THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY JOURNAL

DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS

OF CONCHOLOGISTS

VOL. GO
JULY, 1946 to APRIL, 1947

EDITORS AND PUBLISH]

HI.XRY A. ril.SHRY
Curator of the Department of Molluska and Marine [nvertel
Academy of Natural Sen

H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsyh
Philadelphia, Pa.

CONTENTS

Names of new genera and species in italics.

Admiralty Islands 54

Africa 35

American Malacological Union 19, 66

Amnicola 84, 105

Amphidromus versicolor aborlanensis Bartsch 64

A. versicolor demesai Bartsch 63

A. versicolor negrosensis Bartsch 65

Anguispira alternata, sinistral 35

Anticlimax Pilsbry & McGinty for Climacia Dall 12

Atlantic marines. 1, 7, 12, 18, 32, 34, 36, 46, 60, 69, 73, 102

Bales, Dr. Blenn R 101

Brasil 18, 57, 106

British Columbia 72

California 34, 93

Cepaea hortensis 102

Cepaea nemoralis 2

Cerithium caribbaeum Maxwell Smith 60

Climacia Dall = Anticlimax 12

Cochlicopa lubrica 72

Columella tridentata Leonard 20

Condylocardia floridensis Pilsbry & Olsson 6

Conus woolseyi Maxwell Smith 1

Crassispira walteri Maxwell Smith 61

Cyclodontina pantagruclina 58, 106

Cyclodontina, subgenus Pantagruelina Forcart 58

Cypraeidae 49

Deroceras agreste, food 34

Elephantellum, type species 104

Episcynia bolivari Pilsbry & Olsson 11

Episcynia devexa Keen 9

Euamnicola, type species SO, 105

Europe ' 86, 94, 103

Family and subfamily names 31

Florida, inland 43, 72

Florida, marine 6, 12, 36, 16, 102

GastrOCOpta fald8 Leonard 22

G. (Albinida) proarmifcra Leonard '_' 1

Gastrodontinae M

Helicina dominiquensis "Hartman" MacMillan :;-;

//. hartmani MacMillan for II. dominicensis Bartman 33

Eonduras L(M

Index to n. <])., etc. in vols. :'>."> to 59 109

rm: nai in in

Insectivorous planl catching snail. 103

Janulus, anatomy and systematic place '.'l

Kansas 20, 24

Lamarck's "Prodrome" 25

Liguus fasciatus 72

Liguus pictua |:;

Littorina liltorea 73

Louisiana 3 1

Mam.' 102

Marquesas Islands

M argineUa formosa Maxwell Smith 62

Michigan :'>•"», 7 1

Mo/nodi nia fidelis trinidadensis Talmadge 93

Nevada 77

New Jersey '.'7

New York 2, 7S, 87

North Carolina 103

• bra keena* Bormann W

Odontostomus odontostoma 58, 100

Olivclla undatella 81

I hregon 7i>

( tathalicus, O. zebra 106

Pacific marines 7, 8, 11, 37, 49, 53, 54, 81, 88

Panama 102

Pantagruelina Forcart, subgenus of Cj'clodontina 58

Philippine Islands 62

Potamopyrgus jenkinsi 104

Pupilla muscorum sinistra Franzen 24

Pyrgviopsia archimedis S. Berry 7i>, 14S

Sinistra] shells 35, 72

St nimbus gigas verrilli McGinty 1('>

Btrombua samba in Florida 102

tstoma {Annvlicallus) carinicallus Pils. & McG 17

Teredo '>'■'>

Thais coronata brujensis Maxwell Smith 61

Tomura Pilsbry & McGinty ( Vit rinellidae) 16

Virginia 4

Vitrinella (Tomura) bicaudata 15, 36

Vitrinella JlUf era Pilsbry & McGinty L5

Vitrinella floridana Pilsbry & McGinty 16

Vitrinella praecox Pilsbry & McGinty 11

Vitrinella terminalis Pilsbry & McGinty 17

/■ ina Morrison for Zetekella M 102

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Alexander, Robert C 4, 73, 97

Baker, H. Burrington 32, 105, 106, 109

Bartsch, Paul 62, 104

Berry, S. Stillman 76

Blakeslee, C. L 78

Bormann, Mary 37

Cawston, F. Gordon 35

Clench, William J 69

Cockerell, Theo. D. A 72, 104

Dexter, Ralph W. (see Speck &)

Dodge, Henry 25

Edmondson, C. H 53

Forcart, Lothar 57

Franzen, Dorothea S 24

Cifford, D. S. & E. W 81

Gilmore, Howard 102

Hebert, C. H. (see McLean &)

Heifer, Jacques R 49

Ingram, William Marcus 34

Jacobson, Morris K. & Walter Smit 2

Keen, A. Myra 8

Leonard, A. Byron 20

McGinty, Paul L. & Thomas L 43

McGinty, Thomas L. (see Pilsbry &) 46

McLean, R. A ' 32

McLean & C. H. Hebert 54

MacMillan, Gordon K 33

Miscellaneous 72

Morrison, J. P. E 84, 102, 103

Olsson, Axel A. (see Pilsbry &)

Pilsbry, H. A 72, 94, 101

Pilsbry & Thomas L McGinty 12, 36

Pilsbry & Axel A, Olsson 6, 11

Robertson, Imogene C 66

Ross, Jamie 35

Smit, Walter (see Jacobson &)

Smith, Maxwell 1, tiO

Sorensen, A 81

Spc.k, Frank G. & Ralph W. Dexter 34

Stewart, Margaret C 18

Talmadge, Robert R 93

Verrffl, A. Hyatt 102

Wurtz, Char!.- B 103

IV

The Nautilus

Vol. 60 July, 1946 No. 1

A NEW CONUS FROM JAMAICA. WITH NOTES

UPON SCONSIA STRIATA

By MAXWELL SMITH

.Mr. Heathcote M. Woolsey of Kent. Connecticut, visited
Jamaica during the past winter and reports marine collecting
especially good at I >cho Rios and vicinity. Among the specimens
which he submitted for identification were a new Conus and
examples of Sconsia striata which apparently were previously
only reported with definite localities in the "Atlantis" dredg-
ings. It was recorded from deep water off the Bahamas and
Cuba, but not before from Jamaica. Sconsia striata Lamarck
is a beautiful shell and represented in very few collections. The
two present specimens were procured in traps set by fishermen
at moderate depths off Ocho Rios. While not taken alive the
shells exhibit all of the characteristic features. A description of
the new Conns follows:

Conus wooLSEYr, new species. Plate 1, fig. 5.

Shell solid and strong. Color pattern consisting of china-
white ground beneath the rather persistent brown epidermis,
upon which are disposed three rows of chocolate brown, irregu-
larly shaped blotches, which in shape resemble long winged birds
in flight. Aperture oblique, deeply inset above, slightly wider
anteriorly. Whorls 8, not tubercidated obovt or at tin periph-
ery, the latter rather sharply keeled. Sculpture consisting
of extremely fine close, wavy spiral threads, with occasional
diagonal scratches, and especially strong spiral threads an-
teriorly, the interspaces of the latter filled closely with the epi-
dermis. Axial growth lilies fine and irregular. Operculum
not observed. Diameter 30 nun., heighl .">■'! nun.

Differs from its Dearest ally. Conns regius Gmelin, in the tri-
form shape, the lack of the tuberculations so characteristic of
C. regius, the much liner general sculpture and the more promi-
nent anterior spiral threads, which are well shown in the figure.

(1)

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 60 (1)

Habitat: Obtained in fish traps off Ocho Rios, Jamaica. Holo-
typc: the only example obtained, in Mr. Woolsey's collection.

AND NOW IN ROCKAWAY BEACH!
By MORRIS K. JACOBSON and WALTER SMIT

In The Nautilus of October 1945 (59:2) there appeared two
reports of newly discovered colonies of Cepaea nemoralis (Lin-
naeus), one in Monroe Co., N. Y., and one in Rhode Island. On
April 18, 1946, we found still another colony in so apparently
unfavorable a locality as sandy Rockaway Beach, and only a
few hundred feet from the very ocean at that ! The area was
a space very limited in size on the west side of Beach 136th
Street, between the ocean and Rockaway Boulevard. Altogether
it involves about six city lots (approximately 120 feet) and is
100 feet deep.

NO SPECIMENS
FOUND

Rockawa/ Beach Boulev-arp

2 Snails
FOUND

NO SPeamn

FOUND

No Sm.u

FOunO MIRK

2 DEAD
1 Auwt

pj

BtAtM

Z. Atlantic ~Oc«ah - —

Cepea Nemoualis
RocicAWAy Beach, N.y

ut.U

.Most of the top soil thai goes to make the gardening space

of Rockaway is imported Prom Nassau county and Other locali-
ties in Long Island, hut the lo1 on which nemoralis was dis-
covered, lias developed an extremely thin Layer of natural humus

which supports a meager Vegetation. There are no shrubs or

July, 1946] Tin: N.\ri i: 3

. although in the northern corner there is ;i heavy growth
of honeysuckle vine (Loniceras Bp.) escaped From aeighboring
gardens, In addition to a few tough beach grasses, we found
the usual weeds of undeveloped Rockaway lots: Virginia creeper
[Psedera quinquefolia), Queen Amir's lace {Daucut cat
golden rod {Solidago Bp.), Yarrow (Achillea millefolium), etc.
Qarden trash discarded ou this Lol has provided enough
to permil bo much moisture to be retained thai we even found
■ few specimens of morel mushrooms (Morchella sp.).

The snails were found, in company with Zonitoides arboreus,
Limax maximus and Deroceras reticulatum ("agrestis"), under
corrugated and ordinary cardboard, in compost (garden
trash), under bits of sheet metal and other cover. Shells of
SpisuJa solidissima provided shelter for particularly crowded
groups, and an old wooden-framed bed spring was a prolific
source of specimens. The specimens with the best preserved
shells came from the honeysuckle bush. Many specimens were
taken in the open in the scanty grass, but when some of these
were sent alive to Dr. Pilsbry he promptly called them "the most
ill-favored*' lot he had seen, only shreds of the perioatracum re-
maining. Local pride impelled us to mail him another set of
more decent shells.

In the same personal communication (April 26, 1946) Dr.
Pilsbry also commented on the large preponderance of unhanded
shells. In this respect our Rockaway colony differs decidedly
from the Rhode Island colony described by Ellen G. Matteson.
An ong 293 mature specimens collected, we counted

209 specimens with the formula 00000

76 specimens with the formula 12345

6 specimens with the formula 00300

ami one each with the formulas 12045 and 12340. In most
banded specimens the bands are quite distinct, only very few
offering such formulas as 123(45) or (12)345.

The color is uniformly greenish lemon yellow (""lemon yel-
low" to "*wax yellow" of Ridgway's plates IV and XVI, thin
younger ones verging towards "pyrite yellow"), and the hands
and lips a rich brown or almost black, sometimes bordering on
maroon. In several specimens there appears near the lip a

4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

slight reddish tinge that resembles the ground color of many
shells from the Brighton colony in upper New York, which Mr.
Blakeslee was good enough to send us. Dr. Pilsbry also found
our specimens rather small, but one in particular is so small
(19 mm. in diameter) and so elevated that except for the colored
lip it might be taken for an unhanded Cepaea hortensis (Miiller).

Although nemoralis has been found on Long Island (in Flush-
ing), there is no evidence that our colony descends from that
one. The extreme localization of the Kockaway colony indi-
cates the youth of this group, a fact which is borne out by the
statement of a neighbor who reported she had become aware of
the existence of the snails only about two years ago. In view
of the large number of individuals and the numerous dead and
bleached shells, this statement is probably extreme. But it is
doubtful that a period of more than five years can be assigned
to the snail colony on Beach 136th Street.

Since the current building boom in the Rockaways foretells a
limited life span for our colony, we have undertaken to transfer
large numbers of the snails to other localities in the neighbor-
hood where building activities are less likely. Prudence forbids
us to identify these localities more closely. But at any rate it
is to be hoped that though the snails will probably be eliminated
from their original home lot, the Rockaway colony will manage
to survive elsewhere in the neighborhood.

COLLECTING MOLLUSKS AT HOT SPRINGS.

VIRGINIA

By ROBERT C. ALEXANDER

When I started out along the north walking-trail the morning
of June 1-'!. 1946, my purpose was to try to collecl some of the
niolliisks that inhabit this pari of the mountain region of
Virginia.

It had rained hard the night before, hut the rain stopped
before daylight. As I walked along the trail, sunlighl sparkled
on drops of rainwater caught in the grass and on the foliage.
Rivulets of clear water running from the hot and cold mineral
springs for which this place is famous, gleamed in the sunlight

July, 194 Tin: NAiin.rs 5

as they flowed to join and form a Btream in tliis narrow valley
in the Alleghany Mountains. 2300 feel above Bea level.

Tlu' north walking-trail begins al The Bomestead. It winds
for three milt's and a quarter beside a golf course, past partly
cleared fields and thickets, through open woods and I

land on the mountain slopes, and finally leads back to the

hotel again.

< >n a shaded slope above the trail where dead Leaves Were COl-

i in drifts and piled high againsl fallen tree trunks and

the ghostly pale Indian Pipe grew in clusters from decayed
organic matter in the rich damp soil, I found shells of Trio-
dopsis alboldbris Say. Triodopsis tridentata Say. Mesodon tliy-
n>i<l)t.< Say. Mesodon inflectus Say. Mesomphix inornatus Say.
and Haplotrema concavum Say.

Stopping on a rustic footbridge to look down at the cold clear
water flowing from a spring nearby, I saw that many of the
stones in the water had small protuberances on them formed ap-
parently of little fragments of slate or stone cemented together.
Upon closer investigation, these were found to be the homes of
certain insect larvae that live in the wTater and build these
curious limpet-like structures for their protection. Their habit
of Living in these strange homes in the water has often caused
these insect larvae to be confused with mollusks (cf. Valvata
on nifi ra Lea).

Bending down at the water's edge, I noticed a tiny species of
land snail, Cochlicopa lubriea Midler, on blades of grass trailing
in the water. Some of them had retreated into their shells and
were at the mercy of the current; others were actively moving
about. Although this species ordinarily inhabits moist places,
it is a mystery why most of them were immersed in the water
when I collected them. Perhaps the downpour during the llighl

washed them into the rivulet. Certainly these tiny air-breathing

mollusks could not Long remain under water and continue to live.

Dr. Henry A. Pilshry states that this is one of the southern-

localities reported in the east for Cochlicopa lubfica. A

variety is found farther south.

Not far away in the small stream formed by the rivulets from
the springs, I collected several specimens of the freshwater
snail Qoniobasis nickliniana Pea. Pea designated Bath County.

6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

Virginia, as the type locality for this species, but a note
accompanying specimens described as "part of the original lot"
(A.N.S.P. 64477) states more specifically that they were "found
by P. H. Nicklin in a rivulet near the Hot Springs Hotel (before
The Homestead), Bath County, Va., Sept. 8, 1840." It is quite
likely my specimens were collected in the same stream or rivulet
probably not far from the very spot where Mr. Nicklin, for
whom the species is named, collected his specimens.

It is gratifying to know that Goniobasis nicklvniana Lea can
still be found alive in the same locality where it was originally
collected more than a century ago. In fact, the species, of which
Lea said "the purple color of the interior of most of the speci-
mens gives the shell a very dark appearance," seems to have
flourished. Large numbers of these dark-shelled mollusks can
be seen climbing on stones in the stream. They seem to have
prospered in size too. Lea gave a length of .45 of an inch for
the type. My specimens, the largest I could obtain, are over
half an inch in length and the larjrest one is .57 of an inch long.

CONDYLOCARDIA IN FLORIDA AND

MIDDLE AMERICA

By H. A. PILSBEY and AXEL A. OLSSON

CONDYLOCABDIA PLOB1DENSIS, new species. Plato 1, figs. 9, 10.

The shell is very small, globose, subcircular and with strongly
ribbed sculpture; umbos with a prominent prodissoconch sur-
rounded by a raised vi\<:e or collar and appearing relatively

large because of the minute size of the adult shell; both sides of

the dorsal margin are flattened, smooth, forming excavated.

lunular and escutcheon-like areas, that on the anterior side be-
ing widest. Externally the sculpture is formed by 11 strong
tibs which arc rather strongly beaded or noded, especially in
their ventral portion and along the posterior margin; the ribs
are separated by wide, deep furrows, across which there are
delicate threads, irregularly developed. Internally, the ventral

margin is Btrongly grooved by the ends of the ribs and in recent
shells, which are translucent, the ribs and furrOWS show clearly
through the shell wall. The hinge characters in recent speci-
mens are generally difficult to distinguish clearly but appear as

follows: the hinge plate is wel l-developed with a deep, subincdiau.

July. 1946] THE NAUTILUS 7

internal Ligament or resilium pit which is set slightly obliquely,

its lower end being directed a little backwards; in the left valve,
the resilium is bordered behind bj a Large, knob-like, perhaps

more or less hooked, cardinal tOOth, while oil the anterior side

there is a small cardinal tooth, sometimes scarcely distinguish-
able at the upper end of ligament pit, and a small socket below
it a little more forward; the righl valve has a cardinal tooth on
each side of the resilium; a single, strong, lateral socket is
present in cadi valve, placed distantly from the center of the
hinge and in which the prominently bevelled edge of the oppo-
site valve fits; the left valve has the posterior lateral and the
right valve carries the anterior lateral. Color of recent speci-
mens is usually a pale yellow, occasionally pure white. Length
1.25 mm., height 1.1 mm.

Condyloeardia ftoridensis is not uncommon at Ohio Key.
southern Florida, type and paratypes Xo. 181311, A.N.S. Phila.,
others in the Olsson collection. These shells were picked out of
beach sand made up largely of the foraminiferal tests of
Archaias aduncus (Fichtel and Moll.), A. compressus (Or-
bigny), Sorites, Heterostegina, etc. A few specimens of the
species have also been obtained from the Caloosahatchie Plio-
cene at Ortona Locks. We have received also a small specimen
from Matanzas Day. Cuba, through Dr. Pedro Bermudez and
Senor Primitivo Borro.

These small shells are perhaps more common in our American
faunas, recent and Tertiary, than previously suspected, but have
been overlooked in collecting because of their minuteness or by
being mistaken as the young of species of Cardita. Recent dis-
coveries have shown the group to be rather widely distributed
in both east and west American waters. Along the west coast,
we know of three species, one recent and Pleistocene and two
as Tertiary. Condyloeardia panomensis <Msson is recent, and
extends from western Panama southward to Ecuador. The
Ecuadorian Oligocene has two still undescribed species. On
the Caribbean side, a single species was described by Dal] as
Carditopsis l>< rnardi from the Pliocene of Puerto Limon, Costa
Pica. It was based on a single .specimen, and only the interior

has been figured. Two other species, still undescribed, are

found in the Lower Miocene La Rosa sand, of Maracaibo. Dall's
bernardi i-. somewhat similar to the shell from Florida hut is
>aid to have 14- ribs and its form is more oblique.

8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

A NEW GASTROPOD OF THE GENUS

EPISCYNIA MORCH

By A. MYBA KEEN

Stanford University, California

Several unusual finds have come to li<rht among a collection
of mollusks dredged in shallow water off Santa Cruz Island,
California, by Dr. Willis G. Hewatt ; notably, a specimen of
"Opalia" tremperi Bartsch, a new Pseudomelatoma that will be
described by Dr. Paul Bartsch, and a small gastropod of a
genus not hitherto reported in California.

In a recent issue of The Nautilus, Pilsbry and McGinty l
have given an admirably thorough, though brief, resume of
known species of this genus, Episcynia, which renders needless
a review here. One further record is added, however, to the list
of localities for the Floridan species, E. multicarinata (Dall).

Family Vitkixellidae Bush. 1897
Genus Episcynia Morch, 1875

Episcynia Morch, Malakozoologische Blatter, Bd. 22, 187."). p. 155.
Genotype (by monotypy) : Architectonica (Episcynia) inor-
nata (D'Orbigny) = Solarium inornatum D'Orbigny in
Sagra, 1842.

Original description of subgenus Episcynia: "T. hyalina,
carina duplice serie ciliorum, apice simplice, non inverso." (Shell
hyaline, the carina with a double series of cilia, apex simple, not
inverted.)

As Bush- and Pilsbry and McGinty :: have shown, the often-
ased family name Cyclostrematidae is inappropriate for any
element in the American fauna, the genotype of Cyclostrema
being a form that resembles certain South Pacific Liotias.

i Nautilus, vol. 59, no. .".. pp. 80-81, 1946.

- I'.usii, Catherine .1. Revision of 1 1 1 * - Blarine Gastropods Referred to
Cyologtrema, Adeorbia, Vitrinella, and Related Genera; with Descriptions
of Some New Genera and Species Belonging to 1 1 1 < - Atlantic Fauna of
America, Trans. Conn. Acad. BcL, voL l", Art. .'!, pp. (.)7-i4t, i! pis.,
July, 1897.

Pilsbry, I!. A., and McGinty, T. I... "Cyclostrematidae" and Vitrinel-
lidae of Florida, ll, Nautilus, vol. 59, no. 2, pp, r.ii-sri, Oct. 1945.

.Inly. 1946] THE NAUTILUS 9

Hence, the Dexl available familial name. Vit rinellidae, is

adopted. Modem workers seem agreed that Episcynia is
nerically, closely related to Vitrinella. Although superficially it

.s what resembles Architectonica, Morch'a allocation lias Long

;i u < > been abandoned.

Episcynia devexa Keen, new species.4 Plate 1. figs. 1-4.

Shell small, depressed, whitish, with .">"•, whorls; spire
conoidal, smooth excepl for somewhal sinuous microscopic lines
of growth and an almost imperceptible carina midway between
sutures; periphery marked by a smooth, rounded carina with
filamentous fringes of thin yellowish-brown periostracum above
and below; suture appressed on spire but from third whorl on-
ward descending farther and farther below periphery of previ-
ous whorl, thus rendering the shell scalariform; base slightly
convex, wrinkled near the deep, scalar umbilicus; umbilicus
bounded by a roughened keel; aperture rounded-quadrate, outer
lip broken in holotype, evidently a little sinuous; parietal callus
faint. Diameter (not including filaments) 4.0 mm., height 2.9
mm, height of body whorl 1.17 mm.

Type locality: Scorpion Harbor, Santa Cruz Island, Santa
Barbara County. California, in 2 to 3 fathoms. Holotype in
Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll., no. 7907.

Episcynia devexa is larger and proportionately higher than
any described species of the genus, and the degree to which the
suture descends below the periphery of previous whorls is
greater than in any other. So far as I have ascertained, no
author has noted this deflection of the suture as a diagnostic
feature of the genus. The original illustration of the genotype
(reproduced by Tryon B) merely hints at it. The deflection is
clearly shown in a specimen of E. inomata in the collection of
the United States National Museum (no. 449160, from Cayo
Arenas. Qorthwestern Cuba, in 2 fathoms); in two specimens of
E. multiciriiHita (Dall) from Marco, Florida — a locality not
previously reported for this species -(Stanford University col-
lection, collected in 2 fathoms by Henry Hemphill I ; in the figure
of E. mtUticarinata given by Pilsbry and McGinty;* in the

t From tlir Latin adjective devexus, bending down, shelving.
• Manual of Conehology, vol. 9, pi. 6, figs. 32-33, 1887.
stilus, vol. 59, no. 3, pi. 8, fig. 6.

10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

figure of E. naso (Pilsbry and Johnson) ;" and in the figure of
E. nicholsoni (Strong and Hertlein), discussed below.

The serrations of the peripheral keel, so characteristic of other
species of the genus, are wanting in E. devexa. That the holotype
was only recently dead when taken is shown by the fresh con-
dition of the periostracum. However, the operculum is missing,
so that final evidence for the placing of the genus in the family
Vitrinellidae still remains lacking.

There seems to be but one other named species of Episcynia
in the Pacific — E. nicholsoni (Strong and Hertlein).8 This may
be distinguished from E. devexa by its smaller size (diameter
3.1 mm.), less elevated spire, and serrate keel. The original
figure shows a descending suture but does not show any perios-
tracal fringe. Dr. Leo G. Hertlein informs me (personal com-
munication dated March 7, 1946) that traces of the periostracum
above and below the serrate keel are observable in the holotype.

To the paleontologist, the presence of this characteristically
tropical-American form in temperate water, fully ten degrees
of latitude north of the northern boundary of the Panamic
marine province, is cause for speculation. Is it a direct survivor
of the California]! Temblor fauna which, during the Miocene —
when the Panama portal was open — became strongly tinged with
Caribbean migrants? Or is it a fresh migrant itself since late
Tertiary and Pleistocene times when colder currents from the
north caused local extinction of subtropical forms that had been
abundant in the San Pedro area? Whatever its history, it points
lip the kinship between the Californian and Panamic faunas and
between those two and the Caribbean', all three having had
much more in common during the past than they have at present.

I wish to thank Dr. Willis (.i. llewatt For permitting me to
study the material he collected Oil Santa Cruz Island; \)v. Pan!

Bartsch For the Loan of specimens; Professor Siemon YV. Muller

Cor criticism and advice; and Mr. David Nicol For verifying a

reference. Funds For preparation of illustrations were supplied
by the Research Committee of Stanford University.

i Proc. A.-a.l. Nat. 8ci. Philadelphia, vol. 7::. pL 37, Bg. 5, 1922.

) Described us CirouluB nicholsoni, Univ. Southern Calif. PubL, Allan
Hancock Pacific Expeditions, vol. 2, n<>. 12, p, 241, pL 22, :.

August, 1939; type locality, Tobago [eland, Panama, 3 9 fathoms.

THE V\l Til. I s i,ii i

PLATE I

1-4, I devexa. 5, Conus wools* 5-8, J a bolivari.

9 LO, i 'ondylocardia floi idt n

THE X ATT I LI'S-. 60 (1/

PLATE 2

lb

la

, ,., ntrinellat *■ 2-2b, <• '•'"""■ B-8b, V-KeN****. >. >- '

July. 1946] i HE N.\r in is 11

Fi<;. i. Episcynia devexa, new species. apertnral view <>f holotype,

Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. do. 7907. Diameter, 4.0 nun. Pro. 2.

l>as:ii view. Pio. •"•. Same specimen ms seen from the n;ir. Fro. ). Same
men, :u'i*;il view.

ANOTHER PACIFIC SPECIES OF EPISCYNIA
By II. A. PIL8BB7 UTO AXEL A. OL8

Episcynla bolivabi, new species. Plate 1. figs. <>. 7. 8.

Shell helicoid, biconvex, carinate, white, of rather thin texture ;

with a low. eonvexly eonoidal spire of 514 rather weakly convex
whorls joined by a well marked but shallow suture, which
terminates immediately below the peripheral keel. Upper sur-
face Bomewhat polished and smooth except for irregularly dis-
tributed and very faint, retractive lines of growth; the last
whorl is very slightly angular a little distance above the narrow
peripheral carina; the latter being in some places very minutely
serrate; basal surface is rather slightly but evenly convex,
polished, and marked with somewhat sinuous lines of growth, and
low radial folds towards the umbilicus. The umbilicus is deep,
scalar, contained AXU times in the diameter, with a sharp
marginal angle slightly overhanging the flat vertical walls, which
are smooth except for two fine spiral threads near the suture.
The aperture is but little oblique, irregularly quadrangular.
Peristome thin and sharp, the columellar and outer margins con-
nected by a very thin parietal glaze. Columella subvert ical,
weakly concave, slightly thickened, more or less strongly angu-
lar and slightly effuse at junction with basal margin of lip.
Diameter 3.9 mm., height 2 mm.

Zorritos, Peru, type 181311 A.X.S.P. ; Isla del Gallo, Colombia,
paratype. Also fossil in the Pleistocene of Quebrada Rabo de
Puerco, near Puerto Armuelles, Chiriqui, Panama.

This graceful shell is separable from other Pacific species
by its form and the minute almost vanishing serration of the
peripheral carina. The Miocene species Episcynia naso (Pils.
(Jc dolnis. 1, of Santo Domingo, has a much more coarsely toothed
or serrate carina. In the recent A', miriticarinata (Dall) also,
the serration is decidedly more conspicuous. Compared with
Pacific species, this snail is more elevated than I-Jpiscynia )ii<li<>l-
SOnt (Stroii-- and Hertlein).1 judging by the figure of that

1 Cireuhu nichoUoni Strong and Eertlein, i!<::!>, Allan Baneock Pacific
Expedition, vol. 2, p. 241, pL l'l', figs. 2, 3, 4.

12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

species; in the text there is an evident error in the dimensions,
which are given as: diameter 3.1 mm., alt. 0.8 mm. The sculp-
ture of E. nicholsoni appears to be far coarser than in our
species. E. dcvexa Keen is a somewhat higher shell with
larger umbilicus, and having the last whorl descending con-
spicuously below the smooth keel. While further collections
may possibly show less descent than the type specimen (which
may be a little abnormal), there is likely to be decidedly more
descent anteriorly than in our E. bolivari, where there is none.
The two species seem to be closely related otherwise.

The serration of the peripheral carina of E. bolivari is ex-
tremely fine, and is visible only in places, much of the contour
being smooth. The presence of inconspicuous traces of angula-
tion and roughness of the periostracum shortly above the keel
apparently indicates that fresh specimens have periostracal
fringes as in E. multicarinata (Dall) and E. devexa Keen.

VITRINELLIDAE OF FLORIDA, PART 4
By HENRY A. PILSBRY and THOMAS L. McGINTY

In our former consideration of Climacia, Nautilus, vol. 59, p.
77, we failed to investigate the standing of that name, which our
Cuban friends have found to be a homonym. They replaced it
by Climacina, which unfortunately had already been used for
;i genus referred to the Eulimidae; so thai we are compelled to
impose still another name upon these helpless midgets. The
taxonomic references now stand thus:

Anticlimax, new name

Climacia Dall, 1903.- Pilsbry & McGinty, 1946, Nautilus, vol.

:.!'. p. 77. Xoi Climacia M'Lachlan, lsi;i) (Neuroptera).
Climacina Aguayo & Borro, 1946, Revista Soc. Malac. 'Carl

la Torre,' vol. l. 11. Not Climacina Gemmellaro, 1878, Giorn.

Sci. Nat. ed Boon. Palermo, vol. 13, p. 126 (Mollusca).

Tlir genotype remains Teinostoma {Climacia) calliglyptum

Dall.

July, 1946] Tin; haute 13

\'i i i;iNi:i.i.A

C. B. Adams, Is-"'". Monograph of Vitrinella, p. 3. K. J. Bush,
1897, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. 1". p. 10"). type V, helieoidea

l B. A.

In the typical group of Vitrim llu the shell is thin, minute,
depressed and ombilicate, of 3 to 4 Bubtubular whorls. The um-
bilicus has rather flattened walls and is bounded by a spiral
cord or thread. The rounded aperture is oblique, with a thin
peristome, its upper margin arching forward. The columella is
thin or only moderately thickened. The thin operculum is multi-
spiral. but its whorls, except the last one or two, are indistinct.

We leave in the genus also some forms differing from the
above by having the whorls convex within the umbilical cavity,
without a spiral cord. It does not seem practicable at present
to separate generically the shells referred by K. J. Bush and
others to Circulus. Miss Bush has suggested that it is a subgenus
of Vitrinella. These shells usually have spiral sculpture.

Vitrinella iielkoidea C. B. Adams. Plate 2, figs. 3, 3a, 3b.

C. B. Adams. Monog. Vitrinella, p. 9. — Pilsbry, Nbtulae Na-
turae, No. 162. p. 2, fig. 1.— Pilsbry & MeGinty, Nautilus, vol.
59, pi. 2, fig. 5, living animal.

The Floridan specimens appear to be typical. The figures
are from one of a series from the North Inlet of Lake Worth,
Palm Beach, collected by T. L. M.

They live under rocks. The shells of specimens collected alive
are glossy, slightly milky transparent, whitish around the um-
bilicus, hut many of them are stained a rich mahogany red.
The aperture is rounded, with a small parietal excision where
the penult whorl intrudes, and angular above; but in a basal
it appears Bomewhat squarish, as the baso-columellar part
of the peristome recedes, the eoluniellar margin then running
forward on the base and a little thickened within. It is this
slight thickening which causes the whiteness around the umbili-
cus. The upper margin of the peristome arches strongly forward.
Diameter 2.:; mm. ; umbilicus contained •'!.■'! times in the diameter.

uthei- records are: fisher Island, .Miami, and Conch Key,
collected by T. L. McGinty ,V .1. A. Weber.

14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

The living animal (Nautilus, vol. 59, pi. 2, fig. 5) is trans-
lucent white, pinkish around the head. In movement the foot
does not extend back beyond the shell, and is rounded pos-
teriorly.

The series from Lake Worth shows some variation in the
degree of depression, figure 3b representing the lowest from one
lot. The highest is somewhat higher than figure 3. Two meas-
ure : Diam. 2.3 mm., height 1.3 mm., and diam. 2.4, height 1 mm.

Vitrinella praecox, new species. Plate 2, figs. 1, la, lb.
Vitrinella. . . . Nautilus, vol. 59, pi. 2, fig. 4.

The shell is umblicate, the width of umbilicus contained 3%
times in the total diameter; depressed, rather thin, grayish-
white;1 in the adult state smooth, except that there are usually
about three weak spiral threads above the periphery (and some-
times several on the convexity of the base ; the immature stages
with stronger spirals as described below). The spire is quite
low. Whorls 3%, convex, the last l1/; a little concave below the
suture. Last whorl is well rounded peripherally and at base,
a little concave close to the strong cord which overhangs the
umbilicus. The aperture is weakly oblique, rounded; the peri-
stome thin; columellar margin distinctly thickened in the baso-
columellar arc, especially at the termination of the umbilical
cord. Parietal callus thin. Diameter 1.6 mm., height 0.75
mm.

North end of Lake Worth (T. L. McGinty), type A.N.S.P.
181881. Paratypes A.N.S.P. 181882, other paratypes in Mc-
Ginty coll.

This is a larger shell than V. bicaudata, more depressed, and
having well developed spiral cords in immature stages, more or
less or almost completely obsolete in the full grown stage. The
living animal has not been observed.

In immature shells (pi. 2, fig. lb) the peripheral cord is
rather strong, and followed by a space which is either plain or
has several small spirals, after which there are several spiral
cords on the base. This sculpture weakens with age, and in
the smoothest examples, only weak traces of it remain in the
adult.

The living animal (Nautilus, vol. 59, pi, 2, li-_r. -i) is trans-
lucent white, pinkish around the head. The small black eyes

■ The shells ■■ire usually stained, pale brown <>r reddish brown.

UlV.

Tin: N.u'Tii L5

as in r. helicoidea, at outer bases of the tentacles. The fool
does not extend beyond shell, and is rounded at the end.

We feel sure that the eyes of these mollusks are of little tie
them. They are nol at all sensitive, <>i\ at Least, show no reaction
to tin' Btrong light used In drawing them. Where they are
found, under Btones, there must be practically no light. Prob-
ably t lie ciliated tentacles give them a line sense of touch, en-
abling them to Lret about in total darkness. In drawing them
one notices that they move with rapidity remarkable in such
minute snails. It is hard to keep them in the field, even when
osing a low power of the microscope.

Yituinella fii.ifkka, new species. Plate 2, fig. 2, 2a, 2b.

The shell is depressed, umbilicate, the width of umbilicus con-
tained a little more than 4 times in the diameter; thin, white
(dead), smooth. The upper surface is convex with slightly
prominent apex, the whorls convex, the last whorl having a
cord a short distance below the suture and parallel to it, becom-
ing weaker near the aperture; the periphery is broadly rounded;
base convex, a little impressed along the cord around the um-
bilicus; which in its last turn enlarges to about double its former
width ami is bounded by a cord which becomes weaker near the
aperture. The aperture is rounded, somewhat oblique, the peri-
stome thin, upper margin is strongly arched forward, retracted
to the upper insertion, the basal margin straightened or a little
curved forward in a basal view, and there is a slight angle at
the termination of the umbilical cord. The columella is slanting,
nearly straight, rather thick. Parietal callus thin. Diameter
1.25 nun.; height 0.7 mm.; 3% whorls.

Type A.N.S.P. 181879, Biscayne Bay at Baker's Haulover,
Miami. Florida (J. A. Weber).

The strong thread which follows the suture and the strongly

convex outline of the upper margin of the aperture, in apical or
basal view, are distinctive features of this snail, which has not
yet been found alive.

VlTBINELLA (TOMURA.) BICAUDATA Pilsbry & McGinty. Nautilus.

vol. 59, pi. •_'. fig. 9.

The shell is umbilicate. the width of umbilicus contained nearly

f> times in the diameter, globosely depressed, rather thin, smooth.

1G THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

grayish white, slightly translucent. The upper surface is evenly
convex. There are 3 moderately convex whorls and a minute
apical dimple; the last whorl very wide, well rounded. The
base is convex, becoming a little concave near the strong angle
or cord which overhangs the umbilicus. The aperture is rounded,
only slightly oblique; peristome thin, the columellar margin very
slightly thickened, arcuate. Parietal callus thin.

Diameter 1.2 mm., height 0.75 mm.

The extremely thin operculum is slightly concave externally,
of the multispiral type with subcentral nucleus; the spiral figure
is indistinct, but somewhat over one whorl is visible.

Missouri Key, Florida, living under rocks (T. L. McGinty,
March, 1945).

This is a more elevated shell than VitrineUa hclicoidca C. B.
Ad., with relatively larger aperture and smaller umbilicus.

One of us (T. L. M.) took three of these, all with the same
cleft tail, and kept them living together. They may be canni-
balistic, for on the third day the animal of one was gone and
on the fourth day only a single specimen remained alive.

When the living animal was found last year we thought that
it represented a new genus which we called Tomura (Nautilus.
vol. 59, pi. 2, fig. 9). The animal is formed as in YitrincUa ex-
cept that the foot is bifid posteriorly, and the tentacles do not
appear to bear any cilia; but the shell has all the characters of
the typical section of VitrineUa. Pending further studies of
living Vitrinellae we are holding the status of Tomura in sus-
pense, as it could not be recognized by the shell alone.

Vitrinella floridana, new species. Plate 2, figs. 4, 4a.

The minute shell is depressed, whitish, smooth, openly um-
bilicate, the umbilicus contained 3.25 times in the diameter.
There are barely <% convex whorls, the last whorl somewhat
flattened below the periphery, rounded at periphery, base, and
umbilical border, the umhilicus rat her broadly open, perspective,
the whorls visible within it convex. The aperture is rather
strongly oblique, rounded angular above (or in a basal view it
appears bluntly triangular). Peristome thin, the upper margin
only moderately arched forward. The columellar margin is

thickened and runs forward above. Parietal callus rather thick
and short. Diameter 1.95 mm., height ().!».") mm.; umhilicus (Mi
mm. wide.

July. L946] THE nai'tii 17

Northern Biscayne Baj near Baker 'i Baulover, .Miami

(Weber, McGinty & Pilsbry), type L81880 A..N.S.P., paratopes

in McGinty and Weber collections. Also Indian River south of

Mian. Indian River Co.; North Inlet of Lake Worth, Palm

Beach; and Barnes Sound, Key Largo (McGinl

The small size, rather large umbilicus without a bordering
cord, and the feeble convexity of the upper margin of peristome,
in apical or basal view, arc its more conspicuous features.

Vitkini 1 1. a TKK.MiNAi.is. new species. Plate 2, figs. 5, 5a.

The shell is depressed, with low-conic spire and small um-
bilicus which enlarged rapidly in the last half turn, and is con-
tained five times in the diameter; thin but moderately strong,
white i dead i. There are 4 Mi convex whorls joined by a rather
Strongly impressed suture. Last whorl is rounded at periphery
and base. Sculpture of a few very weak but coarse spirals in
the peripheral region. The last whorl seems to contract the
umbilicus, within which it is convex. The aperture is rounded,
quite oblique, the peristome thin outwardly, moderately curving
forward above. The columella!- margin is extremely thick, re-
I over part of the umbilicus, passing into a rather thick
but thin-edged parietal callus. Diameter 2.4 mm., height 1.7
mm.

Destin, northwestern Florida, in 19 fathoms (T. L. and P. L.
McGinty, 1941 . type 181883 A.N.S.P.

The conic spire has more whorls and a deeper suture than in
typical Yitrinellae. and the columella is very heavily calloused.
Just where it will finally be placed is uncertain. The umbilicus
is quite small up to the last half whorl of the umbilical suture,
when it becomes rapidly much wider.

Teinostoma, subgenus Annulicallus

Just what relation these snails bear to the group typified by
"Teinostoma" funiculus Dall remains somewhat uncertain.
Teinostoma cabtnicallus, new species. Plate 2, figs. 6, 6a, 6b.

The somewhat depressed shell is thin but moderately strong,
smooth, grayish white, imperforate, with low spire. There are
about 3% convex whorls, the penull becoming noticeably angu-
lar, the last whorl flattened below the suture, near which it is
slightly concave, then obtusely but strongly angular, after which

18 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

it becomes broadly rounded peripherally. It is carinate at the
base, the carina forming the outer border of a strongly concave
callus which covers the umbilical region. The aperture is
rounded, the peristome thin, somewhat retracted to the upper
insertion; the concave columellar margin is thick; calloused, the
callus limited by a shallow crease where it passes into the axial
callus. Parietal callus is thin.

Diameter 2.7 mm., height 1.75 mm. Type.

Diameter 2.4 mm., height 1.5 mm. Clearwater.

Missouri Key, Florida, under rocks (T. L. McGinty). Type
181979 A.N.S.P., paratypes in McGinty and Weber collections.
One and one-half miles off Cape Florida, in 70 feet (J. A.
Weber). North Inlet of Lake Worth in several places; Fisher
Island, Miami ; Little Duck Key ; west end Bahia Honda Key
(McGinty). On the west coast at Fort Myers Beach (Weber)
and Clearwater (Irene Clark, 1929).

This species resembles T. lituspalmarum rather closely, but
it differs by being relatively more depressed and it is much larger,
though with about the same number of whorls, T. lituspalmarum
measuring: diameter 1.75 mm., height 1.2 mm. T. carinicaUus
shows no spiral striae (but in lituspalmarum these are extremely
feeble, being faintly visible only on the upper surface of the
last whorl). The specimen reported from off Cape Florida as
'/'. lituspalmarum is not that species, but T. carinicaUus. An
old specimen from Clearwater has the columella and the parietal
callus very thick.

The Panamic Teinostoma ochsneri strong & Hertlein appears
near to this.

SOME RECORDS OF MARINE MOLLUSKS
FROM BRASIL

By MARGARET C. BTEWAET

The mollusks Listed below were collected on the coasl of Brasil
and presented to the writer by Mr. J. Gillson. As records are
so tew from this region it was thoughl worth while to publish
this brief Lis1 even though it is fragmentary Tor the region.

The Hi mifusus is round on both easl and west Atlantic shores.
All the other species are bivalves, most of them typically West

[ndian. Identification by K. A. McLean.

July. 1946] THE n ai n; 10

Praia Pedba, Yikada

Area Candida Gmel. Tivela mactroides Bora

J/-.-./ iiH-oiiijrwi brasiliana Anomalocardia brasiUana

d'Orb. Gmel.

Vlicalula gibbosa Lam. Moctra alula Spengl.

Ostna rirginica Gmel. Mulinia guodeloupt Reel.

/.///((/ ////(»/ L. Tellina lunula Turton

I.ucina pectinata Gmel. Iphigenia brasiliensis Lam.

('unlium muricatum L. Tagelus gibbus Spengl.

Pitor circinata Bora

Alcobaca, Bahia

- 1 /'■'/ bisulcafa Lam. Cardium muricatum L.

.Lv</ cami>> elm nsis Gmel. Donas carinata Haul.

Victoria, Espirito Santo

.Ire-/ caiii/xihnnsis Gmel. Cardium muricatum h.

Area mcongrua brasiliana Tellina angulosa Gmel.

d'Orb. Donax carinata Hani.

sapebus, Espirito Santo

.!/-. •/ adamsi Smith Anomalocardia brasiliana

Area campechiensis Gmel. Gmel.

.Ire/ Candida Gmel. M id i it ia guaddou pi nsis \l

Aria incongrua brasiliana Tellina angulosa Gmel.

d'Orb. Sanguinolaria operculata

Plicatula gibbosa Lam. Gmel.

MytUus achatinus Lam. Tagil us gibbus Spengl.

<"/ pectinata Gmel. Hemifusus morio L.
Tivela mactroides Bora

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

After an enforced period of quiescence during the war 3
the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the American Malacological
Union will be hold in Washington, D. C, August U 16. The
regular meetings will he held at the United states National

20 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

Museum. It is planned to have an outing and out-door buffet
supper at "Lebanon," the 450-acre estate of Dr. Paul Bartsch
on Pohick Bay of the Potomac River.

There are two large tourist camps between Mount Vernon
and Washington which offer cottages for two people at $1.00
and $1.25 a day; the latter have showers and other conveniences.
Those who wish accommodations at one of these camps, please
communicate immediately with Dr. Bartsch, Division of Mol-
lusks, U. S. National Museum, Washington 25, D. C.

Please communicate promptly with Mrs. Harold R. Robertson,
136 Buffum Street, Buffalo 10, New York, if you expect to
attend, so that plans for the annual dinner may be made. Titles
of papers and time required should be sent to Dr. Ilarald A.
Rehder, Division of Mollusks, U. S. National Museum.

THREE NEW PUPILLIDS FROM THE LOWER

PLEISTOCENE OF CENTRAL AND

SOUTHWESTERN KANSAS

By A. BYRON LEONARD

University of Kansas Museum of Natural History

The Pearlette Ash member of the Meade formation of south-
western Kansas is frequently underlain with mud, fine silt or
sand which often yields a varied and populous molluscan
faunule. These deposits, although bearing similar vertebrate
and invertebrate faunules in Russell, Clark and Meade counties,
Kansas, have not yet been satisfactorily correlated with beds in
other areas, although it is generally understood thai they arc
of lower Pleistocene age. Recent studies of the molluscan faun-
ules of these deposits, at present incomplete, have resulted in
the discovery of three previously unknown pupillid gastropods,
which are described below.

Columella tbidentata, new species. Plate •'>. figs. 1, 2.

Holotype: Catalogue number 'ATM, University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History. Horizon and type locality: Lower
Pleistocene; sec :',;>, twp. 1 1 8, R n W; 3 mi. sw Wilson, in

RtlSSeU County, Kansas.

July, 1946] \i ni.is 21

Diagnosis: shell large, elongate, cylindrical with three well-
developed lamellae; a Btrong angulo-parietal and a deeply im-
3ed, rounded columellar lamella; whorls 7'^.

Ik tcription of kolotypi : shell large Eor the genua, subcylindri-
cal, with 7 ' •_■ compressed whorls; suture well impressed; um-
bilicus round, small, diameter only 's diameter of body whorl;
first :: whorls enlarging rapidly, producing bluntly conic apex;
remaining whorls increasing in size slowly hut regularly; firsl
1 ! L. whorls with finely granular sculpture, remaining whorls
embellished with fine, diagonal, closely spared growth lines;
last half of hotly whorl compressed around axis, subangulate
below; aperture small, subtriangular ; peristome simple, con-
tinuous by thin callus across body whorl; lip relatively heavy
(broken?) ; lamellae .'! ; the angular bluntly triangular, arising
aear angular lip of peristome and extending downward, curving
slightly toward periphery; fused with parietal lamella except
Dear termination, winch is situated midway along peripheral
border of parietal; parietal lamella (not visible in front view)
deeply immersed, thick, heavy, broadly spatulate, rounded;
eolumellar lamella eompressed, peristome, including lamella,
finely punctate. .Measurements (in mm.) : height, 5.2; diameter,
2.52; height of aperture, 1.5; diameter of aperture, 1.44.

Known only from the type. C. tridentata resembles Colu-
mella hasia in size and shape, but the latter laeks the lamellae,
and has 9 whorls.

Gastrocopta proarmifera, new species. Plate 3, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Holofyjn\- Catalogue number 3741, University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History. Horizon and type locality: Lower
Pleistocene; sec. 35, twp. 14 S, R 11 W; 3 mi. SW Wilson, in
Russell County, Kansas.

Diagnosis: Shell with the characters of the subgenus Albinula
Sterki, except that the parietal lamella is actually bifurcate,
having a short heavy limb turned toward the periphery. The
shell is ovate-oblong, with 7 lamellae, all exceptionally large and
massive save the basal, always small and sometimes nearly obso-
lete, and the suprapalatal, which is small, but invariably present
in a large series. The large, disc-shaped columellar lamella is a
distinctive character.

Description of holotype: Shell perforate, rimate, ovate-oblong,
summit obtusely conic. Whorls a little more than 6 in number,
tirst iy> finely granular, remaining whorls finely and diagonally
striate; whorls only slightly inflated, last whorl compressed
around axis, subangulate below; suture moderately impressed.

22 THE nautilus [Vol. 60 (1)

Aperture irregularly oval ; peristome flared ; lip thin and simple,
reflected, adnate and continuous upon body whorl. A de-
pressed, seamlike sear, behind peristome, indicates position of
lower palatal plica. Lamellae 7 in number; a fused angulo-
parietal, a columellar, a basal, lower palatal, upper palatal,
and suprapalatal. The massiveness of the lamellae restricts
the size of the orifice. The angular lamella arises from peri-
stome above sinulus, curves, and is deflected toward periphery,
fused with parietal at its lower termination; parietal heavy with
rounded edges, bifurcate below, an elongate limb turns toward
the periphery, a shorter, heavier limb curves toward the colu-
mella ; columellar lamella, when viewed front in front, appears as
of a slightly concave disc ; it extends obliquely downward, the
lower part most deeply immersed. Basal lamella almost obso-
lete, subcolumellar in position ; palatal plicae on a low rounded
callus; the lower palatal very deeply placed in cavity (above
the termination of the parietal) heavy, bluntly chisel-shaped,
transverse in cavity; upper palatal lamella less deeply immersed,
less than Y> as large as lower palatal, termination rounded, and
directed slightly toward the periphery; suprapalatal lamella
small, nodular, located on lower border of sinulus. Lamellae
and walls of aperture finely punctate. Measurements in mm. :

Height

Diameter

Aperture
Height

Aperture
Diameter

\\ hods

Type

4.08

2.16

1.60

1.4

6*

Paratype

3.37

2.0

1.44

1.24

6i

"

3.93

2.16

1.50

1.44

6i

it

3.96

2.16

1.60

1.44

6i

G. proarmifera occurs in deposits 6 miles north of Meade,
Meade County. Kansas, in addition to the type locality. This
species resembles G. a. ruidosensis Cockerell, hut differs from it
in the following details: Lamellae generally more massive; the
parietal distinctly bifurcate below; the columellar rounded.
rather than triangular in profile, and the lower palatal much
more deeply situated within the aperture.

Gasteocopta falcis, new species. Plate ::. ti--. (].

Holotype: Catalogue number 3729, University of Kansas
.Museum of Natural History. Horizon <i ml type locality: Lower
Pleistocene; s\v ' , sec 2, twp. ::i S, R 28 W; n mi. X. Meade,
Meade County. Kansas.

Diagnosis: A small Bpecies, the shell aboul 1.7 mm. in height.

The shell is cylindrical, with o whorls. Seven lamellae, the

July. 19 ; THE N mi n 23

angular and parietal widely divergent, the latter curving strong-
ly toward the periphery. The columellar lamella rises low in the
orifice, extends toward the parietal, and is then reflexed toward

the periphery, extending nearly to the tr idge of the lip. The

basal plica is transverse in the cavity; the lower palatal is large,
deeply entering, elongate, and curved toward the periphery;
upper and suprapalatals not unusual.

Description of holotype: shell small, cylindrical, narrowly
perforate; whorls •"> in number, moderately convex; summit ob-
. suture deeply impressed; tirst whorl microscopically granu-
lar, remaining whorls minutely punctate and striate; body
whorl compressed around axis, broadly annulate below ; aperture
rounded below, squarish above; peristome thin, simple, and re-
el, lips approaching, scarcely connected by a thin callus on
body whorl; a constriction behind reflected lip of peristome,
followed by a heavy crest on right side only; behind the crest an
axially elongate, depressed scar indicates position of lower
palatal plica. Lamellae 7 in number; angular, thin, high, con-
tinent with annular lip of peristome above, and with parietal
lamella below; it curves slightly forward, and is deflected toward,
the periphery; parietal lamella heavy, widely divergent from
angular above; below the lower end of the angular, where it is
strong, high, and rounded, the parietal lamella curves toward
the periphery; columellar lamella highly specialized; it arises
low in orifice as a high plate extending toward the parietal, turns
slightly upward, and extends straight forward on the columellar
wall of the peristome to the point where the lip flares, wdiere it
ends in a thickened callus; the whole resembling a pruning knife
with the thin edge turned toward the columella. No subcolu-
mellar denticle; basal plicae heavy, triangular, deeply placed in
the cavity; lower palatal plica arising broadly from the callus on
which are set also the basal and upper palatal plicae, deeply
entering, to a point above the termination of the angular, free
surface plane; upper palatal plica less deeply placed, high,
toothlike; two minute, conical suprapalatal plicae. Denticles
and walls of orifice smooth and glistening. Measurements (in
mm.) :

Aperture

Aperture

Height

Diameter

Height

Diameter

Whorla

Type

1.7

.87

.62

.55

5

Paratype

1.5

.87

.62

.59

5

1.75

.87

.62

.55

5

Only four examples known; one from the type locality, and
three (one broken) from Pyle Ranch deposits, X I : ' , sec. 11.

twp. .'!() S. R i':; W. Clarke County. Kansas. There is no sig-
nificant variation from the type among these individuals. Even

24 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

more nearly cylindrical than G. h. agna Pilsbry and Vanatta. it
is obviously related to this form, but it differs from agna in the
following: details : angular and parietal lamella more divergent
anteriorly; parietal curving more strongly toward the periphery;
columella lamella generally similar in form, but projecting
further from the axis near its origin, extending further upward,
and extending further forward on the peristome; basal plica
transverse in the cavity; lower palatal larger, entering more
deeply, elongate, and slightly curved toward the periphery, its
free edge plane, upper palatal and suprapalatal not unlike the
corresponding lamellae in agna.

A NEW FOSSIL PUPILLID

By DOROTHEA S. PRANZEN

University of Kansas Museum of Natural History

In order that a fossil pupillid, new to the fauna of North
America, may be included in Doctor H. A. Pilsbry 's second
volume of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mex-
ico)," the description of a new subspecies from a Pleistocene de-
posit is published at this time. Illustrations of this form will
appear in a more comprehensive study of the Pupillidae of
Kansas, now being prepared.

Pupilla muscorum sinistra, new subspecies.

Holotypc: Catalogue number 3728, University of Kansas
Museum of Natural History. Type locality and horizon: XK< ,
sec. 11, twp. 30 S, R 23 W, Clark County Kansas; Lower Pleisto-
cene.

Diagnosis: Shell sinistral, Bubcylindric, whorls T1^, convex,
increasing regularly and gradually in heighl ; lip reflected, thick-
ened within by a callus; parietal tooth low, elongate, curved
around the axis; .rest behind the lip high and round.

Type description: shell sinistral, subcylindrical, summit ob-
tuse; whorls 7'j. increasing regularly and gradually in height,
convex; suture incised; greatest diameter at level of fifth whorl
of spire from which the shell tapers to a constricted base;
auclear whorl finely granular; remaining whorls finely and
irregularly striate; aperture ovate, oblique; lip reflected, thick-

THE NAUTILUS BO I 1

PLATE

;£S, ,-' ;;i

^H

*

V, Columella trulentata, ■ '. 2, Columella tridentata, L5.4. 3, Gastro-
eopta proarmifera, ■ '. I. Goal /■<"•<</»'»/ proarmifera, basal dissection, •
L5.4. :,. Gastrocopta proarmifera, ■ 15.4. 6, Gastrocopta folds, 15.4.

July, 1946 Tin: NAUTILI B 25

ened within by a low, rounded callus; peristome sharp, continu-
ous across parietal wall by a thin callus; dentition consisting
of a single, low, elongate parietal lamella; cresl behind lip high
and round.

^••>t .\i» ■ ■ Aperture

U. unlit Diametei Height width

Tv|..- 3728 3.9mm. L.9 mm. L.25mm. 1.08 mm. 1\

Paratype (3827 3.8 L.8 L.15 0.9 7\

8 7 1.8 1.08 0.9 7

3.4 is L.08 (>.'.) 7

3.2 1.7 1.08 0.9 7

(3.v i.o 1.7 L.25 7\

At the type locality. Pupilla muscorum sinistra occurs
pure population. In a second locality, SW1^ sec. 35, twp. 14 S.

R 11 \Y, Russell County. Kansas, three-fourths of the Pupilla
population consists of Papilla muscorum (Linneaus) and only
one-fourth of Pupilla muscorum sinistra.

Size is the only appreciable variable among the paratypes.
The parietal lamella is wanting in only a few specimens. A
small lower palatal fold occurs rarely. The greatest diameter
of the type specimen is at the level of the fifth whorl while in
some of the paratypes the greatest diameter is at the level of the
fourth whorl. Pupilla muscorum sinistra differs from Pupilla
muscorum in being sinistral and in tapering to a more sharply
constricted base.

NOTES ON LAMARCK'S "PRODROME" 1799
Bv HENRY DODGE

Lamarck's "Prodrome d'une nouvelle classification des co-
quilles" was read at the Institut National in Paris '"le 21
frimaire an 7" (December 11, 1798). [It is presented here, iu
translation, because it is unavailable to many conchologists.]
It has never been republished and the Afemoires of the Soci6te*
Xaturelle de Paris, in the 1799 volume of which it appeared,
is absent from some of our greal libraries. It is a little known
but exceedingly important work. It is the stepping stone to
the conchological portion of Lamarck's later and greater work.
the "Histoire Xaturelle des Animaux sans Vertcbres." and

marks the first listing and description of his own genera of mol-

26 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

lusks. It is thus not only his first important conchological work
but it bridges the gap between the labors of the earlier students
through Bruguiere and the final perfecting of the Lamarck ian
system. However we may evaluate that system it must be
understood if we wish to achieve any comprehensive view of the
history of the nomenclature of invertebrates.

The progress of conehological nomenclature has followed the
same route as that taken in all the other branches of zoology —
that is, from a small number of groups with very broadly-de-
scribed characteristics to a system of more selectively described
groups. This has been brought about not only by the discovery
of new forms but by the necessary dismemberment of older
groups and their subdivision into smaller units whose character-
istics are seen to be clearly separable from those stated in the
generalized descriptions of the older conchologists.

Linnaeus, who placed systematic zoology upon a firm and
universally understood basis by being the first to adopt binomial-
ism completely, listed only thirty-three genera under Vermes
Testacea in the 10th. Edition of the Systema Naturae. In his
12th. Edition, the last published before his death, he added only
three, i.e., two new genera, Mactra and Sabella, and one. Teredo,
which he moved from Vermes Intcstina.1 Thus Linnaeus placed
all the species which he conceived to be mollusks into thirty-six
genera.

Gmelin, his follower and the compiler of the 13th. Edition of
the Systema, added no new groups to Linnaeus' list. He did
not even include Pcrna which had been set up for inclusion in
Linnaeus' proposed "Revised 12th. Edition." as is shown by
the manuscript notes written into his own copy.

Passing over the Conchylien Cabinet of .Martini and Chemnitz,
whose questionable binomialism has already caused the work to
be rejected by the International Commission as nomenclatorially
unavailable, the first important and completely binomial general

i The Vermes Testacea of Linnaeus contains, of course, many species
which arc not true mollusks, being either EToraminifera, Annellida or cir-
ripedia. Also there are three genera of true mollusks — lAmax, 8epia and
Tethys — in Vermes Mollusca, thai mosl unfortunately named group, an-
other MonoouluS — in Order Aptera Of Inst el a, and a single species —
7 1 r< hi ihi lapidaria — in /'» rmt b Mollusoa.

-J lily. 1946] Tin: HAUTE 27

work "ii Conchology after Qmelio is the shell portion of tin*
Encyclopedic M6thodique of J. B. Bruguiere (Histoire Natur-
elle dee STers, Tome l. L789 92). Bruguiere did what Linnaeus
would probably have done bad be lived Long enough. He made
important changes in the development of Linnaeus' method by
the dismemberment of some of the too-bulky groups of the Sya-
tema. lie circumscribed the limits of Voluta by creatim.: Oliva.
He partially dismembered liuccinitin and erected Cassis and
Terebra out of it. as well as the placing the Bpinose and tubercu-
late members in his new Purpura. He began the elaborate re-
construction of Murex, taking from it those species which made
up his ip'w genera Fttsus and Cerithium. lie described Placuna
and Perna for groups formerly included in Ostrea. (Lamarck.
in his Eulogy of Bruguiere in the foreword to the "Prodrome,"
credits him with the authorship of Pecten as well.) Linnaeus'
Chama was reduced by the elimination of the species he erected
into Cardita and Tridacna. Finally he improved many of the
Linnaean pelecypod genera by removing and placing in their
proper place many of the Brachiopods and Cirripedes which
Linnaeus had erroneously included, and from the notes which
he left at his death we know that he had already conceived
Lima, Lucina, Pandora, Capsa, Cyclas and other genera, most
of which are still valid today.

Lamarck took up the work of systematical conchology where
Bruguiere left off and carried the separation of genera far beyond
the point reached by his predecessors. In the "Prodrome" he
published for the first time the results of his own researches
supplemental to the work of Bruguiere and the Encyclopedic
It is the first important contribution to Conchology from
Lamarck's own pen. It is important from the point of view
both of the history of this branch of Zoology and of its n o
clature. He more than doubled the number of genera listed in
the Encyclopedic, raising it from sixty-one to one hundred and
twenty-six. The additional sixty-five genera included Eon
which had been described by others prior to the "Prodi.
but which had not been listed by Bruguiere either because they
had not been published at that time | .' the "Bolten" Roding
names of 1798) or possibly because they had not come to

28 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

Bruguiere's attention.2 His treatment of the Peleeypoda is
particularly noteworthy as he was the first to clearly appreciate
the value of the details of the hinge as a generic determinant.
His hinge descriptions are confusing in places, but in the main
he has put proper emphasis upon the position, shape and articu-
lation of the teeth and their relation to the ligament.

The availability of the "Prodrome" as a source of genotypes
has been much discussed although the question has not been
passed upon by the International Commission in any published
decision except inferentially. Many conchologists feel that it
should be rejected for that purpose because its author gave
no list of species but only selected one species as an "example."
Some however are willing to accept the citation of these "ex-
amples" as valid type designations in the case of Lamarck's own
new genera but deny their validity as types in the case of earlier-
described groups. I find it difficult to see why the citation of
a sole example is not a proper designation under the Rules even
for those genera erected by Lamarck's predecessors as to which
no valid type had been selected. There is no requirement even
today that an author use the word "type" in his designation,
and in any case the word was not current in Lamarck's day.

The International Commission, in Opinion 79, passed upon the
availability of these "examples" as used in Lamarck's 1801 work,
the "Systeme des Animanx sans Vertebres," holding that:
" 'Rigidly construed' Lamarck's 1801 Systeme [etc.] is not to
accepted as designation of type species." The two cases arc
similar but not identical. In the "Systeme" there are several
where more than one species is cited as "examples." In

-In the foreword of the "Prodrome" Lamarck is not accurate in his
figures. He mentions 123 genera whereas he described 126. Also he

credits himself with the authorship of sixty two "new" genera. Some of
these had already been described by others BO that the actual number to
be cited as "Lamarck 17!'!i" is somewhat less. It must be remembered
that in Lamarck's day authors were not bound by official rules, nor were
the canons of scientific etiquette as SCrupuloUBTJ observed as they are today.
Likewise some of his predecessors works may not have come to his
notice as he, like I'.ruguiere, may not have seen the "Molten" Catalogue.
Willi this in mind and the fact that the authorship of some of Lamarck's
"new" genera is still being discussed, I tentatively make the count of

his unquestionably authentic additions as -17.

.Inly. 1946] THE NAUTILUS 29

the "Prodrome" Lamarck confined himself i e Bpecies in all

Obviously where two or more "examples" are given the
for validity is weak unless one is willing tt> Bay thai the
author intended arbitrarily to Belecl the first. Prom a reading
of the Commission's discussion it is possible to argue thai it fell
that tin- mere multiplication of "examples" in Borne cases nulli-
fied the whole work as a Bource of types even though the single
nations mighl have been considered good designations. It
is improbable, however, thai the Commission proceeded upon this
basis, but rather that it rejected the "Systeme" on the broader
ground thai Lamarck's method was not sufficient as no apt
language to show his intention was used. If this was the
Commission's attitude then it must make the same ruling if and
when they publish an Opinion specifically covering the ''Pro-
drome." It may safely be said that it has already inferentially
so ruled.

It is perhaps idle to discuss an Opinion once made but it is
difficult to accept the reasoning upon which Opinion 79 is un-
doubtedly based. Lamarck's "intention" is expressed in the
Forewords to the two works :

In the "Prodrome" he said :

"I confine myself in this memoire ... to a simple statement
of generic characters, and to the citation of a single species of
each genus, in order to make myself better understood" (the
italics are mine).

In the "Systeme":

"In order to make the genera whose characteristics I set forth
clearly understood, I have cited under each of them one known
species, or in a few instances several, and I have added certain
synonyms to which I can certify; this will be enough to make
myself understood (italics mine).

In a day when the word "type" was not in the vocabulary of
the zoologist and when type designations were not made with
the punctilio now required by the International Rules, what
better method could be devised than that used by Lamarck in
all those cases where only one "example" was given? This
was the view expressed by Dantzcnberg who, with Horvath.
wrote a dissent to the majority opinion on the "Syst&me."
He said :

30 the NAUTrLUS [Vol. 60 (1)

"x\t the time when Lamarck published his Systeme des Ani-
maux sans Vertebres he attached to the fixing of genotypes
neither the importance nor the precision which we attribute to
them today. In citing for each genus a known species, accom-
panied by references 'in order to make myself clearly under-
stood' Lamarck certainly showed an intention to designate
[voulu designer] what we call types today. I would see no
objection, so far as mollusks are concerned, to adopting as
types the species cited as examples in the Systeme des Animaux
sans Vertebres, for it is only a question of two different words
which have the same meaning."

It may be mentioned that of the one hundred and twenty-six
genera in the "Prodrome" Lamarck chose Linnaean species for
one hundred and one of them. In seventeen he used other
examples and for the remaining eight he gave no example.

Outside of Opinion 79 the only comment on Lamarck's "ex-
amples" that I can find is that of Kennard, Salisbury and
Woodward (Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 82, No. 17. 1931).
These authors hold that Lamarck "had no intention of doing
more than cite examples." and offer in support of this view-
Lamarck's language which I have already quoted, from the
Forewords to his two works. They continue:

"At the same time, when in these two works a new genus is
proposed (or taken over from Bruguiere not then having a named
species attached) Lamarck's example, under the Rules, ranks as
;: genotype."

This paper was published seven years alter the publication of
Opinion 79, but the conclusion of the authors is directly con-
trary to the Opinion, and their interpretation of Lamarck's
language is not only opposed to their main conclusion but also
to what I believe Lamarck's intention t<» have been.

Whether or not one accepts the "Prodrome" as a Bource

genotypes, is after all not the only criterion of ils value. And
whether or not one belongs to that school which finds in the
whole Lamarckian system a mere archaic phase of the history of

zoology, which has been left behind by later commentators, the

"Prodrome" is nevertheless a milestone in conchological history.

It should be better known and given more diligent study than we
moderns have been accustomed to irive it.

July, 1946] THE NAUTILUS 31

In marek's descriptions presented ;i problem; whether to make
a literal translation of his language or to use the terms employed
in modern eonchological English. Lamarck osed an outmoded
scientific vocabulary and his conception of the manner in which
to describe the different parts of a shell are often curiously
archaic according to our standards. His gastropoda are <livi<h'(i
according to the shape, or rather the continuity, of the aperture.
He uses very sparingly the indications "anterior" and "pos-
terior." He Beems to be unable to distinguish varices and a mere
thickening of the outer lip, and even uses the same word for a
callosity of the columella and a thickening of the shell else-
where. He uses the terms "hord droit" and "bord gauche"
for the parietal and palatal lip and employs the word "levre"
only in a few instances. It has nevertheless seemed wise to
translate his language literally for the most part, using modern
terms only where necessary to insure clarit}'. After all, what
we want is to see the species as Lamarck saw them. Only in this
way can we appreciate not only the advance which he made over
his predecessors but also the historical significance of the very
errors and confusions from which his work suffered.

I have translated the "Tableau" of genera exactly as written,
adding nothing except the author and date after the name of
each Lrenus in order to emphasize Lamarck's own contributions.

(To be continue d)

ON THE NAMING OF FAMILIES AND
SUBFAMILIES

Various long-used family names have been changed in recent
3 by authors who thought, incorrectly, that a family name
must be based upon the earliest genus of the group. There
seems to be no advantage to science or to naturalists in such
needless changes of well known names, changes which have never
been authorized by the International Rules. The International
Commission has recently reiterated its position on formation of
family names in Opinion 141, which we reprint below.

Opinion 141. On the principled to be observed in ix-
teri'ki.'i tng Article 4 of the International Code relating to

THE NAMING OF FAMILIES AND STHFAMIEIES.

32 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

Summary. — The following principles are to be observed in
interpreting Article 4 of the International Code relating to the
naming of families and subfamilies :

(1) The oldest available generic name in the family need not
be taken as the type genus of the family.

(2) An author establishing a new family is free to select as
the type genus of that family whatever generic unit he considers
the most appropriate.

Note : So far as possible, the genus selected should be the
best known and commonest of the taxonomie units concerned, i.e.,
it should be the most central of the genera proposed to be in-
cluded in the family so established.

(3) The name of a family is based upon the name of its type
genus. The fact that a given generic name is selected to form
the name of a family constitutes ipso facto a definite designation
of that genus as the type genus of that family. Example: The
genus Musca Linnaeus, 1758, is definitely and unambiguously
designated as the type genus of the family Muscidae by reason
of the stem of the word Musca being used in the formation of the
family name.

Note : There are a few well-established family names proposed
by early authors where the foregoing principle has not been ob-
served. Such names should be treated as exceptions. Any
case of doubt should be referred to the Commission for decision.

(4) The principles set out in (1) to (3) above in regard to
family names apply equally to the names of subfamilies.

NOTES AND NEWS

Dates of The Nautilus. — Volume 59, ao. 1, pp. 1-36, pis.
1-3, was mailed September 6, 1945. No. 2, pp. 37-72. pis. 4-7.
Dec. 27, 1945. No. 3, pp. 73-108, pi. 8 and frontispiece, Feb. 9,
1946. No. 4, pp. 109-144, pi. 9, June 27, 1946.— H. B. B.

THE BLACKENED shells of Hast Coast r.i:\< nr.s not NECES-
SARILY fossil.- lu the course of studies on the geographical
distribution of bivalve mollusks along the eastern coast of this
country I nave been inclined to discredil some of the published

records in the belief thai they were no! based on live material

but often upon dead shells, as personal experience had shown

me that many of the dead shells on these beaches were of a

characteristic black color. Richards1 has pointed out the oc-

i Nautilus, vol. 49 (4), p. L30, L936.

-Inly. 19 THE n \i 1 1: 33

currence o£ these black shells and suggests Borne may have been
washed out of fossil beds located uol tar off shore. Thai this is
Bometimes the case is proven by the occurrence on these beaches
of species which arc not known from northern wains today.
Colton1 deals with "blue" specimens of Pecten and attempts
to discover a morphological difference to correspond with an as-
sumed difference in age. However it is unwise to assume that
all Mark shells found in this way are fossils. While collecting
at Beaufort, North Carolina. I noticed ih.it on some nearby
shoals shells blackened in this characteristic manner could be
dug out of the silt and sand mixture only six or eight inches
beneath where the Living animals were to be found. In addition
large shells such as Macrocallista nimbosa (Sol.) were found
winch projected from the surface down into this silt layer and
they were blackened where they came into contact with the
black mud while retaining their natural coloration on the portion
of the shell which was still above the surface. Therefore I do
not believe these black shells can be written off as of no interest
to workers on recent material except in cases where shells of this
type are found which have no living relatives in or near that
locality. It is obvious that the black color alone does not indi-
cated a shell of different age from a white specimen found at the
same place. — R. A. McLean.

IIklh ixa hakim axi nom. nov. — This new name is proposed
for Helicina dominieensis Hartman (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol.
42, p. 286, pi. Ill, fig. 9, 181)0) which is preoccupied by Helicina
dominieensis Pfr. (Proc. Zool. Soc, part XII, p. 149, 1851).

The two sets of Helicina dominieensis in the collection of the
Carnegie Museum from Dr. W. D. Hartman have the name
dominiquensis Hart, written on the label, but these specimens
were described as dominieensis. Nowhere have I been able to
find the name dominiquensis mentioned in molluscan literature.
Helicina hartmani was collected on Dominique Island. Marqu-
esas Islands, llartman's species was apparently overlooked by
Wagner in his monograph of 1911. and by Fulton in the sup-
plemental lists in Proc. Malac. Soc. London, vol. XI. Gordon
K. MmMu.i.ax.

-'Ibid., vol. 28 (5), p. 52, 1914.

34 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

MOLLUSCAN FOOD ITEMS OF THE HOUMA INDIANS. — A Collection

of marine mollusks used as food by the Houma Indians of
Louisiana was made by the senior writer at Houma, La., in the
summer of 1938 and in the winter of 1941 while engaged in an
ethnological study of this ethnic group. The Houma people of
the present are of French and Indian descent from the Mus-
khogean linguistic family and now speak Louisiana French.
Numbering some hundreds, they inhabit the coastal bayous and
lowlands of Terrebonne and La Fourche Parishes just west of
the Mississippi delta. They subsist primarily upon seafood, by
fishing, shrimping, and trapping in the Gulf marshes, and are
still little known through systematic investigation of their food
habits under the ecological conditions of the Gulf Coast tide-
water, where they have settled since their removal from St.
Tammany Parish a century and a half ago. Mollusks are im-
portant food items of this group. The following snails are
commonly eaten: The Fighting stromb, Strombus pugilus L. ;
the Rock Snails, Thais floridana Conrad and T. floridana haysae
Clench; and one of the pear eonchs, Busycon perversion L. Bi-
valves of the following species are often included in the diet :
The Virginia oyster, Ostrea virginiea Gmelin ; the wedge Rangia,
Rangia cuneata Gray; the beaked Rangia, 7?. euneata rostrata
Petit; and the hard-shell clams, Venus mercenaria L. and V.
campechiensis Gmelin. — Frank G. Speck, Dept. of Anthropol-
ogy, University of Pennsylvania, and Ralph W. Dexter, Dept.
of Biology, Kent State University.

Deroceras agreste feeding on Armadillidium vulgare. —
( hi March 17, 1946, while hunting for slugs, an overturned board
revealed the slug, Deroceras agrestt (Linnaeus), feeding on a
"Pill Bug," Armadillidium vulgare. The pill bug was but re-
cently dead when the slug began feeding upon it. or was possibly
but recently killed by the slug, for it was very pliable and was
in no way brittle. The slug was feeding on the under surface
of the pill bug's head, and had successfully rasped through the
relatively thin exoskeleton on the ventral surface, cleaning out
the flesh that was within the bug's head. The pill bug's Legs
too were rasped away as the Blug's radula moved along the ven-
tral surface. The slug made no attempt to rasp through the

July, 1!'4('>) Tin: nm'tii. rs 35

tough exoskeleton on the bug's dorsal Burfaoe. After the board
had been overturned, the slug continued to tV.Mi on the pill bug
for twenty minutes. At the end o£ this period, il retired t<> a
clump of grass roots where it concealed itself.

In observing Beveral thousand individuals of this garden slug
pesl in Oakland, California, this record is the first thai the writer
has observed of this slug feeding on any animal. — William
Marcus Ingram.

Sinistral Anguispira alterxata. — Last summer while at
Biggins Lake, Michigan, I found a sinistral specimen of .1. alter-
nate Say . Though this is a very common shell in Michigan, 1
have never heard of a sinistral specimen from the state I found
also Lymnaea contracta Currier there, and would like to ex-
change them and the Anguispira for Central or South American
shells. — Jamie Ross, 1139 Martin Place, Ann Arbor, Mich.

South African aquatic snails. — A rain-fall of only approxi-
mately 27 inches in 1945, the least for thirteen years, with half
the total falling in the months of February and March, has left
Physopsis africana Krauss in river-pools developing to twenty
millimetres and over, but free of larval trematodes until rains
wash human excreta off the river-banks and swimming becomes
prevalent.

Commander J. M. Amberson during his visit from Cairo asked
me for some of our pond-snails, and I took him to Inchanga,
where he collected Physopsis mostly, at 2000 and 2500 ft. alti-
tudes. 1 have just visited the locality again and am sending
you herewith a twenty-millimetre shell of Physopsis africana
Krauss.

These observations show that we need not endeavour to eradi-
cate a species of pond-snail, but concentrate rather on the short-
lived, fragile, surface swimming "cercariae," which do not
encyst, and are necessarily avoided in domestic supplies because
all engineers forcibly disturb the water and make use of water
in the lower levels of reservoirs and tanks.

I found only Physopsis in the Inchangs river, but Lymnaea
and Bulinus tropicus abounded in a tank supplied with river-
water. — F. Gordon Cawston.

3G TIIE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (1)

Note on Vitrinella (Tomura) bicaudata. — Since p. 16 was
in type we noticed that some information was omitted. The type
is 182042 ANSP. It has been taken also in the North Inlet of
Lake Worth, at Snake Creek, Windly Key, and at Conch Key.
The living animals from all of these localities are as described for
Tomura. — Pilsbry & McGinty.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

Supraspecific Groups of the Pelecypod Family Corbu-
lidae, by Harold E. Vokes (Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., vol. 86,
pp. 1-32, 4 plates. 1945). The numerous groups, generic or
subgeneric, are defined by diagnoses of the type species and
compared, the types figured so far as practicable. Corbulomima
and Ursirivus are new. Erodona and Ostomya are removed from
the Corbulidae. There is little to criticize in this timely study ;
but it must be admitted that the name Corbula cannot be re-
tained unless it be dated from the plate of Bruguiere, which
Winckworth has considered inadmissible, since according to the
International Rules, Article 25, a name to be available has to be
"accompanied by an indication, or a definition, or a description,"
and a figure is not considered to be "an indication."1 The
next use of the name, according to Vokes, was by Roding
(Mus. Boltenianum, 1798) whose Corbula is now a synonym
of Asaph is. Dr. Vokes retains Corbula Lamarck, 1799, by con-
sidering the Boltenian names "not available," but the Inter-
national Commission decided otherwise (Opinion <)6). The
rational way out of this impasse is to accept Bruguiere *s figures
as "a definition" within the meaning of Article 25 of the In-
ternational Rules. To hold that a figure is not an "indication"
seems to be a decision of questionable sagacity; hut we ran re-
main within the letter of the law by insisting that a figure can
be a perfectly satisfactory "definition." In fact it is usually
better than a dozen lines of Latin. — II. A. P.

1 < T. also, Opinion l and Hemming 'b interpretation thereof.

THE NAUTILUS: 60 (2)

PLATE 4

I _; ocenebra interfossa clathrata; I 6, 0. minor; 7 9, 0. >■

i.. ii i i /i , intrrfnaxa • 12 L5 L6. 0. '"'".' L3, 0. >'/'"'

purpurea; 1" li, ' '. ''• '• mwctvowbi >-.
,,,,,,• l; L8, 0. A" nofl.

otro
mult-

The Nautilus

Vol. 60 October, 1946 No. 2

A SURVEY OF SOME WEST AMERICAN OCENEBRAS,

WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES

By MARY BOB1CANN, Long Beach, California

There has been considerable difference of opinion among West
Coast eonchologists as to the validity of certain species and sub-
species of the Oeenebras. In part this has been because of in-
adequate original descriptions, lack of materials for comparison,
and variations within the species from place to place along the
coast. The present study is an attempt to clear up some prob-
lems relating to several forms that have been associated with
the common and variable West American species O. interfossa
(Carpenter).

Ocenebra Gray, 1847

Occnebra Grav. Proc. Zool. Soc, London for 1847, p. 133, Nov.

10, 1847.
Ocinebra Leach, 1852. A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great

Britain, p. 117 {fide Winckworth).
"Tritonalia Fleming, 1828" of Dall, 1908, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool. Harvard, vol. 43, no. 6, p. 313 ; not of Fleming.

Type (by original designation), Murcx erinaceua Limn' ; Euro-
pean seas, Recent.

Shell generally small, purpuriform, with many varices, which
may be foliated or spinose ; spiral sculpture generally present;
anterior canal partly or nearly closed. (Grant and Gale, Mem.
San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, 1931, p. 708.)

Reasons for the use of the name Ocenebra instead of Tritonalia
have already been given by Winckworth ' and others and need
not be repeated here.

i Winckworth, R. Jour. Concbology, vol. 20, no. 1, 1934, p. 14. Also
summarized in the Minute9 of the Conchologieal Club of Southern California,
no. 51, p. 44, for August, 1945 (John Q. Burch, editor).

(37)

the nautilus [Vol. 60 (2)

Ocenebba intebpossa .ntebfossa (Carpenter), 1864. PL 4,
figs. 10-11, 14- ,

O**. interfossa Renter ■*$£££&£%£&■

S,, for 18 63 p 663 , Ai .gust 1864^1 ™c ££ ^^ rf ^

efc SrTvoL 2 P 131. P^ 39, fig. 484, 1880.
UnUtime- U S. National Museum, No. 4636.

0=aS^0^^,rC^, no. ol, P. 48 1945).

• *■ "Pnrnle-brown, with latticed sculp-

Original description ; *^™™™' md more shouldered

tore." Tryon adds, Shell »«rowe longitudinal

STairS ^Sedre0anal8short, closed. Length,

.4 to .75 in."

anee, as the spiral sculpture ££££~ ^ on the last
There appear to be about 10 axial and 1 1 ,onsiderabl.v

whorl h the ^^"oSdTof the whorls seen,

r sis- *- * - °f the °,hcr variants

of 0. interfossa discussed here.

Ocenebba intebeossa ATROPUBBUBEA (Carpenter), 1865, PL 4,

O^eara WSa- Y^ f«C^. ^ P1"la",
delphia A.ad. Sci. lor lSb.), p. b4 aivu . suh8pecies.'*

Tritolalia interfossa ^XK 334 1019
ProCi U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 5b, p. ^4, u±.».

tt c Mo+innal Museum, No. 15528-D.

S?Ei. SK > ^ Bay, W*., A*

S£, Keah Bay, Washington to San Diego, California.

. .. <<r< *.:« aniralibus distautibus, in spira
Original tecnptwnj Cost ss ... » /onata/.

duaUUS, Eoveis majonb > s Van. ; /£ bg nither aistHntf

A ,,-.,. translation oi ^*oul* ' ril. v is zonoa with white.
two on spire, with Large pits, a van «.

„ , i ,, White's Point, Los Angeles County,

Oct., 1946] Tl IK NAUTILUS 39

Rehder. Some have the white hands <>r zones, some are zoned
with orange, and some are ruddy brown withonl eolor hands.
All show the deep, aquarian pits. The name atropurpurea is

somewhat misleading, as this implies a dark or purplish color.
The real difference between typical 0. interfossa and this sub-
species is in the sculpture rather than the color and also in out-
line, the shoulders of the whorls being more tabulate.

0< i:\EBRA INTERFOSSA CLATIIRATA (Dall), 1919. PI. 4, fi<_rS. 1-3.

TritonaUa interfossa var. clathrata Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
vol. 56, p. 334, Aug. 30, 1919.

Holotype: U. S. National Museum, No. 177995.
Type locality: Avalon, Catalina Island, California.
Range (here extended) : Puget Sound, "Washington, to Re-
dondo Beadi, California.

Original description: "This is a short and stout form with
very prominent rectangular clathration and flatly turrited spire,
which was distinguished by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns in manuscript
many years ago but never published. Height, 13; diameter,
7 mm."

0. interfossa clathrata differs from 0. interfossa, s. s., in the
shape of the spire, in the shorter, broader body whorl, and in the
proportionately longer canal. Lack of recognition of this sub-
species seems due to the fact that type material was never fig-
ured. The specimens in figs. 1 and 3 were compared with the
holotype by Dr. Bartseh. The distinguishing features of the
shell seem to be the tabulate whorls with extremely clathrate
sculpture showing squarish pits prominently at the shoulder and
on the spire. These pits are not as evident in immature speci-
mens.

Collecting data: San Juan Island, Puget Sound; Little River,
Mendocino Co., California; Monterey Bay, shore to 15 fathoms;
Piedras Blancas; Cayucos (Allyn Smith; Bormann) ; dredged
off Redondo Beach (Burch).

Ocenebra beta (Dall), 1919. PI. 4, figs. 12, 15-16.

TritonaUa interfossa beta Dall. Proc. Biol. Soe. Washington,
vol. 32, p. 250, Dec. 31, 1919.

40 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

Holotype: U. S. National Museum, No. 46728.
Type locality: Monterey, California.
Range: Known only from the type locality.

Original description: ''Shell resembling T. barbarensis Gabb
but stouter and without the recurved spines at the shoulders;
reddish brown, of more than 5 whorls, the nucleus defective, the
whorls somewhat turreted by an angular shoulder; axial sculp-
ture of (on the last whorl 6 including the terminal varix, on the
penultimate whorl 7) angular ribs, prominent at the shoulder
and extending to the canal ; these are crossed by about 14 densely
imbricate spiral cords, subequal and equally spaced, with narrow
interspaces ; terminal varix heavy. Aperture small, the mar-
gin continuous, the outer lip with 4 or 5 low denticles inter-
nally, the pillar smooth, the canal closed, rather short. ' '

This form has not hitherto been figured. As 0. beta appears
to be closer to 0. barbarensis and 0. squamulifera than to 0.
interfossa, it seems best here to consider it a distinct species.
Specimens hitherto identified as 0. beta by Southern California
collectors represent a different species, the 0. keenae of this
paper.

There has been quite a bit of discussion as to how closely 0.
beta and the shells we were calling 0. squamulifera are related,
and as to whether 0. squamulifera is represented in the recent
living fauna. I do not have the material for the necessary sur-
vey at this time and the purpose of introducing the photographs
of the holotypes, 0. beta fig. 15 and 0. squamulifera fig. 13, is
for comparison only with the new species 0. keenae.

Ocenebra keenae Bomiann, new species. PL 4, figs. 17-1 s.

Shell brown, often handed with white or buff, of medium size,
somewhal turreted, whorls 5; Bculpture of 6 to 7 axial ribs
crossed on the hist whoi'l by numerous spiral cords, one strong
COrd at the shoulder. ;iboiit 7 weaker ones above, about 10 major
and 7 minor cords below; whorls tabulate, intersection of axial
and spiral sculpture forming blunt spines; area above shoulder
with imbricate sculpture on last two whorls; spire with two

principal and one to two intercalary cords; aperture white,
ovate; outer lip flaring, thick, with 5 to 7 denticles within; aper-
tural varix frilled; canal moderately Long, straight, (dosed.

Holotype: Stanford Univ. Paleo. Type Coll. No. 7915; para-
type, No. 7!>l(i. Additional paratopes to be deposited in 1'niled

Oct., 1946] TUT. NAUTILUS 41

States National Museum; Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia; California Academy of Sciences; San Diego Museum

of Natural History; Los Angeles hiuseum; ami in the private
collections of Allyn (J. Smith, Emery and Elsie Chace, A. M.
Strong, John (L>. and Tom Burch, and Ralph and -Mary Bormann.

Tiipi locality: White's Point. Los Angeles County, California.

Dimensions: Height, 19 mm., diameter, 10.") nun., height of
body whorl, 12 mm.

Rangt : White's Point (Bormann) to Imperial Beach, Cali-
fornia | Burch).

This shell has been incorrectly identified as 0. inter fossa beta
1>\ Southern California collectors, but there are consil tent dif-
ferences in proportion and sculpture, 0. keenae having a shorter
spire, a larger aperture, and more strongly imbricate sculpture.
It does not seem to be closely related to 0. interfossa. It some-
what resembles 0. foveolata, but the imbricate sculpture on the
tabulate part of the last whorls and the much smaller size sepa-
rate it from that form.

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. Myra Keen,
of Stanford University, who has done so much to further the
study of conchology and has been of great help in interesting
others to carry on the work.

Ocexebra minor (Dall), 1919. PI. 4, figs. 4-6.

Tritonalia interfossa minor Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 56,
p. 334, Aug. 30, 1919.

Holotype: U. S. National Museum, No. 56912.
Type locality : Catalina Island, California.
Range (here extended) : Catalina Island, California, to Todos
Santos Bay, Lower California.

Original description: "This is a pale dwarf, slender form,
also from Catalina Islam 1, which seems nevertheless to have
reached maturity. It is strongly clathrate and measures in
height, 7, and in diameter, 3.5 mm."

Thi> description seems to me incomplete, and I should add:
Shell creamy white with brown hands on most specimens; whorls
usually 5 in addition to the nucleus; a distinct constriction sepa-
rating the body whorl from the canal; lip a little thickened in-

42 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

ternally, with no denticulations, but with slight grooves corre-
sponding to the revolving lirae of the outside.

Upon the advice of Mr. Allyn Smith I have ranked 0. minor
as a distinct species. He says (letter dated Jan. 28, 1946) :
"The shape of the shell, configuration of the body whorl, and
the general lack of the squamose sculpture that is typical of
interfossa would seem to be enough to set minor off as being
different, and I would be inclined to take it out from interfossa."

Dr. Myra Keen writes (letter dated Sept. 27, 1945) that speci-
mens of 0. minor in the Stanford Collection, from San Diego,
were identified by Dr. Philip Carpenter for the collector, Henry
Hemphill, as a new variety of interfossa. However, Carpenter
did not publish the name he applied, and it was later used by
Dr. Dall for another variant.

Collecting data: Catalina I. (Smith, Chace) ; "White's Point,
Los Angeles Co. (Bormann) ; San Diego, California, and Todos
Santos Bay, L. Calif. (Hemphill, in Stanford Univ. Coll.).

In closing, I wish to acknowledge the generous help I have
received from many persons. Dr. Paul Bartsch and Dr. Harald
A. Rehder have compared nry specimens with the types in the
U. S. National Museum collection, and Dr. Bartsch has supplied
the photographs of several holotypes. Dr. Myra Keen has read
and criticized the manuscript and has verified the references.
Mr. Allyn G. Smith gave much valuable advice on the relation-
ships of the various species; Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace and Mr.
John Burch helped me in the early stages of preparing the paper ;
and, not least, I am grateful to my husband, Ralph Bormann.
for making possible the collecting trips that were the real basis
of the study. Photographs, except for those from the National
Museum, are by Mr. Hubert A. McClain of the Press Telegram
of Long Beach, California.

Explanation of Plate 4

Unless otherwise stated, all specimens arc in the Bormann Collection.
All magnifications X 2.

Figs. 1-3. Ore/ulna interfossa dathrata. 1, 3, Hypotypes, Oayucoa, Cali-
fornia. 2, Holotypo, U.S.N.M., No. 1 77l»'.»r>.

Figs. 4-fi. 0. minor. 4, 6, Bypotypea, White's Point, Calif. 5, Holotype,
U.S.N.M., No. 56912.

( N't.. 1946] Till'. NAT 1 U.US 13

Kn;s. 7 ;'. 0, I. •tropurpurea. 7, :•, Sypotjpec, White'i Point, Calif. B,

Holotype, r.s.N.M.. 15528 b.
ilea 10, 11. M. 0. !. lmterfo*$a. in. Bolotype, r.s.N.M., No. MM 11,

ij, Hypotypee, Piedraa Blancas. Calif.
Prae. 12, 15-16. 0. beta. 12. W, Bypotypes, Buret Collection, Monterey

Hay, Calif. L5, Holotype, T.S.N.M., No. 4672S.
^0. 18. 0. si]iuimultf> ra (Carpenter in Gabb). Holotype, Univ. Calif.

Mus. Paleo., No. I";.":1; Pleistocene, Santa Barbara, Calif.
Fins. 17-18. 0. k'tnur. n. sj>. 17, Holotype, Stanford Univ., No. 7915.

18, Paratype, No. 7916; White's Point, Calif. K. and M. Bormann, col-

ltctors.

LIGUUS PICTUS REEVE
By Paul L. and Thomas L. McGinty

In 1842, Lovell Reeve published a description of a beautiful
tree shell which he called Achatina picta, the "painted" snail.
Although the collector was not named, the habitat was given as
"Cuba." So rare was the species, now placed in the genus
Liguusf no subsequent findings with specific habitat were re-
ported until 1907, when Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry took one specimen,
quite typical, on Big Pine Key, the largest of the Lower Florida
Keys. A year or so later, Dr. Charles T. Simpson, collecting
upon the same island, discovered another specimen. It appears
that these two shells, neither found alive, form the only authentic
records, with definite habitats, of the actual finding of Liguus
fasciatus pictus.

Henry Hemphill, a superb collector, hunted extensively over
the Keys in 1883 but failed to report finding any of these shells.
Charles T. Simpson, an ardent Liguus collector, began his search
as early as 1885, but found no indication of pictus prior to the
Pilsbry discovery, although both he and Pilsbry had suspected
that it might eventually be taken in Florida. Dr. Carlos de la
Torre, eminent Cuban naturalist, has spent years in a systematic
search through Cuba, but so far as we know, typical pictus has
not been found there.

Despite its extreme rarity, the paradox remains that a num-
ber of the older museum collections contain a modest series of
these shells. In most instances such ancient Bpecimena lack
complete habitat data, or the labels simply indicate "Cuba."

During May, a group which included Mr. Jay A. Weber, Miss
Maxine Mettlach and the writers, visited Key West. Acting

44 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

upon the suggestion of Mr. Weber, our party visited the old
cemetery which is situated upon a part of what was once the
Key West Hammock, long since destroyed. Mr. Weber informed
us that during a previous visit, he and Mr. Richard F. Deckert
had found, about recently dug graves, bleached "bones" of
Liguus. Briefly, members of the party took a number of Lig-
uus fragments, some still showing color. At first we suspected
that these shells represented the graphicus form, but a careful
comparison with specimens of both graphicus and pictus showed
that we were in error. While none could be positively at-
tributed to graphicus, the coloration of two fragments was dis-
tinctly that of pictus! Other fragments, possibly pictus, are
bleached to the point where positive identification is impossible.
Also, in the lot were specimens which we attribute to Orthalicus
reses, another form of tree-snail at one time rather widely dis-
tributed throughout the Lower Keys. As a result of our find-
ings we feel certain that pictus once lived in this Key West
Hammock, and to judge by the evidence presented, it appears to
have been fairly abundant.

It is our suspicion that a large portion, possibly all, of the an-
cient pictus now in museum collections were originally taken
from this locality. It must be recalled that Reeve, who described
pictus in 1842, was closely associated with Hugh Cuming,1 a
remarkable person and incomparable collector, but now known
to have been extremely careless about locality data for his speci-
mens. In fact, a century ago, the name of the species was con-
sidered of paramount importance, while habitat, although of
interest, was thought to be of no serious consequence. We be-
lieve that Reeve was misinformed when lie gave Cuba as the
habitat for his type of jjictus. Furthermore, we suspect that
the persistence of the locality "Cuba" upon old museum speci-
mens results from ;i perpetuation of this error.

Unfortunately, historical data regarding early collectors in
this region of the Lower Florida Keys is very meager. Only
one man is known, with a reasonable degree of certainty, to have

visited and collected in the old hammock at Key West. This
was Titian K. Peale, an artist and naturalist from Philadelphia,

1 Clench, Occasional Papers mi Mollusk.s No. ;;, \9A~>, Mus. Comp. Zoology.

Oct., 1946] Tin. \ \i in 45

who wrote in hi* diary tor February 21, L825, a1 Key West:

"collected land shells which we found in grea1 abunda '>n the

trees, some of them very handsome."1 During thai same year
Thomas Say described as a new species '• one of the specimens of
Ligutu which must have comprised this lot. Strangely, Say's
specimen was a mis-shaped abnormal shell, and it is difficull to

explain its use as the type hail a series of specimens been avail-
able. It seems likely that Say's choice was influenced by the
fact that but a single Bpecimen came into his hands. Obviously,
from the diary quotation, more than one shell was collected, but

we have no means of learning about the final disposition of
other possible specimens. Furthermore, the inference "some of
them very handsome'1 seems to indicate that not all of the shells
were alike. "We believe that the "handsome" ones could very
well have been pictus. To strengthen this conclusion, we mighl
state that the type specimen used by Say was a faded, almost
colorless shell, which could hardly have been considered a thing
of beauty.

Nearly a quarter of a century later, Dr. Amos Binney is
known to have sent a collector named Bartlett to Florida. Ap-
parently the venture was a great success for Binney later fig-
ured a number of Florida Liyuus, some of them forms found
in the vicinity of Miami, and others with habitat given as the
Lower Keys. Figured in this latter group were pictus and
8olidulus. Since none of the graphicus form w7as figured, we
feel reasonably certain that Bartlett did not reach the area
around Big Pine Key. It is logical to assume that he concen-
trated his collecting endeavors about Key West, the principal
community in the region. We believe it likely that he found
his specimens of pictus in this same old Key West Hammock.

While others may possibly have collected pictus in the early
days, further information regarding collectors seems non-ex-
istent.

In conclusion, we believe that pictus is definitely a Florida
shell and that the typical form has never been found in Cuba,

2Pilsbry, Jour. Acad. Nat. s.-i. Phila., L912.

s Achatina solida Say, now Lit/mis fasciatus aolidus. This was the first
Florida LiffWU to be described.

46 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

although a closely related Liguus may possibly live there.
Further, from the indications, we suspect that the old hammock
in Key West was the principal habitat for this apparently ex-
tinct snail, and the source from which most of the museum speci-
mens were obtained.

A NEW FLORIDA STROMBUS, S. GIGAS VERRILLI

By Thomas L. McGintt

Mr. Alpheus Hyatt Verrill, naturalist, author and artist, has
turned up a S trombus which in youth has characters of both S.
gigas and S. costatus, but in the adult stage is nearer to the
former. We are calling it:

Strombus gigas verrilli. Plate 5, figs. 2, 3 ; plate 6, figs. 7, 8.

It is shorter and chunkier than gigas. In the larger immature
and the adult shells the general form and proportions resemble
costatus more than gigas. In the younger shells the resem-
blance is still stronger, many being indistinguishable from
costatus except by the number of spines, the young costatus
usually having from 12 to 16, whereas verrilli has from 9
to 11. 8. gigas in all stages never has over 7 spines, the aver-
age being 5. In nearly all cases the spines are far shorter and
more obtuse than in gigas. In the majority of the larger imma-
ture specimens, and in all the adults, the first three or four
spines are reduced to small rounded tubercles or slight projec-
tions and in many specimens all the spines are mere tubercles.
In a few specimens one or more of the spines on the last whorl
may be almost as long as in gigas but are stouter, more curved
and more obtuse, much like the spines of some specimens of
costatus. Canal sharply upturned and swollen. Several con-
spicuous irregular tubercles on dorsal surface.

In color these shells are very variable, especially in the
younger specimens. The general color varies from almost pure
white through Lemon yellow to violaceous, rose, ochreous to
brown. Most of the younger specimens and many of the larger
shells have the spines marked with rich brown as in costatus.
Interior surface of lip usually yellowish shading to pink or vio-
laceous. Column varying from white to rose pink or violaceous
with polished area marked with reddish brown and a blackish
area. Many specimens are striped longitudinally with brown
on an ashy ground while others may be banded horizontally
with several shades of brownish. In specimens having the in-

( >ct.. 1946] Tin; N.MTii. rs 47

terior of lip pink the color is usually restricted to the marginal
area.

The animal differs From gigas in being Largely orange with the
darker portions olive marked with spots or rings of yellow.
Mantle varies from deep yellow to orange with a black border.

The difference between these shells and gigas (in all stages of
growth) may besl be seen by viewing them end on. The very

distinct difference in the spacing of the spines is at once ap-
parent even in those specimens having the fewest spines or
tubercles.

There appears to be some difference in the operculum, that of
gigas averaging more slender, more curved and more pointed
than in these shells.

The shells were first found, Nov. 24, 1945, in a mangrove
swamp neai- the north end of Lake Worth and. as far as known,
have not been obtained elsewhere. They apparently are re-
stricted to a small area, about half an acre in extent, and dili-
gent search has not revealed their presence outside of this area.
Neither have they been located in deep water, all specimens ob-
served or collected having been in water less than three feet in
depth. Many have been found in water so shallow that it
barely covered the shells. The notes following: were mainly
supplied by Mr. Verrill.

In their habits they differ markedly from S. gigas for while
gigas lives fully exposed upon sandy or muddy bottoms, verrilli
lives buried in mud on a grassy bottom, although often with the
upper portion of shell exposed, and when feeding they are al-
most fully exposed. The larger immature, and the adult speci-
mens are usually overgrown with large masses of algae which
serve still further to conceal them.

In all of our collecting in the area inhabited by these shells
we have never found a specimen of 8. costal us, nor a typical
specimen of S. gigas. There is, however, a considerable varia-
tion in our large series of specimens, both in the length of the
tubercles, the colors and the forms. Some individuals have
spines almost as long as typical gigas, others may have one Large
spine with the others merely small knobs, still others may have
only small tubercles while still others may have only indications
of tubercles. In every case, however, they are readily distin-
guished from gigas by the number of tubercles in each whorl.
Whereas gigas has from five to seven of these, verrilli has from

48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

nine to eleven, while costatus has from twelve to fourteen (but
exceptionally only 9 on the last whorl). In the adults the
tubercles are difficult to detect on the surface of the flaring lip
and for this reason they resemble gigas more than do the imma-
ture and young specimens. The smaller, younger ones re-
semble costatus more than gigas, but are readily distinguished
by the number of tubercles and usually by color, although, as
previously stated, the colors in all stages are very variable.
Some specimens (when epidermis is removed) are almost pure
white, others are distinctly banded with ochreous-brown on
a lighter ground, others are mottled with various shades of
brownish, others are longitudinally striped; some specimens are
quite pink or rosy throughout, still others are pale orchid or
lilac, while others are rich yellow. In every case, however, there
are rich sienna markings on the column near the lip together
with patches or areas of black. In many the columellar callous
surface is nearly as pink as in gigas, but in others there is no
trace of pink. The inner surface of the lip also varies, some
showing no pink suffusions, others being decidedly pink, others
yellow, while in a few adults the entire inner surface of the lip
is richly opalescent with lavender and mauve predominating.
As a rule, too, each of the spiracles is tipped with sienna or
chestnut-brown, this being particularly apparent in the younger
specimens. The color of the animal is also quite distinctive.
The anterior dorsal portion is olive or greenish-gray mottled and
spotted with yellowish-white or pale yellow, tips of tentacles
golden yellow, mantle and posterior portion of body rich orange,
foot pinkish-gray.

Sex appears to have no bearing on the size of the shells, some
of the smallest adults being females while most of the larger
adults examined have been males.

Although the adult specimens average much smaller than the
adult specimens of gigas a few very ancient, almost fossilized
specimens, round buried approximately two feet beneath the
surface of the mud, arc fully as large as the average adult of
gigas. The presence in considerable numbers of these ancient

shells, typically verrUli, would indicate thai tins particular, re-
stricted area lias been inhabited by them for a very long period
of time.

THE NAUTILI S 60 2

PLATE 5

Fi<;. I. Strombua gigaa, animal extended, and 2, Strombua gigaa verrilli,
drawn from life by A. Byatl Verrill. .:. s. gigaa eerrilli, apical view of

young x ; i ,,i. .;, fig. 7 1. 1, s. g . ,,i. .;. fig, y .

THE NAUTILUS: 60 (2)

PLATE 6

I ■„. . i :;. Bartsch: new Amphidci

(_ 5 in, m. Bmith : new BhellB.

.'lit ,, >:i m' . "• " ->'" . i .

, t ft s ,.,..-,. Mn.lli 9, s. gigas. Figa. 6,

,; strombus costatus, Young, r, 8, S. gigas vern

7*8,9 fi -i" " — '• 124,200 and - mm. long.

Oct., 1946] Tin: nai'itits 49

THE CLASSIFICATION OF CYPRAEIDAE
By Jacques h. Hums, Ifendodno, California

The results achieved by an author attempting a classification
of cowries, or of any group of living things for that matter, will

necessarily depend largely upon the concept of categorical limi-
tations which he develops ami applies to the forms under con-
sideration.

The reason for our difficulties is twofold. First, there is the
fact that the various fissions of primitive species into assorted
modern species have taken place at different times, and are tak-
ing place now, and that the subsequent changes wroughl upon
the modern species by the forces of evolution have varied both
in direction and in intensity. Secondly, as the immortal Fran-
cis Bacon has pointed out : "There is one principal and as it were
radical distinction between different minds, in respect of phi-
losophy and the sciences; which is this: that some minds are
stronger and apter to mark the differences of things, others to
mark their resemblances. The steady and acute mind can fix
its contemplations and dwell and fasten on the subtlest distinc-
tions ; the lofty and discursive mind recognizes and puts together
the finest and most general resemblances. Both kinds, however,
easily err in excess, by catching the one at gradations, the other
at shadows."

As a result of this state of affairs dozens of systematic cate-
gories have been erected in the literature of natural science, some
useful, others seemingly only encumbrances. A list of these
includes such little known and picturesque names as : cohort,
jordanon, and legion, morpha, phalanx, and proles, supertribe
and supervariant.

In the Schilders' "Prodrome of a Monograph on Living Cy-
praeidae, " 1939, the most recent comprehensive publication on
cowries, eleven categories are employed. These are: family,
subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus, superspecies, species, sub-
species, race, ecotype, and variant. Ecotypes are further sub-
categorically defined by them as: major (large), minor (small),
oblonga (oblong), dilatata (heavy and callous), rostrata (with
the extremities produced), pellucida (thin), pallida (pale),
saturata (richly colored), confusa (dorsal markings confluent),

50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

and suffusa (with a suffusion of an unusual color in the ground
color). Different stages of growth are also differentiated sub-
categorically by the Sehilders as : adulta, subjunior, junior,
juvenis. perjuvenis. oliviformis. and pulla.

The Sehilders and Mr. T. Iredale. among our recent authors,
are notable members of the school of thought often referred to
as the "splitters" because of the facility with which they dis-
cover differences among various closely related forms. There is
also a more cautious school of thought, with its notable adher-
ents, which prefers to live less dangerously and to lump closely
related forms together under a single name. From this habit
of theirs comes their name, the "lumpers."

Strictly speaking, a genus is defined as a group of closely re-
lated species, all presumably descendents of a common ancestral
parent species. The members of any given generic group are
recognized in practice by their having certain structural char-
acteristics in common. When an author discovers that certain
structural characters are common to a group of species, he may
pronounce that group a genus. But if a subsequent author dis-
covers other structural characters common to a certain group
of species within the established genus and pronounces these
new characters to be generic in value, who can say which is
right \ A genus is thus seen to be artificial in the sense that it
is to a large extent opinionative. Its scope or comprehension
varies directly with the viewpoint of the author and usually
with the number of authors who have studied it. The genera
of today have a tendency to become the subfamilies of tomorrow
in the literature of the splitters. The size of a genus is often
iictated by utilitarian considerations.

Abuse of the free privilege of erecting generic groups in sri-
entific literature relating to cowries has resulted in considerable
confusion and often in very material abrogation of the useful-

sa of the generic concept. Where thousands of Bpecies exist
in a Bingle family, many genera are useful in breaking down
such an unwieldly group into smaller, more manageable gro
Where there ar<- only a hundred or so of 5] - to be <l»-alt with
it i> not Deceasary to introduce very many generic divisions
in order to bring all th< within ready tazonomic corapre-

- 'on and to show their interrelationships.

Oct., I '46] TIIK NATTi: ">1

One is easily Led to the conclusion that many of the
number of genera in the Cypraeidae arc not natural grou]
generic important-.' at all. but only undisciplined and ill-eonaid-
ered writings of over-enthusiastic apprentices to the study of
natural science, catering to childlike desires to cause their sur-
names to be associated with what are already sufficiently mag-
nificent works of natural art. To tbese one might well say:

Beware. 0 thou neophyte, that thou be not hypnotized
By too long gazing at the cowry's shining colors,
Lest thy pen write mockeries of reason.

But aside from considerations which may be termed opiniona-
tiw. we have definite scientific standards by which to judge the
work of authors writing on scientific subjects. There are well
defined rules designed to regulate and standardize the work of
students which must be closely adhered to. Moral integrity is
the only regulator on the writing of authors where opinionative
subject matter is concerned but questions of systematic taxon-
omy may be judged by definite written laws, and violators of
these laws are to be detected and ruthlessly criticized. Otherwise
their unchecked and unchallenged activity results in endless
confusion and burdensome synonomy in literature.

In this respect I wish to call the attention of the student of
Cypraeidae to one of many comparable items to be found in the
works of Mr. T. Iredale. He writes: (Aust. Zool., vol. VIII, Pt.
II. 28 dune. 1935, p. 100).

"(Jleotrivia batiiypilula nom. now (1918. Trivia globosa,
Verco, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr.. vol. XLII. p. 150, 40-80
fathoms, South "West Australia.) This deepwater shell is nar-
rower and less elevated than the so-called pilula of the east coast,
and. of course, it cannot be called globosa in any sense.'*
where I have noted Iredale saying: "My own taxonomie knowl-
cnables the suggestion of some alterations." reflecting his
opinion of his own work.

In International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature we r
"Rejection of Names, Article 32. — A generic or a specific name.
once published, cannot be rejected, even by its author, because
of inappropriateness. Examples: Names like Polyodon, Apus,

52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

albus, etc., when once published, are not to be rejected because
of a claim that they indicate characters contradictory to those
possessed by the animals in question."

The name Cleotrivia bathypilula Iredale thus becomes a syno-
nym of C. globosa Verco.

The Schilders, with typical German thoroughness and atten-
tion to detail, have brought together between the covers of their
Prodrome a mass of information on cowries which is next to use-
less to beginners as an aid to identification, but valuable, not-
withstanding, to the advanced student. Their charts and other
distributional data are especially useful. They are typical
splitters, however, and as a result their classification will have
only a limited appeal. For example, their action in splitting
the forms of Troschel's genus Monetaria into two subgenera
seems totally unwarranted in view of the close relationship be-
tween the two species involved. The ultimate unconscious aim
of splitters seems to be to finally erect a separate genus for each
species.

In rebuttal to arguments of the lumpers, an author or student
favoring much multifarious subdivision may well reply, in kind,
that if he encounters criticism of such a system, this criticism
will come only from superficial amateurs for whom the distinc-
tion of the one genus Cypraea is sufficient. It is, as we can read-
ily see, partly a question of one's point of view.

Apparently it is a common feature of that vast confusion of
unrealistic cross-purposes and half-expressed strivings humor-
ously called human nature, to wish to separate extraordinary
specimens in private collections as named forms. While many
of these varieties, especially of color, recur frequently, it is un-
fortunately true that long series from the same reef show all
Lntergrading variations also recurring frequently and. since
modern taxonomy does not permit ns to anticipate evolutionary
processes, we should resign ourselves to keeping our prized vari-
eties without particular names.

Doubtless the truth lies somewhere in between the viewpoints

of the lumpers and splitters. Such a result may he obtained

by considering the genera of the splitters as subgenera, discard-
ing their subgenera or treating them as species, placing certain

Bpecies and races as subspecies of other forms, and minimizing

( tet., 1946] Tin. n ai •■iiLus

the importance of variations whether they he general or ecologi-
cal, in short, by systematically devaluating the categories of the
splitters.

DISPERSAL OF SHIPWORMS IN THE PACIFIC
By C. H. Edmondson, Bishop Museum, Honolulu

Since a report by the author on the dispersal of shipworms
among central Pacific islands was published,1 additional material
has come to hand which confirms the belief that certain common
species of marine wood borers are widely distributed through the
Pacific area.

By the courtesy of personnel of the United States Navy speci-
mens and material have been received from Okinawa and from
Guam representing a number of species of Teredo familiar in
the central Pacific.

Ti n do .'//•' goryi Dall, Bartsch and Rehder. Collected by J. T.
Conover from timbers of a Japanese fishing boat wrecked on the
west shore of Okinawa. Shells only were recovered. The dis-
tinct i v.- characters of the shell of this species leave no doubt
about the determination of the specimens. This well knows
form, typical of drift logs, is common about Hawaii and has
previously been taken as far wrest as Wake Island and as far
south as Canton Island. In Hawaii it has become established in
wooden structures about the shores and is known to be one of
the active species in the lagoon at Midway Island.

Teredo truUiformis Miller. Shells and pallets recovered.

Teredo diegt tuis Bartsch. Shells, pallets and living specimens
recovered.

Teredo futteri Clap]). Pallets only recovered.

Teredo bensoni Edmondson. Pallets only recovered.

Representative parts, and in one instance living specimens, of
these four species, all widely distribute.! in the central Pacific,
were recovered from a drift timber 3" in diameter (length im-

1 Dispersal of Shipworms among Central Pacific [glands, with descriptions
Of ii. w species, B. P. Bishop Mus., Oec. Papers, vol. 18, no. 15, pp. 21 1 824,
1946.

54 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

known) taken from the vicinity of Agana, Guam, by K. V.
Bossier. The species of drift wood infested was undetermined
and its source is unknown. From the presence of living marine
borers in it, however, there is a strong assumption that if spe-
cies of these shipworms were not already established in that lo-
cality they would be in a short time.

In late years, immediately preceding, during and following
the recent war, there has been greatly increased activity of light,
wooden hulled craft in the Pacific. The appearance at Okinawa
and Guam of marine wood borers well known in the central Pa-
cific gives credence to the belief that light wooden vessels are
means by which shipworms have been .so widely and probably
so* recently dispersed.

A personal communication from the Hawaiian Dredging Com-
pany, Ltd., of Honolulu, states that wooden hulled barges, scows,
tugs, and other such floating equipment were moved by that
company and its associates to and between Hawaiian Island
ports and Midway, French Frigate Shoals, Canton, Palmyra,
Wake and Johnston Island during the period from 1939-1944.
Wooden hulled craft were also built for use in Guam.

A LIST OF MARINE MOLLUSKS FROM THE
ADMIRALTY ISLANDS

By K. A. McLean and C. H. Hebert

While stationed in the Admiralty Islands in 1944 and 1945
the senior author made a small collection of marine mollusks.
As records from this area are few it seemed worth while to record
these speeies from the geographical locality where they were
taken.

The hulk of the h»ts were collected at Kornniat Island. Seead-
ler Earbor, Manns. A few came from Ponam Island about 25
miles west of Loren-an on the Island of .Manns and these are
indicated in the text.

The nomenclature employed is that of Tryon's Manual of
Conchology, Reeve's Conchologica [conica and other works of
aboul that vintage.

Oct., L946

THK NAUTILUS

.,.»

< ! L8TR0P0DA

HaHotis varia Linnaens.
8ubemarginuia tricarinata

Born.
Patella stellaeformis Reeve.
StomateUa i I, iinns Gray.
<;> na lutea A. Adams.
Stomatia phymotis Helbling.
8totnatia phymotis obscura

Lamarck.
Chryso8toma paradoxum Born.
Euchelus foveolatus A. Adams.
Trochus f( n< stratus Gmelin.
Trochus maculatus Linnaeus.
Trochus niloticus Linnaeus.
Del ph inula laciniata Lamarck.
Astraea petrosum Martyn.
Turbo artensis Montrouzier.

(Ponam I.)
Turbo intcrcostalis Philippi.
Turbo pctholatus Linnaeus.
Turbo nivosus Reeve.
Nerita plicata Linnaeus.
Ni rita polita Linnaeus.
Theodoxus neglecta Pease.

(Ponam I.)
Littorina undulata Gray.
Littorina scabra Linnaeus.
(''lithium aluco Linnaeus.
Cerithium alu tare urn Gould.
Cerithium fasciatum Brugui-

ere.
Cerithium lemniscatum Quoy

lV Gaymard.
Cerithium nodulosum Lin-
naeus.
Cerithium piperitum Sowerby.
Cerithium sinensis Gmelin.
Cerithium vertagus Linnaeus.

Amalthea antiquatus Linnaeus.
Amalthea oonica Schumacher.

Chi it< a i ijut stris Linnaeus.
8 trombus canarium Linnaeus.

Strombus floridus Lamarck.

8 trombus gibberulus Linnaeus.

Strombus lentiginosus Lin-
naeus.

St rum bus luhuanus Linnaeus.

St rami) us urceus Linnaeus.

I'tirocera lambis Linnaeus.

TerebeUum subulatum La-
marck.

Pol in ires mamilla Linnaeus.

Polinices melanostoma Gmelin.

Trivia oryza Lamarck.

Or ula lactea Lamarck.

Cypraea annulus Linnaeus.

Cypraea erosa Linnaeus.

Cypraea Isabella Linnaeus.

Cypraea lynx Linnaeus.

Cypraea poraria Linnaeus.

Cypraea tigris Linnaeus.

Cymatium aquatile Reeve.

Cymatium chlorostomum La-
marck.

Oyrineum gyrina Linnaeus.

Colubraria clistortus Schubert
& Wagner.

Bursa affinis Broderip.

Dolium perdix Linnaeus.

Murex adustus Lamarck.

Thais armigera Lamarck.

Thais hippocastaneum Lin-
naeus.

Thais persica Linnaeus.

Drupa undata Chemnitz.

Drupa horrida Lamarck.

56

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 60 (2)

Sistrum spectrum Reeve.
Coralliophilia neritoides

Gmelin.
Iopas sertum Bruguiere.
Columbella fulgurans

marck.
Columbella

marck.
Columbella

pardalina
punctata

La-

La-

Bru-

guiere.

Columbella versicolor Sowerby.

Nassa obtusata A. Adams.

Nassa albescens Dunker.

Latirus craticulatus Linnaeus.

Latirus smaragdula Linnaeus.

Peristernia chlorostoma Sow-
erby.

Peristernia nassatula Lamarck.

Imbricaria punctata Swainson.

Mitra acuminata Swainson.

Mitra deshayesii Reeve.

Mitra litter ata Lamarck.

Mitra olivaeformis Swainson.

Mitra retusa Lamarck.

Mitra tabanula Lamarck.

'iurricula exasperata arenosa
Lamarck.

'iurricula plicaria Linnaeus.

iurricula sanguinisuga Lin-
naeus.

Vasum C( ramicum Linnaeus.

Vasum turbincllum Linnaeus.

Harpa minor Lamarck.

Turris babylonia Linnaeus.

Conus capitaneus Linnaeus.

Conus ceylonensis nanus Brod-
erip.

Conus ceylonensis pusillus
Chemnitz.

Conus coronatus Dillwyn.

Conus glans Ihvass.

Conus ebraeus Linnaeus.

Conus marmoreus Linnaeus.

Conus miliaris Hwass.

Conus monarchus Linnaeus.

('onus rat t us Ihvass.

Conus sponsalis Lamarck.

Conus stercus-muscarum Lin-
naeus.

Conus striatus Linnaeus.

('onus terebra Born.

Conus citulinus Ihvass.

Terebra dimidiata Linnaeus.

Terebra muscaria Lamarck.

Atys cylindrica Helbling.

Atys paralclla Gould.

II a in in! a crocata Pease.

Bulla ri rnicosa Gould.

M< lam pus caffra Krister.

Melampus fasciatus Deshayes.

Mi lampus luU us Quo] r.

l'l I.ECYPODA

Area <\( cussula Sowerby.
Area fusca Bruguiere.
Area ocelluta Reeve.
Area ti in tin Reeve.
QlyeymerU amboinensis (iine-
lin.

Spondylus duealis Chemnitz.
Moil iol us tumesci ns "Dunker"

( 'lessiu.

Cardita variegata Bruguiere.
Codakia bt Ua ( lonrad.
Codakia interrupta Lamarck,

Oct., 1946] TIIK NAITILUS 57

Codakia punctata Linnaeus. Cytheria reticulata Linnaeus.

Codakia tigrina Linnaeus. Qafrariwn dispar Dillwyn.

Corbit finibriata Linnaeus. bioconeha eastrensis Linnaeus.

Myrtaca fabula Reeve. liesodestna striata Gmelin.

Tar as vcsicula Gould. Paphin grigona Deshayes.

Cardium flavum Linnaeus. Donas fdba Chemnitz.

Hemicardium fragum Lin- TelUna eUicensis Hedley.

naeus. TelUna obliqueUneata Conrad.

Hemicardium unedo Linnaeus. TelUna perula Gould.

Hippopus hippopus Linnaeus. Till inn rubella Deshayes.

Circe sulcata Gray. TelUna sedbinaia Linnaeus.

Chiom marica Linnaeus. TelUna staurclla Lamarck.

SCAPHOPODA

Dentalium clcphantinum Linnaeus.

NOMENCLATORIAL NOTES ON ODONTOSTOMUS
BECK, 1837 (BULIMULIDAE)

By Lothar Forcart, Museum of Natural History, Basel (Switzerland)

Albers 1850 (p. 150) united in Odontostomus Beck the spe-
cies: Bulimus odontostomus Sow., pantagruelinus Moric, exestis
Spix, ianeirensis Sow., punctatissimus Lesson, ringens Dkr.,
wagneri Pfr., sexdentatus Spix, pupoides Spix, and dent at us
Wood.

Pfeiffer 1850 (pp. 107-112) divided Odontostomus Beck (as
used by Albers 1850) in Macrodontes Swainson, 1840 for Buli-
mus odontostoma Sow. and Bui. grayanus Pfr., and Odonto-
stomus for Bui. pantagruelensis Moric. and 14 other species.
Martens 1860 (p. 187) designated the genotypes B. odonto-
stomus Sow. for Macrodontes Swains, and Bulimus pantagrue-
Unus for Odontostomus Beck. Pilsbry 1898 (p. 57) and Pilsbry
1901 (p. 29 and 39) accepted these type-designations.

But this type-designation for Odontostomus is not according
with the International Rules on Zoological Nomenclature. In
accordant- with Art. 30 I d Bulimus odontostoma Sow. (which
Beck 1837 (p. 54; mentioned as synonym of O. gargantula

58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

(= emend, for Helix (Cochlodina) gargantua Ferussac, 1821))
is the genotype by tautonomy.

Macrodontes Swainson, 1840, with Macrodontes sowerbyi
Swainson, 1840 (= Bulimus odontostoma Sowerby, 1824) as
monotypieal genotype, becomes a synonym of Odontostomus
Beck, 1837.

The genus Odontostomus in the sense of Pfeiffer 1850,
Martens 1860, Pilsbry 1898 and 1901 must be newly named.
Pilsbry 1901 divided Odontostomus (not of Beck) in several sec-
tions and subgenera. Their oldest name is Cyclodontina Beck,
1837, with Clausilia pupoides Spix (=Pupa inflata Wagner)
as genotype, designated by Pilsbry 1898 (p. 57). The older
type-designations by Herrmannsen 1847 (p. 344) and Gray
1847 are not valid. Herrmannsen designated two species and
Gray a nude name.

The section Odontostomus Pilsbry, 1901 (p. 62) with Helix
(Cochlodina) pantagruelina Moricand, 1833 as genotype must
be newly named. I propose for it Pantagruelina subg. n.

So we accept the following nomenclatorial alterations :

New name: Name used by Pilsbry 1901:

Genus Odontostoma Beck, 1837. Genus Macrodontes Swainson, 1S40.

Genotype taution.: Bulimus odon- Genotype monotyp. : Macrodontes
tostoma Sowerby (= Odonto- sowerbyi Swainson (=■ Macro-

stomu8 gargantuas (Fer.)). dontes odontostomus (Sow.)).

Genus Cyclodontina Beck, 1837. Genus Odontostomus Beck, 1837.

Lecto-genotype: Cyclodontina (Cy- Lecto-genotype: Odontostomus
clodontina) inflata (Wagner); {Odontostomus) pantagrutlinus

Pilsbry 1898 (p. 57). (Moricand); Martens 1860 (p.

187).

Sulpf,'rnus Pantagruelina subg. n. Section Odontostomus Beck s. str.

Genotype: Helix {Cochlodina) pan- Lecto-genotype: Odontostomus

tagruelina Moricand {—Cyolo- (Odontostomus) pantngruelinus

dontina {PantagrueUna) labroaa (Moricand); Martens 1860 (p.

(Menke)). 187).

PlLSBBT L901 (p. 31) identifies Helix {Cochlodina) gargantua
Ferussac, 182] with Odontostomus {Odontostomus) pa utagrui -

linus (Moricand) and ool with Macrodontes odontostomus
( Sowerby I as earlier authors.

This opinion is erroneous, heeanse a picture of lltlis {Cochlo-
dina i gargantua Per., which is identical with l>ulimus odonto-
stomus Sowerby, was published in Kekussac & Deshayes 1820-

Oct., 1946] Tin. NAUTILUS 59

1851 (pi. 163, fig. 1). KiAN.Mii. 1942 (p. 110) pointed out, thai
pi. id:; was issued by Frrussac in livr, 27 (August 4, 1*32).

Moricand 1833 ip. 542) writes in the description of Helix
(Cochlodina) pantagruelina: "Cette espece esl Le geant do sous-
genre auquel elle appartient, car elle es1 d'un tiers plus grande
que 17/. gargantua, de laquelle elle Be rapproche par Bes princi-
palis caracteres."

Pilsbry 1901 (p. 64) remarked of Helix (Cochlodina) gar-
gantua Frrussac. 1821: "insufficient desc." But Jhli.r (Coch-
lodina gargantua was at the time of its description the only
known species of its group and well defined in form of a syn-
optical key.

So Macrodontes odontostomus (Sowerby) in Pilsbry 1901 (p.
31) must be replaced by Odontostomus gargantua (Ferussac).

Pilsbry 1901 (p. 63) writes in the synonymy of Odontostomus
(Odontostomus) pantagruelinus (Moricand) : "Scarab us labro-
sa s Menke, Synopsis methodica molluscorum, p. 78 (1828) ;
Second Edition, p. 130 (1830) ; description insufficient for identi-
fication.'' But there is no doubt that Helix {Cochlodina) panta-
gruelina Moricand is synonym of Scarabus labrosus Menke.
Moricand 1833 (p. 543) writes: "Cette coquille est certaine-
ment le Scarabus labrosus, de Moench (misspelling for Menke).
Mais comme d 'un cote elle n 'appartient pas a ce genre, et que de
l'autre j'ai cru devoir en donner une figure j'ai du la ramener
an genre Belix, tel que l'entend M. de Ferussac, et a son sous-
genre Cochlodina; puisque dans cette note j'ai adopte cette
nomenclature, je n'ai pas pu conscrver non plus le nom speci-
fique, vn qu'il existe deja une Helix labrosa. J'ai pense que le
nom sous lequel je la designe, rappelait sa parente avec I'll.
Gargantua, Fer. "

The name Odontostomus (Odontostomus) pantagruelinus
(Moricand) in Pilsbry 1901 (p. 63) must be replaced by Cyclo-
dontina (Pantagruelina) labrosa (Menke).

BlBLlOGRAI'HY

Albers, J. Chr., 18o0. Die Heliceen nach natiirlicher Verwandtachaft

geordnet.
Albers, J. Chr., 1860. Die Heliceen naeh natiirlicher Verwandtachafl

geordnet. Zweite Ausgabe nach dem hinterlasscnni M.-uiuskript beorgt

von Eduard Martens.

60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

Beck, H., 1837. Index Molluscoruin praesentis aevi Musei Principis Au-

gustissimi Christiani Frederici.
Ferussac, D. de, 1821. Tableau systematique de la famille des Limaqona.
Ferussac, D. de & Deshayes, G. P., 1820-1851. Histoire naturelle generate

et particuliere des Mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles.
Gray, J. E., 1847. A List of the Genera of Eecent Mollusca, their Synon-

yma and Types. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 15: pp. 129-219.
Herriiannsen, A. N., 1847. Indicis Generum Malacozoorum primordia,

vol. 1 (1846-1847).
Kennard, A. S., 1942. The Histoire and Prodrome of Ferussac. Proc.

Malac. Soc. London, vol. 25: 1, pp. 12-17 and 3, pp. 105-118.
Martens, E., 1860. See Albers, J. Chr., 1860.

Moricand, St., 1833. Note sur quelques especes nouvelle de coquilles ter-
restres. Mem. Soc. Phys. Geneve, vol. 6 : pp. 537-544.
Pfeiffer, L., 1850. Ueber die Bulimusgruppe Odontostomus Alb. Zs.

Malakozool., vol. 7: 7, pp. 107-112.
Pilsbry, H. A., 1898. Notes on the Genus Odontostomus. Nautilus, vol.

12: 5, pp. 57-58.
Pilsbry, H. A., 1901. Manual of Conchology (2), 14 (1901-1902).

NEW CARIBBEAN AND PANAMIC SHELLS AND A

PLIOCENE MARGINELLA

By Maxwell Smith

Cerithium caribbaeum sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 4.

Shell rather broad, brownish in color especially in front, spire
gradually tapering; nucleus smooth, flattened, whitish, shining,
consisting of about one and one-half whorls, subsequent whorls
seven in number; suture well impressed, slightly channeled below
upon the body whorl, decidedly undulating ; nine broad, rounded.
axial ribs upon each whorl, extending from suture to suture
upon the spire, from suture to periphery on body whorl, not
for ntiii (/ short spiny processes, crossed by numerous, over all,
closely placed distinct spiral riblets, the interspaces darker in
color; aperture and anterior canal oblique, interior grayish
white; anal sulcus rather small, forming a groove which <.rt< nds
well within the shell; outer lip slightly erenulate, more extended
anteriorly.

Heighl of shell .".1.."), diameter 15 mm.

Habitat: Dredged oil" .Manzanillo Island, Colon, Canal Zone.
Holotype in the writer's collection.

This species is allied to Cerithium litteratum Born, but is
larger. It lacks the double row of spiny processes so character-

Oct., l!U<)] THE NAUTILUS 61

istir of that shell, the aperture lb more oblique, the spire more
produced and the spiral sculpture entirely different.

The holotype and other specimens, fresh bul not living, were
collected by Mr. Walter I), dark.

Thais coronata brujensis subsp. nov.

shell of moderate size, elongate, spiny processes Feebly de-
veloped as compared to African specimens; nucleus well pro-
duced, shining, black with often a whitish zone or band ; anal
sulcus usually straightly indented and simpler than in the typi-
cal shell; only Blight indications of peripheral nodulations.

Height 4"), diameter 29 mm.

Habitat: Bruja Point (Caribbean), Canal Zone.
Holotype in the writer's collection.

Apparently the first record of T. coronata in these waters.
Collected by .Air. Walter D. Clark.

Crassispira walteri sp. nov. Plate 6, fig. 10.

Shell solid, acute, whitish with a thin yellowish-brown epi-
dermis, aperture pinkish lavender color; nucleus defective in
present example, about eight subsequent whorls; suture mod-
erately impressed, more or less undulating between the riblets;
fifteen rounded axial ribs upon the penultimate whorl, the ribs
being nodulous between the spiral threads (seven threads upon
the penultimate whorl, with in addition a more prominent thread
in front of the suture and three feeble threads between them) ;
aperture short, wide, the anal sulcus deep, oval, edge well ex-
tended and reflected; anterior canal wide, short, the terminal
reflected ; outer lip thin, the terminations of the spiral threads
forming beautiful crenulations, well indented in front of the
crenulations ; body whorl with a distinct hump upon the back
of the shell.

Height of shell 37.5, diameter 18.5 mm.

Habitat: Archipelago de las Perlas, Panama.

Holotype in the writer's collection.

Only a single example was taken by Mr. Walter D. Clark for
whom the species is named. Dr. Pilsbry writes that it is very
similar to " Drillia" savlcydiantu Recluz, but larger. That
is said to be from "Senegal." (It is not = I). umbiUcattu Gray,
as Try on said.)

62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

Margixella Formosa sp. nov. Plate 6, fig:. 5.

Shell of medium size, long-, gradually tapering anteriorly, apex
covered with callus but not immersed in the last whorl ; terminal
varix rather broad, externally marginated ; inner edge of outer
lip feebly denticulate ; aperture narrow posteriorly, widening
considerably at anterior end ; four distinct but rather fine plaits
upon the columella, the anterior one the strongest and obliquely
extended to join and form the labrum; surface of shell highly
polished and with no trace of color pattern.

When placed upon a plane surface the shape of the outer
labrum may best be studied. It swings upward at both of the
terminals.

Alt. 21.5 mm.

Habitat: Pliocene, Clewiston, Florida.

Holotype in the writer's collection.

This species is rather similar to M. burchardi Dunker from
the East Indies but is much smaller and posteriorly the aperture
is narrower. Further, in M. burchardi the anterior columellar
plait is usually bifid. M. formosa is a larger shell than M.
labrosa Redfield, another ally from the Antilles. The latter is
relatively a shorter shell and with the anterior penultimate plait
the most prominent.

THREE NEW SUBSPECIES OF AMPHIDROMUS

VERSICOLOR FROM THE PHILIPPINE

ISLANDS*

By Paul Bartsch, Associate, Division of Mollusks,
United States National Museum

The liberation of the Philippine Islands by our armed forces
has again made possible communication witli the veteran col-
Lector, Pedro de Mesa of Lubang Island, whose family has been
subjected to dire hardships ami mistreatmenl by the 'lap in-
vaders. Undaunted he is again picking up the scattered threads
and intends to continue liis exploration of the islands for inol-
Insks. A present Bending contains three new races of the genns

Amphidromus which are here described.

Published by permission of the Secretary of The Nmitlisi>ni:in Institution.

( >. t.. 1946] THE NA1TI! 63

Ahphidbomub veb&tcoloh demesai, in m subspecies. Plate 6,
fig. 3.

Shell ovate, sinistral, with a dark apical spot succeeded by a
flesh-colored whorl or two, which in turn are succeeded by a
aeries of narrow, fairly equally spaced, slightly wavy, axial,
brown lines which become fused on the anterior half of the turns.
On the posterior halt* these are separated by spaces about as wide
as the brown lines. These markings pass obliquely across the
lines of growth. The last three whorls bear a red or yellow zone
at the summit. The ground color of these whorls is greenish
yellow. The last turn may be greenish yellow or in addition to
that show the axial paler lines of the posterior half and larger
yellowish spots on the anterior half. The base bears a broad yel-
low median spiral band anterior, and posterior to which an
equally broad darker spiral band may be present or these may
be absent, and the shell merely continues the coloration posterior
to the periphery. The columellar area behind the peristome is
red. while the reflected peristome is white with the interior livid,
showing the external markings within.

Fifteen specimens were collected by de Mesa on the north and
northeast tip of Coron Island in the Calamianes group. These
yield the following measurements :

(type)

No. of

Length

Diameter

Whorls

in mm.

in mm.

1

6.5

34.0

18.7

2

6.4

30.9

16.5

3

6.7

32.8

16.3

4

6.6

33.5

17.6

5

6.5

32.9

17.8

6

6.1

29.4

16.4

7

6.8

36.0

18.1

8

6.4

28.9

16.1

9

6.4

29.5

16.0

10

6.3

30.3

17.0

11

6.8

33.8

16.3

12

6.5

35.0

18.2

13

6.0

30.6

16.6

14

6.5

31.0

16.0

15

6.6

34.1

17.1

Greatest

6.8

36.0

18.7

Average

6.47

32.1

16.9

LeMt

6.0

28.9

16.0

No. 2 of these is the type. It is registered as I'.S.WM. No.
542919. The rest of the specimens bear the U.S.X..M. No.
542920.

64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

In the possession of the red band below the summit, this sub-
species suggests an occasional occurrence of that feature in the
mass of variants of versicolor from the Island of Balabac. Here,
too, occasionally one sees the red zone behind the columella. The
rest of the coloration, the yellow band on the middle of the base,
and the axial markings suggest more nearly versicolor everetti
from Brooks Point, Palawan, but the quite uniform olivaceous
ground color differentiates it from that subspecies at once, in
which the ground color is uniformly brownish. It resembles
Amphidromus versicolor aborlanensis in general respect but can
at once be distinguished by its red subsutural zone, brighter red
coloration of the columellar area as well as general tone of colo-
ration.

Amphidromus versicolor aborlanensis, new subspecies. Plate
6, fig. 1.

Shell sinistral, ovate, with a faint dark apical spot succeeded
by a little more than two whorls of chocolate brown, followed
by turns marked with broad somewhat irregular, at times pos-
teriorly bifurcated almost vertical zones which are brown on
the first two turns thus marked and beyond this gradually shade
into olive green. These zones and the narrower yellow inter-
spaces separating them terminate anteriorly at the peripheral
spiral band which is of a darker shade of green. Anterior to
the periphery a bright yellow spiral zone of double the width of
the peripheral band is present and this is hounded anteriorly
by a spiral band of green equalling the peripheral zone in width
and color. Adjoining this zone is a narrow line of yellow-
followed by a dull dark red columellar area. Peristome of the
outer lip white, columellar dusky; interior of aperture dark
brown showing the yellow band.

Twelve specimens before me were collected by Sr. Pedro de
Mesa at Mt. Aborlan, Palawan. The type is Cat. No. f>43218;
the paratopes are registered as 543219.

These specimens measure :

(type)

V, ..f

Length

l Hametar

W l.orlfl

in nun.

in nun.

1

6.2

34.3

is.;,

2

6 '-'

31.

17.

3

6.1

29.1

17.

4

6.

29

17.2

5

6.4

31.3

16.

Oct., 1946]

Tin:

\ \rni. (78

No. of

Whorls

i aagtfa

in nun.

I H uMili-r
in linn.

6
7

s
9

5.4

tip broken

tip Imiken

up broken

32.2

17.
16.
19.

16.5

( ireateet

Average

Least

6.4
6.2
6.

34.3
31.1
29.

19.

17.1
16.

65

This subspecies resembles Amphidromus versicolor <l< mesai
but can at once be distinguished from it by the absence of the
subsutural red hand, duller columellar red area and paler nu-
clear tip as well as in shades of coloration.

Amphtobohus versicolor negrosensis, new subspecies. Plate
6, fig. 2.

Shell elongate-ovate, sinistral. Nucleus with a dark tip; the
succeeding turns martius yellow, gradually changing to buff
yellow uii the last whorl. The periphery shows a faint narrow
pale zone and the base is a little darker than the anterior portion
of the last whorl, and in one specimen ten short spiral streaks are
present on the basal portion immediately behind the peristome.
Peristome and interior of aperture white. The whorls are
slightly rounded, separated by a moderately impressed suture
and marked by oblique incremental lines. Periphery with a
mere indication of an angulation.

The ten specimens received from Mr. Pedro de Mesa who
states that he collected them at Bacalod, Negros, Philippine Is-
lands, in lit:;!), yield the following measurements:

No. of

Length

Diametei

W lioria

in mm.

in mm.

1

7.1

37.0

17.6

2

7.0

40.3

20.3

3

6.6

37.8

19.2

4

(tip broken)

17.4

5

7.2

39.7

19.0

6

7.3

45.1

20.8

7

7.1

38.0

ls.s

8

7.1

39.7

20.1

9

7.3

43.2

20.5

10

7.5

45.0

20.9

Greatest

7.5

45.1

20.9

Average

7.1

•tor,

L9.46

Least

6.6

37.0

17.1

(type)

66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

No. 5 of these is the type. It is registered as U.S.N.M. No.
542921. The rest of the specimens bear the U.S.N.M. No. 542922.

This subspecies is the first member of the versicolor group re-
ported from the central group of islands. It resembles the plain
colored members of typical versicolor both in shape and in the
dark tip, differing, however, by the uniform coloration of the
population instead of the enormous variability displayed by
versicolor proper, also the narrow pale peripheral zone seems to
be more pronounced here than in typical versicolor.

THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION-
TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING

By Imogene C. Kobertson

The suspension of annual meetings of the American Malaco-
Logical Union, enforced during the war years, was happily termi-
nated this summer when the twelfth annual meeting was held
in Washington, D. C, August 14 to 16, in the United States Na-
tional Museum.

Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, welcomed the delegates at the opening of the program on
Wednesday afternoon. Dr. Henry van der Schalie of the Mu-
seum of Zoology of the University of Michigan, President of the
Union, responded appreciatively. The following papers were
read at the afternoon session: ''The Unionidae of New Eng-
land," Richard I. Johnson. "Surveys for Schistosomiasis on
Mindanao," Dr. W. R. Wright. "A Study of Native Planorbi-
dae as Possible Intermediate Hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in
Man," Dr. Eloise B. Cram. "Notes on MoUusks Attached to
the American Lobster," Ralph W. Dexter. "'A Biographical
Sketch of Jacob Green," Gordon K. MacMillan. "Limaces of
North America." Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry.

The annual dinner was held in Annapolis Hotel at 8 o'clock,
forty-nine members and guests attending. Dr. Paul Bartsch

was honored on this occasion, the date being the se\ enty-tit'th
anniversary <»t" his birth. The speakers were introduced by Dr.

van der Schalie, all paying tribute to Dr. Bartsch in his mani-
fold roles as researcher, educator, and friend. Dr. Waldo

Oct., l!'46] thk \ Miii.rs 67

Schmidt, ■ tanner student of Dr. Bartsch 's and now his suc-

r as head curator of the Museum, was tin- first to be called

on, his remarks being a tribute t<> the friendship developed dur-

ing the years of their association. He was followed by Dr. l'ils-
hry who recalled that Dr. Bartseh's first interest was ornithol-
ogy and that it was Dr. Dall who was influential in causing him
to become a specialist in malacology. William J. Clench spoke
of him as a standard of attainment in the science to be aimed at
for those coming after, and of his never-failing readiness to help
the aspiring student. Dr. Fritz Haas, who had been trained in
European museums, told of the esteem in which Dr. Bartsch is
held there. Dr. Jeanne Schwengel voiced appreciation of the
unsurpassed work done by him and of his personal kindness.
Mrs. Harold Robertson gave the final word of tribute to a 'gen-
erous friend and pillar of the American Malacological Union.
She then, on behalf of the Union, presented to Dr. Bartsch the
birthday gift of a beautiful electric clock with a handsomely
engrossed birthday card signed by all present.

Dr. Bartsch responded feelingly with a resume of his scientific
activities during a long life of service in the field of malacology.

The scientific program was resumed Thursday morning at 10
o'clock when the following papers were presented: "Members
of the Genus Tropicorbis Pound in Louisiana and Texas," Dr.
Elmer G. Berry. "Procedure in the Collecting and Study of
Boring and Fouling Mollusks," Ruth D. Turner. "Shell Sculp-
ture in normally Smooth Unionid Shells," Dr. Fritz Haas.
"Hunting Fossils in the Florida Miocene," John Dyas Parker.

The afternoon program was opened with a brief business ses-
sion during which recommendations made by the Council were
acted upon. The place of meeting in 1947 was discussed and it
was decided to leave the decision to a vote by mail by the mem-
bership. Two localities are under consideration: Pacific Grove,
California, and Sanibel, Florida. Officers elected are: Presi-
dent, Dr. Henry van der Schalie ; vice-president, Dr. Myra
Keen; secretary, Mrs. Harold R. Robertson; treasurer, Harold
R. Robertson; councillors: Dr. B. R. Bales, Dr. Joseph C.
Bequaert, John Q. Burch, Dr. John Oughton. Past presidents
remaining on the Council without reelection: Dr. Joshua L.
Baily, Jr., Dr. Horace Burrington Baker, Dr. Paul Bartsch,

68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

William J. Clench, Calvin Goodrich, Dr. Louise M. Perry, Dr.
Henry A. Pilsbry, Dr. Harald A. Render, Maxwell Smith, and
Dr. Carlos de la Torre.

Papers in the afternoon session were : ' ' Problems Relating to
Molluscan Faunal Zones in Late Tertiary and Pleistocene De-
posits of Kansas," A. B. Leonard. "Looking Ahead in Mala-
cology," William J. Clench. "Searching for Mollusks and
Crustacea along the West Coast of Mexico," A. Sorensen. "The
Types of Philip P. Carpenter," Katherine V. W. Palmer. Wil-
liam J. Bower spoke briefly on "Health Building Values of Shell
Work" and Mrs. Fred S. Hoffman on "Shell Collecting by Our
Boys in the Service" at the conclusion of the program. A short
film taken at the Rockland meeting in 1941 was shown at the
beginning of the afternoon meeting.

At six o'clock members were guests of Dr. Jeanne S.
Schwengel at a cocktail party and buffet supper in the Wash-
ington Hotel. This much appreciated entertainment was fol-
lowed by an impromptu visit to the Aquarium as guests of the
Director, Fred S. Orsinger. All who attended this personally
conducted tour were treated to behind-the-scenes views of the
water creatures and learned many unusual facts concerning
them.

Thursday was given over to an outing and buffet Luncheon at
Lebanon, Dr. Bartsch's 450-acre estate on the Potomac River.
A light rain prevented the anticipated collecting experiences,
but provided time for a visit to nearby Gunston Hall, the colo-
nial home built by George Mason, author of the Bill of Rights,
and now the home of Louis Hertle who restored it and presented
it to the State of Virginia, retaining a life use of it. While it
was with deep regret that Dr. Bartseh's original sehedule could
not be carried out, this opportunity of a glimpse into the gracious
Living of past generations was much enjoyed as was the visit
to Poliick Church which was made as a stop on the outward trip
to Dr. Bartsch's farm.

A buffet Luncheon which featured a variety of delectable

salads was provided by our hostess, Dr. Elizabeth Parker

Bartsch, and there were luscious watermelons thoughtfully fur-
nished by Dr. Julia Cardm-i- and partaken of just before the
final Leave taking in the late afternoon. The pleasant reunions

( Kit., 1!M(>| THB NAUTILUS 60

and the Beeing of m-w faces was stimulating to everyone, and the

time together seemed all too short.

REPUBLICATION OF DESCRIPTIONS OF NORTH

AMERICAN MOLLUSKS BY VERKRUZEN,

KURTZ AND DE TAR AND BEECHER

By WILLIAM J. CLENCH

The following descriptions are republished only because the
original publications are excessively rare and but few copies of
each are known to exist.

A few of the described forms have been listed, mainly in
synonymies of well known species; others have been overlooked
or certainly not considered worthy of note. As these several
entities have been validly introduced in the literature, they are
names which must be taken into consideration when any attempt
is made to study a species or group of species in which they
play a part, even if that part is only a portion of the historical
background.

All bracketed entries are my own or original page references.

Mollusca / Dredged and Collected / by T. A. Verkriizen, / in
1876,/ in the Neighbourhood of St. John's, / Newfoundland, /
Including a few Species Obtained from the Bay of Fundy. / St.
John's. X. F. 1877, pp. 1-11.

[This small octavo pamphlet consists of a list of marine shells
with notes on their local occurrence at St. John's, Newfoundland
and a few additional records from Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia.
There are no plates. Descriptions of six new varieties are
given.

It is quite certain that neither C. W. Johnson (Marine
Mollusca of the Atlantic Coast from Labrador to Texas, 1934)
nor J. F. Whiteaves (Catalogue of he Marine [nvertebrata of
Eastern Canada, 1901) ever saw this publication. Whiteaves
p. 5) lists this publication but no records are given in his com-
prehensive report nor are any of the new forms by Verkruzen
listed as valid or included in his synonymies. The following
are exact copies of Verkruzen 's descriptions.]

70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (2)

[p. 4] 20. Cardium (Aphrodite) grbnlandicum, var. album V.
— 1 specimen from the Bank. The valves of this handsome
variety are of a pale drab and seniitransparent, whilst those of
the type are variously and prettily marked.

[p. 4] 21. Cardita borealis Conr. var. St. Johnensis, Verier. —
Harbour and Narrows, not common. This variety is distinct
from the typical form by a broader and more equilateral shape ;
[p. 5] it is not inflected at the lunule below the umbones, and
which the latter do not project, as it is more or less the case with
the typus; it is finely much smaller, the largest adult valves
being scarcely half the size of a typical Cardita borealis from
neighbouring Southern seas. I am inclined to consider it a
good species and would retain the name : Cardita St. Johnensis
Verkr.

[p. 6] 38. Chiton marmoreus, var. jjusulosas Verkr. — Narrows;
scarce. This variety does not show the retangular ribs on the
shields, which are peculiar to the type, or sometimes very faintly
only, but is covered over with minute pustules, not visible to
the naked eye.

fp. 6] 39. Chiton marmoreus, var. St. Johnensis, Verkr. —
This elegant variety is of a brilliant green colour, especially when
alive, and in sculpture inclines rather to the preceding variety
more than to the type, I obtained but few specimens.

[p. 8] 78. Trichotropic borealis, Sow. var. St. J oh in nsis Verkr.
— Harbour and Narrows. This fine variety is distinguished from
the European type by a larger [p. 9] size and stronger texture,
strong bright yellow brown Epidermis, a more projecting outer
lip, and is frequently coloured within of a lively brownish
yellow. It may be called the handsomest shell of St. -John "s
Harbour.

[p. 11] 46. Molleria costulata, Moll. var. glabra, Verkr. —
Harbour, scarce. Instead of the strong ribs of growth of the
type, this var. is quite smooth ; intermediates have faint ribs.

[The following paper on Planorbis costutus by De Tar and
Beecher appeared as a single small octavo page, printed on one
side only. Dal] lists this species ;is ;i synonym of Armigi r crista
Linne" (Dal) L905, Alaska, Land and Freshwater shells. Barri-
man Alaska Expedition 8, p. 96).]

Planorbis Costatns De Tar and Beecher

Subgenus blenetus

Shell dextral, minute, yellowish horn color. Diameter 9/10
Mill. Volutions 3-3%, rapidly increasing, outer slightly cari-
nate above; upper surface of volutions flattened, or very slightly
convex; lower surface convex. Peristome acute, not thickened.

Oct., 1!'4*JJ Tin: NAUTILUS 71

Umbilicus profound, Bhowing all of the volutions. Aperture
semiorbicnlar, very oblique. Surface delicately reticulate, orna-
mented with prominent transverse libs.

Habitat. Huron River, Aim Arbor, Michigan. Pound in
rather deep water on weeds and fragments of wood. Date L874.

This species is readily distinguished from any allied form by
the possession of very marked transverse costae <>r ribs.

Albany (New York| Oct. LMth. 1S7S.

Catalogue / of / Recent Marine Shells, / Found on the Coasts
of / North and South Carolina. / By J. D. Kurtz / Portland : /
1860.

[This is a nine page octavo report which was published in
Portland. Maine by David Tucker. It comprises a list of the
marine species collected by Kurtz during the years 1848 to
1852. Several new species are described with exceedingly short
descriptions and no figures. Specific localities are generally
given for the rare forms and a general locality as "N. and
S. C." for the common species. A few nude names are listed
which are not included here. Exact transcriptions of Kurtz are
given below.]

[p. 4] Leptox Longipes Kurtz, n.s. Fort Johnson, S. C.
Differs from L. fabagella, Conrad, as figured by DeKay (N. Y
Reports) in being a larger shell and comparatively wider.

[p. 4] Cytherea ! Width 1.5 in., height 1.1 in. This beauti-
ful species [p. 5] merits the name bella unless otherwise desig-
nated by Prof. Holmes, who dredged it "of Charleston bar."
[Under the rules this species would hardly be described. It is
included as a matter of record only. |

[p. 5] Vents trapezoidalis, Kurtz, n.s., width .5 in., cov-
ered with convex radiating ribs, set with brown spots and scales
of growth. A thin brown pile on good specimens. N. and S. ('.

[p. 5] Ar,ca iiolmesii Kurtz, n.s. Distinguished from its
analogues, A. pexata and A. Americana, by Prof. Holmes. It
is smaller, more inflated, solid, and globular. Inhabits the
estuaries. X. and S. C.

[p. 7] Scalaria rupicula Kurtz, n.s., length, 5 in., divergence
48°, whorls brown, ribs white; in the crevices of stones. Ft.
Johnson, S. C.

[p. 8] Chemnitzia textilis, Kurtz, n.s.. Length, .13, width
.07) in., white, waxy or chalky, six or seven shouldered whorls,
thick set with prominent smooth longitudinal ribs, the inter-
spaces crossed by impressed revolving lines. Fort Johnson, 8. ' '.

72

THE NAUTILUS

|" Vol. 60 (2)

NOTES AND NEWS

A roundup of Coculicopa lubrica. — "At my place there used
to be a small summer-house with a cement floor, 8 feet in diam-
eter. The roof and walls had been cleared away, only the floor
left, with three steps up to it. Now, the other day, inside of
twelve hours, evening till morning, thousands of earthworms ap-
peared on the cement floor, and hundreds of small shells [Cochli-
copa lubrica] . How did they get there? I am sending a sample
of the shells. Have you any explanation?" (Extract from a
letter dated June 4, from Mr. N. H. Caesar, Sundial Ranch,
Okanagan Centre, near Vernon, B. C, to Dr. Hugh V>. Leech,
Department of Agriculture, Vernon, B. C, and transmitted to
us by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell.) Possibly these assemblages
are for the purpose of breeding.

Sinistral Liguus fasciatus in Florida. — Probably 100,000
or more Liguus have been collected in Florida, but sinistral
specimens are still among the greatest rarities. In Miami last
April, Mr. R. F. Deckert showed me beautiful water-color draw-
ings of five of them, and gave me records of all which he knew
to exist. The list follows, only the subspecific and varietal
names being given in the first column.

Locality and I)«tr

Collector

Collection

Castaneozanatus

Key Largo,
July, 1940

Mr. Cabot

Cabot

Castaneozonatus

P.C. 32, Oct. 1940

J. Pflueger

Pflueger

C. var. miamiensis

Hriokell H., 1937

v

( irimshawe

(,'. var. lineolatus

Key Largo, . . ?

Buokshorn

BuckBhoro

C. var. roseatus

Key Largo, 1939

Mr. Emery

Emery

Testudineus var.

Osteen II., L.P.K.

PI ass Owen

Owen

versicolor

Mar. 1931

Testudineus var.

L.P.K. 26, 1940

Newt Lewis

Lewis

versicolor

Testudineus var.

L.P.K. 26, . . ?

H. Rohde

castaneus

Testudineus var.

L.P.K. 26,

George Spurting

Spurting

ornatus

Dee. 27, 1941

(P.C. = Pinecrest; L.P.K. = Ix>ng Pine Key.)

There is a var. roseatus in the Maxwell Smith collection, which
we have figured in "Land Molluscs of North America," vol. ~,

p. 38, fig. 20. Possibly some others in collections have escaped
Mr. Deckert 's notice; if so we will be glad to have th«' records. —
II. A. P.

DR. BLENN R. BALES

The Nautilus

Vol. 60 January, 1947 No. 3

LITTORINA LITTOREA ON THE NEW JERSEY

COAST

By ROBERT < . ALEXANDER

The periwinkle lAttorina littorea I Limn') is one of a few spe-
cies of mollnsks living on both the eastern and western shores of
the north Atlantic Ocean.

Littorina littorea has not been found as a fossil in Xorth
America nor have the shells of this species been found in the
shell-heaps of the American Indians. In fact, there Is no record
of this mollusk inhabiting our shores until 1840 when -I. W. Daw-
sun is said to have seen it at Pictou, Xova Scotia.

Consequently, concholojrists are of the opinion that this species
is not indigenous to this continent but is, instead, a fairly recent
immigrant, probably having been introduced accidentally or
intentionally from across the ocean by man. Where the species
first became established over bore is not known, but is believed
to have been somewhere on the coast of Xova Scotia, where it
was first observed.

Finding conditions here favorable to its existence and beinjr
carried from place to place in its early pelagic stages by ocean
CUrrent8, the periwinkle has advanced southward alorij* the east
with remarkable success becoming one of the most abun-
dant, if not the most abundant, mollnsks in many of the locali-
ties it has invaded. From time to time, reports of its occurrence
at various localities alon<; the coast have been published and
these reports assembled in chronological order present ;i unique
history of the steadily increasing range of this mollusk.

Littorina littorea was not observed on the coast of New LnLr-
lancl for more than three decades after Dawson found it at
Pictou. It was not listed among the mollnsks of Massachusetts
by Augustus A. Gould in 1841, the mollusks of .Maine by J. W.

<73)

74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

Mighels in 1843, the mollusks of Connecticut by J. H. Linsley
in 1845, nor was it listed in William Stimpson's "Shells of New
England" in 1851. W. G. Binney included it in the revised
edition of Gould's ' ' Invertebrata of Massachusetts," 1870, but
the only locality given was Halifax. George W. Tryou, Jr.,
said in his "American Marine Conchology, " 1873-74, that this
species inhabited the coast of New England, but no specific lo-
cality was given.

In 1871, according to Alfred G. Mayer in "Sea-Shore Life,"
it was found on the coast of New Hampshire, arriving at Salem,
Massachusetts, in 1872, and Woods Hole, Massachusetts, in 1875.
W. F. Ganong reported its occurrence in Connecticut in 1879.

As far as I know, the earliest record of Littorina littorea on
the coast of New Jersey are some specimens collected by U. C.
Smith at Atlantic City in May, 1891 (ANSP. 61697). The fol-
lowing year, John Ford wrote about these mollusks: "Until
recently they were quite rare south of Raritan Bay, but at pres-
ent a fine colony may be seen on the flats a little west of the
Inlet House at Atlantic City" (Nautilus, 1892, vol. 6, no. 3, p.
27).

There were no reports of any further progress for over a
quarter of a century. Then, Horace Richards wrote: "I col-
lected several living individuals from the Rock Pile at Cape
May, New Jersey, on May 20, 1928" (Nautilus, 1929, vol. 43,
no. 2, p. 65).

The Rock Pile is the local name given to the long jetties built
of rocks at the ocean end of the channel into Cape May Harbor.
It is about six miles up the coast from Capo May Point where
the Delaware Bay and Atlantic Ocean meet.

Although rock jetties and breakwaters have been erected at
Cape May Point in an effort to prevent erosion of the shoreline,
I have not heard of periwinkles being found there nor have I
ever found them there myself.

In 1942, I found an area of stone, eement and concrete rubble
on a flat of <>]<1 meadow Bod on the heard halfway between the
Rock Pile and the end of the Cape .May boardwalk. At every
high tide, the OCean covered it; at every low tide, the flat was

exposed and tide pools containing an interesting variety of

marine life remained among the debris. In these tide pools,

Jan., 1047] THE nautilus 75

the isopod l<l<>f,,i bdlthica glided like a miniature preen rab-
marine among Bea lettuce, Viva. Here, the Band Bhrimp Crago
septetnspinosus, a creature of sail watei and Band, lived almost
aide by Bide with the common prawn Palaemonetes vulgaris,
normally an inhabitant of brackish water and mud. Small
hermit crabs (Pagurus longicarpus) ran aboul carrying theii
borrowed shells with them and fonghl each other for possession
of lamer shells. Occasionally, a stranded rock crab. Cancer
irroratus, could be found half-dead among the rubble.

<>n duly 12, 1942, I discovered a colony of young Littorina
littorai on rocks and blocks of concrete here and collected six
living specimens. I returned and collected eight more on July
2"). and six others in September of that year.

This thriving colony, half a mile or more below the Rock Pile,
may have been at that time the southernmost colony of Littorina
littorea <>n the east coast.

Last summer. I visited this place again. The ocean had scat-
tered the rubble far and wide and, although tide pools were still
left on the flat at low tide, nothing living was to be found but
seaweed and hermit crabs and, of all things for an ocean front
situation, a few clusters of ribbed mussels Modiolus dr missus
with their beaks buried in the meadow sod. Not a single Lit-
torina littorea remained. The colony had disappeared.

During the last five months of 1942, a tidewater canal was
dredged between Cape May Harbor and Delaware Bay making
another link in the intracoastal waterway. Rock jetties were
built to protect the channel at the bay end of the canal two
miles above Cape May Point. They were in a favorable loca-
tion for marine life and soon the intertidal rocks and the rocks
below water level were crowded with seaweed, barnacles, and
mollusks. Most numerous of the mollusks inhabiting the rocks
were MytUus eduUs, including the brown and striped color
forms, and young Ostrea virginica. Other mollusks were Crepi-
dula fornieata, Crepidula glauca, Grepidula plana, Urosalpinx
oinen us, Anachis avara, and Mitrella lundta. Modiolus demissus
grew along the banks of the canal.

On July 17, 1946, my first visit to these jetties, I found a
single young Littorina littorea clinging to a rock on the south
jetty not far below the high water mark. The shell measured

76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

17.3 mm. high, and 16.2 mm. in diameter, with an aperture
13.6X12 mm. (ANSP 182241). On September 22, I found
another living periwinkle there. It was about the same size as
the first one. At last, Littorina littorea had reached Delaware
Bay.

It has taken longer to come from Atlantic City to Delaware
Bay than it took to come all the way from Nova Scotia to Atlantic
City, so it may be assumed the species is nearly as far south
along the east coast as it can go.

Primarily a rock-inhabiting mollusk, Littorina littorea is still
far from common in New Jersey where sandy beaches extend
along the entire seacoast.

Additional records for New Jersey including the date of col-
lection where available are: Point Pleasant, before November
27, 1894 (Stewardson Brown). Longport, in tidal pool along
sea wall of Weidner Home, 1919 (L. H. Bregy). High Point,
4 miles south of Barnegat Light, November 25, 1922 (William
0. Abbott). Ocean City, 1945 (C. J. Lode). Neptune City,
Monmouth County (Johnsonia, no. 7, p. 5).

A NEW PYRGULOPSIS FROM OREGON

By S. STILLMAN BERRY, Redlands, California

In the course of reviewing for other purposes some of the many
interesting Mollusca of the Klamath River drainage basin, I find
myself unable to make a satisfactory disposition of the little-
knows Pyrgvlopsis from Upper Klamath Lake (sec Henderson,
1928, 1929) except by describing it as new.

l'YKcn.ni'sis .\K( iii.mi'.dis, new species (PI. 7. tig. 6).

shell minute, almost perfectly conical in main outline, the
periphery sharply angulate and abruptly pinched out into a

prominent and extremely heavy rounded keel, which descends
the spire a trifle ahove the narrow and rather dim suture.
Ape\ BUb aCUte, the whorls (I or a little less; side-slopes convex

on early whorls, falling away almost vertically or sometimes

even sloping inwardly below the keel on the latter turns, then

Jan., l!»47] Tin-: n.mtii 77

more straightly outward iut<> th«> keel again. Aperture Large,
triangular-pyriform, <>r possibly better described as stirrup-
ahaped, Bubangulate posteriorly, its outer margin pinched < >ut
in continuity with the strong interior groove which hollows the
keel; base rounded but not greatly produced. Surface sculp-
ture atis. 'nt except that Btrong illumination brings out traces of
fine spiral lines.

Alt. 4.'J4. max. diam. 2.89, diam. aperture excluding keel
1 . 16 mm.

Holotype: Cat. no. 8068 Berry collection. Paratypes: Cat.
do. 7932 Berry collection; others to be deposited in the collec-
tions of the California Academy of Sciences, the U. S. National
Museum, the San Diego Museum of Natural History, and the
private collection of Allyn G. Smith of Berkeley.

Tvpe locality: Upper Klamath Lake, near Algoma, Oregon;
Allyn (1. Smith, 16 June, 1931.

This is an extraordinarily curious and attractive little species,
clearly allied with its neighbor, P. nevadensis (Stearns, 1883), x
but differing in the much more powerfully developed keel, con-
cave whorls, and particularly the large acutely angled aperture
and less produced base. Furthermore, the spiral sculpture
seems appreciably stronger on shells of P. nevadensis, but this
may in part be due to their bleached condition.

Shells from Winnemucca Lake, Nevada, appear sufficiently
different from those of the typical Pyramid Lake race to deserve
a name of their own, but I withhold a separate denomination of
them until I can secure a more widely representative series of
both fossil and living shells of this genus than I at present
possess.

Quite recently, Cockerell (1946:235) has attributed P. neva-
densis to the Cahuilla alluvium of the Colorado desert in south-
ern California on the basis of a single shell discovered there by
Dr. W. 0. Gregg. The report is somewhat premature however,
sine.' the specimen in question represents not this species but an
altogether distinct and apparently undescribed form, which now
awaits only the recovery of a little more material to be made the
subject of a further appropriate communication either from Dr.
Gregg or myself.

i Cf . my no. 2874, west shore of Pyramid Lake, Nevada; J. II. Paine,
June, 1911.

78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

Literature 2

Call, R. E., 1884. On the Quaternary and Recent Mollusea of
the Great Basin, with descriptions of new forms. Bull. U. S.
Geol. Surv., no. 11 : 1-420, text-figs. 1-3, pis. 1-6, 1884.

Call, R. E., & Pilsbry, H. A., 1886. On Pyrgulopsis, a new
genus of rissoid mollusk, with descriptions of two new forms.
Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., 5 : 9-14, pi. 2, Mav, 1886.

Cockerell, T. D. A., 1946. The age of Lake Cahuilla. Science,
103 : 235, 22 Feb., 1946.

Henderson, J., 1928. Interesting additions to the fresh-water
molluscan fauna of Oregon and Washington. Nautilus, 41
(4) : 141, April, 1928. 1929. Non-marine Mollusea of Ore-
gon and Washington. Univ. of Colo. Studies, 17 (2) : 47-
190, text-figs. 1-186, July, 1929.

Stearns, R. E. C, 1883. Description of a new hydrobiinoid
gasteropod from the mountain lakes of the Sierra Nevada,
with remarks on allied species and the physiographical features
of said region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 35 (2) :
171-176, 1 text-fig., Sept., 1883.

SOME MOLLUSCA OF ILLION GORGE. HERKIMER
COUNTY, NEW YORK

By C. L. BLAKESLEE

The January, 1943, issue of Nautilus contained an article
written by William Henry Fluck relating a collecting experi-
ence he enjoyed, in days gone by, in the 1 11 ion Gorge, one of two
gorges that emerge out of the high hills south of the town of
Illion, N. Y., and terminate at that place. In this gorge Mr.

Fluck collected several hundred snails, mostly Mesodon zaletus

Binney, in one .lay's time. After reading Mr. Pluck's contri-
bution, I immediately began to plan a trip to the gorge notwith-
standing thai the round distance was over three hundred miles.

However, the war \v;is on and the gas was not to he had so I
impatiently settled down in the hope that 1 would not have to

wait very Long before the enemies would he subdued and the
trip could he undertaken. The desire never flagged throughoul
the many months. 'I 'he war en. led too late in 1945 lor the under-
taking and so it was carried over into the spring of this year.
«Cf. N.-nitilus 43: 103 and III'.. 1'..

Jan., 1947] the nautilus 79

In the meantime, I bad written to Mr. Fluek for more specific
directions for finding the Bite in tin' gorge. Be replied thai it
was a rather insignificant lateral ravine coming down into the
main gorge and occupied by a small stream. It was to be found

"JUSI beyond the houses" which referred to a cluster of dwel-
lings along the gorge road after leaving the town and thai it
might be recognized by its association with a calcareous tufa-
like formation. In the Nautilus, Mr. Fluek says: "It is filled
with snails, especially Mesodon cxoleta," and later he wrote:
"Be sure and examine the creviees in the rocks."

Turning to Dr. Pilsbry's "Mollusca of North America," I
found an expected reference to the region (Mohawk) and that
the ancestors of the .1/. zalctus found there were introduced from
Ohio by Dr. James Lewis in 1874. The record states that they
were released at Mohawk but, as that town is only two or three
miles from the Illion end of the gorge, descendants of the Lewis
introduction may have migrated over the intervening distance
in the seventy years interim.

Plans were made to make the trip to the gorge the early part
of June, the time recommended by Mr. Fluek, but one thing and
another acted as a deterrent until July 8th. The start was then
made and the gorge was entered from the south end at the town
of Winfield. Its entire length of thirteen miles was run for the
purpose of noting sites such as described by Mr. Fluek. Reach-
ing Illion, the route was retraced until a lateral ravine, occupied
by a small stream and located beyond a group of houses, ap-
peared to meet the description that had been given.

Getting over to the mouth of it, the search was begun. Rain
apparently had fallen during the night, for the ground was wet
and the thick vegetation carried a fair amount of moisture.
Some unrecognized plants with larj^e leaves were abundant and
I booh found that the undersides were concealing an abundance
of feeding snails. An examination showed that they were not
.1/. ;>il<ti(s but that they might be immature Mesodon thyroiditis.
Then finding one with a lip the question arose as to whether they
were Mesodon mitchcllianus or M. clausus. Remembering that
M. clausus was not an inhabitant here, it was decided the species
was .V. mitclu Illinois. About fifty mature specimens were found
in about fifteen minutes and also two dead M. zaletns. At Least
over one hundred immature M. mitclu lUanus were observed.

80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

A couple of weeks later, Morrie K. Jacobson, whom I had
previously invited, stopped over on a trip he was making to the
west, to become acquainted and to do some shell collecting.
After he had rested a day, Mrs. Blakeslee, Mr. Jacobson and
myself set out to again visit the gorge. In due time, we found
ourselves at the site previously visited. With great expecta-
tions, we hurried from the ear over to the collecting site but not
a single live M. mitcheUianus or M. zaletus could be found. The
daylight, temperature and time of day were nearly identical
with the conditions prevailing at the time of the first visit and
the ground was damp with some moisture on the vegetation.

Mr. Jacobson decided to scale the steep and slippery water
worn bed of the ravine stream and see if altitude would affect
the possibilities. Mrs. Blakeslee resolved to wander a distance
up the road to a bridge spanning a stream that had been accom-
panying the gorge road for some distance and at that point had
decided to explore the opposite side.

Standing at the foot of the water worn lateral ravine watching
Mr. Jacobson negotiate his difficult ascent, I was startled out of
a subconscious reflection on the vagaries of mollusks by an ago-
nized call from Mrs. Blakeslee. Getting over to where she was
much too slowly for her agitated state, I found that she attained
her destination at the brdge she had nearly stepped into a party
of several snakes sunning themselves or else out for other pur-
poses of their own. Being "allergic" to such reptiles, appar-
ently she thought calling would be more effective than running.

I could not forego the dormant juvenile urge to stir them up
with the end of a weed stalk and, while one or two of them took
the ten foot plunge to the stream below and others disappeared
under abutment stones, two made off into the grass bordering
the pavement of the road. In trying to keep them in sight, one
of us (Mr. Jacobson had joined us) saw a M. mitcheUianus in the
grass through which the snakes were escaping. Then others,
and instantly we two men were down on our knees [ticking ma-
ture shells from out the growth. We soon had what we con-
sidered enough and with lighter hearts, purged oi* disappoint-
ment, we headed out into the west for the Long ride home.

The paucity of Mesodon :al<tus and the abundance of M.
mitcheUianus may indicate that the site selected was not the one

Jan., i:»47] the nautilus 81

visited by Mr, Pluck. It' this is a fact, which will be verified
next year, it gives a promise of a richness of moUuscan lit''' in
the gorge that would well repay any conchologist who can viail
it during any of the Bummer months.

COLOR VARIATION IN OLIVELLA UNDATELLA
By D. S. and E. W. GIFFORD

Four days of collecting on the sandy palm-fringed shore of
lovely Santiago Bay near the city of Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico,

yielded three species of olive shells: Agaronia hiatula Qmelin,
OliveUa zonalii Lamarck, and OUrclla undatella Lamarck. The
days were January 30 and 31 and February 1 and 2, 1946. The
tides were in the afternoon. We had the aid of our friends,
Mr. and Mrs. George M. Foster, in garnering a series of 2,641
OliveUa undatella. This was our first acquaintance with this
beautiful and highly variable species, except for archaeological
specimens in the form of beads from an ancient aboriginal site
near Indio, Riverside County, California. These ancient ex-
amples must have been traded to the Southern Californians
from a source much closer than the state of Colima — probably
the shores of the Gulf of California.

In its range from pure white to very dark shells, Olirt lla
undatella is reminiscent of OliveUa biplicata.1 Tryon has called
attention to this great range in coloration in OliveUa undatella.
After describing the predominant coloration of the species, he
remarks : 2 " The above description is that of the typical colora-
tion, but the variation in color and markings is so great that it
is wonderful that a number of species have not been separated
from it. One of the principal variations is a pure white, with
indefinite cloudings, maeulations or zigzags of chocolate; another
whit.', with pink longitudinal zigzag markings, etc." Tryon's
comment about separation of "a number of species" does not
retVr to the process of evolution, but to the penchant of some
malacolo-_rists to attach new names to color variants.

i I), s. and E. W. Gifford, The Nautilus, vol. 56, pp. 43-48, 1942.
2 George W. Tryon, Jr., Manual of Conchology, vol. 5, p. 70, 1883.

82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

We elected to rigorously segregate albinos with even a speck
of color from the pure albinos, which are absolutely immacu-
late. It is of interest to note that the immaculate albino group
amounts to 20 per cent of the population. Incidentally, we
should state that on the beach we collected indiscriminately,
exercising no selection as to color whatsoever. Consequently,
our series of 2,641 should represent the range and percentages
of colors with fair accuracy. The percentage of immaculate
albinos is high in comparison to the 12 per cent occurrence of
albinism in Olivella biplicata3 from Santa Cruz and Monterey,
California. Moreover, included as albinos in the California
series are white shells with orange color within the aperture.

The white of the albino Olivella andatella is of two qualities
or appearances. That of the body whorl is translucent like
thin porcelain, while that of the fasciole and columella base is
opaque, due to the thicker enamel.

Once the 524 pure albinos are set to one side, no two colored
shells are identical. In other words we have 2,117 shells with
individually distinctive markings. We have grouped these into
eleven categories, ranging more or less from light to dark. The
presence of longitudinal zigzag vermiculations and stripes on
most of the colored shells increases the amount of individual
variations, which is not just a matter of solid colors but of pat-
tern of markings as well.

Group 1 : Albinos, immaculate 524

Group 2 : Albinos, except for one to several faint brown spots

on body whorl near suture and (or) near fasciole 32

Group 3: Albinos, except for more or less yellow on fasciole
and one to several brown spots on body whorl near suture
and (or) near fasciole, pins more or less yellow oil the fas-
ciole with Longitudinal Chestnul stripes; white at base of

columella and within lip of body whorl 12

Group 4: Albinos, except for varying dark brown and gray
markings (sometimes obsolete or veiled) on body whorl near

SUture and near fasciole ; some chocolate areas within lip of
body whorl; fasciole white except some with brown stripes;
more or less piebald appearance 8]

Group 5: Flesh-colored with fawn-colored zigzag longitudinal
vermiculations; whitish band beneath sutures with more or

< Hffordj op. «'it., i>. 45.

Jan., 1!M7] Tin: NAUTILUS 83

Less obsolescent fawn markings; fasciole usually plain whit-
ish <>r ivory, rarely yellow 2 1

( (roup 6 : Longitudinal zigzag vermienlations of reddish In-own
veiled with pearl gray to plumbeous; band beneath sutures

whitish with brown marks; fasciole white without Btripes;
varying amounts of chocolate brown at base of columells

and within lip of body whorl 85

Group 7: Xanthochromic,4 without vermienlations or stripes;

body whorl tending toward whitish in centra] portion .... 1
Group 8: Xanthochromic with Longitudinal vermienlations;

v.li. .west one matches Maerz and Paul, pi. 12, 8L, antique

Id or golden Y; within lip all have more or less golden

brown; band beneath sutures, and fasciole, with chestnul

longitudinal stripes 7

Group !»: Yellowish brown, vermiculate, sometimes overlying
olive green, suggesting somewhat the combination of colors
in Oliva tricolor; bishop purple and other purples inside
lip of body whorl; band beneath sutures, and fasciole, yel-
low with chestnut Longitudinal stripes. Cf. Trvon, pi. 17,
fig. 38; pi. 33, fig. 31 . . * 158

Group 10: White or whitish ground color with conspicuous
reddisli brown to gray longitudinal vermiculations; band
beneath sutures, and faseiole, yellowish with chestnut longi-
tudinal stripes; more or less dull purple inside lip of body
whorl. Cf. Tryon, pi. 17, fig. 35 147

Group 11: "Ash-gray, with zigzag chestnut markings [vermi-
enlations], distinct or obsolete, but forming two well-marked
revolving bands by the color becoming more emphasized; a
yellow band marked with chestnut beneath the sutures;
fasciole yellowish, strigated with chestnut; interior and
base of columella chocolate-colored." Tryon, p. 70. Cf.
his figure : pi. 16, fig. 18 ' 1253

Group 12: Dark ground color, usually solid on body whorl,
but sometimes broken by tendency to two bands of vermic-
ulation; color range shown on Maerz and Paul, pi. 48.
Some colors represented in our series are designated as "egg
plant, Spanish raisin, pewter, admiral," etc., but all seem
to be on this Bingle plate. Band beneath suture, and fas-
ciole, yellowish to brownish yellow with Longitudinal chest-
nut stripes; base of columella and inside lip of body whorl
usually body-whorl color. Cf. Trvon, pi. 17. figs. 36,
37 i 317

As should be reiterated, our color groupings are on the basis
of impressions as to general resemblances, since no two speci-

* A. Maerz and M. R. Paul, A Dictionary of Color, pi. 19, 41, 1930.

84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

mens are identical. The majority of colored shells have a yel-
lowish fasciole with chestnut stripes. Exceptions are the pure
albinos (group 1) and groups 2, 4, 5, and 6. Even the very
dark shells have the yellowish fasciole, which is evidently one of
the striking characteristics of the species, but not a universal
one. Try on calls attention to it in his description of the typical
coloration, which we have quoted.

Variation in shape of the shells is not obtrusive. Scanning
our series for obese and slender examples, we have selected two
extremes. These yield length-breadth indices of 51 for the obese
shell and 47 for the slender shell.

ONE HUNDRED SIX YEARS OF AMNICOLA

By J. P. E. MORRISON i
Associate Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum

Since 1927, shortly before the publication of the late F. C.
Baker's "Monograph of Wisconsin Freshwater Molluscs,' ' the
writer has been interested in the critical determination of the
species of small gastropods usually referred to the genus A mni-
cola. This abbreviated history of the genus is written to cor-
rect mistakes of 100 years' standing in regard to the genotype,
and the consequent erroneous usage of the generic name.

July, 1840, is the earliest valid date of publication of Amni-
cola. On page 3 of part 1 of his Monograph, Haldeman re-
stricted Paludina to exclude his new genus Amnicola, which was
monobasic and monotypic, the type by original designation being
Paludina luslrira Say. 1S21. In October. IS 10. on page :'. of his
"Supplement," Haldeman again described Amnicola. but with-
out mention <>!' species.

Amnicola Gray, L840 (Syn. Contents Brit. Mus., edn. 42, p.
117i is a nomen nudum, being without description or included

Species.

Could (Invert, of Mass.. 1841, p. 228) more fully described

Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Jan.. 1 !»47 ) Tin: NAUTILUS 85

Amnicola. including the genotype, P. luttrica Say, and five other

species. He did not COnfuSS /'. lustrica wit 1 1 .1. potato, the only

specie-, described by him from Massachusetts.

Uaac Lea (Obs.. vol. 4. p. 16, 1844) stated: "The genus
Ainnicola, proposed by Dr. Gould, and adopted by Mr. Balds-
man. in his table of 'Water-breathing Lymniades,' is separated
from the genus Paludina; Paludina lustrica Say being made the

type." This paraphrased restatement by Lea of Haldeman 'a
original designation confirmed /'. lustrica Say, 1S'J1, as the <_ren<>-
type.

In part s of his Monograph (June, 1845), Ilaldeman cites
three different uses of lustrica. On page 10 he describes Amni-
cola Utnosa Say, with " Amnicola lustrica Hald. in letters" in
its Bynonymy. This Amnicola lustrica Ilaldeman dates from
June, 1845; as a homonym it has no bearing on Amnicola lus-
trica (Say), 1821. On page 12, Haldeman places Paludina
lustrica C. B. Ads. (Hist, of Vt., app., pp. 2, 19, 1842) in the
synonymy of Amnicola pallida Hald., Jan., 1842. On page 16,
he accords Amnicola lustrica (Say), 1821, the rank of a distinct
species, citing only the original reference and quoting Say's de-
scription verbatim.

In the footnote on page 16, Haldeman mentions the existing
Philadelphia Academy specimen received from Say. The meas-
urements of this specimen (5 or 6 mm. long) preclude its being
/'. lustrica, originally described by Say as ''less than 1/lOth
inch" long. This shell was figured by Binney (L. & F. YV.
Shells of X. Am., 3, fig. 189, 1865) and was considered typical
by Tryon (Continuation of Hald. Mon., p. 57, 1870), Pilsbry
(Nautilus 4: 53, 1890), and F. C. Baker (F. W. Moll. Wis., 1,
p. 162, 1928), with the placing of Paludina lustrica in the syn-
onymy of Pomatiopsis lapidaria. Since this (misidentified)
specimen was m»t mentioned in publication prior to 1845, it can
have no bearing on the status of Paludina lustrica Say, 1821, or
upon the status of the name Amnicola.

Eerrmannsen's (1846, p. 38) designation of Amnicola porata
(Say), 1821, as genotype is doubly invalid; A. porata was not
included in the original description of Amnicola, and /'. lustrica
Say. the only species included, was actually named as type by
Haldeman.

86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry, 1890, is a homonym of Amnicola
lustrica (Say), 1821, and so untenable. The name Amnicola
lacustris Pilsbry, 1891 (Nautilus, 4, index, p. iii, 1891), is avail-
able but not clear in validity; it is hereby declared to be a
nomen novum for the species well known as Amnicola lustrica
Pilsbry 1890.

Enamnicola Crosse & Fischer (Miss. Sci. Mex., Moll., 2: 261,
1891) is an absolute synonym of Amnicola s.s. Their inclusion
of the alternative or synonymy " (ou Amnicola sensu stricto)"
in any case automatically fixed the type of Enamnicola in 1891
as identical with that of Amnicola. Since Haldeman in 1840
had originally designated the type of his monobasic genus Amni-
cola, Pilsbry 's designation (Nautilus 57: 69, 1943) of Amnicola
porata (Say) as type of Enamnicola Crosse & Fischer is invalid
and superfluous.

In 1904, Jackson & Taylor (Journ. of Conch., 11: 9-11) de-
scribed the habits and reproduction of Paludestrina taylori E.
A. Smith (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 7: 192, 1901) from Eng-
land. The shell and egg capsules figured by them showed P.
taylori to be very closely related to Amnicola limosa porata
(Say) which they regarded as typical of the American Amnicola
species. These authors referred P. taylori to the genus Amnicola
on this basis.

When F. C. Baker, in 1928, separated as subgenera "Amnicola,
s.s. (type: A. limosa Say, 1817) " (F. W. Moll. Wis., 1: 93) and
Marstonia (type: A. lustrica Pilsbry, 1890, non Say, 1821 —A.
lacustris Pilsbry, 1891) (ibid., p. 103) he made another invalid
type designation. The species A. limosa was not included in
the original generic description; also it cannot be the typo by
subsequent designation, when A. lustrica (Say) is the type by
original designation.

Altena in 1936 submitted evidence (Bastoria, I, (>S : 1936) to
prove that Paludestrina taylori E. A. Smith from England is

synonymous with Ifi/drohia shiini Martens from continental

Europe, and proposed the new genus Marstoniopsis for //.

sti mii. He showed that the egg capsules and verge of .1/. sti nni
are of the same typo as those known for porata. Likewise, the
differences noted by Altena between the radula of steinii and

thai Of Marstonia at once relate shiitii to the group of Amnicola

Jan., 1947] Tin: NAUTILUS 87

porata Say . Incorrectly called Amnicola, s.s. by P. C. Baker
(cf. fig. 44, p. 96, F. W. Moll. Wis., I, 192*

B. (i. Berry has recently monographed the Amnicolidae of
Michigan (Misc. Publ., Mas. Zool., r. of Mich., No. 57, 1943)

with excellent anatomic detail. The extreme difference between
the verge of A. Umosa and thai of A. lacttstris [lustrica Tils.),

indicated by Dr. Berry, has been personally corroborated by
dissection of animals from other localities. This difference re-
qnires the recognition of Marstonia F. C. Baker 1926 (Trans.
Wis. Acad. ScL, 22: 195, 1926) as a genus, biologically distinct
from the group of "Amnicola, s.s." of F. C. Baker; in other
words biologically distinct from Marstoniopsis.
The generic synonymy to date is thus:

AMNICOLA Haldeman, July, 1S40 (non Gould, 1841). Geno-
type: Paludina lustrica Say, 1821.
Euamnicola Crosse & Fischer, 1891. Genotype: Paludina lus-
trica Say, 1821.
.' Marstonia F. C. Baker, 1926. Genotype: Amnicola lustrica
Pilsbry, 1890, non (Say) 1821 = Amnicola lacustris Pils-
bry, 1891.
MARSTONIOPSIS Altena, 1936. Genotype: Hydrobia steinii
.Martens, 1858.
Amnicola Gould, 1841 et auct. (non Haldeman, 1840). Geno-
type: Paludina porata Say, 1821.

This author's present opinion is that Amnicola, s.s. will finally
prove identical to Marstonia. Because of the known shell dif-
ferences, it probably cannot be the porata group, named
Marstoniopsis by Altena. Whether Amnicola Haldeman, 1840,
will eventually displace Marstonia, or Marstoniopsis, or neither,
has not yet been determined. Amnicola lustrica (Say), 1821,
mum be rediscovered at the type locality (Cayuga Lake, New
York) and anatomic material examined before the name Amni-
cola can he properly and permanently allocated cither tazo-
oomically or biologically.

88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

OUR WEST COAST MARINE FAUNA
By A. SORENSEN

Any young person in a West Coast high school who takes
biology as his major has a wonderful opportunity before him.
He can specialize in any branch of biology that he likes with
the assurance that nowhere else has he a better chance to find
nature in all its richness. And if he goes in for marine biology,
then he has the Pacific Ocean and its myriad of life before him.

The shore line from Alaska to Panama furnishes specimens of
mollusks, Crustacea and echinoderms of a wide and interesting
variety, and with all this material before him it is no wonder
that the schools and colleges are crowded with enthusiasts, many
of whom should prove noted scientists in the future.

Several wide awake and nationally known conchological clubs
exist on the West Coast and their influence is constantly in-
creasing.

At this point, as W. Clench and P. Bartsch so forcefully em-
phasized at the recent meeting of the Malacological Union in
Washington, D. C, the numerous amateur students and col-
lectors all over the country should be encouraged, and even
urged, to send in to our museums or other recognized centers of
learning, full information about their finds and discoveries.
Such information should not only give a detailed description of
the specimen, but it should also give the exact time and the place
where it was found.

In this way, science will be advanced and much new informa-
tion secured, botli as to the new species and the attention of
range of previously known species. The necessity for such vol-
untary information should be obvious, for it is a well known
Eac1 thai our centers of higher learning arc badly understaffed
and overworked and but limited opportunity is given for field
work, so if the work of amateurs is well coordinated much

benefit should result all around.

Originally it was intended that this article Bhould confine
itself to mollusks, preferably those from dee]) water, so we had

better gel to work.

During the war, many beaches, bays and inlets were closed
to the public and so were also such strategic headlands as Point

Jan., 1947] thi nautilus 89

Pinos, Point Firmin, Point Conoeptioii and Point Loma, all
well known to eonchologists. Only recently they axe being
opened and joy reigns again among Bhore collectors. Commer-
cial diving for abalones and drag-netting for bottom fish were

also restricted ami they are not yet in full swing.

It is hard to tear oneself away from shore collecting where
both univalves and bivalves are so plentiful. The rocky shores
provide many species of Acmaea, Thais, Littorina, OUva, chi-
ton, Murez, etc., while on the sandy beaches are found a multi-
tude of clam-like bivalves both large and small.

But occasionally the collector finds something that puzzles
him. It is something the waves have washed up or it may be
that a hermit crab has brought a shell in far from its home in
deep water. The strangeness of these specimens that evidently
are not from the intertidal zone sets him to wishing that he could
explore the ocean depths or at least could learn some of its
secrets. Sometimes after storms, large pieces of shale-rock
may be found on the Monterey beaches. They are honey-combed
with passages of piddocks, the rock boring clams. One such rock
contained four large live Dioladidea calif arnica Conrad. They
were from four to six inches long and three inches in diameter.
Other pieces contained Botula falcata Gould, Lithophaga at-
t< nuata Desh., Irus lameUifera Conrad and other species of rock-
borers. These rocks came from a ledge in ten to twenty-five
fathoms.

Now he is fully interested and soon makes arrangements wTith
the operators of so called drag-net boats to go out with them.

When the sardine season closes in February, several of the
smaller purse-seine boats begin drag-netting for soles, flounders
and other bottom fish.

The southern half of Monterey Pay has a fairly smooth bot-
tom north for about fifteen miles and out for ten miles and to
about one hundred fathoms after which the depth increases
rapidly. Here is where the boats operate and their nets bring
up, besides the fish, different species of mollusks, crabs and star-
fish, and here is where the conchologist comes in. Ordinarily,
everything that is not a commercial fish is washed overboard,
but after you get the crew interested, they soon learn to pick out
what you want.

90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

Drag-netting is an interesting process and requires special
equipment and much skill. The so-called otter-trawl, in com-
mon use, is a purse-net of heavy construction with side nets
or wings that are kept open with spreader-boards heavily
weighted and so connected that, when the boat pulls forward,
the boards move sidewise at an angle and thus open the net.
Heavy lines or cables are used and they are let out to three
times the length of the perpendicular depth of the water, so
when the net gets out to seventy-five fathoms it is a quarter of
a mile behind the boat.

The California law forbids drag-netting inside of twenty-five
fathoms and this is rigidly enforced.

Of the mollusks most frequently taken are Poliniccs draconus
Dall in thirty to sixty fathoms and Eunaticina oldroydi Dall.
in forty to eighty fathoms. Neither of these lives in shallow
water like the Polinices lewisii and P. reclusiana, but at times
empty shells are brought in by hermit crabs. The lewisiis and
reclusianas are very plentiful in Morro Bay, Newport Bay,
Mission Bay and in parts of Puget Sound, but never in deep
water.

Watching closely on deck when the net is emptied one may
occasionally get the beautiful SurcuUtcs carpi nterianus Gabb or
a Chryodomus tabulatum Baird or a stray CanceUaria cooperi
Gabb or different species of Nassarius. If the net has come
across crabs you are sure to get Bandalia ornata Randall closest
in, then Mnrcia gaudichaudii Milne Edwards and Lopholithodes
foraminatus Stimpson and several species of spider crabs. The
Lopholithodes foraminatus lives only on a sandy or muddy bot-
tom and not in the rocks like the Lopholithodes mandtii Brandt

which it closely resembles. Both are decapods (ten legged);
still they have only eight visible legs, for the last pair, in ves-
tigial form, are found under the carapace and within the body.

What strange things evolution is doing,

It \\oiiUn-t do to omit mentioning the many kinds of star-
fish brought up, especially the basket star (Oorgonocephaltts

caryi Lyman) with its hundreds of tendril-like rays, or the

twenty-rayed Pycnopodia helianthoides Brandt which attains

a si/e of thirty inches ami the still lower forms Aphrodita (sea

Jan.. 1!U7] nil. NAUTILUS 91

mouse), Crinoids (sea lilies . rose colored sea pens and the five
foot Long Baltieina finmarchica Nutting. If you were qo1 satis-
fied with the amount iif mollusks found you could examine the
stomachs of tin1 soli-s ami you would gel many Bhells of Yoldia
seissurata Dall, Yoldia ansifera Dall, Yoldia thraeiaeformis

Storer, and Lulu taphria Dall and others.

The Eunaticina, previously mentioned, is one of the mysteries
of the deep. The fishermen call it the Long seasnail. It is five to
six inches in Length with a shell only one and a half inches in di-
ameter which is very thin and brittle and only a very small part
of the animal can be concealed within the shell. It is unlike the
PoUniees lewisii, which although very large when extended can
expel the water contained in cells within its foot and then reduce
its size to fit the shell.

The Eunaticina has no water in cells, hence cannot reduce its
size. Nor has it an operculum, so it is reasonable to suppose
that it will ultimately become a true slug.

On one trip, the net passed through an egg mass attached on
the bottom. They were the eggs of the Pacific squid (Loligo
opalescens Berry). They filled the net completely and the egg
clusters were so attached to the net walls that it was a real job
to clear it and separate the fish from this slimy mess. A boat
a half mile away had a similar experience. Many thousand
tons of squid are brought in to Monterey annually. Some are
frozen and shipped to Eastern markets, but most of them are
canned and sold in Latin countries.

The drag-net boats explore the smooth sandy bottoms pretty
well, but it takes the fully equipped deep sea divers to study
the rocky bottoms. These divers work in from twenty to one
hundred and twenty feet deep for Haliotis for the market.
Here on the West Coast Haliotis are called abalones, in the East
they are known as ear shells, in England as orniers and in Aus-
tralia as mutton fish. They make delicious eating and therefore
are much sou-lit after commercially, especially the Large Haliotis
rufescens Swainson which grow to ten or eleven inches in Length.
The general public may take them aloinj the shore if seven inches
in size, while commercial fishermen can take only those from
eight inches up and only in twenty feet or deeper.

It was the good fortune of the writer to get acquainted with

92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

one of the very best deep-sea divers on the Coast, Mr. Delmer
Reviea, who has done valuable investigating for the California
Fish and Game Commission, besides other important deep sea
work.

"While out with him, and learning from his experience, it was
easy to establish the varying depths at which the different spe-
cies of Haliotis live. The black abalone, a smaller species
(Haliotis cracherodii Leach), is a shore dweller and very rarely
is found outside of twenty feet deep. But the large Haliotis
rufescens, the real commercial abalone on the California coast,
lives on and among the rocks from the shore out to sixty or
eighty feet deep. It is strictly a vegetarian and feeds on the
short algae which it rasps off with its long tongue or radula.
From forty or fifty feet out to one hundred feet, two smaller
species are found. The most common of these is Haliotis assimi-
lis Dall.

But on one trip, Mr. Reviea sent up to the boat some smaller
ones, somewhat resembling Haliotis assimilis, but with other
variations. The writer sent some of them to the U. S. National
Museum where Dr. Bartsch pronounced them a new species and
named them Haliotis aulaea.

At these outer depths Mr. Reviea also located several north-
ern species that are shore dwellers in their native haunts, namely,
Haliotis kamtschatkana Jonas and Haliotis wallah »sis Stearns.
This was along the San Luis Obispo County Coast.

On another trip between Point Conception and Santa Barbara
a diver brought up four large pink abalones altogether unlike
the Haliotis rufescens which they most resembled. In Washing-
ton, Dr. Bartsch described them as new and honored the writer
by naming them for him. They were evidently strays from
farther south for they have since been found south to Cedros
Island off the Mexican coast.

Haliotis fulgent Philippi is the beautiful green abalone found
from Los Angeles south to Point Lucas at the south end of Baja
California, Mexico. On the south half of tins peninsula, there
is also found a snhspeeies named by Dr. l'.artseh Haliotis fulfills
turveri for a friend who regularly goes to Mexico with the writer.
Haliotis corrugata Gray is also a southern species, but occasion-
ally found as far north as Morro Beach. Nearly fifty species of

Jan., 1947] tot nautd 03

Halioti* have found their way to the writer's collection from
many parts of the world.

That niollusks that normally live in the shallow waters of

Bering Sea and along the Alaskan roast may be found in quan-
tities off the California coast, but in extreme deep water, was
positively demonstrated recently.

Fishermen from Monterey and Santa Cruz rigged up to fish
for the so-called black Alaska cod which in this latitude lives in
from twelve hundred to three thousand feet depth. They had
good luck getting cod, but they also had a newT experience for
when they fished on rocky bottoms off Santa Cruz many of their
hooks brought up a number of different kinds of shells that they
had not seen before. These shells had from one to half a dozen
sea-anemones growing on them and when a fish hook caught in
one of these tough bodies up came the whole mollusk to the boat.
One of the fishermen was thoughtful enough to bring a good
quantity to the dock several times. Among these were: Argo-
buceinum oregonensis Redfield; Cancellarea cooperi Gabb,
Chrysodomtts tabvlatus Baird; Spirotropis perversa Gabb;
Chrysodomus ithius Dall, and Colus sevcrinus Dall. In addition,
the hooks brought up such rare crabs as Chionoecetes tanneri
Kathbun and Pardlithodeg rathbuni Benedict. And, ordinary
dredging in ten to twenty-five fathoms in Monterey Bay gen-
erally brings good results.

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF MONADENIA FROM
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA

By ROBERT R. TALMADGE, Eureka, California
MONADENIA FIDELIS TKIMDADENSIS, new Subspecies.

Shell similar in general features to M. fidelis subcarinaia, but
much smaller and rougher in physical appearance. Shell solid.
slightly polished at base, with open umbilicus, partially covered
by the narrow peristome. Spiral sculpture prominent on first
and seeond whorls. IVriostracum generally worn off of the
apex of spire, often down to third whorl. Some specimens
slightly keeled. Color of shell horn brown, but spire often with

94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

greyish tinge, due to worn periostracum. On some specimens,
a faint light band may be distinguished on first whorl.

Measurements (average of 20 shells) : maximum diameter
28.5 mm., minimum diameter 24 mm., altitude 17.5 mm. ; whorls

6y4.

Holotype in Talmadge collection; paratypes in same collec-
tion, in collection of S. Stillman Berry, and no. 182505, Acad-
emy Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia.

Type locality : Little River Rock, about 3 miles south of Trini-
dad, Humboldt County, California, and % mile out to sea.
Four examples gathered on 2 June, 1946. Additional locality:
an unnamed rock about y2 mile north of Little River Rock; 16
examples collected.

So far as known, this subspecies inhabits only the grass-cov-
ered off-shore rocks. How their ancestors reached these rocks is
unknown, but, in the writer's opinion, the separation from the
closely related mainland subspecies is definite, although M. f.
trinidadensis may be a dwarf form of the mainland subcarinata.
The lack of food and the exposure to the elements would have a
decisive effect on animal life. All living specimens were taken
either in the grass or from natural crevices in the rock.

ON THE ANATOMY AND THE SYSTEMATIC

PLACE OF THE LAND-MOLLUSK

GENUS JANULUS

By HENRY A. PILSBRY

The genera Gastrodonta, Zonitoides, Ventridens, Striatum

and Poecilozonites, composing the subfamily Gastrodontinae,
arc all confined to North America with the exception of several
palearctic species of Zonitoides, which arc cither closely related
to American species (/. excavatus Bean), or identical with them
(Z. nitidus Mull.)

From this it mighl be inferred thai the Bubfamily had its
genesis in America, a few species invading the old World only

in Pliocene or later time. Weiiz, 1923, referred several Euro-
pean Paleocene and Miocene to Recent species to Zonitoides; but
with no intention of casting doubt upon his classification, which
is probably correct, it must be admitted that the shell characters

Jan.. 1947] THE NAUTILUS 95

of these small, simple Zonitidae are sometimes hardly distinctive
enough for positive generic allocation. By themselves, these
fossils would hardly be thoughl conclusive evidence of Gastro-
dontinae in European Tertiary.

There is. however, another European genus having boi son-

chologic resemblance to certain Gastrodontinae. I refer to
Janulus Lowe,1 represented by about a dozen species from Upper
Oligocene to Pliocene of middle Europe, two living species in
Madeira and one in the Canary Islands.

JanvZus has been variously classified. Wenz (1023)2 formed
a subfamily Janulinae in tin1 Zonitidae for Janulus only.
Pfeffer. 1929," proposed Janulinae anew for Janulus and the
Mexican Pycnogyra,4 the numerous whorls and the narrow aper-
ture being given as its chief characters. Thiele 5 placed Janu-
lus in the Endodontidae. but grave no new information upon its
structure beyond a brief account of the radular teeth, quoted
below.

Information on the anatomy of Janulus up to this time relates
to the jaw and teeth of •/. stt jJianophora (Desh.) and J. bifrons
(Lowe), examined by W. G. Binney, 1879.6 He described the
jaw of Janulus stephanophora (Desh.) as ''strongly arched, ends
pointed, cutting margin with a sharp, greatly produced median
projection." He says of J. bifrons (Lowe) : "Jaw smooth with
median projection. Lingual membrane with 34-1-34 teeth, of
which 4 on each side are laterals. All as in Zonitcs, i.e., cen-
trals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals aculeate." No fig-
ures were given.

The only further note on the anatomy which I have found is
by Thiele7 in his generic definition of Janulus: "Mittel- und
Beitenplatten der Radula mit inneren und ausseren Neben-
zacken." This does not agree with Binney 's observations and is

i Janulus Lowe, 1852, Ann. Mag. N. H. (2) 9: 115, for Helix cahilhus

I. ewe.

1'ossilium Catalogus 1, pars 17, p. 300.
sGcol. u. pal. Abhandl 17 (21), Heft 3, p. 33.
* See H. B. Baker, 1928, Proc. Acad. N. S. Philadelphia 80: 27.

Bandb. Syst. Weichtierkunde 1: 576.
« Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 5: 332, 333; repeated in 1884, Aim. N. V. Aead.
Sei., 3: 87.

rHandbuch Byst. Weichtierkunde 1: 573.

96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

wholly at variance with mine. Species of Oxychilus, Vitrea and
some related genera have tricuspid lateral teeth, but such teeth
are not known in Gastrodontinae. Unfortunately Thiele did
not mention from what species his note on the teeth was taken.
I imagine that he misread Binney's description.

I have examined J. bifrons (Lowe)8 from Madeira. The sole
is plain, not tripartite ; pedal groove deep, the foot-fringe below
it is vertically grooved. No noticeable caudal pit seen.

The lung (fig. 3) is plain, showing no venation except the
principal pulmonary vein. The rather narrow wedge-shaped
kidney is about one and one-half times the length of the peri-
cardium and contained about two and a half times in that of
the lung. The secondary ureter appears to be complete.

The genitalia (figs. 1, 2) show a long atrium from which the
oviduct, spermathecal duct, penis and dart-sac branch at about
the same level, no vagina being developed. The long, rather
thick penis terminates in a short stout epiphallus leading to a
short vas deferens. The penial retractor is terminal on the
penis. The dart-sac seated on the base of the penis, is arcuate,
a very short connective from its summit to the spermathecal
duct. No dart present (probably dissolved by the preserva-
tive). There are no coronal glands. A short duct (d) from the
oviduct enters a sheath which envelopes the lower part of the
penis (stippled in figure 1). It has no connection with the
spermathecal duct. The free oviduct is long. The sperma-
theca is ovate, on a rather long duct. Other details of genitalia
are as shown in the figures. My preparation of the posterior
part was imperfect in detail owing to the vary hard material.

The jaw (fig. 4) is high-arched, smooth, without noticeable
median projection on the cutting edge.

The radula has 24-1-24 teeth (fig. 5). Central and lateral
teeth have single long cusps with overhanging edges, no ecto-
cones. Marginal teeth with long curved cusps of the usual
zonitid form.

The conflicting accounts of the teeth are perplexing. If

s The two specimens dissected wore sent me 1 .v the Ke\. K. Boog Watson
in I si».~» ; probably wore collected Mime years earlier; and have therefore
been in alcohol over fifty years. Having evidently been placed directly in
strong spirit, they were contracted well within the shell and very hard.

THE \ A I Til. is 60

PLATE 7

Janvim bifron* (Lowe). Pig. 1, Genitalia, d, peni-oviducal duet; ds,
dart-sac; epi, epiphallusj ov, oviduct; p, penis; sp.d., Bpermathecal duct.
Pig. 2, Outline of genitalia of another individual. Pig. 3, Pallia! region.
PJg. i. Jaw. Pig. 5, Central, two lateral, an. I 9th, 15th, and 20th marginal
teeth.

Pig. 6, Pyrgulopsis archimedis, a. Bp.; camera outline of holotvpe.

Pig. 7. /'. nevadensti (Stearns); camera outline of BtaeU (2874a, probablj
not fully mature I Prom type locality.

Jan., 1947] THE n.mtilus 97

Thiele's data for the genus are correcl f«>r ./. oalathutf the geno-
type, then ./. btfrOfU stands at least as a subgencric gTOUp. llow-

ever, we do not know what Bpecies Thiele had in view, and the
teeth of ,/. bifrons as described by W. <;. Binney do not agree
with the radula before me. These conspicuous discrepancies
call for a new study of Janulus radulae.

8ummary: From the strueture of the genitalia, it is obvious
that Janulus belongs to the subfamily Gastrodontinae. The ab-
Bence of coronal glands on the dart sac is a special feature
though not unique in the subfamily, but otherwise the genitalia
do not differ much from those organs in the genus (}<istrij<lo)ita.'J

It appears that the Gastrodontinae were represented in Europe
at least as early as middle Tertiary, and up to the present time
in Atlantic islands. Whether the subfamily arose in the Nearc-
tie or the Palearctic areas is still undeeided.

REPORT ON THE LAND MOLLUSKS OF
CAPE MAY, N. J.

By ROBERT C. ALEXANDER

From Manasquan Inlet above Bayhead south to Cape May at
the mouth of Delaware Bay, sandy island beaches flank the At-
lantic eoasl of Xew Jersey. These beaches are separated from
the mainland by bays, sounds, thoroughfares, and wide salt
marshes penetrated by creeks winding far back to fields and
woods at the edge of higher ground. After a collecting trip to
this region. Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry wrote, "The littoral of south-
ern New Jersey is perhaps as unpromising collecting -round for
the laud shell hunter as can be found in the eastern states."

Cape May is the only place on this part of the coast which
offers even a moderately congenial environment for land snails.
Here, good soil, extending down to the ocean, enables vegetation
of the upland to intermingle with vegetation of tic coastal re-
gion. This is particularly apparent at Cape May Point where
woods of large deciduous trees, pines, cedars and holly are

ad Mollusca of North America 2: 427, fig. 230.

98 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

found next to the scrub and the barberry, beach plum, ground-
sel, and dwarf sumac of the beaches. However, Cape May is
isolated as far as a land snail fauna is concerned by a vast cedar
swamp, stretching all the way across the northern part of the
Cape May peninsula from the seacoast to the bay, and by the
pine belt of the interior.

The tip of Cape May, cut off from the mainland by a tidewater
canal dredged from Delaware Bay to Cape May Harbor in 1942,
has become a triangular island six miles long on the ocean side
and two miles long on the bay side. My collecting was confined
to this island, most of it being done at Cape May Point, Cape
May City, and South Cape May within half a mile of the ocean.

In September, 1945, I discovered a small full-grown Tri-
odopsis albolabris maritima (Pilsbry) clinging underneath the
bottom of an upturned cardboard box lying by the side of the
road around Lily Lake at Cape May Point. A year later, I
found a larger shell of this species, with the dead animal in it,
between the tracks of the spur railroad to Cape May Point where
it passes a small woods a few yards west of Bayshore Road.

The shell of the first specimen measured 15.8 mm. from the
base of the lip to the tip of the spire and 21.7 mm. at its greatest
diameter. The second shell was 18 mm. in height and 24 mm.
in diameter.

The diminutive form inhabiting the cape is commonly associ-
ated with a sandy soil. Judging by collecting records, it is
fairly abundant here. Bryant "Walker distinguished it from
T. albolabris proper as being less than 24.5 nun. in diameter.
The subspecific names maritima (Pilsbry) and traversensis
I Leach) formerly applied to this form arc now regarded as
forms of albolabris by Dr. Pilsbry. The name maritima is re-
tained here only as a matter of record.

Collecting at Cape May Point the morning of October 1. 1946,
I excavated three empty shells of Strobilops labyrinthica (Say),
a solitary shell of Vertigo pygmaea (Drap.)j and a living V.
milium (Gould) from the earth at the base ^\' a cedar tree in a
cedar grove on the south side of Sea Grove Avenue a short dis-
tance ,.;ist of Lighthouse Avenue. Most of the cedar trees here

are covered with the vines of poison ivy, many almost to the
point (if strangulation, Being Busceptible to this toxic nuisance,

Jan., 1947] tiik NAUTILUS 09

I was glad to find a tree in the grove comparatively free from it

where I could proceed with my collecting without the pros] I

of unpleasant consequences. Numerous shells and Living speci-
mens of Zonitoides arboreus (Saj I, probably the most widely
distributed species of Land snail on the cape, were found among
debris half-buried in the ground in the grove.

( >n more than one occasion, I have collected both Zonitoides
arboreus (Say) and Deroceras hurt (Muller) on the Bhore of
Lily Lake.

Long ago, the ocean, two inlets, and one or more creeks com-
pletely surrounded the land occupied by Cape May City, and
South Cape May too, with salt water. Until the name was offi-
cially changed to Cape May City in 1868, it was appropriately
called Cape Island. At some unrecorded time when the west
inlet was tilled in, and later, when a part of old Cape Island
Creek was piped underground, the island joined the mainland.
With the construction of the canal, Cape May City has reverted
to its earlier status of being situated on an island.

Collecting in the old long-settled section of the city, Dr. Pils-
bry reported finding YaUonia pulchella (Muller) and Pupoides
marginatum (Say) quite abundant on mounds around the tanks
at the gas works on Lafayette Street in August, 1898. He sug-
gested that these might possibly be imported species since they
were not found anywhere else. Although the gas wrorks is still
located at the same place, it has been fenced in and is no longer
accessible for collect ing.

I visited this part of Cape May the afternoon of October 4
and found numerous Vertigo pygmaea (Drap.), a few Zonitoides
arbor* us (Say), and two medium-sized Limax maximus Linne.
These mollnsks were living under the wet portion of a discarded
paper cemenl bag Lying on the ground under a privet hedge just
outside the feme of the gas works and behind the 8th tee of the
golf com

I had seen L. masimus at Cape May before. From what I
have heard, this immigrant from across the ocean is well-estab-
lished in certain sections here.

One dull wet day in September, 1945, I noticed a large L.
tnaximus stretched oul on the bottom step of the front steps at
711 Kearney Avenue, a corner hous i filled-in ground one block

100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

directly back from Convention Hall Pier. Two others were
found under a board beside the steps.

The family occupying the house told me these big slugs often
crawled into the food dish of their Irish setter and ate the dog's
food. As many as five of them had been counted in the dish at
one time. The dog, a discriminating creature, refused to have
anything to do with the food after the slugs had been in it.

An unusually wet summer may account for the presence of
Limax maximus at that ocean front location. Last summer was
dry and no slugs were seen there.

On October 6, I found three living Cochlicopa lubrica (Miil-
ler), Zonitoides arboreus (Say), and a small colony of Mesodon
thyroidus (Say) ranging from young to full-grown ones under
half a dozen discarded paper cement bags scattered on the sand
among dune grass a few feet in from the sidewalk on the west
side of Broadway and a few yards to the ocean side of old Cape
Island Creek at the place where it comes out into the open after
being piped underground and goes off through the meadows
toward South Cape May. This place is about a block and a
half from the ocean.

Dr. Pilsbry has pointed out that, compared with typical speci-
mens, the shells of Mesodon thyroidus (Say) found on the coast
of New Jersey are "thin and light, much smaller, generally more
globose and conoidal, although this latter character is variable."
My specimens were no exception. The largest shell measured
12.5 mm. in height and 17.7 mm. in diameter. This shell has
the parietal tooth, often lacking in specimens from this region.

On October 12, I found two specimens of Deroccras reticu-
latum (Miiller) on the bottom of wet sheets of cardboard lying
in the grass under mulberry bushes between the 8th green of
the golf course and Lafayette Street, almost at the end of Madi-
son Avenue. That same day, I went to South Cape May to try
to rediscover Succinat a urea Lea.

(To be Continued)

Jan., 1947] Tl IE NAUTILUS 1 01

DR. BLENN R. BALES

Bfalacologists in general and the Florida shell collectors in
particular lost an enthusiastic and accomplished colleague with
the passing of l>r. Blenn K. Bales. He died at his Circleville,
Ohio, home on October 25, 1946, at the age of seventy years.

Dr. Bales was horn July 18, 1876, at Lilly Chapel, .Madison
County, Ohio. He was a graduate of Starling Medical College,
and did post-graduate work at the Lying-in Hospital. New York
City. He was married in 1900 to Mary B. Jones, who is almost
as well known to Florida shell collectors as the Doctor, as she
was the companion of all his journeys. For forty years, Dr.
Bales was surgeon for the Norfolk and Western Railroad. Dur-
ing the Spanish-American war, he served in hospitals in Puerto
Rico. His civic interests were many. For years he served as
director of the annual festival known in Circleville as the
"Pumpkin show." He was a member of the Methodist Church
and was also active in Masonic work.

An intense interest in the natural sciences was a vital part of
his personality. At one time, he made an extensive collection
of birds' eggs, which is now in the museum of Ohio State Uni-
versity. Later he operated the Triangle Flower Farm near Cir-
cleville, where he was interested in the development of new
varieties.

His untiring efforts in collecting mollusks were well known to
his many friends. For many years, the Doctor and Mrs. Bales
spent several months in Florida, mainly on the Keys, where they
would stay on the chosen key in one of the cabins erected for
fishermen. The finest fish and lobsters in the world were always
in abundance, and other supplies could be had from the daily
stage from Miami to Key West. In this way, Doc Bales, as he
was affectionately known to Florida naturalists, collected all the
way from Key Largo to the Tortugas.

In Ohio, the Doctor had collected land and fresh water shells,
but in Florida he specialized on the marine fauna. Most of his
collecting was confined to shallow water and the intertidal zone,
where his success was partly due to the use of various original
devices, but chiefly to his tireless patience in exploring every
possibility of the bottom he was working. Few mollusks were

102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

well enough hidden or camouflaged to escape his eye. Some of
his methods were described briefly in his articles in The Nautilus
and elsewhere, but the details of much of his lore were known
only to those who had the opportunity to collect with him.

In 1939, the program was varied by a trip by car to Mexico,
where large collections were made around Acapulco.

Dr. Bales was a member of the American Malacological Union,
attending most of the meetings until the last one. His passing
is a loss to malacological science, as well as a personal grief to
his many friends. Several species named in his honor will serve
to keep his memory green.

NOTES AND NEWS

A new name in Panama Hydrobiinae. — James Zetek has re-
cently called my attention to a necessary correction of the San
Jose Island non-marine mollusk report. The name ZetekeUa
Morrison, 1946, Smith. Misc. Coll. 106 (6) : 11, was unfortunately
still-born, cheated of breath by absolute homonymity. It was
preoccupied by ZetekeUa Drake, Sept., 1944, Bol. de Entomol.
Venezolana 3 (3), in Hemiptera. Because of the continued de-
sire to have this characteristic group of mollusks bear a name
commemorative of the work of Zetek in the Panama Region, the
molluscan genus is hereby given the new name Zetekina, with
the same genotype: Littoridina frenata Pilsbry (1935)=/*/'-
kina frenata (Pilsbry). — J. P. E. Morrison.

Cepaea hortensis. — Last year, I found two varieties of this
species at East Boothbay, Maine. — Howard Gilmore.

Strombus samba Clench in Florida. — A fine adult example
of Strombus samba Clench was collected recently by Mr. Rex H.
Benson (guest of the author) in Lake Worth, Florida. It agrees
perfectly with the figures and description given by Mr. Clench
in "Johnsonia," no. 1, even to the brownish color on the inner
lip. The shell measures 180 nun. in Length by l'">7 nun. in width,
and contained a considerable portion of the animal when found.

Si. far as I am aware, this is the first record of this spceies in

Florida.- A. lh ltt Vebbill.

Jan., L947] thi naiii: L03

A 9NAIL CAPTURED BY a\ tNSBCTIVOEOUa PLANT. In the sinii-

mer of L940, Dp. Walter K. Sweadner, entomologisl at the Car-
negie Museum, found ;i snail eaughl in a Leaf of the Venus fly-
trap. Dionaea muscipvla Bllis. The incident occurred near
Wilmington, X. ('. This insectivorous plant has the Leaf divided
by the midrib into two semi-circular Lobes fringed with Long
stout teeth. In the center of the upper side of each lobe are
three sensitive hairs, which, when irritated, cause the leaf to fold
along the midrib. This plant lias the fastest movement of any
known plant. Digestive juices are secreted by small glandular
hairs on the leaf surface. Normally the plant feeds on int

The snail captured was an immature Triodopsis albolabris
i Say) of four whorls. The measurements of the shell are:
Greatest diameter 13.0 mm., least diameter 10.8 mm., heighl 8.9
mm. The leaf was too withered to measure satisfactorily, but
the lobes had a length of about 20 to 25 mm. This is apparently
the first time such an incident has been observed. — Charles B.
WUBTZ.

Concerning "IIydrobia" jenkinsi E. A. Smith. — Ilydrobia
uentrosa carinata J. T. Marshall and Hydrobia jenkinsi E. A.

Smith were published simultaneously. This is proved by their
printing on opposite sides of one leaf of the Journal of Conchol-
VI (Oct. 1889), pp. 141 and 142, respectively. Also, the
statement is made by E. A. Smith on p. 143 that they were in-
tended to be published "side by side," and that the}' concern
the same form of snail. No one doubts their identity.

J. T. Marshall, remarking further on this snail in April. 1890
(J. of C. 6: 224 . remains unconvinced of its status as a distinct
Species, yet omits any mention of his carinata. On page 242,
Mr. A. J. Jenkins (the species' collector) was reported to have
read a paper April 2nd, 1890, on the difference in habits of II.
jenkinsi Smith and //. ventrosa Mont. There is no mention
here of carinata. In July, 1890, E. A. Smith replied anew (J.
of C. 6 : 244) to Mr. Marshall's opinion. Smith here implies,
without Btating so in so many words, that //. jenkinsi and //.
ventrosa must be different species, because they Live together
(without intergrades) "in the same ditches." On these pages
likewise there is no mention of carinata.

104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

Therefore, since the first subsequent reviewers or revisers, the
three persons most intimately concerned with the species, namely :
Marshall, Jenkins, and Smith, all used the name H. jenkinsi in
1890, and completely dropped the name H. v. carinata, this
must be taken as a fixed selection. Incidentally H. jenkinsi is
not a member of the American genus Lyrodes. The opinion of
Oscar Boettger, stated in Smith's original description, that H.
jenkinsi is most closely related to the Tasmanian (and New Zea-
land) species of Potamopyrgus, remains the best idea as to the
source of this introduction to Europe. In my own opinion,
based on shell characters, it comes close to being identical with
Potamopyrgus corolla (Gould) from New Zealand. Partheno-
genesis, such as P. jenkinsi exhibits, should be looked for in the
New Zealand snails. As stated previously, the only animals
available to me were those of Potamopyrgus antipodarum Gray
(Nautilus 52: 87). To my knowledge, P. corolla (Gould) has
not been examined anatomically. — J. P. E. Morrison.

Tegucigalpa, Honduras, excerpts from letters. — Dec. 29 :
"We have been here about three months, and have had a very
successful time with the insects. But you will hardly believe it
when I tell you that in all this time we have not found a single
shelled snail (though there are slugs, Veronicella and Agrioli-
max) until today, when under a log we found the little snail.
. . . We expect to return to Colorado in the spring or early sum-
mer." Jan. 1: "The student (Cisneros) who found the snail,
about which I wrote you the other day. today came in with an
adult of the same species about 14..") nam. long. The first one
found was evidently quite immature. The species is, I think.

certainly BulimulllS Cornells Sowerby. It agrees very exactly

with Pilsbry's figure." — Tiieo D. A. Cockerell, Escuela Agri-
cola Panainerieana.

Type of Elephantellum. — Dr. Joshua L. Baily has called my

attention to the fad that I inadvertently cited Caecum hexa-

gonum Carpenter as type. This type designation should have
been Caecum hrptagonum Carpenter. Making that correction
will give the genus its proper status. Paul Babtsch.

Jan., 1947] the nautilus 105

Amm< "i a 4nd Euamnicola. Bince Dr. Morrison has spoken

to me admit the matter, I perhaps will be forgiven ;i few expres-
s i < 1 1 1 s of opinion in regard to his paper on Amnicola, which ap-
pears in this number. Morrison's disintermenl of Amnicola
"Gould & Baldeman" Ealdeman (July, 1840), type Paludina
lustrica Say, Beems Legally sound, although neither Ealdeman
nor Lea, who both believed in the validity of oral description,
had any scientific righl to throw what was primarily Gould's
Amnicola into the limbo of unidentifiable names. Of course,
any attempl to recognize a "nomen dubium" of 125 years stand-
ing would be ridiculous. But, although the AXSP. shell (a
Pomatiopsis) obviously cannot be the type specimen of Palvdina
lustrica, it still remains the only known example which was iden-
tified by Say himself as his species. (For that matter, no mu-
seum specimen, even if designated "type" by the author of a
species, conveys any legal evidence.)

However, the scientifically proposed but legally preoccupied
Amnicola Gould (1841)1 must be considered independently, and
Herrmannsen (1846) made a perfectly valid choice of type for
it. Fischer and Crosse (1890, p. 254) also definitely stated that
the type of Amnicola was Paludina porata = P. limosa Say,
which means that Pilsbry's (1943) selection of Amnicola porata
I Say) as the type of Euamnicola F. & C. (1891) was certainly
valid, if not actually predetermined. For these reasons, the
well-known Amnicola "G. & H." Gould (1841) legally should
be replaced by Euamnicola F. & C, with Marstoniopsis as a sub-
jective synonym; and A. {Marstowia) lustrica Pilsbry was pre-
occupied by a doubly dubious binomial.

All this discussion brings out the most dangerous weakness
of our present international rules. "Nomina dubia" (i.e., un-
identifiable names like A mm cola Ealdeman and its type species I .
names proposed in synonymy (not accepted by their authors
and misspelled names (including most "emendations") should

i Haldeman 's (July, 1840) original proposal of Amnicola was not noticed
by cither Gould or Hernnannsen (or by anybody else except Lea ami Mor-
rison). In fact, from the date of his manuscript, Gould must have been
completely unaware of Haldeman's rash footnote, and certainly (p. 230)
was dubious about Say's PoiuditoO. lUStriCO, which means that it never could
become the type of Gould's Amnicola.

-Fur example, Cardita bailyi Baily, 1945, Nautilus 58: 119.

106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

have been given the status of nude names, which would mean
that, for all practical purposes, they would cease to exist. Such
a rule would have eliminated much of the hopeless trash that
encumbers our synonymies. Also, it would have encouraged
students to wipe out impulsively innovated names (like Halde-
man's Amnicola) or to date them from conscientious proposals
(like Gould's). On the other hand, the present rules and opin-
ions invite us to waste quires of good white paper in ludicrous
attempts to identify the unidentifiable. — H. Burringtont Baker.

Odontostomus odontostoma and Cyclodontina pantagrue-
lina. — Dr. Lothar Forcart, in his proof 3 of the correct type of
Odontostomus, also attempted to resurrect two dubious specific
names. Helix gargantua Ferussac (1832)4 was a synonym of
the prior Odontostomus odontostoma (Sowerby, 1824), although
Ferussac considered it a distinct species. But, Helix gargantua
Ferussac (1821, Prodr.) was a shell "de plus de deux pouces
(54 mm.) de longueur" (about 1.5 times as long). Similarly,
Scarabus labrosus Menke (1828 and 1830), like almost every
other new name in the "Synopsis," was only rendered identifi-
able by later publications. Its 1828 status was not improved
by the fact that Moricand (1833) included it in the synonymy
of his Helix pantagria Una ; and Cyclodontina p. (Moricand)
remains the valid name for the species, even if 8. labrosus also
be dated from Moricand (1833). But legally, if one accepts the
mischief-making Opinion 54, a "nomen dubium" never can ac-
quire any other status. — II. B. Baker.

The type of Orthalicus. — In a former number. Dr. Render 5
has published very logical and convincing proof that Midler
(1774) probably had seen shells of Orthalicus maracaibensis
( 1 Mr. k when he described his Buccinum zebra. But, both l'ils-
bry and Behder seem to have missed two points: (1) 0. zebra
I leek ils."!7) is not O. maracaibensis; and (2) Beck proposed
Orthalicus as a subgenus of "Bulimus," although he used the

binomial 0. Zebra. I lerrniannsen (1847) named Bulimus :<l>ra

3 1946, Nautilus 60: 59.

« Bistoire, Expl. pis. livr. 22 27, pL 163: " Pig. L. U>H.r gargantua, Nob.
Prodr., do. 510" Pig. 2 is labeled "Helix odontoetotna, Bow."
L945, .\:.utiius 59: 29 31, with foreword by Pilabry.

Jan., 1947] the n m i n K)7

as the type of Orthalicus, which apparently means that he made
a valid selection of {Bulimus) "0. tebra (0. Mull.) B . '" which
was identified as Oxystyla ferussaci tricincta (Martens) by Pils-
hry.: Incidentally, so far as 1 can remember, Render was the

first writer to use "The '_r<'iius Orthalicus" . . . "tor the group
now known as Ozystyla." Legally he was right.

Hut. let ns return t * • Buccinum zebra Miiller | 1771'. According
to article 31 of the international rules : "The division of a Bpecies
into two or more restricted species is subjecl to the Bame rules as
the division of a genus." As Clench wisely has recognized in
"Johnsonia," this plainly means that article .'!() on type designa-
tion gives the Legal method to employ if one wishes to adopt
such a complex old "nomen dubium" as B. zebra, which in-
cluded achatinids as well as species of Orthalicus. Apparently
Fischer and Crosse8 were the first authors to attempt such a
type designation. For these reasons, tin1 type of Buccinum zebra
Miiller (1774) is that specimen of Orthalicus undatus (Bru-
guidre, 1 T' *i2 - which Miiller included in his composite species,
.•it her among shells which he had seen or by citation of previous
figures. Xow, some enterprising bibliophile should gather to-
gether all the attempts to identify B. zebra, and bind them into
a nice fat quarto volume, but probably should be careful to in-
sert "To be continued" on the last page. — H. B. Baker.

PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED

The cents Bankia in the western Atlantic By William
J. Clench and Ruth D. Turner. Johnsonia 2(19): 1-28, figs.
1-16, 1946. This thorough revision, mainly based on the ex-
quisitely figured pallets, sets a aew high mark for "Johnsonia."
from the standpoint of original contributions to the known taxo-
nomic characters. The shells are equally well delineated. New

G The shell shown in Ferussac, Histoire, pL 115, fig. 5, now selected as
type. According to Strebel and Pfeffer (1882, Beitrag 5: 24), Beck stud-
ied Miiller 's collection.

' Manual of Conchology (2) 12, \>. 1°.] ; written 2 years before there were
any international rules and 8 years before their present article 30. The
wonder is that Pilsbry anticipated them as closely as he did.

8 1873, Mission an Mexique, Moll. tcrr. ic fluv., \..l. 1: HI 117.

108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (3)

subgenera and species are: Bankiop.sis, typo Bankia caribbea,
Liliobankia, type B. katherinae, B. (Neobankia) destructa,
Plumulella, B. (P.) fosteri and B. (P.) cieba.—H.. B. B.

The genus Mya in the western Atlantic; the family
Haliotidae in the western Atlantic. By Richard W. Foster.
Jolmsonia 2(20-21) : 2<MtO, figs. 17-23, 1946. In addition to
the excellent photographs and descriptions, fine drawings (by
Ruth Turner) of the chondrophores and hinges of Mya truncata
and M. arenaria, complete the monograph on the "long-necked"
clams. One new species. Haliotis barbouri from Brazil, doubles
the known haliotid fauna. — H. B. B.

Land and freshwater Mollusca. By G. Mandahl-Barth.
Zoology of Iceland 4(65) : 1-31, 3 maps of distribution, 1938.
This survey of the inland mollusks of Iceland includes 3 tables,
which compare the fauna of Iceland with those of Greenland
and Europe, and concludes that all the Icelandic species, with
perhaps the single exception of Succinea groenlandica, occur
also in continental Europe. — H. B. B.

Thyonicola mortenseni n. gen., n. sp. Diacolax cucu-
mariae n. gen., n. sp. By G. Mandahl-Barth. Vidensk. Medd.
fra Dansk naturh. Foren., 104: 341-351, 11 figs., 1941, and
109 : 55-68, 13 figs., 1946. Of these two parasitic snails, Thyoni-
cola (Enteroxenidae) was found in a sea-cucumber, Thyone
serrata, from southwest of the Cape of Good Hope. Diacolax
(Eulimidae) came from the outside of another sea-cucumber,
Cucumaria mendax, from the Falkland Islands. — H. B. B.

The genera Bathyaurinia, Rehderia and Scaphella in the
western Atlantic. By William .1. Clench. Jolmsonia 2(22) :
41-60, figs. 24 31, 1946. Of these three genera of Volutidae,
Rehderia, type Auriivia schmitti Bartsch, is new. The use of
Scaphella seems eomewhal dubious; since Gray (1847) Darned

two species as the types of Scaplnlhi Suainson, did he make any
valid type selection '.' New species are : luhderia (jrortjiana.

Scaphella (Aurinia) atlantis, 8. [A.) ci<bu. and 8. {A.) kieneri

Cor " FlL8U$ tcssi Hat us" Kieiier. Beautiful half-tones of the old

and of the new species of the genera are included. — II. B. B.
Serrmannsen (1848) also named Scapkt lla junonia as type.]

The Nautilus

Vol. 60 April, 1947 No. 4

INDEXES TO NEW FAMILIES, GENERA, SPECIES,
ETC., IN VOLUMES 35 TO 59

By H. BURRINGTON BAKER

Throughout these indexes, the Dumber before a colon (:) gives
the volume (followed when necessary by the part in parenthe
while any after a colon indicates a page. Thus, 37(2): 63 would
mean that the name appears in volume 37, part 2, on page 63.
An asterisk i *) before a name indicates that it is not new at the
place cited. For example, the genus *Alcadia is not new but
the two subgenera Hjalmarsona and Strintemoda are proposed at
54 : 70-71. Similarly, an asterisk before a page citation indicates
that, in my judgment, the name does not date from the page
cited. For example, Acantkodoris columbina is named and
(partly) figured in 39(2): pis. 2 & 3 (plates 2 and 3), although its
full description appears later in *(3): 94 (part 3, page 94).

Three indexes are presented: ( 1 ) index of innovations, (2) index
by new trivial terms, and (3) index by innovating authors. The
first and principal index lists alphabetically in full the new-
families, subfamilies, genera, subgenera (including sections), spe-
cie- and subspecies (including all trinomials) proposed in volumes
35 to 59 (both inclusive) of THE NAUTILUS. Under the
genera, each species or subspecies (any trinomial) is arranged in
the alphabetic order of its new and most trivial term. To
Bhorten the index, more than one name may be included on one
(or more) line, if these appear in the same paper and do not dis-
turb the alphabetic order.

In the second index, the new trivial terms are arranged alpha-
betically without distinction between species and Bubspecies.
Also, to make double columns practicable, the author's name,
the subgenus, and usually all but one page citation are omitted.

In the third index, the innovating authors are arranged alpha-
betically. Under each are given the volumes and pages on w hich
their new names appear.

(109)

110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

One of the reasons for the publication of these indexes as a
full number of THE NAUTILUS is the gradual lapse of two or
three months in our dates of publication. These indexes give us
a chance to get out once more on time.1

While I can only hope that this index be reasonably complete,
quite a few names are included which are not labeled as new by
their authors, on the chance that they might prove to be so.
Also, names under the plates are regarded as new and valid,
unless I happen to know that they were published before the date
of the plate. In other words, a figure is considered a valid
description of a new species or subspecies, and of a monotypic
genus or subgenus.

Attention is called to the exact dates of THE NAUTILUS
parts, subsequent to vol. 46, no. 2, which are printed in 48: 69,
49: 64, and in later volumes near p. 30 (28-33). In addition,
"Scientific contributions made from 1882 to 1939 by Henry A.
Pilsbry," published (1940) by the American Malacological Union,
includes the exact dates of all other parts covered by these
indexes.

INDEX OF INNOVATIONS

Abretiella "Dall" Bartsch for Abretia H. & A. Adams. . . .37: 63

Acanthochitona balesae Pilsbry 53: pi. 12

Acanthodoris columbina MacFarland. . .39(2): pis. 2-3; *(3): 94

Acanthodoris lutea MacFarland 39 : 60

Acavus haemastoma monochroa Pils. for A. h. concolor ... 44: 100

Achatina panthera berevoensis Clench & Archer 43: 85

Aclis hypergonia Schwengel & McGinty 56: 17

Acmaea aleutica Dall for A. apicina Dall 40: 101

A. cancellata, A. cona = conus, A. cornea, A. eccentrica,
A. fouae, A. irregularis, A. transparens Test. . . .58: 92-96, 144

Acrostylus Clench, subgenus of Placostyliis 48: 126

Acteocina culcitella intermedia Willott 42: 38

Acteocina oldroydi Dall 39: 25

Acteon candena Render 53: 21

Adrana notabilis, A. scaphoidea Render 53: 16-17

Albimanua Pilsbry & Olsson, subg. of Periploma 48: IKS

*Alcadia, subgg. Hjalmarsona & Striatemoda 54: 70 71

Alcadia lewisi Pilsbry 56: 4

Ali^eiKi redondoensis T. Burch 55: 50

Allopeas II. B. Baker, subgenus of Lamellaxis 48: 84

'This manuscript was sent to the printers January 20.

April. 1941 THE n.mtii 1 I I

•Alvania, subg. Willettia; A. (W.) keenae Gordon ... .

Alvania winalowae Bartsch for A. almo B. . . . 41: 111

Amnioola (Alocinma) annandalei Walker 30: 7

Amnicola aldrichi antroecetea Hubricht 53: 120

Amnicola tustrica gelida F. C. Baker 35: 22

Amnicola hannai Pilsbry is: hi

Amnicola henderaoni, A. idahoenais Pilabry 47: 10 1 1

Amnicola aldrichi inaolita Hubrichl 53: 1 1'.)

Amnicola judayi I". t*. Baker 36: 19

Amnicola uinkleyi mozleyi Walker 3'.): <»

Amnicola proserpina Hubrichl 53: 121

•Ampelita hemioxia Pusbry *56: 19

Amphidromus (Syndromua) pattinaonae Iredale 57: 16

AnabathroD muriei Bartach & Render 52: 1 n>

Anachia charieaaa Mc( rinty

Anachia clewiatonenaia M. Smith J'.): 138

Anachia floridana Render 53: 20

Anatipopecten Hertlein, section of Pecten 50: 26

Ancilla muscae Pilsbry tor A. elongata (Gray) 39: 104

Ancylua coloradenais Henderson lor A. hendersoni Walker. .44: 31

Anguiapira alternata Jessica Kutchka 52: 11

Anguiapira nimapuna H. B. Raker 45: 82

A. alternata paucicostata Kutchka 52: 12

Anguiapira rugoderma Hubricht ">i : 131

Annulicallua Pilsbiy A: McGinty, subg. of Teinostoma. . . .59: 7

*Anodontitee, aubg. Huganodontites Marshall 45: 16

Anodontites flucki Walker 38: 53

Anodontoides birgei F. C. Baker 36: 123

Anoma nigrescens levior; A. splendens medinae H. B.

Baker 49: 21

Anomalocardia broggi E*il8bry & Olsson 56: 78

Aorotrema Schwengel & McGinty, subg. of Cyclostrema. .56: 17

Aorotrema erraticum Pilsbry & McGinty 59: 11

Aplexa hypnorum pilabryi Brooks 48: 100; *50: 1 I

Aporrhaia occidentalia labradorensis Johnson 44: 3

A. occidentalis mainensis Jolinson 39: 133; * 1 1 : :!

"Aquebana, subgenus Exauavitaa B. B. Baker 52: l 13

Aquebaninae H. B. Baker (Sagdidae) 54: 55

Aroapyrgua II. B. Baker for Aroa H. B. B 44: 1 13

Ashmunella carlsl)adensis Pilabry !'*>: 1'.'

Aahmunella hebardi Pilabry A Vanatta 36: 1 19

Aahmunella organenaia Pilsbry 49: 101

"Aaolene, subg. Surinamia, A. (S.) fairchildi Clench 17: 7i

Aspella elizabethae McGinty 53: pi. 10; *64: 63

Atea Pilsbry A' Cooke, subg. of Lamellidea 17: I J

Aurinia torrei Pibbry 51 : 37

Auris auri88ciuri lutea G. H. Clapp 10: 131

112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Austrobalea Pilsbry (Clausiliidae) 38 : 6

Austroselenites (Zophos) alticola H. B. Baker 54: 135

Austroselenitinae H. B. Baker (Haplotrematidae) 54: 134

Badiofaux Pilsbry, section of Urocoptis 55: 70

Bartschivindex H. B. Baker, section of Poteria 56: 135

Bassethullia Pilsbry for Glyptelasma Iredale & Hull 41: 105

Bellacepolis "Pilsbry" H. B. Baker, subg. of Cepolis 50: 86

Bellaspira (?) pentapleura Schwengel 54: 51

Bensonies H. B. Baker for Bensonia Pfeiffer 52: 33

Boriquena H. B. Baker, subg. of Laevaricella 55: 26

Bostryx abancayensis, B. (Peronaeus) anomphalus, B. dere-
lictus ascendens, B. (Phenacotaxus) endoplax, B. huara-
zensis, B. megomphalus, B. (Geoceras) multivolvis Pils-
bry 57: 121-4

Bostryx weyrauchi Pilsbry 57 : 87

Brachymimulus Cockerell for Mimulus Barrande 42: 105

Brachypodella (Geoscala) costulata savlamari H. B. B. . . .48: 139

Brannerillus involutus <fe B. i. praeposterus Pilsbry 48: 16

Bulimulus carmen (ensis) Pilsbry & Lowe 46: 50, index 6

Bulimulus (Scutalus) felipponei Ihering 41: 95

Bulimulus hendersoni Marshall for B. felipponei M 44: 100

Bulimulus alternatus hesperius Pilsbry & Ferriss 38: 40

Bulimulus dealbatus jonesi Clench 51 : 18

Bulimus (error for Bulimulus) pilsbryi Ferriss 39 : 25

Bulimulus sanmarcosensis Pilsbry & Lowe 46:49

*Bulinus, subg. Culmenella; B. (C.) hirasei Clench 40: 121

Bunnya (Helicidae); B. bernadinae H. B. Baker 56: 37

Burchia Bartsch (Turridae) 57: 1 15

Burnupia capensis striatissima Pilsbry 45: 136

Caecum (Meioceras) lermondi Dall 38: 7

Calipyrgula Pilsbry (Hydrobiidae) 48: 15

Calipyrgula carinifer; C. ellipsostoma Pilsbry 48: 15

Calliostoma fascinans Schwengel <fe McGinty 56: 15, pi. 6

C. (Eutrochus) faustum Schwengel <fc McGinty 56: 14, pi. 6

Callistochiton connellyi Willett 51 : 25

Calodisculus Rehder (Architectonicidae) .48: 129

Camaena amatangana; C. oomorpha demesana M. Smith

48: 62 63

Campeloma leptum; C. tannum Mattox 54: 12, 15

Camptoceras prashadi Clench for Bulinus hirasei C 44: 80

Cancellaria reticulata adelae Pilsbry 54:54

Cancellaria (Bivetopsis) moorei pachia M. Smith 54: 15

( 'ant hams vibex marjoriae M . Smith 58: 28

Cardita (Cyclocardia) bailyi ".I. Burch" Baily 58: L19

C. (Cyclocanlia) longini Baily lor c. Qodulosa (Dall) 58: 119

( .uinifex jacksonensis Henderson !.">: 133

Carinilex newherrvi siilirotunda Pilsbry 15: L39

April. 1!' t , THE NA1 TH 1 13

Carychium perexiguum 1 I ' Baker 51: 128

( laryocorbula < iardner, subgenus of i lorbula K): 46

( lastalia orinocensis Morrison ~>T : 11

Cepolinae 11. B. Baker (Helicidae) 52: 143

*( 'epulis, subgg. Bellacepolis, Levicepolis II. B. B. 56: s
C Plagioptycha) boriquenae 11. B. Baker for C. diaphana

53: n>7

( Sepolis caroli Mc( rinty 53: 81

C. Plagioptycha) imperforata Pilsbry 49: L05;*51:pl. 2

( !epolis • 1 [emitrochus) lewisiana Pilsbry 56: 1

C. (Dialeuca) conspersula aegrilensis II. B. Baker 18: 139

C. pseudogilva Torre for Helix gilva Orbigny 52: 7s

C. (Jeanneretia) torrei Clench & Aguayo 47: 22

( leratodiscinae Pilsbry 1 1 [elicinidae) 41: 62

Cerioo aguayoi Torre & Clench 45: 89

Cerion alleni Torre -12(3): pi. 4

CerioD aguayoi bequaerti Torre & Clench 45: 91

Cerion cabocruzense "Pilsbry A: Torre" Pilsbry 57: 34

Cerion deani M. Smith 57: 59

( 'eriun (Stroi)hiops) fernandina ( 'lench 51:21

Cerion (Strophiopsi josephinae Clench 49: 49

Cerion (Strophiops) juliae Clench 49: 112

I S.) mcleani: C. (S.) malonei Clench 51 : 20, 22

Cerion marielinum "Torre" Pilsbry 40: 74

( lerion paucicostatum Torre 42(3) : pi. 4

Cerion pauli M. Smith 57: CO

C. ramsdeni "Torre"; C. r. portillonis Welch 47: 105

Cerion salvatori "Torre" Pilsbry 40: 74

C. ramsdeni turgidum "Torre & Welch" Welch 47: 100

Cerion victor Torre 42(3): pi. 4

Cerithium auricoma Schwengel 53: pi. 12,* 109

( 'haina sinuosa tinna Pilsbry & McGinty 51: 70

( lhamaearionta S. Berry, subg. of Alicrarionta 43: 75

Chione sechurana Pilsbry & Olsson 49: 17

Chiton miltoplax Itehder 45(4): pi. 10

Chlamydephoridae Cockerel! (Agnatbomorpha) 48: 143

Chloritis (Sulcobasis) atalanta Clench 47: 23

Choanopoma caymanicora Pilsbry 42:68

C. uncinatum indivisum Welch 42: 98; *47: L33

( Ihoanopoma inquisita E*ilsbry 42: 80

c. (Tudorops) redfieldianum magnitesta II. B. Baker. . . .48: 60

C. (Colobostvlusi negrilense H. B. Baker 18:61

Choanopoma pilsbryi Welch 42: 98; *47: 135

Choanopoma triplopoma II. B. Baker Is: 60

Chondropoma (C-orus) textum booneae Welch 47: 107

Chondropoma gnote Pilsbry for C. soror P 18: 144

C. Parachondrella) sericinum retreatense II. B. Baker. ..48:01

114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Chrysodomus kelseyi Fred Baker for C. hypolispus Dall. .37: 35

Cingula bryanti Johnson 39: 132

C. eyerdami; C. forresterensis Willett 47: 103

Circulus cubanus Pilsbry & Aguayo 46(3): pl.6; *(4): 120

Circulus stirophorus M. Smith 51 : G7

Cistulops H. B. Baker (Pomatiasidae) 37: 90

Cistulopsinae H. B. Baker (Pomatiasidae) 37: 89

Clappiella H. B. Baker, subg. of Gastrodonta 42: 90

*Climacia Dall = Anticlimax Pilsbry & McGintv 00: 12

C. athleenae; C. tholus Pilsbry & McGinty 59: 78-79

Cochliopa texana Pilsbry 48: 91

*Coelocentrum, subgg. Ptychocentrum & Schizopyle

C. (Ptychocentrum) bourgeoisae Bartsch 56: 91

C. (Schizopyle) bourgeoisae Pilsbry 53: 27

C. (P.) marianum Bartsch for C. bourgeoisae B 56: 144

Comptopallium spiceri Render 58 : 52

Conulinus cockerelli Pilsbry 46: 101

Conus signae Bartsch 51:3

Conus verrucosus vanhyningi Rehder 57: 106

Coralliophila oldroydi Oldroyd 42: 98

*Corbula, subgg. Caryocorbula, Panamicorbula

Cosmomenus H. B. Baker, subg. of Euglandina 55: 52, 54

Costavarix H. B. Baker, section of Varicella 49: 22

Crassatellites laronus Jordan 46: 9

Crassispira phasma Schwengel 54: 49

Crassispira tampaensis bartschi Perry 53: 81

Cryptosoma siamense albescens & virescens Ckll 43: 53

Culmenella Clench, subg. of Bulinus 40: 121; *44: 80

Cumingia tellinoides vanhyningi Rehder 53: 19

*Cyclostrema, subg. Aorotrema Schwongol & McGinty. . .56: 17

C. (Aorotrema) pontogenes Schwengel & McGinty 56: 17

Cyclostrema sanibelense Pilsbry 53 : 53

Cyclostrema (?) thomasi Pilsbry 59: til)

Cyclostremiscus jeannae Pilsbry & .\I<-( rinty 59: 82

Cyclotus masbatensis Pilsbry 12: 68

( lymatoica orientalis hendersoni Rehder 53: 19

Cymatoptorvx Pils. & Olsson lor Mesopteryx P. & O. . . .59: li)">

Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry 52: 108; *53: 2

Cyphoma mcgintyi robustior Bayer 55: 15

( lyphoma signata Pilsbry & Mc< rinty 53: 3

( lypraea gangranosa amoena Schilder 40: 128

( 'ypr.'ic.i tunlus distinguenda Schilder 10: 127

Cypraea jensostergaardi [ngram 52: 122

( !. (Pustularia) gabbiana loxahatchiensis M. Smith 49: 137

( I, ostergaardi Dall for ('. pacifica Ostergaard 35: 50

( lypraea pilsbryi [ngram 52: 120

Cypraea oeglecta reductesignata Schilder 10: 120

April. 1947] Tin nai in I 15

Cyrenoida panamensis Pilsbry & Zetek 15: 69

Dallimurex Render, subg. of Pasiella 59: 142

Dendopecteo I [ertlein, section of PecteD 50: 26

I tentalium boggsi I S. W. Berry l<»: 19

1>. demersum Pilsbry for D. inornatum Wade i<*: 142

D tatalis) pilsbryi Rehder for D. pseudohexagonum.. 56: 69

Dentalium Bamanicurrj E. W. Berry M): 19

1). wadei Pilsbry for D. intercalatum Wade 40: 112

Deroceras hesperium, 1). heterura, 1 ). monentolophus Pils-
bry 58: 16

Despoenella II. B. Baker for Odontostoma Orbigny 36: 85

Diagonaulus Pils. A McGinty, subg. of Didianema 59: 12

Didianema (Diagonaulus) pauli Pils. «fc McG 59: 12

1 M Li 1 1 ; i x i s II. B. Baker, section of Spiraxis 53: 11

Dinotropis Pilsbry & Cockerel] (Helicidae) 51: 24

Dinotropis harringtoni Pilsbry & Cockerell 51 : 25

Diplodon fiucki Morrison 57: 14

Discus patulus angulatus & brooksi Kutchka 52: 13

D. p. carinatus MacMillan for D. p. angulatus K 53: 143

Discus (Gonyodiscus) marmorensis H. B. Baker 45: 84

Discus bryanti tuberculatum Kutchka 52: 14

Dissent oma (Rissoidae?) ; D. prima Pilsbry 59: 59

Douglassia bealiana Schwengel & McGinty 5G: 15, pi. 3

I taepanida MacFarland for Drapania Lafont 45: 31

Drepanotrema hoffmani F. C. Baker 54: 96

Drupa didyma Schwengel 5(i: 7(>

Drymaeus angulobasis Pilsbry 57: 125

Drymaeus bourgeoisae Rehder 57: 28

D. interpictus diversipictus Pilsbry 57: 125

Drymaeus eusteirus Pilsbry 58: 29

Drymaeus inca M. Smith 57: 61

D. multilineatus latizonatus Pilsbry 50: 69

Drymaeus flexuosus megas Pilsbry 57: 127

Drymaeus perductorum Rehder 57: 29

D. torallyi peruvianus Pilsbry 57: 120

Drymaeus pilsbryi Zetek 47 : 93

DurangoneUa (Bulimidae); D. dugesiana, D. mariae, D.

pilsbryi Morrison 59: 18 22

Ellipetylus Pilsbry & McGinty, subg. of Teinostoma 59: 8

Klliptio maywebbae Wright 18: 28

Bhdodonta (Thaumatodon) cookei Cockerell 17: 58

Rngina melanozona Tomlin for E. zonata (live.) 12: n>

Bnsifi minor megistus Pilsbry tV McGinty 57: 33

Entodesma (Agriodesma) sechurana Pils. & Olss 49: L8

Epiphragmophora atahualpa Pilsbry 57: 119

Epitonium (Nitidiscala) tinctum bormanni Strong 55: 17

Epitonium chamberlaini Johnson 45: 6

116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Epitonium charlestonensis Johnson 45: 8

E. (Asperoscala) cooperensis Johnson 45 : 8

E. (Nitidiscala) gaylordianum Lowe 45: 114

E. (Cirsotrema) linteatum Schwengel 56: 77

E. (Nodiscala) ordenanum Lowe 45: 114

E. (Cirsotrema) pilsbry(i) McGinty 54: 62

Epitonium raveneli Johnson 45 : 7

E. (Nodiscala) sanjuanense Lowe 45: 115

E. (Nitidiscala) strongi Lowe 45: 115

E. strongianum Lowe for E. strongi Lowe 46: 36

E. (Sthenorhytis) subexpansum Johnson 45: 9

Epitonium tollini "Dall" Bartsch 52: 34

Eubela mcgintyi Schwengel 56 : 76

Euchemotrema Archer, subg. of Stenotrema *52: 98; 53: 33

Eucobresia H. B. Baker for Semilimax Hesse 42: 139

Eucyclophorus woodianus isabelanus Bartsch 52: 92

Eudaphnella Bartsch for Eudaphne Bartsch 47: 76

*Euglandina, subgg. Cosmomenus, Ghiesbreghtia, Guillar-

modia, Proameria, Singleya H. B. Baker 55: 52

E. texasiana angustior Pilsbry & Vanatta 49 : 97

Euglandina balesi Pilsbry 52: 16; *53: pi. 2

E. (Proameria) saxatilis convallis H. B. Baker 55: 58

E. (Ghiesbreghtia) flammulata H. B. Baker 55: 56

Euglandina jacksoni Pilsbry & Vanatta 49: 97

Euglandina lowei Pilsbry 44(2): pi. 5; *(3): 83

E. (Proameria) delicatula montivaga H. B. Baker 55: 58

E. (Guillarmodia) pupa H. B. Baker 55: 57

Euglandina pygmaea Pilsbry & Vanatta 49 : 98

E. (Proameria) saxatilis H. B. Baker 55: 57

Euhadra sandai okanoi Pilsbry & Cockercll 41: 64

Euhadra mercatoria perversa Pilsbry 45: 30

Eulota maackii optima & f. albida Cockerell 38: 64-65

Euparypha pisana taylori Ckll. for E. p. don&tii 36: 45

Eustreptostyla H. B. Baker, subg. of Streptostyla 41: 21

Eutomopeas Pilsbry for Tomopeas Pilsbry 59: 105

Eutrochatella pulchclla cathartensia & E. p. cavearum

H. B. Baker 48: 10-11, pi. 2

E. chrysochasma mendozana Pilsbry 41: 79

E. nobilis retreatensis 11. B. Baker 48: 1 1. pi. 2

r,u varicella II. B. Baker, section of Varicella 49: 22

Exsuavitas II. B. Baker, sul)u;. of Aquebana 52: 143

Fasciolaria BCalarina macgintyi M. Smith 19: 13!); *50: 21

Fauxulus burnupianus Pilsbry 41 : 108

Fenimorea halidorema Schwengel 54: 50

Eluminicola avernalis & V. a. carinifera Pils 48: 92-93

Fluminicola coloradoense Morrison 43: 125

April. l!>47] THE vu TILUS 1 17

Pluminicola kettlemanensis, 1". percarinata, I". perditicollis,

1'. pilula, 1". siegfusi & F. spiralis Pilsbry 18: 16 L6

Fontigens Pilsbry f or Stimpsonia Clessin 17: L2

Foesaria obrussa brookai "F.( !.B."F. C.Baker & Brooks... 49: L3

Foesaria perplexa F. C; Baker & Henderson 42: L03

Foesaria obrussa rodecki F. C. Baker 19: 130

da venesuelensis Pilsbry & I >lsson 57: 89

I'usimis hvphalus M. Smith 5 1 : 13

Fusus watermani M. Smith 19: L39; *50: 22

♦Gastrodonta, subg. Clappiella H. B. Baker 12: 90

Gemma fretensis Rehder 53: 18

( ieomelania alemon Pilsbry 56: 3

( ieomelania minor densecostata H. B. leaker 48: 83

G. (Scalatella) striosa pumila H. B. Baker 48: 83

( ieomitra (Disculella) cenourensis Cockerell 35: 12

G. spirulina Cockerell for G. spirorbis Lowe 35: 13

( rhiesbreghtda H. B. Baker, subg. of Euglandina 55: 54, 5 i

Giffordius (Polygyridae) ; G. corneliae, G. pinchoti Pilsbry

43: 142-143

( rlossaulax Pilsbry, section of Neverita 42: 113

Glossodoris clenchi Russell 49: 59

Glyphostoma pilsbryi Schwengel 54: 51

Glyphyalinia burringtoni Pilsbry 41: 83

*< rlyptelasma Iredale & Hull = Bassethullia Pils 41: 105

Gongylostomella Pilsbry, section of Urocoptis 55: 70

Goniobasis arnoldiana Pilsbry 48: 15

Goniobasis chacei Henderson 48: 132

Goniobasis clenchi Goodrich 38: 4G

Goniobasis coquillensLa Henderson 4S: 131

( i. hcmphilli dallesensis Henderson 48: 97

Goniobasis effosa M. Smith 51: 91

G. hemphilli & G. h. maupinensis Henderson 48: 96-7

G. yrekaensis obscura Henderson 48: 98

Goniobasis orickensis Henderson 48: 130

G. pilsbryi Goodrich for G. showalteri (Lea) 41 : 5S

(i. acutifilosa pittensis Henderson 4S: L34

G. kettlemaiicnsis woodrin^i Pilsbry 48: 15

( roniobasis yrekaensis Henderson 48: 97

Gonyodiscus macclintocki F. C. Baker 41 : L33

G. macclintocki angulata F. C. Baker 41 : 131

Granodomus Pilsbry, subg. of Pleurodonte 44: 140

( rraptostracus Pilsbry. subg. of Leiostracus 53: 29

Greggiella H. B. Baker, subg. of Haplotrema 54: 131

Guianadesma (Lyonsiidae); G. Binuosum Morrison 57: }'.>

Guillarmodia H. B. Baker, subg. of Euglandina 55: 51, 57

Gulella pilsbryi Bequaert & Clench 49: 95

Gymnocentrum Pilsbry for Liocentrum P 55: 105

118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Gyraulus vermicularis albolineatus Henderson 47 : 78

( iyraulus annectans Chamberlin & Berry 47: 27

Gyraulus cressmani F. C. Baker 55: 130

Gyraulus vermicularis hendersoni Walker 42: 104

Gyraulus latistomus F. C. Baker 46: 9

G. monocarinatus Chamberlin & Berry 47: 27

Gyraulus pattersoni F. C. Baker 51 : 129

Gyrineum perca edgerlyi Richards ' 47:57

Haliotis fulgens turveri Bartsch 50: 57

Haminoea virescens rosacea Spicer 47: 53

*Haplotrema, subg. Greggiella H. B. Baker 54: 131

H. alameda & H. a. fieldi Pilsbry 44: 67

Haplotrematinae H. B. Baker (Haplotrematidae) 54: 134

Hebetancylus cubensis Pilsbry <fc Aguayo. . .46(3): pi. 6; *(4): 116

Hebetodiscus H. B. Baker, subg. of Helicodiscus 42: 86

Helicina (Palaeohelicina) ouenensis Ckll 43: 134; *44: pi. 5

*Helicodiscus, subg. Hebetodiscus H. B. Baker 42: 86

H. (Hebetodiscus) singleyanus inermis H. B. Baker 42: 86

Helicodiscus ramsdeni Pilsbry 50: 55

Helicostyla subcarinata archeri Clench 49: 140

Helicostyla lignaria atra Bartsch 52: 92

Helicostyla pithogaster batoana M. Smith 40: 64

H. chrysalidiformis calawaganensis M. Smith 4C>: 64

H. fulgetrum gigantea, H. decorata hybrida, H. ticaonica

iloilana, H. decorata jaroensis M. Smith 45: 102-104

Helicostyla mcgintyi M. Smith 40: 03

Helicostyla decorata malleata M. Smith 45: 103

Helicostyla virgata maxwellsmithi McGinty 46: 65

Helicostyla leopardus meladryas McGinty 48: 68

Helicostyla turbinoides sulana M. Smith 46: 65

Helisoma antrosum cahni F. C. Baker 40: 85

Helisoma tenue calif orniense F. C. Baker 47: 140

H. trivolvis chautauquensis F. C. Baker 42: 57

Helisoma clcwistonense F. C. Baker 54: 17

II. occidentale depressum F. C. Baker 17: 1 10

Helisoma hemphilli "F.C.B. & Hend." F. C. Baker 47: 141

Helisoma infracarinatum F. C. Baker Id: 8

Helisoma (?) ket tlemaneiisis Pilsbry 48: 17

II. cam pa mi latum michiganeiisis F. C. Baker 41:49

II. antrosum minnesotensis 1". C. Baker K): 86

H. corpulentum multicostatum F. C. Baker 46: 7

Helisoma antrosum shellensis F. ('. Baker 40: 86

II. corpulentum vermilionensis F. C. Baker 12: 131

Helisoma whileavesi 1". ( '. Baker Hi: 7

Helminthoglypta graniticola arida \y\\>. & Field

Ml: pi. 7; *45: 20
Helminthoglypta benitoensis Lowe 44: 43

April, L9 IT the nai 'Til 1*19

Helminthoglypta cuyama Elanna A Smith 51: 1."

II. umbilicata cayucosensis Pilsbry 38: MM

Helminthoglypta ferrissi Pilsbry ;;s: 5 1

1 [elmini hoglypta t raskii fieldi Pilsbry 1 1 : 66

Helminthoglypta fontiphila Gregg 15: 19

Helminthoglypta greggi Willetl 14: 124

Helminthoglypta hertleini Hanna & Smith 51: 16

II. tudiculata kernensis S. Berry 13: io. L38

II. ayresiana lesteri Cockerel! 52:24

1 1, arrosa mattolensia A. Smi1 b 51: 83

Helminthoglypta traski misiona ( 'hace 51: 60

II. traski pacoimensis ( Iregg 15: 48

II. arrosa pomoensis A. Smith 51:81

Helminthoglypta reediana Willett 45: 134

II. tudiculata rex Church & Smith 51: pi. 4; *1 19

II. ayresiana sanctaecrucis Pilsbry 40: 7S

Helminthoglypta sequoia Pilsbry 41: 81; *42: pi. I

Helminthoglypta similans Hanna & Smith 51: 13

Helminthoglypta sonoma Pilsbry 51 : 35

II. arrosa williamsi A. Smith 51: 79

Hemiglypta iloilana M. Smith 45: 102

Hemimitra tangi Chen 57: 19

Hiata I Pholadidae); H. infelix Zetek & McLean 49: 111

Hirasea aesiotica liobasis Pilsbry 45: 30

Hjalmarsona II. B. Baker, subg. of Alcadia 54: 70

Ibxlopoeus (Camaenidae) ; H. crassus Pils. & Ckll 58: 117

Holospira (Haplocion) kinonis Baily & Baily 53: 94

Una Chen ( Melaniidae I 57: 21

Humboldtiana cheatumi Pilsbry 48: 93

Humboldtiana ferrissiana Pilsbry 41: 82

II. fortis; II. montozuma Pilsbry 53: 140

Humboldtiana palmeri Clench & Rehder 44: 12

"Hyalosagda, -ub^u;. Mierosagda, Stauroglypta 48: 130

H. (Strialuna I haplotrema H. B. Baker 48: 137

Hydrobia greggi Pilsbry 48: '.>■!

II . torrei Pil.vbry & Aguayo 40(3): pi. 6; *(4): 120

•Hypoptychus Pilsbry = Steatodryas P 46: 72

Hypsobia tangi ( 'hen 55: 17

Dyanassa I Paranassa I floridana M. Smith 19: L38

Julia equatorialis Pilsbry iV: Olsson 57:86

Lacteoluna cistula Pilsbry 56:5

*Laevaricella, subg. Boriquena II. B. Baker 55: 26

Lamellaria cocbinella Perry S

Lamellaria koto Schwengel 58: 17

L. leucosphaera Schwengel 50: pi. 3;

Lamellaria sharoni Willett 52: 123

pLamellaxis, subg. Allopeas H. B. Baker 48: 84

120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

*Lamellidea, subg. Atea; L. (A.) adamsoni, L. mumfordi,

L. uahukana Pils. & Cooke 47: 62

Lampsilis jonesi Van der Schalie 47: 125

L. gracilis lacustris F. C. Baker 35: 131

Lancidae Pilsbry (Basommatophora) 38: 73

Langfordiella (Chitonidae) ; L. japonica Dall 38: 96

Lanistes pilsbryi Walker 39:5

Latirus cymatias Schwengel 53: pi. 12; *1 10

Latirus jucimdus McGinty 53 : 83

L. mcgintyi, L. maxwelli Pilsbry 52: 84, 86

L. tessellatus seminolensis M. Smith 49: 139; *50: 22

Leda austini Oldroyd 49: 13

Leila grayana Frierson for L. exotica (Swby.) 36: 9

L. sowerbyana Frierson for L. trautwiniana (Swby.) 36: 9

Leiostraca schwengelae Bartsch for L. hemphilli (B.) 52: 34

*Leiostracus, subg. Graptostracus Pilsbry 53 : 29

L. (Graptostracus) webberi Pilsbry 53 : 28

Lemniscia calva veterna Cockerell 36: 46

Lepidochitona tropica Pilsbry 53: pi. 12

Leptarionta maxwellsmithi Pilsbry 43: 116

Leptaxis chrysomela bifasciata Cockerell 35: 103

Leptaxis furva grandissima Cockerell 35: 103

Leptinaria bequaerti Pilsbry 39 : 79

L. charlottei Fred Baker for L. imperforate B 36: 32

L. marmoreensis Fred Baker for L. perforata B 39: 144

Leptinaria parana Pilsbry 39 : 79

Leptothyra engbergi Willett 43 : 27

Levicepolis H. B. Baker, subg. of Cepolis 56: 88

Liguus crenatus aurantius & barbouri Clench 43: 18-19

Liguus fasciatus caribaeus Clench 49 : 68

Liguus fasciatus deckerti Clench 48: 122

Liguus solidus dohertyi Pflueger 47: 121

Liguus solidus dryas Pilsbry 45: 106

L. crenatus farnumi & floridanus Clench 43: 19-20

Liguus solidus innominatus Pilsbry 44: 32

L. blainianus jaumei Clench A: Aguayo 45: 99

Liguus fasciatus mariae Clench IS: 123

L. fasciatus nobilis Clench A: Aguayo 45: 98

L. blainianus pilsbryi Clench 48: 123

L. flainellus russelli Clench 18: 124

L. fasciatus solisoccasus de Hoe 47:68

Liguus fasciatus walkeii ( 'lench 16: 91

Lima (( lallolima ) hughi Bartsch for L. sunt hi B 37: 69

1 1. i ocenl rum Pilsbry ( rymnocentruxn Tils 55: 105

Liocyma schefferi Bartsch & Render 52: ill

Lioplax pilsbryi choctawhatchensis Vanatta 49: ^

L. subcarinata occidentalis Pilsbry 48: 143

April. 1J»47) i in \ m i 11 IL'I

Liotia acuticosta bristolae F. Baker for radiata I tall I

Littoridina woodringi Pilsbry 48: hi

Lobiger pilsbryi Schwengel 65: H)

*1.(. pho chiton's. Berry - Ploiochiton B 39: LOS

Lucidella (Poenia l adamsiana sublaevis H.B.B 48: '•'. pi. 2

Lucina (Lucinoma) atlantis McLean 19: 87

L. undatoidea Hertlein & Strong for L. undata Carp 58: 10.5

Lymnaea (Galba) hedleyi F. C. Baker 40: 122; *41: 23

Lymnaea idahoenaia Benderaon -1 1 : 7")

Lymnaea mazamae Bally & Baily 17: 33

L. (Galba) minnetonkensia F. C. Baker 3<i: 23

Lymnaea caperata warthini F. C. Baker 36: 125

L. (Galba) winnebagoensis F. C. Baker 30: 22

Lyogyrus vanhyningi Vanatta 17: L49

Lyonsiella magnifica Dall 37: 31

Macoma (Paammacoma) platensis Dall 36: 59

•Mactra, subg. Tumbeziconcha Pils. & Olsson 48: 1 1!)

Mangelia albivestds Pilsbry for M. pura P 47: 146

Mangelia fredbakeri Pilsbry 45: 124

Margarites johnsoni Dall for M. acuminata (M. & A.). . . .35: 50

Marginella beali McGinty 54: 63

Marginella clenehi M. Smith 49: 139; *50: 22

M. denticulata destina Schwengel 56: 75

Marginella evelynae Bayer 56: 113

Marginella hartleyana Schwengel 55: 65

Marginella idiochila Schwengel 56: 75

Marginella jaspidea Schwengel 51: 1(.)

Marginella nobiliana Bayer 56: 114

Marsenina globosa Perry 53: 41

Mecoliotia bermudezi Clench & Aguayo 49: 92

Megalobulimus (Microborus) incarum Pilsbry 58: 29

Megalomastoma (Farcimen) miranda Pilsbry 54: 34

Megaspira ])ilsbryi Rehder lor M. elata Pils 59: 67

Megomphicinae & Megomphix II. B. Baker (Zonitidae) . . .43: 96

Megomphix lutarius II. B. Baker 45: 86

Meioceras bermudezi Pils. & Ag. for M. constrictum. ...47: 112

M. constrictum Pils. & Aguayo 46(3): pi. 6; *(4): 122

Meiophysema II. B. Baker, subg. of Zaphysema 48: 136

Melanella bermudezi Pils. & Ag 46(3): pi. 6; *(4): 1 17

Melanoidea tuberculata moussoni CI. for plicifera 40: 101

Melongena corona altispira Pils. & Vanatta 17: 1 19

M. corona inspinata Richards 17: 57

M. corona perspinoea Pilsbry ct Vanatta 47: 120

Menetus cooperi F. C. Baker lor M. planulatus (Cpr.). . . .51 : '.)7

Menetus kansasensis F. C. Baker 51: 129

Mesodon megasoma (?) eritrichiua 8. Berry 53: 56

M. megasoma (?) euthales S. Berry 53: CO

122 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Mesomphix (Micromphix) subplanus planus Banks 47 : 70

*Mesopteryx = Cymatopteryx Pils. & Olsson 59: 105

*Micrarionta, subg. Chamaearionta S. Berry 43: 75

Micrarionta hutsoni amboiana Willett 44: 123

M. rowelli bakerensis Pilsbry & Lowe 48: 68

Micrarionta beatula Cockerell 42: 99

M. (Eremarionta) borregoensis S. Berry 43: 39

Micrarionta brunnea Willett 49: 15

M. harperi carrizoensis Willett 50: 123

M. indioensis cathedralis Willett 43: 1 15

M. chocolata, M. chuckwallana Willett 49: 15

Micrarionta hutsoni hilli Willett 44: 6

M. rowelli mexicana Pilsbry & Lowe 48: 67

M. (Eremarionta) morongoana S. Berry 43: 39

M. harperi orcuttiana Bartsch for orcutti B 51: 33

M. indioensis remota Willett 50: 124

M. hutsoni unifasciata Willett 44 : 6

Microceramus caymanensis Pilsbry 56: 5

Micromena H. B. Baker, subg. of Spiraxis 53: 1 1

Micronaias marshalli Morrison for Unio granadensis Lea. . . 57 : 15

Microsagda H. B. Baker, sect, of Hyalosagda 48: 136

Milacinae Cockerell (Limacidae) 48: 143

Mirapex, Miraradula H. B. Baker, subgg. of Spiraxis ... 53 : 10-1 1

Misantla H. B. Baker, subg. of Schasicheila 42: 36

Mitra compsa M. Smith 51 : 90

M. erthrogramma Tomlin for M. lineata (Broderip) 45: 54

M. loweana Pilsbry for M. lowei Dall 45: 29

Mod(i)olaria skomma McLean & Schwengel 58: 16

Modiolus nonuranus Pilsbry & Olsson 49: 16

M. (Brachydontes) playasensis Pils. & Olsson 49: 17

Modiolus (Amygdalum) sagittatus Rehder 48: 127

M. tumbezensis Pilsbry & Olsson 49: 1<>

Monadenia fidelis beryllica Chace & Chace l(.i: \S

Monadenia fidelis celeuthia S. Berry 40: 122

Monadenia churchi Hanna & A. Smith l(i: 7'.»

M. fidelis klamathica & leonina S. Berry 51: 31, 29

Monadenia semialba Henderson 42: 80

Monadenia troglodytes Hanna & A. Smith 46: 84

M. fidelis ochromphalus S. Berry 51: 28

Monadenia fidelis pronotis S. Berry II: 122

Mopalia pedroana Willett 45: L01

Morrisonella Bartsch ( Buccinidae) 59: 23

Mun i m inacgintyi M. Smith 51 : <>7

Mnrex anniae M . Smith 5 1 : I I

M. recuTvirostris citrinua & delicatus M. Smith 51: 15

M. (Murexsul) ednae; M. (Jaton) gaza M. Smith 51: 13 1 1

Mnrex glyptns; M. margin! vi M. Smith 51 : 8S-89

April, 1947] the haute 123

Mures hexagonus oxytata M. Smith 51 : 89

Muricidea mansfieldi McGinty 53: B3

Muaculium engbergi "Sterki" Byerdam *48: is

\\lvurella. Bllbgg. Abivt Leila, M yurelliiia. M vurellisc.-i ; M.

(Myurellisca) duplicatoides Bartsch '. . 37: 63 64

Naeaiotua quitenaia antisana Rehder 55: L03

N. quitenaia ambatensis, jacksoni, orinus & vermiculatua

Rehder 53: 116-117

Nassa bailyi, N. leucops Pils. & Lowe 40: 51; *47: pi. 8

Nassarina (?) proctorae M. Smith 49: 139; *50: 21

Nenia acobambenaia Pilabry 58: 80

Nenia belahubbardi Pilsbry 35: 93

Nenia quadrata boettgeri Pilsbry 58: 81

Nenia bryantwalkeri Pilsbry 35: 95

NTenia eka Pilsbry 58: 82

NTenia juninensis M. Smith 57: 61

NTenia minuacula Pilsbry 58: 83

Nenia flachi tingamariae Pilsbry 35: 94

N. angrandi urubambenais; N. weyrauchi Pilsbry 58: 82-83

Neopetraens weyrauchi Pilsbry 57: 88

Nephronaiaa elvae Walker 38: 52

Neptunea (Sulcosipho) eatoni Grant & Quayle 47: 92

Neritina (Smaragdia) floridana M. Smith 51: 66

Neritina reclivata sphaera Pilsbry -15: t i 7

Nesocoptis Pilsbry, section of Urocoptis 55: 70

*Neverita, subg. Glossaulax Pilsbry 42: 113

Nodularia croninae "Walker" Ortmann & Walker 36: 5

Nuculana (Adrana) suprema Pilsbry & Olsson 48: 117

N. (Adrana) tonoaiana Pilsbry & Olsson 48: 117

( )lx'li>cus latiapira Pilsbry 57: 127

Ochthephila (Tectula) bulverii albescens; O. (Discula) at-
trita contracta & nigra; O. (Callina) rotula grisea Cock-

erell 30:45

*Odontostoma Orbigny = Despoenella H. B. Baker 30: 85

Odontostomus (Spixia) columellaris, O. (S.) doellojuradoi,
O. (S.) holmbergi, O. (S.) d. minor & O. (S.) tucuma-

nensis Parodiz 54: 92-94

Odostomia (Miralda) havanensis Pilsbry & Aguayo

40(3): pi. 0; *(4): 118

(). hiloensis; O. margarita Pilsbry 58: 65, pi. (5

Odostomia (Ividella) mariae Bartsch 42: 41, *78

O. monaulax, O. quinta Pilsbry 58:64 65, *106

Olea (Cladohepatica) ; O. hanaineenBia A.geraborg 36: 133

Oleacina? (Salaaiella?) camerata II. B. Baker 55: 55

Oleacininae II. B. Baker (Oleacinidae) 54: 135

Oliva reticularis bollingi ( Slench 47: 142

Oliva trujilloi Clench 51:111

124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Olivella watermani McGinty 54: 64

*Oncis Plate = Platevindex H. B. Baker 51 : 88

Ootomella Bartsch for Ootoma Koperberg 47: 76

Opalia chacei Strong 51:5

Opeas micra mazatlanicum Pils 44(2): pi. 5; *(3): 82

Opisthosiphon andrewsi Welch 42: 98; *47: 130

Opisthosiphon caroli Aguayo 45 : 94

Opisthosiphon cunagnae Welch 42: 98; *47: 132

O. aguilerianum holguinense Aguayo 45: 93

0. quesadai, O. rivorum Aguayo 45 : 95

Opisthosiphon torrei Welch 42: 98; *47: 131

Oreohelix strigosa capax Pils. & Hend 50: 101

Oreohelix yavapai fortis Cockerell 40: 101

Oreohelix maculata Henderson 35: 15

Oreohelix parawanensis Gregg 54 : 95

Oreohelix eurekensis uinta Brooks 52: 105

Orinella vanhyningi Bartsch 57: 106

Ostrea coxi Gardner 59 : 40

O. kamehameha Pilsbry for O. bryani Pils 49: 103

Ostrea locklini Gardner 59 : 39

Otesia cerasina reducta Pilsbry 45: 30

Oxynoe panamensis Pilsbry & Olsson 56: 80

Oxystyla ponderosa albata & balesi McGinty 53 : 5

Oxystyla melanocheilus mariae McGinty 53: 6

Oxystyla torrei McGinty 52: 93; *53: 7

Pachychilus schumoi Pilsbry 44 : 84

Paludestrina bottimeri Walker 39:8

Paludestrina nanna Chamberlin & Berry 47: 28

Panamicorbula Pilsbry, subg. of Corbula. 15: L05

Paphia restorationensis Frizzell 43: 120

Papuina williamsi atalanta Clench 50: 54

P. lambei novohibernica & P. weeksiana M. Smith 59: 94

Papuina williamsi Clench & Archer 49: 88

Parabithynia Pilsbry for Paranerita Annandale 41: 108

Parapholyx packardi corrugata V. C. Baker 55: 132

Parapholyx effusa diagonalis Henderson 42: 82

Parapholyx effusa klamathensis F. C. Baker 55: L6

Parapholyx effusa nevadensis Henderson 17: 90

Paravitrea (P-ops) walkeri dentata, P. (P-ops) multiden-

tata lamellata, P, (P-ops) variabilis II. B. Baker.... 42 : 88-S9
Partula dendroica, P. mirabilis, P. olympia Crampton

'AT: 111. 116, 112

Partula paravicinij Clench 17: 24

Partula tohiveana Cramptoo o7: 1 1<)

Parviturbo ( Vitrinellidae) ; P. calidimaris, P. francesae, P.
rehderi, I', wreberi Pilsbry & McGinty 59: 54 56

Patella st el lad '< inn is optima Pilsbry 10: 138

April, L947 Tin: NAUTILUS 1 -' I

Paurodiscus Render, subg. of Pseudomalaxis 48: 128

*PaBeUa, Bubg. Dallimurex Render 59: I 12

'Pecten, sections Anatipopecten, Dendopecteo & Petho-

pecten

Pecten (Aequipecten) acanthodes Dull 38: 120

P. eambodicus I Intl. for 1'. fimbriatus Mansuy 50: 56

Pecten (< Syclopecten I catalinensis Willetl 45: 65

P. (Chlamys) tauroperstriata das-guptai II. for spinosa. .50: 55

P, (Lyropecten) eulyTatus Bayer ")<;: i io

Pecten (Chlamys) felipponei 1 >all 36: 58

Pecten (Aequipecten) heliacus Dall 38: 119

P. (Lyropecten) kallinubilosus Haver 56: 110

Pecten (Chlamys) liocymatus Dall 38: 1 19

P. (Patinopecten) lohri Hertl. for P. oweni Arnold 11 : 93

P. maiulannaensis Hertl. for P. yukonense Lees 50: 58

P. (Chlamys) imbricatus mildredae Bayer 55: 4f>

P. mdrickei Hertlein for P. tenuicostatus Hupe 50: 55

P. prototranquebaricus noetlingi H. for paucicostatus . . . .50: 54

P. notosyriacus Hertl. for P. syriacus Blanck 50: 58

P. phoeniciensis Hertl. for P. irregularis Blanck 50: 58

P. sinomarinus Hertlein for P. ambiguus Bavay 50: 27

Pecten (Chlamys) smegmatus Dall 40: 67

P. C.) BUteri Hertlein for P. radiatus Hutton 47: 63

Pecten (Euvola) tereinus Dall 38 : 1 1 5

P. (C.) vredenburgi H. for P. middlemissi D.-G 50: 55

P. ualuensis Hertlein for P. thomasi Mansfield 47: 62

P. vaim wythei Hertl. for P. v. flabellum Cooke 17: 63

*Periploma, subg. Albimanus Pilsbry & Olsson 48: 118

P. (Albimanus) pentadactylus Pilsbry & Olsson 48: 118

Perpusilla H. B. Baker, subg. of Salasiella 54: 81

Peruina flachi bradina Pilsbry 58: 84

Petaloconchus innumerabilis Pilsbry & Olsson 48: 1 1<>

Pethopecten Hertlein, section of Pecten 50: 27

*Petrarca Pilsbry = Senilauria P 41: 108

Phlycticoncha Bart. & Rehd. for Phlyctiderma B. & R. . . . 53 : 137

Phos (?) adelus Schwengel 5G: pi. 3; *66

Phos clarki M. Smith 58: 27

Phos roycei .M. Smith 51: 90

Phos thayerae M. Smith 49: 139; *50: 20

Physa bottimeri Clench 38: 12

Physa gouldi Clench 48: pi. 7; *49: 30

Physa marci F. C. Baker 38: 15

Pilsbryna (Zonitidae); P. aurea H. B. Baker 12:91

Pisania (Tritonidea) Lymani M. Smith 49: 138

Pisidium coloradense, P. hendersoni, P. lucidum, P. minim,

P. probum Sterki 37 : 17 20

Pisidium woodringi Yen for P. exiguum Yen 59: 34

126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 4

Prtaria ida Tegland 42: 4

*Pittieria. subg. Shuttleworthia H. B. Baker 55: 52

Pittieria (Shuttieworthia' surboiea 11. B. Baker 55: 59

*Plaeostylus. subg. Acrostylus Clench 4S: 126

Plaeostylus .Acrostylus acutua Clench IS: 126

P. fibratus bourailensis Cockerel] 42: 74

Placunanomia piuella Gardner 59: 39

Planorbis amosbrowni Pilsbry for P. siliceus B. ft P 43: 13S

Planorbis caloderma Pilsbry 30: 143

Planorbis immunis Lutz for P. confusus L 37: 36

Planorbis antrosus latchfoidi Pilsbry ;

P. pertenuis F. C. Baker for P. tenuis applanatus Mts. . . .54: l»7

P. trivolvis pilsbrvi <y winslowi F. C. Baker 39: 110-117

Platevindex H. B. Baker for Oncis Plate 51 : SS

Platysuccineinae H. B. Baker (Sagdidae) 54: 55

*Plekocheilus. subg. Sparnotion Pilsbry 58: 30

Plekocheilus mcgintyi Pilsbry 57: pi. 9

*Pleurodonte. subg. Granodomus Pilsbry 44: 140

P. (Dentellaria cara catadupae H. B. Baker 49: 24

P. guadeloupensis dominicana Pilsbry ft Ckll 51: 34

Pleurodonte labeo Pilsbrv 51: 26

aracolus lowei: P. (C.) welchi Pilsbry 42: 7- "

Pleuromalaxis Pils. v.v McG., sect, of Pseudomalaxis 5^: 10

Pleurostemnia Pils :ion of Urocoptis

Pleurotoma testudinis Pils. ft Van. for P. roeeobasis 36: 132

Ploiochiton S. Berry for Lophochiton B 39: 105

Poecilocoptis PilY - :on of Urocoptis 55: 70

Polita gabrielina S. Berry 37: 130

Polydontes natensoni & P. n. maurus Torre 52: 37-3S

Polydontes torrei Pilsbry 52: 40

*Polygyrella. subg. Polygyroidea Pilsbry 37 : 134

-" QOtrema) caddoensis Archer 49: 19

Polygyra chiaosenas Pilsbry 19: 100

•lenchi Rehder 45: 129

P. Columbiana de: - . ilsbry A Henderson. 19: 134

P. cl. 'bolus Pilsbry 19: lol

gyra profund;. - talker 38

- . extrema MacMillan. . . v

■ •■ ri 1" I Bak< : •■

P. triden* 17 58

gyra hap. S ry 47: 14

ker 51 : 23

P. (Met er 51: 135, pi. 9

: Bbry
P. uvulif* : i Pilsbry 19: 109

P Triod a 16: 17

nortenas S. J 17: 13

April, 19 17 Tin \ u ru.rs 127

Polygyga columbiana oria S. Berry 17: 15

1'. moDodoD peorienais F. C. Baker 10: I L6

P0I3 gyra peregrina Rehder 15: L30

P perpolita Pilabry for P. polita P. <v II 15: 136

lumbiana piloea 1 tendereon 11: 143

Polygyra platysayoidee Brooks 16: 54

Polygyra loricata querceti Pilsbry

P rriodopais) Bana Clench & Archer 16: s^

P. columbiana Bhasta, P. Bierrana S. Berry

Polygyra trachypepla S. Berry 17: 12

P. mullani tuckeri Pils. & Hend 14(2): pi. 5, - 1 1: 121

P Stenotrema) stenotrema turbinella CI. A Arch 16:89

P. germana vancouverinsulae Pils. & < looke .'{i>: :{.s

P Stenotrema) voluminosa Clench A: Hanks Hi: n;

Polygyra multilineata wanlessi 1". C. Baker II : 132

P. hirsuta yarmouthensis F. C. Baker tO: 115

Polygyroidea Pilsbry, subg. of Polygyrella 'M: 134

Polymesoda seteki Pilsbry 14: 85

Pomatiopsis chacei Pilsbry 50: 84

P. praelonga Brooks & MacMillan 53: 96

Pomatiopsis scalaris P. C. Baker 10 : 120

Potamopyrgus cheatumi Pilsbry 18:91

•Poteria, sections Bartschivindex, Pseudaperostoma 56: 135
Poteria (< frocidopoma) bondi Vanatta 19: 98

Poteria varians campeaclivi II. B. Baker 18: 61

Poteria caribaea Clench & Aguayo lit: 51

Poteria caymanensis oligoptyx Pilsbry 56: 2

Primovula (Pseudoeimnia) vanhyningi M. Smith 54: 16

Prisodontopsis Tomlin for Pseudavicula Simpson 12: oi>

Pristiloma nicholsoni II. B. Baker 13: 100, >121

Proameria II. B. Baker, subg. of Buglandina 55: 54, .".7

Prodallia (Volutidae); P. barthelowi, P. dalli, P. johnsoni,

P. smitlii Bartsch 56: L0 12

Promenetus F. C. Baker I Planorbidae) 19: 18

Proserpinellidae 1 1. B. Baker 36: 85

Psadara pizarro Pilsbry 57: 119

Psammodulus (Modulidae); P. mexicanus Collins. . . . 17: 128

lancylus Walker (Ancylidae) ■ ">•">: 58

Pseudaperostoma II. B. Baker, sect, of Poteria 56: !■">■">

^Pseudavicula SimpsoD = Prisodontopsis Tomlin . 12:66

Pseudochama clarionensis Willetl ■"._»: is

Pseudochama granti Strong t7(."i): pi. 8, *(4): 137

Pseudochama ineaae Bayer 56: 122

'Pseudomalaxis, subgg. Paurodiscus, Pleuromalaxis

P. (Pleuromalaxis) baled Pilsbry A- McGinty 59: I"

PBeudomalaxis (Paurodiscus) Lamellifera Render Is-: 128

Pseudomelatoma semiinflata redondoenais T. Burch 52: 21

128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Pteria xanthia Schwengel 56: pi. 3, *64

Ptychobranchus fasciolaris lacustris F. C. Baker 42: 52

Ptychocentrum Bartsch, subg. of Coelocentrum 56: 91

Ptychotrema degneri Bequaert & Clench 49 : 96

Punctoterebra Bartsch, subg. of Terebra 37 : 63

Puncturella eyerdami Dall 37: 133

Pupinella rufa alba Pilsbry 45 : 29

Pyrgulopsis polynematicus; P. vinctus Pilsbry 48: 15

Quincuncina "Ortmann" O. & Walker (Unionidae) 36: 1

Quincuncina burkei "Walker" Ortmann & W 36: 3

*Radiodiscus, subg. Radiodomus H. B. Baker 43: 96, 100

R. (Radiodomus) abietum H. B. Baker 43: 100, *124

Radiodiscus andium Pilsbry 58 : 30

Radiodiscus mariae Pilsbry 35: 49

R. orizabensis Pilsbry, in synonymy 39 : 28

Radiodiscus riochicoensis Crawford 52: 116

Radiodomus H. B. Baker, subg. of Radiodiscus 43: 96, 100

Repressaxis H. B. Baker, section of Spiraxis 53: 11

Retinella (Glyphognomon) junaluskana Clench & Banks. . .46: 15

Rhysota lamarckiana globosa M. Smith 46: 62, *105

Rimula longa, R. pycnonema Pilsbry 57: 38-39

Ruganodontites Marshall, subg. of Anodontites 45: 16

Ryssota oweniana smithi Bartsch for globosa Smith 46: 105

Sagda bondi Vanatta 49: 98

S. (Parahelix) connectans catadupae, S. (P.) maxima jaco-
bensis, S. kingswoodi, S. (P.) occidentalis, S. (P.) spei

portlandensis H. B. Baker 48: 137-139

*Salasiella, subg. Perpusilla H. B. Baker 54: 81

Sayella chesapeakea Morrison 53: 44

Sayella livida Rehder 48: 129

Sayella watlingsi Morrison 53 : 45

*Schasicheila, subg. Misantla H. B. Baker 42: 36

Schizopyle Pilsbry, subg. of Coelocentrum 53 : 27

Schizothaerus nuttallii bighopensis Henderson 45: 33

Scolodontidae H. B. Baker (Aulacopoda) 38: 88

Scopulospica Pilsbry, section of Urocoptis 55: 70

Semicassis cicatricosa peristephes Pils. & McG 52: 76

*Semilimax Hesse = Eucobresia H. B. Baker 42: 139

Senilauria Pilsbry for Petrarca Pils 41 : 108

Sermyla kowloononsis ('lion 57: 20

Shuttleworthia H. B. Baker, subtf. of Pittieria 55: 55, 59

Sigatica Bemisulcata holograpta McGinty 53: pi. 12, *110

Sin^leya H. B. Baker, section of Euglandina 55: 52, 54

Sinum polandi M. Smith 49: L36

Solaropsis gibboni i'airchildi Bequaeii & Clench 51 : 115

Solon novacularis Anderson A Banna for S. novacula 12: I 5

Somatogyrus tryoni Pilsbry & V. C. Baker 41: 24

April. 1P47] Tin naitii 129

Bonorella hachitana orieiitis Pilsbry 40: 1 H>

Sparnotiou Pilsbry, enibg. of Plekocheilua 58: 30

*Sphaerium. subgenus Sulcastrum "Sterki" I ' i 1 > . II: L43

Sphaerium fallax Sterki 43: 93

B. Dotatum; B. d. gibbosum A aeoshense Sterki 41 : 55-50

Spiraxinac 11. B. Baker (Oleacinidae) 53: 9

■*Spira\i<, Bubgg. Dign&xis, Micromena, Mirapex, Mirara-

dula, Repressaxia A Versutaxis H. B. Baker 53: 10-11

Spiraxis (Versutaxis) arctatus H. B. Baker 53: 89

S. (Pseudosubulina) arcuatua H. B. Baker 52: 134; *53, pi. 5

S. (Yolutaxis) sulciferua atoyacensis H. B. Baker 53: 89

S. (P.) caducus, S. (P.) costatus H.B.B.. . .52: 133; *53: pis. 4-5

S. (Mirapex) acus enigmaticus H. B. Baker 53: 13

Spiraxis (Volutaxis) fallax H. B. Baker 53: 90

Spiraxis (Versutaxis) futilis H. B. Baker 53: 52

Spiraxis (Rectaxis) granum H. B. Baker 53: 49, pi. 11

S. (Micromena) minusculus, S. (M.) minutus H.B.B.. . .53: 92, 14

S. (P.) irregularis negligens H. B. Baker 52: 132; *53: pi. 5

S. (Yolutaxis) tenuecostatus obesus H. B. Baker 53: 91

Spiraxis | Versutaxis) opeas H. B. Baker 53: 13

S. (P.) parvus H. B. Baker 52: 134; *53: pi. 9

S. (Yolutaxis) nitidus persulcatus H. B. Baker 53: 91

S. ( Versutaxis) subgranum, S. (Rectaxis) subnitidus, S. (Y.)

subopeas, S. (R.) subtilis H. B. Baker 53: 50-52

S. (Yolutaxis) subulinus H. B. Baker 53: 90

S. (Pseudosubulina) ventrosus H. B. Baker. . .52: 132; *53: pi. 5

S. (Rectaxis) subtilis vitreus H. B. Baker 53: 50

Spissula solidissima peninsulae M. Smith 51 : 65

Stagnicola emarginata bryantwalkeri F. C. Baker 49: 127

S. proxima buttoni "F. C. Baker" Henderson. . .47: 124; *48: 18

S. couleensis "F. C. Baker" Henderson 42: 122

Stagnicola elrodi F. C. Baker & Henderson 47: 30, *124

S. elrodiana F. C. Baker for S. montana (Elrod) 49: 64

S. hemphilli, S. impedita & S. magister "F. C. Baker" Hen-

^ derson 47: 124; *48: 17-20

Stagnicola emarginata magnifica F. C. Baker 49: 128

S. newfoundlandensis; S. palustris papvracea & perpalustris

F. C. Baker & Brooks 49: 10-12

S. bulimoides vancouverensis F. C. Baker. . . .52: 141; *53: pi. 7

Stagnicola emarginata vilasensis F. C. Baker 40: 82

Stagnicola walkeriana F. ('. Baker 39: 1 19

S. palustris wyomin^ensis F. ('. Baker 40: 84; *47: 124

Btauroglypta II- B. Baker, sul)jr. of Hyalosiigda \X: 13(>

Steatocoptis Pilsbry, section of I'rocoptis 55: 70

Bteatodryae Pilsbry for Hypoptychua Pils 46: 72

Stenacmidae (Thalaaaophila) ; Stenacme & S. floridana

Pilsbry 58:113 Ml

130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

*Stenotrema, subg. Euchemotrema Archer 53 : 33

S. fraternum montanum Archer 52: 98; *53: pi. 7

Stenotrema waldense Archer 52: 54

Stilifer castaneus; S. perdepressus Dall 38: 97

*Stimpsonia Clessin = Fontigens Pilsbry 47: 12

Stoastomops H. B. Baker (Helicinidae) 37: 89

S. adamsi H. B. Baker for Helicina tenuis Adams. . .48: 10, pi. 3

Stoastomops walkeri H. B. Baker 37: 89

Strepsidura contorta Aldrich for S. heilprini A 40: 09

*Streptostyla, subg. Eustreptostyla H. B. Baker 41: 21

S. (E.) nicoleti atypica H. B. Baker 55: 55

Striatemoda H. B. Baker, subg. of Alcadia (?) 54: 71

Strobilops aenea Pilsbry 40: 09

Strobilops sparsicostata F. C. Baker 51 : 127

Strombif ormis langf ordi Dall 38 : 97

Strombus raninus nanus Bales 50: 19

Strophocheilus felipponei Ihering 41: 90

S. porphyrostoma Clench & Archer 43: 75

Sturanyella, Sturaniella Pilsbry & Cooke (Helicinidae);

Sturyanella H.B.B. misprint 48: 54, index 7

Suavitas monteplatonis Pils. for S. effusa (Pfr.) 45: 72

Succinea retusa fultonensis F. C. Baker 41 : 130

Succinea grosvenorii gelida F. C. Baker 40: 118

Succinea manaosensis Pilsbry 39:79

S. ovalis pleistocenica F. C. Baker 40: 117

Succinea sanibelensis Render 47: 20

Sulcastrum "Sterki" Pils., subg. of Sphaerium. .*43: 93; 44: 143

Surinamia Clench, subg. of Asolene 47:71

Synaptocochlea nigrita Rehder 53 : 20

Tamayops H. B. Baker, section of Tamayoa 41 : L26

Taranidae Bartsch (position dubious) 57: 107

Tasmancylus Iredale (Ancylidae) 39: 1 15

*Teinostoma, subgg. Annulicallus & Ellipetylus 59: 2-8

T. (Idioraphe) biscaynense Pilsbry A: McGinty 59: 5

Teinostoma (I.) clavium, T. (E.) cocolitoris, T. (I.) gonio-
gynis, T. (I.) incertum, T. (I.) lerema, T. (A.) lituspal-
marum, T. (I.) nesaeum, T. (I.) obtectum, T. (I.) parvi-

callum Pilsbry & McGinty 59: 2-8

Teinostoma pilsbryi McGinty 58: 142; *59: 3

Tellina (Phyllodina) cala M. Smith 51: 66

T. jeffreysi Johnson for T. tenella Jeffreys 45: 109

T. liana Ilertl. A Strong for T. panamensis 58: 105, *145

T. (Eurytellina) mantaensia Pilsbry & Olsson 56: 80

Tellina perryae M. Smith 19: L36; "51: 66

Tellina rubricate Pern' 53: 79

T. (Scissula) varilineata Pilsbry A olsson 56: 79

Tenacipea II. B. Baker, section of Veronicella 1 1 : l". l

April. 1947 Tin \ \i l lirs 131

Tengchiena H. B, Baker ( I [elicarionidae) 66: 41

Terebra, subgg. r\mctoterebra, Terebrina Bartscfa 37:63

Terebra glossema Schwengel 53: pi. 12; *56: 65

Terebrina Bartsch, subg. of Terebra 37: 63

Thais floridana naysae Clench 41: 6; *44: 68

Thaumastus robertsi satipoensis Pilsbry 57: L2 1

T. (Scholvienia) weyrauch(i) Pilsbry 57: 121

Tivela floridana Render 53: 18

*Tomopeas Pilsbry = Eutomopeas Pilsbry 59: 105

Tomura Pilsbry & McGintv (Yitrinellidae). . . .59: pi. 2; *60: 16

Tomura bicaudata Pils. & McG 59: pi. 2; *G0: 15, 36

TrifaiH II. B. Baker, subg. of Volvidens 48: 135

Triodopsis tridentata rugosa Brooks & MacMillan 53: 96

Tritiaria (.Antillophos) virginiae Schwengel 56: pi. 3, *65

Tritonalia graceae McGinty 53: 84

Trivia maltbiana Schwengel & McGinty 56: L6

TrophoD (Boreotrophon) albospinosus Willett 45: G6

T. (B.) diazi; T. lorenzoensis Durham 55: 122-123

Tropicorbis havanensis insularum Pilsbry 56: 8

Tropicorbis tatei F. C. Baker for T. declivis (Tate) 54: 97

Troechelvindex H. B. Baker (Pomatiasidae) 37: 90

Tudora fossor, T. maculata, T. muskusi, T. pilsbryi & T.

rupis H. B. Baker 37: 92-94

Tumbeziconcha Pils. & Olss., subg. of Mactra 48: 119

Turbo castaneus tiara M. Smith 51: 66

Turbonilla (Pyrgiscus) burchi Gordon 52: 49

T. (Strioturbonilla) cayucosensis Willett 43: 26

T. (P.) delmontana Bartsch for T. delmontensis B 50: 100

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) skogsbergi Strong 51 : 54

Turbonilla (Pyrgolampros) strongi Willett 45: 67

Turritomella Bartsch for Turritoma B 54: 143

Typhis fordi Pilsbry 57: 40

Typhis lowei Pilsbry 45: 72

Typhlochiton (Chitonidae) ; T. felipponei Dall 35: 4

Iriio (EUiptio) webbianus hart ii Wright 17: 95

Unio (Elliptio) sanctorumjohanium Wright 47: 17

Unio (Elliptio) webbianus Wright 47: 94

•Urocoptis, sections Radiofaux, Gongylostomella, Nesocop-

tis, Pleurostemma, Poecilocoptis, Scopulospica & Steato-

coptis

Urocoptis alleni Torre 42(3) : pi. 4 ; *(4 ) : 1 1 1

U. livida atkinsi & barbouri Torre & Clench 44 : 15

Urocoptis chambasensis Pilsbry 42: 80

Urocoptis tenuistriata clenchi Aguayo 15: 97

Urocoptis delectabilis Pilsbry 42: 80

U. d. florentiana = florr-nciana Pils 42: 80, pi. 5

I*. dautzenbergiana gemmata Pilsbry 40: 71

132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Urocoptis handi "Torre" Pilsbry 40: 74

Urocoptis heterosculpta Torre 45 : 88

Urocoptis lowei "Torre" Pilsbry 40: 73

U. (Autocoptis) maxwelli Pilsbry 51: pi. 7; *52: 15

Urocoptis ambigua medinae H. B. Baker 49: 21

Urocoptis mellita Torre 45 : 88

U. mendozana & U. monelasmus Pilsbry 41: 80; *42: pi. 1

Urocoptis scobinata perfecta Pilsbry 55: 104

U. mellita perlonga & U. scalarina portuondi Torre. . .45: 88-89

Urocoptis sinistra Torre 42(1) : pi. 1

Urocoptis tenuistriata Aguayo 45 : 96

U. torreana = U. torrei Pilsbry 42: 80, pi. 5

Vagavarix H. B. Baker, subg. of Varicella 55: 25

Valvata tricarinata bakeri Fluck 46 : 20

Valvata densestriata Pilsbry 48: 16

Valvata lewisi ontariensis F. C. Baker 44: 119

Valvata lewisii precursor F. C. Baker 41 : 136

Valvata tricarinata supracarinata F. C. Baker 35: 24

*Varicella, subgg. Costavarix, Euvaricella & Vagavarix

Varicella caymenensis ampla Pilsbry 56 : 8

Varicella (Vagavarix) calderoni H. B. Baker 55: 27

Varicella (Euvaricella) castanea H. B. Baker 49: 23

Varicella caymanensis Pilsbry 56 : 7

Varicella (Sigmataxis) cylindrica H. B. Baker 48: 85

V. (V-aria) necrodes H.B.B. for V. procera (Adams) 48: 85

V. (Euvaricella) arcuata paradisi H. B. Baker 49: 23

V. (Laevaricella) playa for V. glabra gracilior 53: 107

V. (Varicellina) vicina portlandensis H. B. Baker 49: 23

Varicella (Vagavarix) sporadica H. B. Baker 55: 28

V. (Varicellula) blandiana subaequa H. B. Baker 49: 22

Varicella (Sigmataxis) subaquila H. B. Baker 4S: <S5

Varicella (Varicellaria) subdola H. B. Baker 49: 22

V. (Sigmataxis) paupercula tumens H. B. Baker 48: 85

Vasum floridanum McGinty : 53: 82

Veronicella leptothali H. B. Baker 48: 83

*Veronicella, subg. Tenacipes; V. (T.) tenax H.B.B II: 131

V. (Leidyula) kraussii trichroma II. B. Baker 48: 84

Versutaxis H. B. Baker, section of Spiraxis 5:!: II

Vertigo (Angustula) hibbardi F. ('. Baker 51: L26

Vertigo gouldii loessensis 1'". ('. Baker II : 13.")

Vitrea orotis S. Berry 13: 1 13

Vitrinella blakei Etehder 57: !>7

Vitrinella guaymasensia Durham .">.">: 121

Vitrinella tiburonensis Durham 55: 12!

Viviparoa contectoides goodrichi Archer 17: l1.*

Viviparua quadratua grahami ('hen 5'.): 65

V. ningkuoensis Chen lor V. heudei (Ping) 59: 66

April. 1947] rm n v IB 133

Viviparua pingi & V. suifuenaia ( Ihen 59: 64

'Volvidena, subg. Trifaux; V. (T.) triodon II. B. Baker 18: L37

Vorticifex laxus Chambertin & Berry 47: 2<i

Wanga Chen (Melaniidae) 57: 20

Willettia Gordon, Bubg. of "Alvania" 53: 31

Xylophaga atlantica Richarda 56: 68

Yoldia gardneri I ttdroyd 19: II

Yunquea (Sagdidae); Y. denaelirata II. B. Baker 54:57

'Zaphyaema, subg. Meiophyaema H. B. Baker 4H: L36

Zaphysema olivaceum II. B. Baker 19: 24

Zirfaea pilabryi Lowe 45: 53

Zonitoide8 cookei Pilabry 36: 38

Zonitoidea Buppre88U8 virginicua Vanatta 4'.): 99

INDEX BY NEW TRIVIAL TERMS

abancayensis, Bostryx-, 57: 123
abietum, Radiodiscus, 43: *124
acanthodcs. Pecten, 38: 120
•oobambensis, Xcnia, 58: 80
acutus, Placostylus, 48: 126
adamsi, Stoastomops, 48: 10
adamsoni, Lamellidea, 47: 62
adelae, Cancellaria, 54: 54
adelus, Phos, 56: *66
acnca, Strobilops, 40: 69
aguayoi, Cerion, 45: 89
alameda, Haplotreraa, 44: 67
albata, Oxystyla, 53: 5
albescens, Cryptosoraa, 43: 53

Ochthephila, 36: 45
albida, Eulota, *38: 65
albivestis, Mangolia, 47: 146
albolineatus, Gyraulus, 47: 78
albospinosus, Trophon, 45: 66
alba, Pupimlbi. 45: 29
alemon, Geomelania, 56: 3
aleutica, Acmaea, 40: 101
alleni, Cerion. 12: pi. 4

Urocoptis, 12: *141
altioola, anstroselenites, 54: 135
altispira, Melongena, 47: 110
amatangana, Camaena, 46: 62
ambatensis, Naeeiotus, 53: 117
amboiana, Mif-rarionta, 44: 123
amoena, Cypraea, 40: 128
amosbrowni, Planorbis, 13: 138

ampla, Varicella, 56: 8
andium, Radiodiscus, 58: 30
andrewsi, Opisthosiphon, 42: 98
angulatus, Discus, 52: 13

Gonyodiscus, 41: 134
angulobasis, Drymaeus, 57: 125
angustior, P^uglandina, 49: 97
annandalei, Amnicola, 39: 7
annectens, Gyraulus, 47: 27
anniae, Murox, 54: 44
anomphalus, Bostryx, 57: 123
antisana, Naesiotus, 55: 103
antroecetes, Amnicola, 53: 120
arborea. Pittieria, 55: 59
archeri, Hclicostyla, 49: 140
arctatus, Spiraxis, 53: 89
arcuatus, Spiraxis, 52: 134
arida, Helminthoglypta, *45: 20
arnoldiana, Goniobasis, 48: 15
ascendens, Bostryx, 57: 123
atahualpa, Epiphragmophora, 57: 119
atalanta, Chloritb, 47: 23

Papuina, 50: 54
athleenae, Climacia, 59: 78
atkinsi, UlOOOptis, 11: 15
atlantica, Xylophaga, 56: 68
atlantis, Lucina, 49: 87
atoyacensis, Spiraxis, 53:
atra, Helicostyla, 52: 92
atypica Btreptoetyla, 55: 55
aurantius, Liguus, 43: 19

134

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 60 (4)

aurea, Pilsbryna, 42: 91
auricoma, Cerithium, *53: 109
austini, Leda, 49: 13
avernalis, Fluminicola, 48: 92
bailyi, Cardita, 58: 119

Nassa, 46: 51
bakerensis, Micrarionta, 48: 68
bakeri, Valvata, 46: 20
balesae, Acanthochitona, 53: pi. 12
balesi, Euglandina, 52: 16

Oxystyla, 53: 5

Pseudomalaxis, 59: 10
barbouri, Liguus, 43: 18

Urocoptis, 44: 15
bartschi, Crassispira, 53: 81
barthelowi, Prodallia, 56: 12
batoana, Helicostyla, 46: 64
beali, Marginella, 54: 63
bealiana, Douglassia, 56: 15
beatula, Micrarionta, 42: 99
belahubbardi. Nenia, 35: 93
benitoensis, Helminthoglypta, 44: 43
bequaerti, Cerion, 45: 91

Leptinaria, 39: 79
berevoensis, Achatina, 43: 85
bermudezi, Mecoliotia, 49: 92

Meioceras, 47: 112

Melanella, *46: 117
bernadinae, Bunnya, 56: 37
beiyllica, Monadenia, 49: 48
bicaudata, Tornura, *60: 15
bifasciata, Lep taxis, 35: 103
bighopensis, Schizothaerus, 45: 33
birgei, Anodontoides, 36: 123
biscaynense, Teinostoma, 59: 5
blakei, Vitrinella, 57: 97
boettgeri, Nenia, 58: 81
boggsi, Dentalium, 40: 19
bollingi, Oliva, 17: 1 12
bondi, Poteria, 49: 98

Sagda, 49: 98
booneae, Chondropoma, 47: 107
boriquenae, Cepolis, 53: 107
bormanni, Bpitonium, 66: 47
borregoensifl Micrarionta, 43: 39
bottimeri, Paludestrina, 39: 8

Physa, 38: 12

bourailensis, Placostylus, 42: 74
bourgeoisae, Coelocentrum, 56: 91

Coelocentrum, 53: 27

Drymaeus, 57: 28
bradina, Peruina, 58: 84
bristolae, Liotia, 43: 72
broggi, Anomalocardia, 56: 78
brooksi, Discus, 52: 13

Fossaria, 49: 13
brunnea, Micrarionta, 49: 15
bryanti, Cingula, 39: 132
bryantwalkeri, Nenia, 35: 95

Stagnicola, 49: 127
burchi, Turbonilla, 52: 49
burkei, Quincuncina, 36: 3
burnupianus, Fauxulus, 41: 108
burringtoni, Glyphyalinia, 41: 83
buttoni, Stagnicola, *48: 18
cabocruzense, Cerion, 57: 34
caddoensis, Polygyra, 49: 19
caducus, Spiraxis, 52: 133
cahni, Helisoma, 40: 85
cala, Tellina, 51: 66
calawaganensis, Helicostyla, 46: 64
calderoni, Varicella, 55: 27
calidimaris, Parviturbo, 59: 56
californiense, Helisoma, 47: 140
caloderma, Planorbis, 36: 143
cambodicus, Pecten, 50: 56
camerata, Oleacina, 55: 55
campeachyi, Poteria, 48: 61
cancellata, Acmaea, 5S: 94
candens, Acteon, 53: 21
capax, Oreohelix, 50: 101
caribaeus, Liguus, 49: 68

Poteria, 49: 51
carinatus, Discus, 53: 143
carinifer, Calipyrgula, IS: 15
carinifera, Fluminicola, 48: 93
carlsbadenais, Ashmunella, 46: 19
carmen, Bulimulus, 46: 60
cannenensis, B., 46: index, ('»
caroli, ( lepolis, 53: 81

(>pi>! boaiphon, 46: 9 1
carriaoenais, Micrarionta, 60: 123
caBtaneus, Stilifcr. 38: 97

Varicella, 41): 23

April. 1947

THE N M III. I -

i:*r>

eatadupae, Pleurodonte, 19:24
3 138

<\>italiiicii.»is. l'rctrii. !.">; ('..">

eathartenas, Eutrochatella, 18: 11
eathedralis, Micrarionta, 13: 1 1">
cavearum, Butrochatella, 18: 10
caymanensis, Microoeramus, 56: 5

Varicella, 56: 7
caymanicola, Choanopoma, 12: 68
cayuooeensis, Eelminthoglypta, 38:

104

Turbonilla, 43: 26
celeuthia, Monadenia, 10: L22
cenourensis, Geomitra, 35: 12
chacei, Goniobasis, 48: 132

Opalia, 51: 5

Pomatiopsis, 50: 84
chambasensis, Urocoptis, 42: 80
chamberlaini, Epitonium, 45: 6
chariessa, Anachis, 53: 83
cnarlestonensis, Epitonium, 45: 8
charlottci, Leptinaria, 36: 32
chautauquense, Hdisoma, 42: 57
chcatumi, Humboldtiana, 48: 93

Potamopyrgus, 48: 91
<h< sapcakea, Sayella, 53: 44
chisosensis, Polygyra, 49: 100
chocolata, Micrarionta, 49: 15
choctawhatchensis, Lioplax, 49: 66
chuckwallana, Micrarionta, 49: 15
churchi, Monadenia, 46: 79
cistula, Lactcoluna, 56: 5
eitrinus, Murex, 54: 45
clarionensis, Pseudochama, 52: 48
clarki, Phos, 58: 27
clavium, Teinostoma, 59: 5
clcnchi. ( llossodoris. 49: 59

( loniobasis, 38: 46

Marginella, *50: 22

Polygyra, 45: 129

Qrocoptis, 45: 97
clewistonensis, Anachis, 49: 138

I Iilivima, 54: 17
cochinella, I^amcllaria, 53: 80
eockerelli, Conulinus, 16: 101
oocolitforis, Teinostoma, 59: 8
ooloradensis, Ancylua, 14:31

Pimdium, 'M: 17
ooloradoengia, Fluminioola, 53: 125
oolumbina, Acanthodoris, 39: "' I
columellaris, Odontottomus, 54: 94
oompsa, Mn i:i. 51 : 90
oonnellyi, < laUistochiton, ">i : 25
oonstrictum, Meioceras, 46: *122
contorta, Strepaidura, 40: 69
contracta, Ochtnephila, M: \r,
conus, Acmaoa, 58: 92, I 1 1
convallis, Buglandina, 55: 58
cookei, Endodonta, 47: 58
cookei, Zonitoidee, 36: 38
cooperensis, Epitonium, 45: 8
cooperi, Monetus, 54: 97
coquillensis, Goniobasis, 48: 131
corncliac, Giffordius, 43: 143
cornea, Acmaea, 58: 94
corrugata, Parapholyx, 55: 132
costatus, Spiraxis, 52: 133
couleensis, Stagnicola, 42: 122
coxi, Ostrea, 59: 40
crassus, Hodopoeus, 58: 117
cressmani, Gjrraulus, 55: 130
croninae, Xodularia, 36: 5
cubanus, Circulus, 46: *120
fubcnsis, Hebetancylus, 46: *116
cunaguae, Opisthosiphon, 42: 98
cuyama, Hclminthoglypta, 51: 15
cylindrica, Varicella, 48: 85
cymatias, Latirus, 53: *110
dallesensis, Goniobasis, 48: 97
dalli. Prodallia, 56: 10
das-guptai, Pectcn, 50: 55
deani, Cerion, 57: 59
deckerti, Liguus, 48: 122
degneri, Ptychotrema, 49: 96
delectabilis, Urocoptis, 42: 80
delicatus, Murex, ">4: 45
delmontana, Turbonilla, 50: 100
demersum, Dentalium, 40: 1 1-'
demeeana, ( 'amaena, 16: i>3
dendroica, Partula, '-i7: 11 1
densecostata, Geomelania, 18: 83
denselirata, Yunquea, •">! : ~>7
denseetriata, Valvata, 18: 16

dental a, I'araviln-a. 12: ^

136

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 60 (4)

depressum. Helisoma, 47: 140

Polygyra, 49: 134
destina, Marginella, 56: 75
diagonalis, Parapholyx, 42: 82
diazi, Trophon, 55: 122
didyma, Drupa. 56: 76
discobolus, Polygyra, 49: 101
distinguenda, Cypraea, 40: 127
diversipictus, Drymaeus, 57: 125
doellojuradoi, Odontostomus, 54: 93
dohertyi, Liguus, 47: 121
dominicana, Pleurodonte, 51 : 34
dryas, Liguus, 45: 106
dugesiana, Durangonella. 59: 21
duplicatoides. Myurella, 37: 64
eatoni, Neptunea. 47: 92
eccentrica, Acmaea, 58: 95
edgerlyi, Gyrineus, 47: 57
ednae, Murex, 54: 43
efasciata, Polygyra, 38: 33
effosa, Goniobasis, 51:91
eka, Nenia, 58: 82
elizabethae, Aspella, *54: 63
ellipsostoma, Calipyrgula, 48: 15
elrodi, Stagnicola, 47: 30
elrodiana, Stagnicola, 49: 64
elvae, Xephronais, 38: 52
endoplax, Bostryx, 57: 124
engbergi, Leptothyra, 43: 27

Musculium, *48: 48
enigmaticus, Spiraxis, 53: 13
equatorialis, Julia, 57: 86
eritrichius, Mesodon, 53: 56
erraticum, Aorotrema, 59: 11
erythrogramma, Mitra, 45: 54
eulyratus, Pecten, 56: 110
eusteirus, Drymaeus, 58: 29
euthales, Mesodon, 53: 60
evelynae, Marginella, ">ti: 113
extrema, Polygyra, 53: 98
eyerdami, ( 'insula. 17: 103

Puncturella, :<7: 133
fairchildi, Asolene, 17: 71

Bolaropsis, ">i : 1 15
fallax, Bphaerium, 48: 98

Spiraxis, ">3: 90

farnumi, Liguus, 48: 19

fascinans, Calliostoma, 56: 15
faustum, Calbostoma, 56: 14
felipponei, Bulimulus, 41: 95

Pecten, 36: 58

Strophocheilus, 41: 96

Typhlochiton, 35: 4
fernandina, Cerion, 51: 21
ferrissi, Helminthoglypta, 38: 54
ferrissiana, Humboldtiana, 41 : 82
fieldi, Haplotrema, 44: 67

Helminthoglypta, 44: 66
firma, Chama, 51 : 76
flammulata, Euglandina, 55: 56
florenciana, Urocoptis, 42: pi. 5
florentiana, Urocoptis, 42: 80
floridana, Anachis. 53: 20

Ilyanassa. 49: 138

Liguus, 43: 20

Neritina, 51: 66

Stenacme, 58: 114

Tivela. 53: 18

Vasum, 53: 82
flucki, Anodontites, 3S: 53

Diplodon. 57: 14
fontiphila. Helminthoglypta, 45: 49
fordi, Typhis. 57: 40
forresterensis, Cingula, 47: 103
fortis, Humboldtiana, 53: 140

Oreohelix, 40: 101
fossor, Tudora, 37: 94
fosteri, Polygyra. 46: 48
fouae, Acmaea, 58: 93
francesae. Parviturbo, 59: 56
fredbakeri, Mangelia, 45: 124
freiensis. Gemma, 53: 18
frisoni. Polygyra. 47: 58
fulttmciisis, Sucdnea, 41: 136
futilis. Spiraxis. .">;l: 52
gabrielina, Polita, 37: 130
gardneri, Voldia, 49: 14
gaylordianum, E^pitonium, 4.r>: 114
gasa, Murex, 54: 44
gelida, Amnicola, 35: 22

Suecinea, 40: 118
gemmata, (Jrocoptia, 40: 74
gibboeum, Bphaerium, 41: ."iii
pgantea, Helieostyla, 45: 104

April. 1947|

ill! NAUTILUS

137

ni.'i, ">M: A 1

Hi;

ma, Terebra *56: ,;">
gryptus, Mun-v 51 : 80

Chondropoma, 18: I i I
goniogyrus, Teinostoma, 59: 3
goodrichi, Viviparus, 47: L9
gouldi, Physa, *49: 30
graceae, Tritonalia, ~>3: 84
grahami, Viviparus, 59: 66
^r.-tiuliv-iiiiH. Leptaxis, 3"): 103
granti, Pseudochama, 47: * 137
granum, Spiraxis, 58: 40
grayana, Leila, 36: 0
greggi, Helminthoglypta, 44: 124

Bydrobia 18
grisea, Ochthephila, 36: 45
guaymasensis, Yitrinella 55: 124
habdorema, Fenimorea, 54: 50
handi. Urocoptis, 40: 74
hannai. Amnicola, 48: 16
hansinrcnsis. Olea, 36: 133
haplotrtinit. I Iyalosagda, 48: 137
hapla. Polygyra, 47: 14
barringtoni, Dinotropis, 51: 25
hartii. Dnio, 47: 95
hartleyana, Marginella, 55: 65
havanensis, Odostomia, 46: *118
haysao, Thais, 41: 6; *44: 68
bebardi, Ashmunella, 36: 119
bedleyi, Lymnaea, *41: 23
hcliacus, Pecten, 38: 119
*hemioxia, Ampetita, 56: 49
licruphilli, Goniobasis, 48: 96

Helisoma, 47: 141

Stagnicola, 47: 124
hendersoni, Amnicola, 47: 10

Bulimulus, 44: 100

Cymatoica, 53: 19

Gyrauhis, 42: 104

Pisidium. 37: 20
hcrtlcini. Helminthoglypta, 51: 16
besperius, Hulimulus, 38: 40

Deroceras, 58: 16
beterosculpta, Urocoptis, 45: 88
beterura, Diroceras, 58: 16
hiloensis, Odostomia, 58: 65

bibbardi, Vertigo, 51: 126
hilli. Nficrarionta, 4 l: 6
birasei, Bulinus, 40: 121
boffmani, Drepanotrema, 54:96
bolguinense, Opisthosiphon, 45: 98
bobnbergi, < >dontostomus, ~>i 02
bolograpta, Sigatica, 53: *iin
buarasensis, Bostryx, 57: 121
bubrichti, Polygyra, 51: 23
hughi, Lima. 37: 60
bybrida, Ilelicostyla, 45: 103
bypergonia, Aclis, 56: 17
hyphalus, Fusinus, 54: 43
ida, Pitaria, 42: 4
idahoensis, Amnicola, 47: 11

Lymnaea, 44: 75
idiochila, Marginella, 56: 75
iloilana, Helioostyla, 45: 102

Hemiglypta, 45: 102
immunis, Planorbis, 37: 36
impedita, Stagnicola, *48: 20
imperforata, (Vpolis, 49: 105
inca, Drymaeus, 57: 61
incarum, Megalobulimus, 58: 29
incertum, Teinostoma, 59: 7
indivisum, Choanopoma, 42: 98
inermis, Helicodiscus, 42: 86
inezae, Pseudochama, 56: 122
infelix. Hiata. 49: 111
infracarinatum, Heliaoma, 46: 8
innominatus, Liguus, 44: 32
innumerabilis. Petaloconchus, 48: 116
inquisita, Choanopoma, 42: 80
insolitn. Amnicola, 53: 11*.*
inspinata, Melongena, 47: 57
insularum, Tropieorbis, 56: 8
intermedia. Acteocina, 42: 38
involutus, Brannerillus, 48: 16
irregularis, Acmaea, 58: 05
isabelanus, Eucyclophorus, 52: 02
jacksonensis, Carinifex, 15: 133
jacksoni, Naesiotus, 53: 1 16

Euglandina, 4'.): 07
jacobensis, Bagda, 48: 139
japonica, Langfordiella, 38: 96
jaroensis, Helicostyla, 45: LOS
jaspidea, Marginella, 54: 40

138

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 60 (4)

jaumei, Liguus, 45: 99
jeannae, Cyclostremiscus, 59: 82
jeffreysi, Tellina, 45: 109
jensostergaardi, Cypraea, 52: 122
Jessica, Anguispira, 52: 11
johnsoni, Margarites, 35: 50

Prodallia, 56: 12
jonesi, Buliraulus, 51: 18

Lampsilis, 47: 125
jonesiana, Polygyra, 51: 135
josophinae, Cerion, 49: 49
jucundus, Latirus, 53: 83
judayi, Amnicola, 36: 19
juliae, Cerion, 49: 112
juninensis, Xenia, 57: 61
junaluskana, Retinella, 46: 15
kallinubilosus, Pecten, 56: 110
kamehameha, Ostrea, 49: 103
kansasensis, Menetus, 51: 129
keenae, Alvania, 53: 31
kelscyi, Chrysodomus, 37: 35
kernensis, Helminthoglypta, 43: 138
kettlemanense, Helisoma, 48: 17

Fluminicola, 48: 15
kingswoodi, Sagda, 48: 137
kinonis, Holospira, 53: 94
klamathensis, Parapholyx, 55: 16
klamathica, Monadenia, 51: 31
kowloonensis, Sermyla, 57: 20
koto, Lamellaria, 58: 17
labeo, Pleurodonte, 51: 26
lahradorensis, Aporrhais, 44: 3
lacusiris, Lampsilis, 35: 131

Ptychobranchus, 42: 52
lamellata, Paravitrea, 42: 88
lamellifera, Pseudomalaxis, 48: 128
langfordi, Strombiformis, 38: 97
laronus, Crassatellites, 46: 9
latchfordi, PlanorbiB, 40: 7'.)
latispira, < ►beliscus, ~>7: 127
latistomus, ( tyraulus, 16: '.'
latizonatus, Drynmcus. 50: <•'.*
laxus, Vorticifex, 17: 26
leonina, MonadeDia, 51 : 29
leptothali, Veronicella, IS: 83
leptum, ( iampeloma, 5 1 : 12
lerema, Teinoetoma, 59: <»

lermondi, Caecum, 38: 7
lesteri, Helniinthoglypta, 52: 24
leucops, Nassa, 46: 51
leucosphaera, Lamellaria, 56: *62
levior, Anoma, 49: 21
lewisi, Alcadia, 56: 4
lewisiana, Cepolis, 56: 4
liana, Tellina, 58: 105
[inteatum, Epitonium, 56: 77
liobasis, Hirasea, 45: 30
liocymatus, Pecten, 38: 119
lituspalmarum, Teinostoma, 59: 7
livida, Sayella, 48: 129
locklini, Ostrea, 59: 39
loessensis, Vertigo, 41: 135
lohri, Pecten, 41:93
longini, Cardita, 58: 119
longa, Rimula, 57: 38
lorenzoensis, Trophon, 55: 123
loweana, Mitra, 45: 29
lowei, Euglandina, 44: *83

Pleurodonte, 42: 78

Polygyra, 39: 31

Typhis, 45: 72

Urocoptis, 40: 73
loxahatchiensis, Cypraea, 49: 137
lucidum, Pisidium, 37: 19
lutarius, Megomphix, 45: 86
lutea, Acanthodoris, 39: 60

Auris, 40: 131
lymani, Pisania, 49: 138
macclintocki, Gonyodiscus, 41: 133
nu'gintyi, Cyphoma, 52: 108

Eubela, 56: 76
tnacgintyi, Fasciolaria, *50: 21
nicgintyi, Belicostyla, 46: 63

Latirus, 52: M
macgintyi, Murex, 51 : 88

Morum, 51 : 67
mcginiyi, Plekocheilus, 57: pi. 9
mcleani, ( lerion, ~>1 : 22
maoulata, ( teeohelix, 3.~>: 15

Tudora, 37: 92
magister, Stagnicola, *IN: 17
magnifica, Lyonsiella, 37: 31

Stagnicola, 17: L2 1
magnitesta, Choanopoma, 18: 80

April. 1947]

i in \.\i i ilus

139

mminwiUBW, \p. .rrli:ii-. 80: 188

inallrata, 1 lelie. «1 \ la. 1">: 108

malonei, ( Serion, 51 : 20

iiialtl'iana. Trivia. 56: L6

manaoaenaia, Suednea, 80: 79

ni:trnl:iriii:nri>is. Pecten. 60: 58

manafieldi, Muricidea, 53: 83

inantaensis, Tellina. 5(i: SO
marci, Phyaa, 38: 15
margarita, Odoatomia, 58: 65
margueritae, Polygyra, 40: 109
mariae, Durangonella, 59: 20

Liguua, 48: 123

Odostoraia, 42: 41

Oxy.-tyla, 53: 6

RadkxUacua, 35: 19
marianum. Coelooentrum, 50: 144
rnarielinum. Cerion, 40: 74
marjoriae, Cantharus, 58: 28
marmoreenais, Ijeptinaria, 39: 144
rnarmorensis, Discus, 45: 84
marshalli, Micronaias, 57: 15
maabatenaia, Cydotus, 42: 68
mattolensis, Helminthoglypta, 51 : 83
maupinensis, Goniobasis, 48: 97
maurus, Polydontea, 52: 38
inaxwclli, I^itirus, 52: 86

(Jroooptia, *52: 15
maxwellsmithi, Belicoatyla, 46: 65

Leptarionta, 43: 116
maywebbae, Elliptio, 48: 28
mazamac, Lymnaca, 47: 33
mazantlaiiicurn, Opeas. 44: *82
inedinae. Aiiuma, 49: 21

I rrocoptis, 40: 21

I toymaeua, 57: 127
meatus, I Insis, 57: 33
megomphalua, Boetryx, 57: 122
meladryas, Belicoatyla, 48:68
melanoaona, Engina, 42: 40
niellita. I'nx'opti.-. 15: NS

Doendoaana, Eutrochatella, 41: 79

Urocoptia, 41: 80
mexicana, Micrarionta, 48: 67

Paammoduhia, 47: 128
michiganenae, Befiaoma, 41: 49
mildredae, Pecten, 55: 46

mihoplax, < ihiton, 45: pi. 10

minnesoti use, l l<-li>< im.i, 10: s<;
minnetonkenaia, Lymnaea, 36: 23
minor, I klontostomue 54: 84

minuscula, Xenia, 5S: K3

Spiraxis. 53: 02
minutus, Spiraxis, 53: 11
iniraliilis, Partula, 'M: 116
miranila, Megalomastoma, 54: 34
mirum, Piaidium, 37: 20
niisiona. Belminthoglypta, 51: 60
moerickei, Pecten, 50: 55
monaulax, Odostomia, 58: 65
monelasmus, Urocoptia, 41: 80
monentolophus, Deroceras, 58: 16
monocarinatus, Gyraulus, 47: 27
monochroa, Acavus, 44: 100
montanum, Stenotrema, 52: 98
monteplatonis, Suavitas, 45: 72
montezuma, Humboldtiana, 53: 140
montivaga, Euglandina, 55: 58
morongoana, Micrarionta, 43: 39
moussoni, Melanoides, 40: 101
mozleyi Walker, Amnicola, 39: 6
inulticostatum, Belisoma, 46: 7
multivolvis, Bostryx, 57: 124
mumfordi, Lamellidea, 47: 62
murici, Anabathron, 52: 110
muscac, Ancilla, 39: 104
muskusi, Tudora, 37: 93
nanna, Paludcstrina, 47: 28
nanus, Strombus, 56: 19
nantahala, Polygyra, 46: 17
natensoni, Polydontcs, 52: 37
necrodes, Varicella, 48: 85
oegligena, Spiraxis, 52: 132
negrilensis, Cepolis, 48: 139

Choanopoma, 48: 61
oeoabenae, Bphaerium, 41: 56
nesaeuni, Teinostoina. 59: 5
nevadensis, Parapholyx, 17: 90
newfoundlandensis, Stagnicola, 40: 12
oicholaoni, Priatiloma, 43: 100
nigra. ( )chl licpliil.t, 36: 15

nigrita, Synaptocochlea, 53: 20
nimapuna, Anguiapira, 45: 82
oingkuoenaia, Viviparua, 50: 66

140

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 60 (4)

nobiliana, Marginella, 56: 114
nobilis, Liguus, 45: 98
noetlingi, Pecten, 50: 54
nonuranus, Modiolus, 49: 16
nortensis, Polygyra, 47: 13
notabilis, Adrana, 53: 16
notatum, Sphaerium, 41: 55
notosyriacus, Pecten, 50: 58
novacularis, Solen, 42: 65
novohibernica, Papuina, 59: 94
obesus, Spiraxis, 53: 91
obscura, Goniobasis, 48: 98
obtectum, Teinostoma, 59: 6
occidentalis, Lioplax, 48: 143

Sagda, 48: 138
ochromphalus, Monadenia, 51: 28
okanoi, Euhadra, 41: 64
oldroydi, Acteocina, 39: 25

Coralliophila, 42: 98
oligoptyx, Poteria, 56: 2
olivaceum, Zaphysema, 49: 24
olympia, Partula, 37: 112
ontariensis, Valvata, 44: 119
opeas, Spiraxis, 53: 13
optima, Eulota, 38: 64

Patella, 40: 138
orcuttiana, Micranonta, 51: 33
ordenanum, Epitonium, 45: 114
organensis, Ashmunclla, 49: 101
oriekensis, Goniobasis, 48: 130
orientis, Sonorella, 49: 110
orinocensis, Castalia, 57: 14
orinus, Naesiotus, 53: 116
oria, Polygyra, 47: 15
orizabensis, Radiodiscus, 39: 28
orotis, Vitrei, 43: 113
ostcrgaardi, Cypraea, 35: 50
ouenensis, Helicina, 43: 134
oxytata, Murex, .">i : 89
pachia, ( !ancellaria, 5 1 ' 5

pacoimensis, llflminthnglYpta, 1~>: IS

palmeri, I [umboldtiana, 1 1 : 12
panamenais, Cyrenoida, 45: 09

Oxynoe, 56: 80
papyracea, Btagnicola, 19: 10
paradisi, Varicella, 19: 23
pararm, Leptinaria, 89: 79

paravicinii, Partula, 47: 24
parawanensis, Oreohelix, 54: 95
parvicallum, Teinostoma, 59: 4
parvus, Spiraxis, 52: 134
pattersoni, Gyraulus, 51: 129
pattinsonae, Amphidromus, 57: 16
paucicostata, Anguispira, 52: 12

Cerion, 42: pi. 4
pauli, Cerion, 57: 60

Didianema, 59: 12
pedroana, Mopalia, 45: 101
peninsulae, Spissula, 51: 65
pentadactylus, Periploma, 48: 118
pentapleura, Bellaspira, 54: 51
peoriensis, Polygyra, 40: 116
percarinata, Fluminicola, 48: 16
perdepressus, Stilifer, 38: 97
perditicollis, Fluminicola. 48: 16
perductorum, Drymaeus, 57: 29
peregrina, Polygyra, 45: 130
perexiguum, Carychium, 51: 128
perfecta, Urocoptis, 55: 104
peristephes, Semicassis, 52: 76
perlonga, Urocoptis, 45: 89
perpalustris, Stagnicola, 49: 11
perplexa, Fossaria, 42: 103
perpolita, Polygyra, 45: 136
perryae, Tellina, 49: 136
perspinosa, Melongona. 47: 120
persulcatus, Spiraxis, 53: 91
pertenuis, Planorbis, 54: 97
peruvianus, Drymaeus, 57: 126
perversa, Euhadra, 45: 30
phasma. Crassispira, 5 1 : 19
phoeniriensis, Peeten, 50: 58
pilosa, Polygyra, 41: 143
pusbryi, Aplexa, 48: LOO

Bulimus, 39: 25

( Ihoanopoma, 12: 98

( lypraea, 52: L20

I tentalium, ")•>: 69

Drymaeus, 17: 93

Durangonella, 59: 22

Bpitonium, 54: <>2

( ilyphostoma, 54: 51

( loniobasis, 11 : 58

Oulella, 49: 95

April. 1947

l Hi' \ \i TILUS

111

Lank

Liguus, is: 123
Lobiger, 55 i'1
Megaspiia, 50 67

I'L'tnorl-i.-. 89: 117

Teinostoma, 58: 1 1-
Tudora, 37: 04
Zirfaea, 45: 53

pilula, Fhuninicola, IS: 15
pincboti, Giffoidius, 13: 1 12
pinella, Placunanomia, 59: 30
pind. Yiviparus. 50: 64
pittensis, Goniobasis, 48: 134
pizarro, Psadara, 57: 1 10
planus. Mesomphix, 47: 70
platonsis, Maroma, 3'i 5 I
piatysayoides, Polygyra, 46:54
playa, Varicella. 53: 107
playascnsis, Modiolus, 40: 17
pteistooenica, Suocinea, 40: 117
polandi, Sinum, 49: 136
[xtlvnematious, Pyrgulopsis, 48: 15
pomocnsis. Hclminthoglypta, 51: 81
pontogenes, Cyclostrema, 56: 17
portillonis, Cerion. 47: 105
p>rtlandensis, Sagda, 48: 139

Varicella, 49: 23
portuondi, Urocoptis, 45: 88
porphyrostoma, Strophochoilus, 43:

75
praelonga, Pomatiopsis, 53: 96
praeposterus, Brannerilhis, 48: 16
prashadi, Camptoceras, 44: 80
precursor, Valvata, 41: 136
prima, Dissentoma, 59: 59
probum, Pisidium, 37: 18
proctorae, NasBarina, *50: 21
pronotis, Monadenia, 44: 122
proscrpina, Amnioola, 53: 121
pscudogilva, Cepolis, 52: 78
pumiln. ( Seomelania, 48: 83
pupa, Kuglandina, 55: 57
pycnonema, Rimula, 57: 39
pygmaea, F^uglandina, 49: 98
qoeroeti, Polygyra, 39: 31
quesadai, Opisthosiphon, 45:05
quinta, Odostomia, 58: 64

ramsdeni, < lerion, 17: LOS

llclicodisciis, 56

raveneli, ESpitonium, 1 5 7
redondoensis, Aligena, 55: 50

Pseudomelatoma, 52: 21
reductesignata, Cypraea, 40: 126
reducta, < ttesia, r>: 30
reediana, Helminthoglypta, 45: 134
rehderi, Parviturbo, 50: 54
remota, Micrarionta, 50: 121
reetorationensis, Papbia, 43: 120
retreatense, Chondropoma, 48: 61

Eutrocbatella, 43: 11
rex, Helminthoglypta, 51: •HO
riochicoensis, Radiodiscus, 52: 116
rivorum, Opisthosiphon, 45: 95
robust ior, Cyphoma, 55: 45
rodecki, Fossaria, 49: 130
rosacea, Haminoea, 47: 53
roycei, Phos, 51: 90
rubricata, Tellina, 53: 79
rugoderma, Anguispira, 51: 131
rugosa, Triodopsis, 53: 96
rupis, Tudora, 37: 93
russelli, Liguus, 48: 124
sagittatus, Modiolus, 48: 127
salvatori, Cerion, 40: 74
samanicum, Dentalium, 40: 19
sanctaecrucis, Hclminthoglypta, 40:

78
sanctorumjohanium, Unio, 47: 17
sanibclensc, Cyclostrema, 53: 53

Succinea, 47: 20
sanjuanense, Kpitonium, 45: 115
sanmarcoscnsis, BulimuluB, 4o: 10
sana, Polygyra, 46: 88
satipoensis, Thaumastus, 57: 121
aavlamari, Bracbypodella, 48: 139
saxatilis. Euglandina, 55: 57
scalaris, Pomatiopsis, 40: 120
scaphoidcs, Adrana, 53: 17
scbefferi, Liocyma, 52: 111
schumoi, Pachychilus, 44: 84
Bcbwengelae, Leiostraca, 52: 34
scchurana, Chione, 49: 17

Entodesma, 10: 18
semialba, Monadenia, 42: 80

142

THE NAUTILUS

[Vol. 60 (4)

seminolensis, Latirus, *50: 22
sequoia, Helminthoglypta, 41: 81
sharoni, Lamellaria, 52: 123
shasta, Polygyra, 35: 37
shellense, Helisoma, 40: 86
siegfusi, Fluminicola, 48: 16
sierrana, Polygyra, 35: 36
signae, Conus, 51: 3
signata, Cyphoma, 53: 3
similans, Helminthoglypta, 51: 13
sinistra, Pupilla, 60: 24

Urocoptis, 42: pi. 1
sinomarinus, Pecten, 50: 27
sinuosum, Guianadesma, 57: 49
skogsbergi, Turbonilla, 51: 54
skomma, Modiolaria, 58: 16
smegmatus, Pecten, 40: 67
smithi, Prodallia, 56: 11

Ryssota, 46: 105
solisoecasus, Liguus, 47: 68
sonoma, Helminthoglypta, 51 : 35
sowerbyana, Leila, 36: 9
sparsicostata, Strobilops, 51: 127
sphaera, Neritina, 45: 67
spiceri, Comptopallium, 58: 52
spiralis, Fluminicola, 48: 16
spirulina, Geomitra, 35: 13
sporadica, Varicella, 55: 28
stirophorus, Circulus, 51 : 67
striatissima, Burnupia, 45: 136
Btrongi, Epitonium, 45: 115

Turbonilla, 45: 67
strongianum, Epitonium, 46: 36
subaequa, Varicella, 49: 22
subaquila, Varicella, 48: 85
Bubdola, Varicella, 49: 22
Bubexpansum, Epitonium, 45: 9
Bubgranum, Spiraxis, 63: 51
sublaevis, Lucidella, 48: 9
Bubnitidus, Spiraxis, 53: 51
Bubopeas, Spiraxis, .r>3: 52
Bubrotunda, Carinifex, 46: 139
Militilis, Spiraxis, 63: 50
Bubulinus, Spiraxis, 53: 90
Buifuensis, Viviparus, 69: 64
sulana, Helicoetyla, 46: 65
Bupracarinata, Valvata, ii">: 24

suprema, Xuculana, 48: 117
suteri, Pecten, 47: 63
tangi, Hemimitra, 57: 19

Hypsobia, 55: 17
tannum, Campeloma, 54: 15
tatei, Tropicorbis, 54: 97
taylori, Euparypha, 36: 45
tenax, Veronicella, 44: 131
tenuistriata, Urocoptis, 45: 96
tereinus, Pecten, 38: 115
testudinis, Pleurotoma, 36: 132
texana, Cochliopa, 48: 91
thayerae, Phos, *50: 20
tholus, Climacia, 59: 79
thomasi, Cyclostrema, 59: 60
tiara, Turbo, 51 : 66
tiburonensis, Vitrinella, 55: 124
tingamariae, Xenia, 35: 94
tohiveana, Partula, 37: 110
tollini, Epitonium, 52: 34
tonosiana, Xuculana, 48: 117
torreana, Urocoptis, 42: pi. 5
torrei, Aurinia, 51: 37

Cepolis, 47: 22

Hydrobia, 46: *120

Opisthosiphon, 42: 98

Oxystyla, 52: 93

Poiydontes, 52: 40

Urocoptis, 42: 80
trachypepla. Polygyra. 47: 12
transparens, Acmaea, 58: 96
trichroma, Veronicella. 48: 84
triodon, Volvidens, 48: 137
triplopuma, Clioanopoma, IS: 60
troglodytes. Monadenia. 4t>: Si
tropica, Lepidochitona, 53: pi. 12
trujilloi, Oliva, 51: ill
tryoni, Somatogyrus, U: 24
tuberculatus, 1 discus, 52: 14
tuckeri, Polygyra, 44: *121
tucumanensis, Odontostomus, 54: 92
tumbezensis, Modiolus, 49: 16
tuiiiciis, Varicella, IS: So
Uirbinella, Polygyra, 46: 89
turgidum, ( !erion, 47: 106
turveri, I [aliotis, 56: 57
uahukana, Lamellidea, 47: 62

April. 1947

THE N V Til. i 5

I!

uinta, ( foeohelix, ">'J: L05
undatoidee, Lucina, 58: 106
unifasciata, Micrarionta, 14:6
urubambenais, Nenia, 58: 83
vanoouverensis, Btagnioola, 52: ill
wverinsulae, Polygyra, .'56: 38
vanln niiim. ( SonUS, ">7: LOO

Cumingia, •">."?: 19
gyrus, 17: 1 19

Orineua, 57: 106

Primovula, 54 : l*>
variabilis, Paravitrea, -12:89
varilineata, Tellina, 56: 79
viTiczurlt'ii.-i-. Fossula, 57: 89
ventrosus, Bpiraxis, 52: 132
vermicolatus, Naesiotus, 53: 117
vermilionense, Helisoma, 12: 131
veterna, Lemniscia, 36: 46
victor, Cerion, 42: pL 4
vilasenas, Stagnicola, 40: 82
vinctus, Pyrgulopsis, 48: 15
vireeoens, Cryptoeoma, 43: 53
virginiae, Tritiaria, 56: *65
virginieuB, Zonitoides, 1 9
vitreus, Bpiraxis, 53: 50
voluminosa, Polygyra, 46: 16
vredenburgi, Pecten, 50: 55
wadei, Dentalium, 40: 142
waldense, Btenotrema, 52: 54
walked, Ldguus, 46: 91

Stoastomops, 37: 89

vralkeriana, Btagnioola, 80: 119
waluensis, Pecten, 17: 62
wanleesi, Polygyra, 1 1 : i

urn -tliini. Lymnaea, 36: 125

\vMtcnn:iiii. Imisu>. \">(>: 22

Olivella, 54: 64
watlingsi, Sayella, 53: 15
webberi, Leiostracus, 53: 28
webbianus, Qnio, 47: 94
weberi, Parviturbo, 59: 55
uccksiaiia, Papuina, 59: 94
welcbi, I'li-urodontc, 42: 7'.t
weyrauchi, Bostryx, 57: 87

Nenia, 58: 82

Neopetraeus, 57: 88

Thaumastus, 57: 121
whitcMvcsi. Belisoma, 46: 7
williamsi, Ilclminthoglypta, 51: 79

Papuina, ID: 88
winnebagoensis, Lymnaea, 36: 22
winslowae, Alvania, 41: 141
winslowi, Planorbis, 39: 116
woodringi, Goniobasis, 48: 15

Littoridina, 48: 16

Pisidium, 59: 34
wyomingensis, Stagnicola, 40: 84
wythei, Pecten, 47: 63
xanthia, Pteria, 56: *64
yarraouthensis, Polygyra, 40: 115
yrekaensm, Goniobasis, 48: 97
zeteki, Polymesoda, 44: 85

[NDEX BY INNOVATING AUTHORS

Agersborg, II. P. Kjerschow-. . . .36: L33.

Aguavo, ( !arloe G. (see Clench &, Pilsbry &) 45: 93-97.

Aldrich, T. H 40: 69.

Anderson, F. M. & G. Dallas Banna. . . .42: 65.

Archer, Allan F. (see Clench &).... 47: 19. 49: 19. 51: 135.
52:54,98. 53:33.

Baily, Joshua L 58: 119.

Baily, J. L. & R. I. Baily. . . .47: 33. 53: 94.

Baker, Frank C. (>qo Pilsbry &) . . . .35: 22, 24, 131. 36: 19, 22,
23, 123, 125. 38: 15. 39: 116-117, 119. 40: 82, 84-86, L15
118, 120, 122. 41: *23, 49, 132-136. 42: 52, 57, 122, L31.
44:119. 46:7-9,48. 47:58,124,140-141. *48: 17-20. 49:
13, 48, 64, 127-130. 51: 23, 126-129. 52: 144. 54: 17, 96
97. 55: 16, 130, 132.

144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Baker, F. C. & Stanley T. Brooks. . . .49: 10-13.

Baker, F. C. & Junius Henderson. . . .42: 103. 47: 30, 124, 141

Baker, Fred. .. .36: 32. 37:35. 39:144. 43:72.

Baker, H. Burrington. . . .36: 85. 37: 89-90, 92-94. 38: 88.

41: 21, 126. 42: 36, 86, 88-91, 139. 43: 96, 100, *121, *124.

44: 131, 143. 45: 82, 84, 86. 48: 9-11, 60-61, 83-85, 135-

139. 49: 21-24. 51: 88. 52: 33, 132-134, 143. 53: 9-11,

13-14, 49-52, 89-92, 107. 54: 55, 57, 70-71, 81, 131, 134-135.

55: 25-28, 52, 54-59. 56: 37, 41, 86, 88, 135.

Bales, B. R 56: 19.

Banks, Gilbert S. (see Clench &) ... .47: 70.

Bartsch, Paul... 37: 63-64, 69. 41: 141. 42: 41. 46: 105.

47: 76. 50: 100. 51: 3, 33. 52: 34, 92. 54: 143. 56: 10-

12, 57, 91, 144. 57: 106-107, 115. 59: 23.
Bartsch & Harald A. Rehder. . . .52: 110-111. 53: 137.
Bayer, Ted. . . .55: 45-46. 56: 110, 113-114, 122.
Bequaert, Joseph & William J. Clench. . . .49: 95-96. 51: 115.
Berry, Elmer G. (see Chamberlin &).
Berry, E. Willard. . . .40: 19.
Berry, S. Stillman. . .35: 36-37. 37: 130. 39: 105. 40: 122.

43: 39-40, 75, 113, 138. 44: 122. 47: 12-15. 51: 28-29, 31.

53:56, 60.
Boe, Mizpah O. De.. .47:68.
Brooks, Stanley T. (see F. C. Baker &).... 46: 54. 48: 100.

52: 105.
Brooks & Gordon K. MacMillan. . . .53: 96.

Burch, John Q 58: 119.

Burch, Tom. . . .52: 21. 55:50.

Chace, E. P 51: 60; & E. M. Chace. . . .49: 48.

Chamberlin, Ralph V. & Elmer Berry. . . .47: 26-28.
Chen, Sui-Tong. . . .55: 17. 57: 19-21. 59: 64-66.
Church, Clifford C. & Allyn G. Smith. . . .51: pi. 4, *119.

Clapp, George H 40: 131.

Clench, William J. (see Bequaert &, Tone &)... 38: 12. 40:

101,121. 41:6. 43:18-20. 44: *68, 80. 46:91. 47:23-

24, 71, 142. 48: 122-121, L26, pi. 7. 49: *30, 1!'. 68, 112,

1 10. 50: 54. 51: IS, 20 22, 111.
Clench & Carlos G. A.guayo. . , 45: 98 99. 47: 22. 49: 51. 92.
Clench A: Allan E. Archer 43: 75. 85. 46: 88-89. 49: 88.
Clench & Gilberl S. Hanks . 46: 15 17.
Clench & Harald A. Rehder . 11: 12.
Cockerell, T. 1). A. (see Pilsbry &). .35: 12 IS. L03. 36:45-

46. 38:01 05. 40:101. 42:74,99,105. 43:53,134. 47:

58. 48: 1 13. 52: 24.
Collins, I!. Lee 17: 128

Cooke, C. Montague, Jr. (see Pilsbry A).
Crampton, Henry E. 37: I lo. 1 12, l ll, no.

April. 1 !»47 | i in N v TE 145

Crawford, G. I. 52: I it'..

Dall, Willi;. in II. 35: 4. 50. 30: 58 59 37: ill. 63, 133.

38: 7. !•<'. !'7. 11."). 119 120. 30: 25. 40: 67, 101. 52: Ml.
Durham, .1. Wyatl 55: 122-124.
Eyerdam, Walter J. ' 18: is.
Ferriss, Jamee H. (see Pilsbrj &) 39:25.
Field. Stanley C. (see Pilsbry A ,
Fluck, William 11. 46: 20.
Frierson, I.. S. .36: 9.

Fri/.zell. Don 1 43: 120.

Gardner, Julia. 40: 46. 59:39-40.
Goodrich, Calvin . . .38: 46. 41: 58.

Gordon, Mackenzie. Jr 52: 49. 53: 31.

(Irani. U.S. & E. H. Quavle. . . .47: 92.

Gregg, Wendell 0.... .45:48-49. 54:95.

Ilanna. G. Dallas (sec Anderson &).

Banna & Allyn G. Smith. . . .46: 79, 84. 51: 13, 15-16.

Henderson, Junius (see F. C. Baker <fc, Pilsbry &).... 35: 15.

41: 143. 42: 80, 82, 122. 44: 31, 75. 45: 33, 133. 47: 78,

90, 121. 48: 9(5-98, 130-132, 134.

Hertlein, Leo G 41: 93. 47: G2-G3. 50: 26-27, 54-56, 58.

Hertlein & A. M. Strong. . . .58: 105.
Hubricht, Leslie. . . .51: 131. 53: 119-121.
Iliering, H. von ... .41: 95-96.

[ngram, William M 52: 120, 122.

Iredale. Tom. . . .39: 115. 57: 16.

Johnson, Charles W 39: 132-133. 44: 3. 45: 6-9, 109.

Jordan, Eric K 46: 9.

Kutchka, Gordon M. (= MacMillan; see Brooks &).. . .52: 11-

14.
Lowe, Herbert N. (see Pilsbry &)... .44: 43. 45: 53, 114-115.

46:36.
Lutz, Adolpho. . . .37: 36.

MacFarland, Frank M 39(2): pis. 2 & 3; 60, *94. 45: 31.

McGinty, Thomas L. (see Pilsbry &, Schwengel &). . . 46: 65.

48: 68. 52: 93. 53: 5-7, 81-84, pis. 10 & 12, *110. 54:

62-64. 58: 142.
McLean, Richard A. (see Zetek &)... .49:87.
McLean & Jeanne S. Schwengel. . .58: 16.
MacMillan, Cordon K. (= Kutchka; see Brooks &). . . .53: 98,

143.

Marshall, William B 44: 100. 45: 16.

Mattox, X. T 54: 12, 15.

Morrison, J. P. E 53: 44-45, 125. 57: 14-15, 49. 59: IS,

20-22
Oldroyd, Ida 8. . 42: 98. 49: 13-14.
Olsson, Axel (see Pilsbry &).

146 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

Ortmann, A. E 36: 1.

Ortmann & Bryant Walker. . . .36: 1, 3, 5.

Parodiz, Juan Jose. . . .54: 92-94.

Perry, Louise M 53: 41, 79-81.

Pflueger, Al. . . .47: 121.

Pilsbrv, Henrv A 35: 49, 93-95. 36: 38, 143. 37: 134.

38: 6, 54, 73, 104. 39: 28, 31, 79, 104. 40: 69, 73-74, 78-
79, 138, 142. 41: 62, 79-83, 105, 108. 42: 68, 78-80, pi. 5,
113. 43: 116, 138, 142-143. 44: 32, 66-67, pi. 5, *82-83,
84-85, 100, 140, 143. 45: 29-30, 67, 72, 105-106, 124, 136,
139. 46: 19, 72, 101. 47: 10-12, 146. 48: 15-17, 91-93,
143-144. 49: 100-101, 103, 105, 109-110. 50: 69, 84. 51:
26, 35, 37, pi. 7. 52: *15, 16, 40, 84, 86, 108. 53: 2, 27-29,
53, pi. 12, 140. 54: 34, 54. 55: 70, 104-105. 56: 2-5, 7-8,
*49, 55, 87. 57: 34, 38-40, 87-88, pi. 9, 119, 121-127. 58:
16, 29-30, 64-65, 80-84, *106, 113-114. 59: 59-60, 105.

Pilsbry & C. G. Aguayo. . . .46(3): pi. 6; *(4): 116-118, 120, 122.
47: 112.

Pilsbry & F. C. Baker. . . .41: 24.

Pilsbry & T. D. A. Cockerell. . . .41: 04. 51: 24-25, 34. 58:
117.

Pilsbry & C. Montague Cooke, Jr 36: 38. 47: 62. 48: 54,

index 7.

Pilsbry & James H. Ferriss. . . .38: 40.

Pilsbry & Stanley C. Field .... 44(4) : pi. 7. *45 : 20.

Pilsbry & Junius Henderson 44(2): pi. 5; *121. 49: 134.

50: 101.

Pilsbry & Herbert N. Lowe. . . .46: 49-51, index 0. 48: 67-68.

Pilsbry & Thomas L. McGinty .... 51 : 76. 52 : 76. 53 : 3. 57 :
33. 59: 2-8, 10-12, pi. 2, 54-56, 78-79, 82.

Pilsbry & Axel Olsson. . . .48: 116-119. 49: 16-18. 56: 78-80.
57: 86, 89. 59: 105.

Pilsbry & Carlos de la Torre. . . .57: 34.

Pilsbry & E. G. Vanatta. . . .36: 119, 132. 47: 119-120. 49:
97-98.

Pilsbry & .lames Zetek. . . .45: 69.

Quayle, E. II. (see Grant &).

Render, Harald A. (sec Bartsch &, Clench A.-) .45: pi. 10,
129-130. 47: 20. 48: 127 L29, 138. 53: 16-21, 116 117.
55:103. 56:69. 57:28-29,97,106. 58:52. 59: (17. 1 12.

Richards, Horace <! 47: 57. 56: 68.

Russell, Henry l> !'.>: 59.

Schalie, Henrv Van der 17: L25.

Schilder, E. A. 10: L26 L28.

Schwengel, Jeanne 8. (see McLean &).... 53: pi. 12, 409-110.
54: I!) 51, L09 L10. 55: 10, 65. 56: pi. 3, >62, '64 66, 75-
77. 58: 17.

April. lf*47| 'i in NAUTILI II.

Schwengel A Thomas L. McGinty 66: I I 17.

Smith, Allvn (i. (see Church db, Hanna ft) 51: 79, 81, s:'>.

Smith, Maxwell .. 45: 102 101. 46: 02 0:.. 49: 136-139.

♦50:20-22 51:05 07,88-91. 54: 13 10. 57: .'.'.Mil. 58:

27 28. 59: '.1 1.

Spicer, V. D. P 17: 53.

Sterid, Victor. ...37: 17-20. 41: 55-50. 43: *93. 44: 143.

*48: 48.
Strong, A. M. (see Hertleill ft). . . .47(3): pi. 8; *137. 51: 5, 54.

55: 17.

Tegland, Nellie M 42: 4.

\very R. (Grant) . ..58:92-90, Ml.

Tomlin, J. K. le B 42: 40, 66. 45: 54.

Torre, Carlos de la (see Pilshrv ft). . . .40: 73-74. 42(1): pi. 1;

(3): pi. 4, *141. 45: 88-89. 47: 105. 52: 37-38, 78.
Torre 4 William J. Clench. . . .44: 15. 45: 89, 91.
Torre A: d'Alte A. Welch. . . .47: 106.
Vanatta (see Pilsbry &) . . . .47: 149. 49: 66, 98-99.
Walker, Bryant (see Ortmann &) 35: 58. 36: 3, 5. 38: 33,

52-53. 39:5-8. 42:104.

Welch, d'Alte A 42: 98. 47: 105-107, *130-133, *135.

Willett, George. .. .42: 38. 43: 26-27, 115. 44: 6, 123-124.

45:05-07,101,134. 47:103. 49:15. 50:123-124. 51:25.

52 ■ 48 123

Wright, Berlin H 47: 17, 94-95. 48: 28.

Yen, Teng-Chien. . . .59: 34.

Zetek, James (see Pilsbry &) . . . .47: 93.

Zetek & Richard A. McLean. . . .49: 111.

AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION

The thirteenth annual meeting of the American Malacological
Union will he held in Pacific Grove, California, Wednesday
through Saturday, June 18 to 21, 1947. Andrew Sorensen and
the Directors of Hopkins Marine Station are to be the hosts,
ainl they have arranged for accommodations at Asilomar Hotel
and Conference Grounds operated by the Young Women's
Christian Association. Here the members can live and work
together under the most delightful of conditions.

The attractive circular states that "twenty-eight capacious
lodges sprawled beneath the pines present views of sea and dunes
and the blue Pacific at every turn. . . . Scripps Hall and Guest
Inn are lodges designed for as many as 115 guests with single or
double rooms, hot running water, and living rooms cheerful with
hearthfire comfort. (The rates for these rooms are $5.00 and
$5.50 a day, per person, and accommodations for 20 arc being

148 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 60 (4)

held for us.) Seven 'Longhouses' each with 15 double rooms,
and Reserve Cottage with dormitory space for 50 are suitable for
groups of men, women, or for both." (Rates for these are S3. 50
per day per person, and accommodations for 50 have been
reserved for us.) "Single beds are used throughout. All build-
ings have hot and cold showers and lavatories. Rates include
room, linens and bedding, and truly marvelous meals." Meet-
ings will be held in one of the Conference Halls on the grounds.

By motor, Asilomar is 120 miles south of San Francisco, 3G5
miles north of Los Angeles, 20 miles west of U. S. Highway 101
from Salinas, also reached by the beautiful Roosevelt Highway
(California No. 1) directly on the coast. Southern Pacific R.R.
or bus to Pacific Grove, taxi to Asilomar or United Airlines to
Monterey Airport. Local bus service to points of interest on
Monterey Peninsula.

A tentative program provides for registration Wednesday
morning in the Conference Hall. Formal opening of the program
Wednesday afternoon. Two prominent speakers will address us
on two evenings. Dr. Rolf L. Bonin, Assistant Director of
Hopkins Marine Station, a noted biologist and speaker will give
an illustrated lecture on one of the evenings. There will be a
visit to Hopkins Marine Station, the Pacific Grove Museum,
and the bottom of Monterey Bay will be viewed through glass
bottomed boats.

Bring walking shoes and a warm wrap. The mornings and
evenings are cool and invigorating, and there will be collecting to
do. There will be very low tides in the early mornings.

Please make reservations, as soon as possible, with Mr. Andrew
Sorenscn, 247 Granite St., Pacific Grove, California.

Error on plate 7. — Fig. 6 is Pi/rgulopsis nevadensis (Stearns)
and fig. 7 is P. archimedis, n. sp. (p. 7(1).

The editors apologize to S. Stillman Berry for their reversal of
these figures.

Vol. 60

JULY, 1<M<>

No. 1

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGIs

EDITORS AND PIBLISHERS

Henry A. Pii.sbry, Curator of the Departmdn
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadjel

H. Burrington Baker, Professor of
University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

L I E K A H V

Zoology,

SEP W

W000S HOLE, MASS.

A New Conus from Jamaica, with Notes upon Sconsia Striata. By

Mn.ru; 11 Smith 1

And Now in Rockawav Beach! By Harris K. Jacobean ami Walter

Svu! ' 2

Collecting Mollusks at Hut Springs, Virginia. By Robert c. Alexander \
Condylocardia in Florida and Middle America. By H. A. PUebry and

.i.r, I .(. Oleeon 6

A New Castropod of the Genus Episcynia Morch. By .(. Myra l\><n S
Another Pacific Species of Episcvnia. By H. A. PUsbry and Axel

A. Oleeon ' ' 11

Vitrinellidae of Florida, Part 4. Bv Henry A. PUsbry and Thomas

L. McGinty 12

Records of Marine Mollusks from Brasil. By Morgan t ' ,
Stewart " is

American Malacological Union 19

Three New Pupillids from the Lower Pleistocene of Central and Smith

western Kansas. By A. Byron Leonard 20

If Fossil Pupillid. By Dorothea S. Frm>-< n J I

on Lamarck's "Prodrome" 1799. By Henry D<<i\<!> 25

On the Naming of Families and Subfamilies

Notes and News 32

Publications Received

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents n ropy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoolopic.il Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 1, Pa.

Entered as Second-CIasR matter, October 29. 19^2, at the Pout Office at
Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879.

il THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbey and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Keprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50

100 copies 3.00 4.75 8.00

Additional 100s 1.00 1.50 3.00

Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, •"■ ; or any of
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

I'm: EXCHANGE: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Licjuus) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
BulimuluB, Coohlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

For Exchange : Physidae, Lymnaeidae, and Planorbidae from Colorado for
those of other areas. — Eobeet J. Drake, Bos 291, Gunnison, Colorado.

New England Coast Shells for sale it exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. IIadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

Wr.sT Coast Shells f<>r exchange. My list Benl mi request.

TOM BUBOH, 4206 S. Ealldale A\.\. Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

For Exchange: My list of duplicate shells, personally taken in southwest

Mexico, contains some rather attractive items. Semi list with first

lett. B. B. Bai.es, M.D., 149 W. Main St., Circlevillc, Ohio.

For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially <'• i"i>n

jk moralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa.

GLENN H. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.
Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your
list ; ask for mine.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

ed: Onselected lots of American Bphaeriidae. Offered: Identified
European Bphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine mollusks.

J. G. J. Kuiper, Legation de Pays-Has,
Ostring 17, Berne, Switzerland.

Wanted: American land and fresh water mollusks. Offered: European
ecially Dutch) land and fresh water mollusks.

L. A. W. C. Vknmans, Tolsteegsingel 13, Utrecht, Netherlands.

.; Onlv Abalone shells, Haliotis fulgens, corrugata and eraeherodii, For a
$1.00 Bill, Post paid.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All pMt-pald In V. S. A.

Aclilrrss author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

123 Years of Research —

LAND MOLLUSCA OF
NORTH AMERICA

(NORTH OF MEXICO)
By HENRY A. PILSBRY

Since 1817 when Thomas Say's papers appeared in the first
volume of its "Journal," the Academy has occupied an outstand-
ing position in increasing the world's knowledge of Mollusks.
As the years followed, Haldeman, Conrad, Isaac Lea and Tryon
carried on in Say's steps.

In 1888 Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry succeeded Tryon as Curator of
Mollusks, and during the past 52 years has carried forward the
Academy's traditional position as a center of conchological dis-
coveries. During these years his researches have so broadened
our knowledge of the phylogeny and classification of land mol-
lusks that the Joseph Leidy Medal was conferred upon him in
recognition of his discoveries.

Today, the Academy takes pleasure in announcing the publi-
cation of "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico) "
by Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry, the first comprehensive treatment of
this subject in half a century. Here are presented the sum-
marized conclusions of over fifty years of field and laboratory
investigations by an outstanding authority on the subject. Pre-
viously unpublished observations, descriptions of new genera and
species as well as vitally important original drawings of the soft
anatomy make the volumes comprising this Monograph indis-
pensable to students of land mollusks.

The two volumes are offered by subscription for $25.00,
payable proportionately as each section is issued.

Volume I (divided into two Parts) will treat the helicoid mol-
lusks while Volume II will cover the remaining terrestrial groups.

Volume I, Part One (issued Dec. 6, 1939) by subscription,
$7.50; if purchased separately, $10.00. Volume I, Part Two
(issued August 1, 1940) by subscription, $7.50; if purchased
separately, $8.00. Volume II (in preparation) by subscription,
$10.00 ; if purchased separately, $12.00.

For sale by

THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF

PHILADELPHIA

19tit Street and the Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa.

Vol. 60 OCTOBER, 1946 No. 2

Tur

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGIST8

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department j|i MolldlWl, .

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philade|panrS'16 biological
H. Bi'rrington Baker, Professor of Zoology, r -^ ^ a. ^ ^
University of Pennsylvania J n r- « *■»

WOODS HOLE, MASS

CONTENTS

A Surrey of Some West American Ocenebras, with Description of a

New Species. By Mary Bormann 37

Liguus Pictus Reeve. By Paul L. and Thomas L. McGinty 43

A N.w Florida Strombns, S. Gigas Verrilli. By Thomas L. McGinty. 46

The Classification of Cypraeidae. By Jacques E. Heifer 49

Dispersal of Shipworms in the Pacific. By C. H. Edmondson 53

A List of Marine Mollusks from the Admiralty Islands. By E. A. Mc-
Lean and C. H. Hebert '. 54

Nomenclatorial Notes on Odontostomus Beck, 1837 (Bulimulidae). By

Lothar Forcart 57

New Caribbean and Panamic Shells and a Pliocene Marginella. By

Manr, II Smith 60

Three New Subspecies of Amphidromus Versicolor from the Philip-
pine Islands. By Paul Bartsch 62

The Ameriean Malaeologieal Union — Twelfth Annual Meeting. By

Imogenc C. Robertson 66

Republication of Descriptions of North Ameriean Mollusks. By W. J.

Clench 69

Notes and News 72

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manner

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-ClsBR matter. October 29, 19:<2. at fho Pout Office at
Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 8, 1879.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbbt and H. Bubrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OE MANUSCRIPT.

4 pp. 8 pp. 16pp.

50 copies $2.50 $4.00 $6.50

100 copies 3.00 4.75 8.00

Additional 100s 1.00 1.50 3.00

Plates (pasted in): $2.00 for 50; additional 1.5c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. T.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5. 6, 8, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, noa. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any <>f
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Pennn.

FOB. Kxchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including
three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus,
Rulimulus, Cochloatyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Send your list to Paul P. McGintt, Boynton, Florida.

Nmv England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mrs. F. K. Hadlet, Box 33, West Newton, Mass.

Wf.st Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burch, 4206 S. HalMalo Ave., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS 111

v change: Native material for lire land Mollusca, especially Crpara
nrmoralis, Otala ipecies, and Helix aspersa.

(ti.ENN R. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Send your
list; ask for mine.

Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago, Illinois.

w w ito: Unaeleeted lots of American Sphaeriidao. OrRUD: [dentified
European Sphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine niollusks.

J. G. J. Kuipeb, Legation dc Pays-Bus,
Ostring 17, Berne, Switzerland.

Wantkd: American land and frush water mollusks. Offered: European
(especially Dutch) land and fresh water mollusks.

L. A. W. C. Venmans, Tolsteegsingel 13, Utrecht, Netherlands.

3-Only Abalonc shells, Haliotis fulgens, corrugata and cracherodii, For a
$1.00 Bill, Post paid.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
dear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All powt-pald in I". B. L
Address author:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

IV THE NAUTILUS

STROMBUS GIGAS VERRILLI McGinty

I can supply specimens of this new Strombus at the following
prices.

Young up to 5 inches in length $1.50

Immature, 5" to 7" in length $2.00

Adults with thin lip: 7 inches and over $2.50

Adults with fully developed frilled lip $3.00

Rarer color forms, rose, mottled, horizontally banded and

longitudinally streaked $3.50

Series of five shells showing various stages $7.00

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SHELLS
Wholesale and Retail

Send 3c stamp for complete lists. Largest assortment of specimen shells
and lowest prices in Florida.

A. HYATT VERRILL
Lake Worth Florida

Vol. 60 JANUARY, 1947 No. 3

THE

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCTIOLOGIST8

EDITORS AND Pl'BUSnERS

Henrt A. Pit.sbry, Curator of the Department fb{ JdoIlUBUL —

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia tf Me BlOloi

H. Burrington Baker, Professor of Zoology, ^ ^ -B -E* A ]

University of Pennsylvania MAR 1 C| 10/?

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

CONTENTS

Littnrino littorra on the New Jersey Coast. By Robert C. Alexander. 73

A New Pyrgulopsis from Oregon. By S. StiUman Berry 76

Some Mollusca of Illion Gorge, Herkimer Countv, New York. By C.
L. Blakealee 78

Color Variation in Oliv 11a imdalclla. By D. S. and E. W. Gifford 81

One Hundred Six Years of Amnicola. By J. P. E. Morrison 84

Our West Coast Murine Fauna. By A. Sort nsen 88

A New Subspecies of Monadenia from Northern California. By Robert
R. Talmadge 93

On the Anatomy and the Systematic Place of the Land-Mollusk Genus

Janulus. By Henry A. Pilsbry 94

Report on the Land Mollusks of Cape May, N. J. By Robert C. Alex-
ander 97

Dr. Blenn B. Bales 101

Notes and News 102

Publications Received 107

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,

38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at
Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879.

11 THE NAUTILI S

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and II. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

■I pp. 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $2.75 $4.40 $7.15

100 copies 3.30 5.23 8.80

Additional 100s 1.10 1.65 3.30

Plates (pasted in): $2.20 for 50; additional 1.65c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacologieal Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, N. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, (i, S, 10; vol. 18,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 1'2; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, L0j vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol.
25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47. no. 2; vol. 52, no8. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any of
these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (I.ifiuus) including
three of the rare /,. aaiidus, \>> exchange for Achatinella, Ainphidroinus,
Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.

Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida.

New England Coast Shslls tor sale or exchange, List sent on request.
List of foreign shells for Bale on request.

Mrs. F. K. BaSLKT, BOX •">•'!. West Newton, Mass.

West ('oast Bhblls tor exchange. My list sent on request.

Tom Burgh, 1206 B. Balldale Ave., Los Angeles -".7. California.

THE NAUTILU8 ill

For Bxchangk: Native material foi lire land Molina My Cepaea

nemoralis, Otaie species, and Helix aspersa,

GlSNN K. Wn;n, 5348 Ohmei Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wantkp: Exchange of book* and pamphlets on malacology. New long list
ready. Ask for it, and send yours.

Dr. P. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of
Natural History, Chicago ">, Illinois.

Wanted: Unselected lots of American Sphaeriidae. Offered : Identified
European Sphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine mollusks.

J. G. J. Kuiper, Legation de Pays-Bas,
Ostring 17, Berne, Switzerland.

Wanted: American land and fresh water mollusks. Offered: European
(especially Dutch) land and fresh water mollusks.

L. A. W. C. Yenmans, Bladel (N-B), Netherlands.

3-Only Abalone shells, Haliotis fulgens, corrugata and cracherodii, For a
$1.00 Bill, Post paid.

Aldrich-Museum, Balboa, Calif.

An International Directory of Conchologists is in preparation. The
receipt of single names or lists of persons interested, and their special
interests if known, will be appreciated sincerely. Please give infor-
mation for each name included, on some of or all the following sub
of interest: Marine, land, fresh-water or fossil shells? World wide, 01
of some special region? Buy, sell or exchange shells or books? Do
field collecting?

John Q. Burch, 4206 Halldale Avenue,
Los Angeles 37, California

IV THE NAUTILUS

STROMBUS GIGAS VERRILLI McGinty

I can supply specimens of this new Strombus at the following
prices.

Young up to 5 inches in length $1.50

Immature, 5" to 7" in length $2.00

Adults with thin lip: 7 inches and over $2.50

Adults with fully developed frilled lip $3.00

Rarer color forms, rose, mottled, horizontally banded and

longitudinally streaked $3.50

Series of five shells showing various stages $7.00

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SHELLS
Wholesale and Retail

Send 3c stamp for complete lists. Largest assortment of specimen shells
and lowest prices in Florida.

A. HYATT VERRILL

Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST
FLORIDA COAST

Bj
Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3.50: cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All post-paid In I . S. A.
AddV6M nuthor:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park, Florida

Vol. 60 APRIL, 1947 No. 4

NAUTILUS

A QUARTERLY
DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS

EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS

Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusea,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 3

H. Birrinqton Baker, Professor of Zoology,
University of Pennsylvania

CONTENTS

Marine Biological Labor3

LIBR A R. Y

JUN 1 1 1947
WOODS HOLE, MASS.

Indeies to new families, genera, species, etc., in volumes ?>"> to 59.

By 77. Burrington Baker LOfl

Index to innovations 110

Index by new trivial U rms 133

Index by innovating authors 143

American Ifalaeologieal Union 147

$2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy

HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager

Iniversity of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory,
38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa.

Entered as St.ond-Class matter. October 20, 1932, at the Post Office at
Philadelphia. Pa., undf-r the Act of March 3. 1^79.

THE NAUTILUS

THE NAUTILUS:

A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub-
lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker.

Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the
month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October).
Manuscript should be typeicrittcn and double spaced. Proofs will not be
submitted to authors unless requested.

Beprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written

ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT.

/ /)/). 8 pp. 16 pp.

50 copies $2.7"; $4.40 $7.15

100 copies 3.30 5.23 8.80

Additional 100s 1.10 1.65 3.30

Plates (patted in) : $2.20 for 50; additional 1.65c each
[Postage Extra]

The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union.
Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs.
Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science,
Buffalo, X. Y.

EXCHANGE NOTICES

Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The
Xattilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The
Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4. no. 1; vol.
6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. L8,
nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20. nos. 0-8, 12; vol. 21, all
nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23. noB. 1. 5, 7. 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 1 1 ; vol.
25, nn. 5; vol. 26, no. 7: vol. 27, nos. 2. 4. t", ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31,
no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1. :;. 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3; or any of
these volumes. Address HORACE B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna.

For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Hguus) including
three of the rare /-■ solidus, to exchange for A.chatinella, A-mphidromns,
Bulimulus, Coehlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus.
Bend your list to i. P. McGnrrr, Boynton, Florida.

New ENGLAND Coast Shells for sale or exchange. I-ist sent on request.
List of foreign shells for sale on request.

Mks. F. K. HADLET, Boi 33, Vvesl Newton, M

r Coast Shells for exchange. My li^t Bent on request.

Tom Burch, 4200 S. Halldale Aw., Los Angeles 37, California.

THE NAUTILUS iii

For Exchanok: Native material for live land Molina
nemoralia, Otala -

Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana.

Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. Now 1
ready. A>k for it. and send yours.

Dr. F. itor of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of

Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois.

Wanted: Unselected lots of American Sphaeriidae. Offered: Identified
European Sphaeriidae and Dutch non-marine mollusks.

J. G. J. Kiiper, Legation de Pays-Bas,
Ostring 17, Berne, Switzerland.

Wanted: Anu-riran land and fresh water mollusks. Offered: European
(especially Dutch) land and fresh water molli;-

L. A. W. C. Venmans, Bladel (NB), Netherlands.

A rare opportunity is presented for some collector or dealer to
acquire the com; -<>nal collection of T. Van Hyning, former director

of the museum of the State Historical Department at Des Moines, capitol
of Iowa.

This collection is composed of the Mollusca of Iowa .114

lots, thousands of specimens, each in number one condition. The eoll
has typed labels and four by six inch typed data cards for each

Many of these specimens were collected from the W( -
before being drained for cultivation.

- > is offered my private collection of foreign shells acquired

:i [H-riod of many j<

If interested in these collections your correspondence is urcit

Address :

T. Van Hyning,

. I '• W. Fairbanks Ave., Winter Park, Florida.

IV THE NAUTILUS

i

STROMBUS GIGAS VERRILLI McGinty

I can supply specimens of this new Strombus at the following
prices.

Young up to 5 inches in length $1.50

Immature, 5" to 7" in length $2.00

Adults with thin lip: 7 inches and over $2.50

Adults with fully developed frilled lip $3.00

Rarer color forms, rose, mottled, horizontally banded and

longitudinally streaked $3.50

Series of five shells showing various stages $7.00

FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SHELLS
Wholesale and Retail

Send 3c stamp for complete lists. Largest assortment of specimen shells
and lowest prices in Florida.

A. HYATT VERRILL

Lake Worth Florida

MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST

FLORIDA COAST

By

Louise M. Perry

Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with
clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved
from photographs of specimens.

Copies may be ordered from —

THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION
126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y.

(Paper cover, $3..r>0; cloth bound, $4.50)

EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00

WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50

ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00

A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00

PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00

All post-paid In V. S. A.

Ad<lr<>NM nutlior:

MAXWELL SMITH,
Box 65, Winter Park. Florida

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