v> ^^ THE NAUTILUS om-1 A QUAKTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. 53 JULY, 1939 to APRIL, 1940 EDITORS AND PUnLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of MoUusks and Marine Invertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences H. BURRINGTON BAKER Professor of Zoolo)?y, University of Pennsylvania Pbiladeu-hia, Pa. THE SCIBNCE TUKSS 1-UINTTNQ COMPANT LANCASTEK, I'ENNSYLVAN lA CONTENTS Names of new genera and species in italics Acanthochitona halesae Pilsbry pi. 12 Actaeon candens Rehder 21 Adrana notabilis Rehder 16 Adrana scaphoides Rehder 17 Aestivation 55, 134, 137, 138, 144 Alaska 61, 131 Alvania Risso, type A. f reminvillea Risso 29 Alvania (Willettia) keenae Gordon 31 American Malaeological Union 36, 68, 141 Amnieola aldrichi aldriehi Call & B 118 Amnicola aldrichi antroecetes Hubricht 120 Amnieola aldrichi insolita Hubricht 119 Amnicola proserpina Hubricht 121 Anachis chariessa McGinty 83 Anachis floridana Rehder 20 Anodontites, aestivation 55, 138 Asia 67 Aspella elizahethae McGinty pi. 10 Atlantic marines 1, 7, 16, 37, 40, 43, 53, 68, 79, 81, pis. 10, 12, 109, 110 Bradybaena similaris honkongiensis (Deshayes) 105 British Columbia 107, 108 Busycon contrarium (Conrad) 26 Busycon perversum (L.) 23 California 56 Canada 128 Cave deposit 45 Cepolis caroli McGinty 81 Cepolis (Plagioptycha) horiquenae H.B.B 107 Cepolis (P.) diaphana (Lamarck) 107 Cerithium auricoma Schwengel pi. 12, 109 Clappia 127 Cochliopa rowelli (Tryon) 67 Coelocentrum bourgeoisae Pilsbry 27 iii rrj„^^-.) IV THE NAUTILUS Conus melvilli Sowerby 40 Crassispira tampaensis bartschi Perry 81 Cumingia tellinoides vanhyningi Rehder 19 Cyclostrema sanihelense Pilsbry 53 Cymatoica orientalis hendersoni Rehder 19 Cyphoma gibbosa (L.) 1 Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry 2 Cyphoma signata Pilsbry & MeGinty 3 Dignaxis H.B.B., section of Spiraxis 11, 15 Discus macclintocki F.C.B 123 Discus patulus carinatus MacMillan 143 Ecuador Ill Ekadanta Rao 67 Euchemotrenia Archer, sections of Stenotrema 33 Euglandina balesi McGinty pi. 2 Eunaticina oldroydii Dall 135 Florida 81, 122 Fluminicola coloradoensis Morrison 125 Gemma fretensis Rehder 18 Gibbium Gray 33 Graptostracus Pilsbry, subg. of Leiostracus 29 Haiti 42 Holospira (Haplocion) kinonsis Baily & Baily 94 Humholdtiana fortis Pilsbry 140 Humholdtiana montezuma Pilsbry 140 Illinois 120 Iowa 123 Jamaica 8 Kansas 77 Lamellaria cochincJla Perry 80 Latchford, Francis Robert 99 Latirus cymatias Schwengel pi. 12, 110 Latirus jucundus McGinty 83 Leiostracus wchbcri Pilsbry 28 Lepidochitona tropica Pilsbry jil. 12 Littoriiia minima (Wood) 68 Louisiana ., 105 Lymnaea lanceata (Gould) 134 Lymnaeus sordidtis Kuester 139 THE NAUTILUS V Mansfield, Wendell Clay 64 Mars( nina glohosa Perry 41 Misodon (nicgasomaf) critrichius Berry 56 Mcsodon (mcyasomal) euthalcs Berry 60 Mexico 4, 8, 27, 49, 89, 94, 141 Micrelenehus Pinlay 34 Micromena II.B.B., subg:. of Spiraxis 11, 14 Mirapex H.B.B., sect, of Spiraxis 11, 13 Miraradula H.B.B., subg. of Spiraxis 10, 12 Missouri 118 Monadenia fidelis (Gray) 107 Monadenia seraialba Henderson 108 Muricidca manstficldi McGinty 83 Mutelidae, resistance to pollution 53 Nacsiotus quitensis amhatensis Rehder 117 Naesiotus quitensis jacksoni Rehder 116 Nacsiotus quitensis orinus Rehder 116 Naesiotus quitensis quitensis Pfr 115 Naesiotus quitensis vermiculatus Rehder 117 Nevada 124 Obstructio Haas 106 Ohio 66, 106 Oregon 137 Oxystyla melanocheilus mariae McGinty 6 Oxystyla ponderosa alhata McGinty 5 Oxystyla ponderosa halesi McGinty 5 Oxystyla torrei McGinty 7 Oxystyla undata floridensis Pils 122 Pacific marines 22, 29, 34, 66, 108 Panama 67 Pennsylvania 47, 84 Phlycticoncha Bartsch & Rehder, subg. of Lyonsia 137 Pleistocene 22, 77, 81 Pleuroceridae, distribution 73 Pliocene 82 Polydontes obliteratus (Ferussac) 42 Polygyra appressa extrema MacMillan 98 Pomatiopsis praelonga Brooks & MacMillan 96 VI THE NAUTILUS Puerto Rico 107 PjTgulopsis nevadensis Stearns 137 Repressaxis H.B.B., sect, of Spiraxis 11, 16 Ritchie, John, Jr 66 Sayella chesapeakea Morrison 44 Sayella watlingsi Morrison 45 Say's Conchology 34 Schizopyle Pilsbry, subg. of Coelocentrum 27 Sigatica semisulcata holograpta McGinty pi. 12, 110 South America 28, 53, 106 Spiraxinae, revision 8, 9 Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Spiraxis Micromena) minusculus H.B.B 92 Micromena) minutus H.B.B 14 Mirapex) acus cmigmaticus H.B.B 13 Pseudosubulina) arcuatus H.B.B pi. 5 Pseudosubulina) caducus H.B.B pi. 4 Pseudosubulina) eostatus H.B.B pi. 5 P.) irregularis negligens H.B.B pi. 5 Pseudosubulina) parvus H.B.B pi. 9 Pseudosubulina) ventrosus H.B.B pi. 5 Rcctaxis) granum H.B.B 49 Rectaxis) suhniiidus H.B.B 51 Rectaxis) suhtilis H.B.B 50 R.) subtilis vitrcus H.B.B 50 Versutaxis) arctatus H.B.B 89 Versutaxis) futilis H.B.B 52 Versutaxis) opeas H.B.B 13 Versutaxis) suhgranum H.B.B 51 Versutaxis) subopeas H.B.B 52 Volutaxis) fallax H.B.B 90 V.) nitidus persulcatus H.B.B 91 Volutaxis) subulinus H.B.B 90 V.) sulci fcrus atoyaccnsis H.B.B 89 V.) tenuecostatus obcsus H.B.B 91 Stagnicola bulimoides vancouverensis P. C. Baker pi. 7 Stenotronia fraternum montanum Archer 33 Subulinidae 92 Synaptocochlea nigrita Rehder 20 THE NAUTILUS vii Tdlina rubricata Perry 79 Tennessee 73, 98 Tethys califoruicus Cooper 34 Terebra flaniniea Lamarck 7 Terchra glossema Sehwengel pi. 12 Terebra texana Dall 8 Tivcla florida na Rehder 18 Triodopsis iridentata rugosa Brooks & MacMillan 96 Tritonalia graceac McGinty 84 Tropieorbis Pilsbry & Brown 106 Typhis lowei Pilsbry, banded variety 66 Utah 126 Valvata, subgenera of 140 Varicella (Laevaricella) playa H.B.B 107 Vasu7n floridanum McGinty 82 Versutaxis H.B.B., sect, of Spiraxis 11, 13 Virrrinia 45 West Virjjinia 95 Willcttia Gordon, subg. of Alvania 31 Wyoming 126 INDEX OF AUTPIORS Archer, A. F 33 Baker, Frank C 106, 140 Baker, H. Burrington 8, 33, 49, 89, 107, 138 Baily, Joshua L., Jr 94 Baily, Ruth Ingersoll 94 Bartsch, Paul 137 Berry, S. Stillman 56 Brooks, Stanley T 95 Clench, William J 7, 122, 137 Cockerell, T. D. A 22 Eyerdam, Walter J 61, 107, 108(2), 131, 144 Gardner, Julia 64 Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr 29 Goodrich, Calvin 66, 73, 77, 105, 106 Haas, Fritz 53 Hanna, G. Dallas 34(2) Hubricht, Leslie 118 Ingram, William Marcus 136 La Rocque, A 99 MacMillan, Gordon K 47, 95, 98, 143 McGinty, Tom L 1, 4, 37, 68, 81, 110 Morrison, J. P. E 43, 45, 67(2), 123, 124, 140 Oughton, J 99, 127 Perry, Louise M 40, 79 Pilsbry, H. A 1, 27, 28, 42, 53, 66, 141 Rehder, Ilarald A 16, 33, 111, 137 Robertson, Imogene C 68 Schwengel, Jeanne 109 Smith, Burnett 23 Van der Schalie, Henry 134, 138 Wurtz, Charles B 84 THE NAUTILUS: 53 (1) PI, ATE 1 f\- •* ^ m 4 oO ^ 8 1, l;i, -, --.l, '.I, In, ('\|.lmiii;i ,si^,'ii;it.i. ;;. .',n, 4, U, ll'. ('\ |.liuili;i liu^jilit v i. ."), (i, 7, S, lli-li;, ('v|ili(imii >,nlilMis!i (l(i .-I |i;iriil v|ic (if "riliinns iHccmsor " |):ill). 17, ('y|ilH(iii;i iiitcrnic(li;i. I'lmlns hi/ .lurk Sihliii tiiiil Ihliii W niitti si , r. The Nautilus Vol. 53 July, 1939 No. i THE GENUS CYPHOMA IN FLORIDA BY H. A. PILSBRY AND TOM L. McGINTY Cyphoma is a jrroup of few species confined to tropical America, comprising C. cmarginata (Sowb.) of the Panamic region, C. intermedia (Sowb.) from the West Indies and northern South America,^ and the following species occurring in southern Florida. Cyphoma means a hump ; not a nice name, but it sounds better in Greek, and is appropriate for these hunchbacked snails. De Montfort's name, Ultimus, formerly in use, was given because it was the last genus in his book. They are pretty shells, but the living animals are really lovely. They are not especially shy, and can be kept in captivity several days if fresh sea water is supplied. Cyphoma gibbosa (L.). PI. 1, Figs. 5-8, 13-16. This is a common species from the Lake Worth region to the Keys and in the West Indies, living on gorgonians from about four or five feet to the lower limit of the gorgonians they inhabit. The special character of the shell is that the callus of the sides extends up high on the back, and thins out at the edge, so that its limit is scarcely' visible except b}" the color, the callus being from cream buff to apricot buff, pinkish vinaceous or orange vinaeeous in color, the uncovered middle of the back from pure white to cream buff. The interior varies from pure white to pink, nearly uniform or with white clouds in the middle and towards the ends. The living animal is pale flesh tinted with crowded black rings over the mantle, the rings often more or less deformed; there is some ochraceous-orange tint within the rings and on the outer foot edges. The tail has a black median line and quite irregular 1 Dall (Bull. 37, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 134) cited Simnia intermedia Sowb. from Hatteras to Brazil, but we have not seen Florida or East Coast speci- mens. (1) 2 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1) radiating lines towards the edges, also along lateral margins of the foot. The breathing siphon is narrow, not expanding at the end, which is edged with a black line. Tentacles dark. The margins of the mantle may meet on the back, but often it is carried less extended, irregular areas of the shell remaining uncov- ered. Ordinarily the head is not extended in front of the shell. The largest shells are about 35 mm. long 18 wide, but it is more commonly from 25 to 30 mm. long. The smallest seen, from Bojni- ton, measures 15.3 x 7 mm. About equally small, from Pompano, collected by Marguerite Robinson, measures 15.5 x 8.7 nun. In some years most shells seem to run small. There is noticeable variation in the prominence of the transverse ridge. ^^Ultimus" precursor Dall, from the Costa Rican Pliocene, is merely a strong- ridged extreme of C. gibhosa, not differing from some recent specimens. Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry. PI. 1, Figs. 3, 3a, 4, 11, 12. This species was defined briefly in Nautilus 52 : 108 from a somewhat discolored specimen of minimum size. The shell is relatively longer than C. gihhosa, and the lateral callus, especially that of the right side, is thick and narrow relative to that of gibhosa, indistinctly crenulated, with a strong impression along the junction of callus with the back. The callus on the left side is more extended and diffused. The transverse dorsal ridge is very strong. The base and the callus all around are warm white, the transverse ridge of the back snow wliite. The back is elsewhere cameo pink to persian lilac, more or less invaded by white, which in old shells loaves only small areas of pink on the right side. Aperture cameo pink to daphne pink within, witli a white spot in the position of the external ridge and more or less white clouded anteriorly. Lengtli 39..') mm., width K! mm. Lcii>j;fli 123.7 mm., widtli lO.Ci mm. Lengtli .31 mm., width If). 5 mm. Length '2'.i.7 mm., widtli 11.1 mm. This species has been found on gorgonians of the Atlantic beach below tlie lower inlet of Lake Worth to the Dry Tortugas, occur- ring with ('. gibhosa, but always rare in conij^arison with that. The living jiiiiniiil, I'l. 1. I^'igs. 3, 3a, 4. is nearly white, closely dappled with dresdcii brown, or towards the mantle eilge sejiia spots, or in other individuals nearly black s])ots. These are round July. 1039] THE nautilus 3 to shortly oval, si)iik> ^)bloll^^ It differs Iroiii C gibbosa by having solid spots, not rings, on the mantle. In some individuals a few of the spots have lijzht eenters, in others some spots may coalesce, formiufx short bars. The respiratory siphon is unlike that of gibbosa by being dark colored, trumpet shaped, much wider at the end than in gibbosa or signata, in which the siphon is white with a black border at the end, which is not expandetl. The foot is profusely marked with oblique lines. In lar<::e numbers examined alive, collected by the junior author anil by Elizabeth Pilsbry, the characters separating this from C. gibbosa are conspicuous and constant. Cyphoma signata new species. PI. 1, Figs. 1, la, 2, 2a, 9, 10. The shell is relatively longer than C. gibbosa, resembling C. mcgintyi in shape. Like that species the ends are blunt, the lateral callus is thick, relatively narrow, and on the right side there is a strong impression along its upper edge. There is a very weak erenulation of the outer lip and its callus, as in mcgintyi and excep- tional specimens of gibbosa. The transverse ridge of the back is very much low'er than in C. mcgintyi. The aperture is slightly more dilated near the anterior end than in gibbosa or mcgintyi. Color cartridge buff with some faint pale pinkish-cinnamon suffu- sion above and below the nearly white dorsal ridge, and a cream buff tint deep in the aperture. Length 35 mm., width 15 mm. The living animal is like C. gibbosa in having the breathing siphon rather narrow, not expanding at the end, which is edged with black. The mantle is pale yellow, very closely marked with black transverse lines which in places diverge a little at the edges leaving little white triangles, and they are interrupted on the two sides by irregular white longitudinal lines. The foot is densely covered with fine, divaricating black lines radiating obliquely from the central line (fig. 1) on a pale yellow ground, deeper yellow towards the edges; sole white. This is the rarest of the Cyphomas, but apparentl}' has about the same distribution as the others, from the sea outside the South Inlet of Lake Worth to Kc}- West, where one was taken by Miss Adele Koto. The type is 174045 ANSP. ; paratj-pes in McGinty collection. Our name for it in the field was "fingerprint cyphoma," from 4 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1) the markings of the mantle. Unfortunately, the Roman police did not practice fingerprinting', so there seems to be no short word for that in Latin; " digitisignatus" would perhaps be a little too mouth-filling for busy malacologists. A fossil specimen of this species was found by Mrs. Edith Marble Taylor in the bank between highway and canal near Loxahatchee, Florida. Unfortunately there are both Pleistocene and Pliocene shells in this bank, so that the age of this fossil is uncertain (fig. 10). The shell differs from strongly angular examples of C. inter- media (Sowb.) by the heavily calloused, blunt ends, and many other peculiarities of form. C. intermedia is referred to Simnia by some authors, to Ultimus (=Cyphoma) by Tryon, with some doubt. It may belong to the former genus, but probably this will not be fully clarified until the animal is examined. OXYSTYLA FROM WESTERN MEXICO BY THOMAS L. McGINTY (Continued from January, 1939) OxYSTYLA PONDEROSA (Strebel). The Heavy Oxystyla. Plate 2, fig. 1. A fine series of this large handsome species was taken in the vicinity of Acapulco. A previous record for this species is listed in the Manual of Conchology, 25 miles N.E. of Acapulco, State of Guerrero, at an elevation of 1000 feet above the sea, collected by H. S. Smith. Shell thick, large specimens rather dull, cuticle usually present giving some specimens a decided yellow-brown appearance, em- bryonic whorls slightly tipped with dark chestnut-brown, some very faintly, but totally lacking on only one s])cciiiuMi. Early whorls shading into brown or greenish-brown on the last whorl; often there is a violaceous tinge on the penult whorl and occasion- ally on the last whorl. There are traces of a single band gen- erally broken on the fifth and jienult whorls, with three bands quite continuous on the last whorl. There are numerous streaks more distinct on the {XMiult whorl and dark growth-rest varices, generally two or more on the last whorl with one on the penult whorl. Peristome broadiv bordered inside with black-brown July. 1939] THE NAUTILUS 5 fadiuf? into tlu' white of tlu> interior. Columella very stronf;, white and vertical. Ileijrht 68 nun.; diani. 35 nun.; whorls 7. Height 67 nun. ; diani. 36 nun. ; whorls 7. Specimens in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Bales and McGinty collections. There are a number of Oxystyhi pondcrosa showing; consider- able variation in color on the early whorls. Fififure 3 represents a specimen with intensified black coloration of the apical rej^ion. There were also a number of specimens taken in which pink col- oration is {jreatly intensified on the early whorls. A few speci- mens have retained this pink color to the penult whorl. OxYSTYLA PONDEROSA BALESi, uew subspBcies. Plate 2, figs. 2 and 5. Bales 's Oxystyla. Habitat: Puerto Marquez, near Acapulco. Shell rather elongate-conic, with lightly convex whorls ; ground color yellow brown, flammulations and growth-rest varices light reddish-brown. Varices, where long rest periods are indicated, dark brown. Peristome broadly bordered inside with dark reddish-brown fading into pink, giving a pinkish cast to the interior. There are three bands on the final whorl. Cuticle, light brown. Columella very strong, white, and vertical. Holotvpe : Height 60 mm., diam. 33 mm., whorls 7. Fig. 5. A.N.S.P. No. 174046. Paratvpe : Height 62.8 mm., diam. 33.6 mm., whorls 7. Fig. 2. A.N.S.P. No. 174047. This Oxystyla is named for its discoverer. Dr. Blenn R. Bales of Circleville, Ohio, whose splendid work in the field made this article possible. About 12 specimens of this subspecies were taken showing all growth stages. Judging from the limited num- ber taken, this beautiful variety is a true rarity. Paratypes in the Bales and McGinty collections. Oxystyla ponderosa albata, new subspecies. Plate 2, fig. 4. The White-clothed Oxystyla. In the large series of 0. j)on- derosa from the vicinity of Acapulco brought together by Dr. Bales, there were three albino specimens. Albinism is rare in Oxystyla, but the finding of three specimens suggests that such a colony may exist at Acapulco. 6 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1) The shell substance is white throughout with a yellow (between straw and Naples yellow) cuticle on the final whorls. There are visible flammulations on the fifth and penult whorls. Interior white. Columella white, and vertical. Holotype : Height 63 mm., diam. 32.2 mm., whorls 7. No. 174049, A.N.S.P. Paratype : Height 58 mm., diam. 32.2 mm., whorls 6. Para- types in the Bales and McGinty collections. OxYSTYLA MELANOCHEILUS (Valencicnnes) . Habitat: Puerto Marquez, about 17 miles S.W. by S. from Acapulco. Acapulco is some 600 miles or more south of the records given for this species in the Manual of Conchology. 0. melanocheilus is rare at Acapulco, but a few specimens were taken which agree very well with Fig. 1, Plate 18, in the Manual. The Acapulco specimens are three-banded on the last whorl and have a black-brown apex. There is a strong cuticle which gives the shell a tawny yellow appearance. Measurement of an Acapulco specimen: Height 57 mm., diam. 32 mm., whorls 6| {melano- cheilus, black-lipped). OxYSTYLA MELANOCHEILUS MARiAE, ucw subspecies. Plate 2, fig. 6. Mary E. Bales 's Oxystyla. Habitat: Puerto Marquez, near Acapulco. Shell similar in shape to the species. Apex dark brown, early whorls pink becoming reddish-brown, the color of the cuticle on the penult and final whorl. There are no flammulations on the entire shell. The growth-rest varices on the last whorl are black- brown. Peristome broadly bordered inside with black brown fad- ing into the pinkish white of the interior. Other growtli-rest varices within are somewhat lighter with tlie outer sides bordered witii a light blue-gray. There are three faint bands on tlie last whorl. Columella very strong, white, and vertical. Holotvpe: Height 57.8 mm., diam. 34 mm., whorls 6. A.N.S.P. No. 174048. Paratype: Height 60 mm., diam. 34 mm., wborls jirobably 6J, apex decolhite. Paratyjies in the Bales and McCiinty collections. The writer takes i)leasure in naming this variety in honor of the doctor's wife, Mrs. Mary E. Bales, who was a co-worker and companion on the expedition. TIIK XAITIMS: :,;{ ( I PLAT 10 L> ], ;i, Oxystyl.-i i)(«ii(l.T.)s:i. i', .",, O. ,,. I,:,|,..i. |. ( ). ,,. ;,ll,;,t;,. u. o, ii,cl;mo- clieilus inarii.o. 7, K, O. tonci. i), O. i.tildiflla. lo, iMiKl.-n.diiia l.ak-si (Vol. 52, p. 16). July, 1939] THE NAUTILUS 7 OxYSTYLA TOHKKi. uew spocies. Plate 2, fi^s. 7 and 8. See January, 1939, page 93. It seems well to note that there were no typical specimens of Oxystyla zonifcra (Strebel) in the Acapulco series of Oxifsfi/la. This Oxifsfyla has becMi reported from several localities in the State of Guerrero, but either some distance north or northwest of Acapulco, where 0. ponderosa is firmly entrenched. Oxystyla pulchella (Spix). Plate 2, fig. 9. A specimen of this beautiful tree snail from Barbados is figured. It has not been reported from this island before, so far as I know. ADDITIONAL NOTES ON TEREBRA FLAMMEA LAMARCK BY WILLIAM J. CLENCH Additional data have been obtained both regarding the pub- lished record of this species and from correspondence. A sum- mary of this study is as follows : Hedley (Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales 38, p. 306) con- siders Reeve 's record of this species as occurring in Moreton Bay, Australia, an error, and further states that "material in the British Museum indicates that this species and its variety, T. incomparahilis Deshayes, inhabit the West Indies. ... It does not appear to have been remarked that Epitonium f cldmanyii Bolten, 1798, is an earlier name for Lamarck's species." The "variety incomparabilis," however, is not even closely related to flammca, but is a synonym of, or very near to, rohusta Hinds, of the Panamanian province (Pacific). Bolten 's (Roding) fchlmanni is also the same as rohusta or very close to that species. The proportions are very different between this west coast species and flammea. Bolten 's reference was made to the excellent figure by Chemnitz, 1780, Conchy.-Cab. (1), 4, p. 296, pi. 154, fig. 1446. Dr. Rehder suggested that T. texana Dall miglit be the same, and upon an examination of the type specimens in Washington, this was found to be true. This species was originally described from Matagorda Island, Texas, and later (1919) Henderson fig- 8 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1) ured a specimen collected in Barbados and mentioned a specimen which also existed in the National Museum that had been col- lected in a kitchen midden in Brazil. Dr. Jutting has kindly checked specimens in certain of the European museums and her notes are as follows : The Amsterdam Museum has two specimens labeled "China" from Cuming. These are apparently part of the same set that is possessed by the Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, and by the Mus. Comp. Zool. The Leyden Museum has two specimens, one marked "Indian Ocean" and the other "Haiti." Dr. Bayer, however, did not consider the latter locality as at all trustworthy. There are three examples in the British Museum, all from St. Lucia, two from Cuming and one from Ponsonby. Recently (Nautilus 52, p. 109) McGinty has reported this species from Lake Worth, Boynton, Florida. The known range then for this species extends from southern Florida to Texas and south as far as Brazil. A brief sjmonomy follows : Terebra flammea Lamarck Terebra flammea Lam. 1822, An. s. Vert. p. 284 ; Kiener 1839, Icon. Coquilles Viv. 10, p. 12, pi. 5, fig. 10 (specimen probably from Lamarck's collection) ; Clench 1938, Nautilus 51, p. 114, pi. 9, figs. 1-2 ; McGinty 1939, Nautilus 52, p. 109. Terebra texana Dall 1898, Nautilus 12, p. 44; Henderson. J. B. 1919, Univ. of Iowa Studies 8, p. 89, pi. 40, fig. 5. A REVISION OF SPIRAXIS C. B. ADAMS H. BURRINGTON BAKER This is part 4 of a series on Mexican mollusks collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. The first part appeared (1928) as Occasional Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 193, in which the symbols for localities are explained on pp. 2-25. In plates 3 to 5, the scales for shells, genitalia and pallial complexes indi- cate lengths of 1 mm. ; those for lines of right half of radular rows (T) 0.05 mm.; those for radular teetli 0.01 mm. (10 microns). In each new form, the figured shell is the type. On account of the traditional importance ascribed to coluincllar July. 1939] THE nautilus 9 differences, the union of PseudosuhuliiKi and Spiraxis into a single genus may seem rather ieonoclastie. But, the generic retention of tiie former would neeessitate foui- other genera (my subgenera) and I doubt if anyone could definitely place many of the species that are anatomically unknown. While I now feel that I could arrange shells with .some accuracy, the name Versutaxis expresses the bewilderment one feels during their examination ; senescent examples of Red axis and Miraradula may closely imitate the sigmoid columella of true Volutaxis and S. (P.) orizabensis and an undescribed species approach the columella of Versutaxis. The following anatomical definition and subdivision of Spiraxis (new subfamily SPIRAXINAE) are founded on drawings of dissections of 24 Mexican (+2 radulae) and 5 Jamaican species and on the radulae of one Cuban and one Venezuelan species. Foot long and slender, pointed posteriad; lower pedal groove distinct ; mantle-collar (MC ; pi. 3, f. 10, pi. 5, f. 3) quite deep but thin; right (MR) and anterior (MA) and posterior (MP) left mantle-lappets small. Lung wall elongate; minor venation indis- tinct; principal vein (HV) often bordered by bands of muscle. Kidney (K) with a triangular pericardial (H) limb and a ves- tigial (in large forms) to conspicuous (in small species; pi. 3, f. 3) extension between ureter (KD) and hindgutffi varying around 1.5 times as long as its base or length of pericardium. Anal mantle gland extending posteriad between hindgut and ureter; relatively large in small species. Ovotestis (G; pi. 3, f. 7) about one whorl in length and im- bedded in liver about a half-whorl above stomach; duct (GD) markedly swollen when filled with sperm ; talon (GT) very short ; carrefour (X) slender. Albumen gland (GG) large, elongate. Oviduct consisting of short slender duct (UX) below carrefour, uterus (UT) and postuterine or free oviduct (UV). Spermatheca (S) of long type; sac imbedded in base of albumen gland above aorta. Vagina (V) various. Prostate (DG) completely separate from uterus (at least in large species). Free vas deferens (D) fairly heavy and muscular but without epiphalloid enlargement (except in Micromcna; E, pi. 3, f. 6) ; caught into penioviducal angle by right eye-muscle; opening (EP) into penial apex with- out definite verge (except in Micromena; PV). Penis (P) with- out appendages; retractor (PR) arising high on diaphragm and inserting on or near penial apex. Atrium (Y) opening below base of right ommatophore. 10 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1) Coliimellar system with left free and buccal retractors joined for short distance. Labial lobes quite prominent (at least in larger forms), triangu- lar (like in Streptostyla). Jaw absent (despite statements to contrarjO, although fleshy fold, which usually supports it, is present and maj^ have w^eakly cornified edge (as in most Sys- trophiidae). Buccal mass quite to very small and radula minute and very flimsy (except in Miraradula). Radula with V-shaped rows (T, pi. 5, f. 1) ; central small, with 1 to 3 conical or trian- gular cusps ; outer teeth all bicuspid ; 0-4 laterals with 2 short subequal cusps and 9-31 marginals with inner or both (in Micromeva; pi. 3, f. 5) cusps developed into a long slender needle (except in Miraradula; pi. 4, f. 7) ; 24^50 rows counted but usu- ally about 35. Salivary glands broad but short (small as com- pared to carnivorous but large for herbivorous species), forming a lanceolate plate over oesophagus. Stomach fusiform, about 2 w'horls in length, imbedded along side of albumen gland but ex- tending anteriad beyond it. Hindgut with S-loops reduced ; run- ning parallel with stomach to posterior end of pericardium, then across posterior end of kidnev and forward as usual (I, pi. 3. f. 10). The following key defines the subgenera and sections : A(AA) Radula with over 100 short-cusped laterals or marginals either side of tricuspid central ; penis with small apical cham- ber and a peculiar pilaster (pi. 4, f. 6) ; shell with subver- tical, although spirally twisted columella; type aS. similaris (S. & P.) from Necaxa (station 54) : subg. Miraradula, new. AA(A) Radula with 0-4 short-cusped laterals and 6-31 mar- ginals with one or both cusps long and needle-like. (B) Radula with tricuspid central, 2 laterals and 10-13 mar- ginals; penis much as in Miraradula ; shell usually with fairly straight columella; type ^\ dccussatus (H.B.B.) from Vene- zuela (but genitalia from Mexico) : subg. Rcciajcis II.B.B. (1926). B(AA) Radula with unicuspid central; penis not as in Mirar- adula. (G) Apparently oviparous; uterus about as long as prostate and smaller than free oviduct -t- vagina; radula with 2 laterals (1 in S. ])arifus) or none; mainland and Cuba (iS. yrohlcmadcuH from Jamaica). (F) Kadnla with lat- erals and with 9-18 marginals dcveloi^ing one ncedle-lik(> and one shorter cusj); jienis without marked verge or epijihallus. (E) Penis usually elongate, without heavy pilasters and with at least its apical end snrronnded by a sheath; shell usu- ally with columella not luai-Ucdly truncate; Central Amer- ican: snhg. Voluiaxis S. & P. (1882). Jn\y, 193!) I tiik xai'TILus 11 (D) Vaf^iiia practically obsolete. (C) Free oviduct less than twice as Ion*; as uterus; shell usually smaller with weakly twisted columella and with last eml)ry()!ii(' whorl assuming' ueanic sculpture; type S. opcas, n. sp. from Mexico: sect. Versutaxis, new. C(B) Free oviduct about 4 times as long as uterus; shell larger, with heavy sigmoid columella; last embryonic whorl with widely spaced ribs but later ones with close threads; type S. acus cnigmoticiis, n. ssp. from Mexico: sect. Mirapex, new. D(B) Vagina longer; shell with heavy sigmoid columelhi, with closely spaced threads on last embryonic whorl, mainly larger; type S. sulciferus (Mo.) from Mexico: sect. Volutaxis s.s. E(B) Penis usually shorter, with two internal pilasters; vagina almost obsolete; shell usually wath definitely truncate colu- mella; type /S. bercndti (Pfr.) from Mexico: .": subg. Pseudosuhulina S. & P. (1882). F(B) Radiila without laterals and with subequal needle-like cusps on 29-31 marginals ; penis with vergic papilla and vas with epiphalloid swelling; shell minute, spirally striate and with straight, very weakly truncate columella; type S. niinu- tus, n. sp. from Mexico (1 sp. from Jamaica) : subg. Micromena, new G(B) Viviparous; uterus longer than prostate and much larger and longer than free oviduct + short vagina ; radula with 1 or with 4 laterals; Jamaica and ( ?) Los Roques: subg. Spiraxis C.B.A. (1850). (H) Radula with 4 laterals and 6 marginals; shell like sect. Sj^iraxis but with only one columellar lamella and with later whorls markedly inflated below suture; type S. mirahilis (C.B.A.) from Jamaica: sect. Dignaxis, new. H(C) Radula with only one lateral; shell not markedly inflated below suture. (K) Shell with palatal tooth or with colu- mellar fold strongly projecting into aperture. (I) Colu- mellar fold weaker; anatomy unknown; type S. hlandi (Crosse) from Los Ro(|ues: sect. Ravcnm Crosse (1873). 1(H) Columellar fold strong. (J) Shell with internal parietal lamella; radula with 13 marginals; type S. inusitatus (C.B.A.) from Jamaica: sect. Spiraxis s.s. J(I) Shell without internal parietal lamella; radula with 26 marginals; type S. costulosus C.B.A. from Jamaica: sect. Eus])iraxis Pfr. (1855). K(H) Shell without palatal tooth and with columella moder- ately sigmoid; radula with 28 marginals; type S. tcrebclla (C.B.A.) from Jamaica: sect. Repressaxis, new. 12 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1) Spikaxis (Miraradula) similaris (Strebel & Pfeffer), new sub- genus. Because no authentic material of this species has been seen by me, the subgenus Miraradula is founded on Necaxa (station 54) specimens, one of which is described below. It also occurs around Cordoba. Shell (pi. 4, f. 6) turrite, silvery- white, translucent, finely ribbed. Whorls 8 (figr.) to 8.5, quite convex, often weakly shoul- dered, with deep, slig:htly crenulate suture. Embryonic whorls 2.5, quite rapidly widening: ; first almost smooth, second gradually assuming low, very closely spaced threads and last with widening interspaces. Later whorls quite sliort, gradually increasing, with thin riblets crested below suture, weakening basally and much narrower than interspaces, which are granulate-striate but with- out distinct spirals ; first two (neanic) with about 31 riblets ; third to fifth with 34—35 and last with 38. Aperture elliptic-trape- zoidal ; peristome sim])le, almost vertical and very obscurely and obliquely truncate. Alt. 5.06 mm., diam. 33 (1.65 mm.), alt. last whorl 40 (2.03 mm.) ; aperture alt. 24 (1.22 mm.), diam. 68 (0.83 mm.) ; 8 whorls. Lung about 5 times as long as base or kidney length, which is as long as its base and 1^ times pericardial length. Ovotestis (pi. 4, f. 8) complexly lobed. Penis large; internally (f. 7) with a pyramidal apical chamber with longitudinal, beaded folds on its walls; large basal chamber with a very heavy pilaster, which ex- tends about 0.7 distance down one side and terminates in a large, apparently almost cartilaginous, partially free, subspherical en- largement, and with two minor longitudinal folds. Columellar retractor comparatively broad. Buccal mass big and ovoid (larger than in S. aciis enigmaticus). Radula very large for a Spiraxis with formula (f. 9) : 114-1-114. witli 61 rows; central elongate, tricuspid; all other teeth bicusjiid and similar in form, evenly spaced, with both cusps subequal and conical, until outer- most teeth, with shorter and rarely subdivided outer cusj^. Sali- vary glands broadly lanceolate, subequal, with conibiuod volume smaller than buccal mass. Miraradula appears to have the most primitive radula iu the genus, which suggests that the forui of columella in Ps< udosubu- lina is derived from a fairly straight axis with a spiral twist, while the twist is simply accculualcd in Vnlutajis. S. niiradorensi^ (S. & P.) is jirobahly related hut no living specimens were obtained. July. 1939] THK nautilus 13 S. (Rect^vxis) intermedius (S. & P.)- Penis of animals from near Cordoba relatively smaller but otherwise similar to that in S. similaris. Radular formula : 13-l-(2 + ll), with 38 rows; central tricuspid. Radulae of tliree additional Mexican species have been examined. S. (Versutaxis) opeas, new sub{?enus and species. Siiell (pi. 3, f. 1) cylindrie-turrite, whitish corneous, sli„.r,.v ^s...) tnusitalus (C. IJ. A.lams). 3-4. .S (Knsnhaxis^ •s. Rrpn.s.a...) UrcbcHa (C. B. A.l.-.ms). 7. .v. tv«/ro.s..v. tvpo 8 S .July, 1939] the nautilus 17 shallDW sinus. The sculpture of the median part consists of fine, rather crowded, concentric grooves which are ahsent posteriorly be- yond a faint . !(•. 11, ("vmatoica oiiriitaiis liciidfisoni. X3. 12, Adrana iiofal.ilis. 13, 14. CuiiiiiifTi;, t.JliiK.idcs vaiiliyiiiiifii, ■; 3. July. 10391 THE NAUTILUS 21 smooth, prlassy aiul white; occasionally the first one or two post- nuclear whorls are sculptured with narrow vertical ribs. In no case, however, are there any spiral g:rooves or striae, as in A. avara Say. The aperture and outer and inner lip arc as in Ariachis avara. The type, U.S.N.M. no. 473202, was found on an old rope in 30 feet of water near Cape Canaveral, Brevard County, Florida, by F. B. Lyman. It measures: Heigrht, 8.3 mm.; breadth, 3.7 mm.; height of aperture, 4.0 mm. U.S.N.M. no. 473203, contains tv^o more specimens of the same lot. The National collection also possesses this species from Wave- land, Dade County, Florida, and from the mouth of the Hills- borough River in Tampa Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. This southern Florida form is closely related to Anachis avara Say, ditfering from it in being generally somewhat smaller, with narrower, more slender ribs, and in lacking the spiral grooves of that species, which is always sculptured, whereas this form is often smooth or lacking the axial riblets on the early postnuclear whorls. The great variability may signify that we are dealing with a mu- tating hybrid element. This species reaches a size of 11 mm. AcTEON CANDENS, ncw spccics. PI. 6, fig. 7. Close to Act eon punctostriatus C. B. Adams, but generally some- what larger, more solid, opaque, glossy white, with the spiral sculp- ture less conspicuous, the basal striation well marked but posteri- orly becoming more obscure, generally not reaching the upper insertion of the lip. Two or three, more or less indistinct, pale, caramel colored bands may be present on the early whorl. The type, U.S.N.M. no. 493407, was dredged in 1915 by J. B. Henderson, Jr., in 68 fathoms off Fowey Light, Florida. It mea- sures : Height, 7.5 mm. ; breadth, 4.2 mm. Other lots in the U. S. National Museum collection come from localities ranging from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the Dry Tortugas, and up the west coast of Florida. This species is also near Acteon chipolanus Dall, from the Miocene of Florida, but that shell is more slender, with the spiral striae even fewer in number. 22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 53 (1) PLEISTOCENE SHELLS FROM SAN CLEMENTE ISLAND, CALIFORNIA BY T. D. A. COCKERELL I visited San Clemeiite Island in May of this year, and was very fortunate in gretting there in time to examine an extensive sandy deposit about the middle of the top of the island, which had been recently uncovered in the course of operations by the na\y. I was kindly taken to the place by Mr. J. A. Wahler, and was assisted in collecting the fossils by Dr. J. T. Scott and Mr. Logan Buchart. The deposit, which is full of marine shells, is about 800 feet above sea level, or rather more, the surface of the ground, where undisturbed, being 860 ft. above the sea. I sent a series of the shells to Miss Myra Keen, of Stanford University, and she promptly transmitted the list given below, which I publish with her permission. She states that the "median of midpoints" is 39.6°, corresponding with the Timm's Point Bed on tlie mainland, as described by Alex Clark. Pelecypoda Cardita ventricosa Gould Crenella divaricafa (d'Or- bigny) Epilucina calif ornica (Conrad) (N., M.) Glycymeris septentrionalh (Middendorff) Lucinisca nuttallii (Conrad) Mytihis californianits Conrad Psephidia cf. lordi (Baird) (M.) S2)issnla planulata (Conrad) Traiiscnnclla tantilla (Gould) Gastropoda Acmnra ivccssa (Hinds) (N.) A. mitra Eschscholtz A. pclta Eschscholtz (M.) A. scahra (Gould) (N., M.) Amphissa versicolor Da 11 Bittium eschrichtii (Midden- dorff) B. rugatum Carpenter Dentalium cf. rectius Cpr. Diala sp. Hipponix cranioides Carpenter (N.) Homalopoma carpcntcn (Pils- bry) Lacuna sp. Littorina scutulata Gould Mitrclla carinata (Hinds) M. gausapata (Gould) (N., M.) M. tuherosa (Carpenter) Nassarius fossatus (Gould) Odostomia cf. stcanisii Dal! & Bartsch Ocnopofa sp. Olirclla hiplicata (Soworbv) (N., M.) Opalia chacci Strong Polinices lewisii (Gould) Tequla funcbralis (A. Adams) (X.) Tritonalia fovcolata (Hinds) July. 11)39] THE nautilus 23 The K'ttors X. ami M. fnllowin^^ \\\c iiaincs, indicate tliat tlie species was also found by me in the Pleistocene on San Nicolas and San Mijruel Islands, respectively. On these islands, also the de- posit was on the top of the mesa. On San Nicolas, Pleistocene shells are found at various levels, but excepting those near the top, they are under suspicion of having come down tlie slopes with the talus. These finds of Pleistocene shells on the islands are of con- siderable importance as indicating that the islands were nearly submerged. But the land shells, on a deposit above the marine beds, appear to prove that there was always some emergent land. This is also indicated by the plants. On San Nicolas, on the slopes, marine and land shells are some- times found mixed, but careful examination shows that the latter are all from a superficial deposit later than that carrying the marine shells. TYPE SPECIMEN OF BUSYCON PERVERSUM {MUREX PERVERSUS LINNE) BY BURNETT SMITH This note is made possible through the liberal policy of The Linnean Society of London in granting permission to publish photographs of the type of Murex jierversus Linne. Mr. R. Winckworth of London has very kindly examined the specimen for the writer, and Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia has contributed many helpful suggestions. To the Linnean Society and to these gentlemen the writer wishes to express his thanks. Plate 7, figs. 1, 2 are repro- ductions of the type photographs. The desirability of consulting the Linnean type was suggested by Hanley's di.scussion of Murex pcrversus.' He says: "The Pynila perversa of authors (Reeve, Conch. System, pi. 236, f. 5) is marked for this shell in the Linnean collection, and 'List. 907, 908' has been added in the revised copy of the 'Systema.' All the synonyms are usually accepted as correct, but Gualtieri's engraving (manifestly taken from a broken example), in the 1 Hanley, Sylvanus: Ipsa Linnaei Coiicliylia. London 1855. Sec p. ;502. 24 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1) multiplicity of modern illustrations, is not worthy of being quoted." Hanley is presumably referring to one of two figures in Gualtieri^ which, in spite of their shortcomings, depict the slender left-handed or sinistral Busy con long known as B. perversum (L.) The figures in Lister^ given by Hanley likewise show the same phase of slender left-handed Busycon. If, however, one consults the Reeve* figure cited by Hanley it is found to show a young in- dividual of the robust and long-spined sinistral Busycon variously known as B. kieneri (Philippi), B. perversum var. kieneri, and B. perversum kieneri. The writer has examined rather extensive sets of recent sinistral Busycons and the evidence so far gathered points to the specific distinctness of the slender and robust phases just mentioned. Were the differences between them of lower than specific rank there should be many intergrades. The latter are not forthcoming in the recent fauna. Busycon kieneri (Philippi)^ is based on Kiener's figure of an immature individual clearly referable to the robust phase. Adult examples of this phase are heavy and far from slender, provided with a few long spines on the last whorl, and with the anterior canal showing a prominent swelling or swollen band crossing it diagonally. The entire aspect of this form is so like a "mirror image" of the usual adult dextral Busycon eliceans (Montfort)* that the view has been expressed that these sinistral shells are in reality merely teratological examples of this normally dextral 2 Gualticri, Nicolai: Index Tostarum Conchyliorum. Florcntiae 1742. See pi. 30, fig. B. 3 Lister, Martin: Ilistoria Sive Synopsis Methodica Conchyliorum. Editio Tcrtia. (Dillwyn, 1823.) * Reeve, Lovell : Conchologia Rystomatica, etc. London 1842. See vol. II, pi. 236, fig. 5. 5 Philippi, R. A.: Kurze Beschrcihung piniger neuen Conchylien. Zeit- schrift fiir Malakozoologie. Fiinfter .Tahrgang 1848. Cassel 1849. See j>. 98 and reference to Kiener's figure. Kiener, L. C. : Species CWn^ral ct Iconograjjliie dos Coquilles Vivantes, etc. Vol. 6, Pyrula, 1840. See pi. 9, fig. 2. 8 Montfort, Denys De: Conchyliologie Systi'^matiquo. Tome Second. Paris 1810. Sec pp. 502-504 and figure. July, l!);{!)] THE NAUTILUS 25 species/ Kiener, on the otiier hand, and quite recently Johnson* make sinistrality tiie bond between the slender and robust left- handed Busyeons and regard their difTerenees as varietal or sub- speeifie. As stated above, the present writer has obtained no evidence so far in favor of this latter view. Linkin<; the robust left-handed shells with Bust/con eliccans would seem more lopieal but until overwhelmin;.!: evidence supports such a practice its adoption is opposed. To make Busy con kieneri and B. eliceans conspecific would involve a nomenclatorial tangle which will be noted beyond. From the standpoint of its two original figure citations Murex perversus Linne** appears to include two distinct species. One of these is pictured by the figure in Gualtieri (pi. 30, fig. B), already considered, representing a slender sinistral shell. The other species, figured in Argenville,^" shows the robust sinistral form later to be known as Busycon kieneri (Philippi). R<3ding's^^ genus Busycon contains a B. perversum among its original species. No author is given but rather surely the Murex perversus of Linne is intended. The figure or figures cited by Roding are to be found in Chemnitz (Martini) ^^ and they illus- trate the slender phase of sinistral Busycon which, as already noted, is shown in Gualtieri 's figure of the broken shell. It is plain that the specific name perversum should be applied to but one of these two forms of Busycon. The revisions of Kiener and of Philippi, if so they may be termed, have resulted in the fastening of the name perversum to the slender shell while the robust one has done duty as variety or subspecies of Busycon ' Tryon, George W., Jr.: Manual of Conchology, etc. Vol. III. See p. 141 also pi. 57, fig. 390. 8 Johnson, Charles W. : List of Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast from Labrador to Texas. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. Vol. 40, no. 1. 1934. See p. 126. 9 Linnaeus, Carolus: Systema Naturae. Tomus I. Editio Decima, Re- formata. 1758. See p. 753. 10 Argenville: L'Histoire Naturelle, etc. Paris 1742. See pi. 18, fig. F. 11 Roding, Peter Friedrich: Museum Boltcnianum, etc. 1798. Seep. 149. 12 Chemnitz, Johann Hieronymus: Neues systematischcs Conchylien- Cabinet. Neunten Bandes, erste Abtheilung. Niimberg 1786. See vol. IX, pi. 106, fig. 902. 26 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1) ■perversum, as a distinct species {B. kieneri), or as a sinistral monstrosity of B. eliceans. Apparently no one has so far considered the type specimen of Murex perversus. WHien photographs of this type are examined it becomes clear that the name Bh.s?/co7? perversum (Linne) should be applied henceforth to the robust form described as a distinct species by Philippi, and that B. kieneri (Philippi) must unfortu- nately be placed in the synonymy. The elimination of Busycon kieneri involves the question of the validity of B. eliceans and perhaps also of B. carica (Gmelin). The trouble does not end here for a name must be found for the slender sinistral Busycon. For this purpose at least two names should be investigated. The older of these Fulgur contrarius, was used by Conrad^-' in describ- ing the left-handed Busycon of the Duplin Miocene at the Natural "Well in Duplin County, North Carolina. The later name, Busycon adversariuni, also of Conrad," was attached by him to a shell figured by Tuomey and Holmes. Busycon adversariuni appears to be founded upon a fairly mature example of B. contrarium, and the name is therefore a sjaionym for tlie latter species. The proper disposition of the recent slender sinistral Busycons is full of many difficulties. For the present, however, it seems best to regard them as a race of Busycon contrarium (Conrad). Explanation of Figures, Plate 7 Type Specimen of Murex perversus Linne. Long dimension about 74 mm. Photographs by the Linnean Society 's photographer. Fig. 1. Specimen with nportiiro turned toward observer. Fig. 2. Apical view. !•■* Conrad, T. A.: New fossil Sliells from N. Carolinn. Amer. .lourn. Sci. 39, 1840. See p. 387. Conrad, T. A.: Fossils of the Medial Tertiary or Miocene Formation of the United States, No. (4). 18(n. (Rei)ublicatiou of 1893 by William Healey Dall.) See p. 81 and pi. 45, fig. 11. i* Conrad, T. A.: Catalogue of the Miocene Shells of tlie .Mlaiitic Slope. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc. XIV. 18C2. See p. HciO. Tuomey, M. and F. S. Holmes: Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina. 1857. See p. 11.") and pi. L'it, fig. ;{. Till-: \.\i Tii.rs: :).•{ (d n.ATi-: 7 ^ 7 ■^'9^ X H W .'- 1, J. 'rvpc i)f' "Miircx"' pcrvcrsiis I-iim;i(ii>. :;, Lcinvi i .nn^ w rlil.i-ri. 4, St.i;^ nicola imliiniiidcs vancouvi-n-iKsis (Vol. .)'_', \t. 144). ."), ('ochH-ciitnim l>2, p. !»8). July, lt)39] TllK NAUTILUS 27 A NEW MEXICAN COELOCENTRUM BY II. A. PTLSBRY Ainonp: otht-M- ^loxican land shells sent by Miss M. E. Bour^'eois, of Jlixeoat'. D. P.. Mexico, were specimens of a new Coelocen- trum, which thoujrh externally nnich like various other species, has an internal armature quite unlike any yet described. COELOCENTRUM BOURGEOISAE, nCW SpCcics. PI. 7, FilTS. 5. The shell is imperforate, cylindroid, with somewhat convex sides; truncate, the breach closed by a steep plup:, central hole small. About one turn below the truncation the diameter in- crea-ses rapidly. The whorls are slightly convex, with sculpture of very fine thread-like striae about as wide as their intervals; the last whorl rounded, with only a weak trace of a spiral cord and slight impression defininjr the base. The small aperture is quite oblique, the lip a little expanded, shortly free from preced- ing: whorl. The internal axis is rather small above but enlarges in the last four whorls. It is swollen around the upper part in the third whorl from the last, this swelling; becoming a rather thick, rounded spiral cord in the penult whorl, where there is also a high spiral lamella flaring into the cavity from the junction of axis and anterior partition. Opposite the higher part of this lamella there is a much shorter spiral cord on the upper (pos- terior) partition, and a weak one in the outer wall, below the middle of the whorl (broken away in fig. 5). These lamellae diminish rapidly in the last whorl, and are not visible in the aperture. Length 21.3 mm., diam. 8.3 nnn.; 9| whorls remaining. Length 22.8 mm., diam. 7.6 mm. ; 10 whorls remaining. Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico. No other Coelocentrum yet known has a spiral lamella flaring from the front partition at its junction with the axis, together with other armature somewhat like that of the typical group of Holospira. For species having this structure the Subgenus Schizopyle, new subgenus is proposed. Type Coelocentrum hourgeoisae. 28 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1) LEIOSTRACUS WEBBERI, A NEW BULIMULID SNAIL FROM ECUADOR BY H. A. PILSBRY Among: other land shells received from Mr. Frederick S. Webber there was a single specimen of a snail having some resemblance to the Brazilian Leiostracus perlucidus (Spix), but differing in several important features. These shells were collected for Mr. Webber by a naturalist friend, in the foothills of the Andes not far from the toAvn of Banos, Ecuador. Leiostracus webberi, new species. PL 7. Fig. 3. The shell is very thin, pyramidal, narrowly umbilicate, glossy, translucent whitish, with, on the last two whorls, about six very narrow opaque M'hite bands or wide lines, and narrow irregular interrupted retractive streaks of light brown, in places broken into scattered dots ; the base without markings. The spire is straightly conic, the small apex somewhat obtuse. Whorls are moderately convex, the last one angular at periphery, slightly excavated be- low the angle, the base elsewhere weakly convex. Sculpture: — Very close to the tip fine spiral threads arise ; they are well spaced, six on each whorl, and continue on following whorls, until finally, on the later whorls, they become the white lines described above. On the third whorl microscopic spirals appear in the spaces between the threads; they are most distinct on the penult whorl, becoming weak on the last whorl and almost van- ishing at the base. The strongly oblique aperture is ovate, the lip thin and simple, triangularly dilated at the axial insertion. Length 22 mm., diam. 14 mm. ; 6f whorls. It is quite possible that the single specimen is not quite mature, and that the lip becomes expanded when full grown. On account of the apical sculpture of the shell and dentition, it will probably be best to rank Leiostracus as a genus distinct from the huge Drymaeus assemblage. It is a small group of about ten species,' all published hitherto being from tropical Brazil to Guiana. The species of the eastern parts of the continent have extremely fine, clo.se spiral lines on the apical whorls, with more or less weak, 1 Sec Man. Conch. 12: 90, and 14, Classification of Ihilinuilidao p. xlix. One species, L. ruthveni (H. B. Baker), from Guiana, has boon added since the publication of the Manual of Conchology. July, 1939] THE NAUTILUS 29 irrofjulur corrut^atioii. The western species now described dilTers by havinfj only few (about 6), widely spaced spirals on early whorls and no trace of vertical or irrejrnlar sculpture. It forms a new subg:enus of Lciostracus, to be called Graptostracus, new subgenus. A NEW SUBGENUS AND SPECIES OF WEST COAST "ALVANIA" BY MACKENZIE GORDON, JR. H. E. Vokes^ in his checklist of shell-bearing gastropods from the intertidal zone of Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California, mentioned among other microscopies two new species of ^'Alva- nia." These were not subsequently described. Recently Dr. A. Myra Keen of Stanford University collected at this locality and managed to secure some beach drift in which were numerous microscopic gastropods. Among these were two specimens of a hitherto undescribed species of "Alvania." She kindly turned them over to me for description. For some time I have realized that the group of small "West Coast shells assigned to Alvania is not congeneric with the true representatives of that genus from the Mediterranean region. The status of the genus Alvania is as follows : In April, 1884, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus^ designated Alvania cimex (Linnaeus) (= Turbo cimex Linnaeus) as the genotype of Alvania Risso (1826). Although they and other authors regarded A. cimex as conspeeific with A. freminvillea Risso, A. europaea Risso, and A. mammillata Risso, the Linnaean species did not appear in Ris.so's original list.' It is therefore not eligible for designation as the genotype, according to the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. In order to remedy this situation I hereby desig- nate Alvania freminvillea Ris.so* (= Turbo cimex Linnaeus) as the genotype of Alvania. This will not affect the practical usage of 1 Nautilus: vol. 50, no. 2 (Oct., 1936), pp. 46-50. 2 Lcs Mollusqucs Marins du Roussillon: fasc. 7, p. 282. 1884. 3 Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid.: Tome IV, pp. 140-147. 1826. *Ibid: p. 141, pi. IV, fig. 118. 30 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1) A. cimex as the genotype but it will clearly define the status of the genus Alvania in accordance with the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Recently Thiele^ cited Alvania montagui (Payraudeau) {=Ris- soa montagui Payraudeau) as t\i3ical of the genus, evidently be- lieving that earlier than April, 1884, Monterosato*^ had designated this species as the genotype. Monterosato made no such designa- tion but merely listed A. montagui first among various species of Alvania. Moreover, A. montagui did not appear in Risso's origi- nal list and is thus not eligible for designation, although it is thought by some authors to be possibly conspecific with A. sardea Risso. However, both A. cimex and A. montagui are members of Alvania s. str. The true Alvanias of the Mediterranean region differ from our West Coast forms in the following particulars : (1) They have thick, heavy shells about 5 mm. in height while the latter have rather delicate shells generally less than 3 mm. in height. (2) The}' possess five postnuclear whorls while our "West Coast forms generally average three. (3) The outer lip of the former is greatly thickened by a promi- nent buttress-like varix and its interior bears prominent denticles, while the West Coast forms have a thin to slightly thickened outer lip with the interior generally smooth but occasionally Avith shal- low spiral lirations. (4) The sculpture of the shells of true Alvania is also coarser and heavier than that of the West Coast species. As already pointed out by Dr. Paul Bartseh" our West American "Alvanias" will have to be reassigned to some of the dozen or more allied genera and subgenera of this group which have been described principally from southern Europe. Lacking sufficient comparative genot>T5e material I have not been able fully to acc()iiii)lisli tiiis task, so a final solution must await a later paper. However, it appears that no subgenus has yet been erected which would satisfactoi-ily include the species about to be described and its close West American relatives. This group is characterized by •'■' Handb. dcr Systcmat. Wcichtifrkviiidc: i>t. 1, ]>. 1G3. \9'29. 0 Conch, litt. Modit.: p. 19. 1884. 7 Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum: vol. 52, no. 219:? (May 29, 1917), p. G78. July. 1039] Tin; nautilus 31 a spiially liralo iiiu'liMis. As far as roiihl he (Ictcniiiiu'd, all sub- genera into which our West Coast " Alvanius" could bo placed are supposed to possess smooth niaminillate nuclei. Thus I take the liberty of describing the following subgenus as new : WiLLETTiA, new subgenus Subgenotype: Alvauia montercyensis Bartsch, 1911. This subgenus is characterized principally by a turbinate, well- rounded nucleus of ajiproxiniately two whorls which is sculptured by spiral lirations. Tlie shell is not thick and generally less than 3 nun. in height. The post-nuclear whorls are generally three in number and somewhat inflated or well rounded. The shell is sculptured by spiral cords on the whorls and base and axial ribs en the whorls. The intersection of the ribs and cords form nodes. The aperture is rissoid with the outer lip thin to slightly thick- ened and smooth within. The peritreme is complete. To this subgenus may be assigned A. montereyensis Bartsch, A. sanjuanensis Bartsch, A. keenae Gordon, A. aequiscidpta Keep, A. cosmia Bartsch, A. kyskaensis Bartsch, A. halia Bartsch, and A. nemo Bartsch. This subgenus is named in honor of the well known authority on West Coast shells, Mr. George Willett, Curator of the Depart- ment of Ornithology and Conchology at the Los Angeles Museum, Los Angeles, California. "Alvania" (Willettia) keenae, new species. PI. 7. Figs. 7, 9 (left). Shell small, elongate-ovate, yellowish-white. Nuclear whorls one and one-half, turbinate, with axis parallel to that of the post- nuclear turns; first nuclear half-turn smooth (eroded?) ; last turn sculptured by approximately ten rounded, hardly elevated, some- what beaded spiral lirae, separated by very narrow spiral grooves. Post-nuclear whorls well-rounded, almost inflated, mai-kod by )uir- row, rounded, elevated, slightly protractive axial ribs, about one- third to one-fourth as wide as the spaces that separate them. Of these, 18 occur on the first, 22 on the second, and 25 on the third (last) turn. The axial ribs are crossed by prominent, elevated, well-rounded spiral cords which are stronger than the axial ribs; separated by slightly wider, broadly-rounded spiral grooves. There are five spiral cords on the first two whoi-Is and six on the last, the extra cord being added below the perii)hery by the coiling of the shell. The two posterior cords are narrower and more 32 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (1) closely spaced than the rest which are siibeqiial in strength and spacing. This results in a slight angulation at the third cord in the second whorl, but not in the last whorl where the second cord becomes slightly stronger. The axial ribs are strongest where they cross the spiral cords, forming prominent elliptical nodes with the long axis parallel to the spiral cords. The axial ribs are not well developed on the last half-turn. The sutures are rather strongly constricted. Periphery well-rounded, marked by a sulcus not quite as wide as that separating the heavier cords on the spire. Base rounded, narrowly umbilicated, with a slight angulation marking the boun- dary of the umbilical area. The base is sculptured by six (not counting the first sub-peripheral cord which is exposed on the last whorl) low, rounded, closely-spaced spiral cords, much weaker than those on the spire ; the last one occupying the umbilical area. The base is also marked by faint lines and constrictions of growth. Aperture oval ; posterior angle obtuse ; outer lip very slightly thickened, well-rounded ; inner lip rounded, slightly reflected and appressed to the base posteriorly; parietal wall covered with a moderatel}^ thick callus which renders the peritreme complete. The type possesses three and one-quarter whorls and measures: length, 1.9 ; diameter, 1.0 mm. Holotype: No. 6516 (Stanford Univ. type coll.) from beach drift among boulders, Moss Beach, San Mateo County, California, collected by Dr. A. Myra Keen, October 23, 1938. A paratj-pe figured in this paper, with two and one-quarter whorls and a height of 1.4 mm. and which shows more clearly the sculpture of the nuclear whorls, was collected with the type and is : No. 7229 (Calif. Acad. Sci. type coll.). Alvania keenae appears to be most closely related to A. inon- tereyensis Bartsch which possesses eight spiral threads on the nuclear whorls and has similar sculpture. The new species, how- ever, differs from A. montercyensis in having more spiral cords on all the whorls, less axial ribs in the early whorls, and weaker spiral cords on the base, besides a more robust shape. This species is named for the collector of the types. Dr. A. Myra Keen, Curator of the Paleontological collections, Stanford Univer- sity, California. References Bartsch, Paul. 1911. The recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Alvania from tlie west coast of America : Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 41, no. 18(53. pp. 333-362, pis. 29-32. July. 1939] THE NAUTILUS 33 Bartsch, Pai'L. 1917. Descriptions of new west Aiiicrican marine niollusks aiul notes on jireviously deseribed forms: Proe. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 52, no. 219:{, pp. 677-679. Bartsch, Paul. 1927. New west American marine moliusks: Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. 70, no. 2660, pp. 29-31. BucQUOY, E., Dautzexberg, Ph., and Dollfus, G. 1884. Les niollusques marins du Roussillon : fase. 7 (April, 1884), pp. 259-298, pis. 31-35. CossMANN, M. 1921. Essais de Paleoeonchologie Comparee : vol. 12, pp. 3-32. MoxTEROSATO, A. 1884. Coneh. litt. Medit., p. 19. Risso, A. 1826. Hist. Nat. de L 'Europe Moridionale : Tome IV, pp. 140-147. SuTER, Hexry. 1913. Manual of the New Zealand Mollusea : pp. 198-227. Thtkt.k, Joiiaxnes. 1929. Handbueh der Sj^stematischen Weieh- tierkunde : pt. 1, pp. 16^163. Tryox, G. W., Jr. 1887. Manual of Conchology : vol. 9, pp. 314- 437. VoKES, H. E. 1936. The gastropod fauna of the intertidal zone at Moss Beach, San Mateo Countv, California : Nautilus, vol. 50, no. 2 (Oct., 1936), pp. 46-50. NOTES AND NEWS Exact Dates of The Nautilus. — Volume 52 (1) : pp. 1-36, pis. 1-2, was mailed July 22, 1938; (2) : 37-72, pis. 3-4 + 2 portraits, Oct. 28, 1938 [N. B. error (51) in volume on outside and p. 37.] ; (3): 73-108. pis. 5-7, Jan. 23, 1939; (4): 109-144 (fviii), pis. 8-9, April 26, 1939.— H. B. B. The Type of Section Euchemotrema Archer. — In The Nauti- lus, 1939, Vol. 52, p. 98 a new section Euchemotrema was described for the genus Stenotrctna. I neglected to assign a type species for this section, and I hereby designate Stenotrema monodon (Rackett) as its type. The figure of Stenotrema fraternum montanum Archer was in- advertently omitted from the .same paper, and is now represented on Plate 7, Fig. 9. — A. F. Archer. MiCRELENCHUS versus GiBBiUM. — In resurrecting the name Gib- hium Gray, 1843 (see the Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, vol. 50, 1937. p. 115). I overlooked the fact that this 3-4 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (1) name was preoccupied by a well known genus of ptinid beetles, Gibhium Scopoli 1777. The name Micrelenchus Finlay, 1926, is therefore the valid name for this group, typified by the species Trochus sanguineus Gray. — H. A. Rehder. Extension of Range of Tethys californicus Cooper in Cali- fornia.— The northern limit of the range of this species is usually given as the northern part of Monterey Bay. Therefore the recent collecting of two individuals at Bodega Bay, about 100 miles to the northward is noteworthy. The specimens were found in three feet of water just inside of the bay on February 2, 1939 and were presented to the California Academy of Sciences by Mr. H. B. Nidever of the California State Division of Fish and Game. — G. D. Hanna. Say's Conchology. — Continuing the series of notes which have appeared in late issues of The Nautilus regarding this work, three additional copies are now recorded. These belong to the library of the California Academy of Sciences. 1. This copy is trimmed and bound in paper board ; it was se- cured many years ago, along with the remainder of the library of Gustav Hambach, the paleontologist of St. Louis, Missouri. It once went through the hands of Friedlander u. Sohn, Berlin, but the remainder of its history is not known. A previous possessor's signature has been clipped from title page and covers. Parts 6, 7 and the glossary are missing but otherwise it seems complete. Fifty plates are present and the covers, both front and back, are bound at the end. 2. This copy was presented by Dr. Barton Warren Evermann, March 26, 1921 and is beautifully preserved. There is nothing to indicate its previous history. It is bound in gray paper board, uncut, and very few of the pages are brown stained. All seven parts, complete with 68 plates, are present but the glossary is lacking. Plates and covers, fi-ont and bai-k. nic hound at the end of the volume. 3. This copy was presented to the Academy hy Dr. Hans Schlesch, April 29, 1937, and is complete with glossary and all seven parts. Plates and all covers are bound in their respective July. 1939] Till-: nautilus 35 places tlirouj,'lu)iit the volume, thus aidiuj; inatcrially in collation. The name on plate 53 is *'Unio qu(i(lrulus Kal'." Only the top of the book has been trimmed. The binding is old half morocco. Dr. Sehlescli advised (Nov. 29, 1937) that it formerly belonged to Henry Krebs, the Danish collector, and author of a catalog of West Indian marine shells. It went from him to Dr. C. M. Poulsen. after Avho.se death it passed into the possession of the dealer, Herman Lynge and from whom it was purchased for 30 Danish Crowns. So far as can be learned from Dr. Wlieeler's articles and other notes in late numbers of The Xautilus, these three copies make 29 now known to be in existence. The Krebs-Schlesch copy ranks with the Tomlin copy as being complete and maintaining the origi- nal order if the glossary be considered a part of the work. Infor- mation regarding such copies as that of Dr. J. H. Beal is not suffi- cient so that the reader may completely evaluate it. — G. D. Hanna. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED A Preliminary Account of the Unionidae of Ontario. — By A. La Rocque and J. Oughton. Canadian Jour. Research, Sec. D. Vol. 15, Aug., 1937. A resume of the Unionid fauna of this province is given in tabular form with a comparison (numerical) of the several drainage basins with critical notes on all doubtful species. 40 species and 14 varieties are noted. An important bibliography is given for Canadian references. — \V. J. Clench. Physiology of reproduction of Ostrea virginica. I. Spawn- ing reactions of the female and male. By Paul S. Galtsoff. Biol. Bull. Woods Hole 75 : 461^86, 14 figs., 1938. Spawning of the female consists in the discharge of eggs from the ovary, in rhythmic contractions of the adductor and in contraction and change in the position of the mantle borders. Eggs discharged into the suprabranchial chamber are forced, by an increased pressure there at the time of the widest gaping of the shell, to penetrate through the gills into the pallial cavity, and are expelled by vigor- ous movements of the valves. ]\Iale ejaculation is not accompanied by such rhythmic contractions of the adductor and the sperm are simply carried away by the cloacal current. — H. B. B. 36 the nautilus [vol. 53 (1) The reproductive system and spermatogenesis of Limacina (Spiratella) retroversa (Flem.). By Sidney C. T. Hsiao. Biol. Bull. 76 : 7-25, 7 figs., 1939. This species seems not to show atypi- cal spermatogenesis. No cytological connection has been observed between the "nurse-cells" and the germ cells. Its genitalia agree very closely with those described by Meisenheimer (1905). — H. B. B. The history of a population of Limacina retroversa during ITS DRIFT ACROSS THE GuLF OF Maine. By Alfred C. Redfield. Biol. Bull. 76 : 26-47, 10 figs., 1939. A population of small speci- mens of this pteropod appears in the eastern part of the Gulf in December, 1933. Collections made during the following 9 months showed that the population was homogeneous, that its members grew to maximum size in 5 months and the numbers decreased as they did so. In addition to the information on the life history, the data indicate the rate of drift of the water in its circuit of the Gulf, supply suggestive information on the dispersal of organisms through the lateral mixing of water and emphasize the dependence of pelagic organisms upon the current systems of the ocean and the difficulty in maintaining a permanent population in any one locality.— H. B. B. Prosobranciiia et Opisthobraxchia. Par W. Adam et E. Leloup. Result. Scient. Voy. Indes Orient. Neerlandaises, etc., vol. 2, fasc. 19 (Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique) : 1-209, 8 pis., 38 figs., 1938. Synonymies, localities and dimensions of the speci- mens obtained are given. Excellent radular figures are included for Diodora, Cellana, Acmaea, Trochus, Turbo, Ncrita, Theodoxus, Neritina, Septnria, Lcptopoma, Viviparua, Liftorina, Tcctarius, Brotia, Sulcospira, Mclania, Tcrchralia, Monet aria, Drupa and Jopas. Photographs of the shells of many species are beautifully reproduced. — H. B. B. AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION Tlie Toronto Meotiiijr, held at the Royal Oiitai-io INIuseum of Zoology June 20-23. was one of the best we have had, with large attendance and many interesting jiapers and addresses. The hospitality and arrangements of the local Committee were perfect at every point. A I'ni-tlier report will follow. The Nautilus Vol. 53 October, 1939 No. 2 COLLECTING ON A CORAL REEF IN FLORIDA BY THOMAS L. McGINTY For some time we had talked of a combined shell collecting and diving trip to the great coral reef which lies just off the Florida Keys and on the edge of the Gulf Stream. After considerable study of the nautical charts a mere speck of land about eight miles southeast of Key West and some five miles from the nearest land was chosen as a base for our operations. A local boatman agreed to maroon us upon our chosen desert island for four days, after which time, weather permitting, he would return to carry us back to the mainland. On June 19th we reached our destination. Middle Sambo Shoal, and were surprised to find it even smaller than we had expected. Our row-boat, collecting equipment, diving gear and camp sup- plies were carried ashore, the boatman waved a farewell salute and departed, and we began life as three Robinson Crusoes. When camp was established there remained only a few feet between our tent and the nearby Atlantic and because of the numerous turtle "crawls" everywhere in evidence it was decided to provide some form of barricade to discourage, if possible, the big fellows from flattening the tent to the annoyance of those within. Even as we worked, a huge loggerhead laboriously came up out of the sea to inspect the island for later use. In the afternoon, at low tide, much of the reef was exposed and our domain had more than doubled in size. Here were ideal col- lecting conditions with loose rocks and corals of all sizes which had been broken off the main reef by previous hurricanes. The water was marvelously clear, so with diving goggles we enjoyed a sort of pre-view of the breath-taking beauty which the wonders (37) 38 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2) of the reef afford. Later with the diviiig:-helmet we were free to move about on the ocean floor and allowed to enjoy in perfect comfort the indescribable beauty of the underwater world. The largest and finest of the Florida star shells, Astraea caelata, was abundant in crevices and under rocks in all the varied stages of growth. Also present were Mitra harhadensis and the fast moving Pisania pusio; a species of Epitonium lived buried in the sand among the rocks and Cassis testiculus was found in its favor- ite station under the larger stones. Cypraea spurca and an occa- sional Cypraea cinerea with lovely mantles extended were hidden and waiting to resume their nocturnal habits. The pretty little Engina turhinella had found a home to its liking under rocks in shallow water and lived in neighborly fashion with Area, Can- tharus, Littorina, Planaxis and Modulus. It was a real thrill to turn over a stone and find whole colonies of Nitidella nitidula, Pyrene mercatoria and Tegula semigranosa. Various limpets were left exposed clinging to the rocks, Acmaea and Fissurella. Occasionally under stones could be had Lucapina, Suhemarginula and the pretty little Diadora minuta. Large Conus mus and that beauty, Conus nehidosus, were hidden beneath loose coral. The red colored animal of Conus nehidosus was rather shy but often a patient observer could see the action of the poison barb. This single edged barb is really a very highly developed tooth of the radula and there seems to be little doubt that its function is to assist the slow moving carnivorous animal in procuring food rather than for protection from its enemies. Care should be taken in the handling of members of this genus until it can be determined whether the Conidae of Florida are dangerous to man. Just to the east of our island, where the bottom was grassy, we walked on the ocean floor in the diving-helmet. Conditions here were perfect for the large Strombus gigos, judging by their abundance. Occasional Cassis madagascarcusis and Cassis (ubc- rosa were observed fully extended and searching for prey. Triton nohiiis, one of the most attractive of tlic larger West Indian mol- luscs, concealed itself under large hollow corals. Exploring the outer reef through tlie medium of the diving gear was a constant source of joy aiui thi-ills. I'or here was all the amazing beauty of a coral reef in a tropic sea. CJorgeous colored Oi'tober. 1931)] the nautilus 39 fish of varied size and shape, graceful waviiij; seu-fans, together with an astonisliinj,' abundance of many other forms of sea life, made a pieture so (hizzliufr in color that once seen it could never be forjrotten. Several species of gorgonians were observed and clinging to some was a living cargo, the pretty leopard-spotted Cyphoma gibbosa. Spondylus and Chama were so well camou- flaged that a movement of the valves or a glimpse of exposed mantle was needed to distinguish them from their surroundings of multi-hued marine growth. Rarely among the living coral could be seen ConiUiuphUa abbrcviata or the graceful Calliostama jujubinuni. There were thrills too, for the great barracuda found the coral reef with its abundant food supply to his liking. On one occa- sion while below, the writer decided to shift the anchor and tow the boat above to unexplored territory. After completing the task a glance towards the surface disclosed an alarming sight. Intentlj' watching and quite motionless were no less than ten huge barracuda, so close that the round spots on their horizontal bodies were clearly visible. It was a long trek back to the descending line with spinal shivers all the way, and needless to say diving was discontinued for the day. The story of the island could hardly be complete without men- tioning the hermit crabs. Great legions of them, in all manner of shells, at times came out of the sea. They became bedfellows at night and one even sampled a collecting hat in its search for food. We expressed our thanks only to those in fine homes which now have a place in the collection. This more or less continuous reef off the Florida Keys presents to the collector almost unlimited possibilities. It is a field which has been touched in but few places. Much of the area can only be worked with the aid of diving gear but there are places favor- able for shallow water work. Here, given time and luck, one may well hope to make new discoveries or at least to add some bit to the knowledge of the undersea life at the edge of the Gulf Stream. The writer is tremendously indebted to the other members of our party, Mr. Orrin Randolph, an experienced diver who fur- nished the diving equipment, and ^Ir. Burner Haag. Without their companionship and helpfulness this trip would not have been possible. 40 THE NAUTILUS [VoL. 53 (2) CONUS MELVILLI SOWERBY, AND A NEW SPECIES OF THE LAMELLARIIDAE BY LOUISE M. PERRY In the sprinjr of 1938 a small living Conns was dredfred at six fathoms depth in the Gulf of Mexico about three miles off Little Carlos Pass, Lee Count}'-, Florida. The small cone did not fall into the eateicked uji on tlie beaeli by Mr. ]\Ielvill at Key West (south ol" Florida) in 1872, and is at jiresent the only specimen known of the species." The new sjieciinen has a longitnde of 13 nun.; maxinnim width 6.5 mm. ; length of body whorl 10 mm. Tlu^ apex is obtuse, October, 1939] the nautilus 41 the spire is slopintr aiul consists of four whorls below the apex; the shoulder is rounded and the body whorl tapers to a width of 2 mm. at the base. The sutures are slip:htly canaliculate. The aperture is narrowest above and re^'ularly increases in width to the base of the shell; the outer lip is thin and sharp. The ground color of the shell is bluisii-white, the revolvinfj: chestnut colored striations are closely placed, very faint near the shoulder, becoming stronger over the expanded portion of the body whorl and developing into elevated threads over the narrowed basal por- tion. Light brown irregular markings are arranged in indefinite longitudinal bands, with the color much deeper about the sutures and near the base. Well within the aperture the interior of the shell is seen to be chestnut colored. The periostracum is pale brown, thin and papery. The operculum is typical of the genus. Marsenixa globosa, new species. PI. 8, fig. 2. Shell thin, translucent, milky-white, with a shining, diaphanous periostracum. Apex minute, apical whorl very small and thin ; two small whorls, the second rapidly enlarging into bodj^ whorl which comprises about four-fifths of the total altitude of the shell. The whorls are rounded, inflated and oblique ; sutures deeply im- pressed ; sculpture consists of fine incremental lines. The aper- ture is obliquely expanded downward to the right ; the outer lip is thin, sharp and very fragile ; the columella is incurved and deeply concave at the center. The interior of the shell is smooth, shining and iridescent and the sutural impressions and cavity of the spire are visible when the shell is viewed from the base. Height from base of columella 14 mm. ; height from base of expanded lip 15.5 mm. ; width at posterior angle of aperture 9.75 mm. ; greatest width of shell 14 mm. ; diameter — greatest thick- ness of shell — 9.25 mm. The animal is oval and rounded, the tissues firm ; the extreme anteroposterior measurement is 18 mm., extreme height 9 mm. The mantle is dull white with abundant opaque maculations; it is reflected over the shell, leaving exposed a circular area of about 4 mm. diameter. The snout is short and very mobile, the tentacles rounded and tapering, black eyes at outer side of base of tentacles. The foot is triangular, lengthened, with bluntly rounded angles. 42 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2) The specimen upon which this species is based was taken by Jeanne S. Schwengel in Pine Island Sound, Lee County, Florida, in AprH, 1939. ASHEVILLE, N. C. POLYDONTES OBLITERATUS (FeRUSSAC) BY H. A. PILSBRY This handsome snail is still rare in collections, though it was defined in 1821 by Ferussac's figures of specimens collected by Mauge. These specimens were probably in poor condition; the dark ground color as apparently * ' restored ' ' by the artist is quite incorrect. The locality was given as Porto Rico. This erroneous habitat was repeated from one author to another up to 1901 (in Dall and Simpson's Mollusca of Porto Rico). However, Bland as early as 1876 gave notes on a dead specimen, white with no trace of brown bands, picked up in 1875 by Mr. V. P. Parkhurst in the immediate northern vicinity of Port au Prince, Haiti ( Ann. Lye. N. H. of N. Y., 11 : 148), and more recently (1887) H. Rolle found it at Jeremie, according to Crosse ( Journ. de Conch. 1891, p. 51). The fine specimen now illustrated (PL 8, fig. 5) was taken by Dr. S. H. Williams, Professor of Zoology, University of Pitts- burgh, on Nouvelle Terain, at an elevation of 8000 feet, and was transmitted to me by Mr. C. B. Wurtz, one of his students. It measures, height 32, diam. 54 mm., with 4^ whorls. The first 3^ Avhorls are whitish gray, without markings. On the last whorl the very thin periostracum has a faintly buff tint, and is banded with cinnamon brown or somewhat lighter, tlie bands narrow and interrupted, three on tlie up]>er surface, about eiglit on llie base. The embryonic shell, of nearly 1\ whorls, sliows faint growth wriuklcs aud a fine, weak granulation. This granulation becomes stronger on subsecjuent whorls, l)ut only weakly reaches to the last whorl, which has irregular retractive wrinkles but no granulation above except in j)laces near the jieriplu'ral angle, above wliidi there is a band of short but enii)hatic wrinkles. The base is granulate throughout. The columella has a low, convex lobe. TIIK XAITIMs. :,:| (2) I'LATK s m ^:^: .',^<^^ J. ro„«. n,r,nll,. -2, Marsrnnu, ,,l„l,n.s„. :t. r,„.lnsln;un m„ih„.ul, 4, r^/,/ last two speries of snails there are two faetors to be taken into consideration coneerninj? their presence in that part ol" Pennsylvania. First, that tlie eliinatie conditions have been favor- able for their existence in this part of the state, that their food has always been available, and that the river courses have made easy routes of distribution to nuUce the northward niitrration desirable. Second, that this apparent northward migration mij^lit be a resettlement or repopulation of territory once occupied by these species before they were driven southward by the encroach- ment of the last glacier. To have a complete knowledge of the molluscan fauna of Penn- sylvania more thorough collecting must be made in some of the less accessible places in this state, especially those in the more mountainous sections of the central part. NEW MEXICAN SPECIES OF SPIRAXIS BY H. BUREINGTON BAKER This constitutes part 5 of a series on Mexican mollusks collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. The first paper appeared (1928) as Occasional Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, no. 193, in which the symbols for localities are explained on pp. 2-25. SpraAxis (Rectaxis) granum, new species. Shell (pi. 9, f. 5) cylindric-turrite, light corneous to whitish, glassy and transparent, with very low, flattened growth-threads. Whorls 7f , flattened convex, with rather shallow, weakly crenulate suture. Apex large; embryonic whorls about 3, quite rapidly widening; first 1^ almost smooth; remainder gradually assuming lounded growth-threads, demarcated by incised lines with weak traces of spiral striae. Later whorls medium in length, very gradually increasing, with low^ flattened growth-threads, which die out basally on last whorl and are more than ^ width of their interspaces, that show fine growth-striae but lack definite spirals; first neanic whorl with 37 threads; second with 40; third with 42 and last whorl with 45. Aperture oval-trapezoidal, with longest dimension about 35° to shell-axis; peristome simple, almost verti- cal and very little arcuate; colninella almost straight, rounded and quite heavy, tapering more abi-uptly towards basal end. Alt. 2.97 mm., diam. 31 (0.93 mm.), alt. last whorl 39 (1.16 mm.); 50 THE NAUTILUS fVOL. 53 (2) aperture alt. 23 (0.69 mm.), diam. 67 (0.46 mm.). Another (sta- tion 54) measures: alt. 3.22, diam. 28 (0.89), alt. last whorl 39 (1.25); aperture alt. 23 (0.74), diam. 66 (0.49); 7| whorls. Anatomy (to be figured) similar to that of S. intermedius but free oviduct (UV) relatively larger and prostate and ovotestis simpler. Radular formula: 12-l-(2 + 10) ; teeth more elongate. Below Necaxa (D, III, a, 52) , alt. 3120 ft. ; common. 8. granum is quite variable in shape and columella. It may be the same as 8. linearis Pfeiffer, which probablj^ was founded on a young or paedogenetoid shell, but the latter appears to have more closely spaced threads and longer, more oblique whorls. Spiraxis (Rectaxis) subtilis, new species. Shell (pi. 9, f. 1) subulate, light corneous, glassy and almost transparent, with numerous incised growth-lines. Whorls 9i, flat- sided, with simple, rather shallow, overriding suture. Apex smaller than in /S. (jranum; embrj'onic whorls 21, short, quite rap- idly widening; first almost smooth; otherwise as in S. g-ranum. Later whorls becoming longer and gradually widening, with sculp- ture of incised growth-lines and interspaces that slope outwards (rise) in direction of growth (i.e., like the surface of a shingled roof) and, especially on the earlier whorls, may be thickened just before each impressed line so as to approach the condition in (S. granum; first neanic whorl with about 47 lines; second with 38; third with 41; fourth with 48; fifth with 50 and last with 51. Aperture trapozoidal-ovate, with longest dimension about 30° to shell-axis; peristome simple, almost vertical and very little arcu- ate; columella narrow, slightly oblique and almost straight. Alt. 4.58, diam. 28 (1.29), alt. last whorl 36 (1.66) ; aperture alt. 21 (0.96), diam. 68 (0.65). Las Tortolas, Cordoba (D, I, a, 4), 2625-3000 ft.; quite rare. 8. suhtilL<> is somewhat similar to, but has a smaller apex and longer, more rectilinear Aviioi'ls tiian «^. rJiabdus Pilsbry. S. (R.) SUBTILIS viTKKUS, iicw suhspeeios. Shell (pi. 9, f. 2) similiir to S. .subfilis hut with shorter, more convex and more i-a|)i(lly widening whoi-ls. First neanic whorl with 42 growth-lines; seeond with 40; third with 43; fourth with 49 and fifth and last each with 50. Alt. 4.16, diam. 31 (1.28), alt. last whorl 37 (1.54); aperture alt. 21 (0.89), diam. 73 (0.65); almost 9 whorls. Below Necaxa (D, I, a, 54), 2625 ft.; quite rare. This subspe- cies can scarcely be (S. cniifrrtcstriatns (S. & P.) since it has two Till-: NAITII.IS .-);{ (2; I'l.ATK II 1. S/nni.n.s .siihlilis. 1^, S. .siiblilt.s vih-tii.s. i!, 4, S))ii(i.ris siihii ilioor except ashoi-e near our anchorage, on the west side, near the end of the sontli anii of Uganik Bay. This is the only place that I have found i1 worth ^liih' to look for land shells. October, 1939] the nautilus 63 The following: species were taken (liuiii<,' the several hours that I collected in that locality, about the middle of Oi-tober, 1924. They were all identified by Mr. Vanatta. Eucouulus fabricii (Bei'k). 43 specimens at ^rass roots. Euconulus fulviis alaskc7isis (Pilsbry). Under cottonwood logs and dead leaves. Like Dr. S. S. Berry, I found practically no dilTorence between this variety and the tj'pical species which I collected in Kamchatka in 1925 and in 1928, and which I suspect is really the varietal form. I have some specimens from Van- couver Island that are labeled with the same name that are more amber colored and with a slightly greater height than the northern shells. These approach Euconulus trochiformia Mtg., and are probably that species. I also have Euconulus fulvus alaskensis Pilsbry, that I collected on Unimak, Akutan, Unalaska and Atka Islands, that are exactly the same as those from Kodiak Island and Kamchatka. Pristiloma arcticum (Lehnert). Several specimens under wild rhubarb. Discus cronkhitci (Newcomb). About 300 specimens. Very connnon at the base of wild rhubarb and grass roots. Like those of S. S. Berry found at Karluk, Kodiak Island, these are for the most part smaller than the typical race. They are similar in color and with slight sculpture compared with the Kamchatka speci- mens, being a light greenish yellow brown, are quite smooth but are much less in size. The habitat and enviromnent and climate is similar. There is, quite likel}', an imperceptible intergradation between these two forms. The specimens which I collected at Yakima, Washington, are more like the typical. They are normal size, much darker brown than the northern form and have a well defined sculpture which is easily visible. It may be quite justi- fiable to describe the northern form as a new sub-species and the one from Kamchatka as a variety, but whoever undertakes a revision of the western form of this species should have a great many specimens at hand for comparison from many localities. Punctum conspectum (Bid.). 1 specimen, under wild rhubarb. Vitrina alaskana Dall. 12 specimens; a smaller race. Under wild rhubarb leaves and grass roots. Retinella radiatula (Alder). 8 specimens, typical. Under wild rhubarb and grass roots. 64 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2) Vertigo modesta Say. 15 specimens. Under decaj'ing cotton- wood logs. Columella edentula (Drap.). 25 specimens. Under dead alder leaves (Alnus hirsuta). Succinea chrysis "VVesterl. 22 specimens. Under dead alder leaves. The mature specimens are large, (24 mm. long by 15 mm. wide). The aperture is of a beautiful golden red amber color. Succinea rusticana alaskana Dall. Several specimens. Under wet springy moss along a small ditch. Succinea grosvcnori Lea. 9 specimens, in wet moss. It is possible that a more intensive search in this locality would reveal other species of land shells. The rain of fine ash from the eruption of Katmai across Shelikof Strait does not seem to have fallen as heavily in this section as it did on Afognak Island and some parts of Kodiak Island, where the ash fell several feet deep. Vegetation seems not to have been adversely affected, but it may have been disastrous to certain species of land snails in districts where ash fell deeply. This may partly explain the absence of these animals in some rather promis- ing looking spots that I have visited. WENDELL CLAY MANSFIELD Wendell Clay Mansfield was born on June 9, 1874, in Cliarlotte Center, in western New York, a little to the south of Lake Erie and to the east of Lake Chautauqua. His A.B. degree was re- ceived from Syracuse University in 1908. For the two years fol- lowing his graduation he taught science in the secondary schools. On June 20, 1910, he entered the Federal service as preparator to Dr. William Healey Dall, replacing the veteran collector Frank Burns. Mr. Mansfield advanced through the usual stages to the rank of Geologist, and in the meantime he had in 1913 received a M.S. degree from George Wasliiugton University and in 1927 his doctorate. He was a member of the Geological and Biological Societies of Washington, the Paleontological Society, the Wash- ington Academy of Sciences, and the Geological Society of Amer- ica. Ilis wife, Katherine Gibson Mansfield, died several years ago after a long illness, and there were no children. He accepted October. 1939] Tin: naitilus 65 without bitterness, but with lull realization, the comparative loneliness of his later life. He himself was in wretched health for a number of years, but tiiere was no word of complaint nor of morbid reflection. He was spared, however, a lonji: dei)eudence that would have been harder than physical pain, for the end came suddenly on July 24, 1939. his first day of absence from his office desk. Two sisters, a brother, and two nephews, whom he rcfxarded with pride and with affection, survive him. Trained under the aejris of Dr. Dall, liis natural rejrard and respect for books and museum collections was deepened and strengthened, and the Tertiary moUuscan collections at the U. S. National Museum bear the imprint of his care. His faunal and stratigraphic studies were focused on the middle and later Terti- ary and the Pleistocene of the Atlantic seaboard from Virginia to Florida. To those familiar with the deliberation with which he worked, the sum total of his published writings is surprisingly large, and most of his papers include a distinct stratigraphic contribution. He was the first to extend the Yorktown formation inland to Petersburg, Va. The description of the upper Miocene faunas of Florida — those of the Choctawhatchee formation — and their careful zoning are, perhaps, his most comprehensive work. In this he established the upper faunal and stratigraphic limit of the Miocene, while his work upon the Tampa has greatly aided in fixing the lower limit of the Miocene. His study of the contro- versial faunal and field relations of the Chickasawhay, on which he was engaged for some months before his death, was sufficiently far advanced so that it can be published in part. Possibly the foremost quality of the man and of his work may be indicated by the outmoded word integrity. Too little self- assertive and too little self-confident to be sure of the Tightness of his owTi opinions, he was yet tenacious of a belief which he had well considered and made his own. He was never too busy to be approached, and gave generously of all that was his, whether material or immaterial. He asked little of life during the later years, and those of us accustomed to the simple tenor of his ways were surprised at the diversity of interests and organizations represented in the chapel filled by those who gathered to pay the final tribute. Julia Gardner 66 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2) JOHN RITCHIE, JR. John Ritchie died July 22, at his home in Maiden, Mass., at the age of 88 years. Most shell collectors of twenty-five or thirty years ago knew Mr. Ritchie personally or by correspondence. At that time he was actively amassing what became one of the large private collections of the time, and getting together a considerable conchological library. His shells w'ere practically all obtained by exchange or purchase, for I doubt whether Mr. Ritchie himself ever collected in the field. Besides collecting shells and shell literature, Mr. Ritchie had several other scientific interests, particularly astronomy. For twenty-three years he was in charge of the collection and distri- bution of astronomical news from the Harvard Observatory, where he had earlier been an assistant. He was an Associate Editor of the American Journal of Public Health, and was Health Commissioner of Boston, 1908-1910. Mr. Ritchie was a member of the Boston Malacological Club, The American Malacological Union, and of various other musical, sanitary and philanthropic bodies. NOTES AND NEWS A Banded Variety of Typhis lowei Pils. — This West Mexican species as originally described is uniform cream colored. Miss Bourgeois in a recent letter enclosed drawings by Prof. Ignacio Ancona H. of the Instituto de Biologia, Mexico D. P., which rep- resent a specimen profusely marked with interrupted narrow dark brown bands, the shape remaining as in the type. This color-variety- was found at Ziiiuatanejo, Guerrero. We reproduce these figures on pi. 8, fig. 4. — H. A. Pilsbry. Who or What? — A paper entitled "Publications of the O.G.B., III, Molusca of Cincinnati," was issued in 1876. For at least indexing purposes, it would be helpful to know who or what O.G.B. might be. Information on the point was asked of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Mr. Ralph Dury, the Director, answered that though he was familiar with the jiaper he had never been able to trace its origin or to discover the mean- October, 1939] tiik nautilus 67 inp of O.G.H. It is possible that one of the early recipients of the publication may have tilled out the words for which O.G.B. stood in the same way that librarians write out the full names of authors who have been content to supply only the initials of their «riven names for title pa^xes. In the hope that this is so, I am asking? owners of the little pamphlet to look up their copies to see if they can solve the mystery. — Calvin Goodrich. Dr. H. Burrington Baker has returned from Porto Rico, where he studied and collected mollusks during July and August. The Type Locality of Cochliopa rowelli (Tryon). — Definite confirmation of Panama as the original (type) locality for Cochliopa rowcUi (Tryon) ^ has come to light in the United States National Museum collections. One specimen (USNM No. 24884) was catalogued February 22, 1875, and labelled in Carpenter's handwriting : "24884 / Rowell 21 / Panama (and on back of label) What is this? 'Leptoxis' H. Adams / f Fluminicola / Shell for S. I. : Name and number to /Rowell." At a later date, R. E. C. Stearns wrote Leptoxis f H. Adams on the front of the label, and still later someone else, possibly Dr. Dall, crossed this name out and wrote in Fluminicola. Another specimen (USNM No. 28107) was catalogued March 25, 1876, as **type" from California from Tryon.- Several addi- tional specimens are in the National Museum Series of this species, all apparently part of the original lot, as they are labelled "Clear Lake" or "California" and all seemingly came from the Stearns Collection. Rowell 's note^ as to his taking this species "near Baulinas Bay (not Clear Lake) Marin Co., California," must be regarded as a slip of memory, supported by misidentifications. In the Na- tional Museum collections are shells from Baulinas Bay, labelled Amnicola rowelli Tryon by Stearns, but these are clearly mis- identified, being Pomatiopsis. — J. P. E. Morrison.* The Systematic Position of the Genus Ekadanta Rao. — The 1 Pilsbry, Nautilus, 19, p. 91, 1905; also: Proc. A.N.S.P. 1906, p. 172. 2 The type of C. rowelli, so marked by Tryon, is 58281, A.N.S.P. (Ed.). 3 Nautilus, 20, p. 10, 1906, * Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 68 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (2) Subfamily Ekadantinae (Hydrobiidae), mcliidin,//, I llm "liiiiii III. J, :^;i, I liloiKlliil iliiuioi . '■'<. I. Ill nil.-, iiirmni ii.^. 4. 4.1. .liiiiilii.s rliarii .•^xn. .">, .'Ja, Miirlridrn mansfirJili. (!. i>;i. Ci /lolis niroli. 7. .\si„llii ,li-nh. II,,,, . -.'.. CFii.".. ^ri. 4!i, 5a, -2.) January, 1940J the nautilus S'i Latirus JUCUNDUS. iu>\v spocics. PI. 10, Fi;r. '^. Tlic dfli^'litrul Latirus. Shell fusiform, whorls 7 (apex lost), solid, with spire lon^jer than the aperture, umbilicus sli«;htly open; sculpture of rounded axial folds, about 7 in number on the last whorl, weak at suture and on the base ; spiral threads on the shoulder and stron<;er cords below, the upper-most and those on the base alternatiufr with smaller threads. Aperture eloufrate, lirae in the throat about 8. There are 4 columellar folds, about equal, and a strong: ridge on the parietal wall near the posterior angle of the aperture. Height 43.8 mm., wndth 19 mm. Locality: Belle Glade, Palm Beach County. Horizon: Plio- cene (?) Holotype in McGinty collection. L. jiicu7idus can be most easilj^ distinguished from L. maxwelli by the smaller size, the more slender shell, surface sculpture and the only slightly open umbilicus. The presence of two well de- veloped cords on the earlier whorls suggests the recent L. mcgintyi. Anachis chariessa, new species. PI. 10, Figs. 4, 4a. The grace- ful Anaehis. Shell slender, spire elevated, 7 whorls (nucleus lost), suture distinct ; surface of shell smooth with well rounded separated ribs, strongest at suture, 4 largest on the last whorl ; about 16 feeble threads on the base becoming a little stronger at the canal ; aper- ture narrow and long, canal short, outer lip not much thickened with about 10 lirae within. Height 21.5 mm., wddth 7.8 mm. Locality : Clewiston, Hendry County. Horizon : Caloosa- hatchee marl, Pliocene. Holotype in McGinty collection. This graceful little shell appears to be the largest Anachis yet taken in the marls. The beautifully preserved holotype shows clearly some of the original color markings in the form of wavy brown lines on the surface of the shell. MuRicroEA MANSFiELDi, ucw specics. PI. 10, Figs. 5, 5a. Shell small, spire elevated about 6 shouldered whorls (nucleus lost), a single row of v-shaped spines not recurved, suture indis- tinct; sculpture of axial folds terminating with a row of spines (about 7 on the last whorl) ; spiral sculpture of weak threads on the shoulder becoming stronger below, about midway between the 84 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3) crown and the base are 4 more prominent threads with smaller ones between. Aperture about one-half length of shell. Urate within about 6 in number; umbilicus almost closed. Height 20 mm., width 13 mm. Locality : Clewiston, Hendry County. Horizon : Caloosahatchee marl, Pliocene. Holotype in the McGinty collection and a para- type in the U. S. National Museum. This species is named for the late Dr. Wendell Clay Mansfield whose contributions to the knowledge of the tertiary of Florida were many and will prove invaluable to students in the future. Tritonalia graceae, new species. PI. 10, Figs. 2, 2a. Shell small, spire low, about 5 whorls (nucleus lost), suture appressed, indistinct ; whorls shouldered ; about 7 foliated ribs or varices ; ribs spined, stronger and some recurved on the crown ; double row of basal spines in the siphonal region; aperture truncate-oval ; canal straight, longer than the aperture. Height : 22 mm., width 16.8 mm. Locality : Belle Glade, Palm Beach County. Horizon : Pliocene (?) Holotype in McGinty collection. This attractive little shell is named for Grace Pilsbry, the discoverer. T. graceae can be distinguished from T. macginiyi by the lower spire, shouldered whorls, having larger recurved foliated spines on the crown and the straight canal. NEW STATE AND COUNTY RECORDS OF LAND- SNAILS IN PENNSYLVANIA BY CHARLES B. WURTZ This material is offered as an annotation to the list compiled by the Laboratory of Recent Invertebrates of the Carnegie Museum in 1931. The records are from the collections of the Carnegie Museum and the writer. Those from the Carnegie Museum col- lection are indicated by the initials " CM. " after the county name. Three of the state records indicated by a star (*) were recently published by the Laboratory of Recent Invertebrates at Carnegie Museum, but they are included here as a matter of convenience. Many people iiave contributed to the writer's collection and aided in the accumulation of these records. Chief among these January, 1940] the nautilus 85 are Mr. L. ^V. Henderson, of Waynesburp Collefje, and Miss Dorothy Wentlinp of Mt. Holyoke College, who was in a larpe part responsible for the Lebanon County records. Records new to the state are : HELicroAE 1. Polygyra profunda efasciata Walker. Counties : Allegheny CM., Beaver CM., Lawrence CM. 2. Polygyra mojiodon (Rackett). Counties: Allegheny CM., Butler, Crawford, Cumberland, Fayette CM., Lawrence CM., Schuylkill CM., Westmoreland. 3. Polygyra fraterna cava (hea) * Erie Connty. ZONITroAE 4. Ventridens supi^ressus virginicus Vanatta. Counties : Alle- gheny CM., Columbia CM., Indiana CM., Lebanon Philadelphia CM., Westmoreland CM. 5. Paravitrea placentula lacteodens (Pilsbry). Westmoreland County. 6. Paravitrea capsella (Gould).* Westmoreland County. 7. Retinella binneyana (Morse). Counties: Allegheny, Cum- berland. 8. Retinella carolinensis (Ckll.).* Counties: Cumberland, Lawrence, Lebanon, Westmoreland. 9. Retinella wheatleyi (Bland). Allegheny County. 10. Euconulus chersinus (Saj-)- Counties: Allegheny, Schuyl- kill CM. Endodontidae 11. Anguispira alternata carinata Pilsbry. Counties: Alle- gheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Erie CM., Fayette CM., Greene, Lancaster CM., Lawrence, McKean CM., Mer- cer C.^I., Westmoreland. 12. Anguispira alternata eriensis (Clapp). Counties: Erie CM., Lawrence. 13. Discus patulus angulatus Kutchka. Counties : Allegheny. Records of species in counties, which have not, as yet, been published, are: 86 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3) HELICroAE 1. Pohjgyra tridentata (Say). Counties: Center CM., Erie, Mercer, Perry, Pike. 2. Polygyra tridentata juxtidens Pilsbry. Counties: Berks CM., Fayette. 3. Polygyra fraudulenta Filshvy. Counties : Armstrong:, Cum- berland. 4. Polygyra fallax (Say). Counties: Allegheny CM., Cumber- land, Greene, Washington CM., York CM. 5. Polygyra profunda (Ssiy). Washington CM. County. 6. Polygyra sayana Pilsbry. Counties: Beaver, Clarion. 7. Polygyra alholabris (Say). Counties: Mercer, Tioga CM. 8. Polygyra zaleta (Binney). Counties: Berks CM., Erie. 9. Polygyra multilineata (Say). Crawford County. 10. Polygyra dentifera (Binney). Greene CM. County. 11. Polygyra denotata (Fer.). Counties: Butler CM., Fayette. 12. Polygyra thyroidus (Say). Counties: Berks CM., Cumber- land, Dauphin, Lebanon, Lycoming, Mercer. 13. Polygyra clausa (Say). Philadelphia County. 14. Polygyra mitchelliana (Lea). Beaver CM. County. 15. Polygyra hirsuta (Say). Counties: Cumberland, Lebanon, Somerset CM. 16. Polygyra f rat erna (Say). Counties: Crawford CM., Cum- berland, Lawrence CM. ZONITIDAE 17. Ventridens intertextits (Binney). Counties: Lawrence CM., Tioga CM. 18. Ventridens demissus (Binney). Fayette CM. County. 19. Ventridens ligerus (Say). Counties: Cumberland, Law- rence, Schuylkill CM. 20. Ventridens sujrpressus (Say). Counties: Beaver, Butler, Cumberland, Dauphin CM., Lawrence, Lebanon, Schuyl- kill, Westmoreland. 21. Ventridens gularis {^i\y). Fayette County. 22. Zoniioidcs nitidus (Muller). Counties: Cumberland, Mer- cer CM., Monlgcmiory, Westmoreland. 23. Zonitoides arborcits (Say). Counties: Center CM., Cum- berland, Lebanon, Luzerne CM. January. l!)40] the nautilus 87 24. Striaiura fcrrca Morse. Counties: Cumberland, Fayette, Lebanon. 25. Striatum c.ri'. siilcifi riis . tamaulipcnsis). L. martcnsi (Pfr.), Atoyac (1400 ft.) ; and form modest us (S. & P.), Atoyac to Cordoba (1300-3000 ft.); AD, I, a, 1,4. Synopcas beckianum (Pfr.), Atoyac to Cordoba (1300-3000 ft.) and Necaxa (2215-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 1, 3, 4, 24, 33-35, 52-55 ; in leaf humus. Spiraxis (Miraradula) similaris (S. & P.), Penuela to Sumi- dero (2625-3400 ft.) and Necaxa (2215-3120 ft.) ; AD, III, a, 3, 4, 6, 52-54; common. S. (Mf) miradorensis (S. & P.), Penuela to Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.) ; AD, III, a, 3, 4; infrequent. S. (Rectaxis) intcrmedius (S. & P.), Penuela to Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.); AD, III, a, 3, 4; quite common. S. graniim H.B.B., Peiiuela (2700 ft., rare) and Necaxa (2625-3120 ft., common) ; D, III, a, 3, 52-54. 8. subtilis subtilis H.B.B., Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.); D, I, a, 4; quite rare. S. s. vitreus H.B.B., Necaxa (2625 ft.) ; D, I, a, 54; quite rare. S. subnitidus H.B.B., Necaxa (5000 ft.) ; B, II, a, 33; rare. S. (Versutaxis) subgranum H.B.B., Cordoba (3000 ft.), A, I, a, 4; quite rare. S. opcas H.B.B., Necaxa (3120-5000 ft.) ; BD, I, a, 34, 52; infrequent. 8. subopeas H.B.B., Necaxa (2625-5500 ft.) ; BCD, III, a, 31, 33, 37, 53, 54; frequent. 8. futUis H.B.B., Necaxa (3000-5000 ft.) ; BCD, III, a, 33, 35, 41, 53; quite infre- quent. 8. arctatus H.B.B., Necaxa (2625 ft.) ; D, I, a, 54; very infrequent. 8. (Mirapex) acus (Sh.?) enigmaticus H.B.B., Cordoba (2650 ft.) ; D, I, a, 4; infrequent. 8. (Volutaxis) sulciferus sulciferiis (Mo.), Atoyac (1300 ft.), D, I, a, 1 ; rare; and paedogenetoid form {bercndti Pfr., preoc- cupied in 8piraxis), Potrero to Penuela (2150-2950 ft.) ; 2, 3; quite rare. 8. s. aioyacensis H.B.B., Atoyac, with paedogenetoid form, Cordoba (3000 ft.) ; D, I, a, 1, 4; frequent at Atoyac. 8. fallax H.B.B., Penuela to Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.) and Necaxa (2215-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 3, 4, 33-35, 37, 52-55; quite com- mon. 8. subuUnus H.B.B., Necaxa (3000-5500 ft.) ; BCD, III, a, 33-36, 53; quite common, especially above falls. 8. tenuecos- 94 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53 (3) tains tenuecostaius (S. & P.), Neeaxa (2625-3120 ft.) ; D. Ill, a, 52-54; frequent. S. t. ohesus H.B.B., Neeaxa (4600-5000 ft.) ; B, I, a, 34, 41; rare. 8. nitidus (S. & P.) persidcatus H.B.B., Neeaxa (2625-5000 ft.; frequent) and Penuela (2625 ft.) ; BD, III, a, 3, 34, 35, 51-54. S. {Pseudosiihulina) herendti herendii (Pfr.), Neeaxa (3000- 5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 33, 35, 41, 53 ; frequent. 8. irregularis negligens H.B.B., Neeaxa (2215-5500 ft.) ; ABCD, III, a, 24, 31, 33-38, 42, 53, 55; and stout form (4430-5000 ft.) ; ABC, III, a, 34, 35, 37, 38, 41 ; both quite common. 8. ventrosus H.B.B., Neeaxa (4600 ft.) ; B, I, a, 41. 8. horealis Pilsbry, Neeaxa (4600 ft.) ; C, I, a, 36; infrequent. 8. caducus H.B.B., Cordoba (2625- 3000 ft. ) ; AD, III, 3, 4 ; quite common but stout form quite infre- quent. ;S'. orizahensis (Pils.), Cordoba (2625-3000 ft.) ; D, I, a, 4; quite infrequent. 8. costatus H.B.B., Atoyac to Cordoba (1300-3000 ft.) ; AD, I, a, 1, 4; infrequent. 8. arcuatus H.B.B., Sumidero (3400 ft.) ; D, I, a, 6; very rare. 8. j^arvus H.B.B., Neeaxa (2625-5500 ft.) ; BCD, III, a, 33, 34, 52, 54; quite infre- quent. 8. {Micromena) minutus H.B.B., Neeaxa (2625-3120 ft.) ; D, III, a, 52-54; very common in limestone talus. 8. minusculus H.B.B., Neeaxa (2625-3000 ft. ; infrequent) and Cordoba (2650 ft. ; rare) ; D, III, a, 4, 53, 54. A NEW UROCOPTID MOLLUSC FROM THE STATE OF SONORA, MEXICO BY JOSHUA L. BAILY, JE. and RUTH INGERSOLL BAILY HoLOSPiRA (Haplocion) kinonis, sp. nov. Plate 12, fiix. 1. Shell with elonprated spire of about 16 Avhorls, the uj>per 11 of which taper toward tlie apex, tlie rciiiaiiuler of the spire being cylindrical. The later whorls sliow an extremely slijilit taper. The nuclear whorls are smooth, inflated, somewhat irreprular in shape and their axis is tilted. The remaining: whorls are orna- mented with fine tran.sverse ribs, of whidi tliore are 24 on the penultimate whorl of the holotype, somewhat less on the other whorls. The intercostal spaces are much wider than the ribs. On the early whorls these ribs are .somewhat ()bli(inc. so that in immature shells the aperture faces slipfhtly away from the apex, but in the mid part of the spire they lie in planes normal to the THK \.\l TILI S: .):{ ci IM.ATK \-2 Ihilnsiinn l.ninni.s .1. I,. \ I,'. 1. r,.iil\. L'. I'miuil iojists i>itli liiiii/d ]',. \ M. ;;, I'nliii/ifrti I lith iittild iiii/o.stt ]',. \ M. t. /., pidiicliiloiKi trojtiai l^ilsltrv. Iriijrtli l.i.S linn.. Itoiu-fis)i Kvy, Fl.i. .".. AcuiillioclntoiKi haUsar Pilsluy, N'lijjtii 1(1.3 mill., )ioiu-(isli Ki-v, V\;\. (i, 7:i, l.nlinis fi/iiialiK.s Scliwcnycl. I'jilin Mc'.'U'li. 8. S;i, Ci ritliiiiin (inriroinn Kclnvt'iiKi'l, Pflic-;in Slucils, Fl;i. i*. .\faisi iiiiin s|)., • ;',, P;iliM Bc-icli. 10, 11, Sif/iilira si mis ii lea I a Uitlojimpln .^^(•(;inty, • .i ; Hoviitdii ISciili. Fl;i. 12, Sit/nlicd .si niisiilriitii (Jr.-iy. • !!. lii. 14. T' r> hill iilnssiiiiil Scliw cnml. Pclic.'iii Slio.'ils. Fl;i. January, 1940] the nautilus 95 suture. On the lower whorls they become sipfmoid and on the body whorl they are continued over the an:! (4) IM.A'I'K l:! , 2 3 4- 5 4 44 4 10 4 It 12 13 H 15 4^44 16 17 18 19 20 Figs. 1, .",, Xufsinhis ,i,(il>iisis jdcLsoni. FuiS. 2-4, 7-!». 11, !.'<, 1'), l'"'. 1'^. ■20, X. q. "'' "•^'■-• FHiS. 17, 19, X. q. vermicitldlu.s. April. 1940] the nautilus 11" forms. The nuclear wliorls are pale brown to dark pnrplish brown, and in the early postniidear whorls the };rayish white may be irrej;ularly streaked with the pale brown of the nucleus. There are no axial color niarkin<:s. The interior of the mouth is of a pale brown color to somewhat darker. The type. U.S.N.M. No. 473971. measures: IIeiuj;h quotiii}; a specimen in the Dunker L'ollection in the Berlin Musenm as having' a Central American habitat. This specimen resembled Haldcman's fi^nire of umhrosa on plate 7, figs. 4-5 (Freshwater Univ. Moll., Limnea, 24). In The Lymnaeidae of North and Middle America (p. 313) the writer placed it under the American jjolustris, believing? that the locality "Central America" mifrht have been the result of a mixinjr of labels, since of the many thousand specimens of this family examined durinp: the preparation of that work not a single limnaeid of the palustris type, excepting attcnuata, had been authentically reported from south of the United States. Recently,' Dr. F. Haas (Zool. Ser. Field Mus. N. H., 24, 99, 1939) has taken up the name and concludes that Kuester's L. sordidus is the large lymnaeid found in Lake Chalco near the City of Mexico. This, however, is the Limnaea attcnuata of Say (New. Harm. Diss., II, 244, 1829) of which the Limnacus siihu- latus of Dunker is a sjTionym. This species is common on the Mexican plateau, particularly in lakes and canals near the City of Mexico. The specimens cited by Dr. Haas belong to this species, and not to sordidus. Specimens from Lake Chalco have been personally examined. Now the question is, what is Lymnaeus sordidusi Until a few years ago no specimen of the palustris group had been seen by the writer from Mexico or Central America. Recently, Dr. "Wendell C. Gregg sent the writer several specimens of a lymnaeid from Colon, Panama. These are of the palustris type, near the variety called nuttalliana by Lea. One specimen is fenestrated or malleated as in the figures of Kuester's sordidus. The Gregg specimens are 28 to 30 mm. long and 15 mm. wide, the spire longer than the aperture, the color dark horn. They resemble closely some forms of clodes and also some elongated forms of nuttalliana. Since Colon is on the Panama Canal and there is great possibility of the introduction of mollusks, the question naturally arises as to whether this was the case with the Gregg specimens. A form of nuttalliana occurs in southern California which strongly resembles the fenestrated sordidus, but these vary into typical nuttalliana. The facts seem to be tliat Lymnaeus sordidus is still in the 140 THE NAUTILUS [YOL. 53 (4) problematical class, and until specimens have been found in Cen- tral America or Mexico, away from the possibility of introduction, it must be considered a doubtful form. That it was founded upon a member of the palnstris group is beyond dispute, but the local- ity is still in question. — Frank C. Baker. Notes on the Subgenera of Valvata. — The opinion of Dall (Alaska, p. 120) and of F. C. Baker (F. W. Moll. Wis. I, p. 10) that the proposed subgenera of American Valvata are of little taxonomic value is borne out by an examination of the types of Valvata utahcnsis Call. In that species, the nuclear sculpture is spirally striate (c/. Baker's figure 5, p. 11) ; the next two whorls have the spiral keels characteristic of the V. tricarinata group (Tropidina) ; on the later whorls the keels become obsolete and disappear, while the growth lines are strengthened, becoming the radial striations that are characteristics of the subgenus Pleuro- valvata Haas (Field Mus. Zool. 24; p. 101, 1939). The shell is markedly turbinate, resembling in that respect V. virens Tryon and V. piscinalis (subgenus Cincinna). Should our specimens of V. utahensis be distributed in thirds to the "subgenera" Cincinna, Pleurovalvata, and Tropidina f or should one disregard these names as long as they are based on superficial characters only? Haas' observations on the generally lacustrine habitats of his proposed subgenus Pleurovalvata are well founded, but does this also explain the relative smoothness of V. perdepressa and V. p. walkeri from Lake Michigan, or the extreme carination of V. winnehagoense from Lake Winnebago ? — J. P. E. Morrison. Two New Mexican Species of Humboldtiana. — Humboldtiana fortis, n. sp. The shell is narrowly rimate, rather solid and thick for the genus, globose with short, conic spire. Surface matt, vinaccous-pink between white wrinkles, and with three dusky bands (often faint or wanting). Sculpture of quite irregular coarse, low wrinkles. Aperture russet-vinaceous within. Peri- stome blunt, whitish, the columellar margin reflected. Height 38 mm., diameter 37 mm. ; 4^ whorls. Sierra Potosi, at about 10,000 ft. Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Type 164045 A.N.S.P. Humboldtiana montezuma, n. sp. The shell is narrowly um- bilicatc, tiiin, soinowliat depressed globose, dark vinaceous brovsTi April. 1940] the nautilus 141 with a profusion of thread-like white striae. Last whorl with close but somewhat unevenly spaced, tliread-like striae, with many snuill jiranules between and on their ed^res. Aperture rotund, as hij;li as wide, vinaceous brown within, tlie peristome white-ed{?ed. Heijiiit 44 nnn., diameter 48 mm.; 4^ whorls. Summit of El In- fernillo. Sierra Madra Oriental, Nuevo Leon at 10,000 ft. Tvpe 1640G2 A.N.S.P. There are various smaller subspecies of this fine snail at lower elevations in Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, which will be described later.— H. A. P. The American ^Ialacological Union will hold its annual meeting at Philadelphia during the week of June 18th to 21st. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED A Tentative Classification of the Palearctic Unionids. By Fritz Haas. Zool. Series Field Mus. of Nat. Hist., vol. 24, no. 11. This list of 9 genera, 19 species and 61 subspecies (together with their huge synonymy) is preceded by an interesting summary of the views of former naturalists, from the time of Dupuy and Rossmaessler on. It ma}' be mentioned that all of the palearctic anodontas (ex- cept the Persian A. vescoiana) are included under A. cygnea L. It probably has the most extensive synonymy of any mollusk. The genus Psilunio {U. littoralis Lam. and its allies) is interest- ing as representing the mainly American subfamily Quadru- linae.— H. A. P. A Proposed Dichotomy of the Snail Genus Monadenia. By S. S. Berry. Bull. Southern Cal. Acad. Sci., vol. 38, pt. 3, pp. 203-205, Feb. 10, 1940. Dr. Berry divides Monadenia into two subgenera, Monadenia proper, based on M. fidelis, and Coryna- denia new subgenus for M. hillehrandi. No other species are mentioned as belonging to either, but the distribution is discussed. Curiously it happened that Pilsbry published exactly the same division, anatomic and geographic, over two months earlier, in Land Moll. N. A., I, p. 33. The second or hillehrandi group was not named then because its characters seem too trivial for a sub- genus. Dr. Berry's paper gives no evidence that he ever dis- 142 THE NAUTHiUS [VOL. 53 (4) sected a Monadenia, the data priven being derivable from the publications of Binney, Hanna and Pilsbry. — H. A. P. Land Mollusca of North America (North of IVIexico), vol. 1, pt. 1. By Henry A. Pilsbry. Monogr. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1939. Systematic zoology is an attempt to arrange animals in natural groups : species, genera and larger assem- blages. The law, that such taxonomic units must be based on all the characteristics of the organisms included, is commonly ac- cepted as an ideal but rarely so tlioroughly practiced as in this monograph. Here, Dr. Pilsbry brings together the accumulated knowledge of his predecessors, collates with it his patient personal research of over half a century, and culminates with the induc- tive, almost intuitive grasp of relationships, that arrives only when memory is replete with objective data. To his fellow ama- teurs {i.e., lovers), he offers an authoritative arrangement of the land shells, illustrated so generously and beautifully that they might identify a majority of the forms from the keys and figures. For his student colleagues, he presents not only careful descrip- tions of the shells of synonyms and forms as well as species, but contributes a wealth of data on the infinitely more complex soft parts of the animals. Only by similarly detailed studies of all the penetralia, as well as the facets of each snail's make-up will any true comprehension of the relationships between them be ever attained. The published part covers four more advanced families of the Helicacea. With the probable exception of Ccpaea hortcnsis, two of these, the Helicidae and Helicellidae, are only represented by species accidentally or purposely introduced from Europe. The other two have never successfully crossed east of the Great Plains, although one subspecies, Oreohclix strigosa cooperi, did live in eastern Iowa during the Pleistocene. The name Helminthoglyiitidae is proposed for the American groups, which are most nearly related to the restricted Helicidae. Four subfamilies are named: the "Cepoliinae" (better Cepo- linae), with one living Floridaii species of the Antillenn genus Ccpolis, the typical Helmiuthoglyptinae, with the genera Mona- denia, Helminthoglypta and Micrarionta, aiul the Sonorellinae April. 1940] THE NAUTILUS 143 ami Humboldtianinae, each with a sinjrle penus. Both the defini- tion of tliis family, and tlie soincwliat tentative inclusion of Sonorclla, call attention to the necessity of a still broader basis for pulnionate systematics; unfortunately, present knowledge only permits satisfactory evaluation between characters of the shell, radula. jaw and genitalia. The inclusion of nearctic genera in the Camaenidae throws new light on the path by which tlie West Indian and Oriental mem- bers must have attained their present range. The discontinuous distribution of both Oreohelix and the Ammonitellinae suggests that they are being supplanted by the more advanced Helmintho- glyptidae of the Pacific coast. Only a master could have brought together such superficially divergent genera as Glyptosioma, Ammonitella, Polygyroidca and Polygyrclla ; Dr. Pilsbry's cour- age can only be contrasted with the vacillant treatment in Thiele's "Handbuch," where Glyptostoma appears in two divergent superfamilies. The legal intricacies of nomenclature are also accurately traced. Although I doubt if the names Hclminthoglypta cuyamacensis and Oreohelix strigosa depressa are correctly employed, both are cases where discretion is far wiser than valor. The few misprints will doubtlessly be rectified in later parts; specific mention here would be superfluous, when Dr. Pilsbry's courteous, almost glee- ful acceptance of corrections is so well known. My principal criticism would be that, although Dr. Pilsbry has not hesitated to reduce the status of many of his own names, even to synonyms, he has, on the whole, been much more soft-hearted with those of other authors. — H. B. B. Discus patulus angulatus Kutchka (Naut. 52: 13), being preoccupied by Discus mocclinfocki angulatus (P. C. Baker), Naut. 41 : 143, will henceforth be known as Discus patulus carinatus. — G. K. MacMillan. Dr. Pilsbry is spending March and part of April in Florida, his P.O. address being Lantana. 144 THE NAUTILUS [VOL. 53(4) A Solomon Island Batissa Living in Dry Hot Sand. — In August 1929, while collecting birds on Bougainville Island, I found near the village of Kieta some fine large specimens of a species of Batissa, living entirely out of water and exposed to the severe heat of the torrid zone. In sandy depressions on the margin of a mangrove swamp near the mouth of a small river, but only subject to overflow at rare intervals and then only of brief duration, these clams were thriv- ing, completely exposed to the sunlight and heat. I scarcely be- lieved at first that the shells contained live clams so unlikely seemed their habitat to me. I took several specimens back to camp and deliberately laid them out in the sun for three days, after which they semed to be as fresh and lively as ever and without any seeming discomfiture. I ate a boiled specimen but it tasted quite insipid, not unlike a piece of boiled clay. The shells were nearly white or pale yellowish white on the out- side and plain white inside. The largest specimen was about 3 inches wide and 3.5 inches long. This is apparently a rare species because I never found the kind again although I collected shells at hundreds of localities for more than a year thereafter in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. I often found two or three other species of this genus in the mangrove swamps, gen- erally living out of water but with sufficient moisture. These spe- cies were all of deep purple color inside and rounder periphery. The dry ground species of Batissa evidently derives a sufficient amount of moisture to sustain its xerophytic habit of living from the direct rain, but which quickly filters through the porous sand of its peculiar habitat. No other forms of animal life were noted in this situation. Specimens of this clam with exact data are still picked up in the large collection of marine shells that I made while a member of the Whitney South Sea Expedition. These shells are in the care of Dr. Pilsbry but belong to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. — Wal- ter J. Eyerdam. \'ol. .ui M \A\ wr.V.) No. 1 T 1 1 K NAUTILUS^,^ A QUARTERLY ^(^^'^^^^ DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGIS^^ '^;oB^i;\ ( F.niTOItS AND ITm.ISUKKS '^/•^ -^«-*k '' HKNUY A. PILSUUY, Curator of tlie Deimrtmcnt of MollU^ja, /'* Academy of Natural Stionces, I'liiladelpbia ' ( L I [j R A (^ H. BURRIN<;T0N ItAKKH, Professor of Zoology, .^ . '^«'' University of I'onnsylvania Vc^ \ CONTENTS \. ^* J> The Genus Cyphoma in Florida. B}^ K. A. Pilshnj and Tom L. McGnity 1 Oxystyla from Western Mexico. By Thomas L. McOinty 4 Additional Notes on Terebra Flamraea Lamarck. By Wil- liam J. Clench 7 A Revision of Spiraxis C. B. Adams. By H. Burrington Baker 8 New Marine Mollusks from the West Atlantic. By Harald A. Rehder 16 Pleistocene Shells from San Clemente Island, California. By T. D. A. Cockerell 22 Type Specimen of Busycon perversum (Murex perversus Linne). By Burnett Smith 23 A New Mexican Coelocentrum. By H. A. Pilshry 27 Leiostracus Webberi, a New Bulimulid Snail from Ecuador. By H. A. Pilshry 28 A New Subfjenus and Species of West Coast "Alvania." By Mackenzie Gordon, Jr 29 Notes and News 33 Publications Received 35 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HOUACE n. BAKER, liuxincn/t itanaprr Zoological Laboratory. University of Pennsylvania, 38tb and Woodland Avenue, Pbiladelpbia, Pa. Entered a« Second-ClasH matter, October 29, 1932. at tbe FoBt Office at Phila- delphia, Pa., under tbe Act of March 3, 1879. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Heney a. Pilsbey and H. Buerington Bakee. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Typescript should he double spaced. Eepeints are furnished at printer 's rates. Orders should be written on or attached to first page of manuscript. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60 100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50 Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80 Covers: 50 for $2,50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred. Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100. The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. HOEACE B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna. Fob Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails {Liguus) including three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidronius, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Plaeostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. Prof. C. M. Steenbebq, University of Copenhagen, Ncirregade 10, Denmark Foe Exchange: Key West and lower Florida Keys marine and land shells. Mes. Mario V. Calleja, 1117 Fleming Street, Key West, Fla. {Continued on p. tit) THE NAUTILUS 111 For Exchange: Europcao and Foreign shells (large number of recent and tertiary sp.) offered against sp. new to me. Applv with full list to: J. L. Staed, 123 Rue Clovis, Rhcims, Marne, France. West Coast Shells for sale or exchange. My list sent on request. Tom Burch, 1611 South Elena Avenue, Rcdondo Beach, California HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS 2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of species under the genera treated. I'rice $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A. book covering marine sholls on both coasts, some land shells, invLTtcbrates, etc., paper bound only $1.00. I have 25.000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the most rea.>;onable prices. Bo.xcs on approval and selection as often as you wish. Sholls have been my hobby since IS'J.i and I expect I have followed it farther and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country. Let me hear from you if you mean business. Walter F. Webb 202 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y. ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE by Horace G. Richards An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the Middle Atlantic States *2 00 New Jersey State Museum Trenton, N. J. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texas together with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta- tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw- ings. Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50. Orders filled in order of receipt. Address the author: MAXWELL SMITH, Lantana, Florida IV THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume finished in 1935 completes the monograph of the Pupillidae and their allies. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00. Department of MoUusca, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence Business established by Soweri>y in 1861 SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE Good Adult Specimens Correctly LAbelled at Moderate Prices Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for Ecfercnce and as Check-Lists. HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWKRBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Boad, London, W. 6, England TRIDACNA GIGAS live collected specimens from the Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran- teed to be of good shape and to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00 to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. Also Nautilus Pompilius in quantities, and other Pliilippine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we will do our utmost to supply them. Correspondence of all kinds is solicited. We need commercial agents in many cities and countries. WILLARD W. TREVOR SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY P. O. Box 2410 MANILA, Philippines Vol. 53 OCTOHKK. 1930 No. 2 NAUTILUS A gUAKTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GIST8 KDITORS AND PUBLISHEKS HENRY A. PILSBRY. Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia H. BURRINr.TON BAKER. Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS Colleetinp: on a Coral Reef in Florida. By Thomas L. Mc- ahity 37 Conns Melvilli Sowerby, and a New Species of the Larael- lariidae. By Louise M. Perry 40 Polydontes Obliteratus (Forussac). By H. A. Pilshry 42 Two New Species of Sayella with Notes on the Genus. By J. P. E. Morrison 43 An Unusual Cave Deposit. By J. P. E. Morrison 45 Land Snails New to the Fauna of Pennsylvania. By Gordon K. MacMillan 47 New Mexican Species of Spiraxis. By H. Burrington Baker 49 A New Floridan Cyclostrema. By H. A. Pilshry 53 On the Life Habits of Some Tropical Fresh- Water Mussels. By Fritz Haas 53 Two New Polyjryroid Helicoids from Northern California. By 8. Stillman Berry 56 Land Snails Collected at Uganik Bay, Kodiak Island. By Walter J. Eyerdam 61 Wendel I Clay Mansfield 64 John Ritchie, Jr 66 Notes and News 66 The Ninth Annual Meeting of the American Malaeological Union 68 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Buxiness Manager Zoolo^cal Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 38th and Woodland Avenue. Philadelphia, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29. 1932, at the Post Office at Phila- delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Typescript should be double spaced. Reprints are furnished at printer 'a rates. Orders should be written on or attached to first page of manuscript. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60 100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50 Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80 Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred. Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100. The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Horace B. Bakee, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. Paor. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark For Exchange: Key West and lower Florida Keys marine and land shells. Mrs. Mario V. Calleja, 1117 Fleming Street, Key West, Fla. (Continued on p. tit) TIIE NAUTILUS 111 Fob Exchange: European and Foreign shells (large number of recent and tertiary sp.) offered apninst ap. new to me. Applj with full list to: J. L. Staed, 123 Rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. West Coast Shells for sale or exchange. Mj list sent on request. Tom Bubch, 1611 South Elena Avenue, Redondo Beach, California HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS 2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices tliey are usually sold for and much other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A. booic covering marine shfUs on both coasts, some land shells, Invertebrates, etc., pa;>er bound only $1.00. I have 25.000 species of shells in stocl« properly classified and sold for the most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wish. Shells have been my hobby since 1893 and I expect I have followed it farther and spent more real cash on tliem than any one now living in this country, l^t me hear from you if you mean business. Walter F. Webb 202 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y. ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE by Horace G. Richards An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the Middle Atlantic States j3 QQ New Jersey State Museum Trenton, N. J. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texas together with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta- tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw- ings. Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50. Orders filled in order of receipt. Address the author: MAXWELL SMITH. Lantana, Florida IV THE NAUTILUS THE MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY The volume finished in 1935 completes the monograph of the Pupillidae and their allies. Issued quarterly in parts of which four form a volume. Plain Edition, per vol., $15.00. Colored Edition, $20.00. Department of Mollusca, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The Largest and Finest Stock of Shells in Existence liafilness established by Sowerby in 1861 SALE PURCHASE EXCHANGE Good Adult Specimens Correctly lisbelled at Moderate Prices Our Catalogues are used by Museums and Amateurs for Eeference and as Check-Lists. HUGH C. FULTON (Late SOWEKBY & FULTON) 27 Shaftesbury Boad, London, W. 6, England TRIDACNA GIGAS live collected specimens from the Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran- teed to be of good shape and to reach you in good condition. IT. S. $40.00 to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any work] seaport. Also Nautilus Pompilius in quantities, and other Philippine marine sliells. Tell us your needs and we will do our utmost to supply them. Correspondence of all kinds is solicited. We need commercial agents in many cities and countries. WILLARD W. TREVOR SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY P. O. Box 2410 MANILA, Philippines Vol. 58 .lANTAKW 1940 No. 8 NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GI8TS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSKRY. Curator of the Dcpartincnt of Molltisqi, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia H. BURRINOTON BAKER. Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS Sequence in the Distribution of Aquatic Species. By Calvin Goodrich 73 Mollusks of a Kansas Pleistocene Deposit. By Calvin Good- rich 77 A New Tellin of the Subp:enus Angulus, a New Lamellaria and a New Subspecies of Crassispira, from Southwest Florida. By Louise M. Perry 79 New Land and ]\Larine Tertiary Shells from Southern Florida. By Thomas L. McGintij 81 New State and County Records of Landsnails in Pennsyl- vania. By Charles B. Wurtz .'. 84 Mexican Subulinidae and Spiraxinae with New Species of Spiraxis. By H. Burrington Baker 89 A New Urocoptid ^lollusc from the State of Sonora, Mexico. By Joshua L. Baihj, Jr. and Ruth Ingersoll Baily 94 New Gastropoda from West Virginia. By Stanley T. Brooks and Gordon K. MacMillan 95 A New Variety of Polygyra Appressa (Say). By Gordon K. MacMdlan 98 Obituary 99 Publications Received 103 Notes and News 105 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager Zoological Laboratory. Tnlversity of Pennsylvania, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Phila- delphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henby a. Pilsbry and H. Bubrinoton Bakeb. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Typescript should be double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eepbints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR attached TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRn>T. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60 100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50 Additional 100s 75 1.20 1.80 Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred. Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100. The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna. Fob Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Acliatinella, AmphidromuB, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. Prof. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Niirregade 10, Denmark New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass. THB NAUTILUS Ul TRIDACNA GIGAS live collected 8pccini(*ns from the Siilu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran- teed to be of good sliape ami to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00 to tlOO.OO per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. Also Nautilus Pompiliua in quantities, and other Philippine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we will do our utmost to supply them. Correspondence of all kinds is solicited. We need commercial agents in many cities and countries. WILLARD W. TREVOR SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY P. O. Box 2410 MANILA, Philippines HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS 2,200 Illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of species under the genera treated. Price $2.50 prepaid. Also a special U.S.A. book covering marine shells on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates, etc., paper bound only $1.00. I have 125.000 8i>ecie8 of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wi.sh. Shells have been my hobby since 1803 and I expect I have followed it farther and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country. Let me hear from you if you mean business. Walter F. Webb 202 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y. ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE by Horace G. Richards An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the Middle Atlantic States tf., rirt New Jersey State Museum ^^•°° Trenton, N J. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texas together with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta- tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw- ings. Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50. Orders filled in order of receipt. Address the author: MAXWELL SMITH, Lantana, Florida IV THE NAUTILUS 123 Years of Research LAND MOLLUSCA OF NORTH AMERICA (NORTH OF MEXICO) By henry a. PILSBRY Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand- ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As the 3^ears followed, Haldman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car- ried on in Say's steps. In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis- coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol- lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in recognition of his discoveries. Todaj^ the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi- cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) " by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of this subject in half a century. Here are presented tlie sum- marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre- viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft anatomy make the volumes comprising Monograph III indis- pensable to students of land mollusks. The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00, payable proportionately as each section is issued. Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol- lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups. Volume I, Part One (ready for delivery) — by subscription, $7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two (in press) by subscription $7.50, if ])urehased separately $8.00. Vol- ume II (in ]ire])arati()ii) by subscription $10.00, if purchased separately $12.00. For sale bj' THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 19th Street and the Parkway PinLADKLPTIIA, PeNNA. Vol. 53 A run,. I'.IK) No. 4 1^ H E NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY q-> ^O DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS /jr -^^ -■ >> EOITOUS AND riBLISlIERS '~ (LIBRARY HENRY A. riLSimV. Curator of the Department of Mollusca, "^ \ .^.a-«» Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ^. \ H. BURRINGTON BAKER, Professor of Zoology, /OVlj;;;^ S>>^ V University of Pennsylvania \^^ ^ v'^ CONTENTS Two New Florida!! Marine Shells. By Jeanne Schwengel 109 A New Naticoid Snail from Florida. By Thomas L. McGinty 110 New ]\Iollusks of the Genus Naesiotus from Ecuador. By Harald A. Rchder Ill The Ozark Amnieolas. By Leslie Hubricht 118 Oxyst.yla on Sanibel Island, Florida. By William J. Clench ... 122 Another Pleistocene Snail is not Extinct. By J. P. E. Mor- rison 123 A New Species of Fluminicola with Notes on "Colorado Desert" Shells, and on the Genus Clappia. By J. P. E. Morrison 124 Land Mollusks collected at Hebro!!, Labrador, and Lake Har- bour, South Baffin Island. By John Oughton 127 Further Notes on Land Shells from Kodiak and nearby Islands. By Walter J. Eycrdam 131 Aestivation of Lymnaea lanceata (Gould). By Henry ran dcr Schalie [ '. 134 Notes and News 135 Publications Received 141 $2.00 per year (§2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager Zoological Laboratory. University of Pennsylvania, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29. 1932, at the Post Office at Phila- delphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbby and H. Bukeington Bakek. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Typescript should be double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eepeints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. d pp. S pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.70 5.40 7.60 100 copies 4.10 6.00 8.50 Additional lOOs 75 1.20 1.80 Covers: 50 for $2.50; additional covers at the rate of $1.50 per hundred. Plates (pasted in) : 65 cents for 50; $1.20 for 100. The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of Th« Nautilus. Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab. Univ. Penna. Foe Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare solidus, to exchange for Acliatinella, Amphidroiiius, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially Vols. 3, 4, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23 and 24. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennsylvania. Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection. PEOr. C. M. Steenberg, University of Copenhagen, Niirrcgade 10, Denmark New England Coast Sheila for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, 88 Oliver St., Maiden, Mass. TIIE NAUTILUS HI TRIDACNA GIGAS live collected specimens from the Sulu Sea. 30 to 40 inch widths, guaran- teed to be of good shape and to reach you in good condition. U. S. $40.00 to $100.00 per pair C.I.F. any world seaport. Also Nautilus Pompilius in quantities, and other Philippine marine shells. Tell us your needs and we will do our utmost to supply them. Correspondence of all kinds is solicited. We need commercial agents in many cities and countries. WILLARD W. TREVOR SOUTHSEAS SHELL PRODUCTS COMPANY P. O. Box 2410 MANILA, Philippines HANDBOOK FOR SHELL COLLECTORS 2,200 illustrations and descriptions, prices they are usually sold for and much other valuable matter. How to properly clean shells, approximate number of species under the genera treated. I'rice ?2.50 prepaid. Al.so a special U.S.A. book covering marine shells on both coasts, some land shells, invertebrates, etc., pai)er bound only Jl.OO. I have 25.000 species of shells in stock properly classified and sold for the most reasonable prices. Boxes on approval and selection as often as you wl.sh. Shells have been my hobby since 18U3 and I expect I have followed it farther and spent more real cash on them than any one now living in this country. Let me bear from you if you mean business. Walter F. Webb 303 Westminster Road Rochester, N. Y. ANIMALS OF THE SEASHORE by Horace G. Richards An illustrated guide book to the marine invertebrates of the Middle Atlantic States *2 00 New Jersey State Museum Trenton, N. J. EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS Descriptions of shore mollusks occurring from Maine to Texaa together with figures of practically every species including many from off shore sta- tions. More than a thousand illustrations, including photographs and draw- ings. Edition limited to one thousand copies. Cloth bound $4.50, Orders filled in order of receipt. Address the author: MAXWELL SMITH, Lantana, Florida IV THE NAUTILUS 123 Years of Research LAND MOLLUSCA OF NORTH AMERICA (NORTH OF MEXICO) By HENKY a. PILSBRY Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand- ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks. As the years followed, Haldman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon car- ried on in Say's steps. In 1887 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Trj'on as Curator of Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the Academy's traditional position as a center of conch ological dis- coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol- lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in recognition of his discoveries. Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi- cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) " by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum- marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre- viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft anatomy make the volumes comprising Monograph III indis- pensable to students of land mollusks. The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00, payable proportionately as each section is issued. Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol- lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups. Volume I, Part One (ready for delivery) — by subscription, $7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two (in press) by subscription $7.50, if purchased separately $8.00. Vol- ume II (in preparation) by subscription $10.00, if purchased separately $12.00. For sale by THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 19tii Strket and the Parkway Philadelphia, Penna. Ml. I iS H' >l . Il-I. lilH i7XD H