THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL XLIII JULY, 1929, to APRIL, 1930 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department uf Mollusks and Marine lDverti 4 THE NAUTILUS Euconulus fulvus Miill 58, 61 Faaciolaria gigantea, The Egg Capsules of (pi. 4) . . . . 63 Fasciolaria princeps 38 Fresh-water Mollusks in Marine and Brackish-water Formations 77 Fresh-water Mollusca in Brackish-water 34 Giffordius corneliae Pils 142 Giffordius pinchoti Pils 142 Glochidia, Some Quantitative Determinations of 89 Glyphyalinia indentata Say 58 Goniobasis depygis Say 5 Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Newb 58, 62 Gyraulus vermicularis Gld 57 Haplotrema, Gender of 139 Helicina occulta Say Ill Helicina ouenensis Ckll., n. sp 134 Helisoma, Gender of 139 Helminthoglypta mohaveana 73 Helminthoglypta riparia 74 Helminthoglypta tudiculata kermensis Berry, n. subsp. 40, 138 Helminthoglypta tudiculata kernensis 138 Henderaonia in Crawford Co., Wisconsin 41 Hendersonia occulta rubella Green 42, 111 Hudson River Tunnel, Fossils of 131 Hyalina subrupicola "Dall" Packard 122 Iowa, Notes Taken in Vicinity of Vinton 118 Indiana, Mollusca of Turkey Run Park 66 Kamchatka, Land Shells of 61 Land Shells from the Mississippi Delta Region 34 Leptarionta maxwellsmithi, n. sp 116 Leptothyra engbergi Willett, n. sp. (pi. 3, f . 4) 27 Liguus crenatus aurantius Clench, n. subsp 19 Liguus crenatus barbouri Clench, n. subsp 18 Liguus crenatus farnumi Clench, n. subsp 19 Liguus crenatus floridanus Clench, n. subsp 20 Limnaea peregra 36 Liotia acuticosia var. bristolae F. Baker, n. n. for radiata Dall, not Kiencr 72 Lithasia obovata Say 3 Littorina litorea Linn 64, 105 Lymnaea obrussa Say 60 Lymnaea stagnalis appressa Say 82 Lymnaea vahlii Beck 79 Macoma wilcoxi Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1. f. 4) 24 THE NAUTILUS 5 Pleurocera canal iculatum Say 7 Plourocera (Strephobasis) ciirtum Hald 141 Macrochlamvs hainesi Pfr 53 Mae-rocvclis hemphilli VV. G. Binn 95, 99 Maclra beali Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1, f. 3) 24 Madagascar. A New Variety of Achatina from 85 Martyn's Universal Conchologist 71 .Maryland. Mollusks Below Conowingo Dam 87 Mauritius, Physa and Bulinus of 92 Maynard, Charles Johnson (Obituary) 101 Megaustenia. The Genus 51 Megaustenia siamensis 52 Megomphix H. B. Baker, n. gen 96 Megomphix hemphilli W. G. Binn. (pi. 5, f. 1-4) 96 Mesodesma pacifica Hall & Ambrose 24 Micrarionta aquae-albae Berry 75 Micrarionta (Eremarionta) borregoensis Berry, n. sp. 39 Micrarionta indioensis cathedralis, n. subsp 115 Micrarionta of the Indioensis Group 115 Micrarionta (Eremarionta) morongoana BeiTy, n. sp. 39 Mississippi, Some Land and Marine Shells from 34 New Caledonia, A New Helicina from 134 Newfoundland Shells 133 New Jersey. Rare Shells from 63 New Shell Fish Laws for Massachusetts 105 Notes and News 33, 70, 103, 138 Ogaridiscus C. & J 123 Oregon, Pelecypoda of the Coos Bay Region 49 Oreohelix cooperi W. G. Binn 56 Ostrea virginica Gmel 35 Panopea smithii Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 1) 24 Paphia restorationensis Frizzel, n. sp 120 Pecten clarkensis Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 3) 23 Pecten tolmani Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1, f. 2) 23 Pelecypoda of the Coos Bay Region, Oregon 49 Potrophysa zionis Pilsbry 59 Pholadomya harrigani Hall & Ambrose (pi. 1 f. 5) . . . . 23 Pholas (Barnea) costata Linn 64 Phy.sa borbonica Per 92 Physella virgata Gld 60 Pinchot South Sea Expedition, Notes from the 37 Pisidium concinnulum Sterki 60 Planorbis amosbrowni Pils., n. n 138 Planorbis campanulatus wisconsinensis Winslow 83 Planorbis siliceus Brown & Pil.sbry 138 6 THE NAUTILUS Pleurocerid Fauna of the Ohio 1 Pododesmus macroschisma Drsh 104 Preserving, A Field Method 33 Pristiloma arcticum Lehnert 124 Pristiloma chersinella wascoense Hemph 123 Pristiloma gabrielinum Berry 123 Pristiloma nicholsoni H. B. Baker, n. sp. (pi. 5, f. 5-7) 96, 100 Publications Received 36, 105, 143 Pupilla syngenes Pilsbry 57 Pupisoma orcula Bens 52 Pupoides marginatus Say 57 Pyrgulopsis nevadensis Stearns, in Oregon 103 Radiodiscus abietum (pi. 6) 96, 100, 124 Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum H. B. B 124 Radiodomus H. B. Baker, n. subgen. of Radiodiscus. ... 96 San Juan Is., Washington, Land Shells of 141 Schloenbachia templetoni Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 4) 25 Shell Trade Routes .' 109 Sonneratia rogersi Hall & Ambrose (pi. 2, f. 2) 25 Sonorella fisheri Bartsch 73 Sphaerium fallax Sterki, n. sp 93 Sphaerium sulcatum Lam 93 Strophocheilus porphyrostoma Clench & Archer, n. sp. (f. 1-3) 75 Succinea avara Say 59 Sulcastrum Sterki, n. subgen 93 Tagellus gibbus Spengl 64 Thais floridana haysae Clench 35 Thais lapillus, Factors in the Evolution of 45 Tridacna gigas 141 Turbonilla (Strioturbonilla) cayucosensis Willett, n. sp. (pi. 3, f. 2, 3) 26 Unio spinosus Lea 140 Utah, Snails of Zion National Park 54 Vallonia costata Mull 80 Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh 56 Venus campechionsis Gmel 35 Vitrea orotis Berry, n. sp. (fig.) 113 Vitrea shopardi Hemph. (fig.) 113 Vitrina alaskana Dall 58, 61 Vitrina praestans Gould 51 Zonitoidos. Gender of 139 Zonitoidos arborea Say 58, 67 Zoogenites harpa Say 62, 104 THE NAUTILUS 7 INDEX TO AUTHORS Agersborg, H. P. K 45 Archer. Allen F 75, 85 Bailev, Jr., Joshua L 34 Baker, Fred 72 Baker, H. Burrington 95, 121, 134 Berrv, S. Stillman 39, 73, 113, 138, 141 Cahn, Alvin R 66 Chace, Mrs. E. P 33 Clench, William J 18, 33, 34, 69, 75, 85, 92, 105 Cockerell, T. D. A 51, 134, 139 Edge, Elton R 49 Everdam, Walter J 61 Frizzell, Don L 104, 120 Goodrich, Calvin 1, 140, 141 Hanna, G. D 104 Henderson, Junius 70, 77, 104, 109 Johnson, Charles W 28, 63, 71, 101, 107, 141 Jones, David T 118 Kemp, Jack T 66 Lowe, Herbert N 135 Marshall, William B 87, 128 Merrick, Amanda Dickson 89 Morrison, J. P. E 41 Mozley, Alan 79 Oswald, Olaf 130 Pilsbry, H. A 37, 105, 108, 116, 138, 142 Richards, Horace G 63, 131 Shimek, B Ill Sterki, V 93 Vanatta, E. G 133 Wiedey, Lionel W 21 Willard, Theodora 30 Willett, G 26, 115 Woodbury, A, M 54 Yocom, H. B 49 The Nautilus. THE rl.EUBOCERID FAUNA OF THE FALLS OF THE OHIO BY CALVIN GOODRICH The material for this study has been a collection of Pleuroceridae. now the property of the Museum of Com- Sive Zoology, that was made by Dr. f chard El swor^h Call in the early Nineties of the last century. It has been po'i We havin/such nuantities, to trace the changes from he verj' young to the lettered and eroded stage which m hese mollusks is the frequent condition of the very old ; to examine intermediates that connect forms which have seemed to be far apart ; to speak with pos.tiveness as to the '''ThTwaters of the Falls, which are in fact rapids and not falls, pour over rocks of the middle Devonian by a th usand different passages" n previously named. The spocies are here dealt with in detail : THE NAUTILUS 8 LiTHASIA OBOVATA (Say). Mclania (fhoruta Say. New Harmony Dissem., II, Sept. 9, 1829. p. 276. Original description: "Shell subovatc, dark brown or blackish; vt)lutions nearly live: spire remarkably rounded, short: body whorl with a very obtuse, slightly indented band or undulation a little above the middle: ai)erture more than twice tlie leng-th of the spire, narrow: labium polished, with a callus above: labium not projecting near the base, subrectilinear from the shoulder to the basal curve, very convex at the shoulder; base rounded and without inden- tation. "Animal — Foot rounded, or rather longer than wide, e^iually rounded before and behind; above yellowish-white, lineated with black lines. "Inhabits Kentucky River, and some other tributaries of the Ohio. Length, three-fourths; breadth, nearly half an inch. Var. a. Indented band almost obsolete. "The spire, and even a part of the body whorl in old shells, are sometimes remarkably eroded, as in M. (Ancu- losa) praerosa, nob., and, indeed, the general appearance is such that at a little distance, and without particular ob- servation, it might be readily mistaken for that shell; but the form is less globular and the aperture is altogether dif- ferent. I found it very abundant in Kentucky River, in company with that shell and other species of Melania. I also observed it at the Falls of the Ohio. Lesueur and Troost obtained specimens in Fox River of the Wabash. When young, the undulation is hardly visible, and the shell is often of a dull yellowish color, which on the larger volu- tions becomes gradually of the characteristic color." (Say). This Lithasia is so variable that between 1841 and 1863 twelve forms of it were described as distinct species. The variability is much greater in the specimens from the Falls of the Ohio than in those seen from the Kentucky River, the locality of Say's dcscrii)tion. Thus, in one lot in the Call collection, consisting mostly of adults, only slightly 4 THE NAUTILUS more than 20 per cent by count have the typical characters. The rest, a little less than 80 per cent, are slender forms. A mature shell measuring IS-j i. mm. by 9Vli mm. has slight- ly shouldered whorls, without constriction. Texture is coarse and lacks pronounced sculpture, the gro\\1:h lines are irregularly spaced. The aperture is elongate-ovate, a little produced at the base. The columella is white, thick, with a deposit of callus at the top; the outer lip is straight, i. e., not sinuous. A stout specimen is like the foregoing except that the spire is much shorter, the shell has a ventricose appearance and the aperture, because of the shortened spire, seems much larger. A few shells of this lot are con- stricted on the body whorl. Specimens from the Ohio River at Charlestown Land- ind, Indiana, are all of the robust form, having a heavy callus at the angle of the aperture, a produced base and occasionally the constricted body whorl. Some have the re- volving, raised line on the top of the apical whorls which, in certain of the Green River colonies, is virtually constant. Walker (1900) describes the changes in the grow1:h of obovata. "At about the beginning of the third whorl, a sharp carina is developed on the periphery of the body whorl, which rapidly increases in strength for the next four whorls. During this stage the junction of the lip with the body whorl is beneath the carina * ♦ *. At about the beginning of the fifth whorl, the lip ascends and crosses the carina, and from thence, until it finally disap- pears altogether, the carina emerges from the upper part of the aperture. This change in the relative position of the lip and carina induces a radical change, not only in the shape of the lip, but of the whole shell. The lip, in or- der to clear the carina, becomes broadly rounded above and curves in rai)i(lly to meet the body whorl at almost a right angle, forming a deep channelled suture, while the body whorl becomes more ventricose, mpre or less shouldered, and rai)i(lly increases in size. * ♦ * With the disai)i>earance of the carina, llie sliell rapidly assumes its mature form THE NAUTILUS 5 and, with the usual erosion of the apical whorls, becomes the short, stout, heavy specimen customarily seen in collec- tions." Call (1896) says that obovata is "one of the most abun- dant strepomatitl shells found here (Falls of the Ohio). It may be found in the i^reatest number on the shallow flats, where it thrives on the confervid growths. It is the sole representative of tlie genus on the Falls; owing to the con- ditions of its habitat it does not attain so great a size as in localities where the waters are more (luiet." Again, (1900), he says, "At the Falls, where I have collected four or live gallons of them, most are honey-yellow, and many greenish yellow, bright and clean. Fully one-half of the day's collecting with scoop-net, which would result in a couple of bushels of shells, would prove to be this species." The species is particularly common in the Green River and its tributaries. It occurs in parts of the Wabash drainage, the Scioto River, the upper Ohio and Alleghany Rivers in Pennsylvania. Certain peculiar shells of the Blue River of southern Indiana have the characteristics of obovata in detail, though their general appearance is that of the genus Goniobasis. I am inclined to think that the Mclania sordida Lea, 1841, occurring in parts of Central Tennessee, is also one of the variations of this plastic species. Goniobasis depyc/is (Say) has been so common a name in the literature of the Pleuroceridae it is with regret that it is consigned to the synonomy of L. obovata. It was de- scribed during the time that hardfast and clearly cut lines were supposed to demar': forms of life, the one from an- other. Also, at the time, no one grasjjed the fact that vari- ableness among the American Melanians was the rule and not the exception. Mr. A. A. Hinkley directed my atten- tion to the true position of depuffis. His view I have found many times confirmed. Say in his own description speaks of the columella as having "a calcareous dei)osit, particu- larly above." That dejKJsit is one of the usual characters b THE NAUTILUS of the Lithasias and has been spoken of by Call as a "conchologic constant", and this so far as the Lithasia on the Falls is concerned is true. The two lower fig'ures of Plate 8 of "Descriptions of some new Terrestial and Flu- vatile Shells of North America", which supposedly Say himself had taken, are of such young shells that it seems possible he did not collect the mollusks in such numbers as might have shown him the connection between obovata and depygis. Call (1900) says, "In the little crevices in the flat rocks, at low water, which alone contain running water, this shell congregates by thousands and may be collected by the handfuls. In this way I secured in 1893 over a peck of the small Strepomatids, the mass of the material being this little species." In every essential character, ignoring deceptive differences in shape, "this little species" of the crevices links up with the ventricose obovata. Call (1896) makes Goniobasis infantula, louisvillcyims and informis, all of Lea, the synonyms of depygis. Later (1900), he decides to recognize infmitula as distinct. The specimens of infantula that I have seen are young, prob- ably of obovata, but possibly of Lithasia vcrrifcosa Raf.. a species found both above and below the Falls but not yet reported from the locality though it might very well occur there. Louisvillensis lacks only the ventricose character of typical obovata to be easily identified as that species. In- formis I take to be one of the freakish forms that occur in obovata, being much like Anthony's curvilabris of the Green River. The three species of Lea came to him from Dr. W. H. DeCamp. Of infantula he had six specimens and of louisvillensis and iv form is two each. The synonomy of obovata is: Melania depygis Say 1829. Melania gibbosa Lea, 1841. Melania curvilabris Anthony, 1854. Melania coronilla Anthony, 1854. Melanin clrgfuifula Anthony, 1854. Melania undusa Antliony, 1854. THE NAUTILUS 7 Mclania pUinvspira Anthony, 1854. Melania cnnaanguinca Anthony, 1854. Mrlatiin rarinodosa Anthony (Reeve), 1860. Goniuba.sis inforniL'i Lea, 1863. Goniobasis louisvillensifi Lea, 1863. Goniobasis infantula Lea, 1863. Pleurocera canaliculatum (Say). Melania canaliculatum Say, Journ. Acad. Nat, Sci., Phila., Jan., 1821, p. 175. Original description: "Shell tapering, horn-color, volu- tions about seven, slightly wrinkled ; spire towards the apex much eroded, whitish; body with a large obtuse groove, which is obsolete upon the whorls of the spire, in consetiuence of the revolution of the suture on the inferior margin ; this arrangement permits the superior margin of the groove, only, to be seen on the spire, in the form of an obtuse carina on each of the volutions; aperture bluish- white within, with one or two obsolete revolving sanguine- ous lines; labrum slightly undulated by the groove, and yith a distinct sinus at the base of the columella. "Inhabits Ohio River. "Length 1 1/10 inch. Breadth, % of an inch. Greatest traverse diameter more than %. "Very common at the Falls of the Ohio River. It is prob- ably the largest species of this genus in the United States, and may be readily distinguished from its congenera by its broad groove." (Say). Under the glass, the young of this species are seen to be slightly carinate, .stoutly so, or not carinate at all. Specimens with smooth apices are comparatively rare. A faint revolving line may occur on the upper half of the whorl or it may be absent. Numbers of the young have the beginning of the "groove" of which Say speaks. '• After the eighth or ninth whorl, the new growth may expand suddenly as it does in most L. obovnfa. ALso, the fine, regu- lar growth lines become rougher and irregularly spaced, 8 THE NAUTILUS the surface of the whorl often malleated and marked by dark rest scars. It would seem as if at a certain stage of growth the individuals moved from quiet waters to swifter currents. The typical adult ordinarily has six or eight whorls, the uneroded remains of from fourteen to sixteen whorls. The epidermis is usually worn thin. The broad constrictions of the body whorl, the "groove" of Say, may be angulated on the inner edges. The periphery is rounded. The bluish- white columella is only a thin wash of callus at the top and a slight projection near its center suggests a plait or twist. The outer lip is slightly outcurved at the suture, then slightly incurved, and projecting at the base. The aper- ture is rather small, ovate and produced into a sinus. An occasional specimen is angled, hardly carinate, at the periphery. The largest specimen seen in this study is 29 mm. in altitude by 13 '/2 ^^- i^i diameter, the average size of fifteen adults being 25-/f, mm. by 12 mm. plus. Of the shells taken by Call in the Ohio River at Charlesto^^Tl Landing, Indiana, about twenty miles above the Falls, the largest is 29 ^/j mm. by IS'/j mm., and has five and one- half remaining whorls. The average of the largest six specimens is 26 V4. iTim. by 13 mm. These shells, usually deeply channelled, are much more like one another than are the forms at the Falls. The Lawrenceburg, Indiana. (Ohio River), shells are of about the same size as these, but are much larger whorl for whorl. Call (189-1) lists cnvaJicNlatMW as the only Pleurocera at the Falls. The list is amended (Call, 1895) to P. ninaU- culatum Say, devatum Say and monilif eimm Lea. In the Memorial History of Louisville, (1896), Call adds iduIu- latuni Say. In his latest work on the subject (Call, 1900), he deals with the four as inhabitants of these rapids. The PIrurorrra mmn'lifmim Lea is a synonym of cx- curdtuw Conrad, an elongated member of the canuUculatnm group which is usually distinguished by a row of small, closely st't lubcrcules on the jieriphery of adult whorls. It THE NAUTILUS 9 is most common — apparently as a pure strain — in the Ten- nessee River at Muscle Shoals and is the single Pleurocera I have found in the Tennessee in western Tennessee and Kentucky. It occurs, seemingly as an aberrant, in the Wabash system, the lower Cumberland and the Clinch near its mouth. I have not seen it in the Call collection from the Falls of the Ohio or in any other collection from the local- ity. P. imdulatum is included by Call (1896) among the forms that "are very abundant and are found over all por- tions of the upper two-thirds of the Falls." Later (1900), he says of it that "On the Falls of the Ohio this species is very common, but near Charleston Landing it is abun- dant." Specimens that can be called undulatum are ab- sent from the Call material I have examined. The case of P. elcvaium is exceedingly perplexing. Say's description is confusing, particularly in stating that the aperture equals the "length of the second, third and fourth volutions conjunctly", which, as Call points out (1900), "is most certainly not true of this or any other strepoma- tid." The description further says that elevatum is "dis- tinct from our other species, by the elevated revolving lines", referring to canaliculatum. Call writes (1895) that "the form called P. elevatum itself is a beautiful illus- tration of the effects of different environment. If taken from swiftly flowing water, and found attached to rocks, the shells are short and stubby, whorls well thickened and with incrassate aperture. The same shells obtained from pools where the water does not flow at all, and where vegetation flourishes in great abundance, are elongate, thinner in texture, thinner about the aperture, have the lines of growth far apart and well marked. These are the points on which the supposed distinct species have been based, but are thus seen to be but a reflex of the conditions of environment." His more recent remarks (Call, 1900) on elevatum are that "specimens have been seen from the Ohio at the Falls and from Lawrenceburg. I do not know it from other streams." Unfortunately, none of the Call 10 THE NAUTILUS shells in the Museum of Comparative Zoology that are from the Falls is differentiated as dcvatum. The specimens that in most collections are labelled ele- vatum are simply robust forms of P. acuta Raf. Clearly these forms are not of the kind that would be found in such parts of the Ohio River to which Say had access, if in any part it does occur. I am at a loss to say what ele- vatum is, except that it is not what most collectors, myself included, have sometimes thought, namely, a member of the acuta group. It may be that Say had some of the odd slender specimens of the carialiculatum-undulatum complex which may be seen here and there in extensive collections of some given locality, shells that when separated from others of their colonies betray the unwary student into the erection of species that cannot stand. The synonomy of canaliculatum is: Melanin conica Say, 1821. Strombus sayii Wood, 1828. Melania exarata Menke, 1830. Melania ligata Menke, 1830. Melania auriscalpium. Menke, 1830. Ceriphasia sulcata Swainson, Melania suhstricta Haldeman,1844. Trypanostoma troostii Lea, (part), 1862. Trypanostoma viride Lea, 1862. Trypanostoma ligaium Lea, 1862. Trypanostoma simplex Lea, 1862. Anculosa praerosa (Say). Melania. praerosa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., II, Jan., 1821, p. 177. Original description: "Shell subglobular. oval, horn color; volutions three or four, wrinkled across; spire very short, much eroded in the old shell, so niucli so as to be sometimes nol prominent above the body whirl; body whirl large, vcnlricose, with a very obtuse, slightly im- pressed revolving band; aperture suboval, above acute and THE NAUTILUS 11 effuse; witliin on the side of the exterior lip about four re- volving,'- purplisli lines, soniutinies doited, sometimes obso- lete or wantinj?; labium thickened, particularly at the supe- rior termination ntau Hit' anj^le, and linked with purplish; base of the coknnella somewhat elonj^ated and incurved, meeting the exterior lip at an angle. "Length, about [:, inch. Inhabits Ohio River. "Found in plenty at the Falls of the Oliio. The spire is remarkably carious in the older shells, and the penultimate whirl, between the aperture and spire, is also remarkably eroded in many older shells. The spire in the young is en- tire, and but little prominent, though acute, and the bands are distinct on the exterior of the shell. This shell does not seem to correspond to the genus to which I have, for the present, referred it; and owing to the configuration of the base of the columella, if it is not a Melanopsis, it is probable its station will be between the genera Melania and Acathina. I propose for it the generic name of Anculosa." (Say.) The elongation of the columella, "meeting the exterior lip at an angle," that caught the eye of Say is an outward curving and narrowing of the labium, so that the aperture cdf^e of the base is on a plane with the angle of the body whorl as the shell is held flat, aperture upward. This is particularly prominent in the praerosa from the Falls of the Ohio. It is so also in shells from the Blue River of In- diana, meaning the one directly triljutary to the Ohio, not that of the Wabash system. The feature is no more than a produced point of the base in Cumberland River shells, the same being true of certain lots from East Tennessee that have come to be known as Anculosa 1 rijoni Lewis. The character is pre.sent, though not conspicuous, in material from the Holston River above Knoxville, in shells from the Elk River, the Flint and the Sequatchie, and in part of the Clinch River where A. subfflobosn is giving way to pj'ac- rosa. It is scarcely noticeable in the ])ra('rosa taken in the South Fork of the Holston River at Kingsport, Tenn., 12 THE NAUTILUS and is microscopic in Duck River shells collected at Shel- byville, Tenn. Though I have not examined all the A subglobosa available, I find a somewhat similar character in specimens of it taken in Big Moccasin Creek near Gate City, Va., and in Laurel Creek, Smyth County, Va., both of the Holston drainage, and absent in Powell River and up- per Clinch River mollusks. Since a flexure of the columella is the generic character- istic of Eurycaclon as that genus is restricted by Walker (1918). I have closely compared specimens of E. Anthonyi Budd with A. praerosa of the Falls. The principal differ- ences are herewith noted : Anculosa Eruycaelon Columella spreads broadly much narrower over umbilicus than in praerosa Shoulder usually smooth usually lumpy Outer lip sinuous not sinuous Basal angle of raised to plane of usually with a de- columella shell pression boneuth. In one lot of the Call shells, thirty-three specimens in all, four rather distinct forms could be separated. (1) Com- paratively elongate and without constricted whorls, the largest measuring 20 mm. in altitude by 17 mm. in diam- eter. Seventeen shells. (2) Of a globose appearance, body whorl rounded, not flattened or constricted. Largest 20 mm. X 17 '/^ mm. Seven shells. (3) Body whorl so flat- tened as to give the shell a "squared" appearance. Largest, ll'l'i X I6V2 mm. Five shells. (4) Noticably constricted. Largest, nVi* mm. x 15 mm. Four shells. Of forty small, partly grown shells, the proportions of the largest five averaged 15.65 mm. by 13.25 mm., the smallest five, 9.05 mm. by 7.85 mm. Individual variation in color bands is extreme. The commonest fornuihi is four equidistant bands which may be complete, broken into squares, oblongs, or dots, or may consist of hair-like lines. The very young of praerosa are bicarinatc and very THE NAUTILUS 13 nearly as wide as they are liigh. They carry no suggestion of the adult form. Dr. Lea j?ave these juveniles the name of Mi'la)u'a ciuciuuatinisis. Dr. Lewis (1870-71) identified chicinnaticnsis as the young of A. tintinnabulum Lea and pronounced the latter — which had been thrown by Tryon into the synonomy of A. suhijlobosa — a good species. Tryon (1871) stuck to his decision. Dr. Walker, in a very interesting paper (1908), reviewed the case and came to the conclusion that cincinnntiniHis is the same as pracrosa and that tintinnabulinn is entitled to full specific rank. I think tinfhniabuhnn is closely related to pracrosa. In places in the Holston River it occurs as "pure" colonies and in other localities of the same system it is to be found as one of jiossibly several forms of pracrosa. Dr. Lewis (1870-71) mentions that Mr. U. P. James has collected tin- tinnabulum in the Ohio River. I think it quite likely that it may occur there in the way it does in the Holston, i. e., as a locally restricted race. When it becomes possible to examine large series of the Anculosa of one of our river systems, from headwaters to mouth, the forms of such a species as A. pracrosa may be discovered to bear some re- lation, wherever they occur, to the character of the stream. Call, in the Memorial History of Louisville (1896), says that pracrosa "is not uncommon, but may be found in num- bers in the deeper and more swiftly flowing waters, cling- ing to the rocks." Later (1900) he writes, "This large anculosid is very common on the Falls, at Louisville, and may be taken in great numbers at very low water, clinging to the flat rocks in swiftly running water. Very large ex- amples were collected abundantly in 1893-94." Tlie known distribution of pracrosa is: Ohio River, Cin- cinnati to Golconda, 111.; Blue and Wabash Rivers, Indiana; Cumberland River, P.ui'nside, Ky., to below Nashville, Tenn. ; Obey River, Tenn. ; parts of Clinch and lower Hols- ton Rivers, Tenn.; French Broad River, Tenn.; Tennessee River, Knoxville, Tenn., to Muscle Shoals, Ala.; Little Ten- nessee River, Tenn.; Little River, Tenn., near its mouth; 14 THE NAUTILUS Sequatchie and Little Sequatchie Rivers, Tenn. ; Battle Creek, Tenn. ; Duck River, Tenn. ; Flint and Paint Rock Rivers, Cypress, Shoals and Bluewater creeks, all of Ala- bama ; Elk River, Tennessee and Alabama. The synonymy of praei'osa : Melania angulosa Menke, 1828. Melania ci'uentata Menke, 1828. Melania ovularis Menke, 1828. Melanopsis neritiformis Deshayes, Anculotus anijulatus Conrad, 1834. Melania cincinnatiensis Lea, 1838. AnCULOSA TRILINEATA (Say). Melania trilineaia Say, New Harmony Dissem., II, Sept. 9, 1829, p. 277. Original description : "Subglobose, oval, yellowish, more or less tinged with brown : volutions about four, rounded, somewhat wrinkled : spire short, rather more than half the length of the aperture: suture not very deeply impressed: body whirl with three brownish black revolving lines, of which the two inferior ones are somewhat nearest toge- ther, the middle one widest and the superior one placed near the suture and revolving on the spire ; the middle one is concealed on the spire, by the suture: aperture much dilated, ovate, acute above: labium a little flattened: labrum widely and regularly rounded, without any protusion near the base: base slightly angulated, without any sinus or un- dulation : umbilicus none. "Inhabits Falls of the Oliio. I^^ngth. less than half an inch. Var. a. Inferior band obsolete. Var. b. Bands ob- solete. "This species is allied to the iireceding [Mclatiia isixjona, a Somatogyrus], but is obviously distinct in its general ap- pearance; the volutions an- destitute of a shoulder, and the aperture is ovate, acute above. It is a pretty shell, the bands being very conspicuous, strongly contrasting with the yellow general color, particularly in the young and half grown shell. THE NAUTILUS 16 "I obtained about a dozen specimens on the rocky flats of the Falls of the Ohio, at the lower end of the island which is nearest to Louisville." (Say). It will be observed that emphasis has here been put on bands and color. These are likely to be uncertain char- acters in the Pleuroceridae and, thoup:h useful sometimes in helping to give a clue to the identification of a species or to its relationship, they should not be considered of pri- mary importance. Taking one hundred specimens of Call's trilincdtd at random I found that seventy-seven were with- out color bands at all. Of the twenty-three with bands, only six are of the formula descril)ed by Say. Seven other formulae occurred, of which one of a fairly wide band at the periphery and a narrow one at the base was the com- monest. Specimens of a clear green color — probably deeper in the freshly collected shells than in those that have been exposed long to the light — were named Melanm viridis by Lea. Tryon made it a synonym of trilineata. The nuclear whorls of trilineata, I14 turns, are perfect- ly smooth, as in most instances are the whorls that come after. But some of the young in the post-nuclear stage are singly carinate, doubly carinate or angled at the periphery. The columella is white, yellowish-white or purple, straight in the center, angled at the base and slightly indented at the umbilicus. In the old, the columella is likely to be thickened at the top. The largest specimen noticed in this study was 13V2 rn^i. in altitude and IOI/2 inm. in diameter. The average of twelve robust specimens was 11VL> ^^- by 914 mm. Tryon (1873) declined to agree with Haldeman, Brot and Jay that costata Anthony was synonymous with trilinrata. He says that A. trilineata "is never costate and has three broad, brown bands, and Mr. Anthony informs me that it has never been found in the upper Ohio River, while cos- tatus is plentiful at Cincinnati." A number of costate specimens were found among the Call shells from the Falls. They differed in no regard from the common trilineata ex- 16 THE NAUTILUS cept in the matter of having raised revolving lines around the whorls. Examining material from Cincinnati that was labelled costata I found in one lot that one specimen in four was carinate, the other three being smooth ; in another lot that sixteen had from one to several costae and six were simply angled at the periphery. A third lot, labelled "Ohio River", consisted of fourteen costate shells and fifteen smooth. It seems possible to say of the species that in most colonies costate forms occur without respect to age or size and that — as appears from specimens taken in Five Mile Creek, Campbell County, Ky., — all specimens may have this characteristic. I have come upon several in- stances among the Pleuroceridae in which a minor char- acter, rare in one colony of a species, may be present in virtually all members of another colony of the same species. Tryon (1873) ventures the opinion that trilineata is not an Anculosa. "Its small size and smooth surface and gen- eral outline," he says, "suggest its pertinence to the Amni- colidae, to which family several small species, hitherto con- sidered to be Anculosae, have been recently removed." Doubts of the sort disappear upon a comparison of the tex- ture, sculpture and opercula of the two groups. The synonymy of A. triUneata is: Ayiculotus costatus Anthony, 1840. Melxvnia occidentalis Lea, 1841. Melania viridis Lea, 1841. Bibliography 1903 r.illups, A. C, Adaptation of MoUusks to Changed Conditions. Nautilus. XVI, 1903. p. 112. 1903 Blatchiey, W. S., and Daniels. L. E., On Some Mol- lusks Known to Occur in Indiana, 27th Ann. Rep. Dejj't. of Geol. & Nat. Resources of Indiana. 1903. p. 605. 1894 Call, R. E.. Contribution to a Knowledge of Indiana Moilu.sra, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1891. pj). 110-156. 1895 Call. R. E.. The St rei»'>natidae of the Falls of the Ohio, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 135-143. THE NAUTILUS 17 1895 Call. li. E., The Life & Writings of Rafinesque, 1895. 189() (all. R. E.. Memorial History of Louisville, I, 1896, pp. 18, 19. 189G Call, R. E., The Hydrographic Basins of Indiana and Their Molluscan Fauna, Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 1896, p. 250. 1900 Call. R. E.. A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana, 2'1th. Ann. Rej). Dep't. of Geol. & Nat. Resources of Indiana, 1900, pp. 426-435. 1903 Daniels. L. E., A Check list of Indiana MoUusca, 27th. Ann. Rep. Dep't. of Geol. & Nat. Resources of Indiana. 1903. pp. 639-641. 1893 James. Edwin. Account of an expedition from Pitts- hurgh to the Rockv Mountains (Long's Expedition). London Reprint, 1823, pp. 23-26. 1870-71 Lewis, Dr. Jas., On the Shells of the Holston River, Amer. Journ. Conchol., 1870-71, pp. 219-221. 1819 McMurtrie, Henrico, Sketches of Louisville & its Environs. 1819, p. 66. 1910 Pilsbrv. H. A., A New Mexican Genus of Pleurocer- atidae^ Proc. Mai. Soc. London, IX, 1910, pp. 47-50. (Contains figures of operculum of L. obovata) . 1917 Pilshry, H. A., Rafines(iue's Genera of Freshwater Snails] Nautilus, XXX, 1917, pp. 109-114 1818 Rafinesque, C, Discoveries in Natural History made during a Journey Through the Western Region of the United States, Amer. Monthly Mag. & Grit. Review, III, 1818, p. 42. 1871 Tryon, Geo. W., Notes on Dr. James Lewis' Paper "On the Shells of the Holston River, Amer. Journ. Conchol., VII, 1871, pp. 86-88. 1873 Tryon, Geo. W., Land & Freshwater Shells of North America. Smithson. Misc. Coll., No. 253, 1873. 1900 Walker, Bryant, Changes with Growth of Lithasia Obovata Say, Nautilus, XIII, 1900, p. 97. 1908 Walker, Bryant, On Certain Immature Anculosae, Nautilus, XXI, 1908, p. 110-117. 1917 Walker, Bryant. The Type of Pleurocera Rafinesque, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 38, 1917, pp. 1-10. 1918 Walker, Bryant, A Synopsis of the Classification of the Freshwater Mollusca of North America, North of Mexico. Mis. Pub. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich., No. 5, 1918, pp. 149-164. 18 THE NAUTILUS SOME NEW LIGUUS FROM THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES WILLIAM J. CLINCH The new color forms of Liguus described here are to be followed later by a more comprehensive paper dealing with the derivation of these and other forms in the central Ever- glade region. Liguus crenatus barbouri, nov. subsp. Shell: large, subsolid, rather elongate, polished. Whorls seven, rather convex. Tip of spire white (two whorls). Columella white, occasionally truncated, slightly twisted. Palatal lip emarginate, parietal wall calloused. Color whitish to yellow as a ground with the following arrange- ment of superimposed colors. A very narrow sutural line of white or yellowish bordered superiorly and interiorly ^^^th a band of very dark brown or black usually as a solid band 1 to 4 mm. in width. A band also exists about the central area of the body whorl. Occasionally the bands are broken into a series of dots or squares usually on the last two whorls. Areas on the whorls between the bands are mottled with gray blue and yellowish or whitish. A very few specimens have the body whorl near the palatal area almost entirely blue black. Basal area gray blue to blue black, region bordering columella banded usually with yel- lowish just within a band of bluish black. Narrow green spiral lines usually present though not readily perceived in the darker forms. Sculpture consisting of very fine growth lines, rather regularly spaced slightly increasing in size on the later whorls. Length Width A p. length A p. width 5L5 27 24 14.5 mm. Holotype Holotiipc: M. C. Z. 84527. Pinecrest region, central Ever- glades, Fla. Hammock no. 21 (Farnum numl)er). J. N. Far- num, collector. Remarks: Found in nearly all the hammocks of the Pine- crest region. THE NAUTILUS 19 LiGUUS CRENATUS FARNUMI, nov. subsp. Shell: medium to lar^^e, rather elongate, rather thin, i)ol- ished. Whorls seven, slightly convex. First three whorls of spire white. Columella white, twisted and in a few specimens more or less truncated. Palatal lip slijrhtly emarginate. Parietal lip thinly calloused inclined to show pinkish due to the dilution of the brown red color under- neath, not due to special reddish pigmentation as in the L. fa^ciatus group. Sutural area whitish. Color pattern sim- ilar to L. c. harhouri, color bands of a rather dark mahog- any red, areas between of mottled yellow or whitish, and lighter mahogany red. Basal area usually much darker, equalling the color of the juxtasutural bands. Area along the columella sometimes a decided brick red. Spiral line present, those above the middle of the body whorl more in- tense. Sculpture of fine, regularly spaced growth lines. Length Width Ap. length Ap. width 47. 25. 23. 13 mm. Holotype Holotype: M. C. Z. 84586, Pinecrest region. Central Everglades, Florida. Hammock no. 7, (Farnum number). J. N. Farnum, collector. Remarks: Known only from a single small hammock which is now partially destroyed by fire. LiGUUS CRENATUS AURANTIUS, nov. Subsp. Shell: Large, solid, slightly elongate, polished. Whorls seven, quite convex, first three or four whorls of spire white. Columella white, twisted, continuous or truncated. Palatal lip emarginate, acute, parietal wall calloused, white. Color very light orange on the fourth whorl, gradually in- creasing in intensity to a very deep orange in most speci- mens on the palatal area of the body whirl. This is a wash of color covering the entire whorl though bands of deeper intensity are produced juxtasuturally and on the central area of the body whorl. From few to several green spiral lines are found, more intcn.se above the middle of the whorl. Sculpture of exceedingly fine growth lines. V *i/ j«. V. *>^ i j 20 THE NAUTILUS Length Width Ap. length Ap. width 51.5 29 24 15 mm. Holotype Holotype: M. C. Z. 84624, Pinecrest region, Central Everglades, Hammock no. 408 (Clench number), Clench and Lermond, collectors. Paratypes M. C. Z. nos. 84016 and 84397. The last collected by J. N. Farnum from the same hammock (Farnum hammock, number 5). Remarks: C. T. Simpson (1920 Proc. Biol Soc. Wash., Vol. 33, p. 123) described L. c. luteus as "pale yellow to orange." With the material now at hand it seems best to limit L. c. luteus to the yellow forms, L. c. aurantius named for the orange colored phase. There is no question but that we are dealing with two distinct color races which only occasionally show hybridization. The holotype of aurantius was selected from a pure race of this form, no other color form being found on this hammock by Farnum, Clench, Lermond or Allen. Pure races of L. c. luteus are quite abundant in the vicinity of Homestead and Royal Palm Park, Florida. LiGUUS CRENATUS FLORIDANUS, nOV. subsp. Shell: medium to large, globose to elongate, not very solid, polished. Whorls seven, strongly convex. First three to four whorls of spire porcellaneous white. Colum- ella white, occasionally truncated, moderately twisted. Palatal lip cmarginate, parietal wall thinly calloused. Ground color amber yellow, rarely whitish. Color pattern as in L. c. harhouri and L. e. farnum i, the bands mahog- any red, mottling either of brownish or gray blue. The mottling color is not well developed, the ground color is de- cidedly priulominating. A bar of brownish or brownish orange is lound bordering the columella. Sculpture of only very fine growth lines. Spiral green lines as in other forms. Length Width A p. length A p. width 49. 27.5 23.5 14.5 mm. Holotype Holotype: M C. Z. 84559, Pinecrest region, Central I-Cverglados, Hammock no. 8 (Farnum lianiiiioik number). J. N. Farnum, collector. THE NAUTILUS 21 Remarks: A form moro or less intermediate in coloration between L. c. Ixirhouri and farnumi though exiiihitin^ sev- eral characters more or less peculiar to itself. It is far more globose than any other form found at Pinecrest and possesses comparatively little mottling of color between the bands of mahogany brown. Pinecrest is the r(?mnant of a road construction camp established during the construction of the "Tamiami Trail", and today consists of a few houses, a store, and a series of tomato farms. Pinecrest is 4G miles nearly due we.st of Miami. With two exceptions, all collections were made in hammocks within an area of 7 mi. E of Pinecrest. The two exceptions are a small hammock 14. mi. W and an- other about 3 mi. SW. The subspecies herein described were based upon mate- rial collected by J. N. Farnum, of Miami, Florida, whose large collection is now possessed by the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, and upon collections made by N. W. Ler- mond and the writer during the latter part of February and the first of March of this year. SOME PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED FIGURES OF TYPE MOLLUSKS FROM CALIFORNIA BY LIONEL WILLIAM WIEDEY A number of species of marine mollusks from the Cre- taceous and Tertiary strata of central California have been briefly described, but not figured, by E. B. Hall and A. W. Ambrose.' These species were collected in the Mount Ham- ilton Range and adjoining ranges on the eastern side of San Franci.sco Bay. It is generally recognized that the practice of describing species without their being figured is to be severely con- demned. Moreover, such an unfortunate procedure im- 1 Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1916, p. G8; No. 7, 1916, p. 77. 22 THE NAUTILUS pedes the further scientific progress in this direction of all but those few to whom the types are available. Since species so described are considered to have recognized standing, the writer believes it essential that the descrip- tions of these species be completed by making available fig- ures of them, inasmuch as they, in their present status, are nearly valueless to those who study marine faunas from this region of the ages represented by these unfigured forms. Enlargement upon the original brief descriptions and dis- cussions is not here undertaken. The figures will suffice to permit subseciuent writers to make such disposition of them as they deem expedient. However, notes kindly fur- nished by Mr. F. M. Anderson on some of the Cretaceous species are incorporated in full. The types are in the Paleontology Collection of Stanford University. New type numbers and new locality numbers have been given each of the forms described by Hall and Ambrose in order to conform with other species described from the Stanford collections in the Department of Geology. AvicULA GREGORYI Hall and Ambrose, PI. I, fig. 1. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1916, p. 69. The type of this species was collected from Horsetown strata, middle Cretaceous, at a locality one and one-half miles south and a little west of Carnegie. Tesla quadrangle. OSTREA TITAN Conrad, var. perrini Hall and Ambrose. PI. HI, fig. 1. Hall. E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 80. This form was declared to occur abundantly in the Briones formation, middle Miocene, in the Tesla. Pleas- anton, San Jose, and Mt. Hamilton quadrangles. THE NAUTILUS 28 Pecten clarkensis Hall and Ambrose.' PI. II, fig. 3. Hall. E. P.., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6, 19 IG, p. G8. This very small si)ecimen was collected at a locality two and one-half miles northeast of the town of Milpitas, San Jose quadrangle, in Ilorsetown beds, middle Cretaceous. Pecten tolmani Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 2. Hall. E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 82— Trask, P. D., Univ. of Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., Vol. 13, No. 5, 1922, p. 139, etc., pi. 3, figs. 1 and 3. This species was stated to have been collected in the Briones formation, middle Miocene, in the Tesla, Pleasanton, San Jose, and Mt. Hamilton quadrangles. At a somewhat later date Trask found this species to be quite character- istic of the Briones formation. Another statement in the original description adds that its horizon is probably Monterey, lower Miocene. The work of subsequent writers seems to have demonstrated that the designation of the Briones as its horizon was the correct one. Pholadomya hakrigani Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 5. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 77. Mr. F. M. Anderson declares that "this form is notable for its close resemblance to an undescribed form found at Horsetown, Shasta County, which is a distinct species of smaller size, with finer ribs on the anterior half of the shell. The otherwi.se close resemblance may be taken as indicat- ing stratigrai)hic difference. But in view of the fact that its horizon is not far removed from that of Schlocnhachia ivmph'toni, it seems probable that it should be regarded as a lower Chico form." ' Hanna (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Itli .Scr., Vol. 13, No. 10, 11»21 p. 170) su;^Kt'sti'(l thi.s name nii^'lit be preoccupied hut the diirerenccs in spcllintr in the two species names involved clearly eliminates that possibility. -^^ 24 THE NAUTILUS This species was said to have been collected in upper Chico, upper Cretaceous. Macoma wilcoxi Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 4. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 81. This species was declared to have been secured in the Briones formation, middle Miocene, in the Tesla quadrangle, near Livermore and near Dublin. Mactra beali Hall and Ambrose. PI. I, fig. 3. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 80. This species of Macira was said to have been collected from the Monterey sandstone, lower Miocene, in the Pleasanton quadrangle. Mesodesma pacifica Hall and Ambrose. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 79. Myadesma pacifica (Hall and Ambrose), Clark, Bruce L., Univ. of Calif. Publ., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., Vol. 14, No. 4, 1922, p 118, pi. 13, fig. 5. This unusual species was one of a group of three which Clark later chose to represent his new genus Myadesma. The type of the species was collected from the Monterey sandstone, lower Miocene, in the Pleasanton quadrangle, near the town of Sunol. The new type number is 513, and the new locality number is 813. Panopea smitiiii Hall and Ambrose. PI. U, fig. 1. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 79. This species was collected from the Tejon, upper Eocene, in Corral Hollow, nviiv Livermore, in the Tesla ([uadrangle. Ataphkhs pemp.kktoni Hall and Aml)rose. PI. I, fig. 7. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W.. Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1916, p. 70. THE NAUTILUS 25 This small form was (leclared to have been coUectod from the Cliico formation, upper Cretaceous, in the Arroyo del Valle, Tcsla quadrangle. Cerithium ? TESLAENSis Haniia. PI. I, Cig. 6. Cerithium branneri Hall and Ambrose, Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6. 1916. ]). 70. Not Cctithiitm hrauricri. White, Arch. Mus. Nat. Rio de Janeiro, Vol. 8, 1887, p. 153. Cerithium ? teslacnsis Hanna, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 4th Ser., Vol. 13, No. 10, 1924, p. 162; new name iirojiosed. Cerithium branneri was said to have been collected from the Chico formation, upper Cretaceous, one mile north- northwest of Tesla and Corral Hollow, Tesla quadrangle. SONNERATIA ROGERSI Hall and Ambrose. PI. II, fig. 2. Hall, E. B.. and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1916, p. 69. Mr. F. M. Anderson remarks about this species that "an e.xamination of the holotype of this species proves it to be a form nearly allied to, but also distinct from, Soyincratia stantoni from the upper Cretaceous of Horsetown, Shasta County, California. In the description of the species the suture is not mentioned, but on the specimen itself it can be seen, and the septation differs in no important respects from that of 5. stantoni as shown in the Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Vol. 2, 1902, pi. 10, fig. 198. I am disposed to think that this horizon is near the top of the Horsetown group." The specimen was originally declared to have been col- lected from the Horsetown. middle Cretaceous. SCHLOENBACHIA TEMPLETONI Hall and Ambrose. PI. II, fig. 4. Hall, E. B., and Ambrose, A. W., Nautilus, Vol. 30, No. 7, 1916, p. 78. Concerning this species, Mr. F. M. Anderson remarks that "this form is worthy of especial notice on account of its size and form. No dimensions of the holotype are given in its description, except the diameter of the last whorl. 26 THE NAUTILUS which is 160 mm. This is somewhat below the facts, al- though the specimen is a little crushed and the diameter thereby increased. The ratio of the diameter of the whorl to that of the umbilicus is about 3.7:1. In respect to this ratio, as well as in the character and number of the ribs, and in other features (not including the septa) the form approaches very near to Schloenbachia propinqua (Stoliczka) from the Ootatoor group of southern India. As far as the septa on the California species can be seen, the resemblance holds true. The horizon from which the sample was obtained is probably the lower Chico, rather than the upper Chico as stated by the authors." DESCRIPTION or TWO NEW SPECIES OF MOLLUSCS FROM THE WEST COAST OF NORTH AMERICA BY G. WILLETT TuRBONiLLA (Strioturbonilla) cayucgsensis, new species. PI. 3, figs. 2, 3. Shell large, broadly elongate-conic, bluish-white in younger specimens, yellowish-white in adults. Nuclear whorls small, rounded, having their axis at right angles to the succeeding turns. Post-nuclear whorls somewhat flat- tened and shouldered at the sunmiits. Surface marked by heavy, rounded, closely spaced, strongly protract ive axial ribs, of which fourteen occur on each of the first eight whorls, sixteen on the ninth and tenth, eighteen on the eleventh, and twenty on the twelfth and last whorl. These ribs extend from the summit of the whorl to the peripliery, where they m« rge and terminate. Intercostal spaces a little narrower than the ribs, al.^o terminating at the periphery. On th(; typ<> and oilier achilt si>ecimens the axial ribs ex- tend ()Vi!r the Ija.'^i". becoming more or less feeble and un- even on the anterior itortion. In innnature specimens (ten wiioils or less) the ribs terminate at the periphery. Entire THE NAUTILUS 27 base and spire covered with fine spiral striations, visil)le only under a fairly stronj]: lense. Aperture oval, posterior antfie narrowly, obliquely truncated by the flattened sum- mit. Outer lip thin, slightly contracted; inner lip slightly oblique and somewhat reflected. The type has twelve post- nuclear whorls and measures: — Length, 9 mm.; diameter, '> mm. The type, No. 1016, Collection Los Angeles Museum, and 24 additional specimens were taken by Mr. H. N. Lowe under stones on the beach at Cayucos, California, June, 1927. Paratypes are in the collections of the U. S. National Museum, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, H. N. Lowe, and the writer. Remarks. — In general shell characters this species seems to resemble T. attrita Dall and Bartsch. It is easily dif- ferentiable from this species, however, by its larger size, as well as by its more protractive and different number of ribs. A study of the type series shows some individual variation in the width of the ribs and in their number. While most of the specimens are like the type in the latter character, in some specimens the increase in number of ribs occurs one whorl earlier. Leptothyra engbergi, new species. PI. 3, fig. 4. Shell small, globose, solid, either perforate or imperfor- ate; whorls convex, marked by thread-like spiral riblets which are rendered minutely nodulous by the intersection of the growth lines. On the last whorl there are about thirty of the.se rii)lets. Aperture about half the height of the shell, almost circular, white to bluish-white within. Outer lip rather thin; inner lip thickened. Columella arcu- ate, flattened, without teeth. Color of shell dark brown to dull l)lack in unworn specimens. Operculum of several whorls, shelly, concave, with nucleus a little anterior to the center and considerably nearer to the columella than to the outer lip. Alt. o..'> mm. diam. 3.2 mm. Type No. 1017 Collection Los Angeles Museum. Para- types in collections of Dr. Engberg and the writer. The 28 THE NAUTILUS type and many additional specimens were collected by Dr. Carl C. Engeberg at Olga, Washington, and it is in honor of this well known collector that the species is named. Remarks. — This well marked little shell is perhaps nearer to L. hacula Cpr. than to any other known species of west American Leptothyra. It differs markedly from this species, however, in much smaller size, difference in coloration, lack of columellar teeth, and in the fact that it is often perforate. Of twenty-eight specimens sent in by Dr. Engberg, twenty are perforate in greater or less de- gree, and the remaining eight imperforate. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California. FURTHER NOTES ON DONAX FOSSOR AND DONAX VARIABILIS SAY BY CHARLES W. JOHNSON I regret that I must still question Professor Arthur P. Jacot's determination of Donax imriobilis from Long Island, N. Y., mentioned in the April Nautilus, and also the record of Messrs. Albert Elmer Wood and Horace Elmer Wood, 2nd, from New Jersey (Nautilus, Vol. 41. p. 10, 1927). The specimen figured from Long Island by Prof. Jacot (Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc, Vol. 36, p. 137, pi. 11, fig. 15, 1921) is certainly D. fossor and not D. variabih'f;. Specimens before me of D. fossni' from Ocean City, N. J., are identical with the above mentioned (igure. In the same publication figure 14 from Beaufort, N. C, is a true D. vniinbilis. The New Jersey specimens also agree with Say's figure and description — "anterior margin [should read posterior] short and rounded * * * base regu- larly curved at the middle." Figure IG in the above men- tioned journal is not a typical fassor but a form described by Conrad as protractus (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2 ser.. Vol. 1, J). 208, pi. 39. fig. 8, 1849), which Dall con- NAUTILUS XLIII PLATE 1. AvuTi.A i;KF& A. <'i. (.'KHITIIII M ? TKPl.AKNMS Haiilia. 7. ATAIIIIUP IFMIIFHTOM 11 A. A. NAUTILUS XL.III PLATE 2 1. FaXOI'EA SMITIIII H. X A. 2. SONXERATIA BOOERSI H & A .i I'E" TK.\ CLARKEXSIS H. Jt A. 4. SCHLOEXHArHIA TEMI'LETOM H. A. A. NAUTILUS XLIII PLATE 3 I. Omiuka titan Con. var. i-kkrini H. A: A. 3. 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'o. - ■♦J in in (a in ^ ^S QJ a> Q) V U u J <. ^ PU CU o o o o o "O 'O "O "O o o J 0) (D P< < -« ^ .t: p. u p. u a> a< 01 4> Q. o. o o o o g" 17 Sh ^ ^ ^ .S .S 0 3 « rt C8 CC '5 '« '5 a; aj ^i «i c8 c8 3 J h4 fc fc ^ ClH U^ S S S S fe' fe U U h U ' CO CO CO ca > > > > « CO 05 05 05 00 03 CS e U «> « ^ CO CO •5J :2 s s :5 s CS 05 a 03 :« :9 :2 :9 2 »= o o o o 5 ,5 'S o es S p s .o _o o o o o e ^ ,-1 V ; -c o o o w u o< a p p 'o -a 13 ^ ^ -« -W TS "U g S C7) Ol C "i* o ;c: -= ^ o 2 "e CS o a o o w ^ ,-. R R 5S R CS S a s s*. a CS o o -J- * ►, .2 .2 .2 -2 s ~ ^ •2 -2 -2 -2 •2 •2 •2 •2 7«» ~ ~ ~ «* • ~ >i eg Z w n n 03 5 Z S « 5 » .< ^ O a, A a. a. e. ft. a. ft. $5, a. ft. a, a. a. (Z) S S S i s S s S 5 5 S S S 5 e 4, e o aid ti CS ti CS cj e CS CS :* *, 13 K. :i *^ »^M •^ »-3 ►-^ ^ K^ ►^ K^ K^ CO CAJ «c 92 THE NAUTILUS PHYSA AND BULINUS OF MAURITIUS BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH A radula examination of Physa borbonica Fer, (M.C.Z. 79129) from Mauritius establishes this species as a true Physa and not a Bulmuft. Diagnostic characters of the shells are not certain with the majority of these forms, and all the so-called species of Physa from Africa, Asia and the Indo-Pacific region must first be examined anatomically to be absolutely certain of their generic position. Though first described from Reunion (Bourbon), this species is now known also from Mauritius and the Seychelles. Sganzin also employed the name borbonica for this species from the same locality, Bourbon, not being aware that Ferussac had described it several years before under the same name. The synonomy of this species is as follows: Physa borbonica Fer. 1827 Physa borbonica Ferussac, Bull. Sci. Indus. Vol. 10, p. 408. (Bourbon.) 1838 nana Potiez et Michaud, Galerie des Mollus- ques, Paris. Vol. 1, pi. 22, fig. 17-18, p. 225. Mauritius. 1842 borbonica Sganzin, Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist. Strasbourg. Vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 18. (Bourbon.) 1869 scychvUana E. v. Martens, (in) Reisen in Ost-Afrika, 1857-1865, von C. C. Von der Decken. Vol. 3, pi. 2, fig. 3. p. 60. (Seychelles.) 1880 borbonica Fer. E. v. Martens. MoUusken Mauritius u. Seychellen, p. 209. E. V. Martens (Mollusken Mauritius u. Seychellen, 1880, p. 210) places Bulinns ccrnicus (Morelet) in the synonomy of Isidora^ forskali (Ehren). Cotypes of Morelet's species (M.C.Z. 79127) are certainly differentiated enough from the typical form as to warrant its retention as a variety. The synonomy would be as follows. THE NAUTILUS 93 Buliiins! forskalii cernicus (Morelet) 1867 Physa cernica Morelet, Journ. de Conch. Vol. 15, p. 440. (Mauritius.) 1880 Isidoni forskalii Ehren. E. v. Martens, Mollusken Mauritius u. Seychellen. p. 210. SPHAERllM SCOPOLI; SULCASTRUM, NEW SUBGENUS. AND S. FALLAX, NEW SPECIES BY V. STERKI S. sulcatum Lam. holds a peculiar position. It has been grouped with the subgenus Cyrenastrum Bgt., i. e. with soHdum Normand and most of the nearctic Sphaeria. S. Clessin, in his monograph of the "Cycladeen", 1879, placed it under the subgenus Sphaeriastrum Bgt. with S. rivicola Leach. It is remote from both groups, and represents a sub- genus for which the name Sidcastrum is proposed. The differences are mainly in the surface sculpture, constant in all of its forms, and wanting in all other Sphaeria. It is densely, microscopically rugulose, dullish all over; the striae, or costulae, are fine, sharp, crowded, regular to sub- regular; also, the nepionic young are considerably larger. All of this could mean just specific differences; but, with a great amount of material at hand, it appears that sidcotuin is not only a species very variable, but a group: there are some forms constantly different and distinct, rrgo species. Two have been described: S. crassum, in the Nautilus XIV, p. 140, 1901. and 5. lineatum, ibidem, XXIII, p. 142, 1910; another is described below. Sphaerium fciUax, n. sp., differs from sulcatum as fol- lows: The beaks are more anterior, broad; anterior margin r. abrupt to subtruncate, the posterior part markedly 1 See Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol. 53, p. 133, for a complete statement relative to the status of Isidora and Bulinus. $4 THE NAUTILUS longer, attenuate, its dorsal margin passing into the pos- terior by a more or less marked angle, the posterior end rather angular, well below the median line; the ventral margin slightly cur\-ed to nearly straight; the surface is much like that of sulcatum, the riblets generally finer and more crowded, somewhat scaly, imparting a slight silky gloss; there are several well marked rest-lines; the hinge is rather slight, with the anterior laminae shorter; the nepionic young are large; dimensions, see below. Distribution: Region of the Great Lakes, generally more northern, mostly in lakes of northern Michigan and Wis- consin (and probably in Minnesota, etc.). S. faUdx is much like sulcatum, and it took years and specimens from many places to justify establishing the species. But when once familiar \^ith it, one can discern them almost at a glance. Be it mentioned that the speci- mens from one habitat are fairly uniform, as it is with most Sphaeriidae. As a whole, the species is decidedly variable, as to size and shape, extreme forms are quite dissimilar, but connected by intermediate grades. It ap- pears to be in place to cite a few lots in our collection as examples. The first specimens noted as different and apparently distinct from sulcatum were from Mountain Lake, Mar- quette Co., Mich., collected by Dr. Br>'ant Walker, in 1898 (No. 1644), and subsequent years; 13-15 mm. long, with the beaks ver\' little prominent. No. 12514' : Ontonagon River, west branch, (k>gebic Co., Mich., collected by Joe E. Morrison, in 1929; average large, 19:14:12.5 mm. with the beaks prominent; one was 22 mm. long. 11786: Schlatter's Lake, Keweenaw Co., Mich., received from Dr. Walker, in 1928, small, short, but well formed, 13-14 mm. long. 10933: Whitefi.sh Point, Chippewa Co., Mich., collected 1 The nambers cited are of the special orfleetion of Sphaeriidas, in the Carne^e Muaeum THE NAUTILUS 95 by Wm. J. Clench, in 1915. per Museum of Zoologrj'. Univ. of Michigan : markedly elongate, about 18 mm. long. 12502: Palmer Lake, Vilas Co., Wis., collected by Joe E. Morrison, in 1929; 16 mm. long. 11602: Chautauqua Lake. N. Y.. collected by Dr. F. C. Baker, in 1927. rather short form, 15 mm. long; a rather southern station. Even as restricted. 5. sulcatum, is still ver>* "variable". E. g.. there is a form : very large, 20-23 mm. long, of well rounded outlines, strongly and evenly inflated : this is prob- ably what T. Prime had named giganteum. Specimens are in the M. C. Z. collection, and probably in others, from the Hudson River, the Holston River, from Hull. Quebec: Nepean. Ont. Another extreme form, planatum St.. small, e. g.. 13:9.5:6.5 mm., slightly inflated, with the peripheral parts of the valves flat, shell and hinge ver>- slight, color light grayish: from northern Indiana, Michigan, etc., the two, side by side, would be taken for distinct species. And there is one. apparently a regional subspecies, which had been named in manuscripts for many years dnkotense: of medium size. r. rounded-elliptical, beaks rather median and little prominent : color, dark reddish brovsn : from Wis- consin and Minnesota to Dakota. There are a few others, more different, with possible claims for specific rank, each represented by several entries, \\-aiting for additional evi- dence as to their standing. NEW AND PROBLEMATIC WEST AMERICAN LAND-SNAILS BY H. BITIRINGTON BAKER This paper is mainly founded on land-snails which were collected during a trip to the Pacific States in the summer of 1929. Because of its anatomy, MacrocycUs hemphUli W. G. B. from Washington and Oregon is removed from Haplotrema (Haplotreraatidae) and made the monotype 96 THE NAUTILUS of a new genus. Mcgomphix, and a new subfamily, Meg- omphicinae, in the Zonitidae. On the basis of preliminary dissections, the genus Pristiloma is considered a close rela- tive of the European Vitrea (Zonitidae) ; Ogaridiscus is made a section of Pristiloma: and P. nicholsoyii. which is a new species from California. Vitrea johnsoni Dall {-^Prist- iloma taijlori Pils.) from Washington, Oregon and Van- couver I., Hyalina subrupicola Dall (Utah). Vitrea sub- rupicola spelaea Dall (Cal.), Tonites wascoensis Hemphill (Ore.; also Idaho and Montana?) and Heli^ chersineUa Dall (Cal. and Ore.) are added to the genus. P. arcticum is reported from subalpine slopes of Mt. Ranier, Wash. A new species of Endodontidae. Radiodiscus ahietum, is de- scribed from Idaho and. because of its aberrant anatomical structure, is made the monotype of a new subgenus, RoAiiodoryius. Types are in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Megomphix hemphilli (W. G. Binney). new genus. Macrocijclis hemphilli W. G. B. (1879. Ann. X. Y. Acad. Sci. 1: 356, pi. 15, fig. M). Olympia, Wash. Last July. Mr. Allyn Smith of Berkeley, Calif., called to my attention two shells of this species from Riverdale, Ore., which he thought resembled the Zonitidae more than the Haplotrematidae. After several days' search at this place, I found a few living specimens on Aug. 4 and 5. 1929 (No. 140980. in Acad. Nat. Sci.. Philadelphia). Riverdale is a suburb of Portland, on the left bank of the Williamette River near the southern boundary of Mult- nomah County. The estivating individuals of M. hemphiili burrow a few inches into the loose loam under fallen logs on quite steep hillsides, which are dominated by Pseudo- tsuga-Tsuga forest. They usually live under those trunks which are supported off the ground by other debris, which insures the snails plenty of air and comparative freedom from excessive accumulations of decaying humus. Animal: practically without pigmentation. Foot: aula- copod. medium in size and rather elongate; broadest near THE NAUTILUS 97 IK)sterior end ; pedal grooves double, prominent and with broad interstitial gyrus; sole tripartite to near posterior end, with middle zone about half as wide as either lateral one; locomotion not observed because animals were very sluggish. Tail: wide and dorsoventrally flattened; tip broad- ly rounded and very slightly emarginate ; gland orifice quite large and diamond-shaped; peripodial angle broad, low and emarginate. Mantle collar (pi. , fig. 4).: complete, rela- tively broad and swollen in palatal region but narrow in columellar; right pneumostomatic neck-lappet large; left one small and claw-shaped ; accessory left lappet widely separated and vestigial. Lung (fig. 4) : about 3 times as long as its base or about 4 times length of kidney ; principal pulmonary vein large but abruptly divided into a fan of tributaries before it reaches pneumostome; other branches stronger on columellar than on hindgut side; minor vena- tion indistinct. Pericardium: unusually large, with over half its length outside of lung. Kidney : slightly longer than its base and about length of pericardium; thick and with almost half its bulk posterior to lung wall; ureter complete; external ureteric opening under a flap alongside of anus, which empties into a groove to right of inner end of pneumostome. Ovotestis (fig. 3) : eight groups of irregularly clavate alveoli, imbedded in lower half of liver; duct long, swollen except at ends ; convoluted region short ; talon exceptionally long, slender fusiform ; carrefour imbedded. Albumen gland: brownish cream-colored, firm and shining. Uterus: long and quite slender, closely sacculate. Free oviduct: light cream-colored, of medium length, with heavy walls; joined near its base by a large, cream-colored, ellipsoid caecum, which has a spacious lumen and thick walls (A), that are longitudinally plicate internally. Spermatheca: sac obovate, imbedded near base of albumen gland ; duct of long type, columellar in position but passing to right of oviducal caecum; slightly expanded at base. Vagina: whit- ish, exceptionally long; almost completely encircled near its 98 THE NAUTILUS upper end by a heavy muscular collar (without lumen) that is white and shining; no distinct glandular develop- ment. Prostate: of long type. Vas deferens: swollen along free oviduct : slender where it is forced into penioviducal angle by right eye-retractor; juxtaposed along entire length of penis. Epiphallus (B, C) : slightly enlarged, with quite thin wall, which develops into a pilaster along side oppo- site penis and into a vague corona of low, knobby thicken- ings near termination ; opening by a simple pore on one side of penial apex. Penis : long but quite slender, thickest near apical end ; lumen large ; walls with numerous, beaded, longitudinal plicae, two of which form heavier pilasters in apical fifth and partially separate a narrow compartment that receives opening of vas deferens. Penial retractor: insertion on penial apex; origin high on diaphram. Cloaca: very short; external opening just behind and slightly below base of right ommatophore. Mantle retractor: exceptionally heavy. Columellar muscle gives off: (1) buccal retractor which is almost free, (2, 3) heavy, right and left free retractors almost at origin and continues as (4) broad but thin tail fan. Buccal: divided near posterior end of buccal mass into bipartite ventral fan and two. tripartite lateral ones. Left free : divides a short distance below origin into subequal lateral and ten- tacular retractors; tentacular subdivides near posterior end of buccal mass into small ocular and large inferior re- tractor, both of which send darkly pigmented anastomoses to base of ommatophore. Right free: similar to left but with all subdivisions anterior to posterior end of buccal mass and with pedal fan much heavier, although not closely associated with uterus; ocular retractor and basal anasto- moses passing through penioviducal angle. Buccal mass: fairly small, ellipsoid. Salivary glands: about 2' -J times as long as buccal mass and quite slender (smaller than in carnivorous pulmonates) ; almost bilater- ally symmetric ; anterior ends above buccal mass and oesophagus; posterior ends enveloping oesophagrus; ducta THE NAUTILUS 9f arising laterally, near middle of each gland. Jaw (fig. 2) : irregularly crescentic; heavy and brownish but quite nar- low; weakly and closely rib-striate (i. e., showing vestiges of primitive plaits) ; growth-lines sharp. Radular formula (fig. 1): 6-12-9-1-27. Transverse rows: 113 counted; al- most horizontal in lateral fields, anterolaterally oblique in marginal and again horizontal in outer marginal region. Central : slightly asymmetric, broad and heavy, a little larger than first lateral ; tricuspid with broad mesocone. Laterals (1-9) : heavy and broad; inner ones almost tri- cuspid (entoconal plate weakly notched) ; outer ones inter- grading with marginals. Marginals (10-21) : much nar- rower although scarcely longer than laterals; bases much shorter; bicuspid with lanceolate mesocone and small, raised ectocone. Outer marginals (22-27) : much shorter than inner; bicuspid or sporadicly with double ectocones; outermost vestigial. The well-marked pedal grooves of this species place it with certainty in the Aulacopoda. The caecoid diverticulum of its free oviduct is a very peculiar feature. The spacious lumen and internally plicate walls as well as the position of this organ are very different from the structural pecu- liarities of a Zonitid dart-sac or pugio. Both this oviducal caecum and the reflected epiphallus are somewhat similar to the conditions in the holopod St)-ophocheUus ohlongus (Acavidae; cf. H. B. B. : 1926. Oc. P. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. No. 167: p. 22, pi. 15). I cannot believe that W. G. Binney ever saw the radula of this species, as it has no resemblance to that in the Haplotrematidae. Except for the slight elongation of the inner marginals, the teeth are not unlike those in some Endodontidae. Its tripartite sole is perhaps the best reason for the inclusion of this species as a primitive member in the Zonitidae. But, its very peculiar dentition and its ovi- ducal caecum separate it from either the Tanychlamydinae or the Euconulinae. which are perhaps its closest relatives. For these reasons, Macrocyclis hemphiUi W. G. B. is now 100 THE NAUTILUS made the monotype of a new genus, Megomphix, and of a special subfamily, the Megomphicinae. CTo be continued) Explanation of Plate 5 All figures are drawn with aid of camera lucida. Upper- most scale is for figs. 5-7 and represents one millimeter; next for figs 4 (5 mm.) and IT (200 microns), third for fig. 2 (.5 mm.), fourth for fig. 3 (5 mm.) and lowest for fig. 1 (50 microns). Fig. 1. Megomphix hemphilli. Radula: central and 1st lateral slightly separated laterad ; also 7th, 14th, 21st and 23rd teeth. Hairline (T) gives shape of right half of a transverse row, with borders of each tooth indicated. Fig. 2. M. hemphilli. Jaw. Fig. 3. M. hemphilli. Genitalia, dissected and separ- ated; also transverse sections through: (A) oviducal caecum between apical and middle thirds of its length, (B) vas deferens (left) and penis at their confuence and (C) vas deferens and penis a short distance below their junction (less enlarged). Fig. 4. M. hemphilli. Internal view of pallial complex, pinned out nearly flat. Curved line that crosses pericardium and kidney indicates position of posterior lung-wall. Figs. 5-7. Pristiloma nicholsoni. Umbilical, apical and profile views of cotype shells ; fig. 6 represents a different specimen from that in figs. 5 and 7. Plate 6 Uppermost scale is for fig. 6 and repre.sents 1 mm., next for figs. 2-4 (1 mm.), third for figs. 1 (10 microns) and IT (50 microns), fourth for fig. 5 (1 mm.) and lowest for fig. 7 (1 mm.). Fig. 1. Radindiscus (Radiodomiis) ahirtum. Radula: central and 1st lateral in natural relations; also 7th, 14th and 18th teeth. Hairline (T) gives .shajie of ri^lit half of a transverse row with l)()rders of each tooth indicated. NAUTILUS XLIII PLATE 5 1-4, Megonii)hix liempliilli. B-7, rri-niU!*) al«i<'t\ini. CHARLES .1. M AVNAKli THE NAUTILUS 101 Figs. 2-4. R. ahietum. Umbilical, apical and profile views of type shell (immature). Peristome of speci- men is broken (dotted lines inside of restored outline). In both figs. 2 and 3, outlines of two adjacent ribs are shown. Fig. 5. R. ahietum. Genitalia, with ovotestis and half of its duct omitted. Fig. 6. R. ahietum. Internal view of pallial complex. Fig. 7. R. ahietum. Penis and accessories, drawn from mount in glycerin jelly, as viewed by trans- mitted light. CHARLES JOHNSON MAYNARD After an illness of over two months Mr. Charles J. Maynard passed away at his home in West Newton, near Boston, October 15, 1929. He was born in West Newton, May 6, 1845. Mr. Maynard was one of the old school of naturalists and had his own way of doing things and his own ideas regarding nomenclature and the classification of species. Primarily an ornithologist, he also wrote on the butterflies and on many other subjects pertaining to natural history. Now, however, I wish to place special emphasis on his con- chological work on the Cerionidae. In giving an account of his explorations Mr. Maynard says: — "I saw my first Cerion in November, 1870, when I collected specimens of what I then knew as Pupa incana on Key West." He collected at Nassau, Bahamas, in 1883, and at Nassau, Andros, Rum Key, Long Island, Inagua, Cayman Brae, and Little Cayman in 1887-88. In 1893 he again visited Nassau and Andros, and the following keys, Green and High Keys, Highburne Key and the keys about Allen's Harbor. In 1897 he explored more thoroughly the Island of New Providence and visited Eleuthera. 1913 again saw him at Nassau, but owing to an accident he was unable to carry out all his plans at that time. His most 102 THE NAUTILUS extended trip for Cerions was in 1915. Landing at Nassau, he chartered a small vessel and visited North Silver Key, Rose Island, Ship Channel Key, Bush Key and the line of keys extending to the Exuma Keys. Returning to Nassau, Andros was again visited, also Joulter's Keys and Berry Islands to Great Stirrup Key. In referring to the material obtained Maynard says: — "As a result of all the explora- tions made in 1915, 100,000 Cerions were secured and among them are about ninety new species. These, and the specimens already gathered, bring the number of Cerions now in my collection somewhere in the neighborhood of 200,000." His last trip to the Bahamas was in the sum- mer of 1924, when he collected 44,000 specimens on New Providence and adjacent islands. With his classifications of the Cerionidae many do not agree, but a review of his work would not be in keeping at this time, even if space were available. As pointed out by Dr. H. A. Pilsbry in the Manual of Conchology and by Dr. Paul Bartsch in his "Experiments jn the Breeding of Cerions", the species are excessively plastic and locally modified, and are subject to a remarkable range of individ- ual variation. Many species vary from those having con- spicuous longitudinal ribs to those that are entirely smooth. In color and size a species may also be extremely variable. The following papers by Mr. Maynard all appeared in hia own publications: Monograph of the Genus Strophia. Contributions to Science. Vol. I, 1889, pages 1-29, 68-79, 125-135, 188-197, plates 1, 2, 7, 16. Vol. II, July, 1893, Dec., 1894, pages 107-182. Vol. Ill, March, 1896, pages 1-40, plates 1-7. Descriptions of some species of the family Cerionidae, Appendix to Records of Walks and Talks with Nature, Vol. 5, pages 177-200, 1913. A species of Land Shell of the family Cerionidae. Re- cords of Walks and Talks with Nature, Vol. 6, pages 177- 179, 1914. Descriptions of New Strophias, by J. C. Maynard and THE NAUTILUS 108 Nellie A. Clapp. Records of Walks and Talks with Nature, Vol. 6. pages 180-182, 1915. Contributions to the History of the Cerionidae, Appen- dix to Vol. X, Records of Walks and Talks with Nature, Numbers 1-12. Oct.. 1919-March, 1926, 217 pages, 43 plates and 116 figures in text. Catalogue of Specimens of the Family Cerionidae, for sale [1921]. Supplement to Sale Catalogue of Cerionidae, with de- scriptions of new species, collected in the Bahamas Islands in summer of 1924, pages 1-6, December, 1924. C. W. Johnson. NOTES AND NEWS Pyrgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns) in Oregon. — Re- cently Prof. Junius Henderson' announced the finding of this species inside of a shell of Carinifex ponsonbyi from Klamath Lake, Oregon, which I had sent to him. Sometime previously I had been sorting a large number of the Pyr- gvlopsis which had been dredged in Pyramid Lake, Nevada, and at the time of his announcement, I was afraid that one of these had accidentally gotten misplaced and wedged in the Carinifex. Therefore, it is fitting to announce definitely that Pyrgulopsis nevadensis does live in Klamath Lake, Oregon. Dr. H. B. Baker, Mr. John Nicliolsoii and I spent July 25 to 27, 1929, collecting about the lake and found the species living in considerable numbers at two widely separated places. One of these is a point on the east side of the lake, four and one-half miles north of Algoma ; the other was on the west side of the exit, just above the bridge. In both cases the shells were found on rocks and tule roots in water ' Henderson, J. Nautilus, Vol. 41, 1928, p. 141. Also, Non-Ma- rine MoUusca of Oregon and Washingrton, Univ. Colo. Studies Vol. 17, No. 2, July, 1929, p. 170. 104 THE NAUTILUS two to five feet in depth. Careful comparison has not been made with a series from the Nevada Lakes, but they are be- lieved to be the same species. Mr. F. M. Anderson, who collected the Carinifex sent to Prof. Henderson, informs me that he obtained his shells at the south end of the lake near the exit where our living specimens were obtained. — G. D. Hanna. PODODESMUS MACROSCHISMUS Deshayes. — A specimen dredg-ed in Puget Sound gives further evidence of the plas- ticity of this form (Nautilus, Vol. XLII, p. 67) in relation to its environment. This individual grew within an empty Teredo boring, surviving in spite of the cramped quarters. Although the typical shape is almost circular the present specimen is elongated, having the following dimensions: a record of either Zoogenites or Carychium for any of the Height (umbo to margin), 7.5 mm.; length, 21.5 mm. — Don L. Frizzell, Seattle, Wash. Zoogenites and Carychium in Colorado. — Dr. Calvin Goodrich, of the University of Michigan, recently sent me specimens of Zoogenites harpa (Say) and Caryehium exi- guum Say, with a fragment that seems to be the apex of Cochlicopn . They were obtain(?d by Dr. Peter Okkelberg, in Estes Park, Colorado, at an altitude of a little over 8,000 feet above sea level, in sparse woods near a spring half a mile from Stead's Ranch house. I have never been able to find Rocky Mountain States, though Carychium has been re- ported from both Oregon and Washington. The finding of these two genera togetlicr, l)oth eastern species, in an isolated western mountain park and their apparent absence elsewhere in the whole surrounding region, suggests the possibility that they were inadvertently introduced in ship- ments of some sort from some other state, but the situation and locality makes that seem improbable. It is probably a perfectly good record of a natural occurrence, and is very interesting. I have always expected that Carychium would eventually be found in the Rockies, but did not expect Zoogenites in Colorado. — JUNIUS HENDERSON. THE NAUTILUS 105 LiTORiNA LiTTOREA LiNN. — Richards (Nautilus, Vol. 43, p. 65. 1929), states that tliis species is a rock-inhabitinj? form exclusively, and not found elsewhere. Exception mu.st be made to this statement. The species in question is one of the most abundant forms found along the shores of bays and inlets on the New England coast. In this region they can be found everywhere between tide marks crawling over mud and on the blades and among the roots of Zostera. In many places it is by far the dominant species. No other littoral mollusk on the New England coast is to be found in so many different habitat stations. — W. J. Clench. New Shellfish Law for Massachusetts. — Director William C. Adams of the State Division of Fisheries and Game, has given out the following statement: "The new law pertains to the taking of shellfish by any inhabitant of the commonwealth for his own family use. Heretofore any resident could take an unlimited quantity of shellfish from any of the costal areas of the commonwealth but under the terms of the new law he is restricted to not exceeding one-half bushel of quahaugs or soft-shelled clams, including shells, in any one day ; or more than one bushel of each, including shells, in any one week. In the case of scallops the public is limited to one and one-half bushels of scallops, including shells, in any one week and there is a further restriction that scallops can be taken only during the open season from Oct. 1 to April 1. "In addition to the foregoing, the law provides that no riuahaugs or clams which are less than two inches in length at longest diameter may be taken by any person, regardless of whether or not they are taken for family use or com- mercial purposes." publications received The Terrestrial Shell-bearing Mollusca of Ala- bama. By Bryant Walker (Univ. of Michigan, Mus. Zool.. Misc. Pub. No. 18). Herbert H. Smith, assisted by his 106 THE NAUTILUS talented wife, collected mollusks in Alabama from 1903 until his death in 1920. In this rich field, which had been worked over in places by Conrad and by Showalter and other correspondents of Dr. Isaac Lea, Smith covered the ground much more effectively, collecting not only copious materials for elucidating the old species, but also many new forms of the greatest interest. Many of his discoveries were published from time to time in the Nautilus and else- where, by Walker and G. H. Clapp, and Goodrich has worked on the Pleuroceridae. Now we have a treatise on the land shells of the state from Bryant Walker's capable pen. No less than 23 new species and subspecies of land shells were discovered by Smith. Since Alabama extends from the outliers of the Appalachian Plateau to the Gulf, its fauna is remarkably varied. Walker recognizes 150 species of the northern fauna, 35 of the southern. Two thirds of the latter are confined to the Gulf coast. Probably no other state has so many species of Polygyra, 59. The following new forms are first described in this work : Polygyra herberti Walker. Vitrea cumberlandiana Clapp. Vitrea (Paravitrea) smithi Walker. Anguispira alteniata crassa Clapp. Anguispira alternata macneilli Walker. Anguispira alternata palustris Clapp. Anguispira alternata smithi Walker. Vertigo whecleri Pilsbry. The 278 figures accompanying the descriptions of species and subspecies add materially to the usefulness of the paper. It is handsomely printed, and being the only hand- book we have dealing with a southern state, is a most wel- come addition to our list of regional manuals. — H. A. P. Some Records and Descriptions of the New Fresh- water Mollusks from Cameroon. By William J. Clench. (Bull. Museum Comp. Zool.. Vol. 59, pp. 117-123. pi. 1, 1929.) One new genus Goodrichia and the following new THE NAUTILUS 107 species are described and figured : G. trochiformis and subspecies pilshnji, Rhinomelania afrieana, Lanistes sana- yaensi^ and Eyeria schwabi. A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Anatomy of THE Fresh-water Mussels of the District of Columbia. By Lucy Reardon. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 75, art. II, pp. 1-12, pis 1-5, 1929.) The anatomy of five species is de- scribed and figured in detail. A valuable contribution to our knowledge of the species. Fauna Malacologica Terrestre y de Aqua Dulce de Cataluna. For el Dr. F. Haas. (Trab. Mus. Cien. Nat. Barcelona, vol. 13, 1929.) A most exhaustive study of the moUuscan fauna of northeastern Spain. The work com- prises 491 pages with 187 excellent figures in text. New Fossil Land and Fresh-water Mollusks from THE Reynosa Formation of Texas. By Wm. B. Marshall. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 76, art. 1, pp. 1-6, pi. 1, 1929.) Three new genera Plicomiias, Eonaias and Antediplodon and four new species including Polygyra myersi are de- scribed and figured. The Florida Tree Snails of the Genus Liguus. By Charles T. Simpson. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 73, art. 20, pp. 1-44, map, and pis. 1-4, 1929.) A most interesting review of this remarkable genus, in which the author figures the various forms described in the Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, vol. 33, 1920, together with others described by Dr. Pilsbry. The authors* views on the dispersal of these tree snails from Cuba, on floating timber, during hurricanes and their distribution and migration in Florida forms a very interesting chapter. The author says : "The death knell of these beautiful snails in Florida has been sounded and it will be but a few years until all are gone, save it may be in the great Royal Palm Hammock which is a state reserva- tion. Most of the small hammocks have been destroyed, and in others still standing the snails are fading away be- fore man." The colored plates are very good but hardly do justice to these beautiful shells. — C. W. J. ^(H THE NAUTILUS Shells of Peitaiho. By Amadeus W. Grabau and Sohtsu G. King. Published by the Peking Laboratory of Natural History. 279 pages, 11 plates, 2nd ed., 1928. Peitaiho is on the Bay of Pechili, China. The physical features of the collecting ground, how to collect and other interesting matter is given in the introduction. Chapters on the structures of pelecypod and gastropod shells, are followed by the systematic descriptions of species. 127 species are described and figured, of which 43 species and varieties are new. The following from the preface fully describes the object of this valuable guide to the study of the Mollusca. "In reissuing this book in its new form, we are actuated by the desire to make it a handy field-com- panion for the multitude of young and mature students, who have come to realize that some of nature's most beauti- ful objects are to be found upon the unique shores of Pechili Bay."— C. W. J. Non-Marine Mollusca of Oregon and Washington. By Junius Henderson (University of Colorado Studies, XVII, No. 2, 1929). To supply the need for a faunal work on the inland mollusks of the region, Professor Henderson has published this excellent manual of 190 pages, in which may be found descriptions, figures and details of distribu- tion of all species now known in these states, together with references to previous literature. The author has visited 225 localities in the two states in the past three years. He has critically examined the evidence in cases of records which appear dubious, and has given careful attention to the ever-changing nomenclature. The characteristics and limits of the Oregonian and the Washingtonian "provinces" are discussed briefly. "In a general way these provinces are so distinct in their biological characteristics as to strongly impress anyone who is working upon the mollusks in a large way." The figures, many of which are original, are characteristic, and the work will be most useful to all concerned with the zoology of the region. — H. A. P. The Nautilus. Vol. XLIII APRIL, 1930. No. 4 ANCIENT SHELL "TRADE ROUTES" BY JUNIUS HENDERSON It has long been known that large quantities of Pacific marine shells are found in prehistoric graves and ruins in Utah, Arizona, New Mexico and southwestern Colorado. Olivella, Haliotis and GJ]icyyneris are especially abundant, and are found with remains representing all the culture periods, from the very abundant Basket Maker to the Pueblo-Cliff Dweller. Fine necklaces and armlets made of Ghjcymeris and Olivella and ornaments made of Hcdiotis have been found in Basket Maker graves. Two of these are in the University of Colorado Museum. It seems probable that there was for at least 2,000 or 3,000 years a regular trade route for shells from southern California or Lower California, or both, to Colorado and New Mexico. A recent paper by Krieger ("A prehistoric pit house village site on the Columbia River at Wahluke, Grant County, Washing- ton," Proc. U. S. Natl. Museum, LXXIII, pp. 1-29, 1928) indicates that there was a similar ancient trade route, either over the mountains or up the Columbia River, from the Pacific Coast to interior Washington, the sites men- tioned in the paper being over 200 miles in a direct line from the coast. He mentions Dpntaliumind inv arum, Hnliotis kamchntkana, H. fiilgcris, H. rufeRcensi, Diadora aspera Olivella hipUcatn. Glycymeris subobsoleta , Profothaca sp., and "other Pacific Coast shells". He mentions Protofhaca as a "Columbia River species of 110 THE NAUTILUS bivalve" (p. 13), a "fresh-water clam or Unio" (p. 15). It is not a Unio and not a fresh-water clam, but a subgenus of Paphia, or perhaps a genus, including several species and subspecies widely distributed along the Pacific Coast and about Puget Sound, usually abundant in estuaries or bays where the water is markedly saline, but more or less fresh- ened by the inflow of river water. The DentaUiim is prob- ably what is now known as D. pretiosum Sowerby. I have found no record of H. fulgens north of the Farralones, or of H. rufescens north of Bodega Bay, the northern limits of those species, according to Dall (1921), and have not found them myself in extensive collecting along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. If they occur they must be very rare. All of the other species may well have come from the coast of Washington or Oregon, by any one of several feasible routes. If the material called H. fulgens and H. rufescens is cor- rectly identified, it raises a difficult question as to where it came from. It does not seem likely that it came from middle or southern California. It does not seem any more likely that during the few centuries or possibly 2,000 or 3,000 years since the burials were made the ranges of the two species have been so restricted. It might be possible that they are fossil shells, but I have never found any of either species in the fossil deposits of the northwest that I have examined, nor have I seen any recorded from there. There are numerous Pleistocene deposits about Puget Sound and southward along the coast which should contain specimens if the species formerly lived along the northwest coast. If these shells came from the Oregon or Washington coast and their range has since been much restricted it would be at least .some evidence bearing upon the antiquity of the human remains associated therewith. THE NAUTILUS 111 HELICINA (HENDERSONIA) OCCULTA SAY, AGAIN BY B. SHIMEK Morrison's recent paper on Hendersonia occulta^ invites discussion. As is well known, the fossil form was described by Say as Helicina occulta. Later, Green described the modern form as H. rubella. The i)aper noted follows the tendency to re- gard the modern form as a variety of occulta under the name rubella. The writer has previously shown that there is no war- rant for the separation of the modern and fossil forms.- Color cannot be a criterion, for the fossil shells are bleached, and the modern forms varj-^ greatly, from light horn-colored, through lemon-colored and light red, to a deep brick red. Size is variable in both, and the extremes in one equal those in the other. The form of the shell is also variable in both, within about the same limits. To separate the living form as a named variety gives an impression of differences which do not exist. If this rule is to be followed then all the fossils from the loess should be segregated under separate names, — a procedure which has already gone too far. Manifestly there is no excuse whatever for a varietal separation of the fossil and modern forms where both exhibit the same range of variation. The varietal name rubella should be dropped. The statement is also made that "nearly all the records of the occurrence of this species as a modern form are from the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin, north- eastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota and from the Appalachians". ' Morrison, J. P. E., Ov the Occurrence of Hendersonia in Crawford County, Wu;., NAUTILUS, XLIII, 41-45; 1929. - For the writer's discussion of variation and distribution of the fossil and modern forms see: Helicina occulta Say, Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, vol. IX, pp. 173-180; 1904. Addi- tional Notes ov Helicina occulta. Journal of Geology, vol. XIII, pp. 232-237; 1905. Further Notes on Helicina occulta Say. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, vol. XXVI, pp. 385-390; 1919. 11^ THE NAUTILUS In this northern territory the modern form has been found most abundantly in Johnson and Madison counties, Iowa, both far removed from the so-called Driftless Area (which, incidentally, was not wholly driftless in Iowa and some of the adjoining territory), and it occurs in Iowa in Linn, Hardin and Lee Counties, and in Mound County, Illinois, — all remote from the Wisconsin Driftless Area. The southern limit of distribution of the modern form is in Marion County, Tennessee, which is almost exactly the southern limit of the fossil form. Here it is associated with a distinctively southern molluscan fauna. It is significant, moreover, that as we approach the Drift- less Area the fossils of this species become less and less common until they disappear before reaching this area which is assumed to be one of the centers of distribution of the modem form. It might appear, rather, that the colonies in the Driftless Area are later invaders, though the lesser deposition of loess in that region would probably make the preservation of the shells less certain. The fossil shells are widely distributed in the Loess, oc- curring from Indiana to Nebraska, and south to near the south line of Tennessee on the east side of the Mississippi, though not known south of Missouri on the west side of the river. Southward it is displaced, in both the loess and modern faunas, by Helicina orbiculata. The widely scattered modern colonies are evidently rem- nants of a once abundant race, but we must look to other than glacial causes for their reduction in numbers. Both the fossil and modern forms extend far south of the limits of glaciation, and the reduction in numbers and extent of local distribution has been distinctly greater in the southern part of the area. Iowa Cilv, Iowa, Januarv 20. 1930. THE NAUTILUS 118 SNAILS. NEW AND OTUERWISE, FROM THE PALOMAR MOUNTAINS. CALIFORNIA BY S. STILLMAN BERRY Redlands, California The following apparently new species of zonitid land snail was among the spoils of last season's collecting. VlTREA OROTis, new species. (Figs. 1, la, 16.) Diagnosis: — Shell small, thin, whitish horn-color, trans- lucent. Whorls S'].i, moderately convex, regularly enlarg- ing, smooth, except for the weak incremental lines, and the traces of spiral striation noted below. Surface highly pol- ished, with a waxy luster; occasional whitish resting marks on most specimens, and sometimes also whitish spirals in the shell. Suture distinct, appressed ; spire very low-conic; base convex, umbilicate; umbilicus wide and with the earlier whorls perspectively visible within, contained about Figs. 1, lb. — Vitr9aorotia. Fig. 2, he\ow. — Vitrea $hepardi. Camera outlines. 5 times in the shell diameter; periphery rounded. Aperture rounded, moderately descending, the lip sharp, and with a slight subangulate reflection at the umbilicus. Spiral stria- tion quite strong in umbilicus, and also veiy finely and deli- cately developed on the upper surface, where, however, it is not always easy to make out. :\Tax. diam. of type 2.60. min. diam. 2.24, alt. 1.36, diam. umbilicus .52 mm. Type: — Cat. No. 7095 of the author's collection. Para- types No. 6552 of the same collection, others to be deposited 114 THE NAUTILUS in the San Diego Museum of Natural History and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Type Locality: — Near the sawmill on south ridge of Palomar Mountains, east of Palomar resort, San Diego Co., California; in woodsy ravine under fallen logs and bark; 19 specimens, S. S. Berry and Willis G. Craig coll., 7 April 1928. Remarks: — This minute but very beautiful snail, in form, color, and texture, suggests V. gabrielina (Berry), its not distant neighbor to the north, and especially V. shepardi (Hemphill), but the much smaller size, the fewer whorls, and the wider, more perspective umbilicus serve amply to distinguish it from the former, while if my single specimen of shepardi from False Bay be correctly identi- fied, the latter is a flatter, more lenticular shell with a more oval aperture. In specimens taken alive the umbilicus was almost invariably occluded by a translucent film resembling dried slime as in the preceding species. The reference of both these forms, as well as gabrielina, to Vitrea must be understood as purely presumptive, pend- ing such time as an investigation may be made of their an- atomical characters. The specific name chosen is derived from oros mountain, -f- the suffix — tis, inhabitant of. The following species was found in association with the one just described. Helminthoglypta lowei (Bartsch). This handsome form .seems to be entirely distinct from cuyaviaccnsis. Zonitoides (Zonitellns) arboreiis (Say). Vitrea chersineUa (Dall), Sfriatura milium meridionalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss). This form is not typical milium and seems best referred to the Arizonan subspecies in the present state of our knowledge. (NoTK : Since the forcKoinp: paper left my hands Mr. H. R. Baker has kindly made direct conijiarison between paratypes of V. orotis and some of Hemphill's orijrinals of V. shepardi from Santa Catalina Island [A. N. S. P. HnOtM]. He writes that "shrpardi is about the size of orotic, but is decidedly more lenticular, with more depressed, more rapidly increasing whorls [ Vi whorl less in similar diameter], with a relatively smaller umbilicus and with a sliRlitly impressed suture.") THE NAUTILUS 115 THK MU R AKIOM AS OF THE INDIOENSIS GKOUI'. WITH THE UESCini'TION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES BY G. WILLETT During the past few years the writer has accumulated a series of specimens of Micrarionta from many localities on the desert slope of the San Jacinto Mountains and their southerly extension, the Santa Rosas. After a study of these specimens, it seems possible to deal more definitely with the relationships between the various forms, and their ideographical distribution. The conclusions arrived at are incorporated in the following paragraphs. Micrarionta indioensis indioensis (Yates). This, the first known of the helicoids of the vicinity, occurs in its typical form from near Indian Wells, Riverside County, California, an undetermined distance southward. Speci- mens are at hand from La Quinta; Coral Reef, west of Thermal; one and one-half miles south of Coral Reef, and Fish Traps, west of Mecca. Examples from the immediate vicinity of Indian Wells seem variously intermediate be- tween typical indioensis and the next form. Micrarionta indioensis xerophila Berry. This rather slightly differentiated form occurs from a short distance north of Indian Wells to the southern side of Cathedral Canyon, specimens having been taken from a number of different localities within this range. It differs from typi- cal indioensis principally in being slightly more depressed; also, it may average somewhat smaller. Micrarionta indioensis cathedralis, new subspecies. De- scription.— Shell of about five whorls, moderately elevated, umbilicated : tan-colored, with dark brown stripe, from one- half to three-fourths of a millimeter in width, on shoulder of the last one and one-fourth whorls, a more or less indis- tinct lighter zone on either side of the brown band. Early whorls thickly papillated in diagonal rows, these papula- tions becoming less conspicuous and more scattered on the later whorls and apparently absent on the last half of the 116 THE NAUTILUS last whorl and on the base, the latter being marked only with irregular growth lines. Aperture oval, oblique, strong- ly and rather abruptly descending: outer lip and columella well reflected, the reflection of the latter covering about one-half of the umbilicus. Type, No. 1022 Collection Los Angeles Museum. The type and ten additional specimens were collected by the writer and his wife in rock slides at the head of Cathedral Canyon, Riverside County, California, February 8, 1930. Paratypes are in the collection of the writer. The type, which is the largest of the series, measures as follows: max. diam., 20 mm.; min. diam., 16 mm.; height, 13 mm.; whorls five. Remarks: — this form is admittedly an intergrade be- tween M. indioensis (Yates) , and M. ivolcottiana (Bartsch), being approximately half way between the two in size, as well as in the reflection of the columellar lip. It is, however, so different from either that it seems fitting to give it a name. The intergradation between cathcdralis and xerophila takes place along the south side of Cathedral Canyon, and along the north side of the same canyon, tow- ards Palm Springs, it gradually merges into the next form. MicrarioTita indionisis wolcoftia.na (Bartsch). This well known shell, the largest in the indioensis group, occurs in its typical form along the San Jacinto Range, from Palm Canyon to Snow Creek. Southward from Palm Canyon it intergrades with cathedralis. Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California, Feb. 11, 1930. A NEW COLOMUIAN HEMCIl) SNAII- OF THE GENUS LEPTARIONTA BY H. A. PILSBRY LEPTARIONTA MAXWELLSMITHI. new species. Acandi, Colombia, on leaves of bananas. Type No. 150243 ANSP, presented by Mr. Maxwell Smith. THE NAUTILUS 117 The shell is imperforate, trochiform, acutely carinate; thin; grayish white under a very thin, faintly yellow periostracum, with a narrow brown band near the middle of the wliurls of the spire, failing on the last whorl, and a brown line immetliately below the suture, widening into a comma-shaped spot at tlie apex: on the base there is a wider carob brown band a short distance below the r>|ie Paratype Fig. I. Leptarxonta maxweltsviithi. l^eripheral keel; there is a small dark spot above the keel behind the expansion of the lip. The first two whorls are convex, the rest nearly flat, the last whorl being slightly concave above and below the acute keel, and not in the least descending in front. The base is nearly flat. The first whorl is smooth and glossy; the later whorls are smoothish, less glo.ssy, and show low, unequal ripples of gi-owth, which are a little stronger on the base. The aperture is angular out- wardly, the ])eristome white, upper margin slightly curved forward, expanded and thin, the basal margin arcuate, re- flected, at the axis dilated over the umbilical region. Height 18 mm., diam. 25.2 mm.; 4V2 whorls. This is the first South American species of the genus. It is nearest to the Costa Rican L. -horqumoisis (Angas), but differs in the imperfoi-ate base, the lower, wider shape, wider aperture, the smaller number of whorls and the smoother surface, L. zhnrquinensis being minutely rough- ened. In another and impei-fect specimen the band in the mid- dle of the upper surface extends upon the last whorl to the lip, and there is no dark spot behind the lip above the keel (right hand figure). 118 THE NAUTILUS NOTES TAKEN IN THE VICINITY OF VINTON, IOWA BY DAVID T. JONES Research Laboratory of Biology, Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio The following list represents collections made in the region of the author's home during the summers of 1926 and 1928. The author is under obligation to Dr. Calvin Goodrich for aid in identifying Helicina occulta and Pomatiopsis lapidarm, to Dr. Bohumil Shimek for several Iowa specimens from other localities for comparison, and locally to Ronald Leemon, William Franklin, and Glenn Bordwell for aid in collecting. Polygyra hirsuta (Say), Goarcke's Lake, West Bluffs, City Park (Vinton). Polygyra fraterna (Say), Goarcke's Lake, East Bluffs, City Park, West Bluffs. Polygyra multilineata (Say), Stony Cut, Goarcke's Lake, Pratt Creek, City Park, East Bluffs, Mud Creek. Polygyra profunda (Say), City Park, Goarcke's Lake, East Bluffs, Stony Cut. Polygyra zaleta (Binney), City Park. Strobilops lahyrinfhica (Say), West Bluffs. Gastrocopta armifera (Say), City Park, West Bluffs, City of Vinton. GaMrocopta covfracta (Say), West Bluffs, East Bluffs. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say), West Bluffs. Cochlicopa lubrica (Muller), Goarcke's Lake, City Park, West Bluffs. Retinella hammonin (Strom), City Park, West Bluffs, Jones' timber. Glyphyalina indcufafn (Say), City Park. West Bluffs. Euconidu}^ f virus (Muller). West Bluffs. Zonitoides arboreus (Say), West Bluffs, Jones' timber, City of Vinton, Goarcke's Lake. City Park. Psetidovitrea minuscuXa (Binney), West Bluffs, East Bluffs. THE NAUTILUS 119 AgrioUmax campcstris (Binney), Goarcke's Lake, West Bluffs, City of Vinton. Anguispira alternata (Say), City Park, East Bluffs. HeUcodiscus paraUclns (Say), West Bluffs, Jones' timber. East Bluffs, City Park, Goarcke's Lake. Punctum pygvmeum (Draparnaud), West Bluffs. Succhiea avara Say, West Bluffs. Succitiea ovalis Say, City Park, Goarcke's Lake, Mud Creek. Siiccinea retnsa Lea, West Bluffs. Canjchium exiguum (Say), West Bluffs. Stagnicola caperata (Say), Goarcke's Lake. Fossaria modicella rustica (Lea), West Bluffs. Heliosoma trii^'olvis (Say), West Bluffs, Dudgeon Creek, Goarcke's Lake, Mud Creek. Gyraidus parvus (Say), West Bluffs. Planorhula crassUahrii^ (Walker), West Bluffs. Physella gyrina (Say), West Bluffs, Mud Creek, Lake on Isben Noble farm. Physella integra (Hald.), Goarcke's Lake. Pomatiopsis lapidaria (Say), West Bluffs. Helicina occulta Say, East Bluffs. Musculium secure (Prime), Goarcke's Lake, West Bluffs. Muscidium truncatum (Linsley), West Bluffs. Pisidium abditum Haldeman, West Bluffs. Three habitats are worthy of mention. In a hillside swamp below a spring at West Bluffs Pomatiopsis lapi- daria, Strobilops labyrinthica, EuconvXus fvlvu^, Polygyra hirsuta, Succinea retusa, Succinea avara, Zonitoides arborea, Gastrocopta contracta, Pisidium abditum, and Agriolimax campestris were found living together. In a pond further north and at the foot of the same bluff Suc- cinea retusa, Physella gyrina, Planorbula crassilabris, Mus- culium truncatum, and Fossaria modicella rustica were found. Helicina occulta was found alone, under stones, high up on the hill just north of the old stone quarry at East Bluffs. Two dozen specimens were taken. The boundaries of the colony were very limited. 120 THE NAUTILUS A NEW PLEISTOCENE FOSSIL FROM PORT BLAKELY, WASHINGTON BY DON L. FRIZZELL Seattle, Washington Paphia restorationensis, new species. Shell large and heavy, subquadrate, convex; surface sculptured by numerous rather fine but conspicuous radiat- ing lines and a few raised, irregular, discontinuous concen- tric lines, the former markedly wider at both anterior and posterior ends, the latter high and most prominent on the anterior part of the shell ; a very thin epidermis seems to have been present, although almost completely eroded on type; no lunule present; inner margins smooth; hinge long, rather narrow, greatly arched ; three teeth in each valve, the posterior two in the right valve and the middle one in the left valve bifid ; pallial sinus long, narrow and rounded. Length 96.7, height 74.3, thickness 45.3 mm. Holotupe: — No. 1001, Coll. D. L. F. Occurrence: — Fairly common in late Pleistocene beds at Restoration Point, near Port Blakely, Washington, and ex- tremely rare living in Puget Sound. (Reported by Profes- sor Trevor Kincaid of the University of Washington). Remarks: — This species is intermediate between Paphia staminea and P. temrrima and may be a subspecies of the latter. It is given i^rovisional specific ranking, however, until its exact relations may bo determined. It is very much like tenerrima in size and outline but is distinguished by its greater heaviness, gi-eater thickness, greater height and more arched hing(> and in the pi-onounced radial .sculpture. It is similar to fttavuvea in the widely arched hinge and in the radial .sculpture but is easily distinguished by the lack of crenulated inner margins, the larger size and greater length in comparison to height. This form is very distinctive and can be instantly recog- nized. It does not fit into the series of tenerrima from the same locality and the seventeen specimens collected justi- THE NAUTILUS 121 fy, in my opinion, a description and name for this species. It is possible, furtlier, that this may have some strati- graphic significance, occurring as it does rather commonly in the late Pleistocene and so rarely living. NEW AND PROBLEMATIC WEST AMERICAN LAND SNAILS BY H. BURRINGTON BAKER (Continued from p. 101) Pristiloma NICHOLSON!, new species. Shell (pi. 5, tigs. 5-7) : minute, rimate, thin, vitreous. Color: light horn, almost white. Whorls: 4 14, quite rapid- ly increasing in diameter, well rounded, although slightly flattened above; suture beveled over each preceding whorl so as to appear broadly margined. Apical whorls : appar- ently smooth. Sculpture of later whorls: growth-lines ir- regularly spaced, faintly impressed, slightly stronger on umbilical side and very weakly arcuate at suture ; spiral striae weak and closely spaced (somewhat like in Zoni- toides arboreus) . Umbilicus: small and rendered rimate by peculiarly expanded columellar angle of peristome. Aper- ture: narrowly crescentic and nearly vertical. Peristome: sharp and simple on palatal and basal sides, but expanded towards columellar angle, which is free from preceding whorl so that it forms a triangular tongue which almost hides the umbilicus. Cotype (tigs. 5 and 7) : alt. 1.08 mm., maj. diam. 187 (2.02 mm.), min. diam. 169 (1.82), alt. apert. 90 (.97), diam. apert. 101 (.98) ; apical whorls eroded. Another cotype (fig. 6) : alt. 1.05 mm., maj. diam. 196 (2.06), min. diam. 175 (1.84). alt. apert. 89 (.94). diam. apert. 104 (.98) : 4 14. whorls. Type Locality: — Under pieces of wood on hillside near spring brook (first small branch below Big Carson Creek) 122 THE NAUTILUS about two miles south of Lagunitas, Marin County, Cali- fornia; collected by Mr. John Nicholson of the California Academy or Sciences and myself on July 19, 1929 (No. 149978, in Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). In general appearance, this species is most like Vitrea johnsoni Dall (1895, Naut. 9: 27), from Seattle, Washing- ton, which was named from incompletely developed speci- mens (paratypes examined) of what was later much more recognizably described as PristUoma taylori Pils. (1899, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 51: 185, pi. 9, figs. 6-8), from Nanaimo, Vancouver Island. But, when adult, P. johnsoni has more rapidly expanding whorls than the Cali- fornian species and is imperforate, while the columellar expansion of P. nicholsoni, although similar in shape, is de- pressed below the umbilicus so as to leave an open rima. In order to estimate the systematic position of this and related species, I have made preliminary dissections of topotypes of Zonitcs stearnsi Bland (1875, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 11: 76, fig. 3) from Astoria, Oregon, which is now designated as the type of Prisfilonm Ancey (1887, Conch. Ex. 1: 54). Anceyia Pilsbry [1887? (certainly after Dec. 28, 1886), Conch. Ex. 1 (6) : 26], which has been re- cently revived for this genus, is preoccupied by Anceyia Mabille [1886! (Aug. 14 seance the last one reported). Bull. Soc. Philom. France (7) 10: 128]. The anatomy of Prisfiloma stearnsi is remarkably similar to that in the European genus Vitrea Fitz., but the genitalia of the American species have a large, sausage-shaped sperma- theca, the apex of which does not quite reach the aorta. For the present, the two genera had best be kept separate, but Prisfiloma is certainly more closely related to Vitrea than to the other American Vitreinae {Psendovitrea, Para- vitrea, etc. ) . I have also examined the anatomy of topotypes of Hyalinn suhrnpicoJa "Dall" Packard (1877. Bull. U. S. G. and G. Surv. Terr. 3. No. 1: 163. fig. 7). from Clinton Cave, near Lake Point, Tooele Co., Utah, which is the monotype THE NAUTILUS 123 of Ofjaridiscus Chamberlin and Jones (1929, Bull. Univ. Utah 19, No. 4: 96). The structure of P. subrupicola is, in the main, like that of P. stearnsi, but the spermatheca is of the ordinary long type. Of course, Chamberlin and Jones would have more closely approximated the true systematic relationshi|)s. both on conchological and on anatomical grounds, if they had used Vitrca for P. subrupicola, in- stead of adopting it for Retinella (Glyphyalinia) indentata (subfamily Zonitinae). Nevertheless, unless intermediate characters are found in the other species, Ogaridiscus seems to require at least .sectional recognition. It probably includes: P. johnsoni (Dall), P. nicholsoni, P. subrupicola sub)-iipicola (Dall), Viti^ea subrupicola spelaea Dall (1895, Naut. 9: 27) from Cave City, Calaveras Co., Cal., Zonites shepardi "Hemphill" W. G. B. (1892, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 22, No. 4, 167) from Santa Catalina Island, Cal., and Polita oabHelina Berry (1924, Naut. 37: 130, fig. 3), from San Gabriel Mts., San Bernardino Co., Cal. I have examined a dried animal from a paratype of Pristiloma gabrielinum; its radula is similar to that in the other members of the genus and its sole appears to be undivided. The first three species, at least, are more or less subterranean in habits; P. johnsoni usually lives on the surface of buried rocks in fairly fresh dirt and rock-slides (Oregon: South Oswego, Clackamas Co.; Riverdale, Multnomah Co.; near Astoria, Clatsop Co. Washingto7i: Point Ellis, Pacific Co.; Mc- Aleer Creek, near Seattle, King Co.; just north of mouth of Quillayute River, Clallam Co.). Pristiloma chersinella wascoense (Hemphill). Tonites (Conulus?) wascoensis Hemph. (1911, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 1 : 102), Wasco Co. and near Salem, Marion Co., Oregon. ?Polita chersinella Berry (1919, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 71: 196. 199, 203), Glacier National Park, Montana (ANSP No. 115650). Additional localities (?): along creek east of Meadows (old town). Adams Co., Idaho; ANSP 82339, Big Payette 124 THE NAUTILUS Lake, Boise Co., Idaho (Rev. E. H. Ashmun!); ANSP 82367, Price Valley, Weiser Canyon, Washington Co., Idaho (Rev. E. H. Ashmun!). The only distinctive feature in Hemphill's description is his remark that wascoensis is very similar to chersineUa, but is about half the size vv^ith the same number of whorls. This also fits the Idaho specimens cited above, while the Montana shell is slightly larger, although still much smaller than topotypes of typical Helix chersineUa Dall (1866, Amer. Jour. Conch. 2: 328, pi. 21, fig. 4) from Big Trees, Calaveras Co., Cal. I can present no proof of intergrada- tion between wascoense and chersineUa, but prefer not to recognize the former as a distinct species until someone has competently described and accurately figured the types. A large series of shells from near Ouxy, on the east shore of Upper Klamath Lake, Klamath Co., Oregon, collected July 28, 1929, average slightly higher than typical chersin- eUa but attain the same size. I have dissected one of these and, although not quite mature, it certainly belongs to Pristiloma, but has the long type of spermatheca, like P. subrupicola. In shell characters, P. chersineUa combines the thicker epidermis and quite close whorls of Pristiloma s. s., with an open umbilicus like most species of Ogariclis- cus. I have additional animals from the type locality and elsewhere in the Sierra Nevadas and hope to make more detailed dissections in the near future. Pristiloma ARCTicuM (Lehnert). Additional localities: Paradise Valley (near timberline on Mt. Ranier) down to near Longmire (5,000-3,000 ft.), Pierce Co., Washington. Through the kindness of Dr. G. D. Hanna, I have been able to compare these specimens with Alaskan examples and can detect no .salient diff'erencos. Radiodiscus (Radiodomus) abietum. new subgenus and species. Shell (pi. 0, figs. 2-4) : small (6.7 mm.), subdiscoid, um- bilicate, thin, but with heavy, almo.st opaque epidermis. THE NAUTILUS 125 Color: light chocolato-brown. Whorls: maximum 5"!'i, grad- ually increasing- in diameter, well rounded but markedly flattened above; last slightly descending; suture deep. Em- bryonic whorls: 2 to 2%; spiral ridgelets prominent, closely spaced (14 visible) and beginning at very apex. Sculpture of later whorls: growth-riblets quite low but angular and sharply defined, markedly and broadly concave below peri- phery, protractive near umbilicus, scarcely arcuate near suture; interspaces 2-3 times as broad as riblets; spiral .striae (with interstitial ridgelets) very closely spaced, fine but deep iind sharp in interspaces, usually obliterated at summit of riblets. Umbilicus: about 6.1 times in maj. diam. of shell; witii almo.st vertical walls. Aperture: crescentic. slightly oblique (about 20^ from axis of shell). Peristome: simple and sharp, quite deeply and broadly concave below periphery; parietal callus weak. Type (immature) : — alt. 2.61 mm., maj. diam. 187 (4.89 mm.), min. diam. 177 (4.61), alt. apert. 79 (2.07), diam. apert. 113 (2.33) : 5 whorls. Largest paratype (broken) : maj. diam. 6.7 mm.; 5% whorls. Type Locality: — Estivating (near end of driest summer in history of region) on surface of partially buried rocks, at base of a steep slope near mouth of East Fork of Weiser River, on Stevens Ranch (alt. 3,600 ft.), Adams Co., Idaho, (No. 149979, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). Other localities : east of Meadows (old town) and .south of New Meadows, in valleys at headwaters of Little Salmon River (alt. 4.000- 4,500 ft.), in same county. Stevens Ranch is near the lower limit of the conifer zone. The crests of the ridges and the most exposed slopes are covered with bunch-grasses; the less exposed slopes de- velop open stands of rock pine; the more protected valley- sides are dominated by Douglas fir, mixed locally with larch; while the bottom of the canyons are characterized by a white-barked fir (Abies sp.). blue spruces and, along the creeks, alder and red dogwood. The snails are mainly near the streams. Stevens Ranch is also the type locality 126 THE NAUTILUS of Pristiloma idahoense, which estivates in about the same places as R. abietum. Microphysula ingersolli buries itself more deeply in the same rock-piles, but Zacoleits idahoensis (often mummified by the extreme drouth), Polygyra ptychophora and P. midlani olneyae are usually nearer the surface. Anguispira kochi occidentalis is also very common along Goose Creek, near Meadows, where the forest is more dominant. Although its shell-sculpture is as usual in the genus, Radiodiscus abietum is much larger than the other North American species. In addition its spire is more nearly flat, its umbilicus is relatively smaller and its growth-riblets are more curved than in R. millecostatus. An adult (51/2 whorls) from Goose Creek valley and another (514 whorls) from the headwaters of the Little Salmon furnish data for anatomical comparison with R. millecostatus costaricensis (H. B. B.: 1927, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 79: 230, pi. 17, figs. 21-24) and with R. (Radioconus) bactricola (op. cit. : 231, pi. 17, figs. 25-30). Only divergent details are stressed. Animal : sides of foot slightly pigmented ; head and tenta- cles black. Mantle collar (pi. 6, fig. 6) : similar to bactri- cola. Lung : over three times as long as its base and about four times length of kidney; wall mottled with black. Heart: relatively small; auricle broad and short; principal vein passes ventral to ureter and dorsal to tip of kidney; minor venation indistinct. Kidney : thick, little longer than its base and half again as long as pericardium; apical (right) limb weak; basal (left) point produced between pericardium and ureter. Ureter: "primaiy" region swollen and U-shaped with left arm produced beyond pericardium; terminal loop short and ventral to kidney ; "secondar>'" con- tinuation slender and less than half length of lung. Genitalia (pi. 6. figs. 5 and 7) : male organs well devel- oped; uterus and albumen gland slender. Ovotestis: con- sisting of a few, large, long-clavate alveoli, imbedded in lower two-thirds of liver; duct very long, swollen and con- THE NAUTILUS 12/ voluted near its lower end; talon clavate, with a slender appendix. Uterus: apical end with two sacculate enlarge- ments. Free oviduct: short and slender. Spermatheca: sac clavate, imbedded near columellar side of uterus; stalk medium in length, almost columellar in position to near base of uterus. Vagina: exceptionally long, swollen near middle. Prostate: long type, covering all of outer sur- face of uterus. Vas deferens : caught into penioviducal angle by tentacular retractors. Epiphallus: elliptical, with small lumen ; wall thickened asymmetrically and marked by radiating, glandular columns; penial papilla short and conical, forming a slight, lateral projection near apex of penial lumen. Penis: exceptionally large, with two apical appendices ("flagella") ; penis proper long fusiform, wall longitudinally plicate internally from apex to thick-walled swelling; larger appendix an ellipsoid continuation of penis proper, with thick, glandular wall ; smaller appendix ovoid, with muscular wall, which develops two internal pilasters, opening into penial apex on side opposite vas deferens. Penial retractor : heavy and short ; origin from diaphragm ; insertion on apex of larger appendix. Cloaca : as in costari- censis. Columellar muscle: similar to that in R. bactricola, but buccal muscle is almost free, left and right common re- tractor arise simultaneously (although right one does not subdivide until near buccal mass) and both right ocular and right muscle to inferior tentacle pass through peniovi- ducal angle and between descending and ascending limbs of vas deferens. Jaw: similar to that in R. bactricola; 21 plates counted. Radular formula (pi. 6, fig. 1) : 9-12-1-21; 91 transverse row\s counted. Central: slightly smaller than first lateral and tricuspid. Laterals: asymmetric, bicuspid (entocone absent) ; outer teeth becoming shorter. Margin- als : shorter and broader, but not sharply demarcated from laterals; ectocones more numerous but variable; entocone always absent. R. ahietum has the shell-sculpture of a RcuUodisctis and 128 THE NAUTILUS probably is more closely related to that group than any other. Nevertheless, its extreme anatomical divergence would warrant the erection of a new genus. Especially peculiar features of the new monotypic subgenus, Radio- domus, are: (1) its exceptionally long "primary" ureter, (2) its spermatheca which is of the short type and almost columellar in position, (3) its two penial appendices (flag- ella) and (4) the complete absence of entocones from its radula. This last feature, taken by itself, would transfer Radiodomus to the Endodontinae, but I believe it is more than counterbalanced by the primitive kidney and jaw, which are most like those in Radiodiscus and the other Helicodiscinae. TYPE OF ANODONTITES BRUGIERE BY WILLIAM B. MARSHALL U. S. National Museum United States National Museum Thiele, 1909 (Nachr. deutsch. Malak. Gesell.), and Ort- mann, 1911 (Nautilus, Vol. 25, pp. 88-91), did a real ser- vice to students of South American malacology in reviving Bruguiere's generic name Anodontitea (Journ. de Hist. Nat.. Vol. 1, pp. 103-109, pi. 8, figs. 6, 7, 1792) , proving that it is a perfectly valid name, and takes precedence over Gray's name Glabaris (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 197, 1847). The type of Anodontites is cHspata Brug (1. c.) . That has been settled beyond a doubt. Ortmann. 1921, "South Ameri- can Naiades" (Mem. Carnegie Museum, Vol. VIII) gives a detailed description and a number of figures of what he took to be A. crispata Brug. Unfortunately his identifica- tion was incorrect. The si)ecimens he figured are Anodon- tites colovibiensis Marshall, 1922 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61. p. 7. pi. 1. fig. 5. pi. 2. figs. 13, 14, pi. 3, figs. 5, 13, 14.) THE NAUTILUS 129 The sculpture of A. colomhiensis is very peculiar, being much wrinkled like dried paint, and arranged in a more or less radial pattern. This peculiar sculpture and the specific name crispata which very well describes it probably led Ortmann into his error. The true Anodontites crispata has a radically different sculpture, arranged in distinctly radiating bands of beauti- fully regular, closely-set festoons, so disposed that they form also a concentric sculpture. Almost exactly this style of sculpture is found also on Diplodontites cookei Marshall, from Colombia (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 61, p. 2, pi. 1, figs. 1, 3, 7, 8, 10. pi. 3, fig. 4, 1922) ; Nephronaias reticu- lata Simpson, from Honduras (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 77, pi. 2, fig. 3, 1900), and on Nephronaias elvae Walker, from Nicaragua (Nautilus, Vol. 38, p. 52, pi. 1, 1924). The type of sculpture of these four species is believed to be the most delicate and perhaps the most beautiful dis- played by any of the pearly fresh-water mussels. It is an interesting fact that, so far as known to the writer, this style of sculpture is found only in naiades from the region which includes the northern edge of South America, Hon- duras and Nicaragua. For some years I thought it was but a periostracal character, but at least one of them, D. cookei, shows it to be sculptural, i. e. in the calcareous matter; and this sculpture shows in the periostracum which is tightly applied to the shell. This was proved by removing the peri- ostracum of one-half of a valve of D. cookei by immersing it in hot caustic potash solution which destroyed the peri- ostracum, leaving the shelly matter beneath pure white but showing every detail of sculpture just as it appeared with the periostracum in place. The same treatment of A. col- ombieiisL^ proved that its peculiar surface resembling wrinkled dried paint is likewise structural and not merely periostracal. Ortmann, (1921, 1. c.) says the type locality of A. crispata is South America. Perhaps he had not seen Bruguiere's paper. In that paper Brugui^re distinctly says 130 THE NAUTILUS the shell came from streams in Guiana. He uses this sen- tence: Cette coquille habite dans les rivieres de la Guyanne, d'ou elle m'a ete envoye par M. le Blond. The shells figured by Ortmann as A. crispata came from the Rio de la Paila, a tributary of the upper Rio Cauca of the Rio Magdalena drainage. This is a long distance from Guiana, there are high mountains between and the drainage of Guiana has no connection with the Magdalena system. INHERITANCE OF DIRECTION OF COIL IN ACHATINELLA BY OLAF OSWALD On a collecting trip to the Waiawa-Manana ridge, Oahu, on April 13, 1929, I found a total of 152 shells of Achatin- ella swiftii, of which 78 were sinistral and 74 dextral. One of these sinistral specimens contained a dextral embryo. This colony was about half-way down the southerly slope of the ridge. On the northerly slope, in a ravine about 150 yards directly opposite, I found 40 specimens, all dextral. A couple of hundred yards makai (seaward) from this sec- ond colony I collected 28 shells, all sinistral. The colonies on the southerly and northerly slopes were separated by a heavy growth of uluhi (Glcichenm dichotoma) fern, well known to collectors as an isolator of Achatinella. On April 27th, at a point on the south slope of the south- erly Waiawa ridge, almost directly opposite and about % mile northerly from the above localities, I found altogether 48 specimens, divided 41 dextral and 7 sinistral. Two of these sinistral animals had each a dextral embryo. In at least three instances, in this particular colony, I had the rare exi)erience of gathering one dextral and one sinistral full grown specimen of one species from a single leaf. These also were Achatinella swiftii. At Punahiu Valley, on the opposite (easterly) side of the island of Oahu, I found recently a colony of Ach. bnlimoides THE NAUTILUS 181 obliqua, in one dextral animal of which was a sinistral embryo. Incidentally, a few yards distant I collected one pure white shell of Ach. dccipicus kaliuaivaentiis (dextral), the animal of which yielded four (4) dextral embryos. You will appreciate the rarity of this, knowing that an animal of the genus Achatinella bears ordinarily but one young, although occasionally two are found. The latter specimens have been given to the Bishop Museum. Dr. Cooke informs me that he has noticed in several in- stances a different coil in the embryo from that of the mother. 1418 Victoria St., Honolulu. FOSSIL MOLLUSKS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES FROM THE HUDSON RIVER TUNNEL, NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY BY HORACE G. RICHARDS University of Pennsylvania About 1906 some bluish mud containing shells taken from the Pennsylvania Railroad tunnel under the Hudson River connecting New York City, N. Y. and Jersey City, N. J. was sent to Dr. Amos Brown, then professor of Geology at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Brown turned over the material to Dr. Burnett Smith who was then on the staff of the department. However before Dr. Smith could complete his studies on the shells he was called to Syracuse University, and consequently the material was turned over to the Geological Department of the University of Pennsylvania. Through the kindness of Dr. Smith, now associated with the New York State Museum at Albany, N. Y. and Dr. Frederick Ehrenfeld, head of the Department of Geology of the University of Pennsylvania, I have been permitted to examine this material. Very few species are represented, and many of these only by fragments, but it is thought worth while to report these specimens even after the lapse of so many years. 132 THE NAUTILUS The material was stated to have come from 90 feet below the bottom of the river, but no information is available concerning the part of the tunnel from which the material was collected. The following species are represented:^ Mytilus edulis (unusually thick shells). Area transversa Say. Maetra late7'alis Say. Abra aequalis Say. Crepidula fornieata L. Alectrion trivittata (Say). Polinices lactea Guilding. Odostomia impressa var. granitina Dall. Spine of Arboxia. Balanus eburneits Gould. Panopetis herbstii M.-Edw. P. lactea and O. impressa var. granitina are now re- stricted to southern waters, and A. aequalis, although re- ported as far north as Connecticut is more common toward the south ; the other species are all to be found living in the waters today. Because of the insufficient data concerning the exact lo- cality of the shells, and because of the complexity of the geological formations at the mouth of the Hudson River, it does not seem possible to date the fossils accurately except to say that they are probably from some part of the Pleistocene. The presence of the two southern forms might be taken as an indication that they belong to an interglacial warm stage. 1 I am indebted to Mr. E. G. Vanatta of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadi Iphia for help in the identification of certain of these specimens. THE NAUTILUS 133 NEWFOUNDLAND SHELLS BY E. G. VANATTA The following species of shells were picked from leaf- mould collected by Mr. Bayard Long while on a botanical expedition to Newfoundland during July and August, 1929. It is hoped that the list will be a useful addition to the rec- ords published in The Nautilus, Vol. 38, p. 92, and Vol. 40, p. 112. The Helicodisciis and Vallonia were not found on Mr. Long's former visit to the island. All the specimens are in the collection of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Helix hortensis Miill. Tucker's Head, Lord and Lady Cove, above Lomond, and Summit of Killdevil Mountain, Main Arm of Bonne Bay. Southern Arm, Bonne Bay. Deer Arm, Bonne Bay. Pointe Riche, Ingonachoix Bay. Han- nah's Head, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland. Zonitoides arhorea Say. Near Pointe Riche and Hannah's Head. Retinella hammonis Str. Tucker's Head, near Pointe Riche, Hannah's Head. Penguin Head, Middle Arm, Bay of Islands, Newfoundland. VitHna limpida Gld. Near Pointe Riche. Euconidus fulvus Drap. Tucker's Head and Hannah's Head. Gonyodiscus cronkhitei No. Tucker's Head, near Pointe Riche, and Hannah's Head. Gonyodiscus cronkhitei Nc. var. anthonyi Pils. Pointe Riche. Grassy Island, St. John's Bay. Helicodiscus parallelus Say. Hannah's Head. Punctum pygmaeiim Drap. v. minutisfiimum L^a. Tuck- er's Head, near Pointe Riche, and Hannah's Head. Succiyiea avnra Say. Tucker's Head, Pointe Riche, and Penguin Head. Succinea oralis Say. Tucker's Head, Lomond, and Haijr., nah's Head. 184 THE NAUTILUS Succinea verrilli Bid. Main River, and Lomond. Near Old Port au Choix, St. John's Bay, Newfoundland. Cochlicopa lubrica Miill. Tucker's Head, near Pointe Riche, Hannah's Head, and Penguin Head. Pupilla musco7'um L. Tucker's Head, and near Pointe Riche. Vertigo modesta Say. Tucker's Head, and near Pointe Riche. Vertigo coloradensis Ckll. Tucker's Head, and Hannah's Head. Columella edentula Drap. Tucker's Head. Vallonia aZbula St. Tucker's Head, near Pointe Riche, and Penguin Head. Lymnaea valustris Miill. Deer Arm, Bonne Bay. Near Old Port au Choix, and St. John Bay. A NEW HELICINA FROM NEW CALEDONIA BY T. D. A. COCKERELL Among the various species of Helicina collected in New Caledonia in 1928, there is one which seems exceptionally distinct. HELICINA (Palaeohelicina) ouenensis, new species. Shell with max. diam. 5.6, alt. nearly 4 mm.; spire rounded, obtuse; periphery obtuse; aperture 3 mm. high; lip white, reflected; callus thin, not prominent. Surface with delicate revolving striae, easily seen under a lens, not confined to the last whorl. Color pale pinkish, with a broad dark brown-pink band above the periphery; on the last whorl above this band, the surface is pale straw color, faint- ly flushed with pink, with a slight tendency to be flecked with whitish; umbilical region broadly creamy white; in- terior of aperture deep brownish pink. Operculum not known. Dge, He Ouen (also spelled Uen), Southern New Cale- THE NAUTILUS 135 donia (Cockerell) . Type in Philadelphia Academy. The widely distributed H. {Palaeohelicina) primeana Gassies is considerably larger (diam. 7 to 8 mm.) and the dark band above the periphery is olivaceous, according to Anton Wag- ner. In the Australian Museum at Sydney I saw^ specimens labelled //. primeana, and noted that they were quite large with or without a broad rosy band below periphery. H. (Ap}ianoconia) laeta Crosse, as figured by Crosse is pale pinkish, with a red band, but it distinctly shows the H. (lallina type of markings, and has a diameter of 9 mm. Also the red-brown band is a little below the periphery, in- stead of above it. It came from Mt. Mou, and Wagner's H. laeta from Prony Bay, diam. 11, alt. 7 mm, may be distinct. Related species occur in New Guinea, the Moluccas, etc. The type is No. 149874 ANSP. CORRESPONDENCE To Friends and Readers of The Nautilus: — Once more I am in Mazatlan, classic locality of Car- penter's paper on West Mexican shells. I have been in Mexico three weeks, on my way south on a conchological expedition. I had eleven quite profitable days at Guaymas, during the early January tides, walking from three to eight miles per day. The entire bay is either mud flats or rocks and mud, no sand beaches except on the outer Gulf coast. At one small point of rocks on the inner bay, about two miles from town I located a school of very fine Fusinus colpoicus Dall, ovipositing on the inner surfaces of dead Crucibulum shells. Two small species of Chitons were taken on the rocks in the bay, also that very interesting species Paramentaria duponti, which looks like a small Conus, but belongs to the family Columbellidae. In a small cove on the island on which is the inner lighthouse. T located a colony of fine Murex radix and M. hicolnr, burrowing in the mud entirely below the surface. These were all fine, perfect 136 THE NAUTILUS specimens, not worm-eaten like the average ones found on the surface of the rocks. It certainly took a lot of determina- tion to select only two dozen of the finest and give the rest, about six dozen, to my boatman who calls them "hurras" and said they were "muy bucno para comer", which applies equally well to any kind of mollusks large enough to eat. On one of the other islands we founds some giant Pinnas, nearly twenty inches long. In La Paz these are called "hacha", but here they are served for food as "callos", and are really very good eating. The large central muscle only is used and is very sweet and tender, like the large scallops on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Here in Mazatlan they are used in large numbers for food, great reefs of empty shells being piled on the mud flats, literally hundreds of thousands of them, with hardly a perfect one to be found. The Guaymas oysters are justly famous both for their size and delicious flavor. They are served at every meal at the restaurants, and can be bought from carls at one's door, where they are opened to order at only 25 centavos (12^2 cents) per dozen, some of the shells being eight and ten inches in length. They are gathered outside in the Gulf near the mouth of the Rio Yaqui, so there is no danger of infection. I tried dredging for two days with a launch or "gasolena" as they call them, outside the lighthouse, with fair results on sand and broken shell bottom. The inner bay is all mud bottom. Stopped off at San Bias and took a sixty mile auto trip to the coast at Topolobampo. The road runs the whole length of the Rio Fuerte valley through the great sugar and winter vegetable section of Los Mochis. The marine species taken were much the same as at Guaymas, however, the chitons here seem to be another species. A small Bulimus about an inch in length and an interesting Polygyra (much resembling the P. cercnlv,'^ in (Florida) were found under rock piles on the steep hill slopes around the bay. All the Molluscn found within several miles of Mazatlan, are as soon as large enough destined for the soup pots. The THE NAUTILUS 137 smaller species aic not disturbed so I had good luck with these and also collected five species of beautiful chitons. The large Chiton pctlinlatus Sby. is used extensively for food and is called "carachas". Some grow to over three inches in length. My best collecting was done on the small islands off the coast, I tried a combination dredging and shore collect- ing trip in a launch to the Islas de Venado. My greatest thrill was in getting three fine living specimens of the giant Malea lingcns under rock ledges on the windward side of the island. The animal is coal black. The natives call them "calaveras" from their fancied resemblance to a skull. I got my first giant Patella (Aiicistrotyiesus mexicanus) here also. They are surely hard to find, as they are hunted for food much like the Haliotis on the California coast. They also live on the outer side of the islands and are found only at extreme low water when there is not too much surf and are usually so covered with moss that they look like part of the rock to which they cling. We also visited the island of the Light House or "Faro" and found more of the giant limpets or "Lapas" as they are called here. All the small species are called "Lapas chicas" and are all used for food. The young shells of the giant Patella look much like some of the handsome South African species. I had never seen the young shells before and at first glance, thought they were another species. On this island the fine Lcucozonia cingulata were depositing their eggs under rocks on the windward side of the island. Some very fine Patellipnrpura patula and Thais biserialis were also taken at the same place. The P. patula gives off when disturbed, several drops of a milky liquid which quickly turned the collecting sack a metallic green and within half on hour this changed again to a royal purple, which is a fast dye and cannot be boiled out. I suppose it is akin to the "Tyrrian purple", mentioned in history as used by royalty exclusively. From the lighthouse on the top of this island 170 meters above the water there is a wonderful view of the whole 188 THE NAUTILUS Mazatlan coast and the mountains in the distance. Two in- teresting species of small land shells were found under leaves on the thickly forested sides of rocky islet. A small point of rocks in the inner bay, near "Campo Santo", last year at this time yielded some of my choicest treasures — Mitras, several fine species of Pleurotoma and the beautiful Murex lappa Brod. This year the hermit crabs had changed their fashions in wearing apparel and nothing more elabor- ate than Cerithiums were to be seen. It simply wasn't being done this season in the best society of Mazatlan crabs. Herbert N. Lowe. Mazatlan, Mexico, February 4, 1930. NOTES AND NEWS The death of Dr. J. Cosmo Melvill on November 4, 1929, at the age of 84 years has been announced. Corrections. — Through an unfortunate typographical error the name of a new snail from Kern County, Cal- ifornia, described by the writer in the October Nautilus (v. 43, p. 40), is given as Helminthoglypta tudiculata kermensis. The proper spelling of the geographic trinomial is of course kerneyisis. — S. S. Berry. On page 16 of the July number, for William J. Clinch, read William J. Clench. In the January issue of The Nautilus, page 104, the ninth line in the note "Zoogenites and Carychium in Color- ado" was inserted as the third line from the bottom of the note "Pododesmus macroschismus Deshayes". Planorbis SILICEUS Brown and Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila., 1914, p. 212. proves to be a homonym of Planorbis siliceufi Eichwald. Lethaea Rossica III, 1853, p. 298, as I am informed by a friendly letter from Dr. W. Wenz. P. silirev.s may now be called Planorbis amosbrowni. after my friend and collaborator of former vears. — H. A. PiLSBRY. THE NAUTILUS 139 Dr. Benedikt Dybowski, professor of zoology at Lwow University, died on February 1, at the age of ninety-five years. After being exiled to Siberia for participating in the 1863 insurrection in Poland he undertook a study of fauna from Lake Baikal to Kamchatka. He is chiefly known to conchologists for his work on the Lake Baikal mollusks. Professor T. D. A. Cockerell expects to go to the Atlas Mountains during the coming summer. The University of Colorado Museum has added over 1,000 species and subspecies of mollusks to its collection during the past year. The most notable single addition is a set of Hungarian shells, arranged for through Dr. Soos, of the Museum at Budapest. Three shipments aggregating 385 species and subspecies have been received and more are yet to come. Gender in Generic Names. — The generic terms, Haplo- trema Helisoma and Zonitoides, two of which have but re- cently come into common use, are often incorrectly treated as if they were of feminine gender. Haplotrema Ancey (1881, Le Nat. 1: 453) is derived from two Greek words: haplos (simple) and trema (fora- men), of which the latter is a neuter noun. Adjectives used as specific names should take the neuter form (e. g., con- cavum, vancouverense, occidentale, etc.) although suo- stantives used in apposition remain unchanged (e. g., sportella, a little basket) . Helisoma Swainson (1840, Mai. : 337) is also constructed from two Greek words: helo (to twist) and soma (body) and is likewise a neuter noun, although its author care- lessly used it as if it w^ere feminine. Adjectives used as specific or subspecific names take neuter endings, such as corpidentum, campanulatum, chautaicquense, etc. But, tri- volvis, which is actually a plural ablative and can only be used for a specific name if considered an arbitrary' combina- tion of letters, had best remain unchanged. Zonitoides Lehmann (1862, Mai. Bl. 9: 111) is an adjec- 140 THE NAUTILUS tive of Greek form which is employed as a Latin patro- nymic, which would be masculine. It was so regarded by its author, who derived his term from one masculine sub- stantive (Zonites) and used it as another (e. g., Z. nitidus; also arboreus, lateumhiUcatus, etc.; but Z. acerra) . — H. BURRINGTON BaKER. Unio Spinosa Lea. — In the Macy-Masius reprint of the "Travels of William Bartram", 1928, page 345, is mention of a "large kind of muscle in the sand ; the shell of an oval form, having horns or protuberances near half an inch in length and as thick as a crow quill, which I suppose serve the purpose of grapnels to hold their ground against the violence of the current." The locality was the Mississippi River, not far above New Orleans. Quoting this apparently from the Philadelphia edition of 1791, which seems to be somewhat different from the text of the reprint, Lea comes to the conclusion that his Unio spinosa occurs both in the Altamaha River of Georgia and the Mississippi River of Louisiana. It is highly improbable, of course, that U. spinosa ever inhabited the Mississippi. Judging from his work, Bartram wrote not from a journal, but from memory. He crossed the Altamaha first in 1773. He was at Frederica at the mouth of the river in 1774. Four years later, he twice crossed the stream and at the part where the shell is reputed to live. It was thirteen years after that before his experi- ences were printed. It is reasonable to assume that Bart- ram, depending upon his power of recollection, confused what he had seen in eastern Georgia with things that met his eye in southern Louisiana. — Calvin Goodrich. The Humphrey Collection. — Mr. Edward G. Hum- phrey of Somerville. Mass., for a number of years Secretary of the Boston Malacological Club, informs me that his col- lection of shells is going to Dartmouth College. It is a gen- eral collection of over 8.000 species. Rich in genera and con- taining many of the large and handsome species, it is well adapted for a museum and will form a beautiful synoptic collection. Mi-. Humphrey is a Dartmouth man. Class of THE NAUTILUS 141 77. We congratulate him in having his collection go to his own college. — C. W. J. Pleurocera (Strephobasis) Curtum (Haldeman). — Dealing with this species in a paper on Strephobasis (Occas. Papers Mus. Zoology, Univ. Mich., 1928). I spoke oi" its having been found sub-fossil in Wayne County, Ky., more than one hundred feet above the present level of the Cum- berland River. The inference was that the mollusks had re- tained their specific characteristics in the long period in which the river had greatly deepened its channel. For the purpo.se of straiglitening out the record, it should be said that Professor George M. Ehlers, who originally collected the specimens, went over the ground again in the summer of 1929 and came to the opinion that the shells were not water-borne, but had been carried up the banks by Indians for use as food. — Calvin Goodrich. The Giant Clam (Tridacna gigas). — Having occasion recently to speak of the habits of the giant clam, I could find comparatively little bearing on the subject. The fol- lowing note by Geoffi'ey Tandy in the "Natural History Magazine" (British Museum), vol. 2, p. 91, 1929, may therefore be of interest : — "The giant clam is something of a fraud. It is said, there is no reason to think untruly, that walkers on reefs have put their feet into the shell and have been held until the incoming of the tide and consequent death by drowning. But the animal seems always anxious to close before anything approaches him and is, moreover a plankton feeder. It would, I feel, be next to impossible to become trapped unle.ss one was wading waist-deep, and even then it would be very bad luck." — C. W. J. Land Snails from the San Juan Islands, Washing- ton.— During a very brief visit in September, 1929, Mr. Erval J. Newcomer collected shells of a number of terres- trial snails on islands of the San Juan Group in Puget Sound, and as one species and a subspecies originally de- scribed from Vancouver Island are here shown to belong on this side of the boundarv as well, the brief list of deter- 142 THE NAUTILUS minations is thought to be of sufficient interest for pub- lication. Sta. I, under rocks, English Camp, San Juan Island. Monadenia fidelis (Gray). Polygyra colmnhiana (Lea), a rather small form of the species. Polygyra cf. germana (Gould), a single fragmentary specimen. Euconulus fulvus (Muller). Pristiloma cf. lansingi (Bland), a single immature ex- ample. Microphysula cookei (Pilsbry), a single living specimen: Dr. H. B. Baker has already called attention to the apparent close relationship existing between this interesting species and the Rocky Mountain ingersolli (Bland). Retinella cf. hinneyana (Morse), a single imperfect specimen. Haplotrema Vancouver ensis (Lea), juv. Sta. II, Friday Harbor, San Juan Island. Polygyra columbiana (Lea). Haplotrema Vancouver emsis (Lea), juv. Sta. Ill, under rocks and logs, 3 miles east of Anacortes, Hidalgo Island. Polygyra columbiana (Lea). Polygyra germana vancouverinsulae Pilsbry and Cooke. The single specimen obtained is even more umbilicate than the typical Vancouver Island material I have seen, but seems hardly separable taxonomically as matters now stand. Haplotrema Vancouver ensis (Lea), 4 examples. Haplotrema vancouverensis hybrida (Ancey).2 examples. S. S. Rekry, Redlands, Cal. GiFFORDlus PINCHOTI n. g., n. sp. — Polygyroid, umbili- cate, with convex spire of about 5 whorls ; cinnamon-brown, with microscopic sculpture of wrinkles along growth lines and more retractive coarse, irregular threads. Lip reflected, with a small basal tooth and an oblicjuo parietal tooth. Alt. THE NAUTILUS 143 4, diam. 7 mm. G. corneliac n, sp. Similar but without the coarser threads, toothless; 4i/j whorls. Alt. 4, diam, 7.4 mm. Both from Old Providence Island. — H. A. Pilsbry. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED Shell Life. By Edward Step. (Frederick Warne & Co., London and New York. 1927. $3.00.) Pp. 1-421, pi. 1-32, with many text figures. A book written in a popular way pertaining to the shells of the British Isles. This is an excellent piece of work, figuring all of the common species and many of the rarer forms, many in color. The style is very easy to read with considerable information about the characters, ecology and distribution of the British forms. — W. J. Clench. A Descriptive Catalog of the Mollusca of Utah. By Ralph V. Chamberlin and David T. Jones (Bull. University of Utah. XIX, No. 4, 1929, pp. i-x, 1-203). This paper is intended to serve as a basis for further scientific work and as a guide to teachers of zoology and amateur collectors of Utah mollusks. The introduction discusses the faunal rela- tions, problems remaining for solution, and the collection and preservation of specimens. The number of state or regional publications recently appearing on the Mollusca speaks well for the progress that is being made in the study of our fauna, and for the growth of interest which creates a demand for such literature. In this catalogue 118 species and varieties are described and most of them fig- ured, with their distribution in Utah fully treated; the fol- lowing being described as new: Ogaridiscus (new genus, for Hyalina subrupicoJa Dall.) Pupilla stoneri, Cedar Canyon. Carinifex atopus, Bear Lake. The map showing collecting stations should stimulate field workers, as there are some large blanks waiting to be filled up.— H. A. P. and C. W. J. 144 the nautilus Three New Land Shells of the Genus Oreohelix FROM Arizona. By William B. Marshall, (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 76, No. 2802, 1929.) Oreohelix yavapai vauxae, 0. houghi and O. h. winsloivensis are described and figured. A Hermaphroditic viviparous Oyster of the Atlantic Coast of North America. By J. S. Outsell. (Science, Nov. 5, 1929.) Ostrea equestris Say at Beaufort, N. C, shows alternate overlapping hermaphroditism as in the European 0. edulis. It was found growing on scallops in profusion. Some Introduced Molluscs. By F. R. Latchford. (Cana- dian Field Nat., vol. 44, p. 33, 1930.) Helix nemoralis is re- corded from Owen Sound, Ontario, and Lymnaea auricu- laria and Valvata piscinalis from Toronto. Lorraine Screven Frierson, A Southern Conchol- OGIST. By John K. Strecker. (Contrib. Baylor Univ. Museum, No. 21.) Sketch of the life and activities of this naturalist, with a bibliography of his scientific writings. The Genus Alopia. By L. Soos. (Ann. Mus. Nat. Hun- garici XXV, 1928.) A critical study of this intricate Carpathian group of Clausiliae, which live exclusively on limestone exposures. The existence of "amphidrome" species is discredited, dextral and sinistral forms otherwise nearly similar being considered distinct specifically. — H. A. P. Pseudohyaline American Land Shells. By H. Bur- rington Baker. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences Phila., vol. 81, pp. 251-266, 1929.) Another of the author's valuable papers on the small land shells. The anatomy of some of the species in the following genera: MicrophysiUa. Miradiscops, Zoni- toides, Pilsbryna and Helicodisciis is shown on two plates, a new section of Zonitoidcs, Pseudohyalus is proposed, genotype Gastrodovfa Jnfeumbilicata. A Snail-collecting Aphis-lion Larva. By David T. Jones. (Marietta College Research Pub., vol. 1. pp. 1-9, 1929.) This larva attached to its back the shells of Punctum pygmacum, Eyiconidus fulvu.s and Striatura milium. $2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 els. i cepr T H F NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : H. A. PiLsBRY, Curator of the Du|iurtii>ont of Molliitra, Academy of Natiirul SciencL<8, i'lilla(lel|ilila. C. W. JOHNSOV, Curator of Inaecta and Mollunua, Boston Bovisty of Natiir»l Hlitory. Vol. XLIII. JULY. 1929. No. 1 CONTENTS The Pleurocerid Fauna of the Falls of the Ohio. By Calvin G, Curator of In^ecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XLIII. OCTOBER, 1929. No. 2 CONTENTS Notes from the Pinchot South Sea Expedition. By H. A. Pilsbry 37 Three New Snails from the Hills of California. By S. Stillman Berry 39 On the Occurrence of Henderaonia in Crawford County, Wisconsin. By J. P. E. Morrison 41 Factors in the Evolution of the Prosobranchiate Mollusc, Thais lapillus. By Dr. H. P. K. Agtrsborg 45 The Pelecypoda of the Coos Bay Region, Oregon. By H. B. Yocom and Elton R. Edge 49 The Genus Megaustenia. By T. D. A. Cockerell . . .51 The Snails of Zion National Park. By A. M. Woodbury . . .64 The Land Shells of Kamchatka. By Walter J. Eyerdam . . .61 Th« Egg-capsules of Fasciolaria gigantea Kiener. By C. W. Johnson 63 Rare Mollusks from New Jersey. By Horace G. Richards 63 The Terrestrial Mollusca of Turkey Run State Park, Indiana. By Alvin R. Cahn and Jack T. Kemp 66 Concerning a Policy. By William J. Clench 69 Notes and News 70 C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager, Boston Society of Natural History, 234 Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass. Entsred as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office. ii THE NAUTILUS A New Work on the Cerionidae By CHARLES J. MAYNARD This book is the result of fifty years' study in field and laboratory, with 200,000 Cerions in hand. Many new species are described and valu- able facts given. Nos. 1 to 12 now issued, 218 pages, 42 hand-colored plates. Catalogue of Cerions for sale now ready, over 100 species. For Circulars, address the author 457 Crafts St., West Newton, Mass. Wanted to PurcKase Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. 'WALTER F. AVEBB, 202 'Westminster Road, ROCHf^STCR, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus, lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, AmpuUaria, and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Tex. For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells from California, Lower Calif., Gulf of Calif., Cuba and Europe. Send list. H. N. Lowe, 2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif. For Exchange: Hawaiian Marine Shells, California Marine and Land Shells. Send List. Morris Schick, 715 S. Central Ave., Glendale, Calif. For Bxchanob: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign. S. C. Field, 1801 West 48th St., Los Angeles, Calif. THE NAUTILUS iij New SKell Catalogue We have completed the preparation and publication of the fourth edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. Thia edition contains one hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of the publication, we are unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata- logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter- leaved with blank pages, 70c. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER. N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. A General Index to The Nautilus This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS 234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass. Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin By FRANK COLLINS BAKER, University of Illinois Part I. Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig. Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig. Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the various species are emphasized. Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address, WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN. iv THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00. DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World Business established in 1861 Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA. Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $L00. LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate), $1.00. Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWERBY 86 FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England Attractive Specimens CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS, BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS, COELENTERATES Approval Orders Solicited JNO. B. LITSEY, p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS MM pir Viif ($2,10 lo Foraign Couilrlis,) 50 cli. i Npy THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : H A. PiLSBmr, Curator of tb« Department of Mollnica, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. C. W. JoHxsow, Curator of Inaecta and Mollusca, Boston Society of Natural Hiitory. Vol. XLIII. JANUARY, 1930 No. 3 CONTENTS Snail Notes from the California Desert. By 5. S. Berry . . .73 A New Species of Strophocheilus from Brazil. By William ./. Clench and Allan F. Archer 75 Fresh-Water Mollusks in Brackish Water and in Marine and Brack- ish-Water Formations. By Junius Henderson .77 Further Records of Western Canadian Mollusca. By Alan Mozley . 79 A New Variety of Achatina Panthera from Madagascar. By William J. Clench and Allan F. Archer 85 Mollusks below Conowingo Dam, Maryland. By William B. Marshall 87 Some Quantitative Determinations of Glochidia. By Amanda Dickson Merrick 89 Physa and Bulinus of Mauritius. By William J. Clench .92 Sphaerium Seopoli; Sulcastrum, New Subgenus, and S. Fallax, New Species. By V. Sterki • .... 93 New and Problematic West American Land-Snails. By H. Burrington Baker 96 Charles Johnson Maynard 101 Notes and News 103 Publications Received 106 C. W. JOHNSON, Business Manager, Boston Society of Natural History, 234 Berkeley Street. Boston, Mass. Entered ai Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office. THE NAUTILUS Wanted to PurcKase Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. WTALTER r. WTEBB, 202 ^Westminster Road, ROCHCSTKR. N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus, lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria, and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. O Box 592, Dallas, Tex. For Exchangb: Land and Marine Shells from California, Lower Calif., Gulf of Calif., Cuba and Europe. Send list. H. N. Lows, 2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif. For Exchange: Hawaiian Marine Shells, California Marine and Land Shells. Send List. Morris Schick, 715 S. Central Ave., GlendaU, Calif. For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign. S. C. Field, 1801 West 48th St., Los Angeles. Cilif. Wanted : Back Volumes of The Nautilus. Vol. 3 especially No. 2. Volt. 18. 20 and 21. Addreit The Nautilus, 2S4 Berkeley, St., Boiton, Mail. THE NAUTILUS \\\ New SKell Catalogue We have competed the preparation and puhlication of the fourth edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains on« hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and tw«nty-three illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of the publication, we are unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata- logue bound with heavy paper cover is 65c.; bound in paper and inter- leaved with blank pagea, 70c. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT. Inc. P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. A General Index to The Nautilus Thii Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contain* over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS 234 Berkeley St., Boston, Masi. Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin By FRANK COLLINS BAKER, University of Illinois Part L Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fig. Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., 96 fig. Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the various species are emphasized. Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address, WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Bioloffy Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN. iv THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00. DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World Business established in 1861 Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA. Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA. $1.00. LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inoperculate). $1.00. Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWERBY & FULTON) 27 Shaitesbury Road, London. W. 6, England Attractive Specimens CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS. PELECYPODS, BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS. COELENTERATES Approval Orders Solicited J NO. B. LITSEY, p. O. Box S92 DALLAS, TEXAS $2.00 per Year ($2.10 to Foreign Countries.) 50 cts. i copy THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY ^y^\^^'^ DEVOTED TO THE INTEREST^,^^/ ^ci; OF CONCHOLOGISTS X>)/ ~t» ^ EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : H. A. PiLSBRY, Curator of the Department of Molluica, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. G. W. Johnson, Curator of laaecta and Siollusca, Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. XLIII. APRIL. 1930 No. 4 CONTENTS Ancient Shell "Trade Routes. " By Jnnius Henderson . . . 109 Helicina (Hendersonia) Occulta Say, Again. By B. Shim ek . . Ill Snails, New and Otherwise, from the Palomar Mountains, Califor- nia. By S. Stillman Berry 113 The Micrarionta.'^ of the Indioensis Group, with the Description of a New Subspecies. By G. Willett 116 A New Colombian Helicid Snail of th« Genus Leptarionta. By H. A. Pilsbry 116 Notes Taken in the Vicinity of Vinton, Iowa. By David T. Jones 118 A New Pleistocene Fossil from Port Blakely, Washington. By Don L. Frizzell 120 New and Problematic West American Land Snails. By H. Bnrrington Baker 121 Type of Anodontites Brugiere. By William B. Marshall . . 128 Inheritance of Direction of Coil in Achatinella. By OlaJ Oswald . 130 Fossil Mollusks and Other Invertebrates from the Hudson River Tunnel, New York and New Jersey. By Horace G. Richards 130 Newfoundland Shells. By E. G. Vanatta 133 A New Helicina from New Caledonia. By T. D. A. Cockerell . 134 Correspondence 135 Notes and News 138 Publications Received 143 C. W. JOHNSON. Business Manager, Boston Society of Natural History, 234 Berkeley Street, Boston, Mass. EUitered as Second-Class matter at the Boston Post-Office. THE NAUTILUS Wanted to PurcHase Private Collections of Recent Moliuaca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. AVAUTER F. ^VEBB, 202 'Westminster Road, ROCHESTER, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: Lire snails of the following genera: Melania, Paludomus, lo, Angitrema, Goniobasis, Vivipara, Tulotoma, Campeloma, Ampullaria, and Cochlostyla. Jno. B. LITSEY, P. 0 Box 592, Dallas, Texas. For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells from California, Lower Calif., Gulf of Calif., Cuba and Europe. Send list. H. N. Lowe, 2209 Lowena Drive, Long Beach, Calif. For Exchange: Hawaiian Marine Shells. California Marine and Land Shells. Send List. Morris Schick, 715 S. Central Ave., Glendale, Calif. For Exchange: Land and Marine Shells, local and foreign. S. C. Field, 1801 West 48th St., Los Angeles. Calif. For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others, for Shells not in my collection. Send list. Morris E. Caruthers. 120 E. Chestnut St., Glendale, Calif. Wanted: Melanida?, Phyeida; and Planorbidse of the world. Will exchange local or foreign material for same. William J. Clench, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A. Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisoma group especially from Florida, Louisiana and other Southern States. Material will be either paid for or received in exchange. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, Uni- versity of Illinoi*. Urbana, 111. Wanted : Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Espe- cially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21. 22, 23 and 24. Address The Nautilus, 234 Berkeley, St., Boston, Mass. THE NAUTILUS iii New SHell Catalogue We have completed the pie|)aration ami puhhcation of the fourth edition of our complete catalogue of Mollusca. This edition contains one hundred and twenty-four pages and two hundred and twenty-three illustrations. Due to the considerable expense of the publication, we are unable to send the catalogue out free of charge. The price of the cata- logue bound with heavy paper cover is 55c.; bound in paper and inter- leaved with blank pages, 70c. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. P. O. Box 24. BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. A General Index to The Nautilus This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS 234 Berkeley St., Boston, Mass. Fresh Water Mollusca of Wisconsin By FRANK COLLINS BAKER, University of Illinois Part L Gastropoda, 507 pp., 28 pi., 202 fip. Part II. Pelecypoda, 495 pp., 77 pi., % fig. Morphology, ecology, and general distribution of the various species are emphasized. Postpaid, $6.00 for the two parts. Address, WISCONSIN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, Biology Building, MADISON, WISCONSIN. iv THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per part, $3.00. Colored Edition, $5.00. DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSCA, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in the World Business established in 1861 Our Catalogues are indispensable to collectors for reference and as check lists. CATALOGUE OF PELYCYPODA AND BRACHIOPODA. Price 75c. MARINE AND FRESHWATER GASTROPODA, $1.00. LAND SHELLS (Operculate and Inopercuiate). $1.00. Specimens Identified. Exchange Invited HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWERBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England Attractive Specimens CEPHALOPODS, GASTEROPODS, PELECYPODS, BRACHIOPODS. ECHINODERMS. COELENTERATES Approval Orders Solicited JNO. B. LITSEY, p. O. Box 592 DALLAS, TEXAS