Arts’’ of the Royal Institution of Great Britain a
series of articles on ‘‘ Lamarck’s Genera of Shells’’. In
1823 these articles were reprinted from the original type,
with only a change of pagination, bound together and
published with a new title page and a portrait of Lamarck.
This title-page reads as follows:

‘¢Lamarck’s / Genera of Shells / Translated from the
French / By J. G. Children F. R. S. / with plates / from
original drawings / by Miss Anna Children / 1823.’’

In this paper (p. 231 of the original, p. 94 of the re-
print) there is given a sufficient generic diagnosis of Ancylus
followed by this statement:

‘““Type. Ancylus lacustris (Patella lacustris Linn.).’’

A very fair figure of the type species, which is the species
commonly called lacustris, is given on pl. VII, fig. 121.

58 THE NAUTILUS.

Mr. Kennard tells me ‘‘ that Children was the first Eng-
lishman to use ‘‘ Type ’’ as we do now ’”’.

It follows, therefore, that this was the earliest designation
of a type for Ancylus and forecloses any further discussion
on that point. Acrolorus Beck and Velletia Gray conse-
quently fall into the synonymy of Ancylus.

Incidentally I would call attention to the fact that Geoffroy,
to whom the genus Ancylus is usually credited, was not a
binomial writer and, therefore, can not be recognized (see
Dall, Harriman Alaska Expedition, XIII, 1905, p. 80, as to
Planorbis). Ancylus should censequently be quoted as of
Muller, 1774.

But this leaves the position of fuviatilis Mull. and its allies
still to be determined. As I have already shown (loc. cit.)
Ancylastrum Bet. is not available and no other name has been
suggested, I would, therefore, propose Pseudancylus as the
generic name for the group with Ancylus fluviatilis Mill. as
the type.

I am under great obligations to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for the
data in regard to Children’s paper.

SOMETHING ABOUT ANGITREMA

CALVIN GOODRICH

In the Duck river at Centerville, Hickman co., Tenn., Dr.
A. E. Ortmann last summer collected nearly 200 specimens
of Iithasia (Angitrema) geniculata Hald., 1840, young and
adult. About one-third of the material was typical gemculata,
as it is known from the Cumberland river. The rest shaded
from these forms into Inthasia fuliginosa (Lea), 1841, by
scarcely perceptible gradations.

Farther up the river at Columbia, Maury co., Dr. Ortmann
took a second lot of these mollusks. Here the form geniculata
was almost rare while fulcginosa was common. Yet examina-
tion showed them all to be of the same species.

The collections of Dr. Ortmann in the Harpeth river were
equally as novel. At Belleview, Davidson co., Tenn., most
of the shells were of the form that appears in cabinets as
Angitrema duttoniana (Lea), 1841. A single specimen was

THE NAUTILUS. 59

unmistakably adult, and that would be identified by anyone
as Lithasia (Angitrema) armigera Say, 1821. Two specimens
taken corresponded to what I have found recognized as
Lithasia (Angitrema) venusta Lea, 1841. At Kingston
Springs, Cheatham co., near the mouth of the river, armigera
was collected in numbers. In addition was collected plenti-
fully a Lithasia identical in shell characters with fulaginosa
of the Duck river. A few only show the link with geniculata.
A curious thing was the fact that all of these shells of the
fuliginosa form, when banded, had the banding formula not
of geniculata-fuliginosa, but of Lithasia obovata Say.

It is perhaps useful here to explain that though any given
species of the Plewroceridae may have several banding ar-
rangements, yet in this given species will be found one for-
mula which occurs many more times than any other, constitu-
ting a characteristic the perplexed student of this family
feels he can be depend upon. Whether the Kingston Springs
shells show a relationship between gemculata through fuligi-
nosa to obovata, or blow this rule about banding formulas out
of water, is for some one more competent than myself to decide.

On the findings of Dr. Ortmann, fuliginosa cannot be recog-
nized as more important than a variety of geniculata. Under
Lithasia arnugera might be listed these subspecies:

Duttomana (Lea), nearly smooth, or smooth, and having a
prolonged basal sinus.

Angulata (Weth.), nearly smooth, or smooth, and lacking
the prolonged sinus.

Parva (Weth.), a dwarf form, seemingly occurring with,
angulata,

Venusta (Lea).

Downiei Lea, 1881, possibly only a mutation of armigera.

The genus Angitrema, with chief character ‘‘ shell spin-
ous ’’, was established by Haldeman in 1841, the type to be
Melama armigera Say. Dr. Pilsbry* reduced it to the
position of a section under Lithasia. Even that leaves gem-
culata and armigera separated from some of their offspring.
There seems to me to be no other course now than to eject
Angitrema altogether.

1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1896, p. 496.

60 THE NAUTILUS.

FREDERICK MORTON CHAMBERLAIN.

On August 17, 1921 Frederick Morton Chamberlain died of
tuberculosis in a hospital in Oakland, California. The brave
and sometimes hopeful fight lasted eight years. Mr. Chamber-
lain was associated with the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries from
1896 to 1913 and during the greater part of this time he held
one of the scientific positions on the steamer Albatross. As
Naturalist he accompanied that vessel on some of her note-
worthy cruises. Thus he helped explore the waters of Bering
Sea, Japan, Hawaii, the Philippines and the South Seas.
Thousands upon thousands of marine animals were collected
and prepared by him on these trips and many hundreds of
species have been described from his dredgings. It has been
said that Henry Hemphill collected more mollusks than any
other man who has ever lived, but if the numbers could be as-
certained in is likely that Chamberlain’s would not be far short.
Unfortunately the impersonal manner in which the work of the
personnel of the Albatross has been recorded leaves the men who
do the actual collecting almost if not entirely unknown. Thus
some pieces of iron, riveted together into a ship and named
after a bird will live for centuries in the annals of science but
the genius which made the machinery produce the treasures of
the deep sea will pass to oblivion mourned only by his circle of
personal friends. Of the enormous number of new species of
mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms collected by Mr. Cham-
berlain, I do not know of a single one which has been dedicated
to his memory. Two fishes and an Alaska bird however have
been named for him. He was not a prolific writer and his
published reports deal chiefly with fishes and fishery industries.
All of them bear the stamp of the master workman and the
thorough scientist. One of them on the salmon and trout of
Alaska really marks an epoch in the study of these important
fishes. —G. Datuas Hanna.

Museum, California Academy of Sciences.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

A RevISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN TRIDACNA. By Charles
Hedley. (Records Australian Museum, vol. 13, pp. 163-172,
pls. 27-34, 1921.) A most interesting account of the giant
clams. The Tridacna are divisible into two groups, the
smaller species that burrow and the larger ones that le on
the surface. In classification the more natural place for the
family is next the Carditide rather than the Cardiide. The

THE NAUTILUS. 61

author now considers 7’. rudis Reeve as a young stage of 7.
gigas L. C. W. J.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE HABITS OF COCHLITOMA ZEBRA VAR.
FULGURATA (PFR.) AND C. Z. VAR OBESA (PFR.) IN CONFINE-
MENT. By Jane Longstaff, F.L.S., F.G.S. Proce. Zool. Soe.
Lond., 1921, 379. A specimen of C. z. obesa lived 614 years.
An interesting account is given of the reproduction, food
and habits. Three plates.

A New CLASSIFICATION OF THE SHIPWORMS AND DESCRIP-
TIONS OF SomME New Woop-soriInc Mouuusks. By Paul
Bartsch. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 34, pp. 25-32, March,
1921.) This is a preliminary paper offered in advance of a
monograph on the American shipworms. Two new sub-
genera of Bankia (Neobankia and Bankiella) and three new
subgenera of Teredo (Teredothyra, Teredops and Teredora)
are proposed and five new species described, also two new
species of Xylophaga. C. W. J.

New Marine Mouuusks FROM THE WEST Coast oF AMERICA.
By Paul Bartsch. (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., vol. 34, pp. 33-
40, March, 1920.) Nine new species are described belonging
to the following genera: Turbonilla, Odostomia, Cerithiopsis,
Alvania and Vitrinella.

TERTIARY Moniusca FROM THE Lares District, Porto Rico.
By Bela Hubbard. (Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the
Virgin Islands, vol. iu, pt. 2, pp. 79-164, pls. 10-25, 1920;
N. Y. Acad. Sci.) An exhaustive treatise on the Tertiary
fossils of that region, representing various beds of the Oligo-
cene. Some 66 new species and varieties are described and
figured.

HGG-CAPSULES OF THE TEN-RIBBED WHELK. By C. W. John-
son. (Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Occasional Papers, vol. 5, pp.
1-4, pl. 1, May, 1921.)

Moxuusca or Norta DaKxota. By Mina L. Winslow. (Oc-
casional Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 98, pp. 1-18,
1921.)

SHELLS FROM ALCONA, OSCODA AND CRAWFORD COUNTIES,
Micuiean. By Mina L. Winslow. (Occas. Papers, Mus.
Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 102, pp. 1-5, 1921.)

62 THE NAUTILUS.

Fauna MOo.LLUscoRUM EXTRAMARINORUM ISLANDIL®. By
Hans Schesch. (Reprint from Report Scientific Society of
Iceland, pp. 1-85, 1921.)

HYPERTROPHY IN THE ANCYLIDH™. By Bryant Walker.
(Reprint 22nd Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci., 1920.)

RELATIONS OF THE ANCYLINE FAuNA oF SoutTH AFRICA AND
SoutH America. By Bryant Walker. (Reprint 22nd Rept.
Mich. Acad. Sci., 1920.)

Les VARIATIONS ET LEUR HEREDITE CHEZ LES MoLLUSQUES.
Par Paul Pelsener. (Mémoires Acad. Royale de Belgique,
Classe des Sciences, 2nd ser., Tome V, 826 pp., Dec. 1920.)

Eaes AND YOUNG OF THE River Limpet, ANCYLUS FUSCUS
C. B. Ap. By William F. Clapp. (Occas. Pap., Boston Soe.
N. H., vol. 5, pp. 5-10; plate.) Interesting account of the
pairing and the early development.

NOTES.

THE HINKLEY AND Nason CoLLEcTIONS:—The Museum of
Natural History of the University of Illinois has recently
acquired the collection of the late Anson A. Hinkley. This
collection contained upwards of 200,000 specimens of land
and fresh-water mollusca. The heirs of the W. A. Nason
estate have presented Dr. Nason’s collections of insects and
mollusks to the above museum, consisting of upwards of
50,000 specimens of insects and 10,000 specimens of mollusks.
—C. W. J.

The collection made by the late Mrs. Williams of Chicago
has been acquired by Mr. W. F. Webb of Rochester, N. Y.
It is very rich in handsome shells, containing about 4000
specimens of Cyprea, 350 species of Conus, 90 of Voluta,
100 of Olava, 2 perfect Pleurotomarias, an Argonauta argo 12
inches in diameter, among many other fine things.

CREPIDULA FORNICATA IN THE BritisH Istes: The following
interesting note is taken from ‘‘Animal Life in Scotland,’’

THE NAUTILUS. 63

by Dr. James Ritchie: ‘‘Even our seas have been enriched by
strange aliens which have clung through thick and thin to
their hosts during the vicissitudes of transportation. An in-
teresting recent example is furnished by the appearance of
the American Slipper Limpet (Crepidula fornicata) in the
Thames estuary. The first sign of its presence there was a
dead shell found on the shore at St. Osyth in 1891, although
a fisherman had recollection of the ‘Crow oyster’ extending
back some fifteen or twenty years. In 1893 a living example
was found amongst oysters from the River Cronch, and there-
after records came with ever-increasing frequency, until it
was discovered that the Slipper Limpet, from being a rarity,
had become a pest. Its numbers on the oyster beds became
so troublesome that endeavors were made to eradicate it, a
special crushing apparatus being arranged for converting
into manure the ‘Limpets’ dredged from the bottom. About
1911 the Blackwater Fisheries alone yielded 35 tons of Slipper
Limpets in four weeks; and since then the multiplication of
the alien has been even more rapid, for in twelve months in
1914-15 upwards of 1000 tons, dredged chiefly from the estu-
aries of the Blackwater and the Coln, were crushed and used
for manure by the farmers of the district. The precise rela-
tionship between the Slipper Limpet and the oyster is un-
known, but whether the former be a semi-parasite or only a
constant messmate, there seems to be little room for doubt
that it was introduced with foreign and probably American
oysters brought for relaying in the oyster beds of the Thames
estuary.’

In the same work is the following note bearing on a fresh
water mussel: ‘‘ In 1824 the Linnean Society received the first
recorded British specimens of the zebra mussel (Dreissensia
polymorpha), these having been found in abundance at-
tached to shells and timber in the Commercial Docks on the
Thames. The zebra mussel lives in fresh water in the Danube
and the rivers of Russia, and in northern France, Belgium
and Germany. It is supposed to have been originally carried
to Britain with cargoes of wood from the Volga, and it has
actually been seen attached to Baltic timber ere yet the

64 THE NAUTILUS.

timber was removed from the ship’s hold. The success of the
zebra mussel as a colonist has been remarkable. It has spread
from one locality to another until it has stations in some
twenty English counties. In Scotland it is common in the
Paisley canal and in the Forth and Clyde canal, where it
used to be found ‘in vast abundance.’ Even in the most out-
of-the-way places it has succeeded in obtaining a hold and in
making headway; it is a common member of the fauna of
water-pipes, and in 1912 a stoppage of the water supply at
Hampton-on-Thames led to the discovery that the diameter
of the 36-inch main for unfiltered water had been reduced to
9 inches by masses of zebra mussels which were growing at-
tached to the inside of the pipe. Ninety tons of the shells
are said to have been removed before the main was again put
in working order.’’

These are both interesting examples of introduced species
becoming pests. It is a problem that is always confronting
us and constant care should be taken, for we already have too
many similar cases. In this country, to my knowledge, the
oystermen have never complained of the Crepidula, nor have
I ever heard of its being so prolific. The possibilities of a
fresh-water shell like the ‘‘zebra mussel’’ being introduced is
very great. There is entirely too much reckless dumping of
aquaria into our ponds and streams. A number of foreign
fresh-water shells, etc., have been introduced in this way.
Why not the mussel? This was the way the water-hyacinth
was introduced into the St. Johns River, Florida.—C. W. J.

SHELLS IN LURAY CAVERN: The loose dirt collected from
shelving places in the Luray Cavern, Luray, Page County,
Virginia, by Mr. James B. Clark on October 9, 1921, was
found to contain many fragments of Polygyra fraudulenta
Pils. and Polygyra thyroidus Say, associated with bones of
bats and mice. The material was gathered about 200 feet
down and about 14 of a mile from the entrance of the cave.
All the specimens are in the collection of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

EK. G. VANATTA.

tes
Ws Boling
‘ =

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV PLATE II

Uesophages

buccal mass)

Digestive truct of
Strobilops iatyrinthica

1, 2, 15, 16, 17, NENIA BELAHUBBARDI. 3, N. F. TINGAMARIZ.
4,5, 12, 18,14, N. BRYANTWALKERI. 6,7, POLYGYRA C. SHASTA.
8.9, P. SIERRANA. 10, 11, STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA.

Vae NAUTILUS.

Vol. SXXV JANUARY, 1922. No. 3

A SEARCH FOR LIGUUS.

BY CHARLES TORREY SIMPSON.

For a considerable time in the past I have been making
annual trips to the Florida Keys for the purpose of studying
the life of the region, its geographical distribution and the
geology. Sometimes I have gone by boat but oftener by train,.
running to the most southern point visited and tramping back.
I formerly went alone carrying no load and like an invading
army trusting for sustenance on the territory I visited; but I
have been so regularly taken for a tramp or bad man and
driven from the doors of the natives, that of late I carry a small
tent, bedding, provision, even drinking water, and by that:
means I am independent and can camp whenever and wherever
night overtakes me.

Several islands of the lower chain have a considerable growth
of the Carribean pine (Pinus caribaea), found generally in the
- southernmost part of the State. Big Pine Key is pretty well
clothed with this kind of forest; and it is found on No Name,
Little Pine, Cudjoe and several other keys.

Big Pine is a sort of headquarters from which I make trips to
nearby islands. It is the largest of the lower keys, being over
eight miles in length and about two and a half in width at its
widest part. It runs from north northwest to south southeast
and in shape reminds one somewhat of one of the modern Ku

66 THE NAUTILUS.

Klux clothed in full regalia, its robe flowing irregularly down
its body and ending above in a comical, twisted headgear.
There are two projections on its eastern side, the southernmost
being a considerable island at high tide but connected when the
water is low, and the whole is called ‘‘ Doctor’s harm’”’ (arm).
A long strip of swamp stretches southward from its southeast
corner which suddenly turns to the westward and the projection
is called ‘‘ The helbow.’’ All the island except the long strip
on the south is oolitic limestone, the latter part being an old
coral reef and a part of the upper chain which ends with the
nearby Newfound Harbor Keys.

One who visits the islands for the purpose of collecting tree
snails may be said to almost be ‘‘ between the devil and the
deep sea.’’ It is probable that not more than 35 inches of rain
fall yearly on a considerable area of the Lower Keys, and the
greater part of this comes in the warmer season. During the
drier part of the year what few arboreal snails still remain on
the keys hide away in holes or crevices of the trees or even
deep under rocks so that it is well nigh impossible to find them.
_ This is the period which is supposed to be free from mosquitos
and the only one during which a collector can have any com-
fort. During the warm season when most of the rain falls the
keys are generally an inferno caused by these insects. Sand
flies are in order at all times of the year. I generally go the
latter part of October, hoping to find the mosquitos departing
and the snails still somewhat active, and come back early in
November.

On a recent visit to the keys I stopped as usual on Big Pine
and made my way back on the railroad to the ‘‘ helbow’’ where
a noble piece of hammock, covering perhaps forty acres or
more, once stood. Part of it was long ago cleared and planted ©
but later abandoned. Charcoal burners have cut the best of the
timber for their business and hurricanes have wrought great de-
struction in it, as it is in a badly exposed locality.

Between the railroad embankment and the hammock a tide-
way, about twenty feet wide and three feet deep, drained the
great swamp -into the open sea. I would either have to wade
it and get my clothes wet or take off trowsers, shoes and leggins

THE NAUTILUS. 67

and on my return go through the same operation. I set my
wits to work to contrive a bridge from the timbers which were
thickly scattered about by a former hurricane. I laid a track
of plank, got a piece of an oar and a broken gaff out of which I
made a couple of rollers. Then I strained and lifted onto these
a twenty-foot timber, six by twelve, which had done duty in
some old railroad bridge, and rolled it down into the water. I
shoved the far end of it into a little cove on the opposite side,
staked the near end to keep it from drifting away and triumph-
antly walked across it, saying to myself, ‘‘ When a man uses
his brains he can save himself a lot of discomfort.’’ In front
of me grew perhaps a half acre of saltwort (Batis maritima), a
dense, half-erect shrub with very succulent leaves, and I strode
through this on my way to the sandy shore beyond. Suddenly
I bogged down, going over my knees into water and mud that
the deceptive shrub had entirely concealed, and after flounder-
ing across a couple of rods of this loblolly I crawled out on the
opposite side completely bedraggled and disgusted. I reached
the sandy shore and a little farther on the hammock. This
piece of forest is doubtless classic ground. In the first half of
the nineteenth century there lived in Key West a Dr. John
Blodgett, who practiced medicine and carried on a drug store.
He became greatly interested in the botany of the keys and
made collecting trips among them. He discovered two Clusias,
tropical strangling trees, and a Cupania, a member of the soap-
berry family on Big Pine, and as this hammock was very ac-
cessible to any one coming from Key West he no doubt col-
lected in it and in all probability discovered these trees init. I
have searched the forests of Big Pine, and Dr. John K. Small
of the New York Botanical Garden has done likewise, but no
vestige of any of them has been found, and they are probably
extinct so far as our flora is concerned. Henry Hemphill, per-
haps the best conchological collector of his time, worked, I be-
lieve, on this key (perhaps in this hammock) and the adjoining
No Name and found beautiful Liguus solidus in variety.
Without a doubt these snails have lived in this hammock
until lately, perhaps until the dreadfully disastrous hurricane
of September, 1919. I visited it a couple of months later and

68 THE NAUTILUS.

found many dead and broken Liguus along the shore in front
of it, some of them still well colored, probably washed out by
the exceedingly high tide which covered much of the floor of
the forest with sand and debris. At the time of my last visit I
spent the better part of a day carefully combing it over in the
hope of finding this snail alive, but in vain. My search only
brought to light a few dead, faded shells inhabited by hermit
crabs.

This hammock although nearly ruined seems to be headquar-
ters for cacti on the Lower Keys. Chapman’s ‘‘ Flora ofthe
Southeastern States’’ only gives six species, two of which are
introduced, for the entire region covered by his book, but Dr.
Small lists no less than eight natives from this hammock alone.
Among them is a tall, columnar Cereus with trunks as large as
a man’s body and twenty feet high, and another more slender
but erect form which I discovered on Lower Matecumbe Key
several yearsago. One of the prickly pears (Opuntia) is nearly
prostate and has joints about the size and shape of an old-
fashioned hunting-case watch—a most striking form. In fact
whatever time and attention one is not compelled, when in this
hammock, to give to fighting mosquitos and sand flies, must be
devoted to crawling through and avoiding cacti.

A few days later I was joined by my friend Dr. Edward
Mercer, formerly of Philadelphia but now of Miami, who has
been with me on several recent trips. In the village of Big
Pine I was told of a man, who, not long before, had found
Liguus solidus in variety on the northeastern part of the island
where he had gathered a quantity and could have taken a
‘‘hatful.’? That has become a stereotyped word, and every
time I visit the Lower Keys I am told of some one who could
have filled his hat with them. And when traced down it turns
out that he has perhaps gotten a few Oxystyla, which still
sparingly persists on some of these islands, or Drymaeus multi-
lineatus, a very abundant but much smaller form. In some
cases the bona fide sworn-to Liguus turns out to be Litorina
angulifera. I have come to believe that the spot where Liguus
solidus is abundant is either at the end of the rainbow or where
you pick up the will-o-the-wisp. One man volunteered for a

THE NAUTILUS. 69

consideration to guide us to the exact hammock where these
snails had been found, but when we had arrived at a couple of
tumbledown houses in the northern part of the island he
didn’t know just where it was, but swept his hand around the
horizon in a vague way and said the hammock was “off
yonder.’’ We found nothing, not even a bone.

We determined to tramp across the island and make an at-
tempt to find Watson’s Hammock which lay on the opposite
shore. We had been told that we would find the walking fairly
good and were given the general direction. In two minutes we
ran into a buttonwood swamp which I have since learned covers
the greater part of the interior of the island. This is not the
‘buttonwood or sycamore of the northern states, or any kin to it,
but a tropical tree with dark, greenish, very combustible wood
which inhabits brackish swamps or their immediate vicinity.
It is a strange tree, having many forms, sometimes erect with a
height of 70 feet and a trunk diameter of two feet; again it falls
over and becomes a gigantic, writhing half-vine. On drier
ground it is a small, somewhat erect tree, and in this swamp it
grew in this fashion, only it threw out a good many stiff, crooked
branches just at the ground which admirably served to trip our
‘tired feet. It was only a short time until we came to more or
dess extensive pools and ponds of beer-colored, brackish water,
which we tried for awhile to avoid by making a circuitous
tramp around them. Soon, however, it became apparent that
we must wade, and we plunged in, often to the depth of three
feet, blundering and even falling over the very irregular bottom.
Then for a long distance we encountered stands of buttonwood,
dense scrub hammock and water. This hammock was, without
exception, the most difficult to get through I ever saw. A con-
siderable part of it consisted of a small tree or large shrub, a
Bumelia or ant’s wood, with narrow leaves and innumerable
branches. The whole purpose of the tree seemed to be to de-
‘velop and carry an immense load of long, excessively sharp
thorns which for their ability to catch hold and hang on cannot
be surpassed anywhere. It formed thickets, not quite as dense
as a haystack, but the next thing to it, and we could no more
crawl through it than we could through the side of a battleship.

70 THE NAUTILUS.

This growth which belongs in slightly brackish ground bordered:
the hammocks and we had to get through it in some way to get
across the latter. Often we got into a pocket and after fighting
our way along for a while we were obliged to turn back and get.
out the way we came in. At other times I got down and cut
my way through with my pocket knife so that we could push
our bags ahead and crawl after. In the real dry hammocks the:
Bumelia was replaced by the pull-and-haul-back (Pisonia acu-
leata), and a tropical prickly ash (Zanthoxylum), to such an
extent that they were nearly impassable. Wherever we found
hammock I strained my eyes to find Liguus but saw none.

There was only the ordinary development of sand flies and:
common gray mosquitos, but we had scarcely gotten into the
swamp before we began to encounter swarms, or herds, or
droves, whichever they might best be called, of an enormous:
black mosquito, the largest and most terrifying I have ever
seen. They shone as if freshly varnished and came on with a
steady, leisurely flight as if they were sure of their victims.
The fore part of these monsters bent down in a remarkable way,.
probably to allow the proboscis to get into action for some time
before the rest of the insect arrived. The doctor at once called:
them ‘‘ Dirigibles’’ which we soon shortened to ‘‘ Blimps’’ on
account of the inconvenience of using a word of four syllables.
whenever we encountered them. When one of these became
filled with blood and slowly sailed away with its various ap--
pendages trailing below and after, it suggested a zeppelin in a
remarkable manner.

For five dreadful hours we fought our way through this in-
ferno. Often the growth was so dense that we could not see the
sun and we constantly consulted our pocket compasses and bore:
off to the west or northwest whenever it was possible. Some-
time before sundown I saw an open spot in front, then I caught.
a glimpse of the sea and a date palm which some one had long”
ago planted near the shore. In a moment we stepped out onto.
a level, smooth, grass-covered prairie that stretched to the Torch
Key Channel, and we swung our hats and capered about like
boys. Taken all in all, I believe this was about the most diffi-
cult short tramp I ever made, and when we got near the shore I.
was glad to throw myself down on the grass and rest.

THE NAUTILUS. 71

The doctor is a delicate man of 60 whose health is none the
best, and when he first proposed to go tramping with me I felt
very doubtful whether he would be able to endure the hardships
of such a rough-and-tumble life. Instead of lying down and
resting that evening he took a long walk through the pine
woods apparently for mere relaxation. In our various excur-
sions I found him always ready to lead, and he never gave any
intimation that he felt the slightest fatigue.

We pitched our tent on a growth of sedges (Eleocharis), so
dense and tall that we could walk on it without pressing it to
the ground—an admirable bed. Then we crawled in and after
driving out the mosquitos carefully closed, as we thought, every
aperture and congratulated ourselves on the prospect of a fine
sleep. I did sleep but uneasily and was vaguely conscious that
the doctor was much disturbed. When daylight came we could
see that the inside of the walls and roof of the tent were so
covered with mosquitos gorged with our blood that in places
one could not have put his finger on them without touching an
insect. We discovered a minute opening, just large enough to
admit them in single file, and they had been industriously pass-
ing in all night.

We searched some small hammocks which lay to the north-
west of us without results and then turned southward along the
shore, finally reaching the great Watson’s Hammock. Form-
erly this covered a considerable area and consisted of a magnifi-
cent growth of tall, closely-set tropical trees. Much of it has
been cut out; but there still remains a splendid remnant, and
this we diligently searched but found only a few faded bones.
I first visited this forest in 1885, arriving just before sundown.
My boatman who was anxious to get on only consented to
allowing me a few minutes on shore, but during that brief time
I could see that the trees were full of splendid Liguus. Had I
been allowed a little time I could have actually gotten ‘‘a hat-
ful.’”? As it was I found the type of my Liguwus solidus crassus,
a form with a very solid shell and truncate columella, ivory
white with a narrow bronze-green peripheral line, also a couple
of specimens of the form graphicus.

We struck off down the island in a general southeast direc-

qo THE NAUTILUS.

tion, but in trying to avoid the swamps were obliged to zigzag
about considerably. The walking on the lower islands is much
better than that of the upper ones, the general surface being
level and comparatively smooth. This is an oolitic limestone
much like that of the Miami region, but it was deposited in a
shallow sea while the latter formed a retreating shore and is
irregularly stratified. In many places the rock of the Lower
Keys has split loose in thin layers and become broken up, and
between the pine trees there is often a dense growth of a pal-
metto (Thrinax microcarpa). The whole is generally tied to-
gether with a villainous climbing smilax which is most liberally
provided with thorns.

After a long tramp we reached the village, and the next morn-
ing had my old friend Joseph Sears take us across the strait to
No Name Key. Sears is a powerful Bahama negro, good-
natured and yoluble, and in time past he has taken me to many
of the keys in his boat, the ‘‘ Three Fannies.”’

We camped in the front yard of an abandoned place, again
getting a bed of the Eleocharis, and this time were fortunate
enough to entirely shut out the mosquitos, but we could hear
their angry humming all night, music which lulled us to sleep.
No Name is nearly three miles long and about a mile wide, its
northern part being pine forest with a dense undergrowth of
palmettos. There is, or has been, a great central hammock of
magnificent tall, closely-set tropical trees, but about 60 acres
of it have been cut out. Much of the southern part of the
island has been hammock but most of it is now destroyed. We
carefully searched this interior forest, almost tree by tree, but
found no living Liguus. In places the ground was thickly
strewn with broken and bleached shells, some of the fragments
still retaining color.

It may be asked, ‘‘ What has become of them?’’ Their dis-
appearance is due to several causes, man being the chief. The
building of the extension of the Florida East Coast Railway
wrought terrible destruction among the hammocks on the keys.
One of the finest pieces of this growth was located on Key Largo
where sparks from the engines set the timber cleared from the
right-of-way on fire and destroyed hundred of acres of splendid

THE NAUTILUS. 73

Liguus-bearing forest. There has been a series of years with a
deficiency of rainfall, twelve in number according to a well-
informed settler on one of the keys, and the snails have been
driven to take refuge in crevices of trees and under the rocks
while doubtless many have been exterminated. Birds have
killed many more. Possibly dry weather has made food scarce
and caused the birds to prey to a greater extent on the snails
than usual.

I am strongly inclined to believe that a few colonies of the
solidus may still exist on the Lower Keys. Three years ago I
found three adult specimens of the typical form of this on trees
back of the village of Big Pine. Several years ago Henderson
and Clapp found a large colony of solidulus on Stock Island,
but at my last visit to this only a few dead shells could be ob-
tained. Within a couple of years I have found several tolerably
fresh shells of graphicus on No Name, two on Sugarloaf and a
fairly good young solidulus on Summerland and Boca Chica.
There is still a good deal of hammock, some of it second growth
according to my friend, J. T. Knowles, of Big Pine Key, on
several of the islands, and the fact that settlement is decreasing
rather than extending on the lower chain makes it probable
that this growth may spread. If we could have a series of wet
years it is easily possible that these snails might increase and
be abundant again in places. There is no group of land snails
on earth with more wonderfully beautiful shells than those of
Iaguus solidus. Their texture is of a marvellously delicate por-
celain, their polish is remarkable and the colors of some are
bizarre and extremely rich.

Notrr.—The above forms part of a chapter of my forthcoming book entitled
“*Qut of Doors in Florida.’’

74 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY OF NUDIBRANCHIATE MOLLUSCA FROM
THE PACIFIC COAST OF NORTH AMERICA.

I. ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF Cavolina (i. e. Hermissenda)
crassicornis OF EscHSCHOLTZ.

BY CHAS. H. 0’ DONOGHUE, D. SC., F. Z. S.,
Professor of Zoology, University of Manitoba.

In 18381 Eschscholtz described three nudibranchs collected by
Captain von Kotzebue in Alaska in 1824,—the first to be re-
corded from the Pacific Coast of North America. The second
of these (7, p. 15) is named Cavolina crassicornis, and in view
of the rarity and consequent inaccessibility of this work, it may
be permissible to quote from it in some detail:

‘‘Corpore pallido; capite tentaculisque anticis crassis flavis;
collo lineis tribus rubris; appendiculis dorsalibus atris apice
rubris.

‘“‘An der Nordwestkiiste Afrika’s (sic) an der Insel Sitcha,
wo diese Art auf breitem Seetange und Ulven lebt.

‘Lange drei Zolle. Der Leib hell hornfarben, der Riicken
blass grau. Kopf und vordere Fuhler gelb; letzere sind an ihrer
Wurzel sehr dick und utbertreffen die hintere stark geringelten
braunen Fiihler, welche eine gelbe Spitze haben, an Lange be-
trachlich. Auf der obern Flache der vordern Fiihler beginnt
von der Spitze ein gelber Streifen und setzt sich auf dem Nacken
fort, wo er sich sehr breit wird und allmalig eine perlblaue
Farbe annimmt; auf der Mitte des Nackens ein brennend oranger
Streifen, ein gleicher an jeder Seite; jeder orange Streifen ist von
einer weissen Linie eingefasst. Auf der Mitte des hell horn-
farbenen Riickens bemerkt man eine Stelle, unter welcher das
Herz pulsirt; tiber dem ganzen Riicken bis zur Schwanzspitze
estreckt sich ein perlmutterfarbener Streifen. Der kiemenartiger
Fortsitze an den Seiten des Leibes unterscheidet man vier bis
funf Bundel; jeder einzelne Fortsatz is 2-4 Linien lang, an der
ganzen untern Seite hornfarben, oben schwarz mit einem breiten
weissen Langestreifen und breiter oranger Spitze. Auf dem
platten weissen Schwanze bemerkt man ausser der mittlern
Linie noch zwei weisse Liingestreifen. Auch der hornfarbige
Fuss hat eine weisse Randlinie.”’

From the itinerary and the context it is obvious that ‘‘ Nord-
westkiiste Afrika’s’’ is a misprint for ‘‘ Nordwestkiiste Amer-

ika’s,’’ and the island referred to is Sitka, Alaska.

THE NAUTILUS. 75

In 1862, Cooper (5, p. 205) described a species Aeolis (Flabel-
lina ?) opalescens with an opaline color on the dorsal tentacles
and an orange stripe between them. Again in 1863 (6, p. 60)
the same author also records this species as Flabellina opalescens,
mentioning a pale variety with white-tipped branchie (i. e.
papille).

Bergh in 1878 (1, p. 573) and again in 1879 (2, p. 81)
formed a new genus Hermissenda for this species. It is closely
allied to Phidiana but differs in the produced angles of the foot,
the form of the teeth, but especially in the absence of a hook on
the penis; and in these papers he identifies the Aeolis or Flabel-
lina opalescens of Cooper as Hermissenda opalescens, the only
member of the genus. The rhinophores are stated to be yellow
with an orange stripe between (cf. Eschscholtz). The papille
are yellow with the purple-red liver diverticula shining through.

Cockerell in 1901 (3, p. 122) also described the same form,
calling attention to the two ‘‘opal-blue’’ lines forming prac-
tically one, but dividing on the head and just behind it to ad-
mit ‘‘a bright orange streak’’. He also mentions the ‘‘ broad
orange stripe on each side of the head’’, the fact that the
papilla possess an ‘‘ orange subterminal ring’’ and that they
are ‘‘ easily deciduous.’’

The same author describes this species in conjunction with
Eliot in 1905 (4, p. 50) but strangely enough gives no reference
to his previous paper. This paper also mentions the ‘‘ opal-
escent stripe down the back, bifurcating anteriorly so as to in-
clude an oblong area of bright orange.’’

The first full account of the coloration of this species was fur-
nished by O’ Donoghue in 1921 (8, pp. 201 and 202) but at the
time this paper was written the author has overlooked Cocker-
ell’s paper of 1901 for the reason given above and had not ac-
cess to Eschscholtz’s Atlas. A second paper by the same author

(9, ) deals with the range of color variation met with in
the same species and also its spawn (11, ). In these two
papers practically every point in regard to color mentioned in
Eschscholtz is also described; the opalescent line along the back
bifurcating at the front to include a bright orange area and then
passing on to the oral tentacles; the orange area on each side of

76 THE NAUTILUS.

the head and neck; the light-colored opalescent line below this
area; the interior of the cerata may be almost black and they
have a white line on their outer border; the cerata in the dark
varieties have an orange tip; the two lateral light lines in the
tail region; and the light opalescent line along the margin of the
foot.

These points are taken from O’ Donoghue and arranged in the
order in which they are dealt with in Eschscholtz and I think
it will be obvious at once that such a closeness of description
makes it certain that the same species is under consideration in
both cases. If only the intervening observers had given a
closer account of the color of the living specimen, I think the
identity of Hermissenda opalescens with Cavolina crassicornis would
have been established earlier. Examination of the radula
shows that Bergh, Cockerell and Eliot and O’ Donoghue were
all dealing with the same specics. The name opalescens, there-
fore, must be discarded in spite of its familiarity and of the fact
that it describes the characteristic opalescent appearance of the
lines of this beautiful species so well, and the older name crassi-
cornis substituted for it.

The classification and synonymy of this form is, therefore, as
follows:

Family: Molidiz Eliot, 1910.

Genus: Hermissenda Bergh, 1878.

Species: HERMISSENDA CRASSICORNIS (Eschscholtz, 1831).

Aeolis (Flabellina ?) opalescens Cooper, 1862.

Flabellina opalescens Cooper, 1863.

Hermissenda opalescens Bergh, 1879; Cockerell, 1901; Cock-
erell and Eliot, 1905; O’Donoghue, 1921; O’ Donoghue
and O’ Donoghue (in press).

List oF REFERENCES.

1. Bergh, R. Beitr. zur. Kenntniss den Aeolidiaden, vi. Verh.
d. K. Zool-bot. Ges. in Wien xxviii, 1878, p. 578.

2. Bergh, R. ‘‘On the nudibranchiate Gasteropod Mollusca
of the North Pacific Ocean, with special reference to
those of Alaska,’’ Pt. I. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Philadel-
phia, Pt. I, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS. he

3. Cockerell, T. D. A. ‘‘Notes on Two Californian Nudi-
branchs.’’ Jour. Malacol., Vol. viii, No. 4, Dec., 1901.

A, Cockerell, T. D. A. and Eliot, C. ‘‘ Notes on a Collection
of Californian Nudibranchs.’’ Jour. Malacol., xii, Pt.
3, 1905.

5. Cooper, J. C. ‘‘Some new genera and species of California
Mollusca.’’ Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., Vol. ii, 1862.

6. Cooper, J.C. ‘‘New or Rare Mollusca Inhabiting the
Cost of California,’ Pt. II. Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci.,
Vol. iii, Pt. I, 1863.

7. Eschscholtz, F. ‘Zoologischer Atlas.’’ Viertes Heft.
Berlin, 1831.

8. O'Donoghue, C. H. ‘‘Nudibranchiate Mollusca from the
Vancouver Island Region.’’ Trans. Roy. Canadian
Inst., Vol. xiii, No. 1, 1951.

9. O'Donoghue, C. H. ‘‘ Notes on the Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusca from the Vancouver Island Region,’’ I. Colour
Variations. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. (in press).

10. O’Donoghue, C. H. Jbid., III. Records of Species and
Distribution. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst. (in press).

11. O’Donoghue, C. H. and O’Donoghue, E. Ibid., II. The
Spawn of Certain Species. Trans. Roy. Canadian Inst.
(in press).

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SLUGS.

BY H. A. PILSBRY.

In preparing a faunal work the writer had occasion to men-
tion the types of Limaz, Agriolimax and Arion. The attempt
disclosed various irregularities in the current use of these names.

Before incorporating radical changes into a formal work, it
has seemed well to give the data here, in order that others in-
terested may criticize the inferences drawn, and possibly sug-
gest some mitigation of the unpleasant situation. While the
facts bearing on the names discussed have been carefully col-
lected, it is always possible that some name or publication has
been overlooked.

78 THE NAUTILUS.

I. Limaz L. replaces Arion Fér.

Limax Linneus, Syst. Nat. (10), I, p. 652, for L. ater, rufus,
maximus, agrestis, flavus. Lamarck, Syst. An. s. Vert. 1801, p.
64. L. rufus mentioned as an example. Children, Lamarck’s
Genera of Shells, 1823, p. 99. ‘‘Type, Limaz rufus [idem.
Linn.].’’ Gray, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 170. Type, L. rufus.

ARION Férussac, Hist. Nat. Moll. 1819, p. 58, for A. empiri-
corum Fér. (including as varieties ater and rufus L., etc.), A.
albus Miill., A. fuscatus Fér., A. hortensis Fér.

Férussac’s action in dividing Limax L. was perfectly proper
and a great advance. He created Arion for the first two Linn-
sean Limaces and others, and restricted Limaz to Linnzus’ last
three species. Unfortunately he did not name types for either
genus; so that his work was overturned by Children, in 1823,
who selected Linneeus’ second species (an Arion) as the type of
Timax. This restriction of Zimax to the Arions was confirmed
by Gray in 1847, though as often happened, he did not know
what he was doing.

So far as I know, the only modern author to substitute Limax
for Arion was F. Jousseaume, in the Bull. Zool. Soc., France,
I, 1876, p. 26. He took this stand on account of the publica-
tion of Limacella for the maximus and agrestis groups by Brard.

II. Kulimax Mog.-Tand. replaces Limax Auct.

Limaz being relegated to what we have called Arion, it re-
mains to provide a name for what has hitherto passed as Iimaz.
The group has been named several times, and the older names
included both the large and small limaces. Evtimax Moquin-
Tandon, Hist. Nat. Moll. France II, 1855, pp. 18, 22, origin-
ally proposed to distinguish Limaces from Amalias, has subse-
quently been restricted to the maximus group. It may be used
in a generic sense with [imax maximus L. as type.

III. Limacella substituted for Agriolimax.

In his useful Check-list of the Slugs’ Professor Cockerell
called attention to the nomenclature of the group generally
known as Agriolimaz. He found that there were several names.

1The Conchologist, II, 1893, p. 199.

THE NAUTILUS. 79

earlier than Agriolimaz, but as their authors did not mention
truly generic characters, the name in common use was allowed
to stand, though evidently with misgivings. It may be men-
tioned that Morch also had little idea of the true generic char-
acters of Agriolimax.

The names preceding Agriolimax are as follows:

LimaceLLa Brard, Hist. des Coquilles, env. Paris, 1815, p.
107, for Limacella parma, unguiculus, obliqua, concava. Limacella
obliqua (== imax agrestis L.) here selected as type. Not Lima-
cella Blainville, 1817.

Deroceras Rafinesque, Annals of Nature, 1820, p. 10; Binney
and Tryon’s reprint, p. 65. For Limaz gracilis Raf."

KrynickiA Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1839,
p. 30, for K. melanocephala Kalen. A nude name.

KrynickiILuus Kalen., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, XXIV,
1851, p. 220, for K. melanocephalus,* minutus, cristatus, maculatus,
eichwaldui, dymezeviczit, all new species.

The type of Krynickia and Krynickillus Kalen. and Megaspis
Krynicki, is K. melanocephalus Kalen.

Krynickia melanocephala was published as a bare name in 1839,
but cited as a synonym of Krynickillus melanocephalus in 1851,
together with Megaspis melanocephalus. Krynickillus therefore
takes precedence if any use is found for the name.

Maino Gray, Catalogue of Pulmonata, Brit. Mus., Pt. I,
1855, p. 178, for Inmax lombricoidss Morelet.

MeeaPeEL_ta Morch, Journ. de Conchyl., 1857, p. 282, for
Limaz (Megapelta) semitectus Morch. (Described from a draw-

1“¢Timaz gracilis. Body slender, head and lower tentacula fulvous, neck
grey, upper tentacula brownish, mantle dark fulvous, back smooth brown, be-
neath dirty white; tail brown, obtuse above, mucronate and acute beneath.—
Probably a real Limaz, yet it has the two long tentacula inserted above the
neck, while the small ones are terminal, and all slightly club shaped. It may
perhaps form a sub-genus Deroceras. Length over one inch. Found near
Hendersonville in Kentucky, and in woods.’’

There can be very little doubt that this is Limaz campestris Binn.

* With the synonyms Krynickia melanocephala Kalen.., ioe and Megaspis
melanocephala Krynicki, unpublished.

See Agriolimax melanocephalus Simroth, Die Nachtschnecken fauna des
Russischen Reiches, 1901, p. 154.

80 THE NAUTILUS.

ing. Thought by von Martens to be probably not distinct from
Inmax levis, in the wide sense. )

AGRIOLIMAX Méorch, Journ. de Conchyl., 1865, p. 378. L.
agrestis here selected as type.

Since 1865 several additional names have been proposed,
some of which have been used for subdivisions, such as Hydro-
limax Malm., for the levis group. Of the names given above,
it will probably be best to revive LimaceLLa Brard, with the
type L. obliqua = L. agrestis. Brard’s name has been discred-
ited because he founded a genus upon the shell as distinct from.
the animal; but after all, he was only following the example of
Linné, who based his genera of testacea wholly upon the shells,
prefacing the conchological definition with ‘‘ animal a Limax.’’
Brard’s nomenclature was indisputably regular, being on abso-
lutely Linnean lines. He left Zimaz for the slugs without a
shell (Z. rufus Linn. ).

Jousseaume in 1876 (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France I, p. 25),
followed by Mabille in the same publication (p. 96), used
Timacella for the L. maximus, flavus and agrestis groups, without
selecting a type.

Timacella of Blainville, 1817, was incorrectly defined, but
Prof. Cockerell has shown that its type is a Philomycus. Being
later than Brard’s Limacella, this use of the name is not admis-
sible under the existing rules of nomenclature.

TETHYS WILLCOXI IN NEW ENGLAND WATERS.

BY 8. N. F. SANFORD.

On Oct. 9, 1921, a number of those curious tectibranch mol-
lusks known as Sea Hares, Tethys (Aplysia) willcoxt (Heilprin),
appeared in the West Passage of Narragansett Bay, R. I., com-
ing in on the flood of the tide and disappearing with its ebb.
As the tide was going out only two specimens were secured by
the writer and his companion, Mr. Orville C. Minkler, although
several others had been seen during the day. A second trip to
the same station, on Oct. 16, yielded two more specimens, but

THE NAUTILUS. 81

none was found on any other R. I. or Conn. shore as far south
as New London.

All of the specimens were alive when captured, two of them
swimming by the undulation of their fleshy pleuropoda or
swimming lobes. When not in motion the swimming lobes
were folded over the dorsal organs, affording some if not full
protection. When handled they exuded from their mantlesa
red-purple fluid which became bright crimson or wine color when
diluted by sea-water or alcohol.

In life the colors were dark purplish-brown, variously mottled
with large areas of dirty white. The distribution and relative
quantity of these colors differed much, however, according to
the degree of extension or contraction of the animals. It was
also noted that the dark pigmented surfaces were thin and easily
rubbed off, making color description an uncertain factor except
with fresh specimens. In alcohol the dark portions turned
nearly black, and the light areas at first changed to a bright pea-
green, then back again, in the course of a week, to the original
dirty white.

Two of these specimens, now in the collection of the Boston
Society of Natural History, measured 8 inches in length, 7 in-
ches across the expanded swimming lobes. These measurements
were dorsal and taken before relaxation following death. The
other specimens were much smaller. |

The shell, covered by a tough membrane, was oval in general
outline, very thin and fragile, and composed of two plate-like
layers. A test with dilute acid proved the inner layer to be a
thin surfacing of lime, not quite covering the outer chitinous
plate. White, concentric lines, describing smaller arcs towards
the hook-like apex, were crossed by finer, radiating lines con-
verging at this point.

The odor of the colored fluid (possibly mixed with other
secretions) was slightly unpleasant, and the dyeing quality, un-
like the ‘‘ Tyrian purple’’ of some mollusks, was not very good.
When fresh it was readily washed from the hands, and almost as
easily from cloth, but unsized paper appeared to hold the stain
rather persistently. No fixing agents, except hot water and dry
heat, were tried, however.

82 THE NAUTILUS.

While other members of this genus are not uncommon in
Florida and the West Indies, the New England records for this
particular species are few, and, according to Mr. C. W. Johnson,’
are nearly all from Buzzards Bay, Woods Hole and adjacent
Massachusetts waters. Although the Sea Hares belong to
warmer regions, it is interesting to note that all the New England
specimens were taken in October. The mollusks disappear as
mysterously as they come, and neither the cause of their pres-
ence so far north, nor where they go, seems to have been defi-
nitely determined, although the high summer temperatures of
1906, 1910, and 1921 may be significant.

SHORE REEF HUNTING 1N THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

BY CHARLES F. MANT.

Being anxious to visit the shore reefs by night on the western
side of this Island, Oahu, a friend and myself agreed to start
on the first occasion when tides were at their lowest.

Having made all arrangements we left Honolulu at 3:00 p. m.
on October 18th., and motored to Kawaihapai, a two and a half
hours trip, part of the distance being over very bad roads and
trails, but our little car was staunch, and we arrived safely.
After a brief meal we changed into overalls, and filled our
torches—large iron cylinders stuffed with a sack for wick. Then
slinging our collecting bags over our shoulders we started off
along the railroad track which here follows the shoreline for
some miles. The scenery was very wild, the mountains coming
down almost to the shore on the one side, whilst on the other
the reef-lined shore stretched as far as one could see bordered
with a white fringe of surf.

After about an hour’s tramp we decended to the shore, and
lighting one of the torches commenced our search.

At first nothing much except a few common things were

' Occ. Papers, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, Fauna New England 13, Mollusca,
pp. 153-4.

THE NAUTILUS. 83

found, the raised portions of reef at high-water mark being
covered with thousands of Littorina pintado, L. picta, and Nerita
picea. We proceeded a mile or so further, and then examined
a rocky ‘‘ flat’’ where the reef was full of deep holes in which
brilliant little fish of many colors were swimming, whilst on the
rocks were numbers of the Rough Sea Urchin (Podophora pedi-
fera) the ‘‘ Haukeke’’ of the Hawaiians who esteem this and
other species as food. One had to be careful, as here and there
were ‘‘ blow holes’’ which spouted the water high into the air
when a wave came in.

Presently the first ‘‘ find ’’ was made of a fine Cypraea mauri-
tiana. Then a specimen of Acanthochites viridis was discovered
on a raised coral rock. It was whilst trying to remove this shell
that a big wave came in unexpectedly, knocked me over the
rock, whilst my torch, collecting bag, ete. went in different di-
rections, and a sandwich that I carried in my upper pocket was
reduced to pulp! However, things were soon put right, and
now we began to find the shells. In the rocky pockets were
many. Cypraea caput-serpentis, and various Cones, on the weedy
rock Ricinulas, on the raised reef Chitons, Helcioniscus, Littori-
nas, Purpuras, nerites, etc.

The luck of the evening came to my friend who had ventured
out to where the surf dashed from time to time on the large
rocks, for he discovered five magnificent specimens of Cypraea
mauritiana.

We had hoped to collect some specimens of Cypraea reticulata
which had been found upon a former occasion, but this time we
were disappointed.

It was now getting late, and the tide had turned; so we re-
traced our steps and returned to our headquarters, the light of
the full moon making the track clearly visible.

After some supper and a change into dry things we took our
blankets to the beach and slept until 5:00 a. m., being awakened
by the piping of Alaska Plovers busily feeding along the shore.

The view in the early hours was very lovely, the moon still
shining whilst in the distance the orange and yellow rays of the
sun rising behind a bank of dark clouds with the loom of the
mountains and coast beneath. For miles on either side of us

84 THE NAUTILUS.

stretched the shore with the blue Pacific and endless lines of
snowy surf.

We started for home at 6,30, arriving at 9:00 a. m., tired and
well pleased with our trip.

Among the shells collected were:

Cypraea mauritiana L. Nerita picea Recluz.
Cypraea caput-serpentis L. Nerita polita L.
Purpura harpa Conr. Littorina pintado.
Purpura intermedia Kien. Inttorina picta Phil.
Ricinula horrida Lam. Iittorina feejeensis,
Ricinula morus Lam. Acanthochites viridis Pse.
Ricinula ricinus L. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt.
Ricinula tuberculatus Blain. Strombus maculatus Nutt.
Conus ceylonensis Hwass. v. Siphonaria amara Nutt.
pusillus. Siphonaria amara var.
Conus hebraeus L. Columbella zebra.

Conus lividus Hwass.
Conus abbreviatus Nutt.

NOTE ON ALABA AND DIALA.

BY W. H. DALL.

In working over some of the minuter Hawaiian shells it be-
came necessary to make comparisons with Diala and Barleeia,
etc.

Examination of the Pacific coast species referred to by Car-
penter revealed some unexpected peculiarities.

The genus Alaba was named by Arthur Adams in December,
1853, in the ‘‘Genera of Recent Mollusea,’’ p. 241. It contained
two species, both West Indian, of which the first, Rissoa me-
lanura C. B. Adams, is now selected as the type.

The genus Diala was proposed by Arthur Adams in 1861, with
five species of which the first, D. varia A. Adams, is now selec-
ted as type. This group closely related to Alaba, differs by the
absence of varices, and generally more compact and flatsided
shell. Diala was adopted by E. A. Smith in 1875, who tigured

THE NAUTILUS. 85

a shell and operculum under the name of D. leithii from Cali-
fornia, where it has not since been recognized, but probably is a
Lower Californian shell.

Alaba supralirata Carpenter, was described in the Mazatlan
Catalogue and is an abundant Lower Californian shell. An ex-
amination of a dry specimen shows it to have an operculum
paucispiral and like that figured for Diala leith Smith, with no
spur or outstanding spiny process. The radula is not quite like
that figured by Troschel. The rhachidian tooth has a squarish
base with three rounded cusps, the central one larger than the
others. The extreme minuteness of the object and the tangled
condition of the radula did not enable me to determine the form
of the stems of the inner laterals, but the outer ones and appar-
ently the others were slender, the distal ends forming a semi-
circular curve with extremely fine serrations on the edge. The
radula and operculum of Alaba have not previously been de-
scribed.

The shell listed by Carpenter as Diala marmorea though shaped
and colored like some of Adams’ Dialas, does not belong to the
genus. It has the operculum and radula of Barleeia but differs
in having a smooth nucleus while that of Barleeia rubra is
thimble-pitted. The rhachidian tooth of marmorea is more
squarish than that of B. rubra as figured by Troschel, and has
five rounded cusps, the middle one larger. The styliform pro-
cess of the operculum is remarkably long in proportion to the
size of the operculum. Whether the difference in the nuclei

warrants a distinctive name for B. marmorea need not now be
decided.

OBSERVATIONS ON LIVING GASTEROPODS OF NEW ENGLAND
By Edward S. Merse, Peabody Museum, pp. 1-29, plas. I-1X.

BY PAUL BARTSCH

Two years ago Professor Morse published his paper ‘‘ Ob-
servations on Living Lamellibranchs of New England ’’, in
the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,
(Vol. XXV, No. 5) in which forty-eight species are described.
and figured.

86 THE NAUTILUS.

The present paper is a companion to that one, dealing with,
Gastropoda and one Scaphopod. Forty-six forms are figured
in the 118 sketches, on nine plates illustrating the paper.
The first twenty-two pages are given to a discussion of the
anatomic structures figured, while the last seven are devoted
to an arraignment of modern nomenclatorial methods.

In it interesting to note that of the forty-six species figured,
ten bear names that were originally bestowed upon East
Atlantic specimens. These species were later recognized
as existing in American waters. Experience has taught me
to look upon such a distribution with a critical eye, and for
that reason I have subjected, in this instance, these ten
species to an examination, comparing our splendid collection
of Kast American specimens with the fine lot of material con-
tained in the famous Jeffreys Collection of European Mol-
lusca now resting in the National Museum, with the follow-
ing results:

Figure 2, ACMAEA TESTUDINALIS Miller. The American shells
average much larger than the European. Some of the
specimens actually attain more than double the size of
the largest contained in the Jeffreys Collection. There
are other essential differences in color pattern, etc.)
enough, I should say, as Acmaeas go, to separate the
American from the European form, at least subspeci-
fically. We may therefore call it Acmaea testudinahs
amoena Say, a name that was bestowed upon the Ameri-
can species by Say in 1821, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
vol. 2, p. 223.

Figure 8, CeMoRIA NOACHINA Linnaeus. The American shell
has long since been recognized as distinct from the Euro-
pean, under the name of Puncturella princeps Mighels
& Adams, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 42, 1842.

Figure 14, Lacuna vincta Montagu. An examination of the
East and West Atlantic specimens passing under this
name shows that there are sufficient differences in the
form of shell, shell texture and finer sculpture to separate
the West Atlantic from the East Atlantic form, at least

THE NAUTILUS. 87

subspecifically. The name available for the West Atlan-
tic will be Lacuna vincta pertusa Conrad, Journ. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., vol 6, p. 266, 1829.

Figure 20, MeNnrestHo ALBULA Moller. The specimens re-
ferred to under this name are not that species, but
Couthouyella striatula Couthouy.

Figure 21, VELUTINA LAEvIGATA Linnaeus, and Figure 23
LAMELLARIA PERSPICUA Linnaeus I do not know.

Figure 34, Bucctinum uNpATuM Linnaeus. This species was
described from Europe. As at present conceived it is a
most variable form and will require intensive anatomic
study and breeding to decide whether we are dealing
with a fluxed hybrid element, or whether this name is
made to cover a host of species. With the present state
of our knowledge it would be folly to attempt a differen-
tiation of the American from the European forms.

Figure 39, TROPHON CLATHRATUS Linnaeus. The size, shape
and sculpture differentiate the American from the Euro-
pean form. The West Atlantic members will have to be
ealled Trophon scalariformis Gould, Invert. Mass., p.
378, 1870.

Figure 44, ALExIA MyosoTis Draparnaud. More detailed
anatomic study will have to be made before we can be
sure that the European species is really the same as the
American.

A bit of rectification, where needed, of the rest of the
nomenclature may not be out of place, and I am sure
that Professor Morse will be only too glad to have some-
one relieve him of this task, so we give the following:

Figure 1, ENTauis srrionaATa Stimpson is now Dentaliwm
(Antalis) entale stimpsoni Henderson.

Figure 11, Trocnus occipenTauis Mighels & Adams. This
is Calliostoma occidentale Mighels & Adams.

Figure 13, Rissoa minuTA Totten is Paludestrina minuta
Totten. *

Figure 24, NATICA HEROS Say.

Figure 25, NATICA TRISERIATA Say.

88 THE NAUTILUS.

Figure 27, NaticA immacuata Totten; all three must be re-
ferred to the genus Polinices.

Figure 29, Bena pecussata Couthouy becomes Lora decus-
sata Couthouy.

Figure 30, CoLumMBELLA LUNATA Say becomes Alia lunata
Say 7

Figure 31, CoLUMBELLA AvARA Say becomes Anachis avara
Say.

Figure 32, Nassa opsoLteTa Say becomes Alectrion (Tyan
assa) obsoleta Say.

Figure 33, Nassa Trivirrata Say becomes Alectrion (Tritia)
trwittata Say.

Figure 35, Buccinum cINEREUM Say is now Urosalping
cimerea Say.

Figure 36, Fusus 1isuanpicus Gmelin. This should bear the
name Colus stimpsonii Morch. It is interesting, in this
connection, to call attention to the fact that an error has
slipped into Johnson’s ‘‘ Fauna of New England ’’, in
his citation under this species on page 137. He cites
the type locality as as Faero. The fact is, Morch states
at the reference cited that FPusus stimpsoni (F. corneus
Say, Amer. Conch.), is the American species; that the
Faero specimens differ from it, are thinner shelled, and
have flatter whorls than F. stimpsonw. Say misidentified
this as the corneus of Linnaeus.

Figure 37, Fusus pyemMarEus Gould is Colus pygmaeus Gould.

Figure 38, Fusus pEcemcostatus Say is now Chrysodomus
decemcostatus Say.

Figure 41, RANELLA CAUDATA Say is now known as Eupleura
caudata Say.

Figure 46, MrELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say is now generally con-
sidered to be Melampus lineatus Say.

There have been so many changes and so much discussion
in the preceding remarks that it might seem as if Professor
Morse’s paper had been criticised. I wish here to dispel any
such impression. All that we have attempted is to bring up
to date an involved nomenclature that will render his con-
tribution the more intelligible to those who do not have the
mass of literature necessary to effect these needed changes.

THE NAUTILUS. 89

Professor Morse’s drawings and anatomic notes will be
always extremely useful, since they add materially to the
sum total of our knowledge of our northeastern mollusks, and
it is only to be hoped that Professor Morse will continue to
employ the wonderful gift which he possesses to fix on paper
observations on all the other forms with which he will come
in contact in the future.

The only criticism in the entire paper pertains to figure 18,
that of Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, in which an appendage
is described which is evidently an abnormality, a curious ac-
cidental development, which Professor Morse himself tells me
in a letter is the case, although he did not recognize it as such
when he prepared his manuscript.

As to the appendix, pp. 23-29, we agree with Professor
Morse that it is an arduous task to keep pace with the ever
shifting nomenclature. Some of the changes produced might
be dispensed with, but the major part reflects the advance of
our knowledge, and is necessary. I have recently had oc-
casion, in revising the Vitrinellidae, to refer specimens that
had been assigned to this family at various times, to six other
families than the Vitrinellidae, their operculum, radula and
other anatomic features demanding this shifting. Changes
like these will continue to be required until the final adjust-
ment has been made.

We in the Government offices are constantly called upon to
furnish the very latest in nomenclatorial dictum and a large
part of our time is taken up with the chase after the correct
name. I have frequently wished that some organization could
be prevailed upon to undertake the preparation of a card
catalog of scientific names, generic and specific, beginning
with Linnaeus, giving in addition to the name and citation
of publication, the family to which a given genus belongs
and for species in addition the type locality. In the case of
secondary combinations, a cross-reference card should be pre-
pared for filing under the proper places. Such a work care-
fully executed would eliminate at once almost all the changes
in nomenclature due to priority only, the names, that seem to
irritate most grievously the men who are not actually en- ©
gaged in revisional work.

90 THE NAUTILUS.

The reviser usually has only one aim, or should have only
one aim in mind, and that is to achieve stability by applying
the rules of the international code consistently, no matter
how much he may dislike to so do. No nomenclatorial
stability can be achieved if each of us follows an independent
method. <A catalog of the kind above referred to would make
a quick revision possible, the main points of which would
stand for a long time to come, and the minor shift could
easily be kept current by the small force that should pre-
pare the cards for the new things published year by year..
I wish to heartily recommend this undertaking to the National
Research Council. I am sure that the whole zoological frater-
nity, yes, not only zoological but botanical fraternity, would
be grateful for such a work.

Another point that should find expression in this review
is the fallacy, or should I say dogma, entertained by many
that the soft anatomy of mollusks expresses more nearly the
true phylogenetic relationship than does the shell. It has
come to be believed, why I do not know, that shell characters
are readily modified, and that the soft parts only remain con-
stant. The facts adduced by our breeding of Cerions do not
accord with this. Here, at least, we have found the shell
characters not affected by changed environment. By hybri-
dization we have produced not only changes in shell charac-
ters but even greater changes in the organization of the soft
parts. This would show that the soft parts are at least as
readily changeable, if not more so, than the skeletal char-
acters. Furthermore, we should not lose sight of the fact
that the gastropod shell, in its nuclear whorls, retains a lot
of embryologic and subsequent metamorphic developmental
history which is largely, if not entirely, lost in the adult
anatomy of the animal. The shell therefore furnishes ever
so much more phylogenetic information than the adult soft
parts, since it records almost the complete ontogeny of tha
species. No single set of characters tells the whole story—
shell, cytology, embryology, anatomy, not to forget physio-
logy, all furnish helpful hints to a complete understanding,
and Professor Morse’s notes and figures will prove exceedingly
useful to all of us who may not have ready access to living
material.

THE NAUTILUS. / 91

NOTES ON THE ANATOMY OF STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA (SAY).

BY G. DALLAS HANNA.

(Contribution No. 102, from the California Academy of Sciences.)

Several years ago, some examples of Strobilops labyrinthica
(Say) were collected alive at Great Falls of the Potomac River,
in Virginia, and advantage was taken of the opportunity to as-
certain some points regarding the anatomy. Drawings and
notes were made at the time of dissection but other activities
have prevented their preparation for publication until now.

The small, ribbed, dome-shaped shells with internal lamelle
are common in the eastern part of the United States and their
familiar forms need no special mention here. Say described
the first species as Helix labyrinthica. (Journ. Phila. Acad. Scv.,
J, 124, 1817.) Morse in 1864 (Journ. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. I. p. 26, 1864) created the genus Strobila for it; but this
name, unfortunately, was preoccupied several times. Pilsbry
( Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1892, p. 403) renamed the group,
Strobilops in 1892. (See also in this connection, Pilsbry, Navr.,
VI, p. 56, 1892. Navut. XXII, p. 78, 1908.) According to
him the genus is represented by numerous species in the Euro-
pean Tertiary from the Eocene; also in America it is found from
Maine to Venezuela, west to the Rocky Mountains and possibly
it is found on the Galapagos Islands. Several species are found
in Japan, Eastern Asia and the Philippines.

A cursory examination reveals the following names which
have been applied to American material: labyrinthica (Say):
strebeli (Crosse and Fischer): virgo (Pilsbry): affinis Pilsbry: morset
(Dall): salvini (Tristram): hubbardi (A. D. Brown): vendreyesi-
ana (Gloyne): texasiana Pilsbry and Ferriss. There may be
others.

The anatomy, Plate 2, figs. 10, 11, indicates that the genus is
distinctly Pupillid in its relationships. The kidney, being par-
alle] to the rectum, separated therefrom and leading directly to
the mantle margin, places it in the superfamily or tribe, Orth-
urethra Pilsbry. Fundamental shell characters are sufficient to
segregate the group as a distinct family, Strobilopside. (When

92 THE NAUTILUS.

STROBILOPS replaces STROBILA, then STROBILOPSIDE must replace
STROBILID according to the rules of priority and synonymy. )

The following description applies only to S. labyrinthica.
How closely the other species come to this, and the amount of
variation in the group, can only be ascertained by more ex-
tended anatomical] investigation.

Animal without pedal grooves or caudal mucous pore but
having a network of incised lines on the surface of the skin.
The meshes of this are quite large. Tentacles and eyestalks,
normal. Genital opening just back of the right eyestalk. Fore
part of the body, black: tail region light gray and sole of foot
white.

Kidney, long and slender, very little larger than the duct, the
ureter, which leads directly therefrom to the mantle margin.
The duct is separated from the rectum by a distance equal to
the diameter of the latter. It appears to discharge immediately
above the breathing pore.

The genitalia are characterized by the excessively long fla-
gellum on the penis. One branch of the bifurcated retractor
muscle is attached at the junction of the penis and flagellum:
the other is attached to a bend of the vas deferens a short dis-
tance above its union with the penis. The distal end is at-
tached to the right optic retractor muscle. The vas deferens is
considerably swollen in the section nearest the penis. Here it
is almost as large as the latter organ. It gradually becomes
smaller however and discharges high up on the oviduct. The
appendix is swollen in its distal end to the diameter of the penis
and it has there an abrupt flexure. Whether this is due to the
retraction of the organs and therefore accidental or whether it is
natural, has not been ascertained. The penis and vagina unite
at the point of exit. There is no appreciable atrium or cloaca.

The vagina is a thin-walled, slightly pouched organ, smaller
in diameter at its junction with the penis than elsewhere. The
upper end corresponds to what is usually called the oviduct in
land snails, but there is not a point of demarcation between the
two in this species. The upper end is folded into a series of
lamellar pouches, all of which fit close together like plates.
The walls in this region appear to contain some glandular tissue.

THE NAUTILUS. 93

The albumen gland is large and finely granulose. Its separa-
ion from the vagina-oviduct is not well marked. The herma-
phroditic duct empties at the junction of the two. This duct is
greatly convoluted and swollen in its lower portion. Upwards,
it is thin and slender. The hermaphroditic gland is composed
of two portions, grape-like granules embedded in the coarsely
granular liver. The spermatheca is pear-shaped and empties
into the vagina a considerable distance below the termination of
the vas deferens.

The digestive tract is composed of the usual elements; buccal
mass, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach and intestine. Two
features seem to be noteworthy. The oesophagus is not a slender
duct.as usual, but the walls are ‘‘ knotty ’’ or slightly convoluted
throughout. Also on the stomach there appears to be an acces-
sory gland, closely appressed to the walls of that organ. The
salivary glands are united into one but they seem to discharge
into the buccal mass at the usual two points.

The jaw and radula were not examined but the description of
these organs has been repeated so many times that it does not
need to be quoted. Binney in the Manual of American Land
Shells, p. 263, 1885, considers them in detail.

SOME PERUVIAN CLAUSILIIDE.

BY HENRY A. PILSBRY.

The species of Nenia noticed below were collected in the
valiey of the Huallaga River, eastern Peru, by Dr. Bela Hub-
bard, in the course of geological exploration in that region. I
owe the privilege of studying them to Dr. Bryant Walker.

NENIA BELAHUBBARDI n. sp. PI. 2, figs. 1, 2, 15-17.

The shell is fusiform, rather slender, widest at the penult
whorl, attenuate above; quite thin; light brown variegated with
white, which appears on the striae only, in many small, irreg-
ular patches. Sculpture of fine, close, oblique striz, 12 or 13
in 1 mm. on the face of the last whorl. They are continuous,
very slightly irregular or waved, but appearing more so from

94 THE NAUTILUS.

the white variegation; below the suture there are spaced groups
of slightly enlarged white strie, giving the appearance of very
low, protractive folds there. The first 14 whorls are smooth
and glossy, apex flattened; following whorls are slightly con-
vex; last whorl flattened, projecting in a short, rounded neck.
The aperture is squarish-ovate, vertical, light brown within.
Peristome pale brown, rather broadly expanded. The superior
lamella is vertical, strong but thin, concave on the left side,
curving to the left where it joins the spiral lamella, which pene-
trates scarcely deeper than the dorsal side. The inferior lamella
is moderately developed, becoming strong within, and penetrat-
ing to a mid-ventral position. The principal plica is about half
a whorl long, running from the middle of the right side toa
little past the beginning of the neck. The lunella is dorso-
lateral, well developed and strongly arched.

Length 27.8, diam. at penult whorl 4.7 mm.; longest axis of
aperture 5.4 mm.; 12 whorls.

Length 26.3, diam. 4.6, aperture 5 mm.; 12 whorls.

The clausilium is bluntly pointed at the palato-distal ex-
tremity, slightly excised at the filament.

Caspisapo, Rio Huallaga, Peru. Cotypes in A. N.S. P. and
Bryant Walker coll.

Nenia pampasensis (Pils.}) has about the figure of this species
but differs in sculpture among other features.

NENIA FLACHI TINGAMARIE n. subsp. PI. 2, fig. 3.

This form agrees in the main with N. flachi Boettger, but
differs by the more widely spaced strie. In UN. flachi the strie
are crowded, 16 to 18 in one millimeter on the face of the last
whorl. In this race there are 8 to 9in one millimeter. Coarse,
low, spiral strize are present and well developed. The color is
a very pale brown, somewhat translucent, the shell being quite
thin.

Length 23.2, diam. at penult whorl 5.2, largest axis of aper-
ture 6.6 mm.; 64 whorls remain.

Length 23.5, diam. 5.2, aperture 6.8 mm.; 64 whorls.

Tinga Maria, Peru. Cotypes in A. N.S. and Bryant Walker
collections.

THE NAUTILUS. 95

The group comprising N. peruana (Trosch.), N. slosarskii
(Lub.) and N. flachi Bttg. is a rather intricate one, the species
being closely related and likely to give trouble as more races
turn up; but the striation of the new one, very much more
spaced than in the specimens of these three species compared,
appears to make another race necessary.

Two forms I have not seen, Clausilia granulosa Sykes and C.
s. rosenbergi Prest. are placed in the synonymy of UN. flachi by
Boettger, in his latest consideration of the subject (Nachr.-bl.
D. M. Ges., 1910, 77). These two and N. flachi are from
_ Chanchamayo, Peru.

Nena bryantwalkeri n. sp. Pl. 2, figs. 4, 5, 12-14.

The shell is fusiform with entire summit. Color undeter-
mined, as the type is bleached. Sculpture of slender, widely
separated riblets, 5 riblets and intervals in 1 mm. on the face
of the last whorl. On the neck they became closer. The
whorls are quite strongly convex, the last becoming free and
descending more rapidly, the neck rounded. The aperture is
carried a little forward, vertical, ovate, with strongly expanded
peristome. The superior lamella is strong, vertical, concave on
the left side, continuous with the spiral lamella, there being no
bend or sinuosity marking their junction. The inferior lamella
is inconspicuous in a front view but rapidly becomes high
within, penetrating to the mid-ventral line. The principal
plica is half a whorl long, dorsal in position. The lunella is
strong, subdorsal in position, strongly arched.

Length 15, diam. at penult whorl 3.4 mm.; 74 whorls.

The clausilium is thickened along the oblique distal end, and
pointed at the palato-distal extremity. There is a quite small
excision at the filament.

Province of Huallaga, Peru. Type in the Bryant Walker
collection.

This species is probably nearest to Nenia filocostulata (Lub. ),
a decollate species retaining 8 whorls, with a length of 17 mm.,
according to Lubomirski, or having 7 whorls, length 15, diam.
3 mm. in a specimen measured. Besides the constant decolla-
tion, it differs from our new form by the unevenly spaced cos-
tule, less swollen shape and longer neck.

96 THE NAUTILUS.

NOTE ON ACTEOCINA.

BY WM. H. DALL.

Mr. A. M. Strong in the October Nauritus calls attention to
some apparent discrepancies in the distribution of the West
Coast species of this genus as recorded in my ‘‘ Summary’? of
the West American Shells.

My record of the distribution as published is taken from the
series contained in the collection of the National Museum and
not (except when otherwise verified) from the literature. The
only real discrepancies in Mr. Strong’s table are those of A.
culcitella (+ cerealis) and A. infrequens C. B. Adams. I have
127 different lots of A. culcitella comprising about 500 specimens
and see no reason for changing my identification. Mr. Strong
errs in supposing that the Kodiak fauna is Arctic. On the con-
trary it is Oregonian and contains a large proportion of Puget
Sound species. The question of the identity of cerealis and
culcitella has been in dispute for more than forty years. The
trouble is that eliminating cerealis one finds no specimens of
young culcitella, and they are generally found together. I pre-
sume it will take anatomical study to settle the question. The
color of the periostracum varies from white to ruddy brown just
as in Cylichna alba.

In the case of infrequens, in taking off the distribution from
the collection, I did not notice that the Santa Monica specimens
were fossil. Our ‘‘live’’ series begins at Cape St. Lucas with
the Panamic fauna. Otherwise there is nothing to change in
my record of distribution.

I may add that the fine spiral striation is inconstant in
strength in these shells, as is also the carination at the shoulder.
A good example of this variability will be found in any large
series of our common East Coast Acteocina canaliculata Say,
where the channel at the shoulder varies from clear-cut and
sharp, to a state so obsolete as to be hardly perceptible.

Mr. Strong’s criticisms are welcome, and I hope he will con-
tinue his scrutiny of what appear to be doubtful cases. It is
only by such means that we shall finally attain a perfect list of
the fauna.

THE NAUTILUS. 97

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

THE GRAY GARDEN Siue witH Notes oN ALLIED Forms. By
A. L. Lovett and A. B. Black. Bulletin 170, Oregon Agricul-
tural College Experiment Station, pp. 1-43, pls. I-IV, text fig-
ures 1-14, June, 1920.

Under the above title two entomologists have given one of
the most instructive accounts of the ‘‘ garden slug, Agriolimax
agrestis, the greenhouse slug, Milax gagates, and the reticulated
slug, Prophysaon andersoni,’’? which has probably appeared.
The paper deals particularly with the depredations of these
mollusks, methods of control, life history, etc. The technical
descriptions of anatomy are quoted from such well recognized
authorities as Taylor (Monog. Land and Fr. Water Moll. of the
Brit. Isles, Vol. II, 1907) and Pilsbry and Vanatta (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1896 and 1898). Many original observations
on the food and breeding habits are given. It was found after
much experimentation that Bordeaux mixture made an excel-
lent repellent to prevent slugs from entering restricted areas and
a poisoned bait of calcium arsenate on lettuce was the best erad-
icator. The three species are shown lifelike in six beautiful
colored illustrations on Plate I.

From the standpoint of the conchologist there is little to
criticise. The spelling of the specific name andersona with a
single ‘‘7’’ might be mentioned since Cooper used two in his
original description. Also citations of reference are sometimes
too brief for ready location. A partial bibliography is given on
page 43.

I think our chief regret should be that workers from another
field should have had to be called upon to contribute this valu-
able investigation. Most of the original information should
have been known long ago but it was not. This paper illus-
trates forcibly the great field of research on the life histories of
the mollusks whether they be land, freshwater or marine. It
is a subject which is practically untouched. Unfortunately
there have been no Fabres in conchology.—G. DaLias Hanna,
California Academy of Science.

98 THE NAUTILUS.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MALACOLOGICAL Society oF LONDON, Oct.,
1921, Vol. 14, parts 5 and 6.

Notes on the Distribution of British Land and Freshwater
Mollusca from the point of view of Habitat and Climate. By
Dr. A. E. Boycott, pp. 163-167, pls. 5 and 6.

Oecological Notes. By Dr. A. E. Boycott, pp. 167-172.

Description of a New Phasianella (P. tomlini) from Western
Australia. By J. H. Gatliff and C. J. Gabriel, p. 178, figs. 1-3.

On Helicella, Ferussac. By G. K. Gude and B. B. Wood-
ward, pp. 174-190.

The Anatomy and Relationships of Helix subplicata sowerbe
By Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, pp. 191-195.

Helix pisana in Porto Santo. By Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell.
pp. 196, 197.

Molluscan Nomenclatural Problems and Solutions, No. II.
By Tom Iredale, pp. 198-208.

Notes on some Species of Pisidium. By B. B. Woodward,
pp. 209-220.

Notes on pearl formation and Japanese culture pearls. By
T. H. Haynes, pp. 221-226, pls. 7 and 8.

The Mollusca as material for genetic research. By Guy C.
Robson, pp. 227-231.

THE PxLiocENE MotiuscaA oF GREAT Britain. By F. W.
Harmer (Palaeontological Society, Vol. II, pts. 1 and 2, pp.
485-705, pls. 45-56, 1920-21), These parts are a continuation
of the author’s valuable work covering this field. The intro-
duction contains a summary of his views as to the relation of
the various horizons of the English Crag, to each other and to
those of Belgium and Holland. The nomenclature used is
largely that of Fischer’s Manual, but in the very full synonymy
most of the genera now being used are referred to. Under
Littorina littorea L. 15 vars. are recognized, six being new, and
under L. rudis 12 vars. one new. The author considers L.
palliata Say a distinct cireumpolar species and not a var. of
L. obtusata. The figures are excellent.—C. W. J.

THE NAUTILUS. 99

SomE Marine MoLuuscan SHELLS OF BEAUFORT AND VICINITY.
By Arthur P. Jacot (Jour. of the Elisha Mitchell Soc., Feb.,
1921, pp. 129-145, pls. 11-13). This has been a favorite col-
lecting place since the days of Dr. Stimpson, who published a
paper ‘‘ Mollusca of Beaufort, N. C.,’’ in 1860. Being the
meeting ground of a northern and southern fauna, it is an inter-
esting locality to study distribution. The fauna is also divided
by two marked local conditions—those frequenting the ocean or
outer beach and those of the sounds or quiet waters. The
Pteria eximia Reeve, referred to, may represent only the young
or a variation of P. colymbus. Panopea floridana Heilp. = P.
bitruncata Conr., the type locality of the latter was Fort Macon,
N. C. The species figured as Alectrion ambigua Montg. is A.
acuta Say. One new species Odostomia (Menestho) beauforti is
described.—C. W. J.

NOTES.

In the Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London,
volume 14, page 202, 1921, just at hand, I find a statement by
Iredale in which he says that the name Syncera Gray, 1821, is
a nomen nudum, and therefore unavailable in the ‘‘ connexion ”’
used in my paper ‘‘ The West American Mollusks of the fami-
lies Rissoellidae and Synceratidae and the Rissoid genus Bar-
leeia.”’

If this be true, then my understanding of a nomen nudum
must be at fault. In order that there may be no misunder-
standing in the matter I quote from Gray’s paper ‘‘ A Natural
Arrangement of Mollusca, according to their Internal Struc-
ture,’’? by Mr. John Edward Gray, in ‘*The London Medical
Repository, Monthly Journal and Review,’’ volume XV, page
238, 1821.

‘‘Nerita Syncera Hepatica, N. S.—The animal of this shell
differs from all the others of this order, by the eyes appearing
to be at the ends of the tentacula; but, I believe, that they are

placed on a peduncle, as long as the tentacula, and the peduncle
and tentacula are soldered together.’’

100 THE NAUTILUS.

I am at a loss to account for the mental process which has
led Mr. Iredale to his deductions.—PavuL Barrscu.

Errata.—lIn the article: On the status of Chiorera, by H. P.
Kjerschow-Agersborg, on p. 55, second reference, for ‘‘ Den-
drototidernes’’ read Dendronotidernes, and for ‘‘ Pekke’’ read
Rekke.

The second correction should also be made in the reference to
Bergh, 1902, p. 56.

ConcERNING HELIX CALCAREA PFrr.—In his interesting notes
on Madeiran Land Shells in the October Nautitus, Dr. Cocke-
rell states that Helix calcarea ‘‘ has been ignored since its publi-
cation by Pfeiffer in 1848’’. Heis mistaken; for Lowe, as long
ago as 1854, reached Cockerell’s conclusion regarding the shell
in his admirable List of the Land Shells of Madeira in Proc.
Zool. Soc., London, p. 171, where he says of it, under H. pisana.
Miill.: ‘‘ Var. albida decolorata (nec subfossilis) est H. calcarea
Pf. in Proceed. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 110: Kust. M. et C. p. 275,
no. 757, t. 123, f. 8, 4. (Ex autopsia exempl. in Mus. Cum-
ing!)’’

On the same page Lowe names the type locality of his H.
ustulata ‘‘ In insulis ‘Salvages’.’?—WiILLiaM G. Mazycx.

The life story of Sir Marcus Samuel, who has purchased from
the Earl of Berkeley for the sum of $25,000,000 a parcel of the
fashionable residential section of London, known as Berkeley
Square, furnishes one of the real romances of the business world.

Sir Marcus, in his early days, kept a little shop in one of the
poorer quarters of the British metropolis, where he made and
sold for a shilling or two ornamental boxes made of shells from
the seashore. Later he invested his savings in oil, made money
and started a company called the ‘‘Shell,’’ thus identifying his
big new venture with his original struggling business. Since
those days he has accumulated a fortune of many millions and
has been honored with a baronetcy. And all from selling shells
from the seashore—mixed with an abundance of brains and
energy.— Washington Evening Post.

THE NAUTILUS, XXXV PLATE III

1-13. STERKI: HINGE OF SPH/ERIIDZ.
14,15. COCKERELL: ANATOMY OF LEPTAXIS.

WHE NAUTILUS.

Vol. XXXV APRIL, 1922. No. 4

THE HELICOID GENUS LEPTAXIS LOWE

BY T. D. A. COCKERELL

Professor Pilsbry, in his guide to the Helices, treated Len-
taxis as a valid genus, including the groups Leptaxis proper,
Pseudocampylea Pfeiffer, and Lampadia Albers. Cryptaxis
Lowe and Katostoma Lowe were merged in true Leptagis.
Unfortunately the anatomy of only one species, undaia, was
known. I am greatly indebted to Mr. C. B. Cossart for living
specimens of LZ. erubescens Lowe and L. vulcania Lowe,
which he collected last month on Deserta Grande. The geni-
talia of erwbescens prove to be of the same general type as
those of L. wndata, but with some striking differences, the
most noticeable character being the regularly globose sperma-
thecal bulb, in contrast with the boot-shaped structure of L.
undata. That this feature of the spermatheca is not purely
a specific one is shown by L. vulcania (pl. 3, fig. 14), which
has the boot-shaped form of undata. Other features of eru-
bescens (pl. 3, fig. 18) are: albumen-gland very large; penis-
sac elongate, abruptly contracted at the beginning of the
fiagellum, which is about 5 mm. long; spermatheca with duct
8 mm. long; dark-sae as usual in the genus; filiform glands
about 11, simple, three attached longitudinally. In ZL. vul-
cania the flagellum is much longer, about 12 mm., but the
snail is much larger. I examined the radule of erubescens
and undata in the Gwatkin collection. They differ appre-

102 THE NAUTILUS.

ciably, erubescens having well-developed outer cusps on first
laterals, and marginals with outer cusp bifid or trifid.

We must, I think, conclude that Pilsbry’s Leptazis s. str.
is divisible into two subgenera, if not genera. Typical Lep-
taxis includes erubescens, furva, chrysomela, fluctuosa, and I
believe membranacea, which is not to be associated with Lam-
padia webbiana (Lowe). The other subgenus, Cryptaxis
Lowe, will include undata, vulcania, leowina, nivosa, psammo-
phora, wollastoni and forensis. Pseudocampylea includes
lowez and portosanctana.

The species of these groups require some revision, toward
which I offer a few notes, partly dealing with nomenclature.

Pseudocampylea lowei Fér. First described and figured
by Lowe as Helix portosanctana var. gigantea, but Lowe’s
name is preoccupied in Helix, and cannot be taken up.

P. lowei var. minor (Paiva). This variety, with whorls
flattened above, and spire depressed, is very distinct. Mr. A.
C. de Naronha gave me a specimen, and showed me others.
It oceurs fossil at the Zimbral d’Areia, Porto Santo, and is
absent from other localities where lowe: abounds. Paiva’s
varieties must apparently be recognized as named according
to the rules, although the word in italics is always the first
word of the diagnosis, and the proposal of definite names
seems more an accident of printing than a deliberate purpose.

Leptaxis (Cryptaxis) groviana (Fér.). This must be the
name for the common Madeiran wndata Lowe, the latter name
being preoccupied (Helix undata Gmelin). The name corru-
gata Solander cannot be taken up, as H. corrugata Gmelin
was earlier published.

Leptaxis fluctuosa (Lowe). I can only conclude that this
is a distinct species, in spite of the existence of forms more
or less intermediate between it and L. chrysomela Pfr. On
Jan. 23 I was very fortunate in finding some splendid speci-
mens of L. fluctuosa, of unusually recent appearance, in the
gulch east of the Pico d’Anna Ferreira, Porto Santo. The
largest has max. diam. 20 mm. One specimen, with max.
diam. 18.5 mm., is beautifully ornamented with interrupted

THE NAUTILUS. 103

clear ferruginous bands, one a short distance below the
suture, the other just above the keel. These bands are inter-
rupted by irregular white opaque flecks at frequent intervals.
The shell is much thinner and more sharply keeled than L.
chrysomela. The species is considered to be extinct, but the
finding of such fresh specimens suggests that it may yet be
found alive.

L. chrysomela var. bifasciata n. var. Max. diam. 11 mm.,
with the usual solid form and orange mouth. Two very broad
(diam. about 1.5 mm.) grey bands, flecked with white, one
above, the other below the periphery. The bands have a faint
reddish tint, and were doubtless dark or red in life. Fossil
in Porto Santo. The typical form is chalky white, unbanded.

Leptaxis exornata (Deshayes). This seems to be the proper
name for L. erubescens, Lowe’s name being invalidated by
H. erubescens Solander, Portland Cat., 1786, as Mr. Tomlin
kindly pointed out to me. The description of exornata agrees
exactly, except that the pale band between the dark ones is
not really white, with a small elevated form of erwbescens
found in Madeira. My specimens are from the Pico do In-
fante, collected by the Rev. Drummond Paterson. H. simia
Férussac is also apparently erubescens, but if so, the figure is
extremely bad, and Pfeiffer in Conchylien Cabinet remarks
that he might have thought it a variety of H. splendida had
not Beck declared it to be from Madeira. Pfeiffer had not
seen the shell, but described it from Férussaec’s figures. The
shell is rather unusually depressed for erwbescens.

Leptaxis furva var. grandissima n. var. Shell very large,
almost 26 mm. max. diameter; last whorl swollen and aper-
ture large; one band in the usual position, but the shell is
white and the band is colored as in the specimen of fluctwosa
described above. In the R. McAndrews collection at the Uni-
versity of Cambridge. The label gives only Madeira as the
locality, but the specimen is probably a fossil from Canigal.

Leptaxis forensis (Wollaston). This is certainly very close
to L. wollastont Lowe, and if considered only a variety, it
must take the name L. wollastoni var. minor (Paiva), which
has priority.

104 THE NAUTILUS.

SOME NOTES ON THE HINGE OF THE SPHAERIIDAE

BY V. STERKI

The configuration of the hinge of the Spheriide has at-
tracted the attention of malacologists for a long time, and
there has been a good deal of discussion about some of the
features. It appears that a few points are still open to con-
troversy, and some may have been overlooked. The notes
following contain part of the results of examining many
thousands of specimens during the last thirty years. Speciai
attention has been paid to the primitive formation of the
hinges in the early nepionic stages of these mussels, with the
subsequent changes to maturity, and to the particularly in-
teresting subject of variation, with respect to the classifica-
tion and the standing of species. This last topic, however,
can be only summarily sketched here, and will have to be
considered in a special article.

General Configuration. — In all of the Spheriide now
known, principally the genera Pisidium, Spherium, Muscu-
lium and Eupera, the hinge is uniform so far as essential
features are concerned. It is much of the same configuration
as that of the Cyrenide, yet with some significant differences,
especially in the cardinals, and there are probably some dif-
ferences in the soft parts. On the other hand, this hinge is
markedly different from that of the Naiades, not only by the
presence of all ‘‘teeth’’ in all species, but also by the fact
that there is no such embryonic larval stage as the glochidium
and lasidium.

Of teeth, there are the CARDINALS at the center, in front of
the ligament, one in the right valve and two in the left, and
the LAMIN#, two anterior and two posterior in the right and
one of each in the left valve. The term ‘‘lateral teeth,’’ for
the same, is not only cumbersome but inadequate, inaugurated
at a time when the parts of the mussel, i. e. the animal, were
misunderstood. The term ‘‘lamine’’ appears to be prefer-

THE NAUTILUS. 105

able, and it has been used long ago by some writers, e. g. for
the ‘‘lateral teeth’’ of the Naiades.

It may appear somewhat surprising that the hinge of P1st-
dium, as a whole, is generally better formed, and much more
diversified, than those of the other genera. Even in mussels
two millimeters long or less when full grown, the hinges are
perfect. But there are considerable, or extreme, differences
as to the general shape, and the configuration of the several
parts, as exemplified in pl. 3, figs. 4-6.

In order to simplify description, symbols—that is, letters
and numbers— have been used by F. Bernard and vthers,
especially for the cardinals and lamelle; see pl. 3, figs. 1 to 3
and explanation.

THE RIGHT CARDINAL. It has been stated by earlier writers,
e. g. Baudon, Prime, Clessin, Westerlund, that in the right
valve of Pisidium amnicum Muller and dubium Say? there
are two cardinals, and a group, or subgenus, has been estab-
lished principally on the strength of that feature. But it was
a misconception, due to careless examination; in adolescent
and mature mussels, C3 is more or less deeply emarginate
in the middle, and the anterior and posterior parts were
taken for two teeth. (See Sterki, 1. c.) It should be noted
that in some other species of Pistdium the crest of C3 is more
or less emarginate, and also generally and markedly so in
Musculaum.

This mistaken view has been applied indiscriminately to all
species of Pisidiwm by some authors, e. g. T. Prime, and even
to all Spheriide (Prime, ’65, pp. 2, 33, 36 etc.), and it was
copied, evidently without examining a specimen, by some
American writers, e. g. R. E. Call (1900, p. 488 ete.).

While in the sense pointed out the right cardinal is single,
its posterior part is more or less distinctly complex in most
species, and also in Spherium and Musculium. In many de-
scriptions it has been stated that in Pisidiwm the posterior

1 Generally known as virginicum (Gmelin) Jenyns; but its identity
has been doubtful. Recently, upon careful investigation, Dr. Pilsbry has
restored T. Say’s name dubium (Cyclas dubia).

106 THE NAUTILUS.

part is thicker, and grooved, ‘‘sulcate’’, to bifid or bifurcate.
In fact, it is complex from its early nepionic formation, even
when quite small (see pl. 3, figs. 11, 12).

Aside from that feature, which will have to be considered
later, C3 shows considerable differences as to shape. In some
species with thin shells and slight hinges, apparently more
primitive, it is straight or nearly so, longitudinal, with its
posterior end not or little thickened, barely or not complex.
But in most, the anterior and posterior parts, especially the
latter, are more or less curved downward, and generally the
posterior is more or less complex, as in pl. 3, figs. 1, 4, 6, 8).
The extreme of this formation is reached in P. amnicum and
dubium, when C3 is horseshoe or A-shaped. These species
have another feature which may be worth mentioning: the
two shanks or rami of C3 show a slight but distinct forward
direction in their lower parts. That is evidently caused by
the growth and shape of the mussel: its anterior part be-
comes much larger than the posterior and directed downward,
the dorso-ventral axis forms a curve, and in. concordance with
that, the cardinals, C3 and C2, also grow obliquely.

THE LEFT CARDINALS. The anterior, C2, fitting in below
C3 in the closed mussel, is generally of similar shape, except
that it is simple. Its base is straight, or more or less curved,
and then its lower face is more or less concave. The crest is
rounded or more often pointed, and from being bent more or
less upward, appears to be massive in lateral view. Its posi-
tion shows marked and significant differences: in some
species it is on the edge of the hinge plate and often even
more or less projecting downward over it, while in others it
is rather high up on the plate, which then is usually broader.

The left anterior, C4, near the anterior end of the ligament
in its upper part, and adjacent to the posterior part of C3,
is usually more or less oblique and curved, its edge straight
(truncate) to somewhat rounded. In species with C3 and C2
straight and longitudinal, C4 is usually conform and parallel
with them. Generally its anterior (upper) part passes for-
ward above part of C2, and sometimes its whole length.
And very often it becomes connate with the end of the an-

THE NAUTILUS. 107

‘

terior valve margin (the ‘‘nymph’’) and may even appear
to be a downward continuation of it.?

Baupon, 1857, p. 42, etc., states that P. ammcum has two
cardinals in the right valve ‘‘réunies par leur sommet,’’ and
says the same of the two in the left, which are in fact sep-
arate from the nepionic stage. More surprising is the state-
ment that casertanum has three cardinals in each valve, due
to a misconception from insufficient examination and pre-
conceived ideas. The author evidently has never examined
young specimens and observed the devlopment from the
primitive formation to the adult.

CLESSIN, 1879, pp. 8, 9, and WESTERLUND, pp. 18, 19 divide
the Pisidia in three groups: Pluminina (P. amnicum) with
two cardinals in each valve, standing ‘“‘side by side’’; Rivu-
lina (type P. supinwm) has one cardinal in the right and two
in the left valve, also ‘‘side by side’’; in Fossarina there is
one in the right valve and two in the left, ‘‘one behind the
other,’’ which really means: one above, resp. below, the
other; just as in place of ‘‘side by side’’, above, it should
be: one behind, or in front of the other, if the parts of the
animal are considered (anterior and posterior, dorsal and
ventral). This by the way. But between the two last groups
there are intermediate forms, and it appears that they are
not clearly separable.

In Musculiwm, the right cardinal is markedly different
from that of Pisidiwm and, it might be said, of a quite pecu-
liar formation (see pl. 3, fig. 13). Its anterior part may be
strictly longitudinal, straight, and rather long, but more often
it is oblique, more or less curved with the convexity below;
at the center it is strongly and sharply curved down with
C3i directed at right angles towards the plate edge, or more
often even forward, forming a hook, C3o is large and wing-
like, somewhat different with the several species, and rather

2The fact has often been overlooked that the dorsal shell margin of
each valve is not continuous but interrupted by the ligament. The
proximal, or central, end of the anterior part is slightly bent inward
under the anterior ‘‘end’’—the initial part—of the ligament.

108 THE NAUTILUS.

variable as to size and shape. In the middle, above, there is
usually a rather deep emargination in the crest.

The anterior left, C2, is nearly straight to slightly curved
at its base, triangular, directed obliquely backward, and bent
upward, with the apex pointed, or nearly so, and opposite the
emarginate middle of C3. From its aspect in lateral view it
appears to be massive, and must be examined from other
angles also in order to see its real shape. C4 is more or less
oblique, little projecting, generally rather short, and occa-
sionally vestigial. It is evidently of less consequence in the
mechanism of the hinge than its equivalent in Pisidium.

It may be added that this combination of ‘‘teeth’’ with
their interlocking is quite an interesting object of study.
The primitive shape in the young nepionic mussel, especially
of C3, should be compared and then the gradual changes
followed up to the final configuration in the adult.

In Spherium the shape of the cardinals is somewhat the
same, but they are comparatively smaller and plainer; C4 is
quite small, short and often rudimentary or wanting. With
Eupera, the hinge is generally slight, and the cardinals are
small and plain, and C4 is more often rudimentary or want-
ing than developed.

The Lamine. It is well to distinguish between a lamina
in toto and its cusp, or apex as it is also termed, that is a
more or less projecting part of its crest, usually pointed.
Many lamine have no cusps or only rudimentary. Quite
generally the laminar cusps of the left valve, alI and pllI,
fitting into the grooves, or fosse, between al and alll an-
teriorly, resp. pl and plIII posteriorly, are projecting over
the median plane, or the level of the valve-edges, while the
right ones are not so, or only exceptionally and slightly, and
except in reversed hinges (q. v.).

In Spherium, Musculium and Eupera, the posterior lamin
are longer than the anterior, but the latter, al and all, are
generally stouter and have well-formed, pointed cusps, and
so has alll, though it is usually quite small. Spheria gen-
erally have a distal, rounded cusp on plII, and a slighter one

THE NAUTILUS. 109

on pl, and Musculia have the same, still less marked, and in
nearly all species the lamine are very slight.

In Pisidium, having the anterior part of the mussel larger,
with a few exceptions, the anterior lamine, al and all, are
generally somewhat longer and stouter than pI and pll.
The whole hinge and the lamin, with their cusps, show great
differences of configuration, that it is out of place here even
to sketch the principal forms; pl. 3, figs. 4-6 show a few of
them, and some notes will be found later on. The outer
lamine of the right valve, alII and pllIlI, are generally much
smaller than al and pI, in some species constant, in others
occasionally only vestigial or wanting.

Some lamine, especially the stouter ones, and again especi-
ally those of the right valve, on the surfaces surrounding the
grooves between them, are microscopically rugulose. It may
be noted in this connection that the feature is especially de-
veloped, locally, with species of Spherium, e. g. solidulum, sul-
catum, rivicola, etc. In these, on the upper face of al, there
is a circumscribed, rather small area, somewhat concave, and
often walled in by a more or less raised rim, not only rugu-
lose but densely beset with separate, round, wart- or tubercle-
like prominences; the opposite, lower face of alII shows the
same, though less marked: the place where the tip of the
cusp of all enters; yet the latter is smooth or shows only
very slight rugosity.

Reversed Hinges. — In some specimens the hinges are re-
versed, that is: the teeth of the left valve have the formation
of the right ones, and vice versa, as the normal ones would
be seen in a mirror reflection. The hinge is either (1) totally
reversed, each valve showing all the features of the opposite
one, or (2) only the anterior part is reversed, namely the
cardinals and the anterior lamine, or (3) only the posterior
lamine. No specimen has been seen in which only the an-
terior lamine were reversed, or only the cardinals, or the
posterior lamin plus the cardinals. This is certainly of in-
terest morphologically. Such hinges are quite frequent with
the species of Spherium, e. g. striatinum, solidulum, ete. ;
twenty-five or even more per cent of the specimens in a lot.

110 THE NAUTILUS.

have often been seen. With Pisidiwm they are less frequent,
though noticed in many species, and with Musculaum they
are apparently scarce. (See B. Walker, 1896, 1899.)
Reversed hinges, whether totally or partially so, are not
the result of abnormal growth, tantamount to monstrosity ;
for, aside from the reversal, they are perfectly formed. And
they are formed that way from the earliest stages of the
nepionic shell. On the other hand, they are not hereditary,
or at any rate not regularly or even prevalently so: nepionic
mussels with reversed hinges have been taken from normally
hinged parents, and vice versa; also, young with normal and
others with reversed hinges may be found in one parent.
What is the explanation? Has this tendency been the
same with their early ancestors and transmitted, or has it
developed later? Examination of good numbers of tertiary,
eretaceous and earlier fossils might show—and such are
needed even more for the study of phylogeny. The question
is of interest also in view of the fact that with the Naiades
reversed hinges are at least very rare. It might be worth
while to examine large numbers of the related Cyremde.

Early Nepionc Formation.

Félix Bernard (’95-’97) has made careful studies on the
hinges of the Pelecypoda. In looking over his publications,
somewhat hurriedly, I failed to find the exact statements on
the points to be considered here, and cite the following from
Pelseneer and B. B. Woodward.

‘“‘The permanent hinge teeth are only formed at a later
period, by the growth of distinct lamine on the surface of the
hinge. Thus, in the typical Eulamellibranchia, the first
lamelle originate at the extremities of the hinge surface,
below the provinculum [= a series of little transverse den-
ticulations], and grow towards the center of the hinge area;
the internal ends of the anterior lamelle become hook-shaped,
and their hooks become separated from their external ends;
the latter form the outer lateral teeth’’ (Pelseneer 1. ¢., p.
213).

‘Tn the group to which Pisidiwm belongs, in the right valve

THE NAUTILUS. oO

C8 is at first continuous with alll, and in the left valve C2
with all, C4 with a subsequently suppressed alV’’ (B. B.
Woodward, 1913, p. 3).

The mode of formation as set forth has not been seen in
any of the hundreds of young nepionic mussels carefully ex-
amined, of many species of Pisidium, Spherwum and Muscu-
lium. This does, of course, not mean to deny its existence in
other forms of Eulamellibranchia. Those under considera-
tion may be somewhat aberrant.

In the very young shelly nepionic valves, deposited on the
primitive continuous shell membrane to be the periostracum,
the initial hinge-plates are formed centrally, one in each
valve, callus-like, and growing out towards either end (pl. 3,
fig. 9). Ata somewhat later stage (fig. 10) the cardinals are
forming, as small nodules, and the lamine al and all, pI pl
and pII are beginning to form. Of alll and plll, there are
not even ‘‘vestiges’’; they appear later, at least in some in-
stances, apparently branching out from al and pI, when C3
has grown somewhat, is generally larger than alll, and well
confined. From this it is evident that the right cardinal can-
not be the ‘‘internal’’ or proximal end of allII; so far as
seen, the two are never connected.

In the left valve, as stated, C2 is present, and well confined
before there is really an anterior lamina, and so it also can-
not be the internal, and last formed, end of all. In some
Pisidia, however, e. g. pauperculum, with a peculiar thicken-
ing of the hinge-plate in the adolescent and adult, all be-
comes subsequently connected with C2; but in other speci-
mens of the same, the proximal end of C2 curves upward
and stands above C2, without connecting. In Musculium, C2
is often prolonged anteriorly, at it base, and is parallel to the
proximal part of all. Of an early formed—and subsequently
suppressed—alV, not a vestige has been seen, and C4 has
been growing out on the plate at the same time with C2
and C3.

It should also be noted that nothing of a provinculum has
been seen in any specimen, and that stage of development
appears to have been skipped in the Spheriude.

112 THE NAUTILUS.

Changes with Growth.

While the morphology of the adult shells has been studied,
and also the formation of the young, the intermediate stages
and changes have been somewhat neglected. Yet they are
essential for a real understanding of at least some of the
features of the full-grown. The growth of each valve at the
periphery is accompanied by a gradual turning outward
around the axis in the ligament, to an angle of about 80 to
120 degrees in the mature mussel, or twice as much for the
two. With this turning the ‘‘teeth’’ have ‘to keep step, grow-
ing, in order to maintain their contact and interlocking.
Each cardinal thus forms a widening spiral, though somewhat
modified by growth not only towards the opposite valve and
cardinal but also upward. But at the same time its base is
lengthening, and in most of the species the anterior and
posterior ends grow more or less downward over the thicken-
ing or widening hinge-plate, and it thus becomes curved or
angular. It has been noted before that in some species C3
and C2 remain straight or nearly so, and these grow out
mostly at their anterior ends. With C4, growth is somewhat
different, except for the last-mentioned forms: it is mostly
the posterior or lower part which grows, and obliquely down-
ward. Of the posterior part of C3, the two components may
remain closely connate, as in P. compressum, variabile, cruct-
atum ete., or they grow more and more apart.

There is another element which affects the configuration of
the cardinals. With growth and the turning of the valves,
the hinge-plate grows, as in length, so in thickness. But the
increase in thickness is slight in some species and forms, and
in these the cardinals generally stand out free, e. g. splendr-
dulum, tenuissimum ete. In others the hinge-plate becomes
much thicker, broader in lateral aspect, and it grows around
the cardinals so that they are projecting only slightly, or
partially not at all; these again are: P. compressum, supinum,
kirklandi, fallax ete., and equilaterale, variabile, pauperculum
ete., In which C3i and C30 are connate in a compact mass,
as there is no space to expand in. There is a well-confined,

THE NAUTILUS. stile?

deep fossa or excavation below C3, between it and the plate
edge, which just at that place is sometimes even raised over
the general level, tooth-like, and it may be mentioned that
such a form of variabile has been described as mirabile by
Clessin. That fossa is left unfilled for the accommodation of
C2, and a similar one is in the left valve, between C2 and C4,
for the reception of the posterior part of C3.

A large number of species are in a broad sense intermediate
between these extremes, not counting dubium and amnicum,
which have been mentioned above. In many, the hinge-plate
is moderately broad with the edge in its whole length some-
what projecting, the cardinals are moderately curved, in
many partially ‘‘buried’’, with a more or less marked groove
below, and with C3i and C3o generally distinct and more or
less divergent. Some of these species are: P. noveboracense,
abditum, politum ete.

With the growth in length of the valves, the LAMIN] grow
distad, but they not only lengthen but move, change their
positions, somewhat as the adductor muscles and their inser-
tions do; that is, the lamine of the young mussel have dis-
appeared in the adolescent and adult, inclosed first in the
growing hinge-plate and later in the proximal part of the
thicker lamine. With them proceed also the cusps, the fosse
of the right valve and the rugose areas described above. As
growth in many mussels is not continuous but interrupted
by rest periods, marked by lines on the outer surface, so it is
to some extent with the lamine, and they often can be dis-
tinctly seen in al and all of the larger Spheeria.

At the same time the lamine grow medianward, as the
eardinals do, and show a more or less distinct curving up-
ward. Also they gain in thickness, though moderately so in
Spherium and little in most species of Musculium. With
both of these, the hinges do not change very much in shape
during growth, after the nepionic stages, and also the essen-
tial features of the mature mussels are rather the same in the
several species of each genus. (The shape of the lamine of
a Spherium is shown in fig. 3, with the ‘‘history’’ of its
growth).

114 THE NAUTILUS.

The same cannot be said of Pisidium. In quite young
nepionic mussels the lamine are about of the same shape in
the several species, but differences become manifest early, and
in the adolescent and mature are extreme. In some species
the lamine are at slight angles to the hinge-plate, in others
at strongly marked angles (conf. figs. 5, 4) ; in some they are
very slight, in others very massive; the cusps may be little
marked or strongly so, may be at the distal ends of the
laminz or near the center. In some they are very short at

the bases, very abrupt, spine-like, fig. 71, and there are

forms where a small cusp is about all that can be seen of a
lamina.

The Hinge in Classification.

Up to date, some authorities have insisted on treating Mus-
culium as a subgenus of Spheriuwm. There is hardly a speci-
men which cannot be recognized as being of one genus or the
other, by its hinge; but there are other features also proving
that Musculiwm is decidedly distinct.

As to specific distinction in Spheriwm, we may simply re-
peat what has been said above. True, there are very con-
spicuous differences in regard to size, curvature and heavi-
ness of the hinges, as exemplified by sulcatum and stamineum
or solidulum. But they are more of quantity than quality,
so to say, and moreover, extreme forms of one species are
often more different from each other in this respect than
some manifestly distinct species are from others. Other fea-
tures of the mussels must be considered also, such as size,
shape, prominence of the beaks, surface sculpture ete. Though
outside of the subject under consideration, it may be added
that many species show considerable variation in these re-
spects also, and exact identification is in many instances
rather difficult. The same is generally true with Musculiwm.

In Pisidium the hinge formation is much more diversified
than in the other genera, as has been pointed out, and is a
principal factor in distinguishing species. It has been pro-
posed to consider the hinges alone, excluding all other fea-
tures of the mussel as too variable, and consequently worth-

THE NAUTILUS. 115

less. But it must be stated that, in the first place, two or
several manifestly distinct species may show the same essen-
tial hinge characters, as e. g. P. compressum, supinum,® frau-
dulentum, forms of variabile, equilaterale, and one or two
others, so that they could not be recognized with certainty
by the hinges alone; in amnicum and dubiwm the hinges are
practically alike; and the same must be said of species of
some other groups. Consequently it is necessary to consider
other features also, and upon careful and judicious examina-
tion it will be found that they are not worthless.

In some species the hinges are quite peculiar, with features
‘seen in no others, just as there are some characteristic and
recognizable irrespective of their hinges.

On the other hand, in examining numerous specimens it
will be found that the hinge also shows more or less of varia-
tion in most of the species. A description carried to minute
details, as thus postulated, is liable to disrupt an actual
species the hinge of which is variable. And to state again:
if the hinge alone is considered in establishing and recogniz-
ing species, regardless of other features, manifestly distinct
species will be ‘‘lumped’’ into one.

Even Baudon, ’57, p. 17, came to the conclusion that dif-
ferences of the hinge and its teeth are applicable for the dis-
tinction of groups, but not of species and varieties. ‘‘It is
consequently necessary to rely on other features also in order
to separate each type.’’

Interature Cited.

Baupon, Aucuste, Essai Monographique sur les Pisidies
Francaises. Paris, 1857.

BERNARD, FELrx, Premiere (to Quatriéme) Note sur le de-
veloppement et la morphologie de la coquille chez les
Lamellibranches. Bull. Soe. Géol. France, sér. III, tome
XXIII & seqq., 1895-1897.

Cauu, R. E., A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mol-

3 supinum comes very close to compressum.

116 THE NAUTILUS.

lusca of Indiana, in Indiana Dept. of Geology, 24th An-
nual Report, 1900, pp. 487 & sqq. (Corbiculade).

Cuxrssin, S., Die Familie der Cycladeen, Martini & Chemnitz,
Vol, 9; pt. 3, 1879.

PELSENEER, Paun, A Treatise on Zoology edited by EH. Ray
Lankester, Part V Mollusca, London, 1906.

Prime, TEMPLE, Monograph of American Corbiculade. Smith-
sonian Inst., 1865.

SrerkK1, V., The Nautilus, XXV, p. 1, 1911.

Waker, Bryant, On Certain Abnormal Spheria, The Nau-
filus, LEX, p. 135, 1896; Conf. 1. c. XTL, py U7 3838:
WESTERLUND, CARL AGARDH, Fauna der. . . Palearctischen

. . . Binnenconchylien, VII, Malacozoa Acephala.
Woopwarp, B. B., Catalogue of the British Species of Pisi-
dium. British Museum, 1913.

EXPLANATION OF Figures, PLATE III.

Hinges of Spheriide; in all figures, the right valve is on
the right, and the left on the left hand, the posterior is above,
the anterior below.

Fig. 1: lateral view of the hinge of Pisidium, diagram-
matic; 1, ligament; m, dorsal valve margin; p. (in figs. 9
and 10, periostracum = shell membrane; pl, hinge plate;
u, umbones (beaks) ; cardinals: C3 of the right valve; C3i,
posterior part of the same, proper, or inner; C30, additional
or outer component; of the left valve: C2 anterior, C4 pos-
terior; laminz: al anterior inner or principal, alll anterior
outer of the right valve; all anterior left; pI and pIII pos-
terior inner and outer of the right valve, pII posterior left.

Fig. 2: the same, viewed from below; notice that the cusps
of the left lamine are projecting over the level of the valve-
edges, and thus over the median or sagittal plane, and the
same in figs. 3 and 7; symbols the same as in fig. 1.

Fig. 3: Spherium solidulum Prime, viewed from below in
partly open (gaping) mussel.

Figs. 4, 5, 6 to show differences in the configuration in some
species of Pisidium; 4, P. compressum Prime, form, half-
diagrammatic; mussel about 4.5 mm. long; the separate fig-
ures show cardinals somewhat in detail.

Fig. 5, P. fabale Sterki (from Montana), about 7 mm.
long (the plate of the right valve is somewhat too broad).

Fig. 6, P. vesiculare Sterki, mussel about 2 mm. long; the

THE NAUTILUS. 117

hinge, in profile, is somewhat like that in fig. 7, but of the
lamine little is to be seen but the small, pointed cusps not
much larger than the cardinals.

Fig. 7. P. ovum Sterki (Montana, Alaska), hinge viewed
from below.

Fig. 8. Cardinals of P. dubiwm Say.

Fig. 9. Very young nepionic mussel of Spherium stami:
mneum Conrad, 0.6 mm. long, showing the valves deposited on
the continuous shell membrane, the very short ligament, and
the primitive hinge plates; very fine and slight radial lines
are seen on the beaks of most Spheride.

Fig. 10. Nepionic of the same, somewhat more advanced,
1.8 mm. long; the cardinals are just beginning to form on
the plate.

Fig. 11. Young nepionic hinge of Spherium occidentale
Prime, viewed from below in the open mussel; the cusps of
the laminez are just beginning to form and are smaller than
the cardinals; alll is very small and remote from C3, which
is plainly complex; pIII is not yet formed.

Fig. 12. Musculium transversum Say, nepionic, at an early
stage; the plates are somewhat too broad.

Fig. 18. Musculium sp., cardinals.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF SLUGS. II

BY H. A. PILSBRY

The notes on this subject in the January NavutTILus, p. 77,
provoked several letters on the subject, bringing out facts
which materially alter the tentative conclusions of that paper.
Mr. Tom Iredale, who has run to earth so many stray names,
writes as follows:

‘‘Upon investigation I find that when Férussae introduced
Arion (Hist. Nat. Moll., Vol. II, pt. I, 1819, p. 50), dealing
with the anatomy on p. 67 he wrote: ‘L’on peut consulter
d’ailleurs, pour se convaincre de leur analogie, les descrip-
tions que Swammerdam a donnée de l’anatomie du cochlea
nuda domestica, et du cochlea agrestis sive viarum, types de
ces deux genres.’

‘“‘As Férussac had previously cited Swammerdam’s two

118 THE NAUTILUS.

species correctly in his synonymy [of Arion empiricorum (=
A. ater) and Inmax maximus, respectively], I conclude that,
in the strictest sense, this can be regarded as type designa-
tion, and consequently the type of Arion was fixed by orig-
inal designation, and the type of Lima was first selected by
Férussac at the place cited. As this agrees absolutely with
conventional usage, it is a delightful result.’’

This passage in Férussac’s long account, which I had over-
looked or not recognized as significant, therefore leaves A. ater
the type of Arion, and A. maximus the type of Limacz.

Mr. B. B. Woodward has called my attention to the fact,
hitherto overlooked, that Turton, in his Manual of Land and
Fresh-water Shells of the British Is., 1831, p. 4, said under
Ivmacellus (evidently an emendation of Limacella Brard)—
“Type Limacella parma Brard’’. This — L. maximus L.,
thus making Limacella an exact synonym of Limaz, and fin-
ally eliminating it from zoological nomenclature. Hulimaz
Moq., with the same type, is also finally disposed of.

RAMB.ES OF A MIDSHIPMAN. I

BY P. S. REMINGTON, JR.

In 1918 I had the good fortune to receive a senatorial ap-
pointment to the U. 8. Naval Academy at Annapolis, and
entered it with visions of opportunities to collect in foreign
stations on my cruises. I went on my first cruise the follow-
ing summer, in June 1919, and began to realize these visions.

Our first port of call was St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, and
we were one and all glad to see the rocky shores of these
islands rising sheer out of the water, after a week at sea. It
was my first experience with the West Indies and I was see-
ing everything through a many-colored glass. To heighten
the tropical aspect, we had no sooner dropped anchor off the
harbor entrance than our ships were surrounded with bum-
boats loaded with fruit, corals, sea fans, huge Strombus gigas,

a

THE NAUTILUS. 119

and other things. The negroes dove expertly for coins, tread-
ing water and calling, ‘‘ You heave, I dive, chief !’’

I was all on fire to get ashore, and had the opportunity
next day. We went in and tied up to the dock to coal, all
hands donning khaki and going on liberty. With a friend,
whom I had managed to interest in collecting (to his subse-
quent sorrow), I set off across the hills. The heat was in-
tense and we were anxious to reach the shore for other reasons
than conchological. On the way up a large hill I turned
over some fallen boards near an old shanty, and was sur-
prised to find hundreds of live Bulimulus exilis, in company
with a few Subulina octona. I picked a boxful and we then
moved on. That was all the land collecting I was able to do
in St. Thomas, for reasons which will appear shortly.

We came out at last on a smooth beach and hastened to
strip and get in for aswim. While my companion was sport-
ing in the waves, I was scurrying over the rocks picking up
Neritas, Thais, Littorina, Planaxis, Fissurella, large Livona
pica, and many Chitons. Compared to the drab and meager
fauna of New England which I was familiar with, this was a
riot of wealth.

Alas! I reckoned not on two things. The first was the
West Indian HEchinus. I had the misfortune to stumble
through a bed of these infernal black, long-spined fellows
twice, and for a moment forgot collecting. Even the volu-
minous vocabulary of the Navy seemed inadequate to do jus-
tice to the occasion, but the worst was yet to come.

The second thing I disregarded was the tropical sun. Those
of my readers who have been in the tropics will scarcely resist
smiling when I say that after our swim we stretched out on
that beach sans raiment for two hours in the full glare of
the sun, broken by short dips in the delightfully warm ocean!
We soon repented our folly and learned to respect the power
of the sun’s rays.

At length we leisurely dressed, gathered up our concho-
logical treasures, and started back to the ship, intending to
visit the town also and pay our respects to the ice-cream
parlor there. This last we never did, for we had not been

120 THE NAUTILUS.

on the road ten minutes before the punishment we had been
taking from the sun’s rays began to assert itself and we
began to realize that we were ‘‘sunburnt’’! By the time we
reached the ship we felt exactly like two live broiled lobsters.
In addition, we had a dizzy feeling, which we tried to ease by
lying down. But we could no more lie down than fly, for
we were sunburnt on every blessed inch of our bodies! After
a night of misery, we presented ourselves at sick bay next
morning and asked to be relieved and turned in. The doctor
certainly told us what he thought of us and ordered us to be ©
painted with picric acid and turned in. I had just fore-
thought enough before turning in to dump my shells in a
bucket and stow it in an unused bulkhead. For three mortal
days we twisted in agony, getting no rest or sleep, while the
skin peeled off us in slabs. Meanwhile we had left port and
put to sea. But to crown my misfortunes, while I was laid
up some able seaman found my bucket of shells and dumped
the smelly mess overboard! I didn’t mind the sunburn and
the loss of liberty (though my companion did), but I did be-
wail the loss of my beloved shells.

Our next port was Guantanamo, Cuba, where I found all
the species I had taken at St. Thomas, as nearly as I could re-
member, and more too. On the coral cliffs near the marine
encampment I found Tectarius muricatus way above high
water, four species of Nerita, two Littorinas, Trochus, Li-
vona, and many others. The rocks were just paved with
thousands of Acanthopleura granulata and Chiton squamosus.
These last were way out where the surf was crashing and
many times I had to drop my knife and hang on like a limpet
while a wave broke over me and soaked me to the skin. This
time, however, I took the precaution to keep my skin well
covered. On a nearby beach I found Modulus modulus and
Cerithium atratum in company on the eel grass, also my old
friend the Echinus. Burrowing through the mud, I found
several Strombus gigas, S. bituberculatus and Vasum muri-
catum. On the way back I noticed a white land shell plentiful
on all the bushes, which I later identified as Cepolis ovum-

THE NAUTILUS. PAL

reguit. I also found a single specimen of Macroceramus,
which I have not yet identified.

Of course I was much handicapped by the fact that I was
in uniform, and consequently rather conspicuous, also that L
had no means of properly caring for the shells on board
once I had collected them. For these reasons I didn’t collect
as intensively as I might have, and I have often kicked myself
since for it. Some day I hope to return to these interesting
islands.

The following is a list of the mollusks I collected in the
West Indies, as far as I have been able to determine them.
Mr. Charles W. Johnson and Mr. W. F. Clapp have kindly
aided me in identifying the material.

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.
Bulimulus exilis Gmel. Subulina octona Brug.

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Thais patula L. Nerita peleronta L.

Thais undata Lam. Nerita tesselata Gmel.
Sistrum nodulosum C. B. Ad. Chlorostoma excavatum Lam.
Cymatium aquatile Rve. Livona pica L.

Leucozonia cingulifera Lam. Vasum muricatum Born.
Strombus bituberculatus Lam. Fissurella nodosa Born.

Strombus gigas L. Fissurella barbadensis Gmel.
Cerithium litteratum Born. Acmaea candeana Orb.
Cerithium atratum Born. Cepolis ovum-reguli Lea.
Littorina ziczac Gmel. Macroceramus sp.

Littorina z. lineatus Lam. Chiton tuberculatus L.
Tectarius muricatus L. Chiton squamosus L.
Echinella nodulosa Pfr. Acanthopleura granulataGmel.
Modulus modulus Lam. Codakia orbicularis L.
Planaxis nucleus Wood. Lucina chrysostoma Morch.

Nerita praecognita C. B. Ad. Arca occidentalis Phil.
Nerita versicolor L. Arca deshayesil Hanley.

122, THE NAUTILUS.

NOTES ON ACTEOCINA

BY A. M. STRONG

Dr. Dall in the January Nautiuus gives the reasons for
some of the confusion in the published ranges for the West
Coast members of the genus Acteocina to which I called at-
tention in the October number. Unfortunately he does not
give the corrected range for A. culcitella, which is much
greater than that given in his ‘‘Summary’’. For the present, -
at least, it will be well to consider that the known ranges are
fixed by the large amount of material that has accumulated
in the United States National Museum. If this is done the
ranges given in the older publications will have to be con-
siderably emended. It would also seem that the published
descriptions should be extended to cover the variations found
in the different individuals of the several species.

This would give us, as I understand it, the following known
ranges for the West Coast species:

A. eximia (Brd.). Confined to the Oregonian fauna as a
living shell, extending from Puget Sound northward to Ko-
diak Island. Also found as a fossil in Southern California
but not living as given by Arnold.

A. culcitella (Gld.). A variable species with a wide range,
Puget Sound and northward to Kodiak Island, off the Golden
Gate, and through the Santa Barbara Channel, Santa Bar-
bara to at least as far south as San Diego. Also fossil in
Southern California.

A. cerealis (Gld.). With the last and probably only a
junior of it, but listed as a separate species in collections and
literature, both as living and fossil.

A. inculta (Gld.). Through the Santa Barbara Channel
and extending northward to Monterey and southward to San
Diego.

A. carinata (Cpr.). A Gulf of California species extend-
ing as far north as San Diego, and if Zetek’s list is correct,
as far south as Panama.

THE NAUTILUS. 123

A. smirna (Dall). With the last, San Diego to San Sal-
vador.

A. infrequens (C. B. Ads.). A Panama species extending
as far north as Cape San Lucas. Also found as fossil in
Southern California.

A. planata (Cpr.). Described by Carpenter from speci-
mens labeled from San Diego, but seemingly not known from
there by present-day collectors.

There would seem to be a probability that further collect-
ing and a careful examination, both as to identification and
locality, of the material in other collections, would extend

these known ranges.

SONORELLAS AND SCENERY

BY EDWIN E. HAND

““Master of human destinies am I.
I knock unbidden once at every gate.’’

As Senator Ingalls said, it was my ‘‘hour of fate’’. For
years I have had a great desire and a standing invitation to
go snailing in Arizona with the veteran collector, James H.
Ferriss. Last summer, opportunity knocked, the gate opened,
and my dream came true.

With Dr. W. T. Miller of Los Angeles to initiate us into
the mysteries of Dame Nature’s landscape and all their beau-
ties, botanical, geological and the rest, we three left Tucson
on the afternoon of June 27th, headed toward the Grand
Canyon. We made no schedule. We were to stop whenever
and wherever any of us wished and stay as long as we could
find entertainment. A joyful trio were we. Everything was
new, strange, pleasing. We shall never forget the sights,
sounds, thrills of this Arizona trip. We not only found
“‘landscapes’’, under his magic spell, but we found snails.
And if the learned artist becomes not too deeply engrossed
in his chosen work, be not surprised to meet a ‘‘milleri’’ from
California in the near future.

124 THE NAUTILUS.

Our first camp was in the desert solitude miles away from
anywhere. We made our frugal fire, our magic meal, and
then our bed in the open under the stars, amidst sand and
sage, in the shade of a palo verde. Scattering desert vegeta-
tion and sand extended in every direction, and over all the
blue, and the stars so bright, so near, so friendly to us. It
was hot awhile, then cool, and ere dawn, with all our blan-
kets, we were cold.

We are often asked: ‘‘ But weren’t you afraid of rattle-
snakes?’’ There are ten rattlers in Arizona and Mr. Ferriss ©
needs only three to complete his collection. Therefore, we
were looking for them all the time but saw not one. A horned
toad, mailed home, presented her new owner with seventeen
little ones just after her arrival. That is the most exciting
adventure we had ’mongst reptilia.

The giant cacti (Carnegiea gigantea) were abundantly
decorated with what I thought were flaming scarlet flowers,
but friend Ferriss soon taught us that they were ripe fruits.
Long poles enabled us to get enough to thoroughly appre-
ciate their fig-like lusciousness. The birds, bees and other
creatures enjoy them too and it seemed a shame to rob them
of their harvest. But the miles and miles of the ‘‘trees’’ in
every direction seemed evidence that there was plenty for all.
This first taste of the quiet of the desert was repeated many
times on our trip and we city dwellers loved it so we never
tired of its restfulness.

Our chariot was a Ford, and it is still beyond my compre-
hension how anything made of metal by mere man can stand
up under the millions of maulings administered.

But on we go past Florence and Superior. Here on Picket
Post Mountain we found our first shells and got a good taste
of desert savagery, as we nearly perished from thirst in our
too eager attempt. But it taught us to go slower next time,
and after cooling off at Superior we were all right again.

Passing over the finished part of a new road, we ran upon
a peculiar and decided novelty re the road-builders near
Miami. This region used to be an Apache stronghold and as
late as fifty years ago was dangerous for a white man to

THE NAUTILUS. 125

traverse. Now, these same Indians are found to be very
faithful road workers. Their villages are pitched near by
and the braves are helping their white brothers build the
roads. But no, they are not quite willing to fraternize with
us. For in conversation with the big, young fellows, unusual
specimens of the physical man who have been educated at
the government schools, we learn that: ‘‘The teachers don’t
know anything,’’ and ‘‘All the white men are dishonest.’’
Our efforts to argue this away were unavailing, for these men
spoke from experience. Later facts, to our shame be it said,
showed that they spoke the truth.

Soon we sight Salt River and learn that it is dammed at
Roosevelt. We skip along over knolls and mesas, skirting the
south shore of the lake for twenty miles or more and detour
one mile to cliff dwellings. A stop here and a tramp up the
fine trail to the former abode of an ancient people, leads us
to our next Sonorella. A new one, Mr. Ferriss said, and right
in Chief Montezuma’s dooryard. We camped here, found
the accompanying spring of the people of long ago, drank,
bathed, loved the tropical grove of walnuts, cottonwoods,
willows, but found no more snails.

We lingered long on the Roosevelt Dam boulevard, the
most impressive work of man our eyes ever beheld. We ate
a fine dinner at that ‘‘shadow of a rock in a weary land,’’
Apache Lodge, replenished our gas, air, water, and then on
to Mills Canyon, where we easily found a large colony of
Sonorellas. On the top of a hill overlooking the water we
made our camp. The lake is nearly fifty feet lower than
usual. And now we are to see so many signs of suffering
man and beast when no rain falls in a dry climate and the
water-holes fail. One woman had a dozen young calves she
was trying to raise whose mothers had perished of thirst.
Whitening bones, some covered with dried hides, some naked,
were frequent sights.

Now we are in the Mogollon Mountains, Tonto Basin re-
gion, Zane Grey’s country. We did not see him this time and
forebore to visit his hunting lodge, sixteen miles by trail
from Payson. But we heard much about him and his Pleas-

126 THE NAUTILUS.

ant Valley and had long talks with his guide, Al Doyle, at
Flagstaff. Mr. Ferriss knows everybody, as this is his fif-
teenth trip to Arizona. We found no snails but the cutest
little cacti ever! One I mailed home is watching me as I
write and holding for me on each of its curved spines a
pleasant memory.

Three miles off our road we see two acres of grapes and
alfalfa right on top of a natural bridge. And you cannot
realize that you are on an arch 150 feet high, 140 wide, 400
long and 75 thick until you follow the path around and
down, get underneath and gaze upward. It was as interesting
as geometry to solve this ‘‘pons’’ saeculorum. A large spring
earries lime compounds in solution. It flows to the granite
canyon walls of Pine Creek. On evaporating, the deposit of
calcareous tufa tries to fill the canyon bed of the creek. Here

a battle royal is fought and the overwhelmed stream ecapitu-

lates with a subway, Q. E. D. Just like the ice bridges we
crossed in the Sierras, the avalanche blocks the stream, which
bores its way through, and the gentle murmurs from below
whisper its presence.

Before leaving this oasis we found a Sonorella which Mr.
Ferriss declared to be the queen of them all. And here L
solved my mystery—how to find new species. When I am
tired out and have said very decidedly, ‘‘Come on, let’s quit.
There is absolutely nothing here,’? my companion hears not,
heeds not, but soon sings out, ‘‘Sonorella, one bone. A fine
one. New species.’’ Then I go to work again and soon find
a ‘‘live’’ one. Dark catches us with fifteen or twenty good
dead ones and four or five live ones. And how we had to dig
for them! The sun shone merrily. It was very hot but
patience, perseverance, and hard work accomplished the im-
possible. And is not this a key to success in every walk
of life?

We were glad to run into Pine in Pleasant Valley. A
place ever to cherish and to which we are to return after our
mentor, Dr. Miller, leaves us at Grand Canyon. Pine is in a
valley about three miles long and one wide. Its elevation is
5500 feet and black lava mountains 3000 feet higher covered

eT

THE NAUTILUS. 127

with noble pines hem it in. A clear stream, fed by springs
miles away, runs through Main Street and the people dip
their pails into this and carry the water into their homes
only a few feet away. They also use this stream to irrigate
their orchards and gardens. Peaceful Pine, Pleasant Valley,
balm for tired humans! How we worked the slides on those
lava mountains! And we worked our ‘‘secret’’ too ’midst
soaking rain and pelting hail, often finding shells after all
hope was gone. Here we decided that the rainy season is
not the best time to find snails. Scores of ‘‘marks’’ on the
rocks but no ‘‘markers’’ led Mr. Ferriss to announce that
‘‘Madam snail had gone gadding’’. We found one right
out in the open on her way home.

Through Coconino County (200 miles by 150 miles, larger
than several eastern states), over natural roads good when it
doesn’t rain, we ride to Flagstaff. As we left the desert and
approached the forest preserve, how the trees ran to meet us!
First the youths, then their parents by scores and hundreds
hemmed us in and gave us a royal welcome. The pine forest
through which we ride is second only to the President’s pre-
serve on Kaibab Plateau beyond the north rim of Grand
Canyon. (Read Emerson Hough in Saturday Evening Post.)

On past the snow-capped San Francisco peaks, Sunset
Crater, and the edge of the Painted Desert to Grand View,
we speed our way. Now we camp in the desert and now in
the pine forest. But there are no snails to be found here.
And then the sunset and sunrise views of Grand Canyon, the
pictures, mid storm and sun—the despair of artists and poets
—what can a poor snailer say or do? Just drink it in and
afterward try to remember. That’s all. Down Bright Angel
Trail, not as Dr. Cooke on a mule, but on our own feet, we
took two days for the trip. Where he saw his fifteen or twenty
we found several hundred, all dead. There is an an immense
dike of limestone here in the midst of the sandstone and
snails must have recently flourished. But there were very
few live ones. We spent the night in an old mine tunnel
"midst age-old granite walls. Theodore Roosevelt says truly:
“‘The sullen rock walls towered hundreds of feet aloft, with

128 THE NAUTILUS.

something about their grim savagery that suggested both the
terrible and the grotesque. No one could paint or describe it
save one of the great masters of imaginative art or literature
—a Turner or Browning or Poe.”’

This night, ere we went to sleep, Dr. Miller told us of the
Arnold Arboretum of Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Horticulture
and of many interesting phases of his life. He said he was
going to put us to sleep. But his stories had the opposite
effect. The morning bath in the pools edging the roaring
Colorado, the little fire on its clean sand, to boil our coffee,
the walk back, the odor of fragrant shrubs in the rain; these
are delightful memories of the Grand Canyon. We made
good use of Harvey’s restaurant, of Kolb Brothers’ studio,
and Uncle Sam’s post-office, mailing cacti, agaves, ete. to
Washington and to our homes. And we spent part of two
days and nearly all night with the grand old scout, W. W.
Bass. If you visit this region do not fail to meet Bass. And
the treatment he has received from ‘‘the white man’’ makes
that of the Indian read like a romance of benevolence. ’Tis
Sunday, July 17th, and more than one-third of our life de-
parted when Dr. Miller left for his home in Los Angeles.

Mere chance took us to Walnut Canyon, the fourth of the
great, outstanding features of our trip. Here we spent a
week under very pleasant auspices. The meeting of Mr. Fer-
riss and his old friends of the Catalina Mountains, Mr. and
Mrs. Erickson, who are now the custodians of this National
Monument, was worth traveling miles to see. The dinners
served by this estimable couple to two auto-campers were
worth traveling miles to taste. The scenery and cliff dwel-
lings of Walnut Canyon are worth a stop over at Flagstaff
to visit. They are only ten miles from town over an excellent
road. There are miles and miles of cliff dwellings, two and,
in some places, three tiers high in this rugged, twisted gash
in ‘the earth. There must have been a half-million inhabi-
tants here, judging by the broken pottery scattered so thickly
about. We found a few hundred large shells and hundreds
of thousands of little fellows. Your humble correspondent
had the wonderful privilege of going clear to the bottom of

THE NAUTILUS. 129

the canyon with Dr. Thornber of Tucson, who was making
first-hand notes on the shrubs of Arizona. Here I found for
the first time the wild potato, and an Oenothera with corolla
tube seven inches long and caulis reduced to zero. The flower
came from a dandelion-like rosette of leaves and was a deli-
cate rose color. It grew on the edge of a wet swale on the
rim and there were nineteen individuals in the colony.

Mount Elden and the craters and canyons called us. We
found small shells everywhere, but few large ones in the
next four weeks. The rain descended upon us and soaked us.
The sun or camp fire dried us. We did not catch cold as we
would have done at home. We were living the outdoor life
and loved it so. When the rainy season came we added
mushrooms to our menu. Mushrooms both edible and ques-
tionable sprang up everywhere. For weeks we saw a dozen
new kinds a day. What a paradise for a mycologist! There
were all colors, shapes and sizes. Near the forest lookout on
Mt. Mahan we measured a big one. It was only eleven inches
in diameter. We thought surely it was a foot!

We returned to Peaceful Pine, eighty-five miles, for some
property we had cached there, expecting to return to Flag-
staff to entrain. The rains had made the roads impassable,
so we turned to the right, toward Winslow. This wild road
was as good as a boulevard, and soon led us from the pine
forest to the desert edge with its scanty junipers and pinons.
This was a remarkable change and the bleak desolation of
those last twenty or thirty miles seemed to rise and strike us
in the eyes. The mirage did not plague us as it did the
prairie schooners of yore, for we had plenty of water and
gas and speed.

One of us must return to civilization, and one go on and
on, ever westward, ‘through the great desert, to California.
This is the realization of a beautiful dream of searching for
beautiful Soronellas ’midst the beautiful scenes of Arizona.

130 THE NAUTILUS.

NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF MOLLUSCA FROM LAKE WINNEBAGO,
WISCONSIN, WITH NEW RECORDS FROM THIS STATE *

BY FRANK C. BAKER

Winnebago Lake is the largest inland body of fresh water in
eastern America as itis also the shallowest in relation to its area.
Its greatest length is about 28 miles, its greatest width about 10
miles, and its maximum depth 203 feet. The lake is fed by
several large streams, Wolf River emptying into Lake Poygon
and Fox River entering Lake Butte des Morts. Lakes Butte
des Morts, Poygon, and Winneconne extend to the west of Lake
Winnebago and are marsh-bordered bodies of water. Butte des
Morts has a maximum depth of 15 feet, as has also the lower
part of the Fox River. All of these lakes are really widened-
out parts of the Fox and Wolf rivers, which encountered these
shallow basins when the ice receded to the north during the
waning of the Wisconsin ice cap.

The Lake Winnebago region offers unusual opportunities for
the study of ecological variation. The Fox River, which flows
for many miles as a typical river, expands to form Lake Butte
des Morts, then narrows to form another river, which at Osh-
kosh again widens into the great body of water known as Lake
Winnebago; from this lake a river flows, the lower Fox, which
empties into Green Bay of Lake Michigan. The river, both
above and below the lakes, contains a typical river fauna of
mollusks. The lake fauna, however, although but a continua-
tion of the Fox River, it is not like the river fauna, the species
being smaller and otherwise differing from the typical river
species. This variation was almost universally noted among
the naides, the lake shells being easily distinguished from the
river shells. The gastropods also varied in like manner. The
fauna reached its present location by way of the Wisconsin-Fox
valley, following the retreat of the continental ice cap, and the
varieties in Lake Winnebago and Lake Butte des Morts were
probably evolved subsequently.

* Contribution from the Museum of Natural History, University of
Illinois, No. 21.

THE NAUTILUS. lio

The study of this lake region was carried on under the
auspices of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Sur-
vey as part of a wide field study to ascertain the distribution of
the molluscan fauna of the State, preliminary to the prepara-
tion of a monograph of the aquatic species. An extensive
paper is in preparation covering in detail the ecological features
of the Winnebago fauna, both molluscan and general inverte-
brate, in which all of the molluscan species are discussed.
This will be published in the Transactions of the Wisconsin
Academy of Sciences, Art and Letters. Only new forms and
the more interesting new records are discussed in this paper.

Truncilla triquetra Raf. A single specimen of this Truncilla
was dredged at Omro, Fox River, from gravel bottom, at a depth
of 84 feet. This is a young shell, measuring, length 23, height
17, width 12mm. Triquetra has not heretofore been reported
from Wisconsin and its presence in the Fox River is surprising.
It is known from southern Michigan and from Will County,
Illinois. The specimen was living when dredged.

Lampsilis recta (Lamarck). Lakes Winnebago and Butte des
Morts. The recta inhabiting the lakes are uniformly smaller
than individuals living in Fox River. The relative difference
is shown in the table below in which the largest lake shells are
measured:

Length 115, height 50, width 86 mm. Male, Doemel Point,
Lake Winnebago.

Length 121, height 52, width 34mm. Female, Long Point,
Lake Winnebago.

Length 138, height 62, width 41 mm. Male, Princeton, Fox
River.

Length 135, height 59, width 89 mm. Female, Princeton.

This is a dwarf form produced by lake conditions and is par-
alleled by Lampsilis ventricosa canadensis and L. luteola rosacea.
The Winnebago shells are somewhat different from the Lake
Erie form named recta by Lamarck, the posterior ridge not be-
ing as well marked, but they seem clearly referable to the same
type. They are different from the ordinary river form of recta
(latissima) which is abundant in Wisconsin.

Lampsilis gracilis lacustris n. var. Lakes Winnebago and

£32 THE NAUTILUS.

Butte des Morts. Common on rock and sand bottoms in water
one to ten feet in depth.

As in Proptera and Lampsilis, the lake environment has pro-
duced a shell somewhat different from typical gracilis, which is
a river species. Compared with gracilis from the Fox River at
Omro, the lake shells are rounder, higher in proportion to their
length, the dorsal margin is strikingly alate in the male, form-
ing a distinct wing, the shell is more compressed, the color is
usually pale straw-yellow with few or no radiating lines, and
the rest periods are very distinctly marked. The largest speci-
men from Plummers Point, Lake Butte des Morts (the type)
measures as noted below, a small specimen of gracilis from Omra
being also added for comparison:

Length 94, height 61, width 30 mm. Butte des Morts. Type.

Length 100, height 67, width 35 mm. Omro, Fox River.

Gracilis from Illinois and other localities in the Hinkley col-
lection (about 15 lots) are without the marked wing so well de-
veloped in the males of the Winnebago Lake individuals and
are also much larger. Female shells of lacustris are smaller,
more ovate and narrower, but there is not as great difference in
the dorsal wing as in the male shells. They are uniformly
yellowish and have well marked rest periods.

Ortmann (1920, p. 249) has noted a difference between the
Lake Erie form of gracilis and the Ohio River form, but does
not believe the difference of enough value to distinguish. The
material from Wisconsin is quite strikingly different and the
separation of the lake form seems warranted. This, as well as
the other lake forms, are true ecological varieties, produced by
the change in environment.

Strophitus edentulus rhombicus (Anthony). Lakes Winnebago
and Butte des Morts, on a rocky or sand bottom, in one to five
feet of water. The edentulus of the lakes differ markedly from
those individuals living in rivers. They are much smaller,
more regularly elongated or subelliptical, and the umbones are
more depressed. A large individual from Lake Winnebago
(Long Point Island) measures, length 57, height 35, width
23 mm. ‘This is a characteristic lake form and is probably the
same as that mentioned by Ortmann as living in Lake Erie

THE NAUTILUS. 133

(Ortmann, 1920, p. 200). Anthony’s rhombica appears to fit
this form and renders a new name unnecessary (see Amer.
Journ. Conch., I, p. 158, pl. 12, fig. 5). The same form
occurs in Lake Michigan near Chicago. Walker has apparently
recognized the variety in Michigan (1911, p. 127).

Lasmigona costata eriganensis Grier. Long Point Island, Lake
Winnebago. The two specimens of this form found in beach
debris appear to be referable to the Lake Erie form described hy
Grier. Measurements are given below:

Length 90, height 53, width 30 mm.

Length 80, height 43, width 24 mm.

These conform to the diagnosis of Grier and are certainly dis-
tinguishable from the river form.

Elliptio gibbosus sterkii Grier. Lake Winnebago, sand and
gravel bottom, in water as deep as 10 feet; Lake Butte des
Morts, gravel and stone bottom, water from one to three feet
deep.

( To be continued)

NOTES,

Fisu-catcHinc Mussets.—When the U.S. 8. Albatross went
through San Francisco Bay from Sausalito into dry dock at
Mare Island in preparation for the cruise of 1914, three mussels
which were subsequently found attached to the bottom had
made a curious mistake. They had each been so unfortunate
in closing their shells as to catch a little fish called anchovy by
the head. It would be interesting to know which animal was
most surprised by the encounter.—-Epwarp C. JoHNsToN.

Mr. Edward C. Johnston of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries has
recently transferred his large collection of shells to the California
Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. The collection consists
of about 30,000 specimens, chiefly land and fresh-water species
of the Mississippi Valley. Almost all of the material was cata-
loged, identified and indexed, ready for reference at once. It
is not often that a museum receives a collection which requires

134 THE NAUTILUS.

so little labor for its installation. It is hoped that a man who
has so distinguished himself as an expert collector as Mr. John-
ston has in the past, will continue his conchological explora-
tions. —G. Datias Hanna.

Nore on Diata LEITHII SmritaH.—In the last number of the
‘*Nautitus’’ Dr. Dall calls attention to this species and con-
jectures that it may be a native of Lower California.

There appears to have been some inexplicable confusion be-
tween Smith’s paper on this species and the paper on Carinifex ~
ponsonbu which immediately precedes it in the P. Z. S. for 1875.
It is obvious that the figures in these two papers are transposed.
I have examined the type lot of D. leithii in the Brit. Mus.
(eleven shells and two opercula, reg. no. 75.6.17.1) and find
that it is labeled ‘‘ Bombay Harbour, Dr. A. H. Leith.”’ I
have no doubt that this is the correct locality, and I have in
my own collection a single example collected by the late Dr.
Archer at Singapore.—J. R. LEB. Tomuin.

CYTHEREA VIRGINEA A. ADAMS AND REEVE.—This species is
described and figured in the ‘‘ Mollusca of the Voyage of H. M.
S. Samarang,”’ p. 78, pl. 24, f. 10, and the locality given is
‘‘Hastern Seas.’? The British Museum possesses the figured
type of this shell, received from the famous Lombe Taylor col-
lection, into which many of the ‘‘Samarang’’ treasures found
their way, as well as two other examples, and all three are juve-
nile specimens of Tivela stultorum Mawe.

Hinds was probably responsible for the introduction of this
impostor amongst the Samarang’s collections.—T. R. LEB.
TOMLIN.

Limax FLAvus AT Bar Harsor, Marne.—I found several
specimens of this slug in 1920, and again last year.—C. W.
JOHNSON.

In Proc. Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1875, A. G. Wetherby
described Lithasia plicata as from Green River, Jackson Co., Ky.
Green River does not enter Jackson county and there are no

THE NAUTILUS. 135

streams in the county large enough to require a ferry. As the
shells occur in the Kentucky River, it may be assumed that
Wetherby meant the Clay’s Ferry of that stream. It is upon a
part of the river forming the border of Clark and Madison
counties. Richmond is the nearest large town.

A letter-writers’ controversy that raged for several days in a
New York newspaper brought out little known facts about the
spelling of the ‘‘ Muscle”? part of Muscle Shoals. Philologists
who contributed to Murray’s exhaustive dictionary have mobi-
lized no less than 26 English spellings for the mollusk called
mussel. A writer of 1584 informed his readers that witches
‘¢can saile in an egge shell, a cockle or muscle shell.’”?’ A
traveler’s book of 1681 reported that ‘‘ The natives of Brasile
use muscle shells for spoons and knives.’? In Glover’s History
of Derby (1829) mention is made of ‘‘a stratum of muscle
shells.’? The poet Browning, in 1873, said that:

‘Granite and muscle shell are ground alike
To glittering paste.’’

Messrs. Wharton Huber and Fletcher Street sailed for Blue-
fields, Nicaragua, Feb. 28th. They are to collect zoological and
botanical specimens for the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED.

Recent MoLiusca OF THE GULF OF MEXiIvo, AND PLEISTOCENE
AND PLIOCENE SPECIES FROM THE GULF States. Part 2. Scapho-
poda, Gastropoda, Amphineura, Cephalopoda. By Carlotta Joa-
quina Maury (Bull. Amer. Paleontology, Vol. 9, No. 38, pp.
34-142, 1922). A useful list with bibliography and distribu-
tion. We notice a few cases where the author has overlooked
some important changes in nomenclature. Siphonaria lineolata
is preoccupied and S. naufragum Stearns should be used instead.
In place of Oliva circinata Marr. C. sayana Ravenel should be
used (Nautitus, Vol. 28, p. 188, 1915). Scaphella junonia is

136 THE NAUTILUS.

the type of the genus Maculopeplum Dall, 1906. Busycon eliceans
is at most only a variety of carica. In using Janthina janthina
Linn. J. communis Lam. becomes a synonym. The species
showaltert is left in Neritina. There are various misspellings
such as Apicinca for Apicina, Epitomium for Epitonium, Petro-
trochus for Perotrochus, ete. —C. W. J.

FinaL REPORT ON THE STUDY AND APPRAISAL OF MusseL Re-
SOURCES IN SELECTED AREAS OF THE UppEr Mississippi RIVER. |
By N. M. Grier (Amer. Midland Nat., Vol. 8, pp. 1-383, 1922).
An interesting paper on the economic problems of the mussel
fisheries. A may showing the various areas considered is given.

THe LiFE oF THE PLEISTOCENE OR GLACIAL PERIOD. By
Frank Collins Baker (Univ. Ill. Bull. 41, Vol. 17, pp. 1-476,
pls. 1-57). This great work on the ‘‘ Life of the Pleistocene ’’
was begun about nine years ago when a drainage canal called
the North Shore Channel was being excavated; all of the ex-
posures in this as well as those of the Calumet-Sag Channel
were carefully studied. The study of the Chicago region led to
the consideration of other regions once covered by the great ice
sheet, and the results of these studies are embodied in this vol-
ume. There is a most exhaustive study of the life of the old
bed of glacial Lake Chicago, with a chapter on the post-glacial
biota of the great lakes region and pre-glacial conditions and
life. The various ice invasions and a summary of the life of
the Pleistocene is followed by a full bibliography.—C. W. J.

On THE CEPHALOPODA obtained by the Percy Sladen Trust
Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905. By G. C. Robson.
Trans. Linn. Soc. London, XVII, pt. 4. The most interest-
ing form is a very minute Benthoteuthid about 9 mm. long, but
believed to be adult, for which the new genus Chunoteuthis is
proposed.

New Eocene Species FROM ALABAMA. By T. H. Aldrich
(Bull. Amer. Paleont, IX, No. 37). Many new species had
one new genus, Tenuiactzon.

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