THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. 58
JULY, 1944 to APRIL, 1945

EDITORS AXD PUBLISHERS

HENRY A. PILSBRY

Curator of the Department of MoUusks and Marine Invertebrates,

Academy of Natural Sciences

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, i*A.

LANCASTr.P Fir-SS. INC.. LANCASTES, PA.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Aborijiinal deposits, land snails from 109

Achatinidae, anatomy 84

Acmaea cancellata Test 94

Acmaea coria = A. conus Test 92, 144

Acmaea cornea Test 94

Acmaea eccentrica Test 95

Aciyiaea fouae Test 93

Acmaea irregularis Test 95

Acmaea transparens Test 96

Admiralty Islands, Cypraeidae 129

Africa 95

Alabama 1, 11, 40, 48

American Malacological Union 71

Anguispira alternata (Sa}') 110

Anoma flexuosa (Pfr.) + Pupa fusiformis C. B. Adams. ... 31

Ariolimax columbianus 107

Atlantic Coast 16, 17, 18, 27, 31, 37, 56, 70, 71, 135

Australia 95, 96

Bahamas 37

British Isles 87, 90

Canada 73

California 16, 93, 105, 107, 1 18

Cardita (Cyclocardia) hailyi "Burch" Baily (= next) 119

Cardita (Cyclocardia) longini Baily pro C. nodulosa (Dall) . . 118

Cetoconcha malaspinae vs. C. malespinae 67

China 134

Christmas Island 52

Cocos Island 87

Comptopallium spiceri Rehder 52

Cypraea rashleighana 106

Cypraeidae 129, 143

Deroceras hesperium Pilsbry 16

Deroceras heterura Pilsbry 16

Deroceras monentolophus Pilsbry 16

Deroceras panormitanum 16, 67

Drymaeus eusteirus Pilsbry 29

Ensis directus 31

Florida 16, 17, 112

Fresh-water 1, 11, 40, 48, 66, 73, 144

Georgia 1, 11

Great Slave Lake 73

IV THE NAUTILUS

Hawaii 55, 64, 106, 120

Helix minima True and H. minuta W. G. B 31

Hermit crabs 120

Hodopoeus Pils. & Ckll. (Camaenidae) 116

Hodo'poeus crassus Pilsbry & Cockerell 117

Imaclava ima = I. pembertoni 67

Indian Ocean 95

Iowa 69

Kentucky 125

Lamellaria koto Schwengel 17

Lamellaxis, anatomy 88

Land mollusks in winter 25

Leptinaria unilamellata + L. lamellata 91

Lermond, Norman W 102

Litiopa melanostoma 70

Longevity 107

Lucina undatoides Hertlein & Strong (pro L. undata Carp.) . 105

Lymnaea contracta 66

Marines, annual fluctuation 18

Massachusetts 135

Mauritius 89

Megalohulimus (Microborus) incarum Pilsbry 29

Mexico 16, 84, 96, 105

Michigan 66

Modiolaria skomma McLean and Schwengel 16

Nenia acobambensis Pilsbry 80

Nenia angrandi urubambensis Pilsbry 83

Nenia eka Pilsbry 82

Nenia minuscula Pilsbry 83

Nenia pampasensis 80

Nenia quadrata boettgeri Pilsbry 81

Nenia iveyrauchi Pilsbry 82

Neosubulina 86

New Hebrides Cypraeidae 129

New Jersey 124

New Mexico 16

New York 25, 109

North Carolina 56

OchrodcrmcUa, anatomy 87

Odostomia hiloerisis Pilsbry 65

Odostomia margarita Pilsbry 65

Odostomia mnnaidnx Pilsbry 65, 106

Odostomia quinta Pilsbry 64

Opoas, anatomy 86

Oregon 16

Otala lactea 67

THE NAUTILUS V

Pacific 52, 55, 64, 67, 93, 94, 95, 96,

105, 106, 118, 120, 129, 141

Pallium Schrotcr = Pecten 54

Panama 27

Paraprososthenia gredleri 134

Pennsylvania 86

Peru . ' 28, 79

Peruina flachi hradina Pilsbry 84

Philippines 89

Phos clarki IVIaxwell Smith 27

Pleuroceridae 40

Pseudochama inermis 96

Radiodiscus andium Pilsbry 30

Radix auricularia 144

Salvador 105

Sangaura 94

Ship-worms 55

Sparnotion Pilsbry, subgenus of Plekocheilus 30

Sphaeriidae 48

Stenacme Pilsbry {Stenacmidae Pilsbry) 112, 114

Stenacme floridana Pilsbry 113

Synopeas, anatomy 91

Teinostoma pilsbryi McGinty 142

Tellina liana Hertlein & Strong pro T. panamensis Li . . 105, 144

Tellina panamanensis Li 144

Teredinidae 55

Tethys willcoxi 63

Texas 67, 69

Tridacna 143

Tonga 94

Types of Carpenter 97

Vermont 144

West Indies 31, 86, 89, 90, 91

INDEX OF AUTHORS

Andrews, E. A 144

Baily, Joshua L., Jr 67, 118

Baker, H. Burrington 31, 84

Bartsch, Paul 67, 134, 143

Blakeslee, C. L 109

Bourgeois, M. E 96

Clench, William J 31, 31, 67

Cockerell, T. D. A 116

Dexter, Ralph W 18, 71, 135

Edmondson, C. H 55

Goodrich, Calvin 1, 11, 40, 48

VI THE NATJTILUS

Gregg, Wendell 0 67

Hackney, Anne Gray 56

Hertlein, L. G 105

Ingram, William Marcus 25, 106, 107, 129

Johnson, Richard 1 144

Kenyon, Karl W 129

MacKay, Donald C. G 120

McGinty, Thomas L 142

McLean, R. A 16

Moore, Merrill 106

Morrison, J. P. E 134

Oughton, John 73, 142

Palmer, Katherine V. W 70, 97

Patterson, Alfred H 37

Pilsbry, Henry A 15, 28, 31, 64, 69, 79, 112, 116, 144

Publications received 33-36, 71-72, 107-108

Rapp, William F., Jr., & Janet L. C. Rapp 124

Rehder, Harald 52

Ross, James Matthew 66

Russell, Henry D 32

Schwengel, Jeanne 16, 17

Smith, Maxwell 27

Stephens, T. C 69

Strong, A. M 105

Test, Avery Ransome (Grant) 92, 144

Wurz, Charles B 125

THE NAUTILUS 58 (1)

PLATE 1

The Nautilus

Vol. 58 July, 1944 No. 1

CERTAIN OPERCULATES OF THE COOSA RIVER
By CALVIN GOODRICH

Ten men certainly, possibly three more, collected mollusks in
the Coosa River or its tribntaries np to the turn of the present
century. They ranged from p:eolo<»:ists and botanists who picked
up such shells as they saw on bars or in drift, to R. E. Call who
could measure his catches in bushels. So far as published rec-
ords are concerned, none of them bothered to tell of the condi-
tions under which the molluscan populations lived, or indeed,
the geologists maybe excepted, what the river was like. A. A.
Ilinkley visited the stream in 1903, and his account provided a
few hints as to the nature of the collecting:, no more. Herbert
II. Smith went down the river in 1904, having previously lived
for a while at Wetumpka near the discharge, was on different
parts in other years and shortly before his death spent a season
on the Georgia headwaters. His experiences were never printed,
and what he had to say of them was kept to personal letters and
must seem to us now annoyingly casual.

The stream, so offishly treated, had more endemic molluscan
genera and species than any other in North America. The col-
onies often were huge. They tended to vary not simply as be-
tween sets of rapids, but sometimes on the same group. That
differing environments affected the exoskeletons of a given
species might be said to have advertised itself. It seems likely
that some, if not most, of the strange races are wholly gone. For
the waters have been backed up behind great dams, miles of
reefs are covered and formerly quiet reaches between rapids have
been expanded into silt-accumulating lakes. At the foot of the
lowermost dam are remains of the old Wetumpka rapids, but I
have been told that ten to fifteen feet of water rush over them in
the hours that the dynamos are operating. Moreover, "P'^^''<^jy^C|rj7

LI9RAR>

v«

>-.Xj#A»*ty

2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

sections which once ran clear, Rome to Cedar Bluff for example,
are turbid with field wash, even in a dry August, and one gets
specimens, if any, by feeling for them.

These memoranda have been gleaned from available Smith
correspondence :

Wetumpka — ' ' There is an island half a mile up the river, rocky
and intersected with small water-channels, and with numerous
back-water pools. One pool is crowded with small species, and
it is about the only place in which I have found small ones at all.
These mollusks crawl about in a fairly lively way, but I do not
think they travel far from their birthplace. I am almost certain
that many forms and two whole groups live normally in the mid-
dle of the river, only appearing on the shores or in pools or back-
water as they are carried there by freshets. ' '

Gadsden, Etowah County — "From Rome to Gadsden we found
a constant succession of shoals, either along the shores or forming
islands. I found that a recurrence of the same conditions
brought the same species."

Riverside, St. Clair County — "At the upper end of Minnesota
Bend are limestone rocks and shoals. Following this is a long
stretch, 8 or 10 mi., in which the river is lake-like with nniddy
bottom and low shores. Below Leoto Shoals are reefs of rock
extending (juite acro.ss the river and leaving only a narrow chan-
nel. The water makes a strong current wherever it can lind a
pa.ssage. ' '

Higgin's Ferry and Duncan's Riffle, Chilton County — "There
are no extensive shoals, but small gravel shoals and some rocky
bars. After leaving Higgin's Ferry, there is a stretch of about
four miles before we come to Duncan's. From Duncan's is a
close succession of shoals to Wetumpka. Xcoplanorbis was found
in very swift water where we had to cling to rocks with one liand
while fishing for stones with the other; once I got a dowsing."

Fort William Shoals, Talladega County — "Several reefs cross
the river diagonally and on them we made our best hauls." lie
tells (tf bagging 150 specimens of Qyrotoind in a space twenty
yards long. "There was one little jiool under a fall which must
have yielded a Imndred fine ones. You would have laugheil to
see me sitting in the fall. Iiuldinir by one hand while I groped

.Tilly. 1944) THE NAUTILUS 3

\vith the other, bringiiijr up tlireo or lour at a time. Often they
were washed from my finjjers, for the current was a caution.
DifTereut reefs yielded different shells. Below Peckerwood Shoals
and Weduska Slioals is (juiet and deep water, and on Weduska
one sees a change in the fauna."

Peckerwood Shoals, Tallade<;a County — Describes taking gas-
tropods from stones with which fishermen had anchored their
nets in deep water, and finding that they corresponded not with
shells of the nearby shallows, but with np-river forms. lie speaks
of crawling on hands and knees over a reef a furlong long, and
in three days finding hardly a dozen specimens.

Cedar Bluff. Cherokee County — "Both the Chattooga and Lit-
tle rivers near here are normally clear, cold streams. Little River
is half as large as the other, more shoaly and more shingly. All
the seven or eight species collected in Little River, even 100 yards
above the junction, are different from those found in the Chat-
tooga, and not one has been seen in the Coosa."

Center, Cherokee County — "I have worked for three or four
days on the lower part of Terrapin Creek. I could work for
only a few hours at a time; it was so cold that Mrs. Smith kept a
huge fire going for her own comfort and for thawing me out
whenever my feet and hands got too numb."

In the pages which follow have been brought together all the
known distributional facts in regard to the operculates of the
Coosa basin, with the exception of the Pleuroceridae, together
with such habitat notes that were obtainable. A certain amount
of revision of the genera Somatogyrus and Clappia has been
made, largely on the basis of material collected by Smith and left
for several years in the Walker collection unexamined.

ViVIPARUS

Viviparus conicctoidcs W. G. Binney. Land and Fresh- Water
Shells of North America, part 3, 1865, p. 113. The species oc-
curs over a large part of Georgia and Alabama, commonly in
stagnant waters, its colonies large. It is known to the Coosa
drainage only by specimens purporting to come from the river
at Wetumpka. The collector is unknown. It seems probable that
the shells were brought into the Coosa from s<jme nearby pond,
swamp or quiet stream.

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

TULOTOMA

Tulotoma coosaensis (Lea). Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, 9, 1844,
p. 23. The genus is confined to the Coosa and Alabama rivers,
and though there is some intrusion in creeks of these main
streams it has not been found in the large tributaries, Cahaba
and Tombigbee rivers. Excavations made at Moundville, Hale
County, Alabama, brought sub-fossil specimens to light, and Mr.
T. H. Aldrich, who took part in that work, inferred that the mol-
lusks had been brought by Indians from the nearby Black War-
rior River. He did not, however, find examples there that would
support the view. Conrad, the first naturalist to remark Tulo-
toma, reported that they occurred in "vast abundance on the
masses of calcareous rock, which had fallen from the strata above,
into the Alabama River, at Claiborne." A search for speci-
mens at Claiborne six or seven years ago failed to bring living
individuals to light. T. coosaensis is the smooth upstream form,
and so far as known has been collected only in the Coosa River
and Cholachee Creek, Wilcox County, of the Alabama.

T. angulata (Lea). Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, 9, 1844, p. 22.
This is apparently restricted to the Coosa River, St. Clair to
Elmore County, and such side-streams as Choccolocco and Tal-
lasseehatchee creeks, Talladega County; Kelly Creek, St. Clair
County, and Waxahatchee Creek, Shelby and Chilton counties,
all in Alabama. The shell is to be considered transitional be-
tween T. coosaensis and the next species.

T. magnifica (Conrad). New P. W. Shells of U. S.. 1834, p.
48, pi. 8, fig. 4. "This species," Iliiikley wrote, "was nearly
always found on the under side of rocks where there was little or
no current. They were generally in colonies; it was not uncom-
mon to find 20 or 30 under a single stone a foot square or more."
The observation was confirmed by Smith. His collections indi-
cate a distribution in the Coosa from St. Clair to Elmore County,
Alabama, and entrance for a short distance into Canoe Creek,
St. Clair County, and Waxahatchee Creek, some miles below.
The presence of shells in the waste hoai)s of old Indian villages
points to use as food.

July. 1044] THK NAT'TIMTS 5

CaMI'LLO.MA

Campclonia dccisum (Say). Nicliolsoir.s EiiL-yelopedia, 3r(l
ed., pi. 2, fipr. 6. Bryant Walker so identified four lots of shells
from the Coo.sa basin, two havinp: boon taken in headwaters in
Georjiia and the other two in creeks of Etowah County, Alabama.

C. Icwisii Walker. Nautilus, 28, 1915, p. 12(), pi. 5, fij;. :?.
Easily confused with C. dccisujii and possibly a pha.se of it. Lo-
calities of the Coosa drainagre in which the shell has been found
are ^lill Creek near Dalton, Whitfield County ; Tello<!:a Creek,
Chattoofya County, both being: streams of Geor«ria ; Chattoojra
River, Georjria and Alabama; Little and Big Wills creeks, and
Beaver Creek, Etowah County; Kelly and Shoal creeks, St. Clair
County ; Upper Clear, Peckerwood and Talladega creeks, Tal-
ladega County — these streams belonging to Alabama.

C. genicidum (Conrad). New F. W. Shells of U. S., 1834, p.
48, pi. 8, fig. 3. An elevated shell with a sharply shouldered
whorl, particularly emphasized in the last one. It is a fairly
common Campcloma in the coastal plain of Georgia and Ala-
bama, rare in the uplands. Specimens identical with it have
been collected in Etowah River, Cartersville, Bartow County,
Georgia; a branch of Little River, Cherokee County, and Talla-
dega Creek, Talladega County, Alabama.

C. pondcrosuyn coarctatum (Lea). Proc. Amor. Phil. Soc. 2,
1843, p. 243. This subspecies has been redefined by Walker,
Nautilus, 28, 1915, pp. 121-26. This is the common form of the
Coosa from streams above Rome, Georgia, to Wetumpka, Elmore
County, Alabama, the colonies apparently populous. Collec-
tions have been made also in side-streams of Etowah, St. Clair
and Talladega counties, Alabama, but so near the discharges that
probably all should be considered riverine mollusks.

LlOPLAX

IJoplax cyclostomntiformis (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2,
1841, p. 83. As in L. siihcarinata (Say), the operculum of the
embryo is spiral, but growth alters to concentric in the free-living
stage. Distribution so far as known is restricted to the Alabama
River system. In the Coosa proper it occurs from St. Clair
County to Wetumpka, Elmore County, Alabama. Curiously,

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

though found in small streams about Rome, Georgia, it does not
appear in such waters again above Etowah, St. Clair and Talla-
dega counties, Alabama. This may be due to preference in habi-
tat, which is muddy shallows of slow-moving water.

Valvata

Valvata hicarinata Lea. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1841, p. 83.
The common Valvata of the coastal plain, but scattered southern
colonies are come upon now and then in the Piedmont region. It
has been found in small numbers in the Coosa River bordering
Cherokee, St. Clair, Shelby, Talladega, Coosa and Chilton coun-
ties, Alabama, and also in a few side-streams of the same area.

V. tricarinata (Say). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1817, p. 13.
The only known locality for the species in the Coosa River is
Leoto Shoals, St. Clair County, Alabama. It has not been seen
in tributary streams.

Amnicola

Amnicola limosa (Say). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1817, p. 125.
Collected in the Coosa at Ten Island Shoals, St. Clair County,
and Upper Clear Creek, Talladega County, Alabama.

A. augustina Pilsbry. Nautilus, 17, 1904, p. 113. The species
was first observed in a small stream near St. Augustine, Florida,
but has since been collected in several other places in southeast-
ern United States. H. H. Smith found it in the Coosa River,
Shelby County, Alabama, and in Upper Clear Creek, Talladega
County. The river habitat he described as "quiet water along
shore on cattails and rotting leaves"; that of the creek, "duck-
weed growing on mud."

A. sanctijohannis Pilsbry. Nautilus, 13, 1899, p. 20. Known
from only one locality in the Coosa basin, Beaver Creek, Etowah
County, Alabama.

A. floridana Frauonfeld. Verb, der k.k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien,
1863, p. 1028. Collected by Smith in Upper Clear Creek, Talla-
dega County, Alabama, near the mouth, "on decaying leaves in
quiet water." The species was among mollusks wliich T. H.
Aldrich sifted fi-<»m nuirl of Sumter County, in the Tombigbee
drainasre.

July, 1044] THK NAUTILUS 7

A. oUvacea Tilsbry. Nautilus, 8, 1895, p. 118. The species is
somewhat common in streams and sprin<rs in and about Ilunts-
ville, Madison County, Alabama, drained by the Tennessee River.
Specimens taken by Smith in the Coosa, Minnesota Bend, Etowah
County, Alabanui. have been identified as olivacea.

SOMATOGYRUS

This jjenus illustrates the faunal cleavage between the Mol-
lusca of the Alabama River system and the systems to the north
and east of it. Two species of eleven that are known to be in the
Coosa are also in the Tennessee, and two only. None, so far as
known, is in both the Coosa and the Chattahoochee. Further, in
contrast to the several Coosa River species, there are only four
in the Cahaba River and three in the Black Warrior. It would
seem, too, that the Coosa populations are enormously larp:e in
comparison with the others. Where habitat was noted by Hink-
ley and Smith, it was the under sides of stones most frequently.
In the case of S. nanus, Hinkley found that it "literally covered
the rock-bed of the stream in favorable situations." In Tallas-
seehatchee Creek, Smith took jjreat numbers of specimens from
among water weeds. Moderately fast water to strong current
was occupied as a rule, but Hinkley found S, obtusus "among
the drift in a stagnant pool"; Smith, on the other hand, took the
same species in swift water. Locality' data make it clear that
unlike the case of Goniohasis and Gyrotoma of the Coosa, re-
stricted endemism is almost absent in Somatogynis.

In this review, material that Smith collected in the Coosa bor-
dering Talladega County, Alabama, and in creeks of St. Clair,
Talladega and Shelby counties, was available for study in un-
.sorted condition. This made it possible to trace development
from infancy to maturity uninfluenced by separations in the
field that might have been hurried and perfunctory. Sorting
brought out the fact that several species differed as to their ex-
traneous coloration and the superficial deposits on the shells, giv-
ing the impression that though mollusks may have been collected
in quite a small area a certain amount of selection of habitat
went on as between the sj)ecies. Thus, S. hinkley i was almost
always black ; S. coosaensh gray and with minute protuberances

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

such as algae perhaps formed. On the basis of shell characters,
the species fall into four groups.

Group of Somatogyrus coosacnsis

Somatogyrus coosaensis Walker. Nautilus, 17, 1904, pp. 137-
38, pi. 5, figs. 6, 7. The range in the Coosa is from two miles
above Slackland, Cherokee County, Alabama, to Wetumpka, El-
more County. It was taken plentifully in creeks of St. Clair,
Shelby and Talladega counties, but appears to have been a rarity
in Waxahatehee Creek, farther downstream. Specimens in one
or two of the side-streams are slightly more elevated than riverine
shells. A synonym is S. aldrichi Walker, Nautilus, 19, 1906, pp.
114—15, pi. 5, fig. 9. Its sole distinction is a keel below the
periphery that in Walker's type is "continuous about two-thirds
around the whorl." But the keel varies from a mere, blunt
angulation to a sharp, continuous carina. Association was al-
ways with coosaensis. The keel possibly is formed while the shell
substance is fresh and plastic, and brought about by the pressure
of the animal on the stones to which it clings.

S. crassus Walker. Nautilus, 17, 1904, p. 138, pi. 5, figs. 11,
12. Found in the rapids of Elmore, Chilton and Coosa counties,
and unknown to side-streams. It is the dominant species of the
group at Wetumpka, at the Falls Line.

8. nanus Walker. Nautilus, 17, 1904, p. 136, pi. 5, fig. 4.
Hinkley found the species in the "open" and "showing very
plainly through the clear water, but owing to the swift current it
was difficult and tedious collecting them." The uppermost river
locality is Ten- Acre Islands, Etowah County, Alabama ; the low-
ermost, Wetumpka. It has been scon in only one ereek, Weo-
gufka, of Coosa County.

S. pygmaeus Walker. Nautilus, 22, 1909, p. 88, pi. 5, fig. 3.
All the known specimens were taken by Smith in the Coosa River,
The liar, Chilton County, Ahibama.

Group of Somatogyrus hiuklrifi

S. hinldnji Walker. Nautilus, 17, 1904. p. 138. pi. 8, figs. 1, 2;
redescribcd, Nautilus, 22. l!l()9, p. 87. pi. 6, figs. 8, 9. The ado-
lescent shouldering and hasjil au^Milalioii vary a.s between colo-

July. 11)44] THE NAUTILUS 9

nies. iiiid it would iijipi'iir that the I'drm assumed by the last wliorl
of half-frrown individuals, au^ndar or evenly rounded, is corre-
lated witli environnieutal eoiulitious. A Smith label remarked
habitat to be "jrravel shoals, on the lower sides of stones, in the
current." Distribution in the Coosa is from Cherokee County,
Alabama, to AVetumpka. The species occurs in many of the
tributary streams.

.'^. decipiens Walker. Nautilus, 22, 1909, p. 86, pi. 6, figs. 10,
11. The type localitj' is Coosa River, The Bar, Chilton County,
Alabama. For the most part, the colonies are on rapids of the
Chilton-Coosa reaches. It is rare on Fort AVilliam shoals, farther
up-stream and seeminrrly is absent at Wetumpka.

5. constrictus Walker. Nautilus, 17, 1904, pp. 135-36, pi. 8,
fig. 3. Specimens, few in number, \vere found by Hinkley in the
Coosa five miles above Wetumpka, and also at Wilsonville, Shelby
County. He wrote that occurrence was **on the under side of
the rocks associated with S. coosaensis and S. hinklcyi, very sel-
dom more than one on the same rock." Smith did not collect it.
The species gives the impression of being depauperate.

Group of Somatogyrus aureus

S. aureus Tryon. Amer. Jour. Conchol., 1, 1865, p. 220, pi. 22,
fig. 9. In the Coosa River bordering St. Clair and Talladega
counties, Alabama. Shells referable to the species have been
taken in Kelly's Creek, St. Clair County, not far from the mouth,
and in the upper part of Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County.
Specimens with shortened spires, a wide umbilicus and the gen-
eral shape of S. coosaensis were collected by Smith on Fort Wil-
liam shoals. They occurred with normal forms of ;S^. aureus.

S. fjcorgianus Walker. Nautilus, 17, 1904, p. 139, pi. 5, fig.
13. The type locality is Chattooga River, Chattooga County,
Georgia, but the species is more a creek inhabitant than a riverine
form, being especially common in small streams around Rome,
Georgia, and occurring in several other Coosa tributaries as far
to the south as Talladega County, Alabama. Specimens from
Tallasseehatchee Creek of this county are remarkably large.
Smith found the mollusk in the Coosa at two localities, both in
St. Clair County.

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

S. hendersoni Walker. Nautilus, 22, 1909, pp. 87-88, pi. 6,
fig. 2. This is one of Smith's findings in the Coosa-Chilton
counties rapids of the river. He collected it in four stations
there, and it is unknown from any other part of the Coosa.

Group of Soniatogyrus ohtusus

S. ohtusus Walker. Nautilus, 17, 1904, p. 138, pi. 5, fig. 10.
This is the only member of the group in the Coosa basin. In
shell characters, it has no affinities closer than a form taken in
Arkansas. Specimens from any one locality of the river are
much like those from other stations. Smith collected more than
a thousand examples in Upper Clear Creek, Talladega County,
Alabama, and others in several neighboring side-streams. The
range in the river itself is apparently from Center Landing,
Cherokee County, to the Coosa-Chilton counties shoals.

Clappia

Clappia umhilicata (Walker). Nautilus, 17, 1904, p. 137,
pi. 5, fig. 5. Synonym, Clappia clappi Walker, Nautilus, 22,
1909, p. 89, pi. 8, figs. 1, 4 and 7. The shell was collected by
Hinkley in small numbers at Wetumpka, Elmore County, and
a single one at Fort William shoals, Talladega County. When
Smith's much larger collections reached Walker, he had seem-
ingly forgotten the shell he named Somatogyi-us umbilicaius,
wrote a new description and on the basis of the distinctive radula
established a new genus. The types of the two species are so in-
distinguishable that, once confused, it would be impossible to
restore them with any confidence to their proper vials. In a
depressed form, the umbilicus is round, wide and deep, but as
always it was associated with the higher spired shells it must be
thought to be only an individual variation. Tiie moliusk occurs
in the Coosa River from a milo above Slackland, Cherokee
County, Alabama (one specimen), to Wetumpka. Judging by
Smith's material, the largest colony is on Fort William shoals.
Only one small-stream locality is known ; this is a hram-h in El-
more Count V.

,lllly. 1!)441 THE NAUTILUS 11

PULMONATES OF THE COOSA RIVER
By CALVIN GOODRICH

i^eventeen tlefiiiitoly tlofiued species of these jrastropods are
known to oecnr in the Coosa Kiver Basin. At least three others
could probably be found either as permanent or transient oc-
cupants of pools, swamps and small streams. Except in the
instance of the Ancylidae, the pulmonates seem to be poorly
represented. That is, the colonies are usually small, some of
them wide apart from one another, the individuals rather puny
than robust. As ajrainst these adverse circumstances is the oc-
curence of two endemic jrenera which have developed in the
heavy currents of the Coosa and have not spread even to rapid
side-streams. A. A. Ilinkley was the first collector to pay much
attention to the pulmonates of the drainajje, Herbert H. Smith
the only one to pursue the quest for them from station to station.

Lymnaea

Lymnaea columella Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei., 1, 1817, p. 14.
As a rule, the species lives in stagnant water and feeds on alg:ae
or other orjranisms establishin<r themselves on lily pads and
cat-tail stems. Smith found it, however, in the Coosa River at
Fort William Shoals, Talladega County, the Narrows, Shelby
County, and Duncan's Riffle, Chilton County, Alabama, where
the current has been described as of decided force. The shell,
possibly of sporadic occurence, has been taken from Georgia
headwaters to the discharge near Wetumpka, mostly in side-
streams. F. C. Baker speaks of a southern form "which is con-
siderably smaller than the typical columella, averaging about
two-thirds the size of the more northern forms." Coosa basin
specimens meet this description.

L. humilis Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2, 1822, p. 378. The
Coosa forms are puzzling, some of the specimens being humilis
typical and others matching the northern subspecies modiccUa.
The two aspects in instances are in the same colonies. Distribu-
tion is from Floyd County, Georgia, to Chilton County, Alabama.
Smith found the shell in six localities of the Coosa proper and
in three small tributaries.

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

Helisoma

Helisoma antrosum (Conrad). Amer. Jour. Sci., 25, 1834,
p. 343. {==P.anceps Menke.) Records for the Coosa drainage
are from a branch of Dyke's Creek, Floyd County, Georgia, to
the main river in St. Clair County, Alabama, and Tallassee-
hatchee Creek, Talladega County.

H. trivolvis (Say). Nicholson's Encyl., 1817, pi. 2, fig. 2.
It is hard to believe that Silver Creek, Rome, Floyd County,
Georgia, is the sole location for this species in the basin, but it
happens to be the onlj' record I can discover.

Gyraulus

Gyraulus parvus (Say). Nicholson's Encyl., 1817, pi. 1, fig. 5.
The mollusk was taken by Smith in Upper Clear Creek, Talla-
dega County, Alabama, and appears to have been seen nowhere
else in the Coosa basin. This doubtless has been because of its
small size and not on account of actual rarity.

Menetus

Menetus alahamensis (Pilsbrj-)- Nautilus, 8, 1895, pp. 114-
15. Originally one of tlie discoveries of 11. E. Sargent at Wood-
ville, Alabama, in the Tennessee River drainage. It proved
to be a common finding of Smith in the Coosa basin from side-
streams of Floyd County, Georgia, to creeks of Elmore County,
Alabama ; somewhat more rare in the main river from Rome to
the Alabama, Chilton County. His label for Talladega Creek
shells reads "sifted from drift and leaves" and for lots of the
Upper Clear Creek, "on duck weed growing in nuid." Hinkley's
citation of Planorhis dilatatus Gould, Coosa River, Farmer and
Wetumpka, refers to this species.

Planorbula

Planorbula wheatleyi (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 10, 1868,
p. 41. The type locality is Cotoma Creek, Montgomery County,
Alabama, belonging to tiie Alabama River. Smith found it in
streams of three other counties of the saino basin. As a snail
commonlv of sta-'iiaiit waters, it is most likelv also within the

July. 1!U4| THK nautilus 13

(.Irainajro of the Coosa. The teeth of /*. wluatlcyi just behind
the aperture are described as six, but available Alabama ex-
amples show no more than five, the same as in P. armigcra (Say).

Physa

Forty-five lots of Physidae of the Coosa basin have been ex-
aiiiined. the main differences among them being in the whorl
coiling. The whorls in some shells so overlie one another as to
give the apex a smoothed, roof-like appearance. In some they
are as loosely coiled as in P. gyrina of the northern Middle West.
The differences are not correlated with liabitat, such as river,
creek, brook or spring. Judging by the size of the lots, ranging
in locality from head waters to Elmore County, Alabama, the
riverine colonies have small populations, those of sluggish creeks,
quite large ones. This may be why Hinkley, who kept to the
main river, missed it altogether so far as his collecting in the
basin is concerned. "While the material at hand has been as-
signed to four species, P. heterostropha Say, pomilia Conrad,
halei Lea and crocata Lea, they are all probablj' Physa pomilia
Conrad, Amer. Jour. Sci., 25, 1834, p. 343. The shell was first
observed in Randon's Creek, near Claiborne, Monroe County,
flowing into the Alabama.

Ferrissia

Ferrissia fusca (C. B. Adams). Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., 3,
1840, p. 329, pi. 3, fig. 17. The one known locality in the area
is Coosa River, Weduska Shoals, Shelby County, Alabama.

F. parallela (Haldeman). Monog. Limniades, pt. 2, p. 3 of
cover, 1846. Collections were made by Smith in Choccolocco
Creek, Talladega County, and a small stream of St. Clair County,
Alabama.

F. rivularis (Say). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1819, p. 125.
The only record for the Coosa River proper is Fort William
Shoals, Talladega County, Alabama. Other known localities
are Coldwater Creek, Calhoun County ; a small stream of Chero-
kee County; Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County, and Tallassee-
hatehee Creek, Talladega County, all of Alabama.

^j

V'

LIBRARY

14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

GUNDLACHIA

Gundlachia meekiana Stimpson. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
9, 1863, pp. 249-52. Examples have been found in Jackson and
Madison counties, Alabama, and very probably will be dis-
covered some day in the Coosa basin.

Rhodacmaea

Rhodacmaea filosa (Conrad). New Fresh Water Shells of
U. S., 1834, p. 57. The species is known to occur in the Coosa
River from St. Clair to Coosa County, Alabama ; in the Chat-
tooga River, Cherokee County; Waduska Creek, Coosa County,
and Waxahatchee Creek, Shelby County, the same state.

R. rhodacme "Walker. Nautilus, 31, 1917, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2 and 8.
The known distribution in the main river is from Cherokee to
Shelby County, Alabama. Collections were made by Smith
also in small tributaries from Floyd County, Georgia, to Coosa
County, Alabama. Apparently the commonest member of the
genus in the basin.

R. gwatkiniana Walker. Nautilus, 31, 1917, p. 7, pi. 1, figs.
4-6. Seemingly rarer than the other two species. It has been
taken in the Coosa River from Peckerwood Shoals, Talladega
County, to Gilchrist Island, Shelby County, and in Waxahatchee
Creek, Shelby County — all Alabama localities.

Neoplanorbis

Neoplanorhis tantiUus Pilsbry. Nautilus, 20, 1906, pi. 3, figs.
3-5. Taken by Hinkley in the Coosa River at Wetumpka "on
rocks in swift water, generally on the under side; they are so
small that collecting them was tedious, though they were abun-
dant in places" (Iliukloy). Not rciiorted from any other place.

A^. carinatus Walker. Nautilus, 21, 1908, p. 127, pi. 9, figs. 17,
18. "They live on the under sides of stones in the more or less
rapid current and in suitable localities are very abundant. Mr.
Smith took 50 from one small stone" (Walker). The mollusk,
like the other three species of the genus, is eonfiued to the lower
Coosa River, being taken in the rapids bordering Chilton and
Coosa Counties, Alabama.

July. 1!)441 THE NAUTILUS 15

\. smithi Walker. Nautilus. 21. 1!)()8. p. 12(;, pi. I), fi^rs. 1, 2.
"This little species differs from . . . all other kiiowu forms of
the •reuus by the entire absence of spiral scul|)ture. and tlie
elevation ol the spire above the level of the body wliorl. The
animal is black and the shell consequently appears of that color
until cleaned" (Walker). Found in a moderate current at
Duncan's Riffle and Ilifrgin's Ferry, Chilton County; Butting
Ram Shoals, Coosa County.

N. iimhilicatus Walker. Nautilus, 21, 1908, p. 126. pi. 0, figs.
3, 4. The preferred habitat is seemingly a strong current.
Smith found it in the Coosa at the Bar and Cedar Island, Chilton
County.

Amphigyra

Amphigyra alabamensis Pilsbry. Nautilus, 20, 1906, p. 50,
pi. 3, figs. 1, 2. One of Ilinkley's discoveries, who collected it in
tlie Coosa River at Wetumpka, Elmore County, Alabama. It
was taken later by Smith at Higgin's Ferry and Duncan's
Riffle. Chilton County, farther upstream.

WEST AMERICAN FIELD SLUGS (DEROCERAS)
By henry a. pilsbry

As several new names have been given to correspondents inter-
ested in Western slugs, it seems best to publish brief definitions
in form of a key, as such names might find their way into print
by accident, in advance of the publication of full descriptions in
Land Mollusks of North America, later in the year.

The essential specific characters are mainly in the reproductive
and alimentary tracts, so that these only are considered in the
following.

Key to Species of Dcroccras

1. Penis containing a stimulator and terminating in a penial

gland 2

Penis without stimulator or terminal gland, the retractor
muscle terminal D. hetcnira (A)

16 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

2. Penis with a recurved or spiral terminal gland but no other

glands 3

In addition to a terminal penial gland the penis bears below it
a gland composed of slender branches.

D. panormitanum (B)

3. Terminal penial gland with crimped or lobed edges, or branch-

ing; rectal caecum present D. retkulatum (C)

Terminal gland plain, curved over or spiral ; no rectal
caecum 4

4. Spermathecal duct slender 5

Spermathecal duct very stout, its wall in a section seen to be

longitudinallj' laminate internally D. hesperium (D)

5. Upper part of penis (above the stimulator sac) having two

pilasters internally D. gracile (E)

Upper part of penis nearly filled by one large pilaster.

D. monentolophus (F)
Notes. — (A) Z>. heterura n. sp., type 115226 AXSP. from
Sawj^er Peak, Black Range, N. M. The common slug in the Black
and Mogollon Ranges.

(B) D. panormitanum (Lessona & Pollonera). The long-
necked slug is a Mediterranean immigrant, common around San
Francisco Bay; known in California as 7>. lacve (Miiller), — a
very different species.

(C) " Limax" agrestis L., as anatomically defined by Leidy
=^ Agriolimax rcticulatus (Miill.) of Luther. A widely spread
immigrant from Europe.

(D) Deroceras hesperium n. sp., type 112516 ANSP. from Os-
wego, Oregon.

(E) D. gracile (Rafinesque), L. campcstris Binney. Occurs
from Alaska to San Diego Co., and in Mexico.

(F) Deroceras monentolophus n. sp., type 180659 ANSP. from
Carbon Canyon, Orange Co., Cal. (W. O. Gregg).

D. gracile and I), monentolophus ])ass through a foinale stage
before male end organs are developed, as in the European D.
laeve (Miill.). I have not observed this in the other species,
though many examples of each have been dissected.

A NEW MODIOLARIA FROM FLORIDA
By R. a. McLean and JEANNE SCHWENGEL

MoDOLARiA SKOMMA ncw spccics. Plate 1, fig. 10.

This delicate, minute sliell is translucent, transversely elongate
sub-oval, with irregularly spaced concentric wrinkles. The radi-

July, 19441 THE NAUTILUS 17

atinjr ribs lu'-rin posterioi- to the umbo, and cxtoiul sli«;litly over
the most jirominent part of the shell. These ribs form sub-
nodules where they cross the concentric wrinkles posterior to the
prominent ri(l<;e, and g:ive a crenate margin to the posterior
curve of tlio shell. The anterior mar<rin is also crenate. but has
no railiatin^ ribs. The umbones are jiroininent. risin}? above the
hin^'e mar<rin. Epidermis polden brown, with hair-like proc-
esses posteriorly. The inside is very smooth and shiny. IIin{;e
and basal mar«;ins without crenations. Length 5 mm., breadth
3 mm., thickness 4 mm.

This shell was dredged in 70 fathoms off Lantana, Florida, by
Thomas L. McGinty. It is somewhat smaller and less inflated
tiian Modiolaria lateralis Say though the general appearance is
(piite similar. The anterior margin slopes back more sharply
and the posterior margin is more produced, giving the shell more
transverse length, proportionately. Also, radiating ribs are
lacking anterior to the umbones.

A NEW FLORIDIAN LAMELLARIA
By JEANNE SCHWENGEL

Lamellaria koto new species. Plate 1, figs. 3-6, 6a.

Shell naticoid, thin, transparent, with a slight milky cloudiness,
covered with a delicate, membranous periostracum, which is
smooth and highly iridescent. There are about 3V4 whorls, of
which the first 1^4 "la.v be counted nuclear. This nucleus is mi-
nute, flat and smooth, followed by abruptly larger, convex whorls.
Suture deeply impressed. Aperture broad-ovate, about % the
size of the shell. Columella arcuate, thinly calloused, spirally
gyrate, allowing a view to the apex from the ba.se of the shell.
Sculpture of very strong, uneven incremental wrinkles.

Height 16.4 mm., length 18 mm.

This Lamellaria was collected by Alfred S. Koto, for whom it
is named. It was found on tide flats, near Braidenton Beach,
Florida, clinging to eel grass, only accessible at the extremely low
tides at the change of the moon. Great care had to be taken in
collecting and in cleaning, as the shell is extremely fragile aiul is
almost membranous at the lip. This collecting was done from
January 11th to February 23rd, 1944, but after that date the

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

shells seemed to have entirely disappeared, though all the flats
were carefully gone over, not a single specimen being found.

This new Lamellaria is similar in shape to Marsenina glohosa
Perry and Lamellaria leucosphaera Schwengel, but is slightly
larger than either in all measurements, the body whorl much less
globose and the aperture comparatively larger. Also the spire
is higher, the sutures more deeply impressed, giving each whorl
a more rounded appearance. The male animal (Figs. 4-6a) is
milky white and the female (Fig. 3) a dull grey in the single
alcoholic specimen of each examined.

ANNUAL FLUCTUATION OF ABUNDANCE OF SOME
MARINE MOLLUSKS

By EALPH W. dexter
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

An observation within the common experience of students and
collectors of moUusks is that of observing pronounced changes in
the abundance of certain species in a particular locality from
time to time. Molluscan populations fluctuate in numbers be-
cause of the interaction of a multitude of ecological factors.
Many changes are difficult to detect because the number of
samples required annually would be verj^ large if valid conclu-
sions are to be drawn. Some fluctuations, however, are notice-
able upon ordinary observation or upon examination of a lim-
ited number of quantitative samples.

A number of investigators have reported changes in tiie abun-
dance of certain marine mollusks observed over varying jieriods
of time. Such information is usually I'l-agmcntary, is widely
scattered in the literature, and often is mentioned in only a
ca.sual manner in reports devoted to other topics. Very few
studies have been jiublished on continuous observations of the
size of particular molluscan populations over a period of years.
Some information on the subject is to be found in the following
references: Presbrey 1913; Allee UHO, 1923; Blegvad 1!)2!>;
Caullery 1929; Ilagmeier 1!»:5(); Orion Jind Lewis l!):?! ; Xew-

July, 1944) THE NAUTILUS 19

combe 1936; Stauffer 1937; MacGinitie 1939; Dreyer and Castle
1941 ; and Jacobson 1943.

In the course of studyinp: the nuirinc cttiniiiuMities of a tidal
inlet (Annisijuani Kiver) at Cape Ann, Massachusetts, durinj;
the summers of 1933-37. a number of species of common moUusks
were observed to fluctuate in their annual abundance to a strik-
ing degree. Several others fluctuated to such an extent that the
changes could be detected from a limited number of samples.
Those species are discussed in this paper. Purely local changes
on a restricted shoreline are not considered in that they are too
common to be of significance and would be too small a sample
to be representative of the whole population. In each of the
eases reported here, the fluctuations apply to the mollusks of the
entire inlet (a strait) and its shores, which have a length of ap-
proximately four land miles. (See Dexter, 1942, for a complete
list of the Mollusca collected in this survey.) In a few instances
we know of at least some of the factors which are responsible
for the sudden and pronounced changes observed. Human
agencies have effected certain changes — some positive and some
negative — in the populations of mollusks of commercial im-
portance. Clam digging by the elammers and the management
of clams, mussels, and related marine life by the State Bureau
of Marine Fisheries have been very instrumental in bringing
this about. Also, the disappearance of the eel-grass Zostera
marina, severe winter weather, and the fluctuations of predators
are all known to have influenced certain populations of mollusks.
Some species seemed to be undergoing a regular cycle of abun-
dance, although this study was not carried on long enough to
make possible observations of any complete cj'cle.

The present study was conducted at twenty-four field stations,
most of which were visited every year. In addition, observa-
tions were made over the entire inlet throughout five con.secu-
tive summers. In many cases quantitative samples were made
at particular stations on the same date for several consecutive
years. Dredging studies were begun in the season of 1934.
Brief visits were made in the summers of 1938 and 1940 for
further study and collection of specimens. An account of the
observations on the annuation of molluscan populations ^♦4ij!j^rpj*>s.

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

Melampus hidentatus Say. In 1933 this snail was found in
small clusters in the Spartina patens marshes of Little River.
Abundant shells found in sea wrack at many places indicated that
there had been a great abundance of this species at an earlier
date. In 1935 it was found livinfr more widely distributed over
the marshes of the inlet. It had increased in abundance to as
many as 29 in a 100 square-inch quadrat. The following years
it was found to be not quite so abundant. It had, however, re-
mained widely distributed in large numbers in the marshes.

Polinices heros (Say). In 1933 most of the collections of the
sand collar snail were empty shells, which were very numerous
and widely distributed. Living snails were observed at only
three stations. Each subsequent year, however, they were col-
lected more often and became very common by 1937. That year
this species was taken not only on all shores with sediments, but
in nearly every dredge haul made in the inlet. As many as 12
were taken in a dredge haul at one time. The virtual elimina-
tion of the green crab Carcinidcs maenas in the winter of 1933-3-4
by the Massachusetts State Bureau of Marine Fisheries and by
the unusually severe weather of that winter maj'^ be partlj' re-
sponsible for the increase of P. heros and some other marine
mollusks during the ensuing years. The green crab did not re-
turn in significant numbers during the remainder of this study.
It did gradually become reestablished by the spring of 1937. but
was practically extirpated again by the Bureau of Marine Fish-
eries.

Littorina saxatilis Olivi. This species was observed to undergo
a most remarkable and sudden change in abundam-e during the
five years of this study. In 19;?3 no living specimens could be
found altliough many shells collected in the sea wrack indicated
an earlier popuhition of considerable size. Li the sea.son of
1934 less than a dozen living specimens were collected on the rocks
and seaweeds at two locations. These were the only specimens
found in the season's collecting. In the summer of 1935, how-
ever, L. saxatilis was ])rcscnt in vast (luantities everywhere —
on rocks, mud flats, bars, marshes. It was collected on all shores
and at all levels between tlie title lines. In many instances it
was out of its normal habitat. On some shores one could not
step anywhere without crushing (juantities of this snail. Tliis

July, 10441 THE nautilus 21

year (1935) it was more abuiulaiit than L. litorca, the i)eri-
wiiikle. whieh previously was the most abundant snail in the
inlet. In 1!):U) L. saxatilis was ajrain found in fireat quantities
on nearly all shores, but it was restricted to the hi<:her tide levels,
and for the most part only on solid surfaces, such as rocks, the
blades of thatch jjrass, and on solid marsh banks. At such
places, however, the concentration was even <rreater than during
the preceding: year. An average of 2 per square inch could be
found over extensive areas. By the summer of 1937, the popu-
lation had declined somewliat in abundance to about the level of
that of 1935, but it remained restricted to the hi<_'lier tidal levels,
chiefly near the mean-high-water line.

Littorina ohtusaia L. In 1933 the seaweed snail was fairly
numerous on all of the rocky shores. The following year it was
more common, becoming as abundant as L. litorea on many
shores. By 1935 it was more abundant than L. litorea in some
places. In favorable localities L. ohtusaia was collected at the
rate of 2 per square inch. During the next tw'O years it was not so
abundant, although it often averaged one for every 4 square
inches.

Lacuna vincta (Montagu). This snail was commonly dredged
from the channel of the inlet in 1934. Dozens of specimens were
collected. The following year only one specimen was taken
while dredging the inlet, although the species remained common
in the dredge hauls taken from Ipswich Bay. In 1936 half a
dozen individuals were captured, while nineteen were dredged
from the inlet the next year. In 1940 dredging indicated that
this species was maintaining its numbers, if not increasing some-
what. It is believed that this species declined with the disap-
pearance of the eel-grass Zostera marina in 1931-32 on which
it formerly lived. Since then, this snail has been largely con-
fined to the brown algae, especially Laminaria spp.

Thais lapillus (L.) Very few living specimens of the rock
snail were found in 1933 and these were for the most part at the
extremities of the inlet on the shores of Gloucester Harbor and
Ipswich Bay. Many empty shells along the shores of the inlet
gave evidence of there having been a larger population in the
past. The writer remembered making observations to this same
effect in years preceding this study. In 1934 this species began

22 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

to increase in number in the inlet. The increase continued in

1935 to a noticeable degree. Many younfr snails were collected
that year and often 6 specimens could be collected within a 100
square inch quadrat. The population increased further in 1936,
so that as many as 25 were collected in a similar quadrat. By
1937 this species was once again an abundant snail of the region
and widely distributed. By 1940 it was as common as ever
observed by the writer in this locality.

Nassa ohsolcta (Say). In 1933 this mud snail was found at
only three stations, but at two of these it was quite common.
The following year it was discovered in similar abundance at
three additional stations. In 1935 the spread continued into new
areas and became more extensive at the old locations. At this
time as many as 15 per 100 square inches were collected. By
1937 this species was quite generally distributed throughout the
inlet, and at places as numerous as it was in 1935.

Mytilus eduUs L. The blue mussel was very abundant in 1933
and somewhat more so the following year. In 1935 quantities of
the mussels w'ere removed from certain flats by clam men to
prevent them from covering up the dwindling clam flats. In

1936 this prolific mollusk began to return in many places and
abundant seed mussels were observed. In 1937, however, sev-
eral thousand bushels of mussels were removed by the State
Bureau of Marine Fisheries in its campaign to restore the soft-
shell clam Mya arenaria. Many of the samples taken that year
included only seed mussels. Between 1935 and 1937 fewer
specimens were dredged each year. By 1940 most of the former
mussel beds which had been noted in this survey were becoming
reestablished in part.

Modiolus dcmissuii (Dillwyn). In 1935 and 1936 many more
young clams were found to have seeded-in along the marshes
than previously. In 1936 as many as 26, mostly young clams,
were counted in a 100 s(iuare-inch (juadrat.

Maconia balthica (L). During the first year of tlie survey
this species was collected at only three stations, several speci-
mens being found at each. In 1934 it was fouiul at several
new places and in greater quantity. The following year six sta-
tions were populated with as many as 12 per 100 scjuare inches.
In 1936, however, it was much less ahuiKhnit. no more than 3

I

July. 19441 TiiK NAUTILUS 23

follected por 100 square inclies; but it ri'nuiiiictl as widely dis-
tributed as before. In 1937 it was still less abundant, no more
than 2 beini; collocted witliin a 100 s(|uaro-inc'li (nuidrat. Pos-
sibly the rise and fall of this popidation ean be correlated with
the disappearance and later the reestablishnient of Mjfd an naria
with which it competes for space and food.

Ensis (lirictus Conrad. This razor clam was (piite numerous
in 1933 and was found on many of tlie mud and sand flats. By
193o only one or two specimens were collected within a 100
square-inch quadrat, althou^rh it remained as widely distributed
as in precedingr years. In 1936 and 1937 only a few isolated
specimens were collected.

Mya arenaria L. In 1933 the soft-shell clam was rapidly dis-
appeariufr. Contributing causes were probably over-taking: of
the clams by the clam industry, the presence of many natural
enemies, crabs, horseshoe crabs, starfishes, and the like, to<i:ether
with the fact that the eel-g:rass which served to retard currents
and hold back the clam seed had disappeared in 1931-32. Mya
arenaria was, however, found at fourteen stations althou<jfh no-
where was it very common. In 1934 the State Bureau of Marine
Fisheries planted hundreds of bushels of clam seed in flats north
of Cape Ann, and much of the spawn drifted into the Annisquam
inlet. As already mentioned, the «rreen crab was removed as a
serious predator. Mya arenaria became well established. Great
quantities of seed clams were found in the flats and large num-
bers were dredged from the channel. At least some of the in-
crease was probably the result of natural reseeding. In 1935
two distinct size-groups were in evidence — first and second-year
groups. They were found in all flats; but they were not dredged
as often. In fact, very few were dredged that year or in sub-
sequent years. From 1936 to 1937 the Bureau of Marine Fish-
eries placed 400 bushels of small seed clams in the flats of the
Annisquam inlet. In 1936 the samples taken by the writer in-
cluded more of the two-year group but fewer of the one-year
group than during the previous season. In 19;{7 Mya arenaria
was more abundant than at any time observed in the course of
this study. As mentioned earlier, tiie green crab was prevented
from returning as a predator, and many flats Avere cleared of
the mussel beds to allow clam seeds to set. In 1940 the soft-shell

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

clams were found to be abundant on most of the flats examined,
but they were still rather small in size. The scarcity of this
mollusk in the larger sizes not only eliminated the clam industry
in this region for a period of several years, but made an interest-
ing change in the diet of the herring gulls as reported earlier
(Dexter 1943).

Literature Cited

Allee, W. C. 1919. Note on animal distribution following a

hard winter. Biol. Bull. 36 : 96-104.
1923. The effect of temperature in limiting the geographic

range of invertebrates of the W^'oods Hole littoral. Ecol. 4:

341-354.
Blegvad, H. 1929. Mortality among animals of the littoral re-
gion in icy winters. Kept. Danish Biol. Station 35:50.
Caullery, M. 1929. Effets des grands froids sur les organismes

de la zone intercotidale dans le boulonnais. Bull. Soc. Zool.

France 54 : 267-269.
Dexter, R. W. 1942. Notes on the marine mollusks of Cape

Ann, Massachusetts. Nautilus 56 (2) : 57-61.
1943. Shell heaps of the herring gull. Nautilus 57 (2) : 69.
Dreyer, "W. a., and W. a. Castle. 1941. Occurrence of the

bay scallop Pecten irradians. Ecol. 22 (4) : 425-427.
Hagmeier, a. 1930. Eine Fluktuation von Mactra (Spisula)

subtruncata da Costa an der ostfriesischen Kuste. Ber.

Deutsch. Wiss. Komm. ]\Ieeresforsch 5(3): 126-155.
Jacobson, M. K. 1943. Marine Mollusca of New York Citv.

Nautilus 56 (4) : 139-144.
MacGinitie, G. E. 1939. Littoral marine communities. Amer.

Midi. Nat. 21 (1) : 28-55.
Newcombe, C. L. 1936. A comparative study of the abundance

and the rate of growth of Mya areiuiria in the Gulf of St.

Lawrence and Bav of Fundv regions. Ecol. 17 (3) : 418-

428.
Orton, J. IL, AND II. M. Lewis. 1931. On the effect of the

severe winter of 1928-1929 on the oyster drills of the Black-
water estuarv. Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom

17 (2) : 301-:n3.
Presbhey, E. W. 1913. Collecting in Panama. Nautilus 26:

121-125.
Staukfer, R. C. 1937. Changes in the invertebrate community

of a lagoon after disappearance of the eelgrass. Ecol. 18

(3) : 427-i31.

July. 1944] Tin: nautilus 25

NOTES ON WINTER HABITS OF LAND MOLLUSKS
AT ITHACA. NEW YORK

By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM
Mills College, California

The followiiijr observations were made in boecli-yellow birch
and sycamore woodlands about Ithaca, New York, durinj? Novem-
ber and December 1040. The temperature varied betAveen 40
and 50 degrees Fahrenheit when the writer was in tlie field. In-
formation concerns the position of the shell in hibernating? snails,
types of epiphrajims, and hibernatin<r habitats of land snails.

Position of the IShcU. — Fragmentary evidence is presented
which indicates that the land snail species listed below orient
themselves at random preparatory to epiphragm preceding win-
ter hibernation. Binney ' mentions that land moUusks prepara-
tory to hibernation rest with the aperture up. Simpson - states
tliat mollusks preparing for hibernation finally rest with the apex
of the shell down.

Stenotrema hirsutum Spire up 8 Spire down 3

Triodopsis alholabris " " 1 " " 4

Triodopsis Iridentala " " 8 " " 7

^lesodon (hijroidus " " 3 " " 2

Ilaplolrema concavum " " 1 " " 3

Helicodiscus parallelus " " 1 " " 1

Zonitaides iiitidus " " 3 " " 2

Discus palulus " " 2 " " 2

Total 27 24

Types of Epiphra{)ms. — Tw^o species of land snails observed
seem to employ atypical means of sealing their apertures pre-
paratory to hibernation. Succinea ovalis Say will cement its
shell to a leaf, thus succes-sfully blocking the aperture. One indi-
vidual of this species had an incomplete epiphragm. the center
of which was pierced by a perfectly round hole 1 mm. in diam-

1 Binney, W. G., 188."). A manual of American land slielLs, Bull. no. 28,
U. S. National Museum.

2 Simpson, G. B., 1901. Anatomy and physiology of Polygra alholabris
and Limax maximus and embryology of Limax niaximus, Bull. N. Y. State
Museum, no. 40, vol. 8.

26

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 58 (1)

eter. Two individuals of Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) had their
apertures plug:<red with dirt. In studying: the epiphragm of this
species it was found that it generally covered the very promi-
nent parietal tooth ; on occasion the epiphragm terminated be-
hind the parietal tooth.

Two types of aperture covers were found among individuals of
Anguispira alternata (Say) . Two individuals possessed a bubble
mucous aperture plug; the other possessed a complete mem-
branous epiphragm.

Species

Complete

Incomplete

No

Dirt

Cemented

Epiphragm

Epiphragm

Epiphragm

Plug

to Leaf

Triodopsis tridentata

7

Triodopsis albolabris

3

Triodopsis notata

8

4

Mesodon thyroidus

1

Stenotrema hirsutum

8

1

2

Discus patulus

10

1

Zonitoides nitidus

3

1

Helicodiscus parallelus

1

Haplotrema concavum

2

Anguispira alternata

3

Succinea ovalis

1

6

Totals

45

7

2

2

6

Hibernating Habitats of Land Snails. — The hibernating habi-
tats of land snails in the beech-yellow birch and sycamore wood-
lands are quite varied. The snails collected in these forest areas
during November and December 1940 were: Tj-iodopsis tridentata
(Say), T. albolabris (Say), T. notata (Deshayes), Mesodon thi/-
roidus (Say), Stenotrema fratcrnum (Say), Diseus patulus
(Deshayes), Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller), Heliodiscus parallelus
(Say), Haplotrema eoneavum (Say), Anguispira alternata
(SajO, and Succinea or<dis (Say). Of 473 mollusks that were
collcctod only 2 were found burrowed into the soil. These were
Hdplotrona eoneavum Say; they luid dug into a pebbly flood
plain to a dcplli of 1 incli. The typical shelter was beneath
humus or logs.

The following hibernating iial)itats arc those from which hmd
snails were commonly collected: 1. Beneath compact beech and

July. 1944] Tin: nautilus 27

yellow birrh or syc-amoro loaves at depths varying from 2 to 12
inches in the open or beside 1o{j:s next to the soil ; buried to the
same depth but with a layer of leaf humus between the snails and
the ground. 2. Log crevices in under surfaces of logs 3. In
the crevices formed between 2 adjacent logs buried beneath
fallen leaves. 4. Directly beneath fallen bark resting on humus.
5. Under rocks on rocky flood plains where logs were lacking,
(i. In open areas of flood plains between large rocks closely ad-
joining each other; oftentimes humus had blown between the
rocks covering the snails. 7. Beneath logs and in the cavities
of hollow logs.

SHELLS DREDGED IN PANAMA BAY
By maxwell SMITH

Phos clarki new species. Plate 1, fig. 2.

Shell elongate but rather broad for the genus; nucleus of 2V^
whorls, shining, glass-like; five succeeding whorls, the latter
sculptured with nine somewhat elevated ribs which are more jiar-
ticularly angulated at the shoulder nearest the aperture ; spiral
sculpture consisting of numerous ribs; suture distinct, whorls
moderately rounded; outer lip internally lirate, pillar with a
groove near its anterior edge, callus well extended upon body
and projecting sharply adjacent to axis.

Length 45.5, breadth 21 mm. Aperture length 21 mm.

Dredged in Panama Bay.

Dedicated to Mr. Walter D. Clark of Balboa, Canal Zone, its
discoverer. Phos clarki differs from PJws cocosensis Dall in be-
ing a broader and apparently more robust shell, whorls (exclu-
sive of the nuclear) usually five instead of seven, callus more
extended upon body-whorl. Futhermore the lirae in the throat
of clarki are less numerous. Phos craasus Hinds is more clo.sely
related to the new shell, but has a much longer spire and also
differs in the possession of a well defined node projecting near
the posterior angle of the aperture. In P. clarki instead of the
node there are several indistinct, irregularly placed lirae upon
the inner wall of the aperture. For comparison we reproduce

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

the original figures of P. crassus Hinds, from Panama. Plate 1,
figs. 1, la.

Cantharus vibex vibex Broderip'.

Apparently an imcommon shell in this region. The height of
the spire A-aries considerably. The interior is bluish white.
AYhen the epidermis is removed the varices and a portion of the
spire are of a golden-brown color. In adults the outer lip is
crenulate.

Cantharus vibex marjoriae new subspecies.

Differs from the preceding in the color of the aperture which
is golden-yellow upon both walls and gradually merging into the
bluish-white interior well inside the shell.

Dedicated to Mrs. Walter D. Clark.

Clathodrillia inaequistriata Li.

The specimens obtained indicate that this is a recent species.
When described this species was supposed to have come from the
Miocene beds of Panama Bay.

Metula amosi Vanatta.

An ade(iuate series of fresh but not living examples of this in-
teresting species indicates that it attains a larger size and finer
color than the holotype suggests.

Terebra cracilenta Li.

The specimens procured agree well with the description and
dimensions as given by Pilsbry.

PERUVIAN LAND MOLLUSCA— III

By henry a. riLSBHY

The description of Peruvian snails collected by Dr. W. Wey-
rauch is resumed here.

.Inly, 1944] Tni: nautilus 29

•Meoalobulimus (Microborus) INCARUM iiew species. Piute 1,
figs. 8, 9.

Tlie ovate sliell is white (dead), rimate, moderately solid
tliouirh not tliick, with short spire and obtuse apex. First whorl
a little turned down at the tiji. smooth at first, then with fine,
shallow, slijrhtly irre<rular radial corrujzation. which extends to
about r-.{ whorls, where the neanie sculpture of rather coarse but
weak, retractively axial, blunt striae be<rins. These striae or
little waves are stronpfest near the suture, which is slifrhtly crenu-
lated by them, and they weaken rapidly downward. The last
whorl has similar uneven ripples of trrowth, stron<;er at the su-
ture, whicii is more or less uneven or crenulated. The aperture is
ovate, outer lip a little thickened and very sli^ditly expanded,
columellar marjrin broadly reflected. Columella is stronjrly con-
cave.

Lenfrth 35 mm., diameter 21 mm., lenfrth aperture 21.7 mm.;
4% whorls. Type. Lenjrth 29.8 mm., diameter 18 mm., length
aperture 18 mm., paratype.

Huaraz, Peru, 3000-3200 meters (W. Weyrauch). Type and
paratype 180677 ANSP.

It has about the size of M. pachychilus (Pfr.), but the aper-
ture is larger and there is no spiral striation of the early whorls.
It is apparently related to M. lutcscens (King) and others of that
eastern group. Both of the specimens seen are dead shells, hav-
ing lost any periostracum they may have had.

Drymaeus eusteirus new species. Plate 1, fig. 7.

The obliquely ovate shell has a funnel-shaped umbilicus, and
is rather solid for a Drymaeus. White, the last 3 whorls with
zigzag axial stripes of brown (burnt umber), which extend from
the suture to slightly below the perphery of the last whorl, leav-
ing the base white; at the apex a small dark brown spot. Em-
bryonic whorls with exces.sively fine and weak sculpture of
Drymaeus pattern, the following whorls smooth except for faint
lines of growth; last two whorls with fine axial corrugation, more
or less interrupted or broken into short impressions. The whorls
are convex, the last slightly ascending to the aperture, with a
strong, blunt keel at the base, a little concave above the keel.
The large aperture is white within. Peristome white, broadly
expanding and reflected.

Length 54 mm., diameter 27 mm., length aperture with peri-
stome 25.7 mm. ; 6V2 whorls.

30 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

Oxapampa, Peru, 1800 meters. Type 180674 ANSP., col-
lected by Dr. W. Wey ranch.

This fine Drymaeus is nearly related to D. violaceus (Mousson),
of Colombia, but it has a stronger basal keel and is of much
stouter figure. The sculpture is somewhat like that of the Bo-
livian D. holivarii (Orb.).

Sparnotion new subgenus of Plekocheilus.

Proposed for Bulinius hauxwelli Crosse, from near Pebas, east-
ern Peru, formerly placed in Eudolichotis, w'hich it resembles in
shape. The new subgenus is defined by the first four lines of the
Key to species of Eudolichotis in Manual of Conchology (2),
10:109.

Radiodiscus andium new species. Figs. 11, a.

The minute shell is nmbilicate, the umbilicus contained three
times in the diameter, and rather widely opened to the first whorl.
Form discoidal, the spire only slightly convex, periphery broadly
rounded. Color: light brown or cinnamon colored. Sculpture:
first IVo whorls have minutely granulose. fine, spiral striae; fol-
lowing whorls are radially ribbed, the riblets smooth, separated
by wider intervals in wiiich there are microscopic irregularly
granulose striae, three or four in each interval, parallel to the
riblets. There are about 16 riblets in one mm. at the periphery
of last w'horl. Aperture lunate. 4V;{ whorls.

Height 1 mm., diameter 1.9 mm., width umbilicus 0.6.'i mm.

Chancha, near Tarma. Peru, 3400 meters elevation. Type and
paratypes 180007 ANSP.

The microscopic granulation or irregular interruiition of the
interstitial striae, which characterizes this species, can be seen
clearly on fresh shells only. Several species described by
Philippi in 1856 ^ from Valdivia, Chili, probably belong to this
genus, but very little is known of them, and none has been
figured. R. pcruvianus Crawford is larger.

No sculptural details were given by Dr. Haas for the Endio-
discus he examined from the Kio Tuinl)i's, northern Peru ( Archiv
Molluskenk. 65: 2T2. ^9'.V^) .

iCf. Pfciffcr, M<m. H.I. Viv. 4: S>r>-97.

.luly, 1944 J THE NAUTILUS 31

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of The Nautilus. — Volume 57, no. 1, pp. 1-3G, pis. 1-6,
was mailed July 23, 1943 ; no. 2, pp. 37-72, pis. 7 & 8, October
.JO; no. 3. pp. 73-108, pis. 9 & 10. February 9, 1944; and no. 4,
pp. 109-144. i-viii. pi. 11, May 15.— II. B. B.

Helix mlnima True. — Dr. MaeMillan's inference (Nautilus
for April, p. 133) that W. G. Binney did not mention Helix
minima in his Manuai of American Land Shells is true, but not
the whole truth. Binney knew of the species and intended to
mention it, but by mistake he printed the name "Helix minuta
True," on p. 250 of that work.— H. A. P.

A Large Specimen of Ensis directus Conrad. — Mr. James
Miller has presented us with an exceedin<jrly large specimen of
this species which he collected at Plymouth, Mass. This "razor
shell" is quite abundant at many localities north of Cape Cod
and appears, on the averajre, to be somewhat larjrer than those
occurring south of the Cape. Gould (1870, Invert ebrata of
Massachusetts, p. 41) mentions a specimen from Halifax, Nova
Scotia, that measured 8 inches in length. Our present specimen
is somewhat larger. It measures 228 mm. (9 inches) in length
and 38 mm. {VA inches) in width. — William J. Clench.

Anoma flexuosa (Pfeiffer). — The synonymy of this species
stands as follows :

Pupa fusiformis C. B. Adams 1845, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. 2. p. 14 (Jamaica) ; non Deshayes 1833; non Kiister 1845,

Cylindrella maugcri fusiformis C. B. Adams 1851, Contribu-
tions to Coiu'hology 9, p. 164.

Cijlmdrdla flexuosa Pfeiffer 1866, Malak. Bliitt. 13, p. 88
(Jamaica).

An examination of the types of Pupa fusiformis C. B. Adams
indicates that this species is the same as Cylindrella flexuosa
Pfeiffer. It is not a member of the "splendcns" group, but ap-
pears as a divergent stock related directly to the group of tesse-
lata C. B. Adams. As the name fusiformis is preoccupied, flexu-
osa of Pfeiffer, the only synonym, becomes available.

Adams apparently had but one specimen when his description
was written and later added another, a much finer one. The

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

holotype of fusiformis C. B. Adams is M.C.Z. no. 155842, from
St. Andrews, Jamaica. — ^Y. J. Clench.

Living Planorbidae Wanted. — Becaii.se of the possibility of
the introduction of schistosomiasis into this country by troops
returning from endemic areas abroad, the National Institute of
Health, United States Public Health Service, is carrying on
studies to determine whether domestic species of fresh water
snails are capable of serving as intermediate hosts for the three
species of human schistosomes. In this connection, it is desirable
that more species be made available for testing and the coopera-
tion of malacologists is solicited in forwarding live material for
establishment of laboratory colonies. The following species are
particularly needed at this time :

Drepanotrema cuUratum H. scalare

Hclisoma amnion H. snnthii

H. anceps H. traskii

H. campanulatum Mcncfus, all species

H. conanti Planorhula jenksii

H. corpulenium P. campestris

II. duryi seminole P. wheatleyi

H. duryi eudiscus Tropicorhis gracilentus

H. infracarinatum T. hnvancnsis

H. occidentale T. obstructus

Snails should be packed in damp moss or cotton in a mailing
container, the metal lid of which should be perforated in several
places, and forwarded by air mail special delivery to Doctor W.
H. Wright, Chief, Zoology Laboratory, National Institute of
Health, Bethesda 14, Maryland. Reimbursement for mailing
costs will be made in the form of postage stamps. Cooperation of
readers of The Nautilus in this project will be greatly appreci-
ated.

A Stitch in Time. — Througli an unfortunate oversight my
name as Assistant Curator of Molluscs at the ]\Iuseum of Compar-
ative Zoology at Harvard, and my activities, were omitted from
Mr. W. J. Clendi's account of his Department which was pub-
lished on page 6 of the News Jiulh tin and Annual Report of the
American Malacological Union for ll)4.'i. This oversight has al-
roaih' caused doubts aniou'r several ot" iiiv fiMeiids ami associates

July. 1944) THE NAUTILUS 33

as to my position and connection with the Department of Molluscs
at the Museum.

After ten years of vohintary service devoted to the study of
niollusi's and the advancement of our knowledge of them at the
Museum of Comparative Zoolojry at Harvard University, Dr.
Barbour, Director. i>laced me in his eternal debt by bestowinj;
upon me the title of Assistant Curator of Molluscs. I am proud
of my record at the Museum and deeply cherish my association
with it.

In the early spring of 1943 I went into war work at the Massa-
chusetts Institute of Technology to the extent of giving up prac-
tically all of my civilian extra-curricular activities. My entire
time and energy at present are devoted to oceanographic research
for the Navy at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,
Woods Hole, Massachusetts. I fully hope and expect to be work-
ing again with molluscs when this war terminates. — Hexry D.
Russell, Ph.D.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Revision of the Giant West Coast Land Slugs of the Genus
Ariolimax Moerch. By Albert R. Mead. Amer. Midland Nat-
uralist, 30, Nov., 1943. This extremely valuable paper clears
up the question of why many individuals of these largest native
slugs lack copulatory organs, and proves conclusively that the
penes are gnawed off after copulation. Ariolimax dolichophaUus
and .4. calif ornicus hra4:hy phallus are added to the two species
previously known. Let us hope that, after the war, the author
will continue his great additions to our knowledge of these in-
teresting slugs.

About the only possible criticisms are in regard to trivial de-
tails of wording. Novel anatomical terms, even though more
descriptive, are confusing, and epiphallus ("ejaculatory duct"
plus "apical vas deferens") has become familiar through that
long usage, which "penate" never should receive. Also, species
names are binomial, and their specific halves look peculiarly
lonesome by themselves and especially strange when capitalized.
— H. B. B.

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

MOLLUSKS OF THE ClEARWATER MOUNTAINS, IdAHO. Bv Allvil

G. Smith. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 23: 537-554, one plate. The
mollusks reported on were collected by Dr. G. Dallas Hanna and
three companions, in course of an expedition from the California
Academy of Sciences, in 1941. The 21 species taken include sev-
eral known before by the original lots only, the ranges of these
as well as of other species being extended. A new species, Allo-
gona lomhardii, is related to A. ptycJiophora (A. D. Br.), but
characterized by being large and heavy with sculpture of sinu-
ous ribs. The list is prefaced by some account of the previous
conchological work in Idaho of Hemphill, Ashmun, H. B. Baker
and the author. — H. A. P.

Pleuroceridae of THE Great Basin. By Calvin Goodrich.
Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 485. The discov-
ery of two new species of Goniohasis, G. laurac and G. intcrioris,
in waters of the Great Basin is one of the most surprising finds
of recent years. The localities are in small and short streams
in Washoe Co., Nevada, and Lassen Co., California. The Lassen
County stream, about a quarter mile long, is surmised to be trace-
able to a lost stream tributary to Pit River. The origin of the
still smaller Nevadan colonies is more problematic. — H. A. P.

Catalogue and Revision of the Gastropod Subfamily
Typhinae. By Myra Keen. Jour, of Paleontology 18, Jan.
1944. The Typhinae, which have usually been comprised in the
single genus Typhis, number about 85 species, varying in time
from lower Eocene to Recent, about 25 being living species. 13
subgenera are recognized, of whicli one, Indotyphis, is new. They
are grouped under the genera Typhis, Sii)honochcIus, Lacvifyphis
and Pteroty})his, tliis classification being based upon the num-
ber of varices and the positions of the tubes relative to them.
All of the groups are illustrated by figures of typical species.
A j)liyl()geny of the subgenera is suggested. A catalogue of
species with bibliographic references coiu'ludes this useful study.
— IL A. P.

Notes on Freshwater Mollusks of Juaho Foh.matiox ai
Hammett, Idaho. By Teng-Chien Yen. Jour, of Paleont. 18,
elan. i;>44. In 1924 Dr. W. II. Dall aiDiounced the finding of

.Inly, 1})441 THE xautimis 35

several molliisks of Halkan type in Pliocene beds of Owyhee Co.,
lilaho. Till' present paper extends onr kno\vledj;e of this stranpre
Pliocene fauna, eontaininp: species of the followinj; jjenera : Val-
rata, Pyrgiihpsia, Amuicola, FJuminicola, Pilshryus (a new
irenns based upon *' Lithosia'^ antiqna CJabb, and <rroupinj; with
Fhiminicoln and Lithoglyphus), Goniobasi^, Payetfia, Orygo-
ceras, two new <;enera of Planorbidae, Angulorhis and Piio-
pholyx, a Sphacriiim and a small Pisidium. In this list, Angu-
lorbis appears to be most nearly related to a species of Slavonia,
and the two species of Orygoccraa belonp: undoubtedly to that
very peculiar Balkan jrenus. PliopJiolyx is a remarkable snail,
with much more produced spire than Parapholyx. The otlier
•renera are normally American in their relationships. The new
species and others of special interest are illustrated by excellent
figures. — H. A. P.

Distribution and Variation of the Hawaiian Tree Snail

ACHATIXELLA APEXFULVA DiXON, IN THE KOOLAU RaNGE, OaHU.

By d'Alte A. Welch. Smiths. Misc. Coll. vol. 103, no. 1 ; 236 pp.,
maps, and 12 plates. The shells of the typical subgenus of
Achatinella are so similar structurally that species have been
based largely, and subspecies almost wholly, on coloration. The
older authors described 53 species of this group. Sykes, 1900
(Fauna Haivaiiensis), recognized 17 species and 13 subspecies.
Pilsbry, 1914, had 11 species and 23 subspecies; and Welch.
1942, reduces this typical group of Achatinella to 6 species, with
a very great number of subspecies, no less than 76 in .1. apcx-
fulva alone, 43 of them being described as new in this work,
which is based upon the study of over 11,300 shells.

Former work was done mainly witli material localized by
ridges or valleys, the elevations, where noted, being estimated.
Shells collected along a ridge and left together were often from
different colonies, at various elevations. The U. S. Geological
Survey topographic sheets, not available before 1932, make it
possible to localize collecting stations far more exactly, and nuniy
more little local races, which Dr. Welch ranks as subspecies, are
distinguishable. Many of these represent the smallest steps in
racial divergence, and hence are significant in the evolution of
species, though the value in taxonomy of such micro-subspecies

36 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (1)

is questionable. Collecting in the last thirty years by W.
Meinecke and others has brouj2:ht to light many color-forms un-
known when the Pilsbry-Cooke work was published. The recog-
nition and definition of these racial strains required acute dis-
crimination, and their exact localization called for tireless
industry. These qualities of the study can be fully appreciated
only by those who have worked on this perplexing genus.

As to the factors concerned in the evolution of this complex of
forms, the evidence is somewhat conflicting. In a majority of
the ridges, size increases with elevation (that is with increase
of rainfall and lower temperature), but this is the reverse corre-
lation found by Dr. Welch in A. mustelina. No correlation was
found for direction of coil. Shells from areas of high rainfall
tend to be white, and have banded patterns, those from dryer
situations tend to have darker patterns, banded or streaked.
The author concludes that "subspeciation of A. apexfulva is
caused by both the effects of random variation in partly isolated
populations, and selective factors of environment." — H. A. P.

Panamic Marine Shells: Synonymy, Nomenclature, Range
and Illustrations. By Maxwell Smith. Tropical Photographic
Laboratory, Winter Park, Florida, xiii -f 127 pp. In the ab-
sence of any general manual of the West Mexican and Panamic
mollusks, Mr. Smith has compiled this catalogue as a guide to
the scattered literature, with figures, references to the original
descriptions, localities, and the principal synonyms. The geo-
graphic limits of Mazatlan and Pananui are set. Many names
reported from the region are not present, but doubtless most of
the species likely to be found by shore collecting are included.
912 figures, representing a majority of the species listed, are
given, most of them copied from other works, but part original;
they occupy 53 of the 127 pages. The lithoprint reproductions
of many of the figures do scant justice to Mr. Smith's excellent
photography, and to the figures copied from other authors.

A new genus of Cynmtiidae, Bailva (named in honor of Dr.
Joshua L. Bally), is proposed for B. anomala {Triton anomalus
Hinds). The Antillean "Triton" parvus C. B. Ad. {Phos intri-
catus Dall), and Phos roycci M. Smith, of the Florida Pliocene,
are mentioned as atlditional species of Bailya. — II. A. i*.

THE \A I 'TILTS oS (2

PLATE 2

1, 'J, ('iiini>li>iiiiUnnii spin ri
;'-<> ll.'i\\:iii:iii ()<|('stiiiiii:is

The Nautilus

Vol. 58 October, 1944 No. 2

SHELL COLLECTING IN THE BAHAMAS

Ry ALFRED II. PATTERSON

To those of us who live in South Florida and Miami in par-
ticular, the sijrht of a Bahaman boat unloadinj? its ear<ro is a very
familiar one. The cargo nearly always includes high piles of
Strombus gigas L., S. costatus Grael., Cassis madagascariensis
Lam., C. iuherosa L., Oliva reticularis Lam. and Tellina radiata
L. There will usually be included yellow and purple gorgonians,
giant starfishes and delicate coral of various kinds, which find
their way to the shell dealers and novelty manufacturers in South
Florida.

Often I would watch this unloading in Miami and pore through
boxes and bags of mixed shells to find worn specimens of species
that were not found frequently in Florida, and had wished sev-
eral times to be able to collect shells where such as these could be
found.

It was in the early part of 1942 that mj' business took me to
Nassau where I had the good fortune to remain almost two years.
During this time I had many opportunities to collect shells on
several of the islands.

New Providence Island, on which Nassau is located, is one of
the smaller of the Bahama group. It lies east of the Great Ba-
hama Bank and separates from it by the Tongue of the Ocean
with its profound depths. This accounts for so many deep water
specimens showing up on the western tip of the island. There is
a sheer drop down to 400 fathoms within a mile offshore, which
affords little chance for the collector in tiuit area. But, immedi-
ately north of the Island, which extends for a distance of well
over 25 miles, is the most easily accessible coral reef I have ever
Lad the pleasure to collect upon. This reef lies from one half
to about a mile offshore and there are several keys in it including
Hog Island and Athol Island.

37

38 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

There are places near the western end of this reef where, at
low tide, one may walk out several hundred yards, waist deep in
water, among purple and yellow gorgonians and coral heads up
to 10 feet in diameter.

On the yellow gorgonians, upon close inspection, one will see
yellow Simnia a-cicularis Lam. feeding upon the polyps, and
purple ones on the long purple sea plumes. It is on these gor-
gonians that the beautiful Cyphoma gibhosa L. is found in pro-
fusion.

One needs a strong iron bar and diving goggles in order to
dislodge and turn over the coral heads which grow close to the
bottom. The larger the coral, the harder one has to work to
break it loose, but once over he will find himself well repaid for
the effort. There will be found Cypraea cinerea Gmel., C. spurca
L., Conus regius Gmel., with its pretty variety cardinalis Hwass,
and C. citrinus Gmel. This is the favorite hiding place for
Pecten ornatus Lam, and P. imhricatus Gmel. as well as myriads
of minute and dozens of large and small chitons that abound in
Bahaman waters.

If one is fortunate in finding the den of an octopus, it is often
possible to collect fresh dead bivalves and other shells not often
collected alive. It was in one of these dens that I collected two
specimens of Casmaria vihex L. I had often heard that this
shell had been collected in the West Indies but it was not until
I collected these two that I had ever seen one from there. Octopi
are very plentiful among the Baliaman reefs.

In December 1943, I took a trip to Andros Island which lies
about 35 miles west of Nassau across tlie Tongue of the Ocean.
There I collected along the reef from Stan lard Kock north around
Morgans Bluff to the large sand flats above Lowe Sound.

The reef along the northeastern shore of Andros is considered
the finest coral reef in the world. From here was removed in-
tact a large section and restored in the American Museum of Nat-
ural History in New York.

It was on Pigeon Key that I had my best collecting. Here I
turned a very large coral and found under it 10 superb specimens
of Calliostoma jujuhlniim rawsoni Dall, a two inch specimen of
Pecten ornatus Lam., and a fine Pecten imhricatus Gmel.

Oct., 1944J THE NAUTILUS 39

Oil tlie fjrassy strotelies near the key. 1 picked up several 4 to 6
inch Murcx pomuni CJniel. I'oedinj; on Cmlakia and otlier bivalves.
On the grrass blades lived beautiful green purple and mottled
chitons which T have been unable to identify.

I had only one collecting; trip to Eleuthera Island. The At-
lantic or eastern side of the island has but few beaches which are
pink in color from the erosion of the pink coral that {2:rows on
the reef. There had been a tropical squall a few days before I
got there and collecting could be done only in the well protected
places. There I collected several different smaller species that
are not generally found in the other islands I visited.

On the bay side at Governor's Harbour at low tide, I found
Miirex rufus Lam. plentiful, feeding upon Mytilus citrimia Bolten,
which live in great beds in the shallow water of the bay. There to
be had are Latirus infundihulum Gmel. and L. cayohucsonicus
Sow., also Marginella guttata Dillw. and very fine and colorful
specimens of Tcgula fasciuta Born and Turbo castancus Gmel.

Dredging in the Bahamas is very hard work and my attempts
at Andros and Eleuthera were fruitless. Unless one has the
equipment for deep work below the depth that coral lives, it is
extremeh' doubtful whether any success may be realized. Since
I did not have my equipment with me and war-time restrictions
prevented a trial, I am not in a position to state what results
may be expected from deep water dredging. However, I dredged
in Nassau Harbor which has a sandy and shell bottom up to 10
fathoms with very fine success. It was in this way that I col-
lected most of my best shells. From Nassau Harbor alone I
dredged and otherwise collected eleven different species of Mitra
which seems to be a near record for West Indian Mitra. They
include one fine specimen of M. histrio Lam. which is exceedingly
rare in the Bahamas.

Nassau is a quaint old tow^i with quite a continental air about
it, which seems strange with its proximity to the Florida coast.
There are several boats that run regularly to the dilTerent out
Islands which makes it ideal for the pro.spective collector in
being able to get around to the various collecting grounds.

The Gulf Stream is the big factor in keeping many of the West
Indian shells from migrating to Florida waters. Then, there
seems to be a different kind of water around these islands, free

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

from pollution and ideal for molhiscan life. The water is very
clear and the most vivid blue and green I have ever seen.

I, for one, am certainly planning to revisit the Bahamas, as
there is plenty of virgin territory for the shell collector there.
There are hundreds of Keys and islands that make up the group.

The Nassau Conchological Society has among its members sev-
eral very enthusiastic collectors, and they are to be commended
upon the fine work they are doing in helping to acquaint inter-
ested malacologists and scientists with Bahaman shells.

Certainly, I consider that the West Indian shells are second to
none in the world in beauty, and the Bahamas in particular are
extremely rich in shell life. Those that can will surely make no
mistake in choosing tliese Islands for a field trip.

PLEUROCERIDAE OF THE COOSA RIVER BASIN
By CALVIN GOODRICH

Hydroelectrifieation of the Coosa River, Alabama, has caused
miles of rapids, the natural habitat of pleurocerids, to be covered
with deep water. Behind the huge dams silting has gone on
which probably by this time is several feet deep. Below the
dams the rush of waters has varied as variation came in the pro-
duction of electrical power. On top of these inimical conditions
has been an increase in turbidity because of field wash. Great
populations of the gastropods have been destroyed and it is very
likely that entire races have been wiped out as well. It seems
fitting in the case to review this molhiscan fauna if only as a sort
of autopsy. Besides being the richest of its kind in forms and
numbers of individuals, that fauna embodied an endemic genus
and, shells of tributaries included, nearly fifty endemic species.

Anculosa

In 3022, a study was made of members of tlio genus which oc-
cupied the Alabama Kiver system. A re-examination in 1948
has confirmed most of the decisions of 1922, but in a few in-
stances other opinions have been reached, due to a better mider-
standintr of the Pleuroceridae as a whole. While there has been

Oct., 1944 J THE NAUTILUS 41

an interclian<re of species of Ganiohasis with those of the Ten-
nessee Kiver, there has been no such crossinpj over amonp the An-
culosae. This appears to arfj:iie a lonpr separation of the two rivers
and only rarely an instance of stream capture by one or the other.
Conditions in the Coosa have led to the development of several
distinct species whereas those of the Tennessee have been uniform
enough to keep the number to one closely related group. Re-
tention of the primitive plicae is marked in the shells of one river,
their loss in the other. In both systems are forms in which the
operculum has become ribbon-like, but only in the Coosa are
species having spinose opercula. The radulae are alike in each
stream in having lateral teeth with cleaver-like folds.

Aticulosa picta Conrad. Sillman's Journal, 2, 1834, p. 342,
pi. 1, fig. 15. An Alabama River shell which enters the Coosa
only as far as gravel bars below the last series of rapids.

A. formosa Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., 12, 1860, p. 187. Con-
fined to the Coosa River, Etowah County, to Butting Ram Shoals,
Coosa County, Alabama.

A. foremani Lea. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1842, p. 243. Dis-
tribution is from Three Island Shoals, Talladega County, to But-
ting Ram Shoals.

A. clippcata II. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 7 Mus. Zool., Univ.
Mich., 1922, p. 191, pi. 1, figs. 8-10; pi. 3, fig. 8. Notable for a
large, very loosely coiled operculum; probably primitive. This
appears in the Coosa River near Riverside, St. Clair County,
Alabama, and ranges to Butting Ram Shoals.

A. downici Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 20, 1868, p. 153. The
characteristic upstream form of the genus, and in all probability
simply a phase of A. formosa. It is common to parts of the head-
waters in Georgia and disappears in the Coosa at about St. Clair
County, Alabama. In 1922, a small shell similar to .4. downki
was described as A. modesta H. H. Smith. It is seen now to be
a depauperate or diseased manifestation of downici, with which
apparently Smith found it. It was restricted to that part of the
Coosa bordering Cherokee and Etowah counties, Alabama.

A. ta^niata (Conrad). New P.W. Shells of U.S., 1834, p. 63.
In the Coosa from St. Clair County downstream. It is also the
commonest Anculosa of the Alabama River and penetrates the
Cahaba for a short distance.

42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

A. taeniaia lucida, new subspecies. This is a shell of Coosa
tributaries that in 1922 was identified as A. ampla Anthony. It
is smaller than the riverine taeniaia, somewhat wider in propor-
tion to height than that species, and is wanting in plicae or re-
volving folds. It is to be considered a small stream mollusk,
living under variable and possibly inimical conditions.

A. coosaensis Lea. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 54.
Very like A. taeniata and quite likely identical with it, as Tryon
believed. Known distribution is restricted to the Coosa at Fort
William and Peckerwood shoals, Talladega County, Alabama.

A. griffithiana Lea. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1841, p. 83.
Especially common in the Coosa at Wetumpka, but does not
range farther upstream than Butting Ram Shoals.

A. aldrichi H. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 7 Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich.,
1922, p. 31, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2 ; pi. 3, fig. 16. Possibly only a small
localized race of A. taeniata, subglobose and without sculpture.
Taken by T. H. Aldrich in the Coosa at the mouth of Yellowleaf
Creek, Chilton County, Alabama.

A. choccoloccoensis H. H. Smith. Mis. Pub. 7 Mus. Zool.,
Univ. Mich., 1922, p. 34, pi. 1, fig. 7; pi. 3, fig. 14. Known only
from Choccolocco Creek, Talladega County, Alabama. May be
simply a small stream race of A. taeniata.

A. hrevispira H. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 7 Mus. Zool., Univ.
Mich., 1922, p. 35, pi. 1, fig. 6 ; pi. 3, fig. 12. Common on Fort
William Shoals, and ranging down.stream to the Bar and Dun-
can's Riffle, Chilton County.

A. sulcata IL H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 7 Mus. Zool., TTniv. Mich.,
1922, p. 45, pi. 2, fig. 45 ; pi. 3, fig. 20. Found by Smith in great
numbers on Ten Island Shoals, St. Clair County, Alabama. It
ranges only to Peckerwood Shoals, Talladega County.

A. showaltcrii Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 12, 1860, p. 63.
Possibly a depauperate form of ^4. sulcata. If not a good spe-
cies, it should, as an earlier named form, have priority over sul-
cata. The doubtfulness of showaltcrii applies also to .4. lirata
II. II. Smith, 1922, and similar to it.

A. occultata II. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 7 Mus. Zool., Univ,
Mich., 1922, p. 48, pi. 2, figs. 31-33; pi. 3. fig. 21. Seo.iungly a
race which has lost the primitive plicae and tiic secondary striae.

Oct., 10441 TIIK NAl'TIIATS 43

It is apparently I'onfuied to tlie shoals borderinj; Chilton and
Coosa rounties, Alabama.

A. vittata Lea. Proc. Aeatl. Nat. Sei., 12, 1800, p. 188. An
oeeupant of swift water, fairly comnion in the Chilton and Coo.sa
County Shoals, rare at Wetunipka.

.4. ligata Anthony. Proc. Aead. Nat. Sei., 12, 1860, p. (57.
Known as from the Coosa River, Weduska Slioals. Shelby
County, to Wetumpka.

A. flexuosa H. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 7 Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich.,
1022, p. 38. pi. 1. fif;. 17. A very puzzlinp: form, observed only
at Wetumpka. There are strong? reasons for believinfr it not a
good species, but rather a hybrid of A. taeniata and griffithiana.

Pleurocera

About thirty species have been credited to the drainap:e of the
system of which the Coosa River is a part. On close study and
comparison, they resolve themselves into four forms, and even
these are not very distinctive. The specific names, in short, are
to be considered conveniences in sorting rather than clean-cut
differentiations.

Pleurocera vcstitum (Conrad). New P.W. Shells of U.S.,
1834, p. 57, pi. 8, fig. 12. Especially common in head streams
and tributaries nearly to the river discharge. Absent in the
river itself.

P. showalterii (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., 14, 1862, p. 172.
A transition form, extremelj' variable, of the lower part of main
Coosa lieadwaters and that part of the river which is in Georgia.

P. prasinaium (Conrad). Anier. Jour. Sei., 25 series 1, p. 342,
pi. 1, fig. 14. A heavy form of the middle and lower Coosa River,
occurring in numbers in (juiet stretches. Specimens found in
rapids are apparently wanderers.

P. foremanii (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1842, p. 242.
A shell bearing nodules on lower whorls, doubtless vestiges of
plicae once prevailing. As occurrence of the sculpture in one
locality of the Cahaba River is plainly a reversion, the same
thing may be true of the shells of the Coosa. It has been found
in the basin from the Etowah River of Georgia downstream, and
at the mouths of a few side streams.

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

GONIOBASIS

The accumulation of synonyms in this genus has been carried
further among inhabitants of this basin than any other, but the
list remains formidable even after a bold reduction of synony-
mous forms. The species can best be dealt with here according
to their general habitats. Shells purely of headwaters, creeks,
brooks and springs are :

Goniohasis carinifera (Lamarck). Hist. Nat. Animaux sans
Vertebres, 6, 1822, p. 167, pi. 2. Common throughout the system.
The largest stream occupied is Etowah River, Floyd County,
Georgia. The species has crossed into parts of the Tennessee
River.

G. striatula (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1841, p. 15.
Shells of Coahulla Creek, Whitfield County, Georgia, correspond
to forms so-named immediately to the north in the Tennessee
drainage.

G. carinocostata (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 4, 1845, p.
165. Fairly common in creeks from Whitfield County, Georgia,
to Elmore County, Alabama.

G. bentonensis Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 14, 1862, p. 271.
Very like G. carinocostata, but having a distinctive sculpture.
Taken in small branches of Calhoun and Talladega counties,
Alabama.

G. ornata Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 20, 1868, p. 152. Con-
fined to a few miles of the Connesauga River, Georgia, and nearby
tributaries. Probably a hybrid of G. gcrhardtii Lea and cacla-
tura (Conrad).

G. gerhardtii Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 14, 1862. p. 270.
North Georgia to lower tributaries of the Coosa. It has nine
known synonyms.

G. cahawhensi'i (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 121.
Commonest in the Cahaba River, but has crossed into Waxa-
hatchee Creek of the Coosa, Shelby and Chilton counties, Ala-
bama.

The folh)wiiig niollusks either occupy both creeks and the main
river or belong to groups wliicli are alike riverine and of small
streams :

Oct.. 1944] THE NAUTILUS 45

G. crcuatclla (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.. 12, 1860, p. 93.
Known from the Coosa River, St. Clair to Chilton County, Ala-
bama; creeks of St. Clair, Etowah and Tallade<?a counties.

G. vanuxcmiana (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1842, p.
242. In the Coosa, Etowah County and downstream, and the
mouths of a few tributaries of the same range.

G. caelatura (Conrad). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 4, 1849, p. 154.
Georgia headwaters to side streams of Talladega Count}', Ala-
bama. Six forms are recognizable as subspecies on the basis of
variation in sculpture.

G. huUiila (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 121.
Coosa River, Cherokee County, Alabama, to near the Narrows,
Coosa County ; in five tributaries between these points.

G. fascinans (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 119.
A creek form, Calhoun to Coosa County, and found occasionally
in the main stream.

G. aluhamcmis (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 121.
Particularly common in middle sections of the Coosa, and found
also in creeks of Talladega County.

G.hcllula (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 122. De-
scribed as from Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County, Alabama, but
much more common in middle part of the Coosa. Taken also in
Choccolocco Creek, Talladega County.

G. capillaris (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 122.
Coosa River, Floyd County, Georgia, to shoals of Chilton and
Coosa counties, Alabama; in Etowah River, at Rome, Georgia,
and creeks to Talladega County, Alabama.

The species which follow are confined to river conditions so
far as known :

G. clausa (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 120.
Shoals of St. Clair County only.

G. haysiaim (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1842, p. 242.
A lower river form, very common at Wetumpka.

G. joncsi Goodrich. Misc. Pub. 31 Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich.,
1936, p. 31. A new name for G. xvheatlcyi Lea, preoccupied.
Ten Island Shoals, St. Clair County, to the Bar, Chilton County.

G. lachrmya (Anthony, Reeve). Monograph Melania, 1861,

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

sp. 472. Gilbert's Ferry, Etowah County, to near Childersburg^
Talladega County.

G. gibbera H. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 31 Mus. Zool., Univ.
Mich., 1936, p. 41, pi. 1, fig. 9. Seen only from shoals of St. Clair
County.

G. laeta (Jay). Cat. Recent Shells, 3rd ed., 1839, p. 122, pi.
7, fig. 11. Cherokee County to Elmore County.

G. pilsbryi Goodrich. Nautilus, 41, 1927, p. 58. A new name
for Melania showalterii Lea, preoccupied. Hall's Island, Talla-
dega County, to mouth of the Yellowleaf Creek of Chilton
County.

G. hartmaniuna (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 117.
St. Clair to Elmore County.

G. niacglatncriana Goodrich. Misc. Pub. 31 Mus. Zool., Univ.
Mich., 1936, p. 48, pi. 1, fig. 20. Yancy's Landing, Floyd County,
Georgia, to Riddle's Bend, St. Clair County, Alabama.

G. pygmaea H. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 31 Mus. Zool., Univ.
Mich., 1936, p. 49, pi. 1, fig. 17. Found so far only on Three Is-
land Shoals, Talladega County.

G. impressa (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1841, p. 83.
Leoto Shoals, St. Clair County, to rapids of Coosa County.

G. fusiformis (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 54.
Weduska Shoals, Shelby County, to Wetumpka, Elmore County.

G. brevis (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1842, p. 242. Re-
stricted to middle and lower reaches of the Coosa.

G. pupacformis Lea. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 16, 1864, p. 112.
From the vicinity of Riverside, St. Clair County, to Wetumpka.

Gybotoma

In a study of this genus in 1924 with the unexampled IL IT.
Smith collections as a basis, the siiape and depth of the sutural
fissure were relied upon for differentiation among the species.
The writer is not so sure, after twenty years, that the thirteen
species then recognized by this standard are actually good spe-
cies. For one thing, the range of the whole genus is only about
one hundred and twenty mih>s of river. The habitats are shoals
and reefs over wliieli tlie eurreiits are heavy. In all the forms,
the operculum is large, tiiiek aiul leatlierly, the spiral lines nearly

Oct.. in44] THK NAUTILUS 47

obsolete. The radulae, too, are alike. Considering,' how «;reatly
a griven species of Goniohasis may vary, and a member of Pleuro-
ctra more so. it is reasonable to snppo.se that variation in Gyro-
toma, ineludinfr its fissure, may be j;reater than was supposed in
1924. But in the absence of better information on the subject,
the species are listed here as they were then recofrnized.

Gyrutoma pyraynidatum Shuttleworth. Mittheilungen der
Naturforsehenden Gesellshaft, Bern, 1845, p. 88. The first of
the genus to appear in the river, and notable for being nodulous,
an aspect taken on by two other genera in those reaches. Ten
Island Shoals, St. Clair County, Ahibama, to the mouth of Yel-
lowleaf Creek of Shelby Country.

G. spillmanii (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 54.
Possibly identical with the above. Known only from two shoals
of Talladega County, Alabama.

G. pagodum (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 4, 1845, p. 167.
A lower river form. The Bar, Chilton County, to Wetumpka,
Elmore County.

G. pumilum (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 12, 1860, p. 187.
Weduska Shoals, Shelby County, to Wetumpka.

G. alahamensU (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 12, 1860, p. 187.
Peckerwood Shoals, Talladega County, to Duncan's Riffle, Chil-
ton County.

G. cariniferum Anthony. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 12, 1860, p.
66. Smith found this confined to a reef at Fort William Shoals,
Talladega County, in very swift water ; a few others in a pool as
if washed there.

G. Icwusii (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 21, 1869, p. 62. May
be only a form of Goiiiobasis impressa (Lea). Confined, so far
as known, to two shoals of Talladega County.

G. hcndersoni H. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 12 Mus. Zool., Univ.
Mich., 1924, p. 18, pi. 2, figs. 19-21. Also under suspicion as a
Goniohasis. Fort William Shoals only.

G. excisum (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1843, p. 242.
Typifies the group having very deep fissures. Three Island
Shoals, Talladega County, to Wetumpka.

G. lacinkttum (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 4, 1845, p. 167.
Possibly a .small phase of G. excisum. Fort William Shoals to
Wetumpka.

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol, 58 (2)

G. incisum (Lea). Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, 2, 1843, p. 243.
Typifies the group having shallow, triangular fissures. Weduska
Shoals to Wetumpka.

G. walkeri H. H. Smith. Misc. Pub. 12 Mus. Zool.. Univ.
Mich., 1924, p. 25, pi. 2, figs. 30-32. May be a depauperate phase
of G. incisum. Weduska Shoals to Butting Ram Shoals, Coosa
County, a range of only a few miles.

G. amplum Anthony. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 12, 1860, p. 66.
Collected in small numbers, Talladega to Coosa County.

Lepyrium

L. showalteri (Lea). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 13, 1861, p. 55,
is not included with Coosa gastropods because, it is suspected, it
is a species of the Cahaba River. It is not to be forgotten, how-
ever, that a parade of collectors visited the Coosa before num-
bers of its mollusks were revealed. It is not too certain but
that Lepyrium has kept in hiding just as effectually. Lea de-
scribed the shell as a Neritina; Dall considered it an offshoot of
this genus. On the strength of peculiarities of operculum and
radula, H. D. Russell assigned it to the Hydrobiidae.

SPHAERIIDAE OF THE COOSA RIVER BASIN
By CALVIN GOODRICH

Of the four species of these small bivalves that A. A. Hinkley
collected in the drainage of the Alabama River, just half were in
streams of the Coo.sa, none at all in the river proper. Herbert
H. Smith, though his work in the basin was much more extensive,
was not strikingly more successful. Judged by these findings
and the fact that the Smith lots were small in comparison with
what can be taken in the north, the Coosa and its tributaries in
the pre-liydroelcctrification days were not very favorable to the
existence and multiplication of Sphaeriidae. The impression is
borne out by two or three unsorted takings that R. E. Call made
at Wetumpka near the discharge and where sweepings of miles
of river would accumulate. Only occasional valves turned up
in them. The alteration of conditions in recent vears to vast

Oct., 1944] THE NAUTILUS 49

impoundinfrs may have improved matters for the family, but in
the absence of colleetinj]: iiothinj; is known as to that. Herrinfr-
ton and Brooks, Nautilus, 57, 1944, pp. 93-97, have made a pre-
liminary revision of the {jroup. However, for the purposes of
this paper, it has been thought advisable to follow the determina-
tions by Dr. Victor Sterki, very nearly all the specimens having
passed throutrh liis hands.

Sphaerium

Sphaerium sfriatinum (Lamarck). An. sans Vert., 1818, p.
500. The species was found in the Coosa River at Riddle's Bend,
Cherokee County, Alabama, and nowhere else in the main stream,
H. H. Smith, collector. He brought it to light in creeks of Floyd
County, Georgia, besides a tributary in Elmore County, Ala-
bama.

S. stamitieum (Conrad). Amer. Jour. Sci., 25, 1834, p. 342,
pi. 1, fig. 5. Shells from Armuchee Creek, Floj'd County,
Georgia, and Little Will 's Creek, Etowah County, Alabama, have
been identified as this form.

S. fahale (Prime). Proe. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 4, 1851, p.
159. Unknown from the Coosa itself, but scattered among creeks
from Georgian headwaters to Shelby and Talladega counties,
Alabama.

S. solidulum (Prime). Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 4, 1851,
p. 158. This is another small stream form, having about the
same distribution in the basin as -S*. fahale.

S. occidentale Prime. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 12, p. 295. Taken
by Smith in a creek near Ten Island Shoals, St. Clair County,
Alabama, and "two miles south of Wetumpka," the locality not
otherwise identified.

MUSCULIUM

Musculium coniractum (Prime). Monograph of Amer. Cor-
biculidae, Smithson. Misc. Coll., No. 145, 1865, p. 48. One of
the two type localities given by Prime is Prairie Creek, Marengo
County, Alabama, draining into the Black Warrior River. Dr.
E. R. Schowalter was the collector. Smith found the species in

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

the Coosa River, Chilton County, and in a branch of Corn Creek,
near Wetumpka, Elmore County, both in Alabama.

M. transversum (Say). New Harmony Disseminator of Use-
ful Knowledge, 2, 1829, p. 356. Known from the Coosa in Tal-
ladega, Shelby and Coosa counties, Alabama ; pools at "We-
tumpka, and small streams from Eome, Georgia to Shelby
County, Alabama. As the species flourishes in muddy and stag-
nant waters and can multiply in spots in which free oxygen is
almost entirely absent, it may be expected to appear in numbers
throughout the transformed sections of the Coosa.

M. elcvatuni (Haldeman). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1, 1841, p.
53. Prime spoke of the shell as rare, and it w^as not observed
by Hinkley. Smith, however, collected it in the Coosa at Center
Landing, Cherokee County, Alabama ; the lower part of the Chat-
tooga River, the same county, and Armuchee Creek, Floyd
County, Georgia.

EUPERA

Eupera cuhensis (Prime). Monograph of Amer. Corbiculidae,
Smithson. Misc. Coll., No. 145, 1865, p. 58. Specimens so named
in the Walker Collection are assigned to the Coosa River, We-
duska Shoals, Shelby County, Alabama. Inasmuch as the spe-
cies was originally of West Indian origin, it seems likely that the
Alabama shells belong rather to the following :

E. singleyi (Pilsbry). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. for 1889, p. 88,
pi. 3, figs. 14, 15. Taken in Yellowleaf Creek, Shelby County,
which enters the Coosa River near Fort William shoals, Alabama.
Smith found it also in a creek near Wetumpka, Elmore County.
It is known to be in the Black Warrior and the Talapoosa rivers,
belonging to the Alabama drainage as well as does the Coosa.

PiSIDIUM

If that is possible, tlio iionu'iichiture of this genus is in worse
state than any other of the Sphaeriidae. It is made up of minute
shells of very indefinite cliaracters and to small variations in
shape, texture, color and prominence of beaks have been given
names. How much these may be due to food conditions, tem-

Oct., 1944] THE NAUTILUS 51

poraturo. the rhomistry of water and current and wave action
is known not in the least, and in fact the assumption has been
that they have no influence on either the hard or soft parts of the
bivalves. Distributional data may be of small value since means
of dispersal over very wide areas seem quite easy. So what is
here set down mifjht be {rreatly added to as collectinf? goes on,
just as the the number of species is apt to be reduced when a
yardstick is shaped for pa.ssing on their characteristics.

Pisidium abditum Ilaldeman. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., 1, 1843,
p. 53. The shell has been collected in the headwaters of Etowah
Kiver, Floyd County, Georgia, and in the Coosa from a little be-
low Rome, Georgia, to parts of the river bordering Coosa and
Chilton counties, Alabama.

P. atlanticum Sterki. Nautilus, 18, 1905, p. 128. Found in
the Coosa from Cherokee County to pools at Wetumpka, Elmore
County, Alabama, and in creeks of Talladega and Shelby coun-
ties, the same state.

P. compressum Prime. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 4, 1851,
p. 161. The typical form as recognized by Sterki occurs in the
Coosa River from Cherokee Count}', Alabama, to Wetumpka ; in
creeks of Floyd County, Georgia; Cherokee, Etowah, St. Clair,
Shelby and Talladega counties, Alabama. Records for the sub-
species coosaense Sterki are Etowah River, near Kingston, Bar-
tow County, Georgia, and the Coosa River, at three localities of
Talladega County, Alabama; for the subspecies contrarium
Sterki, Coosa River, above Coo.sa Valley, Talladega County.

P. limatulum Sterki. Nautilus, 18, 1905, p. 108. Reported
from Valley Head, Dekalb County, and a small tributary of the
Coosa at Fort William Shoals, Talladega County, both in Ala-
bama.

P. 7ioveboracense Prime, Ann. N. Y. Lye, 6, 1853, p. 66, pi.
1, fig. 3. Shells pronounced typical by Sterki were taken by
Smith in the Coosa at Peckerwood Shoals, Talladega County, and
Weduska Shoals, Shelby County, Alabama. The subspecies ala-
hamense Sterki is credited to the Coosa at Riverside, St. Clair
County, and Fort William Shoals, Talladega County. Alabama ;
creeks of Floyd County, Georgia ; Dekalb, Calhoun, Etowah, St.
Clair and Shelby counties, Alabama.

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

p. singleyi Sterki. Nautilus, 11, 1898, p. 112. Apparently
one of the rarities, for it was found by Smith only in Ohatchee
Creek, Calhoun County, and Talladega Creek, Talladega County,
Alabama.

P. dithium (Say) (=virginicum of authors, not Gmelin).
Nicholson's Amer. Encycl. 1816. Collected by Smith in the
Coosa River from its source at Rome, Floyd County, Georgia, to
Talladega County, Alabama; in the large headwaters tributaries,
Oostanaula and Etowah rivers, and creeks near Rome, and down-
stream in creeks of Etowah, St. Clair, Shelby and Talladega
counties, Alabama.

A NEW PECTINID SHELL FROM THE PACIFIC

OCEAN, WITH A NOTE ON THE GENUS

PALLIUM SCHROETER*

By HARALD a. REHDER

Associate Curator, Division of Mollusks,
United States National Museum

Mr. V. D. P. Spicer forwarded to the U. S. National Museum
an interesting lot of marine shells which he collected on Christ-
mas Island, one of the Line Islands, south of the Hawaiian Group.
Among them was a member of the Pectinidae which appears to
be undescribed, and which I take pleasure in dedicating to the
discoverer.

CoMPTOPALLiuM spiCERi, ncw spccics. Plate 2, figures 1, 2.

Shell of medium size, subo(|uivalve, the left valve somewhat
flatter than the right; valves ecpuhiteral. except that the anterior
auricles are larger than the posterior ones. The sculpture con-
sists of broad, rounded, rather distantly separated ribs (8 in left
valve, 9 in riglit), and very fine axial riblets, which are strongest
on the ribs, where one or more at the summit are elongately
knobbed ; the smaller marginal ribs may bear small scaly spines.
Very fine growth lines are visible especially between the ribs.
Auricles subetjual, the right posterior one finely and closely
radiately ribbed, the others more irrci^iilarly and distantly ribbed-

* PubliHtied \>y permission of the Secri'tary of tlic Smitliaonian Institu-
tion.

Oct.. 1944] THE NAUTILUS 53

ExttM-iial \u\\<xc marj^in of rij^lit valve witli several erect squami-
form noilules. The byssal notch in the ri«rlit valve has a short
ctenolinni with six teeth. Color white, irrej^ularly concentrically
streaked with rcddish-oranfre and yellowish-oranpe (near the ven-
tral niar^'in). Internally the anricles have several short elon-
•ratcd nodules near the lateral niar<^ins, and the left valve has
two narrow dorsal ridjies runninp: from the resilifer parallel to
and as lonp: as the hinjje niarjzin. These fit between similar
ridpres in the rijrht valve, the upper ones equally long, the lower
ones less than one-third as lontr; the area of these ridjxes has
minute, axial vermiculate sculpture. There are numerous short
white radial ridpes alon<r the marjrin of the shell. The interior
shows the external reddish-orange color shining through and the
margin is, moreover, tinted with orange.

The type, figure 1, U.S.N.M. No. 518010, is a right valve, and
measures: Height, 39.8 mm.; breadth, 37.9 mm.

A paratype, figure 2, U.S.N.M. No. 518011, is a left valve, and
it measures : Height, 35.2 mm. ; breadth, 32.2 mm.

Both valves were collected on Chri.stmas Island (157° 20' W.
Long., 1° 55' N. Lat.), Line Islands, Central Pacific, by Mr. V. D.
P. Spicer.

This species differs from the genotype, C. pauciplicatum Ire-
dale, from Queensland, and C. radula Linne from the Ea.st Indies,
in being smaller, broader, with fewer, broader, and more rounded
ribs and with much finer concentric sculpture. The coloring is
also brighter.

The name radula has been dismissed from the Pectinidae by
Iredale ^ because the figures cited b}- Liniuieus were those of a
Lima. The brief diagnosis, however, is obviously that of a
pectinid and applicable to the group in question; it is in total
disagreement with the figures, as was often the case in the Sys-
tema Naturae. That Linnaeus realized these references were
faulty is shown by the fact that eight years later, in the Museum
Ludovicae Ulricae, he transfers the original Rumphius reference,
of which the Kleinian figure is merely a copy, to Ostrca lima,
and uses instead the citation Rumph. Mus. t. 44, fig. AA, which
correctlj' represents the shell usually known as radula Linne.
For the.se rea.sons I see no valid reason for not using radula as
a valid name in the genus Comptopallium.

1 British Museum. Great Barrier Reef Exped., 1928-29, Sci. Reports, vol.
5, No. 6, Mollusca, pt. 1, 1939, p. 360.

54 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

This species has usually been placed in Pallium Schumacher
1817, but as Cox - has pointed out, that name is preoccupied by
Pallium Schroter 1802.^ However, neither Cox, nor any author
who has followed hira, as Iredale (I.e.) and Hertlein,^ has fixed
Schroter 's name.

As the work in which Schroter 's article appears may not be
readily available to most workers, I am giving a translation of
the remarks on this name :

XIV. PALLIUM

I hope I may be permitted the introduction of this new name
that I give the scallops, which, as is known, Linne placed under
Ostrea, and which have in common with this Linnean genus
onlj'' the hinge pits ; moreover, they form a nucleus and really
very handsome family, which deserves a general Latin name of
their own, which the German, who calls them "Mantel" has for
a long time given them. Of course the Latin name Pcctincs has
long been known and accepted, a name the Frenchman also uses
(Peignes) ; however, since there are smooth and finely striate
scallops, which can in no way be compared to the teeth of a
comb, and since furthermore the name Pectinifae is given in
paleontology to those strongly arcuate shells, which find their
parallel not among the scallops but under the heart shells, there-
fore I hope the name Pallium will offend no one.

From this we see that to all intents and purposes Pallium is a
substitute name for Pecten and thus becomes an exact synonym
of Pecten Miiller 1776, with the same genotype, Pecten maximus
(Linne).

The discussion of the name is followed by a description of eight
new species, none of wliicli are figured, and of which only a few
have anj-^ locality given. It may be noted that the first species,
Ostrea albicans, is the shell commonly known as Pecten laqueatus
Sowerby '' from Japan, which will thcrofore take the name Pecten
albicans (Schroter), with Sowerby 's name as a synonym.

2 Proc. Malac. Soc. London, v. 18, 1929, p. 201.

aArchiv fiir Zoologic u, Zootomio, v. 3, 1802, pp. 13r)-136.

■» Nautilus, V. no, 19.36, pp. 2r)-2().

5 Theauurus Conchyliorum, vol. 1, p. 46, pi. 15, fig. 101, 1842.

Oct.. 1944] THK NAUTILUS 55

VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SHIPWORMS
IN HAWAIIAN WATERS

Bt c. h. edmondson

Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu

Few controlled experiments have been made in Hawaii to de-
termine the vertical distribution of shipworms which prevail in
near shore areas or to learn how far off shore their larvae may
ranfje. Dall, Bartsch and Rehder ^ described a species, Teredo
(Teredops) hawaiensis, from material recovered from a piece of
palm wood dredpred by the Albatross off the south coast of Oahu
in 211-53 fathoms. The position of the wood when first at-
tacked by the marine borer is, of course, unknown.

By use of test blocks Edmondson - found the destruction of
Dougrlas fir wood, during a period of 47 days, was 20 times
greater at the bottom of Honolulu Harbor (depth 30 feet) than
at the surface, with several species of shipworms involved. Some
species were about evenly dispersed from surface to bottom,
others were concentrated at one level or another.

Data on the range of certain shipworms in somewhat deeper
water and at greater distance from shore are now available,
Douglas fir test blocks were suspended in a vertical position at
depths of 25, 50 and 75 feet off the southwest coast of Oahu
about 1 mile from shore. They were examined after an interval
of 95 days.

The blocks at depths of 50 and 75 feet were riddled by ship-
worms, the destruction of the one at the lower level, however,
being slightly greater. The destruction of the block 25 feet be-
low the surface was about one-fourth that of the one at 50 feet.

In all blocks the prevailing shipworm was Teredo 7niUcri Dall,
Bartsch and Rehder,^ a common species throughout Hawaiian
near shore waters. A few specimens of Bankm hawaiien^is Ed-
mondson - were recovered from each test block, and one speci-
men of Teredo trulliformis Miller ^ was taken at a depth of 75
feet. Because of the increasing crowded condition of the infest-

1 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Bull. 153, 1938.

2 Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Occ. Papers 28 (10), 1942.

3 Univ. Calif. Pub., Zool. 26, 1924.

56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

ing shipworms from the upper to lower levels, the maximum de-
velopment (length) of T. milleri at 25, 50 and 75 feet was 125, 80
and 70 mm., respectively. All of the shipworms attacking the
blocks are abundant in Honolulu Harbor and occur elsewhere
about the islands in very shoal water. There were no attacks on
the off shore test blocks by Martesiu or any crustacean marine
borer.

LIST OF MOLLUSCA FROM AROUND BEAUFORT,
N. CAROLINA, WITH NOTES ON TETHYS

By ANNE GRAY HACKNEY

The following list is the result of four summers' collecting in
the vicinity of Beaufort, N. Carolina. This has long been a fa-
mous collecting ground, as the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries and the
Marine Laboratory of Duke University are situated here, on
Fivers Island. The location is an interesting one, and worthy
of its fame, for it is far enough south for many of the Florida
species and far enough north for those of the Virginian Province
to live.

Chaetoplcura apiculata Say. On rocks of the breakwater at
Fivers Island.

Solemya velum Say. Living, buried in mud between tides, in
Bogue Sound.

Nucula proxima Say. Nuculana acuta, Con. Single valves, on
beach.

Yoldia limaiula Say. One single valve, a juvenile specimen, at-
tached to worm tube.

Area campechiensis Gmel. Living, in mud at low tide.

Area campcchiensis amcricann Wood, A. incongrua Say, A.
transversa Say.

A. sccticostata Rve., A. occidcntalis Phil., A. nmhonata Lam.
Single valves common on the beach. Very young A. transversa
and A. c. amcri^ana are often found attached to seaweed or
sponge.

Area reticulata Omel. One single worn valve.

Noctia ponderosa Say. Living, buried in mud at low tide, in
the Sound. Single valves are common on the beach.

Oct., 1!)44] THE NAUTILUS 67

Glycymerus americana Defrance. Several worn valves, on
beach.

Ohfcy^ftcftts pectinata Ginel. Siiijjlo valves fairly common on
the beach.

Atrina rigida Dill. Fresh, double valves fairly common in
the Souiul. They can be found livin<r on Bird Shoal, near
Pivers Island, buried at low tide.

Atrina serrata Sby. This species seems to be rather less com-
mon than A. rigida.

Pteria colymhus Roed. Found living on Gorgonia, in Bogue
Sound.

Ostrea virginica Gmel. Extremely common.

Ostrra spreta Orb. Single valves, on beach.

Plicatula gihbosa Lam. Living specimens are found attached
to old shells.

Pcctcn raveneli Dall. Single valves found occasionally on the
beach.

Pecten exasperatus Sby. Two single valves picked up on
beach.

Pecten irradians Lam. Living, usually in depressions just be-
low low tide mark, in the Sound. Beach shells are common.

Pcctcn gihhus L. Single valves common on beach.

Pecten nodosus L. Two single valves.

Anomia simplex Orb. Found living, attached to other objects.

Mytilus recurvus Raf. Fairly common, but I have never
found any living.

Mytilus exustus L. A few single valves.

Modiolus tulipus Lam. Found living, attached to old, matted
Gorgonia.

Modiolus demissus plicatulus Lam. Extremely common in the
mud flats.

Litlwphaga bisulcata Orb. F'ound living, boring in old coral.

Modiolnriu lateralis Say. Found among tangled sea wreck.
Fairly common.

Pandora irilincata Say. Single valves, in shell piles on beach.

Lyonsiu hyalina Con. One single valve.

Venericardia tridcntata Say. Single valves quite common.

Venericardia pcrplan-a Con. Two single valves among small
shells.

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

Chamu congregata Con., Echinochama arcinellc L. These two
species are common, but I have never found them livinfr.

Lucinn radiai\s Con. Found in stomachs of fish from Bogue
Sound.

Lucina crenella Dall, Divaricella quadrisulcata. Orb. Single
valves are very common.

Codakia orhiculata Montagu. One double shell picked up
after storm. Dead.

Loripinus schrammi Crosse. Single valves common.

Trachycardium egmontmnum Shutt., T. nmrwatum L. Single
valves only.

Dinocardium rohustum Sol. Beach specimens are very com-
mon.

Laevicardium laevigatum L., L. mortoni Con. Single valves
only.

Dosinia discus Rve. Double shells are very common.

Dosinm elegans Con. One single, broken valve, on beach.

Macrocallista nimhosa Sol. Fresh shells are fairly common.

Pilar morrhuana Gld. Very common. Single valves.

Cyclinclla tenuis Recluz. Three single valves picked up in the
summer of 1943.

Chione canceUaia L. This species grows large here. Common.

Chione intapurpurea Con. Rather scarce. One living speci-
men was found after a storm.

Chione latilirata Con. One worn valve near Ft. Macon in
1941.

Venus mercenaria L. Very common.

Venus mercenaria notata Say. Not common, but living speci-
mens are sometimes found.

Venus campechiensis Gmel. Much less common than V. mer-
cenaria.

Ocmma purpurea II. C. Loa. Found among small sjiolls on
beach.

Petricola pholadiformis Ljiiii. Tiiviug in day in the inlet near
Ft. Macon.

Petricola pholadiformis lata Dall. Single valves. Rather
scarce.

Rupellaria typicum .Jonas. One fresh, ilouble shell found in
sea wrack.

Oct., 1944] THK NAUTILUS 59

Tellina a€quistri{ita Say. Sin<rlo valves, on beach.

Tellina altirnata Say. Fresh, double shells are sometimes
found.

Tellina tcnera Say. Fairly common. I have found this in
fish stomachs.

Macoma consiricta Brng. One worn valve.

Macoma tenia Say. Buried in mud in the Sound.

Tellidora eristata Recluz. Six single valves collected. This
seems to be a new locality for this shell. C. W. Johnson lists it
from Ft. Worth. Florida to Trinidad.

Semele bclla^triata Con. Occasional single valves.

Semele profic^ia Pult. Fairly common in the Sound.

Abra aequalis Say. Common in shell piles on the beach.

Cumingia tellinoides Con. Seems to be rather scarce. Two
double shells collected.

Donnx variahilis Say. Extremely common at times, in colon-
ies at low tide, on the beach.

Ta/jelus gihhus Speng. The shells are common, but living
specimens scarce.

Tagelus divisus Speng. Rather scarce.

Solen viridis Say. Only occasional shells are found.

Eyi^sis directus Con. Beach specimens fairly common.

Ensis minor Dall. Much more common than E. directus.

Mactra fra/jilis Gmel. Scarce.

Spisula solidissima Dillw. One large valve, on Shackleford
Banks.

Spisula solidissima similis Say. Fairly common, but much
less so than it is farther north.

Mulinia lateralis Say, M. lateralis corhuloides Desh. Both of
these species are common.

Anatina lineata Say. Only single valves found.

Anatina canaliculata Say. Much more common than A. li-
neata. Double shells are sometimes found.

Mya arenaria L. These shells are common on Pivers Island.

Corhula contracia Say. In shell piles on the beach.

Saxicava arctica L. One double shell found in sea wreck.

Panopc hitruncata Con. One dead, but whole specimen found
buried in mud.

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

Gastrockaena cuneiformis Speng. Boring in coral and dead
shells.

Pholas campechiensis Gmel. Two single valves, on beach.

Barnea triuicata Say, B. costata L. Single valves.

Zirfaea crispata L. Three juvenile specimens, boring in wood.

Martesia cuneiformis Say. Common, boring in driftwood.

Teredo navalis L. This, and probably other species, boring
in wood.

Dentalium texasi<inum Phil. Rather scarce.

Dentalium ehoreum Con. Beach shells very common.

Cadiilus sp. Three specimens among small shells.

Diodora cayenensis Lam. Found living, attached to piling
in Bogue Sound. Dead shells are common.

Calliostoma jujiihinum Gmel. One worn shell.

Turbo castaneus Gmel. Two empty shells collected.

Epitonium angulatiim Say. Often found living, washed up on
beach.

Epitonium humphreysii Kien. Scarce.

Epitonium lineatum Say, E. multistriatum Say. Occasional
empty shells.

Janlhina janthina L. One shell, found in 1943.

Melanclla conoidea Kurtz and Stimp. In sea wrack, inhabited
by hermit crabs.

Pyramidella crenulata Holmes. A few beach specimens.

Turhonilla sp. Probably more than one species collected, but
I am unable to identify them po.sitively.

Odostomia impressa Say. Living colony found under brick in
Sound.

Odostomia seminuda C. B. Adams. Very common on the
upper valves of Pccten irradi^ns; sometimes found on seaweed.

Natica pusiUa Say. Li sea wreck, inliabited by small hermit
crabs.

Pollniccs duplirafa Say. Buried iu sand or nuul at low tide.

Sinum pcrspcctivum Say. Empty shells are common.

Sinum maculatum Say. Two empty shells, on the beach.

Cahiptnua coitralis Con. One empty shell.

Crucibulum striatum Say. Worn sliells are fairly numerous.

Crcpidula fornicata L., C. plana Say. Extremely common.

Oct., 1944] TlIK NAUTILUS 01

Crepidula glauca Say., C. glauca convexa Say., C. ciculeata
Gniel. Common amonjr dead shells.

Skcnea plotwrbis Fab. Two shells, by sorting through coarse
sand.

Adeorhis supranitidus Wood. One specimen, in coarse sand.

Litiorina irrorata Say. Common on marsh grass in the mud
flats.

Vermiculan'a spii^ata Phil. Dead shells.

Caecum pulchcUum Stimp. Quite common among very small
shells.

Caecum cooperi S. Smith. Two specimens found.

Cerithiopsis suhulata Montagu. On seaweed, inhabited by
hermit crabs.

Seila adamsi H. C. Lea. Among small, dead shells.

Cerithium jloridanum Morch. Rather scarce. Several living
specimens on Pivers Island.

Bit Hum varium Pfr. Common on seaweed.

Stronibus pugilis aJatus Gmel. Fresh beach shells are scarce.

Cyphoma gibhosa L. One badly broken shell.

Simnm utiiplicata Sby. Living on Gorgonia, in Bogue Sound.

Cassis m<idagascarensis Lam. A few worn shells.

Cassis tuberosa L. One worn shell on dredged land.

Semicassis gibba Gmel. Whole, but not very fresh, shells on
the beach.

Tonna galea L. One whole shell, on Shackleford Banks in
1941.

Murex fulvescens Sby. One very worn, dead shell.

Murex pomum Gmel. Scarce.

Eupleura caudata Say. Living, in the Sound.

Urosalpinx cinereus Say. Extremely common around Ostrea.

Thais floridana Con. One very large living specimen in the
Sound. Several empty shells. Not very common,

ColumbcUu mcreatoria L. In shell piles on the beach.

Anachis avara Say, A. avara iranslirnta Kav. Living on sea-
weed.

Anachis obesa C. B. Adams. In sea wreck, inhabited by her-
mit crabs.

Mitrella lunnta Say. Living on seaweed.

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

Nassarius vihex Say, N. ohsoleta Say. Very common in mud
at low tide.

Nassarius anibigua Mont. In sea wreck.

Nassarius trivittata Say. Rather scarce. Only empty shells
found.

Cantharus cancellaria Con. One empty shell.

Busycon carica Gmel., B. contrarium Con. Common, living,
in the Sound.

Busycon canaliculatum L. Living specimens rather scarce.

Busycon pyrum Dill. Several dead shells.

Fasciolaria gigantea Kien. Old, worn shells, on dredged land.

Fasciolaria distans Lam. Common at low tide in the Sound.

Marginella apicina Menke. In shell piles on beach.

Olii^a sayana Rav. Living in colonies at low tide on the beach.

Olivella mutica Say. Living, just under the sand.

Terehra dislocata Say. Common, in sand or mud, at low tide.

Terehra concava Say. Dead shells.

Conus floridanus Gabb. One worn, bleached shell.

Mangelia cerina Kurtz and Stimp. In sea wrack, inhabited
by hermit crabs.

Cancellaria reticulata L. One worn shell on the beach.

Actcocina canaliculata Say. Found living on seaweed at
Pivers Island.

CylicJmella hidentata Orb. One specimen, among small broken
shells.

Tethys willcoxi Heilpr. One living specimen collected after
storm, July 1944. This seems to be a new localitj' for this species.

Tethys willcoxi perviridis Pils. Five living specimens. This
species is not uncommon here, but seems not to have been re-
ported before.

Cavolina longirostris Lesueur. Dead shells among sea wreck.

Mclampus hidcntatus Say. Common in the mud flats.

Spirula spirula L. Beach specimens are fairly common.

Loligo pcalii Lesueur. From off shore, in fishing nets.

Glotiidca audebarti Brod. A brachiopod, but int-huled as a
matter of interest.

Pupoidcs tnarginatus Say. Under bricks, on Pivers Island.

Oastrocopta sp. One dead shell, in dunes at Atlantic Beach.

Oct., VJ-iA] THE NAUTILUS 63

Succiiua sp. Extremely eomnioii. This species lives even on
the dry ^rass in the dunes.

Vcntridens ligerus Say. One living specimen, under leaves
and grass, at Morehead City.

Hawaim minuscula Binn. Under rocks, at Pivers Island.

Polygyra postclliana Bland. Found living under leaves and
wood, almost everywhere in the vicinity of Beaufort.

Mesodon thifi'oidus Say. This species seems to be rather
scarce.

Triodopsis tridentata juxtidens Pils. One solitary specimen,
at Morehead City, under old wood.

Triodvpsis hopctonensis Shutt. Common, under leaves and
wood.

Triodopsis hopetonensis ohsoleta Pils. One colony found,
under dead leaves, at Morehead City.

Triodopsis albolahris traversensis Walker. The commonest
species here. Can be found almost everywhere. I suspect that
this is Dr. Coues' "Helix multilineata Saj', " which he reported
in 1871 from Ft. Macon, near Beaufort (cf. Land MoUusca of
North America by H. A. Pilsbry, Vol. 1, Part 2, p. 848).

A New Locality for Tethys willcoxi and var. perviridis

Early in July 1944, a single living specimen of Tethys willcoxi
(Heilprin) was found in a shallow depression in the sand at low
tide, on the south end of Pivers Island, Beaufort, N. Carolina.
As this species has not before been reported north of Florida, it
seems fitting to make note of it here.

The small amount of water in which the animal was lying
when picked up was stained with purple, but afterwards, in an
aquarium of sea water, although it was purposely disturbed, it
gave off no more of the fluid. The alcohol in which it was placed
after death, was stained dark brown. It swam actively, using its
swimming lobes for this purpo.se and its foot to crawl on the sides
of the glass, as the slugs and shelled moUusks do.

In color, the sole and sides of the body were closest to pale
lemon yellow, and the swimming lobes and dead, taupe brown
(Ridgway, Color Standards and Nomenclature). The radula

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

was very like that of the terrestrial mollusks, being folded in
much the same manner, and with the teeth reflected. The horny
jaws and fleshy lips, instead of being divided into upper and
lower parts, are right and left. The contents of the stomach
were noted, and it was crammed with large pieces of the red gela-
tinous seaweed which is so common here. The shell was fragile,
with a thin, brittle coating inside, except around the edge, which
was diaphanous.

Tethis willcoxi pcrviridis Pilsbry. is evidently a much more
common species here, although it seems not to have been reported.
I have collected five living specimens and have seen several
others. It may be of interest to note that I have never seen any
except in early July, although there are "blows" at other times
that are hard enough to leave them stranded, as I have alwaj's
found them.

This species, when put into an aquarium, gave off an intense
purple fluid if disturbed. Later, it stained alcohol the same
color, but it is possible that the animal was not entirely dead at
this time. The general appearance, except for color, which is
greenish, with black veins merging into darker areas, is much the
same as willcoxi. However, the swimming lobes of pcrviridis
are much less thick than are those of imllcoxi.

Three specimens were picked up on the ocean beach at Atlantic
Beach, near Beaufort, in 1943, and two on Pivers Island, along
with T. willcoxi, in July 1944.

HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF ODOSTOMIA
By henry a. pilsbry

Many years ago I was describing shells collected in Hawaii by
my friends and myself in a series of papers published by the
ANSP. MS. descrii)ti()iis and figures prepared for auotiior num-
ber of that series liave been lying dormant in my desk drawer
about 25 years. Some of them serve now to stop a gap in
Plate 2.

Odostomia quinta new species. Plate 2, fig. 'A.

The shell is white with a very broad tawny band occupying
the median portion of the last whorl and the lower half of the

Oct., 1944] THE NAUTILUS 05

precctlin}:: ■whorls. Form and surface as in 0. prima except that
the sliape is very much broader.

Length 7.8, diam. 2.5, length of ajierture 3.5 mm.; 7 whorls.
Moomomi, Molokai. Type 47195 ANSP.

Odostomia MARGARITA HCW spccics. Plate 2, fig. 4.

The shell is ovate-conic, bluish-white, thin but rather strong;
smoothish, but under the microscope very close, fine, shallow
spiral striae may be traced in some places. Whorls weakly con-
vex, the first somewhat prominent but nearly regular. Last
whorl is inflated. Aperture large, acuminate-ovate; columellar
margin concave, slightly reflected and thickened. A rather
strong fold above.

Length 3.6, diam. 2, length of aperture 1.9 mm.; 5 whorls.
Eastern Loch of Pearl Harbor, Type no. 116501, coll. by Pils-
bry, 1913.

Odostomia monaulax new species. Plate 2, fig. 3.

The shell is oblong-conic, white, rather strong, smooth except
for a spiral groove paralleling the suture below, and some irregu-
lar, impressed growth lines. The whorls are rather weakly con-
vex, the first slightly prominent with inturned tip. Aperture
ovate, the columellar fold rather sharp, median.

Length 2.45, diam. 1.1, length of aperture 1 mm.
Eastern Loch of Pearl Harbor. Type 116504 ANSP, 'coll. by
Pilsbry, 1913.

Odostomia hiloensis new species.

The shell is oblong-conic, white, rather strong, the second and
third whorls having a series of regular folds below the suture,
extending over a third to a half of the whorl ; last and penult
whorls have a few very low spiral ridges. First whorl promi-
nent with the tip inturned. Columellar fold rather prominent,
median.

Length 2.25, diam. 1.2, length of aperture 1.0 mm.; 5^/^
whorls.

Hilo, Hawaii. Type 47194 ANSP, coll. by D. Thaanum.
This species will be illustrated in our next number.

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

LYMNAEA CONTRACTA CURRIER TAKEN ALIVE
By JAMES MATTHEW BOSS

In a recent article in this journal (Nautilus, 54: 121-22),
Mr. Calvin Goodrich cited Barney Lake on Beaver Island in
Lake Michigan as another locality for the hitherto rare Lymna^a
contracta. Careful search at Barney Lake yielded only dead
specimens, a condition which led Mr. Goodrich to agree with
Bryant Walker's statement (Nautilus, 6: 33) that this species
was probably an inhabitant of deep water .

In August of this year (1944) my father and I, working from
a boat with an improvised dredge, managed to collect live speci-
mens of this rare mollusk at what might be considered the type
locality, — Roscommon County, Michigan, in Higgins Lake. We
tried several places on the east side of the north bay of the lake
but succeeded in finding these animals only along the east side
of Flynn's Island. Because of the difficulty of working at great
depths with the equipment available we can only state that the
depth at which L. contracta lives ranges somewhere between
fifteen and forty-five feet. Information generously submitted
by the Institute for Fisheries Research of the Michigan Depart-
ment of Conservation reveals that Seechi Disc readings taken
between August 7 and 25, 1939, in Higgins Lake gave a light
penetration range of twenty-two to twenty-seven feet. This
transparency is about double that found in most Michigan lakes
and may partially explain the ability of this animal to live at
such unusual depths. The deep penetration of the light also
accounts for the a{}uatic vegetation which was found growing
at considerable depths; a circumstance which made dredging an
arduous ta.sk and also impeded our efforts to determine the exact
depth at which these snails live. As might be expected in an
organism living in a profundal region, the animal's body con-
tains very little pigmentation giving both the shell and the skin
a strikingly j)allid appearance.

Oct.. 1!U4] THE NAUTILUS 67

NOTES AND NEWS

Imaclava, a Correction. — When I publislied my little paper,
"Some Notes upon West American Turrid Mollusks" (Proc.
Biol. Soc. Washinfrton, vol. 57, June 28, 1944, pp. 25-29), I
named the genus Im^^lava, citinjr Imaclava ima, a new species,
as the type, l^nfortunately, I had overlooked Lowe's Claviis
pcmherinni (Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 1985, p. 22, pi. 3,
fig. 6). The tjT)e of Imaclava therefore will have to be Imaclava
pemhcrtoni (Lowe). — Paul Bartsch.

Otala lactea (Muller) in Texas. — A rather vigorous colony
of this species occurs at Port Arthur, Texas. Captain E. D.
Parmer, returning here to Cambridge from a furlough, brought
with him some 60 examples of this species which he had picked
up in the garden of his mother's home. The date of importation
of this common old world species is unknown. They are rather
light in color, the spiral bands being very faint in most speci-
mens. The coloration alone suggests that the original specimens
may have come from Spain rather than from a locality in north
Africa. — W. J. Clench.

Note on a Pacific Cetoconciia. — In using Dr. Fred Baker's
card catalog of Pacific coast Mollusca, I find the name Cctoconcha
malespinac Dall 1916. Li Dall's original description, published
in Proc. U.S.N.M., 52 : 407, and again in Bulletin 112, page 28,
the same spelling is used. Also, Mrs. Oldroyd uses it in The
Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America, 1 : 96. Not-
withstanding the agreement of these three authorities, I believe
that this is an obvious typographical error for C. malaspinac .
The shell must have been named in honor of Alejandro Mala-
spina, the Italian navigator employed by Carlos III to seek the
northwest pa.ssage. Although Malaspina did not leave Spain
until after the death of Carlos III, he explored the coast of
Alaska, and in 1791 discovered the Columbia River. The Mala-
spina glacier bears his name. An account of his voyage by
Edith C. Galbraith appeared in the California Historical Society
Review, vol. 3, no. 3, October, 1924. — Joshua L. Bailv, Jr.

Proterogyny in Deroceras panormitanum. — I note that in
July Nautilus you state you have only observed the female

68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

stage in D. gracile and moncntolophus. Apparently Allyn Smith
has sent you only fully grown specimens of panormitanum. The
young, small specimens, including those in the female stage,
have been confused with D. gracile. Over two years ago he sent
me both sizes. I settled the question, as far as I was concerned,
by dissecting some of the small ones, then rearing the other small
ones which grew into typical "adult" panormitanum with fully
developed genitalia, both male and female. At that time I
reared four generations of panormitanum. Many were dissected.
The life cycle was very interesting. They were fed principally
vegetable matter, mostly lettuce. As early as in 33 days fully
developed female genitalia were present as evidenced by active
egg production. The minimum size of an egg-laying individual
was 16 mm. long when fully extended. Dissection showed these
individuals to be in a purely female phase. The eggs of these
small female specimens were fertile, even though the slug had
been isolated since hatching. That leads me to suspect that
development by parthenogenesis occurs. It does not seem prob-
ably that the male elements of the ovotestis would be developed
and active in specimens in which the principal male organs were
undeveloped, although it is possible, and if the latter were the
case then it would be simply a case of self-fertilization. Histo-
logical examination of the ovotestis at this stage would settle the
problem, but I have had neither time nor opportunity to do this.
There is a slower growth noted during this first active egg-laying
period, and many of the slugs die after a period of reproductive
activity. A small percentage of individuals, particularly speci-
mens which have been less active egg-layers, became cannibalistic,
preying on the weak and dying individuals and even eating those
which were already dead. There is a sudden increase in the rate
of growth at this time. Whether this suddenly increased growth
creates a nutritional demand which resiiKs in cannabalism, or
whether the meat diet tiuis obtained stimulates the increased
rate of growth, is problematic. In about 00 days they reached
maximum size and contain fully devel(>i)ed male and female or-
gans. I hope later to review the life history studies on this spe-
cies.— Wendell 0. Gregg, M.D., letter to Ed.

Oct.. 1^44] THE NAUTILUS 09

Snails from Taylor County, Texas. — Pvt. Gordon K. Mac-
Millan, Camp Barkeley, Texas, in the course of a fifteen day
bivouac in Elm Creek Valley, 8 miles southwest by south of
Buffalo Gap, Taylor Co., collected a small (juantity of fine drift
debris from the creek banks after a heavy rain. The following
species were found :

IIclicodL^cus uummus Van. Gastrocopta holzingeri Sterki.

Glyphyaiina indcutata Say. var.

HawaiM minuscida Binu. Gastrocopta pentodon Say.

Euconulus c. trochulus Reinh. Gastrocopta pellucida horde-

Zonitoidcs arhoreus Say. a-cclla Pils.

Vallonia pcrspcctiva Sterki. Pupoides marginatus Say.

Vallonia not det. Vertigo ovata Say.

Gastrocopta cristata P. & V. Helisoma anceps Mke.

Gastrocopta proccra sterkiana Gyraulus parvus Say.

Pils. Lymnaea not det.

Gastrocopta proccra mcclungi Physa, young only.

H. & J. (Cypris, several species.)

It will be seen that most are species widely spread in Texas,
but as no mollusks have been recorded from Taylor or any neigh-
boring county, the list helps to fill a gap in the distribution map.
The specimens of Gastrocopta holzingeri are peculiar by the
straight, horizontally entering columellar lamella, and at first I
thought it a distinct species. I am figuring one of these in Land
Mollusca of N. A. — H. A. Pilsbry.

Pupoides marginatus in Iowa. — The writer wishes to report
the finding of a single specimen of Pupoides margiyiatus (Say) in
Woodbury County, Iowa, on July 29, 1944. The specimen was
alive and found on the under side of a short branch of wood
about an inch in diameter. The location was Stone Park, a
"wilderness" park some miles beyond Sioux City; the probabil-
ity of introduction could be quickly ruled out. This species has
been regarded as rare in northern Iowa, chiefly because it has
not been found previously by the writer in more than thirty
years' collecting in the northwestern corner of the state. Many
years ago he had found it at the base of the hills along the Mis-
souri River in Kansas, and invariably on the underside of loose
shale slabs lying on the ground. It is one of the very few snails
which the writer has found under stones.

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

This species has been previously recorded for Iowa iu the
followinfif published reports: For Scott County by Pratt (1876) ;
for Johnson County by Pilsbry (1882), and by Keyes (1888) ;
for Muscatine County by Witter (1883) ; for "eastern Iowa" by
Shimek (1888-90) ; for Fremont County by Shimek (1894) ; for
Dickinson County by Shimek (1915) ; for Clayton County by
Shimek (1922) ; and for Story County by Jones (1941).— T. C.
Stephens, Sioux City, Iowa.

LiTIOPA MELANOSTOMA RanfJ, A CORRECTION OF DISTRIBUTION. —

Included with the nomenelatorial remarks on the name Litiopa
melanostoma Ran«r published by the author in Nautilus ^ was
the statement that the distribution as used by authors did not
embrace the complete range [Newfoundland] of the species as
stipulated in the original description - of the genus and species.
I have now found the obscure notes which were appended to
Lesson by M. Belanger,^ the discoverer of the mollusk. M.
Belanger explained that the data which Rang recorded in regard
to the distribution of L. melanostoma had been written from
memory, and places and events had been confused. To translate
from Belanger: "... I never found Bombyxinus •* \ Litiopa] in
the seas of Newfoundland as M. Rang said in his notice upon the
genus Litiopa. I had read my observations upon this interest-
ing mollusk to M. Rang, on my return from Newfoundland. ..."
Therefore the author's remarks, as well as those in the original
description of Litiopa, in regard to Newfoundland need not be
considered.

Belanger discovered specimens on June 2G, 1826, lat. 24° 32'
N., long. 35° 14' W. Paris meridian ; on June 28 and 29, lat 23°
38' N. and 23° 3' N., long. 38° 29' W. and 39° 40' W. Paris me-
ridian ; on July 8, lat. 20° 3' N., long. 62° 27' W. Paris meridian
and on August 27, lat. 27° N., long. 72° W. Paris meridian. The
June material would be located al)()ut in tiie middle of the At-

1 Palmer, K. V. W., Nautilus, vol. Sf), No. 4, 1942, pp. 128-130.

2 Rang, P. 8., Ann. Sci. Nat., vol. 16, Ist scr., 1929, p. 307.

3 Lesson, R. P., Illustrations de Zoologie (no pagination), IS.'il, Ajtiion-
dix by R^'iangcr, sign. 14.

* R^-langcr proposed in the artiilf tin- goneric name, Bombyxinus, for
the form. That name was, however, preceded by that of Rang in the afore-
mentioned work.

Oct., 1944] THE NAUTILUS 71

lantic Ocean, west of the Cape Blanco re«?ion of Africa. The
July specimens came from about 150 miles northeast of the Lee-
wards and the Auprust collection was made about 300 miles
northeast of the Bahama Island.

This was apparently the material which was the subject of
Kanjr's pronuilpation in 1929 of his observations on the jjenus
and species. — Katiierine V. W. Palmer.

Venus mercenaria not at Cape Ann. — Dr. William J. Clench
has questioned the record of V. mercenaria L. included by the
writer with species collected from Cape Ann, Massachusetts,
and published in The Nautilus 56 : 60 and 57 : 67. A careful
check on the matter has disclosed that such a record is erroneous.
Shells of this species have been collected from the beaches, but
they were undoubtedly discarded shells, and no living? specimens
have yet been found. Dr. Clench has written, however, that
specimens of this clam have been taken at several isolated lo-
calities north of Cape Cod, and also north of Cape Ann. — Ralph
W. Dexter, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio.

^Iembers of the AMU. are requested to give the Secretary,
Mrs. Robertson (136 Buffum St., Buffalo 10, N. Y.), a memo, of
their activities during 1944, conchological and otherwise, for her
information and use in the Annual Report. It is expected that
a meeting of the Union will be held in 1945.

The Dall Bibliography is reported by Dr. Bart.sch to be al-
most completed. Under present conditions the printing may be
somewhat delaj-ed, but it is hoped that AMU. members may have
it before manv months.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The Naturalist's Lexicon. By Robert S. Woods, Abbey
Garden Press, Pasadena 16, California. Price $2.75, postage in
U. S. A. 7(*. 300 pp. This book contains a list of 15,000 words
used or suitable for use in biological nomenclature, and is de-
signed to facilitate the intelligent and efficient use of Greek and
Latin terms by taxonomists and professional biologists, as well

72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (2)

as to make readily available to students and amateur naturalists
the meanings and correct pronunciations of scientific names.
The nine-page Introduction briefly states the function of sci-
entific names and explains the rules of word-formation and pro-
nunciation. The following pages comprise a pronouncing list
of classical Greek and Latin words used or usable in biological
nomenclature, together with their derivations and meanings.

On the Generic Relationships of Certain Californian
Xerophile Snails. By S. Stillman Berry. Trans. San Diego
Soc. Nat. Hist. 10 : 1-22, 8 figs, in text, 2 plates, 1943. Snails of
the Californian deserts are still imperfectly understood; some
have been rarely collected alive, and they have very similar,
singularly non-committal shells; few have been dissected. In
this paper Dr. Berry describes and figures the genitalia of several
species. The little snail described as Mwrarionta micromet aliens
Berry proves to be a Sonorclla, extending the range of that
genus far to the west. A new subgenus, Mohavelix, instituted
for it, seems to have no anatomic peculiarities, but differs by
the embryonic sculpture of the shell. The genus Sonorclix is
proposed for Micrarionta horregoensis Berry, oi'a Willett, rix-
fordi Pils. and avawatzica Berry; and several other species are
transferred to it provisionally from their conchological resem-
blance. These species were included in Micrarionta {Eremari-
onta), continuously from p. 251 to 262 in the N. Am. Land
Mollusks, vol. 1, 1939. The new genus has genitalia practicalh'
as in Eremarionta except that a dart apparatus is completely
lacking. The spermathecal duct has a short diverticulum, as
in M. (Eremarionta) wolcottiana. Sonorclix is, in fact, a de-
generate branch from Eremarionta, but unless species of inter-
mediate structure are found, it may well be given generic rank.
Dr. Berry has done a real service to science in the discovery and
description of important diversity of structure in this difiicult
group of snails.

The creation of synonyms in taxonomy is everywhere depre-
cated, but synonyms in anatomic terminology are equally useless
lumber. I refer to the new term "oj)iphiillic caecum," used for
what all mollusks anatomists for a century liave called the
"flagellum."— II. A. P.

The Nautilus

Vol. 58 January, 1945 No. 3

GREAT SLAVE LAKE

By JOHN OUGHTON i

Royal Ontario Museum of Zoolotjy, Toronto

It was early June and at last we were on our way down the
Athabaska River. Our duffel was stowed awaj' in the hold of
our barge just behind the chicken coop. Waterways, the ram-
shackle little railroad terminus, was already out of sight. There
was little variety in the banks, spruce, poplars and willows being
tiie usual covering. Dwellings were very scarce.

It is time to take stock. We five passengers on this freight
barge were all employed for the Northwest Fisheries Investiga-
tions of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Professor
V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Dr. Ronald Grant were charged with
making a reconimissance study of the fish of Mackenzie River
itself between Great Slave Lake and the Arctic Ocean. They
were to travel in a freight canoe, propelled by an outboard
engine. Peter Larkin. Elmer Reich and myself were going to
carry on a more intensive study of Great Slave Lake fish under
the direction of Dr. D. S. Rawson, who had gone ahead by plane
to make arrangements.

Our ship or flotilla consisted of three barges, lashed side to
side and pushed b}' a river boat, the "Beaver Lake." Alto-
gether we cut a swathe of water about ninety feet wide. Our
load was of 450 tons, which comprised — a great amount of
refrigerated meat; many cases of canned foods; some hardware
and furniture; 14 canoes, 6,000 gallons of gasoline; and the
following livestock on the hoof: 10 cows and 1 calf, 1 horse, 46
pigs and several sheep. These were attended by a veteran
cowboy and his assistant.

Except for the smells of our fiuviatile barnyard, we travelled
comfortably, even luxuriously. We had lots of space, plenty of

1 Published by permission of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

(73)

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

food and no definite duties. In fact, we had most of the ad-
vantages sought for in a deluxe cruise, without the bugbear of
tuxedos and retired dowagers. It was restful to sit and gaze
around as the ship pushed on northwards. Tiring of this, we
could roam about the decks or catwalks, explore the holds or
play cribbage.

Captain Alexander looked down on us from the top of the
wheelhouse. Occasionally he would signal to us and then make
some comment on the river and its life. "Right here," he said
in his booming voice, "right where we are passing over now, is
the site of Peter Pond's fort. Used to be on the right bank
but the river cut in to that side. I guess old Peter was a
tough 'un. They say he would just as soon shoot a man as look
at him."

Captain Alexander himself could be taken as the prototype
of all rivermen. lie was brow'ned and sturdy in his comfortable,
sloppy clothes, and looked more like a farmer than a ship's
officer. The river had a strong hold on him. For many years
he had taken boats up and down these waters. A man had to
have a sharp eye and ready hand to be a pilot; and a retentive
memory to file the details that continually changed. He had
observed many changes in the river; cutting here and building
there; the willows extending out on the new delta deposits.
Towards his adversary, the river, he had an air of confidence
tempered with respect. "Give me three feet of water and a bit
of current," said he, "and I could take this boat straight to hell
itself." Inescapably the Mississippi and the river pilots in their
heyday, as described by Mark Twain, came to mind. The two
rivers so widely separated had much in common. Both were
powerful giants carrying a great, silty load. In both, the
channel might be altered overnight. On tiie Mackenzie system,
the rivermen have the phra.se of "reading the waters," i.e.,
deducing the course from many small clues.

At the Athabaska delta, the barges were tied up to shore for
a few hours while the "Beaver Lake" pushed on to explore the
shallows. The delta proved lo be a good collecting spot, but
suffered from one obvious defect. We had been left beside a
big fish gut (luiiip. This, combined with the efforts of our
co-passengcrs, the jxxiltry and live stock, was almost too much

Jan.. 11)4")] THE NAUTILUS 75

for the luiman nose. Fortunately, we had to endure this smell
for only a few hours; then our tup: pushed us on across Lake
Athabaska. Its northern shore was of undulatinjr, fjlaciated
pre-Canibrian rock; the first touch of home in this unfamiliar
northwest. "We stopped briefly at Fort Chipewyan to unload
meat and on into the Peace River for a few miles. We met
much charred wood from some distant bushfire. Reachin<]^ the
Slave River proper, we continued down it as far as Fitzgerald,
where we left the "Beaver Lake." I have only two impressions
of this little village of extreme northern Alberta. First, the
great swarms of mosquitos. Vainly I tried to sleep inside my
insect collecting net, but the mosquitos crept in to defeat my
rest. Elmer and I got up very early and walked along the
wagon road, eventually seeing part of the rapids we could hear
roaring through the bush.

A trip of a few miles by road brought us to Fort Smith,
N. W. T., a trim little town headquarters of the government
service of the N. W. T. perched high on the sandy river bank at
the upper end of the big rapids. To the naturalist, the pelicans
which live on the rocks in the swift water are of great interest.
It is a strangely beautiful bird. In flight it is deliberate, its
head comfortably disposed. Much of the time the pelicans
patiently sit in small, white, sedate groups on a rock in the very
centre of the rapids. They seem to be doing nothing, but per-
haps, like human anglers, they are discussing the recent poor
fishing, the new bag limit, or the high turbidity. This gives
the excuse for mentioning the murkiness of the Athabaska and
Slave Rivers. White objects disappear from sight in their
waters at a depth of one or two inches. The newcomer shudders
at the thought of drinking this brown suspension the residents
call water. But thirst soon triumphs over one's sensitivities.
Coffee brewed from it is passable, tea a sorry-looking drink.

At Fort Smith we had more practice at waiting for boats.
In fact, the field naturalist should cultivate in early life the art
of filling w^asted hours happily. Sometimes it is possible to do
some casual collecting. More often, less virtuous employment
has to be adopted. Card games that are easy and varied, such
as cribbage, pinochle or "oh hell," will help. For more solitary
occasions books offer the greatest solace. It is worthwhile to

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

carry in one's pockets one or two cheap editions of a small size.
I have found out that for myself certain types of books are most
enjoyable as time-fillers in the field. Two favourites are Thor-
eau's ''"Walden" and "Maine "Woods." They are satisfying
and unexciting as oatmeal porridge. Finally, the traveller
should carry a good stock of stories, songs and tricks for group
entertainment.

Dr. Rawson and Elmer stayed at Fort Smith to prepare our
barge for use, while Pete and I pushed ahead in the "Guy," a
Diesel-powered river tug to start our work. We spent a pleasant
evening with Gus, the pilot, in the wheelhouse. Through the
dark we pushed on around oxbows and past the continuous
spruce and poplar forests. Outside the rain was thrashing
down. Inside we were snug. Next day we reached the delta of
the Slave River. Long ago the Great Slave Lake was in the form
of a cross, but the southern bar has been filled in by sedimenta-
tion from the Slave River. Here to while away some time, we
tried to list the states of the union. Pete easily won with two
short of a perfect score. We got a lift in the R. C. mission boat
to Resolution, passing through the Sliyes (channels) of the delta.

The economy of the village of Resolution may be described
quickly. Furs provide the income, while fish are an important
food of man and sleigh dog. This little village provides several
attractions. Its beaches are rich in drift shells. It is small and
unambitious and able to capture one's affections rapidly. Like
an old man who has passed beyond the strong urges of youth.

In ten days our barge and the rest of our group caught up
with us. We slowly proceeded across the lake, working en route,
and so to Yellowknife where we anchored in the inner bay.

We now had time to fully appreciate the plan and Avork that
had gone into our barge. Of the Canolette type, it measured
about sixty feet long and eighteen wide. Two cabooses placed
end to end provided us with laboratory, bunkhouse and storage
room for our gear. It was well suited to our programme.
We sampled the Yellowknife Bay area more intensively, working
out from our barge in a skiff. For more distant open-water
parts we liired MacDonald's boat, the "Guy." Three aspects of
limnology claimed most of our attention — soundings, fish (mea-
surements, food, scales and parasites), and macroscopic bottom

Jan., 104")] THE nautilus 77

fauna. Tlie latter wa.s larfijely my responsibility. In addition,
wo made physico-chemical tests of the water, sampled the
l)lankton, and jrathered data on local consumption of fish.

In the course of the summer we visited much of the lake.
Of our long journey down the east arm past the many miles of
sheer rock cliff before Fort Reliance is reached, or of our ex-
cursion to the west end of the lake where the ]\Iackenzie starts,
or of our trip to Rae in the north arm, I shall say no more here.

One brief visit we made up the rapids of Yellowknife River to
obtain samples of the grrayliufr — that beautiful fish which
resembles the speckled trout will be mentioned at this point.
Arriving here we found two women from town who were already
fly-fishing. TVe joshed them, telling them if they wanted to see
some real grayling fishing to watch us. After much labour we
set out gill-net twice in the rapid waters. "We caught whitefish,
pike and suckers, but no grayling. Very humbly, we borrowed
flytackle from our neighbours and managed to obtain our fish.
The cabin we occupied was built on the slope, just at the edge
of the clearing. It contained the usual odd assortment of relics
discarded or accidently left behind. I noticed the following :
One pair of worn but nicely embroidered buckskin gauntlets;
a tobacco pouch with drawstrings; three income tax forms for
the year 1934; one copy of Magazine Digest under the date of
June, 1943 ; one coal oil lamp globe, repaired ; but no lamp ;
one blade for swede saw, broken ; one measuring spoon for
powdered milk, broken; one length of fishing line; one bed made
of spruce boughs, very knobbly ; one ruck-sack, badly worn ;
another ruck-sack made from a potato bag; one wide-mouthed
jar suitable for snails, complete with lid.

A few notes on the town of Yellowknife: In the main part
of the settlement a great rounded mass of rock arises bearing
at its summit a water tank. The chief road circles around the
rim, at the water's edge. The buildings are scattered about
wherever the flatness of the rock permits. The buildings and the
inhabitants recall Hollywood versions of a western town. Some
of the stores have the same sort of ugly false front. There are
enough prospectors and diamond-drillers to make a devil-may-
care crowd. Economically important already as a gold mining
centre, it will probably boom after the war. Seen in some

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

lights the town makes a striking picture with its bold face of
rock and its scatter of buildings. It is too busy and too ambi-
tious to engage the sympathy of the transient.

In the early part of the summer we had almost continual
daylight. In fact, it wasn't until early August that I saw the
stars in the sky. It was almost re-assuring to have this familiar
scene restored.

For those subscribers of the Nautilus who have come to expect
some conchological information in every article, I append these
brief lists. These are only tentative identifications, and deal
with one part of the collections. Dredgings and leaf mould
samples should yield much valuable data.

Valvata sp., Great Slave Lake. — Resolution, delta of Slave
River, near Gros Cap: — sincera or — lewisif here, I cannot make
up my mind. I would be glad to have the opinion of anyone
claiming competence in handling this group.

Amnicola emarginata (Kiister) seems to be the common
amnicolid of northwestern Canada, G. S. L. — Resolution.

Lymnea siagnalis L., G. S. L. — Resolution; Yellowknife Bay;
near Gros Cap.

Stagnicola palustris (Miill), G. S. L. — Delta of Slave River;
near Gros Cap; pond near Rae.

Stagnicola catascopium (Say), G. S. L. — Resolution; Taltheli
Narrows (spire of this lot is short and squat).

Helisoma trivolvis (Say), G. S. L. — Pond near Rae; near
Gros Cap.

Helisoma anceps (Menke), G. S. L. — Yellowknife Bay.

Planorhula armigcra (Say), G. S. L. — Delta of Slave River.
I have seen none of Dall's species, P. christyi yet.

Gyraulus sp. (large), G. S. L. — Near Gros Cap; Yellowknife
Bay.

Mcnetus exacuoiis (Say), G. S. L. — Near Gros Cap.

Physa gyrina (Say), G. S. L. — Resolution; near Gros Cap.

Snccinca spp. Some specimens resemble /S. rifusa of the east,
others our S. ava:a: G. S. L. — near Gros Cap; delta of Slave
River.

Zonitoides arhorcus (Say). Fort MacMurray, Alberta;
G. S. L.— Delta of Slave River.

Euconulus fulvus (Mull.), G. S. L.— Yellowknife Bay.

Jan., 1945] the nai'till's 79

Discus crunkhcitei (Newc). Periphery well rounded, G. S. L.
— Gros Cap ; delta of Slave River.

Deroceras gracile Raf . Fort MacMurray, Alberta ; G. S. L. —
Reliance.

Cochlicopa luhrica (Miill.). Fort MacMurray, Alberta.

Vertigo modest a (Say), G. S. L. — Delta of Slave River.

Lampsilis siliquoidca (Barnes). Not typical of this species;
flattened shell and short broad pseudocardinals suggest radiata —
G. S. L.— Rae.

Anodonta kennicottii Lea, G. S. L. — Rae: one of the type
localities for this species is Fort Rae, the earlier site of which
was a few miles to the south of the present settlement.

Sphaerium spp., G. S. L. — I found some large shells near Gros
Cap, and at Resolution.

I returned to Edmonton by aeroplane. We were late in taking
off. Already the sun was setting by the time we had winged
away high over the lake. For the first time I was able to see
the multitude of lakes lying inland. So strangely still the
surface of the lake seemed until I realized that the white specks
were the crests of waves. In the gathering darkness we passed
over the delta and began to follow the Slave River southwards.
For many miles we traced out long .streaks of smoke until they
ended in bright red and orange flames. The haunting sweetness
of the bu.sh smoke penetrated even into the cabin. Suddenly
I remembered to look back at the lake, but it was already out
of sight, buried in the dark and clouds. The plane roared on
towards Edmonton and home.

PERUVIAN LAND MOLLUSCA— IV : CLAUSILIIDAE
By henry a. PILSBRY

The description of mollusks collected by T •. "W. Weyrauch is
continued from p. 30.

It may be in order here to correct errors in the description of
a Peruvian Nenia.

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

Nenia pampasensis (Pilsbry).

Clausilia (Nenia) pampasensis Pilsbry, 1910, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 38 : 181, fig. 4.

On page 182 the second line should read : grooved above by
the suture. Eleventh line: for lamella read lunella. I saw no
proof of this description.

Nenia acobambensis, new species. Plate 3, figs. 3, 4.

The shell is decollate, subcylindric, but with weakly convex
lateral outlines; rather thin; dark vinaceous brown with more
or less whitish over-wash; only lightly and very faintly stria-
tulate, the striae showing mainl.y close to the suture, except on
the base and the last half of the last whorl, where there are very
fine, close striae, more prominent at the base, weak or dis-
appearing upward. The summit is rather broadly truncate,
the breach closed by a convex or somewhat tongue-shaped plug.
The 5^3 to 6^ whorls remaining are weakly convex to the last,
which is shortly free in front, somewhat flattened laterally, the
base rounded (or quite indistinctly subangular). The pyriforra
aperture is dark brown within, the peristome thin, well ex-
panded, whitish at the edge. The superior lamella is rather
small and short, concave towards the sinulus, and the very low
spiral lamella connects with the left side of the superior lamella
close to its inner end. Inward the spiral lamella penetrates only
slightly beyond a dorsal position. The inferior lamella is
receding, very inconspicuous in a front view. Subcolumellar
lamella is deeply immersed, terminating contiguous to the
lower end of the lunella. The principal plica is dorsal, being
very short, hardly a fourth of a whorl long, penetrating no
deeper than the lamella. The lunella is very strong, dorsal in
shape like a figure 7 with the angle somewhat rounded, the
vertical portion straight, about twice as long as the entering
upper portion into which it curves. The clausilium is rather
strongly arcuate at the palatal edge, the columellar edge nearly
straight. It is thickoiiod at the narrowly rounded end.

Length 17 mm., diameter at penult whorl 5 mm.; 5% whorls.
Type.

Length 15.1 mm., diameter at immuiU whorl 3.7 mm.; 6^
whorls.

Acobamba, near Tarma, Peru, 3000-3400 meters elevation.
Type and paratypes 180032 ANSP.

Figure 3 is one of the smallest examples, somewhat abnormal
by the contraction of the last whorl.

Jan., lit-l.")] Tin; NAiTn.rs 81

Nenia quadkata boettoeki, new suljspccies. Plate 3, Fi^'s. 1, 2.

The shell is decollate, fusilorni-eylindroid, the lateral out-
lines moderately convex; rather thick; dull carob brown. The
surface is mat, with sculpture of extremely fine, close, hairlike
striae, wiiich in a .short space below the suture are somewhat
unequal, coarser and whitish. On the back and free portion
of the last whorl the striation is coarse and strong. The summit
is closed by a convex pluj:: as usual. The whorls are rather
weakly convex, the last flattened laterally, free and descending
in front, the back having a deep, curved furrow in the middle,
and a shallower concavity on the left, a prominent rounded
ridge between them. The broadly ovate aperture is nearly as
wide as long, dark colored within, the peristome broadly re-
flected its face white and rounded, thickened within. The
superior lamella is rather small, concave towards the sinulus,
continuous with the spiral lamella, which is lower, its inner end
converging towards the inferior lamella. From the point of
union of the superior and spiral lamellae a short but distinct
branch issues inward, lying between spiral and inferior lamellae.
The inferior lamella is receding, small and inconspicuous in front
view. Subcolumellar lamella immersed, its termination con-
tiguous to the anterior end of the lunella. The principal plica
is .short, penetrating only a little beyond the lunella. The
lunella is long, very strongly curved, forming almost a semi-
circle.

Length 22.7 mm., diameter at penult whorl 6.2 mm.; 5%
whorls.

Length 25 mm., diameter at penult whorl 6 mm. ; 6^/2 whorls.

Length 20.5 mm., diameter at penult whorl 5.4 mm. ; 6 whorls.

Carpapata, Rio Tarma, Peru, 2200-2300 meters elevation.
Type and paratypes 180035 ANSP.

This form is no doubt related to N. acohamhensis, but is
larger, more solid, with broader peristome, and it differs
especially by the deeply sulcate back of the last whorl.

While this form agrees with the description of N. quadrata
Boettger (Xachrbl. deutsch. Malak. Ges. 12: 111 in most respects,
there are some discrepancies. My shells do not appear to have
the sculptural feature reseribed for N. quadrata as follows:
"Anfr. ultimus prope aperturam ad suturam rugulis (piasi
papilliformibus paucis, parum validus ornatus. The principal
plica does not converge towards the suture anteriorly in my
shells, and the rather long, strongly developed lunella would
hardly be referred to as in Boettger's sentence: " [Plica] priuci-

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

palis brevis, cum sutura antice convergens, ultra lunellam sub-
dorsalem, hamiformi-angulatum, breviusculam non producat."
Boettger did not mention the short lamella lying between spiral
and inferior lamellae.

Nenia weyrauchi, new species. Plate 3, fig. 5.

The shell is entire, slenderly fusiform, thin, cartridge-buff
to dull whitish. Surface is finely striate, the striae uneven,
stronger near the sutures, many interrupted, with short ones
intercalated; at the base and for a short distance behind the
peristome they are stronger. The apex is obtuse, first two
whorls smooth. Spire attenuate, its lateral outlines somewhat
concave in the upper third of the length. The whorls are
slightly convex, the last flattened laterally, free in front, the
suture continued as a groove on the neck, the base rounded,
but its curvature is a trifle irreguhir. The aperture is light
brownish within, the peristome white, reflected, slightly
thickened within. The superior lamella is rather small in front
view, but high within and directly continuous with the spiral
lamella. The inferior lamella is receding, inconspicuous in a
front view and seen from the back to be strongly thickened near
the lower end. The subcolumellar lamella is immersed, termi-
nating close to the anterior end of the lunella. The principal
plica is short, running from a dorsal position (it penetrates
slightly beyond the lunella) nearly to the expansion of the lip.
The lunella is slightly curved, strongest near the anterior end,
and with a rather low and not long portion running inward
at the upper end.

Length 19 mm., greatest diameter 3.2 mm. 12^2 whorls.

Length 16 mm., greatest diameter 3 mm. 11^/^ whorls.

Ninabamba, near Ayacucho, Peru, 1900 meters elevation.
Type and paratypes 179998 ANSP.

In the irregular striation this species resembles A'^. acobam-
bensis. The receding inferior lamella and other internal
structures are also rather similar, though the lunella is less
strongly developed. In size and slender form at least it appears
near to N. filocostidata (Lubomirski) and N. jolyi (Boettger).
These are both decollate species; all the specimens seen of
N. weyrauchi are entire.

Nenia eka, new species. Plate 3. figs. 7, 7a.

The small shell is entire, fusiform, thin, light brown ; finely
striate, the striation somewhat coarser on the latter part of the

I'lll-: XAI IlLl S .-)8 (.•{)

I'LATK :!

^

I

^y

A

7a

10

Ku;. 1, -. .V< /m'(I iiinnlnilii hm I li/i rl. li, 4, A'. lu-nUmnlx iisis. .">, .V. ht.i/-
niiichi. G, Prniiniti fliirlii hniilimi. 7, 7:i, A* "id ( Ai/. S, A'. <nitiniiiili
nrubainbcusiis. i», H*, .V. miniitiriila.

TllK XAC'riU'S :)8 (3)

TLATE -i

r.si iiiliii-liiiiiiii till niiis (l»;ill).

.lail.. 1^45] TIIK NAUTmus 83

last whorl. Surface matt except at apex wliieli is {flossy. The
whorls of the taperiii<x upper third are stronjjly convex, but the
last two or three only weakly so. The last whorl is somewhat
compressed laterally and shortly free in front, the base roundeil.
The aperture is pyriforin, lijiht inside. Peristome thin, ex-
pandeil and reflected. Superior lamella small, continuous with
the spiral lamella. Inferior lamella receding:, low and incon-
spicuous in a front view, but beeominp: strong: and thickened
within. The subcolumellar lamella is immersed, terminating:
about opposite the anterior end of the lunella. The principal
plica is about a half whorl long:. Lunella is dorsal, nearly
straig:ht, the upper end abruptly turned inward.

Lenjrth 12.4 mm., diameter 3 mm.; 9^/{ whorls, type.

Length 10.8 mm., diameter 2.9 mm. ; 9 whorls.

Acobamba, near Tarma, Peru, 3000 meters elevation. Type
and paratypes 180034 ANSP.

Nenia minuscula, new species. Plate 3, figs. 9, 10.

Included in the lot of N. eka there were two broken specimens
which have sculpture so different from that species that I think
they must be specifically distinct. The shell is similar to N. eka
in size and in apertural armature, but it differs by the dark
brown color, and the sculpture. After the first two smooth
whorls it has rather strong but une(iual riblets, unevenly spaced,
usually separated by wider intervals and coarser on the last half
whorl.

Length 11.2 mm., diameter 3 mm; 8y> whorls.

Acobaraba, Peru, 3000 meters elevation. Type and paratype
180033 ANSP., both figured.

Nenia angrandi urubambensis, new subspecies. Plate 3, fig. 8.

The shell resembles '^Clausilia" angrandi Morelet in appear-
ance. It is fusiform, entire, dark purplish brown, sculptured
with close, fine white striae about as wide as their intervals,
slightly irregular and often interrupted, a trifle coarser on the
back of the last whorl. The last whorl becomes shortly free,
and at the base there is a rather inconspicuous impression on the
back, running to the expansion of the basal lip. The thread-
like striae pass unchanged over this impression. The aperture
is rather broad, roundly ovate, light brown within. Peristome
broadly expanded, light brown. Superior lamella vertical,
rather strong, inferior lamella receding, not visible in front view.

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

Length 14 mm., diameter 3.2 mm. ; 10 whorls, type.
Length 12 mm., diameter 3 mm. ; 9V^ whorls.

Huadquefia Vilcanota Valley, 1500 meters (the head of
Urubamba Valley), Peru. Type and paratype 180029 ANSP.

While these shells agree in the main with Morelet's account,
there are discrepances which indicate a different species or at
least subspecies. He writes of C. angrandi: "II porte un earene
dorsale assez fortement crenellee par les stries que vont y
aboutir." This could not be said of our shells. The locality
for C. angrandi was "Maraynioc, dans la montana de Tarma."

Peruinia flachi bradina, new subspecies. Plate 3, fig. 6.

This form has the light color (pale cinnamon) of P. peruana
(Troschel), but the more slender shape and nearly flat whorls
of P. flachi (Boettger), which is decidedly smaller.

Length 35 mm., greatest diameter 7.3 mm. ; 8 whorls.

Oxapampa, Peru, 1600 meters elevation. Tj^pe 17999 ANSP.

The upper two whorls in the figured type are empty and there
is evidently a septum at a later stage, so that if normally broken
back it would be slightly over 32 mm. long, with 6 whorls.

The size of P. flachi given by Boettger is 24-25^ X 6^4 mm.,
5^ to 6 whorls.

SOME AMERICAN ACHATINIDAE
By II. BURRINGTON BAKER

This is part 10 of a series on Mexican mollusks, whicli wore
collected for Dr. Bryant Walker in 1926. The dissections, on
which it is based, were made about 15 years ago, but publication
was deferred because additional and better material was being
obtained in Jamaica and I*u(m-(() Hico. llowovcr, since some of
the data have already crept into print, a in-eliminary resume of
the following groups may not be out of jilace.

Lcptinaria Beck, 1837, Index M«)ll., p. 79; type (only vested
species) Lcptinaria unilamcUaia ("P^er." Orbigny) from Bolivia.

Opcas Albers, 1850, Die Ilelic, p. 175; type first selected by
Martens, 1861, Die Ilelic, ed. 2, p. 265, Stcnogyra guodalli

Jan., im.')] THE NAUTILUS 85

(Miller) =0. pumilum (PfeifFer) from Cuba. Not Opeas
(Albers) Fischer et Crosse, 1877, Miss. Scient. Mex. Moll. 1, p.
592; type (?) 0. subula (Vir) ^^ Lamcllaxis gracilis (Ilutton)
from Cuba.

Lanullaxis Strobel iiiul Pfeffer, 1882, Beitraj; Mex. Conch. 5,
p. 109; type L. mcxicaniis (Pfeiffer) from Mexico.

Synopcas Jous.seaiime, 1889, Mem. Soe. Zool. France 2, p. 239 ;
type /^. caracascnsis (Reeve) =/S. hcckianum (Pfeiffer) from
Venezuela.

Neosuhuliiia E. A. Smith, 1898, Proc. Malae. Soe. London 3,
p. 115; type N. harterti Smith from Bonaire, West Indies.

Pseudopcas Putzeys, 1899, Ann. Soe. Malac. Belp:i<iue 34, p.
Iviii; type P. pulchcllum Putzeys from Africa. Compare P.
egens (d'Ailly), Odhner, 1932, Proc. Malac. Soe. London 20, p.
31, figs. 22-25, for anatom3^

Tomopeas Pilsbry, 1906,'Man. Conch. 18, p. 123; type Lamel-
laxis (?) layardi (Benson) from Ceylon.

Comoropcas Pilsbry, 1906, loc. cit. ; type Lamellaxis (?)
apiculum (Morelet) from Grand Comoro.

Ochrodermclla Pilsbry, 1907, op. cit., p. 327; type 0. martensi
(Dall) from Cocos Island.

Leptopeas H. B. B., 1927, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich,
no. 182, p. 17; tvpe Lamellaxis bequaerti (Pilsbry) from Brazil.

Connollya Odhner, 1932, op. cit., p. 36, figs. 30-32; type C.
camcrutieyisis Odhiier from Africa.

Allopeas H. B. B., 1935, Naut. 48, p. 84; type Lamellaxis gra-
cilis (Hutton) from Ceylon.

Ferussaciinae

The soft parts of the genera Opeas, NeosuhuUna and Ochro-
dermclla, which somewhat tentatively are included here, all
quite closely resemble those of Connollya Odhner (1932). Al-
though, as Odhner decided in the case of his genus, these
American groups seem more closely related to the Ferussaciinae
than to the Subulininae, they are somewhat intermediate be-
tween the two subfamilies. In the true Opeas and its allies, the
kidney is transverse, and the narrow plaits of the jaw are thor-
oughly cemented together. In the more typical genera of Ferus-
saciinae, the kidney extends farther anteriad between the hind-
gut and ureter, the anal lobe of the mantle glands is somewhat
more prominently developed, and the jaw plaits appear to be
less firmly united. In both groups, the foot has double pedal
grooves. Incidentally, Thiele (1931) founded Opeatinae on the
wrong Opeas.

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

Neosubulina scopulorum H. B. Baker.

1927, op. cit., p. 12, pi. 22, %s. 9-12, anatomv. Cf. N. har-
terti Smith, H. B. B., 1924, Occ. Papers no. 152, p. 87, radula
and jaw.

The genus Neosubulina is evidently a native American group
that belongs here. Its pedal grooves, although double, appear
weaker than in Opeas lyyrgula.

Opeas pyrgula Schmaeker und Boettger.

0. pumilum (Pfr.), Vanatta, 1919, Naut. 33, p. 31, notes on
animal.

Anatomy similar to N. scopulorum but pedal grooves better
marked. Anal lobe of mantle glands creseentie, not markedly
deflecting end of rectum. Lung about 3 times as long as its
base or 5 times length of kidney, which is little over I/2 ^^ lo"e
as wide and shorter than pericardium. TTterus very short in
non-pregnant animals, but may be greatly swollen by 2 large
eggs with white shells. Spermathecal stalk witii shorter basal
swelling which scarcely protrudes from pear-shaped vagina.
Penis with a short muscular sheath around base ; internally with
ellipsoid epiphallic sac less than i/i as long as penis proper and
with almost no penial papilla. Columellar retractor gives off:
(1) almost immediately, a heavy left retractor, which soon di-
vides into buccal and left free retractors; (2) some distance be-
low, the right free retractor and (3) continues as broad tail fan,
from which arises long penial retractor. Each free retractor
gives off: (1) lateral muscle to sides of foot (right one also to
cloaca and around penis) ; (2) inferior tentacular and (3) con-
tinues as eye retractor (right one through ]ieiiioviducal angle).
Jaw evidently composed of numerous narrow overlapping
plates, with denticulate margins, biit are well cemented together
(as in Ncosuhulina). Raduhir foi-iiuila 10 -|- 8 -f 1 + 20, with
71 transverse rows; teeth very similar to 0. pu»ilhn}i.

The dissected animals (ANSP. 44024) were obtained by the
late E. G. Vanatta from his yard in Philadelphia, May 22. 1919.
The shell of 0. pyrg\ila has less arcuate growth-wrinkles and
much stronger spiral striae than does tliat of 0. pumilum.

Opeas pumilum (Pfeiffer)

0. (joodalli (Miller) Pilsbry. 1906, op. cit.. p. 200, ]>]. 28, figs.
72-74. 0. pumilum II. B. B., 1927, op. cit., p. 8. pi. 21, fig. 3;
raduhi from Tabasco, Mexico.

Jan.. 104.")] Tin: nautilus 87

Animal .similar to 0. pyrgula but detail.s of foot obscurofl.
Kidnoy almost a.s loii<r as pericardium. Uterus «jrreatly stretclied
by ;{ larire, white shelled ejjrjrs in one example; another contains
one embryo with 1.5 whorls inside a shell. Spermathecal sac
lemon-shaped; base and vajrina less eidarj;ed. Penis relatively
more elonjrate, with retractor arising: from eonuective tissue over
tail fan.

U^nfortunately, 0. piimilum is the type species of the genus
Opeas and may chanjre its name a<;ain to 0. hamiensc (Ranp:).
Even more unfortunately, ''Opeas gracile," which jjenerally
has been accepted as the type species, is only distantly related.
I owe the dissected animals to the kindness of Mr. Ilu^di Watson,
who collected and sent me two lots of animals from the Botanic
Gardens, Cambridge, England ; all the shells represent the form
with the large apex (Pilsbry's fig. 74). The snails succumbed
during their sea voyage, and the animals were swollen and
macerated.

OcHRODERMELLA PiTTiERi (Martens)

Ochrodermella sp., H. B. B., Man. Conch. 28, p. 207.

Foot small, rounded posteriad, with well marked pedal grooves
and coarse tessellation. Pallial complex similar to Neosuhulina
but lung about 4.5 times as long as its base or 5 times length of
kidney, which is slightly longer than broad, more incurved along
ureter, and has more extensive lobe between hindgut and ureter.
Jaw much as in Opeas pyrgula, but relatively heavier. Radular
formula 19 + 9 + 1 + 28, with 109 rows ; teeth similar to those
of Opeas pumilum, but central practically unicuspid and other
teeth scjuarish.

The animals dissected were collected near Chatham Bay,
Coeos Island, by Dr. Pilsbry on the Gifford Pinchot Expedition.

SUBULININAE

Apparently many or mo.st of the species usually included
in Opeas belong in this subfamily and are placed temporarily
ill the genus LameUaxis. Since my dissections were made,
Odhner (1932) has shown that much of the anatomy of Pseudo-
peas egens (d'Ailly) is very similar to that of LameUaxis,
although he does not describe the origin of the penial retractor
or the position of the right eye muscle. What is here called the
epiphallus appears to be represented in his figure 25 by the thick

88 THE NAUTILUS [Yol. 58 (3)

walled sac at the left of the penial apex, while my appendicular
caecum seems similar to the thin walled sac on the right side.

The following key defines Laynellaxis and the closely related
genera Leptinaria and Synopeas:

A. Right eye retractor in penioviducal angle ; penial retractor
arising from (or near) tail retractor; outer teeth of radula
multicuspid.

B. Penial apex bifid, with caecum along side of epiphallus,
near apex of which vas deferens enters; radular laterals
tricuspid ; shell without parietal lamella

Lamcllaxis S. & P.

BB. Penial apex simple, but with vas entrance near middle of
epiphallus ; outer laterals bicuspid with aculeate mesocones ;
shell with parietal and extensive columellar lamellae at some
stage Leptinaria Beck.

A A. Right eye retractor free from genitalia ; penial apex simple
with vas entrance near apex of epiphallus ; penial retractor
arising from right free retractor; radular teeth quite con-
sistently tricuspid ; shell stout and closely coiled

Synopeas Jousseaume.

Lamellaxis ('AllopeasJ gracilis (Hutton)
Opeas gracile H. B. B., 1927, op. cit., p. 7.

Animal similar to Leptinaria unilamellata, but foot relatively
small, although also with only one irregular pedal groove. Lung
about 4.5 times as long as its base or 4 times length of kidney,
which is over 1.5 times its base or 1^ times length of large peri-
cardium. Ovotestis of 5 lobes. Talon very shortly recurved.
Carrefour quite long. Uterus more elongate, swollen by 4 to
10 large, white shelled eggs. Spermathecal sac fusiform. Va-
gina swollen. Vas deferens entering apex of epiphallus. Penis
slender with enlarged apex when oxtentled, but capable of
almost complete retraction into heavy basal sheath that receives
branch of right lateral retractor; ei)ii)h;illus terminating in short
vergic papilla; appendicular caecum (along side of eiuphallus)
lanceolate, with thick tesselate wall and with apex some distance
below that of epiphallus. Penial retractor connected by ana-
stomosing fibers with right lateral muscle; inserting on loop of
vas and on apices of both eiiijihallus and apjHMulix. Atrium
o{)ening about midway between base of right ominatophore and
anterior margin of visceral stalk. Colnniellar retractor gives
ofT left retractor near origin, right one shortly below, and spreads
out into tail fan, which gives off ])euial retractor. Left retractor
gives off heavy buccal muscle near root of tail and divides into

Jan.. 1114")) THE nautilus 89

left onimatophoral, inferior tentacular and a few weak bands to
side of foot. Hifrht one pives off tentacular retractors and
spreads out to side of foot, atrium and basal jKMiial sheath.
Kijiht eye muscle in penioviducal an<:le.

One dissected animal was collected near Sau Juan, Porto Rico,
and several were obtained by Dr. W. II. Rush at Cavite, Luzon,
Philippine Islands (ANSP. 84847). Interpretation of the {geni-
talia was {rrcatly aided by serial sections, made by Dr. Eleanor
Carotiiers.

Lamellaxis is separated from Leptinaria and expanded, as a
genus, to cover most of the species which have usually been
included in Opeas. Although the simple straight columella of
AUopcas is very different from the spirally thickened axis of
Lamellaxis s.s., almost ever}- integradation occurs in intermedi-
ate species, just as it does in the genus Spiraxis. Retention of
this broad genus Lamellaxis seems best until the soft parts are
known in the type species of the groups Tomopcas and Como-
ropeas, of one of which Allopeas may be a section.

Lamellaxis (Allopeas) mauritlanus (Pfeiffer).

Animal similar to L. gracilis but kidney triangular, about %
as long as its base and about V/i times pericardial length.
Uterus with 3 eggs (diam. 1.3 mm.). Spermatheca with shorter
stalk and with ovoid basal swelling. Vagina with more globose
enlargement, which in one animal contained 3 spermatophores
with fusiform horny capsules. Penis with thinner basal sheath ;
lower .6 slender with internal pilasters; apical .4 swollen;
epiphallus shorter and stouter than appendicular caecum,
which reaches penial apex. Radular formula 22 + 17 + 1-1- 39,
with 97 rows; outer teeth with elongate backs, retaining tri-
cuspid fascies although multicuspid.

Through the kindness of Dr. Pilsbry, animals from IMauritius,
collected by W. F. Webb in 1906 (ANSP. 91186) have been
dissected.

Lamellaxis (Tomopeas?) clavulinus (Potiez et Michaud).

Opcas clarulitium Pilsbry, 1906, op cit., p. 135. fSuhulina
urichi Smith, 1896, Jour of Conch. 8, p. 235, from Trinidad.

Animal similar to L. gracilis but lung about 3.5 times as long
as its base or length of kidney, which is a little longer than its
base or length of pericardium. Free oviduct considerably

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

shorter, vagina relatively larger and basal sheath of penis less
extensive. Uterus may contain 4 eggs. Penial retractor arising
from connective tissue above tail fan although connected with it.
Penis long and slender; epiphallus .2 total length and slightly
shorter than very attenuate caecum. Radular formula 25 + 1
-{- 25, with 87 rows ; central unicuspid ; laterals squarish ; outer
teeth mainly with tricuspid fascies but with spatulate cusps.

Mr. Hugh Watson has sent me the dissected specimens under
the name of Leptinaria urichi. Thej^ come from the hot-houses
of the Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland and were
collected by A. R. Waterson. They agree very closely with
Dr. Pilsbry's Opeas clavulinum. Although the genitalia and
the retention of tricuspid fascies in the outer radular teeth are
more like Allopeas, the penial caecum is slender as in Leptopeas.
Its unicuspid central, the cusps of its outer teeth and the origin
of the penial retractor are peculiar. If the anatomy of the type
of Tomopeas be found similar, Allopeas should become a section.

Lamellaxis (Leptopeas?) micra (d'Orbigny)

Opeas micra H. B. B., 1927, op. cit., p. 10, radula.

A single, badly retracted animal from Marianao, near Habana,
Cuba, collected June 14, 1926, has been dissected. It is certainly
that of a Lamellaxis but seems closer to the next group than to
the preceding ones.

Lamellaxis (Leptopeas) argutus (Pilsbry).

Animal similar to L. gracilis but lung wall over 4 times as
long as its base and less than 4 times length of kidney, which is
ly^ times its base and almost 1.5 times percardial length.
Ovotestis of two small lobes. Uterus with 3 large, white siielled
eggs. Spermatheca with small sac and prominent basal swelling.
Penis slender, with a loose basal invostinont of fil)crs from riglit
lateral retractor; apical y, bifid; opipluiilus with entrance of
vas y,\ way down and opening through low i)cnial papilla;
appendicular caecum very attenuate. Penial retractor arising
from left side of tail retractor. Salivary glands slender, lanceo-
late and almost symmetric; ducts short. Radular formula
14 -j- 7 -j- 1 -|- 21, with 87 rows; latoi-als even shorter and
broader than in L. bcquacrti; marginals with more numerous
cusps.

The animals dissected arc frnm Cordoba (station 4) and belong
to the typical form.

Jan., 1!)4.")] Tin; xArriLUs 91

Lamkllaxis (s. s.) mexicaxus (Pl'eilTer).

Ajiimal similar to L. gracilis but liin<r wall sli;.'litly loiij^'cr;
kidney P-, times as lonj,' as base and little lon^'er tlian lartre
perieai-ilium. Ovotestis with ;j lobes. Uterus containing 3 or
4 ejrprs. Neither spermatheeal sac nor ba.se much swollen. Penis
more slender; epiphallus .4 total len<rth, -with prominent conical
penial papilla; lower .6 with heavy pila.ster; caecum very slender
but as lon«: as epiphallus. Radular formula is 19 + 8 -[- 1 + 27,
with 77 rows; laterals with more prominent entocones and less
aculeate mesocones than in L. martensiana; outer 15 teeth
approach comb-like shape of Leptopeas.

The dissected animals come from above Necaxa (.station 34).
The anatomy is very similar to that of L. argutus.

Lamellaxis martensi (Pfeiffer).

Animal similar to L. mexicanus but lun<2: wall 3.5 as lonjr as
its base or kidney. Penis with marked swellinf; below base of
epiphallus, which is about ^4 lenp:th of entire orfjan, and which
opens throujrh more distinct penial papilla. Radular formula
15 -f 8 + 1 + 23, with 73 rows ; 1st lateral relatively broader.

In my only animal, form modestus from Atoyac, the female
organs are very immature but the penis is quite large.

Leptinaria unilamellata (Orbigny).

L. lamdlata (P. et M.), H. B. B., 1927, op. cit., p. 22, pi. 20,
figs. 100-2, pi. 21, f. 8; anatomy and radula.

My earlier drawing (fig. 100) of the penis shows the entrance
of the vas deferens too low; it actually runs up the side of the
epiphallus and opens into the latter near the middle of its length.

Synopeas beckianum (Pfeiffer).

Opeas caracasc7isis Str. & Pfeffer, 1882, op. cit., p. 101, anat-
omy (largely incorrect). 0. beckianum II. B. B., 1923, Occ.
Papers no. 135, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 6, radula.

Animal similar to Lamellaxis gracilis but foot relatively large;
lower pedal groove well impressed. Right and left neck-lappets
more prominent. Lung 6 times as long as its base. Ovotestis of
4 lobes; talon tongue-shaped. Uterus containing 5 eggs, which
are relatively smaller. Free oviduct and vagina slender.

92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

Spermatheca with obovoid sac and slender stalk. Penis slender,
fusiform ; basal sheath reduced to investing fibers from right
lateral muscles; epiphallus almost % length of penis, similar to
that of L. argutus; appendicular caecum absent; penis proper
with heavy pilasters. Penial retractor arising from right free
retractor just above division of same. Atrial opening near
anterior edge of visceral stalk. Right eye retractor free from
genitalia.

The animals dissected come from around Cordoba and are very
large obese examples. Synopeas appears to be a very distinct
genus.

DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF ACMAEA.

By AVERY RANSOME (GRANT) TEST
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

The study during which these species were examined and
described was made at the University of California, under the
guidance of Professor S. F. Light, to whom I want to express
my great gratitude. The shells were in part collected personally,
in part loaned by the United States National Museum, the
Stockholm Riksmuseum, the Zoologisches Museum der Uni-
versitiit, Berlin, and the California Academy of Sciences, San
Francisco, California.

AcMAEA CONA, new species.

Apex near anterior third of shell, erect, highest point of shell.
Lateral and anterior faces plane or slightly convex. Sculpturing
of roughly rounded ribs, often branched, irregularly spaced,
with a suggestion of spines near the apex. Interspaces usually
wider at margin than ribs, and often finely corded in irregular
fashion. Margin crenatc due to slight i)rojectio)i of ribs. Sur-
face of interior highly lustrous, with large brown "owl" filling
ai)ical area inside muscle sear; intermediate area white, Avith
pencil lines from exterior often slu)wing through; border
irregularly marked with brown; muside scar not consjiicuous.
External color pattern of ivory ribs alternating with interspaces
tinged throughout with pale verdigris streaked with ramifying
pencil lines of brown, the brown linos fre(jnently forming a
network, which near tlic apex often is stellifonn. Soft jiarts

Jan., 1945] the nautilus 93

of the animal with ilistinctive c(>h)rin<;, the side of the foot being
white speckled with black pinhead dots (nnlike that of any other
species of Acmaca on the west coast of North America except
A. scabra, which is similar).

Largest of type specimens 17.5 X 13.7 X 6 mm. hifrh.

The type series is a group of 20 specimens taken personally at
Point Fermin, San Pedro, California. In addition, there is a
group of 124 paratypes, also taken personally at Point Fermin,
and other series from the United States National Museum and
the California Academy of Sciences were studied, these latter
totalling 281 specimens from various localities. The type series
will be sent to the California Academy of Sciences at San Fran-
cisco, paratypes to the United States National Museum.

Range (localities from wiiich specimens were seen) : Point
Concepcion, San Pedro, La Jolla, San Diego, all of California ;
Ensenada, San Quintin, Cape San Lucas, all of Mexico; Revilla
Gigedo Islands.

The ribs may be sharply defined, smoothly rounded, and very
narrow in comparison with the interspaces. They may be much
lighter in color than the interspaces, which are frequently gray
or dark. The ribs may be completely unbranched, and fre-
quently have no suggestion of spines. The interior may be blue
in the intermediate area, and the border may be dark interrupted
by white where the ribs are. The central area may be white.
The external coloring may be of various patterns in gray be-
tween ivory ribs. Occasionally^ the ribs also are gray. Some-
times the entire color pattern is obscured by the ravages of
fungus infection.^

AcMAEA FOUAE, ncw species.

Apex in central fifth of shell, erect. All faces sigmoid, the con-
vex curve being the lower half, the concave curve the upper half.
Aperture short, oblong. Sculpturing of broad, roughly rounded,
shallow ribs, widening as margin is approached, separated by
narrow interspaces. Margin practically entire, somewhat blunt.
Interior with dull, narrow border; lustrous, narrow intermediate
area; dull, irregularly surfaced apical area of large size. Border
of very broad black and white bars; intermediate area whitish,

1 Bonar, L. 19.36. An unusual asconiycete in the shells of marine ani-
mals. Univ. Calif. Publ. Botany, 19: 187-192, pi. 22.

94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

with external broad black rays showing through as dark bluish
bands; owl-shaped apical area inside muscle scar opaque, ivory
white, with a few vague brownish stains. Exterior of broad
dirty-white and dark gray bands radiating out from apex to
margin. Upper half of shell usually badlv eroded by fungus
(Bonar, 1936).

Size :— Largest : 17.1 X 13.2 X 6.9 mm. high.

Nine specimens and 3 radulae loaned by Stockholm Riksmu-
seum constitute the type series. Type locality and known geo-
graphical range: — Foua, Tonga Islands.

The color marks may be of pale chestnut or intermediate
shades, instead of black. They may be in narrow bands instead
of very broad ones. Each band may be composed of many fine
ones. There may not be any color bands exteriorly, only tawny
internal bands being present. The intermediate area may be
suffused with tawny smudges. With regard to shape, there was
practically no variation among the specimens at hand. Most of
the shells were heavily fungus infested, causing a rough, exca-
vated surface, and sometimes changing the facial silhouettes.
The border is crenated by very broad, extremely shallow lobes,
almost or completely obsolete in most cases.

ACMAEA CANCELLATA, UCW SpCcicS.

Apex in anterior fifth, inclined antero-ventrally ; not highest
part of shell. Anterior face concave; posterior face convex;
lateral faces plane. Aperture long elliptical. Sculpturing of
fine, close, radiating striae distinctly beaded so that the narrow
interspaces appear cancellate. ]\Iargin sliarply crenulate. In-
terior and exterior pure white. Shell tiny, fragile, translucent.

Type and only specimen: 6.5 X 3.4 X 1-6 mm. high.

Type locality: Sangaura. Type in Zoologisches ]\Iuseum der
Universitiit, Berlin, Germany.

ACMAEA CORNEA, UCW spCcicS.

Apex in anterior fifth of shell, inclined anteriorly. Anterior
face short, concave; posterior face long, convex; lateral faces
plane to slightly convex. Aperture elliptical. Sculpturing of
fine, close-set striae which pass in an undeviating line from apex
to border; in addition, there are prominent concentrii' growth
lines. Margin iincly scrratf. Internal snrface with a lavender
sheen throughout; border regular, corneous; apical area brown.
Exterior of pale, corneous brown.

Jan., VMo] THE nautilus 95

Tvpo specimens: 4.6 X •^•5 X l-^ niuj. lii^'h.

4.4 X 3.2 X 1.2 mm. lii-li.

3.5 X 2.7 X 1.2 mm. liifzh.

Type locality: Zanzibar, Africa. Type specimens in Zoolo-
gisehes Mnsoiim der Universitiit, Berlin.

AcMAEA ECCENTRiCA, new spccies.

Apex at or overhan}2:infr anterior mar<;in, stronj^ly inflected
antero-ventrally ; not the highest point of shell. Aperture long
elliptical. Anterior face concave, very short ; lateral faces plane
to barely convex; posterior face convex, lonjr, arched. Sculp-
turinjr of fine radial striae. Marprin serrate. Internal finisli
lustrous, pure white. Exterior white, sometimes with a few
freckles of golden yellow. Shell thin, fragile, translucent.

Largest specimen: 4.3 X 2.8 X 1-3 nmi. high.

The 14 type specimens belong to Zoologisches Museum der
Universitiit, Berlin.

Type localities : Sydney and Port Jackson, Australia, ' ' Rosto
de Cao."

The only variations among the fourteen specimens available
to me, and which form the type lot, were the presence or absence
of the few nearly microscopic golden freckles mentioned in the
diagnosis.

ACMAEA IRREGULARIS, UCW SpecicS.

Apex within anterior third of shell; erect. All faces convex,
often irregular in outline. Aperture very irregular, usually
broader at posterior end. Sculpturing of heavy, granulated
ridges alternating w^ith smaller, more finely granulated ridges,
of which there may be one or more between each larger rib.
Margin thick. Interior dully lustrous with broad, entire mar-
gin; dense, white intermediate area; brown apical owl. Exterior
rusty black flecked with pinpoints of white, unless fungus in-
fected, a common condition in this species (Bonar, L. 1936).
Fungus infected specimens rusty, with spots and rays of black
and ash irregularly distributed.

Largest specimen: 21.5 X 14.6 X 6.6 mm. high.

Another: 15.8 X 11.2 X 5.8 nnn. high.

Type and only known locality : Simons Bay, Cape Colony,
South Africa. Four specimens belonging to Zoologisches Mu-
seum der Universitiit, Berlin, comprise the type specimens.

The apex may be elevated or depressed, pointed or rounded.

96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

The aperture may be g:reatly distorted, or truncate-ovate with
a somewhat irregular outline. The sides, seldom alike, may be
markedly arcuate. The margin, if regular enough, may be
dentate, with wide interspaces between the teeth. Border may
be narrow, with a fringe of brown rays extending upward into
the intermediate area, or the whole intermediate area may be
clouded with tan.

ACMAEA TRANSPARENS, nCW SpCcicS.

Apex practically over anterior border ; not highest point of
shell; stronglj'- inflected antero-ventrally. Anterior face con-
cave; lateral faces nearly plane; posterior face strongly convex.
Aperture elliptical. Concentric sculpturing only, of very faint
growth lines. Internal border entire, sharp, and very fragile.
Shell white inside and out, translucent, fragile.

Type : 3.8 X 2.3 X 1 mm.

Type locality: "Australia." The 2 type specimens are the
property of Zoologisches Museum der Universitiit, Berlin.

ANOTHER SPECIMEN OF PSEUDOCHAMA

INERMIS WITH A SECOND AUTHENTIC

HABITAT

By M. E. BOUKGEOIS

On page 83 of vol. 47 of The Nautilus, there is the original
description of the type specimen of Pscudochama inermis (Dall),
now in the U. S. N. M. According to the authors, this species
was found and described over 60 years ago, but without au-
thentic habitat, and does not seem to have been collected again
until 1930, when Dr. H. N. Lowe found a specimen on Maria
Madre Island of the Tres Marias group, which is the first and
only authentic habitat previously known for this species.

In December of 1938, I spent nearly two weeks collecting at the
Port of Ziliuatanejo, Guerrero, which is situated on a beautiful
bay, a little north of Acai>uk'o. Not far from the main beach
of the port, there is another small rocky beach, which seems to
be the home of many chainas (C. cchinata, C. s(ji((imiili(jcra, C.
corruyata and others), judging from the numerous worn speci-
mens thrown up among the smaller rocks on the shore, and from

Jan., 1945] the nautilus 97

the valves still to be seen fastened to the larj^er rocks at the
water's edjjje. To my preat deli«rht, I found among these a largre
closed specimen of Pscudochama incrmis in excellent condition,
except that it was rather incrusted, and there are a number of
parasites fastened to the shell, amonp; which are quite a number
of smaller chamas.

As the shell has a large flat base upon which it sets very
firmly, it looks when closed quite like a jewel case, the large
Vermctes parasite fastened to the cover making a fine handle
with which to lift it off.

The description of the type and of Dr. Lowe's specimen is
also very good for my specimen, except that the muscle scars
are without color and crystalline in appearance; but, from the
muscle scars to the edge of the shell, there is in both valves
a wide olive-buff margin with the exception that the superior
edge of the upper valve is purple. This shows very well in the
photograph, being much darker thau the rest of the interior.
After cleaning off much of the incrustation, both valves show
clearly the thick periostracum (buff on the lower valve, dark
brown on the upper), strong growth lines and spineless char-
acter of the shell. The shell measures 75 X 49 X 31.5 mm.,
which is a little smaller than the type specimen.

Prof. I. Ancona H. of the Biological In.stitute of Mexico City
very kindly took the three views of the shell, which are repro-
duced on plate 4.

MOLLUSCAN TYPES IN THE CARPENTER
COLLECTION IN THE REDPATH MUSEUM

By KATHERINE V. W. PALMER
Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, N. Y.

While working on the problem of the illustration of the many
unfigured types of the species of Mollusca from the West Coast
of North America described by P. P. Carpenter, a considerable
number of types were located at the Peter Redpath Museum,
McGill University, Montreal, Canada.

The large collection of shells which Carpenter bequeathed
to McGill University is on display, and with the exception of a
few of the pelecypods that have become dismounted, it is in
excellent condition. Except for dusting, cleaning, and the nee-

98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

essary moving of two cases of bivalves, the collection remains as
it was arranged shortly after Carpenter's death in 1877. The
specimens are as Carpenter mounted and labelled them. The
specimens of a species from each locality are glued on glass,
the size of the glass corresponding to the size required for the
specimen. The label was written by Carpenter in white ink
on the glass, and it usually consists of the name of the species,
the author, locality, and collector. In many cases, synonymy
and special remarks are added. All the glass mounts bear
Carpenter's monogram in white ink in the upper right hand
corner. In the event that the specimen is a tA'-pe, the label
includes the Avord type. The types are not separated from the
rest of the collection. Only those specimens which were defi-
nitely stipulated as type are included in the present list. The
fortunate and important fact that the Carpenter collection re-
mains as mounted in Carpenter's time leaves no doubt as to
the authenticity of the labels. The glass mounts are arranged
over black or bluish black paper which shows up the white
lettering clearly. The collection is not catalogued.

The whereabouts of many of the types of the species described
by Carpenter are still unknown. Such data regarding the loca-
tion of the types as given in Mrs. Oldroyd's great opus (I\Iarine
Shells of the West Coast of North America, 2 vols., 4 pts.. 1924,
1927) need considerable revision. Seemingly a preliminary list
of the types contained in the Redpath ]\Iuseum would be of
service until the complete catalogue witli data and illustrations
can be compiled and published. The present list is a copy of
the name and facts just as Carpenter wrote the label. The
numbers of specimens or explanatory notes by the author are
in brackets. This inventory does not iiittMul to include any
revision of the specific names as they may be interjireted today.
Some of the names are iiiauuscript uauics, some are i)re()ccupied,
aiul some have been described l)y laliT authors.

All the tyi)es in the f(»l lowing list liavo been iihotograi>hed
and publication of the illustrations in the future is planned
when additional figures and notes have been acquired and com-
piled about the tyj)es that have been deposited in other institu-
tions. At that time, revised names, references, synonymy, etc.,
will be recorded.

Jan., 11)4")] THE NAUTILUS 99

The author wishes to thank Dr. T. II. Clark, curator of the
Redpath ^luseuni, and IVIiss Alice E. Johann.sen, assistant curator,
for their splendid cooperation in regard to my examination of
the Carpenter collection. J. W. Pollock, of the Zoolo^ry Depart-
ment at McGill University, photographed the specimens of the
present list and I am grateful to him for his patience and care
in doing that task.

Most of the pelecypod and gastropod names will be found in
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collection, No. 252, 1872, which re-
prints some of Carpenter's works. Dr. Pilsbry's monumental
monograph in volumes XIV and XV of the Manual of Conch-
ology, 1892, 1893, will furnish references for the chitons.

Pelecypoda

Ostrca lurida Cpr. type Shoalwater Bay Cooper [1]
Fcctcn paucicostatus Cpr. type "Sta. Barbara" Jewett (?

Nicaragua) [right and left valves]
P. squarrosus Cpr. type "Sta. Barbara" Jewett Also really

Florida [right and left valves]
Cryptodon serricatus Cpr. type Puget Sound Kennerly [2

broken]
Myrtaea vndata Cpr. type Gulf of California Pederson [3]
Lucina lingualis Cpr. type C. S. Lucas Xantus [6]
Chione undatostriata Cpr. type Todos Santos Bay Hemphill

[1 valve]
Psephis salmonea Cpr. type Catalina Is. 30 fms. Cooper

[5 valves]
Marcia (= Liocyma) Beckii Dall type Oringa 6 fms. Plover

Bay E. Siberia Dall [3]
Donax carinatus (versus teste Hani.) =culminatus Maz. Cat.

(type) Acapulco Newberry [IV2]
Donax (? punctostriatus var.) caelatus (type) Acapulco

Newberry [9]
Psammotaea compacta Cpr. type S. Francisco Pease [1

specimen of both valves]
Coralliophora crenelloides Cpr. type E. Indies [1 specimen of

both valves]

Gastropoda

Mangelia angulata Cpr. (? type) Sta. Barbara Jewett [3]
M. cerea Cpr. tvpe Panama Jewett (comp. gemmulosa,

C.B.A. 173) [i]
M. hamata Cpr. type "Panama" JcAvett [1]
M. interfossa Cpr. type Neeah Bay Swan [9, one definitely

not the same as the others]

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

M. tahulata Cpr. type Neeah Bay Swan [10]

M. variegata Cpr. type Sta. Barbara Jewett [1]

M. (? variegata var.) nitens Cpr. type Sta. Barbara Jewett

Oliva callospirata nis. type Sooloo Borneo E.E. [2]
Gibherula Jewettii Cpr. type Sta. Barbara Jewett [10]
G. pyriformis Cpr. type S. Diego Monterey [13]
G. subtrigona Cpr.* type Sta. Barbara Jewett Monterey

[2, one marked *]
G. regular is Cpr. type S. Diego Monterey [6]
Nassa (Phrontis) venusta var. teste 'H..C. = hilohata Cpr. ms.

type Pacific Is. [3]
N. (lone) immersa Cpr. type Pacific Is. [1]
Mitromorpha filosa Cpr. type Sta. Barbara Jewett [1]
? Anachis serrata Cpr. (type) C. S. Lucas [4]
Astyris tuherosa Cpr. type Sta. Barbara fossil Jewett [5]
Columhella Reevei Cpr. type C. S. Lucas [5]
Tritonidea elata Cpr. type Gulf of California Pedersou [1]
T. elata var. (=Murex Fricki Crosse type) Gulf of California

Frick [1]
Monoceras paucilirata Stearns type La Jolla 12 mi. n. of S.

Diego H. Hempbill [5]
Opalia hullata Cpr. type Sta. Barbara Jewett [1]
Pelatoconchiis octoscctus Cpr. fragment of type sp. [2]
Thalotia Bamburi Cross [Crosse] type South Australia [7]

Amphineura ^

Lepidopleurus C. B. Adamsii Cpr. tvpe on Discina Cumingii

Panama C. B. Adams No. 372 [7]
L. comptus Gld. var. patuloides Cpr. ms. Pliili]>piTies H.

Cuming No. 373 [2]
Leptochiton crassus Cpr. "unique type" S. Diego under

rocks in sand extreme low tide Hemphill [1]
Trachydermon gothicus Cpr. type Catalina Is. St. Barbara Is.

Cooper 1 5 ]
T. pcrornatus Cpr. tvpe loc. ineert. Mus. Cuminu: No. 98

Leptoplax rubrotnicta Cpr. tyj>o ? »Iapan (ILC.) jl]
Chactopleura armillata Cpr. type Isl. Gorriti H. Cuming

No. 36 [3 plates]
C. gemmca Cpr. type Monterey Canfield [5]
? C. Ilarlwegii Cpr. type Monterey 11. Cuming [3]
C. parallela Cpr. type C. S. Lucas Xantus 1 = cohimbicn!tis,

var. [1]

1 The ppnprir Requonco of the Ampliineur;i is according to Carpenter's
clnsaification wliich is given in Pilsbry, Manual Conch., vol. XIV, 1892,
p. XIX.

.Ian., i;)4o] THE nautilus 101

Mauqcnlla cotisj)icu(i Cpr. tvpe ori^'iiial tvj)(> La I'az Pease

in .
M. c(>nsi)U'ua type normal San Diejjfo lieiiipliill Sta. Har])ara

C\)oper ( - niagdalincnsis, var. subobsoh (a B.A. Kep.) [11 1

Ischnocliiton albidus Cpr. type loe. ineert. II. Cuminf; [1]

/. antipodum Cpr. type N. Zealand II. Cuminj; [IJ

/. aurcofincius Cpr. tvpe Catalina Is. 80 fms. Cooper 1071a

[11
/. coopcn var. acutwr Cpr. tvpe Todos Santos Bay L. Cal.

Hemphill [5]
/. coo peri var. acutior Cpr. type Sta. Cruz Cooper False

Bay near S. Die<;o Hemphill [6J
/. corriKjatiis Cpr. tvpe Catalina Is. 40 fms. 1070 Cooper No.

1068 [1]
? /. ( ? var.) exprcssus Cpr. type Panama C. B. Adams No.

395 rare Comp. Chactopleura jun [IJ
/. funiculatus Cpr, type (also Krebs) Guadalupe Mus.

Cumini: No. 44 [1]
/. mac(jiUivrayi Cpr. type Tristan D'Aeunha M'Gillivray [Ij
/. newcombi Cpr. type Catalina Is. Neweomb [2]
/. peregrin us Cpr. type loe. incert. H. Cuming [1]
/. pollicaris Cpr. type Corfu H. Cuming [IJ
/. radians Cpr, type ]\Ionterey Canfield [4]
/. sinudentatus Cpr. type California [4]
/. subexpressus Cpr. type = scabricostat us Cooper No. 518a

20 fms. Catalina Is. [1]
Stenoplax fallax Cpr, type Brodej^as Neweomb [1]
Hctcrozona cariosa Cpr, type Australia H, Cuming [1]
Callistochitondccoratus Cpr. type S.Diego Hemphill (comp.

veredentiens) [12]
C. fimhriatus Cpr. type Monterey Canfield [3, one with 10

plates mounted separately]
C. pulchior Cpr. type No. 37;") Panama C. B. Adams

- pulchellus C. B. Adams non Gray (on C. ncara var. Lessonii

C. B. Adams 348 [one small specimen marked *J) [6]
C. palmulatus Cpr, type Sta, Barbara Cooper No, 1077 [1]
Angasia tctrica Cpr, type Ceylon (II. C) [1]
TIemphiUia langinosus Cpr. type Todos Santos Bay Lower

California II. Hemphill [5J
Chiton densiliratus Cpr. type Japan Mus. Cuming No. 10

[1]
C. limans Cpr. type Australia Mus. Cuming No, 54 [1]
C. semilaevis Cpr. type ? Australia Mus. Cuming No. 3b

[1]
C. siadoides Cpr. type N.Zealand Mus. Cuming 5b = jugo-
sus 11. Cuming not Gld, [1]

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

Tonicia incurvata Cpr. type loe. uncer. H. Cuming 85 [1]
T. nigropunctata Cpr. type Society Is. ? Pease [2J
Sclerochiton miles Cpr. type Torres Str. H. Cuming No. 12

[1]
Acanthopleura incana Gld. type Figi U.S.E.E. [2]
Ornithochiton caliginosus Cpr. type = picea A, Ad. China Seas

A. Adams [1]
Placiphora cuprea Cpr. ms. (type) N. Zealand Mus. Cuming

No. 3 'Rni. = Streptochiton [3 plates]
P. sicperha Cpr. type N. Zealand Mus. Cuming No. 2 [1]
Streptochiton zonulatus Cpr. type Ceylon Angas [1, plates

and mantle separated]
Euplaciphora excurvata Cpr. type ? Australia Haines [4

plates separated]
Mopalia filosa Cpr. ms. type St. Barbara Cooper comp.

plumosa & aciita [1, coiled]
Placiphorella imporcata Cpr. type Puget Sd. Kennerly [1]
P. sinuata Cpr. type Puget Sd. Kennerly [1]
Acanthochiton arragonites Cpr. type C. S. Lucas Xantus

[1]
A. asbestoides Cpr. type Flinders Isl. ? Australia Mus.

Cuming No. 90 [1]
A. achates Gld. type Hakodadi Ousima Stimpson [4]
A. hoeticus Cpr. type Sandwich Is. Pease [2]
A. ciispidatus Cpr. type No. 77 N. Zealand Mus. Cuming

No. 77 [1]
A. hispidus Cpr. type Mus. Cuming No. 89 St. Vincent

Cape Verde [4 plates separated]
Acanthochiton ? hispidus var. hirtus Cpr. type St. Pauls Mus.

Cuming No. 41 [1, plates separated]
Stectoplax gracilior Cpr. type "W. Africa" teste Gould [1,

plates separated]
8. porrectus Cpr. jun type Mus. Cuming No. 97 Japan A.

Adams [3 plates separated]
Choneplax serpens Cpr. tyipe West Indies (?var.) [1]

NORMAN W. LERMOND

Norman Wallace Lermond the well-known naturalist, who
once owned and operated Utopia Park, died last spring in Maine.
Services were held in Thomaston. Mr. Lermond was born July
27, 1861, in Maine in Knox Coimty's oldest house, a structure
reared 176 years ago. He was rocked in a cradle which had
served a similar purpose for seven generations. In front of the

Jan., l!)4r>] Tin: nautilus 103

house still blooms a rose tree which his prrnndmother planted in
1809, and borderiuf? tlie orchard arc hawthorn trees 220 years
old. Mr. Lermond's parents were Omar W. and Rebecca (Todd)
Leniiond. The family traces its ancestry back to the year 1200
and was descended from the Picts. The clan was the McLermond.
In the old homestead were to be seen the Lermond coat of arms, as
well as the Malcolm coat of arms which came from the grand-
mother's side. Among the ancestors was Capt. David Lermond
who was captured during the war of 1812 and placed aboard a
French frigate. The latter was in turn taken by an English
man o' war, and the luckless Capt. Lermond spent a long time
in Dartmoor Prison.

Young Lermond attended in Hartford, Conn, a boarding
school kept by a brother of Jacob Abbott, author of "Rollo's
Travels" and recalls visits paid to that institution by Lyman K.
Abbott and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Every Sunday he attended
church where Mark Twain worshipped at that time. The boy's
early education was continued in Dudley Grammar School,
Roxbury, and English High School, Boston. While in English
High School the boy specialized in nature studies and was the
only pupil who had 100 percent in a botany examination.

The old Bartlett second-hand bookstore on Cornhill was the
scene of the next chapter in Mr. Lermond's life. It was the
headquarters for many noted personages, and among them Mr.
Lermond met Gen. Burnside of Civil War fame and Julius Ward,
preacher, author and journalist. Mr. Lermond upon leaving his
position in the bookstore, spent a year in New York with a
trade journal called the Boston Telegram. Next he went to the
Atlantic Avenue office of the New York and New England
Railroad where he served two years as accountant. He was
then transferred to Lowell depot, where for two more years
he kept a set of Grand Trunk books for the Railway Clearing
House Association. When he made a change it was to go into
the auditor's office of the New York and New England R.R.
During this time, he formed the Thomaston Farmers' Exchange
in 1880, and helped organize the New England Milk Association.

In 1885 he came back to the old homestead, where, except for
a brief interval, he farmed until 1920. That interval carried
with it a touch of romance. Imbued with the teachings con-

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

tained in Edward Bellamy's second book "Equality", Mr.
Lermond had affiliated with a National Society known as the
"Brotherhood of the Co-operative Commonwealth." He was
eventually made general secretary of that organization, and
placed in charge of a colony of 300 persons who were to locate
on Puget Sound, Washington. Mr. Lermond first sent an agent
to the "West coast, entrusting him with $6,000 to be used in the
purchase of the necessary tract of land. The agent bought
from U. S. Senator Aldrich 600 acres from which the timber
had been stripped. Much of it was tillage land with black rich
loam, which promised well for agricultural operations. The
colony was assembled from all over the United States, brought
together by articles which had appeared from Mr. Lermond 's
pen in a national socialistic publication. The colonists engaged
in a variety of vocations, some in lumbering, some in manu-
facturing barrels, and some making bread for sale to the lumber-
men, A fishing vessel was bought, and the colonists caught great
quantities of herring which were barreled and sold in the camps
and cities. Mr. Lermond bought from a daily newspaper in
Tacoma a 10-ton press which was moved laboriously to the
colony's headquarters in Edison. From it was publislied a
Socialist newspaper called "Equality." Eventually the colony
became 500 strong. Some of its members remained permanently
in the West. Mr. Lermond came back to his farm after an
absence of five months.

In 1898 Mr. Lermond was the nominee of the People's Party
for Representative to Congress from the Second District of
Maine. Two years later he had jnissod automatically into the
Socialist party and became its candidate for governor.

In 1903 Mr. Lermond opened his grove in Warren under the
name of Utopia Park, and for three seasons Socialist meetings
were held there. Utopia Park became known as tlie Knox
Arboretum, a wild flower and l)ir(l sanctuary offered as a free
gift to the Knox Academy of Arts and Sciences. The park
embraces 60 acres. In the arboretum are 124 species of trees
and 104 species of shrubs. With the arboretum firmly esta-
blished Mr. Lermond lainiciied the Maine Naturalist, an illu-
strated magazine devoted to the flora and fauna of Maine.

His "Catalogue of the Mollusca of Maine" was published in

Jan.. 1945] THE naitii.us 105

1908 by the State Department of Ap:ricultiire. A sliell. "Calcuf
lernioiuli", was named l\)r him l)y Dr. William Ileak'v Dall of
the Smithsonian Institution. It wa.s collected by !Mr. Lermond
at Gulfport, Florida, so small it retjuires the use of a microscope,
to brinj; out the pattern. Another specimen named for him is
the "Pisidium", discovered by Mr. Lermond in a small pond.
He knew practically every wild flower within a 20-mile radius of
Boston, Mass., and was thoroughly ac(iuainted with the natural
history of his native state. He studied flora and fauna of the
Pacific Coast, and in the states of Arkansas and Tennessee, and
dredged for shells off the coast of Florida. He studied nature
in the Bahamas and Cuba, and camped in the Everglades for a
period of three weeks with a party of eminent scientists doing
research work. For several months at two different times, he
was assistant in the Department of MoUusks, at Harvard College.
He was corresponding secretary for the American Malacological
Union, which lie organized 14 years ago.

NOTES AND NEWS

Changes in the Nomenclature of Two West American
Marine Bivalve Mollusks. — The species named Lucina undata
by Carpenter (Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p. 279. "Hab.
Gulf of California (teste Rowell)"), requires a new name be-
cause of the prior use of that combination of names by Lamarck,
1819. The name Lucina undatoides is here proposed for the
species described by Carpenter. Type in the California Aca-
demy of Sciences paleontology type collection, from Isthmus
Cove, Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California.

The combination of names, Tellina panamensis used by Li
[Bull. Geol. Soc. China, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1930 (received at the
library of the California Academy of Sciences, May 2, 1931),
p. 2G2, pi. 5, fig. 32. Dredged in 10-40 feet in Panama Bay.],
had already been used by Philippi in 1848. The name Tellina
liana is here proposed for the species described by Li. Type in
the California Academy of Sciences paleontology type collection,
dredged off Meanguera Island, El Salvador, in the Gulf of Fon-
seca, in 16 fathoms. — L. G. Hertlein and A. ^I. Stkono.

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

Odostomia monaulax is illustrated on pi. 2, fig. 5, instead of
by fig. 3, as inadvertently stated on p. 65 of the October number.

With the XIV Army Corps in the Southwest Pacific. —
Major Merrill Moore, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, former asso-
ciate in psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School and the
Boston City Hospital, has been awarded the Bronze Star Medal
by Major General 0. W. Griswold, Commanding General of the
Fourteenth Army Corps. This award, made bj' direction of the
President, reads: "For meritorious achievement in connection
with military operations against the enemy in the South "West
Pacific."

An Extension of the Range of Cypraea Rashleighana
Melvell. — The specimen of Cypraea rashleighana Melvill on
which this record is based was collected on Cocos Island by the
1905-1906 Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences
to the Galapagos Islands. It is a beach shell. The dorsal pat-
tern and coloring are well preserved, and the shell is but
slightly eroded. The writer found the specimen while arranging
the Cypraeidae collection of the California Academy of Sciences,
Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California.

To date there are two general widely separated areas from
which specimens of C rashleighana Melvill have been reported:
one of these areas is the Hawaiian Archipelago and the other is
New Caledonia and Loyalty Islands, Schilder.^ The writer
has never seen specimens from tlie latter area, but has collected
beach shells of this species from the dredgings of Honolulu
Harbor, Oahu. Hawaiian Islands, Ingram.- The Cocos Island
record extends the range of this species several hundreds of
miles eastward and southward from the Hawaiian Islands, and
brings it into the fauna of the "Western Americas. A close
relative of this species, and one found with it in the Hawaiian
Islands, is Cypraea teres Gmelin, reported earlier from the
western Americas on Clipperton Island, Ilertlein.^

1 Scliildcr, F. A., and M. Schildcr. 1939. Prodromo of a monograph on
living Cypraeidae. Proc. Malac. Soc, 2.3: 4, pp. 119-231.

2 Ingram, W. M. The family Cypraeidae in the Hawaiian Islands. The
Nautilus, no : 3, pp. 77-82.

8 Ilertlcin, L. O. 1937. A note on some species of marine mollusks oc-
curring in both Polynesia and the WcHtern Americas. Proc. Amer. Phil.
Soc, 78: 2, pp. 303-312.

.Ian.. IJU.")] TMK N.viTii.rs 107

UtluT I'owries found typii-ally in abundance in the more
Central Pacitic* area have been reported from the nearby
Galapa{;os and Clipperton Islands; these are Cypraea gillei
Jousseaume. Cypraea isabdla Linnaeus, and Cypraea scurra
Chemnitz from Clipperton Island, and Cypraea niouela Linnaeus
from the Galapajjos, Hertlein (1937). Hertlein (1937) also
reported Cypraea m«ne/a Linnaeus from Cocos Island. — William
Marcis Tncua.m.

Lo.NGEVITY Ii\ THE GlANT WeST CoAST SlUG. ArIOLIMAX

CoHMBiANUs (Gould). — On June 10. 1944 a single .specimen
of ArioUmax columhianus (Gould) was collected at the Mills
College lodge at Gold Hollow in the general area of Nevada City.
California. This animal was taken from beneath decaying pine
needle trash beside a log. It was placed in a covered glass
terrarium with about a pound of moist, decaying pine needles
and transported to the Mills College campus, Oakland, Cali-
fornia. Here it was left without food until it died on September
26. 1944. having gone through a starvation period of one-hundred
and eight days. The terrarium temperature varied between
62 and 72 degrees Fahrenheit during the period of observation.
During the starvation period, the slug shrunk to approxi-
mately one-half of its length at time of collection. When
collected its distended length was 130 nun.; at death its length
was 70 mm. — William Marcus Ingram.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Johnsonia. no. 13, The family Canliidae in the western At-
lantic, by W. J. Clench and L. C. Smith, pp. 32, 13 text-figs. (62
photographs). Includes, as new, Dinocardium rohustum van-
hyninyi. No. 14, The genus Modulus in the western Atlantic,
by R. T. Abbott, pp. 4, 2 figs. No. 15, The genus Columbarium
in the western Atlantic, by W. J. Clench, pp. 4, 1 fig. No. 16,
The genera Casmaria, Galeodea, Phalium and Cassis in the
western Atlantic, by W. J. Clench, 16 pp., 8 figs. Includes, as
new, Casmaria atlantica and Cassis madagascarensis spinella.

108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (3)

These careful monofrraphs on American species maintain the
superb standards of photop:raphio illustration set by the pre-
ceding numbers. But, one misses, in the pelecypods, adequate
figures of the hinge armatures, which are so important in the
diagnoses of the major groups. In the synonymic reviews, the
authors must be commended especially on their acceptance of
the type rule for species, in regard to which many students still
apply erroneously the old method of elimination by subsequent
revisers. However, they should remember that the type of a
species must be a real example, not a figure, and that, for in-
stance (no. 13, p. 23), a shell figured in Chemnitz in 1782
scarcely can be the type of a species ascribed to Linne (1758).
In this general connection, one misses references to Hanley's dis-
cussions of the actual shells which Linne had before him.
Nevertheless, these slight technicalities subtract almost nothing
from the high admiration that these accurate descriptions and
exquisite photographs must excite. Johnsonia is a necessity
for every conchologist 's library. — H. B. B.

Variations in Strombus pugilis alatus, by Calvin Goodrich ;
Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 490. 10 pp. This interesting
statistical study of 1100 shells from Sanibel Island, Florida,
points out that "the striking feature of alatus, in contrast to
typical pugilis, is the absence of uniformity", and that the
subspecies appears to be an ecologic rather than a geographic
one. Incidentally, the chances seem slight that Bolten received
the type shell from as far off tlie "main" as Sanibel. — II. B. B.

Some turrid mollusks of Monterey Bay and vicinity, by
Paul Bartsch, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 57 : 57-68, 1944. New
species and genera are: AutiphnKs })rofundivola, A. diomcdea,
Rcctiplancs typo R. saniarosano (Dall), Rhodopcioma type R.
rhodopc (Dall), Carinol itrris lyjx' (\ adrnstia (Dall) with C.
fortis n. sp., Mr</astin'ul<i <p(Uifi, OphiodirmiUa tyj^e 0. ophx-
dcrma (Dall) with 0. mon((r( in nsis u. s])., Borsondla pinoscnsis,
Kurtzia type K. artea(ja (Dall cV: I'.artscli) with A', gordoni n. sp.,
Kurlziua type K. Ixata (Dall), Propebcla diomrdca, P. pro-
fundicola and /'. sinHlii. — II. B. B.

The Nautilus

Vol. 58 April, 1945 No. 4

SNAILS FROM THE ABORIGINAL DEPOSITS
OF FRONTENAC ISLAND, NEW YORK

By C. L. BLAKESLEE

About a year ajro, in conversation with Dr. William A.
Ritchie, archaeolo<rist of the Rochester Museum of Arts and
Sciences staff, he mentioned that he had obtained a quantity of
snail shells from an excavation made on Frontenae Island, an
Indian burial site. I lost no time in asking to have a look at
them. As they were encrusted with soil, he invited me to take
them home where I would have time to clean and examine them.

The story of the site is this: Frontenae is a rocky island
about a mile off the east coast of Cayuga Lake, and oppo-
site Union Springs. The island is about an acre in extent, of
Cobleskill limestone invested with a water-laid subsoil layer of
gravelly clay, varying from 0 to 10 inches in thickness, sur-
mounted by a nearly homogeneous refuse mantle, 10 to 29
inches deep and thickest at the lower or south end of the
island. This mantle is composed of the fine ashes of burned
materials plus decayed vegetation. There are two cultures.
The older is approximately fifteen hundred years old and the
younger a thousand.

The pits in which the shells were found were two and one
half to three feet deep and averaged three feet in diameter.
There were seven of them, placed irregularly over the island.
The shells and artifacts occupied the lower two thirds of the
pits and soil the upper third. The Doctor is assuming the
snails were used for food but has no explanation nor conjecture
as to whj' they were thrown into the pits instead of being dis-
posed of by tossing into the lake waters. He could not say,
definitely, why the deposit was made.

The following species were found, the identifications kindly
confirmed for me by Dr. Pilsbry.

(109)

110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

Helicodiscus paralleliis (Say)
Hawaiia minuscula (Binney)
Retinella indent aia (Say)
Zonitoides arhoreus (Say)
Mesodon thyroidus (Say)
Succinea ovalis opiimn Pilsbry
Anguispira alternata (Say), variety.

I am in doubt about the age of the smaller species. I do not
know whether the Doctor got them with the other larger ones
or if they inhabit the island and lived and died in and over
the top soil and became mixed with the others when exhumed.
Very few of the small species were in the lot examined. The
larger shells are mainly a form of Anguispira alternata. I
have treated the inside of each specimen with diluted glue so
as to strengthen the frame, as many were in an advanced stage
of decay. No color remains on any of them.

The history of these shells or their relation to the occupation
of the island of Frontenac by their depositors, as told by Dr.
Ritchie, is interesting. The Doctor classifies the aboriginal cul-
ture of New York State under divisions which he designates
as patterns. Thus, under the Mississippi Pattern, he places the
recent races and tribes now familiar to us as inhabitants of
New York State in its early days, such as the Hurons, Eries,
Cayugas, Senecas, Tuscaroras and others. Under the preceding
pattern he places once more ancient, or, I should say others,
and in the third and oldest, designated as the archaic, he places
a number of which the oldest is the Lamoka Focus (as he
designates it), and this is followed immediately by the Fronte-
nac Focus. The age of the Lamoka he places at the beginning
of the Christian era, plus, and merges it into the Frontenac.
These two cultures are the only ones on the island and eighty
percent is Lamokian. The two mingle or intermix and sur-
vived up to about five hundred years ago.

The only species interesting for its variation from forms of
usual occurrence in the region is Anguispira alternata. Of
these 150 were sent to Dr. Pilsbry whose report follows.

''Anguispira alternata (Plato 6, figs. 3, 4) of the Frontenac
Island pits differs from the ordinary form of western New York
by its more compact coil, the spire higher and the umbilicus
smaller. These peculiarities are more obvious when a quantity

Apr.. 1945] TOE nautilus 111

is seen, as the shells vary individually, some quite hif^h, others
differing little from the ordinary form. In several measured,
the hei^ht/dianieter ratio is about 65 to 67. In typical A. alter-
na-ta (Philadelphia) it is about 59; iu many New York shells
lower, 54 or even 50. The Frontenac shells approach the form
eriejisis Clapp, from Middle Sister and other islands in western
Lake Erie, which have high shells, the height 58 to 70 percent
of the diameter. This may be an ecologie form, as noted below.
"In this connection I may quote from Goodrich (MoUusca of
Michigan, p. 34, 1932) :

Upon the islands of Detroit River and the nearly submerged
sections of southeastern Monroe County, alternata is much
higher than in inland areas. This appears to be owing to the
moist air of such places, which permits the snail to live both
day and night out from under logs, where the narrow quarters
tend to keep the shell gro^vth flattened.

"I have noticed that the spire is high in specimens from
islands in Casco Bay. Whether Goodrich's explanation is
accepted or not, it appears that insular conditions favor the
development of a high spire in A. alternata.

"Recent specimens from Frontenac Island are similar to the
fossils, but in the average they are probably not quite so high.
However, I have not verified this by a series of measurements.
In a few of them the flame markings are weak or absent."

I managed to get over to Frontenac Island July 3 (1944)
and was successful in collecting some Anguispira and Succinea.
I did not spend as much time on the island as I should have liked
to, as the man that runs the boat livery had disappeared back
into the country, and no one seemed to know where he was.
After waiting around over an hour a couple of colored fellows
came in with a boat that they had obtained early in the day
and I lost no time in seizing it after they had docked it. It was
then the middle of the afternoon, but I was able to get over and
put in an hour or more before a gathering storm warned me to
get back to the mainland.

In the somewhat brief time I had to work I collected the 100+
sent to Dr. Pilsbry and about two dozen others that I retained.
Mine were all live specimens. Nearly all specimens were col-
lected from the foot of a length of limestone ledge hidden by

112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

brush and vines. One had to just crawl in on hands and knees
and rake over the accumulated decayed debris with the fingers
for the tangle was too dense to use a hand rake. The denseness
of the vegetation did not improve the light over the collecting
area, nor was it helped by the approaching storm. However,
with a further handicap of constantly steaming glasses, I
thought the result was good. And then, just after deciding
I had better run for it, I stumbled over a log about ten feet
long lying on a bed of broken limestone, and storm or no storm,
I turned it over and on the underside and in the rocks I got
ninety percent of my live specimens. But I had to quit with
this superficial effort, for there is not a particle of shelter on
the island, and the distance to the mainland is a mile. Never-
theless, I made it a few feet ahead of the tempest.

STEM ACME FLORID AN A, AN AMERICAN
MEMBER OF THE AMPHIBOLACEA

By H. a. PILSBEY

Among several recent finds which introduce genera or families
new to our Florida fauna, we select Stcnacme for description
now. It is illustrated on Plate 5. This snail is related to
Amphihola and its relatives, which are characteristic of the
Australian and New Zealand faunas, a few small species ex-
tending up to the Philippines, to India, and one to South Africa.
To find a related genus in Florida is certainly unexpected.

The first specimens, so far as known, were found several years
ago by Thomas L. McGinty, in Lake Worth near the southern
inlet. He showed the shells to me at that time, but while we
recognized that it was a species not before known in Florida,
we took it to be another Littorinid form — it has some resem-
blance to Algamorda — and further work on it was put off.

During the past winter an invitation from Mr. Jay A. Weber
took us to Miami. The first evening i\Ir. Wcbor said he had
been keeping a snail new to him to show mo. He brought it out,
alive and walking around in a Ixjfllc of sea water. The external
form of the animal showed at once that it was no Littorinid

Ai)r.. 194')] THE NAUTiLug 113

snail. It looked more like Aninicold or Iliidrubid in shui)e of
the foot, exeept that it was hij;her behind, seeniin}; to clasp the
lower part of the shell, as shown in Fi^. 11. I nuide a sketch
of the animal then, and others after returning to Lantana, but
as it has an operculum, I still thouj^ht it a prosobraneh. It
was not until I examined the radula that it became clear that we
had a member of the Pulmonata. It is one of the verj^ few
pulmonates, like Amphibola, having an operculum.

The next day Mr. Weber took our party (Tom McGinty, my
daughter Elizabeth and myself) to the locality of the new snail.
It is on the mainland directly opposite the inlet known as
Baker's Haulover, at the upper end of Biscayue Bay. The
beach is composed of small stones, which form a low little ridge
about at high tide line. In the interstices of this ridge
Stenacme lives, but it is very scarce.

When put into a dish of sea water the living animal is so
active that it is hard to draw its portrait. In a few moments it
gets out of the field of the binocular. Unless restrained they
constantly crawl out of the water, and if left a short time they
will be found on the edge of the dish, or entirely off of it.
However, Stenacme does not seem thoroughly adapted to life in
the air, as the tentacles are not held erect when it is out of water,
but lie limp on the foot alongside the rostrum. This is like the
fresh water snail Pomatiopsis lapidaria, which has somewhat
similar habits.

Stenacme, new genus. Shell ovate with acuminate spire, the
early whorls forming a pupiform embryonic shell, later whorls
convex; axis almost or quite imperforate. Animal with normal,
tapering tentacles. Radula having small narrow central teeth
(or none), the side teeth narrow, all of the same shape, tricuspid,
the cusps curving towards the middle line. Operculum thin,
few whorled, the nucleus near the lower left margin. Type
S. floridana.

Compared with known Amphibolidae, the shell of Stenacme
looks most like Salinator Hedley, but our genus is unlike that
by the differentiated apical whorls and the closure of the
umbilicus. So far as known, Salinator does not appear to differ
much from Amphibola in anatomy. The nearest species to
ours, geographically, is " Ampullar ina'' africana E. A. Smith,

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

but from paratypes seen, that snail does not have the specialized
embryonic shell of ours, and differs conspicuously otherwise.

I think that our genus should be segregated in a distinct
family, Stenacmidae, characterized by having normally devel-
oped tentacles and radular teeth entirely different from Amphi-
bolidae.^

Stenacme floridaiia, new species. Plate 5.

The shell is subperforate, ovate with acuminate spire, rather
thin, of a dilute cinnamon-buff tint, paler below the suture,
and with a white basal area. The surface is smooth, somewhat
glossy, the lines of growth fine and indistinct. There are about
7% whorls, of which the first 31/2 are weakly convex and whitish,
forming the pupiform nuclear shell, as in Fig. 4. Following
whorls are strongly convex and joined by deep almost chan-
nelled suture. The aperture is somewhat more than half the
total length of the shell, ovate, narrower but not angular at the
upper end. Outer margin of the lip thin ; inner margin a little
thickened, broadly arcuate below the umbilicus, straight above
it. The umbilicus is a very narrow crevice behind the ex-
panded inner lip (sometimes practically closed).

Length 6 mm., diameter 4.5 mm.

The operculum, Fig. 5, is extremely thin and flexible, rather
coarsely wrinkled along lines of growth. There are about
two (?) rapidly increasing whorls, but as the nucleus is rather
indistinct, the exact count is uncertain.

Type 180988 ANSP.

The animal has a foot shaped much like that of Amnicola
and its allies, being more or less auriculate in front, broadly
rounded posteriorly. Tentacles rather long and tapering, the
eyes on slight swellings of their outer bases. In rapid motion,
the front of the foot is usually in advance of the oral disc, as in
Fig. 1. The color is translucent pale gray, with more or less
black pigmentation on the head, and a blackish streak along
each side of the tentacles, as shown in Fig. 9. The amount of
pigmentation on the snout and foot varies individually. The
posterior part of the foot appears to clasp the adjacent part of

1 For teeth of Amphibola see Ilutton, Trans. N. Z. Inst. 14: 156.
Quoy & Gaimard, Zool. Voy. Astrolabe, 2: 196, gave the only figures of
anatomy known to me; cf. also Lelunann, Malak. Bl. 13: 111. The teeth
of Salinator have been well figured by Scliako, Jahrb. d. malak. Ges. 5: 1,
1878.

•niK NAI TILI S :)S (4)

I'LATK :>

St,niU-m> floriihiini. Kiys. 1 .",. lit, typr. Ui.s.-.i.vii.- Ii;iy. Fi^s. <i-;t, 11,
1:], Lake Worth.

Til 10 XAl TIIJ'S 58 (4)

PLATE 6

I'^iys. I, L', llniliifiin ii.s i-idNsiis. ;i, 4, .i luiiii.spird all i riKila. l-'idiilrii.-ii- Is
:m(l. .'i, (hln.shiiiiiti liiliK iisis, inif^c <)■"•. (*•-!•, I'driiiimsu.slln iiia i/iidltri.

Apr., 1!>45] THE NAUTILUS 115

the shell, us in Fij;. 11. This is owing to the lar^'c size of the
operenliprerous lobe, whieh presses the large, flexible operculum
up u<rainst tlie shell.

The railuia is short and broad, with teeth (Fig. 10) arranged
en chevron. There is a small, narrow central tooth, but on the
older part of the radula I do not see it. Side teeth are all very
simihir in form, lung and narrow, with three cusps turned to-
ward the rachis, the middle cusp small, the outer one long and
strongly curved. Tlie inner teeth are very small, but they in-
crease in size outwardly; over most of the radula they are at
least double the size of those near the center. I did not see the
outermost teeth.

As seen from the outside through the transparent mantle
over the lung cavity (the shell being removed), some branching
transverse venation appears in tlie upper part ; below that the
large organ which in Amphibola has been called tlie kidney by
Simroth, practically following Quoy ("organe depurateur"),
which is about in the position of the kidney of Lxjmnaea.
However, when the mantle is opened, this organ does not have
the structure of a kidney, but rather that of an adaptive or
secondarily developed gill, such as has been described for
Siphonaria. It is composed of many narrow triangular leaf-
lets projecting free in the lung cavity, attached to the inner
surface of mantle by their long bases. The sketch. Fig. 12,
is diagrammatic, as the object is strongly convex. Mantle edge
at the left, hind-gut along the upper margin. A further study
is to be made of the anatomy when a few more well preserved
specimens are available.

The very numerous oval white eggs are contained in clear,
gelatinous, oval capsules, about 1.3 mm. long, connected by a
very short and slender stalk to a gelatinous axis, which in those
seen is dark colored from the included particles of mud. (Fig.
6.) They were found by Mr. McGinty.

The Lake Worth specimens seen (Figs. 7, 8), collected by
McGinty, are slightly smaller than the type from Bisfaync Bay,
and show some variation in size of the aperture as the figures
show. The color is usually dark carob brown except for a small
pale area at the columella; or on the last whorl lighter, dull
ochraceous-tawny, with a white columellar area. The two

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

figured are 5.4 and 4.9 mm. long. The animal is more heavily
pigmented in some specimens, as in Fig. 9, and the irregular
opaque white patches next to the eyes are therefore more con-
spicuous. In those I observed alive the front corners of the
foot were never so strongly auriculate as in the type specimen
from Biscayne Bay.

Explanation of Plate 5

Figs. 1-5, 10 are from the type specimen, Biscayne Bay.
Figs. 6-9, 11, 12 are from Lake Worth, near the south inlet.
1, 2, outlines of living animal ; 3, shell of type ; 4, early whorls
of same, more enlarged ; 5, operculum ; 6, group of e^ig: capsules ;
7, 8, extremes of shape of shell ; 9, head ; 10, group from middle
of radula, with 27th and 40th lateral teeth; 11, living animal;
12, pallial organs as seen through the mantle. Scale lines for
figs. 3, 7, 8 = 1 mm.

HODOPOEUS, A FOSSIL ESTRAY
By H. a. PILSBRY and T. D. A. COCKERELL

We have received a large helicoid fossil which was found by
Miss Bess Peacock in a collection of miscellaneous objects given
to the Mt. Vernon Junior High School at Los Angeles. Where
it was found could not be ascertained, but very probably it came
from New Mexico or Texas and presumably is of Eocene or
Paleocene age. The specimen, now No. 16660 ANSP., is a
cast in rather hard limestone.

Is it ever advisable to publish a species of unknown prove-
nance? Usually our decision would be adverse; but circum-
stances may make publication expedient. The species under
consideration apparently belongs to the family Camaenidae, a
group most copiously developed in the eastern hemisphere,
from Japan and China to Australia, but also comprising most
of the large helices of tropical Amerii-a. That they reached the
West Indies and South America via western North America may
be assumed. We would expect to find such large, solid shells
preserved as fossils; smaller members of the same general group,
such as Oreohelix, with a simple 11 ji, have been found from
Upper Cretaceous on. This new fossil supplies one of the large

Apr.. 1045] THE nautilus 117

typical Camacnidae, with expaiuled peristome, whidi may
credibly be in the ancestral line of the American tropical forms,
and serve to demonstrate the route of their mifrration. After
Paleocene or Eocene times the larfre Camacnidae seem to have
disappeared from western North America; or at least, later ones
have not turned up.

The new genus Hodopoeus ^ may be defined provisionally as
having a large, regularly coiled, helieiform shell, with umbili-
cate base, strongly oblique aperture, the peristome with ex-
panded outer and basal margins. In general shape it re-
sembles Camaeua (Pseudohha) quoyi (Desh.), of Celebes.

Hodopoeus crassus, new species. Plate 6, figs. 1, 2.

The large, helicoid cast indicates a depressed shell with
moderately convex spire, rounded periphery and rather large
umbilicus. External sculpture unknown. The cast shows
about 4 whorls (and the shell may have had about 5, the apical
whorls being injured). The summit is somewhat flattened.
The last whorl descends rather suddenly and strongly in front.
Suture apparently deep. The aperture is strongly oblique,
rounded, the upper and basal margins converging, the parietal
margin short. The outer and basal margins of the lips appear
to have been expanded (or possibly reflected?), the upper mar-
gin but little if at all expanded. The rather ample umbilicus
appears a little expanded behind the columellar lip.

Height 37 mm., greater diameter 59 mm. lesser 51 mm.

The ca.st clearly shows that the outer lip was somewhat ex-
panded, thus differing from Oreohelix. The lip is not known in
the large 0. megarche Ckll. & Hend. (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H.
31: 230), but the keeled early whorls and shallow suture of
that shell probably indicate generic difference from our fossil.
Compared with large Recent helices, the shell is not much like
the large Lysinoe ghieshreghti. It has rather differently shaped
whorls of smaller caliber, and a smaller aperture, its plane
more inclined, being bent, as seen in a profile view, much as in
Caracolus caracolla (L.) or Isomeria orcas (Koch). The de-
flection of the la.st whorl in front, the size of the aperture and
the umbilicus, so far as visible, are much as in Isomeria orcas,
which however, by its transversely dilated outline and super-
ficial suture, is unlike our fossil.

1 '06oiroM)s, a pioneer.

118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

CARDITA (CYCLOCARDIA) LONGINI, NEW NAME

FOR VENERICARDIA {CYCLOCARDIA)

NODULOSA DALL, 1919

By JOSHUA L. BAILY, Jk.

In his Catalog:ue of Shells collected at Panama/ C. B. Adams
lists the name Cardita modulosa (?) Valenciennes- under the
synonymy of Cardita affinis Sowerby. ^ He then offers the fol-
lowing comment :

"Valenciennes quotes Lamarck for the name which he gives to
this species, which must therefore be an error for vodnlosa.
But the Lamarckian shell probably belongs to a different species,
for it is said to be Australian. The name nodnlosa is yet farther
involved in errors by its reappearance in Reeve 's Iconica * for a
very different species."

Reference to Reeve's work indicates that his species is prob-
ably Sicilian,^ and quite distinct from that of Lamarck. The
name nodulosa for at least one species of this genus may be
therefore considered established.

In 1919 Dall ^ described Venericardia (Cyclocardia) nodulosa,
and in 1921 ^ published as its habitat Santa Barbara to the
Coronado Islands. As long as this species was retained in the
genus Venericardia, Ball's name was valid, but in 1931 Grant
and Gale ® transferred the section Cydocardia to Cardita, the
result of the discovery of an earlier type designation for the
last named genus. A year earlier Stewart " had indicated that
the affinities of Cyclocardia were with Cardita rather than with
Venericardia.

"When the present writer called the attention of Mr. John
Q. Bureh ^° to the need of a new name for this species, the latter

1 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist., v. 5, p. 264, no. 4'J7, ]8.")2.
2Voy. VenuB, Moll., pi. 22, f. 2, 1846 (fide Adams).
aProc. Zool. See. Lond., p. 195, 1832 (fido Adams).
* Conch. Icon., v. 1, Cardita, pi. 9. f. 44, 1843.
8 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843 (fide Reeve, Concli. Icon.)
« Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., v. 32, p. 249, 1919.

7 Bull. U.S.N.M. 112, p. 32, 1921.

8 Mem. San DioRO Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 1, p. 272, 1931.
"Spec. Publ. No. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 150, 1930.
10 Proc. Conch. Club Sou. Calif., ji. 13, Sept. 1944.

Apr., 1945] THE NAUTILUS 119

tendered him the honor of sufrpestinfr the name Cardita bailyi,
but the present writer doubts wliether Mr. Burcli's name was
le^'ally jiroposed. In the first place, the proposal was not ac-
companied by either a description or a bibliofjfraphic reference,
as required by the International Connnission ;*' secondly, the
publication in which it was offered is not open to public sub-
scription; and thirdly Mr. Burch himself stated that his name
was intendetl to be used only pending the publication of a
permanent name.

Since the present writer has no desire to see his own name
perpetuated in that of a species with whose discovery or recog-
nition he had nothing to do, and since he has long felt the need
of naming a species after the first writer to discuss the mollusk
fauna within the bounds of the state of California as at present
constituted, he suggests for this species the name of Cardita
(Cyclocardia) longini nom. nov. He does not feel it to be neces-
sary to rewrite Ball's description, or to designate a new type
specimen, but wishes only to do belated justice to a pioneer who
has been undeservedly neglected, by supplying his name in place
of an older one that is no longer tenable.

Concerning Jose Longinos Martinez, in whose memory the
new name has been proposed, little is known. He came to
Mexico in 1791 with Sesse y Lacosta and Mocino, and in the
same year established a museum of natural history in that city
in which the exhibits were arranged according to the Linnean
system. The following year, accompanied by a military escort
but no other scientific personnel, he made the overland journey
from La Paz to San Francisco, sending a shipment of specimens
to the archbishop of Seville from the Mission of San Borjas,
and officiating as godfather at the baptism of an Indian boy at
San Diego, where his name was recently discovered on the
baptismal record of the San Diego mission by Mrs. Winifred
Davidson, the San Diego historian. Not until 1898 was an
English translation of a fragmentary transcription of his report
published." The original is not known to exist. The mala-

11 Opinion, 138.

12 California in 1792. The Expedition of Jos^ Longinos Martinez, by
L. B. Simpson. Henry E. Huntington Library, 1938.

120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

cological references in this document are confined to nacres,
patelas, and piuas, which obviously are the genera which we call
Haliotis, Acmaea, and Mytilus.

In view of the practice of Mexican citizens of using the patro-
nymics of both parents, with the mother's last, the name
Longinos rather than Martinez has been chosen for this species,
whose geographic range is included within the limits of the area
which Longinos explored.

GASTROPOD SHELLS INHABITED BY
HAWAIIAN HERMIT CRABS

By DOXALD C. G. MacKAY

In the course of a study of the behavior of the hermit crabs
Calcinus herhstii de Man and Clihinarius zehra Dana at the
Marine Laboratory of the University of Hawaii at Waikiki
Beach during the year 1941-42, the writer had occasion to note
the species of mollusks inhabited by hermit crabs of the species
mentioned. For assistance in the identification of the mollusks
he is greatly indebted to Mr. Jens M. Ostergaard and to Dr.
Charles Howard Edmondson, both then of the Department of
Zoology of the University of Hawaii.

The literature contains references to the shells typically
inhabited by various species of hermit crabs in Hawaii. For
example, Edmondson (1933) states that Aniculus strigatus
Herbst is usually found occupying the shells of a species of
Conus, a situation that is made possible by a dorso-ventral
constriction of the body of the hermit crab. In the case of
Dardanus punctulus (Olivier), the largest hermit crab in
Hawaii, he states that large specimens of the species are often
taken at a depth of a few fathoms and are usually found
occupying the shells of a large triton, Charonia tritonis (Lin-
naeus). Dardanus asper (de Haan) and D. dcformis (Milne
Edwards) characteristically occupy shells of Turbo intcrcostalis
Mojike, or else those of a spooios of Tonna. Another and un-

Apr., 1})45] TIIK NAUTILUS 121

identified species is found in nioliusks of tlie penus Vanikoro
on Kahala Keef, Oahu, accordinjr to the same authority.

In the writer's experiments hermit crabs deprived of their
usual dextrally coiled shells were found to accept oppositely-
coiled shells of Hawaiian arboreal snails of the family Acha-
tinellidae. They also accepted any object of suitable size which
contained a hole of approximately the correct size ; even a section
of glass tubing was used in the laboratory on a number of
occasions. "When shells were attached to pieces of wood so
that they floated just high enough above the substratum to
permit the hermit crabs (C. herhstii) to get their feet on the
substratum, the hermit crabs likewise accepted them.

Hermit crabs were found in nature not only in gastropod
shells but also in pieces of coral, in calcareous worm tubes, and
one was even found in the unattached claw of a crab. Objects
provided in the laboratory which did not contain holes (e.g.,
marbles) were examined closely for openings by the crabs.
Hermit crabs kept in a large shallow metal tray were apparently
always ready to "trade in" old shells for others and a frequent
sound in the laboratory was that made by one hermit crab
jerking another noisily from its shell. As frequently as not
the newly acquired shell proved no better than the old one, and
was promptly discarded in favor of the latter.

The writer has elsewhere ^ presented the results of examining
several large aggregations of hermit crabs in which the gastro-
pod shells occurring most frequently were listed.

The observations that follow are based on the identification of
shells of hermit crabs chosen at random from two species for the
purpose of behavior experiments not here recorded.^ Table I
presents the number of individuals (out of 104 in the case of
Calcinus herhstii and 105 in the case of Clihiyiarius zebra) in-
habiting shells of each of the common species. For each species
of hermit crab some shells were unidentifiable, usually becau.se
hermit crabs often occupy worn or encrusted shells which may
be difficult or impossible to place.

1 Thia paper will appear in an early issue of Ecology.

2 The preliminary paper is in press and will appear in the Journal of
Comparative Psycholoyy.

122

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 58 (4)

Table I

Shells inhabited by the hermit crabs Calcinus herbstii de
Man and Clihinarius zebra Dana. The genera are listed alpha-
betically.

Shell species

Cerithium nesioticum Pilsbry & Vanatta

Columbella zebra Gray

Cymatium tuberosum (Lamarck)

Hydatina amplustre (Linnaeus)

Littorina pintado Wood

Macidotriton bracteatus (Hinds)

Melampus castaneus (Miihlfeld)

Melania mauiensis Lea

Morula fiscella (Chemnitz)

Morula ochrostoma (Reeve)

Morula porphyrostoma (Reeve)

Morula tubercidata (Blainville)

Natica marochiensis GmeHn

Nerita negleda Pease

Nerita picea Recliiz

Nerita polita Linnaeus

Peristernia chlorostoma Sowerby

Pisania tritonoides Reeve

Thais harpa (Conrad)

Turbo intcrcostalis Menke

Family Vermetidae

Unidentified

Totals

Calcinus

Clibinarius

herbstii

zebra

0

3

0

12

8

0

3

0

2

3

0

2

0

1

0

2

7

4

3

1

1

0

7

2

1

0

0

13

29

15

1

0

13

38

1

0

0

1

20

1

3

1

5

6

104

105

It will be noted that Nerita pieea and Peristernia chlorostoma
were used in considerable numbers by both species of hermit
crabs. On the other luind certain species of mollusks whose
shells were used extensively by one sjiccies of hermit crab were
rarely, if ever, used by the other species. Examples are: Turbo
inter costalis, commonly used by Calcinus herbstii but not by
Clihinarius zrhra, and Columhrlla zebra and Nerita neglecta
often found in use by Clibinarius zrhra but not by Calcinus
herbstii.

Doubtless there are many reasons why hermit crabs of a
<;iven species may be found in the siiclls of one species of mollusk
rather than in those of another. Undoubtedly important fac-

Al>r.. 1945] THE NAUTILUS 123

tors ill this oonnection are (1) relative availability of various
species of mollusks, (2) sizes of different species both of mol-
liisks ami of hermit crabs. (3) the sjiapes of botli mollusks and
hermit crabs, (4) the sizes attained by both mollusks and hermit
crabs, (5) the direction of coil in each case. Since the shells
of small species of mollusks may be relatively quite abundant,
it is not uncommon to find small hermit crabs in the shells of
such species while larger individuals of the same species of
hermit crab will inhabit the shells of other species of mollusks.
When Calcinus herbstii is taken as an example and the mea-
sured individuals are divided into two groups on the basis of
size, the results shown in Table II are obtained.

Table II

Shells inhabited by Calcinus herhatii. Where a species of
mollusk is represented by fewer than 3 cases it has been omitted.
The size given is the maximum length of the cephalothorax of
the hermit crab.

Hermit crabs up Hermit crabs
to and including longer than
Species of Mollusc 0.60 cm. 0.60 cm.

Nerita picea 15 16

Peristernia chlorostoma 13 —

Morula fiscella 7 —

Morula iuberculata 7 —

Cymatium tuberosum 1 7

Hydatina amplustre 1 2

Turbo intercostalis — 19

Family Vermetidae — 3

Totals 44 47

From Table II it will be seen that whereas Peristernia chloro-
stoma, Morula fiscella, and Morula tuberculata were used by the
small hermit crabs in 27 out of 44 cases they were not used by
any of the larger crabs in the same sample. Conversely, Turbo
intercostalis and Cymatium tuberosum were used 26 times out
of 47 by the larger hermit crabs and only once by the smaller
ones.

In collecting Calcinus herbstii the first impression of the
writer was that they are typically found in shells of Turbo

124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

intercosfalis, an observation that is more or less correct when
only the larger individuals are considered. However, when the
smaller hermit crabs of the same species shown in the table
were also examined it was found that Turbo intercostalis did not
occur once in the 44 cases.

Literature Cited

Edmondson, C. H. Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii. Bernice
P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 22. Honolulu, 1933.

ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON THE GASTROPODA OF
THE GREAT SWAMP (NEW JERSEY) '

By WILLIAM F. RAPP, Jr., and JANET L. C. RAPP

In the spring of 1944 the writers began an ecological survey
of the Great Swamp of New Jersey. The survey covers a half-
mile square area located in Chatham To\\^iship, Morris County.
The area is easily found since the northern boundary lies on
what is locally known as Southern Boulevard starting at the
point where the Public Service power line crosses the boulevard
and continuing one-half mile west. The eastern boundary
begins at the same point and runs south along the power line for
one-half mile.

The Great Swamp is the remains of Lake Passaic which, dur-
ing the Wisconsin glacial period, occupied a large area of wliat
is now New Jersey. The northern boundary of the Swamp is
the southern face of the Wisconsin terminal moraine. However,
the name "swamp" is a misnomer since it is not used in the
strict ecological sense. Actually in the survey area all types
of ecological conditions exist from purely terrestrial to purely
aquatic.

There is a thick humus layer in the swamp underlined with
glacial sands. The soil has a pH of four to five and supports
a flora of trees and shrubs which can tolerate such conditions.

As would be expected the Gastropod fauna is very limited
due to the highlv acid nature of the soil. However, it is not

1 Second contrilmtioii to an Kcoloj^ical Survey of the Great Swamp.

Apr.. 15)45] THE nautilus 125

entirely lat'kinjr. Aceordinj; to the modern tlieory of soil re-
action, the pll is dependent upon the proportion of acid ions
to the alkaline ions present. Therefore, even thoujjh the soil
is hijzhly aeid, some calcium must be present from which the
hijiher plants derive enoujrh for their needs. The snails obtain
the calcium for the building; of their shells from these plants.

Only one land snail seems to be present in the Swamp,
Zonitonhs orhorciis (Say). This small snail is fairly common
and has been found in a variety of habitats. We have taken
it under the dry loose bark of fallen trees, under damp rotting
logs, and on decaying stumps.

Philomycits carolinianus flexuolaris (Raf.) is the only slug
that we have found. It appears to be the most common
Gastropod in the Great Swamp. Since it lacks a shell and
consequentlj' does not need lime to the extent that a snail does,
it is able to prosper in this area.

We have taken one specimen of Planorhula jenksi (Car-
penter) which is a fresh water snail. This we found on damp
ground. According to Dr. A. H. Pilsbry (in a personal com-
munication) this species is often found on damp soil far from
free water but submerged a large part of the year.

We extend sincere thanks to Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for determining
our material and for the help he has given on various questions.

SOME SNAIL RECORDS FROM NORTHEASTERN
KENTUCKY

By CHARLES B. WURTZ

During the late summer of 1941 I had occasion to take a
collecting trip through northwestern West Virginia, south-
ea.stern Ohio, and northeastern Kentucky. At the suggestion of
Dr. Pilsbry I am recording here the results of the nine days I
spent in northeastern Kentucky.

That part of the state in which I collected shows two physio-
graphic regions. To the west is the Lexington Plain, and to
the east lies the Kanawha Section of the Appalachian Plateau

126

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 58 (4)

(see map). The entire region represented by my stations is
below 1,000 feet in elevation.

The summer had been quite dry, and this resulted in sparse
collecting. This was the first time I had ever seen snail eggs
desiccated, apparently, by the climatic conditions.

8

H*

? -, •'•

^3^

^...,

m

n»

\

m

\

rfjl

V^

fe

\

/yKj^n£jy

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%z ^

^^~>J

(;; *-^

^r'^'^\

/^

10

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S-'^

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hv

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Map of Northeastern Kentucky, the author's route indicated by dotted
line. Counties, 1, Mason showing location of Maysvillc. 2, Fleming show-
ing location of Ewing. 3, Nicholas showing location of Blue Licks.
4, Bourl)on showing location of Paris. 5. Fayette showing location of
Lexington. 6, Clark showing location of Winchester. 7, Estill showing
location of Irvine. 8, Montgomery showing location of Mt. Sterling.
9, Bath showing location of Owingsville. 10. Carter showing location of
Grayson. 11. Boyd showing location of Aslilniul.

I entered Kentucky at Maysville in Mason County, and left it
at Ashland in Boyd County. The map indicates the route
followed. The localities where I collected, and the species col-
lected, are as follows :

1. Mason County; the crest of tlie hill south of Maysville
along Route 68; August 31, 1941; 5 species: Stcnotrcma fra-
iernum (Say), Mcsodon ihifroidiis (Say), M. inflcctus (Say),
Vcntridcns ligtrus (Say), and Anf/idspirn altcrnaia (SajO-

Apr., 1!>45] THK nautilus 127

2. Fleming County; the hillside opposite the railroad station
at Ewiiip:; September 1, 1941; 3 species: Triodopsis tridcntata
(Say). Vctitridrns liffcnis (Say), and llaploircvia coucni'um
(Say).

3. Nicholas County; southern bank of the Lickinp: Kiver at
Blue Licks; September 1, 1941; 10 species: Struotrcwa frn-
icrnion (Say), Triodopsis rugosa onteridon Pilsbry, Mcsodon
thyroid us (Say), M. zalctus (Binney), .V. inftectus (Say),
Mcsomphix inornaius (Say), M. pcrJcnvis viilr/atus (H.B.B.)
{larvigatus Pfr.), Om})Jialina cuprca (Raf.), Ai\(juispirn nlicr-
naia carinata (Pilsbry), and Haplofrcma concavum (Say).

According to Dr. Pilsbry the type locality of Mcsomphix
perkavis vulgatus (II.B.B.) is Lexington in Fayette County,
Ky., but since it was first described it has not been taken any
closer to Lexington than Cincinnati, Ohio. The specimen I
collected at Blue Licks decreases this distance fully 40 miles.
(Cincinnati is about 85 miles from Lexington.)

4. Bourbon County; along the railroad bed at the southern
edge of Paris; September 2, 1941; 4 species: Mcsodon ap-
prcssus (Say), M. inflectus (Say), Ventridens ligerus (Say),
and Anguispira alt e mat a (Say).

5. Fayette County; 8 miles east of Lexington along Route 60
(at Boot's Inn); September 2, 1941; 2 species: Mcsodon thy-
roidus (Say) and Anguispira alternata (Say).

6. Clark County; 8 miles north of Winchester on Tobley's
farm; September 2, 1941: Mcsodon inflectus (Say).

7. Estill County; Pilot (about 20 miles north of Irvine);
September 3-5, 1941; 16 species: Stcnotrcma hirsutum (Say),
«S'. stcnotrcma (Pfr.), S. edvardsi (Bid.), S. fratcrnum (Say),
Triodopsis tridcntata (Say), T. albolahris (Say), Mcsodon
thyroidus (Say), M. sayanus (Pilsbry), M. apprcssus (Say),
M. inflectus (Say), Ventridens ligerus (Saj')» Gastrodunta
interna (Tryon), Retinella sp., Zonitoides arboreus (Say),
Anguispira alternata mordax (Shutt.), and JIaplotrcma con-
cavum (Say).

8. Montgomery Comity; 2 miles west of Mt. Sterling along
Route 60; September 6 and 7, 1941; 8 species: Stcnotrcma fra-
tcrnum (Say), Mcsodon inflectus (Say), M. thyroidus (Say),
Anguispira alternata carinata (Pilsbry), Succinea sp., Pupoidcs

128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

marginatus (Say), Gastrocopta contractu (Say), and G. armi-
fera (Say).

9. Bath County; 1 mile east of Owingsville along Route 60;
September 7, 1941; 9 species: Mesodon inflectus (Say), M.
pennsylvanicus (Green), M. thyroidus (Say), Ventridens
ligerus (Say), Anguispira alternata carinata (Pilsbry), Pu-
poides marginatus (Say), Gastrocopta armifera (Say), G.
contractu (Say), and G. corticaria (Say).

Although W. G. Binney (1885) gives Kentucky as within
range of Mesodon pennsylvanicus (Green), Pilsbry (1940)
fails to include that state in his monograph. The specimen
collected in Bath County on this trip demonstrates the presence
of this species well within the borders of the state.

10. Carter County ; at Cascade Caves near Grayson ; Sep-
tember 7, 1941; 14 species: Stenotrema hirsutum (Say), 8.
fraternum (Say), S. Stenotrema (Pfr.), Triodopsis tridentata
(Say), 8. notata (Desh.), T. albolahris (Say), Mesodon ap-
pressus (Say), Omphalina cuprea (Raf.), Ventridens ligerus
(Say), Retinella sp., Anguispira alternata carinata (Pilsbry),
Disciis patulus (Desh.), Haplotrema concavum (Say), and
Gastrocopta armifera (Say).

In the series of four shells of Triodopsis albolahris (Say)
taken here the greatest diameter of three (measurements are
exclusive of the reflected lip) was 27.5, 28.5, and 28.5 mm. The
fourth, however, had a diameter of 35 mm. The height of
these shells was, respectively, 18.5, 19, 19, and 20.5 mm.

I also found Haplotrema concavum (Say) feeding here on
young Ventridens ligerus (Say). It had completely consumed
or dissolved about half of the shell of the Ventridens. This was
the third such incident I observed on this trip. The first
occurred at Boaz, Wood County, W. Va., where it had destroyed
half the shell of Discus patulus (Desh.). The other occurrence
was at Hooper's Park, Vinton County, Ohio. In this case the
animal was feeding on Stenotrema hirsutum (Say), and a like
amount of shell had been destroyed. Apparently this species
docs not necessarily feed only on those forms that possess a
shell large enough to permit its entry into the aperture.

11. Boyd County; Rockdale (5 miles west of Ashland along
Route 60) ; September 8, 1941: Triodopsis albolahris (Say).

Apr.. 1045] THE NAUTILUS 129

CYPRAEIDAE FROM THE ADMIRALTY ISLANDS
WITH THERAPY NOTES ON THEIR USES

By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM

Mills College, California

AND KARL W. KENYON »

La Jolla, California

This report includes a list of Cypraeidae from the Admiralty
Islands in the Bismarck Archipelajro tojrether with habitat notes
based on the first hand observation of a trained field observer.
The majority of the listed species were collected in the livinjr
state. The collecting area was off Pitiyliu (Pityili) Island.
Stajrhorn coral grows out from the shore adjacent to a lagoon
which is bordered by an outer reef. This reef is largely ex-
posed at a low tide, thus providing an ideal offshore collecting
area. Of the twenty-six species reported here only four are
abundant ; these species are Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, Cypraea
annulus L. Cypraea arabica L., and Cypraea caputscrpcntis L.
The great size variation inherent in the cowries from a single
locality is well sho^vn in certain species listed here; measure-
ments illustrating such variation are included. The measure-
ments are based only on mature individuals.

Appended is a discussion of the vises to which the shells are
put by the armed force personnel in the area, for the mollusca
more than any other group of animals is providing a self-
occupational therapj' for men based in the relatively remote
areas of the Pacific, and the writers feel that such information
is generally valuable to the conchologists that remain at home.
One future danger concerning the acceptance, without ques-
tion, of distributional records of this striking group of mollu.sks
is obvious. Armed force personnel returning to the Hawaiian
Islands and the "States" are carrying shells back with them,
having collected perhaps at a number of localities without
separating collections, and trusting to memory the collection
locality of each specimen; thus, unintentionally, unreliable
locality records will no doubt creep into the literature of mol-
luscan distribution. The first author observed this happening

iLt. (jg); U.S.N.R.

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

in the Plawaiian Islands as early as 1937 when Cypraeidae
were broiifrht back from certain islands by the Pan American
colonizers and were being sold in Hawaii as local shells, Inorram
(1944). Several other instances of shells being sold by people
retnrned from the Pacific have been observed in San Francisco,
Calfornia, when locality records had obviously been forgotten.
This mixing of locality records is reminiscent of what happened
in Hawaii many years ago when shells from the missionary
ship Morning Star worked their way into dealers' and collectors'
hands as being from Hawaii, when in reality they came from
localities many hundreds of miles away from the Hawaiian
Islands ; certain of these inaccurate records of Hawaiian Cyprae-
idae are included in Bryan (1915) and Schilder and Sehilder
(1939), Ingram (1944). Spicer (1941) in his valuable article
concerning the mixing of Guam and Midway locality records
states, "The Guam boys employed at the Pan- Air Hotel [on
Midway] have taken advantage of this shell enthusiasm by
importing large numbers of colorful Guam shells and selling
them to the construction emploj^ees [on Midway]. These Guam
shells are being mixed indiscriminately with the Midway shells,
and some may eventually gravitate to museums and collectors
bearing a Midway label."

Listed Species

Cypraea annulus L. This is the second most common species;
its habitat is with that of Cypraea mo net a on the sea side of the
outer reef where it was taken from beneath coral rock, in holes
and cracks in the reef, and on the exposed heads of corals and
coral rock ; in addition it was commonly found in the (^uiet
water of the lagoon.

Cypraea arahica L. This species is tlie third most common;
it was typically found on the outer reef on the seaward side
under broken coral heads. The largest iiulividual was 44 inin.
long and the smallest 32 mm.

Cypraea argus L. A beach shell with no specific reef locality.

Cypraea asellus L. One well preserved dead specimen was
found in the lagoon.

Cypraea. caputserpcntis L. This species was typically found
on the seaward side of the outer reef ; it was taken from crevices

Apr., 1945] THE NAUTILUS 1.^1

ill roral heads, holes in coral roek, and among branches of coral
heads.

Cxipracn carncola L. Specimens were taken in sheltered
pockets on the seaward side of the outer reef. The specimens
are remarkably small, and are perfect miniatures of the largest
cylindrical specimens that we have seen; the largest is 30 mm.
long by 18 mm. broad, and the smallest is 21 mm. long by
12 mm. broad.

Cypraca caurica L. Individuals were taken from beneath
coral rocks on the outer edge of the outer reef.

Cypraca crihraria L. One specimen was taken from the
outer reef beneath broken coral rock. The mantle of this
species is alizaran-crimson with pustules of the same color.

Cypraca cruenta Gmelin. One well preserved specimen was
found occupied by a hermit crab ; no specific reef locality.

Cypraca crroncs L. Individuals were often found in pairs;
they were typically taken from beneath coral rock and in holes
on the seaward side of the outer reef.

Cypraca erosa L. These were commonly found in pairs on the
lagoon side of the outer reef on top of, and beneath coral rocks.
The largest individual measures 35 mm. in length and the
smallest 21 mm.

Cypraca fimbrmta Gmel. Individuals were taken from be-
neath rocks on the outer reef. Specimens are identical to those
from the Hawaiian Islands, Ingram 1937a; from Christmas,
Washington, Fanning, and Palmyra Islands, Ingram 1937b;
from Samoa, Ingram 1939 ; and from Puka Puka Island, Ingram
1944.

Cypraca isahclla L. Specimens were taken from beneath
coral rock and in small holes on the outer edge of the outer reef.
Individuals vary in length from 27 mm. to 18 mm.

Cypraca hclvola L. Individuals were found in a sheltered
pocket on the seaward side of the outer reef beneath coral rock
and on top of coral rock. The largest individual is 24 mm. long
and the smallest 16 mm.

Cypraca lahrolineata Gaskoin. Dead, well preserved, indi-
viduals were found in the lagoon.

Cypraca cruenta Gmelin. One well preserved specimen was
found occupied by a hermit crab. No specific reef locality.

132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

Cypraea lynx L. Individuals were typically found in abund-
ance in the lagoon in areas not exposed at low tide ; here they
were associated with a good algae growth on the exposed floor
of the lagoon. They were also taken from beneath coral rock
in the lagoon. The largest individual is 42 mm. in length and
the smallest 28 mm. The cloudj'-blue color of the dorsum out-
ranks the brown colored dorsum four to one.

Cypraea mauritania L. No specific locality.

Cypraea moneta L. This species was the most common of the
Cypraeidae; more than 1,000 were collected. It was a typical
inhabitant of the sea side of the outer reef where it was collected
under coral rock in holes and cracks in the reef, and on the
exposed surface of coral heads and rocks.

Cypraea neglecta Sowerby. No specific locality.

Cypraea quadrimaculata Gray. One specimen was collected
in the locality typical for C. err ones.

Cypraea scurra Gmel. No specific locality. The largest in-
dividual is 46 mm. long and the smallest 36 mm,

Cypraea talpa L. A single specimen was taken from beneath
a coral rock on the lagoon side of the outer reef in relatively
quiet water.

Cypraea tigris L. Specimens were taken from staghorn coral
and from beneath broken coral close to the island in quiet water.

Cypraea vitelliis L. Specimens were typically found in the
lagoon beneath coral rock and in holes in the lagoon bottom.
They did not expose themselves at low tide. They varied in
length from 43 mm. to 32 mm.

Nuclearia nucleus (L.). No specific locality. The largest
individual is 23 mm. in length and the smallest 14 mm.

Therapy of the Cypraeidae. — It is estimated that approxi-
mately eighty-five per cent of the armed force personnel in
this area collected mollusks at one time or another. Based on
conversations and in watching the actions of collectors, men in
battle zones and on isolated islands receive immeasurable
benefit in being carried away from the pressure of war and
isolation while they are vying with one another collecting
mollusks.

Enthusiastic collecting by members of the armed forces in
tilt' above area of the Admiralty I.slands will no doubt iiave an

Apr.. 1I)4;1) thk nautilus 1.33

effect upon the future abuiulam-e of the attractive Cypraeidae,
for it was observed that readily accessible areas were beiufr
swept clean of these shells, and that the breakinjj up of coral
heads throujjh the use of crowbars is revealing even the most
secretive species to the mass collectors. Very few collectors
in this area bother with eroded beach shells, but jMirsue
vigorously their interest in obtaininp: fre.sh specimens. While
all fresh cowry species are collected, two, Cyprarn an mil us
Linnaeus and Cypraea moneta Linnaeus, are the most commonly
used for jewelry. These two species, respectively called locally
"Tiger eyes'' and "Snake eyes," are made into pendants, nock-
laces, bracelets, earrings, pins, and studs for belts. The shells
that are made into bracelets, pendants, and necklaces are
mounted on dog tag chains or cords. The local price for these
varies from twelve to fifteen dollars. The base for pendants,
earrings, and pins is made from silver coins and bits of stain-
less steel. Turtles were commonly made by using pipe cleaners
and Cypraea caput serpent is L.

Dr. ^Merrill I\Ioore, now serving in the Medical Corps of the
United States Army and Director of Research, The Wa.shing-
tonian Hospital, 41 Waltham Street, Boston, Massachusetts, has
shown a special interest in conchology as a form of occupational
therapy (1942a) (1942b) ; a good bibliography of shells as
they relate to psychiatry is cited in this latter reference. This
datum is cited here as the importance of occupational therapy
looms large on the horizon of rehabilitation as it may apply to
certain hospitalized service men, for it is the belief of the
writers that those working in pure conchology should have their
attention called to the importance of mollusks as they relate
to certain phases of curative and preventative medicine.

References

Bryan, W. A., Natural history of Hawaii, pp. 1-596, 1915.
Ingram, W. M., The familv Cvpraeidae in the Hawaiian Islands,

Nautilus, 50: 3, pp. 77-82, 19:37a.
, Cypraeidae from Christmas, Palmyra, Washington, and

Fanning Islands, Nautilus, 51 : 1, pp. 1-3, 1937b.
, Cvpraeidae from American Samoa with notes on species

from Palmyra Island, Nautilus, 52: 3, pp. 103-105, 1939.
, Tropical Central Pacific Cypraeidae, Nautilus, 57 : 3,

pp. 81-86, 1944.

134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

Moore, M., A Note on Conchology, The American Imago, vol.

3, nos. 1-2, pp. 113-128, 1942a.
, Conchology as a form of Occupational Therapy, Journal

of Fla. Med. Assoc, vol. 29, pp. 20-28, 1942b.
ScHiLDER, F. A., AND M. ScHiLDER. Prodromc of a Monograph

on Living Cypraeidae. Proc. Malac. Soc, London, 23 :4, pp.

119-231, 1939.
Spicer, V. D. P., Shells from Midway, Nautilus, 55: 1, pp. 1-2,

1941.

PARAPROSOSTHENIA GREDLERI (NEUMAYR)
By PAUL BARTSCH and J. P. E. MORRISON i
Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum

The United States National Museum has recently received a
lot of specimens of this species from its type locality. Lake Er-
Hai, near Tali-Fu, Yunnan, China (Plate 6, Figures 6-9).
This species is a near relative of the fossil genotype P. minuta
Annandale, and we feel that a notice of its anatomic characters
heretofore unknown are important in assigning it to its proper
supergeneric position.

The taxonomic vicissitudes of the species may be epitomized as
follows :

1883 Diana gredleri Neumayr, Neues Jahrb. Min., Vol. 2,

p. 24 (nomen nudum)
1898 Prososthenia (?) gredleri Neumayr, Wiss. Ergebn.

Szechenyi Reise Ostasien, Vol. 2, p. 654, pi. 4, figs.

2 and 3.
1919 Paraprososthenia gredleri Annandale, Rec. Geol. Surv.

India, Vol. 50, pt. 3, p. 228, pi. 31, fig. 7.

There is a possibility, even a probability that

1908 Pachydrohia monheigi Dautzenberg, Journ. Conchyl.,
Vol. 55, p. 337, pi. 4, figs. 5-7,

may prove to be a synonym of this species. Dautzenberg says
that it was collected by R. P. Monbeig at Wei-Si, Yunnan.

The shell of P. gredleri Neumayr has been well described
before and can readily be visualized by our figure. The speci-

1 Published l)y perniiasion of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Apr., 1945] THE NAUTILUS 135

men figured (U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 433390) measures: Length
12.1 mm., diameter 4.9 mm.

The animal of Paraprososthenia grcdlcri has the eyes borne
on the somewhat expanded outer bases of the elongate conic
tentacles. The verge is very elongate conic, usually carried
sinistrally coiled in about 1.5 turns, and is situated on the right
side of the neck, above and a little behind the right tentacle.
The operculum is oval, thin, corneous, and paucispiral, of about
2.5 turns.

The radula has a rather broad rachidian tooth with a blunt
median basal projection. It has a long sharp central cusp
flanked bj'' two sharp lesser cusps on each side and a basal tooth
near its outer basal margins. The lateral tooth is club shaped
with a decided basal projection. It bears 7 teeth of which the
3rd is much stronger than the rest. The inner marginal is
sigmoid and bears 7 sharp cusps. The outer marginal is less
flexed and has 5 cusps.

The summation of these characters definitely places the genus
in the subfamily Hydrobiinae, in the company of other Chinese
Mollusca belonging to the genera Oncomelanm, Katayama,
Delavaya, Tricula, Hypsohia, Taihua, and probably several
other genera that we believe may eventually prove to belong
here. The fact that some of these genera serve as intermediate
hosts of Schistosoma japonicum, the most dangerous Asiatic
Trematode to human health, makes it desirable to suspect this
animal as serving in a similar capacit3\

ZONATION OF THE INTERTIDAL MARINE

MOLLUSKS AT CAPE ANN.

MASSACHUSETTS

By RALPH W. DEXTER

Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

Studies on the zonation of marine life were made on the
shores of a tidal inlet (Annisquam River) at Cape Ann, Massa-
chusetts, during the summers of 1935-37. Fifteen localities
were selected for quantitative sampling, and during the three
summer seasons, 68 series of samples between the tide lines,

136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

including a total of 440 quadrat counts, were made. During
the first year a counting frame of 400 square inches was used,
while during the latter years a frame 100 square inches in area
was employed for all common species, and the samples multi-
plied by four so that the data for all three years would be
comparable and read in terms of abundance on approximately
one-quarter of a square meter. In addition, random samples
were taken at nine other field stations.

This paper is a special report on the zonation of the inter-
tidal mollusks for students of malacology. A more complete
study on the zonation of the biotic communities and their
predominant species will be published later. For this study,
nine stations have been selected to illustrate the vertical dis-
tribution of the intertidal mollusks. Selection was made to
represent all of the principal types of shorelines, biotic com-
munities, and species of mollusks, and to include ones which
are typical of the zonation as found at Cape Ann in the years
of 1935 and 1936. They were also selected in rough proportion
to the occurrence of the various kinds of intertidal communities.
In each case an average has been made of two series of samples
taken during the same season, except where the tide did not
permit a study of the lowest levels. In those quadrats the
abundance is based upon a single sample.

In the tables, the number of each column is the quadrat num-
ber, which is briefly described at the head of the table, and
its distance from the preceding quadrat level is stated. Nota-
tions on the nature of the substratum or vegetation hold for
succeeding quadrats until another notation is given. Symbols
used in the tables are as follows : D = downshore distance in
feet, measured along the ground; L = vertical distance lower,
measured in inches ; S == bivalve seed ; Y = young inctividuals ;
S. II. W. L. = spring high-water-line. Counts = abundance
per 400 square inches or approximately 14 square meter.

Some of the well known studies in intertidal zonation, in-
cluding iiioasiirenuMits on molliiscaii populations, have been
published by Huntsman (1918), (lowenlock and Hayes (1926),
Fi.scher (1929), Stephen 1929/19:50), Elnihirst (1932), Coleman
(1933), Cardinor (1934), Kit.-liing [VX15), Hewatt (1937),
Moore (1940), and Unidy (1943).

Apr., 1945] THE NAUTILUS 137

From a study of the tables presented here, it is evident that
certain species are associated with a definite tidal level and a
particular type of substratum or vcfretation, which are often
characterized by their molluscan populations. In j;eneral, the
•rreater the vertical distance included in the series of samples,
the more species will be found, and they will exhibit a more
precise zonation. As many as nine species have been found
in a single series. The high marshes of Spartina patens, located
for the most part above mean hifrh-water-line, is the only
important habitat of Melampus hidcutatus. The marshes of
S. glabra, extending for several feet below mean high- water-
line, are inhabited by Modiolus demissus and Litiorina saxatills.
When seaweeds are present among the thatch grass, L. obtusata
is another characteristic member of this zone. L. saxatilis is
also located on the high and middle rocky shores. Seaweeds
attached to the rocks of the middle shore abound with L.
obtusata which simulates the color of the algae on which
it is found. On soft muds of the middle and lower shores will
be found Ilyanassa obsoleta. In the less silty muds and sands
of the middle and lower shores are Mya arenaria, Macoma
balthica, Solemya velum, and Ensis directus. Either in or on
the sediments, PoUnices heros is to be found, although at low
water many individuals of this species leave the intertidal
zone while following down the tide. On the muds and moist
sands are Gemma gemma and Rissoa aculeus, especially under
drifted-in seaweeds such as Chaetomorpha linum or Ulva lac-
tuca. In the muds of the lower shore, Petricola pholadiformis
is to be found, while pure sand of the lower shore is character-
ized by Siliqua costata. The middle and lower rocky .shores
contain Thais lapillus, especially when the rock barnacles
Balanus balanoidcs are present. The lower rocky shores are
characterized by Acmaea tesiudinalis and Crepidula fornicata.
L. saxatilis and M. arenaria were often found out of their
usual zones during the season of 1935 because of a sudden
increase in abundance. Some other species likewise underwent
a pronounced change in abundance, and a few are more
abundant or widely distributed than the selected tables pre-
sented here would indicate. These matters liave been discussed
earlier (Dexter 1944).

138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

Only L. littorea was found to be ubiquitous. It is common
on all shores, but usually avoids very soft mud and loose,
dry sand. At such places, if found at all, it adheres to shells,
stones and other scattered solid objects. A report on the local
movements of this species and of T. lapilUis has been published
(Dexter 1943). Of the 21 species recorded in the 9 tables
presented here, L. littorea is listed in 8 of them. Eleven species
are recorded for the following number of times: M. edulis,
M. arenaria 6 times; L. saxatilis, L. ohtusata 5 times; M. halthica
4 times; P. heros 3 times; S. velum, Q. gemma, E. directus, T.
lapillus, A. testudinalis 2 times. Nine species are recorded
but once. The following species are found to continue below
the intertidal zone : A. tesudinalis, P. heros, C. forjiicata, L.
littorea, N. trivittata, Anomia aculeata (the preceding two were
found to be almost entirely subtidal), M. edulis, G. gemma, and
M. arenaria seed.

The rather definite zonation of intertidal mollusks is the
result of several factors. The required duration or frequency
(Fischer 1929) of submergence bj^ seawater, the degree of
resistance to unfavorable conditions by different species
(Gowenlock and Hayes 1926), and habitat preference as to the
nature of the substratum and type of vegetation are all im-
portant in determining vertical distribution.

Table I. Station J. High marsh, low marsh, and mud flat.
Average sample of July 27 and August 24, 1935. Quadrat nos.
8-11 for July 27 only. (1.) Marsh of Spartina patens, near
S. H. W. L. (2.) 21 D, 4 L. (3.) 21 D, 1.5 L. (4.) 26 D, 1.5 L.
(5.) 40 D, 4.5 L. Marsh of S. glabra. (6.) 14 D, 52 L. (7.) 21
D, 25 L. Soft, black, sticky mud (8.) 21 D, 7 L. (9.) 21 D, 1 L.
(10.) 20 D, 2 L. (11.) 20 D, 3 L. near L. W. L.

1234 5 6 789 10 11
Melampus hidentatus
Littorina saxatilis
L. ohtusata
Modiolus demissus
L. littorea

Mytilus edulis (seed)

Ilyanassa obsoleta 2 33 54 40 40 61

Afya arenaria
Macoma balthica

2

3 4

5

6

7

8

9 10

36

86 53

1

4

350

1

1

30

30

20

185

4

1

3
1

1

2

33
2
1

54
3
1

40 40
1
5

Apr., 1945] THE nautilus 139

Table II. Station Q. llij^h marsh, low marsh, and mud
flat. Averapre sample of July 13 and August 21, 1935. (1.)
-Marsh of Sparfimi patens near M. II. W. L. (2.) 12 D, 35.5 L.
Marsh of S. glabra, with Fiicits vcsiculosus. (3.) 12 D, 22 L.
Firm, sandy mud. (4.) 40 D, 8.5 L. (5.) 26 D, 5.5 L. (6.) 16 D,
3 L. Soft, black mud. (7.) 16 D, 6.5 L.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Littoi^ina obtusata

1

8

L. littorca

35

81

8

3

Mytiliis edidis (seed)

1

38

9

Macoma balthica

28

46

13

3

1

Mya arenaria

22y

lOy

5y

198s

754s

772s

256s

38

Sole my a velum

1

1

3

Polinices heros

1

1

Table III. Station N. Low marsh and mud flat. Average
sample of August 10 and September 11, 1936. (1.) Marsh of
Spartina glabra with Ascophyllum nodosum f. scorpioidcs, near
M. H. W. L. (2) 25 D, 30.5 L. (3.) 6 D, 27 L. Sandy mud covered
with Chaetomorpha linum. (4.) 26 D, 11 L. Soft mud. (5.)
31 D, 3.5 L. (6.) Mud covered with C. linum. (7.) 16 D, 2 L.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Littorina obtusata 30

L. saa:atilis 30 42

L. littorca 164 158 108 12 8 2 2

Mytilusedulis 248 18s 30s 8s

Polinices heros 4 2

Mya arenaria lOy 2y

16s 2s Is

Gemma gemma 68 26 20 8

Rissoa aculeus 16 280 74 4 2

Macoma balthica 6

Table IV. Station G. Sandy-mud bar. Average sample of
July 4 and August 117, 1935. (1.) Near top of bar. (2.) 40 D,
7 L. (3.) 30 D, 5 L. (4.) 22 D, 7 L. (5.) 22 D, 5 L. (6.) 22 D, 10.5
L. Near S. L. W. L.

140

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol.

. 58

(4)

1 2

3

4

5

6

Macoma halthica

23 23

19

17

1

Mya arenaria

124y 130y

180y

86y

17y

358s 340s

600s

346s

3s

Is

Polinices hews

Littorina littorea

Petricola pholadiformis

Ensis directus

Table V. Station S. Sand bar. Average sample of July
10 and July 17, 1936. (1.) Top of bar. (2.) 16 D, 7 L. (3.) 16
D, 4 L. (4.) 21 D, 3 L. (5.) 21 D, 3.5 L. (6.) 21 D, 2 L. (7.)
21 D, 2.5 L. (8.) 21 D, 1 L.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ensis directus 2 2

Gemma gemmu 16 14 4 4 2 2

Solemya velum 2 2 6 2 2 8

Siliqua costata 2

Table VI. Station W. Sandy beach. Average sample of
July 23 and August 22, 1935. No moUusks were found in quad-
rats 1-3, 10, (Dry, loose sand,) 17-18, (Hard, wet sand).
(4.) 80 D, 22 L. from M. II. W. L. (5.) 26 D, 5.5 L. in strip of
Spartina glabra (6.) 26 D, 4 L. in strip of firm, algal mat (7.)
26 D, 3.5 L. Firm sand (9.) 26 D, 3 L. (11.) 52 D, 13.5 L. Soft,
loose sand (12.) 26 D, 6.5 L. Moist sand. (13.) 26 D, 4 L. (14-16)
26 D, 6 L. each.

4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 10

Littorina saxatilis 15 4

L. littorea 9 2

Mya arenaria 14 11 4 9 8 13 11 7

Table VII. Station E. Mussel bed. Average sample of
June 23 and July 12, 1936. (1.) Rocks at base of sea-wall (2.)
16 D, 28.5 L. Edge of mussel bed (3.) 36 D, 13.5 L. (4.) 36 D,
17.5 L. (5.) 4 D, 5 L. Top of steep, sloping edge of mus.sel bed
(6.) 2 D, 10 L. (7.) 2 D, 10 L. Near S. L. W. L.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Littorina littorea

32

28

8

42

14

8

16

Mytilus edulis

182

308

344

342

106

32

710s

440s

70s

15Gs

16s

Nassarius trivitattus

2

Apr., 1945] THE NAUTILUS 141

Table VIII. Station T. Rocky shore at edge of high marsh.
Average sample of July 24 and August 13, 1935. Quadrat no. 8
for July 24 only. (1.) Marsh of Spartina patens, near M. 11.
W. L. (2.) 10 D, 6.5 L. (3.) 16 D, 24 L. Gravel bank of
Salicornia europea. (4.) 6 D, 9 L. Small stones with Fucus
vesiculosus (5.) 4 D, 9 L. Large boulders with Ascophyllum
nodosum. (6.) 4 D, 16.5 L. (7.) 4 D, 13.5 L. (8.) 4 D, 15.5 L.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Littorina liltorea

8

32

40

38

14

8

52

80

L. sajcatilis

4

4

L. obtusata

80

132

70

CO

40

Mytilus edulis

4
1000s

12
150s

2800:

Acmaca testudinalis

6

Thais lapillus

16

12

Table IX. Station B. Rocky shore at junction of inlet and
Gloucester Harbor. Average sample of August 19 and Sep-
tember 3, 1935. Quadrat no. 10 for August 19 only. (1.)
Gravel bank at foot of sea-wall (2.) 30 D, 42 L. Edge of small
rocks (3.) 20 D, 4 L. Fucus vesiculosus on rocks. (4.) 50 D,
6.5 L. Edge of large rocks with F. vesiculosus and Ascophyllum
nodosum. (5.) 21 D, 0 L. (6.) 21 D, 3.5 L. Large boulders with
A. nodosum. (7.) 21 D, 6.5 L. (8.) 15 D, 7 L. (9.) 15 D, 4 L.
(10.) 15 D, 6 L. Near S. L. W. L., no seaweeds.

123456789 10
Littorina saxatilis 1 6 64 28 2 8
L. littorca 1 29 575 520 172 100 182 336 210 100

Mytilus edulis 6 34 26 34 8

Myaarenaria (seed) 20 30 12 2 4

L. obtusata 128 39 88 42 20

Thais lapillus 18 2 4 18 4

Acmaea testudinalis 2 4

Anomia aculeata 4

Crepidula fornicata 2 12

40y

Literature Cited

Brady, F., 1943. The distribution of the fauna of some inter-
tidal sands and muds on the Northumberland coast. Jour.
Animal Ecol. 12(1): 27-41.

142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

Coleman, John, 1933. The nature of intertidal zonation of

plants and animals. Jour Marine Biol. Assoc. United

Kinp-dom 18(2) : 435-476.
Dexter, R. W., 1943. Observations on the local movements of

Littorina litorea (L.) and Thais lapillus (L.) Nautilus

57(1): 6-8.

1944. Annual fluctuation of abundance of some marine

mollusks. Nautilus 58(1) : 18-24.
Elmhirst, Richard, 1932. Quantitative studies between tide

marks. Glasgow Nat. 10(2) : 56-62.
Fischer, Edw^ard, 1929. Recherches de bionomie et d'oceano-

graphie littorales sur la Ranee et le littoral de La Manche.

Ann. Inst. Oceanograph. 5(3) : 205— i29.
Gardiner, A. P., 1934. The littoral zone. Jour of Conchology

20(3): 65-76.
GowENLOCK, J. N., AND Hayes, F. R., 1926. Contributions to

the study of marine gastropods. I. The physical factors,

behavior, and intertidal life of Littorina. Contr. Canad.

Biol. 3 : 133-165.
Hewatt, W. G., 1937. Ecological studies on selected marine

intertidal communities of Monterev Bav, Cal. Amer. Midi.

Nat. 18(2): 161-206.
Huntsman, A. G., 1918. The vertical distribution of certain

intertidal animals. Trans. Roy, Soc. Canada 12 : 53-60.
KiTCHiNG, J. A., 1935. An introduction to the ecology of

intertidal rock surfaces on the coast of Argvll. Trans.

Roy. Soc. of Edin. 58 (2) : 351-374.
Moore, H. B., 1940. The biology of Littorina littorea. II.

Zonation in relation to other gastropods on stormy and

muddy shores. Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom.

24(1)': 227-237.
Stephen, A. C, 1929/1930. Studies on the Scottish marine

fauna : the fauna of the sandy and muddy areas of the

tidal zone. Trans. Rov. Soc. Edinburgh 56(2): 291-306;

521-535.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW TEINOSTOMA

By THOMAS L. McGINTY
Teinostoma pilsbryi new species.

The shell is solid, white, with a low dome-shaped s])ire and less
convex base, the periphery bluntly angular, the basal callus
extremely thick, drop-like; sculpture of ratlicr coarse spirals.
There are 3^^ whorls, the first 1% convex and smooth, the follow-

Apr., 1945] THE NAUTILUS 143

inj: tlattiT. Last whorl haviiijr sculpture of many low spirals
wider than their intervals, slifjhtly waved, rather coarse on the
upper surfaee, finer and weaker on the base. The umbilical
callus rises abruptly and is very thick. The aperture is sub-
trianjjular, with rounded anjjles. Parietal callus is heavy in the
upper anjile of the mouth. Diameter 2.15 mm., hei<.'ht 1.4 mm.

Localities: One and one-half miles off Cape Florida, in 70 feet
(J. A. Weber). Type 181080 A.N.S.P. Paratypes from Lake
Worth at North Lilet (Palm Beach), Florida (T. L. M.).

The type of this species is a dead shell which has lost the outer
layer of the shell over a considerable area, includinpr the front
of the last whorl, which therefore appears smooth. But it has
other strongly distinctive features additional to the spiral stria-
tion. The periphery is distinctly, thouprh bluntly, anf?ular, and
the umbilical callus is extremely thick, like a drop of water on a
dry surface, beinfj abruptly limited.

This interesting Teinostoma is quite unlike any other de-
scribed. I take pleasure in naming it for Dr. H. A. Pilsbrj'.
It will be figured in the next number of Nautilus.

NOTES AND NEWS

NoN-CHONCHOLOGiCAL Synonymy. — In the travelogue of my
trip to Great Slave Lake which appeared in the January, 1945,
number of this journal, a new name "Shyes" is proposed in the
middle of p. 76. This is an arbitrary combination of letters,
coined by the printer, editor or author, or perhaps by all three
in an unea.sy alliance. Unfortunately the original name
"Schney" (vide p. 96, Preble, 1908) has precedence and must
be applied. The word is the anglicized form of the French
"chenal" and is used to describe a narrow channel in a delta. —
John Oughton.

Cypraeidae from Espiritu Santo Island, New Hebrides. —
The following nineteen species were collected on Espiritu Santo
Island proper, one of the New Hebrides Islands, in 1944. The
listing of them here adds specific locality data to the literature
of the Cypraeidae from the New Hebrides.

144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

Cypraea annulus Linnaeus
Cypraea asellus Linnaeus
Cypraea caputserpentis Linnaeus
Cypraea carneola Linnaeus
Cypraea errones Linnaeus
Cypraea fimhriata Gmelin
Cypraea helvola Linnaeus
Cypraea hirnndo Linnaeus
Cypraea Isabella Linnaeus
Cypraea lynx Linnaeus
Cypraea mauritmna Linnaeus
Cypraea moneta Linnaeus
Cypraea neglecta Sowerby
Cypraea vitellus Linnaeus
Nuclearia nucleus (Linnaeus)
Nuclearia limacina (Lamarck)
Pustularia cicercula (Linnaeus)
Pustularia annulata (Gray)
Ipsa childreni (Gray)

— ^William Marcus Ingram and Karl "W. Ken yon.

Tridacna. — I am in receipt of a letter from Martin Anthony
Brunor of New York and Tahiti who states, among other things :
"On my last trip I brough back with me 600 Tridacna shells
and was able to sell then within six months, after I landed, but
when I tried to study them, down in the South Seas, I had a
hard job as I couldn't keep them alive very long. To think that
such a powerful mollusk should be so delicate and die within 12
hours, after its removal from its environment, surprises me.
I tried as best I could, to duplicate its habitat, but was not
successful. These clams interest me very must as I like to eat
certain portions of them and they have proved very profitable
for me." — Paul Bartsch.

Erratum. — Owing to a typographical error, the name
Acmaea cona appeared as the name of a new species in De-
scriptions of New Species of Acmaea, by A. K. (G.) Test, in the
Nautilus page 92. This shonkl have been Acmaea conus, the
only form in which this Latin noun could be used. — Avery
R. (G.) Test.

Radix auricularia (Linn.) in Vermont. — During September
of 1944, Mr. James R. Miller found Radix auricularia very

Apr., 1945] THE NAUTILUS 145

abundant in the Wallomsic River, near the Bennin^'ton battle
monument, at Shaftsbury, Vermont. This is thought to be the
first record of this introduced species in Vermont. — Richard I.
Johnson.

Tellina panamanensis Li. — A superfluous new name was
proposed for this species owing to a mistaken belief that Li's
name was homonjTnous with Tellina panamensi^ Philippi, 1848.
The references now stand :

Tellina panamanensis Li, 1930, Bull. Geol. Soc. China 9:262,

pi. 5, fig. 32.— Pilsbry, 1931, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

83:436, pi. 41, figs. 4-6.— Pilsbry & Olsson, 1941, op. cit.

93 : 68.
Tellina liana Hertlein & Strong, 1945, Nautilus 58 : 105.
Tellina panamensis Li, Hertlein & Strong, 1945, Nautilus 58 :

105.

The name "Tellina panamensis Li" originated with Hertlein
& Strong. Since Mr. Li wrote "panamanensis" when describ-
ing the species, and also in the explanation of his plate, p. 290,
and on the label of his type specimen, his use of that form was
evidently intentional, and the species has entered subsequent
literature under that name. Owing to absence in Florida dur-
ing the winter, this was not seen in time to take the matter up
with my "West Coast friends before their publication. — Pilsbry.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The Control of Bilharzia in Southern Rhodesia, by Alan
Mozley, D.Sc. (Edin.) Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, 1944. 307
pp. — Bilharzia is another name for Schistosomiasis, the disease
caused by the parasite, Schistosoma, which lives some weeks in
certain water snails on its way from man back to man again.
Hence the propriety of getting a malacologist with the wide
experience of Alan Mozley to study the problem of control of
this disease common to snail and man. Sound .scientific work
through 1939-42 over thousands of localities and in a laboratory
built for experiments has convinced him that in Rhodesia the
best way to combat the disease is to kill the snails. This he
claims can be done effectually and cheaply by several means.

146 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 58 (4)

amongst which is the use of certain native plants, but especially
the use of a cheap native mineral, malachite, containing car-
bonate of copper, which used in very small amounts quickly
kills the snails, and does not harm man.

A land elevated two to five thousand feet, with little limestone
and periods of flood and drought, proves ill adapted for water
mollusks and only about 18 kinds are listed, of which about half
are pulmonates including the two that, with man, are hosts of
the dangerous schistosomas. One, Biompkalaria pfeifferi
(Krauss), formerly Planorhis, is the intermediary host of
Schistosoma mansoni which infests the human intestines, and the
other is Physopsis glohosa (Krauss) which harbors Schistosoma
haematohium that causes urinary bilharzia.

These two snails derived anciently from gill-breathing marine
ancestors later came into fresh water from a lung-breathing land
phase, and one of them, Physopsis, has developed a secondary'
gill. They belong rather to northern than to tropical environ-
ments and are to be regarded somewhat as interlopers. But
does this ease the qualms of a malacologist at attempting to
exterminate them? If Mozley's recommendations are put into
effect the advance of that country may be greatly accelerated,
while these two species of pulmonates may be nearly or quite
eliminated. But before then we hope plenty of specimens will
be studied and preserved so that in time we may find out just
why these two species of Schistosoma picked on precisely these
two species of snails. — E. A. Andrews.

Vol. 58 JULY, 1944 No. 1

TT H F

NAUTILUS

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCIIOLOGISTS /<Av^' *"1^

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS AN» y<CO^' V,

A QUARTERLY

^ CONCIIOLOGISTS /^\>

Henry A. Pilsbrt, Curator of the Department of MolhiBiiiJ^'y^ -^.^.^^ <^
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l-^ I L I B ft A D V

n. BiRRiNGTON Bakfr, Professor of Zoology, l**- I "" ' ■ f^ '^ f^ T

University of Pennsylvania y^ \ "^-# ^.

CONTENTS

Certain Operculates of the Coosa River. By Calvin Goodrich 1

Pulinonates of the Coosa Kiver. By Calvin Goodrich .... 11

West American Field Slugs (Deroceras). By Henry A.

Pilsbnj 15

A New Modiolaria from P'lorida. By R. A. McLean and

Jeanne Schwcngel 10

A New Floridian Lamellaria. By Jeanne Schwengel 17

Annual Fluctuation of Abundance of Some Marine Mollu.sks.

By Ralph W. Dexter 18

Xotes on Winter Habitats of Land Mollusks at Ithaca, New

York. By William Marcus Ingram 25

Shells Dredged in Panama Bay. By Maxwell Smith 27

Peruvian Land Mollusca — III. By Henrif A. Pilsbrj/ .... 28

Xotes and News 31

Publications Received 33

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Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, nos. 1, 3, 6, 9; vol. 23, no. 5; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; or any
of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pcnna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Lifjuus) including
three of the rare L. snlidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
liiilimnlus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, rorphyrohapho and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenbero, Univ. of Copenhagen, Norregadc 10, Denmark.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for oxchaiigo. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 1611 S. Elena Ave., Redondo Beach, Calif.

THE NAUTILUS iii

For Kxchange: My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in southwest
Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first
letter. B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.

For E.XCHANGE: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea
nemoralis, Otala species, and Ilelix asprrsa.

Glknn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your
list; ask for mine.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

Beschreibung dkr Naturalien-Sammu'ng der Universitat zv Rostock: —
Facsimile reprint of H. F. Link's rare book at cost of $4.00.
J. R. LE B. ToMLiN, 23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.

Four green, rough Abalonc shells (Haliotis fulgent), very colorful. $1.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chai)tcr8 on gcncralia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS by Maxwell Smith

Now ready

Illustrations of more than 1600 species, 1900 separate figures, 151 pages,
special features, map, cloth bound, $4.50 postpaid in United States. Sam-
ple pages free.

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research —

LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks.
As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon
carried on in Say's steps.

In 1888 Dr. Henry A. Piisbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-
cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "
by Dr. Henry A. Piisbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-
pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-
lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, 1939) by subscription,
$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased
separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,
$10.00; if purchased separately, $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA

19tii Street and the Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa.

\ ol. 58 OCTOBER, 1944 No. 2

TT H F

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY .,

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGI8T8 x'^GlC/4/N

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS C^ ' OaT''^* /

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Dcp.irtmcnt of Mollu8ca|^>^ .6"* ^0\ '
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3 , /l^ '*- a t*- O,

H. Bi'RRiNGTON Baker, Professor of Zoology, ^ i L I '^ K '^' W V

University of Pennsylvania ^' \

CONTENTS ^^""

Shell Collecting in the Bahamas. By Alfred H. Patterson. 37

Pleuroceridae of the Coosa River Basin. By Calvin Good-
rich 40

Sphaeriidae of the Coosa River Basin. By Calvin Goodrich. 48

A Xew Pectinid Shell from the Pacific Ocean, with a Note

on the Genus Pallium Schroeter. By Harald A. Rehder 52

Vertical Distribution of Shipworms in Hawaiian Waters.

By C. H. Edmondson 55

List of Mollusca from Around Beaufort, N. Carolina, with

Notes on Tethys. By Anne Gray Hackney 56

Hawaiian Species of Odostomia. By Henry A. Pilsbry ... 64

Notes and News 67

Publications Received 71

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manaqer

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Seronrl-Clasa matter, October 29. 1M2. at the Post Office at
Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

U THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. S PP- 16 pp.

50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50

100 copies ..._ 3.00 4.75 8.00

Additional 100s 1.00 1.50 3.00

Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5e each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, nos. 1, 3, 6, 9; vol. 23, no. 5; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; or any
of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguui) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
Bulimiiliis, Cochlostyla, Orthalicua, Por]ihTrobaphc and Placostyhis.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Pupillidac preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenbero, Univ. of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Denmark.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

Fob Exchange: My list of duplicate BhcUs, personally taken in southwest
Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first
letter. B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially CepofO
nemoralis, Otala species, and Ilelix aspcrsa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your
list ; ask for mine.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

Beschreibunq der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock: —
Facsimile reprint of H. F. Link's rare book at cost of $4.00.
J. R. LE B. Tomlin, 23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.

Four green, rough Abalone shells {Haliotis fulgens), very colorful. $1.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Second edition) $4.50

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All poHt-palcI In I'. S. .\.
AddroMit author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research —

LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks.
As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon
carried on in Say's steps.

In 1888 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-
cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "
by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-
pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-
lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, 1939) by subscription,
$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased
.separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,
$10.00; if purchased separately, $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA

19tii Street and the Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. 58 JANUARY, 1945 No. 3

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DKVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCIIOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PrBLlSHERS

ITenry a. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of MoUusca,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3

H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Profcssor of Zoology,
University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

Great Slave Lake. By Jolui Oughton 7.'J

Peruvian Land Mollusea — IV: Clausiliidae. By Henry A.

Pilsbnj ' irt

Some American Achatinidae. By H. Burrington Baker ... S4

Description of New Species of Acmaea. By Avery Ransome

(Grant) Test .' 92

Another Specimen of Pseudochama inermis with a Second

Authentic Habitat. By M. E. Bourgeon HG

Molluscan Types in the Carpenter Collection in the Redpath

Museum. By Kofht rinr V. W. Palmer *M

Norman W. Lermond 102

Notes and News 1 Ofi

Publications Received 1 07

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Busivrss Manaper

University of Pennsylvania, Zoolojjical Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Spconrt-Class matter. October 29, 1W2. at the Post OfBce at
Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. S pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50

TOO copies 3.00 4.75 8.00

Additional lOOs 1.00 1.50 3.00

Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, nos. 1, 3, 6, 9; vol. 23, no. 5; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; or any
of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

PoR Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Lirjuus) including
three of the rare L. solidns, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Ortlialicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Pupillidao ])rcscrvod in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenberg, Univ. of Copenhagen, Norregade 10, Ucninark.

New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
Tiiflt of foreign sheila for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

Wkrt ('oast SriELliS for exchange. My list st'iit mi r('<|Ufst.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldnle Ave., Los Angeles ."57, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Exchange: My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in southwest
Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first
letter. B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Ccpaea
nemoralis, Otala species, and Uelix aspcrsa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your
list; ask for mine.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

Beschreibvng der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock: —
Facsimile reprint of H. F. Link's rare book at cost of $4.00.
J. R. LE B. ToMLiN, 23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.

Two green Abalone shells (HaUotia fulgens) and one j'ink (Ilnhnli.t cor-
rugata), colorful. Post paid for a $1 bill.

Aldri( Ii-Museuni, Balboa. Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on gcneralia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Second edition) $4.50

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

.Ml poHt-paiil in r. S. A.
AcldrpMM iiiillior:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research —

LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks.
As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon
carried on in Say's steps.

In 1888 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-
cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "
by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty j^ears of field and laboratory'
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy make the volumes comprising tliis Monograph indis-
pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-
lusks while Volume IT will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part Que (issued Dec. 6. 1989) by subscription.
$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August 1, 1940) by sub.scription, $7.50; if purchased
separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,
$10.00; if purchased separately, $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PIIILADELPIITA

IfiTii Street and the ]*akk\vay

PlIILADEIiPIIIA. Pa.

Vol. 58 APRIL, 1945 No. 4

T FT F

NAUTILUS^^

A QUARTERLY \}^Z. l**

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTJJ.

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of MoUusifi,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3

H. BuRRiNOTON Baker, Professor of Zoology,
University of Pennsylvania

c^

CONTENTS

Snails from the Aboriginal Deposits of Frontenac Island, New York.

By C. L. Blakeslee 109

Stenacme Flori<!ana, an American Member of the Amphibolacea. By

H. A. Pilsbry 112

Hodopoeus, a Fossil Estray. By H. A. Pilsbry and T. D. A. Cockercll. 116
Cardita (Cyclocardia) Longini, New Name for Venericardia (Cyclo-

cardiu) Nodulosa Dall, 1919. By Joshua L. Bailey, Jr 118

Gastropod Shells Inhabited by Hawaiian Hermit Crabs. By Donald C.

G. Maclcay 120

Ecological Notes on the Gastropoda of the Great Swamp (Now Jersey).

By William F. Eapp, Jr., and Janet L. C. Rapp 124

Some Snail Records from Northeastern Kentucky. By Charles B.

Wurtz 125

Cypraeidae from the Admirality Islands with Therapy Notes on Their

Uses. By William Marcus Ingram and Karl W. Kenyon 129

Paraprososthenia Gredleri (Neumayr). By Paul Bartsch and J. P. E.

Morrison 134

Zonation of the Intertidal Marine MoUusks at Cape Ann, Massachu-
setts. By Ralph W. Dexter 135

Description of a New Teinostoma. By Thomas L. McGinty 142

Notes and News 143

Publications Received 145

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 19.'?2, at the Post Office at
Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March S, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbet and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs wUl not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be "written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50

100 copies 3.00 4.75 8.00

Additional lOOs 1.00 1.50 3.00

Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back "Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any of
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Lifjuus) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

Wanted: Pupillidae preserved in alcohol for dissection.

Prof. C. M. Steenbero, Univ. of Copenhagen, Norrcgade 10, Denmark.

New England CJoakt Shells for sale or oxchango. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom BtJRCH, 4206 S. Halldale Ave, Los Angeles 37, CaliforTiia.

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Exchange: My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in southwest
Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Send list with first
letter. B. R. Bales, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circleville, Ohio.

Fob Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea
nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix axpersa.

Glenn R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send yotir
list ; ask for mine.

Db. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Cliicago, Illinois.

Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock: —
Facsimile reprint of H. F. Link's rare book at cost of $4.00.
J. R. LE B. ToMLiN, 23 Boscobel Road, St. Leonards-on-Sea, England.

Two green Abalone shells (Haliotis fulgens) and one pink (Haliotis cor-
ru(jata), colorful. Post paid for a $1 bill.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION

126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Second edition) $4.50

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6-00

All poMt-pald In V. S. A.
.\d<lrr«s author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research —

LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By henry a. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks.
As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon
carried on in Say's steps.

In 1888 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-
cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "
by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-
pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-
lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, 1939) by subscription,
$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased
separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,
$10.00 ; if purchased separately, $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA

19tii Street and the Parkway

PUILADELPIIIA, Pa.

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