THE NAUTILUS A QUARTEKLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL XLVIII JULY, 1934 to APRIL, 1935 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Depa traent of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences H. BURRINGTON BAKER Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COIl LANCASTER, PA. CONTENTS Names of new genera and species in italics. Acrostylus Clench 126 Adamsiella Pfr 63 African Snails 142 Alhimanus Pils. & Olsson 118 Alcadia Gray 12 Allegany State Park Gastropods 55 Allen, Charles Curry 31 Allopeas H. B. Baker 84 American Malacological Union 72, 144 Amnicola hannai Pils 16 Amnicolidae, Western and Southwestern 91 Anguispira alternata Say 140 Alexia hypnorum pilshryi Brooks 100 Asheville, North Carolina, Land Mollusks of 77 Bellows, Dr. Howard P 103 Boston Malacological Club 29 Brachypodella costulata savlamari H. B. B 139 Brannerillus involutus Pils 16 Brannerillus i. praeposterus Pils 16 Burrowing of Snails 140 Calipyrgula Pils 15 Calipyrgula carinifera Pils 15 Calipyrgula ellipsostoma Pils 15 Calodisculus Rehder 129 Caribbean Marine Shells 127 Carychium jamaicense Pils 88 Cepolis conspersula negrilensis H. B. Bkr 139 Chiton With Nine Valves 89 Chlamydephorus W. G. Binney 142 Choanopoma negrilense H. B. Bkr 61, 65 Choanopoma redfieldianum magnitesta H. B. Bkr 60 Choanopoma triplopoma H. B. Bkr 60, 64 Chondropoma Pfr 65 iii IV THE NAUTILUS Chondropoma gnote Pils 144 Chondropoma sericinum retreatense H. B. Bkr 61 Chondropoma soror Pils 144 Cleaning Shells, a Biochemical Method 99 CocJiliopa texana Pils 91, 113 Crystalline Style in Pleurocera and Lithasia 101 Cuttle Bone for Helix nemoralis 142 Dates of Nautilus 69 Davis Mountains, Texas, Gastropods of 112 Diplopoma Pfr 63 Discosolis Dall 129 Discus anthonyi Pils 141 Discus shimeki Pils 71 Elliptio maywehhi Wright 27 Eutrochatella noMlis retreatensis H. B. Bkr 11 Eutrochatella pulchella cathartensis H. B. Bkr 63 Eutrochatella pulchella cavearum H. B. Bkr 10 Faydenia agassiziana Ch 14 Faydenia gouldiana C. B. Ad 14 First Pacific Conchologist 73 Fluminicola in Wyoming 107 Fluminicola avernalis Pils 92 Fluminicola a. carinifera Pils 93 Fluminicola kettlemanensis Pils 16 Fluminicola perditicollis Pils 16 Fluminicola percarinata Pils 16 Fluminicola pilula Pils 15 Fluminicola siegfusi Pils 16 Fluminicola spiralis Pils 16 Geomelania Pfr 87, 88 Geomelania minor densecostata H. B. Bkr 83 Geon^nelania striosa pumila H. B. Bkr 83 Goniobasis, West American Species 94 Goniohasis acutifilosa pittensis Hend 133 Goniobasis arnoldiana Pils 15 Goniohasis chacei Hend 132 Goniohasis coquillensis Hend 131 Goniohasis hemphilli Hend 96 THE NAUTILUS V Goniohasis h. dallesensis Hend 97 Goniohasis h. maupinensis Hend 97 Goniohasis kettlemanensis woodringi Pils 15 Goniohasis orickensis Hend 130 Goniohasis yrekensis Hend 97 Goniohasis y. ohscura Hend 98 Hawaiian Helicinidae, Nomenclature of 53 Helicina neritella Lam 11 Helicostyla leopardus meladryas McGinty 68 Helisoma campanulatum in Australia 106 Helisoma kettlemanensis Pils 17 Humholdtiana cheatumi Pils 93, 115 Humphrey, Edward Goss 103 Hyalosagda (Strialuna) haplotrema H. B. Bkr 137 Hydrohia greggi Pils 93 Indiana, Mollusks of Turkey Run Park 105 Iowa, Effects of Pollution on Mollusks 109 Jamaican Land Snails 6, 60, 83, 135 Kettleman Hills, Pliocene Mollusks „ 15 Liguus hlainianus pilshryi Clench 123 Liguus fasciatus deckerti Clench 122 Liguus fasciatus mariae Clench 123 Liguus fasciatus pictus Rve 125 Liguus flamellus organensis Clench 125 Liguus flamellus russelli Clench 124 Lioplax siihcarinata occidentalis Pils 143 Littoridina woodringi Pils 16 Lucidella aureola Gray 12 Lucidella adamsiana suhlaevis H. B. Bkr 9 Lucidella depressa Gray 13 Lucidella lineata C. B. Ad 13 Lymnaea, Unusual Concentration of 106 Lymnaeidae from the United States and Canada 17 Mactra alata Spengler 105 Mactra thracioides A. & R 119 Margaritifera in Wyoming 107 Marshall, William B 33 Meiophysema H. B. Bkr 136 VI THE NAUTILUS Micrarionta rowelli hakerensis P. & L 68 Micrarionta r. mexicana Pils. & Lwe 67 Microsagda H. B. Baker 136 Milacinae Ckll 143 Mitra zaca, Longevity of 90 Modiolus (Amygdalum) sagittatus Rhdr 127 Monadenia hillebrandi Newc 70 Nederlandsehe Malacologische Vereeniging 104 Notes and News 33, 69, 104, 142 Nuculana (Adrana) arcuata Sowb 118 Nuculana {Adrana) suprema Pils. & Olss 117 Nuculana (Adrana) tonosiana Pils. & Olss 117 Nuttallina fluxa Cpr 89 Olivella biplieata Sowb 75 Olivella minuta Link 71 Olivella mutica Say 71 Omnogyma Martens 70 Oopelta Morch 143 Oxystyla capax Pils., Longevity 5 Panamic Province, New Mollusks of 116 Paurodiscus Rehder 129 Periploma pentadactylus Pils. & Olss 118 Petaloconchus innumerahilis Pils. & Olss 116 Physa acuta Drap. in Massachusetts 33 Placostylus acutus Clench 126 Planorbis operculatus planulatus 33 Pleurocera canaliculatum Say, Life History of 26 Polygyra fallax Say 50 Polygyra f. goniosoma Pils 51 Polygyra fraudulenta Pils 49 Polygyra hopetonensis Shutt 52 Polygyra h. charlestonensis Maz 53 Polygyra h. obsolete Pils 53 Polyg3nra tridentata Say 22 Polygyra t. edentilabris Pils 26 Polygyra t. juxtidens Pils 24 Polygyra t. tennesseensis Wkr. & Pils 25 Polygyra vannostrandi Bid 51 THE NAUTILUS Vll Polygyra v. alabamensis Pils 52 Polymita picta, Restoration of Shell 37 Potamopyrgus cheatumi Pils 91, 114 Poteria Gray 66, 86 Proserpina Sowb 63 Pseudomalaxis lamellifera Rehder 138 Publications Received 34 Pyrgidopsis polynematicits Pils 15 Pyrgulopsis vinctus Pils 15 Sagda connectans catadupae H. B. Bkr 138 Sagda kingswoodi H. B. Bkr 137 Sagda maxima jacohensis H. B. Bkr 138 Sagda occidentalis H. B. Bkr 138 Sagda spei portlandensis H. B. Bkr 138 Sayella livida Rehder 129 Scharff, Dr. Robert F 104 Shell Money in Western Polynesia 76 Sigmataxis Pils 85 Sonoran Side of the Gulf 1, 43 Squids in Monterey Bay 107 Stagnicola hemphilli F. C. Bkr 19 Stagnicola impedita F. C. Baker 20 Stagnicola palustris huttoni F. C. Baker 18 Stagnicola palustris magister F. C. Baker 17 Stauroglypta H. B. Baker 136 Stoastoma C. B. Ad 14, 62 Stoastomops adamsi H. B. Bkr 10 Sturaniella Pils. & Cooke 54 Trifaux H. B. Baker 135 Tumheziconcha Pils. & Olss. 119 Valvata densestriata Pils 16 Volvidens (Trifaux) triodon H. B. Bkr 137 Varicella necrodes H. B. Bkr 85 Varicella paupercula tumens H. B. Bkr 85 Varicella (Sigmataxis) cylindrica H. B. Bkr 85 Varicella (Sigmataxis) suhaquila H. B. Bkr 85 Veronicella kraussii trichroma H. B. Bkr 84 Veronicella leptothali H. B. Bkr 83 Yakima, Washington, Land and Freshwater Shells 46 VIU THE NAUTILUS INDEX OF AUTHORS Andrews, E. A 37 Archer, A. F 20, 36, 49, 77 Bailey, Joshua L 73 Baker, Frank C 17 Baker, Fred 5 Baker, H. Burrington 6, 35, 60, 68, 71, 83, 104, 135 Bartsch, Paul 107 Berry, S. Stillman 89 Blake, J. Henry 103 Brooks, Stanley T 33, 100 Cheatum, Elmer P 112 Clench, William J 33, 35, 106, 121, 126 CoKER, R. E 55 Cooke, C. Montague „ 53 DeBoe, Mizpah Otto 69 Emery, D. L 33 Eyerdam, Walter J 46, 76 Fox, Denis L _ 99 Gregg, Wendell 0 33 Hanna, G. Dallas 90 Henderson, Junius 94, 107, 130 Hertlein, Leo George 90 Jones, David T 140 Lowe, H. N 1, 43, 67 Magruder, Samuel R 26, 101 McGiNTY, Thomas L 68 McLean, R. A 142 Olsson, Axel A 105, 116 PiLSBRY, H. A 15, 34, 53, 67, 91, 143, 116 PiNNEY, M. E 55 Rehder, Harald a 127 Robertson, Imogene C 72, 144 RoDECK, Hugo G 107 Shimek, B 109 Smith, Allyn G 70 Tomlin, J. R. LeBrocton 70, 71 WiLLARD, Theodora 29 Wright, Berlin Hart 28 The nautilus Vol. XLVIII July, 1934 No. 1 ON THE SONORAN SIDE OF THE GULF BY H. N. LOWE Since my visit to San Felipe on the Gulf coast of Lower Cali- fornia in May of last year, I have had a great desire to explore the Sonora coast on the opposite side of the Gulf. After some discussion with Mr. Clinton Abbott, Director of the San Diego Museum of Natural History, we decided on an expedition to Punta Peiiasco, a point between Adair Bay and Bahia San Jorge. Mr. L. M. Huey (curator of birds and mam- mals) was chosen to head the expedition, with two assistants, Lorenzo Cook and Phil. Lichty. On February 6 we left San Diego with provisions for three weeks, forty-five gallons drinking water, extra gasoline, and com- plete camp outfit, in the Museum's Ford truck. The main paved highway we left at Gila Bend and started due south over a well graded desert road for eighty miles to the international boundary, passing midway the important copper mining town of Ajo, where the mines have been shut down for several years. The desert vegetation was mostly a well spaced, even growth of creosote bush with an occasional mesquite, and comparatively little cactus. About twenty miles from the border we passed quite close to the Ajo Mountains which are composed mostly of black lava. It is one of the most spectacular ranged I have ever seen ; with its fantastic crags and spires reminding one of some painted scene in a theater. Perhaps they seemed more fantastic in this colorful hour before sunset, when all the wonderful shades of blue, lavender and purple appear, as all desert travelers know. Just below the border, the sleepy little town of Sonoyta lies in a green oasis formed by the Sonoyta River. It is practically 2 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 48 (1) self-supporting save for a few imported American clothes and sundries. They live under their own vines and fig trees and grind their corn for tortillas as in ages past. They use the primitive ''arastras/' driven by a blindfolded donkey, to crush a little gold ore brought from the neighboring mountains. About twelve miles to the southeast is the San Francisco range of granitic mountains, and as our trail ran quite close to the south- ern end, we stopped for a short exploration. On one of the north slope I uncovered a small colony of desert micrariontas as yet unidentified. Along this part of the road was quite a vigorous growth of mesquite, iron wood, palo verde, and numerous "saguaros" or giant cacti, rarely branched. As the road ran southwestward toward the Gulf, the vegeta- tion grew sparser until nothing but creosote bush remained. The black lava Pinacate Range lay off to the right, where a few mountain sheep still live. It was long after dark when we reached the fifteen miles of sand hills bordering the coast. We were overloaded by about a thousand pounds with extra gas, water and provisions, besides our camp and collecting equipment. The road had not been ** brushed" lately and the ruts were worn deep in the soft sand. We were stalled several times, when we had to pull up all the brush in the vicinity to put under the wheels and then all go at it and push. After being stalled many times we at last reached our destination about midnight, w^hen we slept fitfully under the stars till morning, — dreaming we were still stalled in the sand. We found a level spot about a hundred yards from the beach where we pitched our tents and made camp as shipshape as possible. The collection of habitations of the fisherfolk was wonderful to behold, some made of heaped up lava blocks for sides with canvas on tin can roofs, others entirely of tin cans and in one hillside was a row of dugouts which we called the ''Troglodyte village." One *'cave man" and his wife were running a panderia (bakery) w^here good "pan bianco" and "pan dulce" July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 3 could be purchased at a peso per dozen. Another family from Guaymas, here for the season, kept a small tienda (store) where a few necessities could be purchased, such as panoche, red beans, a few canned goods, gas, water and a little wood; all hauled sixty-two miles over these terrible roads from Sonoyta. During the fishing season for the black sea bass or ' ' tortuava, ' ' as they are called, there are a dozen or so small fishing boats at anchor in the shelter of the tiny natural breakwater of lava boulders which runs out some five hundred yards from shore. As the tides in this part of the Gulf have a rise and fall of eighteen feet and more, the boats were all lying on their sides on the beach at low water. On our arrival a series of heavy tides was just commencing. As the tides are about two hours later than on the Pacific coast, the best tides came after dark, but the secondary morning tides proved very acceptable. From our camp at Punta Pefiasco a beautiful sand beach curved for seven miles to ''Punta La Cholla" on the north, which marked the beginning of Adair Bay. On the other side stretched more miles of sand beach toward Bahia San Jorge. The upper parts of the sand beaches were composed of unnum- bered tons of broken and finel}^ ground shells, which would not pack and made walking difficult. At an extreme low tide the transformation was almost unbelievable. After a fall of about ten feet the sand beach gave place to a series of fossiliferous sandstone ledges with small sand patches intervening, paralleling the shore. When the tide runs far from shore there are three or four of these ledges visible. On the shoreward side of these ledges, the soft sandstone was being continually undercut, leav- ing large strips a few inches thick with an overhang of two or three feet. While the upper side had a good growth of algae, the under surface was brightly decorated with bunches of ascidians in blue, orange and yellow, w^here many echinoids and crustaceans had their homes. Large slabs of this undercut sand- stone were constantly breaking from the main ledges, giving wonderful hiding places for rarer mollusks such as Cypraea, Trivia^ Lima, Anachis, and Pleurotoma. In the edges of freshly 4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) broken slabs could be seen holes bored into the fossils of thou- sands of years ago by a recent burrowing mollusk called Litho- phagus aristatus, a few L. attenuata and Petricola were with them. In the sand between ledges, near town, were many Olivella dama, which the native women w^ere gathering to make necklaces. On the reefs many Murex nigritus were feeding on an inexhaustible supply of Cerithium stercus-muscariim and plowing through the sand searching for bivalves were the beau- tiful pink mouthed Murex hicolor. Further along the sand beach were found some fine live Agaronia testacea, which leave a heavy dent in the sand at low tide. Near La Cholla I struck a small bar of coarse shell sand not over an acre in extent, where some fine large Conus interrupt us and the huge Oliva incrassata were burrowing; also quite a colony of Glycimeris maculata, the first I had ever taken in quantity. AA^e secured sufficient for a very delicious soup, probably the first such soup on record. The upper surface of some of the rocks was covered with a brownish green algae which afforded feeding grounds for Trivia solandri and a small black Crassispira pluto Pilsbry & Lowe. The numerous large kitchen-middens both at Punta Penasco and Punta La Cholla contained thousands of these Glycimeris maculata with rarely a valve of the much larger G. gigantea. With these were quantities of the huge Cardita affinis, Chione, Ostrea, Paphia, Cardium and large Murex. No stone artifacts or black earth were noted in any of these shell heaps. Perhaps the early inhabitants preferred their shell-fish raw. The sea gulls enjoyed gathering live Cardium procerum, flying aloft, dropping them on the rocks, where one valve would be broken, affording an easy morsel. There were many old valves of Dosinia ponderosa lying inside down, — thus furnished good hiding places for the small black Seila attenuata. For two weeks the days were clear and warm and the nights not too cold ; no wind ruffled the dark blue mirror surface of the Gulf. Every night a gorgeous sunset with varying cloud and color effects over the San Pedro Martyr Mountains across the Gulf in Lower California. (To be continued) July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 5 A CONCHOLOGICAL RIP VAN WINKLE BY FRED BAKER During my six months in Brazil as surgeon and conchologist of the Stanford Expedition in 1911 I paid a small sum to two laborers for bringing in to me 2000 specimens of a tree snail which I later reported (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1913, p. 639.) as Oxystyla pulcJiella prototypus Pilsbry. The specimens were in all stages of growth with about one in ten full grown. It was curious that almost all the full grown specimens were aestivating on the tree trunks and lower branches while the younger speci- mens were nearly all crowded into crevices and knot holes in the trees. This impressed me so strongly that I was almost sure that the specimens represented two distinct species. Only a very careful study of all stages represented by the catch showed their continuity of growth. All were taken on the outskirts of Ceara- Mirim, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, just a few degrees south of the Equator. The State of Rio Grande do Norte on the east coast of Brazil is an extremely drj^ country with an average rainfall not far from that of Southern California, although much warmer. So, when packing to return, I determined to try to bring a few specimens home alive. I packed a five gallon oil can full of them loosely in cotton. On arrival in California I found the shells dead, due most largely, as it seemed, to the cold of October in New York. Having a large supply, I have distributed these shells very widely to exchangers from Australia and New Zealand to Brazil, many parts of Europe, Mexico and the United States. On March 23 I discovered a half-grown specimen, alive and apparently in fine health, calmly disporting himself on my back porch. We transferred him to comfortable quarters with abun- dance of food and water and he is active and seems inclined to live on, though we are not sure that he has yet eaten the kinds of food we have offered him. We have got a good photograph of him. It seems almost absolutely certain that this snail is one of the original lot. The only other explanation would be that some of 6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) these shells, surviving the trip to California in 1911, may have gotten out of the oil can before and may have established a colony. No such colony has been observed and I have been liv- ing on this lot since 1898, gardening and maintaining a gardener all the time. I am sure that such a colony would have been observed before. Should one appear I will immediately notify The Nautilus and recede from my position ; but I have no hesi- tation in stating at this time that this particular snail (which the children immediately christened Rip Van AVinkle), is one of the original lot which has recently broken through his epiphragm and started out to see the world. The shells were collected in June or July, 1911, so it seems almost beyond question that Rip, Jr., is now, March 27, 1934, over twenty-three years old. Tryon (Struct, and Syst. Conchology, vol. 1, pp. 144-148), discusses the ''Duration and Tenacity of Life" in mollusks. He mentions a specimen of Helix veatchii which lived six years with- out food and a ''Desert-snail from Egypt" which evidently had closed itself in its shell with an epiphragm in the British Museum, but had emerged at various times during a period of four years. I think I can safely claim an all-time record for my specimen. Incidentally, Dr. Pilsbry, (loc. cii., 1930, pp. 359, 360), on more careful examination of the set of Oxystyla which I left in Philadelphia, decided that they represented a new species which he has described as Oxystyla capax. Will any of my exchangers who happen to see this note please rename their sets as above? They will be safe to note that they are topotypes from the origi- nal lot. Point Loma, California, March 27, 1934. JAMAICAN LAND SNAILS BY H. BUREINGTON BAKER Unfortunately, the earlier writers seldom gave accurate locali- ties in their descriptions of Jamaican mollusks. For this reason, locality records of the species, incidentally collected during the summer of 1933 in a search for anatomical material, may be of July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 7 interest. Through the kindness of Dr. Pilsbry, I have been able to compare many of the species with C. B. Adams' original mate- rial, which now belongs to Amherst College. Unless otherwise indicated, these records are based on animals collected alive ; even fresh, dead shells of medium-sized and large species are untrustworthy evidence, because they are often trans- ported several miles by hermit-crabs, which spread inland from the ocean and periodically return. My visit followed a severe drouth of eight months' duration, which made the collection of living, adult land-shells quite difficult, and included several tor- rential rains, which almost prevented the securing of fresh-water forms. Because the names of present and former estates were often duplicated, even in the same parish, coordinates of my stations have been taken from the 1905 edition of the 1888 Public Works Department Map of Jamaica on a scale of 2.698 miles to the inch. These are given, in parentheses after each locality, as two sets of three figures, of which the first digit stands for the degree of longitude {e.g., 7 means 77°) and the two following for the min- utes; those in the second set indicate the latitude by the same method. These coordinates are followed by the estimated alti- tudes in hundreds of feet and my field station number. Eastern Area [E], collected from Port Antonio and Man- chioneal, August 19 to 31; [EBL] eastern Blue Mts., heavy rain-forest on older rocks (my only station off the limestone) between Millbank and Cuna Cuna Pass, St. Thomas (623, 800-2; 20-27; 37) ; [EEC] extreme east coast, brush and wooded ledges along left bank near mouth of Hector River, St. Thomas (615, 800; 0-1; 40); [EEJ] eastern end of John Crow Mts. near Portland-St. Thomas boundary, including (a) north-facing slopes and huge blocks on a summit near Greenfield (618, 800; 16-18; 39a) and (b) canyon-ravine to crest w^here big fan-palms and tree-ferns prevail (619, 800; 16-21) ; [EJ] John Crow Mts., Portland; [EJl] canyon and falls of Jungle Creek, west of Ecclestown (620, 803; 10-18; 38); [EJ2] woods halfway be- tween Sherwood Forest and Egg Hill (622, 808; 15-18; 33); [EJ3] near Nonesuch (625, 810; 13-18; 35); [EJF] coastal foot-hills behind reservoir for Port Antonio (626, 811; 6-10; 34) ; [EJG] west-facing slops, partially cultivated, near Good 8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) Hope (627, 809; 5-8; 32) ; [ENF] ravine in coconut plantation and wooded coastal hills on Spring Garden, St. Margaret's Bay (632, 812; 3-5; 36) Kingston, St. Andrews [K], August 5 to 15 ; [KCl] Long Mt. east of Mona and down Hope River gorge (643-46, 757-801; 0-5; 28) ; [KC2] from near springs to top of Long Mt., east of Rockfort Gardens (645, 758; 0-8; 27) ; [KCC] coastal St. Cath- erine, from north end of Port Henderson Hill, down west side to near Campeachy Gully (654, 756-7; 0-6; 31) ; [KF] 1.5 miles out of Constant Spring on east side of road to Stony Hill, along gutter of waterworks (647, 804; 4-5; 30) ; [KHS] Stony Hill, both west and east of P. 0. (648, 805; 12-16; 26) ; [KHW] Bog "Walk, St. Catherine (701, 806; 3-17; 29), including (a) left bank 1 mile below station, south-facing slopes to summit, and (b) right bank, ravine just above entrance to first railroad tunnel downstream from town. Mandeville, Manchester [M], June 14 to July 5 and September 2 to 8; [MLl] precipitous, east-facing slopes above Peace River, Clarendon (726, 806; 20-25; 41) ; [ML2] summits above Porus and dry sink at Belretiro (728, 801; 17-18; 4) ; [MMl] around Williamsfield railroad station, cursory collecting (729, 804; 13; 8) ; [MM2] i to li miles south of Wesleymount Church (729, 803 ; 16-20 ; 2) ; [MM3] near Newleigh Hotel, just east of Mande- ville (732, 802; 21-23; 1), including (a) the gardens, (b) woods south of Williamsfield-Mandeville road and (c) woods north of hotel; [MM4] sink-holes and sharp hills, | mile from Spurtree P. 0. on direct road to Mandeville (735, 800; 22-25; 3) ; [MN] Somerset region ; [MNl] 2 and 3^ miles from Mandeville on road to Mile Gully (732, 803-4; 17-20; 6) ; [MN2] dryish hills and sink-hole, west of Marshall Pen and east of Mandeville- Somerset road (734, 804; 22-26; 7); [MN3] Somerset (735, 805; 21-25; 5), including (a) hills and sink-hole northeast of parochial road near south boundary, (b) higher hills and sink- holes west of road and (c) cliff-bases east of road and i mile north of house. Balaclava, St. Elizabeth [NM], July 27 to August 2: [NMl] i mile southeast of station on Chewmagna (740, 810; 8-10; 21) ; ,[NM2] hills north of Rotten Gut, Manchester, including (a) Comfort Hill (737, 811 ; 5-15 ; 22a), (b) between Green Hill and "Waterloo (737, 811-12; 7-20) and (c) cliffs along left bank of One Eye River on Oxford (738, 812; 5) ; [NMM] second growth on ridges south of Medina, Manchester (738, 807; 10-14; 24) ; [NMT] disturbed hills and cockpits between Troy and Coco River, TrelaAvney (738, 807 ; 20-25 ; 23) ; [NMV] Cockpit Coun- try near Bullett Hall, St. Elizabeth (743, 814; 15-18; 25). July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 9 Montego Bay, St. James (V, including west edge of Cockpit Country), July 6 to 18: [VCM] east of town in (a) logwood plantations (757, 829; 4; 9a), (b) the gully, (c) hills near Rose- mount (alt. 5-6) and (d) near Paradise (756, 830; 2^) ; [VCN] north coast near Iron Shore (754, 832; 0-2; 14) ; [VF] ravine about one mile southeast of sharp curve in railroad south of Retirement River (756, 826 ; 2-4 ; 10) ; [VWl] east of Montpelier station to head of Anchovy Gully (756, 823 ; 4-12 ; 12) ; [VW2] hills 2 to 4 miles northeast of Catadupa station (753, 818 ; 16-21 ; 11) ; [VWS] dryish cockpit, i mile west of Ipswich station, St. Elizabeth (751, 812; 7-8; 13). Sav-la-Mar, AVestmoreland [W], July 19 to 25: [WV] from lower source of Roaring River west to top of ridge and beyond (805, 818; 1-18; 17) ; [WSF] from Waterwheel up coastal ridge almost to summit (803, 812; 0-15; 18) ; [WCl] upper part of creek and base of ridges on Sweet Water (806, 814; 0-1; 20) ; [WC2] logwood plantations around Kingswood (809, 813; 0; 15) ; [WAVF] foothills north of Retreat and valley beyond for about 2 miles west (817, 816; 1-6; 19) ; [WWC] dry woods in Negril Hills, southwest of Retreat almost to Crosbie (818, 813; 2-5; 16). The following habitat terms are employed: deep-in-rocks (1 to 4 feet below surface) ; rock-bases (seldom seen climbing) ; ground (in and on dead leaves, etc.) ; weak climber (attaining about 3 ft. above ground during rains) ; fair climber (up to 10 ft.), good climber (higher yet) ; rock-faces (remaining there on clear days) ; subarboreal (in trees most of the time) ; arboreal (almost never seen on ground), including leaf -arboreal (minute species aestivating on under-sides) and trunk-arboreal (ditto on bark). The habitat notes are based on adults; juveniles usually show one degree more climbing propensity. Lucidella (Poenia) adamsiana siiblaevis, new subsp. Similar to adamsiana but often slightly higher, without hairs at any stage of growth (in adamsiana, these are only absent i whorl beyond embryonic shell) ; typically greenish white (col- ored animal) but also with orange brown form (like adamsiana) ; spirals lower on all whorls and becoming obsolete or obsolescent on last w^horl, where fine growth threads are much more regular and more rounded. As in adamsiana, embryonic whorls IJ (sutural = about | growth), relatively smooth, but Avith fine, weakly beaded growth wrinkles and blurred major spirals, which 10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) increase in strength ; horny plate of operculum radially striate. Alt. (of type male) 4.9 mm., maj. diam. 143 (7.0 mm.), alt. apert. 52 (2.5 mm.), diam. apert. 132 (3.3 mm.), with 4| post- embryonic whorls. No actual intergradation in pubescence has been found, but the hairs of adamsiana are deciduous and even living specimens may have lost the hair-scars over part of their surface ; also one albino paratype of suhlaevis has its weak basal spirals irregu- larly strengthened into brownish spots. Type locality (Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia no. 162731) : MM3b. Stoastomops adamsi, new sp. [Helicina tenuis C.B.A. (Sept., 1849, Cont. Conch. 1: 14), Trochatella temiis {op. cit.: 16) not H. tenuis Pfr. (April, 1849)]. Like >S^. walkeri H.B.B., from Bonaire, D. W. I., but imper- forate, although often with deep groove behind columella, with penultimate whorl obtusely angulate above distinct suture and last whorl more convex although scarcely angulate ; spiral ridge- lets more widely spaced above and becoming weaker on last whorl (6-7 above, 28-29 below periphery) ; operculum almost plane except for decided thickening of lower f of parietal edge ; radula with cusps of A-lateral larger than those of B, with 21 marginals, of which 5 are unicuspid, 1 bicuspid and 4 tricuspid. Alt. (of type female) 2.22 mm., maj. diam. 114 (2.52 mm.), alt. apert. 44 (.97 mm.), diam. apert. 133 (1.29 mm.); opercular width (from another female) .82 mm., length 139 (1.13 mm.). Type locality (ANSP. 162861) : on outer surfaces of quite exposed rocks, sometimes one per square cm., halfway up Long Mountain (KC2). Because Adams preferred T. tenuis on a later page of the same paper, I believe his name is valid but Dr. Pilsbry disagrees. Eutrochatella pulchella cavearum, new subspecies. As small or smaller than scitula (Wood), with peripheral carina quite sharp and continuous (instead of undulate or broken), with 5 spirals above and 15 visible below, without red- dish markings (or with light, orange-tinted band below periph- eral carina). Alt. (of type male) 7.5 mm., maj. diam. 110 (8.2 mm.), min. diam. 90 (6.7 mm.), with 1^ (sutural) embryonic and 5^ post-embryonic whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 162732) : NM2c. July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 11 E. pidchella cathartensis, new subspecies. Nearest miilticarinata (C.B.A.), but usually smaller with all spirals (9 above, 16 below peripheral) accentuated and somewhat serrate; peripheral carina much stronger, produced on ante- penult whorl into 17 serrations which overlap suture, on penult into 24 even larger ones but on last whorl becoming more nearly uniform ; with three, wide, orange-red bands, of which lower two are sometimes (in type) confluent; peristome thickened inter- nally so that the face of its reflection is concave and almost in plane of aperture, angulate at peripheral carina. Alt. (of type male) 7.1 mm., maj. cliam. 120 (8.5 mm.), min. diam. 91 (6.5 mm.), with li (sutural) and 4^ post-embryonic whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 162733) : on drier, chalky underside of rocks in canyon-like gully, Portland (EEJb). This subspecies approaches E. josephinae (C.B.A.), but is a smaller, higher shell with the carinal serrations much less prominent on its last whorl. E. nohilis retreatensis, new subspecies. Females averaging about as large as males of nohilis, sub- angular (instead of evenly rounded), with spiral threads (10 above and probably 35 below although only first 10 are fairly distinct) becoming stronger and more discrete towards periph- ery, on which 3 spirals coalesce intermittently into about 16, oblong, white calli; two orange-red bands (absent in nohilis) represented by a series of 6 to 8 big, oblong blotches above and another row of about 12 smaller ones between peripheral calli, but not visible on lip, which is narrowly reflected (like in nohilis). Alt. (of type male) 13.7 mm., maj. diam. 110 (15.1 mm.), min. diam. 95 (13.1 mm.), with IJ (sutural) embryonic and 5f post-embryonic whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 162734) : WWF. This race slightly approaches the carinate E. chittyana (Pfr.). Helicina neritella Lam., subarboreal, young shells with short, irregularly spaced, epidermal ridges in a spiral direction, includ- ing typical race [EBL, EEC, EEJ, EJ, ENF, KH] and race reducta A. J. Wagn. [KHW, ML2, MMl-3, NM2, NMV] ) ; subsp. diplocheila A. J. Wagn. + angulata C.B.A., subarboreal [VCM, VAYl, AVC2, WCC] ; H. (Ampliata) jamaicensis Swby. + H. ampliata fuscocallosa A. J. Wagn., good climber [MLl, MM3, MN, NM, V\Y2, WV, AYCl, WWF; with close spirals of ex- 12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) tremely short hairs] . Females usually larger than males in both species. Alcadia major (Gray), rock-bases, including typical [MLl- fresh, MN2, 3, NMM, NM2] and approaching gossei [NMV] ; subsp. gossei (Pfr.) [VF-subfossil, VW2, WV-dead] ; A. alho- lahris (C.B.A.), fair tree-climber [MLl, MM3]. Both species develop very short, subequal, deciduous, epidermal hairs, which form close rows (more distant in alholahris), both spirally and along growth-lines. In all the Jamaican species of Alcadia, the females are usually larger. A. (Idesa-like) megastoma (C.B.A.), fair tree-climber [EJ2, 3, ENF ; smooth and shining ; red tinting usually apical, very vari- able in extent]; A. affinis (C.B.A.), big subsp. [EBL-fresh; ^gloynei (Bid.) ?] ; A. solitaria (C.B.A.) [KHWa-fresh] ; A. duhiosa ( C.B.A. ), ground, incl. typical [WAVC (incl. albino shell), WWF, WC2; epidermis with low, wavy, spiral ridges] and appr. intermedia (C.B.A.) [VF-fresh]. A. (Palliata) hrownii (Gray) [VF-dead] ; subsp. palliata (C.B.A.), fair climber [MM3, 4, MN, VWl, 2] ; subsp. lahiosa (C.B.A.) [NM] ; A. microstoma (C.B.A.), fair climber [NMV; with whitish band below suture and hairs longer than preced- ing] ; A. Jiollandi (C.B.A.), weak climber, mainly ground [MLl, MM4, MNl, 3, NMM, NM2a (some yellowish with pink apices), NMV, VW2]. Epidermal hairs in this group similar to those in typical but with two rows of long hairs above and below notch and its groove. A. {Palliata) piisilla (C.B.A.), mainly ground [MN3 ; very long hairs absent ; middle-sized stout and widely spaced except in row below notch] ; A. macilenta (C.B.A.), ground [EBL, EEJ; major hairs conspicuous] ; A. consanguinea (C.B.A.), fair climber [ WSF ; with much shorter hairs than next] ; A. hirsuta (C.B.A.), fair climber [EEJ, EJl-3, E JF ; major hairs very long and heavy] . Epidermal hairs in this group longer in each 2nd or 3rd spiral row and usually still longer in 7 rows ; a sub- sutural row, 2 at periphery, 2 on umbilical side and 2 above and below notch and its groove. Lucidella aureola (Fer.), subarboreal, males usually smaller, July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 13 incl. typical race with more widely spaced spirals and commonly of typical greenish-yellow color-form [EBL, EEC (often dwarfed, mainly greenish, EEJ (mainly greenish), EJ, ENF, KCl, KF, KH], Mandeville race with close spirals, rarely green- ish [ML, MM3, 4, MN3 (yellow), NMM, WWF] and dwarf race [VCN, WV (some greenish), WCl, WWF] ; subsp. montegoensis Br. [VCM; red and reddish-green] ; L. granulosa C.B.A., sub- arboreal, males smaller [MM2^, MN] ; subsp. imdulata Pfr., incl. typical carinate race [NM2, NMV] and approaching iiiter- rupta Simps. [VWS, VAVl, 2; carinate but radial undulations progressively weaker; also approaching uncomfortably close to montegoensis] ; L. inaequalis Pfr. good climber, males smaller [WWC ; yellowish and red color-forms] . L. (Poenia) depressa (Gray), ground, males and females sub- equal [KF, KHW; hairs of medium length, quite distant, ar- ranged in rows parallel both to growth and spiral lines ; incl. one albino]; subsp. valida (C.B.A.), ground [EEJ, EJl, 3; hairs longer ; shell more globose, bright reddish ; scrobiculation promi- nent] ; L. coromda (Pfr.), ground, males larger [MN3b, c; hairs very long and most widely spaced] ; L. adamsiana (Pfr.), ground, females larger, including typical [MM4, MN, NMM, NM2a, b, OTIY, VF-fresh, VWl, 2, VWS; hairs shortest and most closely spaced along spirals] and dwarf coastal form [KHS, WCl, WWF] ; subsp. suhlaevis H.B.B., ground, males and females subequal, incl. typical albino [MN3b, c] and colored forms [MM2, 3b, c, NM2b, MIT]. L. {Perenna) lineata (C.B.A.), ground, males smaller, includ- ing typical race w^itli more widely spaced, stronger spirals [EEJ, EJ2, 3, EJF; what I take to be Adams' types come from St. Davids] and Mandeville race with more closely spaced, finer spirals [MM3c, ]\IN1, 3a] ; L. pers'culpta Pils. & Br., ground, males smaller, incl. typical [VCMb-d; with epidermal ridges surmounting major spirals] and probably distinct subsp. [WWF; one small, more elevated shell, with many basal spirals] ; L. foxi Pils. [EEC, EJF, ENF]. The genus Fadyenia {= Stoastoma minus Stoastoma s.s. ) has a radula with comb-laterals and without unicuspid marginals; it 14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) is, I suspect, more closely related to Lucidella and Ceratodiscus than to Stoastoma and Stoastomops. The ''species" have been grossly overdescribed ; identification of Chitty's names must await comparison of his tj^oes (too often ''unique") with series of fresh, unworn shells. Fadyenia (Lewisia) agassiziana (?) adamsiana (Ch.), rock- bases [VCMb, c, WCC-dead; compared with worn shells proba- bly from Chitty; calcareous operculum with very large inner tongue like in (subfossil) type of F. philippiana (C.B.A.) ; largest shell with maj. diam. 2.8 mm. (type of agassiziana not seen) ; tongue-shaped expansion of umbilical lamella, which is very fragile and easily broken away, quite variable, sometimes almost horizontal but usually curved upwards and rarely almost touching penult whorl (broken away from types of philippiana but certainly never soldered in paratype; third shell a Proser- pinulal) ; fresh shells rather clean, 6 ribs with epidermal expan- sions like in Lucidella persculpta] . F. {Blandia) goiildiana ( C.B.A. ), rock-bases [MN3c, young; 9 ribs with epidermal expansions] ; F. hollandiana (C.B.A.), paedogenetoid subspecies, rock-faces [VCMb, c, VF ; as small as maj. diam. 1.3 mm. with | whorl less; may be B. hilliana Ch. and W. hensoniana Ch.] ; F. Mandiana (C.B.A.), rock-faces, incL fairly typical [KHS, KHW; Adams' types (2) seen] and one larger shell [KHAV-dead; maj. diam. 2 mm., w^ith | more whorl, 5 + 32 spirals and last i whorl solute, which makes a very de- pressed shell]. Typical Wilkinsonaea has an operculum ap- proaching that of Lewisia, but Blandia, the 2nd group of Wil- kinsonaea and Petitia (radula unknown) are often not even specifically separable. The subdiscoid to globose-subdiscoid shells keep relatively clean and develop 5 (typical) to 9, brown- ish, epidermal expansions on major spirals, which in worn shells {Blandia s.s.) may be scarcely stronger than the interstitials. A second paper of this series will appear in the near future. July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 15 PLIOCENE FRESH-WATER FOSSILS OF THE KETTLEMAN HILLS AND NEIGHBORING CALIFORNIAN OIL FIELDS BY H. A. PILSBRY Some time ago a collection of these interesting fossils was re- ceived from Mr. Stanley Siegfus, of the Shell Oil Company, with a request that they be reported on. An illustrated account has been prepared, but owing to causes beyond my control, publica- tion has been delayed; it is expected to appear in the autumn. Meanwhile the following brief notices are given for temporary reference. Goniohasis kettlenianensis woodringi, n. subsp. Similar to the type except that the whorls are more convex, and the spire has weak axial plication. It is from a higher zone, the basal Tulare formation. G. arnoldiana, n. sp. Smooth except for some growth wrinkles, with rapidly tapering spire, attenuate above, and tapering faster than in G. nigrina. 14 x 7.2 mm., apert. 7 mm., or larger. Calipyrgula, n. gen. (Hydrobiidae.) Minute, very slender, perforate, with slightly obtuse apex and strongly convex whorls, spirally striate. Type C. carinifer. C. carinifer, n. sp. Shell carinate from the third whorl. 3.9 X 1.5, apert. 1 mm. ; 7 whorls. 2.1 x 0.9, apert. 0.65 mm., 5| whorls. C ellipsostoma, n. sp. Similar, but with rounded whorls which are less convex and a little longer, very weakly striate spirally. 3.4 x 1.2, apert. 1 mm. ; 6^ whorls. Pyrgulopsis vinctus, n. sp. Smaller than P. nevadensis, with a wider umbilicus ; smooth. 3.7 x 2.2 mm., apert. 1.25 mm. ; 5^ w^horls. P. polynemaiicus, n. sp. Shorter than P. vinctus, with a keel at shoulder and finely striate spirally; umbilicus moderately wide. 2.25 x 1.66 mm., apert. 1.1 mm. ; 4^ whorls. Button- willow gas field, 2649 to 2660 ft. Fluminicola kettlemanensis, n. sp. Imperforate or nearly so, resembling F. virens (Lea), but with a shorter aperture. 7.7 x 5.4 mm., apert. 4.2 mm. San Joaquin formation outcrop. F. pilula, n. sp. Subperforate, nearly sphaerical, with very short, conic spire. Convexity of last whorl greatest near the suture ; smoothish, with microscopic spiral striae. Columella 16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) and parietal wall rather heavily calloused. 4.5 x 4.3 mm., apert. 3.25 mm. Lost Hills oil field, 435-^45 ft. F. siegfusi, n. sp. Globose, imperforate, the early whorls nearly in a plane, the apex slightly concave. Surface smooth. Columella and parietal margin very heavily calloused. 3.25 x 3.2 mm., 4^ whorls. Same loc, 365-720 ft. F. spiralis, n. sp. Globose-conic to ovate-conic, perforate, rather thin, the apex only slightly obtuse; whorls convex, with delicate growth lines and minute engraved spiral lines. Colu- mella very lightly calloused. 4.25 x 3.4 mm., apert. 2.25 mm. 23 miles southeast of Hanford, 772-792 ft., and in the McKit- trick Front oil field. F. perditicollis, n. sp. Globose with very shortly conic spire, smooth, the aperture rather strongly oblique, columella and parietal margin rather heavily calloused. 6.2 x 5.2 mm., apert. 4.7 mm. ; 5 whorls. Lost Hills oil field, 455-650 ft. F. percarinata, n. sp. Imperforate, trochiform, with a median keel on the last whorl, which is flattened above and below it; apex flattened. Columella rather heavily calloused. 4.8 x 4.3 mm., 4f whorls. Same loc, 445-520 ft. Brannerilliis involutus, n. sp. Rather narrowly umbilicate, globosely truncate-conic with rounded periphery and very obtuse summit, the apex sunken; 3 whorls visible in a front view; smooth. 2.8 x 2.25 mm., apert. 1.45 mm., 4 whorls. Kettleman Hills, Sec. 30-21-17, outcrop of basal Tulare formation. In the form B. i. praeposterus, n. subsp., the spire shows only 2 whorls in front view, and the summit is flat or convex, not sunken. It is also smaller. Littoridina woodringi, n. sp. Narrowly perforate, acutely ob- long-conic, the spire straight sided or slightly attenuate above, the whorls only moderately convex, smooth ; aperture oval. 3.4 x 2, apert. 1.35 mm. ; 5^ whorls. E. side Middle Dome, Kettleman Hills, 350 ft. above the base of the Tulare formation. Amnicola liannai, n. sp. Narrowly umbilicate, acutely ovate- conic, the spire straight sided, of 5 strongly convex short whorls ; smooth; aperture oval. 2.7 x 1.8, apert. 1.1 mm. Many speci- mens (males?) are more slender, 2.5 x 1.5 mm. It is smaller than A. longinqiia Gld., which is abundant in the Kettleman Hills Pliocene, with more acute, straightly conic spire. Valvata densestriata, n. sp. Similar to Y. h. calif ornica, but the whorls increase more rapidly in caliber, and the surface is very finelj^, closely and sharply striate. 4.2 x 4.5 mm., apert. 2.4 mm. ; 3^ whorls. Well about 23 miles southwest of Hanford, 772-792 ft. July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 17 Helisoma (?) kettlemanensis, n. sp. Minute, resembling H. anceps (Mke.) in general form except that it is not carinate; left side more deeply and narrowly umbilieate than the right, periphery rounded; aperture large, oblique and triangular- lunate. Diam. 2.8 mm., alt. 1.7 mm. ; nearly 3 whorls. NEW LYMNAEIDAE FROM THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA: I. CALIFORNIA, OREGON AND OTHER WESTERN STATES BY FEANK C. BAKER When the writer's ''Lymnaeidae of North and Middle Amer- ica" was published in 1911 it was thought that the limit had been reached in the number of species of this family in North America. The more conservative critics of this work believed that too many species had been admitted as recognizable, and that in time some of these would become synonyms. Such, however, has not been the case, for during the twenty-two years which have passed since its publication nearly a dozen new species and races have been added. Studies on material recently received from Canada and the western United States indicate quite clearly that a consider- able number must still be added. It is proposed to diagnose these new forms in a series of papers of which this is the first. That indefatigable worker and keen observer Professor Junius Henderson has been overhauling the Hemphill and Hannibal collections of fresh-water mollusks in the museum of the Leland Stanford University, and has unearthed a number of Lymnaeas which do not fit into any of the species known at present, and it becomes necessary to affix new names to them. Stagnicola palustris magister nov. var. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 1. Shell differing from S. p. nuttalliana in being larger, with a longer spire, deeper sutures, the penultimate whorl large and ''puffy," the aperture rounder and more or less arched at the posterior angle. There are fully seven whorls. Nuttalliana usually has only six full whorls. 1 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) length Diam. Aperture length Width 38.5 17.0 17.7 9.1 mm. Holotype. 39.5 19.5 21.0 10.1 mm. Paratype. 33.0 16.5 17.0 8.8 mm. 32.0 15.0 15.8 8.1 mm. Type locality: East Shore Rhett (Tule) Lake, Modoc Co., Cali- fornia, collected by Henry Hemphill. Types : Stanford Univer- sity, Geological Department, No. 5773. This is the largest form of the palustris group observed in America. It is abundant in Tule Lake and apparently does not occur elsewhere. Its size and general shape are uniform enough to constitute a form or race of palustris, a variant evidently from the nuttalliana form. Immature and young specimens, 10-13 mm. long and having 4—5 whorls, are in the Hannibal collection. They are like the immature condition of the palustris varieties found throughout America. Stagnicola palustris buttoni nov. var. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 4. Shell elongated, narrow; whorls 6-7, flat-sided, elongated; suture impressed; spire somewhat scalariform, usually 1^ times length of aperture; body whorl flattened; aperture elongated, almost twice as high as wide ; outer lip thin, w^ith faint varix within ; inner lip narrow^, reflected over columellar region leaving distinct umbilical chink; parietal wall with white callus; color light yellowish horn, surface dull to shining; sculpture coarse, often raised into well marked costae; surface often malleated; columellar plait not well developed. length Diam. Aperture length Width 25.5 10.0 10.5 4.9 mm. Holotype. 25.6 10.8 ILO 5.4 mm. Paratype. 21.5 8.8 9.0 5.0 mm. i I 28.6 12.0 14.5 7.0 mm. IC Type locality: Near Salt Lake City, Utah, collected by Henry Hemphill. Types: Stanford University, Geological Department, No. 5774. This form or race is related to S. p. wyomingensis F. C. Baker, differing in its longer spire with higher whorls which are flat- sided, not rounded. The body whorl is very flat-sided, the aper- ture long and narrow, there is a distinct umbilical chink, and the July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 19 sculpture is coarser than in Wyoming ensis. This form was found in the Hemphill collection labeled "Galha proxima huttoni Baker" and it is evident that the writer gave specimens this name when the Lymnaeidae monograph was in preparation. It was evidently forgotten in the final draft of the work. It is a characteristic and easily distinguished variety of the prolific palustris group. Stagnicola hemphilli sp. nov. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 7. Shell ovate, light horn color, shining ; whorls 6, flatly rounded, sutures well marked; spire short, acute, pyramidal; body whorl wide, convex; aperture long ovate, narrowed above, rounded be- low, about as long as the spire; outer lip well rounded, with a red varix near the edge within the aperture ; inner lip rather wide, erect, emargining the well marked umbilicus; columellar plait not distinct, often absent ; a more or less distinct callus on the parietal wall; the spiral sculpture of impressed lines is dis- tinct and there may be raised vertical costae or the shell may be malleated. ength Diam. Aperture length Width 18.0 9.1 9.1 4.8 mm. Holotype. 20.2 10.2 10.3 5.1 mm. Paratype. 20.3 10.0 10.6 5.0 mm. i i 16.2 8.0 8.2 4.2 mm. a Type locality: Near Salt Lake City, Utah Co., Utah, Hemp- hill collection. Types: Stanford University, Geological Depart- ment, No. 5775. This neat species somewhat resembles short forms of Stagnicola traskii (Tryon). It differs markedly in its more spindle-shaped form, the spire and aperture being equal in length, the aperture not rounded but elongate-ovate, the body whorl is not obese, the spire whorls are not elongated, and the inner lip is wider and in most specimens emargines the umbilicus. The color is different, a darker horn sometimes purplish. The species belongs in the series of forms erroneously placed under traskii in the Lym- naeidae Monograph, p. 368, and appears to be the same as the specimens figured on pi. 39, figs. 7, 8, from Black Rock Butte, Sweetwater Co., Wyo. (coll. Walker, 13506). The specimens from Alberta represent another species which will be diagnosed in another paper. 20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) Stagnicola impedita nov. sp. Vol. 47, pi. 14, fig. 3. Shell much elongated, narrow, of 6-6^ loosely coiled, flat-sided whorls; spire very acute; sutures deeply indented; body whorl flattened, elongated; aperture less than half the length of shell, elongate-ovate; outer lip without marked varical thickening; inner lip narrow, appressed at its junction with parietal wall forming a slight plait; umbilical chink small; surface shining, sculpture of fine growth lines crossed by fine spiral impressed lines; there is a wash of callus on the parietal wall. Length Diam. Aperture length Width 16.5 6.1 6.3 3.0 mm. Holotype. 16.0 6.1 6.2 3.0 mm. Paratype. 15.7 6.0 7.9 3.2 mm. ( < 13.2 5.2 6.0 2.5 mm. a Type locality: Near Logan, Cache Co., Utah, Hemphill collec- tion. Types: Stanford University, Geological Department, No. 5776. This small lymnaeid bears the most striking resemblance to Stagnicola kirtlandiana (Lea), and was so labelled in the Hemp- hill collection. It differs from Lea's species in being smaller, the whorls are not as long, not as rounded, sutures less deeply impressed, body whorl wider, aperture more ovate, columellar plait less marked, and sculpture much finer. The two species appear to be almost parallel in development although inhabiting widely separated areas. THE POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA COMPLEX BY A. F. ARCHER Outside of the section Stenotrema few groups of Polygyra give more trouble in identification than the Polygyra tridentata com- plex. This complex belongs in the section Triodopsis. An ex- amination of material that from time to time has come into the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, shows that there has been uncertainty and con- fusion in the determination of the species contained in this group. This is due both to the difficulty of naming, and to the uncertain application of names that existed in the latter half July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 21 of the last century. Anyone who has such material straight from the field should exercise the utmost care in sorting and studying it before determination. A superficial glance is not always sufficient in recognizing the true differences existing in these forms. Dr. Pilsbry has rendered great service to the study of these forms by detecting important and consistent differences between the various species and varieties of this group, which had hitherto been overlooked. He classified and named many new forms, and established the true status of several others. A large collection of these forms shows that they are worthy of study from the point of view of geographical distribution, and it is there that the value of differentiating them is most evident. Many of the species belonging to the complex have a wide range of distribution. They are for the most part fairly small snails, and their shells are usually characterized by tridentate apertures. These armatured apertures serve as protective de- vices against the attacks of carnivorous beetles, and even against other molluscan enemies such as Haplotrema concaviim (Say). The form and arrangement of these apertural teeth are some of the most important characters for differentiating the species, and seem to express very clearly their innate differences. These snails are ground livers, and are found among the leaves and humus in open woods and wooded hillsides. In favorable locali- ties they may often be found in great abundance. Their radulae, using P. tridentata as an example, bear rather long central teeth, and the outer marginal teeth are bifid. In the genitalia the penis is rather long with a terminal retractor muscle, and the vas deferens enters near the summit. The sper- matheca is small and globular, while its duct is long and rather large at the base. The shell is umbilicate and either globose or depressed. Very few malformed individuals are encountered. The most common malformation is a misshapen peristome. The purpose of this paper is to deal with the various species in the group, and to attempt to show their geographical distribu- tion. Many of the names of these forms have been scattered through the literature. They will here be brought together, and 22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) defined. The definitions will deal chiefly with their distinguish- ing characteristics, so that the identification of them may be rendered easier. The species included here are those inhabiting the area extending from the Atlantic coast as far west as the western border of the Mississippi Valley. No related forms occurring outside of those limits are dealt with here. Dr. Pils- bry has very kindly lent paratypes of several forms for examina- tion and figuring. Section Triodopsis Eafinesque Group of Polygyra tridentata 1. Polygyra tridentata (Say) 2. Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pils. 3. Polygyra tridentata tennesseensis W. & P. 4. Polygyra tridentata coniplanata Pils. 5. Polygyra tridentata edentilahris Pils. 6. Polygyra fraudiilenta Pils. 7. Polygyra fallax (Say) 8. Polygyra fallax goniosoma Pils. 9. Polygyra vannostrandi (Bland) 10. Polygyra vannostrandi alahamensis Pils. 11. Polygyra hopetonensis (Schutt) 12. Polygyra hopetonensis charlestonensis Maz. 13. Polygyra hopetonensis ohsoleta Pils. The first reference under each species is the original citation. Additional references are given for critical notes and figures. Specific localities cited are for the specimens figured. 1. Polygyra tridentata (Say). PL 1. fig. 1, near Wissahickon Creek, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. Helix tridentata Say, Nicholson's Encycl. 4, pi. 2. f. 1 (''in- habits the middle states " ) . Triodopsis tridentata Say, "W. G. Binney, 1885, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 291, f. 312. Polygyra tridentata Say, Pilsbry, 1894, Proc. A.N.S.P., p. 19, pi. 1, f. 7. The shell is depressed, umbilicated, chestnut to light horn color, and covered with raised axial ribs. The number of whorls varies from 4f-5|. Besides its flattish shape it may be distin- guished by the following characteristics. The aperture hears three teeth. The marginal tooth is situated on the upper half I July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 23 of the peristome. The hasal tooth is situated more than halfway toward the outer margin of the peristome. Both teeth are simple and acute. The parietal tooth is ohlique and strong. The figured specimen is chosen because it is tj^ical of Say's species. There is a wide range of variation in the species throughout its geographical range. Numbers of geographical races exist. This species has the widest range of any species in the group. It is found in Vermont, northern New York and Ontario Province, Canada, and extends southward into northern Georgia and Alabama. It is found in eastern Iowa and ranges clear across the country to the Atlantic coast. It is virtually absent in most of New England except the extreme west. In the South it occurs throughout the mountains, but is absent in the coastal region. Throughout the northeastern range of the species the forms are of medium size (about 15 mm. in diameter). They are inclined to be chestnut colored, and the peristome is often pinkish. The distribution in Virginia is limited to the western part of the state, where puzzling forms occur. In Rock- bridge County rather large heavy specimens are found while in Roanoke County small, flat, weak toothed forms occur. The forms of North Carolina are also dark colored, but are larger than those of the more northern regions. Slightly smaller but otherwise similar forms occur on the Tennessee slope of the Ap- palachian Mountains. The species is absent in the western half of Tennessee. It ranges throughout Kentucky, and here we find very depressed light colored shells, some of which measure 20 mm. in diameter, while in several localities heavy specimens exist. The species occurs throughout the Middle West, east of the Mis- sissippi, and is especially common in Indiana, though rare in Michigan. The shells found in this region are medium sized and usually rather dark. The localities in northern Georgia and north Alabama yield specimens similar in appearance to those of the Appalachian Region. It must be concluded from this that P. tridentata is a success- ful species, capable of existing in a wide area, and under varied conditions. It is most common in open woods, among leaves or rocks. It does not seem partial to any particular type of geo- logical formation, for it is found equally among limestone rock 24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) in some regions, and sandstone or granitic rock in other regions. Few Polygyras, with the notable exception of P. thyroidus (Say), are more adaptable to various climates and regions than tridentata. It is, however, obvious that it has not survived this great variety of conditions without variation taking place. 2. PoLYGYRA TRIDENTATA JUXTIDENS Pilsbry, 1894, Proc. A.N.S.P., p. 20, pi. 1, fig. 8. (Cave Town, Md.). The shell is quite exactly like P. tridentata in external appear- ance. It is readily distinguished in tooth structure. It diners from tridentata in having the marginal tooth situated at least halfway down the peristome towards the base, near the basal tooth. The parietal tooth slants toward it or just ahove it, while in tridentata it slants below it. The geographical range of P. tridentata juxtidens is somewhat more extensive than that of P. tridentata. It occurs in Northern and Western New England and extends southwestward to East- ern Iowa and Eastern Missouri. It is absent in Ontario Prov., Canada, Michigan and the northern half of the middle states. It has not been reported from the western slope of the Appa- lachian Mountains except in Nicholas County, Kentucky. It is almost absent in the mountain region of North Carolina where tridentata is common. However, the region lying east of this it is present to the exclusion of tridentata. It likewise supersedes the straight species in the New Jersey area, but is less common in Maryland. Just south of the Potomac River it again outbal- ances tridentata. The small or medium sized dark form is char- acteristic of the northeastern area of Virginia. The typical forms occur in northern Virginia and northern West Virginia, one of which is figured. Large heavy specimens occur in Rock- bridge County and Roanoke County, Virginia. Fairly tj^pical forms are found in central North Carolina and South Carolina. Unusually broad lipped specimens have been taken at Eutaw Springs, Berkeley, Co., South Carolina. Examples from North- ern Alabama are frequently large and flat. Fairly typical speci- mens have been collected in eastern Iowa and eastern Missouri. An interesting geographical race occurs in the southern half of the middle western states especially Indiana and Ohio. This July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 25 race is characterized by being horn colored, broad, and more com- pressed than the typical form. The shell is quite shiny, and the striae are less pronounced than in the typical. Pilsbry named this form Polygyra tridentata discoidea (Pilsbry 1904, Nautilus 17, p. 142). It seems inadvisable to consider this apart from juxtidens, of which it seems to be a geographical race. It ex- actly corresponds in tooth structure, general character of the sculpture, etc. One set from Cincinnati, Ohio, has the tooth structure of P. tridentata, but otherwise is like the race men- tioned above. This must be considered as tridentata despite that fact. The same form of tridentata also occurs independently in Central Kentucky. 3. Polygyra tridentata tennesseensis Walk. & Pils. Plate 1, fig. 3, Concord, Anderson Co., Tenn. Diam. 19.5 mm. Polygyra tridentata tennesseensis Walker & Pilsbry, 1902, Proc. A.N.S. Phila,, p. 422. (South side French Broad R., below Paint Rock, Tenn.) Walker, Terrestrial Shell-bearing Moll, of Ala., Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. Misc. Publ. No. 18, p. 22. The shell is large (diameter 22-24 mm.) rather flat and is similar to P. tridentata in coloring and sculpture. It is dijferent in being consistently larger, while the marginal and hasal teeth though typically situated are smaller. The parietal tooth is sharper and more prominent. This variety is peculiar to the Eastern Tennessee and the Northern Alabama region where it replaces P. tridentata. It is not very variable in size and color, but on the northern and eastern periphery of its range forms have been found which are intermediate between it and P. tridentata. In the center of its range the forms are quite distinct from any other related forms. 4. Polygyra tridentata complanata Pils. PI. 1, fig. 4. Burn- side, Pulaski Co., Ky. Diam. 21 mm. Polygyra tridentata complanata Pilsbry, 1898, Nautilus, 12, p. 22. (Burnside, Ky.) The shell in appearance quite suggests the forms of P. triden- tata juxtidens from southern Ohio and southern Indiana. Like them the shell is large (diam. 21-23 mm.) and shiny. It differs in being flatter and more openly umbilicate. The marginal and 26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) hasal teeth are almost absent, mere slight traces appearing in the same positions as those of typical P. tridentata. The parietal tooth is smaller and sharper. This form has only been found in south-central Kentucky. Ex- ceptionally small specimens (diam. 17 mm.) have been found in Casey County, but aside from their size they are quite typical. 5. PoLYGYRA TRIDENTATA EDENTiLABRis Pils. PL 1, fig. 5. Cum- berland Mts., Tenn. Paratype. Diam. 12 mm. Polygyra tridentata edentilahris Pilbry 1894, Nautilus, 7, p. 140. (Cumberland Mts., Tennessee.) The shell resembles that of P. tridentata. It is small (diam. 12 mm.) and is shaped exactly like small specimens of tridentata. It differs in the entire absence of the marginal and basal teeth. It is yellow horn colored, with a w^hitish peristome. This apparently rare form comes from the Cumberland Moun- tains, Cumberland plateau region, central Tennessee. It is a re- markable form, contrasting with P. tridentata tennesseensis of the surrounding country. This species contrasts also with P. tridentata complanata in its small size and rugose appearance. Both forms are virtually toothless, but this does not necessarily indicate a close relationship. The figured specimen is a para- type sent by Dr. Pilsbry for examination. (To be continued) NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF PLEUROCERA CANALICULATUM UNDULATUM SAY BY SAMUEL E. MAGEUDER Department of Zoology, University of Cincinnati For the past two years the writer has been making some anatomical studies on the fresh-water gastropod, Pleurocera canaliculatum tindulatum Say, during which time numerous col- lections have been made from one vicinity. All the animals studied have been taken from the Licking River at or near the town of Butler, Kentucky. Although no regular population samples have been taken for life history work certain facts have THE NAUTILUS XLYIII PLATE 1 o // 12 J3 1. Polygyra tridentata Say. 2. P. t. juxtidens Pils. 3. P. t. tennesseensis W. & Pf 4. P. t. complanata Pils. 5. P. t. edentilabris Pils. 6. P. frau- dulenta Pils. 7. P. fallax Say. 8. P. f. goniosoma Pils. 9. P. vanno- strandi Bland. 10. P. v. alabamensis Pils. 11. P. hopetonensis Shutt. 12. P. li. charlestonensis Maz. 13. P. h. obsoleta Pils. July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 27 been observed which seem to corroborate the work of Van Cleave (Nautilus, Vol. XLVII, No. 2) on life history studies of Pleiiro- cera acuta Rafinesque. As so little is known concerning the life history and development of members of this family it seems worth while to record any new observations. During late winter and spring collecting, the absence of shells of this species under 8 to 10 mm. in length was very noticeable. Also during spring collecting, very large living individuals were very rare although large dead shells were fairly common. The average shell length for members of this colony is from 17 to 20 mm. During late September and October, collections were made. At this time, the youngest individuals which have been seen were collected. The eggs of this species have not been recorded. The shell of the smallest individual was 4.0 mm. long by 2.6 mm. wide and collected on October 21. Shell lengths of some other young specimens collected at the same time were 4.4, 5.2, 5.6, 6.1, 7.0 and 8.7 mm. Animals with shell lengths greater than these were common and animals with shell lengths 14 to 18 mm. were abun- dant. It is believed that the apparent rareness of the very young individuals is because they are so easily overlooked due to their small size as suggested by Van Cleave. The presence of young individuals varying greatly in size in the early fall would seem to indicate an egg laying season extending over several months, as pointed out by Van Cleave for Pleiirocera acuta Rafinesque. However, the situation is complicated by the fact that occur- ring with Pleurocera in the same location is another gastropod, Lithasia ohovata (Say) in even greater numbers. Animals of the latter with shell lengths less than 6.2 mm. have not been found by the waiter. There is a possibility that the specimens mentioned above may be Lithasia ohovata (Say) ; however, judg- ing from their appearance, it is not at all probable. The young shells described as Pleurocera have the typical rhomboidal aper- ture of the genus and the color and shape, especially of the body whorl are almost identical with that seen in the adult of the same species, the eroded spire being excepted. On the body whorl the shell is sculptured by very fine spiral lines crossed by somewhat heavier growth lines. The color of the smallest specimen is a uniform tan. 28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) Collected at the same time as the above specimens were the largest living adults yet seen and which were fairly abundant. The largest specimen collected by the writer from this colony had a shell length of 26.4 mm. and a width of 11.3 mm. When these very large individuals are brought into the laboratory they die very soon, usually surviving less than a week although receiv- ing the same care as smaller (younger?) individuals which usually lived for quite a while. There may or may not be a factor of old age concerned. Nothing is known of the length of the life span of this animal, but these facts together with the scarcity of living individuals and comparative abundance of large dead shells in the spring would suggest that, regardless of the length of the life span, the natural termination of life due to old age occurs in the late winter. The writer is indebted to Mr. Calvin Goodrich for identifica- tion of both gastropods mentioned. A NEW FLORIDA PEARLY FRESH-WATER MUSSEL BY BERLIN HART WRIGHT Elliptic maywebbae, new species. Vol. 47, PI. 13, figs. 5-8. Shell unusually inequilateral, epidermis reddish to horn-col- ored, smoothish, with growth ridges scarcely distinguishable, um- bonal ridge snout prominent but clearly biangulate and curved. Rayless, sides well rounded, almost to the point of inflation. Dorsal or hinge margin short and prominently arcuate, which feature is accentuated by the inconspicuous umbos and the abrupt depression of the posterior-dorsal margin. This gives a decided falcate outline to the mature male shells, with excurvate ventral margins. Abruptly rounded posteriorly and somewhat more pointed behind. Beaks acute but not prominent, beauti- fully sculptured with double looped sharp ridges which are abruptly and prominently angled at the umbonal ridge, making a row of knotty tubercles following down the ridge as far as the loops extend. Nacre dark coppery (flesh-colored) in some of the paratypes, and highly iridescent. Teeth double in the left valve and single in the right one ; laterals arched, sharp and thin, and cardinals very oblique. Pallial impression and scars or cicatrices all slightly impressed. Abductor scars confluent, generally. Shell and beak cavities shallow and beak cicatrices July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 29 deep and crowded up close under the collar of the lateral teeth. Soft parts unknown. Dimensions : Length 51 mm., altitude 28 mm., diameter 21 mm. Hahitat: Near Seminole Springs, 15 miles southeast of Eustis, Florida. Ex. Coll. Walter F. Webb, Rochester, N. Y. Observations: This unique Florida mussel must be placed in the Elliptio division, probably best as a subgenus, as it is un- usually arched dorsally and sculptured at beaks. One dozen specimens have been carefully compared and it is not possible to make any decision as to its relationship. Perhaps it belongs in the dor sat us group. AYe take peculiar pleasure in naming this shell in honor of the gracious wife of AYalter F. AYebb, who for more than forty years has been of inestimable help in his conchological work. It was collected by T. H. Van H^Tiing. Type in the U. S. National Museum, No. 425354; paratypes with the following museums : The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, No. 162516; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bos- ton, Mass. ; Buffalo Museum of Natural History, and collection of Walter F. Webb, Rochester, N. Y. BOSTON MALACOLOGICAL CLUB The Boston Malacological Club held its regular meetings dur- ing the season of 1933- '34, on the first Tuesday evening of each month, from October to May, inclusive, in the Library of the Boston Society of Natural History. The first meeting was given to experiences in collecting during the past summer. Among these, Mr. AYilliam J. Clench de- scribed covering some 5,000 miles in Georgia, Alabama and Mis- sissippi ; and a 700-mile cruise along the Florida coast, the pre- vious April. Mr. S. N. F. Sanford told of collecting on the New England beaches, and emphasized the fact that after a heavy storm more is to be found by waiting one or two days than by collecting directly the storm is over. Prof. Balch reported find- ing many nudibranchs, including one new species, at Cranberry Island, near Mt. Desert, Maine. 30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) In November the Club heard a talk on *'A Naturalist's Im- pressions of Australia" by Dr. W. E. Schevill, who had lately spent some months there, in a successful quest for fossils. While he touched only indirectly on mollusks, he described vividly the topography, flora and fauna of this largest of the world's islands. Fine lantern slides added to the interest of his talk. Dr. Charles H. Blake, of Massachusetts Institute of Technol- ogy, spoke in December, his topic being ''The Eggs of Fresh- water Snails," illustrated by slides from his drawings made in the laboratory, where observation of the eggs and the hatching of the young snails could be conducted to the best advantage. In January Dr. Joseph C. Bequaert, President of the club, told of visits to malacological collections in England, France, Hol- land, Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Sweden. The February meeting was announced as a symposium on the ''Care and Ar- rangement of Conchological Collections." An interesting fact called to the attention of the members was that oak, used for cabinets, gives off an acid which in the course of time, coats the shells with an unsightly film w^hich destroys their color and polish. At the March meeting Mr. Henry D. Russell spoke on "Collect- ing in Bermuda," telling of both recent and fossil mollusks to be found there, and describing the volcanic origin of the islands, their soil, and their flora. In April, Dr. Bequaert again addressed the club, this time on "A New Manual of Conchology," the monumental work by Dr. Johannes Thiele, now being published in Berlin. He also touched upon other works on conchology, and gave it as his opinion that in classifying and naming species, more attention should be paid to the shell itself, and less to minute differences in the internal structure of the animal, which he considered had been carried to undue excess during recent years. At the meeting in May, Mr. Edward M. Howland gave his experiences in collecting in the West Indies, and at Sanibel Island, Florida, and showed an interesting series of shells from these places. At nearly every meeting, other topics, in addition to those July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 31 announced, came up for informal discussion, space permitting the mention of only a few, as the ship-worm and its destructive activities, the disappearance of the eel-grass from New England waters, and the increasing distribution on this side of the Atlan- tic of Helix nemoralis. At the May meeting the following officers were elected for the coming year: President Charles H. Blake Vice-president Austin W. Cheever Conchological Recorder S. N. F. Sanford Secretary and Treasurer Theodora AVillard Executive Committee Mildred Seymour William J. Clench On May 26, the club held its annual field meeting. This was at Marion, Massachusetts, by invitation of Mr. Howland. Twenty-three intrepid members were not deterred by unpromis- ing weather, and in spite of grey skies and a temperature of only 50°, motored to Marion, to be met there by our host. After spending several hours on the beach, returning with many treasures filling bags and pockets, the members drove to his house, where they were welcomed by Mrs. Howland. Ample jus- tice was done to a delicious luncheon, and then followed an inspection of Mr. Howland 's collection of shells, and it was not until mid-afternoon that they started on the homeward drive, all expressing the conviction that it had been the most delightful field meeting ever held by the club. — Theodora Willard, Secretary. CHARLES CURRY ALLEN Charles Curry Allen, one of the best known and ablest natural- ists in the State of Florida, died at his home in St. Petersburg, April 27. Born in Morrison, 111., in 1862, where at the age of 10 years he took an interest in fossil shells and the bones of prehistoric animals he gathered together an interesting collection. 32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) His parents did not believe in much schooling but a teacher at Elk Falls, Kans., where he lived at the age of 15 and 16, took a great interest in him and taught him to educate himself. As a result he devoted all his spare time to reading the best books and became a very well educated man. What he read he retained and was ready at all times to get up before an audience and give ,a good talk on almost any subject. Well do I remember on one occasion when he and I were down the coast on a collecting trip we chugged over to Cortez for sup- plies. The storekeeper asked us to attend a political meeting that evening in the hall back of the store. AVhen the meeting was opened and the candidate for Governor introduced, all he said was that he saw in the audience a man much better able than himself to address them and called on Mr. Allen. With his blue shirt, overalls and slippers without socks (we had been sifting sand and mud most of the afternoon) he took the plat- form and the people listened spellbound at his delivery of facts ,and statistics given as easy as reading from a printed form. Mr. Allen had previously run for Governor of Florida on the Social- ist ticket. Coming to Florida over 40 years ago he started his shell col- lection and later opened up a curio shop, giving this up about 15 years ago. With myself and with others he took many trips to the East Coast, Everglades, Bahamas and Cuba. Several new species of his finding are called Alleni and Curryi in his honor. His series of Liguiis and the Cuban Cepolis and Polymita are among the finest. Collectors who came South were always hospitably received by Mr. Allen, and none went away without benefitting from the visit. He had a host of foreign collectors on his list with whom he exchanged often. As a man he was always upright, honest and generous almost to a fault. His ideas on peace were so forceful that a plan of which he was the author was read before the Peace Conference at Copenhagen. Mr. Allen was twice married and a son born from each mar- July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 33 riage. These, with the second wife and two sisters, survive him. — D. L. Emery. NOTES AND NEWS William B. Marshall^ assistant curator of mollusks in the United States National Museum, retired from government service on April 30, at his own request, after serving for more than thirty-two years. Mr. Marshall has been given an honorary appointment, under the Smithsonian Institution, as associate in zoology at the U. S. National Museum. Physa acuta Draparnaud in Massachusetts. — A series of this species was recently submitted for naming by Mr. C. P. Winsor. These were collected in a tank used to cultivate algae at Harvard University. Several aquarium supply stores in the vicinity of Boston have been selling Australian species of Bulinus. It is quite possible that these may become established in our local ponds and streams, as happened in the case of Viviparus malleaius Rve. — W. J. Clench. Planorbis opercularis planulatus in Los Angeles, Cali- fornia.— Some months ago I received from Mr. E. P. Chace a small vial of tiny non-marine shells which he had collected in 1916 in a swamp along Balona Creek near West Adams St. Ex- amination of them revealed the following: Lymnaea hulimoides cassi Baker, Physa heterostropha osculans Haldman, PlanorMs opercularis planulatus Cooper, Succinea oregonensis Lea, Siic- cinea sillimani Bland, Paludestrina stearnsiana Pilsbry, Pisid- ium, species undetermined. This is the first record I have known of P. opercularis planulatus in southern California. The other species with which it was associated are typical of swampy places in this vicinity. — Wendell 0. Gregg. Dr. Pilsbry and Dr. Francis Pennell are spending the sum- mer in investigating the mollusks and plants of northern Mexico. Dr. Stanley T. Brooks, Curator of Recent Invertebrates at the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa., will sail in June for sev- eral months' collecting in Newfoundland. The trip is for the purpose of studying the circumpolar and nearctic molluscan fauna although collections of plants and insects will be made. 34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (1) PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED NoTAs Y Adiciones A LA Fauna Malacologica Habanera. Por C. G-. Aguayo y M. L. Jaume (Mem. Soc. Poey, 8, No. 1. March, 1934). The name Polygyra lingulata (Fer.) is adopted to replace P. paludosa (Pfr.), preoccupied. Vertigo torrei is a new species of the ovata group. Gyraulus santacruzensis Germ., G. filocinctus P. & F., and several marine species, all new to Cuba, are reported from the environs of Havana. — H. A. P. , West African Achatinae related to Achatana balteata Rve. By J. Bequaert and W. J. Clench. American Mus. Novi- tates. No. 705. This group of closely allied granulous achatinas is critically reviewed and all of the known forms well figured. A. rugosa chapini is a new subspecies from Lukolele, Belgian Congo. Two New Species of Fresh Water Pearly Mussels. By Wm. B. Marshall. Jour. Wash. Acad. Sci. 29, 79-81. Castali- oides laddi, n. gen. et sp., is a Venezuelan Quaternary form. Anodontites schadei is from Paraguay. Notes on the Fossil Land Shells from Bermuda in the col- lection of the Carnegie Museum. By Gordon M. Kutchka. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 22, No. 2-4, 1934. Eight species are de- scribed and figured, all from the Walsingham formation. Judg- ing by the figures and dimensions given, the specimens referred to Poecilozonites dalli, P. nelsoni callosus and P. Mandi heilprini do not appear to be correctly so named. From a careful exami- nation, the type of P. dalli is a mature shell, in my opinion. The Walsingham formation has been considered Pleistocene by those who have studied it on the ground (see Sayles, *' Bermuda dur- ing the Ice Age," Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., 66, No. 11, .1931). Until some marine fossils are found to prove Pliocene age, the evidence that it is older than Pleistocene seems insuffi- cient. Sayles has argued that it is synchronous with the Kansan glacial stage. — H. A. P. Variation in Goniobasis virginica and Anculosa carinata UNDER Natural Conditions. By Joshua L. Baily, Kaymond July, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 35 Pearl and Charles P. Winsor (Biologia Generalis, vol. 8, pp. 607-630, vol. 9, pp. 301-336, vol. 9-2, pp. 48-69; 5 plates). A statistical study of the shells from Gunpowder River, Maryland, is accompanied by detailed ecological data and an attempt is made towards their correlation. Erosion of the shell is accom- plished by particles of silt carried in suspension in the water. The size of the shell seems to be directly influenced by chlorine and food supply, and inversely by silt. The earlier whorls are more variable than the later ones (the opposite has often been considered true). The presence of unaccountable differencs and variabilities in several lots is noted, and the suggestion is made that these may be due to congenital factors. An enormous amount of painstaking labor is condensed into these three papers. — H. B. B. The Habitats of Land Molluscs in Britain, by A. E. Boycott (The Jour, of Ecology 22, pp. 1-38, Feb., 1934). An excellent paper dealing with associations of land mollusks in particular types of environments. A large amount of scattered information is brought together in this paper and carefully elucidated by the author. A portion of the summary is quoted. ''Our land mol- lusca do not form specific associations with one another or with other animals or plants. Competition is therefore an unimpor- tant factor. Their occurrence within their geographical ranges are determined by the conditions of the environment, the most important factors being moisture and lime. We may distinguish groups which affect wet places, dry places and human settle- ments. The rest, about half the species, [total of 102 species] live in ill-defined 'woodland' habitats whose suitability varies in proportion to the shelter and lime they provide." — AV. J. Clench. NON-MAKINE MOLLUSCA FROM DuTCH NORTH NeW GuINEA IN- CLUDING AN Annotated List of the Species of Papuina. By Tera Van Benthem Jutting (1933, Nova Guinea, 17, Zoology, Livr. 1, pp. 71-150, 21 text figures). Notes and descriptions of several mollusks (3 new species and 2 new varieties) from the region of the Mamberamo River. A list of all the known species 36 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48(1) of Papuina follows the main report. This last, in particular, is a very valuable and useful list, as it brings together in one report all of the Papuina known to occur in the Australasian region. ,A suggestion, however, would be to list all varieties and sub- species alphabetically along with the species and not under their particular species. In a long list, such names are hard to locate when submerged in the main list. A full bibliography accom- panies this paper. — W. J. Clench. A List of the Mollusks of the District of Columbia and Vicinity. By Horace G. Richards. (The American Midland Naturalist, vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 85-88, 1934). This list, the first since the one by C. Lehnert in 1885, enumerates about 140 species of land and freshwater mollusks from a region in Mary- land and Virginia within a radius of 20 miles of the Capitol Building at Washington, D. C. The material on which the list is based is taken from Lehnert 's list together with corrections and additions based on collections in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and in the National Museum in Wash- ington. Such a list is sorely needed for the District of Columbia as well as for other places. In a sense this list is a little un- timely since in going over the material in the National Museum a number of names were included from it that should not appear at all. This is due to the fact that no critical revision of col- lections from the District of Columbia now in the National Mu- seum was made. For example, Polygyra fraudulenta, P. exoleta (i.e., zaleta Binn.), P. stenotrema, P. monodon and subspecies aliciae, Mesomphix cupretis, and Discus patula as well as some others do not occur in this region at all. Several other species are of doubtful occurrence here. The use of certain genera like Ancidosa (wrongly applied to the species carinata) that have revised by recent workers is unfortunate. These errors are due to misidentifications or to unrevised names copied without veri- fication from material in the National Museum. — A. F. Archer. The Nautilus Vol. XLVIII October, 1934 No. 2 RESTORATION OF SHELL PARTS BY THE PAINTED SNAIL, POLYMITA PICTA BORN BY E. A. ANDREWS Observation of the shells of snails shows in some cases besides the regular fine lines suggesting lack of uniform growth, occa- sional grosser breaks in the uniformity of the surface suggesting the healing of broken parts or the restoration of lost parts of the shell. That snails do actually restore broken parts and heal over breaks in their shells was first demonstrated by the experiments of Reamur in 1709 and later by those of many zoologists from 1870 to 1911. From these experiments it appears that snails may restore the shell in two distinct ways ; restoring lost parts at the rim of the shell by complete perfect shell joining on to the nor- mal shell without serious differences in form, structure, or color ; but making good insular loss of shell parts not at the rim of the shell by a sort of cicatrix material, hard and serviceable for the protection of the animal within, but very imperfect as compared to the former normal shell. These two grades of perfection in shell restoration correspond to the tw^o diverse regions of the mantle concerned in shell mak- ing; the young marginal part of the mantle being able to make all the outer layers of the shell with its colors and architecture while the older parts of the mantle far from the mantle margin can only add innermost layer to the normal shell or function after breaks to supply a sort of cement to mend the break but not to actually restore new shell in its totality. Both color and architecture of the shell are due to the activities of the marginal part of the mantle which, as it were, is the die from which the shell is stamped out little by little at the edge as 38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) growth goes on with, a repetition of pattern comparable to that made by a printing roll for wallpaper or printed goods ; repairs near the edge are actual new printings, but repairs far from the margin are but colorless patching. The activities of the mantle near the margin are both secretory and muscular, while far from the free edge the mantle only secretes, apparently. The muscular actions of the mantle com- bined with its powers to make hardening lime shell as well as color in definite patterns is comparable to the like activities in that portion of the oviduct of birds in which the eggshell is formed, sculptured and painted, in the same characteristic way in active periods of the species and even of the individual, as may be seen in the domestic hen which may for some time lay eggs individually distinguishable from those of other members of the same flock. In some gastropods the mantle is visibly colored somewhat in the pattern of the shell that it makes, the future materials being already assembled in the relative poitions they will occupy when incorporated into the shell. There would thus seem to be a point to point agreement between the mantle margin and its product, the shell. However, the mantle margin is movable, not only to advance and recede, but apparently also to slip sidewise, since Techow^ found that in the land snail Helix pomatia removal of both a piece of the shell and of the underlying mantle was followed by restoration of the shell sooner than by regrowth of the cut mantle, so that the mantle seemed to have glided to one side and part of it vicariously made an area of the shell that it normally would not have been concerned with. Many of the experiments upon regeneration in gastropods have been performed upon shells that were rather uniform in color so that one part of the mantle margin had much the same function as adjacent portions. However, in snails with lengthwise color bands, the mantle margin makes sharply localized color effects upon a common ground, so that one locality of the mantle is re- sponsible for a colored band and the adjacent part on either side makes only the common background. Such is notably the case iTechow. Archiv Ent. Mech. 31: 278, 1910. October, 1934] THE NAUTILUS 39 in the painted snail, Polymita picta Born, of Cuba, with its con- spicuous lengthwise bands. Some fifty-four immature snails of the western variety of this species, P. picta venusta, brought from Cuba by Mr. d'Alte Welch, each from one to one and a half centimeters in diameter, were used to test the ability of the mantle margin to restore shell of the proper kind to continue the normal pattern after removal of small pieces of the shell edge. Of these shells 27 were dull white; 17 canary yellow, and 10 flushed with bright red. In general, there Avere three spiral bands, an upper and a lower dark band and a median band, rarely dark, but generally pale white. Thus the mantle edge was making dark above and below, in narrow regions, and a thin white region in the middle ; with wide areas of white, yellow, or red between the three narrow reo^ions. Polymita picta venusta (Gmel.) A rough diagram of the shell pattern may be made by repre- senting the shell as unrolled and then projected as a triangle (see Fig. 1) in which the base represents the present mouth of the shell and the apex the long antecedent young shell now located at the apex of the shell. In youth the median band was dark, but later this gave place to a median band that is usually white, while the other two bands, both dark, arose subsequently, the latest and broadest being the ventral band. In life the mantle margin of these snails is a velvet black zone at the border followed a little back from the edge by a golden yellow zone of white or red so that these two contrasting color zones on the mantle are very striking. In the black zone is the 40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) mantle groove whose outer edge is somewhat lighter than the rest of the black zone and it is in this groove that the new shell is initiated. The light colored sub-marginal zone may show some striking interruptions; thus when the shell has an equatorial band of light, or of dark, the light sub-marginal zone is marked by a sharp interruption of the same width as the shell band. The light zone is full of minute white reflecting particles and these are absent from the part of the zone immediately under the equa- torial shell band, be it white or dark. Also the lighter submar- ginal zone may show dark patches above and below underlying the dark bands of the shell and in a shell with two parallel equa- torial bands, two corresponding brown patches were seen on the mantle. To see if the mantle would exactly restore the pattern when the shell was locally impaired, triangular areas of the shell, some 4 mm. wide and 2 deep, were cut from the shell with scissors, June 1st (the mantle being withdrawn by the snail so that it was not injured), in the three ends of bands as in Fig. 1 as well as in some of the background regions. All the snails were kept in a glass jar of six liters capacity with top ventilation and various rather unsuccessful attempts at feeding, so that mortality was great, and in October only five were left alive. Other snails of the same species died as rapidly, though nothing was done to injure the shells. However, many of the snails restored the regions of the shell that were removed. Some new shell with a bit of color in the right place was evident within a week in some snails, but others delayed so that at any time many were in various stages of res- toration of injuries to the shells. Thirty-eight snails were living July 5 and eleven days later many had quite filled in the notches cut in the shells and some had extended the shell out beyond the old rim ; but many never restored the shell injury before dying. Restoration took place in the following stages : first a soft pel- licle stretched as by surface tension across the deepest part of the triangular space, then extending gradually outward across more and more of the triangle. This soft pellicle stiffened and though at first at transparent as the evanescent pellicle that October, 1934] the nautilus 41 anchors the shell to the substrate when the snail is long at rest, it became more opaque till when one to two millimeters advanced in width there was seen upon its under surface a little white, yellow or red pigment. After a long period this deposit became an opaque shell underlying the first formed periostracum. As this colored opaque area increased, it was evident that it became the right color to replace what was removed; yellow joined onto yellow, white onto white, red onto red. But for a long time the new shell was thinner than the normal, less opaque, and lacking in perfection of finish, showing more evident lines of growth. Where the new joins the old, there is generally a fault- ing in the surface since the new is not built quite out to the level of the old surface. The first half millimeter or so of background shell sometimes remained lacking in opaqueness and in color, leaving a permanent scar. These experiments indicate that the mantle is able to reenact its old performances making for each area the proper color to continue the pattern laid down on the old shell. Microscopic examination of the mantle margin after three days of regenerative activity showed a yellowish film emerging from the mantle groove full of shining dots; farther away from the groove the pellicle held scattered spherules and overlay nascent shell made up of compacted spherites aggregating into a layer. This is in harmony with the accepted view that the periostra- cum is secreted out of the mantle groove and then reinforced from below by lime secretions that go to make up the deeper layer of the shell to be eventually reinforced by coloring matter and secretions from the parts of the mantle more remote from the mantle groove. "While in restoration of pieces of shell at the aperture the mantle acts as it did before, this repetition is local for each in- jured part and does not involve the mantle elsewhere; thus while in normal growth all the mantle margin is simultaneously active, in repair of local defects much of the mantle is inhibited while certain regions only are active. Only when the defects are built up to the former edge level does the entire front advance in normal addition to the entire edge of the shell, step by step with lines of growth showing rhythmic advance and stoppages. 42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) The greatest advance of normal shell beyond the replaced tri- angular defects was four to five millimeters in four months, see Fig. 1, where the transverse lines indicate new shell out beyond the replaced triangular areas. This is preceded by the above change in coordination of adjacent parts of the mantle margin so that, apparently, the normal growth is repeated only locally just where needed to replace the lost shell ; there only the mantle groove arouses to activity and there only the mantle secretes lime and pigment which seems to be in a colloidal matrix in which the pigment does not widely diffuse but remains properly placed to continue the normal color pattern of the shell. Res- toration of the equatorial band advanced more rapidly than that of the upper and lower bands where dark coloring matter was slow to appear. While the white equatorial band is directly continued in the new growths, there are cases in which it is faulted upward nearly one-half millimeter as if the mantle had been held contracted toward the apex of, the shell. Also in a red shell the first restored part may be white, later on yellow and finally red ; thus leaving a pale scar to show the imperfection of the first part restored. "When, by accident, one snail had its shell so completely broken that it was removed entirely, the snail lived on three days and crawled about, though gradually dwindling in size though in moist air. Here a new shell was started in form of wax-like secre- tion film, covering most of the body except the lungs and the left retractor muscle. This film started in the mantle groove, ran back over the velvety and white zones and thence over the body. Blister areas in this soft membrane gave effervescence with HCl. In water this pellicle peeled off the animal readily. Such abortive shell making was seen by Techow on removing the shell from 51 Helix pomatia, all of which died, though one lingered 27 days without attaining any real shell. In addition to real regeneration of marginal injuries to the shell, Polymita picta was found able to heal over insular areas (2x3 mm.) where the shell was removed on the first quarter of the last whorl by a delicate pellicle filled with minute granules crowding together to form an icy sheet. But death prevented October, 1934] the nautilus 43 the perfection of this cicatrix as a firm cement. Yet in one case still living such a hole made at the end of the first whorl was in a few days covered over by a thin hard sheet completely healing the wound in the shell, though as yet too brittle to be of great protection. ON THE SONORAN SIDE OF THE GULF BY H. N. LOWE (Concluded from Page 4) One afternoon without a breath of wind, a heavy ground swell set in, and by night quite a blow from the southwest. By next day the rocks were swept clean of the olive green algae and the Trivia and Crassispira had to seek refuge under the rocks. The sand beach for miles was covered with acres of algae at high tide line. The second afternoon after the storm, I was walking the beach about two miles from camp. Just beyond the acres of algae which contained only an occasional stranded Aplysia calif ornica, oozing out its purple dye, there was a narrow strip of tide wash, not over fift}^ yards in extent, of fragments of ascidians, sponges, and corallines, in this I took about forty fine living specimens of a Lamellaria unknown to me; different colored animal from L. diegensis and higher spired shell than L. stearnsi. The mantle entirely covered the thin translucent shell and could only be re- moved by cutting across the back with a safety-razor blade. As I expected, this was a chance of a lifetime, for next after- noon tide all had been either taken back into the sea or ground to fragments in the sand after the storm, for several miles this beach was almost unrecognizable; the rock ledges which had teemed with sea life were covered deep with sand and the inter- vening places where the sand had been were left bare showing the underlying fossiliferous rock. One afternoon just as the tide was starting out, we heard a great commotion near the shore. It was a huge school of several thousand corhina (a game fish about three feet in length), pur- suing a vast number of sardines, anchovies, &c. The pursuers drove their prey into our little cove, where they simply went 44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) wild feeding on the small fish as they jumped out of the water in every direction. All the native population rushed down to the beach, simply walked into the water and caught with their hands in a few minutes all they could use for several days. Phil took a dozen fine fish in a short time. One of the dogs decided he wanted to be a fisherman too, so he swam out and brought in unaided seven large fish which he dragged up to tide line, shook and bit them until dead and then went back for more. In half an hour the fun was all over, for the large fish headed out into the gulf once more to continue the pursuit of their prey. They kept within sight and sound of our camp for two days thereafter. Thousands of the small fish were stranded among the rocks by the rapidly falling tide. The corbina when freshly caught are one of the finest and most delicately flavored game fish in the world, but the fishermen claim do not ship well. The fish trucks with a load of ice usually arrive about sundown so the pescaderos could start out early next morning to locate a school of tortuava. While we were there, the fish brought in were all males or "macheros" as the native called them, and are somewhat smaller than the females and have a narrow head. The fishing fleet usually returned in the late afternoon with their catch, which was quickly taken to the sand beach where heads were severed with one blow from a heavy ax; they were then drawn and washed clean ready to be weighed and packed in ice for their five hundred mile run to San Pedro, California, for general distribution. An export duty is charged in kilograms by Mexico and an im- port in pounds by the U. S. A. ; so they literally get them ''going and coming" and with the high cost of transportation and the low selling price of fish the poor pescaderos fared rather badly. Some days the boats returned absolutely empty. However, one day shortly before the full moon, we watched them clean, weigh and pack in ice ten tons of fish on the beach by moonlight. The sea birds at Punta Peiiaseo swarmed in unnumbered thousands, pelicans, terns and sea gulls, the latter feeding all day on the fish heads and offal, seemingly never satisfied. The boobies and tropic birds were said to be nesting on Georges Island, a bird rock about twenty-five miles south of us, so we saw nothing of them at Punta Pefiasco. October, 1934] the nautilus 45 Although we had few cloudy days when we could see it raining on the Pinacates off to the north and on the San Pedro Martyrs in Lower California, not a drop fell in our camp. On three nights however there were heavy dews when everything would be dripping in the morning. I suppose those are times when all the little furry inhabitants of the desert have a real drink of water. When our daily catch of small birds, pack rats, pocket mice, kangaroo rats, gophers, &c., was extra good, the natives came over in the afternoon to admire the ''Pajaritos" and watch Mr. Huey prepare the skins of the * ' ratoneitos. ' ' I think Mr. Huey prepared about one hundred and eighty-six mammal skins, in- cluding one very beautiful skunk, and some ninety interesting and very beautiful land birds. No shore birds were taken. But when they saw the snake charmer draw a harmless gopher snake out of his bed one morning, that was the last straw. A snake was a snake to them whether a rattler or some nonpoisonous variety. At this time of the year the snakes and lizards were few and far between, although in hot weather there are myriads of them. Besides fish and clams on our bill-of-fare we had one mess of quail, also one each of rabbit and wild duck and on one occasion we tried octopi (boiled and then fried), which proved a very savory dish, much favored in most foreign countries. I had three good mornings of dredging, about two miles off shore in six to ten fathoms, mostly broken shell bottom. By some chance each time came on a Sunday morning. Either the tide was too low to be missed for shore work, the boats were all out fishing or the weather unfavorable. The dredgings netted some very excellent results in small material, several things I had be- fore taken and may prove to be new species. After three delightful and profitable weeks at Punto Peiiasco, the last day proved to be the only really, disagreeable one. A gusty northwest wind blew all day, and sand was in everything. The wind gradually abated after sun down and by the aid of a glorious full moon we packed our camp outfit and started on our homeward trek at 7 :30 in the evening. The worst spots through the sand hills had been newly brushed, 46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) (owing to an assessment of five pesos per truck to which we gladly contributed) ; two fish trucks which had been broken down in the road had been repaired and taken away; our load was over a thousand pounds lighter than when we came out. We let out half the air pressure in our tires and we had learned con- siderable about desert driving through soft sand. At any rate we started out with an absolutely cool motor and went through those sand hills aflying, mostly in second year, shifting only a few times into low gear. After we were safely out of the sand hills, we made a camp in the open desert and slept till morning. The full moon made all the fantastic desert vegetation visible as well as the distant mountains. We drove all the following night and arrived in San Diego at three a. m. after a most successful and enjoy- able expedition. LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS FROM THE VICINITY OF YAKIMA, WASHINGTON BY WALTER J. EYEEDAM I had intended to publish the following list several years ago but did not take time to do so before. During the winters of the years 1924, 1925 and 1927, in the months of February and March, I often made short excursions in and around Yakima in search of shells. The best collecting was had below Yakima and nearly as far as Union Gap, especially in debris left by freshets and in the little ponds and swamps. Irrigation ditches and wet meadows were also prolific with some of the freshwater shells and Succinea. Several trips were made to the Rattlesnake Hills and other moun- tains but not a single specimen of mollusk was found except at the bases of some of the mountains. I believe that, after the intensive searches made on numerous occasions in the vicinity of Yakima, very few more species can be added to the list. The dry hills, which are mostly of disintegrated lava seem to be very poor in shells. Practically all my collecting was done in the month of Febru- October, 1934] the nautilus 47 ary during three years so other forms may possibly occur in other seasons. Although several species of slugs were common and several encountered were rare, none were collected. All Pisidia were identified by Sterki. Ferrissia was identified by Walker and all the others by Pilsbry and Vanatta. Several corrections were afterwards made by Henderson and Vanatta on doubtful species. Polygyra cohimhiana pilosa Henderson, about a dozen imma- ture specimens in leaf mould, (1924) ; P. devia (Gould), doubt- ful, 8 immature specimens (1924) ; P- mullani olneyae Pilsbry, about a dozen specimens under cottonwood logs (1924) ; P. ptychophora (A. D. Brown), rare (1924). Vertigo sp., 1 specimen in leaf mould (1924). Haplotrema vancoicverense (Lea), a few (1924, 5) ; H. sport- ella sport ella (Gould), several (1924). Megoniphix hemphilli (W. G. Binney), in debris along Yakima River (1924) ; Vitrina alaskana Dall, in leaf mould, about 20 specimens, (1924, 5, 7) ; Retinella hinneyana (Morse) ; R. ham- monis (Strom) ; Euconuhis fulvus alaskensis (Pilsbry), a few in leaf mould (1924-7) ; Zonitoides arhoreus (Say), about 300 taken from a cottonwood log (1924). Discus cronkhitei cronkhitei (Newcomb), not uncommon in leaf mould (192^5) ; Punctum conspectum conspectiim Bland, a few in leaf mould near Yakima River, 2 miles southeast of Yakima (1924). Succinea gabhi Tryon (+var. gahhi Pilsbry), same locality as Punctum (1924) ; 8. nuttaliana Lea, 6 specimens in leaf mould (1924) ; 8. oregoncnsis Lea, about 100 specimens in leaf mould (1924-25) ; S. rusticana Gould, 4 specimens in a dry pond (1924) ; S. haydeni Binney, doubtful, in a wet meadow near Selah, 2 miles west of Yakima (1927). Lymnaea ohrussa Say, not common, on sand bars in Yakima River (1924-25) ; L. palustris nuttalliana Lea, not common, in a pond below the county fair grounds (1927) ; L. ferruginea Haldeman, in ponds along Yakima River (1927) ; L. proxima proxima Lea, not common, in ditches in a meadow (1927). Physa nuttallii Lea, common on water-plants in ponds and ditches (1924^7) ; P. propinqua Tryon (?), a few preceding. 48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) Planorhis (Menetus) opercularis planulatus Cooper (+P. cal- lioglyptus Vanatta), common in ponds along Yakima River (1924-7); P. (Gyraulus) similaris Baker (+P- parvus Say), in ponds along Yakima River (1924-7) ; P. (Helisoma) trivolvis trivolvis Say, a few in a ditch about 2 miles west of Yakima (1927). Ferrissia oregonensis (Clessin), quite similar to F. fragilis (Tryon) and resembles F. cmirina Copper. About 500 specimens taken from stones and sticks in running water near Union Gap (1925). F. caurina Cooper is generally found on lily-pads and other vegetation. Valvata humeralis californica Pilsbry, common on Myrio- phyllum in ponds along Yakima River (1924-7) ; V. virens (Lea) (?),afew (1924). Anodonta kennerlyi Lea, living in the mill pond at the Yakima sa^vmill (1924^7) ; Gonidea angulata angulata (Lea), a few broken valves, in Yakima River (1924-7) ; Margaritifera mar- garitifera falcata Gould, a few broken valves in Yakima River (1924). Musculium enghergi Sterki (Mss.), in ponds in Yakima River near Union Gap (1925) ; M. ryckholti raymondi Cooper, a few with preceding. Pisidium compressum Prime, on dead leaves in a small pond (1925) ; P. variahile Prime, mixed with preceding; P. concin- nulum Stehki, same habitat; P. siihrotundatum Sterki, in mud among weeds in a pond (1925) ; P. randolphi Roper, in sandy mud on bars in Yakima River (1925) ; P. coliimhianum Sterki, with preceding; P. amoenum Sterki (Mss.), on leaves in small ponds (1924-5), P. politum Sterki, with preceding; P. puncta- tum Sterki, 2 small specimens with two preceding. Besides these collected personally, the following have been reported from near Yakima by Junius Henderson (Non-marine Mollusca of Oregon and Washington) : Sphaerium nohile (Gould), Oreohelix parma (Hemphill), Planorhis (Gyraulus) vermicularis vermicularis Gould and Physa sparsestriata Tryon. October, 1934] the nautilus 49 THE POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA COMPLEX BY A. F. AECHEE (Concluded from Page 26) 6. PoLYGYRA FRAUDULENTA Pils. PI. 1, fig. 6, Lafayette, Roa- noke Co., Va. Diam. 16 mm. Folygyra tridentata fraudulenta Pilsbry 1894, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila., p. 20, pi. 1, fig. 6. (Morgan Co., W. Va., oppo- site Hancock, Maryland). Triodopsis fallax (of authors), W. G. Binney 1885, Man. Am. Land Shells, p. 292, fig. 314. Helix fallax, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch. (2), 3, p. 143, pi. 29, figs. 82-84. The shell is similar in size to P. tridentata, hut is less depressed. The uniMlicus is wider and deeper. The aperture is dished or hasin shaped, while that of tridentata is more level. The upper edge of the peristome as it leaves the hody wall is hent downward at a considerable angle. The marginal tooth is situated low down on the peristome as in P. tridentata juxtidens, hut is more in- flected, and is usually hroader than in tridentata. Quite narrow marginal teeth occasionally appear. The hasal tooth is also more prominent than in tridentata, and the parietal tooth is also more prominent. Whorls 4f-5i. In size the species ranges from 12- 20 mm. in diameter. Its geographical range extends from Ontario throughout Michi- gan and most of the middle states east of the Mississippi river. It occurs in northern Kentucky and throughout the Appalachian Mountains, southward into Northern Georgia and Northern Alabama. Beyond those limits it has not been reported. The forms found in Ontario and Michigan are medium sized and rather dark horn colored. Medium sized to large horn colored forms occur throughout the southern half of Ohio, Illinois and Indiana. Medium sized specimens are found in Kentucky. Large and often dark specimens occur in West Virginia and the mountains of the western part of Virginia. The species is rare in North Carolina except in that area closest to the Tennessee line. The forms from this area are often under middle size. In Mon- roe County on the Tennessee side of the boundary line small and often depressed forms occur. In this region many specimens have the marginal tooth reduced in size. Large specimens are found in Knox County, Tennessee. 50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) 7. PoLYGYRA FALLAX (Say). PL 1, fig. 7. Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. Diam. 13 mm. Helix fallax Say 1825, Journ. Pliila. Acad. 5, p. 119. (Phil- adelphia, Pa.?) Triodopsis introf evens Bland, W. G. Binney 1885, Man. Am. Land Shells, p. 292, fig. 315. Helix introf evens, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch. (2), 3, p. 145, pi. 30, figs. 96-98. Polygyva fallax, Pilsbry 1894, Proc. A. N. S. P., p. 21. The shell is depvessed-tuvhinate, and usually smallev than P. fvaudulenta- It has a highev spive and usually move whovls (51- 5|), the eavliev ones being move closely cvowded. The pvofile of the apevtuve is not Ijasiii shaped as in fvaudulenta, hiit quite stvaight as in tvidentata. The mavginal tooth is much move deeply inflected than in fvaudulenta, so that is hovdeved hy the innev edge of the pevistome. It may he either hvoad ov navvow. The basal tooth is navvow and huttvessed on the columellav side. The parietal tooth is less pvominent, and vesemMes that of tvi- dentata in appeavance. The apevtuve is smallev and move con- stvicted. The body whovl is not rounded as in fvaudulenta but is somewhat angulate, a slight keel being pvesent on the uppev half. The diameter of the shell varies from 10.5-18 mm. The range of this species is chiefly confined to the Appalachian Mountains, and extends from the Schuylkill drainage southward through the Susquehanna, Potomac, James River drainage and into central North Carolina and coastal South Carolina. It is, however, absent in the Smoky Mountain district of North Caro- lina. Its Appalachian distribution is mostly on the western slope, Holston River drainage, etc. It has been found in Northern Georgia. The forms found in South-Eastern Pennsyl- vania and Maryland are generally medium sized or small. In Dorchester County, Maryland, unusually large forms have been found by R. W. Jackson, although by contrast unusually small specimens have also been collected in the same county. In the Potomac region medium sized individuals are characteristic. In the western half of Virginia a variety of forms occur. At Natural Bridge, Rockbridge County, Virginia, some of the largest sized specimens (20 mm. diam.) occur, while in Wythe County, Virginia, extremely diminute forms have been collected. Small or medium sized forms occur in central North Carolina, October, 1934] the nautilus 51 as well as in the region between Spartanburg County and Wil- liamsburg County, South Carolina. Medium sized specimens have been collected in northern Ohio, eastern Kentucky, and eastern Tennessee. On the whole, the variation in form is not great. This species occurs in great numbers only in very few localities. 8. POLYGYRA FALLAX GONIOSOMA Pils. PL 1, fig. 8. BlountS- town, Calhoun Co., Fla. Diam. 15 mm. Polygyra fallax goniosoma Pilsbry 1912, Nautilus, 26, p. 80. (Blountstown, Florida). The shell has a higher and more angulated periphery than in P. fallax. The axial ribs are more pronounced al)ove the periphery than helow, while in fallax the ribs are finer and more even in size throughout the body whorl. The umbilicus is more constricted. The aperture is more constricted, while the mar- ginal tooth is more deeply inflected. The whorls are also less convex. Whorls 5^ as in fallax. Although it has been sug- gested that this form may be related to P. vannostrandi, its dull surface, its fewer and more rapidly increasing whorls are rather more characteristic of P. fallax, and to that species it should be referred. P. /. goniosoma has been reported from Calhoun County in northwestern Florida. It is remarkable that this form occurs at some distance from the lower limits of the distribution of P. fallax. 9. Polygyra vannostrandi (Bland). PL 1, fig. 9. Aiken, Aiken Co., So. Car. Diam. 115 mm. Helix Van Nostrandi Bland 1875, Ann. of Lye. of Nat. Hist, of N. Y., 11, p. 200. (Aiken, South Carolina). Triodopsis Van Nostrandi Bland 1878, Terrestrial Air-Breath- ing Mollusks, 5, p. 312, fig. 206. Helix Van Nostrandi, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch. (2), 3, p. 145, pi. 30, fig. 99. This species has a small shell, the largest specimens (about 12 mm. in diameter) approaching smaller specimens of P. fallax in size and appearance. It differs in being higher spired with less rapidly increasing whorls. Whorls usually more numerous (5J-6^). Axial sculpture the same in both species, but in the case of vannostrandi the surface of the shell is shinier. The umbilicus is smaller and shallower, and the periphery of the body whorl is higher. The aperture is situated lower down and 52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) forms a smaller proportion of the height of the shell. The edge of the peristone is rounded off instead of being sharp. The parietal tooth is often prominent and the marginal tooth is nearer the base, hut it is otherwise quite similar. The hasal tooth is higher, sharper and more strongly buttressed on the columellar side. This species ranges from coastal South Carolina through central Georgia, and just over the border into Alabama. Its range begins where that of P. fallax leaves off. There is com- paratively little variation throughout its range. 10. POLYGYRA VANNOSTRANDI ALABAMENSIS Pils. PL 1, fig. 10. Wetumpka, Elmore Co., Ala. Diam. 10.5 mm. Polygyra alahamensis Pilsbry 1902, Nautilus, 16, p. 30. (Au- burn, Alabama). Polygyra vannostrandi alabamensis, Walker 1928, Terrestial Shell-Bearing Moll., of Ala., Univ. Mich. Mus. ZooL, Misc. Publ. no. 18, p. 24, fig. 28. This variety is similar to P. vannostrandi in appearance. The spire is lower while the whorls are more tightly coiled. The umbilicus is wider. The basal tooth is blunter and the marginal tooth is less inflected. This variety practically replaces P. vannostrandi in Alabama. It is widely distributed in the eastern half of the state. 11. Polygyra HOPETONENsis (Shutt.). PL 1, fig. 11. Hopeton Landing, Appling Co., Ga. Diam. 12 mm. Helix hopetonensis Shuttleworth 1852, Bern. Mittheil, p. 198. (Hopeton, Georgia). Helix Hopetonensis, Reeve 1852, Conch. Icon. 5 (Helix), fig. 709. Triodopsis Hopetonensis, W. G. Binney 1885, Man. Am. Land Shells., p. 384, fig. 418. Helix Hopetonensis, Tryon 1887, Man. of Conch, (2), 3, p. 144, pi. 30, figs. 94-95. The shell varies in size (diameter 99-125 mm.). It is closest to P. tridentata in external appearance, but is shinier. In sculpture it is somewhat coarse, but in this respect tridentata occasionally exceeds it. It contrasts with tridentata in having a narrower umbilicus. The tooth structure is quite different. The parietal lamella is long, curved and shallow. The marginal tooth is broad, rounded, slightly inflected, and situated halfway down the peristone. The basal tooth is sharp and buttressed on the parietal side. October, 1934] the nautilus 53 This species is coastal, and its range extends from Berkley, Virginia, into northern Florida. It ranges throughout the eastern coastal belt of North and South Carolina. It is remark- ably uniform in color and size throughout its range, the largest specimens examined coming from St. Augustine, Florida. 12. POLYGTRA HOPETONENSIS CHARLESTONENSIS Maz. PI. 1, fig. 12. St. Peter's Cemetery, Charleston, So. Car. Diam. 9.5 mm. Polygyra hopetonensis charlestonensis, W. G. Mazyck 1913, Cat. of Moll, of South Carolina, p. 7. (Charleston, South Carolina). This variety has several distinguishable peculiarities. It is exactly like P. hopetonensis in external appearance. In size it is often smaller. The parietal lamella is shorter and smaller. The marginal tooth is smaller and uninfected. The 'basal tooth is small, smoother, undifferentiated, and without a buttress. This form so far has only been reported from Charleston, South Carolina, and its environs. 13. Polygyra hopetonensis obsoleta Pils. PI. 1, fig. 13. Newburn, Craven Co., No. Car. Diam. 12 mm. Polygyra fallax obsoleta Pilsbry 1884, Nautilus, 7, p. 140. Polygyra hopetonensis obsoleta, J. B. Henderson 1907, Nauti- lus, 21, p. 7. The shell of this species is externally exactly like P. hope- tonensis. Its distinguishing characteristic is the lack of the marginal and basal teeth, whose places are taken by slight thickenings. It has been reported from Craven and New Han- over Counties, North Carolina, and it may be limited to North Carolina. NOTES ON THE NOMENCLATURE OF HAWAIIAN HELICINIDAE BY HENRY A. PILSBRY and C. MONTAGUE COOKE, Jr. In Dr. A. J. Wagner's classification of Helicinidae^ the Hawaiian species known to him were referred to the three genera Sturanya, Aphanoconia and Orobophana. No genotypes of these new genera were designated. H. B. Baker in 1922 1 Denkschr. K. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Bd. 77, pp. 357-450. 1905. 54 THE NAUTILUS [VoL 48 (2) (Proc. A.N.S.Phila., p. 43) named Helicina laciniosa Mighels as type of Stiiryana, and Helicina uherta Gld. type of Oro- hophana. Helicina laciniosa Migh. was described from Oaliu and said to be 3/20 inch (about 3.8 mm.) in diameter. Wagner's S. laciniosa is a composite of two species: he includes references to Mighels and Gould but adds description and figures of an allied but larger species (diam. 6 mm.) from Kauai. Though placing it in Sturanya, he remarks that ''Die Art zeigt wohl etwas abweichende Gestaltung des Deckels." H. laciniosa in several varieties is a widely spread shell in Oahu. It has an operculum which is not distinguishable from that of Wagner's genus Aphanoconia (of which Helicina verecunda Gld. was designated type by G. K. Gude, Fauna Brit. India, Moll., vol. 3, p. 366). But Aphanoconia is not a valid name on account of the earlier genus Pleuropoma Moellendorff (1893, Bericht. Senckenb. Nat. Ges., p. 140, type Helicina dichroa Mlldff.), which, as we have confirmed, has a similar operculum. More- over, Wagner himself placed H. dichroa in his later genus Aphanoconia, ignoring Pleuropoma. It appears therefore that Sturanya and Aphanoconia fall as synonyms of Pleuropoma. The Samoan and other Polynesian species which Wagner placed in Sturanya require a new name. We will call them Sturyanella, the type being Helicina plicatilis Mousson. This does not occur in Hawaii. The species Helicina uberta Gld., H. magdalinae Anc. and H. juddii Pils. & Cooke are referable to the genus Orohophana Wagn. All other described Hawaiian helicinids are, we believe, to be referred to the genus Pleuropoma. Both of these Hawaiian genera are widely spread in the Pacific. The genera discussed will therefore stand as follows: Pleuropoma Mlldff., 1893, type //. dichroa Mlldff. Includes as synonyms : Sturyana Wagner, 1905, type H. laciniosa Migh., and Aphanoconia Wagner, 1905, type H. verecunda Gld. Sturanyella Pils. & Cooke, n. n., type H. plicatilis Mouss. Includes Sturanya AVagner exclusive of its type-species. Not Hawaiian. Orobophana Wagner, 1905, type H. uherta Gld. October, 1934] the nautilus 55 TERRESTIAL AND FRESH WATER GASTROPODS OF THE ALLEGANY STATE PARK IN NEW YORK STATE^ BY M. E. PINNEY Professor of Zoology, Milwaukee-Downer College and E. E. COKER Professor of Zoology, University of North Carolina Since its gastropod fauna, particularly species of terrestrial habit, forms a relatively prominent part of the invertebrate fauna of the Allegany State Park in Cattaraugus County of western New York, and since the studies of the fauna and flora of the region of the Park made in connection with the Allegany School of Natural History are making the Park one of the better known natural history areas of the interior, it is desirable to record the species of gastropods that have been collected during a period of years. Our interest in the publication of the record is based also upon the need for furnishing additional basis for the studies of Natural History pursued in connection with the Allegany School of Natural History in the Park. The present list is not presumed to comprise the entire gastropod fauna of the region — perhaps no local list could justify such a presump- tion— but when our list is compared with those of other re- stricted localities and is checked against the general record of distribution, it may be supposed that the record is fairly inclusive. The Park is a region of low mountains with relatively gentle wooded slopes to the beds of small brooks tributary to the loop of the Allegheny River that lies in New York State. The low mountains, up to 2300 feet, are of relatively uniform height, being merely the remains of the maturely dissected plain of the Allegheny Plateau. Glaciation extended almost to what are now the borders of the Park, but the Park itself is believed to be entirely without the glaciated territory. It may be remarked that all the terrestrial gastropods recorded here were taken from 1 Contribution from the Zoological Laboratories of the Allegany School of Natural History, the University of North Carolina and Milwaukee- Downer College. 56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) lands that never knew glaciation, although in some instances the places of collection were hardly a couple of miles from areas formerly occupied by glaciers. The Park, about 100 square miles in extent, comprises com- paratively little cultivated or open land. The forests are ad- vanced second growth and are generally composed of maple, birch and beech with hemlock following in. In a few places there are well advanced hemlock forests or drier oak-hickory- chestnut associations. It is a region of relatively high precipita- tion for the state, with ground cover comparatively moist, sup- porting in quantity such low growing plants as ferns, club- mosses, Dalibarda, partridge berry and the like. The waters of the Park are limited in variety, the gradients of the valleys being such as to prevent the formation of ponds or marshes. For unknown reasons the upland brooks are with- out the typical brook fauna of gastropods ; Goniohasis, for ex- ample, is noticeably absent. In the first year of the School aquatic snails, other than ancylids, were found only in the lower part of Quaker Run. Since plants from other waters were intro- duced into the artificial lake constructed at the School on the upper part of Quaker Run, several species of pulmonate snails have appeared in great numbers in the lake, and a few in the run below. Operculate snails are still restricted, as far as we know, to the river and, perhaps, the lower reaches of its tributary waters. The only snail, other than the cap shells (ancylids) that we have reason to regard as native to the upper waters of Quaker Run, is the always rare Menetus dilatus huchanensis (Lfca), of which only a single example has been found. The territory covered here lies directly north of McKean County in Pennsylvania, for which, as well as for the other counties of the state, Dr. Brooks has recently published a list of terrestrial gastropods. Since it is to be expected that the two lists would be closely similar it seems worth while to indicate existing differences which might possibly be eliminated by further collecting. Twenty-four of the thirty-seven land snails listed by us occur in McKean county; twenty-three of these are noted by Dr. Brooks ; the twenty-fourth is represented by Retinella indentata, October, 1934] the nautilus 57 taken just over the state line, in McKean County, in 1928 by Mr. Aretas Saunders. As all remaining twelve of our list^ occur in more distant parts of Pennsylvania it is probable that they are present in the intervening region. Three species and one subspecies reported from McKean County, but wanting in our records,^ may be expected to appear in the Park area, although they have so far escaped observation. As the size of snails varies considerably in different parts of the country we have added data concerning size as far as they have been observed for each species. For aid in confirmation or correction of identifications we are indebted to Dr. Frank C. Baker (Lymnaeidae), Dr. H. B. Baker, Dr. E. G. Berry, Dr. Stanley Brooks, Dr. William J. Clench (Physidae), Dr. W. B. Marshall of the United States National Museum, Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, and Dr. Bryant "Walker. Helicidae. Polygyra tridentata (Say). Common under leaves and near old logs; generally buried; avoids the light. G.D. 13i mm., H. 7 mm. (Blacksnake Mountain). G.D. 15 mm., H. 8 mm. (Lookout Trail). P. inflecta (Say). Only one imma- ture specimen recorded. Measurements of mature local forms were not available. P. sayana Pilsbry. Rare. G.D. 19^ mm., H. 12 mm. P. alholahris (Say). Not common: range seems to to be limited to the lower end of Quaker Run Valley. G.D. 28^ mm., H. 18 mm. P. zaleta (Binney). Common; on moun- tain slopes along the entire course of Quaker Run. It occurs in the same localities as alholahris but is more widely distributed. G.D. 29 mm., H. 21 mm. P. dentifera (Binney). Common on all mountain slopes bordering Quaker Run. G.D. 23^ mm., H. 14 mm. P. denotata (Ferussac). Mountain slopes border- ing Quaker Run ; moisture loving ; not common. G.D. 19^ mm., H. 10 mm. P. thyroidus (Say). Not common; all specimens so far have been collected on slopes or lowlands bordering the lower end of Quaker Run ; none have been found above an alti- tude of 1600 feet. G.D. 27 mm., H. 17 mm. P. fraterna (Say) . Not common; on steep slopes above Coon Run and Holt's Run; most abundant in the latter locality. G.D. 10 mm., H. 6 mm. Haplotrematidae. Haplotrema concavum (Say). Common 2 Polygyra sayana, Polygyra inflecta, Zonitoides demissus, Paravitrea multidentata, Fitrina limpida, Euconulus chersinus, Veroceras agreste, Helicodiscus paralellus, Punctum minutissimum, Pallifera dorsalis, Gastro- copta pentodon, Carychium exile. 3 Suceinea avara, Eetinella electrina, and Beroceras laeve, besides the subspecies Suceinea avara Tuajor. 58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) under leaves and logs; rarely comes into the open. G.D. 16J mm., H. 7| mm. ZoNiTiDAE. Zonitoides intertextus (Binney). Common in fairly deep woods; frequentl}^ found in the open on old stumps and logs. G.D. 15 mm., H. 10 mm. Z. ligerus (Say). Fairly common; under leaves and rotting logs; never in the open. Many young specimens were found associated with Z. arhoreus. G.D. 15 mm., H. 10 mm. Z. nitidus (Miiller). In brush heaps and on the ground along the muddy banks of the Allegheny River near Quaker Bridge, New York, and Bradford Junction, New York. G.D. 6 mm., H. 3 mm. Z. arhoreiis (Say). Gener- ally distributed; among brush heaps and in rotting logs. G.D. 5 mm., H. 2^ mm. 8triatura exigua (Stimpson). One empty shell taken from a mossy hummock on the outer margin of Chamberlain's Bog, a glaciated region. G.D. 2^ mm., H. 1 mm. ;S^. milium (Morse). Not common. Under drifts of leaves on the north side of large rocks, Allegany Rock City. G.D. 1-| mm., H. ^ mm. 8. ferrea (Morse). Rare; in decaying logs. G.D. 2i mm., H. IJ mm. Paravitrea multidentata (Binney). Under old leaves around rotting logs; associated with Z. arhoreiis. G.D. 3 mm., H. li mm. Mesomphix inornatus (Say). The most common of the larger mollusks in the park ; usually hidden under leaves and logs. G.D. 14 mm., H. 6 mm. Mesomphix cupreiis (Rafinesque). In the same places as M. inornatus; not so common. G.D. 25 mm., H. 12 mm. Betinella indentata (Say). Rare; our specimens were not fully grown. Vitrina limpida Gould. Taken but once; several individuals found under a board on the wet bank of the Allegheny River at Quaker Bridge, New York. G.D. 4 mm., H. 2f mm. Eucomiliis clier sinus (Say.) In old logs and under leaves on hillsides; not common. G.D. 2^ mm., H. 2\ mm. LiMACiDAE. Deroceras agreste {luumdi^w.^). Under stones and wood on river banks at Quaker Bridge and Bradford Junction. L. li in. Endodontidae. Anguispira alternata (Say). Abundant; under leaves and old logs in woods. G.D. 19 mm., H. 10 mm. Discus patulus (Deshayes). Very abundant in decaying logs; associated with Z. arhoreiis. G.D. 9 mm., H. 3 mm. D. cronk- hitei anthonyi (Pilsbry). Common in drifts of leaves, Alle- gany Rock City. G.D. 5^ mm., H. 2^ mm. Helicodisciis paral- lelus (Say). Fairly common in old logs in woods. G.D. 3 mm., H. 1 mm. Punctum minutissimiom (Lea). Common; on dead leaves in open spaces in woods. G.D. 1 mm., H. | mm. Philomyctdae. Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Common on damp wood. Frequently in the open. L. 3 in. Pallifera October, 1934] the nautilus 59 dorsalis (Binney). On old logs and wet boards on the bank of the Allegheny River at Bradford Junction. L. 1 in. SucciNEiDAE. Succinea refusa (hea). Very abundant in low wet places, especially on plants along the Allegheny River. L. 15 mm., W. 8 mm. S. ovalis (Say). Fairly common in high, wet woods. L. 12J mm., "W. 74 mm. (Blacksnake Mountain). L. 11 mm., W. 6 mm. (Lookout Trail). CocHLicopiDAE. Coclilicopa luhrica (Miiller). Rare; under leaves in high woods; six individuals found under a wet board on the river bank near Quaker Bridge. L. 7 mm., W. 2^ mm. C. luhrica, var. morseana (Doherty). Blacksnake Mountain. Not abundant. L. 7J mm., W. 2^ mm. PupiLLiDAE. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Rare; so far only empty shells have been found among drifts of dead leaves lying in open spaces on the wooded slopes of Quaker Run Valley. L. If mm., W. 1 mm. V. hollesiana Morse. One specimen. Dead leaves near deep moss, Allegany Rock City. G.D. f mm., H. IJ mm. Columella edentula (Draparnaud). Common on the backs of Christmas Fern and Twisted Stalk; generally dis- tributed. L. If mm., W. 1 mm. AuRicuLiDAE. Carycliium exile H. C. Lea. Rare; only one record of a few^ specimens taken in one place near the upper part of Quaker Run. None available for measurement. Lymnaeidae. Pseudosicccinea columella (Say). Backwaters of Quaker Run at Red Salamander Hill. L. 8 mm., W. 4 mm. Quaker Lake (at School). Aug., 1930. L. 10 mm. Fossaria modicella (Say). Stilson's pond near Randolph, New York. L. 8 mm., "W. 4^ mm. Planorbidae. Helisoma anceps (]\Ike). Records of young specimens only. G.D. 7 mm., H. 4.3 mm. H. trivolvis (Say). Abundant in lake at School. G.D. 19 mm., H. 9 mm. Menetus exncuous (Say). Common; muddy pools at Red Salamander Hill. G.D. 4 mm., H. 1 mm. M. dilatatus huchajiensis (Lea). In the mud of a pool by Quaker Run opposite the mouth of Dry Brook. G.D. 4 mm., L.D. 3.3 mm., H. 1.5 mm. Planorhula armigera (Say). Sides' Pond, Randolph, New York. G.D. 6f mm., L.D. 5| mm., H. 2^ mm. Ancylidae. Ferrissia tarda (Say). Common; Quaker Run, near the School. G.D. 4J mm., L.D. 3 mm., H. If mm. Physidae. Physa sayii (Tappan). Bayou, just off the Allegheny River, near Cold Spring. L. 24 mm., W. 13 mm. P. sayii oneida Baker. Two specimens. L. 8 mm. W. 4 mm. P. heterostropha (Say). Lake at School. Pools at the foot of Red Salamander Hill. L. 15 mm., W. 9 mm. P. gyrina (Say). Lake at School. L. 17 mm., W. 10 mm. P. Integra Hald. 60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) Allegheny River at Riverside Junction, New York. L. 9 mm., W. 6 mm. Aplexa hypnorum glabra DeKay. Pools near Quaker Run at the base of Elko Mountain. L. 15^ mm., W. 8 mm. ViviPAEiDAE. Yiviparus contectoides W. G. Binney. From the Allegheny River, just over the state line in Pennsylvania. L. 36 mm., W. 25 mm. Amnicolidae. Somatogyrus integer (Say). Only immature examples found but these were abundant. On stones in the Allegheny River at Bradford Junction. JAMAICAN LAND SNAILS, 2 BY H. BUEEINGTON BAKER (Plate 2) The first paper of this series appeared in the July number, pages 6 to 14, in which the symbols used are explained. Choanopoma triplopoma new species. Figures 6, 12, 13. Shell (fig. 12) nearest that of C fimhrmtulum, but white, usually more depressed and more scabrous; spiral ridgelets (13 visible on penult, 28 on last whorl) narrower and sharper as are also corrugations of relatively broader reflection of peristome; growth riblets fine, but expanded over spiral ridges into delicate, deciduous projections. Alt. (of type male) 12.6 mm., maj. diam. 121 (15.3 mm.), min. diam. 86 (10.8 mm), with 3 whorls remain- ing. Operculum (fig. 6) almost flat, with about 9 close narrow whorls (like in fimhriatulum) ; calcareous plate consisting of a basal lamella, a high, steeply inclined, inner marginal lamella and a subequal, upper (''reflected") lamella, which is inclined upwards to almost horizontal on penult whorls but is inclined downwards and even fused with basal one near rim of last whorl, and which is decorated on upper surface with very strong, oblique, growth riblets that are higher where they join inner lamella; greatest diam. 5.4 mm. Type locality (ANSP. 139607) : NM2. The calcareous opercu- lar plate in this species shows how that of C. anomalum may have arisen by the junction of the rows of cells that secrete the basal and upper lamellae. C. (Tudorops) redfieldianum magnitesta new subspecies. Figures 8, 9, 14, 15. Males (fig. 14) about as large as females of redfieldianum; shell with lower, more rounded, growth threads, which are less October, 1934] the nautilus 61 undulated by vestigial spirals. Alt. (type female, fig. 15) 19.6 mm., maj. diam. 72 (14.2 mm.), min. diam. 57 (11.2 mm.), with 3i remaining whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 139608) : WV. C. (Colobostylus) negrilense new species. Figures 7, 16, 17. Nearest C. hronnii (C.B.A.), but last whorl with much finer growth-threads (about 17 to a mm. and averaging 10 to each intervarical space), forming prominent, but more evenly rounded, intervarical crests, which are separat-ed by a wider groove from suture ; with umbilical, spiral ridges extending on to base and represented by very weak undulations of the growth- threads (especially varical ones) even on sides of last whorl; outer peristome usually more narrowly but more abruptly reflected; ground color light brownish-yellow to dark brown, with numerous, fine, broken, chestnut spirals (often limited to pre-varical spots) and with one solid band in the umbilicus and two others inside the aperture opposite its attachment. Alt. (type male, fig. 16) 12.4 mm., maj. diam. 81 (10.1 mm.), min. diam. 67 (8.3 mm.), with 3i remaining whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 139609) : WWC. C. negrilense has 2i almost smooth embryonic whorls (sutural count) and the next whorl develops high, widely spaced, growth riblets and obscure spirals (as in all Jamaican species of Choanopoma) . The upper calcareous lamella of its operculum (fig. 7) is only as broad as the chondroid plate or the shell aperture (as usual in Colobo- stylus + Tudorisca) . Chondropoma (Parachondrella) sericinum retreatense new subspecies. Figure 18. Shell like sericinum, but with 2 to 3 growth-threads (5 to mm. on last whorl) enlarged and sometimes fused to form irregularly spaced crests at suture; outer peristome with basal half colu- mellar as well as palatal w^alls expanded into plane of aperture ; last whorl with 10 spiral rows of chestnut dashes, one solid band in umbilicus and one inside parietal angle, all showing inside aperture and on peristome; neanic whorls with broad, purplish brown band beginning i whorl from apex and extending 2| whorls. Alt. (type, probably male, fig. 18) 15.6 mm., maj. diam. 55 (8.6 mm.), min. diam. 44 (6.8 mm.), with 7i whorls (entire). Operculum almost ' ' chondropomoid, ' ' with thin calcareous plate almost covering chondroid; growth ribs absent except near be- ginning of last whorl. Type locality (ANSP. 139610) : WWF. Poteria varians campeachyi new species. Figures 5, 19 to 22. Shell dwarfed, with epidermis strained rust-red like soil, with 62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) olive tints; growth lines very fine, crossed on last whorl by irregular, spirally impressed lines (type) or with traces of varians wrinkles; very variable in shape; basal keel mediocre to indistinct, only demarcated on umbilical side. Alt. (type male, fig. 19) 12.1 mm., maj. diam. 121 (14.6 mm.), min. diam. 101 (12.2 mm.), with 5 whorls (sutural = about 4J). Operculum (fig. 5) with 11 whorls, concave; upper calcareous lamella thin and fragile, usually incomplete on earlier but complete on last two whorls, almost met by turned-up chondroid plate around rim. Type locality (ANSP. 139611) : KCC, near Campeachy Gully, under leaves in ganap zone at base of hills. This coastal race is approached by specimens of varians from KHWb; it is also similar to lacteofluviatilis (Pils. & Br.), but is usually higher, smaller and with more vestigial varians wrinkles. Fadyenia fadyeniana (C.B.A.), rock-faces [KHW; type seen (broken)] ; F. haquieana (Ch.), mainly rock-faces [VCMb, c, d, VF, VWl ; compared to worn shells probably from Chitty, which have more than 10 major spirals; first lot intergrades with larger shells which agree with description (2-3 interstitial spirals near periphery) of f. mitchelliana (Ch.) and appr. (maj. diam. 2.8 mm.) f. sutJierlandiana (Ch.)]; F. alderiana (Ch.), rock-bases [E JF, shells probably Chitty seen ; ENF with speci- mens approaching poeyana (Ch.) except in size] ; F. lindsleyana (C.B.A.), rock-bases [ML2; type (unique) has 4 J post-embry- onic whorls] ; paedogenetoid subspecies jayaniim (C.B.A.), rock- bases, inch quite typical [MM2-fresh, 3c-young, KHW-slightly appr. next; type has 3f post-embryonic whorls with nucleus as in lindsleyana] and more Met calf eia-like race [KF ; looks like description of newcomhiana (Ch.)]. Fadyenia, Metcalfeia and Lindsleya are combined into a single subgenus, although the first has a longer opercular process than the others (Lindsleya + Met- calfeia). In this expanded group, the shells are depressed to globose conoid, often with heavy spirals but without epidermal expansions, and cover themselves with calcareous deposit that tends to form two spiral cornices, which are most pronounced in the type species and correspond to its two subangular regions. Stoastoma pisiim C.B.A., under rocks, males smaller than females, including quite typical greenish race [MM3c, 4; Adams' October, 1934] the nautilus 63 material seen], one bright orange shell [NM2a] and race inter- mediate between pisiim and livesayanum Ch. [NMV ; shells prob- ably from Chitty seen] . Stoastomops tenuis (C.B.A.), rock-faces, males usually smaller [KC2]. Eutrochatella pidchella (Gray), rock-faces, males usually larger, inch typical [KHS, KHW], form grayana (Pfr.) [KHW, NM2] and appr. multicarinata [ENF] ; subsp. scitula (Wood), rock-faces [M, NIOI, NIVIT, VCMd, VF, VW (but VWS more carinate), WV] ; subsp. cavearum H.B.B., weak climber [NM2c, NMV] ; subsp. multicarinata (C.B.A.), weak climber [EJl-3] ; subsp. cathartensis H.B.B., under rocks [EEJ] ; E. nohilis (C.B.A.), rock-faces, males larger, incl. typical [WWC] and race retreatensis H.B.B. [WWF] ; E. tankervillii (Gray), rock- faces, secretive, males usually larger, incl. typical [NMV] and small race [NM2c-dead] ; E. (Excavata) costata (Swby.), low rock-faces, males usually larger [VCN, near coast] . Prosperina nitida,Swhy., incl. typical [MM2-4, MN, NM] and mainly race planulata C.B.A. [VW2] ; P. linguifera Pfr., typical [WCl, WWF] and var. pidchra C.B.A. [WSF, WCl, WCC] ; P. hidentata C.B.A. [EEJ, EJl, 3] ; P. pisum C.B.A. [VW2] ; all these species aestivate under rocks but rapidly climb rock- faces during rains. Diplopomaf (Parachondrops) camphelli (C.B.A.), weak rock- climber [WWF ; lower parietal region of outer peristome usually cut by deep notches into 3 to 5 spatulate projections] ; Df avemtm (C.B.A.) + fraterminor (Pils. & Br.), mainly rock-bases [ML2, MM3, MNl-fresh, ]\iN3a] ; Df shepardiannm (C.B.A.), weak to fair rock-climber, mainly in open [ WV, VW2-fresh] . This puz- zling little group has a calcareous plate like that in Rhytidopoma; it almost completely covers the chondroid whorl and develops high growth-ribs, united medially into a vertical lamella; its radula is of the simpler type like in Adamsiella. Adamsiella (Adamsiellops) ignilahre (C.B.A.), mainly rock- bases []\iL2, MM4, MN3 ; opercular lamella inclined very steeply upwards and then curving back to parallel convexly and cover f to f of the chondroid whorl, otherwise unsupported and very fragile] . 64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) A. mirahilis (Wood) [VW2-fresh] ; A. irrorata Gloyne [VCMb, VF; operculum with calcareous lamella almost as ex- tensive as cliondroid whorl but very steeply inclined so as to cover little of latter; shell peristome shortly duplex in fully mature shells;] A. variabilis (C.B.A.) [MM4, NM2b-fresh; opercular lamella consisting of a rather low vertical region and an inclined upper one, which may cover about half of chondroid whorl; subsp. granosa ( C.B.A. ), including intermediate race [NMM] and typical with f. errans (C.B.A.) [MN2, 3] ; A. grayana (Pfr.) [KC2, KF, KHS, KHW; opercular lamella fairly heavy, steeply and extensively inclined, with narrow upper rim which almost parallels chondroid whorl (like in Choanopoma hillianum)]; A. monstrosa (C.B.A.), typical [MLl-fresh] and intergrading with f. intermedia (C.B.A.) [ML2; opercular lamella similar to that of variabilis but with vertical region lower and upper rim steeper and less extensive] ; A. miranda (C.B.A.) approaching pearmanaeana (Ch.) [NM2, 3 ; type lot of miranda is not solute to shortly so; mine are shortly to very solute, either descendingly or tangentially (like in jarvisi) ; opercular lamella inclined very steeply and extensively, upper end in penult whorls with narrow internal rim (like in Poteria corrugata) which curves over into a slightly more extensive outer one in last quarter of ultimate whorl]. All these species are fair climbers on rock-faces ; the males average considerably smaller than the females. Choanopoma fimhriatulum (Swby.), weak climber on rocks [MM2-4, MN] ; subsp. docens (C.B.A.) [NMV, VWS] ; subsp. alhinonodatum (C.B.A.) [VF, VWl, 2, WSF] ; C. triplopoma H.B.B., rock-bases [NM2] ; C. scahriculum (?) amahile (C.B.A.), rock-bases [WSF] ; C. hilliamim aculeosum (C.B.A.) with f. leporilahre (C.B.A.), rock-bases [MX/l] ; C. lincina (L.), fair climber on rocks and tree-trunks [KHW] ; C. pisum (C.B.A), rock-bases and under [EEJ, EJl, 3]. C. (Jamaicia) anomalum (C.B.A.), rock-bases [ML2; with shell-sculpture, animal and habits of Choanopoma ; calcareous plate of its convex operculum single, considerably thickened (but not double) at its median but thinning down to chondroid plate at its lateral edge, with heavy, oblique ribs on its upper October, 1934] the nautilus 65 surface, which combine into a weak, vertical lamella at their median ends; C. (J.) moussonianiim (C.B.A.) has a similarly convex operculum but lateral edge of its calcareous plate is double, although the upper ''reflected" and lower lamellae are cemented together throughout most of their width (not sec- tioned) ; C. retrorsum (C.B.A.) , on the other hand, is so close to C. lima hlandianum (C.B.A.), which is also from Clarendon, that I even doubt their specific separation.] C. {Tudorops) interruptum (Lam.) [KCl-fresh and young, KCW-subfossil, last whorl with obscure spirals] ; C. hanksianum (Swby.), fair climber [MN4, MNl, 3] ; C. redfieldiamim (C.B.A.), fair climber [VWl, WC, WSF] ; subsp. magnitesta H.B.B. [WV]; C. yallahense (C.B.A.), weak climber [EJF]. In this section of subg. Coloho stylus, the operculum (figs. 8, 9) is more nearly circular, has more gradually increasing w^horls and its upper calcareous lamella overlaps the chondroid plate and the inner peristome of the shell. The opercula of such species as C. interruptum and C. lamellosum almost intergrade with those of C. pisum and C retrorsum {Choanopoma s. s.). C. {Coloho stylus) negrilense H.B.B., fair climber [WWC] ; C. hronnii (C.B.A.), rock-faces and fair climber on trees, includ- ing f. fiiscolineatum (C.B.A.) [VCM] and light form with typi- cal color pattern [VF] ; C. album fiiscum (C.B.A.), but light colored, with prominent spiral malleation [EEC] ; C. chevalieri (C.B.A.), typical with f. album (preoc.) and virgatum (C.B.A.), fair climber [VCN] ; C. solidum (C.B.A.) (+ jayanum) , sub- arboreal [MM4, IMN] ; subsp. rufilahre (C.B.A.) [MLl, MM2, 3, MNl] ; C. thysanoraphe (Swby.) [KHW-fresh] ; C. humphrey- anum (Pfr.), subarboreal [NMV, NMT-dead]. Males smaller than females in all species of Choanopoma. Chondropoma {Parachondria) fascia (Wood), males and females extensively intergrading in size; last calcareous oper- cular whorl I to f width of chondroid; subsp. proximum (C.B.A.) [KF, EVL-fresh; opercular growth-ribs strong]; subsp. augustae (C.B.A.), subarboreal, including testudineum (C.B.A.), an intermediate race [ENF; peristome intergrading with both fascia and augustae; calcareous opercular plate very heavy, with high strong ribs] , typical race [EE J, E J ; calc. operc. 66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 48 (2) strong and fairly well ribbed in drier habitats, but weak and ribless on last whorl in rich forest, rarely ribless on penult whorl] and app. nitens (C.B.A.) [EEC; calc. operc. and ribs strong] . This variation in the calcareous operculum of the type species of Parachondria shows that, although a tendency towards rib development may be of systematic (although scarcely sub- family) value, the absence of the ribs and the reduction of the plate itself is of little significance ; the usual retention of the ribs on the penult whorl indicates that their absence on the last whorl is not due to wear or erosion. C. (ParacJiondrella) fecundum ( C.B.A. ), fair climber [KCl, 2 ; last calcareous whorl of operculum heavy, very coarsely ribbed, about 4/5 width of chondroid] ; C. muticum (C.B.A.) [KCC- fresh] ; C. armatum (C.B.A.), fair climber [KC2; last calc. whorl heavy, coarsely ribbed, leaving narrow margin of chondroid ex- posed] ; C. adamsi (Pfr.), fair climber [VCN, VCMd-subf ossil ; last calc. operc. whorl heavy with high thin ribs, about f width of chondroid] ; C. columna (Wood), rock-bases [KHW; last calc. operc. whorl heavy with high thin distant ribs, about J width of chondroid] ; C. aurora (C.B.A.), fair climber [ECC, only found under short stretch of former sea-cliff near mouth of stream; last calc. operc. whorl very thin, ^ to f width of chondroid, with weak ribs, usually lacking on last i to ^ whorl; C. sericinum retreatense H.B.B., weak rock-climber [WWF] ; C. crenulosum (C.B.A.), subarboreal [MLl, NMM-fresh; last calc. operc. whorl thin, only narrowly exposing chondroid, growth-wrinkled but not ribbed (like in Chondropoma s. s.) ; certainly not related to Choanopoma album (Swby.) !]. In all these species, the males average smaller than the females. All the Jamaican species of Poteria bury themselves in humus, often near or under rocks, and seldom come to the surface, even during wet weather; the males and females intergrade exten- sively in size. Their opercula fall into three, none too distinct groups: (1) typical (approached on earlier whorls of other two), with more rapidly increasing whorls, and fairly simple, steeply upcurved lamella, which is weakly (typical) or strongly {senii- nuda) buttressed by distinct or confluent growth-ridges ; (2) that of varians, with narrower whorls and incomplete to complete THE NAUTILUS: 48 (2) PLATE 2 M m m 4 10^ 7 a m II 12 # '•VIST • 9 4* 13 14 4 /6 /7 in / S:::^^- 1, View at head of Fern Canyon. 2, Pothole in Musquiz Canyon. 3, Pothole deep in igneous rocks. 4, Stream flowing from Phantom Lake. April, 1935] the nautilus 117 Orb. In this mass three generations appear to be superposed one above another, parts of two shown in the figure. NUCULANIDAE Nuculana (Adrana) suprema n. sp. Plate 6, fig. 1. Beach between Port Guanico and the mouth of the Guanico river, Los Santos province, Panama (Olsson), type 164608 ANSP. The shell is long, strongly compressed, subequilateral, with dark olive-brown epidermis (largely or wholly lost in specimens seen) ; glossy. The dorsal outline is nearly straight, the ventral margin gently convex, straightened or slightly concave towards the posterior end, the greatest height being about the anterior third of the length. Anterior end more obtuse than the pos- terior. Dorsal areas extremely narrow, bounded by inconspicu- ous angles. Sculpture of weak growth lines and excessively fine and clear-cut longitudinal striae, obliquely crossing the lines of growth posteriorly, mainly curving with them in the anterior half. They are wanting in a band along the dorsal side, but extend nearly to the ends. Interior white, the pallial sinus oc- cupying more than one-third of the total length, truncate at the end. Tooth row long, occupying 60% of the whole length, anterior and posterior series of about equal length, teeth very small, V-shaped. Cartilage pit very shallow, about 10 mm., long in the type. Length 107 mm., height 23.5 mm., semi-diameter 4.6 mm. The largest Adrana, distinguished also by the central beaks, those of N. elongata Sowerby being a little anterior. Nuculana (Adrana) tonosiana n. sp. Plate 6, fig. 4. Estero Bucaru, mouth of the Tonosi River, Los Santos, Panama. Type 164025 ANSP., paratypes in Olsson collection. The shell is small for this group, elongate, strongly com- pressed, subequilateral, white to pale cream-color. The beaks are small, a little anterior of the middle. The dorsal margin is weakl}^ arched by the beaks to nearly straight. The anterior end is bluntly angular at the termination of the dorsal margin, rounded below. Posterior end lower than the anterior, slightly pointed, elevated at its junction with the dorsal margin. Pos- terior-dorsal area long and narrowly lanceolate, smooth, bounded by a strongly crenulated ridge, the anterior-dorsal area similar and smaller, with the bounding carina only weakly crenulated. 118 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) The sculpture consists of fine, regular, raised threads over the middle of the surface, but which become stronger and a little irregular in the vicinity of the dorsal margins. Near the anterior-dorsal margin, these threads are wavy and irregular, while some are seen to bifurcate. At the posterior end, there is a bordering, narrow band across which the threads become smoother but give rise to coarse crenulations on the posterior carina. Tooth band narrow, the posterior set of teeth, about a fourth longer than the anterior. Teeth very numerous in each set, very small in the middle, becoming progressively larger towards the ends. Pallial sinus ample, extending to the pos- terior quarter. Interior white to glassy. Valves gaping slightly at both ends. Length 25.5 mm., height 7 mm., diameter 3 mm. This species resembles a young N. arcuata Sowerby but is distinguished by details of its sculpture. In arcuata, the thread- like ribs are regular over the whole surface and not noticeably stronger or waved along the anterior-dorsal margins as in our species. The present species is also constantly smaller, our col- lection containing more than 24 shells none of which exceeds 26 mm. in length. N. arcuata (Plate 6, figs. 2, 3) is abundant along the north Peruvian and Ecuadorian coast, and measures from 31 to 42 mm. in length. The specimens figured are from Point Ancon, Santa Elena, Ecuador. The identification was confirmed by Mr. LeB. Tomlin, from the tyipe in B. M. Periplomattoae Albimanus new subgenus of Periploma Schumacher. Shell strongly inequilateral and inequivalve, longer than high, with 5 strong, radiating ribs projecting at the margins; beaks not slit. Type P. (A.) pentadactylus. Periploma (Albimanus) pentadactylus n. sp. Plate 6, figs. 5, 6,7. Beach between Port Guanico and the mouth of the Guanico river, Los Santos province, Panama (Olsson), tj^pe 164610 ANSP. ; paratypes in Olsson collection. The shell is white, oblong, much longer than high, plump, conspicuously inequivalve, the right valve being strongly convex, the left valve weakly convex. Eight valve (figs. 5, 6) with a wide beak at the posterior fifth of the length, a deep, escutcheon- April, 1935] the nautilus 119 like area defined by a rib; dorsal margin strongly arched, pos- terior margin truncate, anterior end running out in a point, basal margin trilobed. Sculpture of five, radiating ribs, the second and the fourth bifid, the third less distinctly so, the first rib simple, running to the anterior basal extremity, the small fifth rib bounds the escutcheon. Delicate lines of growth are festooned between the ribs. The external ribs project also in the interior. Left valve (fig. 7) with very weak ribs correspond- ing to those of the right. The left valve is smaller than the right. The hinge line is thin, with a small, strongly oblique chondrophore. The pallial sinus extends to between a third and a half of the total length. Length 21.3 mm., height 15.3 mm., diameter 7 mm. Type. Length 21 mm., height 13 mm. Paratype. The ribs begin when the shell is 3.5 to 4 mm. long. In the type species of Periploma and P. angulifera Phil., of the Carib- bean region, there is a rib bounding the short posterior end, but we have found none with sculpture resembling this one. Mactridae TuMBEZicoNCHA, ucw subgcuus of Mactra. Shell thin, con- centrically plicate, like Baeta, but the plicae oblique across the posterior portion, and with irregular concentric wrinkles of growth (not vermiculate, as in Baeta) ; posterior-dorsal areas defined simply by the ending of the plicae, not marked off by an angle or keel. Pallial sinus extending beyond the middle. Hinge as in Mactrella. Genotype Mactra thracioides Adams & Reeve, Plate 6, fig. 9. In external form and sculpture, Tumheziconcha resembles Baeta more closely than it does the plicate Mactras such as Harvella and Mactrinula. It is in the hinge structure that the shell shows its relationship with the true Mactras and particu- larly to Mactrella. The hinge is fully developed and is quite similar to that of Harvella elegans. The ligamental scar is dis- tinct and separated from the chondrophore by a thickened lamina. The posterior arm of the cardinal tooth lies along the anterior side of the chondrophore, its upper end fused with the anterior arm. Lateral teeth are strong, those of the left valve fitting between two laminae in the right. In outline the shell is shortly subelliptical but with the beaks in front of the middle, so that the posterior end is somewhat 120 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) longer, lower and narrower than the anterior. The external sculpture consists of deep waves or undulations which differ from those of Harvella and Baeta in not being strictly concen- tric; they become oblique across the middle and posterior por- tions of the valves. The posterior-dorsal area is defined by the sudden ending of the ribs and not marked off by a keel or angled ridge as in Mactrella, Harvella and Mactrinula. The surface is covered with fine, irregular, concentric incremental wrinkles, as if it had been painted with a coarse brush. There is sometimes a faint ridge extending across the anterior side of the umbo to the ventral margin. The peculiarly oblique or Cyathodonta-like sculpture imparts to the valves an abnormal appearance as if they had been broken across the anterior side. It is a small shell, usually about 30 millimeters long, but sometimes reaching 42 millimeters. Length 42.5, height 31.7 mm., semi-diam. 10 mm. ; right valve. 42.2, '' 33.0 '' '' 11 *' left valve. 42.0, '' 31.5'^ " 10^' right valve. 34.0, " 26.2 '' '' S '' left valve. This species is quite common on the tidal flats at the mouth of the Tumbez river in northern Peru^ where it is associated with Dosinia dunheri, Area lahiata, Modiolus tumbezensis and Panamicorhula in flat a. These mudflats, forming a narrow fringe in front of extensive mangrove swamps, are the home of swarms of fiddler crabs, dominated by the ''maestro sastre" (Uca princeps Smith), whose large, flat, left cheliped flashes like the metallic blades of a pair of shears in the brilliant tropical sun- light. To these mud flats come various shore birds, among them many herons, spoonbills and ibises. Mactra thracioides was described as from the ''Eastern Seas" (A. Adams and Eeeve, 1848, Zool. Voy. H.M.S. "Samarang," Mollusca, p. 81). No more definite locality seems to have been given until it was reported from Ecuador by Lamy, 1917, and from La Union, Salvador, in the Gulf of Fonseca, by Pilsbry 1 A single valve was reported by E. Lamy from Machala, Ecuador, tinder the name Standella thracioides Ads. & Eve. It was given to the Paris Mu- seum by Jousseaume. This was in all probability collected by M. Auguste Cousin, whose Ecuadorian collection was partly worked up by Dr. Jous- seaume in 1887. See Eevision Mactridae Mus. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, in Journ. de Conch. 63 : 386. 1917. THE NAUTILUS : 48 (4) PLATE '^'C %W\ 1, Nuculana suprenia. 2, 3, Nuculana arcuata (vSowb.). 4, Xuculana tonosiana. 5-7, Periploma pentadactylus. 8-8b, Petaloeonchus innumerabilis. 9, Mactra thraeioidcs A. k E. April, 1935] the nautilus 121 and Lowe, from specimens collected by the latter (Proc. A.N.S. Phila. 1932, p. 131). It has been taken by one of us (A.A.O.) at Port Pizarro and Tumbez River, in northern Peru. These shells agree fully with the original account and figure of thracioides, but to eliminate all doubt we sent a specimen to Mr. J. R. Le B. Tomlin, who writes: **I compared it with the type of M. thracioides Ads. & Rve., and it is absolutely identical. We have the specimen figured in the 'Samarang,' pi. 23, fig. 8. It was purchased from Mrs. Lombe Taylor after her husband's death. It measures 36 mm. in length. It is just luck if we have any of the types from the 'Samarang' or other early voyages, such as the 'Sulphur.' At that time the collections seem to have been the Captain's perquisite, and Belcher, who was a collector, absorbed all the more showy material. Belcher's col- lection was sold at auction. After Cuming's death, Lombe Taylor, who was a well-to-do country squire, seems to have mopped up whatever was on the market from time to time." In the years 1836-42 H. M. S. ''Sulphur," Captain Sir Edward Belcher, surveyed from northern Peru to Sitka. Col- lections were made in many places, among them in the Gulf of Fonseca (where Lowe picked it up many years later). It is believed that Captain Belcher got M. thracioides during this exploration, but did not turn it in for description until after the voyage of the "Samarang," 1843-46, which he also com- manded. By that time the origin of the clam was forgotten, and the vague habitat "Eastern Seas" was assigned in the lack of any definite locality. (To he continued) NEW RACES OF LIGUUS FROM FLORIDA AND CUBA BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH (Plate 7) Liguus fasciatus deckerti, herein described, was collected by Mr. Schevill and the author in lower Florida during the winter of 1930. No additional specimens of this form have come to hand and it now seems best that it should be described. During September of 1934 the author, with C. V. MacCoy and 122 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) H. D. Russell, spent several days at Vinales, for the purpose of collecting and studying the distribution of Liguus in this 'mogote' region. A single new race was encountered that was not obtained by Mr. Archer during his stay at this locality in 1930. Through the courtesy and kindness of Sr. L. Pequeno of Pinar del Rio, two additional races were presented for study and description. The figures are from holotypes. Liguus fasciatus deckerti, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 4. Description. — This form is a parallel of L. f. castaneozonatus Pils. and differs only in possessing a white tip and columellar region. It is exceedingly rare, a fact quite remarkable inasmuch as castaneozonatus y from which this form is apparently derived, is perhaps the most abundant Liguus in Florida. So far as known it does not occur as a pure race. Length 44.5, width 24.8, aperture 20.8 x 13.4 mm. Holotype 43.0, '' 23.5, '' 20.5x13.2 mm. Paratype '' 40.5, '' 23.1, " 19.0x13.0 mm. '' 38.5, '' 22.0, " 19.0x12.0 mm. '' 28.0, '' 21.8, " 18.5x11.5 mm. All measured shells of 6| to 7 whorls each. Holotype. — M. C. Z. 81549, Hammock no. 55, eastern end of Long Pine Key, south central everglades, Florida. W. J. Clench and W. E. Schevill collectors, February, 1930. Paratypes from the same locality. A series of three specimens were collected in Brickell Hammock, Miami, by J. N. Farnum in 1926. Named for Richard F. Deckert of Miami, Florida, who has explored much of the Everglades collecting Liguus. This is probably the rarest of all Florida Liguus. Racial elements from many of the lower chain of keys, of course, have become extermi- nated, but in the days of their discovery they were probably fairly abundant. It is all the more remarkable that this deriva- tive race should be from one that is perhaps the most abundant and at the same time the most widely distributed in lower Florida. "With but few exceptions, all other parallel elements of the many color forms exist in about equal numbers if an average is taken throughout the distributional area for each race. Where such discrepancies exist, the numerical ratio is nowhere near so marked. April, 1935] the nautilus 123 Liguus fasciatus mariae, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 3. Description. — Shell somewhat solid, elongate and shining. Whorls 8, rather strongly convex. Color: ground color white, banded above and below the peripherj^ with broad bands of orange brown, pale or even absent on the early whorls, usually deep in color just behind the palatal margin. A hair-like line of the same color may split the narrow peripheral area of white. Green periostracal lines few or absent. Columella noticeably thickened on its inner margin, almost in the form of a vertical tooth or fold. Parietal wall white and somewhat calloused. Length 59.0, width 25.0, aperture 23.5 x 12.5 mm. Holotype 59.5, '' 24.5, *' 23.0x12.5 mm. Paratype " 57.5, " 25.5, " 23.0x12.5 mm. '' 56.5, '' 24.5, '' 22.0x13.0 mm. '' 54.0, " 25.5, '' 23.5x12.5 mm. All measured shells of 8 whorls each. Holotype. — M. C. Z. no. 94224, Ojo de Agua, near Cayo Magueyal, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Ex. Sr. L. Pequeno. Remarks. — This race is quite sharply differentiated from all other races of fasciatus in Pinar del Rio. It is not to be confused with L. f. xantJms CI. which is similarly banded, though with yellow rather than brownish yellow. It differs entirely from this latter race as well by possessing more convex whorls, the presence of the columellar tooth or fold and in being a much larger shell. Cayo Magueyal, according to Sr. Pequeno, is not a true cay or key in the island sense but an area of broad-leaf trees apparently similar to the hammocks occurring in the Florida Everglades. At the request of Senor Pequeno I take pleasure in naming this species after Sra. Maria Pequeno. Liguus blainianus pilsbryi, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 1. Description. — Shell subsolid, produced and somewhat shining. "Whorls 7, flat to slightly convex. Spire acute. Color: first whorl blackish brown, shading abruptly into dull pink, the latter color continuing for IJ whorls ; from 2 J whorl onwards the pink color fades into a ground color of white which is overlaid with wide supra- and infra-peripheral bands of strong axial flames. These flames are dark, blackish brown, alternating with intense yellowish orange interspaces, pale on the early whorls and much deeper in coloration on the body whorl. Peripheral line (1^ mm. in width) dark blackish brown and margined with the white 124 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) ground color. In addition, there is a narrow infra-sutural line of the same dark color. The peripheral line forms the supra- sutural line of the early whorls. The infra-peripheral band is margined below by a narrow line of the white ground color. Inner face of columella white, margined behind by deep pink and with the entire pink area encircled by a narrow line of brown. Parietal wall glazed white, usually transparent enough to see the coloration of the body whorl. Periostracal green lines absent on the type series. Length 45.4 width 20.0, aperture 20.5 x 11.5 mm. Holotype '' 44.0, '' 20.2, '' 19.0x11.6 mm. Paratype '' 42.0, '' 19.1, '' 17.5x11.5 mm. '' 41.0, '' 18.0, " 16.5 X 9.5 mm. '' 40.5, '' 19.0, '' 18.8x11.0 mm. All measured specimens of 7 whorls each. Holotype.— M.. C. Z. no. 94212, Campo de Tiro, 7 km. N. of Fierro, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Ex. L. Pequeno. Paratypes from the above locality and from higher altitudes in the Sierra de Rangel, due north of Santa Cruz de los Pinos. This latter local- ity is only a few kilometers east of Campo de Tiro. Remarks. — Closely related to the typical form, differing from it in the much greater width of the supra- and infra-peripheral bands and in an increased number of the flames. These differ- ences are probably far more apparent than real, though there is no question about two different races being involved. Dr. Ber- mudez reports that the typical form, L. hlainianus hlainianus, is found most abundantly at the base of the mountains at Rangel, whereas L. h. pilshry is a race of the higher altitudes. Sr. L. Pequeno stated that Campo de Tiro is in the mountains, which bears out the statement of Dr. Bermudez regarding their alti- tudinal distribution. Named for Dr. H. A. Pilsbry who was first to recognize the complex color races of this genus existing in Florida. Liguus flammellus russelli, subsp. nov. Plate 7, fig. 2. Description. — Structural characters similar in all respects to Liguus flammellus flammellus CL, differing only in coloration. The earlier three whorls are pure porcelain white, not pale ivory or pale pinkish as in the typical form. The green superimposed color is much lighter and shades more toward light grayish green. April, 1935] the nautilus 125 Length 46.8, width 21.5, aperture 19.5 x 10.7 mm. Holotype " 51.5, '' 22.0, '' 20.0x11.7 mm. Paratype " 51.0, '' 23.7, " 22.6x12.5 mm. " 48.5, '' 22.5, '' 21.6x12.0 mm. '' 48.2, '' 21.0, '' 19.5x11.5 mm. All measured shells of 7 whorls. Holotype. — M. C. Z. no. 82980, Mogote Mina Constancia, Vinales, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Collected by Julio Armenteros, 1934. Paratypes. — All of the following in the vicinity of Vinales. Mogotes: Mina Constancia; Jose Maria Garcia; Lorenzo Lopez; de Roja; Abascal. Also at Ensenada Martin Maranda; Ancon. and La Chorrera, Banos de San Vicente. Collected by J. Ar- menteros, W. J. Clench, C. V. MacCoy and H. D. Russell. A single lot, obtained from Sr. Armenteros, is from San Andres, Canalete, Consolacion del Norte, which is located some 20 km. N. E. of Vinales. This last extends the range of the species proper more than 10 km. beyond any previously pub- lished locality. Remarks. — This race appear to be a direct derivative of L. flammellus flammelliis. It is very rare at all the localities as only 48 specimens of this form occurred in over 3000 of this species from this region. None of the remaining color forms occurring at Vinales exhibit this whitish phase. It is perhaps to be regarded as a partial albino in which a reduction has taken place only with the ground color. It is not to be confused, how- ever, with L. f. organensis CI. which is the true albinistic form of the flammellus complex. This last is white with a very pale yellowish cast with an occasional green spiral color line. Both of these latter colors are, however, invested in the periostracum. Named for Mr. H. D. Russell. Corrections. — In my paper (Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 8, Feb. 1934) the original reference for Liguus fasciatus pictus (Reeve), p. 103, should be: Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 56, 1842 ; Conchologica Systematica 2, pi. 178, fig. 10, 1842. To the type locality given for L. flammellus organensis (p. 124) Mogote el Queque should follow Ensenada del Valle. This locality is in the immediate vicinity of Vinales and not in the valley of San Vicente. 126 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) A NEW SUBGENUS AND A NEW SPECIES OF PLACOSTYLUS FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS BY W. J. CLENCH AcROSTYLUS, subgenus nov. Characterized by possessing a single color (red, reddish brown or greenish), an acute spire with flat to slightly convex whorls and the lip of the aperture colored red or white. No secondary coloration exists, such as blotches or stripes, which, in most other members of related groups, is superimposed upon the ground coloration. Sculpture is reduced to the fine growth lines or at most a very fine, micro- scopic malleation on the later whorls. Nuclear whorls minutely pitted. Subgenotype, Placostylus (Acrostylus) acutus. Placostylus (Acrostylus) acutus, species nov. Plate 7, fig. 6. Description. — Shell rather thick, rimately umbilicate, elongate and compressed dorsoventrally. Color of shell pale reddish brown, periostracum a deep reddish brown. Whorls 51, rather convex. Spire produced and sharply tapering. Aperture ovate. Peristome grayish in color and very sharply reflexed, with a definite thickening within the aperture. Parietal wall calloused and supporting a very strong tooth. Columella spirally de- veloped, its basal portion thickened and forming a false lamella. Sutures indented. Sculpture of fine irregular growth lines with faint malleations on the body whorl. Spire forms an angle of 42°, aperture cast at an angle of 14° from the axis. Length 67.5, width 31, aperture 30 x 13 mm. Holotype Holotype : M. C. Z. 93953, Wanderer Bay, Guadalcanar, Solo- mon Islands. E. Paravicini collector. Remarks. Related to Placostylus (Acrostylus) calus Smith (Malaita Island) from which it differs by being smaller, having more convex whorls and a more rounded aperture. P. calus and P. acutus are the only known members of this subgenus. April, 1935] the nautilus 127 NEW CARIBBEAN MARINE SHELLS BY HARALD A. EEHDERi (Plate 7) In the preparation for publication of Charles W. Johnson's ^'List of Marine MoUusca of the Atlantic Coast from Labrador to Texas'' William J. Clench came across several names given by Dr. Dall of species which had never been described, but which had appeared as nomina nuda in faunistic literature. On communicating with me concerning these names, I looked up the type lots, and wrote out descriptions of the three species in question, which appear now, together with figures, in this paper. Modiolus (Amygdalum) sagittatus, new species. Plate 7, figs. 11, 12. 1889. Modiola picta sagittata Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 38. [n.n.] 1934. Modiolus politus sagittatus, Johnson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 40, p. 28. [n.n.] Shell rather small, thin, moderately inflated ; in outline ovate, posteriorly broadly convex, anteriorly somewhat attenuated; in general, similar in shape to Modiolus politus V. & S. Color opaque ivory white, except for a triangular area running from the beaks to the posterior margin, which is closely maculated with longish, transparent spots. Umbos rather prominent, situated one-eighth of the total length from the anterior end. Surface smooth, glossy, without sculpture, except for micro- scopic growth lines. The holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 93999), from the Gulf of Mexico, off Cape San Bias, Florida (U.S.B.F. sta. 2400) measures: length 16.8 mm., height 9.0 mm., breadth 4.6 mm. A paratype, from the same lot, has the following measurements: length 15.5 mm., height 7.9 mm., breadth 4.3 mm., while a specimen from off Cape Florida (U.S.N.M. no. 93406) measures: length 17.9 mm., height 9.1 mm., breadth 4.6 mm. This species has so far been found in only two areas, in 85 fathoms off Cape Florida, on the east coast of Florida, and in 111-196 fathoms off Cape San Bias, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico. 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 128 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) Dall considered this a subspecies of Modiolus politus Verrill and Smith. I believe it should be accorded specific rank, dif- fering from that species in being less inflated, and in possessing a different and unique pattern of color-markings. It is much closer to M. pallidulus Dall from California, which has the same general coloration, but it is not so prominent nor so contrasted. Pseudomalaxis (Paurodiscus) lamellifera, new subgenus, new species. Plate 7, figs. 8-10. 1889. Omalaxis lamellifera Dall, Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 148. [n.n.] 1892. Diseohelix (Discosolis) lamellifera, Dall, Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. 3, p. 332. [n.n.] 1934. Omalaxis lamellifera, Johnson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 40, p. 101. [n.n.] Shell small, discoidal, flattened on the upper surface, broadly umbilicate below, the early whorls slightly exserted above the surface of the last whorl. Color greyish white, the periostracum yellowish brown. Nuclear whorls smoothish, inverted (the nucleus has been broken off since these characters were noted). Postnuclear whorls, of which there are about three, have very faint axial riblets, which gradually increase in strength, as does the subsutural cord, which appears in the early whorls. The last whorl is almost quadrangular, the right angles which bound the peripherical surface marked by cordlike carinae; the upper surface somewhat depressed at the suture, the lower surface rounded at the edge of the umbilicus. The whole surface is sculptured with prominent, rather closely set, retractively curved ribs; they are more prominent, almost nodulose, where they cross the carinae, and they are symmetrically arcuate on the peripherical surface, between the carinae; near the mouth the ribs are more closely and irregularly set, their prominence being largely due to the folding of the periostracum. The mouth has been broken away, but the broken aperture is rounded, while the carinae give the outer edge an angular appearance. The unique holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 426235) was dredged in the Florida Straits in 205 fathoms, and measures 3 mm. in width and 1 mm. in height. This species was first placed by Dall under Omalaxis Deshayes. This genus, however, whose type is 0. hifrons Desh., is quite a different group, restricted to the Eocene, and having an orthos- trophic nucleus. Three years later Dall transferred this species to Diseohelix Dunker, a Mesozoic genus, also with an orthos- April, 1935] the nautilus 129 trophic nucleus, according to Cossmann. Dall, however, made a new subgenus, Discosolis, for the recent American forms, Omalaxis nohilis Verrill and lamelUfera Dall. Fischer, in erecting the subgenus Pseudomalaxis for Bifrontia zanclaea Phil., confused under this species two forms, the original B. zanclaea from the Tertiary of Sicily, and a living form, with detached whorls, from the Mediterranean and Madeira, which possesses a Torinioid operculum. Monterosato (Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. 10, 1913, p. 362) correctly restricted Pseudomalaxis to the fossil form, raising it to generic rank, and describing a recent species from the Mediterranean, P. actoni, which closely resembles the fossil type species, and is even more closely related to P. nobilis Verrill from our coast. Discosolis, therefore, becomes a synonym of Pseudomalaxis. Pseudomalaxis lamelUfera, although related to P. nobilis, dif- fers in several important respects, and needs to be placed in a new subgenus, which may be called Paurodiscus, differing from Pseudomalaxis s. s. in the following respects: shell much smaller; axial sculpture much stronger, and no spiral sculpture (as in nobilis) ; umbilical carina absent. Dall placed in Discosolis also a species from the Caloosahatchie Pliocene, D. retifera (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. 3, 1892, p. 332, pi. 19, figs. 1, lb, Ic), which differs in having strong spiral striae nodulating the axial ribs, and in possessing a very strong umbilical carina, which is heavily denticulated. This may form the type of a genus which I shall call Calodisculus, and which I place near Architectonica; in the general nature of the sculp- ture, and in the form of the umbilical keel, it seems closer to this genus than to Pseudomalaxis. Sayella livida, new species. Plate 7, fig. 7. 1893. Sayella livida Dall, Singley, Fourth Ann. Eep. Geol. Survey Texas, p. 343. [n.n.] 1934. Sayella livida, Johnson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 40, p. 159. [n.n.] Shell small, elongate-ovate, straw-yellow, with a rather wide, subsutural, white band. Nuclear whorls about IJ, inverted, colorless, glassy, smooth. The remaining 6J whorls moderately convex, smooth except for fine growth lines, and crowded micro- scopic spiral sculpture; whorls closely appressed at the suture, 130 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) which is rather fine; last whorl half the length of the shell, its suture considerably below the periphery of the preceding whorl, giving the shell a constricted appearance in the middle. Aper- ture rather small, obliquely ovate; lip thin, thickening ante- riorly, and passing into the base of the columella which is twisted into a strong fold ; this part of the peristome is of a red-brown color, as is the area immediately surrounding the base of the columella. The holotype (U.S.N.M. no. 125556), which was collected at Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, by J. A. Singlej^, measures 3.6 mm. in height, and 1.6 in width. A paratype from the same lot measures : height 4 mm., width 1.7 mm. This is very close to Sayella hemphilli Dall, from Cedar Keys, Florida, but is less inflated, and has a constricted appearance in the penultimate whorl, mentioned in the description above. The examination of more material, however, from the region between the localities of the two species, may show that the tAYO forms are actually one. Dall placed Sayella in the Ellobiidae, but it seems that they really belong in the Pyramidellidae, and near the group that has been called Syrnola, containing S. fusca C. B. Adams, 'product a C. B. Adams, and related species. Bartsch referred these species to Syrnola with some doubt, and it seems probable that they should be removed from this genus, which has as a tj^pe a Japanese species of quite different appearance. It is possible that these species will find a place in the genus Sayella; a problem, however, that for the present I will not attempt to solve. WEST AMERICAN SPECIES OF GONIOBASIS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS JUNIUS HENDERSON Goniobasis orickensis, new species. Plate 4, fig. 10. Shell solid, much resembling an elongate, slender G. circum- lineata Tryon; surface dull, growth lines coarse; young speci- mens and upper whorls of adults dark reddish brown, due to coalescence of two or more dark color bands, often with a lighter band just below the suture; lower whorls horn colored, light brown or with a slight greenish cast, bands obsolete except a dark THE NAUTILUS 48 (4) PLATE 7 1, Liguiis blaiuianus pilsbryi CI. 2, L. flamiiiellus russeli CI. 3, L. fascia- tus mariae CI. 4, L. fasciatus deekevti CI. 5, Phvsa gouldi CI. 6, Plaeosty- lus acutus CI. 7, Savella livida Rhdr. 8-10, Pseudonialaxis lamellifera Rhdr. 11, 12, Modiolus sagittatiis Rhdr. April, 1935] the nautilus 131 red basal band persisting internally and showing as a large terminal spot within the aperture at base of columella on nearly all but the largest specimens; whorls probably 9 or 10 (no com- plete adults available), somewhat convex; suture well impressed; a very few young examples with apex nearly complete show several rude, irregular axial plicae, lacking in most specimens; many examples exhibit a few spiral striae, with flat bands be- tween, much as in circiimlineata; aperture white within, or marked with brownish-red bands, especially in the young ; colum- ella usually purple. Holotype, from Redwood Creek, Orick, California, University of Colorado Museum, No. 17710-a, a slender example: Alt. 20 mm., with several whorls wanting, probably original length about 23 mm. or more ; diam. 11.5 mm. Many topotypes, same collec- tion. Figured specimens, same collection, No. 17703-a, from a creek 26 miles east of Areata, California, by winding mountain road, almost certainly Redwood Creek: Alt. 24.5 mm., several apical whorls missing; diam., 10 and 9 mm. respectively. It is abundant at both localities. We found it also in Willow Creek, Trinity River drainage, next valley east of Redwood Creek, and m a small creek 7 miles north of Orick. This species differs from G. yrekensis in the absence of regular plicae, in surface texture, and in the presence of the conspicuous red spot at the base of the columella. It differs from G. circum- lineata in the red spot, color bands and its more slender form. It differs from G. shastaensis Lea, from the Umpqua River in its lack of more or less regular spiral threads and lack of numerous regular axial plicae on the upper whorls. It is larger, more robust than the form identified as G, draytonii Lea, from Cali- fornia, and in the color bands, red spot and rougher surface. It is confined to the drainage indicated herein, so far as I know. Goniobasis coquillensis, new species. Plate 4, fig. 6. Shell small, slender, graceful ; color tan, with a broad, brown peripheral band ; whorls 9 or 10, quite convex, suture deeply im- pressed; some examples with a few obscure axial plicae on the uppermost whorls, which are usually quite smooth ; last 3 whorls closely wound with fine, rather regular, threadlike striae, some- times a little stronger just below the suture, often somewhat decussated by fine growth lines ; aperture roundly ovate, nearly 132 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) one-third the total length of shell, white within; outer lip scarcely sinuous. Holotype, University of Colorado Museum, No. 21167-a, creek at Riverton, on Coquille River, Oregon : Alt. 16 mm. ; diam. 5.5 mm.; length of aperture 5 mm.; width 4 mm. Figured para- types, same collection and locality. No. 21168-b. Topotypes ex- amined by me, possibly from same creek, labelled ''creek W. of Riverton Mine, Riverton, Ore.," in the Hannibal collection at Stanford University. Other localities, Hannibal collection, Stan- ford : a small creek at Coquille ; Five Mile Creek, Coos Bay ; creek at Blacklock Point, Cape Blanco; Hubbard Creek, three-fourth mile south of Port Orford ; head of west branch of South Slough, Coos Bay ; and Five Mile Creek, south of Bandon ; all in Oregon. Typically this form seems to be confined to the Coquille River drainage, flowing into Coos Bay, and small streams flowing into the ocean southward to Port Orford. It is readily distinguished from G. shastaensis Lea from the Umpqua drainage and south- ward, by its much smaller size, more slender form, more convex whorls, deeper suture, and almost total absence of plicae and striae from the upper whorls. At Riverton, I obtained in the Coquille River a fine lot of about the same general appearance and characters, except that all but the last two whorls are regu- larly and rather strongly plicate, seeming possibly to connect coquillensis with shastaensis as a subspecies. Two of them are figured for comparison Plate 4, fig. 7. Many lots of shastaensis have much weaker plicae than the typical form, but differ from coquillensis in other respects, and are readily distinguished even in colonies within the range of coquillensis south of Bandon. Goniobasis chacei, new species. Plate 4, figs. 8, 9. Shell quite small, slender, rather smooth ; surface dull or some- what polished ; color medium to dark brown, often with a broad, obscure, darker peripheral band, which shows more clearly within the aperture ; whorls 7 or 8, less convex and much smoother than in G. coquillensis (which it resembles in size and shape) and suture less deeply impressed; apical whorls mostly with a few rude, irregular axial plicae; last 2 or 3 whorls with 3 or 4 fine striae just below the suture, and usually a few very much finer striae below them; growth lines scarcely disceriiable on some April, 1935] the nautilus 133 specimens ; aperture roundly or elongately ovate, about one- third the total length of shell, more or less discolored within. HolotjHpe, Univ. Colo. Museum, No. 18058-a, small tributary of Smith River, Adams Station, Del Norte Co., Calif. : Alt. 12 mm. (apex wanting, original alt. about 14 or 15 mm.) ; diam., 5.5 mm. Figured paratype. No. 18058-b, and topotypes, No. 18058, from same lot. There are specimens in the same collection, also from Mr. and Mrs. Chace, from Smith River at Hiouchi Bridge and from a small stream near the bridge ; a small creek near Patrick Creek, Smith River Canyon; Craig's Creek, (a tributary of Smith River), and a branch of Craig's Creek; Bear Creek; Mill Creek, 4 miles east of Crescent City (not quite typical) ; all in Del Norte Co., Calif. In the Hannibal collection, Stanford University, there are specimens from a creek flowing into Lake Earle 4J miles north of Crescent City, another creek flowing past Wakefield Corners 2J miles north of Crescent City, and a creek half a mile north of Lake Earle School, Calif. This local form is typically confined to Del Norte County, so far as I know. It is smaller than the form identified as draytonii, differs in the presence of axial plicae on the upper whorls and spiral striae. Specimens from north of Wedderburn (Chace), and from first large creek north of Pistol River, a spring a mile south of Pistol River, a small creek between Chetco River and Harbor, Belling Creek at Illahe on Rogue River, and a small creek 10^ miles north of Weddenburn, (all in H. Hannibal collec- tion, Stanford University), all in southwestern Oregon; seem closely related, but differ slightly in sculpture and are olive or greenish in color, a few showing two narrow bands on the last whorl and within the aperture. The same is true of a few from Roach Creek, northern Humboldt County, Calif., collected by Dr. W. G. Cooper (Stanford University collection). A lot from Patrick Creek, a mile and a half above Smith River, is typical in color, but almost devoid of spiral triae. These are all very puz- zling and their relationship to other forms not at all clear. G. coquillensis, though similar to chacei in size and form, is readily distinguished by its strong, rather regular, spiral striae. I at first supposed chacei to be draytonii, but it is certainly not the same as the material identified under that name from else- 134 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) where in northern California. Some lots strongly suggest af- finity with the narrow forms of nigrina. Goniobasis acutifilosa pittensis, new subspecies. Plate 4, fig. 11. Shell rather small, solid; reddish brown, a little lighter just below the suture ; surface dull and rough ; spire tapering rather rapidly ; whorls probably about 8, somewhat convex ; growth lines coarse and irregular; spiral raised lines variable, often wanting or obscure. A few of the 21 specimens examined show one sharp, slightly interrupted spiral rib, or two, on the whorls, much like those of G. acutifilosa Stearns, with the same sort of flattened, non-sculptured zone between the upper spiral of the last whorl and the suture. It seems to be clearly related to acutifilosa, the shell being the same shape, but the spirals are even less developed than in G. a. siskiyouensis Pilsbry, from the headquarters of Fall River. The apical whorls are missing from all specimens. Type and only known locality. Fall Eiver Mills, at mouth of Fall River, on Pitt River, California, collected by Ellsworth Bethel. Associated with it were two nearly typical specimens of acutifilosa. Holotype University of Colorado Museum, No. 12080-a: Alt. 17 mm., original altitude probably about 22 mm.; diam. 9 mm. Figured paratypes, same collection. No. 12080-b. Plate 4 Fig. 1. Goniobasis hemphilli, n. sp. Near Portland, Oregon. Left, holotype. Right, paratype. Fig. 2. Goniobasis hemphilli dallesensis, n. subsp. The Dalles, Oregon. Paratypes. Figs. 3, 4. Goniobasis yrekensis, n. sp. Shasta River, Cali- fornia. 3, holotype. 4, paratypes. Fig. 5. Goniobasis yrekensis. Klamath River, 4 miles east of Klamath, California. Fig. 6. Goniobasis coquillensis, n. sp. Near Riverton, Ore- gon. Left, holotype. Right, paratype. Fig. 7. Goniobasis shastaensis Lea, var. Riverton, Oregon. (For comparison). Fig. 8. Goniobasis chacei, n. sp. Smith River, Adams, Ore- gon. Left, holotype. Right, paratype. Fig. 9. Goniobasis chacei. Rogue River, Illahe Oregon. Fig. 10. Goniobasis orickensis n. sp. Orick, California. Middle, holotype. Right and left, paratypes. Fig. 11. Goniobasis acutifilosa pittensis, n. subsp. Mouth of Fall River, Fall River Mills, California. Left, holotype. Mid- dle and right, paratypes. April, 1935] the nautilus 135 JAMAICAN LAND SNAILS, 4 BY H. BUREINGTON BAKER (Plates 8, 9) The first paper of this series appeared in the first number of vol. 48 ; the symbols used for localities are explained on pages 7 to 9. In the following key to the Jamaican groups of Sag- dinae, defining new subgenera, the abbreviated labels of pi. 8, fig. 1 are used. A., appendix of penis (convoluted inside connective tissue sheath so that tip is attached to side of PA) ; C, carrefour; D, vas deferens; E, epiphallus (demarcated from PE by simple constriction; develops capsules of spermatophore) ; F, flagellum (structure as in Hojeda but more complex; develops fringed tail of spermatophore); FA, accessory flagellum; G, albumen gland; H, hermaphroditic duct; M, prostate; 0, ovotestis; P, trunk of penis; PA, appendicular branch of penis (tip of evaginated organ in most species; with thickened rim around entrance of A.) ; PE, epiphallar branch of penis (usually not evaginated; apparently develops apical spine of spermatophore) ; PR, penial retractor (origin from diafram) ; S, spermathecal sac; SD, spermathecal duct (slender part); SR, spermathecal retractors (origins from ring around base of albumen gland) ; SS, secondary spermatheca (enlarged stalk; contains spermato- phore in one species) ; T, atrium ; U, oviduct (uterus + free oviduct) ; V, vagina. A(B) g. Yolvidens, type Y. tichostoma (Pfr.) ; anatomy un- known ; shell with parietal lamella. Also with palatal and basal teeth; type F. triodon n. sp. sg. Trifaux new. B(A) g. Hyalosagda; anatomy fundamentally like that of Proserpinula; shell without parietal lamella. (I) smaller species (excl. s.s.) ; apparently oviparous; pr inserted on side of e; f more flattened (with 1 or 2 series of caeca) ; jaw plaited. (H) mantle collar not broadly expanded; shell perforate to umbili- cate (excl. osculans and simplex). (F) sg. Lacteoluna; f shorter than p+pe+e; most radular marginals with pointed entocones. (E) pr inserted considerably below entrance of d. (D) later shell whorls with irregular, coarse growth-wrinkles that collect dirt. (C) protoconch with sharp spirals on last whorls; type H. selenina (Gld.) st. Lacteoluna Fils. C(B) protoconch with irregular pits and obsolescent spirals; type H. subpyramidalis (C.B.A.), inch (animal unknown) R. (Vilitas) omissa (Pils.) st. Aerotrochus Pils. 136 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) D(B) later shell whorls with clean rib-striae like Strialuna but more arcuate; protoconch smoothish with growth-lines most prominent sculpture; type H. epistyliulum (C.B.A.) St. Microsagda new. E(B) protoconch with forwardly and backwardly oblique threads separated by similarly arranged pits; later whorls with very fine, sharp, close rib-striae (type also with distant riblets) ; pr near d; type H. diminuta (C.B.A.) st. Strialuna Pils. F(B) f longer than p+pe+e. (G) mantle with some black pigment; protoconch smoothish with traces of x-lines and slightly stronger spirals; later whorls with sharp criss-cross diagonal threads; outer radular marginals with pointed ento- cones; jaw thin; type H. antJioniana (C.B.A.) sg. Stauroglypta new. G(F) mantle jet black, visible through almost smooth, trans- parent shell ; maiginals rarely with entocones ; jaw with central plaits thickened; type H. similis (C.B.A.) sg. Hyalosagda Albers. H(B) g. Proserpinula Albers, type P. discoidea (C.B.A.); mantle collar broadly expanded, capable of covering part of shell ; radular marginals with largest cone spatulate and apically bifid (pi. 8 f. 2) ; shell imperforate, very smooth with thin epidermis. 1(B) g. Sagda; larger species or without transparent shell; ovoviviparous (all?) ; pr inserted at base of e; f long and more rounded; jaw striate; radular marginals rarely with entocones; shell imperforate. (K) secretive species with whitish to grayish, thinner integument; sd attached to tip of ss and paralleled by sr to base of g ; f a not much longer than width of e ; a. not excessively long; t short; shell with narrow whorls and with basal and columnar lamellae usually present. (J) pa longer than pe ; shell with less swollen last whorl and less convex base ; type S. jay ana (C.B.A.) st. Parahelix v. Iher. J (I) pa shorter than pe; shell with swollen last whorl and convex base; x-striae usually evident; type = ^. cookiana (Gm.) st. Sagda Beck. K(I) g. Zaphysema; usually active species with thick, colored (olive to reddish) integument; sd attached below tip of ss which extends to base of g; t about as long as pe; shell brownish, hirsute at some stage. (L) fa as long as e; pa longer than pe but a. not excessively long; shell quite closely coiled, often with peripheral internal lamina; type Z. lamelliferum (C.B.A.) sg. Meiophysema new. L(K) fa often large; pa shorter than pe and a. several times as long as animal; shell with rapid whorl increase and without laminae; type Z. tenerrimum (C.B.A.) sg. Zaphysema Pils. April, 1935] the nautilus 137 Volvidens (Trifaux) triodon new species. Plate 8, figs. 9 to 11. Shell minute, umbilicate, with low domed spire and high narrow whorls ; whitish corneous but collecting dirt. Embryonic whorls 2J; apical | (li sutural count) very rapidly increasing to form a small cap which is partly hidden by next whorl and limited by a sulcus; remainder with spiral rows of extremely fine points. Later whorls shouldered above and below with (at least on last) a sulcus midway between; with irregularly spaced major threads (32 on last) and extremely fine, very irregular, very closely spaced, minor wrinkles which are often beaded although continuous spirals are lacking; accumulating dirt so as to give at least the appearance of deciduous growth riblets. Umbilicus 3.9 times in maj. diam. Aperture trefoil; peristome sharp and almost vertical, with just behind it a palatal nodule opposite the sulcus and a basocolumellar one; parietal wall (penult wh.) with a low rounded lamella which is present as deep as visible and emerges y^ whorl. Alt. of type (figs.) 1.75 mm., maj. diam. 150 (2.63 mm.), min. diam. 141 (2.46 mm.), alt. apert. 52 (.91 mm.), diam. apert. 110 (1.00 mm.), with 5i whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163915) : WWF. Hyalosagda (Strialuna) haplotrema new species. Plate 8, figs. 4 to 6. Shell with IJ embryonic whorls about half again as large as in H. sincera, and very sharply but similarly sculptured. Later whorls more evenly rounded, with subequal, extremely fine, sharp, close rib-striae and without tendency towards major riblets that especially characterize var. diminuta. Umbilicus relatively larger (3.2 times in maj. diam.). Peristome sharp almost vertical, little arcuate. Alt. of type (figs.) 1.99 mm., diam. 191 (3.81 mm.), min. diam. 178 (3.55 mm.), alt. apert. 69 (1.38 mm.), diam. apert. 104 (1.44 mm.), with 4i whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163916) : MN3c. H. haplotrema superficially resembles H. inconspicua (C.B.A.) but the latter has whorls shouldered above and below, a relatively smaller umbilicus and much more arcuate rib-striae and peristome. Sagda kingswoodi new species. Plate 9, figs. 6 and 7. Shell small and thin, straw-colored. Spire convex, noticeably lower than height of last whorl; first li whorls almost smooth, remainder with weak growth-wrinkles becoming almost obsolete below periphery, crossed by microscopic, obliquely criss-cross striae (as usual in Sagda s.s.). Last whorl high, weakly suban- 138 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) gulate ; base very convex, narrowly but deeply funicular. Basal lamina (fig. 6) thin but continuous, stopping about X2 whorl inside of peristome and extending almost f whorls; columellar lamella steeply inclined and quite high, stopping about i whorl inside and extending i whorl. Alt. of type (fig. 7) 11.5 mm., maj. diam. 118 (13.6) min. diam. 114 (13.1 mm.) ; almost 7 whorls. Dimensions of another: 11.2, 127 (14.5), 121 (13.8); 7i whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163918) : WC2, along buttresses of a silk-cotton tree. S. kingswoodi has a much more impressed base than any other species of Sagda s.s. except S. cookiana, which is a much larger species with an interrupted basal lamina. S. (Parahelix) connectans catadupae new subspecies. Plate 9, figs. 10, 11. Shell smaller and usually more elevated, with more convex spire and with coarser growth-wrinkles. Lamellae (fig. 10) much as in typical S. connectans. Alt. of type (fig. 11) 13.1 mm., maj. diam. 128 (16.7 mm.), min. diam. 123 (16.1 mm.); 8i whorls. Dimensions of another: 11.8, 143 (16.9), 138 (16.3) ; almost 8 whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163919) : VW2. In sculpture and form, this subspecies slightly approaches S. epistylioides (Fer.). S. (P.) occidentalis new species. Plate 9, figs. 3 to 5. Shell heavy, low (type) to medium (fig. 5) in height; base moderately concave. Growth sculpture above periphery of post- embryonic whorls about as coarse as in S. maxima, weaker on last whorl and obsolete below periphery; microscopic criss-cross striae obsolete. Internal lamellae (fig. 4) situated much as in 8. connectans and 8. epistylioides but shorter; basal lamina stopping i whorl from peristome, high for i whorl but visible for almost J whorl more; columellar lamella about f whorl in length and reaching to wdthin J whorl of peristome, heavy, low and with outer side almost vertical. Alt. of type (fig. 3) 18.8 mm., maj. diam. 139 (26.1 mm.), min. diam. 127 (23.9 mm.), with 7| whorls; dimensions of fig. 5 : 19.7, 122 (24.1), 116 (22.8) with 8i. Type locality (ANSP. 163920) : WWF. Although super- ficially similar to young shells of 8. maxima in appearance, 8. occidentalis is structurally almost intermediate between the connect ans-epistylioides and the jayana-adamsiana-montegoensis April, 1935] the nautilus 139 groups. It is nearest S. epistylioides but has considerably weaker and more irregular growth wrinkles. S. (P.) spei portlandensis new subspecies. Plate 9, figs. 8 and 9. Shell with more conoid apex and less convex outlines. Columellar lamella (fig. 8) low and rounded but more extensive, forming a weak but distinct swelling on the peristome. Alt. of type (fig. 9) 19.4 mm., maj. diam. 110 (21.3 mm.), min. diam. 104 (20.2 mm.), with 9i whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163921) : EEJb. This subspecies ap- proaches 8. torrefacta (C.B.A.) in both of its points of difference from typical 8. spei. S. (P.) maxima jacobensis new subspecies. Plate 9, figs. 1 and 2. Shell with finer and weaker growth wrinkles and thus appear- ing smoother than typical, coarsely sculptured 8. maxima. Alt. of type (fig. 1) 28.4 mm., maj. diam. 110 (31.3 mm.) min. diam. 99 (28.1 mm.), with 8i whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163922). VF. This subspecies some- what approaches ;S'. alligans (C.B.A.) in appearance but com- pletely lacks lamellae (fig. 2). Brachypodella (Geoscala) costulata savlamari new subspecies. Plate 8, fig. 3. Shell with less pronounced suture and with more closely spaced ribs (18 on last adnate wh. ; 10 on *'neck"), which are weak or obsolete near middle of last 2 or 3 whorls; last half whorl deeply sulcate. Alt. of type (fig.) 6.61, diam. 2.52, diam. spire 2.11, alt. last wh. 2.87, alt. apert. 1.41, diam. apert. 1.58 mm., with 7^ whorls remaining (+7^). Type locality (ANSP. 163928) : WCl. Except in size, this subspecies is intermediate between typical B. costulata and B. rohertsi. Cepolis (Dialeuca) conspersula negrilensis new subspecies. Shell nearest C. c. platystyla (Pfr.) but smaller with more convex outlines ; last whorl weakly subangulate. Color brownish corneous with dark brown subsutural band; last whorl with darker varices and irregular series of small chalky blotches. Alt. of type 14.1 mm., maj. diam. 124 (17.5 mm.), min. diam. Ill (15.7 mm.), alt. apert. 50 (7.1 mm.), diam. apert. 151 (10.7 140 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) mm.), 5^ whorls. Type lot varying from 16.4x103 (16.9 mm.) with 6 wh. to 11.6x135 (15.5 mm.) with 5 whorls. Type locality (ANSP. 163924) : WWC. BURROWING OF SNAILS BY DAVID T. JONES Associate Professor of Zoology University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah While testing temperature reactions of the tiger snail, Anguispira alternata (Say), in December of 1932, it was noted that this snail followed a somewhat regular procedure in bur- rowing which was correlated with certain temperatures. Con- tinuing these observations in December, 1934, I found Utah snails behaved somewhat similarly. The work on A. alternata was done in the Zoology Department of Indiana University, with snails secured the same day from the campus. At Utah, the snails had to be collected several weeks prior to the experi- ments, but they were kept in cool places under conditions as nearly normal as possible. The specimens of Oreohelix depressa (Cockerell) and Discus anthonyi (Pilsbry) came from City Creek Canyon near Salt Lake City, those of Physa ampullacea Gould and Stagnicola nuttalliana (Lea) came from the Weber River at Gateway, and those of Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould) from Oakley, Utah, farther up Weber Canyon.^ All tests were made out-of-doors using a liter Erlenmeyer flask, fitted with a two-holed rubber stopper, one hole com- municating with the exterior, the other containing a two-inch immersion Centigrade thermometer. Loose soil was placed in the bottom of the flask in all cases. In the case of aquatic snails the sediment was allowed to settle before beginning the experiment. In the case of land snails, the soil and the sides of the flask were moistened to maintain 100% relative humidity. The barometric pressure was not controlled but was allowed to vary naturally with weather and altitude, as specimens of i^'Mollusks from Weber Canyon" by David T. Jones, Proc. Utah Acad.. Sci., Arts, and Letters, forthcoming Vol. XII, 1935. THE NAUTILUS: 48 (4) PLATE 8 Plate 8. Lppermost scale is for figs. 7 and 8, second for fig-. 2, third for fig. 2T, fourth for fig. 1, fifth for fig. 3, sixth for fig. 6 and lowest for fig. 11; second represents .05 mm., third .2 mm., and the others 5 mm 1, 2. Proserpinula discoidea. 3. Brachypodella costulata savlamari. 4-6 H.yalosagda haplotrema. 7. H. spreta, EJ2. 8. H. angustispira, EEJ.' y-11. Volvidens triodon. THE NAUTILUS: 48 (4) PLATE 9 IP 10 II Plate 9. Upper scale is for figs. 1-5, lower for figs. 6-11; each represents 2 cm. Photographed by Alfred Zimmerman. 1, 2. Sagda maxima jacobensis. 3-5. S. occidentalis. 6, 7. S. kingswoodi. 8, 9. S. spei x^ortlandensis. 10, 11. S. connectans catadupae. April, 1935] the nautilus 141 depressa, shipped from Utah to Indiana in 1932, did not react well under changed environmental conditions. The behavior of the snails was checked while the temperature was dropping and again while it was rising. Activity was found to be practically- identical in the two cases at the same temperature. Cooling extended usually over a period of about two hours in each test, and was aided in the lower stages by placing the flask in a salty ice mash when necessary. In the case of aquatic species, snow and ice were slowly added to the water. The number of each species varied with the specimens avail- able, as * follows : alternata, five tests with 60 snails in all ; depressa, five tests with 41 snails; anthonyi^ three tests with six snails ; ampullacea, three tests with seven snails ; and vermi- cularis, four tests with 20 snails. Not all snails reacted each time. D. antlionyi, in particular, seemed very difficult to arouse from hibernation, though it reacted well when aroused. In each trial in the case of the land snails a few individuals would go back in the shell, seal the aperture with an epiphragm, and make no attempt to burrow. The land snails examined showed two quite definite periods of activity, the high period being somewhere near or just below room temperature, the low period being close to or just above the freezing point. As near as I could determine the high period of activity was as follows : for alternata, 13 to 10 degrees C; for depressa, 19 to 11; for anthonyi, 24 to 16. Just below this temperature is a sluggish period, followed by the low period of activity which is as follows : for alternata, 4 to 1 degree C. ; for depressa, 8 to 3 ; for antlionyi 11 to 4. Below this lower limit there is still sluggish activity. Probably burrowing continues underground for some degrees below zero Centigrade. Discus antlionyi has not been observed to burrow yet, though, no doubt, it does. Probablj^ as often, however, it will seal itself to a leaf or twig, and remain dormant, after having formed the usual epiphragms. Oreohelix depressa starts burrowing by lift- ing adhering particles of dirt with the sole of its foot. As these are moved aside the shell is usually turned edgewise and wedged in the excavation. The process is then repeated at the side of the shell, until the shell is covered. A. alternata goes down 142 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 48 (4) in much the same way, but has the peculiar habit of clustering at about 4 degrees C. These snail clusters, composed of varying numbers of individuals, then go downward as a ball of shells and writhing snails. "While it is very difficult to observe what is happening to individuals in such an aggregation, it seems that the large snails do most of the excavating, and the small ones follow afterward down the same hole. One should con- sider though that relatively the larger ones would apparently do the more work, and would appear to go down faster anyway. In A. alternata all active snails are usually buried at zero C, but in 0. depressa complete covering of active individuals is usually at a lower temperature. Of the aquatic snails examined the periods of activity are not nearly so evident as in the land snails. In the case of Stagnicola and Physa the problem is complicated by their com- ing for air, even at temperatures near zero C. As the cold increases they tend to stay near the bottom, but may be slug- gishly active even with ice over the top of the vessel. The silt on the bottom, loosened by the water, makes burrowing relatively easy and mechanically simple, especially in a current where it is washed over the snails. It is doubtful if aquatic snails burrow deeply unless forced to do so by the water above freezing solid. NOTES AND NEWS Cuttle Bone for Cultures of Helix nemoralis. — In cultures of Helix nemoralis maintained at the Biological Institute of Har- vard University, the snails frequently attacked one another for the lime in the shells, the first two or three whorls of the shell being removed. The losses due to such activity were greatly reduced by the addition of a cuttle bone to each culture. The snails had no difficulty with the soft material and it provided a good source of lime. — ^R. A. McLean. African Slugs. — Collinge in 1910 proposed a new family Aperaidae for the genus Apera Heynemann, which is identical with the earlier Chlamydephorus W. G. Binney. It was claimed that the name proposed by Binney was preoccupied, having been April, 1935] the nautilus 143 used for a genus of mammals. But the mammalian genus was Chlamyphorus Harlan, 1825, and the name proposed by Binney stands. The family appears to be well founded, and should be called Chlamydephoridae. (Not Chlamydophoridae Gray, 1869, which should have been written Chlamyphoridae). Oopelta Morch appears to be correctly placed in a subfamily Oopeltinae of Arionidae. The group must be considered endemic in South Africa. 0. nigropunctata Morch was supposed to come from Guinea, but Collinge received it from S. Africa and his identification seems to be perfectly valid. Collinge also saw specimens of 0. aterrima (Gray), labelled 0. nigropunctata^ and said to be from Guinea, but doubtless the locality was added to agree with the species as identified. Milax appears to be doubtfully native of South Africa though it is apparently so in Morocco and Algeria. P. Hesse (1926) divides the Parmacellinae into two groups, one containing Parmacella and Boettgerilla, the other Milax and Aspidoporus. It would seem better to treat the second division as a separate subfamily, Milacinae. — T. D. A. Cockerell. LioPLAx suBCARiNATA occmENTALis, ucw subspccics. — The shell is larger, more acutely conic than L. suhcarinata, the summit perfect or nearly so, and the spiral striation weaker; the umbilicus is often larger. Length 20 mm., diam. 14 mm.; 5 whorls (+ one lost). Cincinnati, Ohio, type 123539 ANSP. This form was figured by W. G. Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. A., part 3, figs. 119, 120, as L. suhcarinata, which is a species of the Atlantic drainage, type locality Delaware Eiver. Dr. James Lewis was the first to suggest the propriety of separating the western race from the eastern. Paludina sulculosa Menke, 1828, was said to be from Cincinnati collected by Beschke, but the description agrees fully with the Philadel- phian, and not with the western form, in exactly those characters wherein the two chiefly differ, that is, the eroded apex and the decussate sculpture. Since Beschke sent shells from both Phila- delphia and Cincinnati to Menke, it seems likely that a mistake was made in the locality. The dimensions given for sulculosa 144 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 48 (4) agree with young males from the Delaware River. L. s. occiden- talis is a common snail in Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. — Pilshry. Chondropoma gnote, new name for C. soror Pils., 1933, Proc. A.N.S. Phila. vol. 85, p. 124, not C. soror Pils., 1930, P.A.N.S. Phila. vol. 82, p. 299. Dr. Bartsch has kindly called my atten- tion to this duplication of names. — Pilsbry. Mr. W. F. Webb is spending the winter at St. Petersburg, Florida, where he will be glad to see shell collectors at 2210 12th St. The Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Malacologi- CAL Union. — The fifth annual meeting of the American Mala- cological Union will be held in the Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt Park, Buffalo, New York, Thursday to Saturday, June 27 to 29, 1935. In addition to the usual business sessions and reading of pa- pers, the tentative program provides for a lecture at the Museum on Thursday evening, the annual dinner at Hotel Statler Friday evening, and two field trips on Saturday. East Aurora, made famous by Elbert Hubbard as the Home of the Koy crofters, fine art craftsmen, w^ill be visited Saturday morning, with luncheon at the Roycroft Inn. Here Cazenovia Creek will be explored with its abundant molluscan fauna including Radix auricularia. In the afternoon Niagara Falls will be the objective where mol- lusks live on the spray-washed rocks as well as in the river itself. The meeting will be officially disbanded here. Hotels : — Statler, Delaware Avenue at Niagara Square ; single room with shower, $3.00; double, $5.00, $5.50; single, with shower and tub, $3.00 ; double, $5.00 ; twin beds, $6.00. Lenox, 140 North Street, single without bath, $1.50; double, $2.50; single with bath, $2.00, $2.50 ; double, $3.50. Lafayette, Wash- ington and Clinton Streets, (down town), single with bath, $2.50, $3.00, $3.50; double, $4.00, $5.00, $6.00. Annual dinner at Hotel Statler, $1.50. Please send titles of papers and time required to Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, Buffalo Museum of Science, Humboldt Park, Buffalo, New York. Vol. XLVIII JULY, 1934 No. 1 THF NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS On the Sonoran side of the Gulf. By H. N. Lowe 1 A conchological Rip Van Winkle. By Fred Baker 5 Jamaican land snails. By Burrington Baker 6 Pliocene fresh-water fossils of the Kettleman Hills and neighboring Californian oil fields. By H. A. Filshry 15 New Lymnaeidae from the United States and Canada: I. California, Oregon and other western states. By Frank C. Baker 17 The Folygyra tridentata complex. By A. F. Archer 20 Notes on the life history of Pleurocera canaliculatum undu- latum Say. By Samuel B. Magruder 26 A new Florida pearly fresh-water mussel. By Berlin Hart Wright 28 Boston Malacological Club 29 Charles Curry Allen. By D. L. Emery 31 Notes and news 33 Publications received 34 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila- delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS WANTED TO PURCHASE Private Collections of Eecent MoUusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare soUdus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich. Wanted: Planorhis of the Helisoma group from California, Oregon, and Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges offered in material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker, Natural His- tory Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NAUTmus. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing. J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Eheims, Marne, France. For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS. Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street, Glendale, California. Wanted : Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Eecent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas. H. B. Stenzel, p. 0. Box 151, College Station, Texas. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark THE NAUTILUS 111 Illustrated Catalogue of Sheils In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells. Write now before it is too late. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. AN ANNOUNCEMENT! The Index to The Nautilus— Part II A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional Geo- graphically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is planned to issue this index every ten years. The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over 100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries. Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The number printed vdll depend on the number of subscribers of the The Nautilus that order their copies mthin the next month or two. Please send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Laboratory of Recent Inverte- brates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A. In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index to The Nautilus please sign the followdng order: — I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special bind- ing not included. I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this Index will not 1)6 printed and no responsibility will remain between the contracting parties. Signed, IV THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00. Depaxtment of Mollusca, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence Business established by Sowerby in 1861 SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE Good Adult-Specimens Correctly L,abelled at Moderate Prices Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for Bef erence and as Check-Lists. HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWERBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England A General Index to THE NAUTILUS This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Vol. XLVIII OCTOBER, 1934 No. 2 T H F NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS Restoration of shell parts by the painted snail, Polymita picta Bom. By E. A. Andrews 37 On the Sonoran side of the Gulf (concluded). By H. N. Lowe 43 Land and freshwater shells from the vicinity of Yakima, Washington. By Walter J. Eyerdam 46 The Polygyra tridentata complex (concluded). By A. F. Archer 49 Notes on the nomenclature of Hawaiian Helicinidae. By Henry A. Pilshry and C. Montague Cooke, Jr 53 Terrestrial and freshwater gastropods of the Alleghany State Park in New York State. By M. E. Pinney and R. E. Coker 55 Jamaican land snails, 2. By H. Burrington Baker 60 Some desert helices of the genus Micrarionta. By H. A. Pilshry and H. N. Lowe 67 A new Helicostyla from the Philippine Islands. By Thomas L. McGinty 68 Notes and News 69 The fourth annual meeting of the American Malacological Union 72 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila- delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS WANTED TO PURCHASE Private Collections of Recent Mollusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter Bl'd, Detroit, Mich. Wanted: Planorbis of the Helisovia group from California, Oregon, and Washington, particularly with the animal. Exchanges offered in material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker, Natural His- tory Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NautHiUS. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing. J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS. Morris E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street, Glendale, California. Wanted : Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Recent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas. H. B. Stenzel, p. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark For Exchange: Cuban shells (land, f.w. and marine) for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing. Miguel L. Jaume, Calle 6 No. 24%, Vedado-Habana, Cuba. THE NAUTILUS 111 Illustrated Catalogue of Shells In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells. Write now before it is too late. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. LIST OF MARINE MOLLUSCA OF THE ATLANTIC COAST FROM LABRADOR TO TEXAS BY CHAELES W. JOHNSON Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History vol. 40, no. 1, p, 1-204. Issued July 31, 1934. Price, $1.25. For the first time a list of all the known forms of marine mollusks found on the Atlantic coast has been compiled. The major groups are listed; the genera and species are given, with author and date of their description, and in the case of many forms a brief statement of range, including depth, is made. The paper contains an index and an excellent bibliography. BOSTON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY 234 BERKELEY ST., BOSTON, MASS. IV THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00. Department of MoUusca, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence Business established by Sowerby in 1861 SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE Good Adult-Specimens Correctly L.abelled at Moderate Prices Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for Reference and as Check-Lists. HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWKRBY & FUIiTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England A General Index to The NAUTILUS This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Ball. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. L.ab., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Vol. XLVIII JANUARY, 1935 No. 3 THF NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia H. BURRINGTON BAKER. Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS The first Pacific Conchologist. By Joshua L. Baily, Jr 73 The Red Shell Money of western Melanesia. By Walter J. Eyerdam 76 Ecology of the Land Mollusca of Asheville, North Carolina. By A. F. Archer 77 Jamaican Land Snails, 3. By H. Burrington Baker 83 A further record of a chiton (Nuttallina) with nine valves. By 8. Stillman Berry 89 Longevity of Mitra in captivity. By G. Dallas Hanna and Leo George Hertlein 90 Western and Southwestern Amnicolidae and a new Hum- boldtiana. By H. A. Pilshry 91 West American species of Goniobasis. By Junius Hender- son 94 A Biochemical method of internally cleaning small mollus- can shells. By Denis Tj. Fox 99 Aplexa hypnorum pilsbryi. By Stanley T. Brooks 100 Record of a Crystalline Style in two fresh-water Gastropods. By Samuel B. Magruder 101 Edward Goss Humphrey. By J. Henry Blake 103 Dr. Howard P. Bellows 103 Notes and News 104 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila- delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS WANTED TO PURCHASE Private Collections of Eecent MoUusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare soUdus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter BPd, Detroit, Mich. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NAUTHiUS. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing. J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. For Exchange : Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS. Morris E, Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street, Glendale, California. Wanted : Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Eecent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas. H. B. Stenzel, p. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark For Exchange: Cuban shells (land, f.w. and marine) for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing. Miguel L. Jaume, Calle 6 No. 24i^, Vedado-Habana, Cuba. Wanted: Polygyrae of the Subgenus Stenotrema. Offered in exchange American land snails chiefly from the Southern Appalachian Mts. Allan F. Archer, University Museums, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Wanted: Specimens with the animal of Menetus dilatatv^, M. sampsoni, or varieties of these species. Exchanges offered in material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. THE NAUTILUS 111 Illustrated Catalogue o£ Shells In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells. Write now before it is too late. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. AN ANNOUNCEMENT! The Index to The Nautilus— Part II A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional Geo- graphically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is planned to issue this index every ten years. The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over 100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries. Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of the The Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Laboratory of Eecent Inverte- brates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A. In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index to The Nautilus please sign the following order: — I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special bind- ing not included. I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this Index will not le printed and no responsibility wiU remain between the contracting parties. Signed, IV THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00. Department of Mollusca, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence Business established by Sowerby in 1861 SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE Good Adult- Specimens Correctly l.abelled at Moderate Prices Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for Befereuce and as Check-Lists. HUGH C. FULTON (I.ate SOWERBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England A General Index to The NAUTILUS This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS HORACE B. BAKER, ZooL I^ab., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Vol. XLVIII APRIL, 1935 No. 4 T H P NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS : <^ HENRY A. PILSBRY, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS The Effect of Pollution on Mollusks in Iowa. By B. Shimek 109 Gastropods of the Davis Mountains Vicinity in West Texas. By Elmer P. Cheatum 112 New Mollusks from the Panamic Province. By Henry A. Pilshry and Axel A. Olsson 116 New Races of Liguus from Florida and Cuba. By William J. Clench 121 A New Subgenus and a New Species of Placostylus from the Solomon Islands. By 17. J. Clench 126 New Caribbean Marine Shells. By Harald A. Behder 127 West American Species of Goniobasis, with Descriptions of New Forms. By Junius Henderson 130 Jamaican Land Snails, 4. By H. Burrington Baker 135 Burrowing of Snails. By David T. Jones 140 Notes and News 142 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila- delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS WANTED TO PURCHASE Private Collections of Eeeent MoUusca, that are of a scientific nature, with full and definite localities. Will also purchase entire collections of duplicates, where of fine quality and from localities that would be of value in making exchanges. My exchange list covers some four thousand species, land, fresh water, and marine from all parts of the world. WALTER F. WEBB, 202 Westminster Road, Rochester, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, 9010 Dexter BPd, Detroit, Mich. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The NautHjUS. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. For Exchange: European and Foreign Shells (recent and tertiary) for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing. J. D. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. For Exchange: Shells of the Pacific Coast of the United States and others, for Shells not in my collection. SEND LISTS. MoRHis E. Caruthers, 120 East Chestnut Street, Glendale, California. Wanted: Publications on Tertiary shells by Conrad, Gabb, Aldrich, Dall, etc. Also Tertiary or Eeeent shells in exchange for Tertiary fossils of Texas. H. B. Stenzel, p. O. Box 151, College Station, Texas. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark For Exchange: Cuban shells (land, f.w. and marine) for species new to me. Please send full list of duplicates when writing. Miguel L. Jaume, Calle 6 No. 24^4, Vedado-Habana, Cuba. Wanted: Specimens with the animal of Menetus dilatatus, M. sampsoni, or varieties of these species. Exchanges offered in material from Arizona, Mexico, and South America. F. C. Baker, Natural History Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. THE NAUTILUS 111 Illustrated Catalogue of Shells In our fire of last year most of the copies of our 117 page illustrated catalogue of shells were destroyed. We have a few left, and while they last we will be glad to send one free of charge to any one purchasing $5.00 worth of shells. Write now hefore it is too late. WARD'S NATURAL SCIENCE ESTABLISHMENT, Inc. P. O. Box 24, BEECHWOOD STATION, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The Frank A. Ward Foundation of Natural Science of the University of Rochester. AN ANNOUNCEMENT! The Index to The Nautilus— Part II A continuation of the Index to The Nautilus, with an additional Geo- graphically arranged subject index, is nearing completion. Part II covers the issues from 1921 to 1931 (volumes 35 to 44 inclusive). It is planned to issue this index every ten years. The forthcoming index will be printed on a good grade of Book paper and unless otherwise requested (with additional charge) will be bound with paper backs. The size will be the same as the Index published by George H. Clapp and Bryant Walker in 1927, and will consist of well over 100 pages with nearly 15,000 entries. Due to the great amount of labor and the expense of publishing, it will be necessary to sell this issue of the index by subscription. The number printed will depend on the number of subscribers of the The Nautilus that order their copies within the next month or two. Please send orders promptly to STANLEY T. BROOKS, Curator of the Laboratory of Recent Inverte- brates of the Carnegie Museum, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, U. S. A. In order to facilitate the publication of the continuation of the Index to The Nautilus please sign the following order: — I hereby promise to pay upon receipt of the published work, by check or money order, a sum not to exceed three ($3.00) dollars. Special bind- ing not included. I also understand that if there is an insufficient demand and support by the Malacologists and other interested individuals and institutions this Index will not he -printed and no responsibility will remain between the contracting parties. Signed, IV THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume now in progress completes the monograph of the Pupillidae. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00. Department of Mollusca, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence Business established by Sowerby in 1861 SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE Good Ad lilt- Specimens Correctly Labelled at Moderate Prices Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for Reference and as Cheek-Lists. HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWKRBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Road, London, W. 6, England A General Index to THE NAUTILUS This Index, begun by the late John B. Henderson, was completed by Wm. H. Dall. Its publication has been made possible through Drs. Bryant Walker and Geo. H. Clapp. It covers 34 volumes, and contains over 400 pages. Price $5.00. Address all orders to THE NAUTILUS HORACE B. BAKER, Zool. Lab., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. P Ifiil