111. ■iiiil iiliiilfi \\H- ISililiiiiii I ^iijiill iilffl iilliliii % m W mUfi^iOi! mm THE '77^ NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS VOL. 62 JULY, 1948 to APRIL, 1949 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS HENRY A. PILSBRY Curator of the Department of Mollusks and Marine Invertebrates, Academy of Natural Sciences H. BURRINGTON BAKER Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. LANCASTEU PRF.SS, INC.. LANCASTER. PA. CONTENTS Names of new genera and species in italics. Achatina fulica 29, 31 Acmaea langfordi Schweng-el 97 Argentina 114 Ariolimax eolumbianus, food 131 Arion circumscriptus 71 Arkansas 98 Atlantic 1, 73, 101 Bahamas, marine 1 California, inland 3, 17, 71, 105, 131 marines 105 California, Gulf of 37 Canada 128 Cepaea, color forms 116 Clapp, Dr. George H 143 Cuba 78 Cylindronenia Ehrmann, subg. of Nenia 104 Cypraeacea, Neogene, Japan 57 Dissentoma 142 Drillia roseobasis 103 Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fairchildi Bequaert 114 Drymaeus multilineatus osmenti Clench 36 Edible mollusks 119 Elliptio complanatus 13, 36 Epitonium pilsbryi 142 Erosaria {Eavitrona) suhrostrata Hatai & Nisiyama 64 Florida, inland 36, 41 marine 73, 101 Fluck, William Henry 69 Fusinus spectrum 101 Guatemala 136 Gyr^aulus labiatus Leonard 45 Haliotidae 138 Hawaiian Islands (marines) 119 Helicina acohamhensis Pilsbry 100 Helicina chionea Pilsbry 101 Helicina huacapistana Pilsbry 101 Helicostyla florida mesai Jackson 40, 143 Helminthoglypta nickliniana 71 H. traskii phlyctaena 105 Hirase collection 34 Hyridella fannyae Johnson 47 iii 66052 IV THE NAUTILUS Illinois 71 Introduced snails 20, 29, 31 Iowa 41 Isomeria ancstia Pilsbry 99 Isomeria anodonta Pilsbry 100 Jamaica 54 Japan 34, 57, 97 Kansas 41 Louisiana 20 Malacologic interest 25 Menetus pearlettei Leonard 46 Mexico 109 Michif^ran 13 Monilispira ochsneri Hertlein & Strong, for Pleurotoma bi- color Swby 103 Nebraska 42 Nenia (Cylindronenia) 104 Nevada 72 New Guinea 47 New Mexico 5, 94 New York 86 New York Shell Club 143 North Carolina 121 Obovaria depygis 102 Ohio 91 Oklahoma 45 Olivella 51 Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) almoloya Drake 110 Oriental 34, 40, 48 Pacific 37, 51, 57, 102, 103, 105, 119 Palmadusta (Purpuradiistaf) fusana Hatai & Nisiyama ... 62 P. {Purpuradusta) oligodon Hatai & Nisiyama 63 Panama 115 Peru 99, 113 Philippine Islands 40 Philomycus carolinianus 86 Planorhula nebrascensis Leonard 42 P. vulcanata & subsp. occidentalis Leonard 43, 44 P. vulcanta, misspelling of preceding 43 Pleural) ranchns (Susania) ailanticus Abbott 73 Polygyra postelUana hausmani Jackson 41 Primovula (s.s.) atractina Hatai & Nisiyama 61 Prophysaon andersoni 17 Protcrato (Sidccrato) callosn yiomurai Hatai & Nisiyama . . 61 /*. (*S'.) callosa ucdai Hatai & Nisiyama 61 Pseudodon 48 Pseudotrivia plercs Hatai t^ Nisiyama 60 THE NAUTILUS V Publications received 72, 106, 143 Puerto Rico 126, 143 South Carolina 121 Stenotrema fraternum, mating 8 Strombus samba 1 Strophocheilus (Megalohulimus) leucostoma weyrauchi Be- quaert 113 Strophocheilus oblongus, growth 54 Subscribers, notice to 145 Tahoe, Lake 3 Texas 41 Thaumastus (Scholvienia) argentimis Bequaert 114 Trivirostra pyrinula Hatai & Nisiyama 59 Turhonilla {Bartschella) hartschiana Smith & Gordon, for T. bartschi S. & G 105 Virginia 121 Yarmouthian 41 Zonitoides arboreus 72 INDEX TO AUTHORS Abbott, R. Tucker 31, 73 Andrews, E. A 54 Baker, H. B 36, 145 Bartseh, Paul 66 Bell, Ross Taylor 71 Bequaert, Joseph C 113 Berry, Elmer G. (Schalie &) 3 Burch, John Q 104 Clench, William J 34, 86, 71, 102 Dexter, Ralph W 25 Drake, Robert J 5, 94, 109 Ehrmann, P 104 Gifford, D. S. & E. W 51 Gordon, Mackenzie, Jr. (Smith &) 105 Gregg, W. 0 72 Haas, Fritz 136 Hand, Cadet (Ingram &) 131 Hanna, G. D 29 Harry, Harold W 20 Hatai, Kotora & Syozo Nisiyama 57 Hertlein, L. G. & A. M. Strong 102 Hubricht, Leslie 98 Ingram, William Marcus 17, 86, 105 Ingram & Cadet Hand 131 Jackson, Ralph W 40, 143 Jacobs, Walter H 143 Jacobson, Morris K 78 Johnson, Richard 1 36, 47, 48, 102 Kay, Alison 119 Leonard, A. Byron 41 Lindeborg, R. G 128 McGinty, Thomas L 142 Matteson, Max R 13 Mattox, N. T 126 Nisiyama, Syozo (Hatai &) 57 Pilsbry, H. A 99, 103, 142, 145 Rehder, Harald A 121 Schalie, Ilenrv van der, & Elmer G. Berry 3 Schilder, F. A 116 Schwen«jel, Jeanne S 97, 101 Smith, Allyii G. & Mackenzie Gordon, Jr 105 Sorenson, Andrew W 37, 138 vi THE NAUTILUS Vll Strong, A. M. (Hertlein &) 102 Talmadge, R. R H Turner, Ruth D ^^ Verrill, A. Hyatt ^ Webb, Glenn R • • • . .^ Wurtz, Charles B ^1^ 1^^ The Nautilus Vol. 62 July, 1948 No. 1 THE STATUS OF STROMBUS SAMBA CLENCH By a. HYATT VEREILL There appears to be a great deal of difference in opinion in regard to the status of Stromhus samba Clench. Some concholo- gists consider it as merely a diseased or aberrant form of 8. gigas; others regard it as merely a variety of gigas; still others think it possibly a hybrid of S. gigas and S. costatus (the native Bahaman name "samba" meaning a mixed breed), while still others feel that it is a valid species. Although samba is an abundant shell in some areas, and thousands might be obtained readily, yet it is comparatively rare in most collections and, as far as I am aware, no one has ever made a really exacting study of the shell and its habits nor bothered with the characteristics of the animal. During the past few months I have made a study of samba, having examined over 100 specimens and especially the animals in life. From these studies I am convinced that 8. samba is a distinct and valid species. In the fully adult form the shell itself differs markedly and consistently from either 8. gigas or 8. gigas verrilli. Moreover, the animal is entirely unlike either of these species, both in color and form. Instead of having a dull olive or brownish body more or less mottled with lighter colors, the animal of 8. samba is light buff with a pinkish tinge and is unmarked. The mantle is ochreous, deepening to rose or salmon near the junction with the body, and, instead of having a blackish edge, it is spotted with blackish near the outer border. The eye-stalks are pale beige spotted with brown, and are much stouter than in 8. gigas or var. verrilli and are much enlarged or swollen at the base so that there is no space between them, whereas the eye- stalks of 8. gigas are separated by quite a wide space at their bases. Finally, the upper or dorsal surface of the foot is rich delft-blue — a most unusual and distinctive feature. (1) 2 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1) The operculum also differs from that of gigas or verrilli, being relatively larger, more curved and proportionately broader, with the posterior extremity more obtuse and angular. Oddly enough, the natives of the Bahamas where samba is most abundant all maintain that they have never seen a young or a perfect shell of this species, all being massive and heavily en- crusted with lime and marine growths, with the lips greatly thickened and with the enamel-like coating worn away by con- stant attrition, their w^hole appearance giving the effect of great age. That this shell should live on indefinitely is not surprising, for even the Fasciolaria Udipa (or "Cinch-killer") finds the thick shell of 8. samha impenetrable, while the natives of the island consider the meat inedible. Hence the shells are seldom taken or disturbed. However, I have discovered that the mystery of the absence of less senile or perfect specimens of S. samha is really no mys- tery at all, the explanation being that such shells are scarcely distinguishable from the same size specimens of S. gigas by a cursory examination. But they are readily distinguished, both by the distinctive blue foot which is present in all specimens, and by the far heavier, thicker shell and the form of the aperture. In these j^ounger, perfect specimens the lip usually is extended upward in a trough-like form and has a handsomely fluted or ruffled edge. The dorsal surface is much rougher than in S. gigas, with numerous conspicuous tubercles and with a shoulder or ridge near the lip. The transverse grooves, extending from the lip, are much more pronounced and deeper than in gigas or vcrrilli. Usually, too, one of the dorsal spines of the last whorl is much longer and wider than the others and is proportionately more massive than in gigas of the same size. All the spines are flattened rather than rounded as in gigas. Once one is familiar with the specific characteristics of these shells one may recognize 8. samha at a glance, and while some may resemble S. gigas more than others the blue foot is always a distinguishing and un- mistakable means of identification. Up to the present time, I have been unable to obtain (or to recognize) the immature and very young shells of S. samha. All tlie perfect specimens T have collected are fully adult. Per- July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 3 haps the blue foot does not develop until the shell reaches the adult stage and immature specimens may be indistinguishable from those of S. gigas externally. AQUATIC PULMONATES FROM LAKE TAHOE By henry van DEE SCHALIE and ELMER G. BERRY In 1937, G. D. Hanna and A. G. Smith (Calif. Fish and Game, 23: 244) published an interesting article, in which they called attention to the absence of records of mollusks from Lake Tahoe, California. They indicated that : ' ' This seems strange in view of the size of the lake, the purity of its waters and the number of conchologists who have visited it." Their article was later reprinted in this journal (Nautilus, 52: 34-36, 1938). By deep water dredging in October, 1933, and again in August, 1936, at depths beyond 20 fathoms and as deep as 50 fathoms, they were able to collect the following species: Pompholyx effusa (Lea), Carinifex newherryi (Lea), Valvata humeralis calif ornica Pilsbry, Lymnaea sp., and Pisidium sp. Recently, while working with some unaccessed material, we found a small collection of shells taken from the shore of Lake Tahoe, on June 23, 1934. These specimens were collected along the west side of the lake at the town of Tahoe, while we were enroute to the American Malacological Union meetings at Stan- ford University. This collection is of special interest because it consists almost entirely of littoral pulmonates and in that way supplements the profundal records reported earlier. We found the following species living in abundance on a small rocky shoal : Lymnaea stagnalis wasatchensis (Hemphill), Lymnaea hiili- moides Lea, Gyraulus vermicularis (Gould), and Physa virgata Gould. Only two dead and badly weathered specimens of Carinifex newherryi (Lea) and a similar dead, immature speci- men of Pompholyx effusa were found; an observation which tends to support the habitat preference of these species as shown by Hanna and Smith. A peculiarity of a majority of the specimens from this locality is the typical costate sculpture common to most specimens. 4 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1) This peculiar appearance is indicated graphically by the ac- companying figures (PI. 11, figs. 1^). The same phenomenon is described in the literature as characteristic of several species. For example, F. C. Baker (Lymnaeidae of North America, 1911 : 460) in discussing the peculiar sculpture of Galha utahensis stated: ''This curious form, dwarfed and peculiarly sculptured by its unfavorable environment, seems a representative of Polyrhytis Meek. . . . The costae are not always developed, some specimens (pi. XXIV, fig. 23) being almost smooth. The costae, however, may be detected in all specimens, though the develop- ment is but slight in some individuals." Junius Henderson (Nautilus, 49: 86), in discussing Physa colunihiana, stated: "Most of the latter are of a rich chestnut color, the surface very finely rippled with minute, rather regular, somewhat rounded striae, instead of fine, sharp growth lines." There are perhaps many similar references to this unique sculpture. The Lake Tahoe specimens are striking in that this condition is not limited to a single group but is shown on both the species of Lymnaea found there, as well as among the Physa and Gyraulus. What causes the development of this striate or costate sculp- ture? In the above quotation, F. C. Baker suggests it is brought about by an ''unfavorable environment." Is it due to some chemical factor in the water, or is it a physical characteristic such as the sudden and extreme diurnal and nocturnal fluctua- tions in temperature which are reflected on the shell during the growing season? Seemingly, a locality like the one cited here for Lake Tahoe would be an ideal place for an inquiry into the factors causing this development in practically all the specimens regardless of genus or species. THE NAUTILUS: 62 (1) PLATE 11 1, Lymnaea stagnaUs icasatchensis (35 mm. long), 2, L. hiiUtnoides (8 mm. long). 3, Gi/rdidiis vermicularis (max. diam. 4 mm.). 4, Physa virgata (13 mm. long). July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 5 MOLLUSCA OF THE EASTERN BASIN OF THE CHACO RIVER, NEW MEXICO By EGBERT J. DRAKE Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico An assemblage of land and freshwater shells has been obtained from the drift of the eastern tongue of the Chaco River, at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan County, New Mexico. Collections were made in October of 1946, and April, June, July, August and October of 1947, in conjunction with, archeological survey and excavation programs of the Department of Anthropology of the University of New Mexico. Most of the collection was made during the University Anthropology Field Sessions in the summer of 1947. This collection of fifteen forms is significant in that the dead shells had lived in the enclosed basin of the eastern tongue of the river. Biotic provinces are represented in this area by the Upper Sonoran life zone (ca. 4000 to ca. 8000 feet), and Dice's Navahonian province, the latter a more geographic biome. The Continental Divide is at the eastern edge of the basin from 7500 to 8000 feet elevation. The source of the eastern tongue of the Chaco is (at ca. 7500 feet elevation) about 45 miles from Pueblo Bonito, and this large ruin is at ca. 6000 feet.^ The climate of the eastern tongue of the Chaco is normally cold desert, bordering on steppe (BWkfw, near BSkfw, follow- ing the Koeppen System of climatic determination). Seven or eight years out of ten are apparently desert years in precipita- tion. The mean average per year for rain is 8.18 inches. Ad- joining mesas bordering the canyon are probably steppe as the canyon only lacks an average of one inch more rain a year to be entirely steppe. - The rainy season for the area is from July to September. The Chaco is intermittent, flowing during the last of the rainy seasons, and following springtimes, when the high mountain snow deposits are melting. Some of the drift is at various levels, probably representing deposition when the raging torrent was higher or lower according to the amount of water concentrated 1 Fisher, 1934, p. 19. 2 Brand, Hawley, Hibben, et. al., 1937, pp. 44-45. 6 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1) in the arroyo normally from rain or during flash floods. As with drift I have collected from the Rio Grande and Rio Puerco systems in New Mexico, the Uncompahgre, Slate, and Gunnison systems in Colorado, and the Florido and Concho systems in Chihuahua, shells in concentrated deposits of rejectamenta ap- parently represent colonies of one form or fairly homogenous groupings of several landshell forms. Pupillidae and Vallonidae have been especially noticed in this respect. Dead landshells of forms from the Chaco drift were observed on surfaces of ruins and anthills in the canyon and in dry clumps of vegetation at springs and seeps on the rimming mesas. The vegetation of the canyon floor is mostly piiion pine, juniper, and shrubs (sagebrush, cacti, yucca, greasewood, rabbit- brush, and shadscale). Alder, cottonwood, walnut, and box elder grow in side canyons. In the higher altitudes are found western yellow (or pon- derosa) pine, spruce, oak, serviceberries, wild rose, occasional sagebrush and rabbitbrush, and very abundant herbs and grasses.^ Fifteen forms of gastropods discovered in the basin of the eastern tongue of the Chaco River are : Landshells Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pilsbry) Hawaiia minuscula (A. Binney) Hawaiia minuscula alachuana Dall Pupilla cf. hlancli Morse Pupilla hehes (Ancey) Pupoides Jwrdaceus (Gabb) Pupoides alhilahris (C. B. Adams) Succinea grosvenori Lea Vallonia cyclophorella Sterki Vallonia gracilicosta Reinhardt Vertigo ovata Say Freshwater snails Fossaria parva (Lea) Gyraulus circumstriatus (Tryon) Helisoma tenue cf. sinuosum (Bonnet) Stagnicola hulimoidcs cockerelli (Pilsbry and Ferrissj. 3 Elmore, 1943, pp. 10-11. July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 7 Pupilla ef . hlandi Morse is represented by only two specimens. They were sent, in September of 1947, to Dr. S. S. Berry, Red- lands, California, who examined them and commented ". . . at present I can do no better than call [them] Pupilla cf. hlandi Morse, although there are manifest differences, notably that it is very small for hlandi, and the palatal tooth is too small and does not penetrate. It is about the size of P. sonorana (Sterki), but is too chunky, more truncate in front, and has too small teeth for that."* It is hoped more collecting will provide additional specimens of this aberrant form for study. One specimen of Helisoma was found. It is certainly H. ienue and probably variety sinuosum (Bonnet). I have done a considerable amount of work recently with H. temie varieties, from New Mexico and Chihuahua, and have found great tendency for some specimens of a colony of sinuosum or pertenue F. C. Baker ^ to go toward tenue (Philippi) s. s. Dr. J. P. E. Morrison states that many lots of varieties of H. tenue from northern Mexico in the U. S. National Museum likewise exhibit this char- acteristic.^ The H. tenue sinuosum (Bonnet) found at Albu- querque, New Mexico, however, is quite typical of the variety, and is illustrated as such in F. C. Baker's monograph on the Planorbidae."^ Again, further collecting in the Chaco should make additional Helisoma available for study. Unfortunately no representatives of the Physidae or Sphae- riidae were found in Chaco Canyon, since the peculiarities of members of those families are exceedingly little known in New Mexico and the Southwest. Sincere thanks go to the many archeologists and anthropology students who helped w4th the Chaco collecting (and tedious sorting) of drift. To one of the former, Mr. Lloyd M. Pierson, Jr., goes special thanks. Being gifted with the collector's in- stincts, Mr. Pierson became a convert to field snailing and gave me much help during our University's archeological expedition to southeastern Chihuahua in August and September of 1947. 4 Letter, dated 13 October 1947. 5 H. tenue pertenue F. C. Baker represents a change in name for the preoccupied common northern Mexican H. tenue applanatuin (Martens). See Baker, 1941, p. 97, and Baker, 1945, p. 149. 6 Letter, dated 26 November 1947. 7 Baker, 1945, pi. 98, fig. 15. 8 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1) In fact, he collected the only lot of Oreohelix found during our trip. Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan, Dr. Wendell 0. Gregg, and Dr. S. S. Berry have been kind enough to examine the Chaco ma- terial and make most of the determinations. Chaco duplicates have been deposited in the collections of W. 0. Gregg, S. S. Berry, W. J. Eyerdam, C. L. Blakeslee, M. K. Jacobson, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the U. S. National Museum, the California Academy of Sciences, the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, the Chicago Natural History Museum, the Carnegie Museum, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and the Allan Hancock Foundation of the University of Southern California. Examples of all forms are in my collection and are available for examination by concholo- gists. Literature Cited Baker, Frank C. 1941. A new species of Brepa^iotrema and some preoccupied planorbid names. Nautilus, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 96-97. , 1945. The molluscan family Planorbidae. Urbana. Brand, Donald D., Florence M. Hawley, Frank C. Hibben, et al. 1937. Tseh So, a small house ruin, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. University of New Mexico Bulletin, Anthropological Series, Vol. 2, No. 2. Albuquerque. Elmore, Francis H. 1943. Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Uni- versity of New Mexico Monograph Series, Vol. 1, No. 7. Albuquerque. Fisher, Reginald G. 1934. Some geographic factors that in- fluenced the ancient populations of the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. University of New Mexico Bulletin, Archaeological Series, Vol. 3, No. 1. Albuquerque. THE MATING OF STENOTREMA FRATERNUM (SAY) By GLENN R. WEBB, Ohio (P. O.), Illinois The following notes on the copulation process of Stenotrema fraternum (Say) are based on the behavior of captives. Both July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 9 the typical variety and S. f. cavum (Pilsbry and Vanatta) from Indiana material were used in this study, but no differences in either anatomy or habits were observed between them. The source of cavum material supports a mixed and intergrading fraternum-cavum population with cavum tending to be domi- nant; this locality is a level woodland about 3 miles E.S.E. of Cumberland (Hancock Co.), Indiana, on sec. 12 of the Harvey Farm. The fraternum specimens were collected Dec. 30-31, 1940, about Bean Blossom Lake in Morgan-Monroe State Forest, Indiana. Specimens from both localities are preserved in the collections of the Acad, of Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia. The courtship commences with the slow head-on approach of the amorous individuals. As soon as the animals meet, the tentacles cease swaying from side to side and remain with the tip almost stationary opposite the corresponding tentacle-tip of the other animal. Meanwhile the inferior tentacles have become *' focused" on the genital pore of the mate and the animals have gradually moved so that their heads are parallel and their bodies no longer head-on in a straight line. Simultaneously with these maneuvers, the mouth and head adjacent to the in- ferior tentacles become constricted and pouted-out in a peculiar manner; but the rest of the head and body is unaffected. By this time usually the sex organs have become partially protruded — first appearing as a pimple-like swelling but later as a concave, lobate disk. The climax of the courtship is reached when the pouted-out mouth parts touch the protruding parts of the sex organs of the mate. When this occurs, the animals commence gnawing at the concave, central part of each other's sex organ. Often pivoting acts (in which an animal turns away and rejoins its mate after performing a complete rotation) follow these first gnawing contacts. Such pivoting may be performed by one or both animals simultaneously, and at these periods the protruding portions of the genitalia are generally retracted until the ani- mals are again in the appropriate stage of the head-on position. Earely courting specimens bite each other about the head when they first meet. Such incidents also induce pivoting acts. Coitus occurs usually within a few minutes after the speci- mens have commenced gnawing at each other's sex organ and is discontinued when the rest of the sex organ is suddenly and 10 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1) vigorously protruded.^ The suddenness of the act renders direct observation of the coitus process impossible. However, from the data presented by mating anatomies (secured by plunging mating animals quickly into boiling water) the following con- ditions seem to exist: 1. The fully protruded sex organ of each animal is composed of both male and female parts borne on a common base — the male organ (penis) appearing as a cup-like body with an ejacu- latory pore (EP) opening onto the rim of the cup in a fissure, and the female organ appearing as a tubular body with two orifices, a lateral and a terminal. 2. In many undisturbed dissections, the female organ has been found to occupy the cup of the penis so that the apical orifice (AO) of the female organ is enveloped and its lateral orifice (LO) opens on or near the rim of the penis-cup. A mass of coagulated matter often clogs, or adheres to, the lateral orifice. In one dissection, figure 4, the lateral orifice is borne at the tip of a body everted secondarily from the female organ. 3. Dissections of the female organ reveal the apical orifice to be the opening of the spermathecal duct (SD) and the lateral orifice to be the opening of the free oviduct (FOO). 4. Dissections of the penis (P) reveal the vas deferens (VD) to terminate at the site of the ejaculatory pore (EP), and the penis retractor (PR) to attach in the same area. The ejacula- tory pore is within the penis-cup, seemingly on the foremost wall. From these anatomical details, transfer probably results from a modified form of copulation wherein seminal material is de- posited on the female organ. Apparently the act is accomplished by the engulfment of the female organ by the penis, or by the actual insertion of the female organ into the penis-cup, or by both insertion and engulfment. In any event, the female organ would come to occupy the same position eventually and thus would receive the discharge from the ejaculatory pore or fissure. Whether semen transfer may ever be non-reciprocal is unknown 1 Ulrich Gerhardt (1933) has used the term "explosive" for the similar suddenness of penis eversion of limacids ("Zur Kopulation Der Limaciden I," Zeitschr. Morph. u. Okol. Tiere, 27 (3), pp. 401-450, 11 figs.). July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 11 PCR Figs. 1-3, Stenotrema fraternum: 1, Mating anatomy, showing everted and non-everted parts of sex organs. 2, Details of everted penis. 3, De- tails of female organs. Fig. 4, S. f. cavum: Everted parts of mating anatomy. Note secondary eversion of free oviduct. 12 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1) as yet. In one mating anatomy of the race fraternum, the fe- male organ is scarcely everted and the most of the spermathecal duct (which is expanded below a duct-like portion connecting with the spermatheca) and oviduct are not everted. Since the female organ is turned outside-in during its retraction, the formerly external parts become the lumen of the basal sperma- thecal duct and oviduct. Seminal material adherent to the site of the oviducal pore, or other parts of the female organ, must then be transferred into the spermathecal duct and thence sub- sequently into the spermatheca itself. The entire sex act requires from less than one to more than three hours. The courtship occupies the greater part of the proceed- ings while coitus usually lasts less than five minutes. Often after a prolonged courtship the two amorous specimens separate and coitus does not occur at all. The accompanying figures (inversion uncorrected) are trac- ings from projector images of whole mounts in balsam of mating anatomies. The parts exhibit the usual shrinkage of material so preserved, and slight distortion has occurred. Figures 1, 2, and 3 are of S. f. fj^atermim specimens from Bean Blossom Lake, Indiana (slide No. 207 of the author's collection). Figure 4 shows the exserted organs of a S. f. cavum specimen from near Indianapolis (slide No. 213 of the author's collection). Explanation of abbreviations : AO, apical orifice of the female organ; BW, body wall; BWA, body wall and atrium junction line; EFRO, everted free oviduct body; EP, ejaculatory pore; FO, female organ ; FOO, free oviduct orifice ; FRO, free oviduct ; LO, lateral orifice; LSD, lower spermathecal duct; M, matter (probably seminal) ; 0, oviduct; P, penis; PC, penis-cup ; PCC, penis-cup cavity ; PCO, penis-cup orifice ; PCR, penis-cup rim ; PF, penis fissure; PR, penis retractor; S, spermatheca; SD, spermathecal duct; VD, vas deferens. July, 1948] THE NAUTILUS 13 THE TAXONOMIC AND DISTRIBUTIONAL HISTORY OF THE FRESH-WATER MUSSEL ELLIPTIO COMPLANATUS (DILLWYN, 1817) By max E. MATTESON (Continued from page 132, vol, 61) Distribution. The fresh-water mussel, Elliptio complanatuSy after originating in Alabama, gradually extended its range northward, east of the Appalachian Mountains. With the ad- FiG. 1. Distribution of E. complanatus in Michigan. 14 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (1) vent of the glacial epoch, the northernmost boundaries of its ran Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 47 Reference to Literature 1948. Frye, John C, Swineford, Ada and Leonard A. Byron. Correlation of Pleistocene deposits of the central Great Plains with the glacial section. Jour. GeoL, 56:6 (in press). Explanation of Figures. Plate 2 All figures enlarged X 5.5 ; photographs by the author A. Planorhiila nehrascensis, holotype; umbilical view; B, spiral view. Six mi. SE Santee, Knox County, Nebraska. C. Planorhula vulcanata, holotype; umbilical view; D, spiral view. Four mi. W Navarre, Dickinson County, Kansas. E. Planorhula vulcanata occidentalis, holotype; umbilical view; F, spiral view. Thirteen mi. E, i/^ mi. S. Minneola, Clark County, Kansas. G. Gyraulus lahiatus, holotype; umbilical view; H, spiral view. One-fourth mi. NW Gate, Beaver County, Oklahoma. I. Menetus pearlettei, holotype; umbilical view; J, spiral view. Four mi. W Navarre, Dickinson County, Kansas. A NEW NAIAD FROM DUTCH NEW GUINEA By RICHAED I. JOHNSON In 1936 Mr. P. T. L. Putnam of Boston presented two speci- mens of Unionidae to the Museum of Comparative Zoology that he had collected at a locality in Southern Dutch New Guinea during the summer of 1926. One of these specimens proved to be Hyridella anodontaeformis Tapp.-Can., but the other speci- men seems to represent an undescribed species. Hyridella fannyae, new species, Plate 3, fig. 1 Description. — Shell reaching at least 65 mm. (2% inches). Outline subquadrate, valves much inflated. Anterior end regu- larly rounded, a bit produced and subangulate above. Posterior end truncated. Ventral margin incurved. Posterior slope very slightly compressed; dorsal margin straight, forming an acute angle with the posterior slope. Posterior ridge extremely full and rounded causing a notable swelling in the post-basal region. Above the posterior ridge is another very slight ridge. Hinge ligament not prominent. Beaks slightly forward of the center and moderately inflated, (their sculpture corroded away). Sur- 48 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) face of the shell marked with growth lines; periostracum dull ashy over a dull greenish brown base. Left valve with one long, straight, low pseudocardinal and two long straight laterals, all of which are parallel to the hinge line. Right valve with two pseudocardinals and one lateral tooth. Beak cavities shallow, without muscle scars. Anterior adductor muscle scars Avell im- pressed; posterior muscle scars not noticeable. Pallial line visible anteriorly only. Nacre yellowish in the beak cavities, be- coming bluish-white and iridescent toward the margins. Length, 65 mm. ; height, 36 mm. ; width, 38 mm. Types: Holotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology No. 160663, Merauke, ]\Iarco River, Southern Dutch New Guinea. Collected by P. T. L. Putnam during the summer of 1926. Range: Known only from the type locality. Remarks: Hyridella fannyae may be distinguished from the other members of the genus by the remarkable development of the posterior ridge and the consequent swelling of the post- basal region. The hinge and the color of the periostracum and nacre are similar to those of Hyridella andontaeformis Tapp.- Can. This species is appropriately named for Miss Fanny Day Farwell of Lake Forest, Illinois. LECTOTYPES FOR TWO SPECIES OF ASIATIC UNIONIDAE IN THE GENUS PSEUDODON By KICHARD I. JOHNSON As neither Pseudodon walpolei Hanley nor P. resiipinatus von Martens was figured when described, and as there are cotypes of both species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, it has been thouglit advisable to create lectotypes for them and thereby fix their identity. These lectotypes substantiate the subsequent de- scriptions and figures made by Haas in the Conchylien-Cabinet. Pseudodon walpolei (Hanley) Plate 2, fig. 2 Monocondylaea walpolei Ilanley, 1871, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon- don, p. 587 (Sarawak, Borneo) ; Simpson, 1900, Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 22, p. 840 [Merely listed as an unfigured species]. Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 49 Alasmidonta walpolei Hanley, Issel, 1874, Ann. Mus. Civico, Genoa 6, p. 477. Pseudodon walpolei Hanley, Haas, 1913, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 9, pt. 2, sec. 2, pi. 41, figs. 5-7 [No description] ; Simpson, 1914, Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan 3, p. 1096 ; Haas, 1924, Abhandlungen Senckenbergischen Natur- forschenden Gesell. 38, p. 139. Description: Shell reaching at least 64 mm. (2i/2 inches) ; thin though strong. Outline subrhomboidal, with the anterior end quite narrow in front. Valves not much inflated. Anterior end regularly rounded and subangulate above; posterior end sub- truncated. Ventral margin almost imperceptibly incurved. Posterior slope slightly compressed and a little alate at the upper posterior angle. The lower and middle portions of the posterior slope are irregularly and noticeable plicate ; the upper portion is smooth to the ligament. Dorsal margin straight, form- ing a more or less distinct angle with the somewhat irregular posterior slope. Posterior ridge full and rounded, ending in a blunt point at the base of the shell; above it is another some- what fainter ridge. Hinge ligament prominent. Beaks well forward of the center, moderately elevated but not inflated, their sculpture consisting of a number of small heavy bars. Surface of the shell smooth, rather dark brown and dull pos- teriorly. Each valve has a single, small, rounded and slightly elevated cardinal tooth. Lateral teeth absent. Beak cavities shallow, containing several small muscle scars. Anterior ad- ductor muscle scars distinct but not deep ; posterior adductor muscle scars scarcely visible. Pallial line barely visible. Nacre yellowish near the beaks, becoming bluish-white and iridescent toward the margins. Hanley, 1871, p. 587) : Length 64, Height 38 mm., Sarawak, Borneo. (Simpson, 1914, p. 1096) : Length 55, Height 32, Width 19 mm., Sarawak, Borneo. Lectotype : Length 44, Height 26 mm.. Width 17 mm., Sarawak, Borneo. Types: Hanley mentions that the specimen on which he based the description of P. walpolei was in his private collection. After Hanley 's death the collection went "to Crewe Hanley, who gave some types to the British Museum; [the] rest [were] sold to Harvey of Houndsditch, who held them in 1906.'' ^ 1 Sherborn, C. D., Where is the . . . Collection? Cambridge, England, 1940, p. 65. 50 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) Fortunately, Robert F. Geale, an English shell dealer, to whom Ilanley was indebted for the species, sent one of the types to John G. Anthony. This specimen is here selected as lectotype, Museum of Comparative Zoology No. 175577. The type locality is Sarawak, Borneo. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. Remarks: Although the lectotype is considerably smaller than Hanley's specimen, it agrees with the original description, the figures of Haas (1913, pi. 41, figs. 5-7), and the subsequent de- scription made by Simpson (1914, p. 1096). Frierson (1909, Nautilus 22, p. 106) mentions that he received specimens from Sowerby and Fulton, a firm of English shell dealers, under the name of P. walpolei. Their beak sculpture was "much like that of the cristarias, being heavy bars, more or less parallel with the growth lines. ' ' This observation is con- firmed by the lectotype, even though its beaks are quite corroded. PsEUDODON RESUPiNATUS vou Martcus, Plate 3, fig. 3 Pseuclodon resupinatus von Martens, 1902, Nach. Deutschen Malak. Gesell. 34, p. 131 (Than-Moi, Tonkin) ; Simpson, 1914, Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan 3, p. 1090; Haas, 1913, Conchylien-Cabinet (2) 9, pt. 2, sec. 2, pi. 39, figs. 2-6 [No description] ; Haas, 1920, Ibid., p. 310. Description: Shell reaching over 80 mm. (31/4 inches) ; moder- ately thick and strong. Outline oblong. Valves not much in- flated. Anterior end regularly rounded ; posterior end produced and sub-biangulate. Ventral margin straight or slightly sinuate. Posterior slope very slightly compressed, sculptured with more or less subdivided, radiating folds which curve and ascend toward the dorsal and ventral margins. Dorsal margin slightly curved, meeting the slightly concave posterior slope in just a trace of an angle. Posterior ridge full and rounded, ending in a more or less distinct biangulation. Hinge ligament promi- nent. Beaks located at the anterior %th of the shell, not elevated or inflated, their sculpture consisting of about nine fine undula- tions which are broken anteriorly or possessed of a sinus. Sur- face of the shell smooth except for the posterior slope, rather shiny brownish-black ; yellowish-green when young. Each valve has a single thick, blunt, elevated pseudo-cardinal tooth. Later- als absent. Beak cavities shallow, containing two small muscle scars. Anterior adductor and accessory scars deep ; posterior ad- Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 51 ductor muscle scars scarcely visible. Pallial line barely visible. Nacre bluish-white and somewhat iridescent. (Haas, 1920, p. 311) : Length 80, height 40, width 26 mm., Than- Hoi, Tonkin. Lectotype : Length 73, height 38, width 22 mm., Than-Hoi, Ton- kin. Paratype : Length 41, height 22, width 10 mm., Than-Hoi, Ton- kin. Types: Von Martens did not select a holotype for this species, nor did he say where his types were deposited, though they may be in the British Museum or the Berlin Museum. There is a type of this species in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the measurements of which are identical with those given by Von Martens in the original description ; it may well be the speci- men on which the description was based. This specimen is here selected as lectotype. Museum of Comparative Zoology No. 167671. There is also a paratype MCZ No. 167672 which con- sists of one valve of a young specimen. The type locality is Than-Hoi, Tonkin, French Indo-China. Distrihution : Known only from the type locality. Remarks: Haas (1913, p. 39, figs. 2-6) figured P. resupinatus, but as all of his specimens were topotypes, none of his illustra- tions could be considered a type figure. Frierson (1911, Nauti- lus 24, p. 97) notes the beak sculptures of this species. Literature Cited Haas, F., 1910-1920, Die Unioniden. Conchylien-Cabinet by Martini and Chemnitz (2) 9, pt. 2, sec. 2. Hanley, S., 1871, Description of a New Species of Monocondy- laea. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, p. 587. Simpson, C. T., 1914, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Naiades, Detroit, Michigan. OREGONIAN OLIVELLAS By D. S. and E. W. GIFFORD In July, 1948, a brief collecting trip on the Oregon and Wash- ington coasts yielded series of OUvella hiplicata Sowerby from three places in Oregon: Bandon, Coos County, above latitude 52 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) 43° north; Newport, Lincoln County, above latitude 44°30' north; and Seaside, Clatsop County, at latitude 46° north. A search of the beach at Kalaloch, Jefferson County, Washington, about latitude 47° 30' north, proved fruitless, although Keen lists 49° as the northern limit for the species.^ Besides these three series, we had collected at Port Orford, Curry County, Oregon, above latitude 42°30' north, July, 1941, a series which we described in our ''Color Variation in Olivella biplicata in Various Localities. ' ' ^ In addition to our four series just enumerated, we have two lots from Miss Miriam Shepard. One is a small series collected in July, 1923, at Agate Beach, about three miles north of New- port. The other is more extensive and comes from Netarts Sandspit, Netarts Bay, Tillamook County, Oregon, above 45° north latitude, collected July 20, 1947. At Seaside, on July 9th, we found two adult Olivella pycna Berry, apparently the northernmost record for this species ; the previous northern record was a single adult from Port Orford, which we took in July, 1941. All three of these Oregonian examples lack the brown spot at the base of the columella, which is so frequently seen in Californian specimens. We had hoped, in vain, that we might find Olivella pedroana Conrad (or haetica Carpenter) littorally, since it occurs in abundance far- ther north, as for example at Sitka, Alaska. The population of Olivella hiplicata comprised adults at Ban- don and Newport, except for a few half-grown individuals. At Seaside, however, 47 out of a total of 107 individuals were young, ten millimeters or less in length. Why there were young at Sea- side and none at Bandon and Newport is an unanswered question. The series from Netarts, presented to us by Miss Shepard, totals 132. (Some additional ones had been sent by us to the California Academy of Sciences.) It comprises mostly large adults, many of which have a ''sponge" growth bordered by a rust-colored area on the underside. The growth suggests that 1 A. Myra Keen, An Abridged Check List and Bibliography of West North American Marine Mollusca, p. 43, 1937. 2 The Nautilus, vol. 56, pp. 43-48, 1942. Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 53 on many of our Bolinas, California, adults, which was identified as a species of Cliona by Professor Bruce L. Clark.^ Whitish or albinistic specimens were rare. We obtained one at Seaside, two at Bandon. None was pure white through- out and none showed any trace of orange. Each had the upper third of the main whorl pure white, the lower two-thirds veiled with pale purplish gray. From Newport came two pathological individuals. One has a callus above the suture of the main whorl, extending from the lip back along the suture, and suggesting on a small scale the similar callus in many species of Oliva. The other has a low raised band parallel to the main suture and extending around on to the second whorl at the top of the lip. At the lip the band is four millimeters wide and is situated three millimeters below the suture. On the second whorl, above the lip, it diminishes to three millimeters in width. Inside, a depression corresponds with the raised band, just as though it had been pushed up as the shell was formed. This peculiarity was not noted as the shells were cleaned, so we missed the opportunity of examining the soft parts. A few shells had traces of orange, usually on the columellar sides of the aperture, sometimes on the callus, some- times below it. In the following table showing color variation, the term ''normal color" refers to the usual grays and browns prevalent in the bulk of Olivella Mplicata wherever collected. This has been described by us in earlier papers. Color Variation in Olivella hiplicata in Oregon No orange No orange : No orange Locality Total in aperture normal color ^'albino" Port Orford 533 550 549 1 Bandon 348 329 327 2 Newport 237 215 215 0 Agate Beach 8 7 7 0 Net arts Bay 132 128 128 0 Seaside 107 103 102 1 Total 1385 1332 1328 4 3D. S. and E. W. Gifford, Color Variation in Olivella hiplicata, The Nautilus, vol. 55, pp. 10-12, 1941. 54 THE NAUTILUS [Vol 62 (2) Orange in Orange : Orange : Total aperture normal color "albino" ' albino" Port Orford 3 3 0 1 Bandon 19 19 0 2 Newport 22 22 0 0 Agate Beach 1 1 0 0 Netarts Bay 4 4 0 0 Seaside 4 4 0 1 Total 53 53 0 4 Range of variation in shape in Olivella hipUcata is shown by the following millimeter measurements and indices of adults. The indices are obtained by dividing the greatest diameter by the length. Low indices indicate slenderness, high indices the opposite. Port Orford : 27 X 14, index 52 ; 27 X 12, index 44. Bandon: 22.4 X 12.6, index 56 ; 25 X 11.3, index 45. Newport: 25.3 X 14.5, index 57; 27 X 13.2, index 49. Netarts: 24.9 X 13.9, index 56; 28.5 X 13.2, index 46. Seaside : 22.5 X 11.8, index 52 ; 22.1 X 10.5, index 48. GROWTH OF YOUNG STROPHOCHEILUS OBLONGUS By E. a. ANDREWS Johns Hopkins University The very large tropical American land snail, Strophocheilus ohlongus, occurs in Jamaica, B. W. I., about Kingston and westward, having been introduced probably in connection with sugarcane. In 1932 some dozens were collected near ''Mary- field" in a suburb of Kingston, formerly a sugar plantation. Brought to Baltimore, Maryland, they were kept in large packing boxes with earth and limestone kept moist enough to germinate the large circular Jamaica bean, ''pony eye." They were fed lettuce and cucumber, and kept outdoors in summer and in a very hot room in winter. Coming out to feed at night, the snails were found by day buried in the earth and retracted, but Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 55 when taken out they expanded and crawled in daylight and were then so insensitive to handling that we inferred they had been used to freedom from attacks. Some shells showed large healed-over linear scars, as if the shell had been cut by some gardening tool. Eggs were laid both in 1933 and 1934. These eggs were found two to four inches deep in the earth, often two near to- gether. Each egg was a very large white object with rough brittle calcareous shell easily fractured. The shell was made up of pyramids rounded externally but papillated internally so that the inner face was rougher than the outer. Measurements of 23 eggs gave a range of 20-29, but most were 26-27 (all dimen- sions are stated in millimeters). Thus the egg is from a quarter to a third of the length of the adult since measurements of 12 large shells were lengths of 94, 93, 93, 92, 89, 87, 84, 82, for those with thickened lip, and 77, 73, 72, 60, for those with thin lip. The eggs were somewhat elongated, as 20 X 16 and 24 X 12. Their weights ran from 2400 to 5450 milligrams. The egg shell held from 3-4 cc. of albumen very similar to that of the hen egg, and an embryo of a few millimeters that grew to fill the entire space. This embryo had a temporary massive, flat, in- curved, parenchymatous and vascular expansion of the foot, the podocyst, which for a time exceeded all the rest of the animal in length. Most of the eggs failed to hatch, and many were overgrown with mold. The embryos developed slowly so that after two months one placed on the surface and accidentally cracked let out a young snail that crawled a few inches and made a pit in the earth into which it fitted itself. This young snail weighed 3490 and its exceedingly thin and fragile shell of 41/2 whorls was 27 by 18 mm. in maximum dimensions. The operture of its shell was 19 by 15 mm. It had the same habits as the adult and showed the same lack of response to handling. This was about Christmas time. In three months it added only 1 mm. to length and 1 to width of its shell, but in II/2 months in spring the shell increased 2 mm. in length and 5 in width and then within a month added 8I/2 i^iii. length and 4 width. In two and one-half summer months the shell lenofth 56 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) increased 24 mm. and width 11. Then growth slowed down so that in one and one-half autumn months only 4i/^ mm. was added to length and 3 in width. In 4 and one-half cold months there was little or no increase in length and but 1 mm. in diameter, as measured. However, in 4 and one-half months with the second spring the shell increased by 18 mm. in length and 4 in width and in three summer months 12 mm. were added in length and 5 in width. In three months of its third winter nothing was added, and the snail died, probably from neglect and exposure to cold though the earth was not frozen. In less than two years this snail had grown from dimensions of 27 by 18 mm. to 93.5 by 52 and from 4I/2 whorls to 6, being thus large enough to be adult, yet while it had colored enamel over the columella the thickened aperture edge had not been com- pleted, though the mantle was seen as if forming it, before death. Also the weight of the shell when empty was 23,800 milligrams which exceeds some adult shells. This snail at hatch- ing weighed with its thin shell 3490 and in 8 months 40,000 milligrams, in 10 months 52,000 but in winter fell off to 43,000, yet three months later 69,000 and with 3 more summer months 91,000, which is adult weight. Two other young were found buried in the earth at the end of May, 1933, each with thin shell of 3I/2 whorls. Crawling on a table they readily fell off as if having no experience of heights. The larger shell had a healed injury as if it had fallen upon the edge of a glass plate. In crawling they showed the peculiar sense organs of the upper lip as ver}' extensile and retractile, hand- or foot-like protrusions, one right, one left, each with about eleven ''toes" grading down from the biggest outer to the little inner toe. The shells measured 24 by 19 and 231/4 by 20 mm. After 21/2 months they weighed 19,000 and 14,000 milligrams. The smaller doubled its weight in one and a half months more, and the larger more than doubled its weight in that time. The smaller died when less than half the dimensions of an adult but the larger attained full length of some adults, that is 92 by 52, before dying when less than two years old. These three young were kept together and measured and weighed on the same date; they all showed the same rapid growth to adult dimensions within two years. When all the Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 57 measurements of lengths, widths and weights were charted as curves with months as ordinates it was striking that all nine curves agreed in that in winter months they rose slowly while in summer months they rose very sharply, to flatten off or even fall in each succeeding winter period. We conclude that Strophocheilus ohlongus can readily be kept alive in confinement and produce eggs at least for two years. The embryo, with large podocyst, requires months to develop while using up much albumen, and hatches with adult form and three to four whorls of the thin shell. Within two years it in- creases from three to four times in length and width, and more than twenty-five times in weight with a shell lacking little of the most perfected adult. Increase is very rapid in summer and slow in winter when there may be even a loss in weight. This marked slowing of growth in winter may have been due to neglect to supply adequate food and to dryness of air rather than to temperature alone, as that was at times up to 28° C. In Jamaica one might expect the dry season would be less favorable to growth than the wet season, and possibly these snails have a tendency to become less active at seasons. August 31, 1948. NEOGENE CYPRAEACEA FROM CHIBA PREFECTURE, JAPAN By KOTOEA HATAI and SYOZO NISIYAMA The Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Tonoku University, Sendai, Japan. Introduction The senior writer, in the course of compiling a check list of Japanese Tertiary marine molluscs, found it necessary to check the stratigraphic position of the boundary between Pliocene and Pleistocene. The area selected for this study is in the central part of the Boso Peninsula where the most complete sequence, least affected by unconformities, is believed to be. During the course of geological investigation of this sequence by the writers and student-assistant ]\Ir. Kohei Nomura, many new species of 58 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) molluscs were found which must be described before discussion of the problem of the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is attempted. This first report describes fossil Cypraeacea from the Neogene formations of the Boso Peninsula. Former records of fossil Cypraeacea from this area are limited to lists without figures; species names used in such lists afford little indication of the species to which they would now be assigned because of recent revisions in the taxonomy of this group. The geological age of the Kiwada, Otadai, Sakahata and Hasumi formations, from which the species described below were collected, is a matter of controversy. Some authors con- sider the entire sequence to be Pliocene, while others consider the first two to be Miocene and the last two to be Pliocene. The present writers prefer tentatively at present to regard the Kiwada, Otadai and possibly the lower half of the Sakahata as Miocene. This paper forms part of a project initiated by Natural Re- sources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, for the purpose of assembling paleonto- logic data applicable to solution of stratigraphic problems en- countered in the search for oil in Japan. Acknowledgments are due to the following: To Lt. Colonel Hubert G. Schenck, Chief of Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, and Professor of Stanford University, California, under whose super- vision the problem of the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary is being studied, for his continued encouragement and supervision; to Professor S. Hanzawa of the Institute of Geolog>^ and Paleontol- og}^ Tohoku Universit}^ Sendai, where the work was done, for reading the manuscript and offering advice concerning it; to Messrs. K. Nomura and K. Kumagai, both of Tohoku University, for their help in many ways; to Mr. L. W. Stach, Petroleum Branch, Natural Resources Section, for editing the manuscript. Description of Species Primovula (Primovula) atractina Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4, figures 3, 4. Shell fusiform, rather thick and glassy, length along axis about twice the lateral diameter; posterior and anterior ends THE NAUTILUS: 62 (2) PLATE 4 12 _ Hatai and Xishiyama: Neogene Cypraeacea Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 59 pointed and about equally produced. Outer lip thickened out- side and within, retracted at both ends, indistinctly an^lar near the posterior end, and armed with about 21 unequal, not very strong teeth; grooves between teeth extend to middle of face of lip; columella with strong callus (funiculum) near posterior end. Aperture narrow and wider anteriorly, curved more or less more sharply behind than in front. Dimensions of the holotype: length along axis 12 mm., lateral diameter 6 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 5 mm. Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa, east of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS (= Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Tohoku University, Sendai) Coll. Cat. No. 72641 (holotype), 72634 (paratype). Top sand of the Kiwada formation (F. Ueda, 1930, p. 251). Remarks: This species is closely related to Primovula {Pri- movula) rhodia (A. Adams) (Adams, 1854, pi. 28, fig. 8), a Recent species of Central and Western Japan, but can be dis- tinguished from that species by its thicker shell, more thickened outer lip and especially by the wider aperture. Trivirostra pyrinula Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4, figures 9, 10. Shell small, ovate, moderately inflated, maximum inflation a little behind the median line ; spire indicated merely by a slight bulge near the posterior extremity of aperture. Dorsal groove narrow and shallow, obsolete at extremity. Medial portion sculptured with 10 to 11 narrow ridges, continuous across the dorsal groove ; ridges on posterior and anterior slopes gradually converging until they came almost parallel to axis; posteriorly they extend directly over the spire bulge; number of ridges increases towards margin by intercalation. Aperture narrow, slightly expanded anteriorly, curved more sharply behind than in front. Outer lip thickened, inner margin of labrum rounded and serrated with about 28 ridges, ridges on inner lip about 22 in number. Fossula rather shallow. Posterior extremity of aperture emarginate, posteriorly narrow and oblique. Di- mensions of holotype: Length along axis 7.6 mm., lateral di- ameter 5.4 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 4.8 mm. Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa, east of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 72642 60 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) (holotype), 72635 (paratype). Top sand of the Kiwada forma- tion. Other localities: Railroad cutting about 400 m. north of Takamizu, Matsuoka-Mura, Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°14'26", E. long. 140°05'08" Base of the Hasumi formation (K. Sakakura, 1935, p. 699). Remarks: Trivirostra pyrinula is closely related to T. oryza (Lamarck) (Lamarck, 1810, p. 104; Kiener, 1843, pi. 52, fig. 2), a Southeastern Asiatic species, but is less globular and less slender, only slightly spired, and has a greater number of spire ridges; the dorsal groove is also narrower and shallower com- pared to that species. PsEUDOTRiviA PLERES Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4, fig- ures 5, 6. Shell rather large, shortly spired, globosely ovate with rounded base and rather finely ribbed. Dorsal groove indicated by a narrow smooth area from which ribs diverge in every direction ; medial portion sculptured with 10-12 narrow ridges normal to the line, and gradually converging on posterior and anterior slopes and becoming nearly parallel to line ; posteriorly they ex- tend directly over the spire. Numbers of ridges somewhat in- creased towards margin by intercalation. On ventral side, the spire ridges are oblique and extend into the aperture, where they decrease in number and become coarser. Aperture rather narrow and slightly wider anteriorly, curved more sharply be- hind than in front. Outer lip thickened outside, strongly ribbed transversely with about 20 ridges, forming labial teeth on the inner margin, retracted anteriorly. Inner lip with 16 ridges and a very small callus projection above. Extremity of aper- ture emarginate. Fossula rather shallow, dentition continued across it. Dimensions of holotype : length along axis 20 mm., lateral diameter 14.5 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 12 mm. Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa, east of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 72643 (holotype), 72639 (paratype). Top sand of the Kiwada formation. Remarks: This species closely resembles Psendotrivia cos (Roberts) (Roberts, 1913, p. 99, pi. 7, figs. 10, 11), a Recent species of Central Japan, but differs from that species by the I Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 61 narrower smooth dorsal groove, fewer spiral ridges, less globular shell and by the smaller size of the shell. Proterato (Sulcerato) callosa nomurai Hatai and Nisiyama, n. subsp., Plate 4, Figure 1. Shell small, ovate-conic, rather ventricose, abruptly rounded to the slightly elevated spire, tapering rapidly to a straight and truncated anterior extremity. Sculpture none, the whole shell being covered with enamel; spire short, obtusely tapering. Protoconch small and rounded; spire-whorls small; body-whorl large, rather ventricose, contracted anteriorly. Sculpture hid- den by enamel. Aperture narrow, sublinear, slightly oblique. Outer lip sharply angulated at shoulder, linear, thickened and rounded, externally margined and serrated along the inner margin by about 21 short ridges. Inner lip with about 9 short and slender ridges wider apart anteriorly; three in front pro- duced into oblique and somewhat irregular ridges that simulate columellar folds. Fossula obsolete. Body constricted anteriorly into an ill-defined canal, squarely truncated or obscurely emargi- nate at its extremity. Dimensions of holotype : length along axis 7.2 mm., lateral diameter 4 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 4.3 mm. Type locality and formation: East cliff of the Yoro-Gawa, east of Iwaibara, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'41", E. long. 140°10'37". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 72644 (holotype), 72636 (paratype). Top sand of the Kiwada formation. Other localities: Roadside cutting at the curve south of Tsutsu- mori, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°1316", E. long. 140°09'32". Lower part of the Sakahata formation (K. Sakakura, 1935, p. 694). Remarks: This new subspecies is not so broad nor so globose as the typical callosa (Adams and Reeve) (Adams and Reeve, 1850, pi. 10, fig. 32; Sowerby, 1859, figs. 35-37), and the aperture is broader and the outer lip narrower compared with that species. The subspecific name is given in honor of the late Dr. Sitihei Nomura, an eminent paleontologist of Japan. Proterato (Sulcerato) callosa uedai Hatai and Nisiyama, n. subsp., Plate 4, figure 2. This subspecies is distinguishable from typical P. callosa by not being so broad nor so globose, and the aperture is broader 62 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) with a narrower outer lip. The outer lip is evenly and sharply angulated at the shoulder, so that the posterior part of the aperture sharply curves to the posterior outlet. Dimensions of the holotype : length along axis 6.4 mm., lateral diameter 3.8 mm., dorsal-ventral diameter 3.3 mm. Type locality and formation: Roadside cutting immediately northeast of the Post-office at Kotadai, Oikawa-Mura, Isumi-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°14'16", E. long. 140°10'20". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 72645 (holotype). Lower part of the Otadai formation (F. Ueda, 1933, p. 799). Remarks: The subspecific name is given in honor of Mr. Fusao Ueda, who undertook extensive studies on the geology of the Boso Peninsula. Palmadusta (Purpuradusta?) fusana Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4, figure 7. Shell pyriform, rather thick, w4th moderately inflated test, maximum height a little behind the median line, making posterior slope a little steeper than the anterior. Oral surface a little in- flated, asymmetric, the curvature of left side being stronger than that of the right, aperture a little nearer to the right than to the left side. Spire concealed with very heavy enamel, which extends to sides. External surface smooth, original coloration indistinct. Callus on outside of outer lip forms an obtuse and arcuate angle continuous anteriorly with prominent callus ridge on right side of anterior extremity and accompanied by shallow, transverse excavation. Aperture narrow, rather straight, almost parallel-sided; teeth on outer lip about 18, moderately strong, slightly extending to base ; those on inner lip numbering 17, rather weak and obscure at middle. Anterior extremity pro- duced, the margins nearly parallel, ending with a nodular callus ; posterior extremity moderate, also with callus deposition. Fos- sula rather moderate, bearing about 4 transversely elongate teeth on its inner border. Terminal ridge long and oblique. Dimen- sions of holotype: length along axis 16.6 mm., lateral diameter 9.8 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 8.7 mm. Type locality and formation: Small cliff just below the road, about 1.1 Km. northeast of the junction of the two roads at Tsujimori, Mishima-Mura, Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'30", E. long. 140°01'59". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 72646 (holotype). Upper part of the Sakahata formation. Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 63 Remarks: In shape and size, this new species closely resembles Palmadusta (Purpuradusta) japonica Schilder (Schilder, 1931, p. 67, 68), a Recent species of Central and Western Japan, but it is easily distinguished from that species by its slender shell, more contracted anterior part, narrower aperture and larger number of labial teeth. Palmadusta {Palmadusta) artuffeli (Jousseaume) (Jousseaume, 1876, p. 81), a species from Central and Western Japan, is also similar to the present one in shape, but the more contracted anterior part of the shell, narrower aperture and smaller number of labial teeth serve to distinguish P. fusana from that species. Fusa, from where the specific name is taken, is an ancient name for Boso Peninsula. Palmadusta (Purpuradusta) oligodon Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4, figures 11, 12. Shell small, rather thin, elongately ovate in outline, moder- ately inflated, posterior extremity much produced, anteriorly truncated. Oral surface asymmetric, base inflated, aperture nearer to right side than to the left. Spire raised, concealed with enamel which extends around sides. External surface smooth. Outer lip produced posteriorly and somewhat con- stricted anteriorly. Aperture rather broad, posteriorly broad- ened and curved; teeth on the outer lip about 16 moderately strong, hardly extending over the base; columellar teeth 17 in number, weak, obscure at the middle and marked on the left border of aperture. Fossula rather narrow and shallow, bear- ing about 3 transversely elongate teeth on its inner border. Terminal ridge remote from the anterior columellar teeth, rather long and oblique. Dimensions of holotype : length along axis 11 mm., lateral diameter 5 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 4 mm. Type locality and formation: Cliff of the Koito-Gawa, about 250 meters east of the Temple at Nishi-Higasa, Akimoto-Mura, Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'29", E. long. 140°00'16.4". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 25296 (holotype). Middle part of the Sakahata formation. Remarks: In shape and size, this new species is closely related to Palmadusta (Purpuradusta) microdon (Gray) (Gray, 1828, p. 71; Reeve, 1846, sp. 139), a Recent species of Southern Japan and the India Ocean, but can easily be distinguished from that 64 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) species by the much broader aperture and smaller number of labial teeth. Erosaria (Ravitrona) subrostrata Hatai and Nisiyama, n. sp., Plate 4, figure 8. Shell ovate, rather thick, with moderately inflated whorls, the maximum height a little behind the median line, both extremities produced, somewhat rostrate. Oral surface inflated, asymmetric, the curvature of the left side much stronger than that of the right, aperture a little nearer to the right than to the left side. Spire raised, but concealed with heavy enamel which extends around the sides. Lateral pittings rather shallow and small, developed along the margins from anterior extremity to posterior extremity over the right side. Aperture narrow, a little curved anteriorly and posteriorly, labial teeth somewhat constricted anteriorly; teeth on the outer lip about 18, moderately strong and extending about halfway over the base; columellar teeth 15 in number, slender but distinct throughout. Anterior ex- tremity produced, ending with nodular callus; posterior ex- tremity also produced, with heavy callus deposition. Fossula broad, bearing about 5 transversely elongate teeth on its inner border. Columellar sulcus smooth. Terminal ridge not so re- mote from the anterior columellar teeth, but rather long and oblique. Dimensions of the holotype : length along axis 29.5 mm., lateral diameter 18 mm., dorso-ventral diameter 14 mm. Tyjye locality and formation: Cliff of the Koito-Gawa, about 250 meters east of the Temple at Nishi-IIigasa, Akimoto-Mura, Kimitsu-Gun, Chiba-Ken. Otaki sheet, N. lat. 35°13'29", E. long. 140°00a6.4". IGPS Coll. Cat. No. 25294 (holotype). Middle part of the Sakahata formation. Remarks: This species closely resembles Erosaria (Ravitrona) lahrolineata (Gaskoin) (Gaskoin, 1849, p. 97; Sowerby, 1870, pi. 25, fig. 231), a Recent species of the Japanese Seas and the Indian Ocean, but is distinguishable from that species by its larger and more produced extremities, and also by the narrower aperture. In shape and size, this new species is also close to Erosaria {Ravitrona) boivinii (Kiener) (Kiener, 1843, pi. 18, fig. 2; Kiener, 1845, p. 66), a Recent species of Central and Western Japan, but is distinguishable from that species by its more produced extremities and narrower aperture. Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 65 References Adams, A., 1854: Description of Thirty-Nine New Species of Shells from the Collection of Hugh Cuming, Esq. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Pt. 22, pp. 130-138, pi. 28. Adams, A., and L. A. Reeve, 1850 : The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.8. Samarang, under the Command of Captain Sir Ed- ward Belcher, during the Years 1843-46. No. 4, Mollusca, Pt. 2, pp. 23-85, pis. 10-24. Gaskoin, J. S., 1848 (1849) : Description of New Species of the Genus Cypraea. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Pt. 16, pp. 90-98. Gray, J. E., 1828 : Addition and Correction to a Monograph on Cypraea, a Genus of Testaceous Mollusca. Zool. Jour., Vol. 4, pp. 68-88. JoussEAUME, F., 1876 : Notcs sur quelques Cypraea. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, Vol. 1, p. 81. KiENER, L. C, 1843 : Species generale et Iconographie des Coquilles vivantes. Genre Porcelaine (Cypraea Lin.), pis. 1-57 (pp. 1-166). Lamarck, J. B. de, 1810: Description du genre Porcelaine (Cypraea) et des especes du qui le composent. (Suite du genre Porcelaine.) Ann. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris, Vol. 16, pp. 89-108. Otuka, Y., 1932: Cycle of Sedimentation in the Japanese Neo- gene. Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, No. 12, pp. 905-932, 2 maps. Reeve, L. A., 1846 : Conchologia Iconica, or Illustrations of the Shells of Molluscous Animals. Vol. 3, the genus Cypraea, species 1-154, pis. 1-27. Roberts, S. R., 1913: New Cypraeidae. Nautilus, Vol. 26, No. 9, pp. 97-99, pi. 7. Sakakura, K., 1935 : The Stratigraphy of the Obitsu-Gawa Basin, Chiba Prefecture. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, Vol. 42, No. 506, pp. 685-712, 1 map. ScHiLDER, F. A., 1931 : Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Cypraeacea (Moll. Gast.). IV, Zool. Anz., Vol. 96, No. 3-4, pp. 65-72, 7 text-figs. SowERBY, G. B., 1859 : Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or Monographs of Genera of Shells. Vol. 3, Monograph of the Genus Erato, Risso. Species, 1-16, pi. 219. , 1870 : Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or Monograph of Genera of Shells. Vol. 4, Monograph of the Genus Cypraea. Species 1-175, pis. 1-37. Ueda, F., 1930 : The Geology of the Northern Part of the Boso Peninsula. Jour. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, Vol. 37, No. 441, pp. 250- 253, 1 table. 66 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) , 1933 : The Stratigraphy of the Cenozoic Group Developed in the Boso Peninsula and Miura Peninsula. Jour. Geol. Soc. Tokyo, Vol. 40, No. 483, pp. 799-801. Explanation of Plate 4. Fig. 1. Proterato callosa nomurai Hatai and Nisiyama, X 6. Fig. 2. Proterato callosa uedai Hatai and Nisiyama, X 6. Figs. 3, 4. Primovula atractina Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3. Figs. 5, 6. Pseudotrivia pleres Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3, fig. 5, paratype; fig. 6, holotype. Fig. 7. Palmadusta fusana Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3. Fig. 8. Erosaria suhrostrata Hatai and Nisiyama, X 2. Figs. 9, 10. Trivirostra pyrinula Hatai and Nisiyama, X 6. Figs. 11, 12. Palmadusta oligodon Hatai and Nisiyama, X 3. BIOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND NOMENCLATURE By PAUL BARTSCH In devoting a lifetime of effort to our chosen field, I have met with a number of problems not covered by the usual approach of nomenclature and taxonomy. When I began my study of the family Pyramidellidae a half century ago and prepared the manuscript for the monograph on the "West American Pyramidellid Mollusks" I was sorely puzzled what valuation should be assigned to the various groups — natural assemblages of species. Discussing this problem with Dr. Dall, who had agreed to be- come joint author of this effort and serve as a check to a possibly over-enthusiastic novice, we decided to recognize four genera, Pyramidella, Turhonilla, Odostomia and Murchisonella, and align the various natural groups as subgenera under them. Doing so, Dr. Dall believed we would avoid the criticism of having cre- ated too many genera. (A fear to be criticized seems always to be lurking in the minds of our molluscan students which now appears to me the greatest deterrent to real clean progress.) I yielded to the doctor chiefly because Odostomia (Chrysallida) virginalis D.&B. was so enormously variable as far as sculptural characters are concerned that one might consider some individu- als as properly placed under the subgenera Evallna or Evalea, Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 67 Turhonilla (Pyrgiscus) tenuicula (Gould) was another puzzling species. Later I found Pyramidellids in the Lower San Pedro Series which were equally variable in that horizon, and it appears that out of that mutating complex several fixed forms have emerged and established themselves in the Upper San Pedro Series. (I have not yet published my MS. on these forms.) When I monographed the New England Pyramidellids I found another mutating form, Turhonilla (Pyrgiscus) vinae B. These mutating forms have characters which when once known easily enable one to recognize the species. It is interesting to note that such mutuating forms seem always more abundant and more widely distributed than the stable, fixed species. Mutating forms appear in many widely unrelated groups of mollusks; for example, Helicostyla [Prochilus) virgata Jay from the Island of Mindoro, Philippines, is very variable. Goniohasis virginica (Gmelin) our common East American species is very interesting. Above the Fall Line uniform sized individuals are found which are smooth and usually have a color band, while in the reaches of the lower freshwater tidal area we have a uniform sized multilirate form Goniohasis vir- ginica muUilineata (Say). At the meeting of these two areas we have a most variable mutating complex, forms differing enormously in size and varying in sculpture from smooth to spirally lirate and even axially ribbed or marked by varying combinations of these characters. It was this enormous variability that caused Hannibal to lump almost all the Goniohasis under Goniohasis virginica (Gmel.). The seeking for an explanation and solution of the problem connected with Goniohasis mutation eventually drove the poor fellow to the mad house. Another man who went off at a tangent was Dr. Sinitsin whose study of the intermediate host of the liver fluke of our cattle uncovered in our southwestern states a mutating mollusk Stagnicola hulimoides techella (Halde- man). Using the usually accepted anatomic characters for superspecific designation he created new subfamilies, new genera, and species, basing them on his dissection of individuals of this mutating complex. Refusal of the Department of Agriculture's Zoological Division to accept his manuscript for publication 68 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) caused him to resign his position in that institution, which re- sulted in a tragic aftermath. My Cerion breeding on the Florida Keys (1911-1948) has thrown some light upon the problem of molluscan mutation, and I hope next year to revisit my families on the Florida Keys and to prepare a summary report upon these experiments. So far they point to two things : 1. Changed environment per se appears to produce no measure- able changes in the species experimented with. 2. Hybridization (C incanum Binn. x C. viaregis B., also C. incanum x C. casahlancae B.) has caused enormously variable progeny (mutations) after the second generation. This definitely points to an explanation for the probable cause of the other mutations referred to above. Here too we have a decided efflorescence in numbers which is in agreement with the other cases alluded to. In Cerion hybrids, changes in form, sculpture, and coloration are combined with equally variable anatomic structures. In one extreme individual the reproductive system was doubled. We have in the wild state without human assistance similar mutating hybrids; for example, Cerion tridentata Pilsbry and Vanatta x Cerion peracuta Torre. Where these two species meet on Playa de Muerto on the north coast of Havana Province, Cuba, they mutate. On Little Cayman Island there are two colonies of Cerion nana Maynard. Where these colonies each meet an undescribed species of Cerion, similar mutating results are present. These and many additional observations lead me to conclude that hybridization in mollusks produces mutations and that these seem more prolific than stable species and become more widely spread. Furthermore, that when these are isolated in small colonies as are, for example, the Cerions along South Bight, Andros Island, Bahamas, where every little ridge separated by a swale extending away from this channel has a colony of Cerions whose members have fixed characters that readily dis- tinguish them from adjacent or other colonies. In other words. Oct. 1948] THE NAUTILUS 69 they have undergone fixation and become species, meeting my five point formula : Hybridization — mutation — isolation — fixation — speciation. Now for an application of the above biologic features to taxonomy. For many years I have been interested in the family Urocoptidae. I published my first paper in 1906.^ To this I have added from time to time as material became available. Dr. De la Torre and I have about completed our monograph of the Cuban members of the family. Recently a suggestion has been made to lump a number of mainland superspecific groups, since it has been found that in Arizona certain species are very mutable as far as internal lamination is concerned. These in their range of variation combine lamellar characters that appear constant for groups of Mexican species which also by other shell characters appear supraspecifically related. I am wondering if here we are not also dealing with a mutating complex which has not yet under- gone fixation, and would it not serve a better purpose to place an * against the name of these forms, placing them in the group to which the rest of their characters ally them, calling attention that the lamellar characters in them are unstable, rather than lumping all the other supraspecific groups that have constant fixed lamellar features that fall within the range of these mutat- ing: forms under a common desiornation. WILLIAM HENRY FLUCK, 1870-1948 By EUTH D. turner Many missionaries have made important contributions to sci- ence by collecting and observing the fauna and flora about their mission stations. Among these was the Reverend William Henry Fluck who was stationed for four years at Wounta Haulover, Nicaragua, and who while there made an extensive collection of the mollusks of the Mosquito Coast area. William H. Fluck was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on February 22, 1870. He was graduated from Moravian College, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1894, and the Moravian Theological 1 The Urocoptid Mollusks from the Mainland of America in the Collec- tion of the United States National Museum. 70 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) Seminary in 1896. Later, in preparation for his life as a mission- ary, he took up medicine at the Hahnemann Hospital in Phila- delphia. During his boyhood and college days he collected shells locally and frequently visited the dock area to obtain shells that might be found on the hulls of the ships that had come in from the tropics. He carried on correspondence and exchanges with col- lectors throughout the country and often visited the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. Consequently he was versed in the ways of malacologists before he left for Nicaragua. The Reverend Fluck was one of the early collectors to visit Nicaragua and he sent back quantities of valuable material to the Smithsonian Institution, the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, the Boston Society of Natural History and others throughout the country. Several species have been named in his honor and, though he wrote several articles, mostly on col- lecting on the Mosquito Coast, he described only two forms, one of which was from Nicaragua. These were Stromhus pugilis nicaraguensis Fluck (Nautilus 19, p. 32) and Valvata tricarinata hakeri Fluck (Nautilus 46, p. 20), a form which he had found in quantity in Oneida Lake, New York. Returning from Nicaragua Reverend Fluck took his M.A. de- gree at Moravian College and later taught Natural History there for about ten years while holding a pastorate in Bethlehem. He was a charter member of the American Malacological Union. After his retirement from the ministry in 1938 Reverend Fluck made his home in Newfane, Vermont and later moved to Brattleboro, Vermont where he died on April 17, 1948. Following is a list of the papers written by William H. Fluck. 1900, December. Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast. Nauti- lus 14, no. 8, p. 94. 1901, August. Extract from a letter by W. H. Fluck on Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast. Nautilus 15, no. 4, p. 48. 1905-1906. Shell Collecting on the Mosquito Coast of Nicara- gua, Parts I-VI. Nautilus 19, nos. 1, pp. 8-12; no. 2, pp. 16- 19; no. 3, pp. 32-34; no. 5, pp. 55-57; no. 7, pp. 78-80; Nauti- lus 20, no. 1, pp. 1-4. 1932, July. Valvata simplex Gould. Nautilus 46, pp. 19-22. 1943, January, February. Abnormalities in Hclis {Alaha- strina) tingitana Paladilhe, and Mesodon exoletus Binnev. Nautilus 56, pp. 104-105. Oct. 19481 THE NAUTILUS 71 NOTES AND NEWS Helminthoglypta nickliniana extending northward. — Re- cently the writer was collecting land moUuska amid the redwood groves in the vicinity of Miranda, Humboldt County, California. While taking a short cut across a portion of the bar of the Eel River (South Fork), a small colony of Helminthoglypta was noted amid the short grass and debris left by high water. Closer search resulted in the collecting of a few adult and immature specimens, from out of the mass of nettles, blackberries, willow, and debris. The writer at once noted that the animal was distinct from local examples of the Helminthoglypta arTosa complex, and later examination with a hand lens brought out the differ- ence more clearly. Specimens were immediately sent to Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Chace who identified the snails. Later identification by Dr. Gregg confirmed the variety. The result was an exten- sion to the north of the range of the Helminthoglypta nickliniana anachoreta (W. G. Binney). Upper Clear Lake, Lake County, California is the closest pub- lished locality of this snail. The Miranda locality is approxi- mately ninety miles northward in an air line. In order to reach the Miranda locality from Clear Lake, the snail would have to cross several small ranges of mountains, follow devious winding creeks and rivers, and finally locate a suitable habitat. There- fore the ancestors of this colony must have traveled a good many miles. — R. R. Talmadge, Eureka, California. Me. J. R. LE B. ToMLiN of St. Leonards-on-Sea, England, has recently resigned from the editorship of the Journal of Conchol- ogy, a position he has held with distinction for over 40 years. Besides editing this publication, Mr. Tomlin has contributed many original papers on mollusks, not only to the Journal of Conchology, but to many other publications as well. — W. J. Clench. The discovery of Arion circumscriptus Johnston at Ur- BANA, Illinois. — A colony of the slug Arion circumscriptus Johnston has been discovered at Urbana, Illinois. It is believed to be the first record from the state. The first specimen which I identified was captured on April 19, 1948. Residents of the neighborhood remember seeing similar slugs at least five years 72 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (2) ago, and perhaps earlier. Thus far I have found Avion only in the city block bounded by Orchard Street, Iowa Avenue, Doug- las Street, and Indiana Avenue. It is seemingly absent from all the adjacent blocks. In the yards where it is found, it is quite numerous, especially during wet weather, when many specimens may be found under stones, bricks, and boards. On July 10, I discovered a specimen one inch deep in undisturbed sod. My specimens have two well-defined lateral bands. The identification was verified by examination of the genitalia. Sev- eral examples have been given to the Illionis State Natural History Survey. — Ross Taylor Bell. ZoNiTOiDES ARBOREUS (Say) IN NEVADA. — In Dr. Pilsbry's re- cent monograph of Land Mollusca of North America, vol. II, p. 481, under distribution of Z. arhoreus, I note, ''All states except Nevada." I took Zonit aides arhoreus (Say) in southern Nevada on April 21, 1935. It was found beneath moist dead leaves in a small aspen grove on the southeastern slope opposite the head of Cabin Canyon, which is near Bunkerville in Clark County. Directly above the grove was Wiregrass Spring and a small dry stream bed led from the spring to the aspen grove. This locality, as I now remember it, was directly north of Virgin Peak. As- sociated with Z. arhoreus were Euconulus fulvus alaskensis (Pils.), Retinella indentata paucilirata (Morelet), Vallonia cyclo- phorella Sterki, and Cionella luhrica (Miiller). — W. 0. Gregg. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED A zoogeographical study of the land snails of Ontario. By John Oughton. University of Toronto Studies, Biological Se- ries, no. 57, pp. 126, 2 tables and 86 distributional maps, 1948. This is not a handbook on the land snail fauna of Ontario, but as the title indicates, a study of distribution only. The species are not described or figured. Critical remarks are given and a small text-figure map indicates the known as well as the prob- able distribution for each species in Ontario. The total land snail fauna is given as 88 species and subspecies and in addition 8 included that are questionable. — W. J. Clench. The Nautilus Vol. 62 JANUARY, 1949 No. 3 A NEW FLORIDA SPECIES OF THE TECTIBRANCH GENUS PLEUROBRANCHUS By R. tucker ABBOTT Assistant Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States National Museum In the winter of 1947 a number of Opisthobranchs were col- lected in Biscayne Bay, Florida, by Mr. F. M. Bayer of the United States National Museum and Miss Harding Boehme, a graduate student at the University of Miami. Among the living and preserved specimens sent to the United States National Mu- seum for identification was a species of Pleiiroh ranchus which appears to be undescribed. An unusual amount of confusion has existed in the definition of the various genera of the subfamily Pleurobranchinae. The genera Gymnotoplax Pilsbry, 1896, Berthella Blainville, 1825, and Bouvieria Vayssiere, 1896, are sufficiently distinct to have escaped much change, but other groups such as Oscaniella Bergh, 1897, Oscanms Gray, 1847, Susania Gray, 1857, and Pleurohranchopsis Verrill, 1900, have been variously used as subgenera under the genus Pleur oh ranchus Cuvier, 1805, or raised to generic standing by different authors. No two work- ers seem to have treated these groups alike, and it is likely that this is due to the rather nebulous generic characters. Until living material of most of the species has been carefully exam- ined by one person, the group will remain in a state of flux. The new Florida species is closest in general characters to the type species of Susania {testudinaria Philippi, 1844, = testudi- narius Cantraine, 1835). At present, we are considering Susania as a subgenus of Pleiir oh ranchus. PLEUROBRANCHUS (Susania) atlanticus ucw spccics. (Plate 5, figs. 1-10.) Body. — The body of the animal when alive and crawling on a flat surface is elliptical to elongate, slightly flattened, from (73) 74 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) 40 to 50 mm. in length and 20 to 22 mm. in width. Specimens in alcohol contract to about two thirds their natural size. Mantle slightly larger than the foot, with an undulated, thin border and with a deep, rounded sinus in front. The size and depth of the sinus can be changed at will by the animal. In preserved material the sinus is moderately shallow. The dor- sal surface of the mantle (dorsum) is covered with numerous small, rounded tubercles which are largest on the central and anterior region. Towards the margins, the tubercles are re- duced to small round warts. Color of dorsum a yellowish or- ange with irregular splotches of deep maroon-brown. The largest tubercles are a translucent pale orange with a dark choc- olate ring around the base. Some tubercles are capped with chalk-white pigment. Other smaller tubercles are entirely chalk-white. The foot is elliptical in shape, and moderate^ crenulated along its lateral edges. The anterior edge possesses a deep mucus groove, bounded above by a small skin flap w^hich is deepl}^ notched in the center. Color of foot a translucent, pale yellowish orange. The dorsal surface of the edge of the foot is uneven, but without warts, and is speckled w4th groups of orange dustings and chalk-white dots. A well marked pedal gland is visible at the posterior end of the foot in some preserved specimens. Head. — The frontal veil is relatively small, trapezoidal in shape, with the anterior edge slightlj^ rounded and slightly ex- tended laterally (fig. 3). The lateral edges of the veil are deeply grooved as shown in the cross-sectional figure 5. Dorsal surface orange-yellow with irregular blotches of maroon-brown. Underside a pale yellowish orange. The mouth is located under the veil at its juncture with the head. The two rhinophores arise from the dorsal surface of the head a few millimeters in front of the two small black eyes. In living animals the rhino- phores project up through the sinus in the dorsum and are about 4 mm. in length. Each rhinophore is actually a rolled up plate, with one margin overlapping the other. The exhalent opening is on the side of the head well below the eye. Color is a translucent orange brown. In life, the rhinophores palpitate and are contracted at will on stimulation. Ctenidium. — The branchial plume lies on the right side of the body in the space between the overhanging edge of the mantle and the foot, usually completely concealed from top view, but plainly visible from the side. When fulh^ expanded, it measures slightly less than one half the length of the body, but may be contracted to one third of its natural size. The pos- terior or distal third of the plume is free from the body wall. The rachis or primary lamella bears on its dorsal surface two rows of 20-22 swollen nodules opposite which are located the Jan., 1949] the nautilus 75 secondary lamellae or pinnules. Each of the 40 or so pinnules is a miniature replica of the large plume itself, and is similarly nodulose and bears on each side about 15 tertiary lamellae. The tertiary lamellae bear, in turn, about 5-10 extremely small and simple quatenar}^ lamellae. Between the secondary la- mellae, and on the main rachis, there are occasionally 2 to 5 minor or dwarfed pinnules. The plume is of a pale yellowish color, with a heavy dusting of orange on the upper surfaces. Secondary lamellae often marked with a few chalk-white dots. Shell. — Shell (see fig. 8) small, length 40 mm., width 2.4 mm. ; only one tenth the total length of the animal. Auriculiform to semi-quadrate in outline, calcareous, and quite flat with only a slight convexity to the large last whorl. Spire very short with only 1% whorls. The concentric lines of growth very coarse and irregularly spaced. Color of shell in life a yellow^ish white with a faint rosy tint. A light reddish brown band runs di- agonally across the inside of the shell from the spire to the outer and lower edge. A broad thin, transparent, hyaline sheath borders tl;ie shell. The shell is embedded under the dorsum about one third the distance from the anterior end of the animal. Mandibles. — The labial armature consists of a pair of oblong, flat mandibles of a rich golden brown color. Each mandible is made up of closely set chitinous platelets arranged in approxi- mately 80 transverse rows with each row containing about 35 platelets. Each platelet is somewhat trapezoidal in shape, with the anterior end bearing a large pointed tooth, on either side of which may be 2 to 6 denticles. Variations in the denticles are figured in figure lOa-d. Radula. — The radula consists of about 75 transverse rows of simple, unciform, strongly hooked teeth. Each row contains about 380 teeth, those nearest the center being shorter, stouter and more strongly hooked (fig. 9a) than those towards the out- side w^hich are longer, more slender and almost straight. The formula is 190, 0, 190. Genitalia. — The external genitalia are located on the right side of the body a little anterior to the ctenidium. The penis and female orifices are surrounded by a common, elaborately folded flesh cup. The verge is anterior to the oviduct orifice which in turn is anterior to the opening of the nidamental- albumen gland. The fleshy arms of the genital cup are illus- trated in figure 6. The excretory organ of Bojanus is large and bean-shaped and opens to the outside by means of an oval slit (the prebranchial opening) in the integument between the ctenidium and the genital cup. Type locality. — Soldier Key, Biscayne Bay, Florida. F. M. Bayer, collector. February 22, 1948. 76 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) Types. — Holotype U.S.N.M. No. 574352; four paratypes: U.S.N.M. No. 574342 (four other specimens were destroyed in the course of examination). A paratype shell has been depos- ited in the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, No. 184350, and the Museum of Comparative Zoolo^ at Harvard College, No. 165951. Ecology. — The following remarks have been kindly supplied by the collector, Frederick M. Bayer: ''The first specimens of this species were collected in the spring of 1946 at Soldier Key in Biscayne Bay. Yet it appears to be not uncommon, and is probably abundant in similar sta- tions throughout the Florida Keys. It is particularly common in the shallow waters surrounding the small islands in the Soldier Key area. At low tide, great stretches of the bay's floor between the islands are exposed or covered only by a few inches of water. These flats are thickly overgrown with the low branching coral, Porites porites and its varieties. An inte- gral part of the flats are massive clumps of the alga, Ealimeda, and patches of the flowering plant, Thalassia, called Turtle- grass. This species of Pleiirohranchus seems to prefer the lower strata of the Porites colonies where the zooids are dead. There the mollusks may be seen commonly in pairs during the spring months engaged in depositing their large, translucent, gelatinous egg masses. They may be seen less often among the large clumps of Halimeda. On one occasion, at the Ragged Keys, we found very few Pleiirohranchus despite the presence of a luxuriant growth of Porites. Near here, in a small sandy patch, we turned over a water-logged board to find nearly a dozen specimens clinging to its under surface. Apparently, this spe- cies is not entirely dependent upon the presence of Porites. Although many dredge hauls were made in nearby waters of one to two fathoms in depth, no specimens were taken although some coral and Halimeda were present. It is apparent that the ecological niche inhabited by this moUusk is rather restricted, and it is not remarkable that it should have escaped notice despite more or less intensive investigations in the Miami area." Remarks: In the Western Atlantic, the closest ally to Pleuro- hranchus (Susania) atlanticus is P. {S.) areolatus Morch 1863 Jan., 1949] the nautilus 77 from the Lesser Antilles. From Morch's original description, it appears that the dorsum of areolatus is more coarsely pat- terned with raised areas of oblong hexagons instead of the pointed low tubercles found in atlanticns. The shell of areolatus differs in having a relatively larger spire and a more flaring last whorl. The color of the shell in areolatus is chestnut becoming whitish towards the periphery, while in atlanticns it is yellowish white with a rosy brown diagonal band. The cup-like fleshy folds around the genitalia found in atlanticns are very much reduced in areolatus. The shell of Pleurohranchus lacteus Dall and Simpson 1901 is quite similar to that of atlanticus. However, in the former it is a pure milky white as is the animal itself and possesses a thick glazed layer on the inside of the shell. The shell of atlanticus is not as elongate, is considerably more rugose, and is opaque w^ith only a slight sheen on the inside. Bibliography Berg, R., 1897-1898: Malacologische Untersuchungen. Die Pleurobranchiden. Semper 's Reisen Arch, der Philippinen, vol. 7, pts. 1-3, pp. 1-158, pis. 1-11. Dall, W. H., and Simpson, C. T., 1901 : The Mollusca of Porto Rico. U. S. Fish Commission Bull, for 1900, vol. 1, pp. 351- 524 [p. 367], pis. 53-58. Engel, H., 1927: Westindische Opisthobranchiate Mollusken. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Amsterdam, abl. 25, pp. 83-122. , 1934 : The English species of the Family Pleurobranchidae. xlnnals and Magaz. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 13, pp. 583-589. MacFarland, F. M., 1909: The Opisthobranchiate Mollusca of the Branner-Agassiz Expedition to Brazil. Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Publ., Univ. series, no. 2, pp. 1-104 [pp. 58- 64], 19 pis. PiLSBRY, H. A., 1896: Tryon's Manual of Conchology, vol. 16, pp. 1-262, 74 pis. Thiele, J., 1931: Handbueh der Systematischen Weichtier- kunde, vol. 2, pp. 377-778 [pp. 418-420]. Vayssiere, a., 1898: Monographic de la Famille des Pleuro- branchides. Annales Sci. Nat. Zool. et Paleo., vol. 8, pp. 209-402, pis. 13-28. White, K. M., 1946 : On Three New Species of Pleurobranchidae from Karachi [India]. Proc. Mai. Soc. London, vol. 27, pt. 1, pp. 52-56, pi. 5, figs. 1-9. 78 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) EXPLANATION OF PLATE, PLEUROBRANCHUS (SUSANIA) ATLANTICUS Fig. 1. Dorsal and slightly lateral view of animal crawling on flat sur- face. X 2. (Photo by F. M. Bayer.) Fig. 2. Eight lateral view of living animal, an, anus; ge, genital cup; pi, gill plume or ctenidium; rh, rhinophore; sh, position of shell under dorsum, X 1%. Fig. 3. Underside of animal, pe, posterior pedal gland; si, sinus or sulcus at anterior end of mantle; ve, velum. X 1%. Fig. 4. Lateral view of right rhinophore. po, posterior orifice; ey, eye. X4. Fig. 5. Cross-sectional view of velum to show lateral mucus grooves. X 5. Fig. 6. Genitalia, fl, skin flaps of the genitalial cup ; hd, hermaphro- ditic duct; nd, nidamental-albumen gland; or, female orifice; pr, prostate; sp, spermotheca; vd, vas deferens; vg, vagina and oviduct. X 2.'). Fig. 7. Dorsal view of anterior end of ctenidium showing nodulated rachis and secondary lamella or pinnule. X 20. Fig. 8. Shell showing (hy) hyaline sheath. X 25. Fig. 9. Radula. a, lateral tooth nearest center; b and c, intermediate laterals; d, 190th or outermost lateral. Fig. 10. Mandibles, a, well developed platelet; b, c and d, variations in dentition in more posteriorly placed platelets. (Enlargements approxi- mate. Drawings by the author.) IN PINAR DEL RIO, A COLLECTING TRIP By morris K. JACOBSON Not far from the matchless valley of Viilales, a little to the southeast, lies the village of Luis Lazo (or San Carlos) at the foot of the Sierra de San Carlos, an area not quite so well known to concholog-ists and hence somewhat less explored for shells than Viiiales. Past this village and tapping the area runs the road from Pinar del Rio City to Guane. This road, on the way to Guane from Luis Lazo, runs past localities like the Es- trechura, Ensenada de Las Angustias (or Siju), Sierra de Los Acostas, Mai Paso, Punta de la Sierra, Teneria, La Muralla, the Cueve Oscura of Portales, the Sierra de Guane and Paso Real, several of them type localities for many of the species and subspecies described by Torre and Bartsch. (Proceedings United States National Museum, Volumes 85 and 89, and United States National Museum Bulletin 181.) From the town of THE NAUTILUS: 62 (3) PLATE 5 Fh u ro h ra n cli //.s a i Ian t ic u.s. THE NAUTILUS: 62 (3) PLATE 6 FUi. 1-lc, Arimud huif/fordi Scliwi'ii^cl, tvjK' (li^. 1) ;iii(.'S X 2. FUi. 2, Fiisi/i IIS siKctnnn (A;ir;ityiH'. Jan., 1049 j the nautilus 79 Guane there is a road, still in the process of bein^ paved, to Mendoza (or Paso Real). From Luis Lazo to Pinar del Rio the road passes the Sumidero, and a branch road to the Matahambre mines takes one to Isabel Maria and Cabezas and the Sierra del Quemado. Near Luis Lazo village lies the well known Portrero de Luis Lazo, also known as the Valle de San Carlos, a large flat area entirely enclosed by steep-sided mogotes and sierras, watered by the Cuyaguateje River and its branches, the Arroyo Mai Nombre and the Arroyo las Fuentes, and crow^ned in its center by a vast and lonely mogote. In this Valle are the localities Las Virgenes, Las Fuentes, el Resolladero and el Junco (cf. maps Proc. U. S. N. M., vol. 85, pp. 218, 224, 294, etc.). The entire area described above was the site of a collecting trip undertaken by Oscar Alcalde Ledon of Cienfuegos and myself during the week December 26, 1947 to January 2, 1948. This area is by no means virgin territorj^ conchologically speaking. Among well known collectors in this area are to be mentioned first and foremost, of course, the indefatigable Dr. Carlos de la Torre and our own Dr. Paul Bartsch, whose three volumes mentioned above were to be the bible of our little ex- ' cursion. In addition must be mentioned names like Wright, Dominguez, Arango, Bermudez, Barrera, d'Alte Welch, Lowe and Hand, Jaume and Aguayo and undoubtedly many others. In all we visited 34 localities in seven general areas, namely: at Isabel Maria 8 localities, at Luis Lazo 6, in the Valle de San Carlos 6, region west of Luis Lazo 4, in the region of Sumi- dero 2, the area between Luis Lazo and Guane 5, and around Guane and Mendoza 3. Although in almost all cases we felt ourselves under the pressure of time and hence forced to omit many other desirable stations, our chief regret was our failure to visit, because of erroneous local information, the well known Sierra de Guane. I met Alcalde at the airport Rancho Boj'cros on December 26. Since we knew each other only through a lengthy corre- spondence, never having seen even a picture of each other, we identified ourselves by — not big red roses worn in our lapels — but large shells clutched manfully in upraised hands, I holding a large naiad {Lampsilis ovata from the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chanahon, Illinois, for those who insist on exact data) 80 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) and Alcalde a fine large Liguus fasciatus. We thus made our- selves known to each other with very little difficulty and, pick- inf^ up the entomologist Senor Manuel Barro at the Hotel Montserrat, took a bus (gua gua) immediately for Pinar del Rio. The events of the rest of the day remain in my mind as a brilliant, vastly colorful confusion. The overwhelming im- pressions of Cuba — the country I had longed to visit since I can first remember — the slurred, barely intelligible vernacular, the hurried change from bus to bus, all serve to leave only a most vivid impression of palm trees, heat in December, strangler figs on the side of the Central Highway, roast whole pigs sold at wayside stands (muy sabroso!), Havana gleaming whitely in the distance and picturesque bohios, the palm thatched huts of the peasantry. We raced through the rich countryside with only short stops at bustling little towns, alike as beads on a string, Guira, Alquizar, Artemisa, Las Manguas, Candeleria, etc., good collecting localities many of them. I remember defi- nitely however that that night we slept in the Hotel Comercio in Pinar. For myself it was hardly sleep, rather a grand sweep of rioting, undigested impressions. We were up at 4:30 for a trip to that mecca Viiiales, picture postcards come alive ! We picked up our guide Juan Gallardo and travelled, always by open sided bus, to Isabel Maria, and here, at the foot of the slope of Juan Alonso of the Sierra del Quemado, I collected my first Cuban snails, a number of urocoptids clinging vigorously to a dry limestone ledge. Here too I experienced my first diente de perro, dog-tooth rock surface (gives a secure foothold for rubber soled boots) and turned up my first live black A\idow spider. Here too w^ere the echoing eaves, the saucy lizards, the ''date pits" of the hidden hutia. Barbour's incomparable ''Naturalist in Cuba" was coming alive before my very eyes! By the time we descended from the steep slopes of Juan Alonso T realized that our collecting of live material would not be good during the dry season. I was to collect specimens bj- the hun- dreds, by the thousands, but the thrill of seeing a rock covered with ambulating beauties would be denied me. How thickly rocks can be so covered was made abundantly clear by the myriads of whorls of dried snail droppings (snail chips?). However, as it turned out, T was not to be completely disap- Jan., 1949] the nautilus 81 pointed. At Las Virgenes in the Valle de San Carlos we col- lected live Eutrochatellas and Chondropometes by the score; at the mogotes near Teneria we actually had to chase specimens of Chondropometes (Chondrothyroma) sagehieni disjunctum T. & B., a snail far livelier than anything I have ever seen in our country; and on the very last day of our trip, at the town of Mendoza, I filled little boxes with the beautiful urocoptid known as Callonia ellioti Crosse. Of course, we collected many live specimens in other places, but never in such large numbers as at these three stations. Land operculates have a habit that is disconcerting even startling to one who has never collected them alive before. Up to now, whenever I approached a snail clinging to a vertical surface, I knew the prey was mine, because the animal would obligingly withdraw its head and pull the shell all the tighter to its holdfast. Not so the annularids. Let them but get an inkling that you are near and they pop into their shells and drop like plummets, leaving a small spot of moisture behind. I wish I could show them that this is really not a very good habit — their shells are fragile and fracture badly w^hen they hit, as they mostly do, a hard limestone surface. Or else they fall with considerable force into a crevice where, securely wedged, they die a lingering death and make it practically impossible for anyone to free them in one piece. A corollary of this habit is the extreme timidity of such operculates. An inoperculate like Zachrysia or Cepolis or even Liguiis will in a short time after capture stick out its head to survey the situation. But with annularids an unconscionabl}^ long time will pass before they venture even to loosen the tight fit of the operculum, and any sort of light shock to the container causes them to pull back in again, tight as a stone. How^ever, the experience gained as a collector in the temper- ate zones is not without value in Cuba. Aside from the rock faces and the foot of boulders, we collected shells on leaves and branches of trees, including Cepolis and a few Liguus, under most rocks and under sprung bark. Farcimens were usually found buried in wet, rotted leaves on the ground, but they were not infrequently taken clinging to sticks and fallen tree trunks, especially in dark and humid situation. In little pockets in the 82 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) rough surfaced limestone, under accumulated decaying leaves, we found Rhytidothyra and Annularops, and clinging to dry rock faces Helicinas like Viana and Eutrochatella. The latter were frequently covered with a fine layer of pulverized, hard- ened limestone, and at the mogotes near Teneria this cover took the shape of a many pointed star, the points extending be- yond the outer edge of the true shell. How the animal man- ages to attach this cover is a mystery. To return to our journey. That night we ate with a Cuban tobacco farmer, a guajiro as he is here termed, in his little thatched bohio. The food, stewed chicken and white rice, was tasty enough, but I found that sudden whiffs of live pig running around in the kitchen did little to improve my appetite. Here I ate my first malanga, the root of our familiar garden plant, the elephant ear, and boniato, a white potato that has the flavor of sweet potato. We slept in the tobacco curing house, now unused. There was a sow and her litter not far from where I had hung my hammock, and she continued instructing her chil- dren all night long. Barro had a cold and kept telling Alcalde all about it. We were in the midst of a Cuban cold spell and the weather was uncomfortably chilly. When my blanket covered my top side, my underneath froze through the thin hammock, underneath and my top froze, wrapt up and I was cold all over. However, this was the only really uncomfortable night we spent. The next day, December 28, Barro left us for Havana to nurse a bad case of grippe. We had our breakfast, a demitasse called here cafe solo, put some boniatos in our pockets and set off to collect at several mogotes in the vicinity, namely that of Juan Alonso, the large mogote near the cemetery of Cabezas and a few more on the finca of Sefior Hernandez, who invited us in, served us coffee, and told us of other collectors who had visited his hatey. His son accompanied us on a small trip we took and collected quite as enthusiastically as any of us, al- though, he confessed, to him there were only two kinds of snails, the big and the small. He was delighted when we showed him a tiny Eutrochatella ; this was not grande, not even chico, it was chirriquitico, or really wee bit tiny. In the afternoon we took the bus to Luis Lazo where we spent Jan., 1949] the nautilus 83 the next three days at the house of Seiior Carballo, a friend of the renowned Don Carlos. He was a very old man, skin as thin as paper, all the veins clearly showing-, and in build very tall and thin. But his posture was upriglit and his deportment that of a grandee of old Spain. He entertained Alcalde — his Spanish was too fast for me — with tales of old Cuba and his adventures as a soldier of the king in the far off Philippines. He referred to this period of his life as the time when he was defending the ''patria, " meaning Spain of course and not Re- publican Cuba. When we left he referred to us in his visitors book as ''intrepid naturalists, boldly surging thru the fields of Cuba in search of her natural wonders" or something like that. We were quite embarrassed, but signed nevertheless. Here we slept in beds, hard but warm, and except for poor food (after all, one can make only so many different dishes from beans and rice even though the beans do vary in color from day to day) we had a pleasant enough stay. On December 29 we made the long round of the Valle de San Carlos collecting in all the areas mentioned by Torre and Bartsch. On rocks in the Cuyaguateje River we found hosts of Hemisinus {Hemi- sinus) cuhaniamis (d'Orbigny) and Hemisinus (Potamanax) hrevis (d'Orbigny), both species freely mingling. The only other fresh water shells we took, aside from a large Ancylus in a little intermittent pond at Isabel Maria, were the small naiads Nephronaias gundlachi (Dunker). Our best find at Luis Lazo turned out to be a Rhytidothyra which we found in the Hoyo de La Guataca on the southeast slope of the Sierra de San Carlos, and which Alcalde subsequently described as new (Re- vista Sociedad Malacologica "Carlos de La Torre" 6:4). But we did not find, not even in semifossil condition, the unique Chondrothyra (Hendersonoma) percrassa ''Wright" Pfeiffer (cf. Proc. U.S.N.M., vol. 85, pi. 15, fig. 6). The region here is quite spectacular, the outstanding feature being the characteristic limestone blocks, some being no bigger than good sized barns, others vast mountains. Here, in these steep, soaring mogotes and sierras of Pinar del Rio we find the Cuban tropics. Endlessly twining vines, gray trunked palm trees, curious lizards, insects and butterflies, the cries of color- ful birds and hosts of magnificent snails — a region that differs 84 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) not very much today from the time of Columbus. The lowland jungle has for the most part disappeared, the fauna and flora on the inaccessible, sharply cut limestone cliffs remain largely unchanged. When I think of Luis Lazo I see in my mind's eye a grey, green clad soaring cliff, slowly w^ieeling buzzards over its peaks, and hear the high sweet cry of the Cuban night- ingale. At the foot of these cliffs there is a stretch of spiny, vine-covered, almost impenetrable underbrush, the Cuban manigua. Forcing our way through this thicket, we reach the ringing, sharp toothed limestone and carefully mount to the cave fretted upper portions. These mogotes are at times so narrow that large holes have been torn right through them, showing beyond other palm covered scenes that move majesti- cally past like a magic peep show. This is especially true as one passes the cliffs at the Cueva Oscura at Portales. These mogotes so much resemble cliffs rising from the sea that a pro- jection of flat land into their sides is known as an ensenada, the word for bay. Aside from falls there are no real dangers in these cliffs, though there are many unpleasant features, chiefly vicious wasps (active only in the summer), the acid spitting mancoperro (a huge millipede) and great numbers of spiny, thorny bushes: tocino, chichicate, ortiguilla, espuela de caballero and many cactus-like plants. Finally one must not fail to mention the ormiga hrava or wild ant, a little fellow that stings like a needle. However he leaves no itch or burn; when he lets go the pain vanishes. In the entire area about Luis Lazo we collected Chondropo- metes {Chondrothyroma) magjium magnum T. & B. but are not satisfied that we were able to find the subspecies signae and elisahethae; and Chondrothyretes harhouri 'barhouri T. & B. whose subspecies itineraria we found at Cabezas. The typical harhouri varies from light yellow and orange in the Ensenada de Las Angustias to uniformly dark ones in the Estrechura, although most localities show series from light to dark. In several stations near the finca "Sabanas Lianas" there is a large proportion of forms showing dark spots arranged in spiral bands. The most interesting snail at all localities is Cepolis (Jeanneretia) parraiana d'Orb. with its numerous unnamed Jan., 1949] the nautilus 85 varieties. Of this Aguayo and Jaume say (Catologo Moluscos de Cuba no. 98) : *'. . . a polymorphic species which includes a g-ood number of varieties or forms and perhaps distinct sub- species." This very interesting group is now in the process of being monographed by Dr. Carlos de la Torre. Together with this Cepolis we sometimes found C. suht us sulcata torrei Clench & Aguayo, with the curious depression at its base. In addition we found almost everywhere Proserpina depressa d'Orb., Rhytidothyra hilahiata aurantiaca T. & B., Vianas chiefly of the species regina suhunguiculata (Poey), Emoda of the species percrassa and sagraiana, Urocoptes, Zachrysias Farci- mens, dead Li guns and Oleacina. (A complete list of shells and details about all stations will appear in a subsequent paper.) Many of the Zachrysias were found with a neat hole broken out of the second whorl, the handiwork of a preying bird. At the Estrechura we found Chondropometes {Chondrothy- roma) eximiummalleatum T. & B. and at the Ensenada de las Angustias the subspecies angusticulum T. & B. And finally almost everywhere we found the ubiquitous Suhulina octona (Bruguiere) and occasionally in dead leaves small numbers of Pichardiella. On December 31 we visited two localities at the Sumidero, and among other things took some more Farcimen superb um superhum T. & B., but whether we collected the subspecies itineraria T. & B. we are not at all sure. Here we also took Chondrothyra (PUcathyra) crassa T. & B. That afternoon we left for Guane, a typical Cuban country town, rough streets, high narrow sidewalks, horses and mules everywhere, a few rather dilapidated taxis, a once a week movie house, and a neglected church. Before turning in that evening we visited the Sierra Paso Real and collected large numbers of the characteristic Chondrothyretes gundlachi gundlachi T. & B. and Chondropometes {Chondrothyroma) sagehieni sagehieni T. & B. The next day was the busiest day of all. Sending Juan Gallardo to go collecting at the Mogote de Xila at km. 14 of the Pinar to Guane Highway (where he found Turrithyra hamlini xilaensis T. & B.), Alcalde and I visited in turn the Punta de la Sierra — for Chondropometes {Chondrothyroma) sagehieni dis- junctum T. & B. and Chondrothyretes gundlachi deviata T. & 86 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) B. ; the Cueva Oscura of Portales — for Chondropometes (Chondrothyroma) sagehieni portalense T. & B. ; and the mo- gotes between Teneria and La Muralla — for Chondropometes (Chondrothyroma) sagehieni parvum T. & B., all of which shells w^e found in satisfying- quantity. Both at Teneria and Punta de la Sierra we collected large numbers of Ohelisciis (Ldobasis) paradoxus Arango, which we first took for a uro- coptid, and which made us quite excited. January 2 was my last da3\ We took a morning trip by taxi to Mendoza where we found those matchless Callonia mentioned above as well as Chondropometes {Chondrothyroma) sagehieni mendozense T. & B. In a little creek not far from the hill we took what we think is Pomacea pahidosa form garciae Kichards. That same day we returned by bus to Pinar del Rio and early next morning were on our way to Havana. And that very evening at 10 I landed at La Guardia Airport in a chilly New York that w^as even then struggling to free itself from the effects of the greatest snowfall in its history, in less than five hours from heat of Havana to the ice of New York ! NATURAL HISTORY OBSERVATIONS ON PHILO- MYCUS CAROLINIANUS (BOSC) By WILLIAM MAECUS INGRAM Mills College, California The included observations were made from June 12 to August 17, 1948, while the writer held an ecological fellowship on the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve, Rensselaerville, Albany Count}^ New York.^ The preserve consists of between 500 and 600 acres and has twent^^-six plant communities as aptly described by Odum (194IJ). Evidence indicates that the climax forest of 1 Gratitude is expressed to the officers of the Edmund Niles Huyck Pre- serve and to the following individuals who did everything possible to further this work: Dr. Sherman C. Bishop of the University of Rochester who was often the writer's field companion; Dr. William J. Hamilton, Jr., of Cornell University, and Mr. James Murphy of Albany and Rensselaerville, New York. Jan., 1949] the nautilus 87 the preserve is beeeh-herQlock association or hemlock consocia- tion or both intermixed, Odum (1943). Of the various plant communities the beech-hemlock forest was by far the most fruit- ful in collecting Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Slugs never were found in abandoned fields or in association with human habitation. The general diurnal activity and arboreal tendencies of this native slug have been reported by Ingram (1941) for the Ed- mund Niles Huyck Preserve when he held an earlier fellowship in 1940. The natural history data included here will supple- ment that already published for this slug on the preserve and will add to that which has been incidentally published in taxo- nomic discussions of the species, i.e., Baker (1902) (1939), and Pilsbry (1948). Special consideration is given to a listing of the fungus food of this slug and to its general habitat. General Habitat. — It is known that this slug has arboreal tendencies, Baker (1902), Ingram (1941), Pilsbry (1948). It is especially abundant in Beech-Hemlock stands, generally tend- ing to avoid logs and trees of the hemlock and to especially favor a beech tree or beech log association. Contrary to written re- ports it is active throughout all hours of the day, whether the sun is clouded over or is shining brightly, Clapp (1920), Pilsbry (1948). Favored collecting times are those after a rain which brings forth the slugs from their resting retreats. After wet periods this slug is typicalty found crawling up beach trees to heights estimated at 60 feet; those at a 12 to 20 foot level can be collected easily by means of a pole, for as they are boosted from their hold by the pole they can be caught as they fall tow^ards the ground. Some fifteen have been gathered in five minutes at a height of from 12 to 20 feet from a single beech through the use of a pole. After rains, for every slug collected on the ground five were taken from beech trees. During sum- mer collecting it was not uncommon to find as many as from 2 to 6 individuals under the sprung bark of a beech log or under the sprung bark of a yellow birch log. In the area under consideration this slug is not solitary in habit, evidence indicating that Baker's (1902) statement, ''Soli- tary in habit," is not a representative remark, Baker (1939) having very likely realized this when he later wrote concern- 88 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) ing P. carolinianus, ^'A single large prostrate tree trunk may contain as man}' as 20 specimens of this species, often many sizes and ages from young to mature." Clapp (1920) reports nine specimens from a log crack that was 7 inches long by 2 inches wide. On the preserve 2 to 3 individuals on 11 different occasions have been collected from under the caps of a single mushroom feeding on the gills and stalk in bright daylight. Often from 4 to 5 individuals have been gathered from branch cavities that were formed when branches fell on beeches. In one instance 7 individuals were collected from the top of a wet rot beech stump exposed to the sun at 11 o'clock in the morn- ing of a bright day feeding together on several clumps of the coral mushroom group, Clavaria (stricta {?)). Clapp (1920) states that the feeding of this slug is done at night and rarely will one find them feeding on the under surface of a fungus in daylight. Another collection to indicate that the species may be gregarious was made from a dead beech stump on which a Peleated Woodpecker had worked ; here 7 individuals were taken from deep within the holes made by the bird, three individuals being clustered in one hole and two holes providing shelter for two slugs apiece. Of the 19 species of land mollusks thus far reported from this preserve by Ingram (1946), this one is perhaps most easily found because of the tenacious slime tracks that it leaves wher- ever it has been. One can easily observe slime tracks on beeches up to heights of from 40 to 60 feet; too, tracks on logs and around mushrooms if followed usually reveal this slug or less commonly the large white-lipped wood snail, Triodopsis alho- lahris (Say). Feeding and FooD.^-General statements have appeared in the literature from time to time indicating that land mollusks are not in direct competition with each other for a food supply, Boy- cott (1934), Williams (1936). In studying the fungus food of P. carolinianus indication is that this slug is in direct compe- tition with at least two other mollusks for a food supply and with several species of beetles, and with rodents. Three unidentified species of Staphylinidae, one Scarabidae, and one Silphidae were observed commonly feeding on fungi, the plants that form the bulk of the food supply of P. carolini- Jan.. 1949] the nautilus 89 anus. The observed snail competitors for the slug's food supply were Triodopsis alholahris (Say) and Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). Another native slug, Pallifera dorsalis (Binney), was observed only once feeding on a mushroom that P. carolinianus feed upon, although it was commonly observed feeding on the under surface of shelf fungi, Fonies sp., a fungus that P. caro- linianus was not observed to feed on. Aside from these specifi- cally listed animals tooth marks on mushrooms also indicated that rodents likewise compete for a food supply with the slug. Radular marks on beech bark indicate that P. carolinianus feeds on alga, Proiococcus ( ?), that is very commonly associated with the beech tree. To confirm such field observations beech bark with a luxuriant growth of the alga was peeled from a tree and brought into the laboratory and housed in terraria with slugs. No other potential food was placed with the slugs ; after three daj^s radular tracks were found on the bark where the algae had been scraped off to be used as food. Green scats that were abundantly dropped by the slugs likewise indicated that the bark algae had been used as food, for only cream-white and light brown scats had been deposited by the slugs from their mushroom diet prior to their feeding on Proiococcus ( ?). In feeding on mushrooms individuals varied in habit of at- tack on their food supply. Stems of mushrooms were observed with slugs cutting canoe-shapped troughs into them. Caps of mushrooms were observed with slugs at rest on the upper sur- face filing away at the outer surface of the cap, and often slugs were collected under the caps feeding on the gills. In terraria when mushrooms of the genus Boletus without gills were prof- fered as food it was observed that holes were filed into the under surface of the caps just large enough to accommodate the an- terior end of the slug as it ate its way inward. In feeding on Boletus the lower surface of the cap was fed upon most com- monly, although radular work was observed on the dorsal sur- face of the cap where the common procedure was to scrape off the outer mycelial covering. The fungus food of P. carolinianus seems to be quite varied based on field observations; such observations indicate that no single species of mushrooms seems to be preferred. It is real- ized of course that different conclusions might be obtained with 90 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) selection tests in laboratory feedings. However, under nat- ural conditions feeding on mushroom fungi in general seems to be adapted to those commonly available in forest stands where the slug abounds without any special species being sought out. The list of fungi on which P. carolinianus feeds is based on identifications made by the writer based on Krieger (1935), and follows: Amanita muscaria (L.), Boletus (2 sps.), Armil- laria mellea (Vahl) Quel., Collyhia sp., Pleiirotus sapidus (Schulz) Quel., Hydnum caput-iirsi Fr., Clavaria stricta (Pers.) Fr., Marasmius sp.. Poly poms stdphureics (Bull.) Fr., and Cantharellus sp. Only fungi on which slugs were observed feeding in the field are included in this list. Radular marks observed on other mushrooms indicate that many more species are fed upon by this slug and might be added to this list ; how- ever none are included in the list that slugs w^ere not seen to feed on. Bibliography Baker, Frank Collins, 1902 : The mollusca of the Chicago area. Bull. no. 3, Nat. Hist. Surv., Chi. Acad. Sci., pp. 137-390 (The Gastropoda). , 1939 : Fieldbook of Hlinois Land Snails. Manual 2, Nat. Hist. Surv. Div. Dept. Regs, and Ed., Illinois, pp. 1-164. Boycott, A. E., 1934: The habits of land mollusca in Britain. Journ. Ecology, vol. 22, pp. 1-38. Clapp, William F., 1920: The shell of Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Nautilus, 33 : 3, pp. 83-89. Ingram, William Marcus, 1941 : Habits of land mollusca at Rensselaerville, Albany County, New York. Amer. Mid. Nat., 25 : 3, pp. 644-651. , 1946 : Land mollusca of the Edmund Niles Huyck Pre- serve, Rensselaerville, New York. Nautilus, 59 : 3 pp. 87-93. Krieger, Louis C, 1935 : A popular guide to the higher fungi (mushrooms) of New York State. New York State Museum Handbook no. 11, pp. 1-538. Odum, Eugene P., 1943 : The vegetation of the Edmund Niles Huyck Preserve, New York. Amer. Mid. Nat.. 29 : 1, pp. 72-88. PiLSBRY, Henry A., 1948 : Land mollusca of North America, etc., vol. 2, pt. 2, Mono. 3, Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., pp. 521-1113. Williams, Arthur B., 1936 : The composition and dynamics of a beech-maple climax community. Ecol. Mono., 6 : 3, pp. 318-408. Jan., 1949] the nautilus 91 SOME SNAIL RECORDS FROM SOUTHEASTERN OHIO By CHARLES B. WURTZ During- August and September of 1941 I took a one man ex- pedition into domestic fields. Starting in Pittsburgh, Pa., the route embraced northwestern West Virginia, southeastern Ohio and northeastern Kentuck3^ Since then I have written con- cerning both the Kentucky snails collected (Nautilus, 58: 125-128, 1945) and the West Virginia snails collected (Nautilus, 61: 80-89, 1948). This latter paper also included other West Virginia material collected at various times. Feeling that the best one can do is emulate the eminent, e.g., Pearl Buck of literary fame, I decided to complete the writing and thus compose my trilogy. This, therefore, concludes the work of this particular field trip. This part of the trip was more abbreviated than that of the other two states as I spent only two days (August 30 and 31) collecting- from seven counties in Ohio. Naturally this is re- flected in the amount of material collected. The memories of the trip itself have become somewhat dulled, and I discover, as does everyone, that field notes which appear comprehensive at the moment are but tantalizing after a few years. Transportation consisted of a one-half ton truck fitted with a bed-roll, one-burner kerosene stove and other paraphernalia. It was the type of truck that allowed me to lock the doors and leave the keys inside. After this happens one must walk a mile or so to the nearest farm to borrow a piece of balin' wire that can be maneuvered through a small slit left open at the top of the window. There is a verj^ scenic mile between Hocking and Athens in Ohio ! I entered Washington County, Ohio, from Parkersburg, W. Va., and was so impressed by my own mobility that I went right on to Athens County. My first stop was at Athens. This lo- cality is in the Kanawha Section of the Appalachian Plateaus. Here I had an opportunity to meet Dr. Geir of Ohio University. He went out of his way to come to the University buildings to meet me, bringing with him some snails from his backyard. 92 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) After being shown around the Biology Department by Dr. Geir I drove west and collected at the west end of the town along Rt. 50. The snails from Athens County include Stenotrema hirsutum (Say) Geir!, Triodopsis tridentata (Say), a single specimen of Triodopsis alholahris (Say) which lacked the parietal tooth, Haplotrema concavum (Say), Mesomphix inornatus (Say) and Anguispira alternata (Say). Forging westward I next collected in Vinton Count3\ This locality was a roadside park, Hooper Park, about ten miles east of McArthur along Rt. 50. Like Athens this locale is in the Kanawha Section of the Appalachian Plateaus. Five species were taken here. These were: Stenotrema hirsutum (Say), Triodopsis tridentata (Say), Haplotrema concavum (Say), Ventridens intertextus (Binney) and Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). The H. concavum was taken while feeding on S. hir- sutum. Reference is made to this in the above mentioned paper on Kentucky where tw^o other such incidents are discussed. This small collection represents the time it takes for an engine ten years old to reduce itself from a temperature of 212° F. to one more commensurate wdth efficient operation. Continuing on mj^ way I reached Chillicothe in Ross County just before the telegraph office closed. Here I learned that a congratulatory message on the occasion of a father's birthday should not include such Latin phrases as ''Pax vobiscum. " It strains the relationship between the telegraph operator and the sender. Such things breed dissension. After an uneventful night beside a filling station the expedi- tion bore southw^esterly. Two miles out of Chillicothe, at Slate Mills along Rt. 50, I made another small collection. This lo- cality is on the border between the Kanawha Section of the Appalachian Plateaus and the Till Plains of the Central Low- land Province. (I followed this border to Adams County.) At this point my field notes read, * ' This seems to be the best time of the year to get immature polygyrids, I see far more immature forms than I do mature forms." Here I took Stenotrema fraternum (Say), Mesodon injlectus (Say), Triodopsis triden- tata (Say), T. denotata (Fer.), Haplotrema concavum (Say), Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) and Discus patulus (Desh.). Jan., 1949] the nautilus 93 With persistence I coaxed my vehicle to Cynthiana in Pike County where I collected Stenotrema fraternum (Say), Meso- don infiectus (Say), Ventridens ligera (Say) and Anguispira alternata (Say). The next stop was at Butler Springs Park in Highland County. This was another roadside park along Rt. 41. (The roadside parks that are found in Ohio are a real boon to motor- ing humanity.) Here I collected Triodopsis tridentata (Say), T. alholahris (Say), which lacked the parietal tooth and Ven- tridens intertextus (Binney). Beyond this point I passed over the border into the Lexing- ton Plain of the Interior Low Plateaus Province. The first stop in this physiographic section was in Adams County at McClana- han's farm two miles south of West Union. Here I collected a nice series of Anguispira alternata (Say) in which the larger specimens have a blunt peripheral carina and are higher than is typical of the species. They resemble the form A. a. eriensis (Clapp) in this respect. Other species collected were: Steno- trema fraternum (Say), Mesodon thyroidus (Say), Triodopsis tridentata (Say), Haplotrema concavum (Say), Gastrocopta armifera (Say) and Pupoides alhilahris (C. B. Ad.). The last stop in the state was in Brown County at Ellsberry. The snails that were collected here all came from grass which had been piled beneath a honey locust. This was the largest collection made in the state on this trip. Of particular interest among the species collected was a series of Triodopsis tridentata discoidea (Pils.). Like the other reported localities for the occurrence of T. t. discoidea this locality is in the valley of the Ohio River itself. This is an eastward extension of the known range of the subspecies which has been found from Cincinnati (type locality) westward along the Ohio River Valley to the Mississippi River. (Cf. Pilsbr}^, Land Moll, of N. Amer., Vol. 1, Pt. 2: 799, 1940.) Other species collected were Stenotrema fraternum (Say), Mesodon thyroidus (Say), M. mitchellianus (Lea), M. pennsylv aniens (Green), M. appressus (Say), M. in- fiectus (Say), Triodopsis alholahris (Say) which lacked the parietal tooth, Haplotrema concavum (Say), Ventridens ligera (Say), Anguispira alternata (Say) which were similar to those from Adams County, Gastrocopta armifera (Say) and Pupoides alhilahris (C. B. Ad.). 94 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) MOLLUSCA OF THE EASTERN BASIN OF THE CHACO RIVER, NEW MEXICO By ROBERT J. DRAKE Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico An assemblage of land and freshwater shells has been ob- tained from the drift of the eastern tong^ue of the Chaco River, at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon National Monument, San Juan County, New Mexico. Collections were made in October of 1946, and April, June, July, August and October of 1947, in conjunction with archeological survey and excavation programs of the Department of Anthropology of the University of New Mexico. Most of the collection was made during the University Anthropology Field Session in the summer of 1947. This collection of fifteen forms is significant in that the dead shells had lived in the enclosed basin of the eastern tongue of the river. Biotic provinces are represented in this area by the Upper Sonoran Life Zone (4000/5000 to 7000/8000 feet), and Dice's Navahonian Province, the latter a more geographic biome. The Continental Divide is at the eastern edge of the basin from 7500 to 8000 feet elevation. The source of the eastern tongue of the Chaco is (at ca. 7500 feet elevation) about 45 miles from Pueblo Bonito, and this large ruin is at ca. 6000 feet.^ The climate of the eastern tongue of the Chaco is normally cold desert, bordering on steppe (BWkfw, near BSkfw, follow- ing the Koeppen system of climatic determination). Seven or eight years out of ten are apparently desert years in precipita- tion. The mean average per year for rain is 8.18 inches. Ad- joining mesas bordering the canyon are probably steppe as the canyon only lacks an average of one inch more rain a year to be entirely steppe. -^ The rainy season for the area is from July to September. The Chaco is intermittent, flowing during the last of the rainy • 1 Fisher, Reginald G., 1934, University of New Mexico Bulletin, Archaeo- logical Series, Vol. 3, no. 1, p. 19. Some geographic factors that influenced the ancient populations of the Chaco Canyon. -' Brand, Donald D., Florence M. Ilawley, Frank C. Hibben, et aL, 1937, University of New Mexico Bulletin, Anthropological Series, Vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 44, 45. Tseh So, a small house ruin, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Jan., 1949] THE NAUTILUS 95 seasons, and following springtimes, when the high mountain snow deposits are melting. Some of the drift is at various levels, probably representing deposition when the raging tor- rent was higher or lower according to the amount of water con- centrated in the arroyo normally from rain or during flash floods. As with drift I have collected from the Rio Grande and Rio Puerco systems in New Mexico, the Uncompahgre, Slate, and Gunnison sj^stems in Colorado, and the Florido and Concho systems in Chihuahua, shells in concentrated deposits of rejec- tamenta apparently represent colonies of one form or fairly homogenous groupings of several landshell forms. Pupillidae and Vallonidae have been especially noticed in this respect. Dead landshells of forms from the Chaco drift were observed on surfaces of ruins and anthills in the canj^on and in dry clumps of vegetation at springs and seeps on the rimming mesas. The vegetation of the canyon floor is mostly piiion pine, juni- per, and shrubs (sagebrush, cacti, yucca, greasewood, rabbit- brush, and shadscale). Alder, cottonwood, walnut, and box elder grow inside canj^ons. In the higher altitudes are found western yellow (or ponder- osa) pin, spruce, oak, serviceberries, wild rose, occasional sage- brush and rabbitbrush, and very abundant herbs and grasses.^ Fifteen forms of gastropods discovered in the basin of the eastern tongue of the Chaco River are : Gastrocopta pellucida hordea- cella (Pilsbry) Hawaiia minuscula (A. Bin- ney) Hawaiia minuscula alachuana Dall Piipilla cf. hlandi Morse Pupilla hehes (Ancey) Pupoides Jiordeacus (Gabb) Pupoides alhilahris (C.B.Ad.) Succinea grosvenorii Lea Vallonia cyclophorella Ancey Vallonia gracilicosta Rein- hardt Vertigo ovata (Say) Fossaria parva (Lea) Gyraulus circumstriatus (Tryon) Helisoma tenue cf. sinuosum (Bonnet) Stagnicola hulimoides cocke- relli (Pilsbry and Ferriss). 3 Elmore, Francis H., 1943. University of New Mexico Monograph Series, Vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 10, 11. Ethnobotany of the Navajo. 96 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) Pupilla cf. hlandi Morse is represented by only two specimens. They were sent, in September of 1947, to Dr. S. S. Berry, Red- lands, California, who examined them and commented : ' ' . . . at present I can do no better than call [them] Pupilla cf. hlandi Morse, although there are manifest differences, notably that it is very small for hlandi, and the palatal tooth is too small and does not penetrate. It is about the size of P. sonorana (Sterki), but is too chunky, more truncate in front, and has too small teeth for that." * It is hoped more collecting will provide addi- tional specimens of this aberrant form for study. One specimen of Helisoma was found. It is certainly tenue and probably variety sinuosum (Bonnet). I have done a con- siderable amount of work recently with H. tenue and varieties, from New Mexico and Chihuahua, and have found great tend- ency for some specimens of a colony of sinuosum or pertenue F. C. Baker'"' to go toward tenue (Philippi) s. s. Dr. J. P. E. Morrison states that many lots of varieties of H. tenue from northern Mexico in the U. S. National Museum likewise exhibit this characteristic.*^ The H. tenue sinuosum (Bonnet) found at Albuquerque, New Mexico, however, is quite typical of the va- riety, and is illustrated as such in F. C. Baker's monograph on the Planorbidae.^ Again, further collecting in the Chaco should make additional Helisoma available for study. It is unfortunate that no representatives of the Physidae or Sphaeriidae were found in Chaco Canyon, as the peculiarities of members of those families are exceedingly little known in New Mexico and the Southwest. Sincere thanks go to the many archeologists and anthropology students who helped with the Chaco collecting (and tedious sort- ing) of drift. To one of the former, Mr. Lloyd M. Pierson, Jr., goes special thanks. Being gifted with the collector's instinct, Mr. Pierson became a convert to field snailing and gave me much help during our University's archeological expedition to south- ^ Letter, dated 13 October, 1947. ''• II. tenue pertenue F. C. Baker represents a change in name for the pre- occupied common northern Mexican P. tenuis applanatus Martens, r.aker, Frank, C, 1945, The MoUuscan Family Planorbidae, p. 149. « Letter, dated 26 November, 1947. 7 Baker, 194ri, The Molluscan Family Planorbidae, pi. 98, fig. 15. Jan., 1949] the nautilus 97 eastern Chihuahua in August and September of 1947. In fact, he collected the only lot of Oreohelix found during our trip. Mr. Gordon K. MacMillan, Dr. Wendell 0. Gregg', and Dr. S. S. Berry have been kind enough to examine the Chaco material and make most of the determinations. Chaco duplicates have been deposited in the collections of W. O. Gregg:, S. S. Berry, W. J. Eyerdam, C. L. Blakeslee, M. K. Jacobson, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the U. S. National Museum, the California Academy of Sciences, the University of Michig-an Museum of Zoology, the Chicago Natural History Museum, the Carnegie Museum, the Museum of Com- parative Zoology, and the Allan Hancock Foundation of the University of Southern California. Examples of all forms are in my collection and are available for examination by conchol- osrists. A NEW JAPANESE LIMPET By JEANNE S. SCHWENGEL AcMAEA LANGFORDi n. sp. Plate 6, figs. 1, la-lc. Shell small, oblong-ovate, elevated, apex near the front third. Surface dull, greyish white, having 14 to 18 slightly noduled, heavy ribs which extend into points beyond the margin. There are shorter ribs between these, beginning at the denticulated margin and disappearing before they reach the apex. The more adult shells are completely covered with calcareous growth, which more or less obscures the sculpture between the ribs, which consists of very strong, irregular growth lines, especially evident in the younger specimens. The interior ranges from a cream}' tint to a dark brown, with the central callus either well defined with a line of brown, or entirely dark brown. The inner margin is marked with brown spots between the ribs, which are indented. Length 14 mm., width 10.8 mm., altitude 5 mm. Paratype. Length 12-1/2 mm., width 10-1/2 mm., altitude 4-1/2 mm. Type. Length 10 mm., width 8 mm., altitude 4 mm. Paratype. The Type A.N.S.P. No. 185109, and Paratype No. 185110 98 THE NAUTILUS . [Vol. 62 (3) were collected at Chikura, Japan, in 1935, by Daniel B. Lang- ford, for whom the shell is named. This shell somewhat resembles Acmaea heroldi Dunker. It is somewhat narrower, the ribs are much heavier and it has no bluish cast in the interior, but is consistently of the brown tones. It resembles more Acmaea corticata Hutton, of New Zealand, thouffh it is a heavier and darker shell. NOTES ON THE POLYGYRIDAE OF NORTHERN ARKANSAS By LESLIE HUBRICHT During 1942 the author made two trips to Calico Rock, Arkan- sas and vicinity to collect Polygyra peregrina and Mesodon clenchi which were then known only from that locality. This paper is a report on the more interesting species found plus a few^ records from earlier trips into northern Arkansas. Polygyra peregrina Rehder Izard Co. : bluffs, just south of Calico Rock; talus (recent), 4 miles south of Calico Rock. Stone Co.: talus (Pleistocene), north of Sylamore. Marion Co. : Stair Bluff, opposite Buffalo ; bluff' along Crooked Creek, 1.7 miles north of Rea Valley. Found living in large numbers under rocks on talus slopes at the bases of limestone or dolomitic bluffs. Stenotrema blandianum (Pilsbry) Izard Co. : talus (recent), 4 miles south of Calico Rock. Stone Co.: talus (Pleistocene), north of Sylamore. Marion Co.: bluff along Crooked Creek, 1.7 miles north of Rea Valley. This species had not previously been reported from Arkansas. Mesodon clenchi (Rehder) I did not find this species at Calico Rock. In 1936, I saw what at the time I thought were fragments of Allogona pro- funda, in the talus north of Sylamore, Stone Co., but which were undoubtedly this species. Later, near Greenville, Wayne Co., Missouri, I found and later lost a single shell that was pos- sibly this species. Jan., 1949] the nautilus 99 Mesodon edentatus (Sampson) Izard Co.: talus (recent), 4 miles south of Calico Rock. Marion Co. : Stair Bluff, opposite Buffalo. Newton Co. : ravine, 12 miles south of Jasper. Dr. Pilsbry in his "Land Mollusca of North America" treats this species as a variety of M. inflectus. However, at the first two localities cited above the two species occur together and M. edentatus can be readily separated not only by its smaller teeth but by its much larger size. Triodopsis obstricta occidentalis (Pilsbry & Ferriss) Stone Co.: talus (Pleistocene), north of Sylamore. NEW SPECIES OF ISOMERIA AND HELICINA By H. a. PILSBEY IsoMERiA ANESTiA, ucw spccics. Plate 6, figs. 4, 4a, 4b. The shell is rather solid, imperforate, depressed, biconvex, with bluntly subangular periphery. Color uniform brown (the shade uncertain, as all seen are ''dead" shells). The whorls are weakly convex, of slow increase, behind the aperture the last is about equal in width to the penult whorl; it descends rather steeply in front and is contracted a little behind the peristome. The first 1% whorls are smooth; following whorls have rather coarse and low retractively radial wrinkles, and a very minute sculpture of close, wavy wrinkles (sometimes cut by a few ir- regular, short impressed spiral lines). The oblique aperture is somewhat trapezoidal, the peristome reflected and a little re- curved at the edge, the upper and basal margins nearly straight and parallel, the outer margin regularly curved, and on its inner face bearing a long but rather low tooth, which is higher at the lower end and slopes to the low upward end (or in some specimens the middle part is concave, forming a double tooth, fig. 4b). The parietal callus is thin and toothless. Height 18 mm., diameters 35.5 and 29.3 mm., barely 5 whorls. Type. Height 17.3 mm., diameters 33 and 28 mm., 4.8 whorls. Peru? Type and paratypes 184497 ANSP. ; others of the same lot are No. 112 Museo Historia Natural, Lima, without known locality or collector. 100 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) This species is quite different from all others known to me, b}^ the shape of the tooth within the outer margin of the peristome. The micro-sculpture is also characteristic. It should be recog- nized easily by these characters when found again; otherwise I would not describe unlocalized specimens. IsoMERiA ANODONTA, ucw spccics. Plate 6, fig. 3, 3a. The shell is somewhat depressed with angular periphery, rather solid, dark brown. The spire is rather strongly convex, of very slowly increasing whorls, the last abruptly descending in front and with angular periphery, the angle nearly disap- pearing near the aperture. The base is convex, with deep, cylin- dric umbilicus, which becomes wider in the last half turn ; meas- ured behind the lip its width is contained about six times in the diameter. The aperture is strongly oblique, somewhat tra- pezoidal. Peristome rather narrow, light brown, reflected, its face convex, toothless, the margins remote, connected by a straight, thickened parietal callus. Height 21 mm., diameters 39.5 and 33 mm. ; 4% whorls. Chaupo, at 6000 ft. elevation, province of Jaen, Department of Cajamarca. Type 165202 ANSP., collected by M. A. Car- riker, 1933. As the type is a ' ' dead ' ' shell, somewhat corroded by weather- ing, the minute sculpture, if any, cannot be made out. It ap- pears to be nearly smooth. It does not seem to be nearly related to I. continua (Pfr.) or to any of the other toothless species of Isomeria. Helicina acobambensis, new species. The shell is white with scattered streaks and dots of gray on the last 2y2 whorls ; the height about 62 percent of the diameter, the spire conic with slightly projecting apex, the rounded last whorl weakly angular at periphery, base convex. Sculpture of faint growth lines, and above the periphery there are fine spiral striae. The oblique aperture is semicircular; the peristome slightly expanding, thickened within, with a projecting angle at the junction with the columellar margin. The axial callus is rather large and quite thick. Height 3.65 mm., diameter 5.9 mm. ; 4i/} whorls. Acobamba, north of Tarma, Peru, 3900 meters elevation. Type 180003 ANSP. Jan., 1949] the nautilus 101 This species has a more convex base than H. psorica Morelet, and the aperture is of quite different shape. Helicina chionea, new species. The shell is white with a few inconspicuous streaks or small spots of gray, solid and strong, the height about 70 percent of the diameter, the spire conic, apex a trifle projecting, the pe- riphery narrowly rounded or indistinctly subangular, base con- vex. Sculpture of indistinct lines of growth and traces of im- pressed spirals, chiefly on the upper surface of last whorl (or in some specimens such spirals are not visible) ; there is also some weak malleation. The oblique aperture is widely semi- circular. Peristome expanded outwardly and at base, with the face built forward, strongly thickened, rounded or quite bluntly angular where it joins the columellar margin. Axial callus roughened, small but thick. Height 5.3 mm., diameter 7.5 mm. ; 4% whorls. Mejorada, near Huancayo, Peru, 2600 meters elevation. Type and paratype 180005 ANSP. This species is somewhat larger than H. acohamhensis, with far thicker lip and less spiral sculpture. Helicina huacapistana, new species. The shell is cartridge buff with nearly white apex, moder- ately solid, the height nearly three-fourths of the diameter, the spire conic, periphery bluntly angular, the base convex. Whorls 4^2» ver}^ weakly convex. Sculpture of fine, weak wrinkles of growth, with well impressed spaced spiral grooves on the upper surface, about six above the periphery on the last whorl, and much finer numerous spirals over much of the base, but not ex- tending to the center. The oblique aperture is rather wide, the peristome reflected, thickened within and on the convex face, which is slightl}^ lighter in tint than the outside of the shell. The axial callus is white, rather small. Parietal callus thin and transparent. Height 6.7 mm., diameter 9.2 mm. Huacapistana, Peru, at 1800 meters. Type 180004 ANSP. NOTES AND NEWS FusiNUS spectrum (Adams & Reeve), a new record for the Gulf of JMexico. — This beautiful shell, illustrated on Plate 6, fig. 2, was recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sci- 102 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (8) ences by Pearl M. Lane, in memory of Sidney Hunter, of Pass-a- Grille. It was collected by Dewey Pastrikos, a diver, about twenty-five miles off Tarpon Springs, Florida. — Jeanne S. SCHWENGEL. The collection of the Marquis de Monterosato. — This fa- mous collection was purchased about 1927 by V. Beltrani of Palermo, Sicily, who had also a very fine world-wide collection. After the death of Beltrani, the Monterosato-Beltrani collection was purchased by the Municipality of Rome and is now de- posited in the Zoological Museum of Rome. It was moved from Palermo to Rome during the early years of the war, under the supervision of Dr. Giovanni Giorgi who is now in charge of this very important collection. The Marquis de Monterosato was one of the foremost Italian paleontologists and had built up a very large collection of mollusks, both recent and fossil. An obituary of the Marquis de Monterosato and a list of his publi- cations were published by H. Crosse in the Journal de Con- chyliologie, 1928, 72, pp. 69-73.— W. J. Clench. The lost type of Obovaria depygis (Conrad). — In the Amer- ican Journal of Conchology (1866, 2, p. 107, pi. 10, fig. 1) Con- rad described Ohovaria depygis from the Harpeth River, Ten- nessee. This species was founded on a single specimen in the collection of W. H. DeCamp of Grand Rapids, Michigan. De- Camp's collection went to the Grand Rapids Public Museum, which was in turn given to the University of Michigan and the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Museum of Comparative Zoology is in possession of De- Camp's original label which says: "Type specimen and only one found by me." Unfortunately, the specimen was not with the label ; therefore an example from the type locality will have to be selected as a neotype by a subsequent author. — Richard I. Johnson. Note on the nomenclature op two .aiarine gastropods FROM the Galapagos Islands. — During the course of work deal- ing with tropical West American mollusks we have -noticed that the combination of names Pleurotoma hicolor Sowerby (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1833, p. 135, issued April 16, 1834. "Found under stones at Panama, and dredged from a sandy Jan., 1949] the nautilus 103 floor at a depth of eight fathoms at the Gallapagos Islands." — Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. 1, Pleurotoma, 1843, species 40, pi. 6, fig. 40) had already been used for a Mediterranean species by Risso (Pleurotoma h (color Risso, Hist. Nat. I'Europ. Merid., Vol. 4, 1826, p. 214). The name Monilispira ochsneri is here proposed for Pleurotoma hicolor Sowerby, 1834, and is based upon a new type (Holotype, No. 9426, height, 16.5 mm., maxi- mum diameter, 6.4 mm., and Paratypes Nos. 9427, 9427a, Calif. Acad. Sci. Dept. Paleo. Type Coll.) from Chatham Island.. Galapagos Islands, collected by W. H. Ochsner, 1906. It seems desirable to call attention to the fact that Drillia roseohasis Pilsbry & Vanatta (Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., Vol. 4, September 30, 1902, p. 558, pi. 35, fig. 2. ''From Tagus Cove, Albemarle") was later renamed Pleurotoma roseotincta by Ball (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 54, No. 2238, April 5, 1918, p. 333), due to an earlier Pleurotoma {Drillia) roseohasis B. A. Smith (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 6, Vol. 2, No. 10, Oc- tober, 1888, p. 301. ''Hab. — ?")• The name roseotincta being preoccupied, the new name Pleurotoma testudinis was given by Pilsbry & Vanatta (Nautilus, 36: 132. 1923). Pleurotoma alhicostata Sowerby (Proc. Zool. Soc. London for 1833, p. 135, issued April 16, 1834. "Hab. ad Insulas Gallapagos." "A very elegant small species, found in fine coral sand at a depth of six fathoms." — Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol. 1, Pleurotoma, 1843, sp. 62, pi. 8, fig. 62), from the Galapagos Islands, was described as possessing sculpture and coloration similar to that of the species described by Pilsbry & Vanatta. — L. G. Hertlein and A. M. Strong. Drillia roseobasis {= Pleurotoma testudinis P. & V.) and Pleurotoma albicostata (Sowerby). — The definitions of these snails seem to differ so much that their specific identity is doubtful. The former is strongly compressed around the upper part of the last whorl while Reeve's figure of alhicostata shows no trace of compression there. The shape of the aperture differs, as it is much narrower anteriorly in roseohasis than in alhicostata. The latter is a larger and narrower shell, measur- ing, length 0.9, width 0.3 inch (about 22.5 X 7.5 mm.), of 9 whorls, while roseohasis (testudinis) with 10 whorls measures, length 13.5 X 5.2 mm. These differences may be thought to be 104 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) individual variation of one species, but although their colora- tion is similar, I think that further collections are needed to demonstrate the identity suggested in the preceding note. — H. A. PiLSBRY. Directory of Conchologists : We wish to make our annual list of persons and institutions interested in the collection or study of mollusks as complete and with as few errors as pos- sible. Former editions have listed many with the most casual of interests. It has been our custom heretofore simply to mail out the directory on approval to those whom we think it might interest. Next year we propose to mail only to those who have ordered it. There is no obligation to order a copy of the direc- tory, but in any event we wish to put your correct name and address with your special interests on our list. We will con- tinue our plan of following each name with the numbers based on the following table, but you are invited to give us your spe- cial interests if not fully covered by this table. 1, Worldwide sea shells. 2, Pacific coast shells. 3, Atlantic coast shells. 4, land shells. 5, fresh water shells. 6, buy shells. 7, sell shells. 8, exchange shells. 9, buy books. 10, field collecting. 11, marine life in general. 12, fossil shells. The booklet is announced for delivery in January at $1.50. Those wishing a copy are asked to register and order it now as we plan to print only a fcAv more than the orders on file. — John Q. BuRCH, 4206 Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, Calif. Cylindronenia, a new subgenus of Nenia. — Gehiiuse immer dekolliert, mit mehr oder weniger niedrigen Umgangen, letzter Umgang wenig verschmalert, nur schwach halsartig ausgezogen. Basis mit 2 schwachen Kielen oder gerundet. Naht wenig eingetieft, teilweise wellig oder krenuliert. Spirallamelle meist von aussen seitlich in den hintern Teil der Oberlamelle ein- laufend. • Unterlamelle bei vertikalem Einblick in die Miindung grossenteils sichtbar, schrag bogig oder S-formig aufsteigend. Clausilium am Ende mehr oder weniger scharf zugespitzt, mit der Spitze in die Liicke zwischen den enden von Lunella und Subcolumellaris eingreifend. Schalen oberfliiche glanzlos, wie weissgrau bereift, mit dichtstehenden, sehr feinen flachen Kip- penstreifchen besetzt. Genotypus: Clausilia maranhoncnsis Albers. — P. Ehrmann, Ms. Jan., 1949] the nautilus 105 Monterey Mollusca : Corrections. — Turhonilla {Bart- schella) hartschi Smith & Gordon, Proc. California Academy of Sciences, 4th ser., vol. 26, no. 8, Dec. 15, 1948, pp. 222-223, pi. 24, fig. 13, being preoccupied by T. (Careliopsis) hartschi Aguayo & Rehder, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat., vol. 9, 1936, p. 267, pi. 24, fig. 7, from La Chorrera, Habana, Cuba, the former species may take the new name T. (Bartschella) hartschiana Smith & Gordon. We are indebted to Dr. L. G. Hertlein for calling our attention to the fact that our species name is a homo- nym, as originally used. Dr. A. Myra Keen has pointed out that Retusa (Sulciilaria) montereyensis Smith & Gordon, described on pp. 217-218, pi. 3, fig. 11 of the same paper, should be cited as Sulcoretusa mon- tereyensis (Smith & Gordon). As Sidcularia Dall, 1921 (USNM Bull. 112, pp. 61, 202) is a homonym of Sulcularia Rafinesque, 1831, Burch has proposed the genus name Sulcoretusa as a replacement, which we accept as valid. For a discussion of the applicable taxonymy, see Proc. Conch. Club of Southern Cali- fornia (John Q. Burch, editor). Minutes, No. 47, p. 16, April, 1945. We appreciate the opportunity of making these correc- tions.— Allyn G. Smith & Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. Aestivation in Helminthoglypta traskii phlyctaena (Bartsch). — One active Helminthoglypta traskii phlyctaena (Bartsch) was collected in September of 1947 in Ventura, Ven- tura County, California. The snail was placed in a penny match box in Ventura and was carried in a watch pocket up the coast to Oakland, California. During the trip the snail formed two epiphragms and aestivated. The snail was placed in a desk drawer and was observed from time to time to No- vember, 1948. At no time did it come out of aestivation; on November 20, 1948, the snail was placed in a terrarium with lettuce. No apparent effort was made to break out of the epiphragm for three days, and I thought that the snail had died. However, on the fourth day, the snail broke the epiphragm after a year of aestivation and fed weakly on the available let- tuce. It made no effort to leave the food supply for four days after emerging; it laid on the lettuce with the body limp and extended. On the fifth day after breaking the epiphragm, the 106 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) feeding snail gained strength and crawled at random about the terrarium. — William Marcus Ingram. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Mollusca of the Niagara Frontier Region, by Imogene C. S. Robertson and Clifford L. Blakeslee. (Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. 19, no. 3, xi + 191 pp., 18 plates, text figures and map.) The area covered by this handbook is the region within about fifty miles of Buffalo, nearly all within the St. Lawrence drainage, but comprising also the headwaters of some streams of the Mississippi system. Two hundred and thirty-eight spe- cies and subspecies are considered, but this includes a number of doubtful records not verified by the authors, and others of uncertain standing. Even with these eliminated, the number is remarkable for that latitude, being far beyond any area of similar size in New England or eastern Pennsylvania. The species are all described and nearly all illustrated on 18 hand- some plates. Chapters on where and how to collect and on col- lecting sites in the region are given; that on collecting sites of the present time will be of permanent value to all future col- lectors in the region. The volume concludes w^th a history of the Conchological Section of the Buffalo Society by Mrs. Robert- son. It was organized by Elizabeth Letson (afterward Dr. Elizabeth Letson Bryan) in 1897, and is still going strong. In malacology, where the information on mollusks of any locality is scattered through many volumes, such handbooks as this are of great utility in introducing an absorbing subject for pastime or study. — H. A. P. The West Indian Marine Shells, by H. Krebs (1864). Republication by W. J. Clench, C. G. Aguayo and R. D. Turner; with remarks, a portrait, and a brief account of the life of H. Krebs. (Extracted from Rovista de la Soc. Malac. "Carlos de la Torre"). Krebs' work is a very rare publication. There are copies in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Na- tional Museum, which came from Thomas Bland, and Robert Swift's copy in the Academy of Natural Sciences, which con- tains an autograph letter of gift from Krebs. It would be Jan., 1949] the nautilus 107 interesting to hear whether any others are in American libraries. It is valuable for the many records, especially those from the Virgin Islands and southward, which this reprint will make generally available. — H. A. P. Shells and Shell Collecting. By the Long Beach Shell Club, Long Beach, California. This is a collection of about 25 papers by members and friends of the club, covering many sides of their zoological and collecting activities. It includes a history of the club by Julia Ellen Rogers, and an account of the geology of Deadmans Island by Effie M. Clark, among other interesting articles. Edited by Mrs. Mary Bormann. — H. A. P. The Marine Mollusks and Brachiopods of Monterey Bay, California, and vicinity. By AUyn G. Smith and Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 26, pp. 147-245, 2 plates, 1948). Mollusk collecting in Monterey Bay goes back to 1774, and since 1835, when Thomas Nuttall collected there, a long list of collecting expeditions and conchologists visited that famous locality, down to the present day. An account of these is fol- lowed by information on the physical features of the region, and the species of commercial importance (that on the ab alone fishery being especially interesting). The checklist of species contains no less than 732 species and subspecies of known occur- rence,— a remarkably large number for a temperate fauna, and reasons are given for regarding 80 other recorded species (listed in square brackets) as of doubtful occurrence. Eighteen spe- cies are described as new and figured. The nomenclature as a rule is brought well up to date, but we object to the use of Purpura Martyn (p. 188), and Volvulella Newton (p. 179), an unlawful change of Volvula. This census of mollusks of a region classic in California conchology gives evidence of a great deal of careful study. It is an important addition to the molluscan literature of the West Coast.— H. A. P. Fossil and Living Pupillidae in Kansas, by Dorothea S. Franzen and A. Byron Leonard. (University of Kansas Sci- ence Bulletin, vol. 31, no. 15. 1947.) 100 pp., 6 plates, 15 figs, in text, mapping distribution. In this critical study the five genera and 33 species and subspecies now known from the 108 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (3) state are described and figured, and their geographic and geo- logic distribution and eeologic relations are discussed. Two genera Pupilla and Coliirmella, and 18' species are known in Kansas only as Pliocene to Pleistocene fossils. Gastrocopta rexroadensis and G. paracristata from the Blancan formation (uppermost Pliocene or later) of Meade Co. and G. anteridens from the Laverne formation (Lower Pliocene) are described as new. There is a pronounced faunal break between the Blancan and the Lower Pleistocene Meade formations. Two forms of Gastrocopta procera {G. p. mcclungi and G. p. sterkiana), which have formerly been admitted as subspecies, were found to inter- grade so fully in many places that they are relegated to synon- ymy. Piipoides hordaceus (Gabb) is reported living in Reno Co. and Upper Pleistocene in Meade Co., a very considerable ex- tension of its range. — H. A. P. Procedure in Taxonomy, including a reprint, in translation, of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, with titles of and notes on the Opinions rendered to the present date ( 1907 to 1947). By Edward J. Schenk and John H. McMasters, 1936, Revised edition enlarged and in part rewritten by A. Myra Keen and Siemon William Muller, 1948. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. $2.50. Everyone whose work is concerned with genera and species will have frequent use for this handbook of taxonomic methods. Being fully indexed, it simplifies the solution of many a perplexing problem in nomen- clature. It is a most useful manual of the subject for the ex- pert, and a well-nigh indispensible guide for the beginner in systematic zoology. — H. A. P. THE AMERICAN MALACOLOGICAL UNION The fifteenth annual meeting of the American Malacological Union will be held at the University of Miami, Miami, Florida, June 16 to 19 inclusive. The University dormitories will be available at moderate rates which will be announced later. There will be collecting trips on shore and by boat from the Marine Laboratory under the direction of Dr. P. G. Walton Smith, Di- rector of the Laboratory. Please send titles of papers and approximate time required to the Secretary, Mrs. Harold R. Robertson, 136 Buffum Street, Buffalo 10, N. Y. The Nautilus Vol. 62 APRIL, 1949 No. 4 A NEW SPECIES OF OREOHELIX, SUBGENUS RADIOCENTRUM, FROM SOUTHEASTERN CHIHUAHUA By ROBERT J. DRAKE Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico During" August and September of 1947, it was my fortune to be a member of the University of New Mexico Department of Anthropology archeological expedition to the river valleys and desert bolsons of southeastern Chihuahua. Although the pur- pose of the expedition was primarily to discover artifacts and to make a survey of sites of early man, I had much opportunity to collect recent shells. Through the help of the director and members of the expedition, over 100 lots of non-marine mollusks were added to my collection. Interesting variation and ecological data, and new distribu- tion records for the area are in evidence. There is one new species, the Oreohelix here described, and there are several probably new Urocoptidae, all apparently Holospira. As time permits, I am preparing this material for publication and dis- tributing duplicates to those institutions and conchologists espe- cially interested in the non-marine Mollusca of Mexico. A short resume of the archeological results of the expedition has been published elsewhere by the director.^ During April of 1948, and during extreme drought conditions, I returned to the region to attempt to find live specimens of the new Oreohe- lix. In this I was unsuccessful, but was fortunate in obtaining living Succinea and many pond forms not secured alive in 1947.2 During the last week in November of 1948, six of us iReiter, 1948: 273. 2 A short epistle account of this trip appeared in Minutes of the Concho- logical Club of Southern California, No. 80: 4-5, May-June, 1948. (109) 110 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) from the department of anthropology, and all members of the 1947 expedition, again returned to southeastern Chihuahua for a quick archeological survey; mainly to rework early man sites in the bolsons. No Oreohelix, alive or dead, were found, but excellent dead series of what might be topotypes of the several probably new urocoptids were obtained. The time of the last 1948 trip w^as also very dry. The 1947 and 1948 University of New Mexico expeditions were under the direction of Dr. Paul Keiter, professor in the department of anthropology, to whom thanks are given for his cooperation with my conchological interests. Thanks also go to the student members of the 1947 and 1948 expeditions for their help in collecting. The photographing of the holotype and descriptional paratype of the new OreoheUx by Mr. Boyd Wettlaufer, anthropology student of the University of New Mexico, is gratefully acknowledged. Dr. Henry A. Pilsbry very kindly provided photographs of his recent two new species of OreoheUx from Chihuahua as well as page proof of his 1948 paper describing them. Further work in the very near future has been planned for investigating the archeology, biology, conchology, and other geographical factors of Chihuahua and other states of northern Mexico by faculty members and some students of the universities of New Mexico and Texas. Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) almoloya, new species. PI. 8. Holotype : Relatively small for genus and a little under aver- age size for subgenus. Lenticular, flattened above, moderately convex below. Umbilicus wide, contained in the diameter of the shell about five times. Whorls 5, pinched-out with pro- nounced keel, flattened, and extremely carinate — carination en chevron. Aperture sub -triangular and standing at an angle of about forty-five degrees with the vertical axis of the shell. Apical whorl having embryonic rib sculpture which abruptly gives way to less oblique but still slanting striations. Size : height, 5 mm.; diameter, 14 mm. The species is named after the small mountain range including the type locality, the Sierra de Almoloya. The holotype (A. N. S. P. No. 185106) was col- lected on 19 August 1947 by Lloyd M. Pierson, Jr. Even though the rainy season was on, no live snails were found at the type locality. The type lot was accompanied by an un- known Holospira and Bulimulus dealhaUis ragsdalei Pilsbry. I April, 1949] the nautilus 111 Type locality: Rocky cacti and bush covered hillside in the steep foothills of the Sierra de Almoloya within a five-mile radius northwest of Cueva Diablo. This ''Cave of the Devil" is a limestone sink located two miles due northwest from the small village of Salaices, Distrito Jimenez, Chihuahua. Salaices lies southwest toward Parral approximately 19 miles from Jimenez, at about Lat. 105°02'50", W., Long. 27° N. A newly paved highway skirts the southern hills of the Sierra de Almo- loya a few hundred feet south of Cueva Diablo. An unchecked altimeter reading at the floor of Cueva Diablo, in November of 1948, gave an elevation of 100 feet less than 1 mile above sea level. The type locality is several hundred feet higher than the general elevation of Cueva Diablo. Paratypes: The descriptional paratype (pi. 8) is conieally higher than the holotype and slightly more compactly coiled and a bit smaller. Otherwise, it is very close to the holotype — as are all the paratypes. Only nineteen bones of Oreohelix almoloya were collected with the holotype. These paratypes have been distributed as follows: Wendell 0. Gregg Collection, 4319 ; Ernest J. Roscoe Collection, 238 ; S. Stillman Berry Col- lection, 14500; California Academy of Sciences Department of Paleontology, 32590; U. S. National Museum Division of Mol- lusks, 590513 ; Carnegie Museum Section of Recent Invertebrates, 62.39826; Drake Molluscan Collection, 629; and Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 185107. Discussion: Oreohelix almoloya exhibits strong shell shape and sculptural affinity to two other described Badiocentrum: Oreohelix chiricahuana Pilsbry and especially 0. chiricahuana percarinata Pilsbry and Ferriss, both southern Arizona forms.^ It is generally flatter than 0. chiricahuana percarinata but ex- hibits the same degree of keeling on the periphery of the body whorl. The keel is as fully pronounced as that of Oreohelix handi Pilsbry and Ferriss,* from Nevada, which is of the 0. yavapai group and therefore not a Radiocentriim. In the specimens of almoloya available for study at this time, there is no evidence that the species has any cuticular appendages, as some other species of Badiocentrum have. Both previously 3 See Pilsbry, 1939 : 548, 551-552. 4 See Pilsbry, loc. cit.: 534r-535. 112 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) described species of Oreohelix from Chihuahua, 0. caenosa Pils- bry and 0. labrenana Pilsbry, have cuticle. Without any animal material available, the apical ribbing and general shell shape and size, with the geographical locality, is sufficient to locate Oreohelix almoloya in the subgenus Radio- centrum. When live and preserved specimens are available, the subgenus characteristics of club-shaped penis and equality in length of penis and epiphallus will probably be present.^ All Oreohelix from Mexico described have proven to be of the subgenus Radio cent rum. Recently H. A. Pilsbry described Oreohelix caenosa and 0. labrenana from northwestern Chi- huahua, from material he collected in 1935.® This brings the total number of Radiocentrum, counting the present new spe- cies, to eight. Five, with their varieties, are found in Cali- fornia, Arizona and New Mexico. The other three are Chihua- huan. As Pilsbry predicted in 1939, other radiocentrums \^dll undoubtedly be found in northern Mexico, especially in Sonora and Chihuahua; and, I think, perhaps even in the mountains of northern Durango. Literature Cited Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (north of Mexico). Vol. 1, Part 1, pp. 1-573. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Monographs, No. 3, Vol. 1, Part 1. . 1948. Inland mollusks of northern Mexico. — I. The genera Humholdtiana, Sonorella, Oreohelix and Ashmimella. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Proceedings, Vol. 100, pp. 185-203. Reiter, Paul. 1948. The Southwest. American Antiquity, Vol. 13, No. 3, Notes and News. Menasha. 5 See discussion of the subgenus Eadiocentum in Pilsbry, 1939 : 540. « Pilsbry, 1948: 198-199. April, 1949] the nautilus 113 THREE NEW SOUTH AMERICAN LAND SNAILS (STROPHOCHEILUS, THAUMASTUS, DRYMAEUS) By JOSEPH C. BEQUAEET Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. STROPHOCHEILUS (MeGALOBULIMUS) LEUCOSTOMA WEYRAUCHI, new subspecies. Plate 7, figs. 1-4. Averaging smaller and in proportion wider at the body-whorl and in the spire than typical >S^. leucostoma (Sowerby). Regu- larly ovate in outline, widest slightly below mid-length. Spire short, with rather wide and blunt summit; penultimate whorl decidedly broader and shorter than in most leucostoma of the nominate race. Body-whorl about six-sevenths of the total length in front view (50 mm. long in the holotype), more obese than usual. Sculpture as in the typical race, the nepionic rib- lets of the same type. Vertical folds of body-whorl somewhat coarser and less regular; in one of the paratypes (Fig. 2) these folds are cut at the periphery by three widely spaced engraved lines and the upper third of the body-whorl is irregularly mal- leate, apparently abnormal features, as the holotype and the other 7 paratypes show no trace of them. Fine granulation present on the spire, very weak or almost lacking on the body- whorl. Color of fresh specimens as in the nominate race, the coarser folds of the body-whorl white. Measurements (in mm.). Holotype, M. C. Z. No. 166295: 5 whorls ; length, 58.5 ; width in front view, 35.5 ; width in pro- file, 29 ; length of aperture, 35 ; width of aperture, 19. Plate 7, %. 1. Corresponding measurements of 4 paratypes. (a) Ac. N. Sc. Phila. No. 183974: 5 whorls; 65.5, 38, 30.5, 40.5, 21, Plate 7, fig. 2. (b) 5 whorls; 59.5, 35, 30, 35.5, 19. (c) 5 whorls; 57, 35.5, 28, 35.5, 18. (d) 5 whorls; 56.5, 36.5, 29.5, 35, 18.5. Peru : Holotype M. C. Z. No. 166295, 3 paratypes M. C. Z. No. 166296, and 4 paratypes Mus. Nat. Hist. Lima, without more precise locality, received from Dr. W. Weyrauch. One para- type, Ac. N. Sci. Phila. No. 183974, obtained by Dr. H. A. Pils- bry in Cusco, but exact locality unknown. This new race differs from typical *S^. leucostoma in the aver- age small size, the very rounded summit, the short spire and the relatively wider penultimate whorl. These differences appear to be of no more than subspecific value, particularly as in a 114 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) large lot of typical leucostoma recently collected by Dr. W. Weyrauch at Santa Ana, in the Urubamba Valley, between 3000 and 3500 ft., some specimens (Fig. 5) have a rather broad penultimate whorl, although the spire is more raised and more pointed than in weyrauchi. Thaumastus (Scholvienia) argentinus, new species. Plate 7, fig. 6. Closely related to T. weyrauchi Pilsbry (1944, The Nautilus, vol. 57, p. 121, PI. 11, figs. 2-2a), from Peru, of which I have compared several topotypes. Shell elongate turriculate, slender, regularly tapering to the very obtuse apex, narrowly rimate, fairly solid, but light and translucent. Dark mahogany-brown, with a narrow white spiral band a very short distance below the suture and on the bodj^-whorl a pair of broader white spiral bands at the periphery, of which the upper one only is visible on the earlier whorls above the suture. Umbilical area entirely dark. Shape and sculpture of apical (nepionic) whorls as in T. weyrauchi, but the vertical striae on the lower half of the body- whorl finer and more wavy. Later whorls very slightly convex, separated by narrow, shallow sutures. Spire about three-eighths of total length in front view, more broadly conical than in T. weyrauchi, the third and fourth whorls being wider in proportion to the height. Aperture oval, shaped as in T. weyrauchi, but the upper flattened portion of the columellar margin shorter and narrower, reflexed over the narrow slit-like umbilical rimation. Outer lip barely thickened, very narrowly expanded. Columella, peristome and very thin parietal callus white. Measurements (in mm.) Holotype M. C. Z. No. 132313: 61/2 whorls; length, 40.2; width in front view, 15.5; length of aper- ture, 16.5 ; width of aperture, 9. Argentina : Holotype M. C. Z. No. 132313, Hacienda Ducous, 15 kilom. N. of Pique, Dept. Saavedra, Prov. Buenos Aires (W. J. Eyerdam). The relatively broader whorls of the spire, the different shape of the upper columellar area and the narrow, slit-like umbilicus seem to warrant giving this shell specific status, rather than subordinating it as a subspecies to T. weyrauchi. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fairchildi, new species. Plate 7, fig. 7. Shell lengthened ovate-conic, thin, rather fragile, translucent, deeply rimate. Dirty white, also at apex and at base, with THE NAUTILUS: 62 (4) PLATE 7 Figs. 1-4. Strophocheilus leucostoma iceyrauchi J. Bequaert : 1, liolo- type; 2, 3, and 4. ])aratYi)es. Fig. 5. Sfrophoclieiln.s hiicostomn (Sower- ^'y)> typical race. 8aiita Ana, Peru. Fk;. (i. TIkiiiiiki.^I n.s (iit/ni I in iis .7. Bequaert, liolotvpe. Fig. 7. J)ri/iii(i(ii.s ftilrcliildi J. Bcijuacrt, liolutypt'. All natural size. THE XATTlLr.S: 62 (4) PLATE 8 ( '2 l| 1 1 f 4 r r lliiiji iinijl III l|! '2 3 Oitohili.i ( li'ittliortiil III III t (il iiioloi/ii |)r;ikc. Sc.-ilcs sliow iiiclic April, 1949] the nautilus 115 chalky-white streaks and on the penultimate whorl with faint traces of darkened vertical areas. Inside of aperture, outer lip, columella and parietal wall w^hite. Nepionic 1^ whorls with the regular pitted or grated microsculpture typical of Drymaeus; following whorls smooth and glossy to the naked eye, under the lens with very fine growth-striae, cut by nu- merous microscopic, slightly wavy, incised spiral lines, also be- low the periphery where the growth-striae are somewhat stronger; a few weak malleations on the body -whorl. Spire about two-thirds of total height in front view, straightly conic, with slightly convex whorls, and narrow, shallow, even, not crenulate sutures. Body-whorl somewhat more convex, not swollen nor flattened at the base, rounded over the terminal half, weakly and bluntly angular at the periphery over the first half. Aperture vertical, semi-circular, trumpet-like, nearly half the total length of the shell; peristome broadly expanded, flaring and slightly reflexed, the outer edge regularly curved, thin, fragile. Columella strongly curved, almost twisted above, with a broad flattened upper area set off by a deep curved de- pression from the parietal wall ; outer columellar margin straight. Umbilicus a narrow, flattened, deep and partly perforate rima- tion behind the columellar flattened area. Measurements (in mm). Holotype M. C. Z. No. 175763: 61/2 whorls; length, 35.4; width in front view, 20.4; length of aper- ture, 18.3 ; width of aperture, 11. Republic of Panama : Holotype M. C. Z. No. 175763, El Valle, Code Prov., June 16, 1940 (Graham B. Fairchild). D. fairchildi belongs in the typical section of the genus, where it seems to be most closely related to D. lattrei, which is similar in texture and sculpture, and sometimes also in color, but lacks the broad flattened columella of fairchildi and has also a more elongate aperture and a different umbilicus. D. expansus, of which a race was described from Panama (D. e. halhoa Pils- bry), has much the same shape, but has a different texture and shape of columella and umbilical area, in addition to being more strongly vertically striate. Among the Central American spe- cies, D. fairchildi also resembles D. zhorquinensis, but this has a different aperture, lacks the blunt peripheral angulation of part of the body-whorl, and is moreover said to be without spiral striae. 116 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) THE VARIATION OF BANDING IN CEPAEA By PEOF. dr. F. A. SCHILDER University of Halle, Germany i The European Cepaea hortensis and C. nemoralis have spread over the North Eastern part of the U. S. only; nevertheless, even American conchologists may be interested in the variabil- ity of these shells, concerning- the five dark spiral bands, which will be designated, in the present paper, by the letters a, b, c, d, e from the suture of the last whorl to the umbilicus. Con- fluent bands will be connected by - , while absent bands will be replaced by a point. Theoretically, there are 89 combinations, if every dark band can become absent, and every pair of adjacent bands can be- come confluent. Following Taylor's Monograph on the Land Mollusca of the British Islands (1910-1911), all these 89 vari- eties have been observed in C. nemoralis, but 60 only in C. hor- tensis. I doubt, however, whether several improbable combi- nations really do exist: thus, for instance, in C. nemoralis the varieties . b-c . . and . . c-d . may be the common . . c . . with an extremely broad central band (see Archiv f. Mollusk. 67: 144, 1935). The relative frequency of varieties is quite different, and each species exhibits especially frequent varieties. This interesting fact may be shown by the following table, which is the result of studies on almost thirty thousand shells collected at about two hundred localities of Europe from Scandinavia to the Alps, and from France to Vienna. The left column indicates the number of C. hortensis, the right of C. nemoralis, each expressed in pro mille of examined shells ; the signs indicate : 0 = less than 1/4 of a promille ; o = 1 or 2 specimens only among the sum of all populations ; - = not represented among the writer 's shells ; X = not yet observed at all, following Taylor's monograph. When valuing every present band by 1, and every connection of a pair of bands also by 1, these varieties will be classified in 10 classes from 0 (no band) to 9 (5 confluent bands). The diagram shows the varieties observed among the writer's shells, 1 Submitted by William Marcus Ingram. April, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 117 TABLE 534 323 abed. _ _ a-b-e . . X — a . . . — a b e . e 0 - . b-e-d . X - . b . . — — ab.de 1/2 2 . . e-d-e X 2 . . c . 0 186 a . e d e 11 10 a-b e d e 32 12 . . . d — 1/2 . b e d e 1/2 9 a b-e d e 12 6 e — 1/2 a-b c . . - a b e-d e 0 - a b ' .' — a-b . d . - - a b e d-e 5 25 a . c . — 1 a-b . . e X — a-b-e d . X - a . . d _ _ a b-e . . — — a-b-e . e X - a . . . e 1 — . b-e d . X - a-b e-d . X - .be. — 1 . b-e . e X - a-b . d-e 0 0 . b . d X — a . e-d . X — a b-e-d . X - . b . . e X — . b e-d . X — . b-e-d e X - . . c d — 5 . . e-d e X 1/2 . b-e d-e - 1/2 . . c . e 0 10 a . . d-e — a . e-d-e X 0 . . . d e — 7 . b . d-e X — . b e-d-e 0 - a b c . — 0 . . e d-e o 34 a-b-c d e 11 3 a b . d — — a b c d e 318 141 a-b c-d e - - a b . . e — — a-b e d . X — a-b e d-e 6 33 a . c d - 1/2 a-b c . e - - a b-e-d e 0 - a . c . e 18 a-b . d e 0 1/2 a b-e d-e 1/2 4 a . . d e 1 — a b-e d . X a b e-d-e 0 0 .bed — 0 a b-e . e — — a-b-e-d . X - .be. e X 1/2 . b-e d e X - . b-e-d-e - - . b . d e — 1 a b e-d . X - a-b-e-d e 3 0 . . e d e 1 134 a . e-d e X — a-b-e d-e 19 23 a-b . . X - . b e-d e X - a-b e-d-e - 1/2 . b-e . — — a b . d-e 0 - a b-e-d-e 0 2 . . e^ X — a . e d-e 0 0 a-b-e-d-e 24 17 . . . d- -e - 1/2 . b e d-e 0 5 arranged aeeording to these 10 classes: varieties which often occur together on the same locality, and which differ by pres- ence or absence of only one band or by only one confluence of adjacent bands, have been connected by a line. The size of the circles indicates the frequency. One will observe that the most frequent varieties differ by more than one degree of banding, as these centers are sepa- rated by far less common intermediate varieties (in C. nemoralis the bandless and the unizonate variety also must be regarded as separate, as intermediate shells with a narrow and pale band c are very rare). Some of these more frequent centers of variation have been proved hereditary by Arnold Lang (Ziirich) 45 years ago; therefore they may be called subspecies, 118 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) M'^. Ce^oeoL hortensts Ce/>cea ne mora/ is viz.: in C hortensis (itnicolor Moq.), a . c . d . e {moulinsia Moq.), a b c d e (hortensis Miill.) and a-b-c-d-e {coalita Moq.), in C. nemoralis {concolor Pic), . . e . . {cincta Shep.), . . e d e [trifasciata Pic), a b c d e (??e- moralis Linn.) and a-b . d-e (poiretia Moq.). The other vari- eties, however, even those as frequent as a-b c d e in hortensis or . . c d-e in nemoralis, are individual modifications of these subspecies, caused by chance or environment. April, 1949] the nautilus 119 The various populations greatly differ in percentage of these subspecies, according to the genes introduced by the few indi- viduals which colonized the locality first ; there is, however, a distinct prevalence of certain subspecies in some districts, e.g., C. hortensis imicolor predominates in Austria near Vienna, whereas hortensis hortensis predominates in Southern Bohemia. Besides, other regional pecularities may be observed, especially concerning the colour of the body whorl and of the lip, as well as the general size : thus, for instance, bandless C. nemoralis are far more frequently reddish to brownish than zonate shells, and among more than thousand C. hortensis from Doksy in Czechoslovakia I observed 22 per cent bandless, red shells with brown lips and 78 per cent five banded, yellow ones with white lips, but there was no specimen exhibiting another combination of these three characters ! Such statistical studies need further research; it could be supported by American malacologists publishing similar exact data on the Cepaea observed in restricted localities, which should not extend more than hundred meters in each direction. SOME EDIBLE MOLLUSKS OF KAUAI, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS By ALISON KAY For the past several years, the writer has been interested in obtaining data on mollusks which are used for food by the residents of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. The information has been obtained by personal communication and observation with residents and on personal experience of some twelve years. Markets have not been checked to find what native mollusks are brought in for sale, nor has the literature referring to use of mollusks in the Hawaiian Islands been investigated. Among the shells most commonly found on the reefs are the cowries, the Cypraeidae. They are consumed by Hawaiians, Japanese, and Filipinos. The Hawaiians refer to cowries in general as ''leho," and the mollusks are always prepared by boiling. This is the onlv method of cookino^ used bv the Ha- 120 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) waiians, who, however, occasionally will eat the mollusk raw. The large tiger cowry (C tigris Linnaeus) is collected by the Hawaiians who, after boiling the shell, remove the animal to consume it. The humpback cowry (C mauritania Linnaeus) is used more frequently than the tiger cowry by the Hawaiians. Among the smaller varieties of cowries which are used is the snakehead cowry (C. caput serpentis Linnaeus), which is re- ferred to as ' ' alea-alea. " The tiger cowry is also used by the Japanese, who throw the live shell on hot coals to roast. Cooked in this manner, the cowry tastes very much like an oyster. The humpback cowry is also cooked in this way by the Japanese. The tiger cowry is used principally by the Filipinos, how- ever. The animal is hooked outside the shell and dried in place. The dried animal is then fried for the meal. Shells of the family Neritidae are used for food by the Ha- waiians, the Portuguese, and the Japanese. The small Nerita picea Recluz is called ''pipipi" by the Hawaiians, who boil it and pick the animal out with a pin or sharp stick. The larger Nerita polita Linnaeus is referred to as *'kupee." It is very meaty, and only a few are needed to make a meal. It is col- lected only at night. The Portuguese both boil and fry this mollusk. Of the limpets, Phenacolepididae, the shell which the Ha- waiians call ''opihi" is the shell most commonly eaten in the Islands today. It is used by all races, eaten either boiled or raw. The opihi is almost a necessity at every luau or feast, and the Japanese plantation laborers consume the mollusks with their rice. The opihi is usually gathered by women who roam the reefs at low tide, carrying old table knives or screw- drivers to pry the shells from the rocks. Opihis form an im- portant part of the diet of most of the Hawaiian families living near the shore, and often those from the plantation camps spend their Sundays collecting the mollusks. The Portuguese are also fond of them. Other univalves which are collected for consumption are the trumpet shells (Cymatium tritonis Linnaeus), the partridge tuns (Tonna perdix Linnaeus), and the large helmet shells (Cassidae). The partridge tuns are used by the Hawaiians and April, 1949] the nautilus 121 Filipinos; the trumpets by the Hawaiians and Japanese; and the helmets by all three races. The large helmet shells, some of Avhich weigh from five to ten pounds, are used principally by the Filipinos, for whom they are collected commercially. The shell is hung up, and when the animal extends its body, a cord is tied close to the shell so that the animal can't retreat into its shell. The animals are dried before being cooked. The Filipinos season the moUusk with tamarind, ginger, and tomatoes; and they use both the broth and meat. Generally cone shells (Conidae) are not used, because there are several poisonous varieties. However, a few families of Hawaiians on Kauai are known to occasionally collect the large Conus millepunctatus Lamarck for food. It is not often used because the large shell is prized as an ornament, and the only way in which the animal can be reached is by breaking the shell. Bivalves in the Hawaiian Islands are not too popular as food. However, the Pearl Harbor oyster {Pinctada galtsoffi Bartsch), and a white clam {Tellina rugosa) are occasionally collected. The rock oyster {Spondylus hawaiensis Dall, Bartsch, Rehder), referred to as ' ' pana-pana-puhi, " is dug out of its shell with a chisel and then boiled. The Haw^aiians on Kauai use practically all the varieties of mollusks found on the reefs. Often the animals are mixed to- gether in one pot and boiled. Because there are not many specimens of any one species except for the Nerita and the lim- pets, a meal of mixed mollusks is often consumed. SOME LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS FROM THE COASTAL REGION OF VIRGINIA AND NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA By HAEALD a. REHDEE i Our knowledge of the molluscan fauna of the coastal plain area, from Virginia to northern Florida — and indeed all the 1 Published by permission of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 122 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) way to Louisiana — is still very fragmentary, as a glance at the distribution records given in Pilsbry's recently published ''Land Mollusca of North America" will show. This present list is intended as a contribution to filling in some of these gaps, and to spur other collectors to investigate the land and freshw^ater shells of this area. This is a region which, though not rich from a malacological viewpoint, offers some fascinating problems in the zoogeography of the mollusks, and will undoubtedly reward the collector with some interest- ing discoveries. My colleague, Dr. J. P. E. Morrison, was kind enough to check the identifications in certain critical groups. The specimens were gathered by Mrs. Rehder and myself dur- ing a trip in the fall of 1946. Virginia Beach, Princess Anne County, Virginia : Under old boards, bricks, and debris, not far from beach. Ventridens ligera (Say). Common. This species is ap- parently rare in the coastal region. The only previous pub- lished records that we have noted for this faunal area are for Wilmington and Lake Waccamaw in North Carolina. There are several other lots in the U. S. National Museum collection from Surrey County, Virginia. Mesodon thyroidus (Say) form hucciilenta (Gould). Com- mon. Triodopsis tridentata juxtidens (Pilsbry). Fairly common. Near North Landing River, Norfolk County, Virginia : Among stones along the edge of a small stream at the junction of State Routes 190 and 165. Ventridens cerinoideiis (Anthony). Fairly common. This substantiates the record for this species for Norfolk County given by W. G. Binney (Pilsbry, Land Mollusca of North Amer- cia, vol. 2, pt. 1, 1946, p. 452). We have also collected it along the James River, in Isle of Wright County, Virginia, near Rescue, 25 miles northwest of Norfolk. Near Northwest, Norfolk County, Virginia : In Northwest River, on stones and plants along edge near bridge on State Route 170. Amnicola limosa (Say). Fairly common. April, 1949] the nautilus 123 Pseudosioccinea columella (Say). Rather common; small form. Physa heterostropha Say. Two young specimens. Musculium truncatum Lindsley. Two specimens. Ferrissia (Laevapex) fusca eugrapta Pilsbry. Two specimens. Succinea avara Say. One specimen found on the muddy bank. South of Moyock, Currituck County, North Carolina : Along edge of creek, on State Route 170. Retinella (Glyphyalinia) indentata paucilirata (Morelet). This is a new northern record for this species in the coastal plain area. One specimen. Stenotrema hirsutum (Say). Fairly common. Haplotrema concavum (Say). Two specimens. Kill Devil Hill, Dare Countj^ North Carolina : In leaf mulch around base of shrubbery at the foot of the Wright Memorial. Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Fairly common. 51/2 miles south of Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County, North Carolina: Under bark of fallen logs in small clearing along Route 17. Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). One specimen. Philomycus carolinianus (Bosc). Two specimens. Edenton, Chowan County, North Carolina : Among stones, bricks, etc., along sea wall bordering Albemarle Sound. Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Two specimens. Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Rather common. Triodopsis hopetonensis ohsoleta (Pilsbry). Two specimens. A northward extension of the range of this form. Stenotrema hirsutum (Say). Common. Haplotrema concavum (Say). Common. Near Washington, Beaufort County, North Carolina : Under logs and debris along edge of Tar River. Quickella (Mediappendix) vagans (Pilsbry). One specimen of this little-collected species, filling in part of the gap between the New Jersey records and that for Lake Waccamaw, North 124 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) Carolina cited by Pilsbry (op. cit., vol. 2, pt. 2, 1948, p. 844). Ventridens cerinoideiis (Anthony). Two specimens. Retinella {Glyphyalinia) indentata paucilirata (Morelet). Rather common. Polygyra postelliana Carolina Pilsbry. Fairly common. This is almost sixty miles further north than the previously northern- most record for this subspecies. Mesodon thyroidus (Say) form hiicculenta (Gould). One specimen. Triodopsis hopetonensis ohsoleta (Pilsbry). Common. Wilmington, New Hanover County, North Carolina: Under boards in back yard of residence of A. H. Harriss, Dock Street. Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). Three specimens. Anguispira alternata fergusoni (Bland). Fairly common. Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Common. Arion circumscriptus Johnston. Nine specimens. A new southern record for this species. Greenfield Pond, Wilmington, North Carolina: Along sandy shore. Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). Common. Wrightsville Beach, New Hanover County, North Carolina: Under boards and in surrounding- grass. Succinea campestris Say. Three specimens. Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Fairly common. Lake Waccamaw, Columbus County, North Carolina: Under logs and boards at settlement on north shore. The freshwater specimens were found along the sandy shore of the lake. Campeloma rufum (Haldeman). Five specimens. Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Three specimens. Mesodon thyroidus (Say) form hucculenta (Gould). Fairly common. Triodopsis soelneri (J. B. Henderson). Common. Triodopsis (Neohelix) alholahris (Say). One specimen. Lampsilis ochraceus (Say). Fairly common. Elliptio complanatus quadrilaterus (Lea). Also fairly com- mon. April, 1949] the nautilus 125 Mjnrtle Beach, Horry County, South Carolina : Under boards and around planks near boardwalk. Succinea campestris Say. Common. Euglandina rosea Fer. One young living specimen. This is a new record for this species, about 130 miles farther north than the previous record (Yemassee, Beaufort County, South Caro- lina). Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Very common. Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Common. Gastrocopta pentodon (Say). Two specimens. Pupoides albilabris (C. B. Adams). Fairly common. Hawaiia minusciila (Binney). Common. These last three species were all found together under only three pieces of board. Myrtle Beach, Horry County, South Carolina: At outlet of small pond, near Ocean Forest Hotel. Pseudo succinea columella (Say). One specimen. Helisoma anceps (Menke). Fairly common. Helisoma trivolvis (Say). Two specimens. Physa pomilia Conrad. Common. The identification is some- what uncertain. Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Not uncommon. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). One specimen. Between Myrtle Beach and Little River, Horry County, South Carolina : Under fallen leaves and near fallen logs. Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Five specimens. Zonitoides arhoreus (Say). One specimen. Helicodiscus parallelus (Say). One specimen. Anguispira alternata fergusoni (Bland). One specimen. Mesodon thyroidus (Say). One specimen. Triodopsis fallax (Say). One specimen. Near Myrtle Beach, Horry County, South Carolina: In and near creek flowing into Midway Swash, at Myrtle Beach State Park, on Route 17. The land shells were found around fallen logs. Pseudosuccinea columella (Say). Common. Physa species. Common. Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). One specimen. 126 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) Ventridens libera (Say). One small specimen that is rather depressed and thin and may be referable to Pilsbry's form stonei, known from New Castle County, Delaware, and from near Wilmington, North Carolina. A new coastal region record for this species. Ventridens intertextus (Binne}-)- One specimen, also repre- senting a new record for the coastal area. Mesodon thyroidus (Say). Two specimens. Triodopsis fallax (Say). One specimen. This and the speci- men recorded from the preceding locality are referable to the form that Pilsbry (1939-40, p. 811) describes from Brunswick, New Hanover, and Bladen Counties, North Carolina. Further collections in this region may show that this is a good geographic race, worthy of a subspecific name. Haplotrema concavum (Say). One young specimen. Between Homewood and Bayboro, Horry County, South Carolina : In small pool on State Route 701. Physa pomilia Conrad. One specimen. Brookgreen Gardens, Georgetown County, South Carolina : Under fallen leaves, and on bank of small stream. Oxyloma effiisa (Shuttle worth). One specimen. Ventridens cerinoideus (Anthony). Fairly common. Triodopsis hopetonensis (Shuttleworth). Two specimens. Haplotrema concavum (Say). One specimen. NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME TERRES- TRIAL GASTROPODS IN WESTERN PUERTO RICO By N. T. MATTOX Miami University, Oxford, Ohio The most comprehensive survey of the land moUusks of Puerto Rico is that made by van der Schalie.^ Many workers have published various notes on the distribution of different 1 van der Schalie, Henry, 1948. The land and fresh-water mollusks of Puerto Rico. Misc. Publ. Mus. of Zool., Univ. Mich. No. 70. April, 1949] the nautilus 127 species in Puerto Rico, but none give the complete coverage presented by van der Schalie. During the years 1946 to Au- gust, 1948, the writer was privileged to work at the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. From this point various collecting trips were taken into areas not well covered by van der Schalie and others. The present paper deals with a listing of localities not previously given for a number of species ; primarily in the western end of the island. The localities representing new distribution records for some species are as follows: Mayaguez: on the coastal plain of mid- western end of the island. Maricao: in the mountains about 15 miles east of Mayaguez. Lares: in mountains about 20 miles northeast of Mayaguez. Corsica: on coastal plain about 10 miles north of Maj^aguez. Guanica : on southwestern coastal plain in a very arid area. Rio Abajo : north-central mountain range about 10 miles northwest of Utuado. Cerro de Punta: the highest point on the island, 4400 ft., in the Toro Negro National Forest, about 5 miles south of Jayuya, in a rain forest. El Yunque : in mountain rain forest, about 25 miles southeast of San Juan. A listing of the new distribution records, with localities, is here given. Helicina phasianella ''Sowerby" Pfeiffer, at El Yunque. Not previously reported from central mountains. Lueidella umhonata (Shuttleworth) at Mayaguez, Maricao, Rio Abajo, Cerro de Punta, Lares and El Yunque. Previously reported from northern and southern coastal plains. Megalomastoma croceum, form maricao Clench, at Cerro de Punta. Succinea hyalina Shuttleworth, at Maricao. Zonitoides arhoreus (Say) at Cerro de Punta. Lamellaxis unilamellatus (D'Orbigny) at Mayaguez. Varicella calderoni H. B. Baker, at Cerro de Punta. Laevaricella play a H. B. Baker, at Rio Abajo. Austroselenites concolor (Ferussac) at Cerro de Punta. Austroselenites alticola H. B. Baker, at Cerro de Punta. Mcleania darlingtoni Bequaert and Clench, at Cerro de Punta. Platy succinea portoricensis (Shuttleworth) at Maricao, and Cerro de Punta. 128 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) Pleurodonte carocolla (Linnaeus) at Maricao, Cerro de Punta and Rio Abajo. Polydontes acutangula (Burrow) at Cerro de Punta. Cepolis hoiiquenae H. B. Baker, at Lares. Gaeotis nigroUneata Shuttleworth, on leaves of the mountain palm at Cerro de Punta. Macroceramiis microdon (Pfeiffer) at Guanica. The specimens represented here were kindly determined by Dr. Henry van der Schalie, for which the writer is grateful. The specimens are in the collection of the Biology Department at the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. SOME SNAIL RECORDS FROM THE QUETICO PROVINCIAL PARK OF ONTARIO By R. G. LINDEBORG i During the summer of 1935 the author and R. V. Drexler traveled by canoe through the Quetico Provincial Park and ad- joining regions of southwestern Ontario. Snails were collected from a limited number of locations but it is felt important to report them because the snail fauna of this interesting area is not well known. I appreciate the help of the late F. C. Baker for checking the identifications. The region is located in the eastern portion of the Rainy River district and the western part of the Thunder Bay region, all within the Hudson Bay drainage system. The trip started at Ely, Minnesota, and described a large figure eight with the most northerly point at Savanne, Ontario. A short itiner- ary of the trip may aid in locating the collecting stations. The following lakes were visited in turn : from Basswood northeast to Agnes and Kawnipi, northwest to Russell, and north to Sturcreon and Dore; thence to Pickerel, east to French, north 1 Contribution No. 27 from the Department of Biological Science, Michi- gan State College, East Lansing, Michigan. April, 1949] the nautilus 129 to Eva, east to Nydia and Elbow, north to Crooked and Mer- cutio, east to Bedivere and up the North Arm to Lac des Mille Lacs, the most northerly lake visited. From the southeast end of Mille Lac we traveled south through Kashabowie, south- west through Upper Shebandowan, Burchell and Snodgrass; then down the Wawiag River turning south just inside the park boundary to Mack Lake. Prom Mack we returned to the Wa- Aviag and continued southwest to Kawa Bay of KawTiipi and retraced our course almost to Shelley, finally turning south to Cairn, Sark, Keefer, Kahshahpiwi to end the journey in Ranger Bay of Basswood Lake. All of the names used are taken from the Quetico Sheet No. 52B, of the National Topographic Series, of the Canadian Department of Interior dated August 1931. List of Land Snails Deroceras gracile. The southernmost island in Lake Louisa on damp moss at the base of a cliff; on an island in the north end of Agnes Lake found crawling on a dead mouse ; also near Russell Lake under a half-decayed poplar log. P alii f era dorsalis. A single specimen, near Mack Lake, from the moss on a tree trunk after a rain. Anguispira alternata. Between Lakes Agnes and Louisa under a rotten log. Cochlicopa lubrica. Two localities near the south end of Mack Lake, under logs and on a moss bank. Columella edentula. South end of Mack Lake, under a log. Discus cronkhitei. West shore of Agnes; the south shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) ; the north island in McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi ; near Russell ; and in three locations near Mack Lake. Specimens were collected on moss banks, under logs, and from moss on a tree trunk after a rain. Euconulus fulvus. South shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) ; the north island in McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi ; south and north ends of Mack Lake. Collected mostly under logs but also from moss on trees after a rain. Retinella hinneyana. East shore of Agnes; south shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) ; north island of McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi; two locations near the south end and one near the 130 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) north end of Mack Lake. Found mainly under logs and stumps and once from moss on a tree trunk and on ferns after a rain. Striatura milium. South shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) under decaying logs. Strohilops lahyrinthica. West shore of Agnes and Russell Lakes; two localities near the south end and one near the north end of Mack Lake. Found under logs and on tree moss after a rain. Succinea ovalis. West shore of Agnes under decomposing logs. Vertigo modesta. South shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) ; near Russell and Mack Lakes. All found under logs. Vitrina Umpida'. A single specimen was taken near Russell Lake on a moss bank. Zonitoides arhoreus. Probably the most abundant snail in this area. Collections were made on an island in Louisa; east and west sides of Agnes; on an island in McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi; near Russell Lake; and in three localities near Mack Lake. Their habitats are mainly under decaying logs and stumps, but were also found on damp moss including Sphagnum in a bog at the south end of Mack Lake. Ants and these snails were seldom found under the same logs. Zoogenetes harpa. An island in McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi; near Russell; and in three places near Mack Lake. All were taken under logs except at Mack Lake where a few were collected on tree moss after a rain. List of Water Snails Sphaerium fallax. Mack Lake on a muddy bottom. Pisidium sp. Creek at the south end of Mack Lake; also in a dry, temporary stream bottom apparently estivating. Amnicola limosa porata. Northeast arm of Mercutio from submerged vegetation. Stagnicola caperata. A single specimen was found in a dry, temporary stream bottom near Mack Lake. Stagnicola lanceata. A small lake between the North Arm of Bedivere and Mille Lac, on submerged rocks. Helisoma anceps royalense. South shore of Kawnijii (Long April, 1949] the nautilus 131 Island) ; a little unnamed lake north of the north end of Mc- Kenzie Bay of Kawnipi, on rocks. Helisoma campanulatum var. South shore of Kawnipi (Long Island) on rocks; northeast arm of Mercutio from submerged vegetation. Gyrauliis deflectus. A single specimen, in a creek at the south end of Mack Lake. Ferrissia parallela. A small lake north of the north end of McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi from submerged roots; and from the underside of lily pads in the south end of Mack Lake. Physa gyrina. North end of McKenzie Bay of Kawnipi from submerged rocks; northeast arm of Mercutio from vegetation; a small lake between the North Arm of Bedivere and Mille Lac from rocks. Aplexa hypnorum. A small creek at the south end, and in a dry, temporary stream bottom at the north end of Mack Lake. FEEDING OF ARIOLIMAX COLUMBIANUS (GOULD) ON THE CALIFORNIA BAY FRUIT By WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM and CADET HAND Mills College, California Little is known of the specific food of land mollusks, especially those of Western North America. The writers present the fol- lowing data on a food item that is apparently important to the giant western slug, Ariolimax columhianus (Gould). Obser- vations were first made in the field and later in the laboratory. The California bay, Unibellularia calif ornica Nutt., in areas where it is associated with the coastal redwood, Sequoia semper- virens Endl., bears fruit from approximately October through March. Locally this corresponds with a large part of the very active period of A. columhianus which becomes relatively in- active through most of dry season, seeking shelter in earth crevices, beneath large stones in dry streambeds, under grass, and under roots, Ingram and Adolph (1943). The fruit of the California bay is a typical drupe (Fig. 1) of about an inch in 132 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) diameter. It consists of a thin, tough outer membranous coat, the exocarp, under which occurs the fleshy mesocarp. The seed of this drupe is single and about one half inch in diameter and is covered by a hard coat, the endocarp. The drupe is borne on a stalk, the peduncle. The writers will show that this fruit, specifically the mesocarp, is an important food item of this giant western slug, and that due to the action of birds and small mammals the availability of this food is greatly increased. Dall (1913) in a note on the feeding of Ariolimax columhianus (Gould) stated that in Marin County, California, this slug was known to feed on the bay fruit, attacking the fallen drupes by the end which was attached to the stem. He further stated that the slugs ate out the pulp between skin and kernel for about half the surface of the fruit without breaking the rind. This information was later quoted by Pilsbry (1948). Ingram (1942) observed this slug under natural conditions feeding on poison oak. Toxicodendron diversilo'bum Torr. and Gray. In- gram and Peterson (1947) conducted controlled laboratory feeding experiments w^ith this slug but did not provide bay fruit. Two redwood-bay tree associations in Oakland, Alameda County, California, were studied. One area was a highland area in Redwood Park, the other being a lowland area in the Montclair region. In the former area the bay fruit is initially fed upon by the California jay, Aphelocoma calif ornica subsp., and to a lesser extent by one or more rodents. Collections of the bay fruits may be found in the nests of a rodent, Neotoma sp., a wood rat. The bird and the rodent feed only on the seed and discard the fleshy part of the fruit after the seed has been removed (see Fig. 2). In the second association studied the jay and rodent are missing for the most part and the majority of the fruits fall to the ground in the unopened condition. In the field several interesting observations were made. Fruits which had fallen to the ground in the unopened condition are not attacked by slugs unless the peduncle falls off. This ob- servation was verified many times in the laboratory by placing whole drupes in aquaria with slugs. If, however, the peduncle is removed the slug immediately attacks the fruit. The slug enters the fruit from the peduncle end and files away the meso- carp at this area. The exocarp apparently is too tough for the April, 1949] THE NAUTILUS 133 £'/sf2>oC^^P Rs.!. ^xoc^/^/^ Fig. 1, Longitudinal section through fruit to show penetration area of slugs (stippling), at peduncle with seed in place. Fig. 2, Fruit opened and seed removed; white area indicates portion of fruit occupied by seed. Broken area allows slug to enter to feed on mesocarp. Fig. 3, Position of slug in feeding on mesocarp area of fruit. A young slug is diagrammed. 134 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) slug's radula, but the mesocarp when it is exposed is easily removed. Progress by the slug into the drupe is blocked, how- ever, as soon as it reaches the hard endocarp covering of the seed. The slug is able, therefore, to remove only about 10 per- cent of the mesocarp of fruits which have lost their peduncle (see Fig. 1). A second observation concerns fruits which have been opened by birds or rodents and have the seeds removed. In the field slugs were found with the head thrust within an opened fruit feeding on the fleshy mesocarp (see Fig. 3). In the laboratory whole drupes were cut in half, the seed removed, and placed in terraria with slugs. In an hour the slugs in each case had completely removed all of the mesocarp leaving the exocarp as a thin membranous sack. In opening a drupe a bird destroys about 30 to 40 percent of the mesocarp but this leaves at least 60 percent of the mesocarp which is all available to the slug. The feeding action of the bird or rodent then, in removing the seed for its own food, makes available at least 60 percent of each drupe for the slug. It would appear then that in an area such as the bay-sequoia association in Montclair that a large percent of the available food supply of bay fruits is being denied the slugs due to the absence of birds and rodents. In a small random sample in the Montclair area 21 bay drupes were collected in 15 minutes. Of the 21 fruits only one had been opened (by a rodent) and 20 were whole. Of the 20 whole fruits, 15 had been attacked by slugs at the peduncle end and the usual small amount of meso- carp had been removed. It would seem clear then that a large potential food supply of bay drupes is not available in this area due to the lack of birds and rodents. In the Redwood Park area another random sample of bay fruits was taken. In one half hour 73 fruits were collected. Of the 73 fruits, 40 had had their seeds removed by birds, 12 by mammals, and 8 were intact. Thirteen fruits were in such a state of advanced decay that no data could be gathered from them. Of the 60 fruits from which data could be obtained 15 fruits showed signs of slug feeding, 8 had the mesocarp almost completely devoured, and 7 had at least 50 percent of the meso- April, 1949] the nautilus 135 carp devoured. Of the 8 intact fruits 2 had missing peduncles and these had had the mesocarp cut away as far as the seed would allow. It appears then that in this area where birds and rodents are activelj^ feeding on the seeds of the bay drupe there is potentially a much greater food supply available to Ariolimax columhianus than in areas w^here the involved verte- brates are missing. If we assume a situation where birds or mammals never feed on the bay fruit, and this situation appears to be nearly real- ized in the Montclair area where the association studied is in a ravine between two well settled areas, we see the slug only utilizes 10 percent of the bay fruit (when the peduncle is re- moved). On the other hand in an area such as Redwood Park, a relatively undisturbed area, we see that a large proportion of the bay fruits are used as food by jays and rodents. The opening and subsequent destruction of up to 40 percent of the fruit by the vertebrate leaves about 60 percent of each fruit available to the slug, and this is actually a 5-fold increase in available food. That the mesocarp of the bay fruit is an im- portant part of the slugs diet can be seen from the large num- bers of fruits actually found in the field which show signs of slugs feeding on them. Bibliography Dall, W. H., 1913 : Feeding habits of Ariolimax. The Nautilus, vol. 26 : 9, p. 188. Ingram, W. M., 1942: Food habits of Haplotrema minimum Ancey and habits of associated mollusks on the Mills College Campus. The Nautilus, vol. 55 : 3, pp. 98-102. Ingram, W. M., and H. M. Adolph, 1943 : Habitat observations of Ariolimax columhianus (Gould). The Nautilus, vol. 56: 3, pp. 96-97. Ingram, W. M., and A. Peterson, 1947 : Food of the giant west- ern slug, Ariolimax columhianus (Gould). The Nautilus, vol. 61 : 2, pp. 49-51. Pilsbry, H. a., 1948: Land mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Monograph 3, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 521-1113. 136 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) SOME LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSKS FROM GUATEMALA By fritz HAAS Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Chicago Natural History Museum The Chicago Natural History Museum Guatemala Expedition of 1948 had the collecting of mammals and insects as its princi- pal aims, but the museum's entomologists. Assistant Curator Rupert L. Wenzel and Mr. Rodger D. Mitchell, nevertheless paid some attention to the collecting of land mollusks. The entomological collecting technique used enabled them to obtain many small and minute forms, which are still so little known in tropical countries. Though no new species were discovered, each new locality helps to clarify the range of the species. The species obtained are listed below according to their localities. Guatemala City. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) jonasi (Pfeiffer). April 22, 1948; elevation 4900 ft. In a barranca north of the Parque Minerva. La JoUa Grande, Finca Montserrat, on the Northwest slope of the Volcan de Fuego, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimal- tenango. Opeas (Opeas) gracile (Hutton). May 2, 1948; elevation 5600 ft. Under decaying banana stalk. Finca Panajabal, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango. Aperostoma (Neocyclotus) dysoni ambiguum, (Martens). May 8, 1948 ; elevation 3500 ft. Under decaying banana stalk. Finca Recreo, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango. Subulina (Suhulina) cylindrella (Morelet). May 11, 1948; elevation 4400 ft. Under bark. Yepocapa, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) jonasi (Pfeiffer). May 12, 1948; elevation 4800 ft. On bank of dry ravine. Suhulina (Suhulina) cylindrella (Morelet). May 15, 1948; elevation 4800 ft. Under log. Leptinaria (Leptinaria) sp. April 23, 1948; elevation 4800 ft. Beating of cut branch trap. April, 1949] the nautilus 137 Hahroconus (Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). May 1, 1948; elevation 4800 ft. Sweeping" bushes. Helicina (Helicina) tenuis Pfeiffer. April 27, 1948; eleva- tion 4800 ft. Beating trees in forest. Radiodiscus hermanni (Pfeiffer). April 24, 1948; elevation 4800 ft. Beating of cut branch trap. Aplexa {Stenopliysa) elata (Gould). April 28, 1948; eleva- tion 4800 ft. On stems of plants at river edge near Finca Sants Isabel. Finca Montserrat, West slope of the volcano Acatenango, Municipio Yepocapa, Dept. Chimaltenango. Streptostyla {Chersomitra) sololensis Crosse & Fischer. June 1, 1948 ; elevation 6900 ft. Zonitoides (Zonitellus) arhoreus (Say). May 17, 1948; ele- vation 6700 ft. May 18, 1948 ; elevation 7500 ft. Hahroconus (Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). May 18, 1948; elevation 7500 ft. May 2, 1948 ; elevation 5700 ft. Averellia (Trichodiscina) pressula (Morelet). May 18, 1948; elevation 7500 ft. Lanquin, Dept. Alt a Vera Paz. Opeas (Opeas) gracile (Hutton). June 7, 1948; elevation 1000 ft. Under palm log. Carychium exiguum mexicanum Pilsbry. June 9, 1948 ; ele- vation 1000 ft. From leaf mould. Annularia (Annularis) rigidula (Morelet). June 3, 1948; elevation 1000 ft. On edge of Cahabon River. Finca San Rafael, Dept. Sacatepequez. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) jonasi (Pfeiffer). July 1, 1948; ele- vation 6900 ft. Streptostyla (Chersomitra) sololensis Crosse & Fischer. July 1, 1948 ; elevation 6900 ft. Streptostyla (Chersomitra) hocourti Crosse & Fischer. July 1948 ; elevation 6900 ft. Hahroconus (Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). June 22, 1948; elevation 6900 ft. June 28, 1948 ; elevation 6900 ft. Sweeping at edge of woods. 138 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) Zapote, Dept. Escuintla. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) liliacinus (Ferussac). July 10-20, 1948; elevation 2400 ft. Suhulina (Suhulina) cylindrella (Morelet). July 7, 1948; elevation 4000 ft. Averellia (Trichodisciyia) coactiliata (Deshayes). July 12, 1948 ; elevation 2400 ft. Under bark. Hahroconus {Ernstia) elegantulus (Pilsbry). July 7, 1948; elevation 4000 ft. Santa Clara, vallej^ in the interior of the Sierra de las Minas, North of Cabanas, Dept. Zacapa. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) sulphureus (Pfeiffer). August 14, 1948 ; elevation 6500 ft. On leaf. Zonitoides (Zonitellits) arhoreus (Say). August 5, 1948; elevation 5500 ft. Under bark. Helicina {Helicina) tenuis Pfeiffer. August 10, 1948; ele- vation 5500 ft. Finca San Victor, Dept. Escuintla. Aperostoma (Neocyclotus) dysoni amhiguum (Martens). September 9-11, 1948; elevation 600 ft. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON HALIOTIDAE (ABA- LONES) AND THEIR WORLD DISTRIBUTION By ANDREW SORENSEN Of all the primitive mollusks, Haliotis ranks as one of the very earliest. It has come down through the ages practically un- changed and it is still going strong. The evidence of its age is found in the fossil beds of the earth's crust. In California alone the Cretaceous of San Diego County, the Miocene of Los Angeles, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties and the Pliocene of Los Angeles County have all fur- nished many specimens resembling present day H. ntfescens, fulfjens and corrugata. Their age is evident and the huge deposits in the early day kitchen-middens show their continued presence and availability as food for prehistoric man. April, 1949] the nautilus 139 They continued to prosper and spread, and they were found in vast numbers along our West Coast until modern man came along" and he is rapidly causing their depletion. Our fossil beds are replete with many forms of mollusks that no longer are found in the living state. Some of them are well developed and apparently were perfectly fitted for their en- vironments and still they perished. Some like the ammonites developed a peculiar form and grew to enormous size. They were of spiral shape and occasionally grew to the size of cart wheels. They spread over nearly all North America and Europe before becoming extinct. Only a few illustrations need to be given, but so many fail- ures make one wonder what natural advantages the Haliotidae had that enabled them to escape their enemies and outlive their contemporaries, for life in the wild is a series of struggles and only the fittest survive. Haliotis is a gastropod or univalve in that it has but one valve or shell, but this shell is entirely unlike the ordinary gastropod or snail-like moUusk. Instead of a more or less rounded shell of many whorls in which the animal lives, Haliotis lives in a shell with the general appearance of an inverted slightly oval saucer. This heavy flattish shell gives room for a large body with a huge muscular ''foot" firmly attached to the shell. In case of danger, the foot immediately contracts and pulls the shell down tight, thus completely covering the animal. Be- sides that, the suction of the foot on the rock on which the ani- mal sits is so great that a chisel is needed to remove it unless the chisel is quickly slipped under the shell before the animal has a chance to clamp down. There is a story of a Chinaman being drowned by the incoming tide when his hand was held fast b}^ an abalone he had tried to pull off with his bare hand. Its shell is thick and hard and the ordinary predators such as Polinices and Miirex, which raise such havoc among the bivalves, have little effect on it. However it is beset by a small bivalve, Pholadidea parva, which burrows into the shell. But the pholad rarely penetrates because the haliotis simply deposits more nacre inside the shell at the threatened opening, thus forming the beautiful blister pearls. Its food supply is assured, since it is a vegetarian, for algae 140 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) grow on the rocks from the shoreline out to as deep as light will penetrate effectively, around a hundred feet. Having thus shown their ability to survive for ages, one would naturally expect that they had spread over the whole world where conditions were favorable, but such is not the case. While there are long stretches of rocky beaches where the haliotises are plentiful there are also similar places, apparently as favor- able, where not an abalone can be found. For instance from Alaska south to the tip of Baja, California, many species are found in quantities while there is record of only one specimen, a Haliotis fulgens, ever having been taken on the east coast of Baja, California. Nor have any others been taken in the whole Gulf of California, with its otherwise teeming molluskan life, nor along the west Mexican and Central American coast all the way down to Panama. Both the east and west coasts of South America and the east coast of North America are also without Haliotis. They seem to thrive the best in temperate waters. The largest live on the California coast, the next biggest on the Japanese Islands, South Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The South and Central Pacific and parts of the Indian Ocean show the greatest number of small species, but no large ones such as are found both north and south of them. Having had plenty time to spread all over, there must be a good reason for its not having done so and such reason is none too obvious. But let us do some speculating. As is gener- ally known, the larvae of mollusks are free swimming upon being hatched from the q^^, but there may be some exceptions. We are not at all sure that the Haliotis larvae are free swimming and even if they are for a while the time must be very brief. I have seen an old shell on which there were a number of young abalones, some of them but slightly more than one milli- meter in greatest length and yet they showed the beginning of the shell. These shells were brought to the Monterey wharf by Delbert Riviae, a commercial diver, and Paul Bonnot, with the California Fish and Game Commission. In 1940 Mr. Bon- not wrote about these small abalones and I quote : " At the apex of the small shells taken at Carmel Bay, the larval shell is plainly visible (see Fig. 79). It has the appearance of a U- April, 1949 J the nautilus 141 shaped worm tube and may indicate that the larva as well as the adult is a creeping bottom form." If Bonnot is right that the larva, like the adult, is a bottom creeping form, and I be- lieve he is right, then we have the solution to their limited dis- tribution. Only free swimming forms can take advantage of ocean currents or surface winds to transport them to distant continents or isolated islands over the great ocean depths, and therefore the young abalones must remain where they are hatched or perish. Species of Haliotis have a number of local names. On our west coast, they are known as abalones. In the east they are generally spoken of as sea-ears; in England as ormers and in Australia as mutton fish. They are much sought after as food on account of their de- licious flavor and it is this quality which is mainly responsible for their rapid depletion. California law gives some protec- tion to four species in that the sports fishermen may in the open season take only a limited number and of minimum size and the commercial fishermen must keep outside of twenty feet depth. He operates out to one hundred or a hundred and twenty feet using the most eflScient deep sea diving gear and suits. No wonder our coast is being rapidly depleted of this valuable mollusk. Beginning with Alaska, we have the Haliotis kamschatkana Jonas and from there as we proceed south we have H. cracherodi Leach; H. wallalensis Stearns; H. rufescens Swainson; H. as- similis Dall ; H. aulaca Bartsch ; H. corrugata Gray ; H. sorenseni Bartsch; H. fulgens Phillippi; H. rufescens hattorii Bartsch; H. calif or niensis Swainson ; H. rosea Orcutt, H. holzneri Hemp- hill; H. fulgens turverii Bartsch. Their territories are not ex- clusive as they overlap considerably but mainly they are found in the order given, south to the tip of Baja, California. In Japan, Hirase gives as the chief one, Haliotis gigantea Gmelin and two subspecies named by Reeve. Also H. japonica Reeve; H. varia Linne; H. planata Sowerby; H. ovina Gmelin and H. asinea Linne. The latter, Haliotis asinea Linne, is also widely distributed throughout the Central Pacific and it is well known in North Australia, New Guinea and the Philippines. Its peculiar long 142 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) narrow shape similar to the ears of the well-known four-legged animal probably is responsible for its name. In South Aus- tralia, we again find Haliotis up to six inches or over in size. Haliotis albicans Quoy and Gaimard, H. naevosa Martyn, fl". roei Gray, and a number of others. In New Zealand is found the most beautiful of any Haliotis, the H. iris Martyn. On the Samoan, the Fiji and other Pacific Islands, there are dozens of small peculiar marked Haliotis as there also are in the Indian Ocean. Near the Cape of Good Hope is found the onH large African one, Haliotis midae Gmelin, and two small species, H. sanguinea Hanby and H. parva Linne. In Europe, the Channel Islands and the Bay of Biscay support H. tuherculata and the Mediterranean has Haliotis lamellosa and a still smaller one. In defiance of all that has been said about no Haliotis in the West Atlantic, there is record of an extremely small one, only eleven millimeters in length, being dredged near Key West, Florida, in 1869 and another one in the same place in 1913. They are named Haliotis pourtalesii Dall. The more than fifty species of Haliotis in the writer's collec- tion vary greatly in size, in shape, and in beauty. The smallest is about half an inch while the largest is ten and five-eighths inches long and weighs more than five pounds. NOTES AND NEWS Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pilsbryi. — The name of this species was misspelled ^'pilshry" by typographical error. Nautilus, volume 54, No. 2, page 62. It appears advisable to change it to read pilsbryi, as originally written. — Thomas L. McGinty. DiSSENTOMA, the EMBRYONIC STAGE OF CyMATIUM MARTINI- ANUM (Orb.). — The examination of immature stages of this com- mon Cymatium shows that Dissent oma prima (Nautilus, 59 : 59) is the stage immediately succeeding the smooth, brown em- bryonic stage. This determination was suggested by Mr. T. L. McGinty and confirmed by examination of his series of all ages. H. A. PiLSBRY. April, 1949] the nautilus 143 The New York Shell Club. — This new organization, devoted to the study of conehology and malacologj^, was founded on January 30th, 1949, in New York City. Membership is open to all interested in the subjects. The club has held two meetings. Several most interesting and instructive papers were read. Field trips are contemplated in the spring and fall. The president is Mr. Morris Jacobson. Those interested in the club can obtain further information by writing the secretary-treasurer, Dr. Walter H. Jacobs, 124 West 93rd Street, New York, N. Y. Helicostyla FLORIDA MESAi. — Dr. Harald A. Rehder has just advised me that this subspecies that I described in the October Nautilus, had been previously described by Dr. Bartsch in the Proceedings of the Biological Societj^ of Washington, ^'A new subspecies of Helicostyla florida from Mindoro, Philippine Is- lands" (vol. 59, p. 179). I was unaware of this publication and regret making a useless name in literature. According to Dr. Rehder, Dr. Bartsch described the shell in December of 1946 from material that I sent to the National Museum. He was un- grateful, to say the least, in not sending me a copy of the paper or even mentioning my name in it. — Ralph W. Jackson. Dr. Georoe H. Clapp. — Died March 29, 1949, in Sewickley, Pa. Dr. Clapp, who was 90 at his death, was interested in shells for a long time, and his collection of more than 15,000 was given to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh, Pa. Further notice will follow. — C. B. WURTZ. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Land and Fresh- Water Mollusks of Puerto Rico. By Henry van der Schalie. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 70; 134 pp., 14 pis.; 68 text figs, and maps. 1948.— This valu- able study will be of great assistance to all students of Puerto Rican inland mollusks. The clear artificial keys and Grace Eager 's beautiful drawings should make identification easy, even without detailed descriptions. However, the figures of small species, such as Yunqioea denselirata, are not enlarged enough to show the characteristic sculptures. An excellent fea- 144 THE NAUTILUS [Vol. 62 (4) ture is the presentation of many distribution maps, but these would be more useful, though less personal, if all known rec- ords had been included. Statistical studies of Megalomastoma^ croceuni, Oheliscus terehraster, Polydontes lima and others are given. The work closes with a very interesting treatment of physiographic features in relation to local distribution, and a careful discussion of the broader zoogeographic relations. Because of its importance as a handbook for future students, attention is called to the following lapses. ^'Lamellaxis uni- lamellata" (p. 55) should read Leptinaria unilamellata; ^ it is the type species of a distinct (and prior) genus. The family references of the related genera are confused: Cecilioides and Opeas belong in the ^ ' Ferussaciidae " (p. 51), and LamellaxiSy Leptinaria and Oheliscus go in the " Subulinidae " (p. 56), if these ''families" are separated from the African ' ' Achatinidae " (p. 57).- '^Varicella terehraeformis'' (p. 63) should be called V. sulculosa (Sh.) ; since the two names appeared simultane- ously, the relative ''priority" depends on the action of the first reviser^ who made them synonymous. ^'Microconiis'' (p. 70, last line of quotation: '^Mcleania . . . .") should read Miro- conus;"^ Microconiis (cf. p. 71) is of course a very distinct genus."^ Incidentally, the inclusion of these Thysanophorinae in the " Polygyridae " is still dubious.-^ The discussion of Ma- croceramiis microdon omits "two southern records given," and the incomplete quotation (p. 96, 1st paragraph) about M. m. shuttleworthi (Martens?) Pilsbry only applies to shells from near the southern coast: "Penuelas" (Martens), west of Rio Loco, Cerro Capron (near Guanica) and near Tallaboa (often much larger and bluish in color). Those from the northern side, as collected (map 62) and figured (pi. 7; contrast with figs, quoted from Pilsbry), are very similar to typical M. mi- crodon, as are also those from Los Pefiones (quoted in 2nd para- graph). F. C. Baker ^ called the 3 species cited under 1 1945, Naut., vol. 58, p. 91. 2Cf. Thiele, 1931, Haiidb. System. Weichtierk. I, p. 558. 3 1941, Naut., vol. 55, p. 28. 4 1927, Proc. ANSP. 79, pp. 236, 238. My apologies for the too close similarity. 5 1940, Naut., vol. 54, pp. 55, 56. 6 1945, The mollusean family Planorbidae, pp. 502, 118, 490, respectively. April, 1949] the nautilus 145 Planorhis (p. 105) : Tropicorhis schrammi, Drepanotrema lucidum and D. cimex (Moricand) ; he did not mention all synonyms but probably identified Planorhis terverianus Orb. (p. 103) with his T. havanensis (Pfr.). Instead of T. decipiens (p. 104), P. circumlineatus may have been T. pallidus (C. B. Adams)/ which has similar spirals when young-, and might occur in P. R. Both forms attain far larger sizes (type diam- eters over 9 mm.) than Schalie's dimensions (p. 100) or figure. H. BURRINGTON BaKER. TO SUBSCRIBERS For 32 years, over half the life of The Nautilus, its subscrip- tion rate has remained constant. During the first 23 of those years, its printing costs changed but little. On the other hand, since 1940 the charges for printing have doubled, while the in- take from subscriptions has increased about one-third. At present, the subscriptions only cover about three-quarters of the mere cost of printing exclusive of expenses for mailing, plates, etc. Although its treasury is by no means empty. The Nautilus cannot continue to live on its own fat. Beginning with the July, 1949, number (vol. 63), the sub- scription rate will be advanced to $2.50 a year, or 65^ a copy ($2.65 a year for foreign countries). While we greatly regret this increase, it becomes imperative under present conditions. We cheerfully will do the work, but expect you to pay the printer in large part. Taking for granted your sincere and earnest cooperation as in the past, the editors will endeavor to make the future numbers of The Nautilus indispensable to students of mollusks.^ — H. A. P. and H. B. B. 7 1848, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. 2, p. 102. Cf. 1930, Occ. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., no. 210, p. 47. 1 1917, vol. 30, p. 144. IV THE NAUTILUS For Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn K. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clevis, Rheims, Marne, France. STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA By E. G. Alderson, M.A. 19 plates (Quarto) 1925 (Limited edition of 150 copies) A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid. Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in U. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Winter Park, Florida Vol. 62 JULY, 1948 No. 1 THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department ef Molluscaj Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphm 3 tuiu^fC2l LsbOiotOfy H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor qf Zoology, B PI yv R. "Y University of Pennsylvania 9 0 1^/!^ WOODS HOLE, MASS. CONTENTS The status of Stromhus samba Clench. By A. Hyatt Verrill 1 Aquatic pulmonates from Lake Tahoe. By Henry van der Schalie and Elmer G. Berry 3 Mollusca of the eastern basin of the Chaco River, New Mexico. By Robert J. Drake 5 The mating of Stenotrema fraternum (Say). By Glenn B. Webb 8 The taxonomic and distributional history of the fresh-water mussel Elliptio complanattis (Dillwyn, 1817). By Max E. Matteson (Continued from 61 : 132) 13 Terraria observations on Prophysaon andersoni (J. G. Cooper). By William Marcus Ingram 17 Notes on the foreign snails of Louisiana. By Harold W. Harry 20 Current interest in malacology. By Ralph W. Dexter 25 Indiscriminate scattering of exotic mollusks. By G. D. Hanna 29 The spread and destructiveness of the giant African snail, Achatina fulica. By R. Tucker Abbott 31 The Hirase collections of mollusks. By William J. Clench . . 34 Notes and News 36 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and "Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at PWladelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Heney a. Pilsbry and H. Buerington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCEIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30 100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44 Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29 Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request. Tom Burch, 4206 S. Ilalldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California. THE NAUTILUS Ul Fob Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Eecent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Eheims, Marne, France. STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA By E. G. Alderson, M.A. 19 plates (Quarto) 1925 (Limited edition of 150 copies) A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid. Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid In U. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Winter Park, Florida iv THE NAUTILUS FLORIDA AND FOREIGN SEA SHELLS Wholesale and Retail Largest Assortment of Specimen Shells in United States Send 6c stamp for 14 page price list A Few Examples: Strombus Gigas Verrilli, McGinty $1.00 to $3.00 Series of Five Showing All Stages $7.00 State if wanted with or without epidermis Strombus Samba, Clench $3.00 to $5.00 Cymatium Cynocephalum $2.00 Poirieria Zelandica. Perfect, with operc $2.50 Alcithoe Jaculoides. Perfect, no growth scars $2.50 Voluta Imperialis. Superb, 6" to 10" $10.00 to $20.00 Charonia Nobilis. Perfect spires $2.50 to $12.00 Strombus Costatus. Rose, mauve, yellow forms $1.50 to $2.50 Xancus Angulata, with epidermis and operc $.75 to $2.50 RARE SHELLS A SPECIALTY Satisfaction guaranteed or money refunded. Any shells hroTcen in transit replaced free of charge. A. HYATT VERRILL Lake Worth Florida MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST FLORIDA COAST By Louise M. Perry Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved from photographs of specimens. Copies may be ordered from — THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION 126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y. (Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50) Vol. 62 OCTOBER, 1948 No. 2 THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF C0NCH0L0GIST8 EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department of Mollusca, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia ^ . , • H. Burrington Baker, Professor. of ZooIogT,'^^^'^'^' U^i^iOi^ University of Pennsylvadia -^ i S l^ .A. PI -^jT ' DEC??' CONTENTS WOODS HOLE. M.^:^S. A Collecting Trip in Mexico. By Andrew W . t^orenson .... '6i "' New Subspecies of Helicostyla from Mindoro, and of Poly- gyra from Florida. By Ralph W. Jackson 40 Five New Yarmouthian Planorbid Snails. By A. Byron Leonard 41 A New Naiad from Dutcli New Guinea. By RicJiard I. Johnson 47 Lectotypes for Two Species of Asiatic Unionidae in the Genus Pseudodon. By Richard I. Johnson 48 Oregonian Olivellas. By D. S. and E. W. Gifford 51 Growth of Young Strophocheilus Oblongus. By E. A. An- drews 54 Neogene Cypraeacea from Chiba Prefecture, Japan. By Kotora Hatai and Syozo Nisiyama 57 Biology, Taxonomy, and Nomenclature. By Paul Bartsch . . 66 William Henry Fluck, 1870-1948. By Ruth D. Turner .... 69 Notes and News 71 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post OfBce at Philadelphia. Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879. 11 THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should he typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Reprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30 100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44 Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29 Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6 ; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidns, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boyuton, Florida. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request. Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California. THE NAUTILUS HI For Exchange: Native material for live land Mollusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn K. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Recent and Tertiary Mollusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply -with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA By E. G. Alderson, M.A. 19 plates (Quarto) 1925 (Limited edition of 150 copies) A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid. Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in U. S. A. Address author: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Winter Park, Florida IT THE NAUTILUS BARGAIN SALE As I must reduce my stock to make room for new acquisitions, I am offering many species of shells at less than one-half the regular list prices. HERE ARE A FEW SAMPLES XANCUS angulata, 7-11" 50-.75 FASCIOLARIA tulipa, 4-9" 05-.10 FASCIOLARIA princeps, Mexico, 11" 75 FASCIOLARIA gigantea, 8-12" 75-1.00 STROMBUS samba. Adults, fine colors 1.00 STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Adults, thick lips 25 STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Immature, thin lips 15 STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thick lips 75 STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thin lips 50 STROMBUS costatus, white, selected 15 STROMBUS costatus, brown form 15 STROMBUS costatus, pale mauve form 25 STROMBUS costatus, yellow form 25 STROMBUS costatus, giants, 7-8" 25 CYPRACASSIS testiculus 15-.50 CYPRACASSIS coarctaca, Mexico 50 TELLINA interrupta, fine colors in ASAPHIS deflorata, orange, yellow, purple forms 3 for .10 PEDALION listeri, IV^t-SVi" 35 LIVONA pica, with operc, ^-IM.-" 10-.50 CONUS mus 2 for .05 CONUS runuculus, VA^^Vi" 2.00-3.50 TEREBRA cineria, unusually fine 05 TEREBRA hastata 15 HYDATINA physis 30 PISANIA pusio 25-.50 CYPRAEA vitellus, Gt. Barrier Reef 20 CYPRAEA arabica 20 CYPRAEA Isabella 25 CYPRAEA decipiens 2.00 CONUS geographus, 2-4" 2o-.75 And many others. Complete list for 6 cent stamp MUREX ARGO, Clench & Farfante. Perfect 3%". The only othrr known specimen is the type in Liverpool Museum 1000.00 MUREX motacilla, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50 MUREX cailetti, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50 Over 50 species of West Indian limpets. Special list on request BISECTED SHELLS a specialty A. HYATT VERRILL Lake Worth Florida MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST FLORIDA COAST Bj Louise M. Perry Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved from photographs of specimens. Copies may be ordered from — THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION 126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y. (Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50) Vol. 62 JANUARY, 1949 No. 3 TT FT F NAUTILUS A QUAETEELY DEVOTED TO THE INTEEESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Filsbry, Curator of the DepartpiaTit of Mo11iibo>) Academy of Natural Sciences, FhU a^^pgi^jfg SgjoiogtCril l;.ii ' ••i^O' H. BuERiNGTON Baker, Prof essor ( f Zooldgy^ B H .A. R "Y University of Fennsylvani> ^AR 2 8 19^^ WOODS HOLE, MASS. CONTENTS A New Florida Species of the Tectibranch Genus Pleuro- branchus. By E. Tucker Ahhott 73 In Pinar Del Rio, A Collecting Trip. By Morris K. Jacoh- son 78 Natural History Observations on Philomycus Carolinianus (Bosc) . By William Marcus Ingram 86 Some Snail Records from Southeastern Ohio. By Charles B. Wurtz 91 Mollusca of the Eastern Basin of the Chaco River, New Mexico. By Robert J. Drake 94 A New Japanese Limpet. By Jeanne S. Schwengel 97 Notes on the Polygyridae of Northern Arkansas. By Leslie Huhricht 98 New Species of Isomeria and Helicina. By H. A. Pilshry. 99 Notes and News 101 Publications Received 106 $2.00 per year ($2.15 to Foreign Countries) 50 cents a copy HOE ACE B. BAKEE, Business Manager University of Fennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38tli and Woodland Avenue, Fhiladelphia 4, Fa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3, 1879. U THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of MoUusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should Ite typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Keprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. 8 pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30 100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44 Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29 Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Robertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request. Tom Burgh, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California. THE NAUTILUS 111 Foe Exchange: Native material for live land MoUusca, especially Cepaea nemoralis, Otala species, and Helix aspersa. Glenn E. Webb, 5348 Ohmer Ave., Indianapolis, Indiana. Wanted: Exchange of books and pamphlets on malacology. New long list ready. Ask for it, and send yours. Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago 5, Illinois. Wanted: Eecent and Tertiary MoUusca. Offered: Similar material from various countries. Apply with list. J. L. Staed, 123 rue Clovis, Rheims, Marne, France. STUDIES IN AMPULLARIA By E. G. Alderson, M.A. 19 plates (Quarto) 1925 (Limited edition of 150 copies) A few copies available at $6.00 postpaid. Watkins & Doncaster, 36 Strand, London W.C. 2, England EAST COAST MARINE SHELLS (Third revised edition) . . . $5.00 WORLD-WIDE SEA SHELLS 4.50 ROCK SHELL CATALOG 5.00 A REVIEW OF THE VOLUTIDAE 6.00 PANAMIC MARINE SHELLS 6.00 All post-paid in U. S. A. Address aattior: MAXWELL SMITH, Box 65, Winter Park, Florida IV THE NAUTILUS BARGAIN SALE As I must reduce my stock to make room for new acquisitions, I am offering many species of shells at less than one-half the regular list prices. HERE ARE A FEW SAMPLES XANCUS angulata, 7-11" 50-.75 FASCIOLARIA tulipa, 4-9" 05-.10 FASCIOLARIA princeps, Mexico, 11" 75 FASCIOLARIA gigantea, 8-12" 75-1.00 STROMBUS samba. Adults, fine colors 1.00 STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Adults, thick lips 25 STROMBUS galleatus, Mexico. Immature, thin lips 15 STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thick lips 75 STROMBUS gigas verrilli, McGinty. Adults, thin lips 50 STROMBUS costatus, white, selected 15 STROMBUS costatus, brown form 15 STROMBUS costatus, pale mauve form .25 STROMBUS costatus, yellow form 25 STROMBUS costatus, giants, 7-8" 25 CYPRACASSIS testiculus 15-.50 CYPRACASSIS coarctaca, Mexico ' 50 TELLINA interrupta, fine colors 10 ASAPHIS deflorata, orange, yellow, purple forms 3 for .10 PEDALION listeri, IV-Syv' 35 LIVONA pica, with operc, 3/4-41/2" 10-.50 CONUS mus 2 for .05 CONUS runuculus, 11/2-31/2" 2.00-3.50 TEREBRA cineria, unusually fine 05 TEREBRA hastata 15 HYDATINA physis 30 PISANIA pusio 25-.50 CYPRAEA vitellus, Gt. Barrier Reef 20 CYPRAEA arabica 20 CYPRAEA Isabella 25 CYPRAEA decipiens 2.00 CONUS geographus, 2-4" 25-.75 And many others. Complete list for 6 cent stamp MUREX ARGO, Clench & Farfante. Perfect 3%". The only other known specimen is the tvpe in Liverpool Museum 1000.00 MUREX motacilla, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50 MUREX cailetti, long or short "tails" 1.00-1.50 Over 50 species of West Indian limpets. Special list on request BISECTED SHELLS a specialty A. HYATT VERRILL Lake Worth Florida MARINE SHELLS OF THE SOUTHWEST FLORIDA COAST By Louise M. Perry Chapters on generalia, collection and preparation of specimens; with clear, definitive descriptions of species and thirty-nine plates engraved from photographs of specimens. Copies may be ordered from — THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTION 126 Kelvin Place, Ithaca, N. Y. (Paper cover, $3.50; cloth bound, $4.50) Vol. 62 APRIL, 1949 No. 4 THE NAUTILUS A QUARTERLY DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CONCHOLOGISTS EDITORS AND PUBLISHERS Henry A. Pilsbry, Curator of the Department Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadi H. BuRRiNGTON Baker, Professor of ! University of Pennsylvania CONTENTS Iptia ^ I » R A R V- oology, JUN2 0m9 WOODS HOLE, MASS. A new species of Oreohelix, subgenus Radiocentrum, from southeastern Chihuahua. By Robert J. Drake 109 Three neAv South American land snails {Strophocheilus, Thaiiniastus, Drymaeus) . By Joseph C. Bequaert . . . 113 The variation of banding in Cepaea. By F. A. Schilder . . . 116 Some edible mollusks of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. By Ali- son Kay 119 Some land and freshwater mollusks from the coastal region of Virginia and North and South Carolina. By Harald A. Rehder 121 Notes on the distribution of some terrestrial gastropods in western Puerto Rico. By N. T. Mattox 126 Some snail records from the Quetico Provincial Park of On- tario. By R. G. Lindehorg 128 Feeding of Ariolimax colum'bianus (Gould) on the Cali- fornian bav fruit. Bv William Marcus Ingram and Cadet Hand \ 131 Some land and freshwater mollusks from Guatemala. By Fritz Haas 136 Some observations on Haliotidae (abalones) and their world distribution. By Andrew Sorensen 138 Notes and News 142 Publications Received 143 To subscribers 145 $2.50 per year ($2.65 to Foreign Countries) 65 cents a copy HORACE B. BAKER, Business Manager University of Pennsylvania, Zoological Laboratory, 38th and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia 4, Pa. Entered as Second-Class matter, October 29, 1932, at the Post Office at Philadelphia, Pa., under the Act of March 3. 1879. U THE NAUTILUS THE NAUTILUS: A Quarterly Journal devoted to the study of Mollusks, edited and pub- lished by Henry A. Pilsbry and H. Burrington Baker. Matter for publication should reach the senior editor by the first of the month preceding the month of issue (January, April, July and October). Manuscript should be typewritten and double spaced. Proofs will not be submitted to authors unless requested. Eeprints are furnished at printer's rates. Orders should be written ON OR ATTACHED TO FIRST PAGE OF MANUSCRIPT. 4 pp. S pp. 16 pp. 50 copies $3.58 $5.72 $ 9.30 100 copies 4.29 6.80 11.44 Additional 100s 1.43 2.15 4.29 Plates (pasted in): $2.86 for 50; additional 2.15c each [Postage Extra] The Nautilus is the official organ of the American Malacological Union. Information regarding membership in the Union may be obtained from Mrs. Imogene C. Eobertson, Financial Secretary, Buffalo Museum of Science, Buffalo, N. Y. EXCHANGE NOTICES Wanted: One dollar each will be paid for July, 1938, copies of The Nautilus. Also Wanted: Back Volumes and Numbers of The Nautilus. Especially vol. 3, nos. 1-4, 6, 7, 9, 10; vol. 4, no. 1; vol. 6, no. 3; vol. 9, no. 1; vol. 13, no. 4; vol. 17, nos. 5, 6, 8, 10; vol. 18, nos. 3, 9, 11, 12; vol. 19, nos. 7-10; vol. 20, nos. 6-8, 12; vol. 21, all nos.; vol. 22, all nos.; vol. 23, nos. 4, 5, 7, 10; vol. 24, nos. 7, 11; vol. 25, no. 5; vol. 26, no. 7; vol. 27, nos. 2, 4, 6; vol. 28, no. 12; vol. 31, no. 1; vol. 47, no. 2; vol. 52, nos. 1, 3, 4; vol. 53, nos. 2, 3 ; or any of these volumes. Address Horace B. Baker, Zool. Lab., Univ. Penna. For Exchange: Fifteen varieties, Florida tree snails (Liguus) including three of the rare L. solidus, to exchange for Achatinella, Amphidromus, Bulimulus, Cochlostyla, Orthalicus, Porphyrobaphe and Placostylus. Send your list to Paul P. McGinty, Boynton, Florida. New England Coast Shells for sale or exchange. List sent on request. List of foreign shells for sale on request. Mrs. F. K. Hadley, Box 33, West Newton, Mass. West Coast Shells for exchange. My list sent on request. Tom Burch, 4206 S. Halldale Ave., Los Angeles 37, California. MBL WHOI LIBRARY liiH 17XF J rni^ Igi ilif I liiii/iii ■ m i|: ! il