THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. XLI JULY, 1927, to APRIL, 1928 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department or Mollusca and Marine Invertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia CHARLES W. JOHNSON Curator of Insecta and Mollusiia, Boston Society of Natural History Boston CONTENTS OF THE NAUTILUS, XLl. Acanthochites matthewsi 105 Acmaea alveus Conrad 112 Acmaea fergusoni Wheat Ill Acmaea testudinalis Miiller 110 Alvania almo and A. winslowae 141 Ampullaria orbata Perry 64 Anciilosa carinata Brug 60 Ancylodoris baicalensis Dyb 42 Ancylus sibericus Gerst 41 Anodonta oregonensis Lea 76 Baicalia flori Dyb 41 Bassethullia Pils n. n 105 Benedictia baicalensis Gerst. and B. fragilis Dyb 41 Boston Malacological Club 27 Brazilian Snails 124 Bulimulus (Scutalus) felipponei von Iher. n. sp 95 Bulinus, teeth of 139 Campeloma, sinistral 106 Ceratodiscus, notes on the genus 62 Conus aurora Lamarck 43 Correspondence ., 70 Dall, William Healey (obituary) 1 Ball, W. H. Memorial Resolution 81 Diaphana Guppy 22 Discostrobilops Pils 102 Donax fossor Say 140 Donax variabilis Say 10, 140 Elliptio haricotti Frierson 139 Elliptio sajensis Frierson 139 Euhadra sandai okanoi Pils & Ckll. n. subsp 64 Eulota asiatica Dyb 42 (iii) 33191 iv THE NAUTILUS Eulota (Karof tohelix) f iscina Fulton, Saghalien 37 Eustreptosyla Baker n. subgen 21 Eutrochatella chrysochasma mendozana Pils. n. subsp. 79 Fauxulus burnupianus Pils. n. sp 108 Fitzia Guppy 22 Florida, landshells of 142 Genotypes, on the designation of 97 Georissa stirata Pse. at Rarotonga, Cooks Isl 32 Glyphyalinia burringtoni Pils., n. sp 83 Glyptelasma Iredale & Hull 105 Goniobasis auricoma Lea 60 Goniobasis ebenum Lea 58 Goniobasis germana Lea 59 Goniobasis hydei Con 58 Goniobasis informis 60 Goniobasis lawrenci Lea 62 Goniobasis pilsbryi Goodrich, n. n 58 Goniobasis plicifera Lea 75 Goniobasis silicula Gould 75 Goniobasis sordida incurta Anth 59 Goniobasis stewardsoniana Lea 59 Gonyodiscus macclintocki Baker 133 Haliotis cracherodii imperforata Dall 35 Helices in California 77 Helicinidae, Guppy's groups of 22 Helisoma campanulata michiganensis Baker n. var. ... 49 Helix aspersa in New Orleans 139 Helix nemoralis in Massachusetts, further notes on . . . 47 Helix pisana in California 32 Helix vermiculata in New Orleans 139 Helminthoglypta sequoia Pils. n. sp 81 Helminthoglypta traski phlyctaena Bartsch 77 Helminthoglypta traski proles Bartsch 78 Helminthoglypta traski Newcomb, at Fort Tejon, Calif. 32 Helminthoglypta umbilicata cayucosensis Pils 78 Holospira cockerelli, note on a double mouthed 94 Humboldtiana ferrisiana Pils. n. sp 82 Illinois Pleistocene mollusks 132 lo rota Reeve 57 Ischnochiton 105 Isoltia Guppy 22 Krebsia Guppy 22 Lampsilis rafinesqueana Frierson 138 Lampsilis streckeri Frierson 139 Lampsilis wrightianus Frierson 139 THE NAUTILUS V Lauria fasciolata Morelet 108 Limax flavus in Alabama 142 Lithasia fuliginosa Lea 60 Lithasia nuclea Lea 58 Lithasia ovata Say 58, 60 Lithasia showalteri Lea 58 Lithasia verrucosa Raf 59 Lymnaea (Galba) hedleyi Baker 23 Lymnaea stagnahs appressa Say, the fertilization of. . 103 Lymnaea stagnalis occidentalis Baker 76 Lymnaea, teeth of 139 Margaritana margaritifera form falcata Gould 88 Margaritifera vs. Margaritana 91 Marine Mollusks of Cape May County, New Jersey, a quantitative study of the 8 Melania abbreviata Anth 60 Melania aequalis Hald 60 Melania alexandrensis Lea 61 Melania bitaeniata Conr 58 Melania brevis Lea 58 Melania compacta Anth 58 Melania densa Anth 61 Melania depygis Say 61 Melania gibbosa Lea 60 Melania grisea Anth 61 Melania haleiana Lea 61 Melania latitans Anth 58 Melania livida Reeve 61 Melania nickliniana Lea 60 Melania opaca Anth 59 Melania planospira Anth 58 Melania procissa Anth 59 Melania showalteri Lea 58 Melania strigosa Lea 58 Melania tabulata Anth 58 Melania torta Lea 58 Microcystis vinosa and M. conula Pse. at Rarotonga, Cook's Isl 32 Mighels, Jesse Wedgwood 65 Mollusca, some South Dakota 19 Mollusca of South Dakota, additional records 92 Mollusca of Lake Baikal 40 Mollusks of Volusia County, Florida, non-marine.... 51 Monadenia fldelis Gray 74 Monadenia mormonum loweana 79 VI THE NAUTILUS Mytilus calif ornianus, the growth of the mussel 99 Nadeau Lake, Fort Fairfield, Maine 84 Notes and News 32, 70, 106 Omphalotropis variabilis Pse. at Ratotonga, Cook's Is.. 32 Opeas opararum Pfr. at Rarotonga, Cook's Is 32 Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll 88 Ostrea californica Marcou, notes on 45 Oyster drill 140 Oysters, the noisy 71 Pachymelania aurita Miill 57 Parabithynia Pils. n. n 108 Paranerita Annandale 108 Pecten (Patinopecten) lohri Hertlein n. n 93 Permochiton australianus 105 Petrarca 108 Pila orbata Perry 64 Planogyra asteriscus Morse 122 Planorbis binneyi Tryon 76 Planorbis cristata Linn 85 Pleurobema aldrichi P'rierson 139 Pleurobema fictum Frierson 139 Pleurobema marshalli Frierson 139 Pleurocera acuta Raf 61, 62 Pleurocerids, some misplaced 57 Polita lucida Drap. in Philadelphia, Pa 32 Polygyra auriculata Say, a synonym of 70 Polygyra multilineata wanlessi Baker 132 Polygyra townsendiana brunnea Van 74 Polynesian snails, records of 32 Pomacea Perry, on 63 Pomacea maculata Perry 64 Prosopeas javanieum Reeve, at Apia, Samoa Is 32 Publications received 34, 71, 102 Pupillidae 108 Rumina decollata L 139 Sars, Georg Ossian (obituary) 31 Schrammia Guppy 22 Senilauria Pils. n. n. for Petrarca 108 Soap Lake, Washington 118 Somatogyrus tryoni Pils. & Baker n. sp 24 Sphaerium notatum Sterki, n. sp 55 Strophocheilus felipponei von Ihering 95 Streptostyla Shuttleworth, the type of 21 Succinea retusa f ultonensis Baker 136 Subulina octona at Apia, Samoa Is 32 THE NAUTILUS Vll Symbiosis in a undescribed Bermudian nudibranch . . 28 Thais floridana Conr 141 Thais floridana haysae Clench, subsp. n 6 Thais lamellosa Gmel 106 Thyasira bisecta Con. and disjuncta Gabb 129 Trypanostoma lyonii Lea 58 Trypanostoma tennesseense Lea 59 Turritella sargeanti Anderson and Hanna 36 Turritella socordia Hanna 36 Unio dombeyana Val 131 Urichia Guppy 23 Urocoptis mendozana Pils., n. sp 80 Urocoptis monelasmus Pils., n. sp 80 Urocoptis vignalensis Pfr 80 Valvata lewisii Currier 85 Valvata lewisii precursor Baker 136 Vermont shells 108 Venus mercenaria var. notata Say 120 Verrill A. E. (portrait) 1 Vertigo gouldii loessensis Baker 135 Volvulus Oken, type V. bidens 108 Vortex Oken, type V. caracolus Montf 108 Weller, Professor Stuart 137 INDEX TO AUTHORS Baker, Frank C 23, 24, 49, 108, 132 Baker, H. Burrington 21, 22, 122, 124 Bartsch, Paul 141 Cawston, F. G 141 Clench, William J 6, 70, 120 Cockerell, T. D. A 40, 64 Frierson, L. S 139 Gay, Clementine M ; 31 Goodrich, Calvin 57 Hand, E. E. 106 Hanna, G. Dallas 32, 45 Henderson, Junius 19, 73, 85, 91, 118, 141, 143 Hertlein, Leo G 45, 93 Ihering, H. von 95 Johnson, C. W 47, 65. 71, 109, 137, 140 Langford, Daniel B 37 Lindholm, W. A 94 Lowe, Herbert N 79 Viii THE NAUTILUS Meyer, Emmett 107 Nylander, Olof 0 84 Over, W. H 92 Pilsbry, H. A. .1,24, 32, 62, 64, 70, 72, 79, 81, 103, 105, 108 Richards, Oscar W 99 Smith, Maxwell 51 Spence, Geo. C 94 Sterki V 55 Tegland, Nellie May 129 Tomlin J. R. Le B 43 Viosca, Jr., Percy 139 Vanatta, E. G 32, 34, 142 Walker, Bryant 131, 143 White, C. E 31 Willard, Theodora 30 Winslow, Mina L 43 Wood, Albert Elmer 8 Wood, 2nd, Horace Elmer 8 fe^ - K •o> .'^xfy/.^^x^^^ The Nautilus. Vol. XLI JULY, 1927. No. 1 WILLIAM HEALEY DALL By the death of Dr. Dall on March 27, 1927, American conchology has lost its most eminent representative. W. H. Dall was born in Boston, Mass., August 21, 1845. His father was a missionary of the Unitarian Church to India. Educated in the public schools of Boston, Dall afterward studied under Louis Agassiz at Harvard. "Dall, in common with most naturalists, developed an interest in natural history when so young that he was un- able to recall the date. The accident that led him to be- come interested in shells was, he said, the possession when a boy of twelve of a copy of Dr. Gould's 'Invertebrata of Massachusetts'. Inspired by this work, and living near Boston, he undertook to make a complete collection of the shells of Massachusetts. Finding species that he was un- able to name, he made bold to consult the author. Dr. Gould, who gave him much sound advice, and whom Dall char- acterized as 'one of the best and most lovable of men'. "A little later, when employed in an office on the India wharf in Boston, where he did boy's work for wages, he kept a book in his desk and at odd times when unoccupied with his regular task, copied scientific books which he then thought he would never be able to buy. "The next factor in shaping his zoological career was work in the museum at Cambridge, where he fell under the 2 THE NAUTILUS magnetic influence of Louis Agassiz. His third opportunity occurred in Chicago at the time of the Civil War, when, hav- ing failed to obtain a livelihood in Boston, he found em- ployment in the Windy City. Although hard at work dur- ing the day, he spent his evenings studying at the Chicago Academy of Sciences. "It was there that he met William Stimpson and Robert Kennicott, both of whom became dear personal friends. It was there also that he determined, in the event of a choice of occupations, to accept irrespective of pay the one that promised most in the way of opportunity for continu- ing scientific studies. Acting on this resolve he more than once declined offers of higher salary and undertook harder work with less pay where there were better advantages for study. "In 1865 he visited Alaska as one of the scientific staff of the Western Union International Telegraph Expedition, and when his friend, Robert Kennicott, leader of the expedi- tion, died on the ice of the Yukon, Dall, though only twenty- one years old, was unanimously chosen to succeed him. In 1867 he explored and mapped the mighty Yukon River from the coast up to Fort Yukon, then believed to be on or near the international boundary. On his return he pub- lished an illustrated volume on 'Alaska and its Resources', (1870) comprising upwards of six hundred pages and a map, which for many years remained the standard author- ity on the territory. Professor Baird, appreciating his in- dustry and talent, promptly took him into the fold of the Smithsonian Institution, which except during absences on field expeditions, continued to be his headquarters until his recent fatal illness. "From 1871 to 1874 Dall was captain of a Coast Survey vessel and head of a scientific survey of the Aleutian Is- lands and adjacent coasts, the results of which, with much other material, were embodied in a quarto volume entitled the 'Pacific Coast Pilot, Coasts and Islands of Alaska' (1879), prepared jointly by himself and his associate, Marcus Baker. THE NAUTILUS 3 "From 1880 till his death he was an honorary curator in the National Museum; from 1884 to 1925 he was paleontol- ogist of the United States Geological Survey; from 1893 till 1927 he held the chair of invertebrate paleontology in the Wagner Institute of Science ; and from 1899 to 1915 was honorary curator of the Bishop Museum, Hawaii. "He was the recipient of several medals and honorary degrees, including that of LL.D." ^ He held honorary membership in many societies, American and foreign. He was President of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science in 1882 and 1885. Ball's early work on mollusks was miainly published in the American Journal of Conchology (Vols. 5 to 7), and was based upon West Coast material. The papers on limpets and Brachiopoda, among others, were generally recognized as important, and gained for the young natural- ist, who was still well under thirty, favorable standing in the group of distinguished conchologists of that time, — such men as Newcomb, Binney, Tryon, Cooper, Bland, Lea, Prime, and others. When the series of Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum was begun in 1878, Ball became one of its chief contributors. His first publication on Tertiary paleontol- ogy was at this time. In 1881 his paper on chitons, making Carpenter's genera valid, was published, and in 1883 an important paper on Hemphill's collections of Florida shells. In 1886 and 1889 the Reports on the "Blake" Mollusca came out (Bull. M. C. Z., Vols. 12 and 18). These classical volumes show Ball's powers at their mature stage. They are not only indispensible in the study of deep sea mollusks and the conditions of their existence everywhere, but they are still in constant use in dealing with shore forms of tropical America. From 1890 to 1903 Ball was engaged upon his magnum opus, "Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of Florida", 1 From C. Hart Merriam, Science, 1927, p. 346. 4 THE NAUTILUS small quarto, 1654 pages and 60 plates, published in six parts by the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadel- phia. Malacologists and paleontologists will probably agree that this is the most important single work ever issued in America on marine Mollusca, and at the same time on American Tertiary paleontology. Its great influ- ence upon the progress of paleontology will be obvious to anyone familiar with literature of our Tertiary published before and after Ball's work. The discussions on molluscan taxonomy and nomeclature give these volumes a high value to conchologists as well as to paleontologists everywhere — far beyond the limits expressed in the modest title. Ball's work on Tertiary Mollusca was continued in his "Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon", 1909, the "Monograph of the Molluscan Fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax Zone", 1915, and numerous shorter papers. In the years devoted to Tertiary paleontology Ball elaborated his new classification of the Pelecypoda, based chiefly upon the morphology of the hinge. It was outlined in his article in Eastman's edition of Zittel's "Textbook", 1896, subsequently elaborated in various paleontological papers and in a series of synopses of the classification of families and of the American species of each, published in "Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum", "Nautilus", "Journal of Conchology" and some other serials. Those who have gathered this series of about 20 papers into one volume find it indispensible in dealing with our marine bi- valves. In land mollusks Ball's work was chiefly descriptive and faunistic. His three papers on the Galapagos fauna form practically a monograph. He published the first account of the land shells of the United States-Mexican boundary region, and many short papers descriptive of Mexican and United States species. "In 1899 Ball was one of the most eminent of the scien- tific guests of the late E. H. Harriman on the famous and unique Harriman Alaska Expedition. It is well within the truth to say that in view of the vast amount of work done THE NAUTILUS 5 by Dall during" his thirteen previous visits to Alaska and in the preparation of his publications on the geography, geol- ogy, meteorology, anthropology and natural history of the territory, his knowledge was of the greatest service; while his genial disposition and readiness to answer multitudes of questions, both to individual members and at the evening gatherings in the cabin, made him the most beloved member of the expedition. To the series of thirteen volumes on the results of the research work of the voyage, he contributed a valued article on the 'Discovery and Exploration of Alaska' and a beautiful and touching poem on the Innuit People." - To the technical series he contributed the account of "Land and Fresh Water Mollusks" (Harriman Alaska Expedition, XIII, 1905; 171 pages, 2 plates), a summary of existing knowledge of American mollusks north of parallel 49°. This work covers territory quite inadequately treated of in previous manuals, and is further useful for its copious references and the revision of nomenclature of fresh water families. From his early days in California, over fifty years ago, Dall kept up his interest in West Coast and Alaskan marine mollusks; throughout the half century he remained the chief authority on those faunas. He described a very large number of species in many papers, finally (1921) publish- ing a "Summary of the Marine Shellbearing Mollusks of the Northwest Coast of America, from San Diego, Califor- nia, to the Polar Sea". It had been hoped that he would publish a monograph with figures and synonymy, a task for which he was equipped by life-long familiarity with the fauna. In the space available it is possible to mention only Ball's more extensive works. No small part of his time was given up to correspondence. He was always ready to give the benefit of his wide knowledge to earnest students, even to beginners in science. Practically every conchologist in America can testify to his generosity in the identification 2 C. Hart Merriam, Science, p. 347. 6 THE NAUTILUS of material and in help with intricate questions of taxonomy and nomenclature. An excellent portrait was published in this journal for May, 1915. "It was the possession of such sterling qualities as intel- lectual capacity, patience, industry and thirst for knowl- edge, coupled with high ideals of integrity and obligation, that enabled Dall to attain the position he so long held among the eminent scientists of the world. The closing words of his appreciation of his friend William Stimpson may well be applied to himself : Those who had the privil- ege of his companionship will carry an abiding memory of his abilities as a naturalist and his noble and lovable characteristics as a man'." ^ — H. A. P. A NEW SUBSPECIES OF THAIS FROM LOUISIANA WILLIAM J. CLENCH Museum of Comparative Zoology Thais floridana haysae, subsp. nov. Plate 1, fig. 1. Shell large, acutely ovate, exterior color, a dull gray to brownish gray, occasionally spotted with small, irregular patches of bluish. Whorls convex, 6 to 7, regularly increas- ing in size. Two rows of large, usually two- or three-ridged blunt tubercles are produced on each whorl a little above the middle. Proceeding toward the spire these tubercles become two-ridged, finally becoming a series of single knobs. (Holotype.) Spire acute, produced. Aperture ovate to ovate-rounded, about half the total length of the shell. Inner margin of the palatal lip strongly crenulate, inner periphery of aperture pale orange to yellowish orange, shading into light pink below. Canal slightly pro- 3 C. H. Merriam, Science, 1927, p. 347. duced, curving upwards and backwards. Columella thick, massive, slightly twisted, generally straight, sometimes slightly convex. A well defined ridge extends from um- bilical area to tip of canal. This is absorbed at the columel- lar region and not continued as an axial lamella. Sculpture of very fine flattened spiral ridges crossed by numerous minute growth lines, the spiral sculpture, however, pre- dominating. Suture exceedingly deep caused by an evagination of the superior border of the palatal lip adjacent to each whorl. Rarely this is closed by being cemented along the upper portion of the ridge. Type locality: Grand Bayou, Mississippi delta, Louisiana, received from Miss Markley L. Hays. Holotype: Museum of Comparative Zoology, No. 52203. Paratypes: Museum of Comparative Zoology; Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. L. 88; W. 55.51 Ap. L. 46; Ap. W.^ 20 mm. Holotype 52203. L. 112.5; W. 56; Ap. L. 49; Ap. W.' 19 mm. Paratypes 52204. L. 83; W. 51.5; Ap. L. 51; Ap. W.^ 19.5 mm. Paratypes 52204. L. 83; W. 51; Ap. L. 49.5; Ap. W.^ 19.5 mm. Paratypes 52204. Remarks: Miss Hays very kindly sent to me sixty-six specimens of this subspecies from which the above descrip- tion was made. The very large size, the production of the large double row of tubercles, and the produced spire dif- ferentiate this subspecies from T. floridana Conr. Typical T. flo7'idana is rarely as large as this subspecies, has a single row small tubercles, and a smaller aperture in proportion to its size. Fig. 2, obtained from Beaufort, North Carolina, represents a form of T. floridana in which the tubercles are well developed. Material obtained south of Beaufort shows a decrease in the size of the tubercles, 1 Measurements from inner border of columella to inner side of outer lip. S THIS NAUTILUS and St. Augustine forms are almost cl6void of this char- acter. The material from which Conrad described his species probably came from the west coast of Florida in the vicinity of Tampa. Forms of T. floridana from this region differ from East Florida and Texas forms in being slightly narrower. The main characters of T. floridana haysae are very constant, with the exception of the proportionate length of the spire as exhibited by the type series. One specimen is very much longer than any of the others (112.5 mm.), though its other measurements are more or less consistent. The two- and three-ridged tubercles are produced by an increased size of the spiral ridges as they pass over these formations. Miss Hays reports that this form does considerable dam- age to the oysters in the delta region and is known locally as the "drill", a name applied as well to Urosalpinx cinereus Say. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE MARINE MOLLUSKS OF CAPE MAY COUNTY, NEW JERSEY BY ALBERT ELMER WOOD AND HORACE ELMER WOOD 2ND The plan of this paper was developed by the junior author following a conversation with the late Professor Gilbert Van Ingen of Princeton University on the need for an ecological study of the South Jersey sounds facies before the region was too thoroughly "improved" with summer re- sorts. This region has not been studied ecologically. How- ever, it does not differ fundamentally from the Wood's Hole Region, which has been studied intensively; and scattered work has been done as far south as Beesley's Point, the extreme northern tip of Cape May County. Davenport's *tm NAUl'lLtJS 8 classical study of the Cold Spring sand spit gives much the closest analogy, in miniature, to Seven Mile Beach, a fairly typical South Jersey barrier island. The inner harbor, cut off by the sand spit from the outer harbor, makes a situa- tion very similar to the sounds, separated from the ocean by the island. There are no pretensions to nev^ systematic data in this paper, nor are the ecological results particularly striking. The use of large enough numbers to give statistical validity and the stratigraphic implications are perhaps more signifi- cant. It seems possible that some such quantitative differ- ences in the proportions of various forms or groups as are recorded in table 1, may be found to hold good, in a gen- eral way, throughout the Cenozoic, since most existing molluscan genera go back about that far. Not only the list of species present in a given formation, but also the relative abundance of individuals of the various species should be taken into account in determining what facies is represented. Stratigraphers could make use of the data of ecology, particularly quantitative ecology, to great ad- vantage. This paper is only a suggestion as to the possi- bility of deriving advantage from this line of attack, in dealing with stratigraphic and paleogeographic problems. Studies somewhat similar in subject matter are those of: Allee (1923 a & b) , Davenport (1903), Packard (1918), Sumner, Osborn and Cole (1911) and Verrill (1873). The bearing of ecology on stratigraphy is implied by H. B. Baker (1914) and emphasized by F. C. Baker (1922), both, however, in relation to epicontinental forms. The import- ance of quantitative ecology is emphasized by Forbes (1907), Packard (1918) and Michael (1920). The closest parallel to this paper is by Abrard (1924), in which he undertook, with the tertiary stratigrapher in mind, a qualitative study of variations in molluscan shells cast up at intervals along the west coast of France, finding inter- gradations between typical marine and estuarine faunules. His point of view is very similar to this study, and there are certain slight similarities in results. 10 THD NAUTILUS The field work was done by the senior author with the assistance of the junior author, Messrs. George Clark, John Clark, and Blair Wood. The counts were made during the summers of 1924 and 1926. All the localities selected were those least "favored" by summer visitors, and the southern end of Seven Mile Beach is almost unaffected by human activities. The specific identifications should be accepted with some slight reserve as the authors are not specialists in this field, and the nomenclature is subject to the same reservation. The scope of the study was limited to the area between high and low water marks, although, obviously, most of its moUusk shells are cast up from the submerged zone. Where a very abundant animal was counted in a small area, this area was selected where the animal in question was especially numerous, as giving an approach to its maximum frequency. Shells were not counted unless more than half intact. Allowance must be made for the prevalence of pelecypod valves over gastropods, as 2:1, given the same number of individuals, for the greater fragility of some forms, producing a fictitious rarity, and for the tendency to overlook small specimens. All these factors, of course, affect fossil faunas equally. One special factor, in this case, is the strong tidal current which sweeps in and out of Hereford Inlet, and brings many empty shells into facies in which they are never found alive. There is the usual sand hill sequence; bunch grass, then bay-berry (here growing to be real trees over ten feet high), wild cherry later, and finally scrub cedar, which formerly ran the whole length of the island in a narrow belt. The newest sand hills are toward the ocean — one full row has developed during the last twelve years, under the observation of the authors. Donax variabilis is found alive all along the beach, but especially north of Section III. Busycon canaliculatum, B. caricum, Natica duplicata, N. heros and Mactra solidissima live in the sand on the ocean side, often being exposed at low tide. Mijtilus edulis inhabits mud banks in the outer channels, exposed at low water, and also piles in the open THE NAUTILUS 11 Map of Cape May County, modified from those of the U. S. Geological Survey. The inset sketch map of the southern end of Seven Mile Beach vv^as made for this paper, the distances being paced off. 12 THE NAUTILUS ocean, Nassa obsoleta occurs in life in vast numbers throughout the lower regions of the outer channels, espec- ially where there is about 50-50 admixture of mud and sand. Mya arenaria has nearly the same habitat as Nassa, except for the fact that when marsh grass over-runs the ground, Mya remains, but Nassa does not. Mya also ex- tends further north in the channel than Nassa does. Ensis directus lives in mud or sandy mud in the outer channels, in the inter-tidal zone. Venus mercenaria and Ostrca vir- ginica have habitats similar to Ensis, except that they in- habit slightly deeper water, and all the channels. Modiola plicatula occupies the banks of the channels. Littorina litorea clings to grass in salt marshes. The fauna of the minor sounds was not studied; in general its mollusks con- sist of a few species, i. e., Venus mercenaria, Modiola plicatula, Littorina litorea, Ostrea virginica ahd Nassa obsoleta. Packard (1918) and Allee (1923 a) count living animals only, as the shells of dead animals may be distributed by currents, tides, shore birds and hermit crabs. In spite of the errors they introduce, empty shells are included in this count, for the following reasons: 1, the stratigrapher can not make such a distinction, even if the ecologist can ; 2, the use of only living specimens reduces the total numbers to such a point that they are not statistically significant. Alice's figures suffer from this; Packard, however, counts empty shells separately. Allee (1923 b) refers to "old associations" and "ecologic- al age", following Cowles, Shelford and Adams, when, by all analogy and common sense, just the opposite is meant. By their terminology, the open ocean is ecologically the youngest and the recently formed sandy beach, the oldest. This is directly opposed to other uses of "old" and "young", both ordinary and scientific, and should be discontinued. Pairs of attached pelecypod valves were counted separ- ately, except in the case of Donax in A and B. Additional errors of proportion are introduced by including, without correction, the numbers of Donax in A and B, Nassa in F THE NAUTILUS 13 and G and Mytilus in H, in smaller areas than for their competitors. The proportions that follow, taken without correction from table 1, therefore, tend to give minimal values. On the ocean side, pelecypod shells outnumber gastropods more than 46 :1, or, allowing fully for the double pelecypod valves, they outnumber the gastropods more than 23:1. On the channel side, the gastropods are out- numbered by the pelecypods as 7 :8, or, from the view-point of the number of animals, the gastropods are nearly twice as numerous in the sections counted, and the actual pre- dominance of gastropods in the fauna is greater than the figures show. Making rough corrections for the various sources of error, it is safe to say that pelecypods are at least thirty times as numerous as gastropods on the open beach, and that gastrapods are definitely more numerous than pelecypods in the outer sounds. On the other hand, Packard (1918) found that, in San Francisco Bay, the pelecypods were nearly five times as numerous as the gastropods, but that the preponderance was much less marked just outside the Golden Gate. Much more work must be done before any definite generalizations can be made. The localities on Seven Mile Beach, A to H inclusive (see map) , represent a progressive transition from a typical ocean (beach) facies to a typical interior channel (sounds) facies. Localities A, B, and C are along the ocean, approach- ing the southern end of Seven Mile Beach. D is on the point itself, E and F are to the north, on a somewhat muddy beach on the channel side. G is a sandy tidal mud flat. H is a mussel bed on a sandy mud bar. Pierce's Point and Reed's Beach have narrow, steeply sloping sandy beaches with mud flats at the foot exposed only at low tide. 14 THE NAUTILUS 1924 1926 Along Beach Intertidal Along Beach Intertidal Section A 300 feet 150 feet 300 feet 175 feet Sections 150 feet 100 feet 150 feet 175 feet Section C 150 feet 150 feet 200 feet Section D 150 feet 150 feet 450 feet Section E 150 feet 150 feet 180 feet Section F 150 feet 225 feet 150 feet 215 feet Section G was one square yard, both years Section H was six inches square, both years A few specimens of the following- shells wjere also present in I and II, but were not found in the sections which were counted : — Buccinum undatum, Busycon perversum, Pholas costata, Sigaretus perspectivus, and Zirphaea crispata (?). The Pierce's Point area extends a hundred feet south from the second rail run-way south of the road across the marshes. The distance from high to low water mark is fifty feet (not counting- the mud flats beyond, exposed only at dead low tide). Neither Ostrea virginica nor Nassa obsoleta nor Melampiis hidentatus were counted from the whole section, but from small areas. At Reed's Beach, the count started from fifteen hundred feet north of the road across the marshes, at a king-crab drying pen, and continued twenty five feet further on, and extended the ninety feet from high water mark to the edge of the mud flats which were covered at the time the area was visited. Most of the shells were concentrated in a strip about a foot wide at high water mark, to which strip the figures in table 1 apply. On the rest of the beach there were 83 shells of Ostrea virginica and the fragment of a Venus mercenaria. Table 1 gives the complete figures for the various areas in which the shells were counted. Table 2 is a qualitative summary of table 1. 3 ? (h ki b -^ i/ CIS ct mP 5 Ss „ 16 THE NAUTILUS TABLE TWO Dominant Molluscs (in the order of their relative abundance). Section A. Section B. Section C. 1924 1926 1924 1926 1924 1926 Donax Donax Donax Donax Donax Donax Anomia Anomia Mactra Anomia Anomia Mactra Mactra Mactra Anomia Mactra Mactra Anomia Ostrea Mytilus Mytilus Mytilus Mytilus Mytilus Mytilus Ostrea Ostrea Pecten Ostrea Ostrea Ostrea Pecten Pecten Section D. Sect ion E. Section F. 1924 1926 1924 1926 1924 1926 Anomia Mactra N. obsoleta N. obsoleta N. obsoleta N. obsoleta Mactra Anomia Donax Mactra Donax Donax Donax Donax Mactra Donax Mytilus Mactra Mytilus Ostrea Ostrea Anomia Mactra Ostrea Ostrea Mytilus Mytilus Ostrea Mytilus Anomia N. trivittata Ostrea Mytilus Anomia Section G. Section H. 1924 1926 1924 1926 N. obsoleta N. obsoleta Mytilus Mytilus Pierce's Point Reed's Beach 1924 1926 Ostrea Ostrea Nassa obsoleta Macoma Melampus Melampus Macoma Nassa obsoleta Mactra lateralis Ensis It is noteworthy that the counts for the two summers, 1924 and 1926, run closely parallel as to relative frequency at least of the more abundant shells, and run roughly parallel as to the numbers themselves. SUMMARY 1. Ecology, and particularly statistical ecology, may be of great assistance in solving stratigraphic problems. 2. For statistical treatment, sufficiently large numbers must be obtained to make the results significant. In deal- THE NAUTILUS 17 ing with mollusks, this usually involves including the shells of dead individuals in spite of the errors introduced. The stratigrapher must deal with such material. 3. The counts for the summers of 1924 and 1926 run roughly parallel as to the more abundant species. 4. On the open ocean beaches of Cape May County, New Jersey, pelecypods enormously outnumber gastropods. In the main sounds, gastropods are the dominant element. 5. Collections along the ocean beach are marked by Donax, Anoynia, Mactra, Mytilus, and Ostrea; in the outer sounds by Nassa obsoleta and Modiola as well; from Dela- ware bay by Ostrea, Nassa obsoleta, Melampus and Macoma. REFERENCES Abrard, R. 1924. Note sur les depots littoraux entre Fembouchure de la Seudre et celle de la Gironde. Bull. Mus. Nation. d'Hist. Natur., Paris, XXX, p. 536-542. Allee, W. C. 1919. Note on animal distribution following a hard winter. Biol. Bui., XXXVI, p. 96-104. 1922. The effect of temperature in limiting the geo- graphical range of invertebrates in the Wood's Hole littoral. Anat. Rec, XXIII, p. 111. 1923a. Studies in marine ecology: I. The distribution of common littoral invertebrates of the Wood's Hole Region. Biol. Bui., XLIV, p. 167-191. 1923b. Studies in marine ecology: III. Some physical factors related to the distribution of littoral inverte- brates. Biol. Bui., XLIV, p. 205-253. Baker, F. C. 1922. The importance of ecology in the interpretation of fossil faunas. Ecology, II, p. 277- 280 (for "Oct. 1921"). Jan. 20, 1922. Baker, H. B. 1914. Physiographic and molluscan succes- sion in lake pools. Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. XVI, p. 18-45. Davenport, C. B. 1903. The animal ecology of the Cold 18 THE NAUTItUS Spring sand spit. Decennial Publ. Univ. Chicago, X, p. 157-176. Flattely, F. W. and Walton, C. L. 1922. The biology of the sea-shore. MacMillan, N. Y., p. 1-84. Forbes, S. A. 1907. On the local distribution of certain Illinois fishes: an essay in statistical ecology. Bui. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist., VII, (p. 273-303, Maps 1-15, PL XXIV-XXXII). Huntsman, A. G. 1919. The vertical distribution of cer- tain intertidal animals. Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, XII, 4, p. 53-60. King, L. A. L., and Russell, E. S. 1909. A method for the study of the animal ecology of the shore. Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, XVII, p. 225-253. Michael, E. L. 1920. Marine ecology and the coefficient of association ; a plea in behalf of quantitative biology. Journ. Ecology, VIII, p. 54-59. Packard, E. L. 1918. A quantitative analysis of the molluscan fauna of San Francisco Bay. Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. XVIII, p. 299-308, 317-336, pis. XII and XIII. Pearse, A. S. 1926. Animal ecology. McGraw-Hill, N. Y., p. 138-157. Pratt, H. S. 1916. A manual of the common invertebrate animals. McClurg, p. 492-602. Rogers, J. 1908. The Shell Book. Doubleday, Page & Co., p. 1-485. Simroth, H. 1898-1907. Mollusca, Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. Ill, 2, p. 769-771. Sumner, F. B., Osburn, R., and Cole, L. J. 1913. A biological survey of the waters of Wood's Hole and vicinity. Bui. Bur. Fisheries, XXXI, I, Physical and Zoological, p. 143-155, 170-192, 327-330, 340-406, 429-441. Verrill, A. E. 1873. Report upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard Sound and adjacent waters. Rep. U. S. Fish. Comm., 1871-72, p. 295-513. Plates. THE NAUTILUS 19 SOME SOUTH DAKOTA MOLLUSCA BY JUNIUS HENDERSON I have received from Mr. Henry E. Lee, of Rapid City, South Dakota, two fine examples of \_Lampsilis] Proptera laevissima (Lea) and two of Anodonta grandis Say, from Chamberlain, South Dakota. The only published record known to me of that species of Lampsilis in that state is Over's, in his list in The Nautilus, but he gives no locality. The molluscan literature for the state is scant and scattered, in comparison with that of most states. There is doubtless much unrecorded material in public and private collections, which, if brought together, would give an excellent idea of the molluscan fauna of the state. Two lists by Over were published in 1914 and 1915.^ Since then the University of Colorado Museum has received a number of parcels of shells from various localities from Mr. Lee, as well as from Dr. Arthur T. Evans, of Brook- ings. The localities are as follows: Evans — Caputa, Cottonwood and Claremont; old lake bed northwest of Hayti; Lake Campbell, 13 miles south- west of Brookings; Lake Oakwood, Brookings County; pool near Stony Butte, 25 miles south of Fort Pierre; Jen- nings farms, 15 miles south of Fort Pierre. Lee — Caputa and Chamberlain; Tourist Park, Rapid City; Rapid Creek and Dark Canyon, near Rapid City; Seavey's Lake, 11 miles north, and water hole 6 miles north of Rapid City ; Spring Creek on Hill City road ; brook near Black Hawk. The following are the species, with their localities : Anodonta grandis Say. Brookings, Hayti, Chamberlain, Lake Campbell. 1 W. H. Over, "List of Mollusca of Harding and Perkins Coun- ties", BuU. No. 6, S. Dak. Geol. Surv., pp. 95-96, 1914; "Mollusca of South Dakota", The Nautilus, Vol. XXIX, pp. 79-81, 90-95, 1915. 20 THE NAUTILUS Lampsilis siliquoidea (Barnes). Brookings. Proptera laevissima (Lea). Chamberlain. Amnicola cincinnatieyisis (Anthony). Lake Campbell. Amnicola emarginata Kiister. Lake Campbell. Amnicola limosa (Say). Lake Campbell. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller). Chamberlain, Tourist Park. Euconulus fulvus (Miiller). Hayti, Lake Campbell. Gonyodiscus cronkhitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Tourist Park. Gastrocopta armifera (Say). Chamberlain. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). Chamberlain, Lake Camp- bell. Lymnaea caperata Say. Caputa, Lake Campbell, Spring Creek, Stony Butte, Water Hole. Lymnaea palustris Miiller. Lake Oakwood, Stony Butte, Hayti, Lake Campbell, Claremont. Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. Binney). Spearfish (Bryant Walker). Physa Integra Haldeman. Rapid Creek. Identified by Walker. Physa . sayi warreniand Lea. Dark Canyon, Seavey's Lake, Rapid Creek, Caputa, Black Hawk. Identified by Walker. Planorhis parvus Say. Hayti, Lake Campbell. Planorbis trivolvis Say. Lake Oakwood, Lake Campbell, Stony Butte, Hayti, Caputa. Polita binneyana (Morse). Chamberlain. Polita hammonis (Miiller). Tourist Park. Planorbula armigera (Say). Lake Campbell. Succinea avara Say. Chamberlain, Tourist Park, Dark Canyon, Jennings Farm. Succinea grosvenori Lea. Cottonwood. Succinea haydeni W. G. Binney. Lake Oakwood. Vitrina alaskana Dall. Tourist Park. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. Chamberlain, Tourist Park. Valvata tricarinata Say. Hayti, Lake Campbell. Valvata tricarinata perconfusa Walker. Lake Campbell. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Chamberlain, Tourist Park. THE NAUTILUS 21 THE TYPE OF STREPTOSTPLA SHUTTLEWORTH BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature recognizes four methods by which genotypes may be desig- nated or fixed ; these take precedence in the following order : 1. Type by original designation (autotype). 2. Type by original fixation (monotype, tautotype). 3. Type fixation through substitution (apotype). 4. Type by subsequent designation (lectotype). An example of the fixation of a type by absolute tautony- my is the case of Streptostyla Shuttleworth (1852, Bern. Mitt., p. 203). This was originally proposed as a subgenus of Spiraxis and included, among other species, Sp- streptostyla + Achatma streptostyla Pfr. (1846, Zeit. Mai. 8, p. 59), from Mexico, which became automatically the genotype of the group. Later Albers-Martens (1860, Die Hel., p. 33) recognized two subgenera, but unfortunately chose Sp. nicoleti Sh. as the type of Streptostyla s. s., and proposed Chersomitra (1. c), type Sp. nigricans, as a new subgenus to include S. streptostyla. Of course, Cherso- mitra is a synonym, with a different type, of Streptostyla s. s. I now propose Eustreptostyla as a new subgenus, with the genotype Sp. nicoleti Sh. (1852, B. M., p. 204), from Cordoba, Mexico, to include the species with costulate embryonic whorls and strong columellar spiral. S. toyuca Dall is probably another member of this group. 22 THE KAUTILUS (JUPPY'S GROUPS OF HELICINIDAE BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER When, several years ago (1922, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 74, pp. 29-67), I attempted to review the groups of American Helicinidae, I overlooked a paper by R. J. L. Guppy (March, 1895, Proc. Victoria Inst. Trini- dad, pt. 2, pp. 72-77), that also seems to have escaped the notice of other students of the family. In his paper, Guppy presented a revised arrangement of the Helicinidae, and proposed a number of sectional groups. The following names appear to have been new: Diaphana Guppy (1895, p. 75), monotype Helicina sub- fusca Menke (1828, Syn., p. 79), from Porto Rico (and St. Thomas) ; not Diaphayia Brown (1827). This, being pre- occupied, goes into the synonymy of Analcadia Wagner (1907). Fitzia Guppy (1895, p. 74), monotype Helicina regina Morelet (1849, Test. Nov. I, p. 19), from Cuba. This is an absolute synonymy of Viana H. & A. Adams (1856), for which Pilsbry and Brown (1910, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 62, p. 525) have chosen the same type. Isoltia Guppy (1895, p. 76), monotype Helicina nuda "Arango" Pfr. (1866, Mai. Bl. 13, p. 63), from Barigua, Cuba. This replaces Incrustata Wagner (1907) as a pos- sible sectional name in the subgenus Mesa of Alcadia. Krebsia Guppy (1895, p. 75), type, now chosen, Helicina costata Gray (1824), Zool. Jour. I, p. 67), from Jamaica; not Krebsia Moerch (1877, Mai. Bl. 24, p. 97). This, being preoccupied, goes into the synonymy of Excavata Wagner (1907), which is a section of EutrocJiatella s. s. Schrammia Guppy (1895, p. 75), monotype Helicina conuloides Guppy (1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, v. 1, p. 435), from Dominica. The type species probably be- longs in the subgenus Idesa of Alcadia. THE NAUTILUS 23 Urichia Guppy (1895, p. 74), type, now chosen, Helicina adamsiana Pfr. (1848, P. Z. S. London, p. 119), from Jamaica. The type is a species of Lucidella. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OP^ LYMNAEA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA BY FRANK COLLINS BAKER^ Lymnaea (Galba) hedleyi Baker. Fig. 3. Lymnaea hedleyi F. C. Baker, Nautilus XL, p. 122, fig. 3. Shell ovate to elongate-fusiform, rather thin; perio- stracum light chestnut or brown; surface somewhat shiny in fresh specimens, lines of growth crowded, fine; spiral sculpture of deeply incised lines and more or less mallea- tion; nuclear whorls l^i, rather large, smooth, rounded, horn-colored; whorls 5, well rounded to quite convex, the body whorl varying from somewhat compressed to quite convex ; spire varying from long and pointed to short and Fig. 3. Lymnaea hedleyi F. C. Baker. depressed ; sutures well impressed ; aperture ovate or long ovate, about as long as the spire; peristome slightly thick- ened within ; inner lip rather wide, reflected over the columellar region, leaving a wide umbilical chink; there is no plait on the columella (excepting in young specimens), which, however, may be a little thickened in the middle; parietal wall with a wash of white callus. L. 16.5; W. 9.7; Ap. L. 9.7; W. 6.5 mm. Type. L. 15.0; W. 9.0; Ap. L. 9.0; W. 4.5 mm. L. 15.0; W. 7.0; Ap. L. 7.2; W. 3.8 mm. L. 11.2; W. 8.0; Ap. L. 7.5; W. 4.1 mm. 1 Contribution from Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, 24 THE NAUTILUS Type: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia No. 142489. ParaUjpes: Museum of Natural History, University of Illinois, No. zl3550. Type locoAity: Red Pass Junction, source of Fraser River, British Columbia, altitude 3394 ft. This little lymnaeid is unlike any other west-coast form of this genus. It is differently shaped and very much smaller than sumassi Baird, which occurs in this general region.- It most resembles L. hinneyi Tryon, but differs in its longer, more pointed spire, deeper sutures, and more convex whorls. The texture is also different, hinneyi hav- ing a waxy luster and coarse growth lines while hedleyi is of duller luster and the growth lines are finer. Traski Tryon, has more flat-sided whorls, a more pointed spire and less convex whorls, and a differently shaped columella. The texture is also different in the two forms, traski being more waxy. The variation in the height of spire and the con- vexity of the whorls is paralleled only by forms of emarginata, which certain forms of hedleyi somewhat resemble. The species is dedicated to Mr. Charles Hedley, who col- lected the specimens. The writer is indebted to Dr. H. A. Pilsbry for the opportunity of studying and describing this interesting form. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SOMATOGYRUS FROM WISCONSIN BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND FRANK C. BAKER SOMATOGYRUS TRYONI new species. Somatogyrus currierianus (Milwaukee specimen) Tryon, Mon. Fresh-water Univ. Moll., Contin. Haldeman, p. 62, pi. 17, fig. 13, 1870 (not the description). 2 Baker, Lymnaeidae of North America, p. 403, pi. XLI, figs. 11-17. THE NAUTILUS 25 Type locality : Pipersville Rapids, Rock River, Jefferson Co., Wis. Shell globosely conic, very solid ; color brownish or green- ish horn, or light yellowish olive, rarely hyaline excepting in the young; sculpture of distinct growth lines, coarse in places, in others the shell is smooth, the young shell having very fine spiral lines; whorls 4^/), convex, rapidly increas- ing in diameter, the body whorl globose; sutures well im- pressed ; spire broadly conic, slightly shorter than aperture ; apex blunt, the nuclear whorl not much raised above the second whorl, rounded, punctate or malleated ; aperture roundly ovate or ovate, slightly narrowed and angular posteriorly, whitish or bluish white within, sometimes with a dirty yellowish border within the thin, sharp outer lip; peristome continuous, appressed to the parietal wall; inner lip and whole columellar region with a heavy, flat- tened callus, which either completely closes the umbilicus or leaves a small, narrow chink; in very old specimens there is a delicate keel bordering the flattened columellar area ; the whole apertural border is thickened and frequent- ly a second apertural border is formed within the first. L. 8.6; D. 7.3; Ap. L. 6.0; D. 4.0 mm. Milwaukee speci- men (A. N. S. P. No. 57023). L. 5.6; D. 5.3; Ap. L. 4.1 mm. Type A. N. S. P. L. 6.2; D. 5.3; Ap. L. 4.0; D. ; 2.5 mm. Paratype (U. of I., Z22511). L. 5.8; D. 4.1; Ap. L. 3.1; D. 2.1 mm. Paratype (U. of I., Z22511). Genitalia with a simple verge apparently without flagel- lum, very wide and much compressed. Radula with the formula 28: 28: 6-1-6: 6-1-6/6-6: 6-1-6: 28: 28, the side cusps of center and lateral subequal on either side of a large central cusp. Operculum with distinct, though fine, spiral lines. Distribution : Rock drainage, Ashippun River east of Mapleton; Bark River at Highway 67, Waukesha Co.; Crawfish River at Aztalan, Bark River at Rome, Pipers- ville Rapids, Jefferson Co. Fox drainage (Illinois), 26 THE NAUTILUS Mukwonago River and Creek, Waukesha Co.; Lake Michi- gan drainage, Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co. The Milwaukee specimen (No. 57023 A. N. S. P.) figured by Tryon as currierianus Lea was long ago recognized as an erroneous identification and queried on the label by the senior author. It could not be identified with any known species of the genus. There seemed to be no reason to doubt the locality, which is vouched for on the label by the name of L A. Lapham, a reliable naturalist of Wisconsin in the sixtys; yet in the absence of confirmation by collectors in the last fifty years, the record had come to be regarded as dubious or mythical. During the summer of 1926 Dr. Alvin R. Cahn, of the Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, collected ex- tensively in Waukesha and Jefferson counties, Wisconsin, and among the material submitted to the junior author for his work on the fresh water Mollusca of Wisconsin were a number of Somatogyrus that appeared to be the same as the Milwaukee specimen of Tryon, excepting that they were somewhat smaller and had a small umbilical chink. The Milwaukee specimen is apparently a very old shell, per- haps having added a third seasons growth, a fact shown by a dark line marking the place of a former outer lip. A specimen in the Pipersville lot has begun to do the same thing. The Milwaukee specimen is scarcely typical of the normal adult stage of the species, and for this reason the type material is taken from the Pipersville locality, from which the genitalia and radula were described. These will be figured by the junior author in the Monograph of Wis- consin Fresh Water Mollusca, now awaiting publication by the Wisconsin Natural History Survey. S. tryoni differs from S. integer in its longer spire, round- er whorls of the same, deeper sutures, more globose body- whorl, which is not dilated, and the very narrow umbilical opening, which is rarely completely closed by the heavy columellar callus, as is the case in integer, in which the inner lip is bordered by a wide sulcus indicating added shell growth to the inner lip. From S. depressus, which it great- ¥H8 KAmLtJS 27 ly resembles in form, it is at once distinguished by the very heavy columellar callus and the small umbilical chink, depressus having only a thin wash of callus and being distinctly umbilicated. BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB The Boston Malacological Club has held its regular meet- ings during the past season, on the first Tuesday evening of each month, from October to May, inclusive. These have been held in the Library of the Boston Society of Natural History, with the exception of the Annual Meeting, on May 3rd, when the members of the Club were the guests of the retiring president, Mr. Arthur F. Gray and Mrs. Gray, at their home in Watertov^ni, Mass. The meetings have been well attended; the membership list, now numbering forty-two, has been increased by the ad- dition of four new names ; and at the April meeting it was voted to create a class of Honorary Membership, the num- ber to be limited to five. Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry of Philadelphia, Pa., Dr. Bryant Walker of Detroit, Michigan, and Mr. J. W. Taylor of Leeds, England, were elected to Honorary membership. The Club this year decided to take up a family of shells, at each meeting, for discussion and examination, the eve- nings assuming the character of a Symposium, with short talks by several of the members, covering the nomencla- ture, classification, geographical distribution, habits and characteristics of the family, with a comparison of fossil and living forms. Much interest was added by the large number of species from the Natural History Society's study collections, shown at the meetings through the kindness of Mr. Charles W. Johnson, and by specimens from the private collections of the members. The families discussed were the Strombidae, Cypraeidae, 2§ THfi NAUTILUS Conidae, Muricidae, Cardiidae and on one evening "Sinis^ tral Shells". At the January meeting, the Club listened to a talk by Mr. William J. Clench, of the University Museum at Harvard, on "Collecting in the Southeastern States", in which he told of collecting-trips undertaken in the interest of the University of Michigan, in the summers of 1923, 1924 and 1925. The first of the trips covered 3700 miles by motor, and lasted twelve weeks, the other two being shorter. The ground visited included parts of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Missouri, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, the sea-coast being touched at one point in the last- named state. The collecting proved excellent, an enormous number of both species and specimens being gathered, in- cluding varieties of lo, and one specimen of the rare Polygyra chilhoweensis (Lewis), which was found by Mr. Remington, who was Mr. Clench's companion on the trips. A set of lantern slides showed many of the southern lakes and rivers, including the famous Suwanee River. Pictures of the expedition buried to the hubs in sand or mud, or showing the joys of piloting a motor heavily laden with camping and collecting equipment, where often the only "road" is the bed of a creek, and the only "bridge" a ford where the motor must plunge into the stream, to splash across as best it may, made Mr. Clench's audience realize that such trips call for much patience and resource- fulness, in addition to an enthusiasm for mollusks. A paper of especial interest was read before the Club at its March meeting, by Mr. Francis N. Balch, on "Symbiosis in an Undescribed Bermuda Nudibranch." Mr. Balch began by saying that he had various unrelated questions to bring up, concerning nudibranchs in general, and this one in particular, and that we might imagine our- selves gathered together in a laboratory, where, having run across this interesting creature, we could discuss the questions which it suggested. He defined the term symbiosis, in its restricted sense, as the living together, in one organism, of vegetable cells Till KAtJTiLtJS ^ (usually algae) and ceils which are either animal or else fungus cells, which in their physiology resemble animal cells, saying that the nudibranch is one of the highest forms of animal life in which true symbiosis occurs, as far as is now known. On the blackboard was a series of beautiful outline draw- ings— the work of Mrs. Balch — showing the varying types of breathing-apparatus of different species of molluscs, in- cluding nudibranchs, and on colored lantern-slides were en- larged figures of the special form in question, which, only seven millimeters in length, was found by Mr. Balch under the roots of a gorgonian. The alga, or vegetable denizen of this tiny creature, ap- peared as a sort of intricate border along each side, some- what resembling the borings of a worm : in places, near the surface, and at others going deeper in, one part crossing another at a different level, while above waved a row of frond-like cerata, through which the animal is commonly supposed to breathe, although upon this, the speaker cast some doubt. The algal growth was found, under the microscope, to be formed of masses of minute spherical cells, containing oil- globules, and the question was discussed as to its use in the animal, it being thought that it might possibly act as a re- serve supply of food in case of need. The commonly re- ceived explanation, however, is that since the vegetable cell gives off oxygen, and utilizes carbon dioxide, while the ani- mal or fungus cell does exactly the reverse, the two bene- fit mutually by an exchange of these gases. If this is the true explanation, the vegetable cell may be said to per- form for the animal organization, in some sort, the func- tion of an auxiliary breathing apparatus. The speaker mentioned, as of special interest, that, at the time this Bermuda symbiotic nudibranch was found, symbiosis had nowhere been discovered in the mollusca, but that at about the same time, Sir Charles Eliot found a very similar symbiosis in another nudibranch. Mr. Balch emphasized the fact that both these symbiotic 86 fm Mmtim nudibranchs belonged to a very ancient group, in which the typical molluscan breathing apparatus, the ctenidium, had been lost, and not as yet replaced by any stable or appar- ently efficient new breathing apparatus; and he suggested that it might be more than a coincidence that algal cells, producing oxygen, were found symbiotic among the mol- lusca only in these two forms belonging to a group which perhaps lacks effective oxygenating apparatus of its own. The genus to which the Bermuda form belongs (Tri- toniella) was believed to be undescribed at the time it was discovered by Mr, Balch, but it afterward appeared that Sir Charles Eliot had found the same genus at Gough's Island, a lonely islet lying south and slightly east of the Cape of Good Hope; hence the other side of the Equator, and the other side of the Atlantic from Bermuda. This genus also belongs to the ancient and primitive group before referred to, which has many representatives in the Old World and in the Pacific ; but which hitherto has been unknown in the Western Atlantic, excepting for one representative in the Falkland Islands and one somewhat doubtful form from Brazil. In closing, the speaker touched upon the problems of zoo-geographical distribution sug- gested by these facts. The Club brought its present season of activities to a close on May 28th, when its Annual Field Day was held; Scituate, Mass., being the spot selected, the members con- vening early in the afternoon, when the tide served for col- lecting on the beach, the rocks and the flats. Living speci- mens of Zirfaea crispata L. were found in large numbers. The present officers are: President Mr. Wm. J. Clench, Vice-president Rev. Oliver P. Emerson, Secretary-Treas- urer Miss Theodora Willard, Executive committee Mrs. Franklin D. Williams and Dr. Austin W. Cheever. Theodora Willard, Secretary. THE NAUTILUS . 31 W. H. DALL— MEMORIAL RESOLUTION OF THE CONCHOLOGI- CAL CLUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Whereas, it has pleased Almighty God in His infinite wis- dom, to remove from this plane of labor our friend and fel- low worker William Healey Dall, Be it resolved : That we, the Conchological Club of South- ern California, do publicly express our feeling of loss in his passing, respect for his great services to conchology, and grateful appreciation of the many courtesies, which we, in- dividually and as a Club, have received at his hands. And be it further resolved : that one copy of these reso- lutions be spread upon the minutes of this Club, and an- other be sent to The Nautilus for publication. C. E. White, President, Clementine M. Gay, Secretary. GEORG OSSIAN SARS In the death of this veteran zoologist on April 9 at eighty-nine years of age, Norway has lost one of her most distinguished men of science. Sars was best known to malacologists as the author of a standard work on the mollusks of his country, "Mollusca Regionis Arcticae Norvegiae", 1878; 446 pages, 52 plates. It was copiously illustrated by his own hand, not only with figures of the shells, but often the living animal and dentition as well. The Crustacea occupied much of his time, but he accom- plished an amazing amount of good work on other groups, such as Coelenterates, Echinoderms and Annelids. Sars was ever ready to help scientists of other lands with infor- mation and specimens, as the present writer found when working on cirripedes. He was able to carry on his re- searches until within a few days of his death. "His career 32 THE NAUTILUS throughout was an honor to science, to his country, and to his race".^ NOTES Helix pisana in California. — A fully illustrated ac- count of this introduced species and the methods of con- trolling it is given in the "Monthly Bulletin of the Depart- ment of Agriculture of the State of California", vol. 16, No. 2. It is very destructive to fruit trees and flower gardens in the San Diego region. Records of Polynesian snails. — Prosopeas javanicum (Reeve) was collected by Wilmatte P. Cockerell at Apia, Samoan Is., 1924. It is a widely spread species but not be- fore reported from that group. Subulina octona was also taken; both species perhaps recent importations. At Rarotonga, Cooks Islands, Mrs. Cockerell found the following: Microcystis vinosa Pse., M. conula Pse., Opeas oparanum. Pfr., Subulina octona Brug., Omphalotropis vari- abilis Pse. and Georissa striata Pse. — H. A. Pilsbry. Arion hortensis in Philadelphia, Pa. — Mr. James B. Clark collected some debris from Wister's Woods, German- town, Philadelphia, in which were found Arion hortensis Fer. and Polita lucida Drap., both of them new to the list of Philadelphia Mollusks published in The Nautilus, Vol. 8, 1895, p. 133.— E. G. Vanatta. Helminthoglypta traskii (Newcomb) at "Fort Tejon", Kern County, California. — The only locality mentioned in the original description (Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. 2, 1861, pp. 91-92) of this shell in 1861 is "Los Angeles." A few years later, Newcomb, (Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. 1, 1865, p. 344) added "Fort Tejon" to its habitat and this record has been often repeated in the 1 Sketches in Nature, June 4, 1927, and with portrait, in Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskabeme, April 20, 1927. THE NAUTILUS 33 literature since. On account of the occurrence at this place of so many animals and plants of limited range, one has a natural inclination to question the existence so far from home of a species of land shell in a group so prone to col- onize as this is known to be. It was, therefore, with much interest that an opportunity was recently offered to study a set of specimens from there. This feeling of doubt per- sisted in spite of the fact that material from "Fort Tejon" passed under the scrutiny of Dr. Paul Bartsch (Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., Vol. 51, 1916, p. 613), and he assigned it to traskii without comment. The collection, to which reference is here made, was ob- tained in April, 1927, by Dr. E. C. Van Dyke, the entom- ologist to whom the California Academy of Sciences is un- der lasting obligations for many land shells. The following notes on the occurrence seems worthy of record : "The shells were collected on the margin of a wet meadow about a quarter of a mile south of old Fort Tejon, long since aban- doned. The fort was a famous military post during civil war days and is situated in Grape Vine Canyon on the Ridge Route Highway between San Francisco and Los Angeles. The place is famous as the type locality of many insects; Mr. John Xantus de Vessey and Dr. George Horn both collected here extensively. It is also the type locality of some plants, so I am informed by Miss Alice Eastwood. The region is exceedingly interesting biologically because many species have been found nowhere else. It has many of the southern California forms as well as some from the north which have been able to follow the coast ranges. There are some characteristic Sonoran species." I have carefully examined the shells collected by Dr. Van Dyke with the expectation that differences would be found from those of the Los Angeles region. However, except for the slightly smaller size, they can be matched exactly in shape, color and microscopic sculpture in lots from the south. The difference in size amounts to only about one millimeter and this is believed to be insufficient for separa- tion 34 THE NAUTILUS Therefore, unless there be anatomical differences of note it appears that the Fort Tejon shells should continue to be referred to Helminthoglypta traskii. The soft parts of two of Dr. Van Dyke's specimens have been preserved. As has been our custom for some years with alcoholic material not likely to be consulted often, these have been hermetically sealed with proper label. By this method of preservation the danger of destruction of valuable specimens through evaporation of the preservative is forever obviated. The method is not applicable to large preparations but the danger with them is not so great. Shell vials, homeopathic vials or ordinary test tubes make good con- tainers and the operation of sealing them up is quickly and easily accomplished providing a gas blow torch which pro- duces a small but hot flame is available. — G. Dallas Hanna, California Academy of Sciences. MoLLUSKS IN Sphagnum moss. — Mr. W. E. Burnett sent a quantity of Sphagnum from Bradford, Pennsylvania, taken from a spring-fed water hole. In it were found the following shells : Columella edentula Drap. Zonitoides arborea Say Polita hammonis Strom. Helicodiscus parallelus Say Euconulus chersinus Say Succinea ovalis Say Striatura ferrea Morse Pisidium abditum Hald. Striatura milium Morse E. G. Vanatta. publications received New Specific Names for Austral Mollusca. By H. J. Finlay. Trans. New Zealand Institute, Vol. 57, 1926, pp. 488-533. (Jan. 19, 1927.) This is one of a series on molluscan taxonomy published during recent years by a small group of indomitable Australasian conchologists. The revi- sion they have made on the nomenclature of their fauna is very extensive, new genus-names by the score and species- names by the hundred having been proposed. The present paper alone contains about 200 changes. Not many of these changes concern western North American conchology and paleontology, but there are a few, and attention is directed below to some of those which appear to be of most importance. THE NAUTILUS 35 First place in the paper is given to Haliotis oracherodii imperforata Dall; this is renamed because of prior use of imperforata with Haliotis. Unfortunately, these shells are merely freaks or pathologic specimens of cracherodii in which the animal failed to develop the usual series of perfora- tions and, as such, many will contend, are not deserving of a separate name. But more unfortunate still is the fact that there is an earlier name than Ball's, as the following synony- my will show. Therefore, whether the freak is deserving of a name or not, the notes show some, at least, of the litera- ture that has accumulated about it. 1904. Haliotis cracherodii, Kelsey, Nautilus Vol. 18, 1904, p. 67. The imperforate shell is noted and called a "freak." 1907. Haliotis cracherodii holzneri Hemphill, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 1, No. 2, Sec. 3, 1907, pp. 59-60. The shell is formally described from Lower California and stated to be without a trace of perfora- tions. The type specimen, now No. 1374 (Cahf. Acad. Sci.) shows this to be true. 1910. Haliotis cracherodii, Dall, Naut. Vol. 23, 1910, p. 96. The imperforate shell is again noted but without name. 1911. Haliotis cracherodii holzneri, Dall, Naut. Vol. 24, 1911, p. 125. This time Hemphill's name is used in referring to the form. 1919. Haliotis cracherodii imperforata Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Vol. 56, 1919, p. 370. The shell is here named and described as a " tetaralogical specimen, hardly even a variety." 1921. Haliotis cracherodii holzneri, Dall, Bull. 112, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1921, p. 183, pi. 20. In the explanation of the plate it is stated that the specimen figured has some holes; Hemphill originally described it as im- perforate. 1921. Haliotis cracherodii imperforata Dall, Op. cit. p. 184, pi. 21. 1927. Haliotis cracherodii lusus Finlay, n. n.. Trans. New Zeal. Inst. Vol. 57, 1926, (Jan. 19, 1927), p. 492. All of this demonstrates the impossibility of one of us being able to grasp the whole of the literature pertaining to MoUusca. I have had some little experience and amusement myself in running down names and appreciate the fun Mr. Finlay and his associates are having. He makes one wonder 36 THE NAUTILUS whether, if we do not develop a host of Sherborns in the next 100 years, the present system of nomenclature will become so involved that order will be hopeless. Unless bibliography and indexing of the literature of the world keep pace with taxonomy, the system will become so confused that chaos must result. Mr. Finlay's references to west American paleontology are equally unfortunate, due to the impossibility of consult- ing the whole of the literature. The following synonymy will serve to illustrate. Turritella socordia Hannah Turritella tricarinata Burwash, Proc. and Trans, Roy. Soc. ^ Canada, Vol. 7, Sect. 4, 1914, p. 81. Turritella socordia Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser. Vol. 13, Mar. 18, 1924, p. 185. New name for T. tri- carinata Burwash, not King. Turritella hurwashi Fin lay. Trans. New Zealand Inst. Vol. 57. 1926, (Jan. 19, 1927), p. 497. New name for T. tricarinata Burwash, not Brocchi. Turritella sargeanti Anderson and Hanna. Turritella uvasana tricarinata Dickerson, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser. Vol. 5, 1915, pp. 44, 58, pi. 5, fig. 2. Turritella sargeanti Anderson and Hanna, Oc. Pprs. Calif. Acad. Sci. Vol. 11, 1925, p. 125. New name for T. u. tricarinata Dickerson, not King. Turritella uvasana royi Finlay, Trans. New Zealand Inst. Vol. 57, 1926, (Jan. 19, 1927), p. 497. New name for T. u. tricarinata Dickerson, not Brocchi, not Burv/ash. Turritella uvasana insida Finlay, Op. cit. p. 497. New name for T u. hicarinata Dickerson (Op. cit.) not Eichwald, Pusch, or G. B. Sowerby. Anderson and Hanna (Op. cit.) have already stated that this form is invahd be- cause sometimes the same specimen may be tricarinate in one part and bicarinate in another. In spite of the above mentioned points, which are cer- tainly not offered in a critical mood, Mr. Finlay is to be envied for the pleasure he must have had in chasing refer- ence and is to be complimented for the indefatigable industry shown in the pr